I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, i ' Shelt .^ ,, „ UNITED STATES OF AMEEIOA. Scott's Review History of the United States. SHORT OUTLINE HISTORY UNITED STATES, FOR COLLEGE AND FOR BEGINNERS IN THE STUDY. BY yr . DAVID B. SCOTT, Jr. II jyo..jJ:/^../c - '\Or, 1RTQ .^' -■ NEW YORK: COLLINS & BROTHER, 414 BROADWAY, 1879. 7r Copyright^ 1879, by Collins b' Brother. \ Smith & McDougal, Electroti'pers, 82 BeekmiiD St., N. Y. PREFACE npHIS book has been prepared with the intention of meeting a •^ want of First-Grade classes in the public schools of New York City. According to the Course of Study there adopted, that grade requires in most branches a general review of everything previously taught. In the matter of United States history, there- fore, it seemed desirable that there be some text-book which would enable the teacher of a First-Grade class to cover the ground required, within the period allotted to the work, with the least expenditure of time and labor possible. Particular attention is called to the following points : I. The General Outline, preceding the text, similar in general character to that recommended in the Teachers Manual. II. The system of cross-references, by sections, which serves to keep all the points bearing on a given topic continually before the mind of the pupil — especially if he be required to recite their substance as a regular part of his lesson. III. The chronological lists of events which head the topical divisions of the book, and which are intended for memoriter recitation. IV. The condensed accounts (Summaries), given after all the topical divisions, of the events narrated in the preceding text ; — also intended for memoriter recitation. IV PREFACE. V The questions on the text, after each division, which have been prepared with great care, and which present some peculiari- ties that will assist the teacher's work : as, for example, their division into groups, each of a size suitable for a lesson of moderate length ; occasional map-questions ; requirements in regard to table-making, etc. As far as possible, the idea of having each question answered by a particular sentence in the text, has been followed. VI. The Table of Presidents, at the close of the book, giving the chief events of each administration. VII. The method of division of the history of the country from 1789 to the present year, by which the administrations are grouped in fours ; — the author having found that the pupils can be more easily made to remember their order and the events in each by this plan than by any other which he has tried. VIII. The history of the Last Three Administrations, which has been made a little fuller than the rest of the history, at the suggestion of several teachers of first-grade classes. New York, April, 1879. GENERAL OUTLINE. 1. Pbevious to the year 1492, the continents of North and South America were unknown to Europeans. In that year Columbus made a voyage to the west which resulted in the first discovery. In North and South America, therefore, 20 civilized independent nations have grown up within 400 years, where none existed previously. 2. European nations promptly followed up this discovery, and expeditions were sent out by the French, English, Spanish, Dutch, and other governments. 3. Spain took the lead in these explorations and soon became possessed of the region around the Gulf of Mexico,— particularly the West Indies, from which she fitted out further expeditions. 4. The English soon gained possession of nearly all the coast from Florida north, and claimed all land to the west. 5. The French laid claim to the territory along the St. Lawrence and Missis- sippi Rivers and around the Great Lakes. 6. Other nations laid claim to various portions of the territory embraced by these claims, but by the year 1750, all had given up their rights to one or another of these three countries. 7. During the period between the discovery of Columbus to the year 1750 many settlements had sprung up ; those of the English, the most numerous, being east of the Alleghanies along the coast from Florida to New Hampshire ; those of the French, in Canada and the Mississippi Valley ; and a few Spanish ones in the extreme south. The first successful English settlement was made in 1607, about 115 years after Columbus's first voyage. 8. The native inhabitants of most of the districts taken possession of by Spain were reduced to slavery, and within a few years were nearly all exterminated by this means. 9. To supply their place the African slave-trade was commenced,— a system which later spread to the continent, and 300 years after was the main cause of a terrible civil war (1861-1865). 10. The present inhabitants of this country, therefore, are principally of three difi"erent races: 1st. The native population, or Indians ; 2d. Those descended from European stock ; 8d. The Negroes. To these may be added a small propor- tion of Chinese immigrants. 11. The English settlements increased the most rapidly in numbers and pop- ulation, and gradually swallowed up those of all other nations except Spain. The French possessions passed under English control in 1763, after a fierce colo- nial war of nine years' duration, vi GENERAL OUTLIIS'E. 12. The English colonies were settled largely by people who had fled from religious or political persecution at home. The spirit of the colonists was, therefore, from the first, one of more or less opposition to the English govern- ment. 13. Until about 100 years ago these colonies were under British dominion. 14. The French and Indian war left Great Britain with a heavy debt, to pay which a very burdensome system of taxation was imposed on the colonies. The government had also been very oppressive otherwise. As a result, the colonies revolted, declared themselves independent, and, afcer an eight years' war, suc- ceeded in compelling Great Britain to acknowledge their independence (1783). 15. Six years later (1789) the present Constitution was adopted, binding the states into a Union. 16. The original territory of the United States extended only to the Missis- sippi on the west, and from Canada on the north to Florida on the south. It did not include either Florida or the Gulf coast. The original number of states was thirteen. The population was then about 2,500,000. 17. Since then the national territory has been increased by purchase and annexation, until now it extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and includes Florida, Alaska, and a large portion of the Gulf coast. The number of states is at present thirty-eight. The population is about 40,000,000. 18. The United States have been involved in three wars since the establish- ment of the Constitution :— 1. A war with Great Britain arising from ill-treatment of U. S. citizens by that government ; 2. A war with Mexico growing out of the annexation of Texas ; and 3. A civil war between the Federal government and eleven southern states which had endeavored to secede from the Union. SHOKT OUTLINE-HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATE S DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION. 1. Previous to the year 1492 the portion of the earth known to Europeans comprised only Europe, a part of Asia, and that portion of Africa which lay north of the Desert of Sahara. 2. In that year Christopher Columbns, a Genoese, being assisted by King Ferdinand of Spain, sailed from the harbor of Palos, and, after a nine weeks' voyage, landed on an Island which he named San Salvador. 3. His idea in sailing was to find, if possible, a way by water to the East Indies. Such a route was much to be preferred to the long and costly overland journey which had previously been the only means by which the rare articles of eastern ti'ade had been brought into European markets. Thus the demands of commerce led to the discovery of America. 4. Columbus made three more voyages to the new land, but beyond its discovery did little to render it of value to Europe. In 1499 he touched the continent at the mouth of the Orinoco Kiver. 5. The discovery aroused great interest and gave rise at once to a number of similar expeditions. The first man 2 DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION. to reach the mainland was John Cabot, a Venetian, sailing under English colors, who in 1497 struck the coast of North America and explored it from what is now New England to Labrador. In 1498 Sebastian Cabot, his son, sailed along the coast from the St. Lawrence to Florida. 6. The explorations of the Cabots were of great impor- tance, as they were made the ground of the English claim to a large part of the continent in the controversy leading to the French and Lidian war, about 250 years later (§97). 7. The Greater Antilles were soon occupied by the Spaniards, who very quickly learned to make use of the natives as slaves, in agricultural pursuits and especially in the mines, by this means rapidly exterminating them. We should remember this, because it was the beginning and cause of slavery in this country. 8. These islands once settled, afiPorded very convenient headquarters for the fitting out of exploring expeditions. Accordingly we find that many Spanish Expeditions were sent from there to the mainland, the most important of which were the following : Ojetla, 1510, settled Darien ; from which place Balboa, 1513, started and discovered the Pacific. Ponce de Leoii^ 1512, discovered Florida. Cordova, 1517, discovered Yucatan. Grijalva, 1518, explored Mexico. Cortex, 1519-21, conquered Mexico. De Soto, Governor of Cuba, landed in Florida, and going north and west discovered the Mississippi, 1539. 3Ielendez attempted to settle Florida, where, 15G5, he founded St. Augus- tine, the oldest city in the U. S. 9. From this it will be seen that the Spanish explora- tions in North America were mostly in the region around the Gulf of Mexico. In South America this nation was very active, and before many years after Columbus's first voyage had taken possession of large tracts there. Peru was the most valuable of the South American possessions. DISCOVERT AKD EXPLORATIOlT. 3 immense stores of gold and silver being obtained by the conquest of that country. The Portuguese also explored and took possession of portions of the southern continent. It is owing to these endeavors that Portuguese is the lan- guage of Brazil, and Spanish of most of the remainder of South America, just as English energy made English the language of the United States. 10. In the meantime other nations were also engaged in exploring the new world, chief among which were the French and English. The most important French Exi)lorers were as follows : Vei-azani, 1524, sailed along the eastern coast from North Carolina to Newfoundland. This was made one of the grounds of the French claim during the French and Indian war. Cartier, 1534, sailed up the St. Lawrence, and tried to form a settlement on Orleans Island, but failed ; he tried it again in 1541, but again was unsuccessful. Riljaiit, 1562, tried to start a Huguenot colony at Port Royal (N. C), but failed. Two years later, Liaucloiiiiierre, 1564, came for the same purpose, but the settlers were attacked by the Spaniards and nearly all put to death. De Monts, 1603, obtained the grant of Acadia (see map) and settled it at Port Royal, 1605. Cliauiplaiii, 1608, founded Quebec and, 1609, discovered the lake called after him. 11. After the discovery and exploration by the Cabots there was nothing done by the English till Frobislier, 1576, In search of a northwesterly route to India, cruised around northern British America. Drake, 1579, while on a plundering expedition, entered San Francisco har- bor, and named the California coast New Albion. Gilbert, 1583, took possession of Newfoundland for England, but his ship was lost on the homeward voyage and all perished. Raleigli, 1584, received a grant of territory from Queen Elizabeth, and sent out an exploring expedition under Amidas and Barlow who named the tract they explored Virginia. Grosiiold, 1603, explored the Massachusetts coast and named Cape Cod. 12. In 1609 Henry Hudson, an Englishman in the Dutch service, also seekiug a western passage to India, sailed up the river named after him, thus laying the foundation of the Dutch claim. 4 DISCOVERY AND EXPLOEATIOIT. 13. Various names were given by different explorers to the regions described by them. The most noticeable are as follows: Acadia, which consisted of Cape Breton Is- land, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick ; Canada, which included the tract along the St. Lawrence and great lakes ; Virginia, the district from the St. Lawrence to Albemarle Sound; Neiv Spain, or Mexico and Central America ; New France, including Acadia, Canada, and much other territory, overlapping the English claims; New England, a name given later to the northern part of Virginia; and Neio Netherland, the name of the Dutch claim. 14. From these facts we find that the claims of the four strongest powers were : France :— Canada and Acadia and the district north of New Tork Bay, he- sides a portion in the south called Carolina. England ;— From Labrador to Florida, extending indefinitely westward. Spain :— The region bordering on the Gulf of Mexico including Florida. Holland :— Between the mouth of Delaware Bay and Acadia, 15. This confusion regarding boundaries could not fail to lead to trouble, and as settlements increased it brought on increasing difficulties, resulting first in the Dutch losing their possessions (§ 34) ; next, in trouble with Spain in the south (§ 79) ; and finally, in the total loss by the French of all territory east of the Mississippi (§110). A careful study of the map upon the opposite page will be of far more value in fixing the relations of these claims to one another than much explanation in the text. COLONIZATION. COLONIZATION. Raleigh attempts to settle Roanoke' Island, 1585-7; Jamestown settled {Va.), 1607 ; Hudson sails up the North River, 1609 ; Albany founded, 1614 ; Cultiva- tion of tobacco begun ( Fa.), 1615 ; Plynaouth settled (Mass.), 1620 ; Slavery intro- duced (Va.), 1620; Cotton first cultivated (Fa.), 1621; JVew Hampshire settled, 1623: Boston settled, W30 ; St. Mary's founded (Md.), 1^34; Connecticut settled, 1635; Providence settlement {R. /.), 1636; Pequod War {Conn.), 1637; New Eng- land Union, 1643; Navigation Act, 1660; New Jersey settled, 1664; New Nether- lands seized by the English, 1664 ; North Caiolina settled, 16G4; First South Caro- lijia settlement, 1670 ; Charleston settled (S. C), 1680 ; Pennsylvania settled, 1682 ; King William's War, 1689 ; Treaty of Ryswick, 1697 ; Queen Anne's War, 1702 ; Treaty of Utrecht, 1713 ; Delaware a separate colony, 1703 ; Georgia settled, 1733 ; King George's War, 1744; Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748. 16. In 1585, after sending out Amidas and Barlow (§ 11), Ealeigh endeavored to start a colony on Eoanoke Island under Lane, but failed. Later, in 1587, he tried it again under White, but during the absence of White the colony utterly disappeared. 17. Ealeigli, disgusted, gave up his patent to a body of Londoners who made no further attempts to settle the grant. King James I., being dissatisfied, ignored this company's claims, and dividing Virginia * into two por- tions, gave to a body called the London Company from the 34th to the 38th degree. N. Lat., and to another cor- poration called the Plymouth Company, from the 41st to the 45th degree. 