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PARTIAL SYLLABIC LISTS 
 
 CLINICAL MORPHOLOGIES 
 
 The Blood, Sputum, Feces, Skin, Urine, Vomitus, Foods, 
 
 including Potable Waters, Ice and the Air, 
 
 and the Clothing (After Salisbury), 
 
 EPHJRAHVT CUTTER, 
 
 M.D. Harvard and University of Pennsylvania, A.M. Yale, 
 LL.D. Iowa, Hon. F.S.Sc. (London) 
 
 Principal Medical Department, American Institute of Micrology; First to Photograph 
 
 Consumptive Blood; Inventor Several Forms of the Clinical Microscope, 
 
 The Cam Fine Adjustment, etc., etc. 
 
 Corresponding Member Societe Beige de Microscopie and Gynecological Society of Boston ; 
 
 Associate Member Philosophical Society of Great Britain; Honorary Member 
 
 California State Medical Society; Member American Society of 
 
 Microscopists, American Medical Association, etc. 
 
 Author Boylston Prize Essay, 1857; Primer of the Clinical Microscope; What I Use the 
 
 Microscope For; Morphology of Diseased Blood; Morphology of Rheumatic Blood 
 
 (Ninth International Medical Congress); Morphology of Potatoes, Cooked; Crypta 
 
 Syphilitica; Monstrous Spermatozoa; Micrographical Contribution as to the 
 
 Vegetable Nature of Croup; Tubercle Parasite; Microscopical Examination 
 
 of Ice; Suspicious Organisms in the Croton; Beri-Beri; Trichina; Butter; 
 
 Effects of Alcohol on Brain Tissues; Action of Alcohol on the Blood; 
 
 AsthmatosCiliaris; Diphtheria and Potatoes; Use of Microscope 
 
 in Consumption; Throat Syphilis and Tubercle according to 
 
 Salisbury; Tolles' 1-75 inch Objective, its History, Use, 
 
 and Construction; Amoeboid Movements of the 
 
 White Blood-Corpuscle; A New Sign of the 
 
 Pre-Embolic State; Food Stuffs under 
 
 the Microscope, etc., etc. 
 
 u A capacity to do good not only gives a title to it. but makes the doing of it a duty." 
 Duke of Brandenburg, 1691 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 THE ARISTON, BROADWAY AND 55TH STREET 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 
 
 I8S8 
 

 a«\? 
 
 Copyright by 
 EPHRAIM CUTTER, 
 
 P«ES9 OF 
 
 STETTINER, LAMBERT A CO, 
 
 22, 24 & 2t READE ST., 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
gexlicattou* 
 
 This work is respectfully dedicated to the following, 
 who have shown themselves searchers after medical 
 truth and courteous to co-laborers. 
 
 Benjamin Cutter, M.D., A.M., in 
 memoriam, summa laude 
 
 J. Marion Sims, M.D., LL.D., in 
 memoriam, summa laude 
 
 E. S. Gaillard, M.D., LL.D., in 
 memoriam, summa laude 
 
 Louis Elsberg, M.D., in memoriam, 
 summa laude 
 
 George Waterhouse Garland, 
 M.D., in memoriam 
 
 George M. Beard, M.D., in me- 
 moriam, summa laude 
 
 S. D. Gross, M.D., LL.D., D.C.L., 
 in memoriam, summa laude 
 
 Frank H. Hamilton, M.D.,LL.D., 
 in memoriam, summa laude 
 
 James R. Nichols, M.D., in memo- 
 riam, summa laude 
 
 Washington L. Atlee, M.D., in 
 memoriam, summa laude 
 
 Professor L. A. Sayre, M.D. 
 
 Professor T. G. Thomas, M.D. 
 
 Professor Albert Vander Veer, 
 M.D., Ph.D. 
 
 Professor R. J. Nunn, M.D. 
 
 Professor T. E. Murrill, M.D. 
 
 Professor T. E. Satterthwaite, 
 M.D. 
 
 Professor Joseph Jones, M.D. 
 
 Professor Jacob Cooper, M.D., 
 Ph.D., J. CD., S.T.D. 
 
 Professor Wm. B.Atkinson, M.D., 
 A.M. 
 
 Professor Byron Stanton, M.D. 
 Professor J. Solis Cohen, M.D. 
 Professor W. W. Dawson, M.D. 
 Professor Samuel B. Ward, M.D., 
 
 Ph.D. 
 Professor Joseph Leidy, M.D. 
 
 Professor James P.. Boyd, M.D., 
 
 M.A. 
 Professor D. Hayes Agnew M.D. r 
 
 LL.D. 
 Professor D. Humphreys Storer, 
 
 M.D., LL.D. 
 Professor H. M. Field, M D 
 Eugene Van Slyke, M.D. 
 Israel H. Taylor, M.D. 
 George D. Dowkontt, M.D. 
 Ezra P. Allen, M.D., Ph.D. 
 David Prince, M.D. 
 Alfred C Garratt, M.D. 
 G. L. Simmons, M.D. 
 W. Symington Brown, M.D. 
 Jonas C. Harris, M.D. 
 Austin W. Thompson, M.D. 
 Samuel W. Abbott, M.D., M.A. 
 J. J. Mulheron, M.D. 
 R. E. Thompson, M.D., F.R.C.P. 
 
 Lond., summa laude 
 Henry O. Marcy, M.D., LL.D. 
 J. N. Hyde, M.D. 
 Landon B. Edwards, M.D. 
 Sir James Grant 
 Professor Aust-Lawrence, M.D. 
 D. H. Goodwillie, M.D. 
 Professor A. B. Arnold, M.D. 
 R. U. Piper, M.D. 
 W. R. Weisager, M.D. 
 Professor Domingos Freire, M.D. 
 Caleb Green, M.D. 
 A. F. Pattee, M.D. 
 Fr. Ecklund, M.D. 
 Professor E. A. Wood, M.D. 
 Professor M. C. White, M.D. 
 M. G. Wheeler, M.D. 
 Henry C Bunce, M.D. 
 Sir Morell Mackenzie 
 
IV DEDICATION. 
 
 TO MY INSTRUCTORS 
 
 James H. Salisbury, M.D., LL.D., Professor Oliver Wendell 
 maxima laude Holmes, M.D., LL.D., D.C.L. 
 
 Professor Paulus F. Reinsch Rev. Joseph Cook 
 
 Professor J. P. Cooke, M.D. George B. Harriman, D.D.S. 
 
 Robert B. Tolles, in memoriam 
 
INTRODUCTION TO THE MOR- 
 PHOLOGIES. 
 
 It is now over ten years since the writer first 
 applied this word to the account (logos) of the 
 forms (morphos) found in the blood, sputum, 
 faeces, urine, etc., and its general adaptation 
 seems to justify the use of the term. It was 
 employed to facilitate the introduction of the 
 thoughts and results embraced in The Relation 
 of Alimentation to Disease* by J. H. Salisbury, 
 M.D., LL.D., the master discoverer and ex- 
 plorer. 
 
 The morphologies of his discoveries are over 
 twenty-five years old. The number of people 
 who have been cured by the thorough and 
 systemic plans based on them is such that 
 there is no need of apologizing for bringing 
 them more prominently to notice, but rather of 
 apologizing that they have been kept back so 
 long. The writer has not ceased night and 
 day to urge their publication, and he is per- 
 mitted to hint gently that, if what has now been 
 issued is well received, much more valuable 
 
 * New York: J. H. Vail & Co., 1888. 
 
VI INTRODUCTION TO THE MORPHOLOGIES. 
 
 treasures will be dispensed from the store- 
 house to all who ask for them. 
 
 Those who gain a tolerable knowledge of 
 these lists will expect, among other things, 
 to diagnosticate consumption of the lungs in 
 (i) The pretubercular state; (2) In the inva- 
 sion stage ; (3) In the breaking down stage. 
 To diagnosticate syphilis at once. To diag- 
 nosticate rheumatism, in its various forms. To 
 diagnosticate fibraemia, anaemia, leucocythaemia, 
 malaria, diseases of fatty degeneration, scle- 
 rosis, locomotor ataxy, impending apoplexy, 
 and paraplegia, etc., etc. To diagnosticate a 
 state of perfect health, a tendency to diseased 
 conditions, etc., etc. 
 
 Since nearly a quarter of a century has been 
 spent on these morphologies, it cannot be claim- 
 ed that they are hastily gotten up ; still the lists 
 are all partial, subject to addition and subtrac- 
 tion, as need requires. They may be taken to 
 represent the actual state of knowledge at the 
 present day, which is quite an advance over a 
 quarter of a century ago. 
 
PREFACE. • 
 
 For some years the writer has needed a pub- 
 lished list of the clinical morphologies for the 
 use of his pupils. He has waited long to have 
 the lists complete, but in vain. Complete 
 knowledge of any subject is about as rare as 
 a completed city. Knowledge is ever on the 
 increase, like most of our cities. We use our 
 cities even if incomplete, so must we use our 
 knowledge as far as it goes. 
 
 One object of this work is to show the 
 height and depth, the length and breadth of 
 the so-called Salisbury plans; that they are en- 
 titled, to respectful hearing ; that they include 
 a wide survey and comprehensive grasp of the 
 world that comes in contact with our bodies, 
 outside and in ; that they have no narrowness 
 of range nor contraction of vision ; that they 
 deal with facts more than with opinions ; that 
 the tests to which they may be subject are close 
 at hand and near to reach. They are cis- not 
 transatla?itic. 
 
 These morphologies also show that the writer 
 has not ridden a one-horse hobby in satisfying 
 his mind of the truth of the plans named, but 
 
Vlll PREFACE. 
 
 that he has endeavored to take broad views of 
 all the evidence in the matter before coming to 
 conclusions. 
 
 It has been suggested that the writer give a 
 short history of His relation to these subjects. In 
 justice to all concerned, and to make shorter 
 work, the personal pronoun will be used, mostly. 
 
 I began the use of the microscope as a means 
 of education and useful knowledge, if my mem- 
 ory serves me rightly, in the Sheffield Scien- 
 tific School of Yale College in 1850. The 
 winter of 1853-4 I spent in Professor J. P. 
 Cooke's private laboratory, working up the 
 morphologies of blood and urine, together with 
 their micro-chemistry. Besides him, I have 
 studied under Dr. O. W. Holmes, Col. J. J. 
 Woodward, G. B. Harriman, D.D.S., Pro- 
 fessor Paulus F. Reinsch, the highest author- 
 ity in algae; and Dr. James H. Salisbury. 
 The last gentleman excels all others in the 
 amount of original information which I have 
 found of priceless need and value in medicine. 
 Before studying medicine, I was inspired with 
 a desire to know all I could about the causes 
 of disease. Having, from a child, been in the 
 habit of accompanying, in his professional 
 rounds, my father, the late Dr. Benjamin Cut- 
 ter, of Woburn, Mass. (w r ho honored his pro- 
 fession for forty years), I early took in the idea 
 that there was a great field of much-needed 
 effort, from the chance remarks he would drop 
 
PREFACE. IX 
 
 when he resumed his seat in the carriage 
 (which I kept) after having seen some very 
 sick patients. He said often, " Oh, how I wish 
 we doctors knew more as to the real causes of 
 disease." This impulse was much strength- 
 ened by his telling me (when I informed him 
 that I did not want to study medicine to prac- 
 tice it, but only to know the causes of disease), 
 " Go ahead ; study all you can. I will help all 
 I can, but I want you to study these three 
 things. 
 
 " I. What is the cause of consumption. 
 
 " 2. What is the cause of the diseases of 
 women. 
 
 "3. What is the cause of diseases of the 
 nervous system. 
 
 " We doctors do not know anything about 
 them." And yet this was a surgeon who suc- 
 cessfully, without anaesthesia, opened the knee 
 joint and removed a free cartilage (assisted 
 only by the writer when twelve years old). 
 
 The present work is the outcome of this 
 paternal injunction. Advisedly, seriously, and 
 thoughtfully can it be now said, these three (3) 
 problems have been answered satisfactorily, 
 and we know that unhealthy alimentation 
 causes primarily all of these classes of disease. 
 
 In 1857, tri e Boylston Prize was awarded 
 the writer for an essay on " Under what Cir- 
 cumstances do the Usual Signs Furnished by 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Auscultation and Percussion Prove Falla- 
 cious ? " 
 
 In 1858, the writer invented a laryngoscope, 
 which was made by Alvan Clarke & Son, the 
 great telescope makers. 
 
 In 1866, the writer took the first photograph 
 of the vocal cords (his own), which showed the 
 thyroid insertion. 
 
 In 1866, he demonstrated to large numbers 
 his own larynx in situ naturali, and the poste- 
 rior nares, showing either Eustachian tubes at 
 will, the vomer, and turbinated bones, and first 
 demonstrated the erection of the mucous mem- 
 brane of the turbinated bones in smelling odor- 
 ous or malodorous substances. 
 
 Before i860, he travelled over five thousand 
 miles to see if alcoholism could be connected 
 with consumption of the lungs. 
 
 In 1867, I visited Dr. Salisbury to learn how 
 to study malaria. At that time, I found he had 
 gone one step farther than I, and connected the 
 vinegar plant with consumption. Thus he sup- 
 plied the missing link to my chain, and, after 
 repeated and careful observations, I came to 
 learn the truth of this new doctrine in the ac- 
 tual treatment and cure of cases, and ever since 
 have endeavored to make it known in proper 
 ways, so far as I could. 
 
 Finding Dr. S.'s drawings denounced and 
 ridiculed, and, of course, rejected, and stung to 
 think that this work should be deemed an idle 
 
PREFACE. XI 
 
 tale, I set myself to work to photograph as 
 many of the appearances in consumptive blood 
 as I could. Probably this was the first attempt 
 of this kind. Never before this had I known 
 of any blood being photographed save for 
 medico-legal purposes. I found the subject 
 very much hampered with details which I 
 thought should be done away with. Feeling 
 the greatness of the work, and that it should be 
 done before my eyesight and faculties were too 
 old, I gave up a fine country practice and set- 
 tled in Cambridge, Mass., as I thought this seat 
 of learning would be the most favorable for the 
 encouragement and prosecution of my work. 
 The winter of 1875-6 was spent in working up 
 micro-photography. Fortunately I came across 
 Dr. G. B. Harriman, Surgeon-dentist, of Bos- 
 ton, who possessed magnificent objectives made 
 by R. B. Tolles, among them the 1-50 inch and 
 1-75 inch. He entered into the work heartily, 
 and together we took micro-photographs of con- 
 sumptive blood morphology for the first time 
 and with the highest powers ever used up to 
 that time and since (so far as I can ascertain), and 
 which have been pronounced good in Europe. 
 The account of this work may be found in 
 the American Journal of Science, New Haven, 
 August, 1879; Scientific American Stipple- 
 ment, September, 1879; Journal of Micro- 
 graphie, Paris, 1879. These photographs have 
 been placed on the screen before the American 
 
XII PREFACE. 
 
 Medical Association; Chicago Medical Society; 
 Academy of Medicine, Virginia ; Academy of 
 Sciences, New York; Albany Medical College; 
 Monday Lectureship, Boston, Rev. Joseph 
 Cook; Gynecological Society of Boston, and 
 many other bodies. These things are named 
 to show that I am in earnest, for none would 
 have done this unless he was sincere and meant 
 what he said. 
 
