('■hiss es i5<=? 
 Book Gr3 \/7 
 
 |JUKsi:xTi;i) i!i' 
 
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 THE AMERICAN NOVEL IN GERMANY 
 
 1871-1913 
 
 BY 
 
 CLEMENT VOLLMER 
 
 A THESIS 
 
 PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN 
 
 PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR 
 
 THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 INTERNATIONAL PRINTING CO. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 1918 
 
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 THE AMERICAN NOVEL IN GERMANY 
 
 1871-1913 
 
 BY 
 
 CLEMENT VOLLMER 
 
 A THESIS 
 
 PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN 
 
 PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR 
 
 THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 INTERNATIONAL PRINTING CO. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 1918 
 
.^^1 
 
 -K- a^ 
 
 Copyright 1918 
 
 nv 
 
 CLEMENT VOI.LMFk 
 
 its Uaivarii" 
 JUN I t918 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The data presented in this volume was collected during the 
 author's sojourn in Herlin, from .Vpril to Septeml)er, 1914. The 
 results as tdrmulated here claim to he merely an ohjective 
 description of facts, arranged in the form of a chronological 
 study, 'ihe aim has not hecn to draw hroati and final conclusions 
 from these facts, hut rather to pave the way for later detailed 
 investigations of the relative importance which individual Amer- 
 ican novelists attained in (iermany within the period hounded hy 
 the Franco-Prussian War and the Clreat World War of 1914. It 
 was in fact the outljreak of the present war in August. 19T4, with 
 its attendant confusion and go\ernmental limitations placed upon 
 otherwise acccssihle hihliographical data, which prevented a more 
 searching investigation and the drawing of more definite conclu- 
 sions than those which this work ventures to assert. 
 
 The Piihliography (Chapter III) claims to be a complete list 
 of American novels of the post-Civil War novelists published 
 in Germany in both English and German. The omission of 
 numerous writers of unliterary sensational fiction recpiires no 
 apology. The novels are grouped according to an alphabetical 
 tabulation of authors and under each author follow the strict 
 chronological order of jniblication, in so far as the exact date of 
 publication was ascertainable. 
 
 The investigation was undertaken at the suggestion of the 
 much lamented Professor Marion Dexter Learned, of the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsvlvania. to whose memorv the author owes a 
 deep debt of gratitude for his constant inspiration and guidance 
 For helpful suggestions and the extension of special privileges 
 W'hich facilitated the gathering of material, many thanks are due 
 to Dr. Drechsler, Chief of the Amerika Institut in Berlin, to the 
 officials of the Research Division of the Konigliche Bihliothek 
 of Berlin, ami to many publishers and booklovers of Germany 
 who made otherwise inaccessible facts available. 
 
 Clement Vollmcr. 
 Philadelphia, May 15. 1918. 
 
TABLE OT CONTENTS. 
 
 Chapter I. 
 
 Page 
 Jntrodiiclion: 
 
 The Period, 1871-1913 9 
 
 Reasons for tliis Starting Point 9 
 
 General Survey of Germany's Attitude Toward tlie 
 
 American Novel 9 
 
 American and I'.ritish Literature 11 
 
 The True Situation 14 
 
 Chapter II. 
 Chronolugical Survey: 
 
 (a) Certain Limitations 16 
 
 (b) The History 18 
 
 In Groups of Years (1871-1S90) 18 
 
 In Individual Years ( 1891-1913 ) 26 
 
 ( c ) ClironoJogical Table 39 
 
 (d) Detennining l'"actors in this History 40 
 
 Few Novels Abiiut Germany 40 
 
 Works on American Literature 41 
 
 The Periodicals 45 
 
 The Publishers 46 
 
 American Poetry 47 
 
 American Men of Letters in Germany 48 
 
 Political Relation Unimportant 51 
 
 Chapter III. 
 Bibliography: 
 
 Containing a Complete List of American Novels Pub- 
 lished in Germany, 1871-1913, Arranged by 
 
 Authors 52 
 
THE AMERICAN NOVEL IN GERMANY, 1871-1913. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 Tile period between the years 1871 and 1913 is too recent 
 to enable us to form an absolutely accurate opinion and a final 
 judgment concerning the value of its literature. The novels 
 which were written in these years in America may ether win for 
 themselves a prominent place in the hall of literary fame or they 
 may be forgotten by the generations and centuries which are to 
 follow. W. J. Long ^ says: "There was once a wise man named 
 Archimedes, who said that he could move the world if he had a 
 lever long enough and a place to stand on. So the historian might 
 with confidence speak of his own age if he could remove himself 
 to the distant future and view the present event in its historic 
 perspective, that is, in its relation to other events, past and to 
 come." However, uncertain though our judgment may be of the 
 immediate present and past, we are at least able to determine 
 the extension of interest which our literature has attained, even 
 if only for the time being, in foreign lands, and it is the immedi- 
 ate purpose of this investigation to indicate the degree which 
 that interest has attained in Germany and German Austria. 
 
 The year 1871 has been roughly chosen as a starting point 
 for various reasons. In the first place, it was this year which 
 gave birth to the new German Empire and marked the begin- 
 ning of an era in which Germany has played so prominent a 
 role in "VVeltpolitik,"' as well as in the arts, the sciences and 
 commercial affairs. 
 
 For the United States there was also a literary rejuvenation 
 at about this time. In his General Survey of American Litera- 
 
 ' American Literature, New York, 1913, p. 147. 
 
lo Tlu- A)ncriian Noi'cl in Gcnnany. iS/i-ipi ^ 
 
 ture since the Civil ^Var, H. S. Pancoast declares that - "it has 
 not been remarkable for the depth or clcKiuence of its weightier 
 prose, or for the brilliancy and insight of literary criticism, but 
 in its fiction it has made a distinct and notable contribution to 
 literature." Tt has been the custom to trace this new movement 
 in American Literature as dating from the end of the Civil War, 
 but the chief school of fiction, the realistic school, led by Howells 
 and James, did not really l)egin until after 1S70. The prose 
 novel assumes a "tyrannous central position,"^ because of its 
 direct appeal to all classes of people. Especially is this notice- 
 able after 1S76, since which date "nearly two hundred good 
 writers and perhaps a thousand good volumes have appeared" 
 on the American fiction market. Twenty years later, in 1896, we 
 read;' "The magnitude of the Hood of novels and tales that 
 now surges through newspaper and magazine, and in bound 
 form sweeps other literary jjroducts from the bookstands, 
 almost exceeds belief." Stcdman says:^ "The elder poets fully 
 met the need for idyllic verse, relating to home, patriotism, re- 
 ligion, and the work-day life of an orderly people. They did 
 not scrutinize and vividly present the coils of individual feeling. 
 Our people have outgrown their jnvenescence, tested their man- 
 hood and now demand a lustier regimen. They crave the sensa- 
 tions of mature and cosmopolitan experience, and are bent upon 
 w'hat we are told is the proper study of mankind. The rise of 
 our novelists was the answer to this craving. They depict life 
 as it is, tliough rarely, as yet. in its inlenser phases." When 
 Edward Fawcett complained, shortly after the Civil War, that 
 "just now it is surely the twilight of our .American novelists," he 
 was stating the truth, for this new revival of the realistic novel 
 had not yet noticeably developed. By the end of Grant's second 
 term, 1877, the" "complete restoration of the Union, the spread 
 of new states from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and the significant 
 
 'An Introduction to American Literature, New York. 1898. p. 309. 
 'Richard Burton: Literary Leaders of America, New York, 1904, p. 313- 
 •Pattee: A History of American Literature, Boston, 1896, p. 422. 
 'Poets of America, Boston, 1886. 
 ' .V. J. Long: American Literature. New York, 1913, p. 270. 
 
The .liiwrican Novel in (Jeniiany, iS/i-igi^ ii 
 
 Centennial Expositiijn of 187G" had taken place. These marked 
 the opening of the new era of this republic and with it the begin- 
 ning of the great development of the American novel. 
 
 As if to make the new epoch in the American novel an en- 
 tirely and not only a partly new one, we find that almost all the 
 groat novelists of the earlier days died before the rcjttvenation 
 of our fiction set in. Among these arc Simms (1870), J. P. 
 Kennedy (1870), Sealsfield (1864), Hawthorne (1864), Miss 
 Sedgwick (1867), Cooper (1851), James Kirke Paulding 
 (i860), Washington Irving (1859), Poe (1849). In England, 
 the death of Dickens (d. 1870) and Buhver-Lytton (d. 1873), 
 also marked the end of the old and the beginning of the new 
 epoch.'^ 
 
 Let us make a rapid preliminary survey of the extent and 
 growth of Germany's interest in and knowledge of American 
 literature. In an early work, Ludwig Wacliler's Leitrbucli der 
 Literatiirgcschichtc,^ we find references to American literature 
 only on one page." In speaking of Walter Scott's supreme posi- 
 tion as English novelist, he says: "er hat in Washington Irving 
 einen wiirdigen Nebenbuhler gefunden; manche neuere Erschci- 
 nungen (v. Allan Cunningham, d. etwas diirftig-breite N. Am. 
 fames Fenimore Cooper u. a. )'sind vielversprechend." It was 
 some time after this that Cooper became really known to the 
 German reading public, but once aroused, their interest in his 
 works shows no signs of weakening, even at the present day.'" 
 Brander Matthews correctly said of Cooper : "The first American 
 author to carry our flag outside tiic limits of our language." Miss 
 Maclean has pointed out " the immense popularity in Germany of 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin, after its pulilication in America in 1852. Tt 
 
 ' C/. also Alphonso Smitli : /)iV Amcrikanisihc Litcratur (Vol. II of the 
 Bibliolhck dcr amcrikanisclwn Kultur(icschichtc. Berlin, IQ12), pp. 22, 29, }iT„ 
 34. 217 and 367. for an excellent dehcriplion of the new awakening in Ameri- 
 can Literature after 1870. Cf. also R L. Pattec: American Literature Since 
 1S70, New York, 1915. 
 
 " 2nd ed., Leipzig, l8jo. 
 
 ' P. 38r. 
 
 '° As recently as 1909, Karl Federn published his translation of Cooper in 
 Germany. 
 
 " Americana Germanica. Vol. X, "Uncle Tom's Cabin" in Germany. 
 
12 The American Nox'el in Geniiany, iS/i-igi^ 
 
 has gone through no less tlian seventy-five separate editions in 
 Germany since that time. Johannes Scherr's Allgcmcine Gc- 
 schichte dcr Literal lo- gives us another means of judging the atti- 
 tude of German literary critics and liistorians toward our Htera- 
 ture. In the first echtion of this work ( 1851 ), Cooper is given a 
 half-page description, hut is chiefly hranded as an imitator of 
 Scott. ^■- lie then blandly adds: "Brown, Neal, Paulding, Hoff- 
 man, Bird, Simms, .Anna Sedgwick u. andcre waren tiitig im 
 Roman." Washington Irving is honored with fourteen lines 
 and flescrihed as an imilatur of I )ickeus. In the third edition 
 of 1869, although "neu verarheitet und stark vermelirt," the only 
 acklition among .American authors is a short footnote on Poe 
 (d. 1849). In the fourth and fifth editions '■' of this same work 
 the additions consist of one line concerning Hawthorne and the 
 following list: "B. Taylor, R. H. Stoddart, J. R. Lowell, G. H. 
 Baker, Th. P,. Aldrich, j. A. Dorgan, J. J. Pratt and Walt Whit- 
 man, in welchen letztgenannten die eine Halftc seiner l.andsleute 
 einen gros.sen Dichter, die andere einen grossen Narren sieht." 
 .Mthough written in 1875, there is no mention of Bret Hartc 
 or Mark Twain. In the si.xth efiition of 1880, we find the state- 
 ments of the previous editions unchanged, Hawthorne is brushed 
 aside with "der phantastisch-humoristische Novellist N. Haw- 
 thorne lehnt sich an Poe," and this important addition:" "In 
 den l'>z;ihlungen imd Schildereien von Th. B. Aldrich und M. 
 Twain tritt die humoristische .AufTassung.s- und Betnichtungs- 
 weise von Welt und Menschen el)cn falls in den Vordergrund, 
 wogegen der Novellist W. D. Howells mehr die pathetische Seite 
 der I'.rscheinungen des Lebens iiervorkehrt." Whitman receives 
 an im favorable footnote as his portion. 
 
 From this cursory treatment it would appear as if .Ameri- 
 can literature had not aroused sufficient interest in Germany to 
 
 '^This indicates a decided lack of appreciation of our literature which 
 ainonfi sonic Gerinan critics lias persisted to this day. At the time of Cooper's 
 deatli (1851") he had already been translated and published countless times in 
 (ierniany, but the notion anionK certain Europeans that whatever is .American 
 cannot be of permanent value was strikingly illustrated in his case. 
 
 " 1872, 1875. 
 "P. 119. 
 
The American Noirl in Germany, iSji-igi^ 13 
 
 call forth histories of its literature written in German and by 
 Germans. However, as early as 1S68, Brunnemann published 
 his Gcschichtc dcr N ordamcrikanischcn Litcratur. In 18S3, 
 luluard Entjel issued his Geschichte dcr amerikanischen Litcra- 
 tur. He puljlislied this as an appendix to his Geschichte der eng- 
 lischcn Litcratur in the later editions. The second edition ap- 
 peared in separate bindint;' in 18Q7, l)ut in it he doubts "ol) eine 
 Litteratur, die liljerhaupt erst seit wenigen Jahrzehnten anfiingt 
 unabhangig von der eiiglischen sich zu entwickeln, schon fiir eine 
 geschichtliche Darstellung geniigendes Material liefert, muss be- 
 zweifelt werden." Two works had appeared before Engel's: 
 Ernst Otto Hopp's I'nter dem Sternenbanncr (Strcifciige in das 
 Lcben nnd die Litcratur dcr .luicrikancr), (Broml)erg, 1877), 
 und Rudolf Doehn's Ans dem amerikanischen LJicJitcrzvald 
 (Leipzig, 1881). In 1891 there appeared the most pretentious 
 work of all, Karl Knortz' Gcschichtc dcr nordamerikanischen 
 Litcratur (2 vols., Berlin, Lustenoder). This was followed in 
 189S by E. P. Evans' Beitrcige zur amerikanischen Litcratur- und 
 Kulturgcschichte. Finally, in 19 12, Kellner's Gcschichtc dcr 
 nordamerikanischen Litcratur (2 vols.), was published in the 
 Goschen series. *° 
 
 During all this time the Germans were in fact taking a genu- 
 ine interest in our literature. One critic writes in 1876: "Die 
 Amerikaner haben auf einem ganz eigenen Boden, in ganz eig- 
 ner Luft, und in einem ganz eignen Geiste geschichtlicher Ent- 
 wickelung ein ganz eignes Leben und somit auch eine ganz eigne 
 Litcratur. Obgleich sie noch immer wesentlich mil Leben und 
 Litcratur Englands und Deutschlands zusanimen hangen und eng- 
 lisch wie deutsclie Geisteswerke immer frisch bei sich einbiirgern, 
 haben sie doch langst auch auf eigne Weise denken und dichten 
 gelernt."'" In the same year another reviewer calls his readers' 
 attention to Duyckinck's Cyclopedia of American Literature 
 from the earliest time to the year iSj^: "Sie ist an und fiir sich 
 eine ganze, fiir die gewiihltesten Familienkreise passende Biblio- 
 
 " These works and others are discussed in more detail in Chap. IKd) of 
 this study. 
 
