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MAKERS 
 
 OF 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA HISTORY 
 
 BY 
 
 R. D. W. CONNOR 
 
 SECRETAKY OF THE NORTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL 
 COMMISSION 
 
 THE THOMPSON PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 
 EALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA 
 1911 
 
C1^ 
 
 Copyright, 1911, by 
 The Thompson Publishing Company 
 
 *'•■ 
 
 Cci.A2f)7446 
 
i^\ 
 
 i 
 
 TO MY MOTHER 
 
 KATE WHITFIELD CONNOR 
 
 IN ALL THAT IS NOBLE IN WOMANHOOD AND BEAUTIFUL IN 
 
 MOTHERHOOD A TRUE REPRESENTATIVE OF NORTH 
 
 CAROLINA MOTHERS, WHO ARE, IN TRUTH, 
 
 THE REAL MAKERS OF THE 
 
 COMMONWEALTH 
 
r H E F A C E 
 
 The title of this book sufficiently explains its purpose 
 and its scope. In it I have emphasized, as far as possi- 
 ble, the personalities of the men who have made our 
 history rather than the events in which they were con- 
 cerned. The latter can be studied in the narrative 
 histories of the State which of necessity must present 
 but little or nothing of the former. Of course I do 
 not mean that the great events in which these men were 
 leaders have been neglected. The child who studies 
 this book will acquire as much knowledge of the general 
 history of the State as the average child in the grades 
 is capable of assimilating. This book has been written 
 under the impression that the children of North Caro- 
 lina have more knowledge of the great events of our 
 history than of the great leaders; and under the con- 
 viction that knowledge of the latter is equally as 
 important and even more interesting, to children, at 
 least, than the former. 
 
 I am, of course, aware that others selecting such a 
 list would probably reject some names that I have 
 included and include some that I have excluded. I 
 have no quarrel with their choice and I trust they will 
 have none with mine. The necessity of selecting at 
 all and the necessary limit to the number to be included 
 in such a book, account for the exclusion of several, 
 names which deserve, as much as any in my list, to be 
 
viii PREFACE 
 
 included in any list supposed to be complete of the 
 " Makers of North Carolina History." The names 
 of John Ashe, James Iredell, Samuel Johnston, 
 Willie P. Mangum, Braxton Craven, James and Alfred 
 Moore, John M. Morehead, Archibald D. Murphey, 
 David L. Swain, and others readily occur. Some of 
 those in my list certainly occupy no greater place in 
 our history than some of those here enumerated. Other 
 reasons, which obviously cannot be discussed here, 
 have determined my selections. 
 
 This book can be used in three ways: 
 
 First, as a history; 
 
 Second, as supplementary to a narrative history of 
 North Carolina or of the United States; 
 
 Third, as a supplementary reader. 
 
 The teacher will observe that the " Questions for 
 Special Study" which follow each of the sketches are 
 not the obvious questions suggested directly by the 
 text. They are derived indirectly from the text, and 
 as a rule can be answered by a little reading between 
 the lines of the narrative. Some of them are questions 
 of opinion only, and the pupils should be encouraged 
 to express their own opinions freely without dictation 
 from the teacher and be ready to defend their opinions 
 when attacked. 
 
 R. D. W. C. 
 
CHAPTER 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 IV. 
 
 V. 
 
 'VI. 
 
 All. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 IX. 
 
 vX. 
 
 ^I. 
 
 XII. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 ^IV. 
 
 XV. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 ^IX. 
 
 XX. 
 
 Xxi. 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Sir Walter Ralkigh ^ 
 
 ^ 14 
 
 George Durant 
 
 2fi 
 Thomas Pollock 
 
 Edward Moseley 
 
 Hugh Waddell 
 
 John Harvey 
 
 7fi 
 Cornelius Harnett 
 
 Hooper, Hewes, and Penn 91 
 
 Richard Caswell 
 
 Cleveland, Shelby, and Sevier 120 
 
 William Richardson Davie 132 
 
 Nathaniel Macon 1'*" 
 
 1 cq 
 Johnston Blakely 
 
 170 
 William Gaston 
 
 James Cochrane Dobbin 1^^ 
 
 William Alexander Graham 192 
 
 Calvin Henderson Wiley 210 
 
 Zebulon Baird Vance 222 
 
 Hill, Pettigrew, and Grimes 241 
 
 Charles Duncan McIver 262 
 
 Makers of Modern North Carolina . • • 274 
 Appendix I. Origin and Names of the Counties 
 
 OF North Carolina 295 
 
 Appendix II. List of the Governors of North 
 
 Carolina ^^^ 
 
 T ^,, 309 
 
 Index . . • 
 
MAKERS OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 SIR WALTER RALEIGH 
 
 Why our Capital City was named Raleigh. — Raleigh, 
 the capital city of North Carolina, bears the name of 
 one of the great men of England. Why should an Ameri- 
 can State name its capital 
 city for an Englishman? 
 Was it because he was fa- 
 mous as a statesman, soldier, 
 author, and patriot? No, it 
 was because Sir Walter 
 Raleigh sent the first English 
 colony to America and his 
 colony settled in what is 
 now North Carolina. As 
 Raleigh's work won the best 
 part of the New World for 
 the English people. North 
 Carolina named her capital 
 city in his honor. 
 
 The Young Soldier. — Raleigh was born in England 
 in 1552, sixty years after Columbus discovered America. 
 He was born at a beautiful country place called " Hayes," 
 on the southern coast of England. Near his home was 
 the town of Plymouth, a famous seaport where sailors 
 
 1 
 
 Sir Waltkr Raleigh 
 
2 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 came from all parts of the world. These sailors had 
 many a tale to tell about the countries they had visited. 
 Some of them had been to the New World where they 
 had seen wonderful wild birds and animals and the 
 savage red men with long bows and arrows and curious 
 wigwams. How eagerly young Raleigh listened to the 
 interesting stories of these sunburnt sailors! And how 
 he longed to sail out on the broad Atlantic to see the 
 wonders of America for himself! 
 
 But after a while school-days came and young Raleigh 
 was sent away from home to school. He studied 
 well and read a great deal. He liked books of travel 
 that told of adventure in foreign countries, and of the 
 strange people and customs of lands beyond the sea. 
 He was fond of history, and the great deeds of famous 
 men made him eager to win fame for himself. After 
 leaving school he became a soldier in the British army. 
 He was so skilful that he soon won the rank of captain, 
 and so fearless that his bravery attracted the attention 
 of Queen Elizabeth herself. 
 
 Raleigh becomes a Favorite of the Queen. — After 
 serving six years in the army, Raleigh went to London 
 and was presented at Court. His handsome form, his 
 fine face, his rich dress, and his elegant and pleasant 
 manners pleased good "Queen Bess." In a very short 
 time he became one of her most trusted advisers and 
 favorite courtiers. She made him a knight, and heaped 
 honors and riches on him until he became one of the 
 great men in England. 
 
 Raleigh plans to send a Colony to America. — At 
 that time England and Spain were at war with each 
 other. Spain owned great colonies in America from 
 
SIR WALTER RALEIGH 3 
 
 which she received vast treasures of gold and silver. 
 With this wealth she fitted out armies and fleets against 
 England. 
 
 England also claimed territory in America on account 
 of the voyages of John and Sebastian Cabot. But she 
 had not taken possession of it, and Spain denied that 
 she had any right to it. Sir Walter Raleigh thought 
 that England ought to send colonies to the New World. 
 Such colonies he said would help to make England richer 
 and more powerful than Spain. He laid his plans before 
 the Queen, and she gave him permission to take posses- 
 sion of her territory in America and plant a colony 
 there. 
 
 Raleigh's First Expedition. — In less than a month 
 Raleigh had two vessels ready to sail for America. They 
 were commanded by daring sailors, Captains Philip 
 Amadas and Arthur Barlow. Raleigh intended for 
 them to explore the country and select a good place 
 for the colony. They sailed from England in the spring 
 of 1584, and on July 4th reached the coast of what is 
 now North Carolina. Springing upon the shore, they 
 first gave thanks to God for their safe arrival, and then 
 unfurling the English flag claimed the country in the 
 name of Queen Elizabeth and of Sir Walter Raleigh. 
 A few days later, while exploring the country. Captain 
 Barlow with seven of his men came to an island w^hich 
 the natives called Roanoke. All about them were many 
 other islands "most beautiful and pleasant to behold." 
 
 The visitors seemed to think they had reached Para- 
 dise. They were charmed with the delightful climate, 
 the fertile soil, the sweet flowers, and the tall trees. 
 On every tree and shrub grew wild vines, filled with 
 
HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 sweet grapes, "in such plenty that in all the world the 
 Hke abundance could not be found." 
 
 From the Indians, they received fruits, melons, 
 cucumbers, and corn, which was "very white, fair and 
 well tasted." The woods were full of deer, hares, and 
 
 birds; and the waters were 
 alive "with the goodliest 
 and best fish in the world." 
 As the men strolled 
 along the seashore, great 
 flocks of white cranes flew 
 up around them with such 
 cries that it seemed "as if 
 an army of men had 
 shouted all together." 
 The Indians treated their 
 visitors "with all love and 
 kindness"; and the Eng- 
 lishmen thought them 
 "most gentle, loving, and 
 faithful." 
 
 " Virginia." — Amadas 
 and Barlow thought that 
 Roanoke was the very place for Raleigh's colony. After 
 spending two months exploring the country, they sailed 
 for England, carrying with them two of the Indians 
 whose names were Wanchese and Manteo. In England 
 their story was heard with wonder and delight. Every- 
 body was charmed with the new country and its gentle 
 loving people. When Amadas asked the Indians the 
 name of their country, they replied " Win-gan-da-coa," 
 and by this name Amadas and Barlow called it. But 
 
 Queen Elizabeth 
 
SIR WALTER RALEIGH 5 
 
 what the Indians really meant by '' Win-gan-da-coa" 
 was, ''What pretty clothes you wear!" Queen EUza- 
 beth was so pleased that this new land was found 
 during her reign, that she called it "Virginia," in honor 
 of herself, the Virgin Queen. 
 
 The First Colony. — Raleigh lost no time in sending 
 a colony to Virginia. For governor, he selected Ralph 
 Lane, a brave soldier in the Queen's army. In this 
 colony were 108 men who sailed for Roanoke in a fleet 
 of seven vessels. After a voyage of three months, 
 they reached Roanoke in July, 1585. 
 
 Their first work was to build a rude fort, called 
 "Fort Raleigh," and then some dwelling-houses. 
 Lane was a good leader, but his men were lazy and 
 would not work. They expected to find gold and 
 silver at Roanoke and instead of planting crops, 
 they spent their time looking for precious metals. 
 So when winter came, their food gave out and 
 had it not been for Manteo, they would have 
 starved. 
 
 Wanchese and Manteo. — Wanchese and Manteo 
 had returned to Roanoke with Lane. What a wonder- 
 ful story they had to tell their old friends at home! 
 They had crossed the great ocean. They had been 
 to the great city of London. They had seen more 
 people with pale faces than they could count. They 
 had even been to the palace and seen the Queen. Manteo 
 loved the English people because they had been kind 
 to him, and became their strong friend. But when 
 Wanchese saw how powerful the English people were, 
 he feared and hated them. Upon his return to Roanoke, 
 he made up his mind to destroy the little colony before 
 
6 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 the pale-faced strangers became strong enough to take 
 the land from his people. 
 
 The Colony Fails. — When the English needed food, 
 Manteo sent them corn and fish, and persuaded the 
 other Indians to be friendly to them also. In return 
 Lane and his men were harsh and at times cruel. Then 
 Wanchese got the upper hand of Manteo, and the 
 Indians began to lay plans to get rid of their white 
 visitors. Soon a war broke out. But the red men 
 with their bows and arrows were no match for the 
 whites with their guns and pistols. Lane easily defeated 
 them, but after his victory he found it harder than 
 ever to get food for his men. 
 
 The men nov,' began to ask each other anxiously, 
 "What shall we do? We can no longer depend on the 
 Indians, yet we must have food or we shall starve on 
 this lonely island." Had their friends in England for- 
 gotten them? Would Sir Walter Raleigh never send 
 them help? All were about to give up hope, when, 
 one day in June, a man dashed up to Lane, all out of 
 breath, and cried out that he had seen sails at sea. 
 How this good news cheered the homesick settlers! 
 An English fleet had arrived, and they were saved. 
 The commander of this fleet was Sir Francis Drake, 
 one of England's most famous naval heroes. In his 
 fleet were twenty-three vessels. He had been among 
 the West Indies plundering Spanish ships and now, 
 with vast treasures, was on his way back to England. 
 He offered to take Lane and his hungry men home. 
 They were glad enough to go and so in June, 1586, 
 they sailed away from Roanoke. Raleigh's first colony 
 had failed. 
 
SIR WALTER RALEIGH 
 
 ''Uppowoc," "Pagatour," and " Openauk." ^ Lane 
 and his men found no gold in "Virginia." But they 
 carried home with them three plants that have brought 
 to England more wealth than the Spaniards got from 
 all their mines of gold and silver. These plants were 
 " uppowoc," ''pagatour," and "openauk." What odd 
 names these are! Who would 
 ever guess that "uppowoc" 
 was the Indian name for 
 tobacco, ' ' pagatour ' ' for 
 Indian corn, and ''openauk" 
 for Irish potato? 
 
 And why, do you suppose, 
 the white potato, which came 
 from America, is called the 
 "Irish potato" ? Because, 
 after Raleigh planted it in 
 Ireland, the potato became 
 the chief food of the Irish 
 people and more than once 
 has saved them from star- 
 vation in time of famine. Raleigh also taught the 
 English people how to smoke. It is said that one day 
 while he was smoking his pipe, his servant entered the 
 room with a pitcher of ale. Frightened at seeing smoke 
 pouring out of his master's mouth and nose, he cried 
 out that Sir Walter was on fire, and dashed the ale in 
 his face! 
 
 Raleigh's Second Colony. — Raleigh was disappointed 
 at the failure of his colony, but he did not lose heart. 
 The next year he prepared a second colony for " Vir- 
 ginia." John White, who had been at Roanoke with 
 
 Sir Francis Drake 
 
8 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 Lane, was appointed governor. In this colony were 
 ninety-one men, seventeen women, and nine children. 
 They sailed from England in April, 1587, and reached 
 Roanoke in July. They found Fort Raleigh in ruins, 
 but at once began to repair it and to build new houses. 
 Thus was begun the second English colony in America. 
 
 Virginia Dare. — On August 18, 1587, a baby girl 
 was born at Roanoke. Her mother, Eleanor Dare, was 
 a daughter of Governor White. On the following 
 Sunday the baby was baptized, and because she 
 was the first white child born in " Virginia," her mother 
 named her Virginia. Perhaps more people know the 
 history of little Virginia Dare than of any other baby 
 that ever lived in America. The very spot on which 
 she was born is now in a county called Dare. 
 
 Governor White Returns to England. — As the settlers 
 reached Roanoke too late to plant a crop, somebody 
 had to return to England for food, clothes, and other 
 things. Who should go? The settlers said that Gov- 
 ernor White ought to go because he could get the things 
 they needed more easily than anybody else. But he 
 did not think that he ought to leave his colony, and at 
 first refused. Then all the men, and even the women, 
 gathered around him and begged so hard that at last 
 he consented. They promised him that if they had 
 to leave Roanoke before he returned they would carve 
 the name of their new settlement on a tree. If they 
 were in distress, they would cut a cross like this ( "I"" ) 
 above the name. Governor White then sailed for 
 England. 
 
 "The Invincible Armada." — In England he found 
 everybody deeply stirred over a great war with Spain. 
 
SIR WAl.Ti;U HALi:i(;iI 
 
 9 
 
 A powerful Spanish fleet called ** The Invincible Armada," 
 with a large army on board, was coming to conquer 
 England. Every English vessel and every English 
 sailor was needed to defend the country. There was 
 no man in all the land busier than Sir Walter Raleigh. 
 Still Raleigh found time to prepare a ship loaded with 
 
 Indian Warriors at Roanoke Island, 1585 
 (From one of the pifturcs mado by John White.) 
 
 supplies for his little colony. The ship started on its 
 voyage, but was soon driven back by Spanish war 
 vessels. It was then too late to send another. The 
 great " Armada " had come, and every man's first duty 
 was to defend his country. In the midst of this great 
 danger to England, the little colony on far-away Roanoke 
 was neglected. Finally the great battle was fought 
 and the Spanish fleet destroyed. "God blew with his 
 winds," said the Queen, "and they were scattered." 
 
 "Croatoan." — Two years had passed before Gov- 
 ernor White could sail again for Roanoke. He found 
 
10 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 the island deserted. Not a sign of his colony could 
 be seen. He blew upon his trumpet. He called to 
 his people by name. He sang their old familiar songs. 
 He fired his guns and cannon. But there was no reply. 
 The houses had fallen down. Weeds grew within the 
 ruined walls. The settlers had disappeared. 
 
 Governor White wandered sadly about the place, 
 looking everywhere for some sign of his colony. At 
 
 last on a post near the 
 door of the fort, he 
 found one single word, 
 in capital letters, 
 CROATOAN. But 
 above it was no cross 
 or any sign of distress. 
 Croatoan was the 
 place where Manteo, 
 the friend of the Eng- 
 Indians making a Canoe lisli, lived. So Gov- 
 
 ernor White started at once to find Croatoan. 
 
 The Lost Colony. — But during the night a great 
 storm arose. The wind snapped the ship's cables as 
 if they had been of twine. Three anchors were lost. 
 The vessel was driven on a sand bar and nearly wrecked. 
 Food ran low and fresh water gave out. When the 
 storm was over, the captain of the vessel refused to go 
 to Croatoan. In spite of Governor White's prayers, 
 he sailed away to the West Indies to repair his ship. 
 Even after the ship had been repaired, the captain 
 refused to sail for Croatoan, but returned to England, 
 carrying poor Governor White with him. Other expedi- 
 tions were sent to look for the colony, but no trace 
 
SIR WALTER RALEIGH 11 
 
 of it was ever found. So Governor White never saw 
 his little granddaughter again, and to this day his colony 
 is known as "The Lost Colony." 
 
 Raleigh's Misfortunes. — Raleigh's colonies had cost 
 him a fortune and had not brought him in a single penny. 
 He soon found himself, too, out of favor with Queen 
 Elizabeth. She was angry because he had married one of 
 the ladies of her Court, and banished him from her sight. 
 But Raleigh, in spite of the Queen's disfavor, continued 
 to serve his country. 
 
 Upon the death of Queen Elizabeth, James Stuart, 
 King of Scotland, became King of England. He was a 
 wretched tyrant, and disliked the great men who had 
 made Elizabeth's reign so glorious. Of them all, he 
 hated Raleigh most. To please his friend, the King 
 of Spain, James had Raleigh thrown into prison. The 
 charge against him was treason, which everybody knew 
 to be false. Yet the King's judges declared Raleigh 
 guilty and sentenced him to death. But he was so 
 popular with the people that James was afraid to have 
 him executed, and he remained in prison for fourteen 
 years. 
 
 Raleigh's Heroic Death. — During these j^ears King 
 James fell more and more under the influence of the 
 King of Spain. There was no man in England whom 
 Spain feared and hated as much as Raleigh. So, to 
 show his love for Spain, in 1618 James ordered that 
 Raleigh be i)ut to death. Raleigh met his death bravely. 
 When his friends came to say good-by, he smiled and 
 said : 
 
 "I have a long journey to make, so I must take my 
 leave of vou." 
 
12 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 On the scaffold, he asked the headsman to let him see 
 the ax. The man hesitated. 
 
 "What!" said Raleigh. ''Let me see it. Dost 
 thou think I am afraid of it?" Running his finger 
 along the keen blade, he said: 
 
 "Tis a sharp medicine, but it will cure all my ills." 
 
 Then he laid his head on the block and told the heads- 
 man to strike. Again the man hesitated and trembled. 
 "What dost thou fear, man!" exclaimed Raleigh. 
 "Strike, man, strike!" 
 
 He struck and thus ended the life of one of England's 
 bravest and noblest sons. 
 
 Raleigh's own efforts to plant a colony in America 
 failed. But he never lost interest in the New World. 
 Soon after the loss of White's colony, writing of Vir- 
 ginia, he said, "I shall live to see it an English nation 
 yet." And he did live to see a permanent colony planted 
 at Jamestown. Sir Walter Raleigh rendered many 
 great services to his country, but his greatest service 
 was in pointing out the way to found an English nation 
 in America. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY STUDY 
 
 1. In what part of England is Plymouth? 
 
 2. Describe the position of England and Spain with reference 
 to Europe. To America. To each other. 
 
 3. What i:)ortion of the New World did Spain colonize? \Miat 
 parts of the New World are now inhalMted by EnglLsh-speaking 
 nations? 
 
 4. Find and dcscrilie the situation of Roanoke Island. 
 
 5. Amadas and Barlow sailed from London down the Thames, 
 to the Canary Islands, thence to the West Indies, thence up the coast 
 of Florida to Cape Lookout, thence to Hatteras Lilet, thence to 
 Roanoke Island. Trace their route on your maj). 
 
SIR WAITKR HALKlCll 13 
 
 (). Do.scribo the location and surroundings of l^oanokc Island. 
 Wliat is its situation with rofcreucc to the West lntli(\s? In what 
 county is it? What is its county seat? 
 
 REVIEW 
 
 1. Why was the Capital of North Carolina named Kaleifi;h? 
 
 2. Describe Sir Walter Raleigh's early lif(\ 
 
 3. Why did Raleigh l)ecome such a favorite with the (^uecni? 
 
 4. Why did England become interested in sending a colony 
 to America? 
 
 5. Describe the voyage of Amadas and Barlow. 
 
 6. How was their story received in England? 
 
 7. Tell the stoi'y of Raleigh's first colony. 
 
 8. What three plants did Lane take to England? Describe each of 
 these plants. Tell how it is cultivated. What are the uses of each? 
 
 9. Describe the second colony to Roanoke. 
 
 10. Why did Governor White return to England? What i)roniise 
 did the settlers make to hun? Why did he not return at once to 
 Roanoke? 
 
 11. Describe White's return. 
 
 12. Why did Raleigh give up his j^lans after the loss of his second 
 colony? 
 
 13. Describe Raleigh's last days. 
 
 14. What were the results of his efforts to plant a colony on Roanoke 
 Island? 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR SPECIAL STUDY 
 
 1. How old was Raleigh when he was presented to the Queen? 
 When he sent his first expedition to America? At his death? 
 
 2. How long did it take Amadas and Barlow to cross the Atlantic? 
 How long does it now take to go from New York to Liverpool? 
 
 3. How long did Lane's colony remain on Roanoke Island? 
 
 4. A certain historian says that the defeat of "The Invincible 
 Armada" was "the opening event in the history of the ITnited States." 
 Explain what is meant by that statement. 
 
 5. Since Raleigh's efforts to colonize "Virginia" failed, what 
 right has he to be called "The Founder of English-America"? 
 
CHAPTER II 
 GEORGE DURANT 
 
 How Settlers came to North Carolina. — After the 
 loss of the colony at Roanoke, many years passed before 
 other white settlers came to North Carolina. In 1607 
 Virginia was settled and grew into an important colony. 
 From Virginia came the pioneers who led the way to 
 the settlement of North Carolina. 
 
 In those days there were but few roads through the 
 wilderness. Travel by land was difficult and dangerous, 
 so the settlers usually traveled by water. By water, 
 too, they sent their products to market. Therefore 
 lands lying along the rivers and sounds were usually 
 selected for settlements. They were also more fertile 
 than the uplands. Accordingly the early settler usually 
 built his home on the bank of some stream. Many 
 of the streams of Southern Virginia flow into the sounds 
 of Eastern North Carolina. By following down the 
 banks of these streams, settlers from Virginia came into 
 Carolina, and built homes on the shore of Albemarle 
 Sound. 
 
 George Durant. — Among the first of these early 
 settlers was George Durant. He was born in England 
 about 1632. While still a young man he left the Old 
 World to seek a home in Virginia. But Durant was not 
 satisfied with his situation in Virginia. He probably 
 heard hunters and explorers talking about the rich lands 
 
 14 
 
GEORGE DURANT 
 
 15 
 
 on Albemarle Sound which could be had almost for 
 nothing. So, about the year 1660, he decided to explore 
 that country, and with several companions he set out 
 on a journey through the wilderness. 
 
 "Durant's Neck." — Durant's companions soon found 
 lands that suited them. They bought large tracts 
 from the Indians and began their new homes on the 
 Albemarle. But Durant himself was not so easily 
 satisfied. Before settling, he wanted to know more 
 about the new region. For two years he explored the 
 streams and the forests. At the end of that time he 
 probably knew more about the country on the Albe- 
 marle Sound than any other white man. It was this 
 habit of doing things thoroughly that later made him 
 a leader in the province. 
 
 At last Durant found a 
 place that he liked. Itw^asa 
 fine tract lying on Perquim- 
 ans River and Albemarle 
 Sound. As it belonged to 
 the Indians, Durant bought 
 it from their chief, Kilco- 
 canen. He then lost no 
 time in clearing his land 
 and building a dwelling- 
 house. His plantation 
 which was a narrow point 
 of land between two rivers, 
 became known as " Du- 
 rant's Neck," and by this name it is known to this day. 
 
 "Carolina." — Other settlers now came to the Albe- 
 marle, and by 1663 their settlement had grown into 
 
 Charles II 
 
16 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 importance. Virginia claimed it as part of her territory, 
 but the King of England, Charles II, decided to use it 
 for another purpose. He wished to reward some of 
 his noblemen ^ who had done him great services by 
 giving them a large tract of. land in America. In 1663 
 he signed a paper, called a charter, making them a pres- 
 ent, not only of the Albemarle section, but also of all 
 
 Sir George Carteret 
 
 Anthony Ashley Cooper 
 
 the region from Virginia to Florida, and from the At- 
 lantic to the Pacific. This region had already been 
 called Carolina,^ in honor of King Charles I, father of 
 Charles II, and Charles II retained the name. 
 
 First Governor of Carolina. — The noblemen were 
 called the Lords Proprietors of Carolina. The King 
 gave them power to select a governor for their colony, 
 
 'Th(>y were: Cieorgc Monk, Duko of Albemarle; Edward Hyde, Earl of 
 Clarendon; Anthony Ashley Cooper; Lord Craven; Lord Berkeley; Sir 
 William Berkeley; Sir George Carteret; and Sir John Colleton. 
 
 2 From 'Carolus," the Latin word for Charles. 
 
CIEOROE DURAXT 
 
 17 
 
 and ill 1664, at the suggestion of Sir William Berkeley, 
 (lovcTiior of \'irgiiiia, they selected William Drummoiid. 
 Drummond ruled in Albemarle for three years. He 
 was a good governor. After leaving Carolina he went 
 to Virginia, where he took part in a rebellion against 
 his old friend, Sir \Mlliam 
 Berkeley. The rebels 
 were defeated and Drum- 
 mond was captured and 
 taken before the Governor. 
 
 "Air. Drummond, 3'ou 
 are very welcome," ex- 
 claimed the angry Gov- 
 ernor, "I am more pleased 
 to see you than an}' man 
 in Virginia. Mr. Drum- 
 mond, you shall be hanged 
 in half an hour." And 
 sure enough the old tyrant 
 had him hanged! 
 
 The New Government 
 and the People. — At first 
 
 the government of Carolina was simple enough, 
 people liked it because they had a voice in it. 
 governor was selected by the Lords Proprietors 
 had six men to help him who were called his council. 
 The people themselves elected men to an Assembly. The 
 Assembly and the Council made the laws. But this plan 
 was too simple to please the Lords Proprietors. They 
 had a new one prepared, called the Grand Model, which 
 gave great authority to a class of noblemen who were 
 given such odd titles as " Landgrave" and "Cacitjue." 
 
 Memorial Stone at Nixonton 
 
 (The people themselves elected men to 
 
 an assembly.) 
 
 The 
 
 The 
 
 He 
 
18 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 The Lords Proprietors were very proud of their new 
 plan. But it did not suit the people of Carolina, and 
 they soon raised a cry against it. "Down with your 
 Landgraves! Down with your Caciques! Let us fly 
 to the King for protection." The Grand Model caused 
 nothing but trouble, because the people of North Caro- 
 lina would obey no government unless they had a voice 
 in it. 
 
 How the People prospered. — The colony was now 
 about ten years old. It contained nearly two thousand 
 people. Their chief crop was tobacco. As they had 
 no gold or silver, tobacco was used as money. People 
 bought and sold things, not for so many dollars, but 
 for so many pounds of tobacco. 
 
 Their trading was done chiefly with men from New 
 England. These New England men in their small 
 ships easily sailed right up to the doors of the planters. 
 To them the planters sold their crops. From them they 
 bought such things as could not be made on their plan- 
 tations. For a few years the affairs of the colony were 
 orderly and the people prospered. 
 
 Two Bad Laws. — In 1677 this happy condition came 
 to a sudden end. Two laws which were passed in 
 England, and a foolish officer who was sent over by the 
 Lords Proprietors, caused trouble and disorder. One 
 of these laws required the planters to pay a tax to the 
 King on every pound of tobacco they shipped out of 
 the colony. This tax was called the King's customs. 
 It was to be collected by an officer known as the collector 
 of the customs. The King's customs were a heavy 
 burden on the people because they were poor and 
 tobacco was their chief crop. 
 
GEORGE DURANT 19 
 
 The other law required the planters to sell their 
 products to English merchants and to buy their goods 
 in England. This law was intended to break up the 
 trade with New England, and to enrich the British 
 merchants. It was called the Navigation Law. 
 
 The people protested against these laws. They 
 declared that it was not right to tax them for the benefit 
 of people in England. It was not right to make them 
 sell their tobacco to those who gave the lowest prices 
 for it, and to buy goods from those who charged the 
 highest prices. If they had to obey these laws they 
 would always remain poor. They therefore determined 
 not to obey them. 
 
 George Durant prepares to Resist. — In their resist- 
 ance to these laws, George Durant was their leader. 
 He was one of the largest planters in the province and 
 his influence with the people was very great. When 
 he called upon them to resist the Navigation Law, 
 they readily followed him in their first rebellion against 
 unjust laws. 
 
 In 1676 two of the leading men from Carolina were 
 in England. One of them was Thomas Eastchurch, 
 who had been speaker of the Assembly. The other 
 was Thomas Miller. From them the Lords Proprietors 
 learned that affairs in Carolina were in bad shape. 
 The people were discontented with the new plan of 
 government. They disliked the Navigation Law. Their 
 governor had grown tired of his office, and gone to 
 England, leaving the colony " in ill order and in worse 
 hands." 
 
 The Lords Proprietors, therefore, had to select a 
 new governor. They wished to find one with whom 
 
20 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 the people would be pleased. Perhaps, the Lords 
 Proprietors thought, the people would like to have one 
 of their own men for governor. They must like East- 
 church because they had elected him speaker of the 
 Assembly. Believing this, the Proprietors selected East- 
 
 Duke of Albemarle 
 
 Lord John Berkeley 
 
 church as the new governor. At the same time they 
 had Miller appointed collector of the customs. 
 
 But the Lords Proprietors were mistaken. The 
 people did not want Eastchurch for governor, and 
 there was one man who was bold enough to tell the 
 Proprietors so. That man was George Durant. Soon 
 after Eastchurch was appointed, Durant was in England. 
 Standing up boldly before the Proprietors, Durant 
 said : 
 
 "My Lords, Eastchurch shall never be governor. If 
 he goes to Albemarle, I myself will lead a rebellion 
 against him." 
 
GEORGE DIIRANT 21 
 
 Eastchurch and Miller. — In June, 1677, Governor 
 Eustchurch and Collector Miller sailed from l^^ngland. 
 On their way they stopped at the island of Nevis, in 
 the W(^st Indies. There Eastchurch fell in love with 
 a wealthy woman, and while he stayed to win a wife and 
 a fortune, he sent Miller on to look after the govern- 
 ment in Carolina. The people received Miller quietly, 
 and for a short time all went well. 
 
 But Miller's honors turned his head. He soon 
 l:)egan to abuse his power. He opposed the right of 
 the people to elect members of the Assembly. He 
 compelled men to pay heavy fines which were unjust. 
 He ordered his officers to arrest men whom he disliked 
 and bring them to him, dead or alive. He tried to break 
 up the trade with New England. He seized thousands 
 of pounds of tobacco for the King's customs, part of 
 which he used to keep up a guard of soldiers to do his 
 will. The people called it his ''piping guard." 
 
 Durant leads our First Rebellion. — For a while 
 there was no one to lead the people, and Miller had his 
 own way. But in October, 1677, a ship arrived from 
 England with George Durant on board. Here was a 
 leader, at last, and Miller knew it. He determined to 
 catch Durant by surprise before he could arouse the 
 people. Quickly calling his ''piping guard" together, 
 he hurried on board the vessel, pointed a pistol at 
 Durant's breast, and tried to arrest him as a traitor. 
 But Durant turned tables on him. He called on the 
 people to resist ^Miller's conduct. They rallied around 
 Durant, arrested Miller, and threw him into prison. 
 
 Durant then suggested that the people elect an 
 Asseml)ly to meet at his house. The Assemlily met and 
 
22 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 appointed John C'ulpeper collector in Miller's place, 
 and turned over to him the tobacco which Miller 
 had seized as the King's customs. The Assembly 
 then decided to have Miller tried for his crimes, 
 and George Durant was selected to bring him to 
 punishment. 
 
 About this time a message was received from East 
 church. He had won his bride and was now in Virginia 
 on his way to become governor of Albemarle. East- 
 church was the lawful governor. Would George Durant 
 be bold enough to oppose him? Yes, he was ready to 
 do even that! He first had Miller declared guilty, and 
 imprisoned, and then he raised a strong guard to march 
 against Eastchurch. But no guard was needed, for 
 soon after Eastchurch reached Virginia, he died. And 
 so, just as Durant had declared, Eastchurch never 
 became governor of Albemarle. 
 
 The People's Government. — For a while after Miller's 
 defeat the people had a government of their own. But 
 in 1678 the Lords Proprietors decided to send over 
 one of their own number to be governor. Perhaps the 
 people would respect and obey a Proprietor. So they 
 selected Seth Sothel.^ But while crossing the Atlantic, 
 Sothel was captured by pirates, and for the next four 
 years, first Thomas Harvey and then John Jenkins 
 acted as governor. 
 
 But during these years the real leader in the colony 
 was George Durant. The people had great confidence 
 in him. But his enemies declared that he was at the 
 head of the rebels. They said that he opposed the 
 governors sent over by the Lords Proprietors, and 
 
 ^He had bought the share of Lord Clarendon. 
 
GEORGE DURANT 23 
 
 pulled down and set up whom he pleased in their place. 
 "Although^ Jenkins had the title of governor," they 
 wrote, "yet in fact Durant governed and used Jenkins 
 but as his property." 
 
 Durant drives out a Wicked Governor. — In 1682 
 Sothel was released by the pirates and arrived in North 
 Carolina. He proved to be one of the worst governors 
 North Carolina ever had. George Durant denounced 
 him for his crimes. Then he arrested Durant for 
 treason, threw him into prison without a trial, and 
 seized his fine plantation. But he could not keep 
 Durant in prison. He was soon set free because he 
 could not be found guilty of any crime. Then he again 
 headed a rebellion, captured Sothel, and in turn threw 
 him into prison. 
 
 Durant then called upon the Assembly to decide 
 what should be done with the wicked governor. The 
 Assembly decided to send him to England to be tried 
 by the Lords Proprietors. But Sothel, afraid for the 
 Proprietors to find out all of his crimes, begged to be 
 tried by the Assembly. The Assembly granted his 
 prayer, found him guilty, and banished him from the 
 province. Thus for a second time, George Durant 
 freed Carolina from a tyrant. 
 
 Durant's Last Days. — During the last years of his 
 life Durant was a justice of the peace. Among the 
 things that a justice of the peace had to do was to find 
 out and punish all persons engaged in "witchcrafts, 
 enchantments, sorceries, and magic arts." Let us hope 
 that George Durant found no poor old women to punish 
 as witches. He continued to be a leader in the province 
 until his death in 1694. 
 
24 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 George Durant was our first patriot leader against 
 tyranny. Like all patriots he believed in obedience 
 to the law and to lawful rulers. But he also believed 
 in liberty, and when rulers broke the law and oppressed 
 the people, he was always ready to lead the people in 
 rebellion. The colony was small in his day, and his 
 struggles for liberty are but little known now. Never- 
 theless he fought the battles of freedom, and should be 
 remembered as a true patriot. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY STUDY 
 
 1. Trace the course of the James River. Point out the site of 
 Jamestown. 
 
 2. Trace the course of tlie rivers of eastern Virginia that flow into 
 North Carohna. 
 
 3. What are the princii)al sounds of North Carolina? What 
 rivers flow into them? 
 
 4. "Durant's Neck" is the point of land between the Perquimans 
 and Little rivers. Find it. 
 
 5. Describe the situation of the counties of Pasquotank, Perqui- 
 mans, Chowan, and Currituck, and name any streams or bodies of 
 water in each. 
 
 6. What is the general character of the coast of North Carolina? 
 
 REVIEW 
 
 1. When and where was the first permanent English settlement 
 made in America? Why did settlers from Virginia seek land on the 
 banks of Albemarle Sound? 
 
 2. Why did George Durant become interested in that region? 
 
 3. How did George Durant obtain land on the Albemarle? 
 
 4. What did King Charles do with that region? What name was 
 then given it? 
 
 5. Tell the story of William Drummond. 
 
 6. Describe the government of Carolina. Why did the people 
 like it? What changes did the Lords Proprietors make in it? How 
 did the people like the changes? 
 
GEOKOE DURANT 25 
 
 7. How old was the colony then? How many people lived in it? 
 What was their chief crop? How was it used? Describe their trade. 
 
 8. What two bad laws were passed in 1677? What did the people 
 say about those laws? 
 
 9. Why did the Lords Proprietors select Eastchurch for gov- 
 ernor? What did Durant tell them? 
 
 10. Why did not Eastchurch go at once to Carolina? Descril)e 
 Miller's conduct. 
 
 11. What occurred when Durant arrived in Carolina? Why did 
 not Eastchurch become governor? 
 
 12. Describe the government after the death of Eastchurch. 
 
 13. How did Durant rescue the colony from a wicked governor? 
 
 14. Why should we honor Durant? 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR SPECIAL STUDY 
 
 1. How many years passed between the birth of Mrginia Dare 
 and the settlement of Jamestown? 
 
 2. In what way has the geography of Eastern North Carolina 
 affected our history? 
 
 3. By what right did the whites take the land in America without 
 the consent of the Indians? 
 
 4. In what ways did the government of Carolina under the Lord 
 Proprietors resemble our government to-day? How did it differ? 
 
 5. What is a "tax"? For what purposes are taxes usually 
 collected? Who has the right to levy taxes in North Carolina? 
 
 6. In what ways did the Navigation Law injure the planters of 
 North Carolina? How did it benefit the English merchants? 
 
CHAPTER III 
 THOMAS POLLOCK 
 
 Governor Sothel meets His Match. — Other men 
 besides George Durant suffered from the tyranny of 
 Governor Sothel. Once, when two vessels arrived in 
 Albemarle, Sothel determined to seize their cargoes 
 for his own use. Declaring that the captains were 
 pirates, he arrested and threw them into prison. One 
 of them died in prison ''of grief and ill usage." Just 
 before his death, this captain selected a young man, 
 who had recently come to the colony, to take charge 
 of his property for him. This young man was Thomas 
 Pollock. When Pollock demanded the property, Sothel 
 refused to give it up. Pollock threatened to go to 
 England and appeal to the Lords Proprietors. There- 
 upon Sothel flew into a rage, arrested the bold young 
 man, and locked him up in prison. But he was soon 
 released, for the people, tired of the tyrant Sothel, rose 
 against him and drove him out of the province. 
 
 Thomas Pollock. — Thomas Pollock was born in 
 Scotland, May 5, 1654, and came to Carolina in 1683. 
 Though he was still a young man, he already held a 
 high position. He was the deputy of Lord Carteret, 
 one of the Lords Proprietors. Each of the Lords 
 Proprietors sent to the colony a man to look after his 
 affairs there. These men were called "deputies." Next 
 
 26 
 
THOMAS POLLOCK 27 
 
 to the governor they were the most important officers 
 in the colony. They formed the Governor's Council, 
 and advised him upon all important matters. They 
 were also part of the Assembly, and helped to pass laws 
 for the colony. When the office of governor became 
 vacant, the president of the Council filled it until a new 
 governor arrived. Thomas Pollock was twice president 
 of the Council, and twice acted as governor. 
 
 A Colonial Planter. — Pollock soon became one of 
 the largest and wealthiest planters in Carolina. In 
 those days there was ^ 
 but little money in the 
 colony. A man's wealth 
 was counted by the 
 land and number of 
 slaves he owned. Pol- 
 lock owned plantations 
 on the Roanoke, the 
 Chowan, the Neuse, and olonial low 
 
 the Trent rivers. One of his plantations was the site 
 on which the city of New" Bern now stands. 
 
 He called his places by such names as Springfield, 
 Canecarora, Rosefield, Crany Island, and Balgra. In 
 all he owned 55,000 acres of land and about one hundred 
 slaves. His slaves were given such odd names as Scipio, 
 Jack Fiddler, Coffee Jacko, Long Mingo, Diego, Venus, 
 Tomboy, Diana, and Pompey. Most of them were 
 negroes, but a few were Indians. 
 
 The chief crops raised on Pollock's plantations were 
 tobacco, wheat, and corn. Other products were tar, 
 pitch, and turpentine which his slaves made from the 
 great pines that grew in his forests. These were very 
 
28 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 useful for ship-building, and brought good prices in 
 New England. 
 
 Many fine horses, flocks of sheep, and herds of cattle 
 grazed in his rich pastures. Large droves of hogs ran 
 wild through his woods, fattening on roots, berries, 
 acorns, and wild fruit. Each of these animals bore a 
 certain mark by which Pollock could tell his from those 
 of his neighbors. A person found guilty of changing 
 another's mark was severely punished. He was made 
 to pay a heavy fine, and was taken to the whipping-post 
 and given "forty lashes on his bare back well laid, on." 
 If found guilty a second time, he was made to stand in 
 pillory and branded in the hand with the letter "T" 
 (thief). Ever}^ year Pollock sent thousands of pounds 
 of pork to Virginia and to New England. 
 
 A Colonial Merchant. — In his will, Pollock called 
 himself a "merchant." This did not mean that he 
 owned a store as a merchant now does. In colonial 
 days a merchant was a man who owned ships and 
 carried on commerce with distant countries. Pollock 
 owned a number of vessels. From his wharves they 
 sailed to the ports of New England and to the West 
 Indies. They carried away cargoes of tobacco, salt 
 beef and pork, tallow, hides, furs, wool, and naval 
 stores; and they brought back rum, salt, sugar, molasses, 
 lumber, and such household articles as could not be 
 made on the plantations. 
 
 Sometimes Pollock even sent his ships across the ocean 
 to England. From England they brought clothes, 
 furniture, and other things for his own family. But 
 the clothes worn by the slaves and other servants, and 
 the rude furniture in their little cabins, were made by 
 
THOMAS POLLOCK 29 
 
 his slaves. P'or Pollock, like other large planters, trained 
 his slave women to be skilful spinners and weavers; 
 while among his slave men were good tanners, shoe- 
 makers, blacksmiths, carpenters, and other mechanics. 
 
 Many years passed before any sawmills were built 
 in Albemarle. Even the wealthiest planters, such as 
 Pollock, lived in log-houses. Their houses were built 
 of hewn logs, with wooden chimneys, wooden hinges, 
 and wooden locks. Indeed, they often had no iron- 
 work about them. But as Pollock grew wealthier, he 
 bought lumber, nails, iron hinges, and locks, in New 
 England, and, with the bricks made by his own slaves, 
 built better houses on his plantations. 
 
 The Planter at Home. — Hospitality was regarded 
 as one of the first duties of the colonial planter. Indeed, 
 most of them lived rather lonely lives, and were ever 
 ready to welcome guests to their houses. The traveler 
 brought news from other parts of the world, and his 
 stories helped the long evenings pass pleasantly. "The 
 inhabitants of Carolina," wrote one of these travelers, 
 "live an easy and pleasant hfe. As the land is very 
 fruitful, so are the planters hospitable to all that come 
 to visit them." Many housekeepers, he tells us, "give 
 away more provisions to coasters and guests who come 
 to see them than they expend among their own families." 
 Pollock's house was a favorite place for travelers. He 
 was known far and wide for his hospitality. At that 
 time there were no schools in Carolina. The wealthy 
 planters either had teachers in their own families, or 
 sent their sons to England to be educated. Pollock 
 sent his sons to England. One of them became an 
 officer in the English army. 
 
30 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 An "Established Church" in Carolina. — Like many 
 of the other planters, Pollock was a member of the 
 Church of England. But in Carolina the people were 
 so widely scattered that it was very difficult for them to 
 have churches. Several years passed before any churches 
 were built, or any preachers came. The first preachers 
 in the colony were Quakers. These good men visited 
 
 the people in their homes, 
 preached to them, and 
 converted many to their 
 faith. 
 
 But such men as Pol- 
 lock thought there ought 
 to be an "Established 
 Church" in Carolina, just 
 as there was in England. 
 An "Established Church" 
 is a Church set up by 
 law to be the official 
 Church of the country. The law provides what officers 
 the Church must have, and requires everybody, whether 
 members or not, to pay taxes for its support. Such 
 Churches are found in nearly all the countries of Europe, 
 but not in America. In England the " Established 
 Church " is called the " Church of England," and it 
 is the same that we in America call the " Episcopal 
 Church." 
 
 It was this church that Pollock wished to have estab- 
 lished in Carolina. The Quakers, and even some mem- 
 bers of the Church of England, opposed this plan. But 
 the Governor favored it, and in 1701 the Assembly 
 passed the law. By this law Quakers, as well as mem- 
 
 St. Thomas Church at Bath 
 
 (The oldest church in North Carolina 
 
 From a painting by Jacques Busbee) 
 
THOMAS POLLOCK 31 
 
 bers of the Established Church, were required to pay 
 taxes to build churches and pay ministers. The law 
 divided the colony into small sections called "parishes," 
 and provided that a church should be erected in each. 
 The officers of the church were called "vestrymen." 
 In the parish of Chowan precinct. Pollock was the lead- 
 ing vestryman, and took an important part in building 
 the first church. 
 
 St. Paul's Church. — This church stood near the 
 present town of Edenton. It was known as St. Paul's 
 Church. Its length was only twenty-five feet. It 
 was built of hewn logs. The posts were driven into the 
 ground. Nails, screws, hinges, glass, and other material 
 had to be brought from England. When finished, it 
 was hardly more than a rude log cabin. But the mem- 
 bers were proud of their first church, and among them 
 were the governors, judges, and other high officers. 
 Their first service was held in January, 1703, but it 
 was not until 1705 that they chose a minister. They 
 agreed to pay him a salary of £30 a year. He was 
 also to have some land and certain fees by law. Only 
 two men paid as much as £5 annually toward this 
 sum. They were Thomas Pollock and Edward 
 Moseley. 
 
 Pollock and Moseley. — Pollock and Moseley were 
 great rivals. The people were divided into two parties, 
 with Pollock at the head of one, Moseley of the other. 
 In 1708 a dispute arose in the province as to whether 
 William Glover or Thomas Cary was the lawful governor. 
 Pollock was on Glover's side, Moseley on Gary's. 
 
 Finally the Lords Proprietors settled the matter by 
 sending Edward Hyde from England to be governor. 
 
32 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 Pollock and his friends welcomed the new governor, 
 but Gary rebelled against him. Both sides took up 
 arms and threw the colony into great disorder. This 
 division led to a terrible event in which Colonel Pollock 
 rendered his greatest service to the colony. 
 
 St. Paul's Church, Edenton, N. C, begun in 1736 
 (Thomas Pollock took an important part in building the first church) 
 
 Bath and New Bern, — The first settlements were 
 made on the northern shore of Albemarle Sound. In 
 a few years settlers began to cross the sound and 
 move southward. In 1690 a few Frenchmen made a 
 settlement on Pamhco River. There, too, in 1705 was 
 laid off the town of Bath, the first town in North Caro- 
 lina. Later other pioneers crossed the Pamlico River 
 and cleared lands on the Neuse and the Trent. Here 
 they were joined, in 1710, by a body of Swiss and Ger- 
 mans under a Swiss nobleman, Baron Christopher de 
 Graffenried. These Swiss and Germans settled on 
 
THOMAS POLLOCK 
 
 33 
 
 Pollock's plantation between the Neuse and the Trent, 
 where they founded the town of New Bern. 
 
 The Watchful Red Men. — The increase in the 
 number of white men alarmed the Indians. They saw 
 that the whites were taking more and more of their 
 land, clearing the forests, and driving away the game. 
 
 Bath, the Oldest Town in North Carolina 
 (A street scene of today) 
 
 The whites even captured some of the red men and 
 sold them into slavery. The Indians soon learned to 
 fear and hate their white neighbors. But for a long 
 time they did not dare resist them. They waited pa- 
 tiently, pretending to be very friendly, but all the time 
 watching for a good chance to make an attack. The 
 quarrel between Gary and Hyde seemed to give them 
 the very chance they had been waiting for. 
 
 A Terrible Morning. — The leader of the Indians 
 was Chief Hancock. When he saw the whites fighting 
 among themselves, during Gary's Rebellion, he decided 
 
34 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 that it was a good time for the Indians to strike a blow 
 that would destroy the colony. He appointed the morn- 
 ing of September 22, 1711, as the time for the attack. 
 His plans were kept so secret that the whites did not 
 dream of their danger. 
 
 They slept peacefully through the night. At day- 
 break the war-whoops of the savages aroused them from 
 sleep. Five hundred painted warriors poured out of 
 the woods on every side. Within two hours they had 
 slain 130 settlers on the Neuse, and burned their homes 
 to the ground. Men, women, and children fell beneath 
 their tomahawks. For three days the burning and 
 slaying went on. All along the Pamlico and the Neuse 
 there were scenes of blood and ashes and ruin. 
 
 South Carolina sends Help. — Governor Hyde did 
 his best to stop the awful work. He called upon Vir- 
 ginia and South Carolina, for help. South Carolina 
 sent an army under Colonel John Barnwell. Barnwell 
 defeated the Indians in two great battles, but was him- 
 self defeated in the third. Then he and the Indians 
 agreed to a treaty of peace, and Barnwell returned to 
 South Carolina. But neither side kept the treaty. In 
 a little while the war broke out again. In the midst 
 of the war, Governor Hyde died, and the people turned 
 to Pollock to save the colony. 
 
 Pollock becomes Governor. — Pollock was chosen 
 president of the Council and acted as governor. In 
 times of peace he had refused to act as governor. But 
 now, in a time of danger and trouble, he thought it his 
 duty to serve the people in any way they wished. He 
 had to meet many trials and dangers. A number of 
 the people had been killed. Others were without homes, 
 
THOMAS POLLOCK 35 
 
 clothes, or food. Arms and ammunition were scarce, 
 and there was no money to pay soldiers. 
 
 But Pollock did not stop to complain about his diffi- 
 culties. He sent messengers into Virginia and South 
 Carolina to seek help. He appealed to the people of 
 the province to forget their quarrels and unite to defend 
 their homes. Many, who had opposed Governor Hyde, 
 now came to Pollock's support. Even the Quakers, 
 who thought it sinful to take part in war, sent food and 
 su])plies for the soldiers. 
 
 The Treaty with "King Blunt." — Not only did 
 Pollock unite the whites; he also divided the Indians. 
 One powerful chief, called Tom Blunt, had not taken 
 any part in the war. Pollock made an important treaty 
 with him. By this treaty Blunt was to be called ''King 
 Blunt," and was to be regarded as the head of the Caro- 
 lina Indians. In return he promised to help the whites 
 against Hancock. In this way Pollock obtained valu- 
 able aid, for "King Blunt" and his warriors were faith- 
 ful to their promises. 
 
 Soon after this treaty was made. Colonel James Moore, 
 of South Carolina, marched an army to the help of 
 North Carolina. He was joined by the soldiers whom 
 Pollock had raised. In March, 17131, they attacked 
 Hancock's fort, Nohoroco, on Contentnea Creek. The 
 battle lasted three days and Hancock was badly beaten. 
 He lost eight hundred of his bravest warriors. After this 
 terrible defeat, the rest of his tribe left North Carolina 
 and joined their kinsmen in New York. Never again 
 were the Indians in Eastern North Carolina strong 
 enough to destroy the white settlers. 
 
 Pollock establishes Peace. — The people had now 
 
36 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 become tired of wars and quarrels. Pollock sought 
 earnestly to unite all parties. ''Factions and parties 
 are no longer heard of," wrote an English clergyman, 
 who was in Carolina. "Thanks be to God," wrote 
 another, "we have no disturbance among ourselves. 
 All people's hearts unite and everybody is as happy as 
 the times will admit of, under the wise rule of our good 
 President." When the new governor, Charles Eden, 
 arrived in May, 1714, he found all "in peace and quiet- 
 ness." 
 
 Death of Colonel Pollock. — Charles Eden was gov- 
 ernor of North Carolina from 1714 to 1722. During 
 these years Pollock was a member of the Council. 
 When Eden died, in 1722, Pollock was again elected 
 president, and again acted as governor. He died in 
 office, August 30, 1722. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY STUDY 
 
 1. Where is Scotland? 
 
 2. Trace the course of the Roanoke River. The Chowan. The 
 Neuse. The Trent. The Panihco. Is this last river called by the 
 same name throughout its entire length? Trace the course of Con- 
 tentnea Creek. 
 
 3. Describe the situation of New Bern. Of Edenton. Of Bath. 
 
 REVIEW 
 
 1. Where was Thomas Pollock born? Why did he come to Caro- 
 lina? How was he treated by (Jovernor Sothel? 
 
 2. Describe a colonial plantation. 
 
 3. Describe a colonial merchant. 
 
 4. Describe the colonial planter at home. 
 
 5. What was an "Established Church"? What Church was 
 established in Carolina? Why? 
 
THOMAS POLLOCK 37 
 
 0. Whore was tlu> fii>;t church built in Carolina? What was its 
 name? Describe it. 
 
 7. Tell the story of the founding of New Bern. 
 S. How did the Indians regard the increase in the white poi)ula- 
 tion? What plans did they make? Who was their leader? 
 9. Describe the l)cginning of the war. 
 
 10. What help did North Carolina receive in this war from other 
 colonies? 
 
 11. Why did Pollock become governor? What were the conditions 
 in the colony then? What did he do to make them better? 
 
 12. Tell how he divided the Indians. 
 
 13. How was the war l^rought to an end? What became of the 
 Indians? 
 
 14. What were the results of Pollock's work as governor? 
 
 QrESTIONS FOR SPECIAL STUDY 
 
 1. What is the meaning cf the word "deputy" ? 
 
 2. How are pitch and tar made? For what purposes are they 
 used in ship-building? 
 
 3. Why was hospitality to travelers regarded as the special 
 duty of the planters in the South? 
 
 4. Why did De Graff enried's colonists name their town New 
 Bern? 
 
 5. Whywould not the Quakers bear arms in the Indian war? (See 
 St. Matthew 5:21-26.) 
 
 6. For whom was the town of Edenton named? What is the 
 meaning of the suffix "ton" ? 
 
 7. Why did the planters usually select their lands on a stream 
 or a sound? 
 
 8. Were the early towns usually founded on the banks of streams 
 or not? Give some illustrations. 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 EDWARD MOSELEY 
 
 The Rivals. — For many years the two leading men 
 in North Carolina were Thomas Pollock and Edward 
 Moseley. Each was wealthy, each was ambitious, 
 each was patriotic; and each wished to be the leader 
 in the province. So in public affairs they were generally 
 opposed to each other. First one, then the other would 
 get the upper hand. But after Pollock's death, no one 
 was left to dispute the leadership with Moseley, and he 
 became without a rival the leader of the people. 
 
 Edward Moseley. — Moseley came to North Caro- 
 lina about the year 1704. He made his home in Chowan 
 County but also owned large plantations in Chowan, 
 New Hanover, Tyrrell, Edgecombe, and Craven counties. 
 Altogether his plantations contained more than thirty- 
 five thousand acres, and he was the master of a hun- 
 dred slaves. His herds of cattle, his flocks of sheep, 
 his droves of hogs were as large and as fine as Colonel 
 Pollock's. No man in Carolina had finer or better 
 horses than Moseley; and his wife could boast of as 
 handsome silver tea kettles, silver coffee-pots, silver 
 knives, forks, spoons, tankards, casters, and other 
 furniture as any housekeeper in the colony. 
 
 Moseley was a well educated man. Perhaps no other 
 man of his day did so much as he for education in the 
 
 38 
 
EDWARD MOSELEY 
 
 39 
 
 colony. In his will he says, ''I would have my children 
 well educated," and left a sum of money for that pur- 
 pose. He owned the largest and best library in North 
 Carolina. His will mentioned nearly four hundred 
 books then in his library, and before his death he had 
 given away a large num- 
 ber. He sent money to 
 England for the purchase 
 of a communion service, 
 prayer books, and other 
 religious works for St. 
 Paul's Church. Three 
 years later he established 
 at Edenton a public library 
 worth more than £100. 
 The books in this library 
 were mostly written in 
 Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. 
 Moseley's Political 
 Career. — Moseley began 
 to take part in public ^ p?rT^«^r,^i^l?„ ,''''179^^° t7° ^''- 
 
 ^ i i-'AUL s Church in 1725 by Edward 
 
 affairs about 1705. Dur- Moseley 
 
 ins: the next fortv vonrs (Moseley sent money to England for the 
 iiig lue ULXb lUIiy }LarS purchase of a communion service, 
 
 he was chnspn to P'^orv prayer books, and other religious 
 UL VVdb CnOSen lO evClJ works for St. Paul's Church) 
 
 public ofhce to which the 
 
 people could elect him. From being a simple justice 
 of the peace, he rose to be cliief justice of the prov- 
 ince. Year after year he was elected a member of 
 the Assembly, and was four times chosen speaker. 
 Like Pollock he was a vestryman of the Established 
 Church, but he believed in religious freedom, and 
 thought that every man ought to be permitted to 
 
40 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 worship God according to his own behef. He was also 
 a member of the Governor's Council, and in 1724, 
 for a short time, acted as governor. 
 
 Moseley Comes to the Front. — It was in 1708, 
 during the dispute between Glover and Gary, that 
 Moseley came to the front as Pollock's rival. That 
 
 wBBL. 
 
 
 iy^-'yk.: 
 
 
 CuLONIAL CUKUENCY ShuWING MoSELEY's SigXATUHE 
 
 dispute grew out of a law passed in England. This 
 law required every official in the colony to take an oath 
 to be true and loyal to Queen Anne. Such an oath is 
 called the "oath of allegiance." In North Carolina 
 there were thousands of Quakers who would not take 
 that oath. They were not opposed to Queen Anne, 
 but they thought it sinful to take any oath at all. Be- 
 fore 1704 they had always been permitted simply to 
 give their promise in place of the oath. 
 
 But when the Assembly met in 1704, Governor Daniel 
 said that the Quaker members, like all the other members, 
 nmst take the oath of allegiance. They refused. Then 
 the Governor declared they should not sit in the As- 
 
EDWARD MOSELEY 41 
 
 sembly. The Quakers appealed to the Lords Proprietors. 
 Moseley, though not a Quaker, took their side. The 
 Lords Proprietors removed Daniel and i)ut Thomas 
 Gary in his phice. But Gary, too, declared that the 
 Quakers must obey the law. The Quaker party then 
 sent John Porter to England to appeal again to the 
 Lords Proprietors. Porter was successful. Gary was 
 removed and William Glover put in his place. But 
 this only made matters worse, for Glover also required 
 them to take the hateful oath. In great anger, the 
 Quaker party again turned to Gary, and again set him 
 up as governor. 
 