 In 1876, Professor Paulus F. Reinsch was 
 introduced to me at the Botanical Garden, in 
 Cambridge, as the greatest algologist. Care- 
 ful study with him has confirmed my views 
 on these so-called Salisbury plans. So many 
 cures have followed, that I feel it would be a 
 crime in me not to testify to what I know, and 
 how I have been set right upon the three tasks 
 propounded by my honored and honorable fa- 
 ther more than thirty years ago, and which, so 
 far as in me lies, I have tried to solve or have 
 solved. I am a co-witness with Dr. Salis- 
 bury ; " that in the mouth of two or three witnes- 
 ses every word may be established." I charge 
 therefore those to whom these presents may 
 come to look over the evidence, and take time 
 before they treat these things as "idle tales." 
 If the "Imperial Granum" which I have shown 
 morphologically to be common flour, and which 
 the Connecticut agricultural experiment sta- 
 tion has also shown to be common flour, selling 
 at $1.00 per pound, while it is worth from 
 
PREFACE. Xlll 
 
 $0,025 to $0.05, is used amd indorsed by the 
 medical profession (so that its proprietors have 
 become rich and use fifty-two barrels of flour 
 in one batch), on statements that wilt before 
 the microscope and crucible, does it look well 
 for the same noble profession to treat the plans 
 here indorsed, which stand the tests of the mi- 
 croscope and chemistry, as an " idle tale ? " 
 
 I have nothing but good feeling or words 
 towards those who honestly differ, but I do 
 dislike to see physicians led by persons who 
 not only have no medical education, but also ad- 
 vertise untruths and at the same time consider 
 these plans as "idle tales," and neglect to look 
 into the evidence which has stood for nearly a 
 quarter of a century, and which affects the weal 
 or woe, not only of the public, but of the profes- 
 sion and the very gentlemen themselves. 
 
 Be this as it may, in time to come, none can 
 accuse me of not having tried to discharge the 
 duties which every physician owes to his fel- 
 lows, to wit : if any physician knows or thinks 
 he knows anything which will better the prac- 
 tice of medicine, there is a moral obligation for 
 him to discharge by making it known, and so 
 long as the rules of courtesy are observed by 
 the contributor, he is entitled to a courteous 
 hearing. Any departure from this savors of 
 savagery and puts the doer at once out of the 
 pale of civilized ethics. 
 May ist, 1888. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Dedication, ..... 
 Introduction, . . . . . 
 
 Preface, ..... 
 
 I. The Morphology of the Blood — Mode of Study, 
 
 A. General list of the Morphology of the Blood in 
 
 Health and Disease, 3; The Colored Corpuscles, 
 3; The Colorless Corpuscles 4; The Serum, 
 
 B. Morphology of the Blood in Health, 
 
 C. Movements and Changes of the Blood in Dying, 
 
 D. Morphology of the Blood in Consumption of the 
 
 Lungs ; Use, 9 ; First or Incubative Stage 10 ; 
 Second Stage, of Transmission, 10; the Third Stage 
 or Stage of Tubercular Deposition 12 ; Fourth 
 Stage, Interstitial Death, 
 
 E. The Morphology of the Blood in Rheumatism, 
 
 F. Fibraemia, .... 
 
 G. Thrombosis, .... 
 H. Embolism, .... 
 
 I. Pre-embolic State, 
 
 J. Anaemia, . 
 
 K. Pernicious Anaemia, . 
 
 L. Morphology of the Blood in Syphilis, 
 
 M. Morphology of the Blood in Eczema, 
 
 N. Morphology of the Blood in Scrofula, 
 
 O. Morphology of the Blood in Malaria, 
 
 P. Hereditary Taints, 
 
 Q. Cancer, .... 
 
 R. Morphology of the Blood in Variola and Vaccinia, 
 
 S. Morphology of the Blood in Typhoid Fever, 
 
 T. Morphology of the Blood in Scarlet Fever and Diph 
 
 theria, ..... 
 
 U. Morphology of the Blood in Fatty Degeneration, 
 V. Morphology of the Blood in Fibrous Consumption, 
 
 PAGET 
 
 iii.-iv. 
 
 v.-vi. 
 
 vii.-xiii. 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 17 
 17 
 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 19 
 
 J 9 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 21 
 
 22 
 2 3 
 
 2 3 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 24 
 
 25 
 
XVI 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 W. Cholestersemia, . . . . 25 
 
 X. Morphology of the Blood in Carbuncle, . 26 
 
 Y. Morphology of the Blood in Yellow Fever, . . .26 
 
 Z. Leucocythaemia, .... 26 
 
 II. Morphology of the Sputum, . . . 27 
 
 III. Morphology of the Feces, . . . '33 
 
 IV. Morphology of the Skin, . . . . 38 
 V." Morphology of the Urine, ... 43 
 
 VI. Morphology of the Vomitus, . . . .48 
 
 VII. Morphology of Foods, ... .49 
 
 A. Waters of Lakes, Ponds and Water sheds; Hydrant 
 
 Waters, 49; List, 50; Appendix, . . 54 
 
 B. Waters of Springs and Wells unconnected with Lakes 
 
 or Ponds, ..... 58 
 
 C. Ice, 63; List, 64; Appendix, . . . . 65 
 
 D. Air, 70; List, . . . . .72 
 
 E. Morphology of Foods; Animal and Vegetable, 74; 
 
 Vegetable: Uncooked, 74; Cooked, 75; in the 
 Feces, 75, 76, 77. Beefsteak: Uncooked, 76; 
 Cooked, 76; in the Feces, 76; Adulteration, 77; 
 Infants' Foods, ..... 78 
 
 VIII. Morphology of Clothing, ... .80 
 
EXPLANATORY. 
 
 Though, as stated in the title, these partial syllabic lists are after Salisbury, 
 1 wish to emphasize that those who read this book should, in order to get 
 more information on the subjects noted, especially the blood, sputum, feces, 
 urine, and skin, consult the works of Dr. Salisbury here named: 
 
 i. " The Relation of Alimentation to Disease," octavo, pp. xi., 334, plates 
 19. New York, 1888: J. H. Vail & Co. (See " Clinical Morphologies," 
 consumption of the lungs, pp. 9 to 13; fibrsemia, p. 17; anaemia, p. 18; perni- 
 cious anaemia, p. 19; fibrous consumption, p. 25; sputum, pp. 27 to 32; feces, 
 PP- 33 to 37.) 
 
 2. *' Microscopic Examinations of the Blood and Vegetations Found in Vari- 
 ola. Vaccine, and Typhoid Fever.'* 66 pages and 62 illustrations. New York, 
 1868. (See page 23, " Clin. Morphologies.") 
 
 3. " Remarks on the Structure, Functions, and Classification of the Parent 
 Gland Cells, with Microscopic Investigations Relative to the Causes of the 
 Several Varieties of Rheumatism and Directions for their Treatment." I plate 
 of illustrations. American Journal Medical Sciences, October, 1867, p. 19. 
 <See pp. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, "Clin. Morphologies.") 
 
 4. " Vegetations Found in the Blood of Patients Suffering from Erysipelas." 
 Hallier, Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde, 1873, 8 illustrations. 
 
 5. " Infusorial Catarrh and Asthma." 18 illustrations, do., 1873. 
 
 6. " Description of Two New Algoid Vegetations, One of which Appears to 
 be the Specific Cause of Syphilis, and the Other of Gonorrhoea." Do., 1873. 
 Also Amer. Jour. Med. Set., 1867. (See pp. 19-20, " Clin. Morphologies.") 
 
 7. "Chroric Diarrhoea and its Complications, or the Diseases Arising in 
 Armies from a too Exclusive Use of Amylaceous Food, with Other Interesting 
 Matter Relating to the Diet and Treatment of these Abnormal Conditions, 
 and a New Army Ration Proposed with which this Large Class of Diseases 
 may be Avoided." The Ohio Surgeon-General's Report for 1864. 
 
 8. " Probable Source of the Steatozoon Folliculorum." St. Louis Medical 
 Reporter, January, 1869. 
 
 9. "Something about Cryptogams, Fermentation, and Disease." Do., 
 February, 1879. 
 
 10. "Investigations, Chemical and Microscopical, Resulting in what Ap- 
 pears to be the Discovery of a new Function of the Spleen and Mesenteric 
 and Lymphatic Glands." Do., August, 1867, 29 pages. 
 
XV111 EXPLANATORY. 
 
 11. "Discovery of Choiesterin and Serolin as Secretions in Health of the 
 Salivary, Tear, Mammary, and Sudorific Glands; of the Testis and Ovary; of 
 the Kidneys in Hepatic Derangements; of Mucous Membranes when Congest- 
 ed and Inflamed, and the Fluids of Ascites and that of Spina Bifida." Amer. 
 Jour, Med. Sci, y April, 1863, 2 plates, 17 pages. 
 
 12. " Remarks on Fungi, with an Account of Experiments Showing the In- 
 fluence of the Fungi of Wheat and Rye Straw on the Human System, and Some 
 Observations which Point to Them as the Probable Source of Camp Measles, 
 and Perhaps of Measles Generally." Do., July, 1862, 1 plate, 30 pages. 
 
 13. " Inoculating the Human System with Straw Fungi to Protect It Against 
 the Contagion of Measles, with Some Additional Observations Relating to the 
 Influence of Fungoid Growths in Producing Disease, and in the Fermentation 
 and Putrefaction of Organic Bodies." Do., October, 1862, 8 pages. 
 
 14. " Two Interesting Parasitic Diseases; One We Take from Sucking Kit- 
 tens and the Other from Sucking Puppies. Trichosis Felinus and T. Caninus." 
 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, June 4th, 1868. 6 illustrations. Also 
 Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde, Hallier, Jena, 1875. 
 
 15. " Malaria," McNaughton prize essay, 1882. Octavo, pp. 152, plates 10. 
 New York: W. A. Kellogg, 1885. (See pp. 21, 22, " Clin. Morphologies.") 
 
 16. "Diphtheria, Its Cause and Treatment." G. A. Davis, Detroit. 3 plates, 
 1884. (See page 24, "Clin. Morphologies.") 
 
 Which are a partial list of his works. 
 
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 
 
 MODE OF STUDY. 
 
 It is necessary to have the patient, the micro- 
 scope, the light, the means of withdrawal of the 
 blood — a lancet, spring lancet, the scarificator 
 of the writer, or a needle, which is not the best 
 thing — all together. 
 
 There is no such thing as taking the blood 
 home to examine. The changes are so rapid 
 that most of the important ones disappear in ten 
 minutes' time. Still, after these are gone, many 
 valuable points remain to be looked for. 
 
 Kind of blood. — The capillary — not the ven- 
 ous or arterial. 
 
 Site of withdrawal. — On the radial or ulnar 
 side of the forearm near the wrist. The skin 
 should be clean and free from hair. If dirty,, 
 wash with soap suds or ammonia water. 
 (It is well that the beginners should study 
 the skin surface, dirt, and epithelium, be- 
 fore looking at the blood.) Take the patient's 
 forearm in the hand, and make the skin tense 
 
2 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 
 
 in the interval between the thumb and fore- 
 finger. A quick puncture is then made, about 
 one-eighth of an inch deep. The tension of 
 the grip will squeeze out a drop of blood. The 
 size of the drop should bear a direct relation to 
 the size of the cover. If there is too little 
 blood, the corpuscles will become crenated, 
 that is, wrinkled from a sort of protoplasmic 
 action induced by too much dryness in the 
 space about the blood. If there is too much 
 blood, the superfluity will float the cover about; 
 there will be too much thickness of the film, 
 and it will crowd the red corpuscles so much as 
 to render them indistinguishable. The excess 
 must be removed by a bibulant. Very much 
 depends on handling the drop of blood rightly. 
 When the drop evenly diffuses itself, it is pre- 
 sumed that the film is about uniform in thick- 
 ness, so that one can judge somewhat as to the 
 comparative number of corpuscles in each speci- 
 men. The process of transferring the blood 
 should take only a few seconds of time ; a frac- 
 tion should be sufficient. 
 
 Of course, the slide and cover should be 
 previously cleaned, and also the microscope 
 should be free from dirt and in focus ; as, after 
 a previous use, if the blood specimen is placed 
 on the stage, it will be in focus at once, and the 
 rapid movements, changes, and morphological 
 elements will be visible immediately. 
 
 The novice had better scrutinize carefully 
 
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 3 
 
 everything he sees, not caring whether he 
 knows the name of the object or not. 
 
 A. GENERAL LIST OF THE MORPHOLOGY OF 
 THE BLOOD IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 
 
 The Color of the Blood to the Unaided Eye, 
 Consistence of the Blood. Rapidity of Clot- 
 ting. 
 
 1. The colored corpuscles. 
 
 2. The colorless corpuscles. 
 
 3. The serum. 
 
 1 . The Colored Corpuscles. 
 
 In normal proportion. 
 
 In excess. 
 
 In diminished quantity. 
 
 Normal consistence. 
 
 Too soft, plastic, and sticky ; adhering to- 
 gether and being drawn out in thread-like pro- 
 longations. 
 
 Nummulated, like rolls of coin. 
 
 Not nummulated. 
 
 Evenly and loosely scattered over the field. 
 
 Slightly grouped. 
 
 In irregular, compact masses. 
 
 In ridges. 
 
 Color, clear, fresh, bright, ruddy, clean cut. 
 
 Color, pale, muddy, ashy, unlustrous, not 
 fresh, not bright, not ruddy. 
 
4 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 
 
 Holding firmly the coloring matter, yet soft 
 and plastic. 
 
 High colored, smooth and even in outline, 
 hard and rigid. 
 
 Allowing the coloring matter to escape freely, 
 obscuring their outlines. 
 
 Mammillated. 
 
 Cholesterine in. 
 
 2. The Colorless Corpuscles. 
 
 In normal proportion. 
 In too small quantity. 
 In excess. 
 
 Normal in quantity or in excess ; sticky and 
 plastic, endangering the formation of thrombi 
 and emboli. 
 
 Ragged and broken down. 
 
 In excess, ragged and broken. 
 
 In excess, smooth and even. 
 
 Containing vacuoles. 
 
 Containing vegetations that distend them to 
 an enormous size. 
 
 Contain thin, bladder-like, empty cells, of 
 various sizes, that distend them. 
 
 Contain the spores of crypta syphilitica. 
 
 3. The Serum. 
 
 Too little. 
 Too much. 
 
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 5 
 
 Normal. 
 Its fibrin : 
 
 In normal proportion. 
 In too small proportion. 
 In too large proportion. 
 Meshes normal in size and in arrange- 
 ment, allowing the free circulation of 
 blood-cells through them. 
 Meshes too small to admit of the free 
 circulation of blood -cells through 
 them, on account of which the blood- 
 cells arrange themselves in ropy 
 rows, or ridges and masses, being 
 held in the meshes of the partially 
 clotted or contracted fibrin. In such 
 cases, the individual fibrin filaments 
 have an increased diameter and opa- 
 city. 
 Want of, in pernicious anaemia. 
 Enlarged, thickened, and more opaque 
 
 in rheumatism. 
 Thrombi of, filled or not with granular 
 
 or crystalline matters. 
 Sticky and plastic. 
 Minute grains and ragged masses of black, 
 blue, brown, or yellow pigment. 
 Fat, globules and masses of. 
 Amyloid matters. 
 Broken-down parent cells. 
 Thrombi of algae spores. 
 Thrombi of algae filaments. 
 
6 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 
 
 Algae filaments and spores without aggrega- 
 tion. 
 
 Fungi spores. 
 
 Fungi filaments. 
 
 Zymotosis regularis spores. 
 
 Zymotosis regularis mycelial filaments. 
 
 Entophyticus haematicus spores and fila- 
 ments. 
 
 Penicillium quadrifidum spores and mycelial 
 filaments. 
 
 Penicillium botrytis infestans. 
 
 Crypta syphilitica spores and filaments. 
 
 Mycoderma aceti spores and filaments. 
 
 Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 
 
 Alcohol and acid yeasts. 
 
 Microsporon furfur. 
 
 Gemiasma, alba, plumba, rubra. 
 
 Mucor malignans. 
 
 Biolysis typhoides. 
 
 Crypta carbunculata. 
 
 Ios variolosa vacciola. 
 
 Ios vacciola. 
 
 Cryptococcus Xanthogenicus (Freire). 
 
 Cystine, granules and crystals. 
 
 Phosphates, granules and crystals. 
 
 Stelline, granules and crystals. 
 
 Stellurine, granules and crystals. 
 