 " Magacin fiir die Litcratur dcs Auslandcs, April 15. 1876, p. 228. 
 
14 Tlic Auicrican Noi'cl in Gcnminy. iSji-Ji)i^ 
 
 thek amerikanischer Bdletristik."'' Moreover, even after the 
 new era of the American novel had begun between 1870 and 
 1875, interest thd not wane in many of the old favorites. Cooper 
 remained the most popular American author for many years. 
 Harriet Beecher Stowe's latest works were read with avidity, 
 and the critics speak highly of her "ausgesprochen niicliterne 
 Prosa."'* But lest his readers forget, we find the reviewer of 
 Richardson's I'rimcr of American Literature,'^'' reminding them 
 that "Namen wie ilie von Washington Irving, Longfellow, Bret 
 ilarte, Bayard 'ra3lur, erinnern uns, dass es auch jenseits des 
 Oceans eine Literatur giebt, die es verdient, dass wir Deutsche 
 uns eingehend und voU Interessc mil ilirer Entwickelung und Ge- 
 schichte beschaftigen."-" 
 
 In spite of this and the literary histories mentioned above, 
 American literature has not yet been fully recognized in Ger- 
 many as distinct from the English. It is gratifying to note that 
 Wulker's (Jcschichte dcr cnylischcn Literatur, usually considered 
 tile best German work on this subject, does not mention our litera- 
 ture. Korting's Crundriss dcr entjlischen Literatur ^-^ however, 
 still considers our literature more or less British and gives .short 
 notes on American authors and refers the reader to the Tauch- 
 nitz Catalogues for further information. The Tauchnitz edition 
 is still generally called the Collection of British Authors,-'- 
 although si.xty-eighl of its four Inmdred and ninety authors are 
 American -'■' (works by Cooper and Irving iK'ing among tlie first 
 volumes published 1841-1847 j, and among them are the very best 
 sellers. Germans themselves realize this failure to properly recog- 
 nize American literature, as e. g. when Dr. 11. Schmidt -' .speaks 
 of "die mangelhafle l!eriicksichtigung, die die englische Literatur 
 Amerikas noch immer selbst in den neuesten VVerken liber eng- 
 
 " M. f. d. L. d. A., Sept. 30, 1876, p. 577. 
 
 "M. /. d. L. d. A., Sept. Q, 1876, p. 530. 
 
 " Boston, 1879. 
 
 " M. f. d. I., d. A.. June 21, 1879. p. 394- 
 
 " 2nd ed. 
 
 ^ Cf. any volume of Kayscr's Biichcr-Lcxikon. 
 
 "^Up to June, 191-1. 
 
 ^*Dxe Ncucrcn Sprachen, Vol. 3, p. 611 (1896). 
 
Till' .lincr'uan Noi'd in Gcriiiaiiy. i8ji-igi^ 15 
 
 lische Litcratur fiiulct."-'' E. P. Evans, born in America, but a 
 German citizen since 1H70, has lieroically defended our literature 
 and accuses the British of attempts to prove tliat Irving and 
 Cooper were British-born, "abcr die reichlialtigc und eigenartige 
 Entwickelung der amcrikanischen Litcratur und das unverkenn- 
 bare Nationalgepriige, welches sie fiihrt, liisst derlei Verwechse- 
 lungen, selbst mit (U'm Ixisesten Willen, kaum mehr vorkommen. 
 — Nur Herr Baron v. Tauchnilz schcint immer noch bei dcni 
 alten Glauben zu Itlciben, dass es kcine anierikanische Litcratur 
 gebe, sonst ware es ja unerfindlicii, wie er die bekannte Schrift- 
 steller Hawthorne, Henry James, yVldrich, Howells, Harte, Long- 
 fellow und nocli viele andcre unter 'British authors' subsumieren 
 und als solche verlcgen kann."-'' H. H. Ewers has recently writ- 
 ten a I'iihrcr (lurch die iiiodcnir Litcratur,-'' in wliich three hun- 
 dred authors from all countries are presented as "die geistige 
 Elite der Kultur unsercr Zeit in lilerarischer Beziehung." The 
 only Americans who are considered us deserving mention arc 
 Poe, Mark Twain, and Walt W'hitman, llie author deploring the 
 lact that "der Amcrikaner Walt Whitman, Leutc wie Schlaf und 
 andere eine Zeitlang in seincn Bann zog." Similar treatment is 
 accorded American literary men in Carl Schmidt's Der modcrnc 
 Rumanr^ in which Upton Sinclair is the only American dis- 
 cussed in a long list of German, French, Russian, English and 
 Italian novelists. On the other hand, Keiter und Kellen's Der 
 Roman -" finds space for seventeen American novelists, includ- 
 ing all the important ones since 1870 with a few exceptions. 
 
 In spite of this apparent ignoring of American men of letters 
 and the seeming lack of appreciation by literary historians in 
 Germany of our riglit to a place in the literary sun, conditions are 
 not such as we might judge them off-hand to be. We certainly 
 
 ™ F.ven in tliis statement, much as the writer wonM like to see American 
 Literature receive a more prominent recognition in Germany, he can only 
 think of achieving this greater prominence hy incorporating a more extensive 
 account of our literature in the Histories of English Literature. 
 
 " Bcilriige, etc., p. 109, Cotta, i8q8. 
 
 -' Berlin, IQ06. 
 
 " Osnabriick, iqo8. 
 
 ^ Essen-Ruhr, 1908. 
 
i6 Tlic Atncrican Nurd in C'cniniity, iSj i-igi ^ 
 
 cannot agree with Miss Colbron,"" that "until a lew years ago 
 American literature in its modern form, began and endeil with 
 Bret Harte and Mark Twain as far as they (/. c, the Germans) 
 were concerneil." Nor can we adt^pt the standpoint of Charles 
 A. L. Iveeil, who has iliscovered thai tiiere are many people in 
 Germany who sj)eak luiglish. lie says:'" "The American, how- 
 ever, who felicitates himself that, even in the cities (of Germany) 
 mentioned, the interest in the I'.nglish language engenders inter- 
 est in the lilerature ol America is doomed to disappoinlment : 
 lor whatever interest is thus aroused centers in the literatme of 
 England; to which country rather than to y\mcrica, all literature 
 in the I'.nglish language is most fre(|nently attrihutid." 
 
 That not only Urel llarte and Mark Twain, but a large 
 number of <jther American novelists are eagerly read anil their 
 latest works diligently sought after, and that these are recog- 
 nized by most of their readers as /\nierican and not Ihitish, will 
 be developed in the course of this study. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 ClIKONOl.OGUAl. SlIKVEV. 
 
 (a) Certain Liiiiitations. 
 
 In making a chronological study of the American novel in 
 (iermany after 1S70, certain limitations must be borne in mind. 
 It would l)e useless to make the treatment absolutely exhaustive, 
 for the reason that there are almost countless American authors 
 who appear only in our nickel- and dime-novel form, but are 
 nevertheless translated and made commercially valual)le by enter- 
 prising German publishers. This ephemeral "Revolver-fiction," 
 as the Germans call it, redounds neither It) our credit nor does it 
 add to the culture of (lermany, nor does it enhance our literary 
 
 *' The Bookman, March, 1914, p. 45 ff- 
 "Reviciu nf R,'vi,-u'S, Vol. 29, p. 459 (.1904). 
 
The American Novel in (Jcniuiny, iS/i-ipi^ ly 
 
 reputalidii among certain undiscriminating German critics who 
 lo(jk uptjn these works as typical American Hterature. Such 
 names therefore as Old Sleuth, Frank Pinkerton, Lawrence 
 Lynch, Eertha M. Clay and an endless list of their confreres, 
 though translated and eagerly bought and devoured by the Gas- 
 senpobel, cannot form part of our investigation. Where such 
 authors, however, such as Anne Katherine Greene, have had an 
 astounding success and have a])peared in more expensive edi- 
 tions, tliey will come wilhin tiie scoi)e of this study. 
 
 I'^urther, let it i)e borne in mind that this treatment aims to 
 give tile extent to which American ntjvelists have been translated 
 and i)ublished in (jcrmany, only however in so far as they really 
 represent the nctv American novel, which began to develop 
 around 1870. Many of the older authors conliuued to Ik- \m\)- 
 lished in (Jeriuany after this date, notably Cooper, Sealsfield, 
 Walt Whitman, Arteinus Ward, ilawthorne, Poe,''- etc. These 
 men had either died before the new .American novel came into 
 being, or, with a large nimiber of minor novelists, continued \.o 
 represent the old .school of novelists which had done its chief 
 work lx;fore tlie rise of llarte. Twain, James and ilowells. 'I'hey 
 are therefore not cc^nsidered as coming within llu- liniilalions of 
 this work. 
 
 There are certain other rmlhors who carried the American 
 spirit and ideal, or, more ])r(jperly, their own often distorted in- 
 terpretation <;f that spirit, into Germany. 15ecau.se they were not 
 novelists, they cannot be treated here, in spite of the fact that 
 their works have been so widely spread throughout (Jermany 
 that they have done much to inlluence the opinion which Ger- 
 many has of us. Among these, the most prominent have been 
 
 " Translations : 
 
 llmerson — Karl Fedcrn, Halle. 1897. 
 Poe — Lachniann, Berlin, 1801. 
 
 11. & A. Moller-liruck, Minden. lOoi. 
 Whitman — Knortz u. Rollcslon, Zurich, 1889. 
 
 K. Federn, Minden, 1904. 
 
 Schoelermann, Leipzig, 1904. 
 Franklin — Friedrich Kap|), Herlin, 1882. 
 Hawthorne — Kuenstlor, Leipzig. 
 I'arkvian — Kapp, Stuttgart, 1875. 
 
i8 The American Novel in Germany, iS/i-igi^ 
 
 Andrew Jackson Davis, Ralph Waldo Trine, whose In Tune zvitli 
 the Infinite was recently the most widely read American book in 
 Germany, Orison Swett Marden and Sheldon Leavitt. Other 
 more familiar names, such as Theodore Roosevelt, Helen Keller, 
 Andrew Carnegie and William James found a great response to 
 their literary efforts among the higher classes in Germany. 
 
 For convenience sake, it has been thought wise to group 
 the publications between i(S7i and 1890 in four distinct sub- 
 divisions (1871-1876, 1877-1882, 1883-1886, 1887-1890). After 
 1890 certain important events make it advisable to discuss each 
 year separately up to and including 1913. 
 
 ( fc ) The History. 
 
 In 1871, 1872 and 1873 Germany was still in the process of 
 readjusting herself after her war with I'"rancc and the establish- 
 ment of the German Empire. There seems to have been little or 
 no demand for foreign authors so that in the year which saw the 
 conclusion of peace, only one work of the newer American school 
 came into being. It was Charles Dudley Warner's (1829-1900) 
 My Summer in a Garden. This was published at Leipzig by 
 Lowe, and created a very good impression. What pleased par- 
 ticularly was the description of Paris in its imperial gala array 
 of 1868, prior to the terrible events which followed — war and 
 revolution. A critic remarks : "Es tat unserem deutschen Herzen 
 wohl, solche Worte zu lesen wie : 'One gets to love Germany and 
 the German as he does no other country and people in 
 uirope. ...•'■' 
 
 The only novel which can be definitely fixed in 1872 is Louisa 
 AI. Alcott's Ein Miidchen aus der guten alien Schide.'"^ The 
 work appeared in better binding than Warner's book of 1871 and 
 cost Mk. 7.50. Evidently the edition did not sell as rapidly as 
 expected at this price, for in 1874, when the next edition ap- 
 peared the price had been reduced to Mk, 6. But, as we shall see. 
 Miss Alcott became very popular in Germany five years later. 
 
 "Af. /. d. L. it. .A.. Nov. Q, 1872, p. 586. 
 " .'ituttgart, Xitzschke, 1872. 
 
The American Noz'el in Ccniuiiiy. i8ji-iqi^ 19 
 
 In the years 187 1- 1876, Baron Tauchnitz, who had been 
 publishing British and American novels since 1841, began to offer 
 to Germany the first volumes of the new American novel. It is 
 not surprising that Bret Harte and Mark Twain, who were 
 destined to become the most popular of all American writers and 
 strong rivals of Cooper in the esteem of the German people, lead 
 the procession. Of Bret Harte's works, Idyls of the Foot-hills. 
 Prose and Poetry and Gabriel Conroy, the latter being the author's 
 only attempt at a full-length novel, appeared. Of Twain's works 
 only the Adventures of Tom Sawyer was published. But other 
 Tauchnitz editions of this period marked the opening of a great 
 future popularity, e. g., Miss Alcott's Little Women. F. L. Bene- 
 dict's St. Simon's Niece and N. Sheppard's Shut up in Paris be- 
 long to this period, but neither one of these authors ever appeared 
 again in German publishing houses. 
 
 The first translation of Bret Harte came out in 1873, being 
 Kalifornische N ovellen.^'' In the following year the firm of 
 Grunow in Leipzig read the public mind with .sufficient accuracy 
 and began to issue its series of Ainerikanische Tlumoristen. 
 Between 1874- 1876, eleven volumes were issued in this series, 
 two by Aldrich, six by Mark Twain (Charles Dudley Warner 
 being co-author of Das vergoldete Zeitalter), two by Artemus 
 Ward and one by Max Adeler. Adeler received prai.se from a 
 critic because he amuses his readers "ohne Verletzung der die 
 englische Sprache in ihrer Construction und Orthographic re- 
 gelnden Gesetze,"^" a thing which Artemus Ward and other 
 humorists were constantly guilty of. In 1874 the first novel of 
 Elizabeth Prentiss to appear in Germany, Fritz und Marie und 
 Ich, was published by Nusser at Itzehoe. The edition was very 
 cheap (75 Pf.), but the next year, 1875, Die Perle der Familie 
 appeared in Basel and gave her a more general reputation than 
 the first work. Harte's Argonauten Gcschichten appeared this 
 year with Grunow. 
 
