53 
 py 1 
 
 Political intrigues 
 
 ....OF..., 
 
 AUSTRIA & GERMANY 
 
 AGAINST 
 
 BALKAN STATES. 
 
 BY DR. JOSEF GORICAR, 
 
 FORMER AUSTRIAN CONSUL. 
 
 Edited by American Bohemian Press 
 
 Association, New York. 
 
 June 1915. 
 
Political Intrigues 
 
 ....OF.... 
 
 AUSTRIA & GERMANY 
 
 AGAINST 
 
 BALKAN STATES. 
 
 BY DR. JOSEF GORICAR, 
 
 FORMER AUSTRIAN CONSUL. 
 
 Edited by American Bohemian Press 
 
 Association, New York. 
 
 June 1915. 
 
 New Yorske Listy, 1390 - 2nd Ave., New York City. 
 

 n C) f- .'-^ / . 
 
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i 
 
 PART I. 
 
 HOW AND WHY AUSTRIA DESTROYED 
 THE BALKAN ALLIANCE. 
 
 Macchiavelli outdone by Austrian Diplomacy. 
 
 '' It looks as though (in the Balkans) 
 
 things had to a certain extent been purposely 
 so arranged that the peace and quiet of the 
 world might be disturbed at any moment. 
 Ah, how Aveak and shortsighted is human 
 wisdom, when it strays from the path of 
 justice and love. ... 
 
 "The latest events have shown, and future 
 events wiW show still more plainly, that the 
 Austria of to-day, instead of assisting through 
 her mediation in the settlement of European 
 confusion, is much more inclined to add to it, 
 and to sow the seeds of future dissension and 
 unavoidable fresh complications in every 
 question which she touches. 
 
 "A truly petty policy, dictated by an 
 unreasonable fear of the Slavs, which can 
 benefit no one, but must be harmful in all 
 quarters." 
 
 3 
 
From a letter of Bishop Strossmayer, the 
 great .Slavic patriot to Mr. Galdstone, 
 dated Djakovo (Croatia), f^Iarcli 13th, 1879' 
 
 •Austria alwa^^s looked upon the Balkans 
 as her siphere of influence, and in particular, 
 the western and middle portion of it with 
 Salonica as the center goal. This would be 
 the first step to the gradual and complete 
 absorption of the whole Balkan Peninsula. 
 In this she always had the warmest support 
 of Germany, as the latter refgards herself as 
 the prospective heir of Austria. 
 
 Indeed, Germany always considered her- 
 self as the legitimate successor to the posses- 
 sions of the Turkish and Austrian empires 
 when their final liquidation should come. 
 This is why both of these countries always 
 dreaded an alliance of the independent Bal- 
 Ikan states. 
 
 They wanted a Aveak Turkey, which 
 would always be willing to march in the path 
 oif their politics, but strong enough to hold 
 'back the Balkan states until the time should 
 <?ome when Austria and German}^ would be 
 strong enough to putsh their way to Salonica 
 against all odds. That is why these two em- 
 pires were always upholding the status quo 
 idea — the non-disturbance of 'Balkan poli- 
 
tics. The best means to this end was to keep 
 the Balkan nations apart to hinder their 
 reaching a mutua'l understanding. Especially 
 the two Slavic nations, Serbia and Bulgaria, 
 should be kept apart, as an understanding 
 between them practically meant a death blow 
 to the Turkish rule on the continent of 
 Europe. To prevent the two iSlavic Balkan 
 states from reaching an understanding, Aus- 
 tria and Gc'rmainy decided to always keep 
 them in a state of discord. All the efforts 
 of their diplomacy were working in this di- 
 rection, and especially of the Austrian di- 
 plomacy ; this later for the simple reason that 
 Austria was the greater and older master 
 of IMacchiave'llistic statesmanship and the Ger- 
 mans were mere schooilboys in this respect 
 and had much to learn from Austria. 
 