 Granules and crystals of a miscellaneous 
 character. 
 
 Conchoidine. 
 
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. J 
 
 Pigmentine, black, brown, bronze, aniline 
 blue, red, yellow, etc. 
 Cholesterin. 
 Leucin. 
 Creatin. 
 
 Uric acid and urates. 
 Carbonate of lime. 
 Inosite. 
 
 B. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN HEALTH. 
 
 According to Conventional Nomenclature to 
 Aid in Studies. 
 
 Blood from Capillaries : 
 
 Color ; bright, fresh, clear, ruddy, strong. 
 
 Clotting ; rapid and firm. 
 
 Red corpuscles — arrange themselves in num- 
 mulations, or are scattered evenly over the 
 field. Normal in size. Non-adhesive. Cen- 
 tral depression well marked on both sides ; 
 periphery well rounded, clean cut. Hold col- 
 oring matter firmly. Pass readily to and fro 
 through the fibrin filaments. Appear fresh 
 and fair, giving an appearance of health, like a 
 rosy-cheeked maiden full of life. 
 
 White corpuscles — normal in size. Not en- 
 larged by internal collections of foreign bodies. 
 Amoeboid movements strong or not Propor- 
 
8 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 
 
 tion, one to three hundred of red corpuscles. 
 Consistence good. Not sticky. Color a clean 
 white. Freely moving at will. 
 
 Serum — clear and free at first sight from any 
 form. After five minutes, most delicate semi- 
 transparent fibrin filaments appear, forming a 
 very light network in the field, which offers no 
 obstacle to the passage of the corpuscles. 
 
 There should be no spores nor vegetations 
 in healthy serum, though they may be found 
 by very minute examination, or by letting the 
 blood stand for several days in closely stopped 
 phials at a temperature of from 60-75 Fahren- 
 heit. This is not saying that spores and fila- 
 ments cannot be found in blood of persons 
 calling themselves healthy — for some diseases 
 exist in a latent condition, like rheumatism, 
 syphilis, cystinaemia, and consumption. I have 
 met with people who, on finding vegetations in 
 their blood, have decided not to accept the evi- 
 dence because they deemed themselves healthy. 
 Again, it is difficult to find a perfectly healthy 
 person in the community ; this was made pub- 
 lic during the "late unpleasantness," when 
 drafts were made for soldiers. The blood evi- 
 dence must be taken in connection with that of 
 the other physical signs. 
 
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 9 
 
 'C. MOVEMENTS AND CHANGES OF THE BLOOD 
 
 IN DYING. 
 
 These are important and need study. They 
 are like the behavior and manners of people 
 that convey ideas, as they are to be gained in 
 no other way. After one has learnt these 
 movements in health, he will appreciate them 
 in disease. Again, as Dr. Salisbury remarks, 
 there are tendencies to diseased states in the 
 blood which need detection, as they are much 
 easier remedied than when confirmed. It is 
 impossible to convey these ideas on paper or in 
 drawings ; they must be learned from actual 
 observation. The morphology of healthy blood 
 is a most rigid test, and in delicacy and far 
 reaching goes beyond any of the other physical 
 signs. When generally known and appreci- 
 ated, it will be of great benefit, specially in life 
 insurance examinations, army or navy examin- 
 ations, and in the study of the best modes of 
 physical culture. 
 
 D. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN CONSUMP- 
 TION OF THE LUNGS. 
 
 Use. — In diagnosis, exceeding in value aus- 
 cultation and percussion, because it detects 
 consumption of the lungs before there is any 
 lesion of them. To show the real progress of 
 the case by the substitution of the morphology 
 
IO THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 
 
 of health more or less, to show when patients 
 have lapsed in the treatment by eating for- 
 bidden food, and to show w T hen there is a real 
 cure. To repeat, most valuable of all to make 
 out a diagnosis of consumption with as much 
 certainty as it is possible in human affairs, and 
 by removing the uncertainty, sometimes dread- 
 ful, of the diagnosis that accompanies the con- 
 ventional first stages of consumption of the 
 lungs. 
 
 This value is so great that it is more than a 
 warrant for this publication to be made. It is 
 hardly possible to overestimate the importance 
 of this department of physical exploration. 
 
 First or Incubative Stage. 
 
 Red blood-corpuscles are less in number,, 
 ropy, and sticky, more or less, but not much 
 changed otherwise. 
 
 Second Stage, of Transmission. 
 
 i. Red corpuscles. — Color pale, non-lustrous; 
 not clear cut, not ruddy. Consistence, sticky, 
 adhesive. Coating of neurine removed. Not 
 so numerous as in normal blood. Owing to 
 the increased size and strength of the fibrin 
 and the stickiness, they form in ridges, rows, 
 but not so marked as in rheumatic blood. 
 They accumulate in aggregations of confused 
 
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. I 1 
 
 masses, like droves of frightened sheep. They 
 adhere to each other, and are rotten, as it were, 
 in texture. 
 
 2. White corpuscles. — Enlarged and dis- 
 tended by the mycoderma aceti, or spores of 
 vinegar yeast, that are transmitted into the blood 
 stream from the intestines. 
 
 3. Serum. — More or less filled with the 
 spores of mycoderma aceti or vinegar yeast. 
 These occur either singly or in masses of 
 spores, which is the common form in which 
 they are found, wherever vinegar is produced. 
 
 The fibrin filaments are larger, stronger, more 
 massive than in health, and form under the 
 microscope a thick network which is larger, 
 stronger, and more marked in direct proportion 
 to the severity of the disease or the amount of 
 accumulation. 
 
 Besides, the serum is apt to be of a dirty ash 
 color. 
 
 The sticky white corpuscles, the massive 
 fibrin filaments in skeins, and the yeast spores 
 alone or combined, form aggregations, masses, 
 collects, thrombi and emboli which block up the 
 blood-vessels of the lungs soonest, because 
 exposed to cold air, the most of any viscus ; 
 the blood-vessels contract, and thus arrest the 
 thrombi and form a heterologous deposit, which 
 is called tubercle. 
 
12 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 
 
 The Third Stage, or Stage of Tubercular 
 Deposit. 
 
 These deposits increase so long as vitality 
 subsists in the tubercle and surroundings. 
 When vitality ceases, the tubercle softens or 
 breaks down. Sometimes, if the process is 
 very slow and life slightly inheres in it, the 
 proximate tissue undergoes fatty infiltration, 
 which preserves it from readily breaking down. 
 
 The morphology of the blood is the same for 
 the second and third stages of consumption. 
 
 Fourtli Stage. 
 
 Interstitial Death. 
 
 Morphology of the blood in this stage is the 
 same as in the second and third, save that it 
 becomes more impoverished. 
 
 The red corpuscles are thinner, paler, much 
 lessened in number, increased in adhesiveness, 
 stickiness, and poverty. Devoid more or less 
 of neurine. 
 
 The white corpuscles are fewer in number, 
 more enlarged ; often ragged and rough. Dis- 
 tended with spores of mycoderma aceti, more 
 adhesive, and sticky. 
 
 The serum. — Fibrin filaments are thickened, 
 stronger, more massive, and more skeins of 
 them present. The collects of mycoderma 
 
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 1 3 
 
 aceti are very much larger and more numer- 
 ous ; in moribund cases, I have seen them so 
 large as almost to fill the field of the microscope. 
 They present anfractuous edges and amoeboid 
 prolongations, giving them a weird, bizarre 
 aspect which, under the circumstances, have a 
 portentous aspect, for the larger and more 
 numerous the spore collects of mycodermi aceti 
 are, the more dangerous the case. 
 
 One great proof of the so-called Salisbury 
 plans is, that they will entirely change the mor- 
 phology of consumptive blood to that of health, 
 and the whole process can be watched and 
 studied to the delight of all concerned. 
 
 E. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN 
 RHEUMATISM. 
 
 Rheumatism may be called the 
 
 Gravel of the Blood. 
 
 Color varies from that of health to the pale- 
 ness of anaemia. 
 
 Consistency and rapidity of clotting increased. 
 
 1. Red corpuscles. — Color usually impaired, 
 not always ; coloring matter not so firmly held 
 as in health. 
 
 Adhesive, sticky, often drawn out into elon- 
 gated lozenge-shaped bodies with pointed ends, 
 and sometimes filamentous joining with one or 
 more of their fellows. 
 
14 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 
 
 Clot in winrows. ridges, and huddled masses; 
 sometimes quite formless. This is caused by 
 the massive fibrin filaments holding them fast, 
 as it were, in their firm meshes. The same 
 thing is seen in consumptive blood, but to a 
 less degree. 
 
 2. White corpuscles usually enlarged ; adhe- 
 sive, sticking to each other and to the red 
 corpuscles, and matters found in the serum. 
 Indeed, it seems to be the office of the white 
 corpuscles so far as possible to swallow and 
 envelop any foreign substance that may find its 
 way into the blood. Thus we find crystalline 
 matters in the white blood-corpuscles in rheu- 
 matism, though not always. 
 
 They undergo amoeboid movements as in 
 healthy blood — they have independent locomo- 
 tion. Disease does not seem to impair their 
 automatic movements. 
 
 Often they are increased in number. If there 
 is fatty degeneration going on, they will be 
 found to contain fat in globules. 
 
 3. The serum. 
 
 Fibrin filaments — in massive, strong and 
 sticky threads, in abundance — in meshes, which 
 are finer than in health, visible plainly — strong 
 and hold the red corpuscles like prisoners — in 
 skeins, like tangled skeins of silk — in masses 
 forming thrombi which, when fastened, form 
 emboli. 
 
 These thrombi are apt to involve and em- 
 
THE MORPHOLOGY- OF THE BLOOD. 15 
 
 brace white and red corpuscles and crystalline 
 bodies to be named below. Sometimes the 
 fibrin filaments are found in large round strings, 
 curled up fancifully by the motion of the blood 
 stream, and looking like the mycelial filaments 
 of vegetations, from which they can be distin- 
 guished by an absence of entire cylindrical 
 outline — ragged broken edges here and there 
 and dichotomous and polychotomous divisions 
 of the trunk, different from vegetations of 
 syphilis for example. It is the presence of 
 these fibrin filaments that makes the blood ropy, 
 adhesive, and sticky. They have the tendency 
 to block up the blood stream and besides to be 
 locally deposited in the tissues, specially when 
 the circulation is sluggish, as near the extremi- 
 ties and the joints. 
 
 Crystalline bodies, or gravel of the blood. 
 
 These are numerous and readily recognized ; 
 some of them are as follows : — 
 
 1. Uric acid and urates of soda. 
 
 2. Phosphates — specially the triple phos- 
 phates of lime and soda. 
 
 3. Oxalate of lime. 
 
 4. Cystine. This is quite common and easily 
 detected. 
 
 5. Carbonate of lime, rare. 
 
 6. Stelline and stellurine. These occur 
 mostly in granular form in the serum, but in 
 
I'b THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 
 
 old cases, where the system is saturated, they- 
 are crystalline. 
 
 7. Black, brown, aniline blue, bronze, orange, 
 red and yellow pigments in the form of flakes 
 or small masses are common in rheumatic 
 blood, and may be termed gravelly matters, 
 that should have been eliminated by the kid- 
 neys or bowels or skin. 
 
 Latent Condition of the Characteristics of 
 Rheumatic Blood. 
 
 The morphology of rheumatic blood exists 
 in a latent condition in persons apparently 
 well ; but when they are exposed to cold, the 
 blood-vessels contract, catch and detain these 
 abnormal elements, and we have a stasis of the 
 blood which may be active or passive and 
 manifests itself in heat, fever, pain, swelling, 
 inflammation or passive congestion, effusion, 
 etc., and which make up what is known as an 
 " attack of rheumatism." The fever may re- 
 sult from the effects of nature to get rid of the 
 intruders, just as a householder will become 
 hot in expelling from his premises a thief who 
 is difficult to get rid of. Or to use another 
 simile, the attack of rheumatism is like the ex- 
 plosion of a gun. The charge in the gun is 
 the morphology of rheumatic blood, and the 
 cold is the pulling of the trigger. The charge 
 may be latent in the gun for years, but it is 
 
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. IJ 
 
 there with its potential energy ready to be- 
 come actual from an exciting cause. 
 
 F. FIBR^EMIA. 
 
 In a nomenclature which w r as made before 
 the present advance of knowledge, there is dif- 
 ficulty in making it fit to the new era. I shall 
 not attempt to relieve this difficulty, but try to 
 adapt the subject to the conventional names, 
 as the object of this work is practical aid in 
 treating diseases, no matter what they are 
 called. 
 
 Fibrmnia is where the fibrin is in excess in 
 filaments, skeins, curled massive fibres like 
 strings — thrombi and emboli. These are in 
 a more exaggerated condition and form than in 
 consumption or rheumatism, and are not 
 necessarily associated with the crystalline 
 matters or gravel. Sometimes the fibres look 
 like a scalp that has been taken from the head 
 of a woman with long tresses of hair. 
 
 G. THROMBOSIS 
 
 Is where masses of fibrin accrete and con- 
 solidate together, including or not the red 
 corpuscles, white corpuscles, crystalline and 
 pigmentary bodies, spores and mycelial fila- 
 ments or vegetations, one or all. 
 
1 8 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 
 
 H. EMBOLISM 
 
 Is where a thrombus has been caught or en- 
 gaged in a blood-vessel and acts as a plug 
 disturbing the circulation. When the embolus 
 is made up of spores of mycoderma aceti or 
 vinegar yeast and is caught in the lungs, it de- 
 velops tubercle of the lungs, and so in other 
 parts of the body. So senile gangrene of the 
 extremities is caused by fibrinous clots plug- 
 ging up an artery. 
 
 I. PRE-EMBOLIC STATE. 
 
 As thrombi precede emboli, so they can be 
 detected in the blood before the embolism, sim- 
 ply by the morphology of the blood. In this 
 way, sudden deaths from embolism, specially 
 in the puerperal state, can be averted, and this 
 aid alone renders the microscope an invaluable 
 assistant to the physician who is devoted to his 
 profession, and is sufficient to redeem it from 
 the title of " accursed," as given it lately by a 
 divine of this city. 
 
 j. ANAEMIA 
 
 Is where the serum is in excess and the red 
 and white corpuscles are in diminution; fibrin 
 also in excess. 
 
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 19 
 
 K. PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA 
 
 Is where the red corpuscles are not formed or 
 normally replaced. Here the blood glands are 
 at fault, from improper alimentation. It is es- 
 sentially a food disease. 
 
 L. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN SYPHILIS. 
 
 This morphology can be found associated 
 with any of the preceding morphologies, but, 
 when present by itself, it is recognized in the 
 
 Serum in two forms. 
 
 First. The spores of the crypta syphilitica. 
 
 Second. The mycelial filaments or full de- 
 velopment of the same. The fructification is 
 yet to be seen. 
 
 1. The spores are very minute, automobile, 
 very lively, active, and saltatory. Carefully 
 focussed a little off, they show a copper color. 
 They dance about in the serum spaces and 
 over the red corpuscles, where they elude 
 search, unless one is a good and careful ob- 
 server. They also crowd or are crowded into 
 the white corpuscles, in which their color ap- 
 pears to greater distinctness, and which cor- 
 puscles are often distended to a great size. 
 
 2. The mycelial filaments of the crypta syph- 
 ilitica are round, cylindrical, slightly tapering, 
 mostly in small curved pieces broken off, with 
 
20 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 
 
 one end larger than the other, or clavate at one 
 end. 
 
 Color, when a little out of focus, copper. 
 Sometimes they are long and wavy, sometimes 
 branching. They are found in best condition 
 in the walls of chancres. 
 
 The great value of a diagnosis of the mor- 
 phology of syphilitic blood lies in the almost 
 instant detection of the disease without a word 
 to the patient, and in telling at once when the 
 disease is cured, for it is not cured unless the 
 blood is free from the plant. 
 