 In 1876, Miss Prentiss seems to have become known, for 
 
 * Leipzig, Quandt und Handel, 1873- 
 "M. f. d. L. d. A., Sept. 8, 1877, P- 548. 
 
20 The American No7'cl in Germany, iSfi-H)i^ 
 
 Schneider in Basel published another of her books, Die Familie 
 Percy. In tliis year (irunow followed up his Amerikanisclh' 
 Ilumoristen scries of 1874-1876, with a new series of Amerika- 
 nische Nuz'ellisten. Here Henry James, Jr., greets the Ger- 
 man public for the first time with his Ein Icidcnschaftlicher 
 ErdenpiUjcr and Roderick Hudson. These two novels and Har- 
 te's Gabriel Conroy complete the series. But it did not complete 
 the translation and i)ublication of Gabriel Conroy. Reclam issued 
 a translation, as did al.so liallberger in Stuttgart, Janke in Ber- 
 lin, and Ilartleben in X'ienna. Not to be outdone by his fellow- 
 publishers, Auerbach in Stuttgart started a Transatlanlische Ro- 
 manbiblioihek, in which Gabriel Conroy also appeared. Thus we 
 are presented with the strange phenomenon of a novel, which both 
 American and European literary criticism had assailed unfavor- 
 ably, appearing seven times in one year in a foreign land, once 
 in Tauchnitz and six times in German translation. The Ger- 
 man public was beginning to awaken to the charms of Bret 
 Harte's h'ar W'est with its gold mines and its motley adventurous 
 throng and were demanding his latest works as fast as they ap- 
 peared in America. Auerbach's Transatlanti.uhe JJibliotliek 
 also introduced a new American novelist to German readers in 
 the publication of Howell's I'ureilige SclUiissc. This year had 
 been a banner year for Bret Harte, ten volumes of his work ap- 
 pearing in various parts of Germany. 
 
 The year 1877 was chiefly remarkable for the interest in 
 Louise M. Alcott. Grunow put editions of Kleine Fraiien und 
 Kleine Manner on the market, while Valett and Com- 
 pany (Bremen) issued a cheap edition of Kleine Frauen. 
 This was only one of many cases in which Tauchnitz i)ub- 
 lished some popular .American novel in English, only 
 to have it followed by numerous German translations in the 
 next year or following years. It cannot be denied that this 
 Leipzig firm did a great and important work in demonstrating to 
 publishers and translators that the new American novel would 
 find as enthusiastic an audience in (Germany, both in its original 
 form and in tran.slation as Cooper, Sealsfiehl, I'oe and other ear- 
 lier masters had found. Grunow continued his activity this year 
 
The /hiicricaii Noi'cl in Gcnitany, iSji-ipi^ 21 
 
 with two new volumes in the Amcrikanische Humoristcn series, 
 one each by Mark Twain and 'W B. Aldrich as well as adding 
 James' Dcr Aincrikaner to his Aiiicrikanisclic N ovcllistcn. 
 
 Between 1877-18S2, Tauclinitz' pul)lication of American 
 novels took a decided step forwards. Two volumes by Aldrich, 
 one by Miss Alcott, the anonymous novel Democracy, one vol- 
 ume by Habberton, Helen's Babies, eight volumes by Harte, two 
 by Blanche Willis Howard, three by Howells, nine by James, one 
 by Miss Prentiss and six I)y Mark Twain, — thirty-four in all, 
 were puljlished by lliis firm. 
 
 The Transatlantischc Ronianbibliothek, now in the hands of 
 Abenheim, Berlin, added James' Die Amcrikaner, Eggleston's 
 Scliidmcister von Flat-Creek ("ein liebliches Idyll" a reviewer 
 calls it) and Adder's Miinchliauseii in .Imerica in 1877. Aben- 
 heim also pul)lished two volumes of Bret Harte in inexpensive edi- 
 tions. Miss Prentiss' Stepping Hcavemvard, which Tauchnitz had 
 already publisiied, appeared this same year in German transla- 
 tion ^^ and reached its third edition. 
 
 Bret Harte was again the centre of interest in 1878, Aben- 
 heim publishing five volumes at one mark per volume. Howell's 
 Dean: Biihncnspiel oline Coulisscn also appeared with Abenheim. 
 Reclam added H. James' Eugen Pickering and Janke (Berlin J his 
 Der Amerikaner. 
 
 Although Reclam issued two volumes of Mark Twain and 
 Abenheim four more volumes of Bret Harte in 1879, the most 
 signilicant [mblication was Habberton's Tante Jettchcn (Aben- 
 heim), for this was the first appearance of Habberton, who was 
 destined to become a household name among the Germans, in Ger- 
 man translation. 
 
 Two newcomers make their appearance in 1880, Boyesen 
 and Julian Hawthorne. Boyesen's Gtinnar ^*' made a very good 
 impression and was widely read. Its romantic, poetic legends and 
 superstitions gave the story "etwas naiv-mystisches, das an das 
 Volksmiirchen erinnert."^" 
 
 " Basef, Schneider, 1877. 
 
 " Breslau, Sdiottlander, 1880. 
 
 * \ ossische Zeitung. Sontt. Bcil, June 20, 1880. 
 
22 The American Novel in Germany, i8/i-ipi^ 
 
 Barlhol and Company in Berlin began their Englische Ro- 
 manbibliothck in 1881, and the first two vohimes pubhsiied were 
 George W. Cable's Grandissimes. Miss Prentiss' Himmela/n 
 reached its fourth edition and a new English Library *° published 
 a volume of Mark Twain's Sketches. 
 
 This English Library was not without its rivals, for in 1882 
 Barthol's Englishe Romanbibliothek, which had l>een inaugurated 
 the year before, published two volumes of Francis Hodgson 
 Burnett and one of Alliion W. Tourgee. Nevertheless Rudolphi 
 & Klcnnn kept pace by publishing Margorie Dazv by Aldrich and 
 Hartc's Tales of the Argonauts. In Hamburg there arose 
 another rival to tliese two firms who were giving Germany the 
 Ix^st that the authors of Great Britain ami America had to ofTcr. 
 This was Asher's Continental Library, published by Gradener and 
 Kichter. In this year ( i88j) they put forth two volumes by Miss 
 Burnett, .-i Eair Barbarian and 'That Lass o' Lozvric's, Edgar 
 I'awcett's A Gentleman of Leisnre, Habberton's Some Eolks 
 and Other Eolks, and, in a more expensive binding and under 
 the general title of Asher's Collection of English Authors, British 
 and American, another edition of Some Folks. Reclam continued 
 its competition with the more expensive publications with 
 Aldrich's Prudence Palfrey und andere Erdihlungcn, Habberton's 
 Allcrhand Lcute, and nine volumes by Bret Harte. Between 
 1877-1882 iDcgan the publication of Anne Katherine Greene's 
 works in Behrend's Eisenbahn Unterhaltungen with Schein und 
 Schidd, which created a taste for this authoress that kept the pub- 
 lishers of criminal and detective novels very busy for many years 
 to come. 
 
 Tauclmitz' publication of the anonymous Democracy bore 
 its fruit, for in 1883 no less than four editions of the German 
 translation appeared. A new firm entered the race to gain some 
 of the profit which Bret Ilarte's works were pouring into pub- 
 lishers' treasuries, namely Breitkopf and Hartel (Leipzig), who 
 published in 1883 a neat volume of Harte's Ncuestc Novellcn. 
 
 In 1884 and 1885, Demokratisch reached its fifth edition. 
 
 ' Rudolphi & Klemm, Zurich, 1881. 
 
The /Imcrican Novel in Gennany, iS/i-ipij 2^ 
 
 Miss Prentiss had not been forgotten, for IFas Lizzie Erziililte 
 und Gentleman Jim were issued in one volume by Bolune ( Leip- 
 zig). Elizabeth Stuart Phelps' Im Jenseils reached a second edi- 
 tion in 1885, and Burnett's Die schonc Barbarin was added to 
 Barthol's Englische Romanbibliothek. 
 
 Tauchnitz and the other publishers of various series and 
 Bibliotheken were again unusually prolific between 1882-1886. 
 In these years, Tauchnitz issued one volume by Miss Alcott, one 
 by Miss Burnett, seven by F. Marion Crawford, who entered tiie 
 German book market at this time, two by J. C. Fletcher (Geo. 
 Fleming), two by Habberton, one by L. B. Halstead (B. Elbon), 
 four by Bret Harte, one by Blanche W. Howard, nine by Howells, 
 one by Helen Hunt Jackson, five by Henry James, Jr., and three 
 by Mark Twain. Reclam between 1883- 1886 issued Aldrich's 
 Die Tragodie von Stilkvater and was the first German publisher 
 to present in translation the famous story by Habberton, Helene's 
 Kinderchen. Two developments in this period meant much for 
 the future of the American novel in Germany. Engelhorn in 
 Stuttgart began in 1884 to publish his Allgemeine Romanbiblio- 
 thek. Eine Auswahl der bestern niodernen Romane aller Vdlker. 
 The editions were inexpensively bound in 50 Pf. and 75 Pf. 
 volumes, and thus all classes had access to them. A volume of 
 Boyesen's short stories was the first American contribution and 
 was followed in 1885-1886 by two volumes of Harte. The 
 other important publication of 1886 was the beginning of the 
 Sternenbanncr-Scrie*^ a series devoted to American humorists. 
 Stockton's Ruderheim and Twain's Unterwegs und Daheim were 
 its first numbers. The cost per volume, Mk. 2.50, guaranteed a 
 strongly though plainly bound volume that would stand the wear 
 and tear of time. Asher's Continental Library added Mrs. Bur- 
 nett's Louisiana, while Harte's In the Carquinez Woods and 
 Julian Hawthorne's Dust were the new volumes in Asher's col- 
 lection in 1886. Rose Terry Cooke, unknown to the large mass 
 of the German people, was introduced to a small religious circle 
 through her Ein Laien-Prediger, published as a religious tractate 
 
 " btuttgart, Lutz, 1886. 
 
24 The American Not'cI in Gcniiany, iS/i-iorj 
 
 for 20 Pf. T\vciit\-six }ears later (191J) it was republished by 
 Ott in Gotha, hut one would have great difficulty in finding a 
 German today who had ever heard of its author. 
 
 The period between 1882-1886 had witnessed a great accel- 
 eration in the history of the American novel in Germany. Many 
 publishers had taken an interest in American literature, who pre- 
 viously had probably scorned the literary efforts of the "Jenseits." 
 There was a general awakening of interest among all classes, 
 since cver\'one could afford to buv the cheap Reclam and Engel- 
 horn editions, while Asher's and Tauchnitz's volumes supplied 
 those whose education had given them a reading knowledge of 
 English. The Germans realized that the way to learn a language 
 was to read co])iously in that language, and to read something 
 that interests as well as instructs. This trend of thought led 
 naturally to the reading of the best that luiglish and American 
 literature offer, and was thus responsible largely for the keen in- 
 terest in our novel. American humor Ijecame better known 
 through the Stcrnbanncr-Scrie and increased this interest. 
 
 Short stories by Aldrich, Stockton, Bischop, Deming, Mat- 
 thews and O'Brien were added to the Stcrncnbanner-Scric in 
 1887, while Boyesen and Burnett appeared in ICngelhorn. Dcr 
 kleine Lard, by Burnett, was the first German translation of Little 
 Lord Fauntleroy, which became as popular as Helen's Babies 
 and Ton Sa^vyer. A new translation of Twain's Prince and 
 Pauper was publi.shed by the Verlag der "deutschen Heimat" in 
 Konstanz as I'iirst and Betfler. Miss Prentiss' ilinunekm ap- 
 peared in a new edition and, though never known in (iermany as 
 a novelist, S. Weir Mitchell became known to German medical 
 students through Behandlung gewisser Fornien von Neurasthenic 
 itnd Hysteric. But most significant of all was the jHiblication of a 
 two-volume edition of Wallace's Ben Hur, the first appearance of 
 this famous novel in Germany. The Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt 
 issued four editions of Ben Hur in this year, while O. Hendel 
 (Halle) in his Bibliothek der Gesamtliteratur des In- und Aus- 
 hindes printed both the usual 25 Pf. edition and a Prachtband 
 edition. 
 
 In 1888, Tauchnitz published Ben Hur and the Sternban- 
 
The American Novel in Geniuniy, iS/i-rpij 25 
 
 Iter Scrie added Twain's Leben aitf dein Mississipf^i. In tlie next 
 year "die Perle der Sanimlung," as one critic expresses it, was 
 added to tlie Stenibanner-Scric, namely, Blanche \V. Howard's 
 Guetin. This reviewer finds in it "eine ausserst seltene Gestal- 
 tungskraft iind dazu eine echte Poesie der Stinimung."^- It is in- 
 teresting to note that Paul Heyse wrote a warm letter of praise 
 for this novel and its author. Ben Hur reached its fifth edition 
 in 1889. The socialistic organ I'onviirts brougiit another name 
 before the German people which soon became universally known, 
 by the publication in its Berliner Arheiter Bibliothek of a fifteen 
 Pf. edition of Bin sozialistiseher Roman (Looking Baclczvard), 
 by Edward Bellamy. 
 
 Tauchnitz presented a number of new authors between 
 [887-1890. Besides a volume of Miss Alcott, I'ellamy's Lookiiuj 
 Backzcard, Mrs. Burnett's Little Lord Fauntlcroy and Sara 
 Crczve, seven novels by Crawford, eight volumes by Bret Hartc, 
 two by Blanche W. Howard and two by Mark Twain, we also 
 find Margaret Deland's John IVard Preacher and A. C. Gunter's 
 Mr. Barnes of Nezv York. The former pleased because of tlie 
 comparison Ijetween the quaint old-fashioned life of Ashurst and 
 the busy religious atmosphere of Lockhaven.'-' Reclam published 
 Bellamy's Riickblick and Dr. Llcydcnhoff's IVundcrkur, Mrs. 
 Burnett's Der kleinc Lord Fauntleroy and several others between 
 1887-1890. The Sternbanner added volumes by Cable, Twain 
 and Anne Katherine Green in 1890. Altogether Bellamy's works 
 were published by five firms in 1890, and the edition of Riick- 
 blick, which O. Wigand (Leipzig) put forth went through six 
 editions in this one year. A Zchnpfennig Bibliothek in Berlin 
 published volumes of Boycsen, Octave Tiianet (Alice French) 
 and a short story by Mark Twain. Engelhorn's Romanbiblioihek 
 presented Gunter's Mr. L'otter aits Texas, wdiile the firm of Lii- 
 stenoder (Berlin) published volumes by Miss Alcott, Habberton, 
 Harte and Stockton. Aiuelie Rives made her first appearance in 
 Der Lcbcnde odcr der Tote, while Reclam issued the only work 
 of E. P. Roe, Wic sich Jemand in seine Frait z'crliebt, that ever 
 
 "M. /. d. L. d. A., March 30, 1889, p. 213. 
 'Herrig's Archiv, Vol. 84 (1890), p. 189. 
 