 But Glover refused to give up and Gary refused to 
 back down. Each claimed to be the only lawful gov- 
 ernor. For a time it looked as if there might be a war 
 about the matter. The people divided into two parties 
 over it. Most of those who favored an Established 
 Ghurch supported Glover. Pollock was their leader. 
 Those who opposed an Established Ghurch, as well as 
 some who favored it, supported Gary. Their leader 
 was Edward Moseley. 
 
 In 1708 the two parties agreed to let the Assembly 
 decide the dispute. An election was held, and both 
 sides worked liked beavers. When the Assembly met, 
 it was found that Moseley had led his party to victory. 
 He was at once chosen speaker. The Assembly then 
 decided in favor of Gary. Pollock and Glover, fearing 
 that their lives were in danger, fled to Mrginia. For 
 the next two years IMoseley and Gary ruled without 
 opposition. 
 
 A New Governor. — But in 1710 the Lords Proprietors 
 sent Edward Hyde to be governor of North Garolina. 
 
42 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 Hyde was a cousin of Queen Anne, and on that account 
 the people looked up to him with ''awful respect." So 
 he was welcomed by all parties. Gary and Moseley 
 promised to receive him as governor, and Pollock re- 
 turned from Virginia. 
 
 For a while all went well. But soon Hyde began to 
 take Pollock's side against Moseley. He then made 
 up his mind to punish Moseley and Gary. Moseley 
 was arrested on a false charge. Then he and Gary 
 flew to arms. But the governor of Virginia sent aid 
 to Governor Hyde. Gary fled from the province, and 
 the rebellion came to an end. About the same time war 
 broke out with the Indians, and the whites saw that they 
 must stop their own quarrel to unite against the red men. 
 
 Moseley Takes a Stand for Liberty. — No man 
 hated tyranny or loved liberty more than Moseley. 
 He thought that the people ought to obey the laws and 
 respect their rulers; but he also thought that the rulers 
 themselves ought to obey the laws. The law of England 
 declared that the rulers should not take the property 
 of the people for any purpose without their consent. 
 Moseley believed that this should also be law in North 
 Garolina. 
 
 During the war with the Indians the colonial rulers 
 seized the property of the people for the public service 
 without their consent. They declared that it was 
 necessary to do so in order to save the colony. But 
 Moseley stood up boldly against such conduct. When 
 the Assembly met in 1715 he was speaker, and he per- 
 suaded the members to declare such acts to be unlawful 
 and against the rights and liberty of the people. Fifty 
 years later, when Great Britain tried to tax the Ameri- 
 
EDWARD MOSELEY 
 
 43 
 
 cans without their consent, all the colonies echoed 
 Moseley's bold words. 
 
 Moseley Defies the Governor. — For several years 
 the rivers and sounds of North Carolina had been a 
 favorite place for pirates. ]\lany of these daring 
 robbers brought their ves- 
 sels into Albemarle and 
 Pamlico sounds and into 
 Cape Fear river. They 
 captured hundreds of trad- 
 ing vessels, plundered their 
 cargoes, and murdered 
 their crews. The most 
 famous of these savage 
 men was Edward Teach, 
 whose bushy, black 
 whiskers gave him the nick- 
 name of ''Blackbeard." 
 "Blackbeard" made his 
 headquarters at Bath, and 
 was the terror of the coun- 
 try. The people were anx- 
 ious to have him captured "Blackbeard" 
 and punished, but the governor, Charles Eden, would 
 not raise his hand against "Blackbeard." 
 
 After a while people began to whisper that the 
 Governor had been bribed by the pirate. It was said, 
 too, that even the chief justice, Tobias Knight, was 
 getting a share of the pirate's plunder. AMien Mose- 
 ley demanded that he be permitted to see the public 
 records, to find out if there was anything about 
 "Blackbeard" in them, Eden and Knight refused. 
 
44 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 ''Why," exclaimed Moseley, "the pubhc records belong 
 to the people, and every man has a right to see them." 
 
 So he made up his mind to defy the Governor. Break- 
 ing into Knight's house, he seized the records in spite 
 of the Governor and the Chief Justice. The Governor 
 at once sent a band of armed men to arrest him. "It 
 seems easy enough," exclaimed Moseley, "for the 
 Governor to raise armed men to arrest me, but he 
 would not raise them to arrest the pirate." Moseley 
 was carried before the court and found guilty of break- 
 ing into Knight's house. He was fined £100 and for- 
 bidden to hold office for three years. 
 
 Moseley never proved that the Governor or the Chief 
 Justice was bribed by "Blackbeard." But Governor 
 Eden would never do anything to capture the pirate. 
 In 1718 Lieutenant Maynard, an officer of the British 
 navy, sailed in an armed vessel against Teach. A fierce 
 battle was fought, and Teach was beaten and killed. 
 
 An Old Quarrel with Virginia. — Lying between 
 North Carolina and Virginia was a strip of land about 
 fifteen miles wide which both colonies claimed. "Hun- 
 dreds of families" had settled in it, and they would not 
 obey the laws of either colony. When the Virginia 
 officers tried to enforce the law against them, they 
 would say, "We are in North Carolina." When the 
 North Carolina officers came, they would say, "We are 
 in Virginia." They would not pay taxes or rent to 
 either colony. So it was very important to decide 
 which colony they were really in. 
 
 In 1709 the two colonies appointed certain men, 
 called "commissioners," to run the boundary fine 
 between them and so settle the dispute. Edward 
 
EDWARD MOSELEY 45 
 
 Moseley was North Carolina's chief commissioner. 
 When he met the Virginians, in 1710, he told them that 
 their surveying instruments were wrong. How angry 
 this made the haughty Virginians! They were so 
 indignant that they marched off to their homes, mutter- 
 ing many ugly things about the stupid Carolinians. 
 But it was not the Carolinians who were stupid that 
 time, for afterward it turned out that Moseley was 
 exactly right. 
 
 The King Interferes. — For many years the Vir- 
 ginians would have nothing more to do with the boundary 
 line. But in 1728 the King bought North Carolina 
 from the Lords Proprietors. He then sent an order 
 to the two colonies that they must settle their dispute. 
 Again Moseley was the principal commissioner from 
 North Carolina. The chief Virginia commissioner was 
 the proud and witty William Byrd. 
 
 How the Dispute was Settled. — The Virginians 
 prepared to come with great pomp and ceremony. 
 They wrote to Moseley and his companions that, for 
 the honor of their province, they would bring fine tents 
 and a long train of servants. ''We shall also have," 
 they said, ''as much wine and rum as will enable us and 
 our men to drink every night to the good .success of the 
 following day." They hoped the North Carolinians 
 would meet them with the same pomp and ceremony. 
 But Moseley and his companions were going for work, 
 not for play. So they replied that they had no wish 
 to outdo the Virginians "unless in care and diligence 
 in the affairs we come to meet you about." 
 
 The commissioners and surveyors had a hard task. 
 They had to cut their way through dense forests and 
 
46 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 wade through swamps and deep rivers. The surveyors 
 who ran the line were the first white men who ever found 
 their way through the Great Dismal Swamp. Many 
 disputes arose as to where the line ought to be run. 
 But after several weeks of hard work an agreement 
 was reached. The disputed territory was found to be 
 in North Carolina. In nearly every dispute Moseley 
 was right. Byrd was so angry that he wrote a spiteful 
 book about the boundary line, in which he said many 
 silly and untruthful things about North Carolina. 
 
 Moseley Moves to the Cape Fear. — A few years 
 later Moseley left Chowan County, and moved to the 
 new settlements on the Cape Fear River. The first 
 settlers in Carolina, as we have seen, built their homes 
 on Albemarle Sound. After that they pushed farther 
 and farther southward. In 1690 some French Hugue- 
 nots settled on Pamlico River. Then, in 1710, the 
 Swiss and Germans came and settled on Neuse River, 
 where they founded the town of New Bern. 
 
 But several years more passed before any white men 
 built homes on the Cape Fear. The Indians and pirates 
 stood in the way. But after they were defeated, settlers 
 began to clear the fertile lands on the banks of the 
 Cape Fear and its tributaries. The first ones moved 
 there about 1723. Two years later the old town of 
 Brunswick was laid ofT, and then, after a few years, 
 Wilmington was founded. 
 
 One of the leaders in the settlement of the Cape Fear 
 region was Edward Moseley. He became the owner 
 of several plantations in that section, as well as houses 
 and lots in Wilmington. In 1734 he moved to his 
 place at Rocky Point, where he made his home for the 
 
EDWARD MOSELEY 
 
 47 
 
 rest of his life. His residence there was known as 
 ''Moseley Hall." 
 
 Famous Homes on the Cape Fear. — Every planta- 
 tion in colonial days had a name. Some of those on 
 the Cape Fear have become famous in our history. 
 Near Brunswick 
 was Orton, the 
 home of Roger 
 Moore, who was 
 called, on account 
 of his great 
 wealth," Old King 
 Roger." A trav- 
 eler, who visited 
 him in 1734, said 
 that ''King 
 Roger" was "the 
 chief gentleman in all Cape Fear. His house is built 
 of brick, and is exceedingly pleasantly situated about 
 two miles from the town, and about half a mile from 
 the river." 
 
 Near Orton was Kendal, the home of "King 
 Roger's" son, George Moore, who had twenty-eight 
 children; and Lilliput, which was "a beautiful brick 
 house," the home of Eleazar Allen, chief justice of the 
 colony. Near Moseley Hall, on the North East Cape 
 Fear, were several fine places. There was Lillington 
 Hall, where Alexander Lillington, a famous patriot of 
 the Revolution, lived. Across the river was Governor 
 Burrington's place, called Stag Park. Nearby were 
 The Neck, the home of Samuel Ashe who became 
 governor of North Carolina, and Green Hill, the 
 
 "Orton," as it is To-day 
 
48 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 home of his brother, John Ashe, the famous soldier of 
 the Revokition. 
 
 "The finest place in all Cape Fear," said the English 
 traveler, was Rocky Point, the home of Maurice Moore, 
 who was Edward Moseley's brother-in-law. Not far 
 away was Castle Haynes, where lived Colonel Hugh 
 Waddell, a famous soldier of the French and Indian 
 War. Close by lived John Burgwyn, treasurer of the 
 colony, at his home called The Hermitage. 
 
 Most of these houses were built of wood, but a few 
 were of brick. Usually they had only one story, and 
 were spread out over a large space. The rooms were 
 large and spacious, the halls and piazzas were wide. 
 In each room was a huge fireplace high enough for a 
 man to stand erect in and wide enough to hold a long 
 log. It was great fun in winter, during the long eve- 
 nings, for the family to build a roaring fire, and, drawing 
 their chairs in front of it, to roast apples, pop corn, and 
 pull candy, or perhaps to tell tales, or play games, or 
 read aloud to each other. Most of these houses stood 
 in the midst of large groves, on the banks of the rivers. 
 If you had visited one of them in 1734, you would not 
 have traveled in a carriage, or even on horseback; 
 and probably you would have found no horses or car- 
 riages at the front gate. But you would have seen 
 sloops, or schooners, or brigantines tied at the wharf 
 for most of the traveling and trading was done in boats. 
 
 Moseley's Last Service to the Colony. — It was in 
 this section among such neighbors that Moseley passed 
 the last years of his life. He continued to serve the 
 people and did much important work for the colony. 
 In 1737 he prepared a map of North Carolina. He 
 
EDWARD MOSELEY 49 
 
 was appointed chief justice in 1744, and served until 
 his death. 
 
 His last important work was to help collect and revise 
 the laws of the province. So many laws had been 
 passed, so many had been repealed, and they were so badly 
 scattered, that it was difficult for one to tell what the 
 law was. In 1746, a committee was selected to gather 
 the laws together, to find out which ones were still in 
 force, and to have them printed in a single volume. 
 Moseley was at the head of this committee. The work 
 was completed before his death, but was not printed 
 until afterwards. 
 
 Moseley died July 11, 1749. Throughout his life he 
 was a bold and earnest champion of liberty. In times 
 of trouble and danger, he was a wise and fearless leader. 
 The people trusted him, and he did not abuse their 
 trust. Wherever Edward Moseley led, they were ever 
 ready to follow. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY STUDY 
 
 1. Describe the situation of the following counties: Chowan, 
 New Hanover, Tyrrell, Edgecombe, Craven. Name and trace the 
 principal rivers and streams of each. 
 
 . 2. Why did the rivers and sounds of North Carolina afford a 
 good refuge for the pirates? 
 
 3. Describe the situation of the Dismal Swamp. What body 
 of water is in it? Can you guess the origin of the namv of tliis lake? 
 
 4. Trace the boundar}^ line between North Carolina and Mrginia 
 a hundred miles from the coast. What streams does it cross? What 
 counties in each State border on it? 
 
 5. Trace the course of the Cape Fear river and its chief tribu- 
 taries. How did the river get its name? 
 
 6. Locate the city of Wilmington. Sixteen miles below ^^'il- 
 mington, on the west bank of the river, was the old town of Bruns- 
 wick. Mark the site on your map. 
 
50 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 REVIEW 
 
 Tell about: 
 
 1. Moseley's wealth. 
 
 2. His interest in education. 
 
 3. What he thought about an Established Church. 
 
 4. How he came to the front in the affairs of the colony. 
 
 5. How he was treated by Governor Hyde. 
 
 6. What he thought about rulers taking the people's property 
 without their consent. 
 
 7. Moseley and "Blackbeard." 
 
 8. Running the boundary line between North Carolina and 
 Virginia. 
 
 9. The settlement of the Cape Fear region. 
 
 10. Famous colonial places on the Cape Fear. 
 
 11. Moseley's last public services. 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR SPECIAL STUDY 
 
 1. What were the duties of the speaker of the Assembly? 
 
 2. Do members of the Assembly and other officials in North 
 Carolina to-day have to take any oath when they enter upon their 
 duties? What do they have to promise? 
 
 3. Why were the Quakers opposed to taking an oath? See St. 
 Matthew 5: 33-37. 
 
 4. What King of England bought Carolina from the Lords Pro- 
 prietors? 
 
 5. Who were the Huguenots? What four different nationalities 
 settled in Eastern North Carolina? Tell in what section each settled. 
 Do the names of the towns help in any way to locate their settle- 
 ments? How? 
 
 6. How long had Moseley been in North Carolina at his death? 
 Name the public offices that he held, and tell the principal duties of 
 each. 
 
CHAPTER V 
 HUGH WADDELL 
 
 England and France at War. — From 1756 to 1763, 
 England and France were at war with each other both 
 in Europe and in America. In European history this 
 war is known as the Seven Years' War; in American 
 history we call it the French and Indian War. One 
 of its causes was a dispute over territory in Amer- 
 ica. Both nations claimed the territory lying west 
 of the Alleghany Mountains and north of the Ohio 
 River. In 1753, the French sent soldiers to build forts 
 along the Ohio and hold that region for France. The 
 governor of Virginia commanded the French to with- 
 draw from British territory. The French refused, 
 Virginia then called on the other English colonies to 
 help her drive the French away. The war that followed 
 was to decide whether the French or the English were to 
 control the North American continent. 
 
 Hugh Waddell. — In this war North Carolina soldiers 
 fought under the banner of the king of England. One 
 of her soldiers became noted for his courage and abil- 
 ity. This man was a young Irishman who was only 
 nineteen years old when the war began. His name was 
 Hugh Waddell. He was born in Ireland, in 1737, and 
 had been in North Carolina but a short time when the 
 war broke out. His father's name was also Hugh Wad- 
 
 51 
 
52 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 HUGH WADDELL 
 
 dell. His ancestors were natives of Scotland who had 
 settled in the northern part of Ireland. Hugh Waddell, 
 therefore, came from that race of people whom we call 
 Scotch-Irish. They were noted for their love of liberty, 
 of learning, and of religion. 
 
 Waddeil comes to North Carolina. 
 — In 1742, the elder Hugh Waddell 
 killed a man in a duel, and fled to 
 America. He brought his son with 
 him. They went to Boston, where 
 the boy was sent to school. After a 
 few years, the elder Waddell thought 
 that he could safely return to Ireland. 
 Upon his arrival there, he found that 
 during his absence all of his property had been taken 
 from him; and when he died a little later, he left his 
 son alone in the world, without any estate. 
 
 But young Waddell did not despair at this misfortune. 
 He promptly made up his mind to seek a new fortune in 
 America. In 1753, one of his father's Irish friends, 
 Arthur Dobbs, was appointed governor of North 
 Carolina. This event probably caused young Waddell 
 to select North Carolina as his future home. He 
 arrived in the colony about the beginning of the j^ear 
 1754. 
 
 "Captain Waddell." — Soon after his arrival, the 
 ^i Assembly voted to raise a regiment of 450 soldiers to 
 serve against the French. Colonel James Innes was 
 appointed commander of these troops. Hugh Waddell 
 was selected as one of his lieutenants. They were sent 
 to Virginia to serve against the French and Indians. 
 While on duty in Virginia, Lieutenant Waddell was such 
 
HUGH WADDELL 53 
 
 an active and intelligent officer, that he was promoted 
 to the rank of captain. 
 
 On the Western Frontier of North Carolina. — 
 Because of his ability, Waddell was soon given an 
 important command on the western frontier of North 
 Carolina. His duties there were to keep a sharp watch 
 on the Indians, and to protect the inhabitants from 
 their attacks. The two most powerful tribes were the 
 Cherokee and Catawba. Both the English and the 
 French were anxious to secure their aid. 
 
 In 1755, the North Carolina Assembly voted £10,000 
 for a fort on the frontier. At the same time, it was 
 provided that three companies of soldiers should be 
 raised for a garrison. Governor Dobbs selected Captain 
 Waddell to build the fort and take command of the garri- 
 son. He was told to win the Indians to the side of the 
 English and to make a treaty with them. 
 
 Fort Dobbs. — This was a very important duty to 
 place on so young a man. But the young captain was 
 ambitious, and eager to show that he was worthy of the 
 trust placed in him. He went to work with a vim, and 
 soon had his fort built. It stood near the site of the 
 town of States ville. The next year the Assembly sent 
 a committee to inspect the work. One of the members 
 was Richard Caswell, who became North Carolina's 
 most famous soldier during the Revolution. 
 
 This committee carefully examined Captain Waddell's 
 fort, and reported to the Assembly that it was a good and 
 substantial building. The walls were built of oak logs, 
 from six to sixteen inches thick, and twenty-four feet 
 high. The fort had three floors so arranged that a 
 hundred men could fire their muskets from each at the 
 
54 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 same time. The committee said that the fort was 
 " beautifully situated in a fork of Fourth Creek, a 
 branch of the Yadkin river. The officers and soldiers 
 were well and in good spirits." Captain Waddell had 
 named it "Fort Dobbs," in honor of the Governor. 
 
 Fort Dobbs was the most important post in the colony. 
 Governor Dobbs was so well pleased with Captain Wad- 
 dell's work, that he kept him in command of the fort 
 for nearly two years. He declared that the young 
 officer was in " every way qualified for such a command, 
 as he was young, active, and resolute." Captain Wad- 
 dell succeeded in making a treaty with the Indians, but 
 as we shall see they did not observe it very long. 
 
 An Over-Mountain March. — In 1757, Captain Wad- 
 dell received word that the English garrison at Fort 
 Loudon, on the Tennessee river, was in great danger. 
 Selecting some of his best men, he hurried to its aid. 
 His route lay through two hundred miles of unbroken 
 forests. He had to cross high rugged mountains 
 and to ford deep rivers. There were no roads and 
 no inhabitants except hostile Indians. But the young 
 commander conducted the march with great success. 
 He reached Fort Loudon, relieved its garrison, and 
 returned to Fort Dobbs in safety. Upon his return he 
 was again promoted, this time to the rank of major. 
 
 Major Waddell is ordered to Virginia. — The next year 
 Major Waddell was ordered to Virginia. A great expe- 
 dition was to march against the French at Fort 
 Duquesne. An army had been sent from England, 
 under General John Forbes. It was joined in Virginia 
 by troops from Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and 
 North Carolina. The Virginia troops were commanded 
 
HUGH WADDELL 55 
 
 by Colonel George Washington. Major Waddell com- 
 manded the North Carolina troops. He had 300 white 
 soldiers and some Cherokee Indians. 
 
 The March to Fort Duquesne. — Major Waddell had 
 now become an experienced soldier. He was thoroughly 
 familiar with Indian warfare, and he knew how to fight 
 the savages after their own manner. His men were 
 skilful woodsmen and crack riflemen. They were just 
 the sort of men that General Forbes needed to lead 
 his army through the wilderness. So he placed Major 
 Waddell, together with Colonel Washington, in the 
 front of his army. Waddell's duties were to keep a 
 sharp lookout for hostile Indians; to act as a scout 
 and gather information; to build bridges and boats; 
 and to prepare the route for the army to follow. This 
 was just the sort of work that Major Waddell Hked. 
 On the march he " dressed and acted as an Indian," and 
 " had great honor done him." 
 
 Sergeant John Rogers. — One of Waddell's men per- 
 formed a service for which the Assembly rewarded 
 him. The march through the wilderness was very 
 slow and difficult. General Forbes feared that winter 
 would set in before he could reach Fort Duquesne. 
 To keep the army in the wilderness during the winter 
 would be too dangerous. Either he must push on more 
 rapidly, or turn back and wait for the spring. But he 
 was afraid to push on boldly until he knew more about 
 the situation at Fort Duquesne. So he offered a reward 
 of fifty guineas to any soldier who would capture an 
 Indian from whom the English could get information. 
 
 Sergeant John Rogers, one of Major Waddell's men, 
 won the reward. At great risk to his own life, he captured 
 
56 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 an Indian warrior and brought him to General Forbes. 
 The Indian said that the French garrison was very small 
 and weak, and would abandon the fort as soon as the 
 English came in sight. General Forbes was delighted 
 with this news, but he forgot to give Sergeant Rogers 
 the promised reward. The North Carolina Assembly, 
 however, gave him twenty pounds for that important 
 service. 
 
 The English capture Fort Duquesne. — General Forbes 
 decided to push on more rapidly than ever. He 
 selected his best companies, put them under the com- 
 mand of Colonel Washington, and ordered them to 
 attack the fort. Among these troops were the North 
 Carolina soldiers under Major Waddell. The rest of 
 the army followed more slowly. 
 
 The Indian's story proved to be true. When the 
 English appeared the French fled, and the fort fell into 
 Washington's hands. He changed its name to Fort 
 Pitt in honor of England's great statesman, William 
 Pitt, the friend of America. It is said that the first 
 English " soldier " to enter Fort Duquesne was a fine 
 large dog that belonged to Major Waddell. For his 
 services in this campaign, Major Waddell was promoted 
 to the rank of colonel. 
 
 Colonel Waddell defends Fort Dobbs. — Upon his 
 return to North Carolina, Colonel Waddell again found 
 work to do at Fort Dobbs. The Indians had broken 
 their treaty, and were on the warpath. Many of the 
 settlers were driven to seek refuge at Salisbury and 
 among the Moravians at Bathabara. Colonel Waddell 
 hurried to Fort Dobbs to protect the settlers. He was 
 able to check the Indians for a while, but could not 
 
HUGH WADDELL 
 
 57 
 
 Stone marking site of 1<"ort Dobbs 
 
 entirely stop their destroying property and murdering 
 the colonists. 
 
 In February, 1760, the Indians attempted to destroy 
 Fort Dobbs. One dark night, they gathered close 
 around the fort to make a secret attack. Suddenly the 
 dogs in the fort began to 
 make ''an uncommon noise." 
 Taking ten stout soldiers, 
 Colonel Waddell went out to 
 see what the trouble was. 
 His little band was attacked 
 by seven times their own 
 number. But Waddell told 
 his men to keep together, and 
 hold their fire until the Indians were within ten steps. 
 Each musket was loaded with a bullet and seven buck 
 shot. When the soldiers fired, the red men retreated. 
 Colonel Waddell then returned safely to the fort. 
 
 Instantly the red men swarmed around in still larger 
 numbers. ' But Waddell was cool and calm. He inspired 
 his men with courage, and managed them so well that 
 he drove the Indians off in great confusion. Writing 
 to the Governor about the fight, Colonel Waddell said: 
 "I expected they would pay me another visit last night, 
 but find they did not like their reception." 
 
 The Indians beg for Peace. — The next year North 
 Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia joined in sending 
 a great expedition against the Indians. Colonel Waddell 
 commanded the North Carolina troops. They attacked 
 the Indians near the present town of Franklin, in Macon 
 county. The whites won a great victory. They des- 
 troyed the red men's supplies, laid their corn fields in 
 
58 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 ruin, and burned their towns. This blow broke the power 
 of the Cherokee, and forced them to beg for peace. 
 
 Our Best Indian Fighter. — Colonel Waddell had 
 now become the foremost soldier in North Carolina. As 
 an Indian fighter he had no equal in the province, and 
 no superior anywhere. He had learned all the tricks 
 of the savages, and he knew how to meet them. His 
 hard life on the frontier had made him used to hard- 
 ships and dangers. He had grown into a large, powerful 
 man, with strong, active limbs, and deep, broad chest 
 and shoulders. As a leader he was fearless, cool, and 
 calm in the midst of danger, and quick to see the best 
 way out of it. 
 
 The Indian Fighter is captured. — In 1757, while he 
 was in command at Fort Dobbs, Waddell was elected to 
 represent Rowan county in the Assembly. In Novem- 
 ber, he went to Wilmington to attend the session. 
 There he found time not only to make laws for the 
 people, but also to make love for himself. The bright 
 eyes of Mary Haynes did what the most cunning 
 Indian could never do — they captured the brave 
 young Indian fighter! 
 
 Mary Haynes was the daughter of Captain Roger 
 Haynes, an officer of the British army;- He owned a 
 fine place, called " Castle Haynes," near Wilmington. 
 To Castle Haynes, therefore, after his battles were over, 
 the young Colonel came to surrender himself. Colonel 
 Waddell then made his home at Wilmington. He owned 
 several plantations in Rowan, Anson, New Hanover, 
 and Bladen counties. His favorite residence was at 
 Bellefont, in Bladen county, on the Cape Fear, about 
 two miles below Elizabethtown. 
 
HUGH WADDELL 
 
 59 
 
 / 
 
 Waddell's Political Honors. — Colonel Waddell had 
 
 now become one of the leading men in the province. In 
 
 •^1760, he was again elected to the Assembly from Rowan 
 
 county. After he moved to Bladen he was elected to 
 
 the Assembly from that county four times. Gover- 
 
 / nor Dobbs and Governor Tryon both recommended him 
 
 ( to the King for appointment to the Council. Tryon 
 
 ' wrote that Colonel Waddell possessed " an easy fortune," 
 
 and was held " in much esteem as a gentleman of honor 
 
 and spirit." 
 
 Waddell defies the Governor. — When Parliament 
 passed the Stamp Act, the Americans declared they 
 would not obey it because Parliament had no right to 
 tax them without their consent. Waddell took the side 
 of the colonists in resisting it. 
 I He became the military leader 
 of the patriots on the Cape Fear. 
 In November, 1765, he led them 
 in one of the boldest deeds ever 
 done in America. 
 
 On November 28, one of the 
 King's war vessels, the Dili- 
 gence, arrived at Brunswick with 
 the stamps for North Carolina. 
 The news of her arrival spread 
 quickly. Up and down the Cape Fear, and far into the 
 country, men snatched their rifles and hurried to Bruns- 
 wick. There they placed themselves under the leader- 
 ship of Colonel Waddell. He drew them up along the 
 river bank, and told the Captain of the Diligence that 
 none of the King's stamps should be brought to shore. 
 This daring deed prevented any of the stamps from 
 
 ^•SHIL1.LK"(BS/ 
 
 An English Revenue Stamp 
 FOR THE Colonies 
 
60 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 being used in North Carolina. Such resistance to the 
 King's officers was treason, and treason was punished 
 by death. But Hugh Waddell and the men who 
 followed him dared even death in defence of their 
 rights. 
 
 Waddell helps the Governor. — When Governor 
 Tryon tried to make the people buy the stamps, Hugh 
 Waddell resisted him. But when Governor Tryon 
 raised an army to compel the Regulators to obey the 
 laws of the colony, Hugh Waddell was ready to help 
 him. He was ever ready to oppose both tyranny and 
 lawlessness. In the counties around Hillsboro the people 
 complained that the taxes were too high and the sheriffs 
 and other officers were dishonest. They called upon the 
 Governor and Assembly for relief. ]]ut it required some 
 time for the Governor and Assembly to act, and the 
 people became impatient. They formed themselves into 
 bands called Regulators and refused to obey the laws or 
 to pay taxes. They beat the officers, broke up the courts, 
 and insulted the judges. In 1771, Tryon raised an army 
 to march against them. He appointed Hugh Waddell 
 a general, and sent him to raise troops in the West. 
 Tryon met the Regulators and defeated them at Ala- 
 mance, but Waddell did not reach there in time to take 
 part in the battle. 
 
 Death. ^ — ^ The next year, 1772, General Waddell 
 started on a trip to England. He went down the Cape 
 Fear to Fort Johnston, near its mouth, to board the ship 
 for his journey. But he was taken suddenly ill and 
 compelled to return. After suffering for nearly a year, 
 he died April 9, 1773. 
 
HUGH WADDELL 61 
 
 GEOGRAPHY STUDY 
 
 1. What states have been formed from the territory conquered by 
 England from France in the French and Indian War? 
 
 2. Fort Duquesne stood where the city of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, 
 now stands. Describe its situation. 
 
 3. Fort Dobbs was in what is now Iredell county (then Rowan) near 
 the present town of Statesville. Locate its site. Where is Salem? 
 Bathabara? 
 
 4. Fort Loudon was on the Tennessee river. Describe the char- 
 acter of the country through which Waddell had to march to reach it. 
 
 5. Describe the situation of the town of Franklin. It was near this 
 town that Waddell fought his last battle with the Cherokee. 
 
 6. Where is Elizabethtown? Hillsboro? The Eno River? Ala- 
 mance? 
 
 7. Fort Johnston was near the site of the present town of Southport. 
 Locate its site. 
 
 REVIEW 
 
 1. What was the cause of the French and Indian War? 
 
 2. Where was Hugh Waddell born? Who were the Scotch-Irish? 
 For what were they noted? 
 
 3. Why did Hugh Waddell come to North Carolina to live? 
 
 4. What was his first military service? 
 
 5. What important duty was given him on the frontier, and why? 
 
 6. Describe Fort Dobbs. Why was it such an important post? 
 
 7. Describe Waddell's march to Fort Loudon. 
 
 8. What service did Waddell and his men render on the march to 
 Fort Duquesne? 
 
 9. Describe Waddell's defence of Fort Dobbs. 
 10. Tell of Waddell as an Indian fighter. 
 
 IL What political honors did Waddell receive? 
 
 12. How and why did he defy Governor Tryon? 
 
 13. How and why did he help Tryon against the Regulators? 
 
62 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR SPECIAL STUDY 
 
 1. What part of North America was settled by the French? Give 
 some names of towns and other places that indicate they were French 
 settlements. Does France now own any territory in North America? 
 
 2. What part of North Carolina was settled by the Scotch-Irish? 
 
 3. What interest did North Carolina have in driving the French out 
 of the territory north of the Ohio? 
 
 4. Tell what is meant by fighting " Indian-fashion." 
 
 5. Why were the troops of Washington and Waddell, rather than 
 the regular soldiers from England, selected to make the attack on Fort 
 Duquesne? 
 
 6. Why did Washington change the name of Fort Duquesne to Fort 
 Pitt? 
 
 7. When the United States was at war with Spain, in 1898, Congress 
 passed a Stamp Act and the people cheerfully paid the tax. What 
 was the difference between that tax and the one the people resisted in 
 1765? 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 JOHN HARVEY 
 
 John Harvey. — Lying in Perquimans county, between 
 the Yeopim and Perquimans rivers, is a narrow strip 
 of land known as " Harvey's Neck." Here in colonial 
 days lived the Harvey family. For more than a cen- 
 tury, this family bore an important part in the history 
 of North Carolina. One of them was speaker of the 
 Assembly, and the leader of the people at the begin- 
 ning of the Revolution. 
 
 This man was John Harvey. He was born at Harvey's 
 Neck about the year 1725. When he was four years 
 old his father died. In his will he left directions that 
 his four boys should be well educated. 
 
 These boys grew up on a large plantation. Besides 
 being well taught in their books, they learned to ride, 
 to hunt, to fish, to swim, to row, to sail a boat. They 
 learned, too, how to do the work of the plantation. 
 They became well educated men. All of them after- 
 wards were leaders in the affairs of the province. 
 
 John Harvey was a large and wealthy planter. Many 
 slaves worked on his plantations, and vessels from distant 
 colonies anchored at his wharves. They carried the 
 products of his farms to New England and to the West 
 Indies. He was a generous man with his wealth. One 
 who knew him tells us that " his house was one continued 
 
 63 
 
64 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 scene of hospitality and benevolence, and his purse, his 
 hand, and heart were ever devoted to the service and 
 relief of the distressed." 
 
 John Harvey's Political Career. — Early in life, John 
 Harvey began to take part in public affairs. He was 
 just twenty-one when the people of Perquimans county 
 elected him to the Assembly. The Assembly met at 
 New Bern, and thither, in June, 1746, John Harvey 
 went to take his seat. Until 1775, he continued to rep- 
 resent his county. For several years he was speaker 
 and the leader of the Assembly in its struggles for liberty 
 against the King's governors. 
 
 The War with France. — Soon after he entered the 
 Assembly, the French and Indian War broke out. 
 The North Carolina Assembly ordered that soldiers 
 should be raised in the province to march against the 
 French and Indians, and voted £50,000 for their support. 
 John Harvey helped to prepare these laws. When the 
 Clovernor tried to force the Assembly to levy taxes 
 against the rights of the people, John Harvey spoke out 
 boldly against him. But in all proper measures for 
 carrying on the war, John Harvey supported the Gov- 
 ernor. After seven years of fighting, England and her 
 colonies defeated France, and compelled her to surrender 
 all the territory she owned in North America. 
 
 Harvey Becomes Speaker. — During these years, 
 Harvey became the leading man in the Assembly. When 
 the Assembly met in November, 1766, the members 
 had to choose a new speaker. All eyes turned toward 
 John Harvey. Richard Caswell proposed his name and 
 he received every vote in the Assembly. Then, accord- 
 ing to the ceremony of that day, they went into the 
 
JOHN HARVEY 
 
 65 
 
 Council Chamber to present their new speaker to the 
 Governor, and ask if he approved of their choice. The 
 Governor bowed and smiled pleasantly, and declared 
 that he was much pleased with their choice of Mr, John 
 Harvey. Then the members returned to their own hall 
 and Harvey took his seat 
 as speaker. 
 
 Next to that of governor, 
 the office of speaker was the 
 highest office in the colony. 
 The governor was sent from 
 England by the King, and 
 the people had nothing to 
 do with selecting him. So 
 the office of speaker was 
 the highest to which a mem- 
 ber of the Assembly could 
 be chosen. He presided 
 over its sessions, and was its 
 leader in all important mat- 
 ters. John Harvey held that 
 
 office for seven years, and led the people in some of the 
 most important events in our history. 
 
 Harvey leads the Fight against Taxation by Parlia- 
 ment. — The war with France had left England deeply 
 in debt, and King George HI decided to make the 
 Americans help pay it. The British Parliament, there- 
 fore, passed the Stamp Act, and other acts to tax the 
 Americans. But the Americans declared that these 
 taxes were unlawful and they would not pay them. 
 They refused to trade with the British merchants unless 
 the taxes were removed. So Parliament was forced to 
 
 CiEOlKH:; III, KiNi; OF ENGLAND 
 
 1760-1820 
 (The frontispiece on "Watts' Complete 
 Spelling Book" from which many- 
 colonial children were taught) 
 
66 EISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 remove all except the tax on tea. That must be left 
 on, said the King, in order "to try the question with 
 America." We shall now see how John Harvey led 
 the North Carolina Assembly "to try the question with 
 the King." 
 
 In November, 1766, Harvey persuaded the Assembly 
 to appoint a committee to appeal to the King against 
 the tax. He was placed at the head of this committee, 
 and wrote an address which was sent to the King. In 
 it he said that North Carolina had already paid her share 
 of the cost of the war with France, and it was not fair 
 to make her pay England's, too. Whenever the King 
 had asked North Carolina for aid, the Assembly had 
 always *' cheerfully and liberally" given it; and he 
 promised that it would continue to do so in the 
 future. 
 
 But the British Parliament, he declared, had no right 
 to levy taxes on the people of North Carolina. They 
 were, he said, entitled to " all the rights and liberties " 
 that other Englishmen had. They were free men, and 
 " free men can not be legally taxed but by themselves 
 or their representatives." North Carolina had no repre- 
 sentatives in Parliament; therefore Parliament could 
 not legally levy taxes in North Carolina. And, moreover, 
 said bold John Harvey, the people of North Carolina 
 would not pay any such taxes! 
 
 Non-Importation Associations. — Such addresses made 
 the King and Parliament angry, and they passed laws 
 to punish the Americans. Then the Americans agreed 
 with each other that they would buy no more goods in 
 England until all such laws were repealed. Such agree- 
 ments were called " Non-Importation Associations." 
 
JOHN HARVEY 67 
 
 The King at once ordered his governors to break up 
 these associations. 
 
 So when John Harvey, in November, 1769, proposed 
 for the Assembly to adopt a " Non-Importation Associa- 
 tion," Governor Tryon angrily dismissed the members 
 and commanded them to go home. But Harvey at 
 once called on them to meet in spite of the Governor. 
 Sixty-four of them obeyed his call. They met as a 
 convention independent of the Governor. John Harvey 
 was chosen their leader. He was called " Moderator." 
 The members declared that they would resist every 
 attempt of Parliament to levy taxes on Americans. 
 They adopted a " Non-Importation Association," called 
 on all the merchants to sign it, and resolved to treat 
 with contempt all who refused. Most of the merchants 
 in the province signed it, and trade with British mer- 
 chants was stopped. 
 
 The Assembly Rewards Harvey. — Harvey had now 
 become the most trusted leader in the province. The 
 people had great confidence in him. The members 
 of the Assembly were ready to follow whenever he led. 
 In order to show their devotion to him, they voted, in 
 1773, to give him £100 as a reward for his faithful 
 services to the colony; and the next year they voted 
 £200 more. 
 
 Committees of Correspondence. — The quarrel with 
 the King had now become very bitter. He sent an 
 army to Boston to overawe the people. In some of the 
 colonies there was fighting and bloodshed. Men began 
 to fear that the quarrel would lead to war, and they 
 saw that the colonies must unite in self-defence. 
 The Virginia Assembly proposed that each colony 
 
68 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 appoint a committee to keep in touch with the other 
 colonies. These committees were to write letters to 
 each other so that each might learn what the other 
 colonies were doing, and make helpful suggestions. They 
 were called '' Committees of Correspondence." The 
 King denounced this plan, for he was afraid if the colonies 
 united they would be strong enough to resist him. 
 
 Nowhere was there greater excitement than in North 
 Carolina. The Assembly, led by John Harvey, was 
 struggling hard with the Governor, Josiah Martin, who 
 had succeeded Governor Tryon in 1771. The Assembly 
 stood for the liberties of the Americans; the Governor 
 stood for the power of the King and Parliament. He 
 refused to give his consent to laws passed by the Assem- 
 bly. Trade was at a standstill. The courts w^ere closed. 
 Business men could not collect their debts. Criminals 
 escaped without punishment. The people were greatly 
 alarmed, but they were determined to follow John 
 Harvey until they won their liberties. 
 
 In December, 1773, Harvey proposed that the Assembly 
 appoint a Committee of Correspondence. The Governor 
 tried hard to prevent this step, but the Assembly followed 
 Harvey's advice. Nine men were selected with Harvey 
 at their head. The others were Robert Howe, Cornelius 
 Harnett, William Hooper, Richard Caswell, Edward 
 Vail, John Ashe, Joseph Hewes, and Samuel Johnston. 
 
 When this committee met, it wrote to the other 
 colonies that North Carolina was ready to unite with 
 them against the King and Parliament. The committee 
 thought that all the colonies ought to elect delegates to 
 a great Continental Congress at Philadelphia to agree 
 on a plan of union. 
 
JOHN HARVEY 69 
 
 John Harvey leads the Way to Revolution. — These 
 delegates were to be chosen by the Assembly. But 
 the Assembly could not meet except when the Gover- 
 nor called the members together. Governor Martin did 
 not want North Carolina to send delegates to the Con- 
 tinental Congress, so he made up his mind not to call 
 a meeting of the Assembly until it was too late to 
 elect them. When John Harvey heard of this, he flew 
 into a terrible rage. 
 
 " In that case," he exclaimed, '' the people will call 
 an Assembly themselves." He hastened to ccnsult 
 some of the other leaders. 
 
 " Let us call a convention independent of the Gover- 
 nor," he urged. " I will call on the people to elect 
 members, and you 
 must help me. Let 
 us get to work at 
 once." 
 
 This was one of the 
 boldest suggestions 
 ever made in North 
 Carolina. Timid men 
 drew back, for they feared that John Harvey was lead- 
 ing them into rebellion. But he fearlessly took the 
 lead, and the people followed. Governor Martin's anger 
 rose to white heat. He denounced John Harvey's plan. 
 '' It is against the law," he cried. "It is an insult to 
 the King." The Governor declared that it was re- 
 bellion, and that those who dared take part in it should 
 be punished. He commanded the members not to hold 
 any such meeting. But under the bold leadership of 
 John Harvey they met at New Bern, August 25, 1774. 
 
 Governor's Palace at New Bern 
 
70 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 The First Provincial Congress. — Such a Congress 
 could resist the measures of the King better than the 
 Assembly could. The Assembly could meet only when 
 the King's Governor called it. The Congress met when- 
 ever it chose. The Governor could dismiss the Assem- 
 bly whenever he pleased. He had nothing to do with the 
 Congress. Acts passed by the Assembly did not become 
 laws until he approved them. Acts of the Congress did 
 not need his consent. So it was a wise plan of John Har- 
 vey to call this Congress to oppose the King's tyranny. 
 
 Seventy-one members attended. Every one of them 
 looked to John Harvey as their leader. They elected 
 him moderator. The Congress remained in session four 
 days. Some very important resolutions were adopted. 
 It was agreed that: 
 
 1. There must be no more trade with England until 
 Parliament repealed the laws against America. 
 
 2. Merchants must not charge higher prices than 
 usual for their goods. 
 
 3. The people must drink no tea until the tax was 
 removed. 
 
 4. Planters must not import slaves. 
 
 5. There must be no dealings with any colony or any 
 person who would not join the Non-Importation Associa- 
 tion. 
 
 6. The people of North Carolina must obey the 
 measures of the Continental Congress. 
 
 7. William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, and Richard Cas- 
 well were to go as delegates to the Continental Con- 
 gress at Philadelphia to represent North Carolina. 
 
 Thus John Harvey again beat the King's Governor; 
 and before the Congress adjourned, it voted to give its 
 
JOHN HARVEY 71 
 
 thanks to "Mr. Moderator Harvey, for his faithful 
 exercise of his office, and the services he has thereby 
 rendered to this province, and to the friends of America 
 in general." 
 
 How the People obeyed the Provincial Congress. — 
 In all parts of the colony patriots willingly obeyed the 
 measures of the Provincial Congress. Merchants refused 
 to buy any more goods from England, planters imported 
 no more slaves, and women stopped drinking tea. At 
 Eden ton, October 25, 1774, fifty-one women met at the 
 home of Mrs. Elizabeth King and there signed a paper 
 binding themselves to give up the "custom of drinking 
 tea" until the tax was taken off. The "Edenton Tea 
 Party," as this event is called, showed that the women 
 of North Carolina were as ready to make sacrifices for 
 the good of their country as were their fathers and 
 husbands. 
 
 Harvey aids the Boston Patriots. — A few weeks before 
 the "Edenton Tea Party," in September, 1774, John 
 Harvey showed his devotion to the American cause in 
 a very generous way. A cry of distress had reached 
 North Carolina from the people of far-away Boston. 
 Because some citizens of Boston one night seized a ship 
 lying in the harbor loaded with tea and threw all the 
 tea overboard (which act is known as the Boston Tea 
 Party), Parliament had passed a law shutting up their 
 port. No vessel could go in or come out, for war ships 
 guarded the entrance, and the people began to suffer for 
 food. The other colonies then raised the cry that "the 
 cause of Boston is the cause of all." They sent food and 
 clothes to the other towns in Massachusetts to be used 
 for the reUef of Boston. 
 
72 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 In September, 1774, John Harvey and Joseph Hewes 
 began to collect supplies around Edenton to be sent to 
 Boston. They collected two thousand bushels of corn, 
 twenty barrels of flour, and seventeen barrels of pork. 
 Then they hn-ed the sloop, Penelope, loaded her with 
 these supplies, and sent them to '' their distressed 
 brethren of Boston." At the same time Harvey wrote 
 a letter in which he said: "I hope to be able to send 
 another cargo this winter, for the same charitable pur- 
 pose, as the American inhabitants of this colony entertain 
 a just sense of the sufferings of our brethren in Boston." 
 
 The Penelope reached her destination'^ October 15. 
 We may be sure that her cargo was gladly received. 
 The Boston committee wrote John Harvey a long letter 
 of thanks for his noble and generous donation. 
 
 The Last Colonial Assembly. — The Governor now 
 decided to hold another Assembly. Perhaps the mem- 
 bers might listen to his appeals for obedience to the 
 King. If they would not, then perhaps he could 
 frighten them into obedience. So he called an Assembly 
 to meet at New Bern, April 4, 1775. 
 
 John Harvey knew that Governor Martin would 
 dismiss the Assembly as soon as it showed any sympathy 
 with the American cause. He thought, therefore, that a 
 Congress ought to be held at the same time to watch the 
 Governor, and be ready to act if necessary. So he called 
 upon the people to elect delegates to a Congress to meet 
 at New Bern, April 3, 1775. How furious Governor 
 Martin was ! He denounced Harvey and the Congress, 
 
 1 Probably Marblehead, which upon the passage of the Boston Port Bill 
 "immediately invited the merchants of Boston to use its wharves and 
 warehouses free of charge in shipping and unshipping their goods." 
 
JOHN HARVEY 73 
 
 too, but his anger did him no good. The people chose 
 the same men to represent them in both bodies. 
 
 They met at New Bern at the appointed time. The 
 Assembly elected John Harvey speaker, the Congress 
 elected him moderator. The Congress did not have 
 much work to do except to watch the Governor. The 
 Assembly was in session only four days, and each day 
 its actions angered the Governor more and more. Fi- 
 nally, April 8, 1775, in a great rage, he sent a message 
 dismissing the members and commanding them to go 
 home. This was the last time an Assembly, under the 
 rule of a British king, met in North Carolina. When 
 the next Assembly met, North Carolina was a free and 
 independent state. ^ 
 
 Death of John Harvey. — But John Harvey was 
 not there to be its speaker. One day, soon after he 
 returned home from New Bern in April, 1775, he fell 
 from his horse and was badly injured. A few days later, 
 at his home in Perquimans county, 'he died. The news 
 of his death was heard by the patriots of the colony with 
 great grief and sorrow. 
 
 "He will be much missed," wrote Joseph Hewes from 
 Philadelphia. " We sincerely condole with all friends of 
 American liberty in this province," wrote Robert Howe, 
 Cornelius Harnett, and John Ashe, "on the death of our 
 worthy friend. Colonel Harvey. We regret it as a public 
 loss, especially at this critical juncture." " In public 
 life," said another, " all his actions were directed to the 
 good of his country. In him the advocates for American 
 freedom, have lost a real and true friend." 
 
74 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 GEOGRAPHY STUDY 
 
 1. Describe the situation of Perquimans county. Beaufort county, 
 New Bern. 
 
 2. Why did the colonists select Philadelphia as the place for holding 
 the Continental Congress? 
 
 REVIEW 
 
 1. Where did the Harvey family live? 
 
 2. Describe John Harvey's boyhood; his plantation. 
 
 3. How old was he when elected to the Assembly? How long did 
 he serve in the Assembly? 
 
 4. What services did he render in connection with the French and 
 Indian War? 
 
 5. To what office was he elected in 176G? W^hy was this an impor- 
 tant office? 
 
 6. Describe how England tried to make America help pay her debts. 
 
 7. How did John Harvey lead the fight against taxation by Parlia- 
 ment? What did he say at:)0ut it? 
 
 8. What was the Non-Importation Association? 
 
 9. How did John Harvey have this adopted in North Carolina? 
 
 10. What plan did Virginia suggest for the colonies to help each 
 other? 
 
 11. Tell how this plan was adopted in North Carolina. Describe 
 the conditions in North Carolina at that time. 
 
 12. How did John Harvey lead the way to Revolution? 
 
 13. Describe the first Provincial Congress. What resolutions did 
 it adopt? Tell how the people obeyed them. 
 
 14. What was the Contincnital Congress? Who were chosen dele- 
 gates from North Carolina? 
 
 15. How did John Harv(!y aid the patriots of Boston? 
 
 16. Describe the last colonial Assembly in North Carolina. 
 
 17. Tell of the death of John Harvey. What did the other patriots 
 say of him? 
 
 18. State briefly the chief events in Harvey's life. 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR SPECIAL STUDY 
 
 1. What did the King mean when he said that the tax nmst be 
 left on tea in order "to try the ciuestion with the Americans?" 
 
JOHN HARVEY 75 
 
 2. \Muit did the Anioricans mean by saying that "taxation with- 
 out representation is tyranny?" What body did they say alone had 
 the right to levy taxes in each colony? What body now has the power 
 to levy taxes in North Carolina? In the United States? What are 
 taxes used for? 
 
 3. When the Congress wrote the Constitution of 177(5, it put this 
 clause in it: " The people have a right to assemble together to consult 
 for their common good," etc. Was there anything in John Harvey's 
 experience that explains why this clause was put in the Constitution? 
 
 4. In colonial days, acts of the Assembly had to be approved by 
 the governor before they became laws. Is this necessary in North 
 Carolina now? How is it in the United States? 
 
 5. Explain the differences between the General Assembly and the 
 Provincial Congress. 
 
CHAPTER VII 
 
 CORNELIUS HARNETT 
 
 Cornelius Harnett. — Side by side with John Harvey 
 in his battles for American freedom stood his friend, 
 Cornelius Harnett. Harnett's home was on the Cape 
 Fear river, near Wilmington. He was born in Chowan 
 county in 1723. When he was three years old his 
 father moved to the new settlements on the Cape 
 
 Fear. There young Harnett 
 grew up. He received a good 
 education. 
 
 Cornelius Harnett was one 
 of the first settlers of Wil- 
 mington. Two of his plan- 
 tations, Maynard and Poplar 
 Grove, were near that town. 
 His house at Maynard was a 
 large brick building. It stood near the river, at the end 
 of a beautiful avenue of trees, in the midst of a grove of 
 cedars and oaks. 
 
 Harnett was a small, slender man. His hair and eyes 
 were light brown. He had a pleasing countenance, which 
 would often light up with a smile so sweet and kindly that 
 it cheered every person in his presence. His manner was 
 dignified, but courteous and kindly. He loved books and 
 music, and was always an interesting companion. 
 
 76 
 
 House of Cornelius Harnett 
 NEAR Wilmington 
 
CORNELIUS HARNETT 
 
 77 
 
 Harnett in the Assembly. — Harnett was still a 
 young man when he began to take part in public 
 affairs. For eleven years he was alderman of Wilming- 
 ton. In 1754 the people of that town elected him to 
 represent them in the Assembly. He served in the 
 Assembly for twenty-one years. When the Revolution 
 broke out, Harnett was the leading patriot of the Cape 
 Fear section. His popularity was so great that he is 
 called, " The Pride of the Cape Fear." 
 
 While he was in the Assembly, the colony was growing 
 rapidly. Settlements soon stretched from the Atlantic 
 to the Blue Ridge. The Assembly had much work to 
 do for the benefit of the new settlers. Harnett took an 
 active part in that work. He helped to prepare laws 
 for building new roads through the wilderness; for 
 establishing ferries over rivers; for laying off new towns; 
 for building new court-houses and school-houses; for 
 erecting churches; and for protecting the frontier against 
 the Indians. In the disputes with 
 the governors he became one of the 
 leading champions of the people, and 
 stood up manfully for their liberties. 
 
 The Stamp Act on the Cape 
 Fear. — Harnett boldly resisted the 
 Stamp Act. When news of that act 
 reached North Carolina the people 
 quickly made up their minds that no 
 stamps should be sold in the colony. 
 Large crowds gathered at Wilming- 
 ton to prepare for resistance. They marched through the 
 streets shouting, "Liberty, Property, and No Stamp 
 Duty." Every man wore in his hat a Utile white slip on 
 
 Stone marking Site of 
 
 RtrSSELLBOKOUGH, THE 
 
 Scene of Resistance 
 TO Stamp Act on the 
 Cape Fear 
 
78 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 which was printed the word LIBERTY. Thej^ made 
 WiUiam Houston, who had been appointed to sell the 
 stamps, resign his office and swear that he would not try 
 to sell any stamps in North Carolina. They compelled 
 Andrew Stewart, the printer, to publish his paper without 
 using the stamps. They pledged themselves to resist the 
 Stamp Act to the death. And when the Diligence 
 arrived with the stamps, they seized their guns and 
 prepared to fight. 
 
 Harnett Leads a Revolt Against the Stamp Act. 
 — Captain Lobb, a British officer, commanded another 
 war vessel, the Viper, at Brunswick. In February, 
 1766, he seized three ships because they had no 
 
 Cape Fear Patkiots Resist the Landing of Stamps at Brunswick 
 
 stamps on their papers. Never had anything so 
 aroused the people. They refused to send any food 
 to the crew of the Viper. They seized the sailors who 
 
CORNELIUS HARNETT 79 
 
 came ashore for food and threw them into j ail. CorneHus 
 \ Harnett and James Moore led six hundred men to Bruns- 
 wick, went aboard the man-of-war, and compelled Cap- 
 tain Lobb to surrender the captured vessels. 
 
 They then decided to make all the King's officers 
 swear not to enforce the Stamp Act. One of these 
 officers, a Mr. Pennington, fled to Governor Tryon's 
 house for protection. Harnett promptly led his men 
 there, surrounded the house, and demanded the surrender 
 of Pennington. The Governor refused. 
 
 " Your Excellency must let him go," said Harnett. 
 " We are determined to have him, and will take him out 
 by force if you detain him. But we do not wish to insult 
 your Excellency." 
 
 " You have already offered me every insult in your 
 power," retorted the Governor. " You have surrounded 
 my house and made me a prisoner without any cause." 
 
 Pennington became frightened, and said that he would 
 go with Harnett. " But I had rather resign my office," 
 he added, " than do anything contrary to my duty to 
 the King." 
 
 " Then," said Tryon, turning angrily upon him, 
 " you had better resign before you leave here." So 
 Pennington wrote out his resignation. " Now, Sir," 
 said the angry Governor, " you may go." And Harnett 
 led Pennington out of the house to the people. 
 
 Harnett then led his men back to Brunswick. There 
 they placed the officers in a circle and made them swear 
 not to enforce the Stamp Act in North Carolina. As 
 each took the oath, the cheers of the crowd reached Gov- 
 ernor Tryon at his home, and he knew that the Stamp 
 Act was a failure. Cornelius Harnett had beaten the 
 
80 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 King's Governor, and had become the idol of his 
 people. 
 
 Harnett Enforces the " Non-Importation Association." 
 — In 1769, Harnett was one of the members of the 
 Assembly who met with John Harvey in a convention 
 to adopt the " Non-Importation Association." It was 
 very important that the merchants should all agree 
 to this association. The merchants on the Cape Fear 
 bought large quantities of goods in England. The 
 patriots were anxious for the Cape Fear merchants 
 to support the " Non-Importation Association," and 
 they looked to Cornelius Harnett to lead them. 
 
 Harnett called a meeting of the merchants and planters 
 at Wilmington in June, 1770. He laid the association 
 before them, and urged them to sign it. They followed 
 his lead without hesitation, and after signing it, chose 
 him as their leader to see that all obeyed it. This was 
 a trying position, but Harnett promptly accepted it. 
 He declared that he was "ready to stand or fall with 
 the other colonies in support of American liberty," and 
 that he " would not tamely submit to the yoke of oppres- 
 sion." From this we see that Harnett was in favor of 
 the colonies uniting against England. So when the 
 time came to plan for union, he was ready to take the 
 lead. 
 
 Harnett Has a Visitor From Boston. — The time 
 came soon. One day in March, 1773, a traveler rode 
 up to the door at Poplar Grove and asked for Mr. 
 Harnett. This man was Josiah Quincy, a famous 
 patriot of Boston. He was making a journey through 
 the colonies, and had come to Poplar Grove to discuss 
 with Harnett a plan for uniting the colonies. Harnett 
 
CORNELIUS HARNETT 81 
 
 at once sent across the river for his friend, Colonel Robert 
 Howe. 
 
 These three sat up all night discussing the plan for 
 committees of correspondence. They agreed that the 
 plan ought to be adopted. Quincy was so delighted at 
 Harnett's patriotic views that, in the midst of their 
 discussion, he sprang up and embraced him. When he 
 returned to Boston he told the patriots there of the great 
 patriot of Wilmington. He declared that Massachusetts 
 could depend on North Carolina in resisting the King. 
 
 When the Assembly met in December, Harnett and 
 Howe both urged the appointment of a Committee of 
 Correspondence. Their names stood in the committee 
 next to the name of John Harve3\ 
 
 Harnett visits New England. — The next year, 
 Harnett made a trip to New England and other 
 northern colonies. Such visits as his to the North and 
 Quincy's to the South did great good. By them the 
 leading men of the different colonies learned to know 
 and trust each other. Harnett was awa}^ on this trip 
 when the Congress met at New Bern in August, 1774, 
 and therefore he was not a member. But he was a 
 member of the Congress in April, 1775, and of all the 
 other congresses that met in North Carolina during the 
 Revolution. 
 
 Committees of Safety. — The Congress in August, 
 1774, advised the people to select a committee in 
 each county to see that its measures were obeyed. 
 Such committees were called "Committees of Safety." 
 They had great power, for they took the place of both the 
 Governor and the courts. Governor Martin commanded 
 the people not to obey them. But the people no longer 
 
82 HISTORY OF NORTH C'AROLINA 
 
 paid any attention to his commands, and they gave 
 strict obedience to the committees of safety. These 
 committees proved to be so useful that the Congress 
 which met at Hillsboro in August, 1775, appointed a 
 committee for the whole province which was to be at the 
 head of all the other committees. At first it was called 
 the " Provincial Council; " but, in 177G, its name was 
 changed to " Council of Safety." 
 
 Cornelius Harnett was the leader in the work of these 
 committees. In November, 1774, he was chosen chair- 
 man of the Committee of Safety at Wilmington. In 
 January, 1775, he was chosen chairman of the Committee 
 of Safety for New Hanover county. In October, 1775, 
 he was elected president of the Provincial Council. 
 And in June, 1776, he was elected president of the Coun- 
 cil of Safety. 
 
 As president of the Council, Harnett was the chief 
 officer in the province and the leader of the patriots. 
 There was no busier man in North Carolina than he. 
 His committees compelled debtors to pay their debts. 
 They punished criminals for their crimes. They re- 
 quired men to obey the measures of Congress. They 
 raised money to buy arms, gunpowder, and other things 
 needed in war. They enrolled men into companies, 
 armed them, and elected officers to lead them. They 
 fitted out armed vessels which sailed to the West Indies 
 and brought supphes of all sorts into the colony. In 
 these ways Harnett's committees prepared the colony 
 for the war which all knew was near at hand. 
 