 The use of this morphology would prevent 
 the terrible lesions of tertiary syphilis, as the 
 patient would not be allowed to run into this 
 stage. It tells at once the real progress of the 
 case under treatment, and shows how remedies 
 act, or if they are good for anything. It 
 amazes the writer to see how indifferent the 
 profession are to the morphology of syphilitic 
 blood. It is an " idle tale," just as ocean steam 
 navigation, telephony, and railroading were. 
 Ere I die, I hope to see the world enjoying the 
 benefit of this use of the microscope, as it does 
 the once " idle tales " named. 
 
 M. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN ECZEMA. 
 
 Here the spores are black and still, not auto- 
 mobile, but passive. Parent vegetation not 
 made out. This morphology may be found 
 
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 2 1 
 
 associated with any of the others. No case of 
 eczema is cured unless these spores are elimi- 
 nated. 
 
 N. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN SCROFULA. 
 
 This is either syphilitic or tuberculous, or 
 both. See the morphologies of consumption 
 and syphilis. 
 
 O. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN MALARIA. 
 
 Here the diagnosis rests on the forms found 
 in the serum. There are : 
 
 i. The spores of the gemiasma plants or 
 other plants found in malarious districts, which 
 rise in the air from the soil, and are inhaled 
 into the air passages where the blood comes 
 within one-thfee-thousandth (^) of an inch of 
 the atmosphere. They there gain admission to 
 the blood. 
 
 2. The sporangias of the mature gemiasmas. 
 
 These are pale or white in color, and gen- 
 erally contain less spores than normal, as would 
 be expected in algae growing in an unnatural 
 habitat, as the inside of the human body. 
 
 Remarks. — i. Are most common. 2. Are 
 rare, but in doubtful cases, if the skin mor- 
 phology of the axillae is studied, the full-grown 
 aerial form of the gemiasmas may be found 
 there for corroborative diagnosis. The malaria 
 
2 2 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 
 
 blood morphology may exist in a latent con- 
 dition in persons apparently healthy, needing 
 a torpid liver or a cold to make their energy 
 actual, just as in the case of the loaded gun 
 alluded to above. 
 
 There are several kinds of cryptogamic 
 vegetations that cause malaria. Some of these 
 are innocent vegetations in their natural habi- 
 tat, but when animalized by coming in contact 
 with animal matter in decay, and living on it, 
 then they are endowed with a power to attack 
 and live on the human habitat, and become the 
 predisposing cause of malaria — so termed prob- 
 ably because these causative vegetations invade 
 through the air — when taken into the digestive 
 organs, as they must be in quantities, they 
 seem to be destroyed by the juices of the ali- 
 mentary canal. See "Malaria," McNaughton 
 prize essay, 1882, by J. H. Salisbury, M.D., 
 LL.D. New York: W. A. Kellogg, 1885. 
 
 P. HEREDITARY TAINTS 
 
 Are conventionally supposed to come through 
 the blood, but the evidence of blood morpholo- 
 gies does not bear out this idea in a general 
 way. Consumption comes by feeding on food 
 that undergoes alcoholic and vinegary fermenta- 
 tion in the digestive organs. 
 
 The spores of crypta syphilitica and eczema 
 may be transmitted from the mother or father 
 
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 23 
 
 to the offspring, but they are now about the 
 only ones that can be traced. 
 
 Q. CANCER 
 
 Is more a disease of nutrition — tissue devel- 
 oped under mob law — and goes in families, 
 because families feed on the same food at the 
 same table. The researches of Dr. Domingos 
 Freire, of Rio Janeiro, and others point out a 
 microbe. This is an advance in our knowledge, 
 for hitherto we have been able to detect no 
 vegetation in cancerous blood before the gen- 
 eral system has been broken down in the last 
 stages, and here it seems more a result than a 
 cause. But we are grateful for any more light, 
 and accord Dr. Freire all credit and honor for 
 his work. 
 
 R. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD OF VARIOLA 
 AND VACCINIA. 
 
 Ios variolosa vacciola spores and filaments 
 in variola. 
 
 Ios vacciola spores and filaments in vaccinia. 
 
 S. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN TYPHOID 
 
 FEVER. 
 
 Biolysis typhoides spores and filaments. 
 The spores grow with great profusion in the 
 
24 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 
 
 white blood-corpuscles, leaving them as empty 
 sacs sometimes floating in the blood stream. 
 The spores also grow in profusion in all the 
 epithelia of the body. Patient not cured before 
 the plant is removed. 
 
 T. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN SCARLET 
 FEVER AND DIPHTHERIA. 
 
 Scarlet fever. — Mucor malignans spores, or 
 a species very near kin to it 
 
 Diphtheria. — Mucor malignans. 
 
 The aerial form may be cultivated from the 
 throat membranes, but it is very dangerous 
 work. The writer found that a three and a 
 half years' sojourn of the diphtheritic membrane 
 (from the uvula of his daughter Mary who died 
 in spite of all that was done) in strongest car- 
 bolic acid was not enough to destroy the 
 life of the vegetation. He confesses he was 
 frightened, and abandoned the study of this 
 particular spore. 
 
 U. MORPHOLOGY OF BLOOD IN FATTY 
 DEGENERATION. 
 
 The white corpuscles contain globules of fat 
 more or less abundant. The serum in advanced 
 cases, or cases tending that way, contains fat 
 globules more or less large and numerous. 
 
 The red corpuscles are apt to have not full 
 
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 25 
 
 color, strength of outline, and be adhesive, pale, 
 sticky. 
 
 Remarks. — The fibre of an outlying muscle 
 may be brought out by a minute spear thrust 
 in and tested for fat in the fibrillae (S.), as a 
 confirmation of the diagnosis. Very important 
 in the treatment of softening of the brain, apo- 
 plexy, Bright's disease, etc. 
 
 V. THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN 
 FIBROUS CONSUMPTION. 
 
 Here the mycoderma aceti or vinegar yeast 
 does not get into the blood, and change it, as 
 in tubercular consumption, since the pylorus 
 keeps the vinegar yeast in the stomach. There 
 is breaking down of living tissue to a less ex- 
 tent. This tissue has been thickened, hardened, 
 and made stony from deposit of gravel. The 
 diagnosis is not so easy as that of tubercular 
 consumption. 
 
 W. CHOLESTER^MIA. 
 
 Red blood-discs soft, yielding, plastic, often 
 sticky, holding feebly the coloring matter which 
 escapes and obscures the field. 
 
 Serum contains cholesterin. 
 
 Diagnosis. — Blood standing a few hours on 
 the slide ; crystals of cholesterin appear on the 
 edges of the slide. 
 
26 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. 
 
 This shows a tendency to amyloid disease in 
 the spleen, lacteal and lymphatic glands, liver, 
 kidneys, heart and large blood-vessels, and 
 amyloid matters are found in the blood stream. 
 
 X. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN CAR- 
 BUNCLES. 
 
 Crypta carbunculata spores and filaments 
 which are found in abundance also in the 
 sloughs of the carbuncle. 
 
 Y. THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BLOOD IN 
 YELLOW FEVER. 
 
 Cryptococcus xanthogenicus (Freire). See 
 his monumental work. 
 
 Z. LEUCOCYTH/EMIA 
 
 Is where the white corpuscles are in large ex- 
 cess and the red corpuscles in diminution ; se- 
 rum in excess. 
 
II. 
 MORPHOLOGY OF SPUTUM. 
 
 MODE OF STUDY. 
 
 One and one-fifth inch objective ; one inch 
 ocular. 
 
 Polarized light needed sometimes to distin- 
 guish the fibres of lung tissues from other 
 organic fibres. 
 
 At least three specimens should be collected 
 and studied at each examination. Sputum 
 may be sent from patients prepared as follows : 
 dry, away from sun or stove, a mass of morning 
 sputum about one inch in diameter on white 
 writing paper. The specimen will keep indefi- 
 nitely and may be mailed anywhere. When 
 ready for examination, soak specimen with a 
 little water. The objectives made by the late 
 Mr. Tolles and by his successor, Mr. John Green, 
 will focus through a slide. It is therefore much 
 easier to place some of the moistened sputum 
 on a slide and then cover with another slide ; 
 this is done quicker than when one has to use 
 thin covers. It is a pity that other American 
 objective makers cannot follow the example of 
 
28 MORPHOLOGY OF SPUTUM. 
 
 the illustrious Tolles, and make one-fifth inch 
 objectives that will focus an eighth of an inch 
 from the object, and not a sixteenth or thirty- 
 second, as the common rule is. 
 
 Sputum needs morphological study as much 
 as urine or blood. 
 
 As the morphology may include that of the 
 air, of course this is incomplete. 
 
 Aerial forms of yeasts. 
 
 Albuminoid matters. 
 
 Alcoholic and lactic acid yeasts. 
 
 Algae, names unknown. 
 
 Amorphous organic and inorganic matters, 
 including dust and dirt inhaled from the atmo- 
 sphere. 
 
 Amyloid bodies. 
 
 Anabaina irregularis. 
 
 Any of the microscopic fauna and flora found 
 in drinking waters. 
 
 Asthmatos ciliaris. 
 
 Bacilli. 
 
 Bacteria, so-called. 
 
 Blood-corpuscles, white and red. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Calculi made up of : 
 Cholesterin. 
 Cystin. 
 
 Oxalate of lime. 
 Phosphate of lime. 
 Triple phosphates. 
 Uric acid. 
 
MORPHOLOGY OF SPUTUM. 29 
 
 These may all come under the appellation of 
 " gravel of the lungs." 
 
 Carbon, from smoke inhaled. 
 
 Carbonized tissue from lungs. 
 
 Cells and fibres of lung tissue. 
 
 Cholesterin. 
 
 Clots of blood. 
 
 Colloid. 
 
 Connective animal tissues. 
 
 Contents of giant cells escaped outside of 
 walls. 
 
 Cotton fibre. 
 
 Cream of tartar crystals. 
 
 Crystals with two or more terminals. 
 
 Cystin. 
 
 Dust and dirt. 
 
 Elastic lung fibres. 
 
 Elements of animal food eaten, cooked and 
 uncooked. 
 
 Elements of vegetable food eaten, cooked 
 and uncooked. 
 
 Epithelia, ciliate, non-ciliate, pavement, col- 
 umnar. 
 
 Fat. 
 
 Feathers. 
 
 Foreign substances inhaled, 
 
 Fucidium. 
 
 Fusiform crystals. 
 
 Gemiasma alba. 
 
 Gemiasma rubra. 
 
 Gemiasma verdans. 
 
30 MORPHOLOGY OF SPUTUM. 
 
 Granular tubercular masses. 
 
 Granular tuberculous matter, so-called, 
 sometimes fetid in odor. 
 
 Gravel, crystalline. 
 
 Gravel, granular. 
 
 Gravel, massive. 
 
 Hairs of plants and animals. 
 
 Inelastic lung fibres. 
 
 Ipecac dust. 
 
 Lactic acid alcoholic yeast. 
 
 Lactic acid mother of vinegar. 
 
 Lactic acid vinegar yeast. 
 
 Leptothrix buccalis spores and filaments. 
 
 Leptothrix buccalis heavily loading and 
 enormously distending lingual papillae with 
 spores and filaments. 
 
 Leptothrix buccalis in epithelia. 
 
 Linen fibre. 
 
 Lumina of blood-vessels. 
 
 Micrococcus spores. 
 
 Microsporon furfur. 
 
 Mucor malignans (diphtheria). 
 
 Mucous cells swarming with the moving 
 spores, probably of the leptothrix buccalis ; 
 not found in the mouths of healthy infants. 
 
 Mucous corpuscles. 
 
 Mucous corpuscles, caudate and deformed. 
 
 Mucous corpuscles distended with albumin- 
 oids. 
 
 Mucous corpuscles distended with crystalline 
 and other bodies. 
 
MORPHOLOGY OF SPUTUM. 3 1 
 
 Mucous corpuscles distended witn cystin or 
 giant cells. 
 
 Mucous corpuscles distended with leptothrix. 
 
 Mucous corpuscles distended with melanotic 
 matters. 
 
 Mucous corpuscles distended with oxalate of 
 lime. 
 
 Mucous corpuscles distended with triple 
 phosphates. 
 
 Mucous corpuscles distended with uric acid 
 and urates. 
 
 Mucous corpuscles, normal. 
 
 Mucous filaments and fibres. 
 
 Mucus ; normal and ropy and viscid (colloid). 
 
 Muscular fibres of food. 
 
 Mycelial filaments of acetic acid vinegar, and 
 lactic acid vinegar yeasts. 
 
 Mycelial filament of fully developed yeasts 
 and other fungi. 
 
 Mycoderma aceti, spores and filaments. 
 
 Other crystals whose names have not been 
 made out. 
 
 Oxalate of lime. 
 
 Papillae of tongue, usually infiltrated with 
 spores of leptothrix. 
 
 Partially carbonized vegetable tissues from 
 smoke. 
 
 Phosphate of lime. 
 
 Pigment matters. 
 
 Pitted ducts, etc. 
 
 Portions of feathers of animals and insects. 
 
32 MORPHOLOGY OF SPUTUM. 
 
 Potato starch. 
 
 Pus-corpuscles. 
 
 Sarcina. 
 
 Silk fibre. 
 
 Skeins of mycelial filaments. 
 
 Special pollens. 
 
 Spirilina splendens (asthma), Salisbury, 1865. 
 
 Spirillum. 
 
 Spores of artemisia absinthium. 
 
 Starch, corn. 
 
 Starch, potato. 
 
 Starch, wheat. 
 
 Swarms of spores. 
 
 The whole lumen of a vein just before end- 
 ing in the capillary. 
 
 Tough, ropy mucus. 
 
 Triple phosphates. 
 
 Tubercles. 
 
 Uric acid and urates. 
 
 Uric acid crystals. 
 
 Vegetable tissues. 
 
 Vegetations found in croupal membranes 
 (Cutter, 1879). 
 
 Vibriones. 
 
 Vinegar yeast. 
 
 Vinegar yeast and lactic acid vinegar yeast 
 
 Wheat starch. 
 
 Woody fibres. 
 
 Yeast plants. 
 
 Yeast sporangia, alcoholic and lactic acid. 
 
III. 
 MORPHOLOGY OF FECES. 
 
 SHOWS THE CONDITION OF DIGESTION, 
 GOOD, BAD, OR INDIFFERENT, AND SOME 
 PATHOLOGICAL STATES. 
 
 MODE OF STUDY. 
 
 Prepare specimens for mailing, in the same 
 way as sputum. A good microscope, one inch, 
 one-fifth inch objectives, one inch ocular, po- 
 larized light. 
 
 Moisten specimen, and place on slide, and 
 (if the physician has a fifth-inch objective that 
 will focus through a common slide) cover spe- 
 cimen with a piece of slide. This is quicker, 
 easier, cleaner, and more effective than with 
 thin covers. 
 
 Acetic acid yeasts. 
 
 Alcohol. 
 
 Another species of sarcina. 
 
 Bacteria. 
 
 Beard of wheat. ~^ 
 
 Beef-red pieces of thickened mucus. 
 
 Black pigment from glands of Lieberkuhn 
 and Brunner. 
 
34 MORPHOLOGY OF FECES. 
 
 Blood. 
 
 Butyric acid yeasts. 
 
 Carbonate of lime. 
 
 Casts of intestinal glands. 
 
 Cholesterin. 
 
 Colloid. 
 
 Colloid matters, resembling ovarian, thyroid, 
 and mammary tumors and those of testes. 
 
 Cotton fibre. 
 
 Cream-colored pus. 
 
 Crystals of phosphates, cystin, urates, oxal- 
 ates, etc., colored with melanotic matters. 
 
 Crystals of sugar. 
 
 Crystals of triple phosphates. 
 
 Crystals of cystin. 
 
 Crystals, urates, uric acid, etc. 
 
 Different vegetable fibres. 
 
 Eggs of ascarides. 
 