26 The American No'rrl in Gcnituuy, iSyi-iQi^ 
 
 appeared in Germany. Frank Hopkins^n Sniilli, wlio had net 
 yet been introduced intn Germany as a novelist, is represented in 
 1890 through his book of travel Plcinair-Studicn aus Spanicn, 
 Holland und Italicn. 
 
 h'rom 1891 on we do not meet with the same ilifficulty in 
 determining the exact year in which the Reclam and Tauchnitz 
 volumes are issued, for the year is in most cases appended to each 
 volume even when long lists occur in the catalogues. For three 
 years (1891-1893) there is a steady stream of publication of 
 American novelists, but in 1894 a decided falling off occurs, as 
 will be seen from the figures below. 
 
 Bellamy was again the central figure in 1891. His Riickblick 
 was published in Meyer's Folksbiiclier, which sold at the ridicu- 
 lously small price of 10 Pf. Reclam reprinted his Dr. llcydcn- 
 liof's IVundcrknr, which they iiad issued the year before, and 
 diddcd Miss Ludiiigton's Schti'cstcr. O. Hendel (Halle) offered 
 Maud Elliot in his Gcsamtlitcratur, etc., series and Fischer (Ber- 
 lin) issued a second cheaper edition of Fr'dulcin Ltidington's 
 ScJnvcstcr. Tauchnitz publi.shed volumes by Burnett, Crawford, 
 Richard Harding Davis, Julien Gordon, Bret Harte and Richard 
 Henry Savage. Davis and especially Savage, the former 
 through his Callcghcr, the latter through My Official Wife, be- 
 came well known and cherished by German readers in the follow- 
 ing years. A new movement to place before the people the best 
 F.nglish and American works in the original and at exactly the 
 same rate at which the Tauchnitz volumes sold, Mk. 1.60, was 
 begun in this year in the formation of another English Library, 
 by Heinemann and Balestier (Leipzig). Nine volumes by Amer- 
 ican authors appeared in this first year, the most interesting fact 
 being that the authors chosen were scarcely known up to this 
 time. Mrs. Burton Harrison with Anglomaniacs and Mary E. 
 Wilkins with A Far-arvay Melody and A Humhle Romance had 
 never appeared in Germany before, while Margaret Deland, 
 Amelie Rives and Charles Dudley Warner were practically un- 
 known, whereas Howells and James, the real leaders of the new 
 realistic novel in America, were known to the German public 
 which did not read English, only through the translation of one 
 
The Aiiicr'uan Novel in Geniitiny, iSji-iqi^ 27 
 
 volume each. However since this English Library presented the 
 novels in tiie original, it may 1^ assumed that Tauchnitz editions 
 of Howells and James had already revealed the great novellistic 
 ability of these leaders to the cultured German public. Bret 
 Harte continued his luirivalled popularity with editions by Ilen- 
 del and in Meyer's Volksbiicher. Ben Hur reached its sixth edi- 
 tion, while Heichers and Skopnik (Berlin) published two addi- 
 tional works by Wallace : Die hchrc Gottheit und Jesu Kind- 
 schaft. Helcncn's Kinderchen appeared in Engelhorn's Roman- 
 bibliothek, as did also two volumes by Julien Gordon. Lutz 
 (Stuttgart) began to issue his Sammlung ansgezvdhlter Krimi- 
 nal und Detektiv Roinanc, with volumes by Anne Katherine 
 Green and Julian Hawthorne. 
 
 There are five new names in 1892, Wolcott Balestier, Am- 
 brose Bierce, Lloyd Osbounie, Kate Douglas Wiggin and Con- 
 stance F. Woolson. Heinemann and Balestier's English Library 
 is responsible for introducing three of these, Balestier, Osboume 
 and Woolson. Two volumes of Balestier appeared, The Ai'crage 
 IVoman and Naulahka, written in conjunction with Rudyard 
 Kipling. Bierce's In the Midst of Life, a new Tauchnitz volume, 
 brought forth much unfavorable criticism : "Ich erinnere mich 
 nicht, jemals ein Werk der sogenannten schoncn Literatur mit 
 demselben Ekel gelesen zu haben, wie Ln the Midst of Life, von 
 deiTi ich nicht begreife, wie es in die Tauchnitz collection Auf- 
 nahme finden konnte."^^ No work of Bierce's was ever pub- 
 lished in Germany again, a conclusive proof that he created an 
 unsavory impression. The translation of K. D. Wiggin's Christ- 
 mas Carol appeared as Die Geschichte von Vogel's IVeihnachts- 
 Roschen.*'' Miss Wiggins was also to have a bright future 
 among her German admirers, as the following years will show. 
 Reimer (Berlin) issued German translations of four novels of 
 Marion Crawford, at exactly the same price as the Tauchnitz 
 volumes, Mk. 1.60, in order to compete on even terms. Edward 
 Eggleston, two of whose works had already appeared in Ger- 
 
 'Herrig's Archiv, Vol. 88 (1892), p. 444. 
 ' Leipzig, P. Robbing, 1892. 
 
28 The American Noz'cl in Gcniiany, iSyi-sgij 
 
 many, made his last appearance in The Faith Doctor (Tauch- 
 nitz). This work received great praise as a social satire.^" En- 
 gelhorn, Lutz and O. Hendel continued their pulilications of 
 American authors, while Heineniann and Balestier added new 
 works by James and Lloyd Oshourne besides introducing the 
 three new authors mentioned above. 
 
 There were no new authors in i8o^. This year proved 
 another great year for Crawford, six of whose novels were is- 
 sued, and Bret Harte, nine of whose works made iheir appear- 
 ance. Lutz, whose Detective Series had flourished the year be- 
 fore, only issued one work of this type, A. K. Green's Endlich 
 gcfundcn. Tauchnitz put ten new American novels on the 
 market, the most significant being two by Miss Wiggin, whose 
 popularity had suddenly ilarcd into being the year before. The 
 Deutsche Verlagsanstalt of Stuttgart became unusually active 
 with volumes by Bellamy, Bret Harte (three) and Stockton 
 (two). Margaret Deland's most famous novel apj)eared as 
 Johannes Ward, die Geschichte eines Geistlichcn, but she is not 
 heard of again in Germany for the next seventeen years. 
 
 The next year ( 1894) witnessed a decrease of almost fifty 
 per cent, in the publication of American novels. Not a single 
 work of Howells or James, only one of Mark Twain and two of 
 Crawford, to mention the i)rominent novelists, appeared. Miss 
 Burnett's 'Thco, cine Liebesgeschichtc, appeared in two transla- 
 tions, one in Berlin, the other in Frankfurt a/0. Reclam and 
 Kngelhorn each published only one .Aiuerican novel, while Tauch- 
 nitz' contribution of si.\ novels was not up to his usual standard 
 of ten or luore. Miss Prentiss' HiiiiineUm continued ])o])ular 
 and reached its sixth edition. 
 
 The year 1895 proved to be more disastrous than 
 1894. Miss Burnett occupies the centre of interest. No less 
 than seven novels by this authoress came from the press, one 
 of them, Klein Kdtchcn, reaching its fifth edition in one year. 
 Mrs. Craigie (J. O. Hobbes) makes her first appearance with 
 The Gods, Some Mortals and Lord IVickcnham (Tauchnitz). 
 
 " MitteUungcn aus dcm gesamtcn Gcbietc der englischen Sprache und 
 Lilcratur. Bciblatt cu "Anglia," Vol. 3 (July, 1892), p. 93. 
 
The American No-rel in Gennany, i8ji-ioi t; 29 
 
 Though not frequently translated or even pubHshed in the orig- 
 inal, this authoress created much discussion and critical com- 
 ment in German literary circles. Thomas Wentworth Higgin- 
 son's work on women appeared as Die Fnuienfrage nnd der ge- 
 sundc M enschenvcrstand , but the author, like S. Weir Mitchell 
 and Frank Hopkinson Smith, never became known to Germans 
 as a novelist. Howells, who had not been heard from since 
 1 89 1, was restored to the public by Engelhorn in I'flichfgefiihl. 
 
 The American novel was almost restored to its normal basis 
 in 1896, even though it must be admitted that it required Lutz' 
 Kriminal iind Delcktiz' Romane to swell the low total output 
 which the last two years had shown. Nine novels by A. K. 
 Green appeared in this collection. Miss Burnett with four 
 novels, Bret Harte with three. Savage with four, and Mark 
 Twain with four, kept these prominent authors in the fore- 
 ground. Interest in Crawford had received a severe check and 
 we do not hear of him again until 1900. Harold Frederic was 
 the newcomer with two volumes in the Tauchnitz edition, but his 
 llluviination or Damnation of Theron Ware displeased a certain 
 critic, because, to use his own words, "Was die Verfasserin selbst 
 denkt, bleibt geflisseullich unausgesprochen."''" But Frederic 
 was not disliked by the critics, and tlie whole German nation has 
 felt grateful to him for his interesting study of Emperor Wil- 
 liam II, which appeared in 1890. 
 
 This leads us to another low mark in the history of Amer- 
 ica's novel in Germany, for in 1897 the total number of publica- 
 tions falls below the low total of 1894. But it is somewhat en- 
 couraging to find at least one new novelist. Stephen Crane made 
 his only appearance in Germany with Maggie, das Strassenkind. 
 Harte and Savage lead with three novels each, while Mark 
 Twain's Milliunenpfundnotc is published by two firms. It is 
 quite astounding to note that Tauchnitz published only two novels, 
 Harte's Ancestors of Peter Atherly and Savage's A Modern 
 Corsair. Heinemann and Balestier continue their reputation for 
 
 " Hcrrig's Archiv, Vol. 100 (t8q8), p. ^•'S. It is diiTicult to determine 
 why the reviewer thinks that Harold tVedcric is a woman, unless it be that 
 his portrayal of feminine character is so minute in its details that only a 
 w'oman could have interpreted it as he does. 
 
30 The American Noirl in Germany, iS/i-igi^ 
 
 publishing the lesser known American authors by issuing Lloyd 
 Osbourne's Ebb-tide. A Trio and a Quartette, written in con- 
 junction with Robert Louis Stevenson. Engelhorn added only 
 one American novel to their collection : Savage's Lfie Hexe von 
 Harlem. 
 
 h'or tile next five years (1898-1903), Mark Twain is the 
 great bright light that forces all competing authors into total or 
 semi-darkness. 1898 was a great improvement over 1897, ^" 
 advance of at least fifty per cent, in productivity. In 1898 Lutz 
 published a series of Twain's Atisgezvdhlte humoristische Schrif- 
 ten, consisting of si.x volumes, also a more expensive binding of 
 Mcine Rcise um die Welt, and Der Qucrkopf Wilson in his Kri- 
 minal iind Detektiv series. Lutz also published three volumes of 
 Stockton, which he also called his Ansgewdhlte humoristische 
 Schriften. Little Lord Fauntleroy of Miss Burnett received the 
 honor of being taken into Ilerbig's (Berlin) series of Modern 
 English Authors, a series which included only the very best, as 
 such names as Cooper, Longfellow, Hawthorne, Dickens, Tenny- 
 son, E. B. Browning, Robert Browning, George Eliot, Scott, 
 Byron and others testify. This was Mary E. Wilkins' best 
 \ear, with two volumes in Tauchnitz and a volume of translated 
 short stories, published by Perthes (Gotha). Helen Hunt Jack- 
 son's Ramona, which had already appeared in Tauchnitz and in 
 18S6 was published in German, now readied the second edition 
 of the German version. Kiirschner's Biichcrschatz, which had 
 begun only the year before to include American authors in its 
 20 Pf. and 40 Pf. editions, oflfered a volume of Savage and one 
 of Bret Harte. Most of Lutz' Kriniinal und Detektiv Rotnane 
 reached their second edition, especially those of A. K. Green. 
 
 Although 1898 had i)roduced no new American novelist, the 
 year 1899, even though it witnessed fewer volumes published, 
 nevertheless Ijrought some new names before the people. The 
 most important newcomer was Gertrude Atherton, whose works 
 were not freciuently translated, Init who nevertheless became 
 well known to the educated public and the literary critic through 
 the many Tauchnitz volumes which bear her name. Lutz con- 
 tinued to make giiod use of A. K. Green and Julian Hawthorne 
 
The American iVr)7r/ in Ccniuuiy, rSji-igi^ 31 
 
 ill his detective series, while R. Jacobsthal in Berhn tried to com- 
 pete with him in a series of Amerikanische Detektiv Romanc, 
 containing such immortal names as Old Sleuth, Frank Pinker- 
 ton, etc., by adding a touch of real literary flavor in the publica- 
 tion of volumes by Twain and Poe. Anotiier new name which 
 called forth much comment in the periodicals, although not a 
 single work of hers was translated into theGerman, was Elizabeth 
 Robins (C. E. Raimond) whose The Open Question appeared 
 this year. Zwissler (Wolfenbiittel) admitted the first American 
 novelist to his Hausbibliothek, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps' Ein ei- 
 genartiges Leben ini Dienste des Herrn. Hollis Godfrey ap- 
 peared for the first time in Germany with his Rejuvenation of 
 Miss Semaphore (Tauchnitz). 
 
 The year 1900 was another banner year for Mark Twain. 
 No less than ten of his works were published in that year. Aid- 
 rich returned after a thirteen years' absence from the German 
 book market in O. Hendel's (Halle) inexpensive edition of 
 Marjorie Daw und andere Erc'dhlungen in his Bibliothek der Ge- 
 satntliteratur, etc. George W. Cable was also heard from after 
 ten years' silence in a volume of the Biicherei Bruns (Minden), 
 namely, A us der alien Kreolen-Zeit. Hollis Godfrey was taken 
 into Fehsenf eld's Romansammlung (Freiburg i/B), with Fr'dti- 
 lein Eiilalia's grdsslichcs Abenteuer. Three volumes of Craw- 
 ford appeared in this collection, indicating a demand for trans- 
 lations of the better authors in inexpensive form, the Fehsenf eld 
 volumes selling for 50 Pf. and 75 Pf. Miss Prentiss' Himmelan 
 reached its seventh edition, and Blanche W. Howard made her 
 last appearance in Germany with Toni, die Kammerjungfer, pub- 
 lished in the Kleine Bibliothek of Breer und Thiemann. Bret 
 Harte had by no means been forgotten, for From Sand-hill to 
 Pine appeared in Tauchnitz and a new edition of Im Waldc von 
 Carquinez.*^ Richard H. Davis' Gallegher appeared in Erzdh- 
 hmgen aus dem Unterhaltmigsblatt fiir Stenographen. American 
 novels had on more than one occasion been used for reading and 
 writing exercises by various shorthand systems, but this is the 
 
 ' Rheinische Union, Stuttgart, igoo. 
 