 Stirring News From Boston. — One day in May, 
 1775, Cornelius Harnett received news that a battle 
 had been fought at Lexington, Massachusetts, between 
 
CORNELIUS HARNETT 
 
 83 
 
 the British and Americans. Riders on fleet horses bore 
 the news from colony to colony, from town to 
 town, from committee to committee. Day and night 
 they rode through 
 villages, swam deep 
 rivers, and dashed 
 along lonely roads. 
 A rider with the news 
 reached Edenton on 
 May 4. From Eden- 
 ton he dashed on to 
 Bath, from Bath to 
 New Bern, and from 
 New Bern to Wil- 
 mington. 
 
 It was in the after- 
 noon of May 8, when 
 he gave his message to Cornelius Harnett. This stirring 
 news thoroughly aroused Harnett. He hurried the man 
 on to Brunswick with a message for the Brunswick com- 
 mittee. " For God's sake," he wrote, '' send the man on 
 without the least delay, and write to Mr. IVIarion to 
 forward it by night and day." Everywhere the news 
 created great excitement, and stirred the people to 
 action. 
 
 The Last Royal Governor. — Harnett and John 
 Ashe now decided that the royal Governor must be 
 driven out of the province. He had already fled from 
 New Bern, where the governor's residence was at 
 that time, to seek refuge in Fort Johnston near the 
 mouth of Cape Fear river. There he was hard at 
 work trying to stir up the slaves against their masters, 
 
 Old Court-house at Edenton 
 
 The oldest Court-house in North Carolina, 
 still in use. Built in 17G7. 
 
84 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 and the King's followers called Tories against the 
 patriots, sometimes called Whigs. But Harnett's com- 
 mittees kept close watch on him and prevented his 
 carrying out his plans. Governor Martin declared that 
 all his troubles were due to four men, who stood 
 foremost among the leaders of the rebellion. They 
 were Cornelius Harnett, John Ashe, Robert Howe, and 
 Abner Nash. He wrote to England that he hoped the 
 King would never pardon them, but would have them 
 put to death. 
 
 When Governor Martin learned that Harnett and 
 Ashe were getting ready to attack Fort Johnston, he 
 fled from the fort to the British war vessel, Cruizer. 
 Early in the morning, July 19, somebody on the Cruizer 
 waked him with a cry that Fort Johnston was on fire. 
 He hurried to the deck just in time to see five hundred 
 minute-men from Wilmington and Brunswick burning 
 the fort to the ground. " Mr. John Ashe and Mr. 
 Cornelius Harnett," he wrote to England, "were ring- 
 leaders of this savage and audacious mob." Governor 
 Martin was the last royal Governor of North Carolina, 
 for soon after Harnett and Ashe drove him away, the 
 people declared themselves independent of Great Britain, 
 and elected their own governor. 
 
 Harnett Leads the Way to Independence. — The 
 man who pointed the way to independence was 
 Cornelius Harnett. When the North Carolina Con- 
 gress met at Halifax in April, 1776, none of the colo- 
 nies had taken a stand for independence. They loved 
 the mother country and were anxious to make up 
 their quarrel with her. But when the King refused even 
 to hear their prayers, they saw that they must either 
 
CORNELIUS HARNETT 85 
 
 separate from Great Britain, or surrender their liberties. 
 But who would take the lead? After the last royal 
 governor was driven out of North Carolina, the Whigs 
 won a great victory over the Tories at Moore's Creek 
 Bridge, February 27, 1776. Then the North Carolina 
 patriots cried out that they were ready to lead the way 
 to independence. 
 
 So, on April 8, Congress appointed a committee to 
 write out what North Carolina should say on that 
 subject. Cornelius Harnett was at the head of that 
 committee. The other members were Allen Jones, 
 Thomas Burke, Abner Nash, John Kinchen, Thomas 
 Person, and Thomas Jones. Harnett wrote the report 
 for the committee. Amid a deep silence, April 12, 1776, 
 he read this report to the Congress. 
 
 In his report, Harnett declared that the King and 
 Parliament had tried to destroy the " peace, liberty, and 
 safety " of America. The Americans, he said, had 
 humbly prayed for relief. The King had replied to 
 their prayers by sending armies to destroy the people 
 and their property; by ordering his war vessels to seize 
 their ships ; and by stirring up the slaves to murder their 
 masters. Many persons had been killed, and others 
 had been reduced from wealth and ease to poverty and 
 distress. 
 
 Harnett thought, therefore, that the Americans ought 
 to overthrow the rule of such a tyrant, and that North 
 Carolina ought to lead the way. After hearing his report, 
 the Congress voted for it. This resolution required the 
 North Carolina delegates in the Continental Congress 
 to " concur with the delegates of the other colonies in 
 declaring independency." 
 
86 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 A copy of the resolution was sent off at once to Joseph 
 Hewes, who was in the Continental Congress at Philadel- 
 phia. How pleased he was when he found that North 
 Carohnahad led all the colonies in declaring for independ- 
 ence! He showed the resolution to the other members 
 of the Continental Congress. Many of them promptly 
 sent copies to their own colonies and urged them to 
 
 The St ■• ' i I i -i:, oi; 1 ndkpendence Hall, Philadelphia 
 Where the Declaration of Independence was Signed 
 
 follow North Carolina's example. Virginia was the 
 first to do so. Then others followed. Finally, in July, 
 the Continental Congress itself adopted the Declaration 
 of Independence for all the colonies. Thus North Caro- 
 hna led the other colonies just as Cornelius Harnett 
 led North Carolina. 
 
 Harnett Selected For Punishment. — The British 
 did not forget the part Harnett played in this 
 
CORNELIUS HARNETT 87 
 
 important step. He was selected for the King's 
 special vengeance. While Congress was in session at 
 Halifax, Sir Henry Clinton, the British general, with a 
 powerful army, reached the Cape Fear. On May 5 he 
 issued a paper promising that the King would par- 
 don all the rebels in North Carolina who would lay 
 down their arms; but he excepted "from the bene- 
 fits of such pardon Cornelius Harnett and Robert 
 Howe." 
 
 Harnett Proclaims Independence. — When the Dec- 
 laration of Independence reached North Carolina, 
 the Council of Safety was in session at Halifax. 
 The people of North Carolina, declared the Council, 
 were now " absolved from all allegiance to the British 
 Crown." So the Council ordered that the Declaration 
 of Independence should be publicly read to the people 
 on August first. 
 
 On that day a great crowd gathered in the little 
 village of Halifax. At midday the soldiers marched 
 through the streets, with beating drums and flying flags. 
 A loud cheer went up from the people when President 
 Harnett, escorted by the soldiers, mounted the platform, 
 with the declaration in his hand. While he read, all 
 listened in deep silence. But when he finished, they 
 showed their gladness by shouts of joy, waving of flags, 
 and booming of cannon. The soldiers seized President 
 Harnett, and bore him on their shoulders through 
 the excited crowd. The people cheered him as their 
 champion and proclaimed their allegiance to the United 
 States. 
 
 Harnett Becomes a Member of the Continental 
 Congress. — North Carolina was now an independent 
 
88 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 state. The Congress at Halifax in December, 1776, 
 adopted a new plan of government, called the " Con- 
 stitution of 1776." Harnett took an important part 
 in preparing this Constitution. After it was adopted, 
 Richard Caswell was elected governor and Harnett 
 was elected president of the Council of State. But 
 he did not hold that office long. In May, 1777, 
 the Assembly elected him a delegate to the Con- 
 tinental Congress. This was regarded as " the highest 
 honor that a free state could bestow on one of its mem- 
 bers." 
 
 Harnett was elected to the Continental Congress 
 three times. When he returned home, in 1779, the 
 Assembly thanked him '' for his faithful and important 
 services rendered this State." His work was so hard 
 and he suffered so many hardships that his health broke 
 down completely. Nothing but devotion to his country 
 held him to his post. His expenses were £6,000 more 
 than his salary, but he declared: " I am content to sit 
 down with this loss and much more, if my country re- 
 quires it." " I shall think it my duty," he wrote to 
 Governor Caswell, " to serve my country to the best of 
 my poor abilities, either with or without pay." 
 
 His chief wish, however, was to return home. There, 
 he said: " I will sit down under my own vine and fig tree 
 (for I have them both) at Poplar Grove, where none shall 
 make me afraid except the boats of the British cruisers." 
 This wish was realized in February, 1780. 
 
 Harnett in Prison. — But Harnett did not long 
 enjoy his vine and fig tree. In January, 1781, the 
 British captured Wilmington. The patriot leaders had 
 to fly for their fives. There was none of them whom 
 
CORNELIUS HARNETT 89 
 
 the British were so eager to capture as Harnett. Major 
 Craige, the British commander, at once sent out a party 
 of soldiers to take him. Harnett tried to escape, but 
 after going a few miles was so overcomcwith illness that 
 he had to stop at a friend's house in Onslow county. 
 
 There the British soldiers found him. They pulled 
 him out of bed, and drove him on foot before them until 
 he fell in the road. Then binding his hands and feet 
 they threw him across a soldier's horse " like a sack of 
 meal," and so carried him to Wilmington. Major 
 Craige threw him into prison and kept him there until 
 he was in a d^dng condition. In April, 1781, at the 
 request of Harnett's Tory friends, Craige released him. 
 But it was too late to save his life. He never recovered 
 from his cruel treatment, and died on April 28, 1781. 
 
 The Legislature of North Carolina has named a county 
 in his honor, and in the heart of the city of Wilmington, 
 on the bank of the Cape Fear, near where his body lies 
 buried, a monument has been erected to his memory. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY STUDY 
 
 Trace the route of the messenger who bore the news of the battle 
 of Lexington, from Suffolk, Virginia, across North Carolina to Bruns- 
 wick. What streams and bodies of water did he cross? What 
 counties? 
 
 REVIEW 
 Describe: 
 
 1. Harnett's home. His appearance and manners. 
 
 2. His work in the Assembly. 
 
 3. How the people of Wilmington resisted the Stamp Act. 
 
 4. How Harnett led the revolt against it. 
 
 5. How he enforced the Non-Importation Association. 
 
 6. Josiah Quincy's visit to Harnett. 
 
90 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 7. The Committees of Safety. The duties of the Provincial 
 Council. 
 
 8. How the news of the battle of Lexington was carried; how 
 Harnett received it. 
 
 9. How the royal Governor was driven out of the province. 
 10. How Harnett led the way to a Declaration of Independence. 
 IL The punishment selected for him. 
 
 12. How the Declaration of Independence was received at Halifax. 
 
 13. Harnett's services in the Continental Congress. 
 
 14. His sacrifices in the cause of independence. 
 
 15. His death. 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR SPECIAL STUDY 
 
 1. Harnett represented the town of Wilmington in the General 
 Assembly. Do any towns now have the right to send a representative 
 to the Assembly? 
 
 2. State the reasons why the Cape Fear became the place of chief 
 resistance to the Stamp Act. 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 HOOPER, HEWES, AND PENN 
 
 Signers of the Declaration of Independence. — In 
 
 the history of North CaroUna wc always think 
 of William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, and John Penn 
 together. If you look at a copy of the Declaration of 
 Independence, you will see the reason. There, one after 
 the other, stand the names of the three patriots who 
 signed the great Declaration for the people of North 
 Carolina. William Hooper was an eloquent lawyer of 
 Wilmington; Joseph Hewes, a wealthy merchant of 
 Edenton; John Penn, a liberty-loving lawyer of Williams- 
 boro. Hooper was a native of Massachusetts, Hewes 
 of New Jersey, and Penn of Virginia. But all three 
 gave their services to North Carolina, and their fame 
 belongs to the Old North State. 
 
 William Hooper. — William Hooper was born in 
 Boston, June 17, 1742. His father wished him to be. 
 a preacher, and so determined to give him a good educa- 
 tion. Young Hooper first attended the Boston Latin 
 School, and at fifteen years of age entered Harvard 
 College. Three years later he was graduated with 
 special honor in languages, literature, and history. 
 
 When he came to choose his life's work, he decided 
 against the ministry in favor of the law. In 1761 he 
 began to study law under the great Boston patriot, 
 James Otis. This was fortunate for Hooper. Otis was 
 
 91 
 
92 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 William Hooper 
 
 not only a great lawyer, but he was also Boston's leading 
 patriot. In the disputes between 
 the Americans and the King the 
 other members of Hooper's family 
 took the King's side. But through 
 the influence of Otis, William Hooper 
 became a devoted Whig; in other 
 words he opposed the King's w^ay of 
 dealing with the colonies. After 
 receiving his license to practise law, 
 he sailed on a visit to Wilmington, 
 North Carolina. The town and its 
 people delighted the young Boston 
 
 attorney, and he adopted Wilmington as his future 
 
 home. 
 
 Joseph Hewes. — Joseph Hewes was twelve years 
 
 older than Hooper. His birthplace was on a farm near 
 
 Kinston, New Jersey. While he was a small boy, he was 
 
 sent to a school in the neighborhood, where he learned 
 
 reading, writing and arithmetic. But 
 
 his school days did not last long. 
 
 In those days people thought that a 
 
 man did not need much of an edu- 
 cation unless he intended to be a 
 
 preacher, a lawyer, or a doctor. 
 
 Hewes' father intended for him to be 
 
 a merchant. So after a short time at 
 
 school, young Hewes was placed under 
 
 a merchant in Philadelphia to be 
 
 trained in the business of a merchant. 
 
 At twenty-one years of age Hewes entered into business 
 
 for himself. It is probable that he had a trade with the 
 
 Joseph Hewes 
 
HOOPER, HEWES, AND PENN 
 
 93 
 
 John Penn 
 
 merchants of Edenton, North CaroHna, for he soon 
 decided to move to that town. In 1756, he left Phila- 
 delphia and became a merchant at Edenton. 
 
 John Penn. — Hewes was eleven years older, and 
 Hooper one year younger than John Penn. Penn was 
 born in Caroline county, Virginia. When he was 
 eighteen years old, his father died, 
 leaving him a small fortune. Though 
 a man of means, Penn's father cared 
 but little about educating his son. 
 John Penn's school days lasted only 
 two or three years. But fortunately 
 near his home lived his kinsman, the 
 famous Edmund Pendleton, who had 
 a good library. He gave young Penn 
 permission to use his library freely, 
 and by careful reading, Penn made up for his lack of 
 early education. 
 
 With Pendleton's aid he studied law, and in 1762 
 received his license to practise. At first Penn practised 
 law in Virginia, where he gained a reputation as a careful, 
 painstaking attorney. In 1774 he decided to move 
 to North Carolina, and selected the Httle village of 
 Williamsboro, in Granville county, as his home. 
 
 Hooper and Hewes in the Assembly. — ^When Penn 
 reached Williamsboro, he found the patriots of North 
 Carolina deeply stirred over the contest with the 
 royal Governor and the King. Among the leaders 
 of the \Miigs he heard mentioned the names of William 
 Hooper and Joseph Hewes. Both were members of the 
 General Assembly. Hooper represented the little village 
 of Campbellton. He entered the Assembly in 1773, and 
 
94 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 there met Hewes, who had been the member for Edenton 
 since 1766. 
 
 These two men soon became warm friends. They 
 served on many important committees and stood to- 
 gether in all the struggles against the Governor. The 
 most important event during the Assembly of 1773, as 
 we have already seen, was the appointment of the Com- 
 mittee of Correspondence. Hooper and Hewes were 
 both made members of this committee. 
 
 They Send Aid to Boston. — In 1774 these two 
 friends were active in collecting clothes and food for 
 the poor people of Boston. At Edenton, Hewes together 
 with John Harvey loaded the Penelope with a cargo and 
 sent it to the Boston patriots. At Wilmington, Hooper 
 called a meeting of the people to decide what Wilmington 
 should do. This meeting declared that the people of 
 Wilmington regarded "the cause of the town of Boston 
 as the common cause of British America, and as suffering 
 in defence of the rights of the colonies in general." 
 Under the leadership of Hooper, the Wilmington patriots 
 collected two ship loads of supplies and £2,000 in money 
 and sent them to the patriots of Boston. 
 
 Hooper and Hewes in the Provincial Congress. — 
 At the same meeting the Wilmington patriots took 
 another important step. You will remember how 
 John Harvey, in the spring of 1774, suggested 
 to Samuel Johnston the calling of a provincial congress. 
 Johnston at once wrote to Hooper to ask what he thought 
 of Harvey's plan. Hooper was strongly in favor of it. 
 When the Wilmington patriots met, July 21, 1774, to 
 consider the cause of Boston, Hooper was chosen chair- 
 man of the meeting. He advocated the Provincial 
 
HOOPER, HEWES, AND PENN 95 
 
 Congress, and the Wilmington meeting declared in favor 
 of holding such a Congress. Hooper and John Ashe 
 were chosen to represent New Hanover county. When 
 they reached New Bern, where the Congress met, Hooper 
 found that his friend Hewes was there as the member 
 for Edenton. 
 
 The Congress met August 25, 1774. The most im- 
 portant business was the election of delegates to repre- 
 sent North Carolina in the Continental Congress which 
 was to meet at Philadelphia. William Hooper, Joseph 
 Hewes, and Richard Caswell were chosen. They were 
 given power to act for North Carolina. Any action 
 they took, or any promise they made to the other colonies, 
 was to be binding upon every person in North CaroUna 
 who was not an enemy to the liberties of his country. 
 
 John Penn Joins Hooper and Hewes in the Conti- 
 nental Congress. — The first Continental Congress met 
 at Philadelphia September 5, 1774. It came to a close 
 October 26. The next year the second Continen- 
 tal Congress met at Philadelphia on May 10. Hooper, 
 Hewes and Caswell again represented North Caro- 
 lina. But in September, 1775, Caswell resigned, 
 and the North CaroUna Congress had to elect some- 
 body to take his place. One of the members of the 
 North Carolina Congress, which met at Hillsboro in 
 August, 1775, was John Penn.^ Pie had been in North 
 Carolina only a year, yet he had already become one of 
 the leaders of the patriots. The other members now 
 turned to him to take Caswell's place in the Continental 
 Congress. He was elected in September, and in October 
 he took his seat in Congress along with Hooper and 
 Hewes. 
 
96 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 Hooper, the Orator. — William Hooper served on 
 thirty-four different committees in the Continental Con- 
 gress. He helped to prepare an address to the people 
 of England. This address set forth the rights of the 
 colonists and showed how the King had trampled on 
 them. Hooper also helped in forming a plan to raise an 
 army to defend American rights. And he helped to 
 write an address to the people of the colonies urging 
 them to support their liberties with their Uves. 
 
 In this address the committee said: " We have taken 
 up arms in the best of causes. Our troops are animated 
 with the love of freedom. They have fought like good 
 citizens as well as brave soldiers. Britain and these 
 colonies have been a blessing to each other. We feel 
 sure they might continue to be so. But that we may 
 continue to be connected with Great Britain is our second 
 wish — our first is, that America may be free! " 
 
 Hooper took an active part in the debates of Congress, 
 and gained a reputation as an eloquent speaker. John 
 Adams wrote that Richard Henry Lee, Patrick Henry, 
 and William Hooper were "the oratoi:§^of Congress. 
 
 Hewes, the Business IvfeT^Hewes was not an 
 orator. He was a plain-spoken, business man. As a 
 merchant he had learned much about ships and the sea. 
 So when Congress decided to build a navy to meet Eng- 
 land on the sea, Hewes put his knowledge to good use 
 for his country. He was placed at the head of the com- 
 mittee in charge of building war vessels, equipping them 
 with arms and men, and selecting officers. One of the 
 officers selected was the famous John Paul Jones. After 
 Jones had become famous he declared that he owed 
 much of his success to the interest taken in him by Hewes. 
 
HOOPER, HEWES, AND PENN 97. 
 
 No man in Congress worked harder than Hewes. In 
 the interest of his country he forgot his own welfare. 
 Hooper and Penn wrote of him: " From the large share 
 of naval and mercantile business which has been allotted 
 to his attention by Congress, his health has been much 
 impaired. From six in the morning till five and some- 
 times six in the afternoon, without eating or drinking, 
 he would be at work." His health broke completely 
 down, and in September, 1776, he was compelled to 
 return to North Carolina. 
 
 Penn in Congress. — John Penn took his seat in 
 the Continental Congress October 12, 1775. He did 
 not have so much work to do in Congress as Hooper and 
 Hewes. But like them he wrote many letters to his 
 friends at home, telling them what the Congress, the 
 army and the other colonies were doing, and urging them 
 to stand firm for American liberties. 
 
 What Hooper "Wrote. — A few days before the battle 
 of Aloore's Creek Bridge, Hooper wrote to one of his 
 friends: " Do we not play a game where slavery or 
 liberty is at stake? Were I to advise, the whole force 
 of the colony should be collected for im^tiiediate action 
 when called for, and bid adieu to ploughshares and prun- 
 ing hooks till the sword could find its scabbard with 
 safety and honor to its owner. My first wish is to be 
 free; my second to be reconciled to Great Britain. God 
 grant that both may soon take place. Measures must 
 be taken immediately. Ere this the troops of the enemy 
 are in your country; may you stand forth like men, and 
 fight the cause of liberty, the cause of the living God." 
 
 What Hewes Wrote. — A few days after the battle 
 of Bunker's Hill, Hewes wrote to Samuel Johnston: 
 
98 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 " I hope you will drive every principle of Toryism out 
 of all parts of your Province. I consider myself now 
 over head and ears in rebellion. But I feel no regret 
 for the part I have taken, nor for the number of our 
 enemies lately slain in the battle of Bunker's Hill." 
 
 At another time he said: '' All accounts from England 
 seem to agree that we shall have a dreadful storm bursting 
 on our heads through all America in the spring. We 
 must not shrink from it. We ought not to show any 
 signs of fear. We ought to be so firm as to stand un- 
 moved at the bursting of an earthquake. I feel myself 
 quite composed. I have furnished myself with a good 
 musket and bayonet, and when I can no longer be useful 
 in council, I hope I shall be willing to take the field." 
 
 What Penn Wrote. — Neither Hooper nor Hewes 
 were more in earnest than Penn. As soon as he 
 learned that a large British force had been sent to North 
 Carolina to help crush the patriots, he wrote to Colonel 
 Thomas Person: " I make no doubt but the Southern 
 Provinces will soon be the scene of action. I hope we 
 to the southward shall act like men determined to be 
 free. For Gc^^'s sake, ray good Sir, encourage our people 
 — animate them to dai-e even to die for their country." 
 
 " Striding Fast to Independence." — Soon after this 
 letter was written, the patriots of North Carolina 
 began to talk of declaring for independence. Among 
 the first men to S3e that the colonies must become 
 independent was William Hooper. In 1774 he wrote 
 that they were " striding fast to independence, and 
 ere long will build an empire upon the ruins of Great 
 Britain." Hewes and Penn also wrote in favor of 
 independence. 
 
HOOPER, HEWES, AND PENN 
 
 99 
 
 Mecklenburg County Takes a Bold Step. — In 
 
 every part of the province the people were soon 
 talking about independence. Some of course were op- 
 posed to such a bold step, but many others favored it. 
 The boldest of all was the action taken by the patriots 
 of Mecklenburg county. 
 While they were holding a 
 meeting at Charlotte, in 
 May, 1775, they received 
 news of the battle of Lex- 
 ington, and the killing of 
 American patriots by British 
 soldiers. In great anger they 
 all cried out: " Let us be 
 independent! Let us be 
 independent! " They de- 
 clared that Great Britain 
 ought no longer to have any 
 authority over the colonists. 
 
 So they elected county ofh- Montjment to the Signer? of the 
 
 '' "^ Mecklenburg Declaration of 
 
 Cers, and declared that they Independence" 
 
 should hold their offices "in- (Meeldenbur^Kj^ounty^^^ 
 
 dependent of the Crown of 
 
 Great Britain." Captain James Jack at once set off on 
 a fleet horse to carry this declaration to Hooper, Hewes, 
 and Penn at Philadelphia. 
 
 North Carolina Declares For Independence. — In 
 April, 1776, Hooper and Penn left Philadelphia to 
 attend the Provincial Congress at Halifax. They 
 found the North Carolina patriots eager to be independ- 
 ent of the King. Everybody was talking about inde- 
 pendence. "All regard or fondness for the King or 
 
100 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 nation of Britain is gone," wrote Penn to John Adams. 
 '' A total separation is what they want. Independence 
 is the word most used." So on April 12, as we have 
 seen, the Congress resolved in favor of a Declaration of 
 Independence. 
 
 Hooper, Hewes, and Penn Sign the Declaration 
 of Independence. — A copy of the "Resolution of 
 April 12" was sent in great haste to Joseph Hewes, 
 who had remained at Philadelphia. A few days later 
 Hewes laid it before the Continental Congress. It 
 was the first resolution passed by any of- the colonies 
 in favor of independence and the patriots welcomed 
 it. John Adams, Samuel Adams, and other delegates 
 wrote to their own colonies urging that they follow 
 North Carolina's good example. Several of them did 
 so. Then in July the Continental Congress adopted 
 the great Declaration of Independence, and Hooper, 
 Hewes, and Penn signed it for North Carolina. 
 
 Hooper's Last Services. — In 1777 the Assembly 
 again elected Hooper a delegate to the Continental 
 Congress, but this time he declined. For several years 
 he was a member of the General Assembly, and was 
 always active in supporting the cause of independence. 
 When the British captured Wilmington, in 1781, Hooper, 
 like his friend Harnett, had to fly for his life and seek 
 refuge in the interior of the State. 
 
 After the Revolution Hooper made his home at 
 Hillsboro. There he practised law and struggled hard 
 to regain the fortune he had lost in the Revolution. 
 But his sacrifices had not only swept away his fortune, 
 they had also ruined his health. He died, October 14, 
 1790, worn out in the service of his country. 
 
HOOPER, HEWES, AND PENN 101 
 
 Hewes' Last Services. — When Hooper died, Hewes 
 had been dead eleven years. After leaving the Con- 
 tinental Congress, in 1776, Hewes returned to Eden- 
 ton to regain his health. During the next three years 
 he rendered important service in securing supplies for 
 Washington's army. He sent his own ships down to the 
 West Indies for cargoes of arms, ammunition, clothes, 
 and other supplies. These supplies were brought to 
 Edenton and then sent overland to the army in the North. 
 We may be sure that they were gladly received by the 
 ragged veterans and their great general. 
 
 In 1779 the Assembly again chose Hewes a delegate 
 to the Continental Congress. Hewes knew that he was 
 not strong enough to stand the hard work, but he thought 
 it his duty to try. So he again went to Philadelphia. 
 But his health was so poor that he was absent from 
 Congress much of the time. The last time that he 
 attended a session of Congress was on October 29, 1779. 
 Eleven days later he died. Wlien he was buried, the 
 members of Congress, the General Assembly of Penn- 
 sylvania, and a large body of soldiers and citizens at- 
 tended the funeral. 
 
 Penn's Last Services. — Penn remained in the 
 Continental Congress after Hewes had died. After 
 adopting the Declaration of Independence, Congress 
 had to prepare a plan of government for the United 
 States. John Penn took part in this work. A great 
 deal of careful thought and discussion was given to it. 
 It was called the "Articles of Confederation and Per- 
 petual Union." 
 
 This plan bound the thirteen colonies together as the 
 United States. The laws for this union were to be made 
 
102 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 by the Continental Congress. This plan proved to be 
 very imperfect, and afterwards was given up for the 
 Constitution of the United States. But it served the 
 United States for nearly ten years, and under it they 
 fought the Revolution and won their independence. 
 The men who signed the Articles of Confederation for 
 North Carolina were John Penn, Cornelius Harnett, 
 and John Williams. 
 
 After signing these Articles, John Penn returned to 
 North Carolina. In 1780 the affairs of the United 
 States were very gloomy. Their 
 armies had been beaten in Georgia 
 and South Carolina, and Lord 
 Cornwallis, with a large army, was 
 getting ready to march into North 
 Carolina. It looked as if North 
 Carolina, too, might be conquered. 
 To meet this great danger, the* 
 Legislature appointed a Board of 
 War, composed of three men, to 
 take charge of the military affairs 
 of the State. John Penn was one 
 of the men selected, and did more 
 than both of the others together 
 to prevent the conquest of North Carolina. This board 
 collected arms, ammunition, clothing, food, and other 
 military supplies for the army, so that it might be 
 ready to meet Cornwallis when he came. 
 
 The work was very difficult. Penn suffered many hard- 
 ships, dangers, and anxieties. His health broke down 
 under his heavy work, and he was compelled to resign. 
 Returning to his home in Granville county, he spent the 
 
 Hooper-Penn Monu- 
 ment AT Guilford 
 Battle-ground 
 
HOOPER, IIEWES, AND PENN 103 
 
 last few years of his life quietly on his farm, where he 
 died in September, 1787. 
 
 A Monument to the Signers. — Hooper was buried 
 at Hillsboro, Hewcs at Philadelphia, and Penn on 
 his farm in Granville. Hewes' grave has been lost. 
 In 1894 the bodies of Hooper and Penn were re- 
 moved to the Guilford Battle-ground. There the two 
 friends and patriots now rest side by side. Over their 
 grave a statue of an orator has been erected, holding in 
 his hand a scroll which represents the Declaration of 
 Independence. 
 
 REVIEW 
 
 1. Why do we think of the names of Hooper, Hewes, and Penn 
 together? 
 
 2. When and where was each born? Describe the education of 
 each. Where did each settle in North CaroUna? 
 
 3. Describe the political services of Hooper and Hewes. 
 
 4. How did they aid the Boston patriots? 
 
 5. What did Hooper have to do with caUing the- first Provincial 
 Congress? Whom did the Congress elect as delegates to the Conti- 
 nental Congress? What powers were given these delegates? Who 
 succeeded Caswell in the Continental Congress? When? 
 
 6. Describe Hooper's work in the Continental Congress. 
 
 7. Describe Hewes' work in the Continental Congress. 
 
 8. What did Hooper, Hewes, and Perm WTite about the quarrel 
 with England? 
 
 9. What did Hooper WTite about in(lei:)endence? 
 
 10. What action did Mecklenburg County take? 
 
 11. When Hooper and Penn reachetl Halifax, what did they learn 
 about the feeling of the people toward independence? 
 
 12. What effect did the Resolution of April 12 have in other colo- 
 nies? 
 
 13. Describe Hooper's last days. 
 
 14. What service did Hewes render to Washington's army? Tell 
 of his death. 
 
104 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 15. What were the "Articles of Confederation and Perpetual 
 Union"? Who signed them for North Carolina? 
 
 16. Describe Penn's services on the Board of War. 
 
 17. Write a summary of the work of Hooper. Of Hewes. Of 
 Penn. 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR SPECIAL STUDY 
 
 1. What act of James Otis placed him in the front of the patriot 
 leaders? Of Patrick Henry? Of Richard Henry Lee? 
 
 2. Tell the story of John Paul Jones. His real name was John 
 Paul. How did he get the Jones? 
 
 3. The Congress at Halifax, April 12, 1776, did not try to declare 
 North Carolina independent. It left the making of the Declaration 
 of Independence to the Continental Congress? Why? 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 RICHARD CASWELL 
 
 The Young Surveyor. — In 1746 Gabriel Johnston 
 was governor of North CaroUna. One day in that 
 year a young man rode up to his door and handed him 
 a letter. The Governor found that it was from the 
 Governor of INIarj-land, introducing to him the young 
 man who had brought it. He was a bright young fellow 
 of seventeen, well-educated, ambitious, and determined 
 to make his way in the world. He was already a skilful 
 surveyor, and had come to North Carolina to seek work. 
 Good surveyors were needed in the province, so Governor 
 Johnston gave the young stranger a hearty welcome. 
 How little he thought that he was welcoming a man who 
 would afterwards be chosen governor of North Carolina 
 seven times! 
 
 This young surveyor was Richard Caswell. He was 
 born in Maryland, August 3, 1729. His father, who had 
 been a merchant, had failed in business, so young Caswell 
 had to start out early to make his own living. He had 
 probably heard that every year thousands of people 
 were moving into North Carolina, where good land was 
 plentiful and cheap. So he thought that North Carohna 
 would be a good place for a surveyor. 
 
 Caswell Becomes Deputy-Surveyor. — He was not 
 mistaken. There was plenty of work for him to do, 
 
 105 
 
106 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 and he was successful from the very first. Within 
 two years he had made enough to purchase for himself 
 more than three thousand acres of land in Johnston 
 and Anson counties. Governor Johnston was so much 
 pleased with young Caswell's work that he appointed 
 him deputy-surveyor of the province. This was a 
 very important office and the duties were difficult. 
 Every year thousands of acres were being bought by 
 immigrants, and the deputy-surveyor had to mark off 
 the tracts and show the people where their lands were. 
 
 It was hard work and full of danger. Frequently 
 Caswell's duties carried him deep down into the forests 
 where bears, panthers, wolves, and other wild beasts 
 were plentiful. Sometimes, too, he had to enter the 
 wilderness where Indians still roamed and hunted. But 
 it was good training for him. It hardened his muscles, 
 taught him to endure hardships, and gave him steady 
 nerves and keen eyes. He learned the ways of the 
 forests, and these lessons he afterwards put to good use 
 in the service of his country. 
 
 Caswell Is Elected to the Assembly. — Caswell's 
 work brought him in close touch with the people, and 
 he soon became well known in the colony. In 1752 
 his friend Governor Johnston died, and two years later 
 Arthur Dobbs became governor. In the same year 
 Caswell was elected to represent Johnston county in the 
 Assembly. He remained a member of the Assembly 
 until the outbreak of the Revolution. In 1770 and 
 again in 1771, he was elected speaker. 
 
 A Champion of Liberty. — In the Assembly Caswell 
 was a strong champion of the liberties of the people, 
 and stood with Harvey, Harnett, Hooper, and Hewes 
 
RICHARD CASWELL 107 
 
 in their contests, for self-government. He voted for 
 laws to make the courts better. He wanted none but 
 learned lawyers to be judges. He thought the judges 
 ought to be required to hold court in different parts of 
 the province, instead of in the same place all the time, 
 so the people would not have to travel so far to attend 
 them. He worked hard, too, for improvements in the 
 colony. He voted for money to build forts on the 
 western frontier and to raise soldiers to march under 
 Colonel Waddell against the French and Indians. He 
 worked to establish silk industries, to improve agricul- 
 ture, and to increase the trade of the province. 
 
 A Champion of Law and Order. — Though Caswell 
 was a champion of liberty, he was also a champion of 
 law and order. When the Regulators refused to obey 
 the laws, and began to abuse the officers and destroy 
 people's property, Caswell was in favor of punishing 
 them. Like Harvey and Harnett, he urged Governor 
 Tryon who had succeeded Governor Dobbs, to call out 
 the militia to put down the Regulators and compel them 
 to obey the laws. Tryon appointed him a colonel 
 in his army, and Caswell marched with hini to 
 Alamance. 
 
 At the battle of Alamance, May 16, 1771, Colonel 
 Caswell led the right wing of Tryon' s army. The 
 Regulators were badly beaten, and some of their leaders 
 punished. But most of them were pardoned upon 
 promising to obey the laws and keep order. In this 
 battle Caswell showed himself to be a brave and skilful 
 officer, and won praises from Governor Tryon, He 
 learned some lessons in war that he afterwards put into 
 practise in a way that Tryon liked little enough. 
 
108 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 Arms used in Revolutionary War 
 
 (Muskets, pistols, powder horns, bullet pouch, 
 
 canteen) 
 
 Caswell Opposes the King. — After the battle of 
 Alamance, Tryon became governor of New York, and 
 Josiah Martin was appointed governor of North Caro- 
 lina. At this time the quarrel with the King was 
 becoming more and more serious. In all the contests 
 with the Governor and the King, Caswell took the side 
 
 of the people. He 
 was often on commit- 
 tees to draw addresses 
 for the Assembly. In 
 1773, he was ap- 
 pointed a member of 
 the Committee of 
 Correspondence. He 
 was a member of the 
 first Provincial Con- 
 gress in August, 1774, and by that Congress was elected 
 one of the delegates to the Continental Congress. 
 
 Caswell's Journey to Philadelphia. — Caswell set 
 out for Philadelphia, September 3, 1774. He kept 
 an interesting account of his journey. How different 
 traveling was in 1774 from what it is now! Caswell 
 rode all the way to Philadelphia on horseback. It 
 took him twelve days to make the trip. Some days 
 he rode only sixteen miles, and the longest distance he 
 made in any one day was forty-eight miles. His horse 
 gave out, and at Petersburg, Virginia, he had to buy 
 another. 
 
 He usually stopped for his meals and night's rest at 
 public taverns, but sometimes he was entertained in the 
 homes of planters. At Philadelphia he received many 
 invitations to dine, but he did not neglect his duties in 
 
RICHARD CASWELL 109 
 
 Congress. He paid close attention to the work of the 
 Congress, and when he returned home the Congress of 
 North CaroUna thanked him and the other delegates 
 for their services. 
 
 The Uprising of the People. — Caswell was also 
 elected a delegate to the Second Continental Con- 
 gress, which met at Philadelphia, May 10, 1775. This 
 time Caswell and Hewes made the journey together. 
 As they rode along the road, they met riders on fleet 
 horses, bearing the news of the battle of Lexington. 
 They now pushed on as fast as possible, for this news 
 made them more than ever eager to reach Philadelphia. 
 They knew that war had now begun in earnest. All 
 along their route they found the people greatly excited. 
 Everywhere companies of soldiers were marching, drill- 
 ing, and practising for war. 
 
 Caswell and Hewes learned that a few miles ahead of 
 them were the Virginia delegates on their way to Phila- 
 delphia. All along the route they passed " armed men 
 who had been to escort the delegates of Virginia." So 
 they spurred up their horses to overtake the Virginians. 
 At the Potomac river the militia was drawn up under 
 arms to receive them. The soldiers escorted the Caro- 
 linians for some distance " with all the honors due to 
 general officers." At Port Tobacco, Maryland, they 
 overtook the Virginians, after which they all traveled 
 together, escorted by armed troops. 
 
 At Baltimore great honors were paid to the Virginia 
 and Carolina delegates. The Maryland troops, in their 
 gayest uniforms, marched out to be reviewed by one of 
 the Virginians. This was Colonel George Washington. 
 Caswell was deeply interested in all these military dis- 
 
110 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 plays, and wrote that the Maryland soldiers performed 
 '' their exercises extremely clever." After the review 
 all the delegates were "very genteelly entertained at the 
 court-house." 
 
 The Carolina and Virginia delegates were now joined 
 by the Maryland delegates. They reached Philadelphia 
 about midday, May 9. Congress met the next day. 
 As everybody now realized that the Americans would 
 have to fight for their liberties. Congress promptly took 
 charge of the American army at Boston, and elected 
 George Washington commander-in-chief. The whole 
 country was in great excitement. From Philadelphia 
 Caswell wrote: " Here a greater martial spirit prevails 
 if possible than I have been describing in Virginia and 
 Maryland." '' The men," he said, " march out to the 
 Common and go through their exercises twice a day 
 regularly; scarce anything but warlike music is to be 
 heard in the streets. 'Tis said they will in a few days 
 have 3,000 men under arms ready to defend their 
 liberties." 
 
 Caswell Takes the Field. — The martial excitement 
 stirred Caswell's fighting blood, and he was eager 
 to take the field. He wrote to his son urging him to 
 raise a company in Dobbs^ county. "Reject none," 
 he said, " who will not discredit the company. If I live 
 to return I will cheerfully join any of my countrymen, 
 even as a rank and file man. I am here exposed to 
 danger. But I shall not shun any danger whilst I have 
 blood in my veins, but freely offer it in support of the 
 liberties of my country. You, my dear boy, must 
 
 1 Afterwards divided into Lenoir and Greene. Caswell lived in the 
 part now embraced in Lenoir. 
 
RICHARD CASWELL 111 
 
 become a soldier and risk your life in support of those 
 blessings which, if once lost, we shall never be able to 
 regain." 
 
 Caswell had to wait but a short time before North 
 Carolina called for his services in the field. The Con- 
 gress of North Carolina met at Hillsboro in August, 
 1775, and decided to raise 4,000 soldiers for the defens3 
 of the colonies. Caswell, on account of his services at 
 Alamance, was already regarded as one of North Caro- 
 lina's best soldiers. So the Congress elected him a colonel 
 in the new army. He at once returned from Philadelphia 
 to take command of his regiment. He worked hard to 
 get his men prepared for war, and before many months 
 had passed he had them ready to march against the 
 Highlanders at Moore's Creek Bridge. 
 
 The March of the Highlanders. — The Scotch High- 
 landers, who lived on the Cape Fear river around 
 Cross Creek, were nearly all on the King's side. In 
 1776 Governor Martin commanded them to form com- 
 panies and march down the river to meet him at Wil- 
 mington. He promised that he would join them there 
 with 10,000 British soldiers, under Sir Henry CUnton 
 and Lord Cornwallis. With the aid of the Highlanders 
 he expected to conquer North Carolina and crush the 
 rebellion in the very beginning. 
 
 Nearly 2,000 Highlanders gathered at Cross Creek in 
 February, 177G. They were all well armed and in high 
 spirits, for they expected to win an easy victory over the 
 rebels. So they marched out of the little village toward 
 Wilmington, with drums beating and bagpipes playing, 
 singing their old Scotch songs. 
 
 But the Whigs were on the lookout. The Highlanders 
 
112 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 soon found General James Moore, with 1,100 Whig 
 soldiers, blocking the way. Then they turned back, 
 crossed the Cape Fear river, and took another road to 
 Wilmington. But when they reached the bridge over 
 Moore's Creek they found it guarded by 1,100 patriots. 
 They were under the command of Colonel Caswell and 
 Colonel Alexander Lillington. The Highlanders had 
 now either to fight or give up their attempt to get to 
 Wilmington. They were too brave to give up, so they 
 prepared for the battle. 
 
 The Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge. — At day- 
 break, February 27, 1776, they marched out to attack 
 the Americans. Their leader was General Donald Mac- 
 Donald, but he was too ill to take part in the battle. 
 So they were led to battle by Donald McLeod. Their 
 battle-cry was: " King George and broadswords! " The 
 signal for the attack to begin was to be three cheers, 
 the drums to beat and the pipes to play. McLeod 
 led the charge. When he reached the bridge, nobody 
 was to be seen, and he thought the Americans had 
 run away during the night. So calling upon his men to 
 follow, he started across the bridge. Then somebody 
 cried out: 
 
 " Who goes there? " 
 
 " A friend," replied McLeod. 
 
 " A friend to whom? " asked the other. 
 
 " To the King," replied the Highlander. 
 
 Then all was silence. McLeod raised his gun, fired, 
 gave three cheers, and dashed across the bridge. The 
 Whigs then opened fire. The brave McLeod fell dead. 
 His men tried to cross, but as fast as they rushed on the 
 bridge they were shot down. More than thirty of the 
 
RICHARD CASWELL 113 
 
 bravest fell into the creek. Then the others lost heart, 
 turned and fled. Caswell commanded his men to follow. 
 They overtook the Highlanders, killed a few and captured 
 a large number. It was a complete victory. The Whigs 
 lost only one man. They captured SoO of the Highland- 
 ers, 150 swords, 1,500 rifles, 15 wagons with all their 
 provisions and horses, and £15,000 in gold. 
 
 Caswell and Lillington had won one of the most impor- 
 tant victories of the war. They had saved North 
 Carolina from conquest, and probably Virginia, South 
 Carolina, and Cieorgia. The patriots were overjoyed at 
 their success. Nearly ten thousand men sprang to 
 arms, and when Clinton and Cornwallis came with their 
 great army they did not dare to land. So they sailed 
 away to Charleston, South Carolina, where they were 
 badly beaten. The Highlanders did not try to help the 
 King again. They were glad enough to remain at home 
 quietly. The North Carolina Congress thanked Caswell 
 and his brave men for their great victory, and soon after- 
 wards made Caswell a general. 
 
 Caswell Is Elected Governor, — The victory at 
 Moore's Creek Bridge, as we have already seen, caused 
 the Congress on April 12 to declare in favor of a 
 Declaration of Independence. In December, 1776, the 
 new Constitution of North Carolina was adopted. Con- 
 gress then elected the first officers of the independent 
 State. When the members came to choose a governor, 
 all eyes turned to the victor of Moore's Creek Bridge. 
 So December 20, 1776, Richard Caswell was elected the 
 first governor of North Carolina independent of Great 
 Britain. He was to serve only until the Legislature 
 could meet and elect a governor for the regular term. 
 
114 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 The Legislature met in April, 1777, and at once elected 
 Caswell governor. No other man has ever been chosen 
 governor of North Carolina as often as Caswell. At 
 that time the governor served only one year unless he 
 was re-elected. Caswell was first elected in 1776, and 
 afterwards was re-elected six times. From 1777 to 1780 
 
 his attention was given 
 chiefly to the war. He had 
 to raise men for the army, 
 to see that they were sup- 
 plied with arms, ammu- 
 nition, food, and clothes. 
 While he was governor he 
 had gun factories estab- 
 lished, and powder mills 
 erected. He sent out ships 
 to the West Indies to pur- 
 chase supplies for the sol- 
 diers. 
 
 Governor Caswell not only 
 worked hard to keep a good 
 army in the field, but he also 
 worked to keep up the spirits 
 of the people during the dark days of the Revolution. 
 His own son was a soldier. To him Caswell wrote that 
 he must " put up with hardships, fatigues, and incon- 
 veniences which others may shudder at." " Let 
 virtue, honor, and prudence conduct you." The Con- 
 stitution provided that no man could be governor 
 more than three years in succession. When Caswell 
 retired in 1780, the Assembly thanked him for his great 
 services to the State. 
 
 sjn 
 
 uACi'^^jPCMVV^^ k 
 
 1 
 
 ^mK^ 
 
 w 
 
 '^SiS^_ 
 
 1 
 
 wmm^^^ 
 
 1 
 
 PK. 
 
 Cannon Purchased by Governor 
 
 Caswell during Revolution 
 
 (Now in Capitol Square at Raleigh) 
 
 Inscription on the Tablet 
 
 Bought in France by Richard Caswell 
 
 Mounted at Edenton, 1778 
 
 Re-mounted 1871. Captured by U.S. Force 
 
 1862. Trunnion broken off 
 
 Presented by Edenton to the 
 
 State of North Carolina, 1903 
 
RICHARD CASWELL 115 
 
 The Dark Days of the Revolution. — In 1779 a 
 large British army was sent to conquer the South- 
 ern States. The patriots of Georgia, South Caro- 
 lina, and North Carolina made great exertions to meet 
 the enemy. The Legislature gave General Caswell 
 command of all the North Carolina mihtia, with the 
 rank of major-general. When General Gates came 
 to take command of all the American armies in the 
 South, General Caswell marched to join him. At 
 Camden, South Carolina, the Americans were badly 
 beaten because Gates would not follow Caswell's 
 advice. 
 
 The next year the British invaded North Carolina. 
 Everything looked dark and gloomy for the patriots. 
 The British captured Wilmington, Charlotte, and Hills- 
 boro. The American army under General Greene was 
 forced to retreat with the British under Cornwallis right 
 on its heels. Then the Legislature again turned to 
 Caswell to defend the State. 
 
 Never did a man work harder for his country. Caswell 
 collected men and supplies and sent them to General 
 Greene's assistance. After a time Greene was strong 
 enough to turn on Cornwallis. At Guilford Court- 
 house the two armies met in one of the hardest fought 
 battles of the war. General Greene was driven from the 
 field but his army was ready the next day for another 
 trial with the British. Cornwallis claimed the victory, 
 but his army was so badly damaged that he did not dare 
 attack Greene again. He retreated hurriedly to Wilming- 
 ton, and then marched to Yorktown, Virginia, where 
 Washington pounced down upon him and captured his 
 whole army. 
 
116 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 Caswell Elected Governor Again. — Caswell's skill 
 and bravery, and his willingness to make sacrifices 
 for the good of the country, had made him one of the 
 most popular men in the State. He was frequently 
 
 
 Monument to Richard Caswell at Kinston 
 
 [North Side] 
 The people of 
 North Carolina 
 have erected this 
 monument in grate- 
 ful remembrance of 
 the eminent service 
 of Richard Caswell, 
 the first Governor 
 under a free Con- 
 stitution 
 
 Inscri 
 [West Side] 
 He was called to 
 the head of affairs 
 in North Carolina 
 in the darkest hour 
 of the struggle with 
 Great Britain for 
 independence. He 
 gave his service 
 without stint and 
 without compensa- 
 tion 
 
 [East Side] 
 Born August 3, 
 1729, died Novem- 
 ber 10, 1789. An 
 able lawyer, pro- 
 found statesman, a 
 worthy grand mas- 
 ter, a devoted pa- 
 trioi, and an honest 
 man 
 
 PTIONS 
 
 [South Side] 
 Member of Pro- 
 vincial Congress. 
 Four times elected 
 Governor.' Dele- 
 gate elect to the 
 Convention to 
 frame the federal 
 Constitution — one 
 of the commanding 
 officers at Moore's 
 Creek, and a suc- 
 cessful general of 
 the American Revo- 
 lution 
 
 elected a member of the Legislature, and was also elected 
 speaker. In 1784, he was again elected governor and 
 served three years. While he was governor, North 
 Carolina was asked to send delegates to a convention in 
 Philadelphia, in 1787, to form a better government for 
 the United States. Caswell was chosen one of the 
 delegates for North Carolina. 
 
 ^An error. He was elected seven times. 
 
RICHARD CASWELL 117 
 
 Caswell thought some changes ought to be made in 
 the Articles of Confederation and was in favor of a con- 
 vention. But he did not think that he ought to leave 
 the State for such a long time while he was governor. 
 So he appointed William Blount to go in his place. 
 After the new Constitution of the United States was 
 prepared by the Convention, he urged that it should be 
 adopted by North Carolina. But at first, in 1788, 
 North Carolina rejected it, and it was not adopted in 
 this State until after Caswell's death. 
 
 Caswell's Death. — In 1789 Caswell was elected 
 speaker of the North Carolina Senate. But the days 
 of his public services were now about over. Soon after 
 the Assembly met, he was taken sick, and a few days 
 later died (November 10, 1789). The news of his death 
 was received with great sorrow throughout the State. 
 The Assembly appointed a special committee to arrange 
 for the funeral, and then adjourned in honor to his mem- 
 ory. His body w^as taken to his home near Kinston, 
 and buried. At Kinston a monument has been erected 
 to his memory, and one of the counties of the State was 
 named in his honor. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY STUDY 
 
 1. On his joiirno.y to the first Continental Congress Caswell took 
 the following route: Kinston to Nahunta (near the present town of 
 Snow Hill), Enfield, Halifax, Petersburg, Va., Richmond, Hanover 
 Court-house, Port Tobacco, Baltimore, Md., Wilmington, Del., to 
 Philadelphia. Trace his route on your maps, naming the counties 
 that he passed through in North Carolina, and the rivers in all the 
 colonies. 
 
 2. Dobbs county was what is now Lenoir and Greene. Describe 
 their situation. 
 
118 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 3. What part of North Carohna was settled by the Scotch High- 
 landers? Describe the situation of Moore's Creek with reference to 
 Cross Creek (Fayetteville) and Wilmington. 
 
 4. Trace the line of Gates's retreat from Camden, S. C, to Char- 
 lotte, Salisbury, Hillsboro. 
 
 5. What part of North Carolina was settled principally between 
 1746 and 1776? (In answering this question consider the new coun- 
 ties formed during those years and their location). 
 
 REVIEW 
 
 1. When and where was Richard Caswell born? Why did he come 
 to North Carolina? 
 
 2. What was his profession? To what office did Governor John- 
 ston appoint him? Descrilie his work as deputy-surveyor. Why was 
 it good training for him? 
 
 3. Describe his work in the Assembly. 
 
 4. How did he help Governor Tryon preserve law and order? 
 
 5. Which side did he take in the quarrel between the colonies and 
 the King? To what important places was he chosen by the Assembly? 
 
 6. Describe Caswell's first journey to the Continental Congress. 
 
 7. Describe the journey of Caswell and Hewes to the Continental 
 Congress. 
 
 8. What did Caswell write to his son about the war? To what 
 military position did the Assembly choose him? 
 
 9. Describe the march of the Highlanders. 
 
 10. Give an accouno of the battle of Moore's Creek Bridge. What 
 were the chief results of this battle? 
 
 11. Who was the first governor of North Carolina independent of 
 Great Britain? When was he elected? How many times was he 
 elected? 
 
 12. What were Caswell's principal duties as governor? 
 
 13. Describe Caswell's services during the dark days of the Revolu- 
 tion. 
 
 14. What did Caswell think about adopting a new Constitution 
 
 for the United States? 
 
 15. Tell of his last services and death. 
 
 16. Write on the blackboard a brief summary of his life. 
 
RICHARD CASWELL 119 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR SPECIAL STUDY 
 
 1. How long was Caswell in the General Assembly? 
 
 2. What improvements in the courts favored by him do we now 
 have? 
 
 3. By what right did the Continental Congress exercise authority 
 over the colonists? Did all the people recognize its authority? 
 
 4. Why did the Scotch Highlanders take the King's side in the 
 Revolution? So did most of the Regulators. Why? 
 
 5. Why was Cape Fear the best place for Governor Martin to 
 make his first attack on North Carolina? 
 
 6. How much would £15,000 amount to in United States money? 
 
 7. Describe the effects of the victory at Moore's Creek Bridge 
 in North Carolina and the other Southern colonies. 
 
CHAPTER X 
 CLEVELAND, SHELBY, AND SEVIER 
 
 Life on the Carolina Frontier. — The boy who grew 
 up on the frontier of North Carolina before the Revo- 
 lution became used to hardships and dangers. His 
 home was surrounded by great forests. If he went out 
 to chase a rabbit or to shoot a squirrel, he never knew 
 but that he might run into the den of a savage old bear, or 
 look up suddenly into the glaring eyes of a fierce panther. 
 When he lay down at night to sleep, he never knew but 
 that he might soon be waked by the glare of his burn- 
 ing cabin or the wild war-whoops of painted savages. 
 His life was full of excitement and narrow escapes. 
 
 Such a life called for steady nerves, quick sight, pres- 
 ence of mind, and strength of limbs and body. The 
 man who would live on the frontier must be keen on the 
 trail of man and beast. He must know how to trap, to 
 hunt, and to fight, and he must be able to do these things 
 well. He may have learned but little out of books, but 
 he learned much about the woods and the streams, the 
 birds and the beasts, and he knew all the tricks of the 
 Indians. To keep silence, to shoot straight, and to hit 
 hard were among his first lessons. Such was the early 
 training of Benjamin Cleveland, Isaac Shelby, John 
 Sevier, and the other " Heroes of King's Mountain." 
 
 Benjamin Cleveland. — Benjamin Cleveland was born 
 
 120 
 
CLEVELAND, SHELBY, AND SEVIER 121 
 
 in Virginia, May 26, 1738. He grew to manhood in the 
 backwoods of Virginia and North CaroUna. When he 
 was thirty-one years old he came to North CaroHna to 
 make his home. He selected a beautiful spot in what is 
 now Wilkes county. There he farmed, raised stock, 
 and fought Indians. His favorite amusements were 
 horse-racing, hunting, and fishing. 
 
 During the Revolution Cleveland was an ardent Whig. 
 There were many Tories on the frontier and the fight- 
 ing between them and the Whigs was bitter and bloody. 
 Many cruel deeds were done by both. Colonel Cleve- 
 land was one of the most active Whig leaders on the 
 border. His soldiers were proud of him. They admired 
 his good humor, his hearty greeting, and his reckless 
 courage. He weighed over three hundred pounds and 
 his men called him '' Old Roundabout." They called 
 themselves " Cleveland's Bulldogs;" but the Tories 
 called them " Cleveland's Devils." 
 
 In 1776 General Griffith Rutherford led an army across 
 the mountains to attack the Cherokee Indians who 
 were murdering the people and burning their homes. 
 Cleveland was a captain in Rutherford's army. For 
 his skill and bravery he was made a colonel. He 
 rendered good service to the American cause by break- 
 ing up the Tory bands that scoured the frontier, burning 
 and plundering. He even marched as far south as 
 Georgia and took part in some battles against the regular 
 British army. 
 
 Isaac Shelby. — One of Cleveland's companions was 
 Colonel Isaac Shelby. He was born in Maryland, De- 
 cember 11, 1750. He was so constantly engaged in the 
 Indian wars of that period that, like Cleveland, he did 
 
122 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 not receive much of an education. When he became 
 twenty-one years of age his father sent him across the 
 Allegheny Mountains to engage in stock-raising on the 
 frontier. In 1774 he was appointed a 
 heutenant in the militia and took part 
 in several battles with the Indians. 
 During the years 1775 and 1776 
 Shelby explored the wilds of Ken- 
 tucky, then a part of Virginia. 
 
 While he was engaged in this work 
 the Revolution broke out. Governor 
 Patrick Henry, of Virginia, appointed 
 him a captain in the Virginia militia. 
 Later Shelby was appointed to run 
 the boundary line between North 
 Carolina and Virginia. He ran the 
 line westward between what is now 
 Kentucky and Tennessee. At that time Kentucky was 
 part of Virginia, and Tennessee was part of North 
 Carolina. After running the hne, Shelby found that his 
 home was on the North Carolina side. So Governor 
 Caswell appointed him a colonel in the North Carolina 
 militia. 
 
 John Sevier. — Another bold frontiersman of the 
 Revolution was John Sevier. He also lived in that part 
 of North Carolina which is now in Tennessee. Sevier 
 was born September 23, 1745, in Virginia. When he 
 was only ten years old, his home was burned by the 
 Indians. For several years there was war all the time 
 with the Indians, and Sevier became one of the most 
 famous Indian fighters on the frontier. It is said that 
 he defeated the Indians in thirty-five battles. 
 
 Isaac Shelby 
 
CLEVELAND, SHELBY, AND SEVIER 
 
 123 
 
 John Sevier 
 
 When he was twenty-seven years old, he moved into 
 the western settlements of North Carolina. His plan- 
 tation was in what was called the Dis- 
 trict of Washington, on the Watauga 
 and Nolichucky rivers. Sevier soon 
 became the leading man in the settle- 
 ment. His friends called him " Noli- 
 chucky Jack." In 1776 he was elected 
 a member of the Congress of North 
 Carolina that met at Halifax. 
 
 "Nolichucky Jack" and "Bonnie 
 Kate." — During one of the Indian 
 wars on the frontier the whites were compelled to take 
 refuge in a fort. A large number of women and children 
 were among them. For several days nothing was seen 
 of any Indians, and everybody began to hope that they 
 had gone away. One day some of the girls slipped out 
 of the fort to gather wild flowers. As they laughed and 
 talked and enjoyed their freedom they strayed farther 
 and farther from the fort. 
 
 Suddenly they heard a cry that sent them scamper- 
 ing back to the fort for their very lives. " The Indians! 
 The Indians! Run, run for your lives!" Crack! crack! 
 went the rifles of the men on guard. The frightened 
 girls flew over the ground, and all but one got safely 
 through the gate. When this girl saw that she could not 
 reach the gate safely, she ran for another part of the fort. 
 There stood a tall backwoodsman, rifle in hand, and 
 every time his rifle cracked, an Indian tumbled over. 
 The girl sprang to the wall, scrambled over, and fell 
 safely into this frontiersman's brawny arms. 
 
 This girl's name was Catherine Sherrill, but her friends 
 
124 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 called her " Bonnie Kate." The tall backwoodsman 
 was " Nolichucky Jack." Afterward there was great 
 rejoicing and dancing in the settlement when " Bonnie 
 Kate " and " Nolichucky Jack " were married. 
 
 The Rising of the Backwoodsmen. — One day a mes- 
 senger reached the backwoods settlements with news 
 that a British army was marching in that direction. 
 This army was composed of 1200 British and Tories. 
 Its commander was Major Patrick Ferguson, who was 
 one of Lord Cornwallis's best officers. Major Ferguson 
 sent word to the backwoodsmen that if they did not stop 
 sending aid to the rebels of North Carolina and South 
 Carolina, he would cross the mountains and destroy 
 their settlements. But he little knew. what sort of men 
 Benjamin Cleveland, Isaac Shelby, John Sevier, and 
 their followers were. As soon as they heard that Fergu- 
 son was near them, they decided not to wait for his 
 arrival, but to go out and meet him. 
 