 Eggs of different worms. 
 
 Eggs of taenia. 
 
 Eggs of trichocephalus dispar. 
 
 Epithelium. 
 
 Fat with acicular crystals. 
 
 Fat globules. 
 
 Gelatinous mucus. 
 
 Gluten. 
 
 Granular, amorphous, homogeneous matter, 
 normal feces, with triple phosphates. 
 
 Healthy feces are homogeneous, formless, 
 like a solid extract. 
 
 Homogeneous fecal matter. 
 
MORPHOLOGY OF FECES. 35 
 
 Lactic acid yeasts. 
 
 Linen fibre. 
 
 Microcystis and plants allied to them, un- 
 named. 
 
 Mucous corpuscles. 
 
 Muscular fibre. 
 
 Mycoderma aceti. 
 
 Oil globules. 
 
 Oils. 
 
 Oxalate of lime. 
 
 Partially cooked and burnt muscular fibres. 
 
 Penicillium. 
 
 Pigmentine, black, etc. 
 
 Remains of animal tissues: 
 
 Connective tissue. 
 
 Striated fibres: striae non-, partially or wholly 
 effaced by digestion, etc., etc. 
 
 Remains of vegetable tissues : 
 
 Apples : — Clear, almost transparent sacs of 
 thin cellulose. 
 
 Baked beans : — Sacs of thick cellulose con- 
 taining starch cells ; when un- or partially 
 cooked, they are globular, pyriform, elongated, 
 compressed, apparently triangular, sometimes 
 reminding of dififlugia cratera, sometimes of 
 pelomyxae, and so on ; the transparent enve- 
 lope of cellulose looks like the clear margin of 
 gemiasma verdans, rubra, and plumba found 
 in malaria. The thickness of this coat is about 
 one-seventeenth of the diameter of the sac. 
 
 The starch cells polarize light or not as th.ey 
 
36 MORPHOLOGY OF FECES. 
 
 are uncooked or cooked. The cellulose enve- 
 lope of the entire bean is made up of layers of 
 crystal-like shapes, which are set in rows, their 
 internal and external faces appearing very 
 much like the tops of the Giant's Causeway 
 crystals of traprock. These crystal-like ele- 
 ments of cellulose, when un- or partially 
 cooked, are but slightly hourglass-shaped, 
 but, when thoroughly cooked, appear like dou- 
 ble-headed tacks. 
 
 Epithelial cells and areolar tissue of beans 
 may also be present. 
 
 Bananas : — Clustered masses of starch grains. 
 
 Cranberries : — Pigment cells of skins. 
 
 Greens : — Spiral ducts in bundles, etc. 
 
 Potatoes : — Cork cells, starch cells, areolar 
 tissue. Gubernaculum tissues that lead from 
 the eyes to the centre. The starch bundles or 
 the starch in homogeneous masses, the pitted 
 ducts, the vascular bundles, etc. 
 
 Wheat: beard, outer coats, gluten cells, are- 
 olar tissue, etc., etc. 
 
 This is only a very partial list of vegetable 
 tissues. I have only indicated a few elements 
 in order to show how to go at the study, for 
 my own work has led me to distinguish many 
 more forms. 
 
 Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 
 
 Sarcina ventriculi. 
 
 Seroline. 
 
 Several species of minute algae. 
 
MORPHOLOGY OF FECES. 2)7 
 
 Shreds of coagulated mucus. 
 Sirocoleum. 
 
 Strings of thin folded laminae of coagulated 
 mucus. 
 
 Strips of tissues, scourings. 
 Sugar. 
 
 Sulphuretted hydrogen vegetations. 
 Tarry condition from bile which should have 
 been carried out by urinary organs and sweat 
 glands (Salisbury). 
 
 Tegument of wheat, cigar coat. 
 Tough ropy mucus (colloid). 
 Triple phosphates. 
 Tubercles. 
 Urates. 
 
 Vegetations of putrefactive decomposition. 
 Vinegar. 
 
 White coagulated mucus, like folded tissue 
 paper. 
 
 White connective fibrous tissues. 
 Yeast plants. 
 Yeasts : 
 
 Acetic acid. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 Butyric acid. 
 
 Lactic acid. 
 
IV. 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF THE SKIN. 
 
 MODE OF STUDY. 
 
 Simply moisten the skin with distilled water 
 and rub in with a clean knife blade. Then 
 scrape off and place under microscope ; use 
 one-fifth inch or one-tenth inch objectives or 
 higher as needed, having water enough to 
 make a thin clear field ; in studying dirt and 
 some of the grosser forms, use lower powers. 
 
 Acarus autumnalis. 
 
 Acarus folliculorum, steatozoon folliculorum. 
 
 Acarus scabeii. 
 
 Acne. 
 
 Adenoid. 
 
 Ague plants. Among these gemiasma alba, 
 gemiasma plumba, gemiasma rubra. 
 
 Anabaina subtularia. 
 
 Animal hairs. 
 
 Anthrax vegetations. 
 
 Asthmatos ciliaris. 
 
 Bacteria. 
 
 Blood, free and dried. 
 
 Blue, purple, black pigments. 
 
 Boils, vegetation of. 
 
MORPHOLOGY OF THE SKIN. 39 
 
 Bots. 
 Cancer. 
 
 Carbonate of lime. 
 Carbuncle, anthrax. 
 Carpet fibres. 
 Chloasma. 
 Cholesterin. 
 Cimex lectularius. 
 
 Crypta syphilitica (Salisbury) spores and 
 filaments. 
 Cystin. 
 
 Dermatophyton. 
 Dirt. 
 
 Drugs, ipecac, etc. 
 Eczema spores. 
 Eggs and larvae of insects. 
 Eggs of tape-worm. 
 Epithelia, normal. 
 Epithelia, lactic acid yeast in. 
 Epithelia, vinegar yeast in. 
 Epithelia with biolysis typhoides. 
 Epithelioma. 
 Erysipelas vegetations. 
 Fat. 
 
 Fatty degeneration. 
 Fatty infiltration of muscles. 
 Favus, tinea favosa. 
 Feathers. 
 
 Fibres of textile products, cotton, linen, wool. 
 Fibroid tissues. 
 Filaria medinensis. 
 
40 MORPHOLOGY OF THE SKIN. 
 
 Floor fibres. 
 
 Flour and flour vegetation, as on baker's 
 wrists. 
 
 Fungi. 
 
 Fungoid spores and mycelia of unnamed 
 plants. 
 
 Germs in epithelial and mucous tissues, 
 glands and follicles of eye and other organs. 
 
 Gravel, foreign and native. 
 
 Hairs and vegetations. 
 
 Jiggers. 
 
 Jute. 
 
 Keloid. 
 
 Kerion. 
 
 Lard. 
 
 Leather. 
 
 Leprosy spores. 
 
 Lice. 
 
 Malignant pustule vegetations. 
 
 Measles vegetations. 
 
 Mentagrophyton. 
 
 Microsporon Audouini. 
 
 Microsporon furfur. 
 
 Mosquitoes, parts of. 
 
 Mucor malignans of scarlet fever and diph- 
 theria. 
 
 Mucus. 
 
 Mycetoma, Chionyphe Carteri. 
 
 Mycoderma aceti spores and filaments. 
 
 Nails, vegetations and dirt under. 
 
 Oils 
 
MORPHOLOGY OF THE SKIN, 
 
 41 
 
 Onychomycosis, onychia parasitica. 
 Oxide of lime. 
 Paint lead salts. 
 Pediculus capitis. 
 Pediculus corporis vel vestimenti. 
 Pediculus pubis. 
 Phosphates of lime. 
 Pigment matters. 
 Plant hairs. 
 
 Poisonous plant products. 
 Pollen of plants. 
 
 Porrigo scutulata or tinea tonsurans. 
 Protococcus monetarius under ends of finger 
 nails. 
 
 Pulex or sarcopsylla penetrans, Chigoe. 
 
 Pus. 
 
 Pus decomposing into fat. 
 
 Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 
 
 Salt, chloride of sodium. 
 
 Scald head. 
 
 Scarlet fever vegetations, mucor malignans. 
 
 Scars of pregnancy and fat distention. 
 
 Seborrhoea. 
 
 Secretions of hair and sweat glands. 
 
 Serum. 
 
 Silica. 
 
 Silk. 
 
 Small-pox vegetations. 
 
 Soap. 
 
 Spermatozoa. 
 
 Stains of silver, etc. 
 
42 MORPHOLOGY OF THE SKIN. 
 
 Starch grains of all kinds. 
 
 Steatozoon folliculorum. 
 
 Stellin. 
 
 Stellurin. 
 
 Sulphate of lime. 
 
 Sweat. 
 
 Syphilodermata. 
 
 The objects found in the morphology of the 
 air are to be expected in the morphology of 
 the skin. 
 
 Tinea circinata, trichophyton tonsurans. 
 
 Tinea decalvans, microsporon Audouini. 
 
 Tinea favosa, achorion Schonleinii. 
 
 Tinea kerion. 
 
 Tinea sycosis, microsporon mentagraphytes. 
 
 Tinea tarsi, tricophyton. 
 
 Tinea tonsurans, tricophyton. 
 
 Tinea versicolor, microsporon furfur. 
 
 Trichosis caninus (Salisbury). 
 
 Trichosis felinus (Salisbury). 
 
 Triple phosphates. 
 
 Uric acid. 
 
 Vaccinia vegetations. 
 
 Variola vegetations. 
 
 Vegetations from water used in washing. 
 
 Vegetations of animal poisons. 
 
 Vibriones. 
 
 Woody fibre. 
 
 Yeasts growing in epithelia of skin. 
 
 Zinc, oxide of. 
 
V. 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF THE URINE. 
 
 It is good to use an inch objective as well as 
 a fifth (1-5) inch objective in studying the 
 morphology of the urine. The one-inch objec- 
 tive at once brings out the casts of kidney 
 tubes, prostate gland ducts, spermatic ducts, 
 besides the colloid matters that otherwise elude 
 search and are, in my opinion, very important 
 clinically. 
 
 Urinoscopy is more valuable than the pulse 
 in telling the status of the liver, stomach, kid- 
 neys, urinary organs, and general systemic 
 condition. It should be used daily. The urine 
 voided on rising in the morning is the best to 
 examine. The chemical examination of the 
 urine should go side by side with the mor- 
 phology ; neither supersedes the other. 
 
 The aim should be to make each patient's 
 urine come up to the standard of the urine of 
 a healthy infant, nursing a healthy mother's 
 breast. This urine is clear, odorless, and free 
 from deposit. The cures in the so-called Salis- 
 bury plans include an aiming at a conform- 
 ity to this standard. It is a mistake for each 
 
44 MORPHOLOGY OF THE URINE. 
 
 physician not to make his own examina- 
 tions of urine almost daily. The urine is very 
 sensitive to bad feeding and overdoing in any 
 way, and shows them almost as plainly as if it 
 said "bad feeding and overdoing" in so many 
 words. Lastly, many physicians will not ex- 
 amine urine chemically or microscopically, as 
 such examinations appear to be too difficult, 
 though these men may be masters in the prac- 
 tice of medicine ; there is nothing in the present 
 knowledge of the urine that any one of moder- 
 ate ability may not and should not master, for, 
 to repeat, the urine is a source of valuable 
 clinical information. 
 
 Accidental foreign bodies. 
 
 Acicular crystals, same as found in ague soils. 
 
 Ague plants, mostly in embryonic forms, 
 sometimes mature. 
 
 Amorphous urates. 
 
 Amyloid matter, common, 
 
 Anabaina irregularis. 
 
 Arachnida. 
 
 Asthmatos ciliaris (rare). 
 
 Bacilli. 
 
 Bacteria. 
 
 Blood, red corpuscles. 
 
 Blood, white corpuscles. 
 
 Calculi of urates and phosphates from pelves 
 of kidneys or not. 
 
 Cancer cells must not be mistaken for giant 
 cells with prolongations sometimes ten times 
 
MORPHOLOGY OF THE URINE. 45 
 
 their length, and sometimes connecting with 
 gubernacula two or more giant mucous cells. 
 
 Carbonate of lime. 
 
 Casts of spermatic ducts, clear or with amy- 
 loid, phosphate of lime, triple phosphates, etc. 
 
 Catarrhal discharges from spermatic ducts or 
 the prostatic glands : 
 
 (i) Protoplasmic. 
 
 (2) In skeins. 
 
 (3) In Indian clubs. 
 
 These occur together at times ; a supposed 
 cause of neurasthenia in men (Cutter). 
 
 Chyme. 
 
 Colloid matter. 
 
 Cotton, wool, bast, linen fibres, indeed any 
 form from the morphology of the air may get 
 in accidentally. 
 
 Crypta syphilitica spores. 
 
 Cryptococcus xanthogenicus. 
 
 Crystals with radiations formed within cells 
 with amoeboid projections. 
 
 Cystin. 
 
 Dirt. 
 
 Dust. 
 
 Eggs of ascarides. 
 
 Eggs of trichocephalus dispar. 
 
 Epithelia invaded by vegetations of scarlet 
 fever, diphtheria, typhoid fever, etc., etc. 
 
 Epithelia, pavement and columnar, from 
 bladder and vagina. 
 
 Fat in globules. 
 
4-6 MORPHOLOGY OF THE URINE. 
 
 Fatty casts of kidney tubes. 
 
 Fatty epithelia from kidneys. 
 
 Fragments of animal and vegetable tissues. 
 
 Giant cells distorted and connected together 
 by gubernacula — parent mucous cells, proba- 
 bly simulating cancer cells. 
 
 Gemiasma rubra. 
 
 Gravel. 
 
 Hyaline casts of kidney tubes. 
 
 In perfect health, free from deposit or odor, 
 like healthy nursing infant's urine. 
 
 Lactic acid yeasts, spores and filaments. 
 
 Mucous cells. 
 
 Mucous fibres and casts from kidneys. 
 
 Mucous filaments. 
 
 Mycelial filaments of mycoderma aceti — 
 sometimes mother of vinegar. 
 
 Other algae. 
 
 Oxalate of lime, granular and in dumb-bell. 
 
 Penicillium. 
 
 Phosphates. 
 
 Phosphate of lime. 
 
 Pigment matters. 
 
 Pus cells. 
 
 Putrefactive yeasts in spores and mycelial 
 filaments. When these are voided from the 
 bladder, in spores single or aggregated, fila- 
 ments single or in skeins, I regard it as a 
 diseased condition, to be treated as such. 
 Have known epilepsy to be caused by them, 
 and cured by their removal (Cutter). 
 
MORPHOLOGY OF THE URINE. 47 
 
 Radiating plants, same as found in ague soils. 
 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or alcohol yeasts. 
 Spermatozoa, normal. 
 
 With two heads. 
 
 With three heads. 
 
 With two tails. 
 
 With three tails, etc. 
 
 With two heads and two tails. 
 
 With three heads and three tails, etc. 
 Sphaerotheca spores and filaments. 
 Starch grains. 
 Triple phosphates. 
 Urates of soda and ammonium. 
 Uric acid. 
 
 Vegetations of gonorrhoea. 
 Vibriones. 
 
 Waxy casts of kidney tubes. 
 Yeasts. 
 Zoogloea forms. 
 
VI. 
 
 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE 
 VOMITUS. 
 
 Any object of the morphology of foods. 
 Bile. 
 Blood. 
 
 Butyric acid fermentative vegetations.. 
 Cancerous matters. 
 Chyme. 
 
 Coagulated food. 
 Colloid. 
 
 Cryptococcus xanthogenicus. 
 Epithelia. 
 
 Food partly digested. 
 Lactic acid yeasts. 
 Morphology of feces, rare. 
 Mucous corpuscles. 
 Mucus. 
 
 Mycoderma aceti. 
 Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 
 Sarcina ventriculi. 
 Slime. 
 
 Sometimes yeast plants form a coating on 
 oesophagus, discharged as a membrane. 
 