32 The American Noc'el in Germany, iS/i-ipij 
 
 first appearance of an American novel as pure entertainment de- 
 signed especially for stenographers. 
 
 Mark Twain in 1901 fell one short of his igoo record, with 
 nine volumes published in Germany by seven different farms. A 
 new edition of Ben Hur appeared in Berlin (A. Weichert), Miss 
 Alcotl's Lillle Women appeared twice and three volumes of Mrs. 
 Burnett, including of course Little Lord Fauntleroy, helped to 
 increase her already great popularity. Cable's .Ins alte)i Kreolen- 
 Tayen, issued the year before by Bruns in Minden, seems to have 
 pleased, for a new edition appeared in 1901, better bound and 
 more expensive than the year before. It is interesting to recall 
 the doubt expressed by a certain critic, upon the appearance of 
 Old Creole Days in America back in 1.SS8: "Wie lange er aus 
 dieser Quelle {i. e., the life of the old French settlers of New 
 Orleans) schopfen kann ohne sie zu erschopfen, und ob er auf 
 einem anderen Felde ebenso erfolgreich sein wird, ist fraglich,"^" 
 and then to note how true this prophecy seemed to the Germans 
 when Hyloti' Hill appeared : "Bylozv Hill, seine erste im Nordeu 
 spielende Frzahlung hat enttiiuscht. Wenu auch der Uichter in 
 der Person der lleldin und ihrer Mutter sudliche Typen nach 
 Neueugland verpflanzt hat, so scheint er doch dort nicht in sei- 
 nem Element zu sein.""'" A very important newcomer of this 
 year is brank Norris, whose Octopus appeared in Tauclmitz. 
 Norris' name lx,'came very well known in the next few years. 
 
 'ihe wave of ])ublications, which had been at its height in 
 1891 and 1892, and again between i89(>-i90i, with low points 
 in 1894, 1895 and 1897, experienced another decided drop in 
 1902. This proved to be the last low mark, even though the in- 
 crease in publications up to the banner year of 1912 was not as 
 rapid as the increased output of novels in /\merica seemed to 
 warrant, hour editions of Ben Hur appeared in 1902, the Volks- 
 ausgabe of the Deutsche Verlagsanstalt reaching its eighty-third 
 edition and the more expensive edition by the same firm its eigiity- 
 second. In Reutlingen, Enslin and Laiblin issued a Volksaus- 
 
 "A/. /. d. L. d. A.. May 22, 1888, p. 341. 
 '"'Das literarischi- Echo, Sept., 1902, p. 1712. 
 
The American Ncnrl in Geniiany, iSyi-lc^ij ^-^ 
 
 gabe and a better edition. Bret Harte seemed to lose no popu- 
 larity, as five volumes from him testify. But Miss Atherton, 
 James, Howells, Miss Wiggin and Miss Wilkins are not heard 
 from. Mrs. Burnett is second to Harte with four volumes, two 
 of them being Little Lord Fauntleroy. Grunow's edition of Miss 
 Alcott's Kleine Frauen reached a third edition. Crawford and 
 Savage each received an addition to their lists. 
 
 The number of novels in 1903 was almost double that of 
 the previous year. There are four new names to add to the list : 
 Irving, Bacheller, Tlujmas Dixon, Jr., Henry Harland and 
 George Horace Lorimer. Bacheller's Eben Holden did not excite 
 much interest, for only one other work of his has up to this time 
 been published in Germany. The possibility of Dixon's Leopard's 
 Spots retarding or at least injuring the proper development and 
 education of the negro by picturing him "als cin raubsiichtiges, 
 blutdiirstiges Gesindel" wherever he appears, caused much un- 
 favorable criticism.^' Henry Harland, the publication of whose 
 works in the next four years was restricted to Tauchnitz and En- 
 gelhorn, became known to Germany through The Cardinal' s Snuff- 
 box. We find it variously described as "Eine Tochterpensionat- 
 geschichte" and "eine rcizende idyllische Liebesgeschichte." Lori- 
 mer's Brief c eines Dollarhihiigs an seinen Sohn was eagerly read 
 and ran up to six editions in this and the following year. Mark 
 Twain, however, was still par excellence the American author, 
 and in 1903 another set of his Hutnoristisclie Schriften appears 
 with Lutz, including 'avtt novels. Besides these, four other vol- 
 umes, in two cases later editions of works in Lutz' Kriminal und 
 Detektiv Romane, appeared. In Velhagen und Klasing's English 
 Authors, Miss Alcott's Coud JVi7'es was puljlished. 
 
 Little Lord fauntleroy and Ben Hur had become so well 
 known that they proved the most popular works of 1904. Three 
 English and one German version {Der kleine Lord) appeared, 
 and three editions of the latter were issued. K. Thienemann 
 (Stuttgart) issued a splendid new leather edition, with gold edg- 
 
 "Cf. Lilcrarisclu's Cciilralblatt, July 4. 1903, P- 202, and Das literarische 
 Echo, June, 1902, p. 1283. 
 
34 The Aiiwrican No7'cl in Germany, i8ji-igi^ 
 
 ing, for Mk. lo, as well as cheaper editions, down to Mk. 4. 
 Miss Atlierton was gaining in favor, as three new Tauchnitz vol- 
 umes demonstrate. The new names for the year are Jane G. 
 Austin and Henry F. Urban. Miss Austin's volume of short 
 stories appeared with Velhagen und Klasing and marked her 
 only invasion of Germany. Urban, an American who wrote in 
 German, and therefore is scarcely known in America, became 
 very popular because of his supposedly true pictures of Ameri- 
 can life. The Concordia Verlagshaus (Berlin) published almost 
 all of his works in Germany. Paul Leicester Ford was added to 
 Lutz' Kriminal Series with Das Abenteucr im Expresszug, which 
 reached a fifth edition in 191 1. His better works, such as the 
 historical novel Janice Meredith never became known to the Ger- 
 mans. "Als Geschichtsforschcr und Bibliograph," says a critic 
 who had read Janice Meredith, "hat der Verfasser Vorziigliches 
 geleistet ... als ein belehrendes Geschichtsbuch ist es zu em- 
 pfehlen."'^- A new work of A. K. Green's, The Filigree Ball, 
 which with one exception was her only novel seriously consid- 
 ered by any literary critic, did not provoke very favorable com- 
 ment. The volume is spoken of as "unsinniges Geschwatz," and 
 the authoress "hat ihrer Phantasie die Ziigel schiessen lassen."'''' 
 Mrs. Burnett with five volumes in 1905, Bret Harte with 
 five, and Mark Twain with four, give the best proof to the state- 
 ment that the old favorites did not soon lose the affection of the 
 people after they had once made themselves popular. But a real 
 rival to the old guard had developed formidable proportions by 
 1905 in the publication of four works by Miss Atherton. There 
 were no new authors this year. Howells returned after an ab- 
 sence from the book-market of four years, with Miss Bellard's 
 Inspiration (Tauchnitz). Lorimer's Neue Brief e, u. s. w., were 
 published by Fleischel and reached four editions. Habberton's 
 Helen's Babies was included for the first time in Velhagen und 
 Klasing's school texts, in the section for English Authors. Miss 
 Wiggin's Rebecca of Simnybrook Farm became so popular that 
 
 ' Litcrarischi's Ceniralblatt, May 5, IQOO, p. 791. 
 ' Literarisches Ceniralblatt, April 22, 1905, p. 173- 
 
The American Novel in Ceniuiiiy. ilSji-iQi^ 3; 
 
 Engelhorn issued a translation, Rebckka von Sonncnhachhuf in 
 a four-mark edition instead of his usual 50 Pf. and 75 Pf. vol- 
 umes. 
 
 Three important features characterize the development in 
 1906. Ben Hur had gained such wide-spread popularity that 
 seven editions appeared, two of these being in Graz, Styria. 
 Another feature is the only appearance of Westcott's David 
 11 arum, whicii had appeared in America seven years before 
 (1899). In Germany it was looked upon as "typisch amerika- 
 nisch," but for that very reason it pleased readers and critics alike 
 who were always anxitais to learn more concerning the genuine 
 unadulterated small-town American citizen. °^ A more important 
 novelty of the year was the publication of Upton Sinclair's Dcr 
 Siinipf {The Jungle) in a bound edition and a Volksausgabe, be- 
 sides an inexpensive edition of the same author's Der Industrie- 
 bar on. Sinclair's Suvipf aroused almost as much interest as it 
 did in America and was commented freely upon not only by 
 literary critics, but also by German commercial and governmental 
 interests. Mrs. Edith Wharton, only two of wliose works ap- 
 peared in Germany, but who nevertlieless received constant atten- 
 tion by the critics, made her debut in The House of Mirlh. There 
 is another whom Germany had not known before this year, but 
 who leaped into fame at one bound — Lafcadio Hearn. His 
 Kokoro and Lotos, four thousand copies of the latter being sold 
 the first year, appeared in German translation witii the Literari- 
 sche Anstalt, Frankfurt a/M. Irving Bacheller made his second 
 and last appearance in Silas Strong, a novel which the Germans 
 felt was written for American readers alone: ".\ndere diirften 
 in dem magercn Inhalte und der alxsonderlichen Schreibweise we- 
 nig Gefallen finden."'' 
 
 Thomas Dixon, Jr.'s Schivarz und JVeiss appeared in 1907, 
 although it had been announced to appear in 1904. The criticism 
 of the American original, llie Leopard's Spots, in 1903 had been 
 so severe that the Hesperus Verlag in Berlin hesitated to issue 
 
 "Das literarische Echo, Dec. i, 1899. 
 
 " Litcrarisches Centralblatt, Dec. 7, 1907, P- 420. 
 
36 The American jVott/ in Germany, iSji-igi^ 
 
 the translation until the tumult had somewhat subsided. Two mor.' 
 versions of Mrs. Burnett's Dcr klciiic Lord appeared, as well as 
 her Die Iiiibsche Sclnvester von Jose in Kiirschner's Biicherschatz. 
 Hearn had become so well known that Tauchnitz published three 
 of his works, Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan, Kokoro, and Kwai- 
 dan, while Izumo appeared in tran.slation at Frankfurt a/M. The 
 two important newcomers are Jack London and Tom Lawson. 
 The former's iVenn die Naliir ruft was the only novel of Lon- 
 don's to appear in this year, but one of his political studies ap- 
 peared as Muuizipalso::ialisniHS in England. Lawson's Freitag der 
 Drcizehnte was not taken seriously by German critics, a fate 
 which had already befallen the original in America. While it 
 was being translated into many languages and reached countless 
 masses of people in all Europe as well as in Germany, we find 
 that the prevailing opinion sums it all up with "Mangel an kiinst- 
 lerischem Formensinn in Aufbau der Handlung wie in der diirf- 
 tigen Sprache."^'"' Another reviewer is a little harsher when he 
 speaks of London's work as "ohne literarischen Wert," and later, 
 "es wirkt wie cine iil)erlegene Parodie auf sich sclbst."'"'^ The 
 long-expected translation of Norris' Octopus, which was pub- 
 lished in the Tauchnitz series in 1901, finally appeared in 1907, 
 and almost immediately reached a second edition. Ben Ilur was 
 again issued by three different publishers, while Mark Twain 
 had another unusually good year with six volumes. Miss Wig- 
 gin had become especially known to the younger people through 
 Freytag's "SchulausgalKMi" of her works, and her Rebekka 7'0ii 
 Sonnenhachhof now became accessible to all in the 50 Pf. Engel- 
 horn edition. 
 
 Mark Twain had seen the rise and fall of many minor 
 authors, but continued to remain as popular as ever. In 190S 
 new editions of four of his works came out. Hearn's Kyushu, 
 with three thousand copies sold the first year, kept this author 
 before the people. Owen Wister was translated and introduced 
 to German V for the first time in Novellen aus dem Abenletierle- 
 
 " Das I.iterarischc Echo, Sept. 15, 1907, p. 1800. 
 " Lilerarisches CcntraWtalt, June 22, 1907, p. 218. 
 
The American Novel in Germany, iSji-igi^ 37 
 
 ben des IVildcn IVestcns. Such works as McGrath's Dcr Mann 
 auf dcm Bock continued to be translated and published in Engel- 
 horn, KiJrschner, Meyer's Volksbiicher, etc., but cannot claim our 
 attention here. 
 
 Lutz' criminal and detective stories had reached so many edi- 
 tions that he published a more expensive series called Detektiv 
 Gryce Serie, in 1909 and igio. The series consists of six vol- 
 umes by A. K. Green, all of which had already appeared in 
 cheaper form. They were advertised as being far above the 
 average criminal novel and not to be confused with "anstossige 
 Lektiire" of the Nick Carter type. We find that the Vossische 
 Zeitung remarks, concerning one of these six novels, Hinter vcr- 
 schlossenen Tiiren: "Wohltuend riihrt es, dass der Verfasser 
 diese VVirkung nicht durch die Spekulation auf den Instinkt fur 
 das Sensationelle, sondern vielmehr durch die geschickt erson- 
 nene Handlung, und deren mit psychologischem Verstandnis 
 durchgefiihrte Entwicklung erreicht." Again we read in the 
 Literarisches Centralblatt, referring to Schcin und Schuld and 
 Hand und Ring: "Was soil man fiber diese Erzeugnisse sagen? 
 Sie sind jedenfalls nicht von der schlechten Art, wenn sie uns 
 auch den Eindruck machen wie alle Vertreter dieser Gattung, 
 nach einem und demselben Rezept verfertigt zu sein."^* This 
 indicates that there was not an absolute aversion to this higher 
 grade detective-literature, especially since the critic adds: "Es 
 soil literarisch sehr anspruchsvolle Menschen geben, die die Ver- 
 suchung, einen Detektivroman zu Ende zu lesen, nicht widerste- 
 hen" — Heam's Kzvaidan now appeared in German translation 
 and soon reached its third thousand. A new Ben Hur was pub- 
 lished by Schreiter (Berlin) in the Sammlung Kidtiirhistorischer 
 Romanc, which included such novels as Quo Vadis, Monte 
 Crista, David Copper field, Der etvige Jude, Glockner von Notre 
 Dame, etc. Clara Louise Burnham made her only appearance in 
 Germany in Juwcl — Ein Kapitel aus ihrem Leben. Sinclair's Die 
 Borsenspicler went through two editions, and Mark Twain 
 added five more publications to his list. 
 