18. These grants extended to the west without limit, and as soon as we find settlements being made in Western Virginia we also find immediate trouble and war with the French (§ 95). * This " Virginia " must not be confounded with the present state of that name. {See § 11). COLOl^IZATIOK. ViEGINIA. 19. The first organized attempt, which was followed up systematically, to settle the new world was that of the London Company. This corporation sent out a colony to settle on the ill -fated Roanoke Island ; but the colonists, being driven out of their course by a storm, sailed up the James River and settled at a place which they named Jamestown, May 1607, the year before Chami^lain founded Quebec (§10). 20. The colony languished for a year, and was only saved from utter ruin by Captain John Smith, who paci- fied the Indians and subdued more or less mutiny among the settlers. The following year, 1608, more settlers were sent, but being like the first, lazy and unused to work, their arrival did not mend matters ; and as the whole ob- ject of the Company had been to make money, the colony was looked on in the light of a failure, thus far. 21. To remedy matters the Company obtained (in 1609) a second charter which enabled them to act more ener- getically. Lord Delaware was appointed governor, and 500 colonists were sent out. The new-comers at first refused to acknowledge Smith's authority, but he succeeded in finally bringing them under his control, and affairs began to improve. 22. Unfortunately, however, Smith was injured by an explosion of powder, and forced to go to England for treatment. Immediate disaster overtook the colony; their stores were wasted, and want, disease, and bad man- agement reduced their numbers in the succeeding winter to hardly more than a teuth. Those that remained had made up their minds to sail for Halifax, when Lord Dela- ware's fleet arrived, and a new attempt was begnn. 23. In 1612 the Company applied for new privileges. 8 COLONIZATIOiq-. and succeeded in obtaining their third charter, which gave them much more control over the settlements. 24. After all, however, the success of the colony de- pended on the labors of the colonists themselves, and it was not until 1615 that the attempts of the Company began to yield any fair returns. In that year the settlers commenced the cultivation of tobacco. This found a ready market in Europe, and through its means the colony at once began to prosper. 25. In 1619 a body of men elected by the various " boroughs " of the colony met at Jamestown under the name of '^ burgesses." This was the first body of the sort in America, and two years afterwards the colony had tliis right secured to it by the first Constitution granted in America. 26. In 1620 Negro slavery was introduced, by the pur- chase of twenty negroes from a Dutch captain. This was the beginning of a system which caused trouble from almost the first of the Federal history, and eventually led to the War of the Rebellion in 1861. The cultivation of cotton was attempted about this time, and it is well to remember that the growth of the cotton trade and that of slavery kept pace through many years. 27. In 1622 the colony was nearly destroyed by an In- dian war. The Company, being highly displeased with its want of success, began to quarrel. Tlie king there- upon assumed the government, and Virginia became a Royal Province (§ 86). In 1644 the Indians again gave trouble, but were completely subdued. 28. King James I. died, and his son Charles I. suc- ceeded to the throne. A long series of difficulties be- tween him and his parliament ensued, resulting in his being beheaded, and in Oliver Cromwell, a parliamentary partisan, taking the government under the title of Pro- tector. Virginia refused to admit his authority, but COLONIZATION". 9 Cromwell, deeming this a matter of small importance, paid but little attention to the colony. In 1658 Cromwell died, and two years after, Charles II., son of Charles I., succeeded to the throne. 29. x\lmost immediately the new government passed a law called the Navigation Act, and began a very oppres- sive system of rule in the colonies, particularly Virginia. The main points of the Act were: 1st. That the American colonists must ship their goods to England alone; 2d. That they there must obtain all the foreign goods needed by them; and 3d. That they must not import or ex- port anything except in British vessels. This interfered seriously with the trade of all the colonies, but most of all with that of Virginia. It continued in force for more than a century and was one of the causes of the revolu- tion. 30. In 1676, owing to the tyranny of the colonial gov- ernment, the people rose in rebellion against Berkeley their governor, under a leader named Bacon. Jamestown was burned, and just when the rebels seemed to have everything in their hands, Bacon died. Berkeley at once put down the rebellion and hung a number of the ring- leaders. 31. In 1673 Virginia passed again under proprietary government (§ 85), the proprietors, or owners, being Arling- ton and Culpepper. The latter obtained full control in 1677; bnt in 1684 the crown once more took charge of the colony, and the government remained royal till 1776. New York. 32. The Dutch claim to territory consisted of the tract between the 40th and 45th parallels of N. latitude — that is, from Philadelphia north to the northern boundary of Vermont and Passamaquoddy Bay — and was based on 10 COLONIZATION". Henry Hudson's voyage in 1609 (§12). The name New ISTetherlands was given to this district, but later comprised only the territory between Massachusetts Bay and south- ern Delaware. 33. To protect their claim Fort Orange (now Albany) was built in 1615; Fort Nassau, near Camden, in 1623 ; and Fort Amsterdam, on Manhattan Island, in 1626. A considerable town called New Amsterdam soon sprung up at the last mentioned place. There was much trouble with their neighbors, the English in Connecticut and the Swedes on the Delaware ; but Stuyvesant, the fourtli gov- ernor, arranged the eastern boundary, and took possession of the Swedish settlements (§ 63). 34. The Duke of York, brother of Charles II. of Eng- land, received a grant of the whole tract from the Dela- ware to the Connecticut Eiver, and a fleet under Commo- dore Nichols was sent to take possession of the country, in 1664. Bat little opposition was met with, and New Amsterdam fell into the hands of the English. The name of the town, and the whole region, was changed to New York. In 1673 the colony again fell into the hands of the Dutch, but was restored to the English in 1674. 35. Under the English rule New York grew rapidly, and its history was not very eventful. In 1690, during King WilHam's War (§ 91), Schenectady was burned; and in 1741 a disturbance occurred in New York City arising from a rumor that the negroes had plotted to burn the city. 36. Upon the death of Charles 11. (§28) the Duke of York became king (James II.) and the government of course became royal. Tlie royal governors were very op- pressive, and their tyranny led to much discontent. One of the most tyrannical of them was Governor Andros, whom we shall meet with in the history of New England (§§43,51,55). COLOiq^IZATIOl!?". 11 Massachusetts. The Plymouth Colony. 37. The original charter of the Plymouth Company embraced the country between the -ilst and 45th degrees N. latitude, but in 1G20 the Company obtained a new one granting them the district betw^een 41° and 48° and of unlimited extent westward. This was done at the sugges- tion of John Smith, who had explored the coast from Maine to Cape Cod and had named the country New England. 38. The first attempt at settlement in this region had been made in 1607 by some colonists who endeavored to settle in Maine, but it proved a failure. 39. The first successful settlement was made in 1620 by a body of Puritans who had intended to settle in the ter- ritory of the London Company (Virginia). Their voyage, however, was very long, and stormy weather had taken them north far out of their course ; and they were glad to settle on Cape Cod Bay. They called their settlement Plymouth. Their snfierings during the first year w^re terrible ; nearly half of their people died, and but for the friendly aid of the Indians the colony would have proved a failure. 40. At first the Plymouth colony had no charter. They had legally no right to the tract they had settled upon ; but in 1630 they obtained from the Plymouth Company (or, as it w^as now called, the " Council for New England") a grant of the land which they had taken possession of. The Massachusetts Bay Colony. 41. About eight years after the settlement of Plymouth «=— that is, in 1628 — several persons obtained a grant 12 COLONIZATION". ("Endicott's Grant;" see map, p. 21) from the Council for New England stretching from Boston Harbor to the Mer- rimack, in which a settlement was at once made called Salem. The next year, 1629, Charlestown was founded, and in 1G30 a large number of colonists settled at Boston. These and other settlements in the same grant received the name Massaciiusetts Bay Colony. 42. The Puritans had come to this country to avoid religious persecution at home ; hut they were so fearful lest they should he interfered with in their beliefs, that they showed an almost equally intolerant spirit toward others. In 1635 Roger Williams (§ 53) was banished — on account of the religious views he held, differing from those of the others ; in 1637 a Mrs. Hutchinson w^as also ordered to leave the colony for similar reasons. But the Quakers met the severest treatment, for in 1656 when a number of these people came, they were imprisoned, driven out into the wilderness, and four WTre even hung. In course of time, however, this feeling toward other sects greatly altered. 43. The Navigation Act (§ 29) greatly interfered with the commerce of the New England colonies, and in' 1686 it was seriously resisted in Boston. To punish the people for this, the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was taken away and Sir Edward Andros sent over as Royal Governor, not only of that colony, but of all New England and New York. Three years after, wiien the Second Revolution (§ 91) in England took place, Andros was arrested and sent back to the mother country. 44. The Massachusetts colonists were not without their Indian troubles. In 1675 King Philip, an Indian chief, led his tribe in a war against the whites, assisted by the Narragansetts, a Rhode Island tribe. They were badly defeated, but continued to resist until 1676, when Philip's death ended hostilities. colon^izatio:n". 13 New Hampshire. 45. In 1622 Gorges and Mason received a grant of land from tlie Council for New England north of that given to the Pilgrims (g 40), lying between the Merrimack and Kenuebec Rivers. The first settlements were made near Portsmouth in 1623 by fishermen, and shortly after, in the same year, at Dover. 46. Mason obtained full control over the region in 1629, but he having disposed of considerable of this to other persons, there arose many lawsuits, and much annoyance to the settlers. The people finally, in 1641, united with Massachusetts, but Mason's heirs persuaded the king to take the government into his own hands, and New Hamp- shire became a royal province. Three times the colony joined Massachusetts and as many times w^as separated. At last, in 1741, it became independent and remained so until 1776. 47. Being directly on the Indian frontier the settlers were forced to endure many sufferings during the Indian and other wars ; but in spite of all its troubles the colony steadily improved. COi^KECTICUT. 48. The Earl of Warwick obtained from the Council for New England, in 1630, a grant of land bounded on the east by the Narragansett River and reaching indefi- nitely westward. This he sold to Lords Say-and-Seal and Brooke the year after. The present state of Connec- ticut is entirely within the limits of this territory, which was itself within the claim of the Dutch (§ 32), to protect which the Dutch built a fort on the Connecticut River in 1633. Shortly after an English trading-post was founded further up the river, and called Windsor (1633). 14 COLONIZATION. 49. In 1635 some settlers from Boston settled at this place ; and the same year a settlement was made at Say brook at the mouth of the river. In 1636 more emigrants from the Massachusetts Bay Colony settled at Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield ; these called themselves the Connecticut Colony, and in 1644 this was increased by the addition of the Say brook Colony which was sold to them that year. The government of the Connecticut Colony was thoroughly democratic, all the governing officers being chosen by the people. 50. In 1638 the colony of New Haven was founded by a number of settlers who came from England for the pur- pose. The government was democratic, but only church- members could vote or hold office. 51. These two colonies continued separate until 1662, when a charter was granted to the Connecticut Colony making New Haven a part of it. This brought the entire region under one government. In 1687 Governor Andros (§36) attempted to get possession of the Con- necticut charter, but it was carried off and hidden until after his rule was over. 52. There was but one Indian war of any importance in the history of Connecticut. In 1636 the Pequods, beginning to be troublesome, killed several people and attacked the settlements. A war resulted in which the Pequods, numbering nearly a thousand, were almost aU killed or made slaves. Ehode Island. 53. It will be remembered that in the history of Mas- sachusetts (§ 42) Koger Williams was one of the people persecuted on account of not holding the same views as those around him in religious matters. In 1535 he was driven from the colony of Massachusetts Bay and^ after COLONIZATION. 15 taking shelter with friendly Indians, he finally settled on the Paw tucket River in 1636, with a few comrades. The settlement he named Providence. 54. Others who had also suffered for their beliefs soon after joined him, and presently Newport was settled (1639), on Rhode Island. 55. Within a few years difficulties arose as to the pro- prietorsliip of this district; the Massachusetts Colony laying claim to it. Finally, in 1644, Roger Williams succeeded in obtaining a charter. Three years after a constitution was drawn up and a governor elected (1647). Fifteen years after this (1663) the king, Charles II., granted a new charter which was almost the same as the original one, and which for nearly 200 years continued to be the constitution of Rhode Island, though curiously enough, leading then to serious trouble (§ 249). Of course it must be remembered that this colony, like all the others in New England, was under the rule of Andros, while that tyrannical governor was in power. Maryland. 56. In 1632 Lord Baltimore obtained a tract lying north of the Potomac River for the purpose of affording a refuge for Catholics, a sect which had suffered much from persecution in England. The charter gave the people the right to choose their own form of government and to make their own laws ; it was the first charter to allow that right, being a few years ahead, in time, of that granted to Rhode Island. St. Mary's was the first settle- ment (1634). Baltimore was not founded till 1730. 