VII. 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS, 
 a. waters of lakes, ponds, and water 
 
 sheds; hydrant waters. * 
 
 Morphology of animals, plants and other 
 substances found in hydrant waters and pond 
 waters, such as are used for drinking purposes. 
 
 The list is very incomplete, as more than half 
 of the objects found have no names (Professor 
 Paulus F. Reinsch, Erlangen, Ger.). 
 
 Over thirty hydrant waters of cities and 
 towns were studied. Among these were those 
 of Albany, Brooklyn and New York, New 
 York; Arlington, Boston, Cambridge, Charles- 
 town, Haverhill, Charles River, Jamaica Pond 
 Boston, Lynn, Maiden, Salem, Springfield, 
 Winchester, Woburn, Worcester, Wellesley 
 Hotel, Massachusetts ; Philadelphia, Penn. ; 
 Hartford and New Haven, Connecticut ; Chi- 
 cago, Illinois; Washington, D. C; Dover, 
 New Hampshire; Baltimore, Maryland; Cleve- 
 land, Ohio ; Richmond, Va. Besides ponds in 
 Amherst, Falmouth, Natick, Holbrook, Wake- 
 
 * See page 81 for mode of examination. 
 
So 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 
 
 field, West Falmouth, Wellesley, Massachu- 
 setts ; East Greenwich, Rhode Island, and 
 North Turner, Maine. 
 
 LIST. 
 
 A beautiful entomostraca, like the branchippus 
 stagnalis. (Croton.) 
 
 A delicate animal which looks like a snail, and yet 
 without the terminal of the spiral. It is beautifully 
 transparent, so that the motion of the heart is more 
 apparent than in the following. (Croton.) 
 
 A magnificent animal composed of a hyaline sac 
 open at one end. Transparent. Mouth provided 
 with cilia, which are inverted completely within the 
 body at will. The viscera are held together byguber- 
 nacula just outlined enough to be visible. These con- 
 tract, and keep the viscera moving to and from the 
 mouth ; specimen name unknown to me ; have found 
 it only in the Croton. 
 
 Abundant mycelial fungus, 
 
 filaments. 
 Acineta tuberosa. 
 Acropherus. 
 Actinosphericum Eichor- 
 
 nii. 
 Actinodiscus. 
 Actinophrys sol. 
 Alcyonella. 
 Alonia. 
 Amblyophis. 
 Amoeba proteus. 
 Amoeba radiosa. 
 
 Amoeba verrucosa. 
 
 Amphiprora alata. 
 
 Anabaina circinalis. 
 
 Anabaina subtularia. 
 
 Anguillula fluviatilis. 
 
 Ankistrodesmus falcatus. 
 
 Ankistrodesmus unicornis. 
 
 Anurea longispinis. 
 
 Anurea monostylus with 
 ovary one-half the dia- 
 meter of its own body. 
 
 Anurea stipitata. 
 
 Aptogonum. 
 
HYDRANT AND POND WATERS. 
 
 51 
 
 Arachnida. 
 
 Arcella mitrata. 
 
 Arcella vulgaris. 
 
 Argulus. 
 
 Arthrodesmus convergens. 
 
 Arthrodesmus divergens. 
 
 Arthronema. 
 
 Astrionella formosa. 
 
 Bacteria. 
 
 Bosmina. 
 
 Botryococcus* 
 
 Branchippus stagnalis. 
 
 Bursaria. 
 
 Campanularia. 
 
 Campascus carnutus. 
 
 Carapace of a monostyled 
 rotifer, occupied by a 
 parasitic mother cell 
 with protoplasmic con- 
 tents in very active mo- 
 tion. (Croton.) 
 
 Castor. 
 
 Centropyxis. 
 
 Centropyxis acuelata. 
 
 Chetochilis. 
 
 Chilomonas. 
 
 Chlorococcus. 
 
 Chlorogonium. 
 
 Chroococcus chalybeus. 
 
 Chydorus. 
 
 Chytridium. 
 
 Cladophora. 
 
 Clathrocystis aeruginosa. 
 
 Closterium didymotocum. 
 
 Closterium lunula. 
 
 Closterium moniliferum. 
 
 Cochliopodium bilimbo- 
 sum (Harriman). 
 
 Coelastrum sphericurn. 
 
 Conf ervoideae. 
 
 Cosmarium binoculatum. 
 
 Cosmarium crenatum. 
 
 Cosmarium tetrophthal- 
 mum. 
 
 Cosmarium margariti- 
 
 ferum. 
 
 Cristatella mucedo. 
 
 Cyclops quadricauda. 
 
 Cyclops quadricornis. 
 
 Cyphroderia ampulla. 
 
 Cypris tristriata. 
 
 Daphnia pulex. 
 
 Desmidium. 
 
 Desmidiaceae. 
 
 Diaptomas castor. 
 
 Diaptomas castor with sa- 
 prolegnia attached. 
 
 Diaptomas, new species. 
 
 Diatoma vulgaris. 
 
 Didymocladon. 
 
 Difflugia cratera. 
 
 Difflugia globosa. 
 
 Difflugia lobestoma (Har- 
 riman). 
 
 Difflugia pyriformis. 
 
 Dinobryina sertularia. 
 
 Dinocharis pocillum. 
 
 Dirt. 
 
52 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 
 
 Docidium. 
 
 Eggs of bryozoa. 
 
 Eggs of entomostraca. 
 
 Eggs of plumatella. 
 
 Eggs of polyp. 
 
 Empty shell of arcella. 
 
 Enchylis pupa. 
 
 Enteromorpha clathrata. 
 
 Eosphora aurita. 
 
 Epithelia, animal. 
 
 Epithelia, vegetable. 
 
 Eradne Nordmanni. 
 
 Euastrum. 
 
 Euglenia viridis. 
 
 Euglypha. 
 
 Eurycercus lamellatus. 
 
 Exuvi'a of some insects. 
 
 Feather barbs. 
 
 Fish scales. 
 
 Floscularia. 
 
 Fragillaria. 
 
 Fungi. 
 
 Fungus, red water. 
 
 Gammarus pulex. 
 
 Gemiasma verdans. 
 
 Globar rotifer. 
 
 Gomphospheria. 
 
 Gonium. 
 
 Grammatophora. 
 
 Gregarina saenuridis. 
 
 Gromia. 
 
 Hairs of plants. 
 
 Hairs of various animals. 
 
 Heleopera picta. 
 
 Holophrya brunnea. 
 Humus. 
 
 Hyalosphenia tincta. 
 Hyalosphenia formosa. 
 Hyalotheca. 
 
 Hyamodiscus rubicundus. 
 Hydra vulgaris. 
 Hydra viridis. 
 Infusoria. 
 Insect scales. 
 Lacinularia. 
 Lacinularia socialis. 
 Leaves and parts of leaves. 
 Leptothrix. 
 Leucophrys patula. 
 Licomophora. 
 Lyngbya. 
 
 Masses of sponge paren- 
 chyma decomposing. 
 Melosira. 
 Meresmopedia. 
 Micrasterias digitata. 
 Micrasterias denticulata. 
 Micrasterias rotata. 
 Microcoleus. 
 Milnesium tardigradum. 
 Monactinus octenarius. 
 Monactinus duodenarius. 
 Monads. 
 
 Mycoderma aceti. 
 Navicula amphirynchus. 
 Navicula cuspidata. 
 Nebalia bipes. 
 Nitzschia. 
 
HYDRANT AND POND WATERS, 
 
 53 
 
 Nostoc communis. 
 
 Notodelphys 
 
 Oedogonium. 
 
 Oscillatoriaceae. 
 
 Ovaries of entomostraca. 
 
 Palmellae. 
 
 Pamphagus mutabilis. 
 
 Pandorina morum. 
 
 Paramecium aurelium. 
 
 Pediastrum boryanum. 
 
 Pediastrium incisum. 
 
 Pediastrium perforatum. 
 
 Pediastrum pertusum. 
 
 Pediastrum quadratum. 
 
 Pediastrum tetras. 
 
 Pelomyxa. 
 
 Penium. 
 
 Peridinium candelabrum. 
 
 Peridinium cinctum. 
 
 Phacus. 
 
 Plagiophrys. 
 
 Plagiotoma lumbrici. 
 
 Pleurosigma angulatum. 
 
 Plumatella. 
 
 Pollen of pine. 
 
 Polyartha platyptera. 
 
 Polycoccus. 
 
 Polyhedra tetraetica. 
 
 Polyhedra triangularis. 
 
 Polyhedrium. 
 
 Polyphema. 
 
 Polyphemus pediculus. 
 
 Protococcus. 
 
 Protococcus viridis. 
 
 Radiolaria. 
 
 Radiophrys alba. 
 
 Raphidium duplex. 
 
 Rotifer ascus. 
 
 Rotifer vulgaris. 
 
 Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 
 
 Saprolegnia. 
 
 Sarcina. 
 
 Scales of butterfly. 
 
 Scaridium longicaudum. 
 
 Scehedesmus acutus. 
 
 Scenedesmus obliquus. 
 
 Scenedesmus obtusum. 
 
 Scenedesmus quadricauda. 
 
 Setigera. 
 
 Sheath of tubularia. 
 
 Silica. 
 
 Sphaerotheca spores. 
 
 Spicules of sponge. 
 
 Spirogyra. 
 
 Sponges. 
 
 Starch. 
 
 Staurastrum dejectum. 
 
 Staurastrum furcigerum. 
 
 Staurastrum gracile. 
 
 Staurastrum margaritace- 
 
 um. 
 Staurogenia quadrata. 
 Stephanocerus. 
 Stephanodiscus niagarae. 
 Spiral tissue, eta 
 Spirotaenia. 
 Stentor. 
 Surirella bifrons. 
 
54 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 
 
 Surirella gemma. 
 
 Synchoeta. 
 
 Sy nhedra. 
 
 Synhedra splendens and 
 many other diatoms too 
 numerous to name. 
 
 Tabellaria. 
 
 Tetmemorus granulatus. 
 
 Tetraspore. 
 
 Trachelomonas. 
 
 Triceratium favus. 
 
 Trichodiscus. 
 
 Tryblionella Scutellaria. 
 
 Ulothrix mucosa. 
 
 Urococcus. 
 
 Urostyla. 
 
 Uvella. 
 
 Vegetable fibres. 
 
 Volvox coenochilus. 
 
 Volvox globator. 
 
 Volvox, new species. 
 
 Vorticel. 
 
 Wheat starch grains, etc. 
 
 Worm fluke. 
 
 Worm, two tailed. 
 
 Xanthidium. 
 
 Yeast. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 The bad taste in Cochituate, cause of, discovered in 
 1879, an d in Croton water, discovered in 1 881, to be 
 due to the presence of spongilla fluviatilis and lacus- 
 tris and the pelomyxas. 
 
 The following facts are adduced in support of this 
 belief : 
 
 1. Spicules of sponge were very abundant in the 
 Croton during the time of bad taste. These spicules 
 are most elegant forms of silica that will not polarize 
 light. They are of various shapes. The most com- 
 mon one is that of a boomerang shape, exquisitely 
 pointed at both ends, and polished like steel. An- 
 other common form in the Croton is shaped, like an 
 old-fashioned two-tined fork such as is used in a pork 
 barrel. Some are like the little stand used on the 
 dining-room tables to keep the blade of the carving 
 
HYDRANT AND POND WATERS. 55 
 
 knife off the cloth, etc., etc. Now, this sponge itself 
 is made up of a jelly-like substance, or sarcode proto- 
 plasm. When the animal dies, the sponge jelly or pro- 
 toplasm is dissolved in the water, and goes through all 
 filtering apparatus. For example, in Woburn, Mass., 
 the hydrant water is taken from a gallery by the side 
 of Horn Pond. Though this water is clear as crys- 
 tal, if the nostrils be placed over a goblet of it, only a 
 few sniffs are necessary to perceive the peculiar earthy 
 smell, though the sense of taste detects nothing wrong. 
 (Parenthetically, a firm brought suit against this town 
 for loss of water power by the use of this spring for 
 drinking purposes. My testimony, that the two wa- 
 ters were identical by morphological examination, 
 helped the case for those suing for damages.) 
 
 Now an abundance of spicules shows an abundance 
 of sponges. When Professor Reinsch and myself 
 were studying the Cochituate water, it was a great 
 problem to find the sponges from whence these spi- 
 cules came. It always seemed to me that the minute 
 spongilli, as found on the rocks of the bottom of 
 ponds, did not adequately explain the presence of the 
 sponge spicules, so I kept watching for them, and was 
 rewarded in 1879. 
 
 2. I found in Charles River (Mass.) a fresh-water 
 sponge that was as thick as my little finger, and be- 
 tween three and four feet long in linear measure- 
 ment. Also a clustered mass of sponges in the same 
 river large enough to fill a two-bushel basket. 
 
 Officials connected with the Boston Water Works 
 have informed me that they have seen like collections 
 of sponges in the sources of the Cochituate water. 
 From finding the spicules so abundant in the Croton, 
 I inferred that there is an abundance of the same 
 sponges in the sources of the Croton water supply. 
 
56 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 
 
 3. A portion of the Charles River sponge kept over 
 night in a tumbler, in my room at the Wellesley Ho- 
 tel, stank, in an exaggerated measure, to be sure, as 
 the filter stank after filtering the Croton water, winter 
 of 1880-81. 
 
 4. About January, 1881, Dr. Harriman, of Boston, 
 my associate, and myself found portions of dead and 
 decaying sponges in the Cochituate, they not having 
 been dissolved. Some of the spicules were actually 
 sticking out of the mass. The Cochituate had as bad 
 a taste, and worse, than the Croton at that time. 
 
 5. As said before, the great mass of the dead 
 sponges are soluble in water, and go through all filters. 
 
 It seems to me reasonable to partly attribute the 
 taste and smell to which allusion has been made, to the 
 presence of sponges. They die and dissolve in the 
 water, and were it not for the tremendous draft on 
 the supply, would, no doubt, be all disposed of by the 
 plants and scavengers living in the water. I am aware 
 there are some difficulties in the way of this explana- 
 tion, from the fact that we find sponge spicules at all 
 seasons of the year, and why, then, should not the 
 taste be bad all the time ? In reply to this, I refer to 
 the abundance of the spicules being greater at the 
 time of the worst taste. I would not be understood 
 as claiming that the dead sponges are the sole cause of 
 this taste, as there are a great many rhizopods (root- 
 footed animals) in the water that die also. They are 
 protoplasmic, like the sponges. They die, but leave 
 more solid remains than the sponges. Dr. Har- 
 riman and myself have noticed especially the pelo- 
 myxas (pelos, mud, and mukos, mucus) animals made 
 up of a jelly-like protoplasm, that are very greedy. 
 They are figured in Dr. Leidy's magnificent work on 
 the rhizopods, issued by the U. S. government. We 
 
HYDRANT AND POND WATERS. 57 
 
 have found them very abundant in the Cochituate and 
 the Croton when this bad taste was most palpable. 
 Now as to the question whether the drinking of water 
 impregnated with dead sponges is healthy. I am sure 
 no one would have wished to drink the water I had in 
 my room at Wellesley, fetid with dead sponge ; but as 
 to the Croton, the chemists decide, I understand, that 
 the drinking of dead sponges and pelomyxas is not 
 and cannot be a cause of disease. Now the dicta of 
 the chemist must he respected, as we have said, and 
 always shall say ; but when it comes to a question so 
 subtle as the causes of disease, as a physician I should 
 hesitate before I pronounced definitely on the question, 
 for the reason that there is such a great difference in 
 people as to food. Some people will eat food with 
 impunity that in other cases acts as a poison to others. 
 Again, the question of the causes of disease is by no 
 means settled, and it will be a long time before there 
 is an agreement. For example, take consumption. 
 I believe in the Salisbury plan, that it is a disease pri- 
 marily of the blood, caused by the vinegar yeast. 
 Though this view is supported by the synthesis of the 
 disease in hundreds of healthy animals killed by feed- 
 ing on yeast plants, and the disease verified by exami- 
 nations after death, by micro-photography of the 
 forms in the blood, and by the cure of a large number 
 of persons, still very few of the profession have re- 
 ceived this view, and have expressed no opinion about 
 it. So that supposing, for example, the question 
 should be raised, if the dead sponges in the Croton 
 water could cause consumption by introducing the 
 vegetations of decomposition into the human system, 
 I think a chemist would shrink back from it into his 
 laboratory, as it would be so difficult, in the present 
 
58 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 
 
 state of knowledge in the medical profession, to have 
 the expression of a decided opinion. 
 