 " Literarisches Centralblatt, March 26, 1910, p. 136. 
 
38 The American No7'el iit Gennaiiy, TS~i-ror^ 
 
 The year 1910 finds Hearn leading the list with eight new 
 publication or later editions of old works. F. H. Burnett and 
 Bret Hartc have four volumes this year, while Twain lias six. 
 Urban's new book, I^ie drei DoUarjagcr aus Berlin, met with the 
 same hearty welcome that all his previous works had experienced. 
 Many Germans read all of Urban's works, who had never heard 
 of Howells, James or Miss Atherton. The American dramatist, 
 with whom the American drama, according to certain critics, 
 takes its beginning in 1870, Bronson Howard, is represented in 
 this year of 1910 with his only work which found publication in 
 Germany, Mecresgold. As a dramatist Germany never knew 
 him. Howells had not been entirely forgotten, for his Tuscan 
 Cities, originally pul^lished in Ileinemann and Balesticr's English 
 Library in 1891, now reappeared after nineteen years in a new 
 edition. I'.ven Henry James, Jr., had not appeared on the new 
 book lists since 1892, but Tauchnitz rescued him and restored him 
 to the pul)lic in The Finer Grain. 
 
 The year 191 1 records no diminution of interest in Ren Hur. 
 Five editions were published in this year. Many of Twain's 
 works received new editions, while Ilarte only had one work pub- 
 lished. It can be seen that, popular though Bret Ilarte was, he 
 could not outstrip Mark Twain in the estimation of the German 
 people. Three editions of Little Lord Fauntlcroy appeared, two 
 l>eing English school texts, the other being published by the 
 Lehrerhausverein fiir Oberosterreich in Linz. After nineteen 
 years, Heincmann and Balesticr issued a new edition of Bale- 
 stier and Kipling's Naulahka. Tiie Literarischc .'\nstalt of Stutt- 
 gart published Das Japanhuch. Eine Auswald aus [learns ll'er- 
 ken, which reached its twelfth thousand. In Twietmeyer's 
 Sanunlung cnglischcr Original ausgahen fiir Schul- und Privat- 
 Studium, Lorimer's Letters from a Self-made Merchant to His 
 Son, which had already appeared lx)th in Tauchnitz and in trans- 
 lation, was revived for school use. 
 
 The banner year of all was 1912, even though it presents the 
 paradox of having the most American novels published within its 
 limits, without a single work of the most popular American au- 
 thor, Mark Twain, being among them. Hairy James, Jr., had 
 
The American Novel in Gcr)iiany. iSji-igi:; 39 
 
 received a new lease on life, as two new volumes testify. Jack 
 London increased his reputation with three Tauchnitz volumes 
 and another volume, IVolfsblut, in German translation. Hartc 
 and Hearn had only one volume each, while F. Marion Crawford 
 appeared with two. Little Lord Fauntleroy continues its phenom- 
 enal popularity with four new editions, three German and one 
 English. An English and a German edition of Helen's Babies 
 were publislied. Stockton's Auscjeiviihltc Schriftcn, originally 
 published in 1898 by Lutz, appeared in a new edition. Norris' Pit 
 is published as Die Getreideborse. Two of Miss VVilkins' novels 
 were published in Heinemann and Balestier's English Library. 
 Miss Allcott's Alls der Knabcnwelt and Aiis dcr Mddchcnwelt 
 each reached its third edition. 
 
 The last year which we shall consider (191 3) indicated a 
 decided decrease from the year before. Although Twain is well 
 represented and Jack London holds his prominent place with 
 three new Tauchnitz volumes, Harte, Howells and James have 
 absolutely disappeared, while Crawford, Wallace and Burnett 
 each have only one volume publislied. It seems almost fitting 
 that it should l^e so, namely, that the names of Harte, Howells 
 and James, the leaders and teachers of the later American realis- 
 tic novelists, should close through their departure, not necessarily 
 forever, this great period which they had opened. 
 
 The remaining pages of Chapter H are devoted to a chrono- 
 logical table, which summarizes statistically the history of our 
 novel in Germany, 1871-1913, and to a general statement of the 
 determining factors in that history. This study has brought us 
 to the brink of the Great World War of 1914, whose influence 
 upon German American cultural relations cannot be foreseen, 
 nor even imagined. 
 
 (c) Chronological Table. 
 
 (Containing the number of American volumes of the later 
 school of novelists [1871-1913] published in Germany, both in 
 the original and in translation, and not including certain works 
 without literary merit, which appeared only in the cheapest 
 
40 The American Not'cI in Gmiiauy. i8/i-igi^ 
 
 V olksbibliotheken. A few works are also included which were 
 written in collalwration with foreign authors.) 
 
 i»7i-i«76 
 
 •■ 3^ 
 
 1900 : 
 
 31 
 
 I 877- I 882 
 
 : 88 
 
 1901 : 
 
 34 
 
 1 883-1 886 
 
 : 59 
 
 1902 : 
 
 19 
 
 I 887- I 890 
 
 : 72 
 
 1903 : 
 
 Z2, 
 
 1891 
 
 ■■ 41 
 
 1904 : 
 
 28 
 
 1892 
 
 : 43 
 
 1905 : 
 
 41 
 
 i«93 
 
 : 34 
 
 1906 : 
 
 39 
 
 1894 
 
 : 17 
 
 1907 : 
 
 45 
 
 1895 
 
 : 15 
 
 1908 : 
 
 29 
 
 1896 
 
 : 29 
 
 1909 : 
 
 30 
 
 1897 
 
 : 16 
 
 1910 : 
 
 42 
 
 1898 
 
 : 30 
 
 191 1 : 
 
 46 
 
 1899 
 
 : -'5 
 
 1912 : 
 
 52 
 
 
 1913 : 
 
 -'7 
 
 
 Sunmiary :— 
 
 -87 novelists; 
 novelettes. 
 
 997 novel: 
 
 s or volumes of 
 
 (</) Determining Factors. 
 
 In attempting to fix some definite causes for the rising and 
 falling of tile American novel in Germany, one is confronted by 
 a confusing array of facts and circumstances, some of which may 
 have had a general or even a particular intluence, but most of 
 which bear too remote a relation to the problem on hand to give 
 us much enlightenment. It is the purpose in the following section 
 to point out some of these circumstances and to attempt an as- 
 signment of them to their proper place in the history of the Amer- 
 ican novel in (lermany. wherever that is possible. 
 
 With eighty-seven American novelists and nine hundred and 
 ninety-seven American novels or volumes of short stories (or 
 novelettes) published in Germany between 1871-1913, with a 
 host of minor writers of fiction, whom we do not mention in the 
 same breath with American literature, we cannot say that our 
 novel has been neglected in Germany. But that it might have 
 had even greater success under other conditions may be gleaned 
 from tlie following interesting circumstance. The American 
 
The American Noi'cl in Germany. iSyi-igi^ 41 
 
 novelist has rarely taken as his background the life and customs 
 of (ierinany and the Germans. This may be because the l'"rench- 
 man, tlic Italian, the Spaniard, and even the Englishman exhibit 
 more of the romantic and sentimental in their external life than 
 the (jerman. The best qualities of the German are usually bound 
 up in his innermost personality and come to the surface only vviien 
 put to the test. He is introspective anrl individualistic in his jiri- 
 vate life and does not lend himself to the pliable treatment that 
 the average American novelist demands. In consequence, the 
 German and his country have been brushed aside when foreign 
 themes and backgrounds were searched for. A. B. Maurice ^" 
 has pointed out that, of the leading American novels dealing with 
 foreign countries, twenty-six had their background in the British 
 Isles, twenty-one in I'^-ance, twenty- four in Italy, four in Ger- 
 many and one in Austria. In the Tauchnitz collection, which in- 
 cluded four hundred and thirty-seven of the most prominent 
 works of sixty-eight American authors, up to June, 1914, only six 
 deal directly with German or Austrian conditions.*^" Evidently 
 Germany and Austria have not appealed to the American novel- 
 ist's imagination. It is reasonable to assume that, had the same 
 attention been given to Germany as to Britain, France and Italy, 
 at least those novels dealing with Germany would have been 
 translated and read, and would doubtless have led to a keener 
 interest in American letters. Here, then, we find a very good 
 reason for the apparent lack of interest among Germans in our 
 novel-literature taken as a whole, such as, c. g., is accorded the 
 French, Russian and British novel-literature. This, however, 
 did not affect the diametrically opposite warmth of interest in 
 our most uniquely American products, such as those of Harte, 
 Twain, Habberton, Bellamy, etc. 
 
 The various histories of America literature and important 
 literary contributions, which discussed American literature, did 
 
 'Bookman, Vol. 27 (1908), p. 246. 
 'Gertrude Atherton : Tower of Ivory (Munich). 
 F. Marion Crawford: Grcifenstein (Schwarzwald). 
 
 A Cigarette-Maker's Romance. 
 Blanche W. Howards : The Open Door. 
 
 The Witch of Prague (Prague). 
 Mark Twain: A Tramp Abroad. 
 
42 The .~liii('rican Not'cI in Gcniiaiiv, iS/I-iqij 
 
 coiitrilnite their share in stimulating interest. We noted above 
 that Schcrr's AUgcmcine Gcschichtc dcr Litcratur, even in its 
 later editions of 1875 and 18S0, had given but little separate 
 recognition to our literature and had mingled our authors in- 
 discriminately with the British authors. But it is nevertheless 
 gratifying to find that a genuine Gcschiclite dcr nordamcrikani- 
 schcn Litcratur, by Brunnemann, appeared as early as 1868. 
 Although this immediately precedes the opening of our period, 
 the work probably aroused little attention. Very enthusiastic 
 in its spirit, it leaves no real hope in the minds of students that 
 a great future is in store for the literature of our reconstructed 
 Republic. But in 1876 appeared Thomas VVentworth Higgin- 
 son's Gcschichtc dcr Vcrcinigtcn Staatcn von N ord-Amcrika in 
 popiddrcr Darstcllung (.\uerbach, Stuttgart). It was illustrated 
 with numerous wood-cuts and contained three maps. It was 
 meant for the public at large and unquestionably added to the in- 
 terest and understanding of America among the German middle 
 classes. The increase of eighty-eight published volumes in the 
 five years between 1877- 1882 over the thirty-two between 1871- 
 1876 is very significant and may be traced partly to Higginson's 
 work. Ernst Otto Hopp's Untcr dcin Sternenbanncr. Strcif- 
 ziigc in das Lcbcn und die Litcratur dcr Amcrikancr,'''^ was an 
 important contribution to the spread of knowledge concerning 
 America and her literature. Rudolf Doehn's Aus dcm Ameri- 
 kanischen Dichtcrwald (Leipzig, 1881), was an attempt to form- 
 ulate a chronological history of American literature, but it be- 
 came known to but a limited circle of people, and probably ex- 
 erted no influence on those who had heretofore not concerned 
 themselves with American men of letters. As early as 1883, 
 Eduard Engel added an appendix f)n American literature to his 
 Gcschichtc dcr Englischcn Litcratur, and later this was published 
 separately as Gcschichtc dcr Litcratur Nordamcrikas. Wiilker, 
 the greatest of all among the historians of English literature in 
 Germany, refused to add an account of American literature, 
 "wcil diese Litcratur selbstandig, nicht als Anhangsel behan- 
 delt werden miisse." Engel's work, though short and concise, 
 but written in his warm, sympathetic tone of admiration, prob- 
 
 'Bromberg, Fischer, 1877. 
 
The Aincrican A'otcI in Germany. iSyi-igij^ 43 
 
 ably helped to niako the fift}-eiglit vohmics puhHshed in three 
 years (1883-1886) so encouraging an increase over the thirty- 
 two vohimes in five years of the preceding decade ( iSji-nSjO). 
 Karl Knortz, who had already done much in stirring up interest 
 in Germany for our literature through his translation of our 
 poets, contrihutcd a masterful work in his Ceschiclitc der Nord- 
 amerikanischcn Litcratiir."- This was an attempt to fill a long- 
 felt need, for Fngel's work, though splendid in quality, was too 
 sketchy to give sufficient information on any particular subject. 
 But Knortz' two-volume history was a "work which for com- 
 prehensiveness, accuracy and appreciativeness compares favor- 
 ably with any of our own text-books on American literature.""'' 
 Its striking fault is that it tries to be too comprehensive and in- 
 cludes many minor authors who contributed little or n<^thing to 
 our literature. In reviewing Knortz' work, Krnst Otto Hopp, 
 author of Unter dem Stcrncnbanner, remarks: "Es steht zu 
 fiirchten, dass audi diese Knortz'sche Literaturgeschichte ameri- 
 kanischer Namcn kein grosses Terrain erobern und die Papier- 
 kosten des Verlegers kaum dccken wird.""^ Unfortunately it 
 cannot be stated that this most thorough of all histories of Amer- 
 ican literature in Germany had any direct influence on the reading 
 and spread of contemporary American novelists. After two 
 years in which the novel seems to hold its own, the terrific slump 
 of 1894-1897 occurs. At the opening of this period, in 1894, a 
 series of lectures was delivered by Frank Sintenis in the Univer- 
 sity of Dorpat, including lectures on Bret Ilarte, Bellam\- and 
 Mark Twain. These were pulilishcd under the title of Literari- 
 schc Ansichten in J'ortriigen, but can scarcely have reached far 
 beyond the small circle of those who heard the lectures. Fol- 
 lowing close upon Sintenis' work, we find Edward Payson 
 Evans' Bcitrdgc ziir Amcrikanischcn Litcratur- und Kidturge- 
 schichtc (Stuttgart, 1898). This is a work of undoubted merit. 
 Its author was born in America, but since 1870 had been living 
 in Germany and was for all practical purposes, a German. This 
 volume, which had previously appeared as a series of articles in 
 
 " Lustenoder, Berlin, 189T. 
 
 " H. H. Pcckham in South Atlantic Monthly, Oct., IQ14, p. 382 ff. 
 
 " Englische Studien, Bd. XVII (1892), p. 237. 
 
44 The A))icrican Noz'cl in Gcniiany, iSji-igi^ 
 
 prominent periodicals, seems to place a new life and meaning 
 into our literature for the German, and it cannot reasonably be 
 doubted that the increased demand for American literature, which 
 resulted in the increased publication between 1898-1901 can be 
 partly attributed directly to Evans' incisive and interesting ar- 
 ticles. 
 