 So the leaders sent scouts all through the mountains 
 calling on the people to rise up in defense of their homes. 
 Old men and young boys, hunters and farmers, snatched 
 their long rifles from their racks and hurried to the 
 meeting place. Their only fear was that all the fighting 
 might be over before they got there. At Sycamore 
 Shoals, on the Watauga River, about 1000 of these fear- 
 less woodsmen gathered. There were 400 Virginians 
 under Colonel William Campbell ; 500 North Carolinians 
 under Colonel Shelby and Colonel Sevier; and 160 North 
 Carolinians under Colonel Joseph McDowell. After- 
 ward they were joined on the march by Colonel Cleve- 
 land with 400 men from North Carolina, and Colonel 
 James Williams with 400 from South Carolina. 
 
CLEVELAND, SHELBY, AND SEVIER 125 
 
 ♦* A Crowd of Dirty Mongrels." — It was a queer- 
 looking army. The men had no bright uniforms. There 
 were no flying flags. No drum beat step for them as 
 they marched. Their only uniforms were coonskin 
 caps, buckskin shirts, fringed leggings, and Indian moc- 
 casins. They were burdened with no tents or baggage. 
 Their only cover at night was the starry sky, their chief 
 food a pocketful of parched corn for each man. But 
 every man rode a good horse, and carried a sharp hunt- 
 ing-knife, a tomahawk, and his trusty rifle. There was 
 scarcely a man in that Httle army who could not send 
 a rifle-ball through the head of a squirrel perched on the 
 highest limb. They were as fleet as deer, as bold as 
 bears, and as keen as Indians on the trail. Nearly every 
 man of them had been in battles with the Indians and 
 knew how to fight " Indian fashion." At first Fergu- 
 son made much fun of this queer army and called it 
 ''a crowd of dirty mongrels." 
 
 Ferguson Flees to King's Mountain. — But when he 
 learned that this " crowd of dirty mongrels" was getting 
 nearer and nearer, Ferguson began to think that he had 
 better get out of the way. So he turned and fled in 
 haste to the top of King's Mountain. There he took 
 a strong position and declared that all the rebels in the 
 world could not drive him off. But he forgot that he 
 was dealing with men who were used to climbing moun- 
 tains. 
 
 Cleveland's Speech.^— Just before the patriots were 
 ready to go into battle, the leaders drew their men up 
 in fine to tell them their plans. Then '' Old Round- 
 about " Cleveland, raising his coonskin cap, rode up in 
 front and said: 
 
126 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 " Now, my brave fellows, I have come to tell you the 
 news. The enemy is close at hand. We must go for 
 him. Now is the time for every man to show what kind 
 of a man he is. When the pinch comes, your leaders 
 will be right with you. But we don't want anybody to 
 go into this battle who wants to turn back. We have 
 no place for cowards. If any man is afraid to go into 
 this fight and win his share of the glory, now is the 
 time for him to back out. So when I give the signal, 
 all who want to back out can take three steps to the 
 rear." 
 
 That would, indeed, have been " backing out." 
 But " Old Roundabout " knew his men. Not a one 
 " backed out," but all cried out for him to lead them 
 against the enemy. 
 
 Shelby's Speech. — Then up rode Colonel Shelby. 
 "I am proud of you, my fine fellows," he said. " I am 
 glad to see you so determined to meet your enemy and 
 beat him. When we meet the British, don't wait for 
 your officers to give the command. Let each man be 
 his own officer, and do the best he can. If we meet them 
 in the woods, give them Indian play. Advance from 
 tree to tree, and pour your shots into them. Your 
 officers will shrink from no danger, but will be in the 
 foremost of the fight. Come on, then, my gallant boys, 
 and let us go after Ferguson." 
 
 The Battle on the Mountain-top. — The men cheered 
 their leaders, and they went boldly after Ferguson. 
 It was October 7, 1780. Up the sides of King's Moun- 
 tain the bold pioneers rushed. As they advanced from 
 behind trees and rocks they poured a deadly fire into 
 the British. Ferguson and his men fought bravely, but 
 
CLEVELAND, SHELBY, AND SEVIER 
 
 127 
 
 they were no match for the backwoodsmen. They fell 
 thick and fast before the sure aim of the hunters and 
 Indian fighters. Ferguson himself, struck by several 
 balls, fell from his horse, dead. Then the British raised 
 the white flag and surrendered to the " crowd of dirty 
 
 
 Battle of King's Mountain 
 
 mongrels." The patriots had killed nearly 400 of their 
 enemies and captured more than 700. Of their own 
 men 28 were killed and 60 wounded. 
 
 A Glorious Victory. — Such a glorious victory had 
 not been won in the South since Caswell had beaten the 
 Highlanders at Moore's Creek. Lord Cornwallis was 
 at Charlotte when he heard the gloomy news. He saw 
 at once that North Carolina was not a safe place for him, 
 so he turned and fled to South Carolina. He was ter- 
 ribly afraid that the King's Mountain boys were coming 
 after him. 
 
128 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 But the King's Mountain boys were not thinking of 
 Cornwallis. After their victory they returned to their 
 mountain homes, hung their rifles again in the racks 
 over the great fireplaces, and went quietly to work. 
 They had merely done what they had set out to do, and 
 had done it well. They had beaten their haughty 
 enemy. They had won an important victory. They 
 had saved the State. And yet it never occurred to them 
 that they were heroes! 
 
 Cleveland's Last Days. — After the Revolution 
 Colonel Cleveland spent the rest of his life quietly. He 
 grew so fat that he weighed over 450 pounds and could 
 not get about easily. Full of wit and good humor, he 
 loved a good story and always welcomed a good fellow 
 to his house. He amused himself in his last days by 
 sitting on his porch cracking jokes with those who 
 passed by. In October, 1806, he suddenly died while 
 eating his breakfast. 
 
 Shelby Moves to Kentucky. — At the close of the war 
 Shelby moved to the settlements founded by Daniel 
 Boone in Kentucky. He took an important part in 
 founding the new State of Kentucky. After the Con- 
 stitution was adopted, he was chosen the first governor. 
 He served as governor for four years. During the War 
 of 1812 he was again elected governor and bent all his 
 energies toward helping the United States win the vic- 
 tory. In 1813 he led the Kentucky troops on an expe- 
 dition against the British in Canada, and took part in 
 the battle of the Thames. For this service the Congress 
 of the United States voted him a gold medal. 
 
 In 1818 President Monroe appointed Governor Shel- 
 by secretary of war for the United States, but on ac- 
 
CLEVELAND, SHELBY, AND SEVIER 129 
 
 count of his age Shelby dedined. He died July 18, 
 1826. 
 
 The State of Franklin. — After the Revolution the 
 people of the District of Washington became discon- 
 tented with the government of North Carolina. So 
 they set up a new State which they called the "State of 
 Franklin," and elected John Sevier governor. But North 
 Carolina declared that Sevier and his followers were 
 rebels against her. Officers who were sent to arrest him 
 brought him to Morganton to be tried for rebellion. 
 
 A Bold Adventure. — But we may be sure that " Bon- 
 nie Kate " would not rest quietly at home and let " Noli- 
 chucky Jack " be punished. She called together a few 
 of his best friends and they agreed on a plan to rescue 
 their leader. A small party rode all the way from the 
 " State of Franklin " to Morganton. They carried 
 Sevier's fleet horse, ready bridled and saddled. At 
 Morganton a large crowd gathered to hear the trial of 
 the hero of King's Mountain. The little court-house 
 was packed. Sevier's friends entered quietly, and gave 
 him a secret sign. Nobody else knew who they were or 
 what they had come for. 
 
 Suddenly the leader stepped out in front of the judge 
 and, pointing to Sevier, exclaimed in a loud voice: 
 
 " When are you going to let that man go?" 
 
 Everybody sprang up in surprise and confusion. 
 Before the sheriff realized what had occurred, Sevier was 
 out of the door, on his horse, and away to the mountains 
 as fast as the wind. It was needless to try to catch him.^ 
 Perhaps the people, who had not forgotten his services 
 
 ' This is the traditional account. Historically it may be inaccurate 
 in some of its details, but it is doubtless true in its main features. 
 
130 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 at King's Mountain, did not want him to be caught. 
 Anyhow " NoUchucky Jack " was soon over the moun- 
 tains kissing his brave Httle wife, " Bonnie Kate," who 
 was glad enough to see him. He was never tried for 
 rebellion because the Legislature of North Carolina 
 passed a law that he should be pardoned and permitted 
 to go free. 
 
 Sevier's Last Days. — The "State of Franklin" did 
 not last long, for the people had to yield to the authority 
 of North Carolina. But afterward North Carolina gave 
 all that great territory, now the State of Tennessee, to 
 the United States. Then the State of Tennessee was 
 formed, and Sevier was elected governor. The people 
 elected him governor six times. They also elected him 
 to Congress three times, once before Tennessee became a 
 State, and twice afterwards. When he died, at seventy 
 years of age, he had been the leader of the Tennessee 
 pioneers for more than forty 3^ears. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY STUDY 
 
 1. Describe the situation of Wilkes county. Of King's Mountain. 
 Of Morganton. Of Jonesboro, Tenn. 
 
 2. Trace and describe the course of the Watauga and Nolichucky 
 rivers. j^ 
 
 3. Where is Cleveland county? What is its county seat? 
 
 4. Describe the character of the country through which the "King's 
 Mountain Boys" had to march. 
 
 REVIEW 
 
 1. Describe life on the frontier before the Revolution. 
 
 2. What kind of education was needed on the frontier? 
 
 3. When and where was Benjamin Cleveland born? Where in 
 North Carolina did he settle? What were his chief occupations and 
 amusements? 
 
CLEVELAND, SHELBY, AND SEVIER 131 
 
 4. Which side was he on in the Revolution? What kind of war- 
 fare did he wage? What did his soldiers think of liim? What was 
 his nickname? 
 
 5. When and where was Isaac Shelby born? Describe his early- 
 life. What service did he perform for North Carolina and Virginia? 
 To what military positions was he appointed? 
 
 6. When and where was John Sevier born? What is said of him 
 as an Indian fighter? Where did he make his home? What did his 
 friends call him? 
 
 7. Tell the story of "Nolichucky Jack" and "Bonnie Kate." 
 
 8. W^ho was Patrick Ferguson? What message did he send the 
 backwoodsmen? How did they prepare to answer it? 
 
 9. Describe the rising of the backwoodsmen. 
 
 10. What kind of an army did they make? What did Ferguson 
 call them? 
 
 IL Where did he seek refuge? Why? 
 
 12. Repeat by heart Cleveland's speech to his men. Shelby's 
 speech. 
 
 13. Describe the battle of King's Mountain. 
 
 14. What effect did this battle have on Lord Cornwallis? What 
 did the frontiersmen do after the battle? 
 
 15. Describe Cleveland's last days. 
 
 16. What services did Shelby render the State of Kentucky? The 
 United States? 
 
 17. What was the " State of Franklin " ? What part did Sevier take 
 in it? What did North Carolina say and do about it? 
 
 18. Describe the rescue of Sevier. 
 
 19. What services did he render the State of Tennessee? 
 
CHAPTER XI 
 WILLIAM RICHARDSON DAVIE 
 
 How an English Boy Became an American. — One 
 day in 17G3 a tall stranger rode into the Waxhaw settle- 
 ment of South Carolina and asked the way to the home 
 of Rev. William Richardson. With him was a handsome 
 little fellow who seemed to be about seven years old. 
 The stranger gave his name as Archibald Davie, and said 
 that Mr. Richardson was his brother-in-law. He had 
 come all the way from England to bring his little son, 
 William, to see his uncle. 
 
 How glad Mr. Richardson must have been to see his 
 brother-in-law and his handsome little nephew. As he 
 had no children of his own, he wished to adopt his 
 nephew as his son and heir. So when Archibald Davie 
 left, the lad remained behind with his uncle. Thus the 
 little English boy became an American. 
 
 His Education. — His name was William Richardson 
 Davie. He was born in England, June 20, 1756. His 
 uncle, William Richardson, was a Presbyterian clergy- 
 man. He desired that his adopted son should be well 
 educated. When the boy was about ten years old he 
 was sent to Queen's Museum, a school at Charlotte, 
 North Carolina. A few years later he entered the 
 famous college in New Jersey, then called Nassau Hall, 
 but now known as Princeton University. 
 
 132 
 
WILLIAM RICHARDSON DAVIE 
 
 L33 
 
 William Richardson 
 Davie 
 
 While young Davie was at Princeton his uncle died, 
 leaving him a good estate. Davie was now alone in the 
 world and free to follow his own desires. He was an 
 ambitious boy and determined to make a name for him- 
 self. In 1776 he was graduated at Princeton with the 
 highest honors. Then he returned 
 to North Carolina and began the 
 study of the law at Salisbury. From 
 that time till near the close of his life 
 he made his home in North Carolina. 
 
 The Student Becomes a Soldier. 
 — While Davie was at Princeton the 
 Revolution broke out. New Jersey 
 soon became the scene of some hard 
 fighting, and a party of Princeton 
 students offered to serve against the 
 British. Davie was one of these young patriots. 
 Though born in England, he had become an ardent 
 American and was eager to fight for American inde- 
 pendence. In New Jersey, therefore, in the summer of 
 1776, while he was a college student, he saw his first 
 fighting. 
 
 But it was not long before he entered the war in ear- 
 nest. While he was studying law at Salisbury, the war 
 reached that part of North Carolina, and in a little while 
 was raging all around him. In such times patriots 
 think not of their own welfare, but of their country. 
 So in 1777 Davie laid aside his law books and buckled 
 on his sword. Joining the North Carolina troops under 
 General Allen Jones, he started to the defense of Charles- 
 ton, South Carolina. But on the way General Jones 
 received word that the British had given up the attack, 
 
134 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 and for a little while Davie returned to Salisbury to his 
 studies. 
 
 Davie Becomes a Cavalry Officer. — But he was soon 
 called to the field again. The British had sent a large 
 force to conquer the Southern States. Davie helped 
 to raise a troop of cavalry in Rowan and Mecklenburg 
 counties, and was at once elected lieutenant. In 1779 
 his company joined the American army under General 
 Benjamin Lincoln in South Carolina. A few weeks 
 later Davie was elected captain, and soon afterward was 
 promoted to the rank of major. 
 
 A Narrow Escape. — On June 20, 1779, Davie led 
 his men at the battle of Stono Ferry, near Charleston. 
 The Americans were beaten and driven from the field. 
 While leading his men Davie was shot in the leg and 
 fell from his horse. He was so badly wounded that 
 he could not re-mount, and the British were sweep- 
 ing right down upon him. In a minute they would 
 have ridden over him. But just then a private soldier, 
 regardless of his own danger, stopped in the retreat, 
 placed Major Davie on his horse, and led him safely 
 from the field. 
 
 The man then disappeared without even telling his 
 name. Two years later, the night before the battle of 
 Ninety-six, while Davie was sitting in his tent, a stranger 
 entered. He said that he was the man who had saved 
 Davie at Stono Ferry. Davie of course was dehghted 
 to see him again and, grasping his hand, thanked him 
 warmly for his brave deed. The man left, saying that 
 he would come again to see Davie. But the next day, 
 after the battle, the gallant soldier's body was found on 
 the battle-field among the slain. 
 
WILLIAM RICHARDSON DAVIE 135 
 
 Davie Becomes a Lawyer. — Davie's wound was so 
 serious that after the battle of Stono Ferry he could not 
 serve in the army again for nearly a year. So he returned 
 to his studies and in September, 1779, was given his 
 license to practise law. 
 
 A Patriot's Sacrifices. — As we have already seen, the 
 year 1780 was a gloomy time for the patriots in the 
 South. The British, having conquered Georgia and 
 South Carolina, prepared to set out in the fall upon 
 the conquest of North Carolina. The North Carolina 
 patriots aroused themselves to meet this danger. 
 
 Davie sent word to the governor that his wound was 
 healed enough for him to take the field again. The 
 North Carolina Assembly promptly gave him authority 
 to raise a troop of cavalry. But the State had no 
 money to give him for the expenses. What then was 
 Davie to do? He must have money to equip his 
 soldiers. He did not hesitate a moment. He sold 
 part of the property his uncle had left him, and with 
 the money purchased arms, ammunition, horses, and 
 clothes for his men. 
 
 Davie's Battles. — It would take too long to tell you 
 about all the battles that Davie fought for his country. 
 He helped to crush the Tories after their defeat at 
 Ramsauer's Mill. At Hanging Rock, in South Carolina, 
 he surprised a British force, cut it to pieces, captured 
 many horses, rifles, and muskets, without losing a single 
 man. When General Gates was defeated at Camden, 
 Davie threw his horsemen between the retreating Amer- 
 icans and the victorious British. He saved from capture 
 a large number of wagons loaded with clothes and 
 medicines, and saved the life of many a brave fellow 
 
136 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 who afterward did good fighting for American inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 How Davie Fought. — Davie led his men from place 
 to place so swiftly and secretly that the British could 
 not keep up with him. When they were expecting him 
 at one place, he would suddenly attack them at another. 
 He taught his men to ride fast, to strike hard and to 
 shoot straight. 
 
 One of Davie's soldiers at the battle of Hanging Rock 
 was a boy thirteen years old. He afterward became 
 the most famous American soldier of his day, and was 
 twice elected President of the United States. This boy 
 was Andrew Jackson. In his old age Jackson often said 
 that Davie was the best soldier he ever knew, and that 
 he learned his best lessons in war from him. 
 
 The Hornets' Nest. — Davie's skill and boldness won 
 praises from everybody. In September, 1780, he was 
 appointed colonel of all the cavalry in the western part 
 of North Carolina. When Lord Cornwallis started on 
 his march for North Carolina, the only force between 
 him and Charlotte was Colonel Davie's cavalry. The 
 British numbered ten times as many men as were in 
 Davie's force, and Davie knew, of course, that he could 
 not beat them. But he hoped to worry them and delay 
 their march as much as possible in order to give the 
 Americans time to collect a force at Salisbury. 
 
 So Davie hovered about the flanks of the British army. 
 His men shot down the British soldiers at every chance. 
 They cut off their messengers, captured their scouts, 
 and broke up their foraging parties. It seemed to Lord 
 Cornwalhs that an American soldier was hidden behind 
 every rock and tree and fence. 
 
 I 
 I 
 
WILLIAM RICHARDSON DAVIE 137 
 
 At Charlotte Davie stationed his men under the court- 
 house which stood just at the crossing of two streets. 
 When the British came in sight, his men opened fire. 
 The attack was so bold that Cornwallis thought the 
 whole American army must be before him. Three times 
 the British charged and three times they were driven 
 back. For four hours Davie's little band of 150 men held 
 the entire British army at bay. Then he coolly and skil- 
 fully withdrew and retreated toward Salisbury. Can 
 you wonder that Lord Cornwallis said that ''the counties 
 of Mecklenburg and Rowan are more hostile to England 
 than any in America?" Can you wonder that his officers 
 called Charlotte the " Hornets' Nest of the Revolution" ? 
 
 Davie Equips Greene's Army. — After the battle of 
 Camden, Washington sent General Nathanael Greene 
 to take command of the American army in North Caro- 
 fina. Greene took command in December, 1780, at 
 Charlotte. He found an army of good soldiers who 
 were badly in need of arms, ammunition, food, and 
 clothes. Of course no army can fight without these 
 things, no matter how brave the men may be. Greene's 
 first thought was to find a man upon whom he could 
 depend to equip his army. He had never met Davie, 
 but he knew about his services, and he decided that 
 Davie was just the man for that important work. 
 
 Davie preferred to remain at the head of his brave 
 horsemen. He loved the excitement of battle, and was 
 ambitious for military glory. But he told General 
 Greene that he was willing to serve wherever he could do 
 the greatest good. So Greene appointed him quarter- 
 master-general. His duty was to find equipment for 
 the army. This was a most difficult task. Davie often 
 
138 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 had to pledge his own fortune before he could secure 
 supplies for the soldiers. But with Governor Caswell's 
 help he succeeded in equipping Greene's army well 
 enough for him to fight the battles of Guilford Court- 
 house, Hobkirk's Hill, and Eutaw Springs. These 
 
 Home of Davie at Halifax 
 
 battles forced the British to abandon North Carolina 
 and South Carolina. 
 
 Davie as a Lawyer. — At the close of the war Davie 
 moved to Halifax to practise law. He was a tall, hand- 
 some man. His manners were graceful and impressive. 
 He was a hard student, and always prepared his work 
 with great care. His voice was so mellow, his eloquence 
 so impressive, that the court-house was sure to be crowded 
 whenever he rose to speak. His clients came from all 
 parts of the State, and he attended the courts as far 
 east as Edenton and New Bern and as far west as Salis- 
 bury. Some of our most eminent lawyers studied law 
 under Davie. One of them, a judge of the Supreme 
 
WILLIAM RICHARDSON DAVIE 139 
 
 Court, said that Davie was the best lawyer he ever 
 knew. Archibald D. Murphey, a judge and a fine 
 scholar, who often heard Davie speak, declared: ''He 
 is certainly to be ranked among the first orators whom 
 the American nation has produced." 
 
 Davie Saves the Constitution. — In 1787 Davie was a 
 member of the convention at Philadelphia that framed 
 the Constitution of the United States. The other dele- 
 gates from North Carolina were Alexander Martin, 
 Richard Dobbs Spaight, William Blount, and Hugh 
 Williamson. Had it not been for Davie's patriotism 
 and wisdom this convention would probably have broken 
 up without adopting any constitution. It had been 
 decided that the laws for the United States should be 
 made by a Congress. This Congress was to be com- 
 posed of a Senate and a House of Representatives. 
 Before any measure could become a law, it must be 
 passed by both of these bodies. 
 
 But how many representatives should each State have 
 in Congress? This important question was debated for 
 several days. The large States said that each State 
 should send a number of members according to its popu- 
 lation. But the smaller States replied that the large 
 States would then have too much power in Congress. 
 They thought that each State ought to have the same 
 number of members, at least in the Senate, and they de- 
 clared that they would not go into any union unless such 
 a plan was adopted. When the vote was taken it was 
 found to be a tie. There was great excitement in the 
 convention. For a while neither side would give way, 
 and it looked as if the convention would break up in 
 confusion without forming any constitution. 
 
140 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 Then in the midst of the excitement Davie rose to 
 his feet. Everybody bent forward eagerly to hear what 
 he was going to say. North CaroUna, he said, was one 
 of the larger States and had voted against the plan sug- 
 gested by the smaller States. But he thought the time 
 had now come when the larger States ought to yield. 
 So he and his colleagues were ready to vote that 
 each State should have the same number of members 
 in the Senate. His speech was greeted with great 
 applause. The tie was broken, and the Constitution 
 was saved. 
 
 North Carolina Rejects the Constitution. — After the 
 convention had finished its work a copy of the Consti- 
 tution was sent to every State. Those which accepted it, 
 if there were as many as nine, would become members 
 of the Union; the others would no longer be mem- 
 bers of the United States. Should North Carolina 
 accept the Constitution? On this important question 
 the people were divided. A convention to decide the 
 matter was held at Hillsboro in July, 1788. 
 
 The leaders of those opposed to the Constitution 
 were Willie Jones, who had been a prominent patriot 
 of the Revolution, Samuel Spencer, who became a judge, 
 Thomas Person, who had been a Revolutionary general, 
 and Timothy Bloodworth, who afterward became 
 United States senator. On the other side were Samuel 
 Johnston, who was then governor, James Iredell, whom 
 Washington afterward appointed a judge of the Supreme 
 Court of the United States, and Wilham R. Davie. 
 These three great men worked hard and spoke eloquently 
 for the Constitution and the Union, but when the vote 
 was taken the other side had the majority. 
 
WILLIAM RICHARDSON DAVIE 141 
 
 North Carolina Adopts the Constitution. — So when 
 Washington was first elected President of the United 
 States, North Carohna was not a member of the Union. 
 But the friends of the Constitution did not give up the 
 
 m^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 llv, ,:C:^f' '■ 
 
 1 
 
 mm.iw7y. 
 
 i^^m 
 
 I**-— 
 
 - — ^ 
 
 
 University of North Carolina, Old East Building 
 
 (The oldest building at the University. The corner-stone was laid 
 
 by Davie, October 12, 1793) 
 
 fight. Iredell and Davie continued to write and speak 
 in favor of the Constitution, and in 1789 they persuaded 
 the Legislature to call another convention. This con- 
 vention met at Fayetteville in November, 1789. This 
 time the friends of the Constitution had a majority of 
 the members, and when the vote was taken it was in 
 favor of the Constitution. So on November 21, 1789, 
 North Carolina again became one of the United States. 
 Founding of the University. — In the meantime Davie 
 had rendered other important services to the State. 
 The people of Halifax elected him a member of the 
 Legislature eight times. " In the House of Commons," ' 
 
 ^ Now called House of Representatives. 
 
142 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 says Judge Murphey, " he had no rival, and on all ques- 
 tions before that body his eloquence was irresistible." 
 It was in 1789 that Davie made his great speech in 
 favor of establishing a university. Among those who 
 heard it was Judge Murphey. Says he: "Although 
 
 more than thirty years have 
 elapsed, I have the most 
 vivid recollection of the 
 greatness of his manner and 
 the power of his eloquence 
 on that occasion." There 
 was much strong opposition 
 to the University, but 
 Davie's great speech over- 
 came it. No other man did 
 as much as he to establish 
 the University He wrote 
 the law creating it; his elo- 
 quence persuaded the Leg- 
 islature to pass it; he was 
 one of the first trustees; he 
 
 (A giant poplar standing in the center laid the COmcr-stone of the 
 of University (N.C.) Campus under n , U,,i1Hino-- qild hp wqs 
 which Davie and his party rested for urst DUUamg, aUQ Ue WdS 
 
 UnTverl^trin°i792T ^^^ ^'^'^ °^ ^^'^ always oue of its warmest 
 
 friends. For these reasons he 
 is called "The Father of the University," and no other 
 man in the history of the State has won a prouder title. 
 Governor of North Carolina. — In 1798 Davie was 
 elected a member of the Legislature. A few days after 
 the Legislature met he was elected governor of North 
 Carolina, and began his duties December 4, 1798. As 
 governor he was interested in education, agriculture, 
 
 
 Iff "^ ^ ■ 
 
 m^ 
 
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 1 
 
 mSBm^l 
 
 
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 - wst'-h-' ^ »■'*' 
 
 'M 
 
 . / ' ■^o*^*^=-- 
 
 Y^g^B 
 
 kM. 
 
 m — . "^H^^^^^l 
 
 :_J 
 
 ^ 
 
 The Davie Poplar 
 
WILLIAM RICHARDSON DAVIE 143 
 
 and other matters for the improvement of the State. 
 But he did not remain governor long enough to accom- 
 phsh much. The United States needed him for an 
 important work and in September, 1799, he resigned 
 his office as governor. 
 
 Davie is Sent to France. — During the Revolution 
 France had been friendly to the United States and 
 helped them to win their independence. But after the 
 war several matters arose which caused disputes between 
 the two countries, and in 1794 it looked as if they would 
 go to war. Troops were raised and warlike preparations 
 were made. Davie was appointed general of the North 
 Carolina troops. Fortunately war was avoided. Again, 
 in 1798, the quarrel broke out afresh. Congress raised 
 an army, placed Washington at its head, and voted 
 money for war. Washington at once appointed Davie 
 a general in the United States Army. 
 
 But the president, John Adams, was anxious to pre- 
 vent war. So he decided to send three men to France to 
 try to settle the disputes peaceably. He selected Oliver. 
 Ellsworth, chief justice of the United States Supreme 
 Court, William R. Davie, governor of North Carolina, 
 and William Vans Murray, United States minister to 
 Holland. A war vessel, the United States, carried Ells- 
 worth and Davie to Europe where they met Murray. 
 The ruler of France at that time was Napoleon Bona- 
 parte. He appointed three men to meet the Americans. 
 After a long discussion an agreement was reached, a 
 treaty adopted, and war was prevented. In the fall of 
 1800 Davie brought the treaty to the United States 
 and delivered it to President Adams. 
 
144 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 Davie's Last Days. — Soon after Davie returned from 
 France his wife died. He had grown tired of office and pub- 
 lic hfe, and was anxious to devote himself to agriculture. 
 So in November, 1805, he left North Carohna and moved 
 to his plantation in South Carolina. When the War of 
 1812 began. President Madison appointed Davie a major- 
 general in the United States Army. But Davie declared 
 that he was too old for military service, and declined. 
 
 On his great plantation he passed his last days in 
 ease and comfort. His home was always open to his 
 friends and his hospitality was unbounded. Many of 
 his old Revolutionary companions came to visit him. 
 Under an immense oak in his yard they would sit for 
 hours talking over their battles for the independence 
 of their country. Davie died November 18, 1820, and 
 was buried at W^axhaw Church, Lancaster count}^. 
 South Carolina. Of him Judge William Gaston wrote: 
 " He was a great man in an age of great men, admired 
 and beloved by the virtuous and the wise." 
 
 GEOGRAPHY STUDY 
 
 1. Locate the following places in North Carolina: Waxhaw, 
 Charlotte, Salisbury, Chapel Hill. Ramsauer's Mill was in Lincoln 
 county, near Lincolnton. Describe the situation of Lincolnton. 
 Guilford Court-house was near Greensboro. Describe its situation. 
 
 2. Describe the situation of the following places in South Carolina: 
 Charleston, Stono Ferry, Ninety-Six, Camden, Hanging Rock, 
 Hobkirk's Hill, Eutaw Springs. 
 
 REVIEW 
 
 Give an account of — 
 L When and where Davie was born. Why he came to North 
 Carolina. 
 
 2. His education. His profession. 
 
 3. His first military service. 
 
WILLIAM RICHARDSON DAVIE 145 
 
 4. His law studies. How tlic war interrupted them. 
 
 5. Battle of Stono Ferry. 
 
 G. How Davie raised a regiment of cavalry. 
 
 7. The principal battles in which he fought. 
 
 8. His method of fighting. 
 
 9. What Andrew Jackson said of Davie. 
 10. How Davie defended Charlotte. 
 
 n. The condition of the American army in North Carolina when 
 General Greene took command. 
 
 12. How Davie helped Greene with the army. 
 
 13. Davie as a lawyer and orator. 
 
 14. How Davie saved the Constitution of the United States. 
 
 15. What North Carolina did about the Constitution. 
 
 16. The leaders for and against the Constitution. 
 
 17. How the Constitution was finally adopted. 
 
 18. The founding of the University. 
 
 19. Davie's work as governor. 
 
 20. How Davie helped to prevent war with France. 
 
 21. Davie's last days. 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR SPECIAL STUDY 
 
 1. Give an account of the following battles: Stono Ferry, Ninety- 
 Six, Ramsauer's Mill, Hanging Rock, Camden, Guilford Court-house, 
 Hobkirk's Hill, Eutaw Springs. 
 
 2. What changes in the government of the United States did the 
 Constitution make? How many members does each State elect to 
 the United States Senate? How many does North Carolina now have 
 in the House of Representatives? New York? Delaware? Ohio? 
 Rhode Island? 
 
 3. In 1787 North Carolina was fourth in population among the 
 States. What is it now? How many people in the State now? 
 
 4. What other State besides North Carolina at first refused to 
 adopt the Constitution? How many States were in the Union when 
 Washington was first elected President? 
 
 5. How was the governor of North Carolina elected in 1798? How 
 long did he serve then? How elected now? How long does he serve now? 
 
 6. Who has the authority to make treaties between the United 
 States and foreign nations? 
 
CHAPTER XII 
 NATHANIEL MACON 
 
 Warren County. — In 1764 the General Assembly cut 
 off the northeast corner of Granville county and formed 
 a new county, called Bute. It was named in honor of 
 an Enghsh nobleman, the Earl of Bute, who was a close 
 friend of the King. When the Revolution broke out, 
 Lord Bute was, of course hostile to the Americans. So, 
 in 1779, the Legislature changed the name of the county 
 to Warren, in honor of the American patriot, General 
 Joseph Warren, who was killed at the battle of Bunker 
 Hill. 
 
 Nathaniel Macon. — It was in this part of old Gran- 
 ville that Nathaniel Macon was born, December 17, 
 1758. His father was Gideon Macon, and his mother 
 was Priscilla Jones. It is said that his grandmother, 
 Abigail Sugan, was the first white woman to settle in 
 that section of North Carolina. Nathaniel was the 
 youngest of eight children. Wlien he was five years 
 old, his father died, leaving his widow with a large 
 family and very little property. 
 
 Nathaniel was such a bright, thoughtful boy that all 
 the family agreed that he ought to be given a good edu- 
 cation. His first teacher was Charles Pettigrew who 
 taught an " old-field " school in the neighborhood. 
 When Macon was fifteen he entered Princeton College, 
 in New Jersey. The breaking out of the Revolution 
 
 146 
 
NATHANIEL MACON 147 
 
 interrupted his studies there, and in 1776 he returned to 
 North Carohna. For a httle while he studied law, but 
 did not like it and never received his license to practise. 
 There was no good library near his home, but Macon 
 read eagerly such books as he could obtain. He was 
 fond of history and became familiar with the histories of 
 Rome, England, and Scotland. In those days it was 
 very difficult to get good candles, and most of Macon's 
 studying and reading was done by a lightwood fire. 
 
 Macon Takes Up Arms. — While Macon was at 
 Princeton the Declaration of Independence was adopted. 
 Young Macon had been raised in a patriotic community. 
 It had become a common saying in North Carolina, 
 " There are no Tories in Bute." Macon w^as eager to 
 join in the fight for independence, and when the war 
 came near Princeton, he promptly dropped his books 
 and shouldered his musket. He joined a party of stu- 
 dents who entered upon a short campaign in New Jer- 
 sey. At the end of the campaign they went back to 
 their studies. A few weeks later Macon returned 
 home. 
 
 The war then seemed to be going against the patriots 
 in the South. Macon thought it his duty to defend his 
 country, so he enlisted in the army as a private. His 
 comrades elected him as their captain, but he declined. 
 During the years 1779 and 1780 he saw much hard fight- 
 ing. He was at the fall of Fort Moultrie, the surrender 
 of Charleston, the defeat at Camden, and with Greene 
 during his terrible retreat across North Carolina in 
 1780. 
 
 Macon in the Legislature. — While he was in the army, 
 Macon was elected a member of the State Senate from 
 
148 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 Warren county. The first he heard of his election was 
 a message from the Governor summoning him to attend 
 the Legislature. Most men would have welcomed such 
 a good excuse for leaving the army. But Macon was 
 not like other men. He refused to leave. General 
 Greene soon heard about the stanch young soldier who 
 
 preferred a place full of dan- 
 ger and hardship to one of 
 safety and ease. Why, he 
 thought, I must learn some- 
 thing more about this young 
 fellow. So he sent for 
 Macon and asked him why 
 he had refused to obey the 
 Governor's summons. 
 
 " Sir," replied the young 
 soldier, " I have often seen 
 the faces of the British sol- 
 diers, but I have never seen 
 their backs. I am determined to remain in the army 
 until I do see them." 
 
 General Greene was much pleased at this spirited reply. 
 But he told Macon that he could do the American cause 
 more good as a member of the Legislature than as a 
 soldier. In the army he was but one man ; in the Legis- 
 lature he might persuade the members to send hundreds 
 of men to the army. And he could also tell the Legis- 
 lature from his own experience how badly the army 
 needed supplies and equipment. 
 
 Macon then saw that it was his duty to attend the 
 meeting of the Legislature, and he no longer hesitated. 
 It proved to be just as General Greene predicted. 
 
 General Greene 
 
NATHANIEL MACON 149 
 
 Macon's services in the Legislature were very useful 
 in obtaining men and supplies for the army. He him- 
 self never entered the army again. He refused to accept 
 any pay for his services as a soldier, for he declared that 
 it was the patriot's duty to serve his country without 
 being paid for it. 
 
 ''Buck Spring." — After the war Macon returned to his 
 farm in Warren county. He called his plantation '' Buck 
 Spring," on account of a fine spring where the deer, 
 which roamed his woods in great numbers, were accus- 
 tomed to drink. In the midst of a splendid grove of 
 oaks Macon built a small, simple house. Grouped around 
 the house were several smaller buildings, called "offices," 
 which were really rooms for his guests. On one side was 
 the kitchen with its great fireplace tall enough for a 
 man to stand erect in. The cooking was done in huge 
 pots hung from hooks over the fire. In the distance 
 were the cabins for the slaves, called the ''quarters," 
 and near them were the barns and stables. 
 
 Macon loved the country. He used to say that he 
 did not want to live near enough to any man to see the 
 smoke from his chimney or to hear his dog bark. His 
 nearest neighbor lived five miles away. Macon was 
 fond of the work of the farm. Even after he had become 
 a distinguished statesman, he would take his hoe, or 
 plow, and work in the field at the head of his negroes. 
 He cared nothing for riches. His fields, his flocks, and 
 his herds gave him enough for his simple wants, and he 
 desired no more. 
 
 In his habits he was one of the simplest of men. He 
 never changed his style of dressing. His clothes were 
 made of plain, blue cloth in the style worn during the 
 
150 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 Revolution. He wore the best linen, a fine cambric 
 stock, a fur hat with a brim, and top-boots into which 
 he tucked his trousers. He was always neat in his 
 person. 
 
 Macon's Amusements. — Macon's favorite amuse- 
 ments were horse-racing and hunting. The fox chases 
 
 Farmers of North Carolina on a I'Vix Htnt 
 
 at Buck Spring became famous. In his stables Macon 
 kept the fleetest thoroughbreds for his friends to ride 
 when they came to Buck Spring. One of his most 
 frequent visitors was the famous John Randolph, of 
 Virginia, who was Macon's life-long friend and com- 
 panion. In 1819, when President Monroe made a 
 tour of the Southern States, he made a special visit to 
 Buck Spring to take part in one of Macon's famous fox 
 chases. Macon was fond of company. He kept open 
 house at Buck Spring and many guests came to share 
 in his well-known hospitality. 
 
NATHANIEL MACON 151 
 
 Macon's Political Career. — Macon's public career 
 began when he was elected to the State Senate in 1781; 
 it lasted forty-two years. He was five times elected to 
 the Legislature, twelve times to Congress, three times 
 to the United States Senate, and once a delegate to the 
 Convention to amend the State constitution. In Con- 
 gress he was elected speaker of the House of Represen- 
 tatives three times and president of the Senate three 
 times. He was also elected president of the North 
 Carolina Constitutional Convention of 1835. And yet 
 it is said that he never asked any person to vote for 
 him, and never told any one that he desired to be 
 elected to any office. 
 
 Macon as a Public Official. — In public office, though 
 he held high and important places, Macon was as simple 
 and plain as in his own home. He was a real democrat. 
 Whenever the people understand any public question, 
 he declared, they will decide it right. He would accept 
 no offices except those to which he was elected by the 
 people or by their representatives. Thomas Jefferson 
 twice offered him a place in the President's cabinet, but 
 both times he refused because it was not an office on 
 which the people could vote. 
 
 Macon was as punctual in attending to his public 
 duties as he was in attending to his private affairs. He 
 thought that public officers who wasted their time were 
 robbing the people. He was too honest to take credit 
 for any act which was due to some one else. Once he 
 presented a very able report to the United States Sen- 
 ate. Another senator, thinking that Macon wrote it, 
 praised it very highly. " Yes," said Macon, " it is a 
 good report; Senator Tazew^ell wrote it." Though he 
 
152 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 was as true as steel to his friends, he would not violate 
 his public duty to please them. When he was speaker 
 of the House of Representatives, he removed his dear- 
 est friend, John Randolph, from an important position 
 because he thought another man could perform its 
 duties better. Nor would he ever appoint any of his 
 own relatives to public office. 
 
 Kandolph-Macon College, Ashland, Va. 
 (Named after the two friends, John Randolph and Nathaniel Macon) 
 
 Macon was not an orator. Indeed, he had but little 
 patience with speech-making. A few plain, simple words, 
 to explain any subject, were all he cared to hear. His 
 own speeches were short and plain-spoken. The famous 
 Thomas H. Benton, of Missouri, said that Macon ''spoke 
 more good sense while he was getting up out of his chair, 
 and getting back into it, than many others did in long 
 speeches." 
 
NATHANIEL IMACON 153 
 
 Macon's Work in Congress. — While in Congress, 
 Macon took a leading part in many of the most impor- 
 tant events in the history of the United States. He 
 opposed the famous Alien and Sedition laws, because 
 they were against the liberty of the people and the free- 
 dom of the press. Aided by Randolph, he persuaded 
 Congress to vote the money that enabled President 
 Jefferson to purchase the Louisiana territory. He 
 always voted against measures for internal improve- 
 ments because, he said, the Constitution gave Congress 
 no power to pass such measures. For the same reason 
 he spoke and voted against a protective tariff. 
 
 In 1809 IVIacon was chairman of the Committee on 
 Foreign Relations in the House of Representatives. 
 This committee had charge of all measures relating to 
 foreign countries. At that time, on account of our 
 quarrels with England and France, it was the most 
 important committee in Congress. Macon was strongly 
 opposed to war with either country. 
 
 ''This nation," he said, "in my opinion, must take 
 her choice of two alternatives : to be happy and contented 
 without war and without internal taxes, or to be war- 
 like and glorious, abounding in what is called honor and 
 dignity, or, in other words, taxes and blood. Public 
 force and liberty can not dwell in the same country." 
 What wise words these are! But, though desiring peace, 
 Macon would not have his country submit to injustice. 
 When war with England became necessary in 1812, he 
 voted for it and gave it his support. 
 
 While Thomas Jefferson was President, some of the 
 judges of the Supreme Court severely criticized him 
 and his party. Jefferson and his friends were very 
 
154 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 angry. They planned to impeach one of the judges, 
 remove him from office, and put one of the President's 
 friends in his place. But they could not carry out this 
 plan without Macon's help. He belonged to the same 
 political party as the President, so the President's friends 
 thought of course Macon would help them. 
 
 But Macon thought that it was a wicked scheme and 
 he would have nothing to do with it. " Suppose," he 
 said, " the judges had flattered the President. Would 
 he then threaten them with punishment? Certainly 
 not. And yet flattery is worse than abuse, and is more 
 dangerous. If you would not punish them for the greater 
 offense, why for the lesser? Besides, if the judges speak 
 falsely they will soon lose the confidence of the people; 
 if truly, it is best for the country to hear them." As 
 nothing could be done without Macon's aid, the plan 
 to impeach the judges failed. 
 
 Macon Retires from Congress. — Macon was a close 
 reader of the Bible. In the Bible he read: " The days 
 of our years are three score years and ten; and if by 
 reason of strength they be four score years, yet is their 
 strength labor and sorrow; for it is soon cut off, and 
 we fly away." He resolved that, when he became three 
 score and ten years of age, he would retire from public 
 office and spend the remaining years of his life quietly 
 at home. 
 
 When his seventieth birthday came he was a member 
 of the United States Senate, and had two more years to 
 serve before his term would come to its close. His 
 friends urged him to remain in the Senate at least those 
 two years. " Your health," they said, " is still good 
 and your mind is as strong and clear as ever." " Yes," 
 
NATHANIEL MACON 155 
 
 he replied, " my mind is clear enough for me to know 
 that I ought to quit office before my mind quits me." 
 So he wrote to the Legislature and resigned his office 
 as senator, thanking the Legislature for its long confi- 
 dence in him. At the same time he resigned as justice 
 of the peace and as trustee of the University. 
 
 The Convention of 1835. — But Macon's services 
 were needed in one more important event in North 
 Carolina. The time had come when some changes were 
 
 Capitol at Washington 
 
 needed in the State constitution. It was decided, there- 
 fore, to hold a convention at Raleigh, in 1835, to con- 
 sider what changes should be made. Many distinguished 
 men were elected members of this convention. But 
 when the convention met, all eyes turned at once to 
 Nathaniel Macon for president, and he was unanimously 
 elected. 
 
 Several important changes were made in the consti- 
 tution. The people of Western North Carolina had 
 
156 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 long complained that the eastern part of the State had 
 more than its share of members in the Legislature. 
 Each county had two members without regard to its 
 population. The West wished that the number of mem- 
 bers for each county should depend upon its population. 
 After a long debate this change was adopted. Before 
 this time, seven towns — Edenton, New Bern, Wilming- 
 ton, Halifax, Fayetteville, Hillsboro, and Sahsbury — 
 had each the right to send a member to the Legislature. 
 The convention took away this right. Since 1776 the 
 Legislature had met once every year; the convention 
 changed the time of its meeting to once every two years. 
 The right to vote was taken away from free negroes. In 
 the future the governor was not to be elected by the 
 Legislature, but by the people, and his term of office 
 was changed from one to two years. 
 
 During this convention the members from the West 
 and those from the East had many warm debates. They 
 said many harsh things about each other. More than 
 once it looked as if the convention would break up in a 
 quarrel. ^ Then the aged Macon would rise from his 
 seat, and with a few calm, patriotic words quiet the 
 raging storm. 
 
 Macon's Death. — Macon died June 29, 1837, at 
 Buck Spring. He himself selected the place for his 
 grave. It was a barren ridge near the center of his plan- 
 tation, and he selected it because he said it was too poor 
 for any other use. He wished his grave to be marked 
 by a pile of rough stones, which, he said, were good for 
 nothing else. He himself directed the carpenter how 
 to make his coffin, and paid him for it, because he wished 
 to leave no debts to be paid after his death. The last 
 
NATHANIEL MACON 157 
 
 few hours of his hfe were spent in conversation with his 
 friends and relatives. 
 
 Many tributes have been paid to Macon's memorJ^ 
 President John Tyler said of him: " Nothing sordid ever 
 entered into his imagination. He was a devoted patriot 
 whose whole heart — - and every corner of it — was filled 
 with love of country." John Randolph said, in his will, 
 Nathaniel Macon was " the best, wisest, and purest 
 man I ever knew." 
 
 REVIEW 
 
 1. Where was ]\I:icon born? When? 
 
 2. Give an accoinit of his education. 
 
 3. Wliat military service did he perform during the Revokition? 
 
 4. Tell how Macon's political career began. 
 
 5. Describe "Buck Spring." Macon's habits. 
 
 6. What were Macon's favorite amusements? 
 
 ' 7. How long was Macon in public life? What important pul)lic 
 offices did he hold? 
 
 8. Describe him as a public officer. What did Benton say of him? 
 
 9. Give an account of Macon's work in Congress. What did he 
 say about the United States and war? 
 
 10. Give an account of the plan to impeach the judges, and what 
 Macon said about it. 
 
 11. When and why did IMacon retire from Congress? Did he ever 
 hold any other office? 
 
 12. What important changes were made in the Constitution of 
 North CaroUna in 1S35? 
 
 13. Describe Macon's death. 
 
 14. What tributes were paid to him? 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR SPECIAL STUDY 
 
 1. Name the counties in North CaroUna whose names were changed 
 on account of the part that the men for whom they were named took 
 in the Revolution. 
 
158 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 2. Name the counties which were named in honor of Revolutionary 
 leaders. Of Revolutionary leaders of other States. Of British states- 
 men who were friendly to the Americans. 
 
 3. For how long a term is a United States senator elected? A 
 representative? Explain the difference in the way in which they 
 are elected. Why was this difference adopted? 
 
 4. How are the members of the President's Cabinet selected? 
 
 5. What were the Alien and Sedition laws? 
 
 6. What is a protective tariff? 
 
 7. Explain what is meant by "impeaching" a public official. 
 
 8. In what way can the Constitution of North Carolina be changed? 
 What is the difference between a convention and the General 
 Assembly? 
 
 9. How is it decided how many members each county shall have 
 in the Legislature? How many does your county have? How many 
 mcml:)ers all told in the North Carolina House of Representatives? 
 In the Senate? 
 
 10. How often does the Legislature meet? When and where? 
 How is the governor now elected? For how long? Does he have 
 anything to do with making laws? 
 
CHAPTER XIII 
 
 JOHNSTON BLAKELY 
 
 Our Second War with England. — For many years 
 after the Revolution England acted toward the United 
 States in a very unfriendly manner. She felt humiliated 
 at being beaten by her colonies, and 
 treated the Americans with great 
 contempt. She refused to remove 
 her soldiers from the forts on our 
 frontier as she had agreed to do. The 
 British Parliament passed acts to 
 injure the commerce of the United 
 States. But worst of all was what 
 was called the " impressment of 
 American seamen." 
 
 The British Government declared 
 that many sailors ran away from the 
 British navy and entered the American navy or went 
 into the service of American merchant vessels. So 
 Great Britain claimed the right of stopping Ameri- 
 can vessels on the Atlantic, arresting any seamen 
 whom she claimed to be British subjects, and forcing 
 or impressing them into the British service. The United 
 States tried hard in a peaceful manner to put a stop to 
 such outrages. But England would listen to no protests. 
 So at length, in 1812, the United States declared war. 
 
 159 
 
 Johnston Bl.a.kely 
 
160 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 In that war a young North Carolina captain won great 
 fame by his skill and daring as a naval commander. 
 
 Johnston Blakely. — This officer was Captain John- 
 ston Blakely. He was born in Ireland in 1781. Soon 
 after his birth his mother died, and his father brought 
 his infant son to Wilmington, North Carolina. When 
 they landed from the vessel they were met at the wharf 
 by a fellow countryman, Edward Jones, a distinguished 
 lawyer of Wilmington. 
 
 Mr. Jones gave the strangers a warm welcome. 
 Taking the little motherless boy in his arms, he led the 
 way to his own home. There his kind-hearted wife 
 made the strangers feel as if they were really at home. 
 From that day she became as a mother to little Johnston. 
 The elder Blakely was a pleasant, agreeable man. He 
 soon made many friends in his new home. He became 
 a merchant in Wilmington, and when he died left his 
 son a small fortune. 
 
 Johnston Blakely at the University. — Johnston 
 Blakely was sent to school on Long Island, New York. 
 But when he was sixteen years old he entered the 
 University of North Carolina. He was a good student. 
 The subjects that he liked best were mathematics, sur- 
 veying, and navigation. At that time the students at 
 the University were often disorderly, and sometimes 
 engaged in riots and rebellions. Young Blakely refused 
 to join in these disorders. Still he lost none of his popu- 
 larity with his fellow students, for everybody liked the 
 genial young Irishman. In the Philanthropic Literary 
 Society he was elected to every office. 
 
 Blakely Enters the Navy. — Two years after he entered 
 the University Blakely suffered a serious misfortune. 
 
JOHNSTON BLAKELY 161 
 
 A fire at Wilmington destroyed a large portion of his 
 property. This loss compelled him to leave the Uni- 
 versity in 1799. He then had to decide what profession 
 he would follow, and determined to enter the United 
 States Navy. In 1800 he was appointed a midshipman, 
 and placed on board the President, under Commodore 
 Richard Dale. In her he sailed on a cruise to the Med- 
 iterranean Sea. Dale was a splendid officer. During 
 the Revolution he had sailed on board the Bonhomme 
 Richard, under that famous seaman, John Paul Jones. 
 Under Dale, therefore, Blakely had a fine opportunity 
 to study, and he was quick to take advantage of it. 
 
 War with the Pirates. — Along the northern shore of 
 Africa were four States which made a business of piracy. 
 Their rulers sent out war vessels on the Mediterranean 
 to rob and plunder. They captured many travelers, 
 and either held them for large ransoms, or sold them 
 into slavery. Such nations as England and France j^aid 
 the rulers of those robber states large sums not to plun- 
 der their ships. 
 
 The pirates thought of course that the United States, 
 which was a small, weak nation, would do the same thing. 
 But when they demanded a bribe for being good to 
 American vessels, the United States sent a fleet of war 
 vessels to punish them. A war which lasted two years 
 followed. In that war Johnston Blakely saw his first 
 fighting. He was ordered on board the ship of Commo- 
 dore Preble who commanded the American fleet. This 
 little fleet of four vessels was engaged in some hard 
 fighting with the pirates. They thoroughly humbled 
 the robbers, who were glad to make peace. 
 
 Though this war was a small affair, it served a good 
 
162 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 purpose in training American seamen for the war which 
 soon followed with England. One of the best officers 
 trained in this war was Johnston Blakely. He learned 
 how to handle a ship in battle and how to fire his guns 
 rapidly and accurately. 
 
 Blakely Commands the ''Enterprise." — Blakely was 
 twice promoted on account of his skill and bravery. 
 Soon after the war began with England he was given 
 command of the Enterprise. He worked hard to fit her 
 for the sea and to train her crew. When everything was 
 ready she sailed out in search of the enemy. A few days 
 after leaving port she caught sight of the Fly, a British 
 ship, and after a chase of eight hours overtook and cap- 
 tured her. 
 
 A Vessel with a Sting. — As a reward for this success, 
 Blakely was given command of a larger and better ship 
 than the Enterprise. This was the Wasp, one of the 
 new ships which Congress had ordered to be built. The 
 Wasp was to be one of the finest vessels in the Ameri- 
 can navy. Blakely was delighted with his good luck. 
 ''In the Wasp," he thought, "I shall win fame and 
 glory." And oh! what a sting this Wasp had. She 
 sailed out of the harbor of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 
 May 1, 1814. Her crew numbered 173 men. Captain 
 Blakely was impatient to meet the enemy, and steered 
 straight for the English Channel. 
 
 The "Wasp" Meets the "Reindeer." — Blakely was 
 not disappointed. For several days he met nothing 
 except merchant vessels, which he captured. But on 
 June 28, 1814, a war vessel came in sight. Blakely 
 promptly hailed her. He found that she was the British 
 ship Reindeer. Both vessels at once prepared for battle. 
 
JOHNSTON BLAKELY 
 
 163 
 
 The Reindeer was ready first and opened fire before the 
 Wasp could get into a position to fire. But this did not 
 disturb Captain Blakely. He coolly waited until every- 
 thing was in readiness and then gave the command. 
 
 The two vessels were about twenty yards apart and 
 were gradually getting closer. The fighting was terrific. 
 
 Wasp AND Reindeer 
 
 Blakely stood in the thick of it, giving his orders and 
 cheering his men as calmly as if he had been sailing on 
 a pleasure trip. After a few minutes the Reindeer ran 
 alongside the Wasp, and her men tried to get aboard the 
 American vessel. But after a sharp fight they were 
 driven back. Their captain fell dead. Then Blakely 
 sprang forward and commanded his men to board the 
 Reindeer. With shouts of triumph they scrambled on 
 her deck. A furious hand-to-hand fight followed, but 
 
164 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 in a few minutes it was all over. The British sailors 
 threw down their arms and surrendered. 
 
 Captain Blakely placed all the survivors on board 
 the Wasp and set fire to the Reindeer. Soon a tremen- 
 dous explosion was heard. When the smoke cleared 
 away nothing was seen of the Reindeer but a few pieces 
 of smoking timbers floating on the water. 
 
 The French Welcome Blakely. — The victorious Wasp 
 sailed into a French port to repair her damages. The 
 French were overjoyed at the victory of the Ameri- 
 can vessel, for France was also at war with England. 
 They gave the Wasp and her crew a royal welcome. 
 The British newspapers declared that "the American 
 crew were hailed as victors, tapped on the back, shaken 
 by the hand, and complimented on their superior 
 prowess." 
 
 A Battle in the Dark. — As soon as he had repaired 
 his damages, Captain Blakely steered again for the 
 Enghsh Channel. On September 1, 1814, he fought 
 one of the most remarkable battles in our history. 
 While cruising about after nightfall, he caught sight of 
 a vessel a short distance away. The night was so dark 
 that neither vessel could make out what kind of ship the 
 other was. All that the men could see were two huge 
 black objects looming up in the darkness. But each 
 knew that the other was an enemy, and they opened 
 fire on each other at about half past nine o'clock at 
 night. 
 
 In spite of the darkness the American gunners fired 
 so accurately that in half an hour the other vessel gave 
 the sign,al of surrender. But before Captain Blakely 
 could board her to take possession, three other British 
 
JOHNSTON RLAKELY 
 
 165 
 
 vessels, attracted by the firing, came up. Blakely 
 thought it would be unsafe for him to meet these three 
 together. He sailed away, therefore, without even 
 finding out the name of the vessel he had beaten. 
 Afterward it was learned that she was the Avon. 
 
 A Bold Challenge. — Blakely's spirits rose with his 
 success. He had shown himself to be one of the most 
 
 Wasp Sinking the Avon 
 
 skilful captains in the American nav3^ The name of 
 the Wasp had become famous in Europe as well as in 
 the United States. Blakely had so much confidence in 
 himself, his crew, and his ship, that he sent a messenger 
 into the harbor of Plymouth, England, "with a challenge 
 to engage any two brigs in his Majesty's service." But 
 the British seamen had learned what a sharp sting this 
 American Wasp had, and they would not accept her 
 bold challenge. 
 
 The ''Wasp's" Sharp Work. — Captain Blakely 
 cruised about the English Channel for sixty days. 
 During that time the saucy little Wasp captured or 
 
166 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 destroyed thirteen British merchant vessels and sunk 
 two men-of-war. And all the time thirty-five British 
 war vessels, carrying one thousand cannon, were guard- 
 ing the channel! 
 
 Honors for Blakely. — In the United States the whole 
 country rang with praises of Blakely. The Secretary 
 of the Navy declared that Blakely had done ''all that 
 skill and valor could do." Congress voted to give him 
 a gold medal, and asked the President of the United 
 States to present it to him in the name of the American 
 people. 
 
 North Carolina of course was proud of her famous 
 son. The Legislature declared that his victories had 
 "thrown around the national flag a blaze of glory." It 
 was voted unanimously to present to him "a superb 
 sword" in the name of his fellow-citizens. But the 
 brave young hero was never to learn what honors awaited 
 his return to his country. 
 
 The "Wasp" Disappears. — After his victory over the 
 Avon, Blakely captured three merchant vessels. On 
 October 6, 1814, he met with a Swedish ship, the Adonis, 
 which had on board two American officers. They had 
 been prisoners of the British and only a few days before 
 had been exchanged. When they met the Wasp they 
 boarded her, and the Adonis sailed on her way. 
 
 From that day to this nobody has ever known what 
 became of Johnston Blakely and his brave crew. 
 Whether the Wasp was sunk in battle, or wrecked in a 
 storm, or blown up by an explosion of some of her own 
 guns, nobody has ever known. She was never heard of 
 again. The Wasp sailed the seas only five months, but 
 in that time she won a fame that will endure as long as 
 
JOHNSTON BLAKELY 167 
 
 the American navy exists. Theodore Roosevelt has 
 declared that she was ''as ably commanded as any 
 vessel in our little navy." 
 
 Blakely's Personality. — Captain Blakely was a small 
 man, but very strong and active. He had a bright, 
 kindly face, with black eyes and hair. Though as brave 
 as a lion in battle, he was shy and retiring among 
 strangers, Wlien a boy he would sit for hours reading 
 in the library while the other children were playing out- 
 side. He had good manners, was full of fun and good 
 humor, and was liked by all who knew him. 
 
 The Captain's Daughter. — In 1814, while waiting 
 for the Wasp to be finished, Captain Blakely was married 
 to Miss Jane Ann Hoope, of Boston. Soon after his 
 marriage the daring captain sailed away in search of 
 glory. Little did his bride dream, as she waved good-by 
 to him, that she would never see him again. While 
 everybody was guessing what had been his fate, his 
 little daughter was born. Her mother named her Udney 
 Maria. Perhaps no child in the United States excited 
 so much interest and sympathy as little Udney Maria 
 Blakely. 
 