57. In 1634 a body of settlers came out under their governor, Leonard Calvert, Lord Baltimore's younger brother, but they met with difficulties almost immediately. A person named Clayborne had obtained previously the 16 COLONIZATION-. right to trade in this region, and at once began to make trouble. He was forced to go to Virginia. In 1644 he returned with assistance and compelled the governor to leave, but two years later was himself forced to withdraw. In 1652 he returned a'^.d compelled the then governor. Stone, to give up his position. 58. In 1649 a law called the Toleration Act was passed by the colonial legislature. This provided that all who came to the colony should be permitted to enjoy their religious opinions unmolested; and great numbers of settlers immediately poured in from Virginia and Eng- land. Speedily difficulties began to arise between the different sects, and when Clayborne arrived he found a party only too ready to side with him. This disturbed condition of things lasted until 1660, when Lord Balti- more, with the king's consent, took the whole care of the colony into his own hands. 59. The government remained in the family of Lord Baltimore till 1691, when a royal governor was appointed ; but in 1715 the grant was given to the fourth Lord Balti- more, and it continued under rule of the family until 1776. Pennsylvania. 60. The Quakers in England had, in common with all other sects not agreeing with the Church of England in belief, suffered much persecution. In 1681 William Penn, one of these, received from the king, Charles II., a grant of territory reaching without limit from the Delaware River westward, and in the following year obtained from the Duke of York that part of the duke's grant which forms the present State of Delaware. Penn's idea was to form a colony for the Quakers similar to that of Lord Baltimore for the Catholics. C0LONIZATI02S". 17 61. He immediately sent out a body of emigrants (1681), who settled in Delaware (§64), and next year arrived himself, with others. In 1683 Philadelphia was founded. Settlements gradually increased; and all trouble with the Indians was averted by the purchase of the territory from them. 62. In 1703 the Delaware counties separated from the others, though remaining under one governor, and became the colony of Delaware (see below). Delaware. 63. About the year 1638 a settlement was made by the Swedes at Wilmington, which was followed up by the set- tlement of one or two more small posts in the same region. As this was in the territory claimed by the Dutch, Stuyvesant, governor of New Netherlands, proceeded against them in 1655 and took complete possession (§ 33). 64. In 1664 all the Dutch territory fell into the hands of the English and was given to the Duke of York ; and of course this region being a portion of it also came under his control. In 1682 the Duke gave what is now Delaware to William Penn. In 1681 some of Penn's colo- nists had settled at New Castle near Wilmington (§ 61), and other settlements were made shortly after. 65. These settlers, however, were not satisfied with the general government. They were not in sympathy with the Pennsylvania colonists, and wished to govern them- selves. So troublesome did they become that in 1703 Penn allowed them to form a separate government ; but they continued to remain under Penn's governorship, and that of his heirs after his death. 66. Pennsylvania and Delaware were the only two colo- nies which did not become royal provinces at some time. They remained under the control of the Penn family till the revolution. 18 COLONIZATIOl^. New Jersey. 67. In 1664 (§ 34) what is now New Jersey passed, with the rest of New Netherlands, into the hands of the Duke of York, and in the same year Elizabethtown was founded by the EngKsh. The Duke sold the tract to Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley, and the name New Jersey was given to it. 68. The settlers were charged no rent for five years, and a rapid increase of settlements resulted. But when at the end of that time an endeavor was made to collect the rental then due, the colonists refused to pay it, and the governor, Philip Carteret, was driven from the colony, 1670. Five years later, 1675, he again obtained control. 69. In 1674 Lord Berkeley sold his right to two Quakers, and New Jersey was divided into East and West Jersey — Carteret retaining the eastern part, the Quakers holding the western. A straight line drawn through the northwestern corner of New Jersey in a southerly direc- tion and passing a little to the west of New Brunswick will give nearly the division line. 70. Andros claimed to be governor of New Jersey, as well as of New York and New England, and took control of the colonies, throwing Governor Carteret into prison. But the Duke of York, in whose name Andros acted, settled the matter by resigning all claim to New Jersey, and the government went on as usual. 71. Wilham Penn and others bought out Carteret's right in 1682, but did not succeed well in governing the settlers. As a result New Jersey passed under royal gov- ernment in 1702, being under the same rule as New York. In 1739 it again became separate, though under a royal governor, and continued so until 1776. COLONIZATION. 19 IfoKTH AND South Oakolina. 72. A large tract of land lying south of the London Company's grant was given to Lord Clarendon and others in 1663. They named it Carolina after the king.* Pre- viously several feeble attempts had been made to settle the region, but they proved failures. 73. In 1664, a settlement having been made at the Chowan Eiver, the limits of the grant were extended north to the Virginia boundary, and the settlement was called the Albemarle Colony. 'Next year Wilmington was founded and took the name of Clarendon Colony. 74. The Albemarle Colony was by far the most success- ful, but both were constantly in difficulty owing to bad rule. John Locke, an English philosopher, had proposed a system of government by which a few privileged per- sons were to govern the many. This did not work very well, and gave rise to much discontent. 75. In 1670 a settlement was made on the Ashley Eiver, which ten years after moved down to the junction of that stream with the Cooper Eiver, where Charleston was founded, 1680. Many Huguenots arrived from France and settled near Charleston. Numbers of emigrants came also from Virginia and England. In 1706, during Queen Anne's war (§ 92), a French and Spanish fleet at- tempted to get possession of Charleston, but was driven off. 76. Carolina had a hard struggle for existence. In addition to frequent troubles with the Spaniards of Florida, and quarrels of the landholders, the colonists were continually at war with the Indians. This furnished a convenient pretext to King George 11. to assume the * Carolus is the Latin for Charles, 20 COLONIZATIOlf. government in 1729. Carolina, under royal government, was divided into two colonies. North and South Carolina, each under its own governor, and so remained until the Eevolution. Geokgia. 77. King George IL, shortly after taking charge of the Carolinas, gave a large portion of South Carolina to one James Oglethorpe, 1732. This lay between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers, and was called Georgia, after the king. Oglethorpe's idea was to afford a home for poor people. 78. In 1733 he brought over a number of such persons and founded Savannah, which rapidly increased in size. It was not, however, a great success. 79. In 1742 the Spaniards, who claimed Georgia as a part of Florida, made an attack on the colony; but the colonists, under Oglethorpe's leadership, were so active that the invaders were compelled to give up the attempt. 80. The colonists had a hard life and became very much dissatisfied, claiming that they had been misled. So strong did the feeling become that the colony was made a royal province in 1752; the king making their dissensions and complaints the excuse for doing this. 81. The story of the settlement of Georgia concludes the history of the colonization of the original thirteen English colonies which united against the mother country in 1776. The names of these colonies can readily be recollected by the fact that they included all the present states bordering on the Atlantic from New Hampshire to Georgia, inclusive, with Pennsylvania added. The first colony was founded in 1607, the last in 1733. 82. Nearly every one of these colonies had been settled 22 coLOiq^izATioiT. by people who were endeavoring to escape persecution of some sort. This is particularly noticeable in the history of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Maryland, the Carolinas and Georgia. Naturally the people looked with distrust on the home government, and the state of feeling among them from almost the first had been one of growing hostility to the mother country. This was greatly heightened by oppressive acts of Parliament — notably the Navigation Act (§ 29), and laws prohibiting various manufactures — and by the tyrannical conduct of many of the royal governors. 83. The colonists were left almost to themselves in repelling Indian attacks and carrying on the inter-colonial wars (§ 90). In addition they were severely taxed to support the latter. They were fast losing all love and respect for the British government, and it is not strange that after the French and Indian war had shown them their own strength, they should have successfully united in a rebellion against the English government. 84. The first step toward union was made in 1643. In that year all the New England colonies except Ehode Island united in a league for the purpose of defense against the Indians in their midst, the French on the north, and the Dutch on the southwest. No further effort of importance in this direction was taken until the second year of the French and Indian war (§98). 85. Nearly every colony had been settled by emigrants sent out by the owners (proprietors) of the territory ; so long, therefore, as the proprietors continued to govern them they are said to have been uw&qv proprietary govern- ment. Occasionally we find that the people obtained rights to themselves from the king, allowing them to choose their own governing officers and sometimes to even make their own laws. The document granting such rights was called a Charter. In the case of Rhode Island COLOKIZATIOK. 23 and Connecticut these charters were so liberal as to con- tinue to be the Constitutions of those states long after the Kevolution. 86. We notice, however, that all the colonies except Pennsylvania and Ehode Island finally came under tlie direct control of the king {royal govern7nent). That is, all proprietary rights and charters were set aside, and a governor appointed by the king came out to rule the people. These royal governors were generally very dis- tasteful to the people, and did much to bring on trouble. Feei^ch Explokatioks. 87. But while the English were busy taking possession of the land east of the Alleghanies and along the coast, the French had been very active elsewhere. The French settlements had been made mainly by missionaries — Catholic priests, who were endeavoring to Christianize the Indians. 88. Their operations spread gradually southwest from Canada along the great lakes, until 1673, wiien Father Marquette and a companion named Joliet struck the upper Mississippi Eiver. This discovery was followed up by an explorer named La Salle, who sailed down the Mississippi, named the country near the lower end Louis- iana after Louis XIV., King of France (1682), and then returned to his native country. In 1686 he endeavored to found a colony in this region, but failed to reach the district, and was finally murdered by one of his men. 89. The mission-stations increased greatly in numbers but did not grow very rapidly themselves, and the govern- ment followed up the work of the clergy by building many small forts from the St. Lawrence down to the mouth of the Mississippi. It was some of these which brought on the French and Indian War (§ 96). 24 colonization". Intercolokial Wars. 90. There had been three conflicts, however, previous to this war between the French and English colonies, which had all grown out of European wars ; war between the mother countries of course involving war between the colonies. These were, respectively : King William's War, Queen Anne's War, and King George's War. 91. King William's War. — The reign of James II., who succeeded Charles II. (§ 36), was very unpopular, resulting finally in his being driven from the throne. He fled to France, and the French government taking up his cause, decL.red war against England, 1689. War between the French and English at once followed. It was fought chiefly in New York, New Hampshire, and Acadia. The French, aided by the Indians, burned Schenectady, N. Y., and destroyed many small settlements. The English captured Port Royal, Acadia, which was given back by the Treaty of Ryswick, which closed the war, in 1697. 92. Queeji Amie's War. — Peace lasted but five years. In 1701 a war regarding the Spanish succession broke out in Europe, and, as one result, Queen Anne declared war against France in 1702. The war lasted eleven years. Again New Hampshire and Massachusetts sufiered, and again Port Royal was captured. The Treaty of Utrecht ended the war in 1713, this time giving Acadia to Great Britain. 93. Xing George's War. — This was called in Europe the War of the Austrian Succession, because it arose out of a dispute as to who should ascend the Austrian throne, in 1744. Great Britain took one side and France became an ally of the other. Louisburg, on Cape Breton Island, was captured by the English in 1745, but was restored to France by the Treaty of A ix-la-CIiapelle, which ended the war in 1748. Louisburg became a very important point of attack in the French and Indicin War (§§ 105, 106). C0L0KIZATI02^. 25 94. The result of these wars was to create intense hatred between the English and the French in America, and it needed but a little to bring on another war. All three were caused by wars in Europe, and the colonies were only drawn into them; but precisely the reverse was the case with the French and Indian war. It grew out of a question of ownersliip of territory, resulting from the conflict of claims previously mentioned (§ 15), and ended in the French losing everything; while the British ob- tained complete control of all east of the Mississippi, even Florida (see § 197 about Louisiana). 95. The English settlements spread westward ; and presently, 1750, we find a body of traders in western • Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio. These were greatly interfered with by the French, who, following their usual system of defense (§ 89), built three forts in the region : Fort Presque Isle (now Erie) ; Fort Le Boeuf, south of Presque Isle ; and Fort Venango, still farther south. 96. Now all three of these forts were in the territory, under the rule of the Virginia governor, who at once determined that something must be done to jirevent further advances. To that end he sent George Wash- ington, then twenty-one years old, to demand their surrender or their abandonment. This, St. Pierre, the commandant, very naturally refused. Then followed The Fkekch and In^dian War. Fort Dii Quesne built, March, 1754 ; BraddocK's defeat, 1735 ; MoncTcton's Aca- dian expedition, 1755 ; Osivego captured by the French., 1756 ; French destroy Fort William Henry, 1757 ; Fort Frontenac, Louishurg, and Fort Du Quesne captured by the English, 1758; Niagara, Crown Point, and Ticonderoga captured by the Ft) glish, 1153; Battle of Quebec, September IZ, 1'759 ; Montreal surrenders, 1760; Treaty of Paris, 1763. 