 How does the chemist know that dead sponges 
 do not cause disease ? Diseases do exist, but their aetiol- 
 ogy is not found in the books of chemistry. 
 
 As a physician, I say that the question is still sub 
 judice. To solve it will require the combined action 
 of the zoologist, the botanist, the pathologist, and the 
 practical physician. "But," you say, "we cannot wait 
 for this ; what shall we do until .the question is de- 
 cided ?" If a reply is forced, I should say it would 
 be a very sensible precaution to filter and boil the 
 water when it tastes badly. The labors of Professor 
 Reinsch have proved that cotton is king as a filter. 
 This royal gift is common everywhere. 
 
 B. WATERS OF WELLS AND SPRINGS, UNCON- 
 NECTED WITH PONDS OR LAKES. 
 
 Spring IVater from the Farm of Mr. George 
 Plum, Mantua, Ohio. 
 
 Bacteria. 
 
 Diatoma vulgaris. 
 
 Epithelia from vegetables and animals. 
 Feather. 
 Linen fibre. 
 
 Mass of vegetable cells, probably of some 
 berry. 
 
 Protococcus. 
 Silica or sand. 
 Small masses of dirt. 
 
WATERS OF WELLS AND SPRINGS. 59* 
 
 Sphaerotheca, a fungus spore. 
 
 Starch. 
 
 Woody fibre. 
 
 Fitchbtirg Gas Company s JVater, Specimen 
 Ftirnished by Miss E. IV. Beane, Teacher, 
 July 16th, 1881. 
 
 Bacteria, few. 
 
 Cotton fibres. 
 
 Epithelial cells. 
 
 Leptothrix. 
 
 Linen fibres. 
 
 Mycelial filaments of a small water fungus. 
 
 Tabellaria. 
 
 This water has a high local reputation, and 
 if the present morphological examination is 
 verified by several more examinations, it must 
 sustain a very high, if not the highest, reputa- 
 tion as a drinking water for the public. Here 
 the work of filtering is done by the everlasting 
 hills. It is an instance where the nearest ap- 
 proach to perfection in filtering is seen, provided 
 the specimen sent is an average sample. 
 
 Water from Iron Tube Driven IVell, IVest 
 Falmouth, Mass. My own. 
 
 A few bacteria. 
 Oil globules. 
 Particles of dirt. 
 
60 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 
 
 Pavement epithelia from human skin, prob- 
 ably came from the contact of a sewer's fingers 
 who made the cotton filter. 
 
 Scales of oxide of iron. 
 
 Starch grains of wheat, that may have come 
 from the new cotton-cloth filter used. 
 
 Epithelia made up most of the organic 
 forms. The white cotton filter was stained red 
 with the iron. Depth of well, fourteen feet. 
 Soil, sandy. Location, within a hundred feet of 
 the shore of Buzzard's Bay. Water saltish, but 
 very cool and palatable. Supply, unfailing. 
 It looks well to the eye. 
 
 JV. A. How land 's Weh, same place, Tubular. 
 
 Epithelia. 
 
 Large vegetable cell, transparent and sur- 
 rounded by a flat ring. 
 
 Ditto, reminding of a cell of orange pulp. 
 
 Little dirt. 
 
 Mycelial filaments. 
 
 Oil globules. 
 
 Organic globule. 
 
 Starch. 
 
 This is nice water, and has agreeable effects 
 on all the senses. It is down in the cellar of 
 the house, and is about fourteen feet deep. 
 
WATERS OF WELLS AND SPRINGS. 6 1 
 
 IVater from Capt. Hoxie s JVell; Has a Dead 
 Animal Taste. 
 
 Bacteria, abundant. 
 
 Dirt, very abundant. 
 
 Epithelia in large collections. 
 
 Feathers. 
 
 Leather from new valve of pump. 
 
 Mass of decaying animal matter; dangerous 
 water. 
 
 Monad, alive. 
 
 Mycelial filaments of yeast. 
 
 Organic globule, unknown. 
 
 Oxalate of lime crystal. 
 
 Silica. 
 
 Starch. 
 
 This was a common well, quite deep, and 
 large enough for a man to get into. Comes 
 through a lead pipe. Family sick and feeble. 
 
 The most striking result is the comparatively 
 small presence in the springs and wells, namely, 
 of organic forms of life as compared with the 
 ordinary ditch, pool, or pond water. Still the 
 fungi found may be more deleterious to health 
 than all the forms in Croton, for example. 
 This is what we are searching for. A member 
 of the family using the well of Capt. Hoxie has 
 had the pretubercular stage of consumption, as 
 shown by physical micrographical explorations. 
 Also his sputa, urine, and feces have been 
 
62 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 
 
 obstinately loaded with vegetation till lately. 
 We are inclined to think this water has had 
 something to do with it, and it will be pro- 
 hibited. The sputa and kidney secretions kept 
 for a day would be disgustingly fetid, while 
 both would be loaded with vegetation, excretal. 
 I never had so obstinate a case before. Neither 
 diet, sulphur bathing, salicin, or quinine seemed 
 to affect the abundance of the vegetation until 
 after three months. Only after the inhalation of 
 liquid ozone, of Parke, Davis & Co., of Detroit, 
 did the vegetative solids disappear, but I have no 
 doubt they would reappear if the use of this water 
 is continued. I have never met with such an 
 obstinate case (epileptic, etc.) under the use of 
 hydrant drinking waters. Have had one case 
 where the urine was loaded with vegetation as 
 it left the body. This was a Croton-water 
 drinker, but diet alone speedily removed the 
 vegetation. 
 
 Water from the well of the late J, F. Davis, 
 W. Falmouth, Mass. 
 
 Bacteria. 
 
 Cotton and wool. 
 
 Dirt, abundant. 
 
 Epithelia, in abundance. 
 
 Fungus, spores, ditto, sprouting. 
 
 Leptothrix. 
 
ICE. 6 
 
 Mycelial filaments very abundant on cul- 
 ture twenty-four hours. 
 
 Woody fibres. 
 
 It was said that the chemist's examination 
 pronounced this well water perfectly pure. 
 We are not prepared to say that they, the 
 fungi, caused the sickness in question, but un- 
 hesitatingly advised the disusing of the water, 
 for, as Dr. Harriman, my associate, said, " this 
 abundant presence of fungi shows the presence 
 of animal matter. At the same time the result 
 shows the truth of the positions maintained 
 here, that chemical exploration alone is in- 
 sufficient for the examination of potable water." 
 
 c. ICE.* 
 
 MODES OF STUDY. 
 
 i. A clean bag, one inch by four inches, 
 made of cotton cloth, was tied to the escape 
 pipe of a refrigerator, zinc lined, shelf at top, 
 that had been washed and cleansed with fil- 
 tered water. The filtrate of from thirty to 
 forty pounds of ice was collected by inverting 
 the detached bag into a clean goblet, then sop- 
 ping the inverted bag in the filtrate, and wring- 
 ing the bag also. 
 
 2. A common silver ice pitcher, porcelain 
 lined, was cleaned with filtered Croton water and 
 
 * See Scientific American of July 29th, 1882. 
 
64 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 
 
 filled with broken ice, source unknown, clear,, 
 compact, solid, diaphanous, and pure looking. 
 This was allowed to melt, and one quart of 
 water resulted, and was filtered as before. 
 
 Power of microscope, one-fifth inch objec- 
 tive. Eye-piece, one inch and half-inch, 35a 
 diameters. 
 
 Many of the following list come from the 
 air ; perhaps half. Some of the specimens of 
 ice came from ice wagons ; one from a provi- 
 sion store. This is, of course, a partial list. 
 
 Acanthodinium, with clus- Closterium. 
 
 ters of twelve spiral 
 cells separated in all di- 
 rections. 
 
 Actinophrys sol. 
 
 Alcohol yeast. 
 
 Amoeba, alive. 
 
 Anuroea monostylus. 
 
 Ascus. 
 
 Astrionella formosa. 
 
 Bacillaria diatom. 
 
 Bacteria. 
 
 Bast fibres. 
 
 Botridium cells. 
 
 Broken down tegument 
 and substance of leaves. 
 
 Bryozoa, egg of. 
 
 Carbon. 
 
 Chitin. 
 
 Chlorococcus. 
 
 Claw of water spider. 
 
 Claws of insects. 
 
 Closterium lunare, dead. 
 
 Closterium, young. 
 
 Coal. 
 
 Coelastrum sphericum. 
 
 Collection of liber fibres. 
 
 Cotton fibre. 
 
 Corn starch. 
 
 Cryptomonas lenticularis. 
 
 Daphne claws. 
 
 Dark-red organic un- 
 known body. 
 
 Decaying leaves. 
 
 Desmid, penium. 
 
 Diatoma, not named. 
 
 Diatoma vulgaris. 
 
 Diatomaceae, other. 
 
 Diflflugia. 
 
 Diffiugia, dead, several 
 varieties. 
 
 Diffiugia globosa. 
 
 Diffiugia, unusual. 
 
ICE. 
 
 65 
 
 Dinobryina sertularia. 
 
 Dirt, debris, etc. 
 
 Dust and excrementitious 
 
 matters. 
 fcgg of the fresh water 
 polyzoa named below, 
 unhatched. 
 Eggs of entomostraca. 
 Epidermis of wheat. 
 Epilobium montanum 
 
 pollen. 
 Epithelia, animal and ve- 
 getable. 
 Epithelial scales, human. 
 Euglenia viridis. 
 Euglypha. 
 Euglypha cristata. 
 Exuvium. 
 Feather barb. 
 Fibre of wool colored 
 
 blue. 
 Fish scales. 
 
 Foot stalks of vorticelis, 
 twenty-five in number. 
 Fungi and spores. 
 Fungus filament. 
 Gemiasma verdans. 
 Gluten cells, wheat. 
 Gromia. 
 Hairs of plants. 
 Hairs of various animals. 
 Humus. 
 
 Large double body, prob- 
 ably eggs, but possibly 
 vegetable. 
 
 Large masses of decaying 
 
 vegetable substances. 
 Large paramecia. 
 Leaves of moss. 
 Leptothrix. 
 Liber fibres. 
 
 Linen fibre imbedded in a 
 mass of decaying vege- 
 table substance. 
 Linen fibres. 
 Lyngbya. 
 Mass of carbon. 
 Melosira. 
 Membrum disjectum of a 
 
 large entomostraca. 
 Monads. 
 
 Mycelial filaments, abun- 
 dant. 
 Mycelial filaments, collec- 
 tion of. 
 Mycelial filaments of red 
 
 water fungus. 
 Navicula. 
 Nebalia. 
 Nostoc. 
 One gonidia of coelastrum 
 
 sphericum. 
 Oscillatoria. 
 Parenchyma of leaf. 
 Parenchyma of wheat. 
 Pavement epithelia, five 
 
 specimens. 
 Pediastrum boryanum. 
 Pelomyxas, other, 
 Peridinium cinctum. 
 
66 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 
 
 Peridinium spiniferum. 
 Piece of a red cranberry 
 
 skin. 
 Pitted duct?. 
 Polyzoa. 
 
 Portion of a leaf with 
 chlorophyll attached, 
 color unchanged. 
 Portion of a red water 
 
 fungus. 
 Potato starch. 
 Protococcus. 
 Protococcus, probably ge- 
 
 miasma. 
 Rotifer. 
 
 Scenedesmus obliquus. 
 Scenedesmus quadricauda. 
 Shell of a Cyprus. 
 Silica. 
 Silk fibre. 
 Skeleton of leaves. 
 Sphaerotheca fungus. 
 Spiral tissues of leaf. 
 Starch of corn, wheat, and 
 potato. 
 
 Staurastrum. 
 
 Supposed egg of an ento- 
 
 mostraca. 
 Tabellaria. 
 Tetraspore. 
 Trachelomonas. 
 Transverse woody fibre. 
 Vegetable epithelial col- 
 lection. 
 Vegetable hair, long. 
 Vegetable hairs. 
 Vorticell, dead. 
 Vorticella, two joined to- 
 gether. 
 Wheat gluten cells. 
 Wheat starch. 
 Wood fibre of 
 
 kinds. 
 Wool. 
 Worm. 
 Yeast, alcohol, 
 
 and lactic acid. 
 Yeast, vegetating 
 ments. 
 
 various 
 
 vinegar, 
 
 fila- 
 
 Ice from Horn Pond, Woburn, Mass. This pre- 
 sented considerable lightish colored deposit, in which 
 a few animal and vegetable forms were found, but was 
 mainly made up of epithelia and amorphous dirt. 
 The result was unexpected, as unfiltered Horn Pond 
 water is rich in forms of life. 
 
ICE. 67 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 In this article of mine in the Scientific American, 
 as before noted, there were illustrations to the number 
 of eight. I give, as follows, some of the descriptive 
 text of those illustrations : 
 
 Yeast. — This is the alcohol yeast of the yeast pot, 
 torula cerevisise, the spores of which are everywhere 
 present, ready to germinate if they have the opportu- 
 nity. Its presence in ice is interesting. 
 
 Bacteria. — These are minute, self-moving protoplas- 
 mic bodies. Some regard them as ultimate forms of 
 life ; others that they are but the embryonal forms, 
 seeds, or babies (as it were) of a vegetation, yet capa- 
 ble of immense reproduction by division, arranging 
 themselves into masses, chains, etc., at will. In order 
 to know what plants they belong to, culture is neces- 
 sary. It is possible that those in the cut may be the 
 spores or seeds of the yeast plants, but it cannot be 
 said with certainty. 
 
 Pelomyxa. — This means " mud mucus." It is an 
 animal classed with the rhizopod or root-footed pro- 
 toplasmic animals. They are very greedy, and eat 
 much mud or dirt. The color in this case is dark am- 
 ber, and may be mistaken for decaying vegetable mat- 
 ter. The writer regards them with suspicion, as con- 
 tributing, when dead and decaying, to cause the 
 "cucumber" and fish-oil taste that sometimes occurs 
 in hydrant drinking waters, notably the Cochituate. 
 
 Portions of DifBugia. — These are like the pelomyxse, 
 only they have the property of building over them- 
 selves a covering made of particles of sand, glued to- 
 gether so as to protect their structural protoplasmic 
 
68 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 
 
 bodies. Lately, the writer saw a difflugia cratera r 
 whose shell had been broken on one side. The cilia 
 that were usually seen at the natural opening were 
 seen to be active at the artificial opening. The con- 
 tour of the hole changed under view from circular to 
 a narrower one, forming a segment of the first, show- 
 ing an action of repair ; suddenly there was a gush of 
 protoplasmic jelly, and the animal was dead, dying in 
 its efforts of reconstruction. 
 
 Mycelial filaments of a red fungus, found commonly 
 in Horn Pond, Woburn, Mass. Also at Cambridge. 
 Name not known to writer, nor Prof. Reinsch. 
 
 A curious dark-red tubular body, fragments of which 
 I have often seen in hydrant drinking waters. Its 
 fracture is glassy. It is an animal substance probably, 
 and this is the best specimen I have seen. 
 
 Trachelomonas. — These are by Ehrenberg claimed 
 as infusoria. They are very abundant in hydrant 
 waters at all seasons of* the year. The specimen here 
 is dead, but the .living individual moves its curious 
 long flagelliform filament, by means CFf which it 
 gracefully propels itself in any direction at will. 
 