 Tn 1 899, Karl Federn, an Austrian who had made a name 
 for himself as an authority on Nietzsche and who was an ardent 
 admirer of Emerson, published a group of Essays ziir amerikani- 
 sclicn Litcratur, including papers on Whitman, Emerson and 
 Thoreau. 
 
 The very next year (1900) a[)pearcd Anton E. Schonbach's 
 Grsaiiniicitc Aufscitcc zur ncucrcn Litcratur (Graz, 1900), in 
 which various phases of Gemian, Austrian and American litera- 
 ture were discussed. Besides separate essays on Cooper, Long- 
 fellow and Hawthorne, we find an excellent resume of the new- 
 American novel in the essay Dcr amcrikanische Roman dcr Gc- 
 gcmcart. Schonbach's character-studies and fair-minded and 
 scholarly valuation of our fiction are worthy of the highest 
 praise. His ability to interest readers in the subject under dis- 
 cussion must have opened many eyes to the wealth of literary 
 effort across the Atlantic. About this time there was a great 
 flood of works in Germany on .\merica and they contributed to 
 the growing knowledge and interest in every phase of Ameri- 
 can life. I'wald Fliigel's Die norda:mrikan'.schc Litcratur 
 (Leipzig and V^ienna) appeared in 1907, the year which was 
 supcr.'icded only by 191 1 and 191 2 in the number of American 
 novels published in Germany. The publication of Professor 
 Alpbonso Smith's lectures at the University of Berlin in the 
 winter semester of 1910-1911 under the title of Die amcrikani- 
 sche Litcratur,'^-' made a tremendous impression in German lit- 
 erary and university circles, and it is not a matter of chance that 
 1912 forms the high-water mark in the tide of production of 
 American novels. Kellner's Goschen edition of Die amcrikani- 
 
 ' Berlin, 1912. 
 
The American Noz'el in Germany, i8j i-igi^ 45 
 
 schc Litcratur (1912) probably did its share in making our litera- 
 ture popular. The following year (1913) however cut the total 
 of fifty-one practically in half with only twenty-six publications. 
 
 Certain other works must be given their share of the credit 
 for awakening a German interest in American fiction. Our his- 
 torians, Motley and Parkman, had both been translated, Mot- 
 ley's works appearing at Dresden in 1857, while Parkman's ap- 
 peared at Stuttgart in 1875, the translation being by Kapp. 
 Schlaf, besides translating Whitman, wrote an excellent work on 
 the man and his literary work, and even attempted to imitate him 
 in German, without however acquiring much success. One of 
 the best articles ever written on Lowell, we are reminded by H. 
 H. Peckham,"" was written by A. E. Schonbach."'^ 
 
 This leads us to the part played by the periodicals in Ger- 
 many. A constant stream of articles on theolderand newerwriters 
 of our literature has appeared in the best German journals. Miss 
 Colbron "** is therefore far from right when she states that "the 
 same literary journals which come out strong in praise of our 
 classics, which give full mead of praise to Emerson, Hawthorne, 
 Poe . . . these same journals turn with cold scorn from our 
 newer writers." If it would serve any purpose, a long list of 
 articles could be found dealing with our very latest literature 
 and dealing with it fairly, discriminatingly and thoroughly. One 
 of the leaders in this respect is the Magazin fi'ir Literatur, so- 
 called since 1891. From 1832-1S80 it was known as Magazin fitr 
 die Literatur dcs Auslandes {M. f. d. L. d. A.) and from 1881- 
 1890 as Magazin fitr die Literatur des In- iind Auslandes. Its 
 long articles and reviews came to the attention of many people 
 and doubtless led many to examine into our literature. Ever 
 since January 4, 1873, this periodical has had a column entitled 
 "Amerikanischer Biichermarkt," in which American works in 
 both German and English are announced. Englische Stitdien, 
 which first appeared in 1877, makes scarcely any mention of 
 
 "Soulh Atlantic Monthly, Oct., 1914. 
 
 " Gesammeltc /itifsiitae cur Ncucren Literatur, Graz, 1000. 
 
 " Bookman, March, 1914, p. 47. 
 
46 The American No7rl iii Gennauy. iSyi-igi^ 
 
 American literature up to and including 1899, with the excep- 
 tion of terming Engel's history an "Anhangsel" and severely 
 criticizing Knortz' splendid two-volume history. However, 
 since 1900, Englischc Studien has devoted a column regularly to 
 "Amerikanische Literatur," where the newest works are ably 
 discused. Das literarische Echo, since 1898, has had an excellent 
 review of the latest literary happenings in America in many 
 numbers. It would be useless to even mention the countless peri- 
 odicals and newspapers which have presented regular critical 
 colunms, carefully edited essays, encomiums, eulogies, apprecia- 
 tions and necrologues on American authors. Besides these, many 
 periodicals and daily newspapers published .\nierican poetry and 
 [)rose works in the iorm of substantial translations. As an ex- 
 ample of this, the Deutsche Rundschau, l>etween December, 187S, 
 and June, 1888, printed five complete novels of Bret Ilarte in 
 long serial form. In fact, so ardent and zealous were German 
 periodicals to acquire and print the very latest that America had 
 to offer, that one of these stories, Aus CaUfornieiis friihen Ta- 
 (/c)!,'''' ai)i)eared in a German periodical, even be tore it appeared 
 in luiglish, by virtue of a special arrangement made by the own- 
 ers of the magazine. The Vossische Zeitung (Berlin), the Miin- 
 chener Allgcvieinc Zciiiing (es{)ecially the Beilagc), the Berliner 
 Tageblatt and the Frankfurter Zeitung, all have done valiant 
 service in keeping our literature before the eyes of the people of 
 Ciermany. It is a fact worthy of note that the reviews and 
 criticisms of American works show a marked increase, as the 
 years went by, in the appreciation of our American viewpoint, and 
 can be said to be at present far more valuable, as well as more 
 searching, than was the case thirty or more years ago. 
 
 A word in passing might be said concerning the part played 
 by publi-shers in introducing the American novel into Ciermany. 
 Some firms printed the English originals only, others the Ger- 
 man translations only, and still others both. The Tauchnitz firm 
 has i)ul)lished the works t>f sixty-seven American authors in neat, 
 convenient pocket editions. All over Germany various "Eng- 
 
 " Deutsche Ruiuischau, Oct. Nov., 1880, p. 268 ff. 
 
The Anicricaii N'orcl in Grrniany, i8ji-igi^ 47 
 
 lish Libraries" have sprung up, those of Heinemann and Bale- 
 stier (Leipzig), Rudolphi and Klemm (Ziirich), Asher's Conti- 
 nental Library (Griidener & Richter), Kiihtniann (Dresden), 
 Modern English Authors (Berlin, Herbig), being the most im- 
 portant. Then there have been special series of Schulausgaben 
 by Velhagen & Klasing, Lindauer (Miinchen), Regensburg 
 (Miinster), A. Twietmeyer (Leipzig), Buchholz and Diebel 
 (Troppau), and others. Reclam has published the works of 
 many American authors in German translation, making them ac- 
 cessible to all people because of the cheap binding. Other series 
 which include American authors in their lists of inexpensive edi- 
 tions are: Englischc Romanhibliothek (Barthol & Company, Ber- 
 lin), Bihliothck der Gesamtlitcratur des In- tind Auslandes (Hal- 
 le, O. Hendel), Bcrlepsch Roiuanbibliotlick (Regensburg, Hal> 
 bel), Biichcrci fiir die Jugcnd (VVien, Pichler), ll'eichert's ll'o- 
 chenbibliothek (Berlin), Zehnpfennig Bibliothek (Berlin), 
 Meyer's J'olksbiicher (a 10 Pf. ), Bibliothek der fremden Zungen 
 (Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart), Fehscnf eld's Ronian- 
 sanunhmg (Freiburg i/B), Kur.schner's Biicherschats, Lutz' Kri- 
 minal und Detektiz' Roniaue (Stuttgart), Amcrikanischc Dctck- 
 tiv Romane (Berlin, Jacobsthal), Zwissler's Hausbibliothek 
 (Wolfenbiittel ), Der neiie Roman (Berlin, Hartmann), Siugcr- 
 Biicher (Strassburg, J. Singer), IVeber's moderne Bibliothek 
 (Heilbronn), Unwin Library (Leipzig), Jugend imd Volksbii- 
 cherei (Regensburg), Hesse's Volksbitcherei, etc. There are 
 altogether between ninety and one hundred firms, some of them 
 in Austria and Switzerland, which have, between 1871-1913, 
 published one or more American novels either in the original or 
 in translation. To the work of these firms, mercenary, though 
 it may have been, and spurred on as they were chiefly by a vigor 
 ous competition, we must nevertheless assign that share of credit 
 which is due each agency that has helped to make America better 
 know abroad. 
 
 There is another factor which helped to lead Germans into a 
 deeper study of our fiction, namely, the appreciation and respect 
 which Germany already had for our poetry. Between 1864 and 
 1909 twenty-six anthologies were published in Germany, de- 
 
48 The American Novel in Gcniiaiiy, iS/i-igi^ 
 
 voted either entirely or in part to American poetry. In 1864 
 appeared Karl Vollheim's Pcrlcn dcr neneti englischcn und amcri- 
 kanisclicn Lyrik,'"-* and in 1865 Friedrich Spielhagen's Aincrika- 
 nischc Gedichte (Leipzig). Then came Adolf Strodtmann's Amc- 
 rikanische Anthologie (Hildburghausen, 1870). These three 
 collections were important, since they appear at the very tln-eshold 
 of the period which we are treating. A. I. Roehm "' finds that 
 American poets have been translated far oftener than British 
 poets in Germany, bnt that the ([uality of the translation is cor- 
 respontlingly weakened. 
 
 Longfellow andPocare the only American poets whose works 
 have been completely tran.slatcd by the Germans, but Ikyant, Whit- 
 man and Taylor are represented with good collections. Byron 
 was translated only half as many times as Longfellow, Imt while 
 .\. Bottger's Byron translation went through si.K editions, only 
 two of the fifteen German translations of Ex'iuujcline reached a 
 second edition. Tennyson's lliioch Ardcn was translated only 
 half as often as Evanqelinc, but Waldmiiller's translation of 
 Linoch Arden went through thirty-five editions. Boehm remarks : 
 "Trotz an.scheinlich giinstigen ausserlichen Verhaltnissen, finden 
 wir also auf dem amerikanisch-deutschem Gel)iet eine im gros- 
 sen Ganzen sehr minderwartige Uljersetzung.sliteratur." But the 
 nine complete or selected translations of Longfellow, and espe- 
 cially the fifteen tran.slations of Efangclinc and nine translations 
 of IJiawalha demonstrate clearly how great a demand there was 
 for his works. Knortz' excellent biography of Longfellow also 
 l)ecame well-known. Although Knortz thought Longfellow too 
 highly sentimental and effeminate and not sufficiently substantial, 
 that his popularity was due to his mildness and gentleness, his 
 great sincerity and sympathy rather than because he took any de- 
 cided stand on any important issue, yet he says of him: "Lie- 
 benswiirdig und anziehend ist seine Muse, vollendet sein Form- 
 talent, ausgezeiclinet sein Gefiihl in der VVahl passender Rhyth- 
 
 '" Leipzig, Wenger, 1864. 
 
 " Chicago University, Ph.D., Diss., 1910. 
 
The American Noi'el in Germany, i8/i-ipi^ 49 
 
 men unci Metren.""- A. Baunigartner said : "Eine Englische 
 Literatur ohne Longfellow ist so unvollstandig als eine franzosi- 
 sche ohne Rousseau, oder eine deutsche ohne Rosegger."^* Ed- 
 mund Gosse declared Longfellow to be as true a poet as ever 
 breathed. There is thus ample proof that our greatest poet was 
 known and appreciated by many Germans, and this is quite as 
 true of Walt Whitman.'* 
 
 Knortz wrote a biography of Whitman, and Johannes Schlaf 
 not only wrote a work "''' on this poet, but translated and even 
 imitated his poetry in German. The fact that Whitman was not 
 included in Knortz and Dickmann's collection called Modern 
 American Lyrics/'' called forth a storm of protest in Germany. 
 "Aber was soil man zu einer Mustersammlung amerikanischer 
 Lyriker sagen, in welcher Walt Whitman ganz und gar durch 
 seine Abwesenheit glanzt. . . .""' But Ferdinand Freiligrath 
 found Whitman a great enough poet to translate, and Eduard 
 Bertz called him the greatest master of "Stimniung" of all ages.'^ 
 
 An article in the Athenaeum for March 11, 1876, speaks of 
 the unjust treatment accorded Whitman by magazines, publish- 
 ers, critics, etc., in America and adds: "Der alte Mann lebt noch, 
 und soil man wenigstens den Versuch nicht unterlassen, ihm nach 
 diesem harten Tagewerke einen weniger triiben, nicht von Noth 
 
 " Longfellow, Litcrarhistorische Studie, Hamburg, 1879, Griining. Cf. 
 also M. f. d. L. d. A., Jan. 25, 1879, p. 59. 
 
 "Magazin fi'tr Literatur, Feb. 19, 1898, p. 1898. 
 
 "Cf. O. E. Lessing: Whitman and his German Critics, in Journal of 
 English and Germanic Philology, Vol. IX (1910), p. 85 ff. 
 
 "Johannes Schlaf: IValt ll'hitman. Vol. 18 of Die Dichtung (1904). Of 
 this work Lessing says (Jour, of Eng. and Ger. Phil., X, p. 91) : "This little 
 book is an unparalleled example of high-handed arrogance, cowardly imposi- 
 tion and utter ignorance." Lessing further declares Schlaf to have been com- 
 pletely incompetent as a critic of Whitman, not having read more than fifteen 
 per cent, of his work and having but a very imperfect knowledge of the 
 English language. 
 
 " Leipzig, 1880. 
 
 " M. f. d. L. d. A., Sept. 4, 1880, p. 505. 
 
 " Bertz considerably modified his opinion of Whitman after he had made 
 a more thoroughgoing study of the underlying personality of the man. {Cf. 
 E. Bertz: Walt Whitman, em Charaklerbild. Vol. V II of J ahrbuch fiir se.ruelle 
 Zwischenstufen, 1905.) Bertz was then so vigorously attacked by Schlaf that 
 he was forced to defend himself by e.xposing the latter in Whitman-Mysterien 
 (1907) and Der Yankee Heiland. 
 