1754. — 97. The English company (called the Ohio Com- pany) which owned the tract were determined to keep pos- session of it. Accordingly men were sent to build a fort 2 26 COLOiq^IZATIOK. where Pittsburgh now stands. The French, however, interfered, built the fort themselves and called it Fort Du Quesne. Not knowing this, the Virginia government fitted out a regiment to occupy it. The commander of this having died, Washington was left in charge. On finding out what had happened he built a fortified camp which he called Fort Necessity about two days' journey south of Fort Du Quesne. The French and Indians attacked him here in such numbers that he was compelled to evacuate the fort. 98. It was plain that a long war was at hand, and in the summer of this year (1754) a convention of delegates from seven colonies met at Albany. They discussed their resources, and adopted a plan of union, but it was not received with favor by the colonies. 1755. — 99. The next year, 1755, the English govern- ment sent assistance to the colonies. General Braddock came out to take command. Three expeditions were planned; one against Fort Du Quesne, one against Fort Niagara, and the other against Crown Point. 100. Braddock led the first, but was surprised and killed while near Fort Du Quesne, with many of his men. Washington led back the remnant of his force. 101. The Niagara expedition was abandoned on the arrival of the news of Braddock's defeat. General John- ston, who commanded the Crown Point expedition, defeated the French in a battle on the shore of Lake George, and then built Fort William Henry near by ; but he failed to capture Crown Point. 102. The same year a cruel expedition was fitted out from Boston under Moncton, which proceeded against the inhabitants of Acadia (§ 13). The French people were all driven into exile, on the plea that they were plot- ting to assist the French side. 1756. — 103. Until this year the hostilities had been COLONIZATION. %^ confined to this country ; now, however, war was dechired and the dispute was carried into Europe. 104. The plan of campaign in this country was the same as that of the year before, but ifc proved an utter failure. On the other hand, Montcalm, the French general now in command, captured Oswego with much military stores. 1757.— 105. In 1757 the only point attacked by the English was Louisburg (§93). The expedition was com- FRENCH & INDIAN WAR manded by Lord Loudoun, who gave up the attempt on finding the fort too well garrisoned. Again, however, the French were successful — Montcalm destroying Fort William Henry (§ 101) after a week's siege. 1758. — 106. This year more extensive preparations were made by the English. Lord Abercrombie took com- mand of an army of 50,000 men, more than half of whom were colonists. The points of attack were Ticonderoga, Louisburg, and Fort Du Quesne. 28 COLONIZATIOIT. 107. Lord Abercrombie himself attacked Ticonderoga, but failed after a sharp assault ; but a division of his army captured Fort Frontenac, near the outlet of Lake Ontario, with a fleet and much military stores. — Louis- burg was captured by General Amherst, aided by a fleet, in July. — The Du Quesne expedition, led by Forbes, proved nearly a failure, but the French abandoned the fort on the approach of Washington (who led the Virginia men), on hearing of the disaster at Fort Frontenac. ^^759, — 108. Niagara, Crown Point, Ticonderoga, and Quebec were the points of attack this year. Niagara was taken by Johnson (the successor of the commander, Pri- deaux, who had died). The other two forts were evacu- ated when Amherst's forces appeared. 109. General Wolfe led the attack against Quebec which was defended by Montcalm. After several attempts to reduce the defenses of the city, Wolfe finally scaled the cuff's above Quebec, and in the early morning of the 13th of September was prepared for battle. This resulted in a few hours in favor of the English, both generals being mortally wounded. On Sept. 17 the city surrendered. 110. Next year, 1760, Montreal surrendered, and shortly after all the other mihtary stations in the Canaclas fol- lowed her example. Three years after, 1763, a treaty was concluded by which all the French possessions east of the Mississippi River were ceded to Great Britain ; all west of that river to Spain. SUMMARY, —French and Indian TFar.— The war was caused by disputes in regard to territory, thereby difleriiiir from the three previous intercolonial wars, which took their ri?e in Europe (§ 90V— During the first four years the English were unsuccessful, chiefly as a result of poor management.— The French acted almost entirely on the defensive, and during the last three years were gradually driven north by being forced to abandon Lonisburg and Forts Du Quesne. Ticon- deroga, Crown Point, and Niagara.— They made their last great stand at Quebec, where the decisive battle of the war was fouo:ht.— During the war the French were greatly assisted by the Indians; the English scarcely at all.— The treaty of 1763 made Great Britain sole possessor of everything east of the Mississippi, even Florida, which, later, was given back to Spain. The war had been very expensive, and the British government, not being willing to accept the eftbrts made by the colonists as a suflicient contribution to this expense, proposed a system of taxation by which the colonies were to be forced to assist largely in reducing the debt. This attempt, the last of a long series of oppressions, brought on the Kevolution, QUESTIONS OK THE PRECEDING TEXT. 29 QUESTIONS ON THE PRECEDING TEXT. The nurnbers 'before the questions refer to the section in which the answer may be found. 8. Name the chief Spanish explorers, with dates.— 10. The French,— 11. The English.— 6. On what did the English base their claim ?— 7. What were the Span- ish headquarters ?— 8. Give the extent of each of the following : Acadia ; Canada ; Virginia ; New Spain ; New France ; New Holland (New Netherland).— 14. What was the French claim ? The English ? The Spanish ? The Dutch ?— 10. W^here else were the Spanish, and also the Portuguese, very active ?— Practice until you can draw roughly from memory the map on p. 5.-15. What did the confusion of claims lead to ? 11. What was the first attempt to settle America by the English ?— 16. How was it followed up ?— 17. Who took up the idea ?— What did the king do ?— 19. W^at and when was the first successful attempt to plant au English colony ?— 20, 21. What was the character of the first settlers ?— 24. What first gave vigor to the colony ?— 25. What important event occurred in 1619?— 26. What in 1620?— How did this influence the history of the United States later?— What article was first cultivated at the same time ?— 28. W^hat changes took place in English politics ? —29. Give the provisions of the Navigation Act.— 31, 44. What occurred in Vir- ginia and Massachusetts 100 years before the Revolution ?— 32. What was the Dutch claim and how was it altcn-ed ?— 33. How did the Dutch protect their claim ?— 34. How did the English obtain possession ? Did the Dutch ever hold New York again ? 37,41. W^hat two colonies comprised Massachusetts ? — 39,40. How came the Plymouth Colony to be formed ? — 41. The Massachusetts Bay Colony ?— 42. How did the Puritans treat other sects at first ?— 45. How came New Hampshire to be settled ?— 48. How was the government of New Hampshire associated with that of Massachusetts?— 48. How came Connecticut to be settled? — 49,50. How many colonies were there originally in Connecticut ?— How came they to be united ?— 52. What Indian troubles had Connecticut ?— 53. Who settled Rhode Island, where, and when ?— 55. What is said of the Rhode Island charter ?— 56. Who founded Maryland ?— When, and where first settled ?— 57. Tell about Clayborne ? —56. What of tho Maryland charter ?— 60. What was Penn's grant ?— 61. When was Pennsylvania first settled and where?— 63. Who first settled Delaware ?— 64. How did Penn come to possess it?— 65. Mention the circumstances of its sepa- ration from Pennsylvnnia.— 66. What two colonies were never under royal gov- ernors ?— 67, 69, 71. Who were the various proprietors of New Jersey ?— 72. What was the Clarendon Grant ?— 73. What were the two colonies in Carolina ? — Where was each settled ?— 74. What of the government and success of the colonies ?— 75. What of Charlestfm ?— What difficulty with the Spaniards ?— 15. Out of what did this arise?— 79. "What other colony did the Spaniards attack?— 77. What led to the founding of Georgia? Make out a table showing the name and date of the first settlement in each of the thirteen colonies.— 81. How many years did the period of colonization cover ?— 82. WTiat was the feeling with regard to the home government ? 82, 83. How was this heightened ?— What were the provisions of the Navigation Act and when was it passed ?— 84. What was the first etfort toward union ?— 85. What was a proprietary government ?— A charter government ?— Royal government? —What colonies were under proprietary government at some time ? All except 30 QUESTIOIS-S OK THE PRECEDING TEXT. EJiode Island. — Vn^QT charter government? Virgima, Massachusetts., New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Maryland.— QQ. Under royal government? 87. Where were the English settlements ? — 88. Where had the French been active ?— 10. What was the first successful French colony, and when and by whom founded?— 88. What occurred in 1673?— How was this followed up? —What can you say of the after-history of the Territory of Louisiana (see § 197) ? —90. How many and what wars were there between the French and English colonies before the French and Indian war?— 91, 92, 93. When did each break out?— Whit was the cause of each?— Name the principal event of each.— What treaty terminated each, and when ?— 90, 94. How did these wars differ from the French and Indian war ?— 94. What was their effect ?— 95. What led to the French and Indian war ?— 10. On what did the French base their claim to the territory ? — G. On what did thy English found their claim ?— 6, 10. Tell what you can of the voyages of Verazani and the Cabots, with dates. Recite the chief events of the French and Indian war, with dates (p. 26).— Practice until you can draw from memory a rough map showing the chief points of importance in this war.— 97. How came Fort Du Quesne to be built ?— Give an account of the campaign of 1754.— 98. What was done at Albany ?— 84. What previous action leading to the union of some of the colonies had occurred in 1743 ?_99-102. Give an account of the campaign of 1755.— 103, 104. Of 1756.— 105. Of 1757.-106, 107. Of 1758.-108, 109. Of 1759.-110. What occurred afterwards ? —What were the terms of the treaty and when was it signed ?— Recite the Sum- mary, word for word. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1775-1783. 31 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1775-1783. First tax-bill, 1764; Stamp- Act ^ 1765; Colonial Convention, 1765; Stamp- Act repealed, 1766; Neiv tax-bill, 1767; Gage ordered to Boston, 1768; Boston Massacre, 1770 ; Boston Tea-Party , 1773 ; First Continental Congress, 1774. Causes. — ill. The history of the colonies to the beginning of the French and Indian War, gives abundance of evidence that the feeling among the people was any- thing but friendly toward .England. Allowed to strive almost unaided at first, as soon as they became important they were put one by one, under royal government. They were originally started with the idea of making money for those who planned them ; and that idea was kept contin- ually in view when the Government took them in charge. Everything that could prove profitable to them w^as stopped ; every means to make them profitable to Great Britain was adopted. We find that when their manufac- tures threatened to compete with those of England, laws were made forbidding them to manufacture certain arti- cles. They were put under royal governors — men who, in most cases, had no sympathy with them, and who frequently exercised a very tyrannical system of govern- ment. Even their commerce was seriously interfered with, as shown by the Navigation Act (§ 29), and by other measures of similar character. 112. The colonists had grown more and more restive under all this, and when Parliament decided in 1764 to tax tbe colonies to defray the cost of the French and Indian War, the discontent of the people became plainly manifest. In that year a tariff w^as passed taxing a num- ber of articles imported into the colonies. 32 THE AMERICAN- EEVOLUTIOIf, 1775-1783. 113. Notwith standing the outcry of tlie people and the remonstrances of the newspapers, Parliament added paper and parchment to the list in the following year (17G5), and passed an act permitting the quartering of troops on private citizens in time of peace. As the new tax was to be collected by means of stamps, it was called the Stamp Act. 114. The news of this caused an outburst of indi^na- tion. The legislature of Virginia passed resolutions strongly condemning England's conduct, and Massachu- setts issued a call for a convention to meet in New York in the fall (1765). 115. This convention met in October (1765), passed a Declaration of Rights and Grievances, and memorialized the Government and Parliament; they then adjourned. Meanwhile bands of men called " Sons of Liberty " had organized in great numbers, and so effectually cowed the stamp agents that when the time came for the Act to go into effect no stamps were to be had. 116. The merchants resolved, furthermore, not to im- port any more goods from England, and societies were formed among the people generally, pledged not to use articles or cloths of foreign manufacture. This had a speedy effect; for the English merchants, finding that it was greatly injuring them, induced Parliament to repeal the act, March 1766. 117. The Government waited until they thought that the anger of the people had subsided, and then, in Jan- uary, 1767, passed another bill taxing all glass, lead, paper, tea, and painters' pigments, which should be imported into the colonies. At once the feeling of the people rose to the same pitch as previously; the same kind of demon- strations were made, and with the same result, so far as the collection of the tax was concerned. 118. In 1768 the Government ordered General Gage THE AMERICAN- EEYOLUTIOl!^, 1775-1783. 33 to Boston with a number of troops, believing that that city was most to blame for these active measures of resist- ance to the law, and perhaps fearing something yet more serious. Here, in 1770, in a quarrel between some of the citizens and a squad of soldiers, three of the former were killed and eight wounded. The indignation of the people was so aroused by this affair that Gage withdrew his forces to outside of the city. 119. In 1773 the Government, finding their attempt to raise money from the colonies by taxation a failure, repealed all taxes save that on tea. This was taxed at threepence a pound, to maintain the right that they claimed to tax the colonies. But the colonists very properly argued that if the Government could tax their tea, they could tax anything else. For centuries no tax had been lawfully collected in England except by the consent of the people as represented in Parliament; the colonists were not allowed any representation in Parlia- ment, and until this was granted they were determined to pay no taxes whatsoever. 