 North Carolina's Adopted Daughter. — As Captain 
 Blakely did not return to receive his sword, the Legis- 
 lature decided to make some gift to his daughter. So 
 the Governor was asked to send to IVIrs. Blakely a hand- 
 some silver tea-set "to be kept by her and presented to 
 the infant daughter of Johnston Blakely when she shall 
 arrive at the age of fifteen years." At the same time the 
 Legislature determined to adopt the little girl as the 
 daughter of North Carolina, and to have her educated at 
 the expense of the State. 
 
168 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 When the Governor wrote to Mrs. Blakely about this 
 action, she rephed that it was ''an act of such noble 
 and unexpected generosity, that it deprives me of all 
 power to express what I feel." As soon as Udney Maria 
 was old enough she was placed in school in Philadelphia, 
 and twice every year, until 1829, the governor of North 
 Carolina sent to her guardian the money to pay her 
 expenses. 
 
 Five years after Captain Blakely's death Mrs. Blakely 
 was married again and moved to the island of St. Croix, 
 in the West Indies. Upon leaving school Udney Maria 
 Blakely joined her mother in her new home, where she 
 died in 1842. 
 
 Since that time North Carolina has established schools 
 at the public expense for all of her children; but the 
 only child ever adopted by the State was the little 
 daughter of our most famous naval hero. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY STUDY 
 
 1. What were the four African States with which the United States 
 went to war? Describe their situation. 
 
 2. Where is the EngUsh Channel? Pljanouth (England)? 
 
 REVIEW 
 
 1. Wliat was the cause of the War of 1812? 
 
 2. Describe Johnston Blakely's childhood. 
 
 3. Where was he educated? Give an account of his career at the 
 University. 
 
 4. Why did he leave the University? What profession did he 
 adopt? What kind of training did he obtain? 
 
 5. Give an account of the war with the pirates. 
 
 6. What vessel did Blakely first command in the War of 1812 ? 
 What success did he have? How was he rewarded? 
 
 7. Describe the battle between the Wasj) and the Reindeer. 
 
JOHNSTON BLAKELY 169 
 
 8. How was Rlakcly received in France? 
 
 9. Give an account of the battle between the Wasp and the Avon. 
 
 10. What ciiallenge did Hlakcly send to the British navy? 
 
 11. Give a summary of the Wasp's work in the British Channel. 
 
 12. What honors were prepared for Blakely at home? Why did he 
 never receive them? 
 
 13. Describe Johnston Blakely's character. 
 
 14. Tell the story of his daughter. 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR SPECIAL STUDY 
 
 1. What acts did England pass to injure American trade? 
 
 2. England claimed that a man who was once a British subject 
 could never become a citizen of any other country. Do nations still 
 hold to that claim? W'hat is meant by "naturalization"? 
 
 3. How does the United States now train her naval officers? 
 
 4. Why did Blakely sail for the English Channel? What do you 
 suppose became of the Wasp ? 
 
CHAPTER XIV 
 WILLIAM GASTON 
 
 Carolina! Carolina! — Perhaps every boy and girl in 
 school in North Carohna to-day has sung our State song 
 " The Old North State," and has been thrilled with 
 patriotic pride at the opening line, 
 
 '' Carolina! Carolina! Heaven's blessings attend her! " 
 The man who wrote this song was one of the Old North 
 State's truly great men, and every North Carolina boy 
 and girl should know something about him. 
 
 The Gastons. — William Gaston was a son of Dr. 
 Alexander Gaston, a physician of New Bern. Dr. Gas- 
 ton was a native of Ireland. His ancestors were French 
 Huguenots who fled from religious persecution in 
 France. They went first to Scotland, and afterward to 
 Ireland. Alexander Gaston studied medicine at the 
 tJniversity of Edinburgh. After leaving the University 
 he served as a surgeon in the British navy. A few 
 years later he resigned, came to North Carolina, and 
 settled at New Bern. 
 
 At New Bern Dr. Gaston met Margaret Sharpe, a 
 bright, intelligent young Englishwoman, who had been 
 educated in a convent in France. He promptly fell in 
 love with her, courted her, and won her for his wife. 
 They were married at New Bern in May, 1775. There, 
 September 19, 1778, their son William was born. 
 
 170 
 
WILLIAM GASTON 
 
 171 
 
 Alexander Gaston, the American Patriot. — When 
 the Revohition broke out, Dr. Gaston became an ardent 
 patriot. He was selected as a member of the Committee 
 of Safety at New Bern. In June, 1775, he was one of the 
 patriots who drove the royal 
 governor, Josiah Martin, out 
 of the "Palace," and com- 
 pelled him to seek refuge 
 on board the Cruizer, below 
 Wilmington. During the 
 next six years he worked 
 steadily in support of the 
 cause of independence. 
 
 On account of Dr. Gaston's 
 activity for the American 
 cause the Tories bitterly 
 hated him. When they cap- 
 tured New Bern, in 1781, Dr. 
 Gaston was one of the first 
 men they wanted to take. 
 He was compelled to leave 
 his home and seek refuge in 
 the country. But one day 
 he ventured into town to see 
 his wife and children. The next morning Mrs. Gaston 
 begged him to return to the country before the Tories 
 found out that he was in New Bern. He had already 
 started across the river in an open boat, when a band 
 of Tories galloped into town and rode straight to the 
 wharf. 
 
 Many years later Judge Gaston told the story of what 
 happened at the wharf. " I have so often heard it re- 
 
 William Gastox 
 
172 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 peated by my weeping mother," he said, "that I can 
 never forget it. Mrs. Gaston, fearful that her husband 
 might not have crossed the ferry, rushed down the 
 street to the old county wharf, and found them firing 
 at him. He was in the ferry boat, a short distance 
 from the shore, and alone. She threw herself between 
 him and the Tories, and on her knees, with all a woman's 
 eloquence, implored them to spare the life of her hus- 
 band. The captain of the savage band answered these 
 cries by damning him for a rebel, called for a rifle, leveled 
 it over her shoulder, and stretched him a corpse."^ 
 
 Margaret Gaston. — Margaret Gaston was left alone 
 in the world with two children to rear and educate. She 
 was a woman of strong character and deep religious 
 faith. She was to be seen at all hours with her Bible 
 on her knees. The great object of her life was to teach 
 her son high and noble ideals and the same religious 
 faith which she herself had. Her income was small, 
 and she had to make sacrifices in order to give to him 
 a complete education. 
 
 William Gaston's Education. — Until he was thirteen 
 years old, Gaston attended school at the New Bern 
 Academy. In 1791 he was sent to Georgetown College, 
 a Roman Catholic college near Washington City. It 
 is now one of the best known colleges in the United 
 States. But in 1791 it had just been established and 
 Gaston was its first student. Its finest building bears 
 the name of "Gaston Hall," in his honor. Gaston was 
 a good student in all his classes, but his favorite studies 
 
 1 When William Gaston, while a member of Congress, opposed the War 
 of 1812, one of his opponents called him an unpatriotic American. In 
 reply, Gaston said: "I was baptized an American in the blood of a 
 murdered father." 
 
WILLIAM GASTON 173 
 
 were Latin and Greek. He pored so closely over his 
 books that he injured his health, and in 1793 was com- 
 pelled to return home. The next year he entered Prince- 
 ton College, and in 1796 was graduated at the head of 
 his class with the highest honors. 
 
 Gaston Becomes a Lawyer. — Leaving Princeton, 
 Gaston returned to New Bern to study law. His teacher 
 was Francis Xavier Martin, afterward chief justice of 
 Louisiana. When Gaston was twenty years old he was 
 given his license to practise. At the same time his 
 brother-in-law, John Louis Taylor, was appointed a 
 judge, and turned all of his practise over to Gaston. 
 From that time until he himself became a judge, Gaston 
 had a large practise. His reputation as a lawyer soon 
 reached beyond North Carolina, and he came to be 
 regarded as one of America's greatest lawyers. 
 
 Gaston in the Legislature. — Gaston's courtesy and 
 kindness soon made him very popular in his native 
 town. His learning and eloquence won for him many 
 admirers. He was only twenty-five when they elected 
 him a member of the State Senate. He was elected a 
 member of the Senate four times and of the House of 
 Commons six times. In the Legislature he was as popu- 
 lar as he was at home. At his first session in the House 
 of Commons he was chosen speaker. The next year he 
 was elected speaker a second time. 
 
 Measures Which Gaston Advocated. — Many men 
 are elected to public offices who never do anything 
 worthy to be remembered. But William Gaston was 
 not such a man. Any measure that he thought would 
 promote the welfare of North Carolina was sure to 
 receive his support. He favored plans for establishing 
 
174 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 public schools. He spoke in favor of internal improve- 
 ments. He advocated a better system of courts. Upon 
 the courts depend men's property and often their lives 
 and liberty. But at that time the courts were so poorly 
 arranged that the judges could not do their work prop- 
 erly. Often people found it difficult to get their cases 
 tried at all. 
 
 Gaston gave this matter much thought, and proposed 
 a plan to make the necessary improvements. His plan 
 was to establish a Supreme Court, to be composed of 
 three judges who were to be the best lawyers that could 
 be found in the State. Whenever a man thought that 
 he did not get justice in the lower courts, he could go 
 before the Supreme Court, which would give him another 
 hearing. But what the Supreme Court said about a 
 case was to be final. There was much opposition to 
 this plan, but Gaston spoke so earnestly and eloquently 
 in its favor that the Legislature passed the law. That 
 was in 1818, and the Supreme Court as Gaston planned it 
 (except that we now have five judges) has been in exist- 
 ence ever since. We now wonder how the people ever 
 managed to get along without it. 
 
 Gaston Saves the State Banks. — In 1828 Gaston 
 saved the State from a great calamity. A powerful 
 party of men were trying to destroy the banks of the 
 State. They declared that the banks had disobeyed 
 the law and dealt unjustly with the people. So they 
 proposed to close their doors and seize their money and 
 property. At first a majority of the Legislature was in 
 favor of this scheme. But among those who opposed 
 it was William Gaston. To destroy the banks, he said, 
 would ruin thousands of people who had put their money 
 
WILLIAM GASTON 
 
 175 
 
 in them, and would cause great suffering. He spolce 
 eloquently against this scheme and showed that the 
 charges against the banks were not true. 
 
 The debate lasted several days. A member of the 
 Legislature, who heard it, said: "Mr. Gaston stood up 
 day after day, and though sneered at and reviled, day 
 after day did he labor and toil against that furious major- 
 ity; day after day did he take captive some of his oppo- 
 nents by the mere force of his arguments; until at last 
 he succeeded in bringing the vote to a tie, thus saving 
 the banks from destruction and the State from disgrace." 
 
 The Burning of the Capitol. — The last year that 
 Gaston served in the Legislature was in 1831. Just 
 before the Legislature met, the State Capitol was burned. 
 One of the most im- 
 port ant questions 
 which that Legisla- 
 ture had to decide 
 was this: "Shall the 
 capitol be rebuilt at 
 Raleigh, or shall it 
 be moved to Fayette- 
 ville?" A long de- 
 bate took place, for 
 many members were 
 in favor of moving it. 
 Gaston's speech in favor of Raleigh, says one who 
 heard it, "was a masterpiece of brilliant, elaborate and 
 finished oratory." But the Legislature refused to vote 
 any money for a new building and North Carolina was 
 left without a capitol. The next year, however, the 
 money was voted and the capitol was rebuilt at Raleigh. 
 
 Capitol of North Carolina. Burned 
 IN 1831 
 
176 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 Gaston in Congress. — In 1813, and again in 1815, 
 Gaston was elected to the Congress of the United States. 
 He did not hke the work in Congress and dechned to 
 accept another election. 
 
 In one of the debates in 1816 Gaston was matched 
 against Henry Clay, and most of those who heard the 
 debate thought Gaston got the better of Clay. Clay 
 was "somewhat soured," and for some time he and 
 
 Capitol of North Carolina as it Looks To-day 
 (East front showing statue of Z. B. Vance in foreground) 
 
 Gaston were not very friendly. But William Seaton, 
 who admired both, wished them to make up their quarrel. 
 So he invited them to dine at his home. When they met, 
 they bowed to each other coldly. Then Mr. Seaton, 
 looking straight at them, said, "Friendship in marble, 
 enmities in dust." They both smiled, clasped hands 
 warmly, and were ever afterward good friends. When 
 
WILLIAM GASTON 177 
 
 Clay spoke in Raleigh, in 1844, after Gaston's death, he 
 paid a beautiful trilmtc to Gaston's memory. 
 
 Gaston Becomes "Judge Gaston." — In 1833 Judge 
 Henderson, one of the judges of the Supreme Court, 
 died. All eyes at once turned toward Gaston to take 
 his place. He was recognized as one of the State's 
 ablest lawyers, and in learning, character, and ability 
 fitted for the highest judicial office in the State. The 
 Legislature elected him by a large majority. Many of 
 his political opponents voted for him. Soon afterward 
 he took his seat on the Supreme Court bench, and served 
 on it until the day of his death, eleven years later. He 
 was a great judge, learned, upright, and just. 
 
 When Gaston became judge, some people declared 
 that he had done a great wrong. At that time the con- 
 stitution of North Carolina declared that no person who 
 denied ''the truth of the Protestant religion" could 
 hold office in North Carolina. This clause, it was said, 
 was intended to keep Roman Catholics out of office, 
 and as Gaston was a Roman Catholic he had done 
 wrong to accept an office. When he swore to support 
 the constitution, said his opponents, he swore to a 
 falsehood. 
 
 But Gaston's friends did not think so. They said 
 Roman Catholics did not deny any "truth" of the 
 Protestant religion. Besides, Roman Catholics had held 
 office in North Carolina before Gaston. Many of the 
 men who wrote the constitution had elected Thomas 
 Burke governor in 1781, and Burke was a Roman 
 Catholic. So it was plain that they did not mean for 
 the constitution to keep Roman Catholics out of office. 
 
 Gaston in the Convention of 1835. — Still many peo- 
 
178 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 pie wished to have that clause of the constitution changed. 
 Gaston wished for this to be done. So when it was 
 decided to hold a convention in 1835, Gaston became 
 a member. He took part in many of the most impor- 
 tant debates, but his greatest speech was in favor of 
 changing that clause which w^as supposed to be against 
 Roman Catholics. 
 
 At first several members spoke against making any 
 change at all. Most of the members seemed to be 
 against the change. Then Gaston arose. People had 
 come to Raleigh from all parts of the State to hear him 
 speak. The convention hall was crowded. Not a sound, 
 not a whisper, was heard when Gaston began to speak. 
 Members and visitors leaned forward eager to catch 
 every word that he uttered. He spoke for two days. 
 So eloquent and so powerful was his speech that every- 
 body knew, long before he closed, that he had won a 
 great victory. When the vote was taken it stood 74 for 
 the change, 52 against it. 
 
 Gaston's Popularity. — Gaston had now become one 
 of the most popular men in North Carolina. In 1840 
 the Legislature had to elect a United States senator. 
 The Whigs, who had a majority of the members, wished 
 Gaston to accept the place. But he declined. In his 
 letter he said: "I find my heart yet throbbing at any 
 indication of the favorable opinion of my fellow-citizens; 
 and that heart will have wholly ceased to beat before I 
 cease to take an interest in the happiness of this glorious 
 Union, and especially in our part of it, the good Old 
 North State." 
 
 He thought that his duties as judge were "as impor- 
 tant to the public welfare" as the duties of a senator. 
 
WILLIAM GASTON 179 
 
 To explain the laws, to settle disputes between men 
 peaceably, to administer justice "with a steady hand 
 and upright purpose, appear to me," said he, ''to be 
 among the highest civil duties. And so long as God 
 spares me health and understanding to perform these 
 faithfully, how can I better serve my country?" So he 
 declined to accept an election to the United States Sen- 
 ate, and when the Legislature met it elected Gaston's 
 young friend, William A. Graham. 
 
 Gaston as an Orator. — Among the orators of his day, 
 Gaston took high rank. He was always a modest man, 
 and when he arose to speak he would seem at first to be 
 frightened. His limbs would tremble and his voice 
 quaver. But after speaking a few minutes he would 
 gain control of himself. Then his voice became calm 
 and steady, and his low, quiet tones would command 
 perfect silence and attention. When he spoke, said one 
 who often heard him, "the grandeur of his expression 
 seemed to increase," and "his whole person seemed 
 inspired." 
 
 Two Notable Orations. — Such a speaker was of course 
 often invited to make public addresses. In 1832 Gaston 
 delivered a notable address at the University Com- 
 mencement. The largest crowd that had ever attended 
 a commencement gathered to hear him. "No other 
 address ever delivered at the University," it has been 
 said, "has been so much admired or so often referred to." 
 Three years later he delivered an important address at 
 the Commencement of Princeton University. 
 
 In these two speeches Gaston spoke on the duties of 
 citizenship. He urged the students to prepare them- 
 selves for those duties. In the first he pointed out the 
 
180 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 evils of slavery in the South, and told the students that 
 one of their first duties would be to find some remedy 
 for those evils. In eloquent words he spoke of the 
 blessings of the Union, and warned the people against the 
 men who were trying to destroy it. He spoke also of 
 the liberty, the prosperity, and the happiness which they 
 enjoyed under the Constitution of the United States. 
 
 '' Surely," he said, " such a country and such a Consti- 
 tution have claims upon you which cannot be disre- 
 garded. I entreat and adjure you, then, preserve that 
 country, uphold that Constitution. Resolve that they 
 shall not be lost while in your keeping, and may God 
 Almighty strengthen you to fulfil that vow." 
 
 Gaston's Honors. — None of the men whom we have 
 read about received as many honors from other states 
 as Gaston. He was made a Doctor of Laws by the 
 University of Pennsylvania, by Columbia University 
 in New York, by Princeton University in New Jersey, 
 and by Harvard University in Massachusetts. His name 
 was presented at Harvard by the distinguished judge 
 of the Supreme Court of the United States, Judge Story. 
 
 "My reason," said Judge Story, "for naming Mr. 
 Gaston was because he is one of the most distinguished 
 of American lawyers in the highest sense of the phrase; 
 and because, as a private gentleman, he is all that one 
 could wish or desire. I consider our appointment as 
 conferring honor upon ourselves, not on Mr. Gaston. I 
 am proud that he should stand on our catalogue as truly 
 a Doctor of Laws, whom to know is to respect." Gaston 
 always took a deep interest in the welfare of the Univer- 
 sity of North Carolina, and for forty-two years served 
 as a trustee. 
 
WILLIAM GASTON 181 
 
 Gaston's Death. — Judge Gaston died at Raleigh, 
 Jaiiiuify 23, 1844. In the morning he took his seat as 
 usual in the Supreme Court. Soon afterward he was 
 taken sick and carried to his room. Later in the day 
 he felt better, and his friends called to see him. They 
 talked and laughed gaily. Judge Gaston told several 
 interesting anecdotes. He told of meeting in Washing- 
 ton, many years before, a man who did not believe in 
 God. 
 
 "From that day," said Judge Gaston, "I always 
 looked on that man with distrust. An infidel may be 
 an honorable man, but I dare not trust him. A belief 
 in an All-ruling Divinity, who shapes our ends, whose 
 eye is upon us, and who will reward us according to our 
 deeds, is necessary. We must believe and feel that there 
 is a God — All-wise and Almighty." As he spoke these 
 words he fell back, dead. 
 
 Gaston was buried at New Bern. Over his grave is 
 a large massive tomb on which is carved the single word 
 " Gaston." Edward Everett, the great orator of Boston, 
 standing uncovered by this tomb, declared: "This 
 eminent man had few equals and no superiors." 
 
 REVIEW 
 
 Give an account of — 
 
 1. Dr. Alexander Gaston's early life and marriage. 
 
 2. His services to American independence. 
 
 3. His death. 
 
 4. Margaret Gaston. 
 
 5. William Gaston's education. 
 
 6. Gaston as a lawyer. 
 
 7. His elections to the Legislature. 
 
 8. Measures which he favored. 
 
182 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 9. How he saved the state banks. 
 
 10. The burning and rebuilding of the capitol. 
 
 11. Gaston's service in Congress. 
 
 12. His election as judge of the Supreme Court. What his oppo- 
 nents said about his election. What his friends said. 
 
 13. His work in the Convention of 1835. 
 
 14. What he said about the duties of a judge. 
 
 15. Gaston as an orator. 
 
 16. His addresses at the University and at Princeton. What he 
 said about the Constitution of the United States. 
 
 17. His honors. What Judge Story said of him. 
 
 18. His death. 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR SPECIAL STUDY 
 
 1. Who were the French "Huguenots"? Why were they persecuted 
 in France? 
 
 2. What men have we read about who were educated at Princeton 
 University? 
 
 3. What is meant by "internal improvements"? 
 
 4. How many members do we now have on the Supreme Court 
 of North Carolina ? How are they chosen? For how long? What 
 are their duties? 
 
 5. Explain what IVIr. Seaton meant by "Friendship in marble, 
 enmities in dust." 
 
 6. Gaston was a judge and member of the Convention of 1S35 at 
 the same time. He could not have been a judge and a member of the 
 Legislature at the same time. Explain the reason for this difference. 
 
 7. What is meant by such terms as "Doctor of Laws"? "Doctor 
 of Divinity"? Wliy are such titles given to men? 
 
CHAPTER XV 
 
 JAMES COCHRANE DOBBIN 
 
 James C. Dobbin 
 
 Dobbin's Early Education. — ^ James Cochrane Dobbin 
 was born at Fayetteville, January 17, 1814o He was 
 a son of John Dobbin, a merchant, 
 and Agnes Cochrane Dobbin. When 
 James was about six years old he 
 was sent to school in Fayetteville. 
 A few years later he entered the 
 famous William Bingham School at 
 Hillsboro, where he was prepared for 
 the University. 
 
 At the University. — Dobbin en- 
 tered the University when he was 
 only fourteen years old. Soon after- 
 ward he became a member of the Philanthropic Literary 
 Society. He always took an active part in the work of 
 the society. The training that he received there in debate 
 made him one of the most eloquent orators of his time. 
 He was elected to the highest offices of the society. 
 
 At the University, Dobbin was one of the best students 
 in his class. He was known for his prompt, faithful 
 attendance to his duties and ready, cheerful obedience 
 to the rules of the University. He was gentle in his 
 manners, kind in his actions, and correct in his conduct. 
 There was no more popular student at the University. 
 
 183 
 
184 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 ^^: 
 
 
 
 r-t- rt 
 
 ^-k 
 
 Dr. Caldwell, president of the 
 University, was often heard to 
 say: '' It would gladden my 
 heart to be father to such a 
 son as James C. Dobbin." 
 When he was graduated in 
 1832 Dobbin ranked fourth in 
 his class. 
 
 Dobbin Studies Law. — 
 Leaving the University, Dob- 
 bin returned to Fayetteville to 
 study law under Judge Robert 
 Strange. Judge Strange was 
 an able lawyer and his training 
 had no little to do with Dob- 
 bin's success. In 1835 Dobbin 
 received his license to practise 
 law and settled at Fayetteville. 
 Dobbin was not impatient to 
 become famous as a lawyer all 
 at once. He continued to study 
 hard and paid close attention 
 to his profession. Though the 
 people of the county wished 
 to elect him to the Legislature, 
 he would not consent, for he 
 was not ambitious for political 
 honors. 
 
 Elected to Congress. — But 
 in 1845 the Democratic Party 
 decided that it could get along 
 without him no longer. So 
 
JAMES COCHRANE DOBBIN 185 
 
 without his knowledge that party nominated him for 
 Congress. This time he yielded to the people's wishes. 
 But he wrote: "Had my personal wishes been con- 
 sulted, the Convention would certainly have nomi- 
 nated some other gentleman," He saw, however, that 
 "discord and division" would result if he declined, so 
 he accepted and was elected by a large majority. He 
 served in Congress only two years and then declined to 
 accept a second election. 
 
 Dobbin in the Legislature. — Dobbin wished to remain 
 in private life, but the people of Cumberland county 
 needed his services. So they elected him, in 1848, a 
 member of the General Assembly. The Democrats in 
 the Legislature selected him as their leader. In the 
 Legislature he favored the measures which he thought 
 would advance the happiness and prosperity of the 
 people, though he often had to oppose his own party. 
 He voted for internal improvements, and for the build- 
 ing of the North Carolina Railroad. 
 
 The Work of Dorothea L. Dix. — It was in 1848 that 
 Dobbin rendered his greatest service to North Carolina. 
 At that time the State had no hospital for the care of 
 insane persons. There were more than a thousand such 
 persons in North Carolina and no suitable place to care 
 for them. The rich sent their insane to the hospitals of 
 other states, but the poor could not do this. Large 
 numbers of them were chained down in cold rooms, cells, 
 and cages of poorhouses and .jails. They were often mis- 
 treated and suffered cruel tortures. Many of these 
 poor creatures could have been cured if they had been 
 cared for properly. 
 
 Finally their condition attracted the attention of a 
 
186 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 noble woman of Massachusetts. Her name was Dor- 
 othea Lynde Dix. She had given up her life to work 
 for the insane. In 1848 she came to North Carolina to 
 study the condition of the insane in this State. After 
 traveling all over the State she wrote an account of what 
 she saw and sent it to the Legislature. She asked the 
 Legislature to build a hospital to cost $100,000, in which 
 the insane might be properly treated. But the members 
 of the Legislature were afraid that the people would not 
 approve of such action. Many of them thought they 
 would not be reelected to the Legislature if they voted 
 for this hospital. So Miss Dix's bill was defeated by a 
 large majority. 
 
 Dobbin's Great Triumph. — But Miss Dix did not 
 give up. On the day the vote was taken Dobbin was 
 absent from the Legislature. His wife was very ill and 
 he was at her bedside. Miss Dix had been nursing Mrs. 
 Dobbin and the two had become good friends. One day 
 Mrs. Dobbin said that she would like to do something 
 to show how much she appreciated Miss Dix's kindness. 
 "You can do something," replied Miss Dix. "Ask 
 your husband to speak in favor of the asylum for the 
 insane." So just before her death, Mrs. Dobbin asked 
 her husband, and he promised. 
 
 As soon as possible after his wife's death, Dobbin 
 returned to the Legislature and asked that the asylum 
 bill be voted on again. His request was granted and 
 he arose from his seat to speak in its favor. 
 
 As he spoke he seemed to forget himself in his eloquent 
 plea for the insane. He scarcely realized that he was 
 effecting anything until he noticed the stillness in the 
 hall and saw tears in the eyes of the Speaker. He won 
 
JAMES COCHRANE DOBBIN 187 
 
 a great triumph. The bill was voted on again and passed 
 by a vote of 91 to 10. 
 
 The next day Miss Dix wrote in great joy to a friend: 
 " Rejoice, rejoice with me. Through toil, anxiety, and 
 tribulation my bill has passed. ... I am not well, 
 though perfectly happy. I leave North Carolina com- 
 pensated a thousand-fold for all my labors by this great 
 success." Work was soon begun on the hospital. A 
 beautiful site w^as selected for it near Raleigh. The site 
 is called "Dix Hill." A large, handsome building stands 
 in the midst of a splendid grove of oaks. Thousands 
 of unfortunate insane persons have been cared for 
 there, and many of them have been cured. Since then 
 the State has erected another hospital for insane white 
 persons at Morganton, and one for insane negroes at 
 Goldsboro. 
 
 Dobbin Becomes Speaker. — If Dobbin had rendered 
 no other service to North Carolina, the passage of the 
 asylum bill alone would entitle him to our gratitude. 
 But he did render many other services. In 1850 he 
 was again a member of the Legislature, and was elected 
 speaker of the House of Commons. At this session a 
 great debate occurred on the question whether a State 
 had a right to withdraw from the Union. Dobbin made 
 one of the greatest speeches of his life. He declared 
 that a State did have a right to secede if it was necessary, 
 but he hoped that it would never become necessary. 
 The day that this Union is destroj-ed, he exclaimed, 
 ''will be the darkest day for human liberty the world 
 has ever seen." And he made a strong plea for good 
 will between the North and the South and loyalty to the 
 United States. 
 
188 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 Dobbin as Secretary of the Navy. — Dobbin was again 
 a member of the Legislature in 1852, and tlie Democrats 
 again chose him as their leader. They also nominated 
 him for the United States Senate, But there were three 
 candidates and the parties were so evenly divided that 
 no senator could be elected. For two years North Caro- 
 lina had only one senator. In 1854 the Democrats had 
 a majority of the Legislature. They offered to elect 
 Dobbin senator, but at that time he was a member of 
 the President's Cabinet and declined. 
 
 In 1852 Franklin Pierce was elected President of the 
 United States. Dobbin had given important aid in 
 electing him, so Pierce appointed Dobbin secretary of 
 the navy. Dobbin went to Washington and entered 
 upon his duties March 7, 1853. He served until March 
 6, 1857. As secretary of the navy he won a wide repu- 
 tation throughout the Union. "He is," said a distin- 
 guished statesman, ''the most truthful public man I 
 have ever known." 
 
 Dobbin's services as secretary of the navy were of 
 the greatest importance. He destroyed many old abuses. 
 He abolished corporal punishment in the navy. Before 
 he entered the office, the United States had found great 
 difficulty in getting good men to serve on our vessels. 
 Dobbin declared that the troubles were low wages, ill 
 treatment, and lack of rewards for long and faithful 
 services. He, therefore, suggested plans for changing 
 these conditions, and Congress adopted them. After 
 these plans were put into operation, more and better 
 seamen were easily secured. Dobbin believed that the 
 United States ought to have a large and powerful navy. 
 Said he: "I regard the steady increase of naval 
 
JAMES COCHRANE DOBBIN 
 
 189 
 
 strength not as a war, but as a peace measure." So he 
 suggested to Congress the building of six new first-class 
 war vessels. Congress adopted his plans and voted the 
 money. Dobbin gave the closest attention to the build- 
 ing of these ships. They 
 were regarded as the finest 
 in the American navy. 
 
 The Return of the Perry 
 Expedition. — Just before 
 Dobbin became secretary of 
 the navy another North 
 Carolinian, William A. Gra- 
 ham, had held that office. 
 Graham had sent out an ex- 
 pedition, under Commodore 
 ]M. C. Perry, to make a treaty 
 of peace between the United 
 States and the Emperor of 
 Japan. But Graham resigned before Perry returned 
 to the United States. When Perry reached this country 
 Dobbin was the secretary of the navy. Perry brought 
 back an important treaty which, as we shall see later, 
 has had a wonderful effect on the history of the world. 
 This important work was begun while one North Caro- 
 linian was at the head of the navy department, and 
 completed while another was its head. 
 
 Dobbin's Return to North Carolina. — Dobbin did his 
 great work in spite of very poor health. He realized that 
 his work in the cabinet was slowly pulling him down to 
 the grave. At one time he thought of resigning, but 
 the President begged him not to do so. He therefore 
 remained at his post until the end. On March 6, 1857, his 
 
 Franklin Pierce 
 
190 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 term of office came to an end, and he prepared at once to 
 return to North Carohna. 
 
 The people all along the route in the State prepared to 
 give him a royal welcome. At Weldon Matt W. Ransom, 
 who was afterward for many years a United States sen- 
 ator, was appointed to deliver the address welcoming 
 Dobbin back to North Carolina. But Dobbin was too 
 ill to leave the train, and the ceremonies were omitted. 
 At Wilmington, too, similar preparations were made but 
 could not be carried out. All the flags on the vessels in 
 the harbor were displayed in honor of the distinguished 
 secretary. A great reception had been planned at Fay- 
 etteville; but it, too, had to be given up. The committee 
 addressed to INIr. Dobbin a beautiful letter welcoming 
 him back to his native town. To this he replied feelingly 
 and eloquently. 
 
 Dobbin's Death. — Dobbin and his friends all realized 
 that he had returned home to die. His death occurred 
 at his home in Fayetteville, August 4, 1857. His last 
 words were: "Praise the Lord, oh, my soul'" The 
 news of his death was everywhere received with great 
 sorrow. Many eloquent tributes were paid to his mem- 
 ory. Probably no other man in the history of North 
 Carolina ever attained such eminence, or rendered such 
 great services to the State and Nation, at so early an age, 
 as James C. Dobbin. 
 
 REVIEW 
 
 1. Wlicn and where was Dobbin born? Where did he receive his 
 early education? 
 
 2. How old was he when he entered the University? Give an 
 account of his career at the University. 
 
JAMES COCHRANE DOBBIN 191 
 
 3. What is said about Dobbin as a lawyer? 
 
 4. Tell about his election to Congress. 
 
 5. What measures did he support in the Legislature? 
 
 6. Describe the work of Dorothea Dix in North Carolina. 
 
 7. How did Dobbin help her? What did Miss Dix say about her 
 success? 
 
 8. What other services did Dobbin render in the Legislature? 
 
 9. Give an account of his services as secretary of the navy. 
 10. Tell of his return to North Carolina. His death. 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR SPECIAL STUDY 
 
 1. What other North Carolinians have been at the head of the N^vy 
 Department? Who were the Presidents at the time? 
 
 2. Explain what Dobbin meant by saying that a large navy was 
 "not a icar, but a peace measure"? 
 
 3. For what purposes are war vessels used besides for fighting? 
 
CHAPTER XVI 
 WILLIAM ALEXANDER GRAHAM 
 
 Two Officers of the Revolution. — Two of the officers 
 under Wilham R. Davie who helped to win for Charlotte 
 
 the name of "Hornets' Nest" 
 were Major Joseph Graham 
 and Major John Davidson. 
 During the war they fought 
 side by side for American 
 independence and became 
 close friends. After the Rev- 
 olution their friendship was 
 made still closer when Major 
 Graham married Major Da- 
 vidson's beautiful daughter, 
 Isabella. The young couple 
 made their home in Lincoln 
 county. They had twelve 
 children. Their eleventh 
 child was William Alexander Graham. 
 
 William A. Graham's School Days. — William A. 
 Graham was born in Lincoln county, September 5, 1804. 
 His mother died when he was only three and a half years 
 old. Until he was old enough to go to school, William 
 ran about the farm and enjoyed the free and happy life 
 of a country boy. His older brothers must have told 
 
 192 
 
 William Alexander Graham 
 
WILLIAM ALEXANDER GRAHAM 193 
 
 him some dreadful tales about the things that happened 
 at school, for when the day came for William to start to 
 school he could not be found. After a long search he 
 was discovered hiding under the bed, and kicking and 
 screaming he was dragged out by the heels. 
 
 His first school was near his home, but when he was 
 a little older he was sent to a school in Mecklenburg 
 county. There he lived with an uncle three miles from 
 the schoolhouse. Every day William rode horseback 
 to school with his little friend James W. Osborne riding 
 behind. Afterward he attended schools at Lincolnton, 
 Statesville, and Hillsboro. His teachers declared that 
 he was one of their best pupils, and praised him for his 
 sense of honor and truthfulness. One of his classmates 
 said: "He was the only boy I ever knew who would 
 spend his Saturdays in reviewing the studies of the week." 
 
 Graham at the University. — At fifteen Graham 
 entered the University of North Carolina. He was 
 noted for his careful observance of the rules of the college 
 and for his courtesy to members of the faculty. He was 
 popular, too, with the students. Although he was a 
 hard student, he found time to give to reading, and to 
 pay close attention to the work of the Dialectic Literary 
 Society. There he received the training that made him 
 one of North Carolina's greatest orators. In 1824 he 
 was graduated with the highest honors and was selected 
 to be one of the speakers at commencement. 
 
 Admission to the Bar. — Leaving the University, 
 Graham went to Hillsboro to study law under the great 
 lawyer. Chief Justice Ruffin. In 1827 he received his 
 license and settled at Hillsboro. At that time no other 
 town in the State was the home of so many eminent 
 
194 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 men. Among them were Chief Justice Ruffin, Fred- 
 erick Nash, who afterward became chief justice, Archi- 
 bald D. Murphey, and Willie P. Mangum, who became 
 a United States senator. Other great lawyers attended 
 the courts at Hillsboro. 
 
 It was not long before William A. Graham showed 
 himself able to stand among the greatest of them. One 
 of his first cases attracted a large crowd to the court- 
 house. He spoke so well that the older lawyers present 
 were surprised. William H. Haywood, of Raleigh, 
 asked somebody who had prepared young Graham's 
 speech. When told that Graham had prepared it him- 
 self, Haywood exclaimed, "William Gaston could have 
 done it no better." 
 
 Graham as an Orator. — Graham was well fitted to 
 be a great orator. He had read a great deal and re- 
 membered what he read. All of his speeches were pre- 
 pared with great care. Besides, he looked like an orator. 
 Six feet in height, straight as an arrow, with broad, high 
 forehead and flashing eyes, he was the very picture of 
 an orator. His manners were easy and graceful, and 
 his voice, though full and strong, was soft and musical. 
 He spoke with much force and feeling, but he was careful 
 to treat his opponents with fairness and courtesy. 
 
 His Work in the Legislature. — In 1833 Graham was 
 elected a member of the Legislature, and was reelected 
 seven times. In 1838 he was elected speaker, and two 
 years later was again elected unanimously. Whenever 
 he rose to speak, the other members listened attentively 
 to his words. He served on many of the most important 
 committees of the Assembly. 
 
 The two things that interested Graham most were 
 
WILLIAM ALEXANDER GRAHAM 195 
 
 education and internal improvements. He advocated 
 laws for the building of good roads, the digging of canals, 
 and the widening and deepening of channels of rivers. 
 These things he declared were necessary in order that 
 farmers and manufacturers might get their products to 
 market easily and cheaply. 
 
 But Graham's best work was done in behalf of schools 
 and railroads. He was one of those statesmen, very 
 rare in those days, who thought that all the children of 
 the State ought to be educated in schools supported by 
 public taxation. While traveling through New England 
 in 1831 he wrote that of all the interesting things that 
 he had seen he liked best the public schools. He called 
 them "the glory of New England." In the Legislature 
 he spoke eloquently in favor of public schools for North 
 Carolina, and he always served on the committee on 
 education. He wrote a large part of the first law to 
 provide public schools in North Carolina. 
 
 Graham was also greatly interested in the building 
 of railroads. The first two railroads built in North 
 Carolina were the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad 
 and the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad. Graham advo- 
 cated the law for building the former and wrote the law 
 for building the latter. For building these two rail- 
 roads the Legislature voted large sums. Many members 
 of the Legislature opposed these measures because they 
 said railroads would ruin the State! But Graham and 
 other leading men spoke eloquently for them and pointed 
 out their benefits so plainly that the laws were passed 
 and work was soon begun on the roads. We cannot see 
 now how we could get along without them. 
 
 Graham in the United States Senate. — Graham's 
 
196 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 work in the Legislature was so wise, that in 1840 he was 
 elected United States senator. In the Senate he served 
 on several important committees and took part in some of 
 the Senate's most important business. Two of his speeches 
 in the Senate attracted much attention in the country. 
 
 At that time John Tyler was President. Tyler was 
 elected by the Whig Party, of which Graham was- also a 
 member, but he and the Whigs had quarreled. Many 
 of the leading Whigs, therefore, refused to vote money 
 to enable him to carry on the business of the government. 
 But Graham declared such action was unpatriotic. He 
 would not cripple the whole government in order to 
 spite the President. "I will not," he exclaimed, "stop 
 the action of the government by denying it the means 
 of going on, no matter who may be in power." All 
 patriotic people applauded this sentiment. 
 
 On another occasion, during a heated debate, a New 
 England senator declared that the States would not 
 obey a certain law which the Senate was about to pass. 
 " What then will you do? " he asked. '' Will the govern- 
 ment send armed troops to compel the States to obey?" 
 But Graham sharply rebuked the Northern senator for 
 such unpatriotic words. The States, he said, would 
 obey the Constitution and the laws, not from fear of 
 punishment, but because it was their duty to do so. 
 "It is faith, honor, conscience," he exclaimed, "and not 
 the hangman's whip" upon which rest the blessings of 
 our government. 
 
 Such patriotic words won for Graham many friends 
 and admirers. He was in the Senate only two years, 
 but in that time he took a leading place among the states- 
 men of the Union. 
 
WILLIAM ALEXANDER GRAHAM 197 
 
 Four Years as Governor. — Upon leaving the Senate 
 in 1842 Graham returned to Hillsboro to practise law. 
 But the people would not permit him to remain in pri- 
 vate life. In 1844 they elected him governor, and in 
 184G they elected him a second time. In the first election 
 he defeated his opponent by a majority of 3,153, but in 
 the second election his majority was twice that number. 
 He declared that if he were to consult his own wishes, he 
 would decline the high honor, but, if the people wanted 
 him to serve them, he thought it his duty to obey. So 
 he began his work as governor, January 1, 1845. 
 
 The new Governor's inaugural address was heard by 
 a large crowd. In it he urged the people to love and 
 honor their native State. "If," said he, " we glory in the 
 name of American citizens, it should be with feelings 
 akin to filial affection and gratitude that we remember 
 we are North Carolinians. In our past history we have 
 gained a high character for the virtues of honesty and 
 fidelity. In the future let us fervently unite our prayers 
 that our beloved North Carolina may still be permitted to 
 walk in her integrity, the object of our loyalty and pride, 
 as she is the home of our hearts and affections." 
 
 As governor Graham devoted his energies to the im- 
 provement of agriculture, commerce, and education in the 
 State. He formed wise plans to increase the revenue 
 of the State so that great works of internal improvements 
 might be carried on. He urged the building of railroads, 
 canals, and public highways. He advocated an agricul- 
 tural survey of the State so as to find out what products 
 were best suited to each section. He earnestly sup- 
 ported the plans for a school for the deaf and dumb, 
 and for an asylum for the insane. 
 
198 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 In him the pubhc schools found one of their best 
 friends. He thought that their greatest need was a 
 general head, called the superintendent, who should 
 ''devote his whole time and attention in imparting to 
 them vigor and usefulness." This w^as a subject, he 
 declared, which ought to "engage the best talents and 
 most exalted patriotism of the country." Afterward, 
 in 1852, the Legislature appointed a superintendent as 
 Graham had suggested. 
 
 The North Carolina Railroad. — We have already 
 seen how Graham while a member of the Legislature 
 advocated the building of the Wilmington and Weldon 
 and the Raleigh and Gaston railroads. As governor he 
 urged the building of another railroad from Raleigh to 
 Charlotte. The plan was for the road afterward to be 
 extended to Goldsboro. At Raleigh it would connect 
 with the railroads of the North, at Charlotte with those 
 of the South, and at Goldsboro with both. It was to be 
 called the North Carolina Railroad. Governor Graham 
 worked hard to get the law passed to vote money for 
 building this railroad. But as the Democrats were 
 opposed to it, there was a hard struggle. The bill was 
 passed in the House of Commons, but when the vote 
 was taken in the Senate it was a tie. 
 
 Then occurred one of the bravest and most patriotic 
 acts in our history. It was the duty of the Speaker to 
 break the tie. The speaker was Calvin Graves, a Demo- 
 crat. He knew that his party was opposed to the bill. 
 If he voted for it, the Democrats would never again elect 
 him to a public office. Yet he believed that the railroad 
 would be a great blessing to the State. What then 
 should he do? Should he sacrifice all his hopes of high 
 
WILLIAM ALEXANDER GRAHAM 199 
 
 public office, and vote for the bill? Or should he vote 
 against it and win the applause of his party? He did 
 not hesitate. He loved his State better than he did his 
 party, and gave his vote for the railroad. 
 
 So the bill became a law. Calvin Graves was never 
 again elected to a public office. But he had done his 
 State a great service, for the North Carolina Railroad 
 has proved to be a great blessing to the State. The 
 work was begun in July, 1851. In the presence of a 
 great crowd at Greensboro, Calvin Graves threw the 
 first shovel of dirt which began this great work. The 
 North Carolina Railroad now runs from Goldsboro to 
 Charlotte and is a part of the Southern Railway system. 
 
 War with Mexico. — While Graham was governor, 
 war broke out between the United States and Mexico. 
 The Whigs were opposed to this war. They thought 
 that the United States was wrong in her claims and that 
 the war was unnecessary. This was also Governor 
 Graham's opinion. But he thought also that, after the 
 war was begun, it was the duty of patriotic citizens to 
 support their own country. 
 
 So when the President called on North Carolina for 
 troops. Governor Graham responded promptly. He 
 issued his call for volunteers, and more than three times 
 the required number offered their services. The United 
 States army officer in charge of these troops said: " Pub- 
 Uc men may differ about the justice of the war, but 
 the good people of the Old North State have shown that, 
 in a foreign war, they know no party but their country, 
 and no country but their own." 
 
 Graham Becomes a Member of the President's Cabi- 
 net. — Under the Constitution of North Carolina no 
 
200 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 man could be governor for more than two terms, or four 
 years. So in 1849 Governor Graham retired from that 
 office. His reputation as a wise statesman had now 
 spread throughout the Union. President Taylor offered 
 to appoint him United States minister either to Russia 
 or to Spain, but he declined to accept either place. The 
 next year President Fillmore asked him to become a 
 member of his cabinet as secretary of the navy. This 
 
 office Graham accepted. As 
 secretary of the navy he per- 
 formed several important ser- 
 vices for the United States, but 
 here we can mention only one 
 of them. 
 
 The Opening of Japan. — 
 In 1852 Graham sent a naval 
 expedition to Japan that has 
 had a w^onderful influence on 
 the history of the whole world. 
 At that time the Japanese 
 were only a half-civilized people. They lived entirely 
 to themselves. They carried on no commerce with 
 foreign people and would not even permit foreigners to 
 enter their country. 
 
 But since 1852 a great change has taken place. To-day 
 Japan carries on commerce with all parts of the world, 
 and is one of the great and powerful nations of the earth. 
 Her people are industrious, enlightened, and highly 
 civilized. This wonderful change began with the expe- 
 dition which William A. Graham sent to Japan. 
 
 Several events had occurred which made it important 
 for the United States to be on friendly terms with Japan. 
 
 President Fillmore 
 
WILLIAM AlvKXAXDKR GIIAHAM 
 
 201 
 
 California had just been added to the United States, so 
 that the Union stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 
 Thousands of people were moving into that State every 
 year, A railroad had just been built across the Isthmus 
 of Panama. Some American seamen who had been 
 
 Perry Delivering President's Letter to Emperor of Japan 
 
 shipwrecked on the coast of .Iai)an had been thrown 
 into prison and cruelly treated. 
 
 So Secretary Graham decided to send a naval expedi- 
 tion to Japan to try to make a treaty of peace with the 
 Emperor. He placed the expedition under the command 
 of Commodore M. C. Perry. Perry carried, sealed in 
 a costly gold box, a letter from the President of the 
 United States to the Emperor of Japan. The Japanese 
 were very reluctant to have any dealings with the for- 
 eigners, but Perry was wise and careful. He finally 
 succeeded in getting the Emperor to sign a treaty 
 which permitted the Japanese and the Americans to 
 
202 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 carry on trade with each other. As we have already 
 seen, this treaty was completed while James C. Dobbin 
 was secretary of the navy. Since then Japan has made 
 similar treaties with other nations and has become one 
 of the great commercial nations of the world. 
 
 Graham Nominated for Vice-President. — In 1852 
 the Whig Party nominated Graham for the Vice-Presi- 
 dency of the United States. Accordingly he resigned 
 his position in the Cabinet. In the election the Whigs 
 were defeated. Graham then returned to the practise 
 of the law at Hillsboro. 
 
 The Slavery Question. — During the next few years 
 the whole country became deeply stirred over the slavery 
 question. When the Union was formed, all of the States 
 permitted slaves to be held within their limits. But 
 after a few years, finding that slavery did not pay in the 
 cold North, most of the Northern States abolished it. 
 Little by little the Northern people began to think that 
 slavery was a great moral wrong. They had many 
 discussions about it and formed many plans to have it 
 abolished throughout the Union. 
 
 But the Southern people did not think it wrong to 
 hold slaves. They declared that the negroes were better 
 off than if they had remained in Africa. In the South, 
 they said, the slaves were treated kindly, cared for in 
 sickness and old age, and taught the Christian religion. 
 Both the whites and the negroes in the South were 
 satisfied, so the Northern people had no right to interfere 
 with them. 
 
 Congress had no power to abolish slavery in any of the 
 States. But Congress could declare that slaves should 
 not be held in any of the new States which should be 
 
WILLIAM ALEXANDER GRAHAM 203 
 
 admitted to the Union. The North, therefore, insisted 
 that this should be done. The South opposed it. The 
 Southern people declared that the territory from which 
 these States were formed belonged to all the people of 
 the United States. Therefore the Southern people ought 
 to have the same right to carry their slaves into such 
 States as the Northern people had to carry their horses 
 and cattle. Great disputes grew out of these questions. 
 Both sides became angry and said many harsh things 
 about each other. 
 
 Secession. — Finally some of the Southern States 
 declared that if they could not get equal rights in the 
 Union, they would withdraw from the Union. Such 
 withdrawal was called "secession." But the North 
 declared that no State had a right to secede from 
 the Union. For a while the two sections forgot their 
 quarrel over slavery, and quarreled about the right of 
 secession. 
 
 In 1860 Abraham Lincoln, a Northern man who was 
 bitterly opposed to slavery, was elected President. 
 Thereupon South Carolina declared him to be such an 
 enemy to the South that she would no longer remain in 
 the Union. In 1860 she seceded. Georgia, Alabama, 
 Mississippi, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas soon did like- 
 wise. These seven States then formed a new government 
 called "The Confederate States of America," and invited 
 the other Southern States to join them. 
 
 Shall North Carolina Secede. — Should North Caro- 
 hna accept this invitation? On this question the people 
 were divided. William A. Graham was among those 
 who answered, "No!" He loved the old Union for 
 which his father had fought so bravely and which he 
 
204 HISTORY OF NORTH (CAROLINA 
 
 himself had served so well. So he worked hard to 
 prevent North Carolina from seceding. He spoke 
 powerfully and eloquently in favor of the Union and 
 against secession. When the people, in February, 1861, 
 came to vote on the question, they followed Graham's 
 advice, and voted against secession. 
 
 North Carohna tried to preserve peace between the 
 North and the South. But in April, 1861, war began 
 in spite of her efforts. President Lincoln then demanded 
 that North Carolina send troops to fight the other South- 
 ern States. But the Governor, John W. Ellis, replied, 
 "You can get no troops from North Carolina." Even 
 Governor Graham and others who had opposed secession 
 now declared that North Carolina must take her stand 
 with the South. So a Convention was called to meet at 
 Raleigh, May 20, 1861, to decide what should be done. 
 Graham was elected a member of that Convention. On 
 May 20, the Convention adopted the ordinance of 
 secession, which separated North Carolina from the 
 United States. Graham voted for this ordinance. 
 North Carolina then joined the Confederate States. 
 
 Graham in the Confederate States Senate. — In 1863 
 Graham was elected a member of the Confederate States 
 Senate. He at once became one of the leaders in that 
 body, and was elected president, -pro tem^ He gave 
 loyal support to the Confederate government. When he 
 saw that the South could not win, he urged President 
 Davis to make peace. President Davis declared that he 
 had no power to make peace, but, if the States wished 
 
 'The Vice-Prosident (Alexander H. Stephens) was President of the 
 Senate. But the Senate elected a President pro tern to preside whenever 
 the Vice-President of the Confederate States was absent. 
 
WILLIAM ALEXANDER GRAHAM 
 
 205 
 
 to do so, each one could make peace for herself. So in 
 April, 1865 Graham went to Raleigh to urge Governor 
 Vance to make peace for North Carolina and put a stop 
 to further bloodshed. But Vance was not willing to do 
 
 The Capitol at Richmond, Va., in which the ( 'trnFEDEKAiE ('on<;kks« Met 
 
 so. Besides, it was too late, for while they were dis- 
 cussing the matter, General Lee surrendered to General 
 Grant, and soon the war was at an end. 
 
 Reconstruction. — After the war, sad times followed 
 for the South. Union soldiers were stationed in various 
 places to overawe the people. Northern adventurers, 
 called "carpet-baggers," roamed from place to place, 
 protected by the soldiers while they robbed and plundered 
 at will. Ignorant negroes were placed in high and impor- 
 tant offices, but such men as Graham and Vance were 
 not allowed even to vote. Men who remained true to 
 
206 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 the South were denied their rights, deprived of their 
 liberties, and often treated with great cruelty. 
 
 During those terrible days the people of North Caro- 
 lina looked to Governor Graham as their wisest leader. 
 In 1868 a great meeting of the leading men of the State 
 was held at Raleigh. They were to decide on plans for 
 rescuing the State from the carpet-baggers and negroes. 
 Governor Graham was selected as the leader of this 
 convention. He opened the session with a speech which 
 aroused the members from their despair and planted 
 in them a determination to rescue the State. 
 
 How a Governor was Punished. — This Convention 
 formed a new party made up of men who had been Demo- 
 crats and men who had been Whigs before the war. All 
 forgot their old differences in trying to save the State 
 from the new dangers. They called their new party the 
 Conservative Party. In 1870 Graham led this party to 
 victory. He then advised the Legislature to impeach 
 the governor, William W. Holden. Holden had been 
 elected by the carpet-baggers and negroes, and was 
 accused of committing crimes against the State. 
 
 Graham's advice was taken, and Holden was brought 
 before the Senate to be tried. Graham made a powerful 
 speech against him. He showed that Governor Holden 
 had disobeyed the Constitution and broken the laws of 
 the State. The Senate found him guilty of the charges, 
 and removed him from office. Thus the rule of the carpet- 
 baggers and negroes was overthrown in North Carolina. 
 
 Graham's Work for Education. — Governor Graham 
 always took a deep interest in education. In 1834 he 
 was chosen a member of the Board of Trustees of the 
 University and served until his death. 
 
WILLIAM ALEXANDER GRAHAM 207 
 
 One of the greatest calamities of the war in North 
 Carohna was the destruction of the public schools. The 
 people of the South were too poor immediately after the 
 war to reopen their schools. In 1867 George Peabody, 
 a wealthy merchant of New England, gave $3,500,000 
 to be used in helping to reestablish the schools of the 
 South. He appointed a board, called "The Peabody 
 Education Board," to manage this fund. It was com- 
 posed of some of the best known men in the United 
 States. One of them was Governor Graham. He 
 served on the board until his death and was deeply inter- 
 ested in its work. Through the work of this board 
 hundreds of schools in the South were reopened, and 
 thousands of Southern boys and girls were educated. 
 
 Graham's Last Service and Death. — The last service 
 Graham was called on to render was for the State of 
 Virginia. For many years Virginia and Maryland had 
 had a dispute about their boundary line. In 1874 they 
 agreed to select three men to decide the dispute. Vir- 
 ginia selected Governor Graham. Maryland selected 
 Governor Black of Pennsylvania. The third man was 
 Governor Winston of Alabama. In the summer of 1875 
 they met at Saratoga Springs, New York, to begin their 
 work. But soon after meeting, Governor Graham was 
 taken seriously ill, and on August 11, 1875, he died. 
 
 Great honor was paid to his memory by the two 
 States whose dispute he was trying to settle, and by 
 his native State. His body was placed in the Capitol 
 at Raleigh, where thousands of people came to see their 
 great leader for the last time. Then, escorted by the 
 soldiers of the State, it was taken to Hillsboro and 
 buried in the Presbyterian Churchyard. Of him Gov- 
 
208 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 ernor Stuart of Virginia, who knew him well, said: "I 
 have rarely met a wiser man, and never a better man 
 than WilHam A. Graham." 
 
 GEOGRAPHY STUDY 
 
 1. Trace the course of the Wihiiington and Weldon Raih'oad. 
 
 2. The Raleigh and Gaston Railroad ran between the two towns of 
 those names. It is now part of the Seaboard Air Line Railroad. 
 Trace its course. 
 
 3. What towns and counties do these two railroads pass through? 
 
 REVIEW 
 
 1. When and where was Graham l)orn? Tell about his school 
 days. 
 
 2. What is said about his work at the University? 
 
 3. What profession did he choose? Where did he make his home? 
 Who were some of the lawyers there at the time? What success did 
 Graham have? 
 
 4. How was he fitted to be an orator? 
 
 0. Give an account of his services in the Legislature. 
 
 6. What is said of his ser\-ices in the United States Senate? 
 
 7. Tell about Graham's election as governor. What did he say 
 about North Carolina in his inaugural address? 
 
 8. Give an account of his services as governor. 
 
 9. Tell the story of the fight for the North Carolina Railroad. 
 
 10. What did Graham think about the war with Mexico? How did 
 he help the United States? 
 
 IL To what office was he appointed by President Fillmore? 
 
 12. Give an account of the expedition he sent to Japan. 
 
 13. Explain what the North and the South each thought about 
 slavery. 
 
 14. What power did Congress have over slavery? How did this 
 lead to disputes between the North and the South? 
 
 15. What remedy did the South suggest? What did the North 
 say about secession? 
 
 16. Tell about the formation of the Confederate States. 
 
WILLIAM ALEXANDER (JRAHAiM 209 
 
 17. What did the people of North Carolina say and do about seces- 
 sion? What was Graham's position? 
 
 18. What event occurred in April, 1861, that changed the ideas of 
 such men as Graham? What did the State then do? What was the 
 date of the secession of North Carolina? 
 
 19. Give an account of Graham's services as Confederate States 
 Senator. 
 
 20. What is meant by "Reconstruction"? What services did 
 Graham render to the State during those days ? 
 
 21. What new party was formed in 1868? What was its object? 
 Who was its leader? What success did it have? 
 
 22. Give an account of Graham's work for education. 
 
 23. What service did Graham render the State of Virginia? 
 
 24. Write a summary of his life. 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR SPECIAL STUDY 
 
 1. Explain how good roads and other internal improvements help 
 the people of any community. 
 
 2. What is the difference between a "bill" and a "law" ? 
 
 3. What were the causes of the war with Mexico? Why were the 
 Whigs opposed to this war? 
 
 4. Make a list of the members of President Fillmore's Cabinet. 
 
 5. Explain how the adding of California to the United States 
 affected our relations with Japan. 
 
 6. Explain fully the difference between the ideas of the North and 
 the South on slavery. On secession. 
 
 7. Why did North Carolina refuse to secede in February, 1861, 
 and then secede in May, 1861 ? 
 
 8. Who were the carpet-baggers and why were they called that? 
 
 9. Many schools in North Carolina have received aid from the 
 Peabody Education Fund. Is yours one of them? 
 
CHAPTER XVII 
 CALVIN HENDERSON WILEY 
 
 The Founding of Colleges. — We have seen how 
 W^illiam R. Davie and others worked to establish the 
 University. After the year 1800 several other colleges 
 were built. Among them were colleges for girls at 
 Salem, Greensboro and Raleigh, and such colleges for 
 boys as W-'ake Forest, Davidson, Trinity, and Guilford. 
 All of these colleges, except the University, were under 
 the control of the various churches of the State. The 
 University was a great public school, controlled by the 
 State. But it was intended only for well-advanced boys. 
 Many years passed after the founding of the University 
 before any public schools for little folk were opened. 
 
 Common Schools. — The three men who took the 
 leading part in the founding of public schools for beginners 
 were Bartlett Yancey, Joseph Caldwell, and Archibald 
 D. Murphey. Yancey was for many years one of the 
 leading members of the Legislature. Caldwell was pres- 
 ident of the University. Murphey was a learned lawyer, 
 a fine scholar and an eminent judge. 
 
 In 1816 Murphey prepared a plan for public schools 
 which he presented in 1817 to the Legislature. Such 
 schools then were called " common schools." Murphey 's 
 plan was considered so good that he is often called the 
 "Father of the Common Schools." Y^ancey and Cald- 
 
 210 
 
CALVIN HExNDERSON WILEY 211 
 
 well supported Murphey's plan and all three spoke and 
 wrote strongly for the common schools. 
 
 The Literary Board. — But nearly ten years passed 
 before they could get the Legislature to do anything. 
 In 1825 the Legislature passed a law to lay aside certain 
 money to be used for the support of colnmon schools. 
 This was to be called the "Literary Fund," and was 
 to be managed by five men who were called the "Liter- 
 ary Board." At first the fund was small, and ten more 
 years passed before any of it was used for education. 
 In 1837 North Carolina received more than one million 
 dollars as her share of some money which the United 
 States Government distributed to the States. The 
 Legislature passed a law to add most of this money to 
 the Literary Fund, and the fund soon amounted to 
 about two million dollars. 
 