 Astrionella Formosa. — A beautiful, very common 
 diatom, that arranges itself into forms like the spokes 
 of a wheel. Three spokes only are given here ; usu- 
 ally twelve. This power of self-symmetrical arrange- 
 ment is surprising and mysterious. 
 
 Bast or Linen Fibre. — This probably came from 
 some table cloth, towel, or clothing. 
 
 An ascus or theca of a fungus, which is a part of 
 a fructification of the fungus, and also found in 
 lichens. It is strikingly well-developed. 
 
 Epithelia, probably animal. — These are suspicious 
 organisms. See New York Medical Record, April 
 8th, 1882. 
 
ICE. 69 
 
 Egg of a bryozoa or polyzoa, found not unfre- 
 quently in the drinking waters of our cities and towns. 
 It corresponds to the " winter egg 1 ' of entomostraca. 
 It forms one of the four modes of reproduction, which 
 Smith distinguishes : First. Eggs from spermatozoa. 
 Second. From internal development (this very one). 
 Third. External buds. Fourth. Brown bodies in 
 empty eggs. This particular egg is seen to have an 
 oval opening, whence the contents have been hatched 
 or destroyed. It has been traced to a single polyp. 
 Usually the animals live in a colony, and are met with 
 in fresh water on stones, sticks, sides of flumes, and 
 free. I have seen colonies of these bryozoa in masses 
 as big as a bushel basket, hanging on and covering the 
 perpendicular boards of a flume. In the present case, 
 the egg is nearly as la^ge as the animal in a state of 
 rest. Its detection shows decidedly the presence of 
 animal life in ice. 
 
 Dirt is hard to picture, but should have a place in 
 this morphology, though it has been defined as "mat- 
 ter out of place." 
 
 Tabellaria. — Diatom found commonly in all sur- 
 face drinking waters. They have the power to arrange 
 in rows, and the specimen has fifteen individuals in 
 one aggregation, which is a small one. Diatoms are 
 regarded as plants by the majority of observers. A 
 good deal of difficulty arises from trying to measure 
 things with the lines and plummets of past times, 
 when the things in question were absolutely unknown, 
 and hence could not be properly named at the date 
 when the word " plant " was invented. As knowledge 
 increases, names must be changed. The diatoms are 
 generally regarded as innocent, though some observ- 
 ers take the opposite ground. 
 
 Epithelia. — These are probably human, washed into 
 
yO MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 
 
 the water, and frozen into the ice. They are con- 
 stantly thrown off in washing, sputa, and the excre- 
 tions of the body. They are also found on all other 
 vertebrate animals and on vegetables. 
 
 " Mycelial filaments of a vinegar yeast found in con- 
 nection with melting ice. At the bottom are the em- 
 bryonal spores of the yeast." — Scientific American, p. 
 73, col. 2. 
 
 This shows what happens when ice-water is allowed 
 to stand exposed to the action of the air. A long, 
 dirty, grayish, gelatinous ribbon, half an inch wide and 
 about one-eighth inch thick, appeared to be a mass of 
 what is called "the mother of vinegar." The cut gave 
 the appearances under the microscope. The signifi- 
 cance shows what is the full development of some of 
 the embryonal forms of life found in ice-water when 
 subjected to conditions that are present in refrigera- 
 tors. 
 
 It must be remembered that these are not the full 
 lists of what were examined. Some could not be 
 named. Neither can it be said here that it has been 
 settled that ice is injurious or not. But enough testi 
 mony is here given to indicate that ice should not be 
 used in water ; but if the water must be cooled, let it 
 be done by placing jars of water in ice. 
 
 D. AIR. 
 
 The idea that air is food is found in Hindu- 
 stanee language of three thousand years ago. 
 The word animal infers air to sustain life. If 
 any one doubts this position as to air being; 
 food, let him hold his breath for five minutes. 
 
AIR. 71 
 
 There are many ways to study this mor- 
 phology, among which are : 
 
 1. Moisten the cleaned tip of one's finger 
 with distilled or filtered water, or water whose 
 morphology is known, then touch it to the top 
 of some article of furniture. Instantly the tip 
 will be covered with dust or forms that have 
 mounted through the air to rest where found. 
 This dust can be transferred to a slide, covered, 
 and examined. I think this the quickest and 
 easiest mode. 
 
 2. Ice. Let a piece of ice melt in the air to 
 be examined. Instantly there is a current of 
 air towards it bearing the forms against the 
 moist surface of the ice ; they stick, and can be 
 removed on to a slide, covered, and examined 
 under the microscope. Or, the ice may be 
 allowed to melt in a vessel, and the resultant 
 water explored as in water examinations. 
 
 3. Exposure of slides moistened with glycerin 
 or not, with or without a cone attached to a 
 vane, so that the air impinges on the slide. 
 
 4. Air may be filtered through a cotton bag, 
 and then the bag reversed and washed in fil- 
 tered water. 
 
 5. A slide may be placed on a flat surface, or 
 on pins or legs, so as to catch the forms that 
 fall or that are forced from below, as in ague 
 districts. 
 
 6. Snow may be taken in a can or pail, or 
 any receptacle that has been cleaned with dis- 
 
J2 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 
 
 tilled or filtered water. The snow allowed to 
 melt, and the water filtered ; the filtrate will be 
 found to contain many forms. 
 
 It is astonishing how the air in motion will 
 carry solids. In San Francisco, I saw sand 
 from the Pacific Ocean dried and blown in such 
 quantities as to go over houses and bury street 
 lamps. I have read of moving mountains of 
 sand. Perhaps the writer may say that he 
 writes on the eighth floor of a large apartment 
 house, where he expected to be free from the 
 dust which annoyed him at a past residence on 
 the second floor, but the fact is, his microscope 
 glass table is covered in one day as much as 
 in three at the former residence. Such facts 
 deserve attention of those who study malaria, 
 and such must expect to find the morphology 
 of the air mixed with the other morphologies ; 
 still it will not do to attribute to the air things 
 that belong to other morphologies. The carry- 
 ing properties of air are underestimated by 
 people not housekeepers. 
 
 The morphological study of the air prepares 
 one to be careful in rejecting evidence which 
 shows the route of invasion of diseases by the 
 medium of the atmosphere through the air 
 passages. 
 
 Ague plants. 
 
 Algae. 
 
 All dusts from soils. 
 
 Anything that comes from the wear and tear 
 
air. 73 
 
 of the multitudinous operations of life every- 
 where, whether dried and blown by currents of 
 wind, or by heat, or diffusion of gases. 
 
 Asthmatos ciliaris. 
 
 Automobile spores. 
 
 Bi-acicular crystals, etc. 
 
 Coal. 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 Crystals of chloride of ammonium. 
 
 Diatoms. 
 
 Epithelia. 
 
 Fat globules. 
 
 Feathers of birds and insects. 
 
 Fungi spores and macrospores. 
 
 Hairs of animals and plants. 
 
 Insects and parts of insects. 
 
 Leather. 
 
 Linen fibre. 
 
 Palmellae. 
 
 Paper. 
 
 Pigment matters. 
 
 Pollens of plants. 
 
 Pus. 
 
 Silica. 
 
 Smoke products. 
 
 Sphaerotheca pyrus. 
 
 Spores and young plants of: 
 Protuberans gelatiformis. 
 Protuberans lamella. 
 
 Protuberans ovalis, with dried incrusta- 
 tions of the same. 
 
74 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 
 
 Spores of cryptogamic vegetations of the 
 sick carried by the sweat 
 
 Starches. 
 
 Vibriones. 
 
 Volcanic dust. 
 
 Winged seeds, etc. 
 
 Woody fibre. 
 
 Wool. 
 
 Yeast spores, alcoholic, lactic acid, butyric- 
 acid, etc. 
 
 Zoospores 
 
 E. MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS, ANIMAL AND 
 VEGETABLE. 
 
 The limits of this work having been ex- 
 ceeded, only a passing allusion can be made to 
 this large, fruitful and important field, which is 
 close at hand, easily manipulated and intensely 
 interesting and profitable. There are four 
 phases in which the morphology should be 
 studied. 
 
 i . Uncooked. 
 
 2. Cooked. 
 
 3. After migration throtigh the alimentary 
 canal. 
 
 4. Adulterations. 
 
 1. UNCOOKED. 
 
 For example, take the potato ; its skin, cortical 
 substance and parenchyma should be studied in 
 
ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE. 75 
 
 thin sections, and all the forms noted, whether 
 the names are known or not. Among these 
 are the epithelia, cork cells, connective fibrous 
 tissues, spiral tissue, pitted ducts, gubernacula 
 leading from the " eyes" to the centre of the 
 parenchyma, the reticulation of a cross section, 
 the starch grains filling such a section, as eggs 
 in a basket, the various sizes, shapes, concen- 
 tric markings of the starch grains, the action of 
 the polarized light on the starch and cellulose, 
 etc., etc. 
 
 2. COOKED. 
 
 By boiling, steaming, or action of hot fat. 
 See if the starch polarizes the light ; if so, the 
 potato is not fully cooked. See the sacs of the 
 potato substance embracing the starch grains, 
 which, if well cooked, should be converted into 
 a homogeneous mass all mixed up together, 
 with no sign of the uncooked egg-shaped 
 forms they had before cooking. 
 
 3. EXAMINED IN THE FECES 
 
 Of the eater ; if any of the sacs are found, 
 that have not been digested, the clinical exam- 
 iner must study to find out if the fault lies 
 with the alimentary canal, which has allowed the 
 potato sacs to traverse it undigested. If the 
 contents of the sacs are not broken up or homo- 
 geneous, and do not polarize light, the fault 
 
j6 MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 
 
 must lie with the digestive apparatus. Gener- 
 ally, when a food that is properly cooked, or 
 raw, runs through the alimentary canal 
 intact, it should be avoided. It is folly to give 
 the digestive system problems which it is un- 
 able to solve. Better change to something 
 else that will digest or administer such reme- 
 dies as will make them digest. Here is a 
 beautiful field of study ; I say beautiful, be- 
 cause its lessons are so clear and instructive, 
 and because some of the finest specimens of 
 polarized light are found in the feces. 
 
 As to beef-steak. 
 
 1. Uncooked, note its beauty under polarized 
 light, the trichinae (if present), the physical ap- 
 pearances of the fibrillar, the amount of fatty 
 infiltration, the amount of connective tissue, 
 etc., etc. 
 
 2. Cooked. — The shrinking in size, the ab- 
 sence of polarization, the darkened color ap- 
 proaching black. 
 
 3. In the feces, if not broken up into a fine 
 homogeneous mass, like a solid extract in which 
 no forms of muscular fibre can be detected, it 
 is not thoroughly digested. If the muscular 
 fibres are found undigested, they tell their own 
 story plainly. 
 
 It must be remembered that the connective, 
 areolar, and fibrous tissues from the vegetable 
 
ADULTERATION. 7 "J 
 
 kingdom are almost all insoluble in the juices 
 of the alimentary canal, and must be expected 
 to appear in the feces of healthy digestion. 
 
 The above list might be extended by includ- 
 ing celery, cranberries, grapes, peaches, wheat, 
 oats, barley, rye, melon, specially watermelons, 
 which show beautifully protoplasm in active 
 motion, tomatoes, corn, squash, sweet potatoes, 
 mustard, bread of all kinds, cake, crackers, 
 pilot bread, unleavened bread, wines, dough, 
 yeast from sour bread, etc., etc., etc. 
 
 The use of the polariscope is invaluable as a 
 test for cooking. The writer has used it for 
 many years, and was probably the first to call 
 attention to its great value as a test for 
 cooking. The morphology of foods throws 
 great light on the alcohol question. 
 
 4. ADULTERATION OF FOODS. 
 
 This department would fill a book, but atten- 
 tion can only be called to it here. So long as 
 money can be made by false dealings as to 
 foods, just so long is there need of protection 
 by a knowledge of the morphology of adultera- 
 tions of foods. 
 
 The statements of the interested parties 
 should be tested by the microscope. For ex- 
 ample, if an article claims to be pure coffee, it 
 should prove to be so under the microscope. 
 A study of a genuine grain of coffee will give 
 
yS MORPHOLOGY OF FOODS. 
 
 the clues, and a study of chicory will also be of 
 help, as it is generally used for adulteration of 
 coffee. Indeed, the adulterations of all spices, 
 black pepper, for example, with ground button- 
 wood bark, have been going on for years, and 
 will probably go on till this subject is properly 
 understood, and this will be when microscopes 
 are as common as pianos and organs. May 
 this time soon come ! 
 
 The morphology of food is easiest of all to 
 study, and no one should give decided opinions 
 before practical knowledge is acquired ; those 
 who have never had their attention called to 
 this subject, will find its investigation to be a 
 great revelation as to human nature. 
 
 Infants Foods. 
 
 The writer must content himself with refer- 
 ring to his monograph on this subject, which 
 will be furnished on application to him. It is 
 sufficient to say here that most of them fall 
 short of their claims, and should be given a 
 wide berth. Far better is it to feed during 
 motherhood so that there shall be an abun- 
 dance of healthy milk, to wit : two-thirds ani- 
 mal and one-third vegetable food (see "Food in 
 Motherhood," by author, about to appear), and 
 then there will be no need of artificial feeding 
 of infants. 
 
 Should this present work be encouraged by 
 
INFANTS FOODS. 79 
 
 the profession, the writer will give a fuller 
 treatment of the morphology of foods, which 
 will involve considerable expense of time, labor, 
 and money, and which, by good right, should 
 not be done by private enterprise, but under 
 governmental patronage, because it has the 
 most intimate relations to the welfare of its 
 most precious articles of value in the nation, to 
 wit : the human beings within its confines. 
 
VIII. 
 
 MORPHOLOGY OF CLOTHING. 
 
 This is a practical question, showing how to 
 have no cheats in clothing ; but it assumes a 
 more intense interest in its medico-legal rela- 
 tions, for example, the examination of blood 
 stains on coats, shirts, pockets, money bags, 
 greenbacks, etc., etc. 
 
 Everything found in the morphology of the 
 air and dirt must be expected here, added to 
 the morphology of dried blood. Careful men- 
 suration and inspection of the suspected blood 
 must be made amid the crowd of other objects, 
 such as silica, feathers, starch of all kinds, pollen 
 of many kinds, pigment matters, hairs of plants 
 and animals, fibres of textile fabrics, animal and 
 vegetable tissues, fungi and algae, and so forth. 
 
 Corpuscles of various shapes distorted in 
 drying or not may be found. Now and then, 
 perfect ones can be found alone, or buried 
 wholly or in part in the clot. 
 
 When the stains have been washed with 
 water to remove them, as water is the best 
 thing for this purpose, the morphology is still 
 
MORPHOLOGY OF CLOTHING. 8 1 
 
 more difficult. Yet making allowance for this 
 bleaching detergent process, much valuable 
 information can be had which, while it does not 
 positively convict or release, points the way out 
 to conviction or not, as the case may be, very 
 strongly in doubtful cases. In our present 
 state of knowledge, no one should be hung or 
 set free simply upon the blood evidence alone, 
 unless the claim is made that the blood stain is 
 one of the bird family, whose corpuscles are 
 oval and whose white corpuscles are smaller 
 than the red. The microscope should not be 
 made to prove more than belongs to its domain. 
 
 To examine water morphology/" filter through cot- 
 ton bag, about one and one-half by four inches, with 
 as gentle a pressure as possible. When the water 
 begins to bore through in jets, stop flow. Remove 
 bag, empty into a goblet, turn bag inside out and sop 
 in goblet a short time. Squeeze bag by twisting. 
 With a pipette remove specimens on to a slide and 
 cover, or, better, have a slide with an open cell, two 
 by two-thirds inch, one-eighth inch deep, and place 
 specimen on horizontal stage ; one inch, one-quarter 
 to one-tenth inch objectives. 
 
 *See pages 49 and 58. 
 

 
 
 
 
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