120. The tea-tax was, therefore, like all the others, a failure. More than that ; in Boston the first tea-ship was boarded and all the tea thrown into the harbor ("Boston Tea Party," 1773). In other cities it was either detained from landing, or allowed to spoil. For what was done at Boston, the Government punished that city, closing it as a port, and removing the custom-house to Salem. Massa- chusetts was punished by making General Gage military governor, which put the whole colony under military law. Virginia appointed the date on which this bill became a law as a fast day, and the royal governor thereupon dis- solved the assembly. 121. On May 5, 1774, a convention of delegates from twelve of the colonies met at Philadelphia. They repeated the work of the colonial congress of 1765, and adjourned 34 THE AMEEICAl^ EEVOLUTION, 1775-1783. to meet the following May. This was known as the First Continental Congress. 122. On both sides immediate preparations were made for war. The militia were called out and put under drill, and General Gage, in the fall, began to fortify Boston ISTeck. The fighting did not begin, however, until the next spring. SUMMARY Causes of Revolution.— The French and Indian War left Great Britain with a largely increased debt. — To pay it the Government pro- posed to tax the colonies.— This the colonies would not agree to, because not allowed a voice in the matter.— The first tax-bill was passed in 1761; ihe Stamp Act followed it in 1765. Both were repealed in 1766 owing to the determined resist- ance of the people.— 1767 a new tax-bill was passed taxing tea, paint, paper, lead, and glass ; repealed 1773 except so far as the tax on tea.— In 1768 General Gage was oi-dered to Boston ; in 1770 occurred the Boston Massacre, so called. — 1774 Boston tea-party, and, as a result, the closing of the port of Boston and appointment of Gage' as military governor of Massachusetts.— May 5, 1774, First Continental Congress met at Philadelphia.— September, 1774, Gage fortified Bos- ton Neck, and both sides began to prepare for war. 1775.— Battle of Lexington, ApHllQ; Second Continental Congress, MaylO\ Ticondewga and Croum Point captured. May 10-12; Washington appointed Com- mander-in- Chief, June 15; Battle of Bunker Hill, June 11 \ Montreal captured, Nov. 13; Battle of Quebec, Dec. 31. 123. At Concord, near Boston, there had been gathered together a quantity of military stores. It was important that any such action should be headed oii, and General Gage resolved to destroy or capture them. Accordingly he sent troops there for that purpose. On their way, they met at Lexington a small number of " minute-men," * on whom they fired, killing seven and wounding others. 124. At Concord the British accomplished their object, and then started to return, but were met by a continuous fire along the whole distance to Lexington. There they were reinforced and saved from destruction, but not until they had lost upwards of 300 men ; the loss of the Amer- * These were the militia, so called because ordered to be ready at a minute's notice. 36 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1775-1783. icans was less than one-tliird of that number. This battle was fought on April 19, 1775, and is called the battle of Lexington, thoagh fought along the road be- tween Concord and Lexington. Its effect was to cause the patriots to flock in large numbers to the region around Boston ; these were enlisted on the militia roll, and soon a large, though undisciplined army was awaiting a leader. 125. On the 10th of May the Second Continental Con- gress met at Philadelphia. They made a last appeal to the British government; and appointed George Washing- ton Commander-in-Chief, June 15. 126. On May 10th Ticonderoga was captured by Bene- dict Arnold, and on the 12th Crown Point surrendered to Colonel Warner with all its stores. These two forts guarded the most direct road into Canada, and the oppor- tunity to invade the north, afforded by their surrender, was promptly acted on. An expedition was at once fitted out to attack Quebec. One branch under Montgomery and Schuyler was to advance directly by the road thus opened, and another under Arnold was to cut through Maine and join the former in Canada. 127. The news of the Battle of Lexington had the effect of increasing Gage's forces as well as those of the patriots, for in the next month after the battle he received a large reinforcement from England. To keep him in Boston it was decided to fortify Bunker Hill on the road leading from Charlestown. Through mistake Breed's Hill was fortified, which the British, on June 17th, after three attacks, succeeded in capturing ; but their loss was more than 1000 men, while the Americans lost less than half as many. 128. The Canada expedition proved a failure. Por,. though the first division captured St. John's and after- wards (Nov. 13) Montreal, the attack on Quebec by the combined forces of both divisions, resulted in the repulse THE AMERICAN" EEVOLUTIOK, 1775-1783. 37 of the Americans, and the death of Montgomery, Decem- ber 31. After the attack, the troops lay near the city during the winter, suffering greatly, and in the early part of 1776 retreated into New York. SUMMA RY, 1775 .—The Americans had collected stores at Concord which Gan:e seut a force to des^troy.— This resulted in the Battle of Lexington, April 19, which caused the militia to gather around Eoston— Gage's army was al^o re- inforced.— The Americans endeavored to pen the British in Boston by fortifying Breed's Hill— Result: Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, British successful.-In the meantime Ticonderoga and Crown Point were captured by Arnold and Warner, May 10.— An espediti n against Quebec was planned as a result.— Montgomery captured Montreal, November 1-3, but the expedition failed to capture Quebec after a severe battle, December 31.— Second Continental Congress met May 10 ; they appointed Washington Commander-in-Chief, June 15, two days before the Battle of Lexington. 1776. 1776.— Burning of Norfolk, Jan. 1 ; British leave Boston, March ; Fort Moid- trie attacked, June 28 ; Declaration of Independence, July 4 ; Battle of Long Island, Aug. 27 ; Britisn, enter lYeiv York, Sept. 14 ; Battle of White Plains, Oct. 28 ; Capture of Forts Washington and Lee, Nov. 16 and 20 ; Washington'' s Eetreat, Nov. 20 to Dec. 25 ; Battle of Trenton, Dec. 25 ; Commissioners sent to France for aid., Bee. 129. On January 1, Norfolk, Virginia, was burned by the governor. Lord Dunmore, who had been compelled to leave the colony the previous year. 130. General Gage had been removed from the British command at Boston and Lord Howe had superseded him. On the other side, Washington, by the beginning of the year, had brought his large army of volunteers under tol- erably good discipline, and determined if possible to force the British out of the city. 131. Accordingly, on March 4, he fortified Dorchester Heights, which completely commanded the town and harbor. Gates was about to attack him there, but bad weather interfered and gave Washington three days to strengthen the defenses. Howe, fearing to attack him, agreed to evacuate the city, which he did on March 17, and Washington marched in. Howe sailed for Halifax, but by June he had gone down to Staten Island in New York harbor. 38 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1775-1783. 132. Early in the year, Sir Henry Clinton, with a con- siderable British force, sailed to attack New York, but Washington had sent General Lee to defend the city, and Clinton, on discovering this, sailed for the south. Being reinforced by a fleet, he went still further south to attack Charleston. The militia there were ready for him, and had built a defense of Palmetto logs in the harbor, calling it Fort Moultrie. These works were so strong and so well managed that the British were forced to give up the attempt on the city. Clinton then came north and joined Howe. 133. It was evident that the British were determined to capture New York. Washington, therefore, sent most of his army to Long Island, back of Brooklyn, and shortly after followed them to New York. On August 27 the Americans were attacked by Howe and Clinton, who had come over from Staten Island, and were badly de- feated, losing about 2000 men. Washington, on hearing of the battle, crossed over from the city, and in the night hastily withdrew the troops to New York, much to the surprise of the British, who thought them completely entrapped. 134. Washington took position at Harlem Heights, which he presently abandoned and went north, Howe following. At White Plains a battle was fought, October 28, in which the British were successful. After going a little further Washington crossed the Hudson and stopped at Fort Lee. Fort Washington, opposite, was captured by the British on November 16, and Fort Lee was aban- doned on November 20. 135. Washington then started for Philadelphia, taking very nearly the route across New Jersey of the present Pennsylvania Eailroad. He was closely pressed by Lord Cornwallis, but reached the Delaware, December 8, and crossed it, Cornwallis remaining on the east bank, THE AMERICAN" REVOLUTIOX, 1775-1783. 39 136. On the night of December 25, Washington quietly crossed back to the Jersey bank and suddenly surprised and captured 1000 Hessian soldiers who had been enjoy- ing a Christmas feast at Trenton. This success was of very great importance, for it cheered the army and inspired the people with more confidence in Washington's ability. 137. Oil July 4 of this year Congress passed the Decla- ration of Independence. On the other hand the British, through Lord Howe, made a strong endeavor to bring about peace ; but it was too late. The colonies had been twenty years in coming to war, and now they were deter- mined to be independent. The endeavor failed. 138. At the same time that the Declaration was passed, steps were taken to bring the colonies under general rule. Though they were united against Great Britain, each one had its own distinct government, and Congress had scarcely any power except to advise. Unfortunately these efforts met with so many difficulties that it was not until the war was nearly finished that the endeavor succeeded (§ 183) ; meanwhile Congress was at great disadvantage. 139. After passing the Declaration, Congress determined to appeal to France for aid, and to that end sent Benja- min Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee to the French court. France was not willing to involve herself in a war with England, and refused ; but the sting of the loss of her American possessions was still felt strongly, and a good deal of assistance was given secretly. SUMMARY;, 1T76.— In January Lord Howe sent Clinton to attack New- York.— Washington pent Lee to head him off, and Clinton sailed for the south to attack Charleston.— He failed in this, beini; repulsed at Fort Moultrie, June 28, and came north to Staten Island, wiiere he joined Howe.— March 17, Washington compelled Howe to evacuate Boston —Howe went to Halifax, but shortly after sailed to Staten Island to attack New York. — Washington's troops were sent to Long Island.— On August 27 the battle of Long Island was fought in which the Americans were badly defeated.— Washington withdrew his troops to New York, thence to White Plains, where he was defeated, and then crossed the Hudson.— He abandoned Fort Lee November 20, and Cornwallis pursued him across New Jersey to the Delaware— Washington crossed the Delaware December 8. but on Christmas night recrossed and surprised a body of Hessian soldiers at Trenton, capturing 1000.— Congress this year passed the Declaration of Independence and applied to France for aid. 40 THE AMERlCAI>r ELVOLUTIOISr, 1775-1783. 1777. 1777. —Battle of Priticeton, Jan. 3 ; Tryon's marattding expedition, April; Battle of Chad's Ford, or Brandywine, Sept. 11 ; British enter Philadelphia. Sept. 26 ; Battle of Germantown, Oct. 4 ; Surrender of Forts Mifflin and Mercer., Nov. 15 and n. — Iiurf/oi/ne's E.cpeditlon, July to Oct.: Ticonderoga cap- tured, July 5 ; Battle of Hubbardton, July 1 ; Fort Edward evacuated, July 29 ; Battle of Bennington, Aug. 16 ; Battles of Stillwater, Sept. 19 and Oct. 7 ; Bur- goyne's surrender., Oct. 17. 140. After the battle of Trenton Washington remained on the Jersey side of the Delaware, in that city. Corn- walUs was at Princeton, about 20 miles northeast, and on January 2 marched to attack the Americans. Washing- ton, on January 3, moved quickly around the British, and getting into the rear defeated some British reinforcements at Princeton. He then went into winter quarters at Morristown, some miles north of Princeton. 141. In June the British troops in New Jersey were marched to the coast, from where they sailed under Howe's command for the Chesapeake, in order to attack Philadelphia. Landing in Maryland, these forces moved north towards the city. 142. Washington had in the meantime hurried around to defend Philadelphia. He met the British at Chad's Ford on the Brandywine Eiver, where a battle was fought at which the Americans were defeated and compelled to retreat, September 11. Philadelphia was entered Septem- ber 26. 143. The largest portion of Howe's forces was at Ger- mantown, now a part of Philadelphia. On October 4 Washington surprised them there, and though at first successful, was defeated with a severe loss. 144. The British held Philadelphia A^ery insecurely. Communication with New York through New Jersey was not easy, for almost all the British forces had been withdrawn from between, and the Delaware was closed by two forts below the city, Mifflin and Mercer. The THE AMEBIC AN EEVOLUTIOi^, 1775-1783. 41 former was captured by the British on November 15, and Eort Mercer on the 17th. Burgoyiie's Expedition.— 145. The British head- quarters were at New York. About the middle of the summer a British expedition started from Canada to open a line of communication from the north to that city. This, if successful, would cut the colonies in two parts and greatly hamper the operations of the American army. General Burgoyne was placed in charge, and in the latter part of June started from Quebec with about 9000 troops. He took Fort Ticonderoga, commanded by St. Clair, on July 2, and, following the garrison, defeated it at Hub- bardton, Vermont, five days after. 146. At Fort Edward, on the Hudson, there was a large but untrained force of men under Schuyler, and to this point St. Clair's force retreated. Schuyler at once de- stroyed as far as possible all means of communication between Skenesboro (or Whitehall) and Fort Edward, so delaying Burgoyne that it took him a fortnight to reach the fort, a distance of only about thirty miles. In the meantime Schuyler had been making every exer- tion to gather the militia from the country around, and upwards of 19,000 men had been collected. Fort Edward was abandoned to the British on July 29, and Schuyler marched his army south to Stillwater, on the Hudson. Burgoyne shortly moved his troops to Saratoga. 