 Opening of the Common Schools. — In 1840, therefore, 
 the common schools were opened. But for several 
 years they did not do very well and the people were not 
 satisfied with them. The members of the Literary 
 Board all had other work to do and of course could 
 not give much attention to the schools. Many people 
 thought that the schools ought to have one man at their 
 head whose duty it should be to look after them and 
 nothing else. Such an officer would be called the super- 
 intendent of common schools. So in 1852 the Legis- 
 lature passed a law to place a superintendent in charge of 
 the schools, and elected to that important office Calvin 
 Henderson Wiley. 
 
 Calvin Henderson Wiley. — None of the men that 
 we have read about did a more important work for 
 North Carohna than Calvin H. Wiley. He was elected 
 
212 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 superintendent of common schools six times, and re- 
 mained at their head for thirteen years. The people had 
 great confidence in him and became very proud of their 
 schools. In these schools thousands of children received 
 the only education they ever had. 
 
 Calvin H. Wiley was born on a farm in Guilford 
 
 county, February 3, 1819. 
 The first member of his 
 family in North Carolina 
 came from Pennsylvania 
 some time before the Revo- 
 lution. His grandfather, 
 David Wiley, when a small 
 boy, was present at the bat- 
 tle of Alamance. When the 
 Revolution broke out David 
 Wiley entered the American 
 army and fought bravely for 
 American independence. 
 Calvin H. Wiley's father 
 was David L. Wiley and his 
 mother was Anne Woodburn. 
 His mother hoped that he 
 would become a Presbyterian preacher, so she selected 
 for him the names of two Presbyterian ministers, that 
 of the great John Calvin and that of her old pastor. 
 Rev. Dr. Henderson. 
 
 Wiley's Early Life. — At an early age young Wiley 
 was sent to Caldwell Institute at Greensboro, where he 
 was prepared for college. In 1836 he entered the Uni- 
 versity, where he was graduated in 1840. Instead of 
 entering the ministry, he decided to study law. In 1841 
 
 Calvin H. Wiley 
 
CALVIN HENDERSON WILEY 213 
 
 he settled at Oxford to practise his profession. But 
 clients were few in number and the young attorney 
 found more time than cases on his hands. But he made 
 good use of his spare time by reading and writing. From 
 1841 to 1843 he was editor of a paper called the Oxford 
 Mercury. In 1847 he published a novel called "Ala- 
 mance," and two years later a second novel called 
 " Roanoke." 
 
 Wiley Discovers Two Great Evils. — But Wiley soon 
 found more important work to do than writing novels. 
 He had noticed two evils in North Carolina that gave 
 him much anxiety. 
 
 First, he noticed that North Carolina was regarded by 
 publishing companies as one of the best states in the 
 Union for the sale of trashy books, and that every year 
 thousands of such books were sold in the State. 
 
 Secondly, he noticed that every year thousands of 
 people were leaving North Carohna and moving to the 
 South and West. North Carolina, he declared, seemed 
 to be "regarded by its own citizens as a mere nursery 
 to grow up in." The sign "For Sale" seemed to be 
 posted all over the State. "The ruinous effects," he 
 wrote, " are eloquently recorded in deserted farms, . . . 
 in the absence of improvements, and in the hardships, 
 sacrifices and sorrows of constant emigration." 
 
 Wiley Proposes a Remedy. — Wiley set himself the 
 task of finding a remedy for these evils. After carefully 
 studying the situation he decided that the only remedy 
 was education. The children of North Carohna, he 
 declared, must be taught to love their own State, to take 
 a pride in her welfare, and to understand the opportu- 
 nities which she offered to them. They must also be 
 
214 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 trained how to make use of those opportunities. This 
 great work could be done only by the common schools, 
 and the great need of the common schools was a superin- 
 tendent to direct them in their work. 
 
 To this work Wiley decided to devote his life. In 
 1849 he left Oxford and returned to Guilford county. 
 There he told the people what he wanted to do. In 
 order to do it he must become a member of the Legisla- 
 ture. So he asked the people of Guilford county to 
 elect him their representative in the Legislature of 1850. 
 The people had great confidence in him and chose him 
 to represent them in the General Assembly. When the 
 Legislature met, Wiley worked hard to get a law passed 
 to provide a superintendent for the common schools. 
 He spoke eloquently in favor of his plan. 
 
 ''These schools," he said, ''have been open for seven 
 or eight years. ... In that time they have shed on 
 thirty thousand darkened souls the strengthening and 
 healthful light of knowledge. . . . But perhaps there 
 are those who believe the book of knowledge should be a 
 sealed book to the millions. I have heard such opinions 
 expressed. ... I can only say, in answer to those 
 who may think so, that in all my observation I have 
 found happiness, comfort, and intelligence dwelling to- 
 gether. . . . Let the laborer as well as the politician 
 be educated, and our ships and fields and farms will 
 then take rank with our sermons and speeches. You 
 have doubtless seen magicians taking any amount of 
 stores from a bag of plenty which appeared to be 
 empty: the free schoolhouses, the dirty log houses , . . 
 are filled with untold treasures if we but only knew how 
 to draw them out." 
 
CALVIN HENDERSON WILEY 
 
 21; 
 
 But the Legislature, in spite of his powerful appeal, 
 refused to pass his bill. However, he did not give up 
 the fight. In 1852 he returned to the Legislature and 
 again went to work for the common schools. He was so 
 much in earnest, he worked so hard, and he spoke so 
 eloquently in favor of his plan, that this time he suc- 
 ceeded. A law was passed providing for a superintendent 
 of the common schools, and when the time came to elect 
 a man to the office all eyes turned at once toward Wiley 
 himself. So he was elected and began his work January 
 1, 1853. 
 
 Wiley's Task. — Wiley found a hard task before him. 
 The schools were in a wretched condition. Most of the 
 school-houses were mere log hovels. Teachers were 
 scarce and generally very poor. They cared but little 
 about their work. The money for the schools was 
 being wasted. The people did not understand how to 
 manage their schools. Many thought they were charity 
 schools intended only for poor children. Others had 
 no confidence in their 
 work. They were 
 poorly attended, and 
 thousands of children 
 were growing up in 
 ignorance because 
 they had no one to 
 direct their educa- 
 tion. 
 
 First of all the SU- ^he Old Type of a School 
 
 perintendent had to teach the people what common 
 schools really were. He rode nearly all over the State, 
 from the mountains to the sea, in an old-fashioned buggy, 
 
216 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 talking to the people about education and trying to get 
 them interested in their schools. He wrote about the 
 schools in the newspapers, in hundreds of letters, in 
 messages to the governor, and he spoke about them 
 in eloquent speeches. 
 
 Two of his hardest tasks were to teach the officers 
 their duties and to teach the teachers how to teach. To 
 aid in this important work he established in every school 
 district a Teachers' Library Association to supply the 
 teachers with good books. He began the pubhcation 
 of a teachers' magazine called the North Carolina School 
 Journal. He organized the teachers of the State into 
 a State Teachers' Association. Others had tried several 
 times to organize a teachers' association, but where they 
 failed Wiley succeeded. 
 
 What Wiley Accomplished. — His work was slow and 
 discouraging. But Wiley had patience and determina- 
 tion. He resolved to succeed, and he did not know the 
 meaning of the word "give-up." And in the end he did 
 succeed. Old friends of the schools were discovered 
 and put to work. Many new friends were made. 
 Enemies were met and routed. Better school-houses 
 were built. The school term was made longer than 
 ever before. Incompetent officers were removed, and 
 the good ones were spurred on to better work. Poor 
 teachers were dismissed, and better ones put in their 
 places. The colleges began to take an interest in the 
 common schools, and the people were proud of them. 
 
 When Wiley began his work there were only 800 
 public school teachers in the State. He increased this 
 number to more than 2,000. The number of schools was 
 increased from less than 2,000 to nearly 3,000. He 
 
CALVIN HENDERSON WILIOV 
 
 217 
 
 increased the amount of money spent each year from 
 $130,000 to !ii;400,000. When he took charge he found 
 only 83,000 children enrolled; this number was increased 
 to 110,000. And those 116,000 children had better 
 
 A Modern Rural Elementary School-house 
 (Many are found in North Curoliua) 
 
 school-houses, better books, better teachers, and longer 
 terms than the 83,000 had had. 
 
 Besides these improvements, the people were no 
 longer leaving North Carolina in such large numbers. 
 The spirit of education was bringing about industrial 
 progress and agricultural improvement. The people 
 were becoming aware of the opportunities offered 
 in North Carolina and were more attached to their 
 homes than ever before. Everybody admitted that 
 the success of the common schools was due to 
 Calvin H. Wiley. 
 
218 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 Shall the Common Schools be Closed? — But suddenly 
 everything was changed. In 1861, just as the common 
 schools were beginning to do their best work, the great 
 war between the North and the South broke out. North 
 Carolina needed large sums of money to buy arms, 
 ammunition, food, and clothes for her soldiers. Some 
 persons suggested that the common schools be closed 
 and the school money used for the purposes of war. 
 Wiley was strongly opposed to this. "No people," he 
 exclaimed, "can, or ought to be free, who are not willing 
 to educate their children." The schools, he said, must 
 be kept open in spite of the war. 
 
 He first went to see the Governor. The Governor 
 heard him gladly and promised to help him. Then 
 Wiley went before the Legislature and spoke for the 
 schools. Here he had his hardest fight, for many of the 
 members were in favor of closing the schools until after 
 the war. But Wiley was just as determined to fight the 
 battles of the children as the soldiers were to fight 
 the battles of their country. He fought hard and won a 
 great victory. The Legislature declared that the school 
 money must not "be used for war purposes and that the 
 schools must be kept open. 
 
 The Schools are Kept Open. — So in spite of war 
 and poverty and suffering Wiley kept the doors of the 
 common schools open. But of course they suffered from 
 the war just as everything else did. Wiley's difficulties 
 were greater than ever. He found it hard to get text- 
 books. He found it hard to get teachers. But in spite 
 of all these troubles, and a hundred others, in 1863 the 
 common schools enrolled more than 50,000 children. 
 Nothing, declared Wiley, reflected greater honor on 
 
CALVIN HENDERSON WILEY 
 
 219 
 
 North Caralina, or showed her spirit better, than this 
 fact! 
 
 The Schools are Closed. — But when the war came to 
 a close and the South was defeated, everything was 
 thrown into confusion. Men from 
 the North who cared nothing for 
 North Carolina gained control of 
 the State. They turned Governor 
 Vance and the other officers out of 
 their offices. Men who had been 
 true to the South were not allowed 
 either to hold office or to vote. 
 Their places were taken by North- 
 ern ''carpet-baggers" and ignorant 
 negroes. 
 
 Wiley, too, was dismissed from 
 office. Then the common schools, 
 which he had kept open during 
 all the terrible days of war, were 
 closed. But he had done a great 
 work for the State. Many thou- 
 sand children who could never have 
 gone to any other schools had been 
 taught in the common schools and 
 become educated men and women. 
 
 Wiley Enters the Ministry. — 
 While he was superintendent of com- 
 mon schools Wiley studied theology 
 and became a Presbyterian minister. Many honors were 
 bestowed on him. He was frequently asked to make 
 educational addresses both in North Carolina and in 
 other states. The Legislature of Georgia invited him 
 
 Monument to Calvin H. 
 Wiley at West End 
 School, Winston, N. C. 
 
 INSCRIPTION 
 
 Erected by the pupils of 
 
 The Graded Schools of 
 
 Winston to the Memory of 
 
 Rev. Calvin H. Wiley, D. D. 
 
 As one of the Founders of 
 
 The Schools of this City 
 
 And as the Father of the 
 
 Public School System of N. C. 
 
 Feb. 3, lS19-Jan. 11, 1887 
 
 Supt. Public Instruction 
 
 1853-1867 
 
220 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 to address them on the subject of common schools and 
 to help them organize in Georgia such a system as he 
 had organized in North Carohna. In 1881 the Uni- 
 versity conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of 
 Divinity. 
 
 Wiley's Last Years. — After the war Dr. Wiley moved 
 for a short time to Tennessee, but in 1874 returned to 
 North Carolina. From then till his death his home 
 was in Winston. In that city he became the leader in 
 establishing the Winston graded schools, and for many 
 years was the chairman of the board of trustees. He 
 died in Winston, January 11, 1887. The school children 
 of Winston have erected, on their playground, a monu- 
 ment to his memory. 
 
 REVIEW 
 
 Give an account of — 
 
 1. The founding of colleges in North Carolina. 
 
 2. The leaders in the founding of common schools. 
 
 3. The Literary Board. 
 
 4. The opening of the common schools. 
 
 5. The early life of Calvin H. Wiley. His education. 
 
 6. The two great evils that Wiley discovered in North Carolina. 
 
 7. The remedy that he proposed. 
 
 8. His plan for obtaining this remedy. 
 
 9. What he said about the common schools. 
 
 10. Educational conditions in North Carolina when Wiley took 
 charge of the common schools. 
 
 11. His plans to interest the people in education. 
 
 12. Results of his work. 
 
 13. Effect of the Civil War on the common schools. ^ 
 
 14. The closing of the schools. 
 
 15. Wiley's career after the war. 
 
CALMX HENDERSON WILEY 221 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR SPECIAL STUDY 
 
 L What schools were founded for girls at Salem, Greensboro, and 
 Raleigh before 1840 ? When and where were Wake Forest, Trinity, 
 Davidson, Elon, and Guilford colleges founded? 
 
 2. Wliat official is now at the head of the public school system of 
 North Carolina? Make a list with the dates of their terms of all the 
 men who have held this office in North Carolina. 
 
 3. How is money raised in North Carolina for the support of public 
 schools? 
 
CHAPTER XVIII 
 
 ZEBULON BAIRD VANCE 
 
 The Varices and the Bairds. — Zebulon Baird Vance 
 was born about ten miles from Asheville, May 13, 1830. 
 His father's name was David Vance, his mother's Mar- 
 garet Baird. They named 
 their boy after his mother's 
 father, Zebulon Baird. 
 
 The Vances and the Bairds 
 were among the earliest 
 settlers in the mountainous 
 section of North Carolina. 
 During the Revolution both 
 families sent sturdy patri- 
 ots to the American army. 
 Some of them were among 
 the heroes of King's Moun- 
 tain. From them young 
 Zebulon B. Vance inherited 
 a strong mind, a vigorous 
 body, and an intense love of 
 liberty. 
 The house in which Zebulon B. Vance was born, was 
 a small, simple farmhouse. But it stood amid some 
 of the grandest scenery on the American continent. 
 Near by the beautiful French Broad river flowed through 
 a green valley. The loftiest peaks of the Blue Ridge 
 
 Z. B. Vance 
 
ZEBULON BAIRD VANCE 223 
 
 Mountains threw their shadows on the httle cottage. 
 Within plain view was Mt. Mitchell, the highest moun- 
 tain east of the Rocky Mountains. Forests of giant 
 oaks and hickory and laurel covered the mountain sides. 
 The valley was bright with flowers and musical with the 
 songs of birds. 
 
 All this beauty and grandeur had a strong effect on 
 the lad who grew up in its midst. It kindled his imagi- 
 nation; it planted in him an intense love of nature; it 
 filled him with a deep pride in his native land; and it 
 aroused in him an ambition to be of some great service 
 to his country. 
 
 Vance at School. — There were no good schools near 
 young "Zeb" Vance's home. The poorest boy in 
 North Carolina to-day can find a better school right' at 
 his door than ''Zeb" Vance could have found in many 
 a mile of the French Broad. When he was twelve years 
 old his father sent him across the mountains to a school 
 in Tennessee. He also sent him some good advice. ''Do 
 mind your books," he wrote, "and be careful of giving 
 offense to your school mates." "Zeb" seems to have 
 minded his books well, for his mother wrote to him: " We 
 are very glad to hear that you are learning so fast. We 
 hope that you will improve your time so as to make a 
 great and good man." 
 
 Vance and his Mother. — Many years afterward, 
 while he was governor of his State and was great and 
 famous, he remembered those words; and it made him 
 happy to think that he had not disappointed his mother. 
 Her last words to him were, "God bless you, my dear 
 boy! You have been a good and loving son to me." 
 "How happy it made me feel!" he wrote to one of his 
 
224 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 friends. "Believe me, ... I would not exchange 
 the feeling those blessed assurances of my Mother's love 
 and approbation inspire for all the honors I ever have 
 received or may receive in this world." 
 
 Vance had been at school but a short time when he 
 was called home by the death of his father. For the 
 next seven or eight years he had to' work to help his 
 mother support the family. It was a hard task, but 
 "Zeb" never grumbled. 
 
 Vance at the University. — When he became twenty- 
 one Vance decided to study law. He wanted to go to 
 the University, but had no money. What then should 
 he do? At that time the president of the University 
 was David L. Swain. Swain was a native of Buncombe 
 County and knew the Vances well. So "Zeb" decided 
 to write to him for help. 
 
 The manly tone of young Vance's letter pleased Presi- 
 dent Swain. He replied at once that Vance should have 
 the necessary money. So Vance mounted his horse 
 and rode over the mountains, down to Chapel Hill, and 
 began his studies. He and President Swain soon became 
 warm friends, and their friendship continued until 
 Swain's death. 
 
 Vance remained at the University only one year. 
 But he studied hard, read good books, and became a 
 well-educated man. His favorite books were the Bible, 
 the works of Shakespere, and the stories of Sir Walter 
 Scott. It would certainly be a difficult task to select 
 a better library than this mountain boy selected for 
 himself. He read but few books, but those few he knew 
 thoroughly. Better still, he made many friends at the 
 University who remained true to him throughout his life. 
 
ZEBULON BAIRD VANCE 
 
 225 
 
226 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 The Young Lawyer. — After leaving the University 
 Vance went to Asheville to practise law. He soon had 
 a good practice. But he was not too busy with his law 
 to practice love at the same time. On August 3, 1853, 
 he was married to Miss Harriet N. Espy. 
 
 Vance in the Legislature and in Congress. — Vance 
 was such a good speaker and knew so many good stories 
 that he was always welcome into any company. His 
 lively spirits, his ready wit, and his good humor made 
 him very popular. In 1854, when he was only twenty- 
 four years old, the Whigs elected him a member of the 
 Legislature. Four years later they elected him a member 
 of Congress. He was the youngest member of that body. 
 In 1860 he was elected a second time, but did not remain 
 in Congress much longer. 
 
 Vance Pleads for the Union. — When the dispute 
 arose between the North and South about secession, 
 Vance was a strong Union man. During the years 1860 
 and 1861 he spoke frequently in different parts of the 
 State against secession. His greatest speech for the 
 Union was at Salisbury, October 11, 1860. Thousands 
 of people had gathered there to hold a great Union 
 meeting. They marched about the streets in long 
 Union processions. The bands played Union tunes. 
 The people carried Union flags and banners. Many of 
 the most distinguished men in the State were to speak 
 for the Union. There were Governor Graham, Governor 
 John M. Morehead, and George E. Badger, who had 
 been a United States senator. 
 
 The speaking began in the morning and lasted all day. 
 Vance spoke first. For two hours 5,000 people stood in 
 a cold, drizzling rain and listened to him. When he 
 
ZEBULON BAIRD VANCE 227 
 
 proposed to stop they cried out, "Go on! Go on!" 
 Not a single person left while he was speaking. When 
 night came, after the others had spoken, the crowd 
 went for Vance, bore him on their shoulders through 
 the streets, and called for another speech, 
 
 "In a minute," says a writer who was present, "he 
 was up and at it, and for nearly two hours swayed the 
 throng at his w^ill, now with eloquence and argument, 
 and now with uncontrollable mirth. Such a store of 
 amusing and appropriate anecdotes as this 'Mountain 
 Boy' has, is not possessed by any other man living." 
 When one of Badger's friends complimented him on his 
 speech, that great man replied: "You ought to have 
 heard young Vance. He is the greatest stump speaker 
 that ever was — the greatest that ever was!" 
 
 Vance Goes to War. — Vance worked hard for the 
 Union. But when war began in spite of his efforts, 
 Vance declared that he would stand by the South. " If," 
 he said, "war must come, I prefer to be with my own 
 people. If we have to shed blood, I prefer to shed 
 Northern rather than Southern blood. If I have to 
 slay, I had rather slay strangers than my own kindred 
 and neighbors." 
 
 So in 1861 he left Congress and came home to get 
 ready for the war. He returned at once to Buncombe 
 county, where he raised a company of sturdy mountain 
 men. They promptly elected him their captain. He 
 called his company the "Rough and Ready Guards." 
 In May, 1861, he led them down to Raleigh, where they 
 joined other North Carolina troops. During the summer 
 Captain Vance was sent to help defend New Bern against 
 an attack by the United States troops. Soon afterward 
 
228 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 he was elected colonel of the Twenty-sixth North Caro- 
 lina Regiment. 
 
 The Battle of New Bern. — The Confederate army at 
 New Bern was commanded by General L. O'B. Branch, 
 of North Carohna. On March 14, 1862, a strong Union 
 force attacked the Confederates and beat them. General 
 Branch was driven out of New Bern and forced to retreat 
 to Kinston. 
 
 How Vance Saved his Regiment. — In this battle 
 Colonel Vance showed himself to be a brave and skilful 
 officer. Nothing but his courage and skill saved his 
 regiment from destruction. During the battle Colonel 
 Vance was stationed between a swamp in front and the 
 Trent river behind him. The Union soldiers drove the 
 other Confederates back and got between Colonel Vance 
 and New Bern. They were marching right down on 
 him when he was warned of his danger. All the other 
 Confederate regiments had crossed the Trent on a bridge, 
 but when Colonel Vance reached the river he found the 
 bridge in flames. 
 
 He hurried up the river to a creek called Brice's Creek. 
 This creek was almost as deep and wide as the river, 
 but it must be crossed. Colonel Vance could find but 
 one small boat, and it could carry only three men at 
 a time. The enemy was about half a mile away with 
 ten times his own numbers. What was he to do? He 
 decided in a flash. 
 
 ''I jumped my horse in to swim him over," he wrote 
 to his wife, "but when a httle way in he refused to swim, 
 sank two or three times with me, and I had to jump off 
 and swim across with my sword, pistols, and cartridge 
 box on. Once over I rode half a mile to a house and 
 
ZEBULOX BAIRD VANCE 
 
 229 
 
 John R. Lane Harry K. Burgwyn, Jr. Z. B. Vance 
 Colonels of the 26th North Carolina Regiment 
 
230 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 got three boats, which we carried on our shoulders to the 
 creek, and after four hours of hard labor got all my men 
 over but three poor fellows who were drowned. 
 
 "I can not now speak of the thousand dangers which 
 I passed through. Balls struck all around me. Men 
 were hit right at my feet. My men fought gloriously. 
 We feel quite proud of the good name we have obtained 
 and are determined to maintain it. I should like to 
 dwell upon the many instances of love and affection 
 exhibited by the regiment toward me during the fight 
 and the retreat. I believe they would every one follow 
 me into the jaws of certain death if I led the way." 
 
 Vance Ordered to Virginia. — Soon after the battle 
 of New Bern, Colonel Vance was ordered to join the 
 Confederate army in Virginia. In the great battles 
 around Richmond he led his men with much skill and 
 courage. He was so daring in battle that his men were 
 afraid he would be killed. They begged him not to 
 expose his life so recklessly. North Carolina, they said, 
 could not afford for him to be killed, for in August the 
 people were going to elect him governor. 
 
 But Vance refused to shun any danger to which his 
 men were exposed. Every time they went into battle, 
 he rode at their head, cheering and encouraging them. 
 After one of his battles he wrote to his wife: "I was 
 surprised at my feelings. Excitement and pleasure 
 removed every other feeling and I could not resist cheer- 
 ing with might and main." Can we wonder that the 
 soldiers were proud of their gallant young colonel? 
 
 Thoughts of Home. — But this brave soldier, who 
 took such delight at riding into battle where danger was 
 thickest, could be as tender and loving as a little child. 
 
ZEBULON BAIRD VANCE 231 
 
 ''I am again officer of the day," he wrote to his wife, 
 ''and shall have to tramp all night around our lines and 
 pickets. The moon is at the full, though, and the nights 
 are beautiful. I shall cast many a thought to-night 
 toward my dear home and many a prayer for my lonely 
 wife and sweet little children. Dear little children! Of 
 such indeed must be the kingdom of heaven!" 
 
 A Soldier's Letter. — Would you not like to read a 
 letter which this young soldier, sitting in his tent after 
 the battle, wrote to his little six-year-old son? 
 
 " My Dear Son Charlie, 
 
 Pa received your letter, and 
 was very happy to read it. I was mighty sorry to 
 lose poor Todd. I wanted to keep him for my children 
 to ride when this war is over. I want you and Brother 
 David to be very good boys, obey your Mother, be kind 
 to each other and to Brother Zebbie. You are getting 
 old enough now to be of great assistance as well as com- 
 pany to Mother, and whilst Pa is away you ought to try 
 hard to take care of her and protect her in her lonely 
 home. You write me that the yard and grass are mighty 
 green and nice. Pa is glad to hear his dear ones have 
 such a beautiful home, and you and Brother will always 
 remember not to break or injure the shrubs and flowers, 
 but always to play in the walks or on the grass away 
 from the shrubbery. Goodbye, son. Kiss Mother and 
 Brother and Cousin for me, and tell the servants howdye 
 for me. Your affectionate Father, 
 
 Z. B. Vance." 
 
 Vance is Elected Governor. — In August 1862, while 
 Colonel Vance was in Virginia fighting at the head of 
 
232 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 his regiment, he was elected governor of North CaroHna. 
 He did not ask for this office, but when the people had 
 chosen him he felt that it was his duty to accept. Every 
 soldier in his regiment voted for him. He received 
 twice as many votes from the other North Carolina 
 soldiers as his opponent received. The soldiers believed 
 that he could do more good for the State and for the 
 South as governor than as a soldier. So Vance left the 
 army, went to Raleigh, and on September 8, 1862, began 
 his duties as governor. 
 
 The Great War Governor. — Not since the days of 
 Governor Caswell had any governor of North Carolina 
 had a harder task before him, and never did any gov- 
 ernor serve the people better. Vance kept the ranks of 
 the North Carolina regiments full. He caused North 
 Carolina to send more soldiers to the Confederate army 
 than there were voters in the State, and he kept her 
 soldiers better clothed and better fed than the soldiers 
 of any other Southern State. 
 
 It would take too long to tell you all the things that 
 Governor Vance sent to the soldiers. But a few of the 
 things that he bought for them in Europe can be men- 
 tioned. Among them were 2000 fine rifles with 200,000 
 rounds of ammunition, 12,000 overcoats, 50,000 blankets, 
 250,000 pairs of shoes, gray cloth for 250,000 uniforms, 
 100,000 pounds of bacon, $50,000 worth of medicine, 
 and many other things for use in the hospitals. 
 
 Most of these things of course went to the North 
 Carolina soldiers, but some were also sent to the soldiers 
 of other states. After the great battle of Chickamauga, 
 General Longstreet's soldiers were nearly all in rags. 
 Governor Vance sent them 14,000 suits of uniforms. 
 
ZEBULON BAIRD VANCE 233 
 
 Many a poor, ragged soldier had shoes on his feet, a 
 blanket to cover him from the snow, and a piece of bacon 
 once a week because Zebulon Baird Vance was governor 
 of North Carolina. For the comfort of soldiers travel- 
 ing to and fro he had inns and hospitals established at 
 several places in the State. In them the wearied, the 
 sick and the wounded were cared for and their wants 
 attended to. Is it any wonder that the soldiers called 
 Governor Vance "Our Zeb," and said that he was the 
 "Great War Governor of the South." 
 
 Suffering in the South. — The war brought great suf- 
 fering to the people of the South. They found it hard 
 to get enough food and clothes. A gallon of molasses 
 cost 18. It took $50 to buy a bushel of corn, and $100 
 to buy a barrel of flour. A pair of boy's boots cost $150. 
 Carpets were torn up from the floors and cut into 
 blankets. In order to relieve the suffering of the poor, 
 as much as possible. Governor Vance had granaries 
 established at certain places and corn distributed from 
 them. He also had committees appointed in each 
 county to look after the suffering of the needy. Even 
 the richest people had to do without many common 
 necessities which the poorest now have. 
 
 Vance's Great Speeches. — When the soldiers learned 
 how their families were suffering at home they of course 
 became dissatisfied, and many of them deserted. No 
 other man did so much as Governor Vance to keep up 
 the spirits of the soldiers and the people. He made 
 eloquent speeches at several places in the State. He 
 visited the army in Virginia and made some stirring 
 speeches to the soldiers. These speeches filled their 
 hearts with new hope and courage. General Lee said 
 
234 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 Vance's visit to the army was worth 50,000 soldiers 
 to him. 
 
 Blockade-Runners. — But Vance did more than make 
 speeches. The chief cause of the suffering in the South 
 was the blockade. The United States, which had a 
 large navy, placed armed vessels at the Southern ports 
 to prevent ships from going out or coming in. The 
 South, whose navy was very small, could not ship out 
 
 Blockade-Runner Advance 
 
 her cotton, tobacco, and other products to Europe. 
 And but few clothes or food or military supplies could 
 be brought in from European countries. But some- 
 times, in spite of the watchful war vessels, fast-sailing 
 little ships would slip out of or into the ports. Such 
 vessels were called blockade-runners. The most famous 
 of these blockade-runners was the Advance. 
 
 The Advance was a swift httle steamer that Gov- 
 ernor Vance bought in Scotland. She was sent to the 
 West Indies, where she took on a cargo and then slipped 
 
ZEBULON BAIRD VANCE 235 
 
 through the Federal fleet into the harbor of Wilmington. 
 There she was protected by a powerful fort called Fort 
 Fisher. Then loaded with cotton, she would again slip 
 by the war vessels and make a trip to Nassau (Bermuda) 
 or Halifax (Nova Scotia), sell her cotton, and buy another 
 cargo for North CaroUna. 
 
 The Advance made eleven trips before the United 
 States war vessels could catch her. On these trips she 
 carried out thousands of bales of cotton, and brought 
 back tools for farmers, medicines for the hospitals, uni- 
 forms, blankets, shoes, clothes, and arms and ammunition 
 for the army. 
 
 Vance in Prison. — In 1864 Vance was elected governor 
 a second time. But before his term was out the war 
 came to a close and he was removed from office by the 
 United States Government. On his thirty-fifth birth- 
 day he was arrested at his home in Statesville by United 
 States soldiers. They carried him to Washington and 
 locked him up in a cell of the Old Capitol Prison, In 
 the same cell with him was John Letcher, governor of 
 Virginia. 
 
 Though a prisoner, uncertain of what punishment was 
 intended for him, Vance never lost his good spirits. 
 He soon became very popular even with the officers 
 who had to guard him. The United States army officer 
 who was in charge of the prison learned to respect and 
 to love his genial, good-humored prisoner. He did for 
 Vance many acts of kindness and courtesy, and a few 
 years later, when Vance was a member of the United 
 States Senate, he had several opportunities to show his 
 gratitude. Vance's enemies tried hard to find some 
 acts of his that would give them a good excuse to punish 
 
236 • HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 him. But they could find nothing. When the Secretary 
 of War of the United States learned how kind Vance 
 had been to the Union soldiers who were prisoners 
 during the war, he promptly ordered that he be set at 
 liberty. 
 
 After the War. — Vance was then permitted to return to 
 his home. During the terrible days that followed the war, 
 he was one of the leaders who rescued the State from 
 the carpet-baggers and negroes. After the Conservatives 
 won their great victory over the carpet-baggers, they elec- 
 ted Vance to represent North Carolina in the United 
 States Senate. This was in 1870. But when Vance went 
 to Washington to take his seat in the Senate, the northern 
 men who controlled Congress refused to admit him. 
 
 Vance Becomes Governor a Third Time. — Then in 
 1876 the people of North Carolina again turned to him 
 to be their governor. He was elected a third time, and 
 entered upon his duties January 1, 1877. 
 
 Vance won for himself a place among North Carolina's 
 greatest statesmen. He worked hard to improve the 
 schools for both the whites and the negroes. He urged 
 that normal schools for the training of teachers be estab- 
 lished. He improved the charitable institutions of the 
 State. He aided in the building of railroads. While 
 he was governor peace and order were again enjoyed; 
 the lives and property of the people were protected; 
 schools and colleges were opened. The hum of mills, the 
 shriek of factory whistles, the roar of trains proclaimed 
 that industry had taken the place of war and strife. 
 Trade began to flourish, farmers plowed their fields in 
 safety, and the State grew stronger and richer and 
 happier than ever before. 
 
ZEBULON BAIRD VANCE 237 
 
 While he was thus making the people of the State 
 happy, Governor Vance himself suffered two great 
 sorrows. Soon after he became governor his mother 
 died, and within less than a month he lost his wife also. 
 These sorrows made the people of the State love him all 
 the more. 
 
 Vance Becomes Senator. — In 1879, after he had 
 been governor two years, Vance was again elected to 
 the United States senate. This time he was permitted 
 to take his seat. Vance remained in the Senate fifteen 
 years and became one of the strongest leaders of the 
 "New South," He was so eloquent, so generous, so 
 kindly, and so honest that many who had been his 
 enemies became his friends. He defended the South 
 without offending the North. 
 
 No man did more than he to make the two sections 
 friends again. 
 
 In one of his great speeches in the Senate he said: " If 
 I were permitted to say but one word as to what my 
 country most needed, that word would be. Rest! Rest 
 from strife, rest from sectional conflict, rest from sec- 
 tional bitterness. . . . Can we not give rest to our peo- 
 ple? I know that those from whom I come desire it 
 above their chief joy. The excitement through which 
 we have passed for the last twenty years, the suffering 
 and the sorrow, the calamity, public and private, which 
 they have undergone, have filled their hearts with 
 indescribable yearnings for national peace." 
 
 Vance was often invited to speak in different parts 
 of the Union. In the North he defended the South and 
 urged the Northern people to be friendly toward the 
 Southern people. In an address before the Union 
 
238 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 soldiers of Boston he spoke eloquently against distrust 
 and hatred between the North and South. Let us, he 
 said, adopt "that wiser and nobler policy which seeks 
 to make every spark of genius, every arm of strength, 
 every heart of integrity," contribute " to the strengthen- 
 ing and upbuilding of freedom, and the glory of the great 
 Republic." In the South he spoke for the Union, urged 
 the Southern people to be good Americans, and to love 
 and honor the American flag. 
 
 Gombroon. — In 1880, while he was in the Senate, 
 Vance was married to Mrs. Florence Steele Martin, of 
 Kentucky. In the winter they made their home in 
 Washington. But their summer home was a beautiful 
 place in the mountains near Asheville. They called it 
 "Gombroon." It was a large, comfortable house in 
 the midst of dense forests and lofty mountain peaks. 
 There Senator Vance planted his vineyards, orchards, 
 and garden, and rested from his hard work in the Senate. 
 
 "'Zeb' Vance is Dead." — His hard work injured 
 his health. He pored so closely over his studies that he 
 became bhnd in one eye. His physicians sent him to 
 the mountains of North Carolina, to Florida, and to 
 Europe in search of health. How anxiously the people 
 of North Carolina waited for the news that their great 
 senator was well again. But this good news never came. 
 Instead, April 15, 1894, the sad message came, "'Zeb' 
 Vance is dead." 
 
 Never before had the people of North Carolina so 
 mourned the death of any man. His body was carried 
 from Washington, where he died, to Raleigh, and from 
 Raleigh to Asheville. At every station, and in the 
 valleys and on the hillsides along the railroad, thousands 
 
ZEBULON BAIRD VANCE 239 
 
 crowded to catch a glimpse of the train that bore 
 his body. Great crowds gathered at Raleigh and at 
 Asheville to see his face for the last time. 
 
 The people of the State at once took steps to honor 
 his memory. While he was still living, the Legislature 
 had named a county for him. After his death the 
 State erected a monument to his memory in the Capitol 
 Square at Raleigh. This is the only monument which 
 the State has ever erected with public money to any of 
 her sons. Another monument, a tall, straight shaft of 
 granite, has been erected to him in the heart of the city 
 of Asheville. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY STUDY 
 
 1. Describe the section of North Carolina in which Vance was 
 born. What is the height of Mt. Mitchell? Name other prominent 
 mountains near Asheville. 
 
 2. What river is Asheville on? 
 
 3. Describe the West Indies with reference to Wilmington. Find 
 on the map Nassau. Halifax (N. S.). 
 
 REVIEW 
 
 1. When and where was Vance born? Describe his birthplace. 
 
 2. Give an account of his early schooldays. What advice did his 
 father send him? 
 
 3. Tell about Vance and his mother. 
 
 4. What profession did Vance choose? How did he get his pro- 
 fessional education? What were Vance's favorite books? Where did 
 he make his home? 
 
 5. What were his early political services? 
 
 6. What did he think and say about secession? Describe the preat 
 Union meeting in Salisbury. 
 
 7. After the war licgan, what position did he take in regard to it ? 
 
 8. Describe how he saved his regiment at the battle of New Bern. 
 
 9. Give an account of his military career in Virginia. 
 
240 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 10. Tell about Vance's election as governor. 
 
 11. What is said about his work for the soldiers during his term as 
 governor? 
 
 12. Describe the suffering in the South. 
 
 13. How did Vance keep up the spirit of the people? 
 
 14. What was the blockade? How did it injure the South? 
 
 15. What did Vance do to break the blockade? 
 
 16. How was Vance punished for his part in the war? 
 
 17. Give an account of his prison life. 
 
 18. What part did Vance take in rescuing North Carolina from the 
 carpet-baggers? 
 
 19. Give an account of his work during his third term as governor. 
 
 20. What service did he render to the South in the United States 
 Senate? How did he help to make the North and South friends 
 again? 
 
 21. Repeat what he said about the country's greatest need. 
 
 22. Give an account of his death. 
 
 23. Write a summary of the chief events in his career. 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR SPECIAL STUDY 
 
 1. Have you ever read any of the plays of Shakespere? Any of 
 the stories of Sir Walter Scott? 
 
 2. Name the principal battles fought around Richmond in 1862. 
 
 3. Make a Ust of the men mentioned in this book who were 
 governors of North Carolina. 
 
 4. How many solchers did North Carolina send to the Confederate 
 army? 
 
 5. Explain fully how the blockade was managed, and how it 
 injured the Confederacy. Why could not the South manufacture the 
 supplies that were needed in the war? 
 
 6. What is meant by the "New South"? 
 
CHAPTER XIX 
 HILL, PETTIGREW, AND GRIMES 
 
 Getting Ready for War. — April and May, 18 
 were busy months in North CaroHna. In every house 
 women were hard at work knitting socks, making 
 shirts, underwear, and other articles of clothing. Fac- 
 tories were busily making guns, cannon, powder, swords, 
 and bayonets. Bugles were blowing, drums were beat- 
 ing, flags were flying, soldiers were marching. In every 
 town and village crowds cheered the soldiers as they 
 marched down the street and boarded the train; and 
 pretty girls waved at them and urged them to fight 
 bravely for their homes and country. 
 
 All this was because war had begun between the 
 North and the South, and North Carolina was getting 
 ready for it. President Lincoln had demanded that 
 North Carolina send soldiers to fight the other Southern 
 States, and Governor Ellis had telegraphed to him, 
 "You can get no troops from North Carolina." But 
 the Governor had sent out a call for North Carolina to 
 rally to the South, and soon every train was filled with 
 soldiers hurrying to Raleigh to be armed and drilled 
 for battle. As fast as they could be taught the duties 
 of war they marched away to join the Confederate 
 armies in Eastern North Carolina, in Tennessee, Vir- 
 ginia, and other States. 
 
 241 
 
242 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 North Carolina in the Civil War. — North Carolina 
 sent to the Confederate armies during the war more 
 than 125,000 soldiers. Some of them were kept in 
 North Carohna to defend the forts along the coast. 
 A large number were sent across the mountains to the 
 defense of Tennessee, Georgia, and other States. But 
 the largest number were sent to Virginia. They took 
 part in every important battle of the war. More than 
 40,000 were either killed or died of disease. No other 
 Southern State lost so many soldiers. 
 
 Several North Carolina officers w'on fame. Among 
 them were two lieutenant-generals, seven major-generals, 
 and twenty-six brigadier-generals. Major-Generals W. 
 D. Pender, Stephen D. Ramseur, and W. H. C. Whiting 
 were killed. General D. H. Hill commanded the 
 North Carolina soldiers in the first regular battle of 
 the war; General James Johnston Pettigrew led the 
 soldiers who charged farthest in the great charge at 
 Gettysburg; and General Bryan Grimes planned and 
 fought the last battle of the Confederate army in 
 Virginia. 
 
 Daniel Harvey Hill. — At the opening of the war the 
 soldiers were first sent to Raleigh to be trained for war. 
 There they were placed in a camp of instruction under 
 the command of Colonel Daniel H. Hill. Colonel Hill 
 was educated at the United States Military Academy, 
 at West Point. For several years he was an officer in 
 the United States Army and served in the war with 
 Mexico. In that war he won a reputation as one of 
 the best soldiers in the American army, and was pro- 
 moted three times. Many years afterward. General 
 Joseph E. Johnston, the famous Confederate general, 
 
HILL, PETTIGREW, AND GRIMES 
 
 243 
 
 wrote to General Hill: ''Do you know that in Mexico 
 the young officers called you the bravest man in the 
 army?" 
 
 The Beginning of Civil War. — After the Mexican 
 War, Hill left the army to become a teacher. He 
 taught first in Washington 
 College, at Lexington, Vir- 
 ginia, and then in Davidson 
 College in North Carohna. 
 During these years he 
 watched closely the dispute 
 between the North and the 
 South. He clearly foresaw 
 that it must end in war, and 
 he urged the South to get 
 ready for it. In 1859 he left 
 Davidson College to take 
 charge of a military school at 
 Charlotte in order to train 
 Southern boys in military 
 affairs. He was teaching 
 there when, in 1861, Gov- d. h. Hill 
 
 ernor Ellis called him to Raleigh to take charge of 
 the camp of instruction. The Governor appointed him 
 to the rank of colonel. 
 
 In a few weeks Colonel Hill had a regiment ready for 
 the field. It was the First North Carolina Regiment. 
 The men had learned to have great confidence in Colonel 
 Hill, and when they were ordered to the front, were 
 anxious for him to lead them. So he was placed in com- 
 mand, and in June led them into Virginia, where a large 
 and powerful Union army was preparing to march 
 
244 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 against Richmond. Colonel Hill reached the front in 
 time to win the first regular battle of the war. 
 
 First at Bethel. — This battle was fought at Big 
 Bethel near Yorktown, Virginia. The Confederate 
 army numbered only 1200 men. Of these, 800 were 
 the North Carolina troops under Colonel Hill. The 
 other 400 were Virginians. They were attacked by 
 about three times their number, but Colonel Hill had 
 trained his men so well that they stood their ground, 
 and together with the Virginians, drove the enemy back. 
 
 During this battle several Union soldiers took shelter 
 in a house between the two armies. Colonel Hill called 
 for some of his men to set fire to the house, and five 
 brave fellows sprang eagerly forward. A hot fire met 
 them and one of their number fell dead. This soldier, 
 Henry L. Wyatt, was the first Confederate soldier 
 killed in open battle during the Civil War. 
 
 The news that the Confederates had won a victory 
 sent a thrill of joy throughout North Carolina. Every- 
 body praised "the brave boys in gray." The Con- 
 vention, in session at Raleigh, resolved that the First 
 Regiment should be known as the "Bethel Regiment," 
 and gave it permission to inscribe the word " Bethel" on 
 its flag. For his share in the victory Colonel Hill was 
 appointed a brigadier-general. 
 
 General Hill in Battle. — The war had now begun in 
 earnest. In 1862 the United States sent a strong army 
 to march up the peninsula between the York and James 
 rivers to attack Richmond. The Confederate army 
 opposed the Federals at every step. Before the Union 
 troops were finally driven back, the battles of WilHams- 
 burg, Hanover Court House, Seven Pines, Fair Oaks, 
 
HILL, PETTIGREW, AND GRIMES 245 
 
 and the famous Seven Days' Battles around Richmond 
 were fought. 
 
 In these battles General Hill led his troops with great 
 skill. He won promotion twice, first as major-general 
 and then as lieutenant-general, the next highest rank 
 in the army. It was said that his troops were never 
 found in the rear during a battle nor in front during a 
 retreat. 
 
 At Williamsburg he led two of his regiments, one 
 from North Carolina, the other from Virginia, with 
 such daring that the Union general, Hancock, declared: 
 "Those two regiments deserve to have 'Immortal' 
 inscribed on their banners." President Davis said 
 that the Confederate victory at Seven Pines was largely 
 due to General Hill's "courage, vigilance, and daring." 
 He led his men in a charge against the Union works, 
 drove the enemy off, and turned their own cannon 
 against them. Again at Gaines's Mill General Hill's 
 charge decided the day for the Confederates and won 
 high praise from Lee and Jackson. Three horses were 
 killed under him at the bloody battle of Sharpsburg in 
 Maryland. Under such a leader can you wonder that 
 his men, as General Longstreet said, "fought hke game 
 cocks"? 
 
 "General," asked one of his friends, "why do you 
 expose yourself so recklessly? Do you never feel any 
 fear?" 
 
 "Sir," replied General Hill, "I would never order 
 my men to go where I would not go myself. I do not 
 fear death if it comes w^hile I am doing my duty." 
 
 Though General Hill was so brave, he was not reckless. 
 He never risked his hfe or exposed his soldiers unless 
 
246 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 he thought it necessary. No officer in the army took 
 better care of the health, happiness, and safety of his 
 He taught them how to use the pick, the spade, 
 
 men. 
 
 and the shovel as well as the bayonet. 
 General Hill Defends North Carolina. 
 
 In 1863, at 
 
 Gaines's AIii.l, as it Lcjc^IvS I'o-uav 
 
 the special request of Governor Vance, General Hill 
 was sent to the defense of North Carolina. At that 
 time New Bern, Washington, and other places in Eastern 
 North Carolina were held by Union troops. From 
 these towns they frequently made sudden marches out 
 into the country to overawe the people and destroy 
 their crops. These movements were very injurious to 
 Lee's army in Virginia, because they cut off the supplies 
 which were sent from Eastern North Carolina. So 
 Governor Vance and General Lee were anxious to drive 
 
HILL, PETTIGREW, AND GRIMES 
 
 247 
 
 the Federal forces out of the State or to shut them up 
 in the towns. 
 
 This important task was entrusted to General Hill. 
 His army was so small that he could not hope to drive 
 the enemy out of North Carolina. But he acted with 
 such great vigor and struck such hard blows that for 
 a time he put a stop to their raids. His activity enabled 
 the long wagon trains with supplies to get safely on 
 their way to Lee's army in Virginia. After this cam- 
 paign General Hill returned to Virginia and was put in 
 command of the defense of Richmond when Lee marched 
 northward into Pennsylvania. 
 
 James Johnston Pettigrew. — Among the North Caro- 
 lina officers who followed Lee into Pennsylvania was Gen- 
 eral James Johnston Pettigrew, Though he had reached 
 high rank in the army, General Petti- 
 grew had not been trained as a soldier. 
 Before the war he had won fame as a 
 scholar, an author, and a lawyer. 
 When the war began, he felt it his 
 duty to give up fame and wealth at 
 the bar and take up arms in defense 
 of the South. 
 
 Pettigrew Prepares for War. — 
 After graduating from the University 
 of North Carolina, Pettigrew studied 
 law and made his home at Charleston, S. C. Like 
 General Hill he foresaw that war was certain to come 
 between the North and the South. He, too, wished the 
 South to prepare herself for the struggle. In 1859, the 
 same year that Hill took charge of the military school 
 at Charlotte, Pettigrew sailed for Europe to study 
 
 .Ia.me.s J. I'kttiurew 
 
248 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 military affairs. A war was being waged in Italy, and 
 he applied for a place in the ItaUan army. His applica- 
 tion was granted, but before he could reach Italy peace 
 was declared, and he had to return to the United States 
 without seeing a battle. At Charleston he studied 
 books on miUtary matters, served first as captain and 
 then as colonel of the militia, and worked hard to pre- 
 pare himself for high rank in the Southern army when 
 war should come. 
 
 The Private Soldier Becomes a General. — Petti- 
 grew was ambitious. He knew that he would have to 
 work hard for the rank that he wanted. So he did not 
 sit still and wait until somebody should offer it to him. 
 As soon as war began he entered the Confederate army 
 as a private soldier, determined to fight his way upward. 
 One day while he was serving as a private in Virginia 
 a message was delivered to him. How his heart jumped 
 with joy when he read it! The message informed him 
 that he had been elected colonel of the Twelfth North 
 Carolina Regiment, then at Raleigh, and ordered him 
 to go and take command at once. 
 
 Pettigrew needed no urging. As soon as possible he 
 was at Raleigh, hard at work drilling his men and pre- 
 paring them for the field. He was so full of enthusiasm 
 that his men soon caught his spirit and worked as eagerly 
 as he. They were proud of their brilliant young colonel, 
 and he was proud of them. When they finally marched 
 away to Virginia, there was no better regiment in the 
 Confederate army. Pettigrew was offered the rank of 
 brigadier-general, but he declined it because he did not 
 want to be separated from his regiment. Afterwards 
 it was arranged so that he could accept the appointment 
 and still have his regiment under his command. 
 
HILL, PETTIGREW, AND GRIMES 249 
 
 Wounded and in Prison. — In 1862 General Petti- 
 grew took part in the great battles around Richmond. 
 At the battle of Seven Pines he led his men in one of 
 the bravest charges of the war. While cheering them 
 on, he was hit in the throat and fell from his horse. 
 Thinking that he was killed his men swept on, leaving 
 him on the field. He was captm^ed and sent to prison 
 at Fort Delaware. After remaining in prison for a few 
 months he was exchanged and returned to the army in 
 Virginia. A new brigade, consisting of five North Caro- 
 lina regiments, was formed and placed under his command. 
 One of these regiments was the famous Twenty-Sixth, 
 which Vance had led at the battle of New Bern. . 
 
 Farthest to the Front at Gettysburg. — With these 
 regiments General Pettigrew followed Lee into Penn- 
 sylvania. The Federal army took a strong position at 
 Gettysburg. There, during the first three days of July, 
 1863, was fought the greatest battle in American history. 
 
 Lee's task was to drive the Union army from behind 
 its breastworks. If he failed to do this he must retreat 
 into Virginia. The first day's fighting resulted in a 
 Confederate success. They drove the Union forces out 
 of Gettysburg and captured the town. In this battle 
 Pettigrew bore an important part. His men drove 
 the enemy before them and won great honor. It was 
 a splendid sight, said another Confederate officer, to 
 see Pettigrew "as he galloped along the line in the 
 hottest of the fight cheering on his men." 
 
 Pettigrew was not in the battle of the second 
 day. 
 
 The third day found the two armies still facing each 
 other. The center of the Union line was stationed 
 
250 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 behind a long stone wall on top of a high ridge, called 
 Cemetery Ridge. In order to break through it the 
 Confederates had to march across an open field, rush 
 up Cemetery Ridge, and charge against the stone wall. 
 If they failed the battle was lost; if they succeeded, 
 they would win a great victory, which might end the 
 war. Could they succeed? General Lee beheved they 
 could and he determined to try. Selecting 15,000 of 
 his very best troops he ordered them to make the at- 
 tempt. One column was led by Pettigrew, the other 
 by General Pickett, of Virginia. With Pettigrew were 
 fifteen regiments of North Carolinians, and some troops 
 from other States. 
 
 They w-ere about to make the most daring charge 
 ever made by American soldiers. As they marched 
 across the open field to take their position, with drums 
 beating and flags flying, both armies held their breath. 
 Then came the order to advance, and they swept bravely 
 forward. Sword in hand, Pettigrew rode before his 
 men cheering them on and setting an example of bravery 
 which they bravely followed. 
 
 Suddenly, from Cemetery Ridge, the Union guns 
 opened fire. Men fell by the hundreds. For a moment 
 the Confederate line wavered and seemed about to 
 break. But above the roar of the guns was heard the 
 cool command of Pettigrew and his officers, "Close up! 
 Forward!" The men rallied and swept onward. They 
 reached the foot of Cemetery Ridge, they dashed right 
 up to the stone wall, they sprang over it. For a mo- 
 ment the Confederate flag waved from the Union 
 breastworks. Around it raged a fierce, hand-to-hand 
 struggle. But so few had lived to defend it that they 
 were soon driven back in retreat and confusion. 
 
HILL, PETTIGREW, AND GRIMES 251 
 
 Again the Union lines had held firm, and the battle 
 of Gettysburg was over. The Confederates had lost; 
 but as long as men admire brave deeds, the Pickett- 
 Pettigrew charge at Gettysburg will live in history. 
 
 The Famous Twenty-Sixth at Gettysburg. — When 
 the dead were counted, it was found that the Confed- 
 erates who fell farthest within the Union lines were the 
 North Carolinians led by Pettigrew. More than 1300 
 North Carolina soldiers fell in that charge. Vance's 
 old regiment, the famous Twenty-Sixth, lost at Gettys- 
 burg the largest number of men lost by any regiment 
 on either side during the entire war. Though sad at 
 the death of so many brave men, Pettigrew was proud 
 of their fine record. After the battle he wrote to Gov- 
 ernor Vance: "Knowing that you would be anxious 
 to hear from your old regiment, I embrace this oppor- 
 tunity to write you a hasty note. It covered itself 
 with glory. Their loss has been heavy, very heavy, but 
 the missing are on the battle-field and in the hospital." 
 
 The Death of Pettigrew. — The next day, July 4, 
 Lee began his retreat into Virginia. The most important 
 and dangerous post in a retreating armj^ is the rear. 
 The rear must guard the army against attacks from the 
 pursuing enemy. During the retreat from Gettysburg, 
 Pettigrew was in command of the rear of one division 
 of Lee's army. On July 14, while his men were at 
 breakfast, they were attacked by a small Union force. 
 Pettigrew, rushing into the midst of the fight, fell mor- 
 tally wounded. He died three days later. 
 
 Bryan Grimes. — When the Confederates captured 
 the town of Gettysburg, July 1, the first regiment to 
 enter the town was the Fourth North Carolina Regi- 
 
252 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 Bryan Grimes 
 
 ment. This regiment was commanded by Colonel Bryan 
 Grimes. Colonel Grimes was born in Pitt county. After 
 graduating from the University of North Carolina he 
 traveled in Europe and then settled on his large plantation 
 in Pitt county. There he lived quietly 
 until the outbreak of the war. In 1861 
 he was elected a member of the Con- 
 vention and voted for the secession of 
 North Carohna. "Our cause is just," 
 he declared; "for it I will fight, even 
 for it I am willing to die." As soon, 
 therefore, as North Carolina had 
 seceded. Grimes resigned from the 
 convention and entered the Confeder- 
 ate army. Governor Ellis at once 
 appointed him major of the Fourth 
 North Carolina Regiment. Afterward he was made a 
 lieutenant-colonel and ordered to Virginia. 
 
 Colonel Grimes at Seven Pines. — Though not trained 
 as a soldier. Colonel Grimes soon showed himself to be 
 a born leader. At the battle of Seven Pines, near 
 Richmond, he distinguished himself and his regiment. 
 While riding at the head of his men in a charge, a cannon 
 ball blew off his horse's head. The horse fell, catching 
 Colonel Grimes's leg under his body. Thinking their 
 colonel was killed, the soldiers wavered. But Colonel 
 Grimes, waving his sword above the dead horse's body, 
 cried, "Forward! forward!" When his men had re- 
 leased him, he sprang to his feet, seized the flag of the 
 regiment, rushed to the front, and called on his men to 
 follow him. They dashed upon the Union breastworks 
 and captured them. In this charge every officer of 
 
HILL, PETTIGREW, AND GRIMES 
 
 253 
 
 the regiment, except Colonel Grimes, was either killed 
 or wounded. 
 
 Colonel Grimes and His Regiment. — Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Grimes's gallantry at Seven Pines won for him 
 
 "f 
 
 
 .. ,^ '^ 
 
 ^,. 
 
 X * ■^'t^ 
 
 W^., . 
 
 Seven Pines Battle-field as it Looks To-day 
 
 promotion to the rank of colonel. His regiment soon 
 became, under his leadership, one of the best in the 
 Confederate army. He was strict with his men and 
 required them to attend closely to their duties. But 
 he soon won their respect and love, for he was careful 
 of their health and comfort, and he always led, but 
 never followed them into battle. Wherever the fight- 
 ing was hottest, there Colonel Grimes was sure to be 
 found. During the war seven horses were killed under 
 him. No wonder his soldiers were so devoted to him 
 and were ready to follow wherever he led. General 
 
254 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 Anderson, who commanded the brigade, declared that, 
 "Though small in number. Colonel Grimes's regiment 
 is the keystone of my brigade." 
 
 Colonel Grimes Wins the Rank of General. — In 
 several of the great battles of the war Colonel Grimes 
 and his regiment won high praise from the commanding 
 generals. Though only a colonel, he was placed in 
 command of a brigade at Fredericksburg, which he led 
 with much skill and judgment. At Chancellorsville, 
 while leading a charge, his sword was cut in two by a 
 bullet, his clothing was torn in several places, a ball 
 struck his sword-belt, and another wounded him in 
 the foot. On the first day at Gettysburg, Colonel 
 Grimes led his men into the town, and in a charge 
 captured more prisoners than there were men in his 
 regiment. During the bloody battle of the Wilder- 
 ness, the brave General Ramseur, of North Carolina, 
 was wounded. The brigade wavered. Colonel Grimes 
 sprang to its head, ordered a charge, and captured the 
 enemy's position. General Lee himself rode up and, 
 thanking Colonel Grimes for his action, declared that 
 he had saved the Confederate army and deserved the 
 thanks of the country. A few days later Colonel Grimes 
 was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general to 
 succeed General Junius Daniel, who had been killed at 
 Spottsylvania. 
 
 In the Shenandoah Valley. — General Grimes was 
 then sent to join the Confederate army under General 
 Jubal A. Early in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. 
 Their plan was to march up the valley as if to make an 
 attack on Washington City. It was hoped that Presi- 
 dent Lincoln would think the capital in such danger 
 
HILL, PETTIGREW, AND GRIMES 255 
 
 that he would call back a part of Grant's army to defend 
 it. Then Lee might attack the rest of Grant's force 
 and defeat it. 
 
 At firet the Confederates swept everything before 
 them. They marched into Pennsylvania, captured the 
 town of Chambersburg, and approached so near to 
 Washington that the men could see the dome of the 
 Capitol. But Lincoln did not call back any of Grant's 
 men. Instead he sent a powerful force under General 
 Sheridan into the Shenandoah Valley. Two important 
 battles were fought, at Winchester and at Cedar Creek. 
 In both battles General Grimes led his men with great 
 skill and daring. At Winchester he had one horse shot 
 from under him, and at Cedar Creek two. His men 
 fought with their usual bravery, but they could not 
 succeed against such great numbers. After some of 
 the hardest fighting of the war the Confederates were 
 defeated and retreated down the valley. So important 
 were General Grimes's services in this campaign that he 
 was promoted over several of his senior officers to the 
 rank of major-general. 
 
 In the Trenches at Petersburg. — Lee and Grant 
 were now facing each other at Petersburg, Virginia. 
 Grant had more than twice as many men as Lee. Lee 
 needed every man he could get, so General Grimes was 
 called back from the valley to help in the defense of 
 Petersburg. 
 