50 Tlie American No7'cl in Germany, iS/i-ipi^ 
 
 und Mangel heimgesuchten Lebensabend zu bereiten, und nicht 
 erst seinen Tod zu erwarten, utn ihm eine spate Anerkennung in 
 Marmor oder Bronze zu zoUen." And the Magacin fiir die Lite- 
 ratur dcs Aiislandcs adds:"" "Wenn Deutschland, — das trotz 
 aller Behauptungen auswiirtiger Pressen, in geistiger Beziehung 
 am freiesten dastelit, freier als das der selbstgeschmiedeten Fes- 
 scln begranzter geistiger Anschauung sich erst allniahlicli be- 
 wusst werdende England, freier als der diese Fesseln mit Stolz 
 zur Schau tragende Freistaat der Neuen Welt — fiir den jeder 
 Fessel trotzenden amerikanischen Sanger auch nicht viel tun 
 kann, so wollen wir ihni wenigstens die Beachtung nicht vorent- 
 halten, welche die eigne Heiniat ihtn versagt." What a warm- 
 hearted tribute from a foreign shore to a poor, ridiculed, friend- 
 less old bard, to whom his own country had turned its back and 
 had coldened its heart. 
 
 Is it then too much to say that this keen interest in Ger- 
 many for our poets, these twenty-six anthologies, these many 
 translations of cherished poems,''" and these splendid tributes to 
 their memory must have created an interest in the literary efforts 
 of the Republic across the seas and nmst have thus helped create 
 the demand for our lx;tter fiction? It is undoubtedly true that 
 the appreciation of the delicate art of Longfellow, Poe, Whit- 
 man,*** Wliittier, Bryant, Lowell and Taylor gave our country a 
 reputation for imaginative genius and creative power that led 
 Germans to inquire into the work of a Bret Harte, a Mark Twain, 
 a Howells, a James, and a score of others who formed the formid- 
 able company of new novelists. 
 
 Perhaps another reason for Germany's approval of and 
 participation in our later American novel may be found in the 
 close touch which certain of our literary men have had with 
 Germany. Bayard Taylor, for example, was always a friend 
 and admirer of the Germans and their literature. He spent part 
 
 " April 29, 1876, p. 259. 
 
 "° Rochm found fifteen translations of Eimtujclinc. nine of Hiawatha, nine 
 of Poe's Kavcn. eight of Bryant's Thanalopsis, five of Whittier's Maud Muller. 
 " In spite of much unfavorable criticism such as that mentioned above. 
 
The American Nm'cl in Ccnuany, i8ji-i(;i^ 51 
 
 of two years, during which he traveled afoot through Europe, in 
 Germany (1844-1846) and during the very last year of his life 
 he was the accredited minister of our Government at Berlin 
 (June to September, 1878). He had only been in Berlin a few 
 months when he died. But he had gained impressions that ap- 
 peared the following year in Studies in German Literature ,^- 
 and in turn Germany had gained an impression of love and re- 
 spect for him that has never died. iMany tributes to his memory 
 appeared in the German periodicals, and most of them voiced the 
 closer touch that had been created between Germany and Amer- 
 ica through the personality of this man. To quote from one of 
 them: "Was Wunder also, dass das deutsche Volk dem grossen 
 Bayard Taylor als Gesandten der Vereinigten Staaten Republik 
 ein so einstimmiges W'ohlwollen entgegentrug, wie wohl nocli 
 nie dem Gesandten einer fremden Wacht. Eine tiefe Sympa- 
 thie verband ja beide — Bayard Ta\lor und das deutsche Volk. 
 . . . Kommende Geschlechter werden ihn nennen, die nie in 
 sein freundlich-inniges Antlitz geschaut, nie seine treue Hand 
 gefasst, nie ein Wort aus seinem Munde gehort. Denn ob auch 
 der Hauch seines Mundes verweht, sein Wort, sein Dichterwort 
 bleibt. ... In der neuen Welt geboren, und in der alten ge- 
 reift, hat er sein Volk gelehrt die Geschichte des deutschen 
 Volkes, auf dass die Bri,ider einander kennen; dessen bleibt 
 Deutschland eingedenk."'*^ That there was a decided increase in 
 the publication of American novels after 1878 is undoubted, and 
 it may easily have been partly brought about through the popu- 
 larity of Bayard Taylor. It might also be added that Mark 
 Twain and others came into close and cordial personal relations 
 with Germany, and did a great deal in demonstrating the real 
 essence and fibre of the American spirit, leading more or less 
 directly to a greater appreciation of our literature. 
 
 There is nothing in the political relations of Germany and 
 America which influenced the reading of our novel abroad. Even 
 the Spanish-American War failed to mark a definite epoch in the 
 
 'New York, i879- 
 
 'A/. /. d. L. d. I. «. A., Feb. 22, 1879, p. n?- 
 
52 Bibliography 
 
 development. In fact, eleven years after the war (1909) the 
 number of publications had fallen below the mark set by the 
 Peace Jubilee Year of 1898. The professorial exchange system, 
 begun about 1906, may have stimulated interest, since 1907 marks 
 the highest point in the whole history of our novel in Germany 
 with the exception of two years, 191 1 and 1912. 
 
 It must always be borne in mind that, whereas certain factors 
 may have had a broad general influence in increasing or decreas- 
 ing the number of American novels published, it nevertheless re- 
 mains for the popularity of the individual author, whatever the 
 reason for that popularity may be, to determine the degree of 
 interest with which he is received in a foreign land. The Bibli- 
 ography which forms Chapter III of this work, will show clearly 
 who these most popular authors were. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 [This bibliography contains a complete list of American 
 novels, within the limitations described in Chapter II (a), pub- 
 lished in Germany and in certain Austrian and Swiss centres 
 between the years 1871 and 191 3, inclusive. The translations 
 are indicated either (a) by the German title, (b) by the name of 
 the translator, which is added in parentheses wherever obtainable, 
 
 or (c) by ( ) wherever a German title was not used 
 
 and the name of the translator was not available.] 
 
 Max Adeler (Charles H. Clark). 
 Fern voni IVeltgetiimmel. (Moritz Busch.) Leipzig, Grunow. 
 
 1876. 
 Ellbogcn-Raum. (Heichen-Abenheim.) Berlin, Abenheim. 1877. 
 
 Louise M. Alcott. 
 Ein Miidchen aus der giiten alten Schulc. (Mary C. Rothwell.) 
 2 vol. Stuttgart, Nitzschke. 1872-1873. 
 
 same. New edition. Stuttgart, Nitzschke. 1874. 
 
Bibliography ^^ 
 
 Little Women. 2 vol. Leipzig, Tauchiiitz. 1876. 
 Klcinc Fraucn. Kleine Manner. 3 vol. (P. Schanz.) Leip- 
 zig, Grunovir. 1877. 
 Kleine Frauen. Bremen, Valett. 1877. 
 Little Men. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1879. 
 Frau Podger's Theetopf u. a. Erzn. (A. Passow.) Berlin, 
 
 Abenheim. 1882. 
 An Old-fashioned Girl. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1883. 
 Kleine Frauen. (P. Schanz.) 2nd ed. Leipzig, Grunow. 1886. 
 Jo's Boys and How Tliey Turned Out. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1886. 
 In blaucr und in grauer Uniform. (A. Passow.) Berlin, Lus- 
 
 tenoder. 1 890. 
 Little Women. School ed. Leipzig, G. Freytag. 1896. 
 Good Wives. School ed. Leipzig, G. Freytag. 1898. 
 Little Men. School ed. Leipzig, G. Freytag. 1900. 
 Little Women. Schooled. 2nd ed. Leipzig, G. Freytag. 1901. 
 Little Women. Berlin, F. A. Herbig. 1901. 
 Kleine Frauen. (P. Schanz.) 3rd ed. Leipzig, Grunow. 1902. 
 Good Wives. School ed. Bielefeld and Leipzig, Velhagen und 
 
 Klasing. 1903. 
 Little Women. School ed. Bielefeld and Leipzig, Velhagen u. 
 
 Klasing. 1904. 
 Little Women. School ed. 3rd ed. Leipzig, G. Freytag, and 
 
 Vienna, F. Tempsky. 1905. 
 Little Women. School ed. Leipzig, Velhagen u. Klasing. 1910. 
 Good Wives. School ed. Leipzig, Velhagen u. Klasing. 19 10. 
 Aus der Knabenwelt. (J. E. Wessely.) Berlin, Globus Verl. 
 
 1912. 
 Aus der Mddchenwelt. (J. E. Wessely.) Berlin, Globus Verl. 
 
 1912. 
 Good Wives. School ed. Leipzig, Velhagen u. Klasing. 191 3. 
 Little Women. School ed. Leipzig, Velhagen u. Klasing. 1913. 
 
 Thomas Bailey Aldrich. 
 
 Prudence Palfrey u. andere Leute. (M. Busch.) Leipzig, Gru- 
 now. 1874. 
 
 Die Geschichte cines bosen Buben. (M. Busch.) Leipzig, Gru- 
 now. 1875. 
 
54 Bibliography 
 
 Die Kdnitjiii von Saba. (M. Busch. ) Leipzig, Grunow. 1877. 
 
 Marjoric Dazv and Other Tales. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1878. 
 
 The Stilhvaier Tragedy. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1880. 
 
 Marjorie Daw and Other Tales. Zuricli, Rudolphi u. Klenim. 
 1882. 
 
 Prudence Palfrey u. andere Ercn. Leipzig, Reclani, Jr. 1877- 
 1882. 
 
 Die Tragodie von Stilhvater. Leipzig, Reclam, Jr. 1883- 1886. 
 
 Marjorie Dazv 11. andere Ercn. {M. Goulven. ) Halle, O. Hen- 
 del. 1900. 
 
 Mary Antin. 
 The Promised Land. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1913. 
 
 Gertrude Atherton. 
 American ll'iz'es and English Husbands. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 
 
 1899. 
 The Calif ornians. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1899. 
 Senator North. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1900. 
 Patience Sparhazvk and Her 'Times. Leipzig, Tauclniitz. igoo. 
 The Doomswoman. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1901. 
 The Aristocrats. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1901. 
 The Conqueror. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1903. 
 The Splendid Idle Torties. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1903. 
 A Daughter of the Vine. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1904. 
 His Tortunate Grace. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1904. 
 The Valiant Runazvays. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1904. 
 The Bell in the fog, etc. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1905. 
 llie Travelling Thirds. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1905. 
 Senator North. (M. Behrend-Arnau. ) Leipzig, R. Sattler. 
 
 1905. 
 Eine Tochter des IVestens. (AL Bainison.) Bonn, C. Georgi. 
 
 1905. 
 Rezanov. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1906. 
 Ancestors. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1908. 
 The Gorgeous Isle. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1909. 
 Totver of Ivory. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1910. 
 Julia France and Her Times. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 191 2. 
 
Bibliography 55 
 
 Jane G. Austin. 
 Three Stories of Colonial Days. Leipzig, Velhagen u. Klasin^. 
 1904. 
 
 Mary Austin. 
 Liebe und Wcishcit. Berlin, R. Hartmann. 1913. 
 Aus dem Herzen gcdrangt. Berlin, R. Hartmann. 1913. 
 
 Irving Bacheller. 
 Ebcn H olden. Leipzig, T. F. Unwin. 1903. 
 Silas Strong. Leipzig, T. F. Unwin. 1906. 
 
 WOLCOTT BaLESTIER. 
 
 The Naulahka.^ Leipzig, Heinemann u. Balestier. 1892. 
 
 The Average Woman. Leipzig, Heinemann u. Balestier. 1892. 
 
 Naulahka.^ (E. Becher. ) 2 vol. Stuttgart, Engelhorn. igoo. 
 
 The Nanlahka.^ New ed. Leipzig, Heinemann u. Balestier. 
 1911. 
 
 The Average Woman. New ed. Leipzig, Heinemann u. Bale- 
 stier. 1 91 2. 
 
 Edward Bellamy. 
 
 Ein Riickblick 2000-1887. Berlin, Vorwarts Verl. 1889. 
 
 Im Jahre 2000. (R.George.) Halle, O. Hendel. 1887-1890. 
 
 Dr. Heidcnhoff's Wunderkur. (A. Zacher.) Leipzig, Reclani. 
 1 887- 1 890. 
 
 Dr. Heidcnhoff's Kur. (E. Wulkow.) Berlin, Rosenbaum u. 
 Hart. 1890. 
 
 Frdulein Ludington's Schwestcr. (C. Steinitz.) Berlin, S. 
 Fischer. 1890. 
 
 Ein Riickblick. (A. Fleischmann. ) ist-5th ed. Leipzig, O. 
 Wiegand. 1890. 
 
 Ein Riickblick. (G. v. Gizycki.) Leipzig, Reclam. 1890. 
 
 Allcs Verstaatlicht. (G. Malkowsky.) Berlin, Eckstein. 1890. 
 
 Ein Riickblick. (A. Fleischmann.) 6th ed. Leipzig, O. Wie- 
 gand. 1890. 
 
 'Written in conjunction with Rudyard Kipling. 
 
56 Bibliography 
 
 Looking Backward 2000- i8Sy. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1890. 
 
 Ein RUckblick. (J. Hoops.) Leipzig, Meyer. 1891. 
 
 Maud Elliot u. Ein Echo 7'on Antictam. (G. Joel.) Halle, O. 
 Hendel. 1891. 
 
 Miss Ludington's Schwester. (J. Mollenlioff.) Leipzig, Re- 
 clam. 1891. 
 
 Dr. Hcidcnhoff's Kitr. Reprint. Leipzig, Reclam. 1891. 
 
 Frdulein Ludington's Sclnvestcr. (C. Steinitz.) Berlin, S. 
 Fischer. 1891. 
 
 Die Licbe eines Positivistin. Stuttgart, Deutsche Verl.-Anstalt. 
 
 1893- 
 
 Mit geschlossenen Augcn. (O. Dittrich.) Leipzig, Meyer. 
 
 1894. 
 
 Ein RUckblick 2000-1887. Reprint. Berlin, Vorwarts Verl. 
 1894. 
 
 Dr. Hcidcnhoff's Kur. (E. Wulkow.) New ed. Berlin, Rosen- 
 baum und Hart. 1895. 
 
 Glcichhcit (Equality). (M. Jacobi.) 2 cd. Stuttgart, Deut- 
 sche Verl.-Anstalt. 1898. 
 
 Frank Lee Benedict. 
 St. Simon's Niece. 2 vol. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1876. 
 
 Ambrose Bierce. 
 In the Midst of Life. Leipzig, Tauchnitz. 1892. 
 
 Elizabeth Bisland (Wetmore). 
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