147. On August 3, a mixed force of British and Indians, under St. Leger, besieged Fort Schuyler, on the Mohawk (now Eome). General Herkimer, while hurrying to its assistance, was surprised and himself killed. On the approach of Arnold, St. Leger withdrew to Canada. 148. Congress, being dissatisfied with the work of Schuyler, removed him and placed Gates in command. On September 19 Burgoyne attacked him at Bemis Heights, near Stillwater, and though the Americans were 42 AMERICAN REYOLUTIOI^, 1775-1783. unsuccessful, the victory was of no importance to the British. On October 7 he again attacked the Americans but was defeated. AYhile this was occurring CUnton had been coming north, and had captured Forts Chnton and Montgomery, October 6 ; but Burgoyne, not having posi- tive knowledge of this, and being without provisions, sur- rendered his whole army, with all its equipments, to Gen- eral Gates, October 17, 1777. 149. The efforts of the American commissioners in France (§ 139) began to make themselves plainly felt this year. Although the French government had refused aid, many private persons sent money and supplies to the colonies, and some even came themselves to assist. Among the latter may be mentioned the Marquis de Lafayette and Baron Steuben. SUMMARY, ITTT.— The campaign divides itself into two parts: 1st. The British operations against Philadelphia ; and 2d. Burgoyne's expedition. — (1) Cornwallis moved from Princeton to attack Washington at Trenton, but the latter slipped away, and getting behind Cornwallis defeated a British force at Princeton, January 3.— Most of the British troops were withdrawn from New Jersey and taken to the Chesapeake to attack Philadelphia.— Washington moved south to oppose this, and the battle of Chad's Ford, on the Brandywine, was fought in defense of the city, the Americans being defeated, September 11.— The British entered Philadelphia fifteen days after, but most of the troops were sta- tioned at Germantown. Here Washington attacked them, but was defeated, October 4.— To open communication the British attacked and captured Forts Mifflin and Mercer, on the Delaware, November 15 and 17.— (2) Burgoyne, with an army of 9003 men, entered New York by way of Lake Champlain.— He cap- tured Ticonderoga, July 2, defeated the retreating garrison ar Hubbardtnn, July 7, and then proceeded against Fort Edward.— This was abandoned on his approach, July 29, and Schuyler, the commandant, moved to Siillwater. — A branch British exi)edition besieged Fort Schuyler, but withdrew upon Arnold's approach. — Gates superseded Schuyler and was attacked by the British, Sept. 19, near Stillwater, where an indecisive battle was fought.— On Oct. 7 another was fought and the British defeated.— Finally Burgoyne surrendered on Oct. 17. 1778. 1778 Treaty of Alliance with France, Feb.; British leave Philadelphia, June IS; Battle of Monmouth, June 2S \ Massacres of Wyoming and Cherry Val- leys, July and Nov. ; Defeat of Sullivan in Rhode Island, Aug. 29 ; British take Savannah, Dec. 29. 150. During the winter of 1777-1778 the American army was in winter-quarters at Valley Forge, Pennsyl- vania. The condition of most was one of great suffering, for supplies frequently ran short, many of the men were THE AMERICAI^ REVOLUTION-, 1775-1783. 43 destitute of shoes, and miicli of their clothing was in rags; still, however, they were firm in their patriotism and only waited for the winter to end to fight as hero- ically as ever. In the meantime Burgoyne's surrender produced a powerful effect in Great Britain, which resulted in proposals of peace in the spring of 1778; but as these terms would not acknowledge the independence of the colonies they were not heeded by the Congress.* 151. Philadelphia had proved of little value to the British ; it was too remote from the coast and not a good center of operations. Accordingly, on June 18, the British, under the command of Clinton, who had super- seded Lord Howe, moved to New York. 152. This was largely owing to the fact that a French fleet was expected in April, which would close the Dela- ware ; for in February a Treaty of Alliance was concluded with France, by which the latter agreed to assist the Americans, and the Americans also to assist France in the event of any war. A treaty of commerce was also signed. The former treaty was another result of the surrender of Burgoyne, and caused some trouble twenty years later (§ 191) in this country. The French fleet was under Count D'Estaing. 153. On leaving Philadelphia, Clinton's forces marched across New Jersey followed by Washington's troops. On June 28 the battle of Monmouth was fought. It was indecisive, and after it Clinton was not interfered with. 154. The French fleet arrived in July, and an expedi- tion was arranged to attack the British forces under Pigot, in Ehode Island, General Sullivan to lead the land division and the French fleet to attack by water. A storm compelled the fleet to withdraw to Boston for repairs. Sullivan, finding no fleet to assist him, moved * During the British occupation of Philadelphia, the Continental Congress met at York, Pa. 44 THE AMERICAN EEVOLUTIOiT, 1775-1783. away from Newport, which he had menaced, pursued by Pigot, who attacked him at Quaker Hill, Aug. 29. The British were repulsed, and Sullivan left the island. 155. This expedition caused Clinton to hasten to that section of the country, and he reached Newport two days after the battle. He at once made the city the center of pillaging expeditions into the country along Long Island Sound and the Atlantic. 156. In July, Wj^oming Valley, Pennsylvania, was the scene of a terrible massacre by a combined force of British and Indians. They left it almost depopulated. In No- vember, Cherry Valley, New York, suffered in the same way. (See § 163.) 157. On December 29, Savannah, Ga., surrendered to a British force under Campbell, who was sent from New York. SUMMARY, 1778.— This year, 1778, was marked hy two great events: Ipt. The offers of peace from Great Britain, which were rejected ; and 2d. The Treaty of Alliance with France. — Both resuUed from the surrender of Burgoyne the year hefore.— The British did not plan any special campaign this year.— On June 18, Philadelphia was evacuated on account of the expected arrival of the French fleet in the Delaware.— Washington pursued the British and the battle of Monmouth was fought, June 28. — The French fleet arrived in July and an expe- dition was planned against General Pigot in Rhode Island ; Sullivan was to act with the fleet. A storm interfered and Sullivan withdrew, after fighting the battle of Quaker Hill, Aug. 29. — In July the massacre at Wj^ominsr, Pa., occurred, and in November that at Cherry Valley, N. Y.— The British then turned their attention to the south, and on Dec. 29, Savannah, Ga., surrendered to Campbell. —After this the chief events occurred in the south. 1779. 1779.— Capture of S^mbiiry, Ga., Jan. 9; Battle of Brier Creek, March 3; Invasion of Virginia, May; Battle of Stono Ferry, June 'iO\ Stony Point and Yerplancli's Point captured, June 15 and 17 ; Destrvction of ArneHcan vessels in Maine, Aug. 13 ; Indians defeated at Chemung, Aug. 29 ; Paid Jones'' s victory, Sept. 23 ; Amencans repulsed at Savannah, Sept. 22 ; Tryon''s expedition. 158. The poor success of the British in the north de- termined them to direct their attention to the south ; the capture of Savannah (§ 157) had been the first of a series of movements. This was followed, on Jan. 9, by the capture of Sunbury in the same state, and by several THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION", 1775-1783. 45 other actions, the most important of which was the battle of Brier Creek, March 3, in which the Americans were defeated. 159. The British general, Prevost, then moved on Charleston, and the battle of Stono Ferry was fought in its defense, June 20. The American general, Lincoln, was defeated, but the result was not favorable to the British, for they were comj^elled to withdraw. 160. In the north but little was done. Clinton, on June 15 and 17, captured Forts Stony Point and Ver- planck's Point on the Hudson, and the former was recap- tured by General Wayne on July 15, but was again taken by the British. 161. A body of British had been stationed on the Penobscot Eiver, Maine. An expedition of 1500 men was sent in a small fleet to attack them, but a British fleet attacked this in the river and destroyed it. The expedi- tion was therefore a failure. 162. Clinton, after returning from Ehode Island to New York, continued to send out marauding expeditions similar to those of the previous year (§ 155). General Tryon led the most successful of these into Connecticut, where New Haven was plundered and Norwalk and Fair- field burned. 163. After the massacres of Wyoming and Cherry Val- ley in 1778 (§ 156) the Indians had become almost unbearable in central New York, and General Sullivan marched against them. At Elmira they and their British allies were attacked and completely defeated, after which Sullivan burned their settlements and destroyed their crops. 164. Later in the year an endeavor was made by the American forces in the south to retake Savannah. Lin- coln was assisted in this attempt by Count D'Estaing with a French fleet. The attack was unsuccessful. 46 THE AMERICAK RETOLUTION", 1775-1783. 165. In September, Paul Jones, in command of a fleet of five vessels, being near the coast of England, attacked and captured the British vessel Serapis, and another vessel. The battle was a very severe one, and brought Jones much honor, and, among other testimonials, a gold medal from the Congress. 166. Thus far there had been no regularly organized American army in the south, and had the British been a little more active they might have obtained a better foot- hold this year. As it was, they were afraid to leave the immediate vicinity of the coast, for nearly all their sup- plies were obtained from Great Britain. This embarrassed them still more in the following year. SU3IMARY, 17 79.— This year the seat of war was chanojed to the south and remained there till the end of the war.— On Jan. 9, Sunbury, Ga., was cap- tured, and shortly Georgia was overrun with British. — Prevost, in command of the British, moved on Charleston, but abandoned the attack, and shortly de- feated Lincoln, who opposed him, at Stono Ferry, June 20.— In Sejitember,' Lin- coln, assisted by Count D'Estaing's fleet, endeavored to retake Savannah, but was repulsed. Though the chief events occurred in the south there was still more or less warfare in the north. — An expedition against a British force on the Penobscot failed, and the American fleet was destroyed.— Clinton sent Tryon into (Jonn., who burned Norwalk and Fairfield, and sacked Nev/ Haven. — In cen- tral New York the Indians were seveiely punished for the massacres of Wyoming and Cherry Valley in 1778, at the battle of Chemung (Elmira), Aug. 29, by General Sullivan.— At sea Paul Jones attacked and captured two British vessels, Sept. 23. 1780. 1780.— Surrender of Charleston., May 12 ; Battle of Hanging Sock, Aug. 6-, Battle of Sanders'' Creek, Aug. 16 ; Battle of King's Mountain, Oct. 7 ; Arnold's Treason, 167. The American army were in winter-quarters at Morristown, where their sufferings were, if possible, worse than at Valley Forge the previous year. At one time a considerable force was on the point of mutiny. Eobert Morris of Philadelphia, a wealthy merchant, sent a large amount of supplies at this critical period, and Congress and Washington finally succeeded in quelling the dis- turbance. 168. Though the south was the chief scene of fighting. THE AMERICAN KEVOLUTIOX, 1775-1783. 47 the chief event — Arnold's Treason — occurred at the north. Arnold, while recovering from a severe wound he received at Quebec in 1775 (§ 129) was stationed at Philadelphia, where he married, lived extravagantly, and made himself generally dishked. He w^as charged with dishonesty, and upon trial, w^as sentenced to be reprimanded by Washing- ton. His previous brilliant record obtained for him the command of West Point, which he agreed to surrender to Chnton. The British agent, Andre, was captured after the arrangements were made, but succeeded in informing Arnold of what had occurred. The latter at once fled to New York, but Andre was executed as a spy. This was in September. 169. In July a French fleet with a large force of men arrived, but unfortunately it was shut up in Narragansett Bay, Ehode Island, by a British fleet, and w^as thus ren- dered useless. 170. In the south, Clinton, who had gone down from New York, attacked and captured Charleston, S. C, May 12, after nearly six weeks' siege. He then sent out troops in various directions to overrun the country. In this he was so successful that by June he was able' to return north, leaving Cornwallis in command. This was the great mistake of the v/ar on the j)art of the British, for it indirectly led to the surrender of Cornwallis at York- town in the next year. (§§ 171, 176, 177, 178.) 171. There were many sympathizers with the British in South Carolina and Georgia, and it was partly owing to their inaction that the British were so successful. On the other hand there was a large body of men banded together under different leaders, such as Marion, Lee, and Sumter, who constantly annoyed the British. At Hang- ing Eock a considerable force of British was defeated by Sumter on Aug. 16, but he was himself surprised on the 18th and his force destroyed. Congress, meanwhile. 48 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIOJS", 1775-1783. had arranged for the formation of an army in the south and sent Gates, who had reaped the reward of Schuyler's exertions in 1777, to raise one. This he did, but was attacked and utterly defeated by Cornwallis at Sanders' Creek, Aug. 6. After vainly endeavoring to form another army Greene took his place. It was this commander who unwittingly drew Cornwallis into the trap which next year ended the war. 172. In October Cornwallis sent a force into North Carolina, but this w^as met and defeated at King's Moun- tain, Oct. 7, and Cornwalhs, who had followed, at once returned into South Carolina, where he remained until the next year. SUMMARY, 1780 South: Clinton sailed south, captured Charleston May 12, overran South Carolina, and leaving Cornwallis in command returned to New York.— Congress appointed Gates- to raise an army in the south.— This was no sooner done than the forces were attacked by Cornwallis and defeated, Aug. 6, at Camden, S. C. (Sanders' Creek).— On Aug. 16 Sumter defeated a force of British at Hangiug Rock, hut two days after \vart attacked and his force utterly destroyed.— On Oct. 7 a detachment of Cornwallis's troops was defeated at King's' Mountain. -iVor^A.' In May a portion of the American army at Morris- town, being ui:able to endure their suffering, mutinied, but being aided by Rob- ert Morris, and appealed to by Washington, came again undei- authority.— In July a French fleet arrived, but was blockaded in Narraganselt Bay by a Lritish fleet and rendered useless.— In September, Arnold, who had fallen into disgrace, off'ered to surrender West Point to the British, but the plot failed, though he escaped. 1781. 1781.