 The Confederates had thrown up great breastworks 
 to protect the city. Behind these works they had dug 
 long, deep trenches, in which the soldiers stood and 
 fought. Often they had to stand for hours at a time 
 knee-deep in cold mud and water. They suffered 
 
256 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 terribly from cold, hunger, and sickness. Yet they were 
 compelled, day and night, to be always on the alert 
 and ready for duty. Even when asleep they wore their 
 clothes and slept on their arms. At any moment they 
 might be awakened by a call to battle. For nearly a 
 year, every day and night, the Union soldiers with great 
 bravery kept up their attacks on the Confederate works. 
 The Confederates, realizing that, if their w^orks were 
 lost, all would be over, fought desperately. During 
 this long siege some of the most daring deeds in the 
 history of warfare were performed by both armies. 
 
 General Grimes held one of the most important posts 
 in the Confederate lines. With about 2200 men he 
 had to defend more than three miles of breastworks 
 against a force several times as large as his own. He 
 did it so well as to add greatly to his fame as a daring 
 and skilful officer. One day General Lee ordered an 
 attack on the Union lines. At Grimes's command his 
 men sprang over their breastworks, surprised the enemy, 
 captured a general and 500 prisoners, and took the 
 enemy's position. General Grimes, riding a captured 
 horse, was a perfect target for the enemy's sharpshooters. 
 His coolness and courage under the thickest fire filled 
 his men with confidence and determination. Though 
 attacked by ten times their own number, they held the 
 Union works for two hours before they were forced to 
 retreat. 
 
 Last at Appomattox. — After nine months of fighting 
 Lee decided that he could no longer hold Petersburg, 
 so he gave the order to retreat. His army turned 
 westward, hoping to escape from Grant and join the 
 Confederates under General Joseph E. Johnston in 
 
HILL, PETTIGREW, AND GRIMES 257 
 
 North Carolina. On this retreat General Grimes, com- 
 manding his own division and other troops placed under 
 him by General Lee, was assigned the duty of protecting 
 the rear of the Confederate army from attacks by the 
 pursuing enemy. When the Confederates reached Appo- 
 mattox Court-house they found themselves surrounded 
 by about four times their own number. What should 
 be done? This question Lee put to his generals. After 
 an anxious discussion Lee decided to make one attempt 
 to break through the enemy's line and, if possible, to 
 escape to the mountains. The attack- was to be made 
 on the morning of April 9, 1865. 
 
 When morning came, the generals who were expected 
 to order the attack could not agree how it should be made. 
 While they were discussing it, General Grimes rode up 
 and impatiently demanded the cause of the delay. 
 "It is somebody's duty," he declared, "to carry out 
 General Lee's orders. If you do not want to do it, I 
 will do it myself." The others then told him to go 
 ahead. 
 
 So he at once arranged his plans, placed his men in 
 proper positions, and gave the command to advance. 
 Cheered by their leader's example, the men rushed for- 
 ward with a vim, and after a short, sharp fight drove the 
 enemy back for nearly a mile. General Grimes then 
 hurried off a message to General Gordon telling him that 
 the way was open for the wagons to escape. To his 
 great surprise he received in reply an order to withdraw 
 his men. Thinking there must be some mistake, he did 
 not obey. Finally a similar order came from General 
 Lee himself. Then General Grimes gave the command 
 for a retreat. The Union forces followed and made a 
 
258 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 sudden attack. A volley from General William R. 
 Cox's North Carolina brigade drove them back, and 
 Grimes's command retired safely. 
 
 Riding up to General Gordon, Grimes asked where 
 he should place his men. "Anywhere you choose," re- 
 plied Gordon. Surprised at this strange answer. Grimes 
 asked what he meant. Then he learned that General 
 Lee had gone to meet General Grant, to surrender 
 the Confederate army. All was now over, and General 
 Grimes's men had fought the last battle and fired the 
 last shot of the Confederate army in Virginia. 
 
 General Hill's Last Battle. — Lee's surrender did 
 not immediately end the war. There were other 
 Confederate armies in the South, and they too had to 
 be overcome before peace could be established. One 
 of these armies was in North Carolina under the com- 
 mand of General Joseph E. Johnston. His army of 
 about 30,000 ragged, hungry men was retreating north- 
 ward before General Sherman's army of about 60,000. 
 At Benton ville, in North Carolina, March 19, 1865, the 
 two armies fought their last battle. 
 
 General D. H. Hill, who had borne such an important 
 part in the first battle at Bethel, also bore an impor- 
 tant part at Benton ville. In 1863 he had been promoted 
 to the rank of lieutenant-general and sent to aid the 
 Confederates in Tennessee. There he was welcomed 
 as "a stern and dauntless soldier." He commanded 
 part of the army at the great battle of Chickamauga, in 
 which he added to his fame for skill and courage. After 
 this battle he was recalled to Virginia, and later returned 
 to North Carolina, where he joined General Johnston in 
 time to take part in the battle of Bentonville. 
 
HILL, PETTIGREW, AND GRIMES 
 
 259 
 
 The fighting at Bentonville was severe, and both 
 armies displayed great bravery. At first the Confeder- 
 ates were successful, and their spirits were high in hopes 
 of victory. But the numbers against them were too 
 great. More Union troops came up and Johnston was 
 forced to retreat. 
 
 He retreated toward Raleigh hoping 
 to join General Lee. But on April 10 
 he heard of Lee's surrender, and he 
 knew that the end had come. So, on 
 April 26, he met General Sherman 
 near Durham and surrendered to him. 
 The Last Days of Hill and Grimes. 
 — After the war Hill and Grimes 
 returned to their homes in North 
 Carolina. Their last years were 
 spent in helping the South to re- 
 cover her wealth and prosperity, 
 one in education, the other in agriculture. 
 
 For several years General Hill edited a magazine, 
 published at Charlotte, called The Land We Love. It 
 was devoted to the history, literature, and industries of 
 the South. In 1877 he was elected president of the 
 University of Arkansas. Seven years later (1885) he 
 moved to Georgia, as president of the Georgia Military 
 and Agricultural College, where he remained until his 
 death. Thus the last twelve years of his life were spent 
 in teaching the boys whose fathers he had so often led 
 to battle in the great Civil War. He died at Charlotte, 
 N. C, in 1889. 
 
 General Grimes returned to his plantation in Pitt 
 county. No work was more important for the South 
 
 Confederate Monu- 
 ment AT Raleigh 
 
 (State Capitol in back- 
 ground) 
 
260 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 than the rebuilding of her agricultural interests, which 
 the war had nearly destroyed. To this work General 
 Grimes devoted his closing years. He became one of 
 the largest and most successful planters in the State. 
 In his neighborhood was a band of bad men whose 
 crimes kept peaceful people in constant terror. General 
 Grimes made earnest effort to have them captured and 
 punished. They determined to get rid of him. One 
 evening about dark, in 1880, this brave soldier, who had 
 faced death so often on the battle-field, was shot to death 
 by a hired assassin hiding in ambush. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY STUDY 
 
 1. Trace the courses of the York and James rivers in Virginia. 
 Between these rivers several of the battles mentioned in this chapter 
 were fought. Describe the location of each. 
 
 2. Describe the location of Gettysburg with reference to Washing- 
 ton, Philadelphia, Harrisburg. 
 
 3. Describe the location of Chancellorsville with reference to 
 Washington and Richmond. Petersburg with reference to North 
 Carolina and Richmond. Appomattox with reference to Richmond, 
 Petersburg, and North Carolina. 
 
 4. General Sherman marched from Cheraw, S. C, to Fayetteville, 
 N. C, thence to Benton ville, thence to Goldsboro, thence to Raleigh, 
 Durham, and Greensboro. Trace the line of his march in North 
 Carolina. 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 
 
 1. Describe North Carolina's preparations for war. 
 
 2. How many troops did North Carolina send to the Confederate 
 armies? In what States did they serve? How many were killed or 
 died of disease? What North Carolina generals were killed? 
 
 3. Tell the story of General Hill's life before the Civil War. 
 
 4. Describe the battle of Big Bethel. 
 
HILL, PETTIGREW, AND GRIMES 261 
 
 5. What is said about General Hill's conduct in battle ? 
 
 6. What services did he perform in North Carolina in 1863 ? 
 
 7. Describe Pettigrew's preparations for war. 
 
 8. How did Pettigrew become a general? 
 
 9. Give an account of his action at the battle of Seven Pines. 
 
 10. Describe Pettigrew's conduct in the first day's battle of 
 Gettysburg. 
 
 11. Describe the Picket-Pettigrew charge on the third day at 
 Gettysburg. 
 
 12. Give an account of North Carolina's losses at Gettysburg. 
 
 13. Describe Pettigrew's death. 
 
 14. What is said of Bryan Grimes's education and life before the 
 war? 
 
 15. Describe the charge of his regiment at Seven Pines. 
 
 16. What is said of his training of his regiment? What did General 
 Anderson say of him? 
 
 17. How did Grimes win the rank of general? 
 
 18. Describe his campaign under Early. 
 
 19. Give an account of the siege of Petersburg. 
 
 20. How and why did General Grimes lead the last charge at 
 Appomattox? 
 
 21. What were General Hill's last services in the Confederate ai-my ? 
 
 22. Describe the last years of Hill's life. 
 
 23. Tell of the death of General Grimes. 
 
CHAPTER XX 
 CHARLES DUNCAN McIVER 
 
 Charles D. McIver 
 
 Education Since the War. — One of the greatest evils 
 that North CaroUna suffered from the Civil War and 
 Reconstruction was the closing of 
 her public schools. During the war 
 Calvin H. Wiley carefully protected 
 the public school funds and kept 
 the schools open. President Swain, 
 with great difficulty, kept the doors 
 of the University open. 
 
 But when Reconstruction came, 
 both the public schools and the 
 University were closed. A few pri- 
 vate schools and church colleges struggled bravely along 
 and rendered important services to the State. But 
 they could not provide education for all the children of 
 North Carolina. Many thousands of them, therefore, 
 never had any chance to go to school at all, and grew 
 up in illiteracy. 
 
 But w^hen the ''carpet-baggers" were driven out of 
 power, one of the first things the people did was to 
 reopen their public schools and the University. Since 
 that time more attention has been given to education 
 than ever before. Public schools have been established 
 both for the whites and for the negroes. More than 
 
 262 
 
CHARLES DUNCAN McIVER 263 
 
 twice as many children now attend these schools as 
 attended them in the days of Calvin H. Wiley. More 
 than five times as much money is spent for their educa- 
 tion. The school-houses are better, the school terms 
 are longer, the teachers are better trained, and there 
 are fewer illiterate people in the State than ever before. 
 
 Charles Duncan Mclver. — Many of the State's 
 greatest men have taken part in this work, but perhaps 
 none of them did so much as Charles Duncan Mclver. 
 To-day thousands of children in North Carolina are at 
 school in pretty school-houses, sitting in comfortable 
 desks, reciting to good teachers, and looking forward 
 to bright futures, because this man was their friend. 
 They may never have seen him; he may never have 
 seen them. But he was interested in them, worked 
 for them, spoke for them, wrote for them, and fought 
 and won battles for them. 
 
 Charles D. Mclver was born on a farm in Moore 
 county, September 27, 1860. The names of most of 
 the people in that community, like his own, began with 
 " Mac," for they were descendants of the brave old 
 Scotch Highlanders. Mclver's own grandfather was 
 born in the Highlands of Scotland, and came to North 
 Carolina when he was a mere lad of eight years. 
 
 Mclver's Early Training. — Two things Mclver's 
 father always required his boys to do. First, they had 
 to attend regularly the best school within their reach. 
 When school opened in the fall, young Mclver was 
 there ready for work. And he was there on the last 
 day when it closed in the spring. Whatever he might 
 do, there was no shirking his school duties. Secondly, 
 when school was not in session, the Mclver boys had to 
 
264 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 do regular work on the farm. Charles D. Mclver used 
 to say: 
 
 "I did all kinds of farm work from planting, har- 
 vesting, splitting rails, minding the gap, log-rolling, 
 corn-shucking, piling brush, and digging ditches, to 
 plowing a deaf mule in a new ground with a bull- 
 tongue plow." 
 
 'There were no loafers on the Mclver farm. Idleness 
 was not permitted. So young Mclver learned to love 
 work, whether it was work with his books or work with 
 the plow. "The hardest work I ever did," he said, 
 "was resting." After he became a man, his friends 
 often urged him to take a vacation and rest. But he 
 would reply, "I cannot rest until my work is done. 
 My work is my joy." 
 
 Mclver at the University. — When he was seventeen 
 years old, Mclver entered the University. There he 
 worked hard for four years. WTien he was graduated 
 in 1881 he was one of the best scholars in his class. He 
 stood first in Greek and French, and shared with three 
 others the first place in Latin. 
 
 He made many strong friends at the University. Two 
 of his best friends were his teachers, Dr. Kemp P. 
 Battle, president of the University, and Dr. George T. 
 Winston, professor of Latin. 
 
 "Dr. Battle," said Mclver, "regards the people of 
 North Carolina as a great big family, each member of 
 which owes to every other member affectionate sym- 
 pathy and loyal support in any worthy undertaking. 
 He loves the people of this State. Every sprig of grass 
 and every bird that touches the soil of North Carolina 
 is dear to him. He is proud of our history and is proud 
 
CHARLES DUNCAN McIVER 265 
 
 that he is proud of it. No man can come under his 
 influence without wishing to be of service to so good a 
 State and so great a poeple." 
 
 Of Dr. Winston, Mclver said: "Dr. Winston inspires 
 in all young men with whom he comes in contact self- 
 reliance and the audacity to undertake large tasks." 
 
 To these two men Mclver said he owed more than to 
 any of his other teachers. From Dr. Battle he learned 
 to love North Carolina and to desire to render some great 
 service to the State. From Dr. Winston he gained 
 self-confidence and a willingness to undertake difficult 
 tasks. He was popular both with the faculty and the 
 students. The students called him "Mac," and they 
 all liked the big, genial Scotch boy who had such a 
 catching laugh and told such good stories. 
 
 Mclver's First Vote. — After graduating from the 
 University, Mclver went to Durham to teach in a pri- 
 vate school. Soon afterward an election was held there 
 upon the question of a local tax for a public graded 
 school. Mclver knew that if the people voted to estab- 
 lish the graded school, his own school would soon be 
 closed. But he also knew that there w^ere many chil- 
 dren in the town who could never get an education unless 
 a graded school were established. What, then, should 
 he do? Should he vote for the graded school and against 
 his own school? Or should he vote against the graded 
 school and for his own school? 
 
 It did not take Mclver long to decide this question, 
 for he was eager "to be of service" to the children. 
 He was willing to close his own school if he might help 
 to open a school in which all the children could be edu- 
 cated. So he worked hard for the graded school and 
 
266 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 persuaded other men to work for it. On election day 
 he went to the voting place and cast his vote for the 
 graded school. It was his first vote, and he was always 
 proud that he had cast it for a tax for public education. 
 
 Mclver Begins Public School Work. — When the 
 graded school was opened, Mclver's school was closed. 
 The people of Durham at once called on him to teach 
 in the graded school. After teaching in the Durham 
 school for a little more than a year, he went to Winston 
 to teach in the graded school started there by Calvin 
 H. Wiley. In Winston he not only taught others, but 
 he also learned at least one lesson himself that he had 
 not known before. He learned what it was to fall in 
 love, and in 1885 he was married to Miss Lula V. Martin. 
 After nearly two years in Winston he became a teacher 
 in Peace Institute at Raleigh, where he taught until 
 June, 1889. 
 
 North Carolina's Most Important Question. — Dur- 
 ing all these years Mclver worked hard to improve 
 himself as a teacher. He visited other schools, talked 
 with other teachers about their work, and read many 
 books about teaching. During the summer months 
 he taught in summer schools and institutes for teachers. 
 Everywhere he went he tried to impress upon the people 
 the importance of education. "The supreme question 
 in civilization," he told them, "is education." 
 
 In North Carolina he declared that two great needs 
 were: better school-houses and longer school terms; 
 but the greatest need of all was better school-teachers. 
 No school can be better than its teachers. "The school- 
 teacher," said Mclver, "is our most important public 
 official." North Carolina's most important question, 
 
CHARLES DUNCAN McIVER 
 
 267 
 
 therefore, was, "How can the schools secure better 
 teachers?" 
 
 Mclver Finds the Answer. — Mclver found the 
 answer to this important question. The State, he 
 declared, must establish a college where teachers can 
 be taught and trained how to teach. Such a college is 
 called a normal college. In 1886 Mclver attended 
 the North Carolina 
 Teachers' Assembly 
 to speak in favor of 
 a normal college. 
 Hundreds of North 
 Carolina teachers 
 were there. When 
 they had heard him, 
 they declared in fa- 
 vor of his plan, and 
 appointed a commit- 
 tee to urge the Leg- 
 islature to establish 
 such a college. Mclver was placed at the head of 
 this committee. He worked hard with the members 
 of the Legislature, but could not persuade them to do 
 what he asked. 
 
 A Campaign of Education. — Instead of establishing 
 the normal college, the Legislature decided to send out 
 two men to hold institutes for teachers and to speak to 
 the people about education. The two men selected 
 were Charles D. Mclver and Edwin A. Alderman. 
 They began their work in September, 1889. In every 
 county in the State one or the other of them met the 
 teachers and taught them how to teach. 
 
 A Modern Rural High School Building 
 
 IN Wade County 
 
 (Many arc found in the State) 
 
268 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 But they had other work to do also. They were 
 expected to speak to the people to get them interested 
 in the education of their children. So everywhere they 
 went, they held public meetings. Farmers, preachers, 
 lawyers, doctors, merchants, editors, mechanics, and 
 many others went out to hear them. They urged the 
 people to vote local taxes to improve their schools. 
 ''Ignorance and ilhteracy," said Mclver, "cost more than 
 education." They spoke about the normal college and 
 urged the people to demand that their legislators vote 
 the money for it. 
 
 Mclver's Victory. — When the Legislature met in 
 1891, Mclver again went to Raleigh to work for the nor- 
 mal college. He found it a hard task, for many of the 
 members were too impatient to listen to him. But he 
 never let slip a chance to talk about the college. He 
 met men in the Capitol, on the streets, in the hotels, 
 and wherever he could get them to listen he would talk. 
 And many were glad to hear him, for he talked well. 
 
 He declared that the only hope thousands of boys and 
 girls in North Carolina had for an education was in the 
 public schools. Most of the teachers in these schools 
 were women. The men who wished to teach could 
 study at the University, but the State had never estab- 
 lished such a college for women. For the good of the 
 children the State ought to establish a college for women, 
 where they could be trained as teachers. "We can 
 better afford to have five illiterate men," Mclver 
 declared, "than one illiterate mother." 
 
 Mclver was so deeply in earnest and worked so hard 
 that he finally succeeded. The Legislature voted 
 
 ),000 for the establishment of the "State Normal and 
 
CHARLE8 DUNCAN McIVER 
 
 209 
 
 Industrial College" at Greensboro. Mclver was elected 
 its first president and remained at its head for fourteen 
 years. 
 
 Mclver's Ideal of a College. — Mclver had a noble 
 ideal of what such a college ought to be. A "great 
 
 BuiLDiNus OF North Carolina State Normal and Industrial College 
 
 AT Greensboro 
 (View looking north down College Avenue) 
 
 and useful college," he said, should teach "love of 
 truth for truth's sake; . , . belief in fair play and the 
 willingness to applaud an honest victor in any contest; 
 . . . the habit of tolerance toward those with whom 
 one does not entirely agree; . . . the recognition of 
 authority; . . . the spirit of overlooking the blunders 
 of others and of helping those who are weak; the con- 
 tempt for idleness and shirkers ; the love of one's fellow- 
 
270 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 workers, even though they be one's rivals; self-reUance ; 
 faith in human progress; confidence in right; and 
 beUef in God." This was the sort of college that he 
 tried to make of the State Normal and Industrial College. 
 
 While he was president, the college had a wonderful 
 growth. The two or three buildings on ten acres of 
 ground grew to eleven buildings on 130 acres. The 
 number of teachers increased from fifteen to fifty. 
 More than 3000 young women were students there. 
 They were the daughters of rich men and poor men; 
 of preachers, lawyers, and physicians; of merchants, 
 manufacturers, and farmers; of mechanics, engineers, 
 and day-laborers. They were from the country, the 
 town, and the city. They came from every county in 
 North Carolina. Students of the college have taught 
 in the public schools of every county. More than 2000 
 teachers were trained there under Dr. Mclver, and 
 they have taught more than 200,000 North Carolina 
 children. 
 
 Our Great Educational Leader. — The teachers of 
 North Carolina looked upon Dr. Mclver as their leader. 
 Wherever there was a word to be spoken in the cause 
 of education, his voice was sure to be heard. Invita- 
 tions to speak on education came to him from all parts 
 of North Carolina, and from more than half the States 
 of the Union. But nothing gave him so much pleasure 
 as to help some small rural district in North Carolina 
 secure a better school than it had had before. 
 
 The Southern Education Board. — In 1901 a group 
 of patriotic men from various parts of the United States 
 met at Salem, N. C, and formed the "Southern Educa- 
 tion Board." Their purpose was to help improve the 
 
CHARLES DUNCAN McIVER 271 
 
 rural schools of the South. Dr, Mclver was one of the 
 leading members of this board. When the board decided 
 to send out speakers in all parts of the South to speak 
 on education, it selected Dr. Mclver to take charge of 
 that work. Proud of the fact that he had cast his first 
 vote for local taxation, he now urged other people to do 
 the same thing. He favored local taxation for longer 
 school terms, better school-houses, and better school- 
 teachers. Hundreds of communities followed his advice 
 and are to-day enjoying good schools. 
 
 Mclver's Honors. — Many honors came to Dr. Mc- 
 lver. He did not seek them; they sought him. They 
 sought him because he was always thinking, not of his 
 own ambition, but of the welfare of others. He was 
 president of the North Carolina Teachers' Assembly, 
 and president of the Southern Educational Association. 
 He held high and important places in the National 
 Educational Association. For many years he was a 
 member of the Board of Trustees of the University. 
 Because of his work for education, the University and 
 Davidson College conferred upon him the degree of 
 Doctor of Laws. 
 
 Mclver's Death. — On October 17, 1906, while on 
 the train returning from Raleigh to Greensboro, Dr. 
 Mclver was suddenl}^ attacked by a severe pain in the 
 chest. Before a physician could reach him, he fell into 
 the arms of a friend, dead. 
 
 The news of his death was received with great grief 
 in North Carolina and the South. In North Carolina 
 the sorrow was universal. Not since the death of Vance 
 had the people grieved so deeply at the death of any 
 citizen. Men on the streets, women in the school-room, 
 
272 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 children in the backwoods, all felt as if they had lost a 
 friend. 
 
 The Governor issued a proclamation in which he said: 
 "The life-work of Charles D. Mclver is ended. For 
 twenty-five years he served his State with fidelity, zeal, 
 and efficiency not surpassed in her annals. No one 
 has rendered the State a greater service. . . . Charles 
 D. Mclver's entire life was given for the better educa- 
 tion of all our women, the improvement of the edu- 
 cational opportunities of all our children, the upHfting of 
 all our citizenship, and the elevation of all our ideals of 
 civic service." 
 
 REVIEW 
 
 1. What effect did Reconstruction have on education in North 
 Carolina? 
 
 2. What did the people do after the "carpet-baggers" were over- 
 thrown? 
 
 3. What part did Charles D. Mclver have in this work? 
 
 4. When and where was he born? Tell about his life on the farm. 
 What did he say was the hardest work he ever did? Repeat what he 
 said. 
 
 5. Give an account of his career at the University. 
 
 6. Tell about his first vote. 
 
 7. Where did Mclver begin his public school work? How did he 
 prepare himself for his work? 
 
 8. What did he say was North Carolina's most important public 
 question? 
 
 9. What answer did he give to it? 
 
 10. What plan did he propose to the Legislature? What did the 
 Legislature do about it? Describe Mclver's campaign for education. 
 
 11. How did he finally win his victory? When and where was the 
 State Normal and Industrial College established? Who was its first 
 president? 
 
 12. Repeat by heart Mclver's ideal of a college. 
 
CHARLES DUNCAN McIVER 273 
 
 13. Give an account of the work of the college while Mclver was 
 president of it. 
 
 14. Tell about him as our great educational leader. 
 
 15. What is the Southern Education Board? What relation did 
 Mclver have to it? 
 
 16. What honors came to him? 
 
 17. Describe his death. 
 
 18. What did the Governor say about him? 
 
 19. Repeat what Mclver said was the supreme question in 
 civilization. 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR SPECIAL STUDY 
 
 1. Find out tlie following facts about the public schools of North 
 Carolina during the past year: (a) Number of schools for white 
 children, (b) For negro children, (c) Number of white children en- 
 rolled, (d) Number of negro children enrolled, (e) Number of white 
 teachers. (/) Negro teachers, (g) Amount of money spent for white 
 schools, {h) For negro schools, (i) Length of term in white schools. 
 (j) In negro schools, (k) Number of white people in the State who 
 could not read or write, (l) Number of negroes who could not read 
 or write. 
 
 2. Explain the influence that Dr. Battle and Dr. Winston had on 
 Dr. Mclver. How did it show itself? 
 
 3. What is a "local tax"? How many school districts in North 
 Carolina have a local tax for schools? Is yours one of them? 
 
 4. Explain what Mclver meant when he said, "Ignorance and 
 illiteracy cost more than education." 
 
 5. How many of the public school teachers of North Carolina last 
 year were men? How many were women? 
 
 6. Why can the State afford to have five illiterate men rather than 
 one illiterate mother? How many illiterate men were there in the 
 State in 1886 ? How many now? How many illiterate women in 1886 ? 
 How many now? 
 
CHAPTER XXI 
 MAKERS OF MODERN NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 A Sad and Gloomy Picture. — After the surrender 
 of the Confederate armies the North CaroHna soldiers 
 returned quietly to their homes. Everywhere they saw 
 a sad and gloomy picture. Many of the comfortable 
 homes they had left in ISOl were now piles of ashes or 
 deserted ruins. Barns and stables were falling down 
 from neglect. Farming tools were rusty from long 
 idleness. So many thousand horses and mules had been 
 destroyed that not enough were left to cultivate the 
 farms. Fields were growing up in weeds. The farming 
 lands of North Carolina had fallen more than $75,000,000 
 in value since 1860. Country roads were cut to pieces 
 and often impassable. Miles of railroad track were 
 torn up, and hundreds of cars and locomotives were use- 
 less. In 1861 there had been but few factories in the 
 State: even of these few nearly all had been closed or 
 destroyed. The school-houses were empty and falling 
 into ruins. In the towns and cities the streets were 
 deserted and desolate. 
 
 As bad as were these calamities, there were others still 
 worse. More than 40,000 of the State's brightest and 
 bravest sons had fallen in the war. Other thousands had 
 come home crippled for life, broken in health and ruined 
 in fortune. They found their families in poverty and 
 
 274 
 
MAKERS OF MODERN NORTH CAROLINA 275 
 
 often suffering for food and clothes. The whole State 
 seemed crushed by her misfortunes. ''There was 
 indeed," as Governor Vance said, ''a cry and lament 
 through all her borders." 
 
 The Soldier's New Task. — But amid all this ruin 
 the returning soldier did not despair. He determined 
 to repair the damages done by war and went to work at 
 his new task with a vim. He would build a new home 
 on the ruins of the old. He would raise more cotton 
 and corn and tobacco than he had raised before the war. 
 He would build new and better factories. He would 
 improve his country roads so they would be good at all 
 seasons of the year. He would repair the old railroads 
 and build new ones. He would place a school-house 
 within reach of every child in the State. He would make 
 his villages grow into towns and his towns into busy 
 cities. And he would make North Carolina a richer and 
 better State than it had been before the war. This was 
 his new task; let us see how well he has performed it. 
 
 Agriculture During the War. — Agriculture has always 
 been the chief industry of North Carolina. When 
 agriculture fails, the whole State suffers. The great 
 suffering of the people during the war was due chiefly 
 to the damage done to agriculture. In North Carolina 
 more than a million acres of farm lands were left to lie 
 idle. The corn crop fell from 30,000,000 bushels to less 
 than 15,000,000; the tobacco crop from 32,000,000 
 pounds to one-third that amount; while the cotton, 
 wheat, and potato crops fell off in the same way. Cattle, 
 hogs, sheep, and chickens were destroyed by the 
 tens of thousands. The value of farm lands fell from 
 $140,000,000 to less than $75,000,000. 
 
276 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 The State Department of Agriculture. — One of the 
 most important things the State had to do after the war 
 was to repair the damage done to agriculture. To aid 
 in this task a State Department of Agriculture was 
 created, and a college and pubHc high schools for the 
 teaching of agriculture were established. 
 
 The Department of Agriculture was established in 
 1877. The chief official of the department is the Com- 
 missioner of Agriculture. The first Commissioner of 
 Agriculture was Leonidas L. Polk. In 1862 he became 
 a Confederate soldier in the regiment commanded by 
 Colonel Z. B. Vance. After serving in the army two 
 years he resigned because the soldiers had elected him 
 a member of the Legislature. At the close of the war he 
 returned to his farm and soon became one of the most 
 progressive farmers in the State. He was interested in 
 everything that would help to improve the agriculture of 
 North Carolina. In 1877 he appeared before the Legisla- 
 ture to urge the members to establish a Department of 
 Agriculture. After the department was created Polk was 
 chosen the first Commissioner of Agriculture, to organize it 
 and begin its work. He served from 1877 to 1880 and laid 
 the foundations for the work which the department has 
 since done. 
 
 Agricultural Education. — In order to supply trained 
 and educated leaders in the work of agriculture the 
 North Carohna College of Agriculture and Mechanic 
 Arts was established. Two of the leading men in the 
 founding of this college were Augustus Leazar, of Iredell 
 County, and Richard Stanhope Pullen, of Raleigh. 
 
 Mr. Leazar, like Polk, had been a Confederate soldier. 
 He thought that North Carolina's greatest needs, after 
 
MAKERS OF MODERN NORTH CAROLINA 277 
 
 the war, were better schools and better farms. So he 
 devoted himself to education and agriculture. In him 
 the State University, the State Normal and Industrial 
 College, and the public schools always found a strong 
 friend. But he believed that the most important kind 
 of education for North Carolina was education in agri- 
 culture. A plan had been proposed for the establish- 
 ment of a college to teach agriculture. Mr. Leazar was 
 much interested in this plan, and in 1885, while he was a 
 member of the Legislature, he wrote a bill for the found- 
 ing of such a college. He worked hard and spoke ably 
 for his bill, and it became a law. 
 
 The college was erected at Raleigh on land given by 
 Richard Stanhope Pullen, a wealthy business man who 
 always took a deep interest in education and everything 
 that helped to build up the State. He gave a large tract 
 of land to the city of Raleigh for a beautiful park, which 
 is known as '' Pullen Park." ^\he\\ the State Normal 
 and Industrial College was founded at Greensboro he 
 gave one-half of the land on which it was built. So, too, 
 when the agricultural college was established he gave 
 land enough for the buildings and a large farm. 
 
 The college was opened to students in 1889. Its first 
 president was Colonel Alexander Q. Holladay who or- 
 ganized the college and directed its affairs from 1889 to 
 1899. He was succeeded by Dr. George T Winston, who 
 had formerly been president of the University of North 
 Carolina. Under his direction the faculty and equip- 
 ment of the college were doubled and the number of 
 students trebled. When he resigned. Dr. Daniel H. Hill, 
 son of the famous Confederate general, D. H. Hill, was 
 elected. Dr. Hill had been professor of English in the 
 
278 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 college for several years. He is author of several books 
 on history and agriculture. Since he has been president, 
 a number of excellent buildings have been erected and 
 the work of the college has been greatly extended. 
 
 The public schools of the State are also required by 
 law to teach agriculture. In 1911 the Legislature pro- 
 
 Agricultural Building at the Agricultural and Mechanical 
 College, Raleigh. N. C. 
 
 vided for agricultural high schools, called " Farm Life 
 Schools," which train boys and girls for life on the farm. 
 Agricultural Progress. — Under the direction of these 
 agencies, agriculture has become a more important in- 
 dustry in North CaroUna than ever before. In 1910 
 more people in the State were engaged in it than in all 
 other occupations combined and nearly every crop that 
 was grown in the United States was grown in North 
 Carolina. But the principal crops were corn, cotton, 
 tobacco, peanuts, potatoes, wheat, and other grains. 
 All of these old crops had increased wonderfully through 
 the new methods of agriculture. Many new crops, espe- 
 cially fruits and vegetables, had been introduced. Truck 
 
MAKERS OF MODERN NORTH CAROLINA 279 
 
 farming had grown to be one of the most important indus- 
 tries in the State. These improvements in agriculture 
 meant that three-fourths of the people of North Carolina 
 dwelt in better houses and lived more comfortably than 
 ever before. 
 
 Manufacturing. — Before the war very little of the 
 cotton and tobacco raised in North Carolina was manu- 
 factured here. Most of it was sent to the mills and fac- 
 tories of other States and of Europe. When the war 
 began there were many factories in North Carolina, but 
 they were very small and all together employed less 
 than 15,000 persons. The value of their products did 
 not reach $16,000,000 annually. Most of these factories 
 were destroyed by the war. So when the United States 
 fleets blockaded the Southern ports, and kept the people 
 from importing goods from Europe, shoes, clothes, writ- 
 ing paper, and all other manufactured articles became 
 very scarce. 
 
 After the war great changes were made. Men began 
 to ask. Why should we not manufacture our own cotton 
 and tobacco and lumber? We have great rivers with 
 immense water-power. We have extensive forests which 
 offer abundant fuel. Here are the cotton, the tobacco, 
 the lumber, all right at our own doors. And here, too, 
 are the railroads which will carry our goods to the great 
 cities of the North and West. Let us then build mills 
 and factories and make North Carolina as great a state 
 in manufacturing as in agriculture. 
 
 Founders of Cotton Mills. — The most important 
 article manufactured in North Carolina is cotton. 
 Among the men who founded this industry in the State 
 were Michael Schenck, Joel Battle, Francis Fries, and 
 
280 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 Edwin M. Holt. Schenck built the first cotton mill in 
 North Carolina. It was erected in 1813 on a small 
 stream in Lincoln county. Joel Battle's mill was 
 erected seven years later on the Tar River, in Nash 
 county, near Rocky Mount. Francis Fries was one of 
 the men who made Salem famous as a manufacturing 
 
 The Old Alamance Mill, Burlington, N. C. 
 (This mill was founded by Edwin M. Holt, and the first colored cotton 
 fabric manufactured in the South was woven in this mill) 
 
 center. He not only operated cotton mills, but in 1840 
 he erected a woollen mill. Perhaps the man who did 
 more to develop the manufacture of cotton goods in 
 North Carolina than any other was Edwin M. Holt. 
 
 Holt's First Mill. — Edwin M. Holt was born on a 
 farm in Orange county. When not at school, he worked 
 on his father's farm or in his shops. In these planta- 
 tion shops, where all sorts of repair work was done, 
 young Holt learned to like machinery and did his first 
 manufacturing. He often visited a cotton mill operated 
 
MAKERS OF MODERN NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 281 
 
 by steam at Greensboro and became greatly interested 
 in its work. After studying it carefully he decided that 
 it should be better and cheaper to operate such mills 
 by water than by steam. He determined to build one 
 on Great Alamance Creek 
 which ran through his 
 father's farm. His father 
 thought his plan would cer- 
 tainly fail and advised 
 against it. But young Holt's 
 mind was made up, and in 
 1S37 he bought the machi- 
 nery, erected his mill, and 
 started it to work. The peo- 
 ple in that section watched 
 the experiment with great 
 interest, and the wise ones 
 shook their heads sadly. 
 Edwin Holt, they predicted, 
 would waste his time and 
 
 money 
 
 Edwin M. Holt 
 
 How Holt Succeeded. — 
 
 But Holt was determined 
 not to fail. He worked hard, and was always ready to 
 make improvements. One day in 1838 a Frenchman 
 came to the mill, who offered for $100 and his board to 
 teach Holt how to color cotton yarn. Holt at once 
 accepted the offer, bought the machinery, and erected 
 the dye-house. This was the first dyeing plant in the 
 South. 
 
 Holt's experiment proved so successful that he trained 
 all of his sons in the business. After his death, in 1884, 
 
282 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 they continued to operate the mills, which grew steadily. 
 When the Civil War began, the Holt mills operated 1200 
 spindles and 96 looms. Since the war the number of 
 spindles has increased to more than 160,000 and the 
 looms to more than 6000. 
 
 Growth of Cotton Manufacturing. — Inspired by 
 Holt's success, other progressive men followed his ex- 
 ample. After his death cotton, woollen, silk, and knit- 
 ting mills sprang up in every part of North Carolina. 
 By 1910 the number had increased to more than four 
 hundred, and in the manufacture of cotton North Caro- 
 lina ranked third among the States. Thousands of 
 people left their farms to seek work in the mills, and 
 through them many sleepy little villages became thriving 
 towns, while around the mills several new towns have 
 grown into importance. 
 
 Manufacture of Tobacco. — Since Sir Walter Raleigh's 
 colonists landed on Roanoke Island in 1585 the tobacco 
 plant has played an important part in the history of 
 North CaroUna. In colonial days, as you have already 
 learned, it was so important that the people used it for 
 money. Ever since then it has been one of the chief 
 means of bringing wealth into North Carolina. When 
 the Civil War began in 1861 there were nearly one 
 hundred tobacco factories in North Carolina, but they 
 were small and employed less than two thousand per- 
 sons. Most of these factories were on the farms where 
 the tobacco was raised. It was manufactured by hand 
 and sold chiefly to the people of the surrounding country. 
 Since the war the manufacture and sale of tobacco has 
 become second in importance only to the manufacture 
 and sale of cotton. Upon it depend the growth and 
 
MAKERS OF MODERN NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 283 
 
 prosperity of several of North Carolina's most impor- 
 tant towns and cities, and in some parts of the State it 
 has become the chief crop. 
 
 " Durham Tobacco." — In 1865 General Sherman's 
 army, after receiving the surrender of General Johnston's 
 
 army, encamped near a 
 railroad crossing in Orange 
 county, called Durham's 
 Crossing. The soldiers 
 liked the tobacco which 
 grew in that section and 
 
 Washington Dukes First 
 Tobacco Factory 
 
 they called it " Durham 
 tobacco." When they re- 
 turned to their homes they 
 carried supplies of this to- 
 bacco with them, and after 
 it had given out, many of 
 them wrote back for more. 
 In this way they spread the 
 use of " Durham tobacco " and unconsciously helped 
 to lay the foundation of one of the greatest manufac- 
 turing interests of North Carolina. 
 
 The little town of Durham soon became the center of 
 the tobacco trade. W. T. Blackwell, Julian S. Carr, 
 Washington Duke, and others built factories there and 
 by their energy and ability soon made the name of 
 "Durham tobacco" famous throughout the world. 
 
 The Present Duke Tobacco 
 Factory at Durham 
 
 These two factories are typical of the 
 growth of manufactures in North 
 Carolina, not only in tobacco, hut 
 in all products 
 
284 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 Durham grew rapidly from a railroad crossing to one 
 of our most modern cities. 
 
 " Uppowoc " in 1586 and To-day. — Of course many 
 other men entered into the manufacture of tobacco. 
 They soon made the names of Winston, Reidsville, and 
 other towns and cities famous throughout the world 
 for their tobacco factories. Tobacco became almost as 
 important a crop as cotton, and such towns as Wilson, 
 Kinston, Greenville, and Rocky Mount, as well as 
 Winston and Durham, became great tobacco markets. 
 In 1586 Ralph Lane carried the first " uppowoc " from 
 Roanoke Island to England, and showed Sir Walter 
 Raleigh how to smoke. Three hundred years later 
 Washington Duke and other manufacturers made North 
 Carolina tobacco famous the world over. During all 
 these years the tobacco plant was one of North Caro- 
 lina's chief sources of wealth and prosperity. 
 
 Railroads. — As North Carolina has no large rivers 
 and harbors, most of her commerce must be carried on 
 by railroads. No great progress could have been made 
 in agriculture and manufacturing unless equal progress 
 had been made in the building of railroads. When the 
 war came to a close there were less than nine hundred 
 miles of railroad in North Carolina. In 1910 there 
 were nearly five thousand miles. The principal sys- 
 tems were the Seaboard Air Line, the Southern, and the 
 Atlantic Coast Line. In the development of these 
 systems Major John Cox Winder, Colonel Alexander 
 Boyd Andrews, and Robert Rufus Bridgers were among 
 the leaders. Major Winder and Colonel Andrews were 
 both Confederate soldiers, and Mr. Bridgers served for 
 four years in the Confederate States Congress. 
 
MAKERS OF MODERN NORTH CAROLINA 285 
 
 Builders of Railroads. — Major John C. Winder 
 rendered important service to the Confederate States 
 by building strong fortifications along the coast of 
 North Carolina. His chief work was Fort Fisher, on 
 the Cape Fear river, the most important fort in the 
 South. This fort guarded the port of Wilmington and 
 protected the Advance and other blockade-runners sent 
 out by Governor Vance. The United States attempted 
 to destroy Fort Fisher, but Major Winder had done his 
 work so well and the fort was so bravely defended that 
 it held out longer than any other fort in the Confederacy. 
 Finally in 1865, after the most terrific bombardment in 
 our history, it was captured. 
 
 After the war Major Winder turned his attention to 
 the building of railroads. You will remember how, in 
 1840, the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad was completed 
 from Raleigh northward to Gaston. In 1861 a rail- 
 road, running southward from Raleigh, called the Raleigh 
 and Augusta Air Line, was begun. Major Winder's 
 work was with these two railroads. He improved the 
 track and the road-bed, put on better trains, added new 
 lines, and greatly extended the system. Afterwards 
 these roads became a part of the Seaboard Air Line 
 system, which, in 1910, operated 3000 miles of road, 
 about 600 of which were in North Carolina. 
 
 Colonel A. B. Andrews began his railroad career at 
 seventeen years of age. At twenty he gave up his 
 work to enter the Confederate army. In the army he 
 fought his way upward from a private to the rank of 
 captain. During the war the railroad bridge over the 
 Roanoke River at Gaston was destroyed. Passengers 
 and freight had to be carried over with great difficulty 
 
286 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 and danger in ordinary flat-bottom boats. Colonel 
 Andrews suggested a plan for ferry-boats which the 
 railroad officials adopted. He operated the ferry while 
 a bridge was being built, and was so successful that he 
 was afterwards given a position with the Raleigh and 
 Gaston Railroad. Later he helped to build the Raleigh 
 and Augusta Air Line. When the Southern Railway 
 Company was formed he was made one of the vice- 
 presidents. This system has grown so rapidly that it is 
 now the largest railway system in the South. In North 
 Carolina alone it operates more than 1200 miles of 
 railroad. 
 
 The work of Robert R. Bridgers was done in Eastern 
 North Carolina. He was not, hke Major Winder and 
 Colonel Andrews, a Confederate sol- 
 dier. But he served in the Confederate 
 Congress from 1861 till the close of 
 the war. After the war he became 
 president of the Wilmington and 
 Weldon Railroad Company. When 
 the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad 
 Company was formed he was chosen 
 its president. Under his direction the 
 system was extended into various 
 
 R. R. Bridgers ,. ~\t n r^ ^^ 
 
 sections oi Lastern North Carolina, 
 as well as into other Southern States. When he became 
 president the company operated less than 300 miles of 
 railroad; in 1910 it owned altogether more than 4500 
 miles, and operated 950 miles in North Carolina alone. 
 
 The Western North Carolina Railroad. — Perhaps the 
 greatest achievement in railroad building in North 
 Carolina is the Western North Carolina Railroad. This 
 
MAKERS OF MODERN NORTH CAROLINA 287 
 
 road, now part of the Southern Railway system, runs 
 from Salisbury to Asheville. There it divides into two 
 branches, one to Murphy, the other to Paint Rock, on 
 the boundary line of North Carolina and Tennessee. 
 It was begun by the State in 1854 in order to give a 
 railroad to the people of the mountains. It reached 
 Asheville in 1879.' The cost of building the road over 
 the mountains had been so great that the State decided 
 not to go any further with it. It was turned over to a 
 company of wealthy men who undertook to finish it, 
 but they failed, and the people of the mountains were 
 in despair. Finally, through the work of Governor 
 Thomas J. Jarvis, Colonel A. B. Andrews, and Major 
 James W. Wilson, work was begun again, all difficulties 
 were mastered, and the road was completed and opened 
 for trains. 
 
 The building of this railroad was the greatest piece 
 of engineering work ever done in North Carolina. Its 
 success was due largely to the skill of Major James W. 
 Wilson, the chief engineer. Under his direction rivers 
 were bridged, mountains were tunneled, deep gorges 
 were filled in. The track crosses the Catawba, the 
 French Broad, the Pigeon, the Little Tennessee, and 
 the Hiwassee rivers. It spans great gorges. It climbs 
 to the tops of mountains. It runs through dark tunnels, 
 one of which, the Swannanoa, is nearly a thu-d of a mile 
 long. 
 
 The success of this undertaking has made Western 
 North Carolina one of the most prosperous parts of the 
 State. Thousands of people go there every year for 
 their health, or to escape the heat of summer. Manu- 
 facturing plants have been established, and several 
 
288 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 mountains towns, once straggling little villages, have 
 become famous resorts. Asheville has grown into one 
 of the State's largest and prettiest cities. 
 
 Educational Leaders Since the War. — Our educa- 
 tional development has kept pace with our industrial 
 
 Davie Hall, University of North Carolina 
 
 development. After the war came to an end the doors 
 of the University of North Carolina and of the public 
 schools were closed. But as soon as the white people 
 of the State had regained control of affairs they turned 
 their attention again to their schools and colleges. The 
 public school system was reestablished and the doors 
 of the University were again opened to students. 
 
 As William R. Davie founded the University after 
 the Revolution, so Kemp P. Battle saved it after the 
 Civil War. He was a graduate of the University, and 
 for a few years before the war was a member of its 
 faculty. No son of the University loved it more than 
 he. After its doors were closed he undertook the 
 
MAKERS OF MODERN NORTH CAROLINA 289 
 
 difficult task of having them reopened. The State was 
 then very poor, but Dr. Battle's earnest efforts suc- 
 ceeded in raising $20,000 for his purpose. Then he 
 appealed to the Legislature, which appropriated $7500 
 a year to the University. As soon as it became certain 
 that the doors would be reopened the trustees met and 
 elected Dr. Battle president. 
 
 In September, 1875, the doors were thrown open to 
 students. Dr. Battle found the campus grown up in 
 weeds, the buildings greatly damaged, the Hbraries 
 scattered, and the recitation rooms empty. But these 
 difficulties did not daunt him. He went to work with 
 great energy and wisdom. He remained at the head 
 of the University for fifteen years, and under his leader- 
 ship it regained the place in the State which it had held 
 in the days of President Swain before the Civil War. 
 
 At the University were educated such men as Charles 
 B. Aycock, James Y. Joyner, and many others who, 
 together with Sidney M. Finger and John C. Scar- 
 borough, were the leaders in reestablishing the public 
 school system of the State. Mr. Finger and Mr. Scar- 
 borough were both Confederate soldiers. After the war 
 they devoted themselves to work in education, and each 
 became superintendent of public instruction. Their 
 great work was to reorganize the public schools, and 
 restore them to the confidence of the people. It was 
 under their direction that Charles D. Mclver and 
 Edwin A. Alderman made their famous campaign for 
 education which you have already read about. One 
 of the most important results • of the work of these 
 leaders was the establishment of excellent graded school 
 systems in the leading towns and cities of the State. 
 
290 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 In 1900 another great educational campaign for the 
 improvement of the public schools was started in North 
 Carolina in which the leader was the governor, Charles 
 B. Aycock. By his eloquent speeches in all parts of the 
 State and by his efforts to increase the public school fund, 
 
 A. Modern City Public School at Asheville 
 
 he won the title of the " Educational Governor of North 
 Carolina," In 1902 Governor Aycock appointed James 
 Y. Joyner superintendent of public instruction. From 
 1902 to 1910, under Superintendent Joyner's direction, 
 the public school fund increased from less than $1,500,000 
 to more than $3,500,000 annually. During the same 
 time nearly 3500 school-houses were built and the value 
 of public school property increased from less than 
 $2,000,000 to about $6,000,000. The number of pupils 
 increased from 400,000 to 500,000, and the school term 
 
MAKERS OF MODERN NORTH CAROLINA I!91 
 
 from eighty to one hundred days annually. As a result 
 of these changes there are fewer people in the State who 
 cannot read and write than ever before. 
 
 Temperance Movement. — As Governor Aycock be- 
 came known as the " Educational Governor of North 
 Carolina " so Governor Robert B. Glenn became known 
 as the " Prohibition Governor." Along with the educa- 
 tional movement sprang up, soon after the war, a demand 
 that the sale of whisky and other alcoholic liquors be 
 forbidden in North Carohna. The movement at first 
 grew slowly. As the years passed, a town here and a 
 town there, and sometimes a rural community, had laws 
 passed forbidding the sale of such liquors in its territory, 
 Then the advocates of prohibition demanded that the 
 sale of alcoholic liquor should be forbidden throughout 
 the State. In 1903 a law was passed forbidding its 
 sale except in towns. Two years later another law was 
 passed forbidding its sale except in towns which had 
 as many as one thousand people. Finally in 1908 the 
 General Assembly passed a law which required that the 
 people of the whole State should vote on the question 
 whether alcoholic liquor should be sold at all in the 
 State. 
 
 A great campaign followed for prohibition. Speakers 
 went into all sections of the State speaking for tem- 
 perance as, a few years before, they had done for 
 education. As Governor Aycock led the campaign 
 for education, so Governor Glenn led the prohibition 
 campaign. The election was held in May, 1908, and 
 resulted in a victory for prohibition. Since then it has 
 been unlawful to sell or manufacture whisky or other 
 alcoholic liquors in North Carolina. 
 
292 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 Forty Years of Progress. — With the progress of 
 North Carohna in agriculture, manufacturing, commerce, 
 and education, has gone equal progress in numerous 
 other ways. 
 
 Since the close of the war, the value of farming land 
 in North Carolina has trebled. The corn crop has 
 become three times, the cotton crop five times, and the 
 tobacco crop more than ten times, as large as they were 
 in 1870. 
 
 Mills and factories have been built that manufacture 
 cotton, tobacco, furniture, wagons, carriages, and numer- 
 ous other articles. Ten times as many persons are 
 employed in them, and fourteen times as much money 
 used in their work, as in 1865. 
 
 In every part of the State miles upon miles of good 
 roads have been built. Over these good roads hundreds 
 of rural free mail delivery routes carry daily thousands 
 of letters, papers, and magazines to the people of all 
 sections of the State. The number of newspapers has 
 increased from 64 to more than 300, and their circula- 
 tion from about 70,000 to 1,250,000. More than two 
 thousand rural schools have good libraries, and many of 
 our towns and cities have erected beautiful public 
 library buildings, containing thousands of the world's 
 best books, which are free to all the people. 
 
 In no way has more progress been made than in the 
 growth of the churches of the State. Since the war the 
 number of churches has increased from 2,500, to 8,500, 
 and the value of church buildings from $2,000,000 to 
 $14,000,000. 
 
 The improvement of our towns and cities has been 
 marked. Such old towns as Wilmington, Charlotte, 
 
MAKERS OF MODERN NORTH CAROLINA 293 
 
 Raleigh, and New Bern, and such old villages as Greens- 
 boro, Asheville, and Winston-Salem have grown into 
 busy cities. Several new towns and cities, such as 
 Gastonia, High Point, and Durham, have sprung up. 
 The population of the State has increased from about 
 1,000,000 to more than 2,200,000, and its wealth from 
 $125,000,000 to more than $600,000,000. 
 
 These great changes are the results of much toil, 
 sacrifice, and suffering. From the days of Sir Walter 
 Raleigh down to our own time, thousands of brave men 
 and women, many of whom have been forgotten, have 
 worked and struggled in order that they might help to 
 make North Carolina a better and happier place for 
 their children. If the boys and girls who read this book 
 will learn to love the Old North State as those men and 
 women loved her, they too will some day enroll their 
 names among the " Makers of North Carolina History." 
 
 GEOGRAPHY STUDY 
 
 1. What is the chief cotton section of North Carolina? Tobacco 
 section? Corn section? Trucking section? 
 
 2. In what sections of North Carolina are most of the cotton mills? 
 Have these sections any natural advantage over other sections for 
 manufacturing? 
 
 3. Locate Alamance Creek, Haw River, Graham, Spray, Gastonia. 
 
 4. Locate the towns mentioned in the lesson as being centers of the 
 tobacco trade. 
 
 5. Trace the main lines of the Seaboard Air Line railroad. The 
 Southern. The Atlantic Coast Line. Name the chief towns on these 
 linee. 
 
 REVIEW 
 
 1. Describe the conditions in North Carolina at the close of the 
 war. 
 
 2. What were the chief features of the soldiers' new task? 
 
294 HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 3. What effect did the war have on agriculture? 
 
 4. Give an account of the work of L. L. Polk in the development 
 of agriculture. Of Augustus Leazar. Of Richard Stanhope Pullen. 
 Of the presidents of the State A. & M. College. 
 
 5. Describe the influence of these agencies on agriculture. 
 
 6. What effect did the war have on manufacturing in North 
 Carolina? What lessons did the people learn from this? 
 
 7. Give an account of the founding of cotton mills in North 
 Carolina. 
 
 8. Who was Edwin M. Holt? Give an account of his first 
 cotton mill. 
 
 9. How did Holt succeed? 
 
 10. Describe the progress made in cotton manufacturing. 
 
 11. In what way has the tobacco plant been important in our 
 history? 
 
 12. How did " Durham tol)acco " become famous? 
 
 13. Tell the history of tobacco in North Carolina since 1586. 
 
 14. How many miles of railroad were in North Carolina in 1865? 
 In 1910? What were the chief systems in 1910? 
 
 15. Give an account of John C. Winder's services to the Con- 
 federacy. Of his railroad career. 
 
 16. Tell the story of A. B. Andrew's railroad career. 
 
 17. Describe Robert R. Bridgers's services as president of the 
 Wilmington and Weldon Railroad and the Atlantic Coast Line. 
 
 18. Tell the story of the building of the Western North Carolina 
 railroad. What effect has it had on Western North Carolina? 
 
 19. What effect did the Civil War have on the schools and 
 colleges of North Carolina? 
 
 20. Tell the story of the re-opening of the University. 
 
 21. Give an account of the leaders in the reestablishment of our 
 public school system. 
 
 22. What has been the result of their work. 
 
 23. What has been the history of Prohibition in North Carolina? 
 
 24. Describe the progress made in North Carolina since the war. 
 
APPENDIX I 
 
 ORIGIN OF THE NAMES OF THE COUNTIES 
 OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 Alamance. Formed in 1849 from Orange. The name of the county 
 IS derived from Alamance Creek, on the banks of which was fought 
 the battle between Governor Tryon and the Regulators. It is 
 the name of an Indian tribe which dwelt in that locality 
 Alexander. Formed in 1847 from Iredell, Caldwell, and Wilkes 
 Named in honor of William J. Alexander of Mecklenburg county 
 several times a member of the Legislature and speaker of the 
 House of Commons. 
 AUeghany. Formed in 1859 from Ashe. Name derived from an 
 
 Indian tribe in the limits of North Carolina. 
 Anson. Formed in 1749 from Bladen. Named in honor of George 
 Lord Anson, a celebrated English admiral who circumnavigated 
 the globe. He lived for awhile on the Pedee in South Carolina 
 In 1761 he was given the honor of bringing to her marriage with 
 King George III, Charlotte, Princess of Mecklenburg, for whom 
 Mecklenburg county was named. 
 Ashe Formed in 1799 from Wilkes. Named in honor of Samuel 
 Ashe of New Hanover, brother of General John Ashe. Samuel 
 Ashe was a Revolutionary patriot, one of the first judges of the 
 State, and afterwards governor. 
 Aveiy. Formed in 1911 from Mitchell, Watauga, and Caldwell 
 ^amed in honor of Colonel Waightstill Avery "of Revolutionary 
 tame, Attorney-General of North Carolina, 1777-1779 
 Beaufort. Formed in 1705 from Bath.' Named in honor of Henry, 
 j Bath county was formed in 1696 out of territory bordering on 
 Famlico Sound and extending southward to the Cape Fear river It 
 was at first divided into "precincts," which in 1738 became "counties." 
 
 295 
 
296 APPENDIX I 
 
 Duke of Beaufort, who in 1728 was one of the Lords Proprietors 
 of Carolina. He purchased the share of the Duke of Albemarle. 
 
 Bertie. Formed in 1722 from Bath. Named in honor of James and 
 Henry Bertie, Lords Proprietors, who in 1728 owned the share of 
 Lord Clarendon. 
 
 Bladen. Formed in 1734 from Bath. Named in honor of Martin 
 Bladen, one of the members of the board of trade which had charge 
 of colonial affairs. 
 
 Brunswick. Formed in 1764 from New Hanover and Bladen. Named 
 in honor of the famous House of Brunswick, of which the four 
 Georges, Kings of England, were members. It was named at the 
 time of the marriage of Princess Augusta, daughter of King 
 George II, to Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick. 
 
 Buncombe. Formed in 1791 from Burke and Rutherford. Named 
 in honor of Colonel Edward Buncombe, a Revolutionary soldier 
 who was killed at the battle of Germantown, near Philadelphia. 
 Colonel Buncombe lived in Tyrrell county. He was noted for 
 his hospitality. Over the door of his house were these lines, 
 " To Buncombe Hall, 
 
 Welcome All." 
 
 Burke. Formed in 1777 from Rowan. Named in honor of Dr. 
 Thomas Burke, member of the Continental Congress and gov- 
 ernor of North Carolina. 
 
 Cabarrus. Formed in 1792 from Mecklenburg. Named in honor of 
 Stephen Cabarrus, of Edenton, several times a member of the 
 Legislature and often speaker of the House of Commons. 
 
 Caldwell. Formed in 1841 from Burke and Wilkes. Named in 
 honor of Joseph Caldwell, the first president of the University 
 of North Carolina. He was one of the first and strongest advo- 
 cates of the public school system and of the railroad through the 
 center of the state from Morehead City to Tennessee. 
 
 Camden. Formed in 1777 from Pasquotank. Named in honor of 
 the learned Englishman, Charles Pratt, Earl of Camden, who was 
 one of the strongest friends of the Americans in the British Par- 
 liament. He took their side in the dispute over taxation with- 
 out representation. 
 
 Carteret. Formed in 1722 from Bath. Named in honor of Sir John 
 Carteret, afterwards Earl Granville, one of the Lords Proprietors. 
 
APPENDIX I 297 
 
 When the other Lords Proprietors sold their sliares to tlie king in 
 1728, Carteret refused to sell, and an immense tract of land in 
 North Carolina was laid off as his share in 1744. It was called 
 the Granville District and was the cause of a great deal of trouble. 
 He lost it when the Revolution freed North Carolina from British 
 rule. 
 
 Caswell. Formed in 1777 from Orange and named in honor of Richard 
 Caswell. (See Biography of Caswell, p. 105.) 
 
 Catawba. Formed in 1842 from Lincoln. Named after a tribe of 
 Indians which dwelt in that section of the State. 
 
 Chatham. Formed in 1770 from Orange. Named in honor of the 
 great Englishman who won for England all of French America 
 and was the most eloquent defender of the American cause in the 
 British Parliament during the Revolution — William Pitt, Earl 
 of Chatham. 
 
 Cherokee. Formed in 1839 from Macon. Named after an Indian 
 tribe which still dwells in that section of the State. 
 
 Chowan. Formed in 1672 from Albemarle. ' Named for an Indian 
 tribe dwelling in the northeastern part of the State when the 
 English first came to North Carolina. 
 
 Clay. Formed in 1861 from Cherokee. Named in honor of the great 
 orator and statesman, Henry Clay. 
 
 Cleveland. Formed in 1841 from Rutherford and Lincoln. Named 
 in honor of Colonel Benjamin Cleveland. (See Biography of 
 Cleveland, p. 120.) 
 