— Mutiny of Pennsylvania troops, Jan. 1 ; Virginia plundered by Ar- nold; Richmond burned, Jan. 5 ; Greene's retreat, Jan. and Feb. ; Battle of Guil- ford C. H., March 15; Battle of Eutaw Springs, Sept. 8; Surrender of Corn^ waUis, Oct. 19. 173. The war this year, with very slight exception, was wholly confined to the south. In Georgia, Augusta was captured from the British by Lee and Pickens on June 5, and in South Carolina tlie patriots made such good use of their men as to compel the British to abandon nearly every point held by them. 174. In January, Arnold, who now held a command THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1775-1783. 49 in the British service, entered Virginia on a plundering expedition, and on the 5th burned Eichmond. 175. Tarleton was ordered by Cornwallis to attack Mor- gan, who was near the northern boundary of South Caro- lina. A battle was fought at the Cowpens, Jan. 17, in which the British were badly defeated. 176. Cornwallis at once went in pursuit of Morgan, who was endeavoring to reach Virginia. The weather greatly favored the Americans, for, three times when they had reached a river and crossed, it became swollen with the rains and greatly interfered with the crossing of the British. At the Yadkin Greene joined him and con- ducted the retreat. At last the Dan Eiver in Virginia was reached, where the pursuit was given up. 177. As Cornwallis was returning, Greene followed him, aud was attacked, on ]\Iarch 15, at Guilford C. H., N. C, where the British were successful. Greene then went back into South Carolina, where he attacked the British troops under Lord Eawdon at Hobkirk Hill, but was defeated, April 24. At Eutaw Springs Greene again attacked the same forces, now under General Stewart, but was again defeated, Sept. 8. After the battle the British retreated to Charleston. 178. After the battle of Guilford C. H., Cornwallis went to Wilmington, N. C, from which place he marched north to Virginia. Here he was joined by other forces, and then went to Yorktown, where he strongly fortified himself. 179. A scheme was at once arranged to have the French and American forces attack the British by land while the French fleet should close the Chesapeake. Washington, while pretending to attack New York, succeeded in get- ting his army well on the way south, and then by a series of forced marches hurried to join the French troops before Yorktown. The plan succeeded admirably. The 3 50 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION", 1775-1783. siege was begun on the 28th of September, and exactly three weeks after, Oornwallis was forced to surrender his whole army to the attacking forces. 180. During the winter of 1780-81 the American army was again at Morristown, where the suffering of the pre- vious winter was repeated. Kobert Morris again came to the aid of the troops, but in spite of every exertion, the distress was very great, and on Jan. 1, 1780, the Pennsyl- vania troops openly mutinied and set out on a march to Philadelphia to obtain aid from Congress. They were met at Trenton and persuaded to return to duty. SUMMARY, 1781.— The campa1,^n entirely in the south this year. — Ar- nold entered Virginia on a plunderin 334. (1) The seceding states were those on the coast from Virginia to Texas, with Tennessee and Arkansas — in all eleven. They were of course all slave states. (2) With the exception of a few hurried raids, the war was confined within the limits of these states; the South fought a defensive war. (3) A line stretching from Wash- ington southwest to Missouri will roughly indicate the northwest line of Confederate defense in 1861. In 1862 the lower end of this line was moved south as far as Vicksburg by the withdrawal of the Confederate forces to the south and east. In 1863 the capture of Chattanooga and Vicksburg swept the line still further around toward the south. The next year we find that Sherman split the Confederacy in two by his march to the sea and brought the line around to Savannah, with a bend at Chattanooga. The Confederate forces were being steadily swept before the Union army. {See map of the luar, p. 90.) (4) In the meantime the South had lost port after port until at the beginning of 1864 Wilmington was the only one left to them. (5) In the east, for the first three years, the operations against Richmond were a failure. In 1864 Lee's army was penned up in Petersburg, and in 1865 forced to surrender. This brought on the surrender of all other Confederate forces within two montlis. (6) The war was enormously expensive ; it cost the Government upwards of 13,000,000,000, the debt of which is now grad- ually being paid off. (7) The rebellion was put down only by a frightful sacrifice of human life. Upwards of lialf a million men were killed on both sides, and thou- sands of others maimed or crippled. (8) It left the South utterly prostrated, its cities many of them destroyed, its railroads torn up, its plantations mere wastes, its trade ruined, its population demoralized and dispirited, and in 114 QUESTIONS 02!^" FOUETH FOUR ADMIl^ISTRATION'S. the case of some states, in the hands of an ignorant mass of what previously had been slaves. (9) During the latter part of the war the sufferings of many of the Southern troops were terrible, recalling those of the American forces at Valley Forge and Morristown in the Eevolution. Whether one believes or not that they were fighting a wrong cause, one cannot but admire the true patriot courage with which they fought out to the bitter end what they were fully persuaded was a war for their rights. SUMMARY^ 1850-1865.— In Fillmore's administration the Omnibus Bill was passed, 1850.— This admitted California as a free state and settled a number of other questions.- It also provided for the capture of runaway slaves (Fugitive-Slave Law), a measure which caused much trouble in the North.— A Fisheries Treaty was concluded with GreatBritain.— Franklin Pierce, the Demo- cratic candidate, was elected in 1852. The Gadsden Purchase from Mexico gave us a large piece of territory (1853). —In 1854 a Treaty of Commerce was concluded with Japan.— In 1858 the Kansas- Nebraska Bill was passed, though opposed by the North.— This allowed the people of those territories to choose whether they should come in as free or slave states when they applied for admission.- The South and North both sent emigrants to Kansas, where a bloody civil war began, which lasted till 1861. In 1858 the Democrats were successful, and elected Buchanan, President.— In 1859 John Brown seized the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and was hung for it, an event which caused a great deal of excitement. — Lincoln, the anti-slavery can- didate, was elected President in 1860, whereupon South Carolina and six other states seceded, Dec. 1860. Five others seceded in 1861. (See text.) Lincoln was inaugurated March 4, 1861.— Fort Sumter was evacuated April 14, 1861.— Civil war ensued, lasting from 1861 to 1865, terminated by the sur- render of Lee at Appomattox C. H., Va., April 9, 1865, and of Johnston, at Raleigh, N. C, April 26.— Lincoln was shot April 14, and died April 15, 1865, Vice-President Johnson succeeding to the Presidency. QUESTIONS ON THE FOURTH FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS. Who were the fourth four Presidents ? (p. 84.)— When did each serve ?— When did Fillmore serve ?— Name, with dates, the chief events of his adminis- tration.— 269. Whom did Millard Fillmore succeed ?— What bill was passed in 1850 ?— What was its object ?— What did it provide ? —What did the Fugitive-Slave Law result in ?— 270. What treaty was concluded 1852 ?— What did it provide ?— 271. Who were the several candidates in the canvass of 1852?— What were the politics of each?— Who triumphed ?— Recite that portion of the Summary, p. 114, bearing on Fillmore's administration. W^hen did Pierce serve ?— Name the chief events of his administration, with (lates.— 272. With what country was a treaty concluded, and when ?— What did it provide ?— 197, 230, 261. What previous accessions of territory had been made by the United States ?— 342. What one has been made since ?— 273. What irreat ques- tion was now very prominent ?— What was the belief regarding it ?— Who greatly aggravated matters, and how?— 229. Recite the provisions of the Missouri Com- QUESTIOIs^S OK FOURTH FOUR ADMIiq-ISTRATIONS. 115 promise of 1820.— 273. What did tlie Kansas-Nebraska Bill provide ?— What was the result in Congress ?— Throughout the country ?— What was iis success ?— Did this quiet matters ?— What was the feeling among the Kansas people ?— What occurred there ?— How long did these difficulties continue ?— 274. What can you say of the strength of the anti-slavery party ?— Of the Whig Party ?— What name did the anti-slavery party take ?— Who was the Republican nominee ?— The Democratic ?— Which won ?— Recite that portion of the Summanj, p. 114, bear- ing on Pierce's administration. When did Buchanan serve ?— Name, with dates, the chief events of his administration. —275. When was Buchanan inaugurated ? — What was his hope ?— Why was this hope a vain one ?— What soon occurred ?— Tell what you can of John Brown.— 276. What had meanwhile taken place ?— How many candi- dates were nominated?— What had occurred in the Democratic Party?— Whom did these factions put forward ?— 273. What part had Douglas taken in the slavery question ?— Who was the Republican candidate ?— Who was the other candidate ? —Who were elected President and Vice-President ?— 277. What threats had been made in the South ?— What was done in South Carolina as soon as Lincoln's election was ascertained ?— What occurred within six weeks ?— What action was taken in 1861 ?— Who were the chief officers ?— 278. What can you say of the new government and what it did ?— What did the Federal government do ?— What was Buchanan's position ?— What was the result of this inactivity ?— 279. What can you say of Charleston ? — Who commanded at Fort Moultrie ? — What was his position in regard to secession ?— What did he do with his force ?— What attempt was made to provision the fort?— How met?— 284. Was Fort Sumter finally saved to the Union ?— Recite that portion of the Summary (p. 114) bearing on Buchanan's administration. Recite the chief events of Lincoln's administration, with dates.— When did Lincoln serve ?— Who was the last previous President who had been elected a second time ?— 280. What was the real cause of the approaching Civil War ? — What relation did other questions bear to this ?— What can you say of the tariff? — Recite the substance of §233.— Of what value was the Missouri Compromise in arranging matters ? — Why did it not succeed ?— Give an account of the trouble in reirard to California's admission.— What view did the South hold in regard to the Union ?— How did the North look at this ?— What was the Southern doctrine called ?— What use did the Southern leaders make of this ?— 282. What conclusion were Southern men forced to reach?— Why? — What effect had the increase of population in the Northern states on the representation in Congress ? It gave the North the control of the House of Representatives, because the members of that body are chosen according to the popnlation of their respective states, one for every tfnrty thousand inhabitants. — Recite that part of Article I, Section II, of the Constitution, bearing on this point.— Why did this not affect the Senate in the same way? Because each state is entitled to ttoo Senators, and two only, regardless of size or population.— 'RecMe the part of Article I, Section III, of the Constitution, bearing on this point.— What was the Kansas-Nebraska Bill intended for ?— 273. Give the provisions of this bill.— 282. What was its result? — 283. What was done to preserve the Union?— With what effect ?— What were the Southern leaders sure of ?— What did they not believe?— What occurred that settled the direction of events ^—{For questions on the details of the Civil War, 5e6pp. 94, 101,105, 110.) 334. Which were the seceding states ?— Where was the war confined?— What kir)d of war was it on the part of the South ?— What was the line of defense in 1861 ?— How was it changed in 1862 ?— In 1863 ?— How was it altered in 1864 ?— 116 QUESTIOKS OIT FOURTH FOUR ADMIl^ISTRATIOXS. What of the Confederate coast?— What of the operations against Richmond ?— What occurred to the army defending that city in 1864 and 1865 ?— What was the result ?— What can you say of the cost of the war?— Wliat of the loi^s of life?— What hattle can you recollect in which upwards of 60,000 lives were lost ? (§ 315, note.)-~Iii what condition was the South left ? (Answer word for word.)— What can you say of the condition of the Southern army during the last years of the war ?— Recite that portion of the Summary, p. 114, bearing on Lincoln's administratiou. General.-Name the chief battles of 1861.— Of 1862.-Of 1863.-Of 1884.— Name, with dates, three battles fought on or near the Mississippi.— What was the chief point in east Tennessee ?— When was it finally captured ?— What were the two strongest points in Georgia ?— When captured and by whom ?— Name four leading Confederate generals.— Tell where the scene of the operations of each lay.— Name the generals who commanded the Army of the Potomac— What city was it the work of that army to capture ?— What were Grant's commands from 1861 to 1865 ?— In what section was the scene of Grant's operations until the beginning of 1864?— Name six leading Union generals during the war.— Name a battle in which each took part. LAST THREE ADMINISTRATIONS. 117 LAST THREE ADMINISTRATIONS. Andrew Johnson, April 15, 1865-1869.— Ulysses S. Grant, 1869-1877.— Ruther- ford B. Hates, 1877. Johnson^s Adtninistration^ 1865-1869. Johnson inangurafed, April 15, 1865 ; 13th Amendment to the Constitution jytvclaimed, Dec. 18, 1865 ; Atlaiitic Cable laid, 1866 ; Purchase of Alaska, March., 1867 ; French forces withdrawn from Mexico, May, 1867 ; Amnesty proclaimed to the South., Sept., 1867 ; President Johnson impeached, Jan. to May, 1868. 335. Vice-President Johnson became President of the United States on the day of Lincoln's death April 15, 1865. Prompt measures were taken to remove as far as possible the bitter feelings created by the war. In the same month all Southern ports were declared open to commerce; and later, all who were connected with the Southern cause, with a few exceptions, w^ere pardoned, on condition of taking oath of allegiance to the U. S. goyernment. 336. President Johnson claimed that the seceding states, having no legal right to secede, were still in the Union, though unrepresented in Congress. He therefore urged the immediate reorganization of the various govern- ments. Most of the Confederate states took advantage of this and were dnly recognized by the President. In the meantime the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution had been ratified by twenty-seven states (three-fourths of the whole number), and became a law Dec. 18, 1865. 337. When Congress met, in the winter following, it was speedily seen that a very great difference of opinion regarding the admission of the seceding states existed between the President and Congress. The latter claimed that as these states had by their own act forfeited their 118 LAST THEEE ADMT:N-ISTRATI0KS. right to representation, Congress must determine the terms on which they should be readmitted ; while John- son claimed that to admit that they were out of the Union was to admit their right to leave. 338. Congress however set aside much of Johnson's action in the matter of organizing the states, and when Johnson vetoed two bills bearing on the question, Congress passed them over his veto. Congress also passed a bill depriving the President of the right to remove any one from office without the Senate's consent. This is called the Tenure-of- Office Bill, and was looked upon by John- son as an intentional interference with his authority. It was also passed over his veto; and in 1867 Congress passed the bill arranging for the admission of the seceding states. This too was vetoed and repassed. 339. The quarrel grew worse and worse until in Feb., 1868, Johnson attempted to remove Mr. Stanton, Sec- retary of War, without the concurrence of the Senate. Upon this, he was impeached by the House of Represent- atives. The trial, which took place according to the Con- stitution before the Senate, lasted nearly five months and resulted in the acquittal of Johnson. 340. During the war the French Government had sent troops to Mexico for the purpose of assisting one side in a revolution which was then in progress. With this assistance the revolution came speedily to an end, and Maximilian, Archduke of Austria, was made Emperor. To permit this did not accord with the Monroe doctrine (§ 231), and at the close of the Civil War, the U. S. gov- ernment formally insisted on the withdrawal of the French soldiers. This being done, the result was the downfall of Maximilian, who was shot (June 19, 1867) 341. In 1858 three attempts had been made to lay a telegraph cable across the Atlantic, but they proved failures, as far as its working was concerned. Three more LAST THREE ADMI^-ISTRATIOKS. llO endeavors were made, the third of which proved success- ful in 1866. The line runs from Valentia, Ireland, to Newfoundland. Since then another cable has been laid between Massachusetts and France. 342. In 1867 the portion of the continent known as Eussian America, or Alaska, was purchased for $7,500,000 from the Eussian Grovernment. 343. In 1868 General Ulysses S. Grant Vv^as elected President and Schuyler Colfax, Vice-President. Governor Seymour of New York was the Democratic candidate for President. Grant's Adininistration^ ISGO-tS't't. Grant inaugurated, March 4, 1869 ; Pacific R. R. opened. May 10, 1869 ; 15th Amendment proclaimed, March 30, 1870; Chicago and Boston fires, 1871, 1872; Grant re-elected, 1872 ; Modoc War. 1873 ; Alabama claims settled, 1873; Panic o/'1873; Colorado admitted, July A, 1875; Sioux War, 1875-1876; Centennial Celebration, May-Nov., 1876; Presidential election, 1876; Electoral Commission appointed, Jan. 31, 1877 ; Hayes and Wheeler declared elected, 1877. 344. The first important event under Grant's adminis- tration was the completion of the first railroad which afforded unbroken communication between the eastern and western coasts. This road, known as the Pacific Eailroad, had been many years in course of construction, and was opened to the public on May 10, 1869, with appropriate ceremonies. It is now called the Central Pacific to distinguish it from others in course of building. ■345. On March 30, 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution became a law. This removed the last traces of slavery by affirming the right of all citizens to vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition of slavery. The Emancipation Proclamation (§ 317) and the Thirteenth Amendment (§ 336) had granted liberty to the slaves ; the Fifteenth gave them the highest privilege of citizens. 346. In Oct. 1871, a terrible fire occurred at Chicago, in 120 LAST THREE ADMIKISTRATIOKS. which property estimated at 1300,000,000 is stated to have been destroyed ; and about a year after, the business por- tion of Boston suffered in the same manner to the extent of 1100,000,000. In Nov. 3 872, General Grant was re- elected President, with Henry Wilson as Vice-President, over Horace Greeley the Democratic candidate. 347. In 1873 several questions which had threatened a war with Great Britain were adjusted. In 18G8 an endeavor had been made to induce that country to make some amends for the damage done to our commerce by the Confederate cruisers (§§ 327, 328) fitted out in British ports. This attempt failed, as did another also in 1870. In 1871 a treaty was concluded, by which both govern- ments agreed to refer to a court of arbitration appointed by various other nations the points in dispute. These were : 1. The Alabama question (as it was called) ; 2. The Fisheries question (§270), which had again come up; 3. The navigation of the St. Lawrence ; 4. The northwest boundary of the U. S. (§ 265), which was again making trouble. 348. This Court of Arbitration met at Geneva, Switzer- land, and after a careful hearing, rendered their decision in the summer of 1873. Great Britain was to pay to the United States $15,500,000 gold for damages done to American commerce by the Alabama and other similar vessels; the Northwest boundary was adjusted so as to give the whole of San Juan island to the United States ; the question of the navigation of the St. Lawrence was arranged satisfactorily; and the rights of United States fishermen in British waters better defined. The money award was all paid by Sept. 1873.* * This inethoci of settlir)2: the dispiitecl questions was a grreat savinp: even to Great Britain, notwithstanding that the main points were decided against her. A war would have cost each side many times the money involved, besides great loss of life. LAST THKEE ADMTNISTBATIOI^S. 121 349. In the fall of 1873 a serious financial crisis oc- curred, similar to that of 1837 (§ 242), though not nearly so disastrous, nor so widespread. It was caused mainly by the overtrading induced by the high prices resulting from the war ; and it was many months before confi- dence returned. 350. In 1876, the Centennial year of American Inde- pendence, the nation celebrated its hundredth anniversary by a great exhibition of the products of the world's in- dustry. Preparations for this had been in progress for several years, and the exhibition was held in Philadelphia from May 10 to November 10. Nearly every nation of the world was represented in it, and thousands of people flocked to see it. On July 4, of the same year, Colorado was admitted as the 38th state. 351. In 1876 the election for President took place. The candidate of the Eepublicans was Grovernor Euther- ford B. Hayes, of Ohio, and that of the Democrats was Governor Samuel J. Tilden, of New York. The contest was a very close one, and after the election there arose a question as to the vote in several states. From these there were double returns sent to the Senate, both sets of electors claiming to have been elected. Tilden received 184 electoral votes,* but whether Hayes had received the * To understand this, the pupil should recollect that the President and Vice- President are not elected by the direct votes of the people, as the governor of a state is, Eiich state, according to its population, is entitled to a certain number of Presidential Electors {see Article 77, § 1, of the Constitution.) At the election, the people vote for electors. The electors of each state so chosen, meet together in their state, and vote for President and Vice-President. The result of their balloting is sent to Washington, where, on a certain day, the returns from each state are opened in the presence of the Senate, and counted. Every elector's vote counts one, and as population increases, the number of electors also increases; at the time of the election of Hayes the Electoral College (as the whole number of electors is termed) comprised 369 electors. A majority of all the electoral votes is necessary to the election of President and Vice-President ; and if there are so many candidates voted for that no one receives more than half of the electoral votes, there is no el'^ction, and the matter is settled by the House of Representatives. John Quincy Adams was elected in this way (§232). In the 122 LAST THEEE ADMINISTRATION'S. remaining 185 was uncertain. Great fears of civil war were entertained. Congress passed a law in Januar}^, 1877, referring the whole matter to an Electoral Commis- sion of fifteen men. By this law, every decision of the Commission was to be final unless both houses of Con- gress should concur in setting it aside. On March 2 it was announced that Hayes and Wheeler had received 185 electoral votes, and were therefore elected by a majority of one. 352. Indian Affairs. — In 1873 the Modoc Indians in Oregon left their reservation and broke out into war. With considerable difficulty they were finally subdued, the same year. In 1875 the Sioux Indians in the Black Hills, Dakota, became suspicious of the surveying parties in that region and also went to war. General Custer, a cavalry officer who had greatly distinguished himself in previous Indian wars, was surprised the following summer and killed with nearly all his force. Energetic measures were at once taken to avenge this, but the Sioux hastily fled into the British possessions. Mayes^s Administration^ 1877 . Inauguration of Hayes, March 5, 1877 ; Nez Perces War, 1877 ; Great Bail- road strike, 18 T7 ; Silver Bill passed, 1873 ; Fisheries Award, 1878. 353. President Hayes was publicly inaugurated March 5, 1877, the 4th falling on Sunday. He had privately taken the oath of office the day before, however. 351. In June, 1877, the Nez Perces {naij pairsay) In- dians, exasperated at the wrongs they had endured from case of the election of 1876 there -were two states in which both sets of electors, Democratic and Republican, claimed to have been elected. Each set met, and having cast their votes for their respective candidates, sent the returns to Wash- ington as the only correct ones. There would not have been much trouble if the election had not been so close ; but only one vote was sufficient to turn the scale one way or the other ; hence the difficulty, which was finally settled in the man- ner explained in the text. LAST THREE ADMINISTRATIONS. 123 the whites, went to war. After a struggle of about two months they were compelled to submit. 355. In July of the same year the engineers and other employees on the great railroads leading to the west, par- ticularly those in Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio, Penn- sylvania and New York, combined in a general strike. They not only refused to work, but stopped trains, tore up portions of the track and succeeded for a time in blocking the traffic over these roads. There was rioting in Pittsburgh, Scranfcon, and other places, and in several states it was found necessary to call out the militia to put down the disturbance. Within a month affairs had once more become settled. 356. The fisheries question had again furnished cause for difficulty between Great Britain and the United States, to settle which a joint commission was appointed. This body met at Halifax, and after due deliberation de- cided Nov. 23, 1877, that the United States should pay to Great Britain $5,500,000 for injuries done to British interests. 357. The value of silver had, within the previous four or five years, considerably diminished. Congress, seeing in this an opportunity to pay off the national debt at a considerably reduced rate, passed a law to the effect that the silver dollar should be a legal tender for all debts, public or private. It was vetoed by President Hayes, but was repassed over his veto in February, 1878. SUMMARY, 1865-1 878. -Johnson was inaugurated April 15, 1865.— He proceeded to reorganize the south on his own plan, but presently found himself strongly opposed by Congress.— He vetoed several measures, but they were promptly repassed over his vetoes ; one of these was the Tenure-of-Ofiice Bill (see text).— Later, Congress passed a bill settling the terms on which the seced- ing states might be readmitted.— This was also vetoed and repassed. — At length an attempt on Johnson's part to remove Secretary Stanton without consent of Congress led to his impeachment, which failed after a long trial.— In 1867 Alaska was purchased from Russia for $7,500,000.— In 186S Grant'was elected President. firant's A■ OOGO-3C50T *^ &5t3 ^ 3 ^ »^ ^ « § I • 2; p S p 3«K ► ° I =:< O > M O ^f6 CD & B B ^ 5 ►^ S B ^ B o o B ^ g i B 11 ° O «! 2 o ^ B B B 2^2 B B B g s OD 00 § ^ g ^ a OS- ii O M ?3 izl K g ;^ ^ S o 530 o E c! d d 5 s ^ s! HO 2 » O u o O K B 2 PW •a P 3 -^ I 3 5-2. :^ a en re B re i_i a cl. 3 9 ^ ■?* =t :^ ^ ? i_i ':j5 CD "* : c^i ^ > ■ oa_g2.; S c^ ^ *^ -, CD i^b -^>3 W -:-CD CD a H p a s^ g^i :;!> II ^ n ^ '^ "* P P W -3CD "^ ^B M -• hH^-P CD h-- c»?dBg? a 2 c 3= ^-'j^' S'S-i^aB^^ ga- Hg_g B<5S ""i-S§- (T. o p W k_i "^- - ! 29=! 9 1 o a p a _ o i' — CD ►! a =^5.P ^Vi o Bj a Qo P-r, a .t^ . „r' o a CD u:: p --HS^^B c 5 p' o p — fi^i:.! a Oc:'tTj2_a; ■" CD |j2 £1^ ADMISSION OF STATES 1 No. STATES. •< In whose auministra- TION. 55 S From what formed. New Hampshire... Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware 1776- 4i Original 13 States. Free. Free. Free. Free. Free. Free. Free. Slave. Slave. Slave. Slave, Slave. Slave. £ SO g z ffc., 1 79 1.) IV.— The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. {Dec, 1791-) v.— No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual ser\'ice in time of war and public danger; nor shall any person be subject for tlie same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor to be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. {Dec, 1791.) VI. — In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. {Dec, 1791.) VII.— In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of common law. {Dec, 1791.) VIII.— Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. {Dec, 1791.) IX.— The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be con- strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. {Dec, 1791O THE C0NSTITUTI02C OF THE UNITED STATES. X.— The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. {Dec,^ i79i') XI.— The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. (1798.) XII. — The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves j they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-Presi- dent ; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate ;— the president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ;— the person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest num- bers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of sena- tors, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. (1804.) XIII.— § I. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. § 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legisla- tion. (1865,) XIV.— § I. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 10 THE COKSTITUTIOI^ OF THE UKITED STATES. § 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, representatives in Congress, the executive or judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. § 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. § 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. § 5. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the pro- visions of this article. (1868.) XV.— § I. The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. § 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legisla- tion. (1869.) 11