 Columbus. Formed in 1808 from Bladen and Brunswick. Named in 
 honor of the Discoverer of the New World. 
 
 Craven. Formed in 1712 from Bath. Named in honor of William, 
 Lord Craven, one of the Lords Proprietors of Carolina. 
 
 Cumberland. Formed in 1754 from Bladen. Named in honor of 
 William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, second son of King 
 George II. Cumberland was the commander of the English 
 army at the battle of CuUoden, in which the Scotch Highlanders 
 were so badly defeated. Many of them came to America, and 
 
 ' Albemarle county was the first county in North C^arolina. It was 
 divided into " precincts," which in 1738 became " counties," and "Albe- 
 marle county " disappeared from the map. For a long time the 
 governors of North Carolina were called "governors of Albemarle." 
 
298 APPENDIX 1 
 
 their principal settlement was at Cross Creek in Cumberland 
 county. 
 
 Currituck. Formed in 1672 from Albemarle. Named after an Indian 
 tribe. 
 
 Dare. Formed in 1870 from Currituck, Tyrrell, and Hyde. Named 
 in honor of Virginia Dare, the first English child born in America. 
 
 Davidson. Formed in 1822 from Rowan. Named in honor of General 
 William L. Davidson, a soldier of the Revolution who was killed 
 at the battle of Cowan's Ford. When General Greene retreated 
 across North Carolina before Cornwallis in 1781, he stationed 
 some troops under General Davidson at Cowan's Ford over the 
 Catawba river to delay the British army. The British attacked 
 the Americans, killed General Davidson, and forced the passage. 
 The United States has erected a monument in his honor on Guil- 
 ford battle-ground. 
 
 Davie. Formed in 1836 from Rowan. Named in honor of Wilham 
 R. Davie. (See Biography of Davie, p. 132.) 
 
 Duplin. Formed in 1749 from New Hanover. Named in honor of 
 George Henry, Lord Duplin, an English nobleman. 
 
 Durham. Formed in 1881 from Orange and Wake. Named after 
 the town of Durham, a thriving manufacturing city. 
 
 Edgecombe. Formed in 1732 from Bath. Named in honor of Sir 
 Richard, Baron Edgecombe, an English nobleman, and a lord of 
 the treasury. 
 
 Forsjrth. Formed in 1849 from Stokes. Named in honor of Captain 
 Benjamin Forsyth, of Stokes county, who in the War of 1812 
 raised a company of riflemen and marched to Canada, where he 
 was killed in battle. 
 
 Franklin. Formed in 1779 from Bute. (See p. 146.) Named in 
 honor of the great philosopher and statesman, Benjamin Franldin. 
 
 Gaston. Formed in 1846 from Lincoln. Named in honor of Judge 
 William Gaston. (See Biography of Gaston, p. 170.) 
 
 Gates. Formed in 1779 from Hertford. Named in honor of General 
 Horatio Gates, who commanded the American army at the battle 
 of Saratoga. At this battle an entire British arrrly was captured, 
 but General Gates contributed nothing to that success. It is 
 regarded as one of the most important battles in the history of 
 the world. 
 
APPENDIX I 299 
 
 Graham. Formed in 1872 from Cherokee. Named in honor of 
 Governor William A. Graham. (See Biography of Graham, 
 p. 192.) 
 
 Granville. Formed in 1746 from Edgecombe. Named m honor of 
 Carteret, Earl Granville, who owned the Granville District. He 
 was Prime Minister under King George II, and a very brilliant 
 man. 
 
 Greene. Formed in 1799 from Glasgow ^ and Craven. Named in 
 honor of General Nathaniel Greene, Washington's "right-hand 
 man." Next to Washington, General Greene is regarded as the 
 greatest soldier of the Revolution. He fought the battle of Guil- 
 ford Court House and saved North Carolina from the British. 
 
 Guilford. Formed in 1770 from Rowan and Orange. Named in 
 honor of Francis, Earl of Guilford, an English nobleman. He was 
 the father of Lord North, who was Prime Minister under King 
 George III. during the Revolution. Lord North afterwards 
 became Earl of Guilford. 
 
 Halifax. Formed in 1758 from Edgecombe. Named in honor of 
 George, Earl of Halifax, president of the board of trade, which 
 had control of the colonies before the Revolution. 
 
 Harnett. Formed in 1855 from Cumberland. Named in honor of 
 Cornelius Harnett. (See Biography of Harnett, p. 76.) 
 
 Haywood. Formed in 1808 from Buncombe. Named in honor of 
 John HajTvood, who for forty years was the popular treasurer 
 of the State. 
 
 Henderson. Formed in 1838 from Buncombe. Named in honor of 
 Leonard Henderson, chief justice of the Supreme Court of North 
 Carolina, and his brother, Archibald Henderson, a member of 
 Congress and a very able lawyer. 
 
 Hertford. Formed in 1759 from Chowan, Bertie, and Northampton. 
 Named in honor of Francis Seymour Conway, Earl of Hertford, 
 an English nobleman. He was a brother of General Conway, a 
 distinguished British soldier and member of Parliament, who 
 
 1 Glasgow county was named in honor of James Glasgow, the first 
 secretary of state after 1776. He had been a prominent patriot during 
 the P^evolution, and while secretary of state was convicted of fraud in 
 issuing land grants in Tennessee, and his name was expunged from the 
 map. 
 
300 APPENDIX I 
 
 favored the repeal of the Stamp Act. The word Hertford is said 
 to mean "Red Ford." 
 
 Hoke. Formed in 1911 from Cumberland and Robeson. Named 
 in honor of Robert F. Hoke, of North Carolina, Major-General 
 in the Confederate States Army. 
 
 Hyde, Formed in 1705 from Bath. Called Wickham until about 
 1712. Named Hyde in honor of Edward Hyde, Earl of 
 Clarendon, one of the Lords Proprietors. 
 
 Iredell. Formed in 1788 from Rowan. Named in honor of James 
 Iredell, of Edenton. James Iredell was one of the foremost 
 lawyers of the State. In 1788 and 1789 he was one of the 
 leaders in the State in advocating the adoption of the Consti- 
 tution of the United States. His speeches in the Convention 
 of 1788 at Hillsboro were among the ablest delivered by 
 any of the advocates of the Constitution. Washington ap- 
 pointed him in 1790 a judge of the Supreme Court of the 
 United States. 
 
 Jackson. Formed in 1851 from Haywood and Macon. Named 
 in honor of Andrew Jackson, who was born in Mecklenburg 
 county (the site of his birthplace is now in Union), won the 
 brilliant victory over the British at New Orleans, in 1815, 
 and was twice elected President of the United States. 
 
 Johnston. Formed in 1746 from Craven. Afterwards parts of 
 Duplin and Orange were added. Named in honor of Gabriel 
 Johnston, governor of North Carolina from 1734 to 1752. 
 
 Jones. Formed in 1779 from Craven. Named in honor of Willie 
 Jones, of Halifax. He was one of the leading patriots of the 
 Revolution, was president of the Council of Safety, and was 
 opposed to the adoption of the Constitution of the United 
 States. It was due to his influence that the Convention of 
 1788 rejected it. 
 
 Lee. Formed in 1907 from Chatham and Moore. Named in 
 honor of Robert E. Lee, the Confederate General. 
 
 Lenoir. Formed in 1791 from Dobbs^ and Craven. Named in 
 
 1 Dobbs county was named in honor of Arthur Dobbs, one of the 
 royal governors of North Carolina. In 1791 the county was divided 
 into Lenoir and Glasgow, and the name of Dobbs was erased from the 
 map. 
 
APPENDIX I 301 
 
 honor of General William Lenoir, one of the heroes of King's 
 Mountain. 
 
 Lincoln. Formed in 1779 from Tryon.' Named in honor of 
 General Benjamin Lincoln, a distinguished general of the 
 Revolution, whom Washington appointed to receive the sword 
 of Lord Cornwallis at the surrender at Yorktown. 
 
 Macon. Formed in 1828 from Haywood. Named in honor of 
 Nathaniel Macon. (See Biography of Macon, p. 146.) 
 
 Madison. Formed in 1851 from Buncombe and Yancey. Named 
 in honor of James Madison, fourth President of the United 
 States. 
 
 Martin. Formed in 1774 from Halifax and Tyrrell. Named in 
 honor of Josiah Martin, the last royal governor of North 
 Carolina. It is probable that this name would have been 
 changed like that of Dobbs and Tryon but for the popularity of 
 Alexander Martin, who was governor in 1782 and again in 
 1790. 
 
 McDowell. Formed in 1842 from Rutherford and Burke. Named 
 in honor of Colonel Joseph McDowell an active officer of the 
 Revolution. 
 
 Mecklenburg. Formed in 1762 from Anson. Named in honor 
 of Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg, Queen of George III, 
 King of England. The county seat, Charlotte, one of the 
 prettiest cities in the State, was also named in her honor. 
 Mecklenburg county was the scene of some of the most 
 stirring events of the Revolution. 
 
 MitchelL Formed in 1861 from Yancey, Watauga, Caldwell, 
 Burke, and McDowell. Named in honor of Dr. Elisha 
 Mitchell, a professor in the University of North Carolina. 
 While on an exploring expedition on Mt. Mitchell, the highest 
 peak east of the Rocky Mountains, which was named in his 
 honor, Dr. Mitchell fell from a high peak and was killed. 
 His body is buried on the top of this lofty mountain. 
 
 Montgomery. Formed in 1779 from Anson. Named in honor of 
 the brave General Richard Montgomery, who lost his life at 
 the battle of Quebec in 1775 while trying to conquer Canada. 
 ' Named for Governor William Tryon, who defeated the Regulators. 
 
 Afterwards abolished. 
 
302 APPENDIX I 
 
 Moore. Formed in 1784 from Cumberland. Named in honor of 
 Captain Alfred Moore, of Brunswick, a soldier of the Revolu- 
 tion, and afterwards a judge of the Supreme Court of the 
 United States. 
 
 Nash. Formed in 1777 from Edgecombe. Named in honor of 
 
 General Francis Nash, a soldier of the Revolution, who was 
 
 . killed while fighting under Washington at Germantown. The 
 
 United States has erected a monument in his honor at the 
 
 Guilford battle-ground near Greensboro. 
 
 New Hanover. Formed in 1729 from Bath. Named after Han- 
 over, a country in Europe whose ruler became King of England 
 with the title of George I. 
 
 Northampton. Formed in 1741 from Bertie. Named in honor 
 of George, Earl of Northampton, an English nobleman. His 
 son, Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington, was high in 
 office when Gabriel Johnston was governor of North Carolina 
 who had the town of Wilmington named in his honor. 
 
 Onslow. Formed in 1734 from Bath. Named in honor of Arthur 
 Onslow, for more than thirty years speaker of the House of 
 Commons in the British Parliament. 
 
 Orange. Formed in 1752 from Granville, Johnston, and Bladen. 
 Named in honor of William of Orange, who became King 
 William III of England. He was one of the greatest of the 
 kings of England and saved the English people from the 
 tyranny of James II His name is held in honor wherever 
 English liberty is enjoyed. 
 
 Pamlico. Formed in 1872 from Craven and Beaufort. Named 
 after the sound of the same name, which was the name of a 
 tribe of Indians in eastern North Carolina. 
 
 Pasquotank. Formed in 1672 from Albemarle. Named for a 
 tribe of Indians in eastern Carolina. 
 
 Pender. Formed in 1875 from New Hanover. Named in honor 
 of General William D. Pender, of Edgecombe county, a 
 brave Confederate soldier who was killed at the battle of 
 Gettysburg. The last order ever given by the famous " Stone- 
 wall " Jackson on the battle-field was given to General Pender: 
 " You must hold your ground. General Pender, you must hold 
 
APPENDIX I 303 
 
 your ground," he cried as he was carried off the field to die. 
 General Pender held his ground. 
 
 Perquimans. Formed in 1672 from Albemarle. Named after a 
 tribe of Indians. 
 
 Person. Formed in 1791 from Caswell. Named in honor of 
 General Thomas Person, Revolutionary patriot, member of 
 the Council of Safety, and trustee of the University. He gave 
 a large sum of money to the University, and a building was 
 erected in his honor called Person Hall. 
 
 Pitt. Formed in 1760 from Beaufort. Named in honor of Wil- 
 liam Pitt. (See Chatham.) 
 
 Polk. Formed in 1855 from Rutherford and Henderson. Named 
 in honor of Colonel William Polk, " who rendered distinguished 
 services in the battles of Germantown, Brandywine, and 
 Eutaw, in all of which he was wounded." 
 
 Randolph. Formed in 1779 from Guilford. Named in honor of 
 Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, the president of the first Con- 
 tinental Congress. 
 
 Richmond. Formed in 1779 from Anson. Named in honor of 
 Charles Lennox, Duke of Richmond, principal secretary of 
 state in William Pitt's second administration. He was a 
 strong friend of the American colonies and made the motion 
 in the House of Lords that they be granted their independence. 
 
 Robeson, Formed in 1786 from Bladen. Named in honor of 
 Colonel Thomas Robeson, a soldier of the Revolution. He 
 was one of the leaders at the battle of Elizabethtown, which 
 was fought in September, 1781. By this battle the Tories 
 in the southeastern part of the State were crushed forever. 
 The commander of the Whigs was Colonel Thomas Brown. 
 
 Rockingham. Formed in 1785 from Guilford. Named in honor 
 of Charles Wentworth, Marquis of Rockingham, who was 
 the leader of the party in the British Parliament that advo- 
 cated American independence. He was Prime Minister when 
 the Stamp Act was repealed. 
 
 Rowan. Formed in 1753 from Anson. Named in honor of 
 Matthew Rowan, a prominent leader before the Revolution, 
 and for a short time after the death of Governor Gabriel 
 Johnston, acting governor. 
 
304 APPENDIX I 
 
 Rutherford. Formed in 1779 from Tryon and Burke. Named in 
 honor of General Griffith Rutherford, one of the most promi- 
 nent of the Revolutionary patriots. He led the expedition 
 that crushed the Cherokees in 1776, and rendered other im- 
 portant services both in the Legislature and on the battle-field. 
 
 Sampson. Formed in 1784 from Duplin and New Hanover. 
 Named in honor of Colonel John Sampson, who was a member 
 of Governor Martin's Council. 
 
 Scotland. Formed in 1899 from Richmond. Named after the 
 country of Scotland, the northern part of the island of Great 
 Britain. Most of the people of this county are descendants 
 of Scotch Highlanders. 
 
 Stanly. Formed in 1841 from Montgomery. Named in honor 
 of John Stanly, for many years a member of the Legislature, 
 and several times speaker of the House of Commons. 
 
 Stokes. Formed in 1789 from Surry. Named in honor of Colonel 
 John Stokes, a brave soldier of the Revolution, who was 
 desperately wounded at the Waxhaw massacre, when Colonel 
 Buford's regiment was cut to pieces by Tarleton. After the 
 war Washington appointed him a judge of the United States 
 Court in North Carolina. 
 
 Surry. Formed in 1771 from Rowan. Named in honor of Lord 
 Surrey, a prominent member of Parliament who opposed the 
 taxation of the American colonies by Parliament. 
 
 Swain. Formed in 1871 from Jackson and Macon. Named in 
 honor of David L. Swain, governor of North Carolina and 
 president of the University. 
 
 Transylvania. Formed in 18G1 from Henderson and Jackson. 
 The name is derived from two Latin words, " trans," across, 
 " sylva," woods. 
 
 Tyrrell. Formed in 1729 from Albemarle. Named in honor of 
 Sir John Tyrrell, who at one time was one of the Lords Pro- 
 prietors. 
 
 Union. Formed in 1842 from Anson and Mecklenburg. 
 
 Vance. Formed in 1881 from Granville, Warren, and Franklin. 
 Named in honor of Zebulon B. Vance, " the Great War 
 Governor." (See Biography of Vance, p. 222.) 
 
 Wake. Formed in 1770 from Johnston, Cumberland, and Orange. 
 
APPENDIX I 305 
 
 Named in honor of Governor Tryon's wife, whose maiden 
 name was Wake. Some historians say that the county was 
 named for " Esther Wake, the popular sister of Tryon's 
 wife," but there is no reason to suppose that any such person 
 ever existed. She is purely a creature of the imagination. 
 
 Warren. Formed in 1779 from Bute and Granville. Named in 
 honor of General Joseph Warren, a brave Massachusetts 
 soldier who fell while fighting at the battle of Bunker Hill. 
 
 Washington. Formed in 1799 from Tyrrell. Named in honor of 
 George Washington. 
 
 Watauga. Formed in 1849 from Ashe, Wilkes, Caldwell, and 
 Yancey. Named after an Indian tribe. 
 
 Wayne. Formed in 1779 from Dobbs and Craven. Named in 
 honor of General Anthony Wayne, one of Washington's most 
 trusted soldiers. His courage was so great as to amount 
 almost to rashness, and his soldiers called him " Mad Anthony 
 Wayne." 
 
 Wilkes. Formed in 1777 from Surry and Burke. Named in 
 honor of John Wilkes. Wilkes was a violent opponent of 
 the Tory party in England, who would not let him take his 
 seat in Parliament to which he had been elected. The Ameri- 
 cans imagined he was suffering in the cause of liberty and 
 named the county in his honor. 
 
 Wilson. Formed in 1855 from Edgecombe, Nash, Johnston, and 
 Wayne. Named in honor of Louis D. Wilson, many times a 
 member of the Legislature from Edgcombe county, a soldier 
 of the Mexican War, and the benefactor of the poor of his 
 native county. 
 
 Yadkin. Formed in 1850 from Surry. Name derived from the 
 name of the Yadkin river which runs through it. It is sup- 
 posed to be an Indian name. 
 
 Yancey. Formed in 1833 from Burke and Buncombe. Named in 
 honor of Bartlett Yancey, an eloquent orator, many times a 
 member of the Legislature, speaker of the State Senate, and a 
 member of Congress. He was one of the earliest advocates 
 of the public school system of North Carolina. 
 
APPENDIX II 
 
 CHIEF EXECUTIVES OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 Governors of Colonial North Carolina 
 
 Governors of " Virginia " 
 
 April 1585 — June 1586 .... Ralph Lane ' Appointed by Walter Raleigh 
 
 April 1587 — Aug. 1587 John White - Appointed by Walter Raleigh 
 
 Governors, Deputies, and Presidents of the Council under the Proprietors 
 
 Oct. 1663 — Oct. 1667 . . . .William Drummond ^ . . Appointed by the Proprietors 
 
 Oct. 1667 — Dec. 1669 .... Samuel Stephens Appointed by the Proprietors 
 
 Oct. 1670 — May 1()73 .... Peter Carteret .Appointed by the Proprietors 
 
 May 1673 — Nov. 1676 John Jenkins President of Council 
 
 Nov. 1676 — Nov. 1678 . . . .Thomas Eastchurch '' ... .\ppointed by the Proprietors 
 
 1677 — ... .Thomas Miller < Eastchurch's Deputy 
 
 1677 — 1678 . . . .John Culpepper ■• Elected by Rebels 
 
 1678 — ... .Seth Sothel ^ .\ppointed by the Proprietors 
 
 Feb. 1679 — Aug. 1679 . . . John Harvey Deputy appointed by Proprietors 
 
 Nov. 1679 — 1681 . . . John Jenkins President of Council 
 
 1682 — 1689 . . . .Seth Sothel " Appointed by the Proprietors 
 
 Dec. 1689 — 1691 . . . .Philip Ludwell Appointed by the Proprietors 
 
 1691 — 1694 .... Philip Ludwell Governor of all Carolina 
 
 1691 — 1694 . . . .Thomas Jarvis Ludwell's Deputy 
 
 1694 — 1696 . . . .John Archdale Governor of all Carolina 
 
 1694 — 1699 . . . .John Harvey Deputy-Governor 
 
 1699 — 1704 . . . .Henderson Walker President of Council 
 
 1704 — 1705 .... Robert Daniel Deputy-Governor 
 
 1705 — 1706 Thomas Gary ^ Deputy-Governor 
 
 1706 — Aug. 1708 William Clover ' President of Council 
 
 1708 — Jan. 1711 Thomas Gary ^ President of Council 
 
 Jan. 1711 — Sept. 1712 . , . .Edward Hyde' Appointed by the Proprietors 
 
 Sept. 1712 — May 1714 .... Thomas Pollock ' President of the Council 
 
 May 1714 — Mar. 1722 . . . .Charles Eden . . . .• Appointed by the Proprietors 
 
 May 1722 — Aug. 1722 Thomas Pollock * President of Council 
 
 Sept. 1722 — 1724 William Reed President of Council 
 
 1724 — July 1725 . . . .George Burrington Appointed by the Proprietors 
 
 July 1725 — May 1728 . . . .Richard Everard .\ppointed by the Proprietors 
 
 1 See p. .5. 2 See p. 7. ' See p. 17. < See pp. 19-22. ^ See p. 23. 
 
 « See p. 41. ''Seep. 34. « See p. 36. 
 
 306 
 
APPENDIX II 
 
 307 
 
 May 1728- 
 Feb. 1731 - 
 Nov. 1734 ■ 
 July 1752 
 Nov. 1754 
 May 1765- 
 June 1771 
 Aug. 1771 
 
 ■Feb. 1731 
 Nov. 1734 
 ■July 1752 
 
 ■ Nov. 1754 
 
 ■ May 1765 
 • Juno 1771 
 
 ■ Aug. 1771 
 May 1775 
 
 Governors under the Crown 
 
 . . Richard Everard Filled interval 
 
 . .George Burrington Appointed by the Crown 
 
 . .Gabriel Johnston .\ppointed by the Crown 
 
 . .Matthew Rowan President of the Council 
 
 . . .\rthur Dobbs .-Appointed by the Crown 
 
 . . William Tryon Appointed by the Crown 
 
 , .James Hasell President of Council 
 
 . .Josiah Martin Appointed by the Crown 
 
 Presidents of the Council under the Revolutionary Government 
 
 Oct. IS, 1775 — Aug. 21, 177G Cornelius Harnett New Hanover 
 
 Aug. 21, 1776 — Sept. 27, 1776 Samuel Ashe New Hanover 
 
 Sept. 27, 1776 — Oct. 25, 1776 Willie Jones Halifax 
 
 Governors of North Carolina Since Independence 
 
 Elected by the Legislature - 
 1776 — April 1780 Richard Caswell Lenoir 
 
 1780 — June 25, 1781 Abner Nash Craven 
 
 1781 — April 22, 1782 Thomas Burke Orange 
 
 1782 — Nov. 8, 1784 Alexander Martin Guilford 
 
 1784 — Dec. 13, 1787 Richard Caswell Lenoir 
 
 1787 — Dec. 5, 1789 Samuel Johnston Chowan 
 
 1789 — Dec. 11, 1792 Alexander Martin Guilford 
 
 1792 — Nov. 14, 1795 Richard Dobbs Spaight Craven 
 
 1795 — Dec. 3, 1798 Samuel Ashe New Hanover 
 
 1798 — Nov. 24, 1799 William R. Davie Halifax 
 
 1799 — Dec. 6, 1802 Benjamin Williams Moore 
 
 1802 — Nov. 24, 1805 James Turner Warren 
 
 1S05 — Nov. 24, 1807 Nathaniel Alexander Mecklenburg 
 
 1807 — Nov. 28, 1808 Benjamin Williams Moore 
 
 1808 — Dec. 1, 1810 David Stone Bertie 
 
 1810 — Dec. 7,1811 Benjamin Smith Brunswick 
 
 1811 — Nov. 20, 1814 William Hawkins Warren 
 
 1814 — Dec. 6, 1817 William Miller Warren 
 
 1817 — Dec. 7, 1820 John Branch Halifax 
 
 1820 — Dec. 7, 1821 Jesse Franklin Surry 
 
 1821 — Dec. 7, 1824 Gabriel Holmes Sampson 
 
 1824 — Dec. 8, 1827 Hutchins G. Burton Halifax 
 
 1827 — Dec. 12, 1828 James Iredell Chowan 
 
 1828 — Dec. 18, 1830 John Owen Bladen 
 
 1830 — Dec. 6, 1832 Montford Stokes Wilkes 
 
 1832 — Dec. 10, 1835 David L. Swain Buncombe 
 
 1835 — Dec. 31, 1836 Richard Dobbs Spaight, Jr Craven 
 
 Dec. 19, 
 April 
 June 25 
 April 22 
 Nov. 9 
 Dec. 13 
 Dec. 5 
 Dec. 11 
 Nov. 14 
 Dec. 3 
 Nov. 24 
 Dec. 6 
 Nov. 25 
 Nov. 25: 
 Nov. 28: 
 Dec. 1 
 Dec. 7 
 Nov. 20 
 Dec. 6 
 Dec. 
 Dec. 7 
 Dec. 7 
 Dec. 8 
 Dec. 12 
 Dec. 18 
 Dec. 6 
 Dec. 10 
 
 Dec. 
 Jan. 
 
 Elected by the People^ 
 
 Jan. 1, 1841 Edward B. Dudley New Hanover 
 
 Jan. 1, 1845 John M. Morehead Guilford 
 
 1 See p. 82. * Term of office one year. 
 
 •* Term of office changed to two years in 1835. 
 
 31, 18.36 
 1, 1841 
 
308 APPENDIX II 
 
 Jan. 1, 1845 — Jan. 1, 1849 WiOiam A. Graham Orange 
 
 Jan. 1, 1849 —Jan. 1, 1851 Charles Manly Wake 
 
 Jan. 1, 1851 ^ 1854 David S. Reid Rockingham 
 
 1854 — Jan. 1, 1855 Warren Winslow Cumberland 
 
 Jan. 1, 1855 — Jan. 1, 1859 Thomas Bragg Northampton 
 
 Jan. 1, 1859 — July 7, 1861 John W. Ellis Rowan 
 
 July 7, 1861 — Sept. 8, 1802 Henry T. Clark Edgecombe 
 
 Sept. 8, 1862 — May 29, 1865 Zebulon B. Vance Buncombe 
 
 May 29, 1865 — Dec. 15, 1865 William W. Holden Wake 
 
 Dec. 15, 1865 — July 1, 1868 Jonathan Worth Randolph 
 
 July 1, 1868 — Mar. 22, 1871 William W. Holden > Wake 
 
 Mar. 22, 1871 — July 14, 1874. Tod R. Caldwell Burke 
 
 July 14, 1874 — Jan. 1, 1877 Curtis H. Brogden Wayne 
 
 Jan. 1,1877 — Feb. 5,1879 Zebulon B. Vance Mecklenburg 
 
 Feb. 5, 1879 — Jan. 21, 1885 Thomas J. Jarvis Pitt 
 
 Jan. 21, 1885 — Jan. 17, 1889 Alfred M. Scales Rockingham y 
 
 Jan. 17, 1889 — April 8, 1891 Daniel G."Flwl5 Wake 
 
 April 8, 1891 — Jan. 18, 1893 Thomas M. Holt Alamance 
 
 Jan. 18, 1893 — Jan. 12, 1897 Elias Carr Edgecombe 
 
 Jan. 12, 1897 — Jan. 15, 1901 Daniel L. Russell Brunswick 
 
 Jan. 15, 1901 — Jan. 11, 1905 Charles B. Aycock Wayne 
 
 Jan. 11, 1905 — Jan. 12,1909 Robert B. Glenn Forsyth 
 
 Jan. 12. 1909— ■ William W. Kitchin Person 
 
 ' Term of office changed to four years in 1868. 
 
 
 - 
 
 ■jSi-' 
 
 ^KK 
 
 V-v^ 
 
 V^v'^ 
 
 
 
 
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 V 
 
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INDEX 
 
 Advance, the, 234-235 
 
 Agricultural and Mechanical Col- 
 lege, the, 277 
 
 Agriculture, in colonial times, 27-28; 
 effect of the Civil War on, 274- 
 275; State Department of, 276; 
 progress in since 1865, 278 
 
 Alamance, battle of, 60, 107 
 
 Albemarle Sound, settlements on 
 shores of, 14 
 
 Alderman, Edwin A., conducts edu- 
 cational campaign, 267 
 
 Amadas, Philip, explores Roanoke 
 Island, 3-4 
 
 Andrews, Alexander Boyd, a rail- 
 road builder, 284 
 
 Appomattox, last charge at, 257- 
 258 
 
 Articles of Confederation, 101-102 
 
 Ashe, John, on Committee of Cor- 
 respondence, 68; burns Fort 
 Johnston, 83-84; proscribed by 
 Governor Martin, 84 
 
 Aycock, Charles Brantley, governor 
 of North Carolina leads educa- 
 tional campaign, 290 
 
 Badger, George E. 226-227 
 Banks, saved by Gaston, 174-175 
 Barlow, Arthur, explores Roanoke 
 
 Island, 3-4 
 Bath, oldest town in North Carolina, 
 
 32 
 Battle, Joel, builds cotton mill, 279. 
 Battle, Kemp Plummer, president 
 
 of the University, 264, 288 
 Benton, Thomas, tribute to Macon. 
 
 153 
 Bentonville, battle of, 259 
 Bethel, battle of, 243-244 
 
 309 
 
 Bethel Regiment, 244 
 
 Blackbeard, the pirate, 43; defeated 
 and killed, 44 
 
 Blackwell, W. T., builds tobacco 
 factory, 283 
 
 Blakely, Johnston, birth, 160; is 
 brought to North Carolina, 160; 
 at the University, 160; enters 
 the United States Navy, 160; 
 in the war with the Algerine 
 pirates, 161-162; in command of 
 the Enterprise, 162; of the Wa><p, 
 162-166; captures the Reindeer, 
 162-164; sinks the .4 TOn, 164-165; 
 welcome in France, 164; sends 
 challenge to British navy, 165; 
 career on the Wasp, 165-166; 
 honors at home, 166; death, 166; 
 his personality, 167; marriage, 167 
 
 Blakely, Udney Maria, daughter of 
 Johnston Blakely, adopted and 
 educated by the State of North 
 Carolina, 167 
 
 Blockade running, 234-235 
 
 Blount, William, delegate to the 
 Convention of 1787, 117, 139 
 
 Bloodworth, Timothy, opposes Fed- 
 eral Constitution, 140 
 
 Blunt, Tom, Indian chief, 35 
 
 Board of War, 102 
 
 Boston, aided by North Carolina 
 patriots, 70 
 
 Branch, General L. O'B., 228 
 
 Bridgers, Robert Rufus, railroad 
 builder, 286 
 
 Buck Spring, 149 
 
 Burke, Thomas, 85 
 
 Bute County, abolished, 146 
 
 Byrd, commissioner to run Virginia- 
 Carolina boundary, 45-46 
 
310 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Cabot, John, 3 
 
 Cabot, Sebastian, 3 
 
 Caldwell, Joseph, favors common 
 schools, 210 
 
 Camden, battle of, 135 
 
 Campbell, William, at battle of 
 King's Mt., 124 
 
 Cape Fear Section, settlement of, 
 46; famous homes in, 47 
 
 Capitol, burned, 175; rebuilt at 
 Raleigh, 175 
 
 Carolina, named for Charles I, 16; 
 retained for Charles II, 16; gov- 
 ernment of, 17 
 
 Carpet-baggers, 205-207 
 
 Carr, Julian S., 283 
 
 Cary, Thomas, 31, 40-42 
 
 Cary's rebellion, 33, 40-42 
 
 Caswell, Richard, inspects Fort 
 Dobbs, 53; birth, 105; moves to 
 North Carolina, 105; appointed 
 deputy-surveyor, 106; elected to 
 the Assembly, 106; work in the 
 Assembly, 106-107 ; serves against 
 the Regulators, 107; on the Com- 
 mittee of Correspondence, 68, 108; 
 elected to the Continental Con- 
 gress, 70, 95, 108; journey to 
 Philadelphia, 108-110; describes 
 situation at Philadelphia, 110; 
 appointed colonel of North Caro- 
 lina troops, 110-111; defeats the 
 Highlanders at Moore's Creek, 
 111-113; elected governor, 113- 
 114, 116; services as governor, 
 114; at battle of Camden, 115; 
 defends North Carolina against 
 invasion, 115; speaker of House 
 of Commons, 116; declines elec- 
 tion to Constitutional Conven- 
 tion of 1787, 117; death, 117 
 
 Charles II., grants Carolina to Lords 
 Proprietors, 16 
 
 Charlotte, defence of by Davie, 136- 
 137 
 
 Churches in North Carolina, 292 
 
 Cities of North Carolina, 292 
 
 Civil War, preparations for, 241; 
 North Carolina troops in, 232-233, 
 242 
 
 Cleveland, Benjamin, early life, 120- 
 121; services in Revolution, 121; 
 
 in King's Mountain campaign, 
 124-128; speech to his men, 126; 
 last days, 128 
 
 Clinton, Sir Henry, at Cape Fear, 
 87, 113 
 
 Confederate States of America, 203- 
 204 
 
 Congress of 1774, meets at New 
 Bern, 69; measures of, 70; elects 
 d(>legates to Continental Congress, 
 70 
 
 Commerce, in colonial days, 27-28 
 
 Committees of Correspondence, 67- 
 68 
 
 Committees of Safety, 81-82 
 
 Common Schools, 210-220 
 
 Corn, carried to England, 7 
 
 Cornwallis, Lord, at Cape F'ear, 113; 
 retreats from Charlotte, 127; 
 invades North Carolina, 136-137 
 
 Conservative Party, 206 
 
 Constitution of North Carolina, 
 1776, 113; amended by Conven- 
 tion of 1835, 156, 177-178 
 
 Constitution of the United States, 
 139-140; rejected bv North Caro- 
 lina, 140; adopted, '141 
 
 Continental Congress, 68 
 
 Convention of 1787 at Philadelphia, 
 116-117, i;?9-140 
 
 (convention of 1788 at Hillsboro, 140 
 of 1789 at Fa\'etteville, 141 
 
 Convention of 1835, amendments to 
 Constitution, 156 
 
 Cotton manufactures, 282 
 
 Council of Safety, 82 
 
 Cox, (General WUliam R., 258 
 
 Croatau, 9-10 
 
 (.Culpepper, John, appointed collec- 
 tor, 22 
 
 Cul[)epper's Rebellion, 18-23 
 
 Dale, Richard, 161 
 
 Dare, Eleanor, mother of Virginia 
 
 Dare, 8 
 Dare, Virginia, first white child born 
 
 in "Virginia," 8 
 Davidson, John, 192 
 Davidson College, 210, 243 
 Davio, Archibald, 132 
 Davie, William Richardson, birth 
 
 and education, 132-133; volun- 
 
INDEX 
 
 311 
 
 tecrs in Revolutionary army, 133; 
 major of cavalry, 134; narrow 
 escape at Stono Ferry, 134; ad- 
 mitted to bar, 135; pledges for- 
 tune to equip his company, 135; 
 his battles, 135-136; as a soldier, 
 136; defence of Charlotte, 136- 
 137; appointed quartermaster, 
 137; equips Greene's army, 137- 
 138; as a lawyer, 138; as an 
 orator, 139; member of Conven- 
 tion of 1787, 139-140; of Conven- 
 tion of 1788, 140; of Convention 
 of 1789, 141; supports the Fed- 
 eral Constitution, 140-141; in 
 the House of Commons, 141; 
 founds the University, 142; elected 
 governor, 142-143; United States 
 commissioner to France, 143; de- 
 clines appointment as major- 
 general in United States army, 
 144; last days, 144; Gaston's 
 tribute to, 144 
 
 Davis, Jefferson, 205 
 
 De Graffenried, Christopher, founds 
 New Bern, 32 
 
 Deputies of the Lords Proprietors, 
 26-27 
 
 Dix, Dorothea, work for an asylum 
 for the insane, 185-187 
 
 Dobl)in, James Cochran, birth, 183; 
 education, 183; admitted to the 
 bar, 184; elected to Congress, 
 184-185; in the General Assembly 
 185; speech on insane asylum 
 bill, 186-187; speaker of House 
 of Commons, 187; on secession, 
 187-188; Secretary of the Navy, 
 188-190; death, 190 
 
 Dobbs, Arthur, appointed governor, 
 51 
 
 Drake, Sir Francis, carries Lane's 
 colony to England, 6 
 
 Drummond, first governor of Caro- 
 lina, 17 
 
 Duke, Washington, 283 
 
 Durant, CJeorge, birth, 14; moves 
 to Carolina, 15; selects site for 
 his home 15; buys land from 
 Indian chief, 15; leads resistance 
 to navigation laws, 19; threatens 
 to rebel against Eastchurch, 20; 
 
 arrives in Carolina from England, 
 21; leads rebellion, 21; in con- 
 trol of government, 22; resists 
 Seth Sothel, 23; a justice of the 
 peace, 23; death, 23 
 Durant's Neck, 15 
 
 Eastchurch, Thomas, in England, 
 19; appointed governor of Albe- 
 marle, 20; stops in West Indies, 
 21; sends Miller to administer 
 government, 21; arrives in Vir- 
 ginia, 22; death, 22 
 
 Eden, Charles, governor of North 
 Carolina, 36; suspected of friend- 
 ship for Blackbeard, 43 
 
 Education, in colonial days, 29, 38- 
 39; before 1860, 194, 197-198,210- 
 220, 262-271; progress since 1902, 
 290 
 
 Elizabeth, Queen, confers knight- 
 hood on Raleigh, 2; gives him 
 permission to send colony to 
 America, 3; names new country 
 "Virginia," 5; banishes Raleigh 
 from her court, 11 
 
 Ellis, John W., governor of North 
 Carolina, refuses troops to Presi- 
 dent Lincoln, 204, 241 
 
 Ellsworth, Oliver, 143 
 
 Enterprise, the, commanded by 
 Blakely, 162 
 
 Established Church in Carolina, 30- 
 31, 39 
 
 Eutaw Springs, battle of, 138 
 
 Farm Life Schools, 278 
 
 Ferguson, Patrick, threatens fron- 
 tiersmen, 124; floes to King's 
 Mountain, 125; killed, 127 
 
 Fort Dol>bs, description of, 53-54; 
 attacked, 56 
 
 Fort Duquesne, 54-56 
 
 Fort Johnston, 83-84 
 
 Fort Nohoroco, 35 
 
 Fort Raleigh, built by Lane, 5; in 
 ruins, 8 
 
 France, hostility of, to the United 
 States, 143; treatv with, 143 
 
 Franklin, State of, 129 
 
 French and Indian War, 51-56 
 
 Fries, Francis, 280 
 
312 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Frontier Life l)cforc the Revolution 
 120 
 
 Gaston, Alexander, 170-172 
 
 Gaston, Margaret Sharpe, 170-172 
 
 Gaston, William, birth, 170; edu- 
 cation, 172-173; admitted to bar, 
 173; in the Legislature, 173-175; 
 speaker, 173; supports plan for a 
 supreme court, 174; saves the 
 State Bank, 174-175; opposes 
 removal of the capitol, 175; 
 elected to Congress, 175; ap- 
 pointed judge of the Supreme 
 Court, 177; work in the Conven- 
 tion of 1835, 177-178; popu- 
 larity, 178-179; as an orator, 179; 
 orations at the University and at 
 Princeton, 179-180; honors, 180; 
 death 181; mentioned, 194 
 
 Gaston Hall, 172 
 
 Gates, General Horatio, defeated at 
 Camden, 115, 135 
 
 Gettysburg, battle of, 249-251 
 
 Glenn, Robert Broadnax, governor 
 of North Carolina, leads fight for 
 prohibition, 291 
 
 Glover, William, 31, 40-42 
 
 Gombroon, home of Z. B. V^ance, 238 
 
 Graham, Joseph, 192 
 
 Graham, William Alexander, men- 
 tioned, 189; birth, 192; educa- 
 tion, 192-193; at the University, 
 193; admitted to the bar, 193; 
 as an orator, 194; work in the 
 Legislature, 194-195; in the 
 United States Senate, 195-196; 
 as governor, 197-198; favors 
 North Carolina Railroad, 198; 
 raises troops for Mexi(;an War, 
 199; Secretary of the Navy, 199- 
 200; sends Perry expedition to 
 Japan, 200-201; opinion on seces- 
 sion, 203-204; member of C>)n- 
 vention of 18()1, 204; Confederate 
 States senator, 204-205; favors 
 peace, 205; leads fight against 
 reconstruction in North ('aroHna, 
 206; favors impeachment of (io\'- 
 crnor Holdcn, 206; memb(>r of 
 Peabody Education Board, 207; 
 represents Virginia in Virginia- 
 
 Maryland boundary controversy, 
 207; death, 207-208 
 
 Grand Model, sent to Carolina by 
 Lords Proprietors, 17; resisted by 
 the people, 18 
 
 Graves, Calvin, votes for North 
 Carolina Railroad, 198-99 
 
 Greene, General Nathaniel, in com- 
 mand of Southern army, 137; 
 appoints Davie quarter-master, 
 137; fights battles of Guilford 
 Court House, Hobkirk's Hill, 
 Eutaw Springs, 138; urges Macon 
 to go to the Legislature, 148 
 
 Grimes, Major-General Bryan, 
 favors secession, 242; at battle of 
 Seven Pines, 252-253; as a sol- 
 dier, 253-254; appointed briga- 
 dier-general, 254-255; service in 
 Shenandoah Valley, 255; ap- 
 pointed major-general, 255; at 
 siege of Petersburg, 255-257; 
 plans last battle of Lee's army, 
 257-258; last days, 259-260 
 
 Guilford Court House, battle of, 
 115, 138 
 
 (Guilford College, 210 
 
 Hancock, Indian chief, 33; insti- 
 gates attack on whites, 34; de- 
 feated, 35 
 Hanging Rock, battle of, 135 
 Harnett, Cornelius, birth, 76; moves 
 to Wilmington, 76; appearance, 
 76; in the Assembly, 77; resists 
 Stamp Act, 77-80; enforces non- 
 importation association, 80; plans 
 committees of correspondence, 
 80-81; member of Committee of 
 Correspondence, 68; visits New 
 Englantl, 81 ; member Provincial 
 Congress, 81; president Provin- 
 cial Council, 82; receives news of 
 Ijattle of Lexington, 82; burns 
 Fort Johnston, 83-84; proscribed 
 by (Jovernor Martin, 84; leads 
 way to independence, 84-86; 
 pr()s(;rib(>d by Sir Henry Clinton, 
 87; reads Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence to people at Halifax, 87; 
 elected (lel(>gate to Continental 
 Congress, 88; his sacrifices in 
 
INDEX 
 
 313 
 
 cause of independence, 88; death, 
 89; signs Articles of Confedera- 
 tion, 102 
 
 Harvey, John, birth, 63; education, 
 63; wealth, 63; elected to the 
 Assembly, 64; si)eaker, 64-65; op- 
 poses taxation by Parliament, 6(); 
 moderator of convention of 1769, 
 67; rewarded for services, 67; on 
 Committee of Corresijondence, 6S; 
 calls Congress of 1774,69; thanked 
 for service by Congress, 70-7 1 ; 
 sends aid to Boston, 71-72; speaker 
 of last colonial Assembly, 72-73; 
 moderator of Congress of 1775, 
 72-73; death, 73; tributes to, 73 
 
 Harvey, Thomas, 22 
 
 Harvey's Nock, 63 
 
 Haywood, William H., 194 
 
 Hewes, Joseph, meml)er of Com- 
 mittee of Correspondence, 68; 
 elected a delegate to Continental 
 Congress, 70, 95; sends aid to 
 lioston, 72, 94; lays Resolution 
 of April 12, 1776, before Conti- 
 nental Congress, 86; birth, 92; 
 education, 92; moves to Edenton, 
 
 • 93; in the Assembly, 93; mem- 
 ber of Provincial (congress, 95; 
 head of naval committee of Con- 
 tinental Congress, 96-97; urges 
 resistance to the King, 98; sends 
 supplies to Washington's army, 
 101; death, 101; journey to Con- 
 tinental Congress, 109 
 
 Hill, General Daniel Harvey, mili- 
 tary training, 242-243; trains 
 North Carolina troops, 243; at 
 battle of Bethel, 243-244; his 
 bearing in battle, 244-246; placed 
 in defence of North Carolina, 246- 
 247; service in Tennessee, 258- 
 259; at battle of Bentonville, 259; 
 last days, 259-260 
 
 Hill, Daniel Harvey, Jr., president 
 of A. & M. College, 277 
 
 Hobkirk's Hill, battle of, 138 
 
 Holden, William W., governor of 
 North Carolina, impeachment of, 
 206 
 
 Holladay, Alexander Q., president 
 of A. & M. College, 277 
 
 Holt, Edwin M., 280; erects cotton 
 mill, 2S1; erects first dye [)lant 
 in South, 281; the Holt mills, 282 
 
 Hooper, William, member of the 
 Committee of Correspondence, 
 68; birth, 91; education, 91- 
 92; moves to Wilmington, 92; 
 in Assembly, 93; sends aid to 
 Boston, 94; advocates a Provincial 
 Congress, 94-95; member of Pro- 
 vincial Congress, 95; elected dele- 
 gate to Continental Congress, 70, 
 95; as an orator, 9(5; urges re- 
 sistance to King, 97; prctlicts 
 independence of colonies, 9S; 
 last days and death, 100; monu- 
 ment, 103 
 
 Hornet's Nest, 136 
 
 Houston, Wilham, forced to resign 
 office of stam[) agent, 78 
 
 Howe, Robert, on Committee of 
 Correspondence, 68; proscribed 
 by Martin, 84; by Clinton, 87 
 
 Huguenots, settle in North Caro- 
 lina, 46 
 
 Hyde, Edward, appointed governor 
 of North Carolina, 31, 41; seeks 
 help against Indians from South 
 Carolina and Virginia, 34; death, 
 34; sides with Pollock against 
 Moseley, 42 
 
 Independence, 84-86, 99 
 
 Indians, plan attack on whites, 33; 
 
 in French and Indian War, 52-58 
 Innes, Colonel James, commands 
 
 North Carolina trooi)s, 52 
 Insane Asylum, 185-187 
 Internal Improvements, 194-195, 
 
 197 
 Invincible Armada, 8-9 
 Iredell, James, supports Federal 
 
 Constitution, 140-141 
 
 Jackson, Andrew, opinion of Davie, 
 
 136 
 Jamestown, founding of, 12 
 Japan, treaty with, 189-190, 200- 
 
 202 
 Jarvis, Thomas J., governor of North 
 
 Carolina, 287 
 Jenkins, John, acting governor of 
 
 North Carolina, 22 
 
314 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Johnston, Gabriel, governor of North 
 Carohna, 105-106 
 
 Johnston, General Joseph E., sur- 
 renders to General Sherman near 
 Durham, 259 
 
 Johnston, Samuel, member of Com- 
 mittee of Correspondence, 08; 
 supports Federal Constitution, 140 
 
 Jones, General Allen, 85, 133 
 
 Jones, John Paul, 96, 161 
 
 Jones, Thomas, 85 
 
 Jones, Willie, opposes Federal Con- 
 stitution, 140 
 
 Joyner, James Yadkin, superin- 
 tendent of public insf ruction, 
 289; progress in education under, 
 290 
 
 Kilcocanen, sells land to George 
 
 Durant, 15 
 Kinchen, John, 85 
 King's Mountain, battle of, 125-128 
 
 Lane, Ralph, governor of first 
 
 colony; 5; abandons Roanoke, 6 
 Leazar, Augustus, author of bill to 
 
 establish A. & M. College, 277 
 Lexington, battle of, 82-83 
 Libraries in North Carolina, 292 
 Lillington, Colonel Alexander, at 
 
 battle of Moore's Creek, 112 
 Lincoln, Abraham, President of the 
 
 United States, 203 
 Literary Board, the, 211 
 Lords Proprietors, receive grant 
 
 from the King, 16; formulate 
 
 government for Carolina, 17; 
 
 appoint Eastchurch governor, 20; 
 Lost Colony, the, 10-11 
 
 McDowell, Joseph, in King's Moun- 
 tain campaign, 124 
 
 Mclver, Charles Duncan, birth, 203; 
 education, 263-264; at the Uni- 
 versity, 264-265; first vote, 265- 
 266; as a teacher, 266; needs of 
 public schools, 266-267; founds 
 State Normal and Industrial Col- 
 lege, 267-70; as an educational 
 leader, 270; member of Southern 
 Educational Board; 270-271; 
 honors, 271; death, 270-271 
 
 Macon, Nathaniel, birth, 146; edu- 
 cation, 146-147; volunteers in 
 patriot army, 147; elected to 
 Legislature, 147-149; builds Buck 
 Spring, 149; habits, 149; amuse- 
 ments, 150; political offices, 151; 
 as a public official, 151; his work 
 in Congress, 153-154; on war, 
 153; retires from Congress, 154- 
 156; president of Convention of 
 1835, 156; death, 157 
 Manteo, Indian warrior, goes to 
 England, 4; returns to Roanoke, 
 5; sentls food to Lane's colony, 6 
 Manufacturing, 279 
 Martin, Alexander, member of Con- 
 vention of 1787, 139 
 Martin, Josiah, governor of North 
 Carolina, refuses to convene the 
 Assembly, 69; denounces the 
 committees of safety, 81; plans 
 uprising of the Tories, 111 
 Mecklenburg County, organizes an 
 
 independent government, 99 
 Mexican War, North Carolina troops 
 
 in, 199 
 Miller, Thomas, in England, 19; 
 appointed collector, 20; tyranny 
 of, 21; arrested and imprisoned 21 
 Moore, Colonel James, defeats Han- 
 cock, 35 
 Moore, General James, resists Stamp 
 Act; commands North Carolina 
 troops in Moore's Creek cam- 
 paign, 112 
 Moore's Creek Bridge, battle of, 85, 
 
 111-113 
 Morehead, John M., governor of 
 
 North Carolina, 226 
 Moseley, Edward, rival of Thomas 
 Pollock, 31 ; moves to North Caro- 
 lina, 38; his plantations and 
 wealth, 38; library, 39; political 
 career, 39; member of governor's 
 council, 40; in the Gary Rebellion, 
 40-41; declares against taxation 
 without representation, 42; de- 
 nounces governor Eden for failure 
 to punish pirates, 43-44; im- 
 prisoned, 44; boundary line com- 
 missioner, 45-46; moves to Cape 
 Fear, 46; builds Moseley Hall, 
 
INDEX 
 
 315 
 
 47; last services to colony, 48; 
 
 death, 49 
 Murpliev, Archibald D., 139, 142, 
 
 194, 210 
 Murray, William Vans, 143 
 
 Nash, Frederick, 194 
 
 Nash, Abner, governor of North 
 
 Carolina, proscribed by Governor 
 
 Martin, 84; mentioned, 85 
 Navigation Laws, resisted by the 
 
 people, 19 
 New Bern, founding of, 32; battle 
 
 of, 228 
 Newspapers in North Carolina, 
 
 292 
 Non-Importation Association, 66- 
 
 67, SO 
 North Carolina Railroad, 198-199 
 North Carolina-\4rginia Boundary 
 
 Line, 44-46 
 
 Peabody Education Board, 207 
 
 Pender, Major-General William D., 
 242 
 
 Penn, John, birth, 93; education, 
 93; moves to North Carolina, 93; 
 in the Assembly, 9.5; elected dele- 
 gate to the Continental Congress, 
 95-97; urges resistance to tlie 
 King, 98; signs Articles of Con- 
 federation, 101; member of Board 
 of War, 102; death, 102-103; 
 monument to, 103 
 
 Perry, Commodore M. C, com- 
 mands expedition to Japan, 189- 
 190, 201-202 
 
 Person, Thomas, 85; opposes Fed- 
 eral Constitution, 140 
 
 Pettigrew, James Johnston, pre- 
 pares for war, 247-248; enters 
 Confederate army, 248; in prison, 
 249; at the battle of Gettysburg, 
 249-251; death, 251-252 
 
 Pirates, 43-44 
 
 Polk, Leonidas L., commissioner of 
 agriculture, 276 
 
 Pollock, Thomas, arrested by Sothel, 
 26; birth, 26; comes to North 
 Carolina as deputy of Lord Car- 
 teret, 26; as a planter, 27; rival 
 of Moseley, 31; president of the 
 
 Council, 34; defends settlers, 
 against Indians, 35; makes treaty 
 with Tom Blunt, 35; establishes 
 peace in the colony, 36; death, 36 
 
 Population of North Carolina, 1870- 
 1910, 293 
 
 Potato, the, taken to England, 7 
 
 Prohibition in North Carolina, 291 
 
 Provincial Council, 82 
 
 Pullen, Richard Stanhope, donates 
 land for college, 277 
 
 Quakers, in the colony, 30; refuse 
 to take Oath of Allegiance, 40-41 
 Quincy, Josiah, visits Harnett, 80 
 
 Railroads, 195; since 1865, 285 
 Raleigh and Gaston Railroad, 195 
 Raleigh, City of, name, 1 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter, birth, 1; early 
 life, 1-2; knighted by the Queen 
 2; sends expedition to America, 3 
 send a colony to Roanoke, 5 
 plants the potato in Ireland, 7 
 learns to smoke, 7 ; sends a second 
 colony to Roanoke, 7; busy 
 against the Spanish Armada, 9; 
 loses the Queen's favor, 11; 
 thrown into prison by King 
 James, 11; death, 11-12 
 Ramsauer's Mill, battle of, 135 
 Ramseur, Major-General Stephen 
 
 D., 242, 254 
 Randolph, John, of Roanoke, 150, 
 
 152; tribute to Macon, 157 
 Ransom, Matt W., 190 
 Reconstruction, 205-206, 262 
 Regulators, the, 107 
 Religion, in colonial days, 30 
 Resolution of April 12, 1776, declar- 
 ing for independence, 85-86; effect 
 on other colonies, 100 
 Richardson, Rev. William, 132 
 Roanoke Island, explored by Ama- 
 das and Barlow, 3; selected for 
 colony, 4; Lane's colony, 5; 
 White's colony on, 7 
 Rogers, Sergeant John, on expedi- 
 tion to Fort Duquesne, 55-56 
 Roosevelt, Theodore, tribute to 
 
 Blakely, 167 
 Rough and Ready Guards, raised 
 by Vance, 227-228 
 
316 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Ruffiii, Chief Justice Thomas, 193, 
 
 194 
 Rutherford, General Griffith, 121 
 
 St. Paul's Church, 31 
 
 Schenck, Michael, erects first cotton 
 mill in North Carolina, 2S0 
 
 Secession, 187-188, 203-204 
 
 Sevier, John, early life, 122; moves 
 to North Carolina, 123; marriage 
 123-124; raises troops against 
 Ferguson, 124-128; governor of 
 the State of Franklin, 129; 
 arrested, 129; escape, 129-130; 
 last days, 130 
 
 Shelby, Isaac, early life, 121-122; 
 colonel of North Carolina militia, 
 122; in King's Mountain cam- 
 paign, 124-128; moves to Ken- 
 tucliy, 128; governor of Kentucky 
 128; in the War of 1812, 128-129; 
 death, 129 
 
 Slaves and slavery, 27, 202-203 
 
 Social life in the colony, 28-29 
 
 Sothel, Scth, governor of North 
 Carolina, 22-23, 26 
 
 South Carolina, sends aid against the 
 Indians, 34-35; secession of, 203 
 
 Southern Education Board, 270-271 
 
 Spaight, Richard Dobbs, governor 
 of North Carolina, member of 
 Convention of 1787, 139 
 
 Spencer, Samuel, opposes Federal 
 Constitution, 140 
 
 Stamp Act, the, 59, 65, 77-80 
 
 State Normal and Industrial Col- 
 lege, 268-270 
 
 Stono Ferry, battle of, 134 
 
 Supreme Court of North Carolina, 
 created, 174 
 
 Swain, David Lowrie, governor of 
 North Carolina, 224 
 
 Tea tax, 65 
 
 Tobacco, carried to England, 7; 
 
 used for money, 18; manufacture 
 
 of, 282 
 Trinity College, 210 
 Tryon, William, governor of North 
 
 Carolina, defeats the Regulators, 
 
 60; resists the Asseml)ly, 68; 
 
 fails to enforce Stamp Act, 79-80 
 
 Twenty-sixth North Carolina Regi- 
 ment, 228, 151 
 
 Tyler, John, tribute to Macon 157, 
 mentioned, 196 
 
 University of North Carolina, found- 
 ing of, 141-142; customs at in 
 early days, 160; 141-142, 155, 
 160, 179-180, 183, 193, 210, 213, 
 220, 224, 242, 247, 262, 264; re- 
 opened after Civil War, 289 
 
 Vail, Edward, member of Committee 
 of Correspondence, 68 
 
 Vance, Zebulon Baird, governor of 
 North Carolina, 205; birth, 222; 
 education, 223; his mother, 223- 
 224; at the University, 224; 
 admitted to the bar, 226; in the 
 Legislature and in Congress, 226; 
 opposes secession, 226-227; as an 
 orator, 226-227; goes to war, 227; 
 at battle of New Bern, 228-230; 
 in battles around Richmond, 230; 
 elected governor, 231-232, 236- 
 237; services as governor, 232, 
 236; speeches to army in Vir- 
 ginia, 233-234; sends out block- 
 ade runners, 234-235; in prison, 
 235-236; elected United States 
 senator, 237-238; death, 238 
 
 " Virginia," named by Elizabeth, 4-5. 
 
 Virginia, settlers from, come to 
 North Carolina, 14 
 
 Virginia-North Carolina boundary 
 line, 44-46 
 
 Waddell, Hugh, the elder, comes to 
 America, 51 
 
 Waddell, Hugh, his son, birth, 51; 
 comes to North Carolina, 52; 
 appointed captain of North Caro- 
 lina troops, 52-53; sent to western 
 frontier, 53; builds Fort Dobbs, 
 53; makes treaty with Indians, 
 54; relieves Fort Loudon, 54; 
 joins expedition against Fort 
 Ducjuesne, 54-56; defends Fort 
 Dobbs, 56-57; forces Indians to 
 make peace, 57; as an Indian 
 fighter, 58; in the General As- 
 .sembly, 58; marriage, 58; poli- 
 tical honors, 59; resists the 
 
INDEX 
 
 317 
 
 Stamp Act, 59; serves against the 
 Regulators, 60; death, 60 
 Wake Forest College, 210 
 Wanchese, Indian warrior, goes to 
 England; 4; returns to Roanoke 
 5; plans destruction of Lane's 
 colony, 6 
 War of 1812, 159, 162-167, 176 
 Warren County, formed, 146 
 Washington, George, 55-56, 109-110 
 Wasp, the, commantled by Blakely, 
 
 162-166; loss of, 166 
 Western North Carolina, 222-223 
 Western North Carolina Railroad, 
 
 286 
 White, John, governor of "Virginia," 
 7; returns to England, 8; returns 
 to Roanoke, 9; searches for his 
 colony, 10-11 
 Whiting, Major-General W. H. C, 
 
 242 
 Wiley, Calvin Henderson, superin- 
 tendent of common schools, 211- 
 212; birth, 212; education, 212- 
 213; author, 213; proposes crea- 
 tion of office of superintendent of 
 
 common schools, 213-214; elected 
 
 to the General Assembly, 214-215; 
 
 elected superintendent of common 
 
 schools, 215; his work for education, 
 
 215-217; keeps schools open during 
 
 Civil War, 218; enters the Ministry, 
 
 219; death, 220. 
 Williams, James, in King's Mountain 
 
 campaign, 124 
 Williams, John, signs Articles of 
 
 Confederation, 102 
 Williamson, Hugh, member of the 
 
 Convention of 1787, 139 
 Wilmington, 46 
 Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, 
 
 195 
 Wilson, James W., builds Western 
 
 North Carolina Railroad, 287 
 Winder, John Cox, railroad builder, 
 
 285 
 Winston, George Tayloe, president 
 
 University, 264; president of A. 
 
 and M. College, 277 
 Wyatt, Henry, L., 244 
 
 Yancey, Bartlett, 201 
 
GCI 12 1911 
 

 
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