 So it came that Germany displayed a 
 great activity only in Constantinople, the 
 main goal of their policy, where they had 
 for many years kept the best of their diplo- 
 mats, 'Marshall von Bieberstein. 
 
 Belgrade and Sophia, on the contrary, 
 were left prominently to Austrian diplomats, 
 as the great markers of Balkan intrigues. In 
 one respect only Germany played an import- 
 ant role on the Balkans (in Belgrade and 
 Sophia), and this was in the commercial field 
 
of action, as this had to bring immediate re- 
 sults to their exports, while they would have 
 to wait for the returns in the field of pure 
 politics for many years, at least to the pass- 
 ing away of Franz Joseph, and the 'day when 
 they should inhe'rit the Hapsbnrg pos'seisisions. 
 
 lAnd really, the Germans succeeded ad- 
 mirably in chaising out the Austria ns from 
 their oldest export countries. Germany played 
 a double role with Austria : She wanted her 
 to hold Serlbia and Bulgaria in a state of 
 cat-and-'dog policy, to have in future the 
 fruits of this policy as the sole heir of 
 Austria; on the other hand, she took advant- 
 age of the hatred iSer'bia forcibly nourished 
 against Austria, and took all exports she 
 possibly could aw^ay from Austrian exporters. 
 
 It was useless to explain to Austria that 
 this w^ould . ruin her. In her hatred of the 
 southern Slavs, and in her blind desire to 
 push to the Aegean iSea, she never listened 
 to reason. In her internal polities she rules 
 only by her famous maxim ''divide et impera;" 
 that is, to play one nation against the other, 
 although the official watchword of the 
 Emperor Franz Joseph is "Viribus unitis." 
 
 For instance: When the three 'Slavic 
 nations of Southern Austria, Slovenia, Orotia 
 and Serbia began to awaken, the Austrian 
 
and Hungarian governmentis immediately 
 opened a counter campaign propagating the 
 darkest religious hatred and the most sordid 
 political discord among them, all for the 
 purpose oif preventing these peoples from 
 reaching a common undemtanding, and by 
 this a higher level of civilization. 
 
 Whatever .yon are asked to do in the 
 internal troubles, you will likewise do in 
 your actions in external diplomacy. The best 
 and most cunning diplomats, especially in 
 these later years, were always sent to Bel- 
 grade and Sophia, the respective capitals of 
 iSerbia and Bulgaria. Their instructions were 
 to play a double game — incite the two 
 nations against each other, and protect the 
 one against the other as occasion demanded. 
 
 To crown their vices, and make this an 
 everlasting one, they brought them into a 
 brother-war. This was in 1865. 
 
 In all their polities money played the 
 greatest part. Especially King (Milan of Serbia 
 was entirely in the hands of the Vienna 
 foTeign office. 'He led his nation against the 
 Bulgarians at the instigation of Vienna. As 
 he met with defeat, Austria very generously 
 stopped the Bulgarian army from further 
 advance. From that time iSerbia and Bul- 
 gairia were deadly enemies, as Austria and 
 
Germany had desired. From then on it was 
 an easy matter for t'hem to keep Sei^bia and 
 Bullgaria apart. Only when the Obrenovitch 
 dynasty (as the real servant of Austrian 
 intrigues) fell did it Ibegin to dawn upon the 
 twd iSlavic Balkan nations that, by their 
 fratricidal policy, they .had served only the 
 aims of Austria and Germany. 
 
 The Ser'bian and iBulgarian representa- 
 tives met secretly, and reach an agreement to 
 establish a common tariff boundary. This was 
 only a short time before the annexation of 
 Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria. The 
 ever vigilant, but foT the B^alkan policies still 
 too sleepy, Austrian and German diplomats 
 awoke one fine day and found themselves 
 confronted with the fact that the two 
 countries, Sei^bia and Bulgaria, had reached 
 a tentative agreement to form a common 
 "Custom's Union." 
 
 Americans will say : "It is perfectly 
 natural that these two Christian nations, so 
 closely related to each other by blood, lang- 
 uage, religion and history, and thousands of 
 aims in common, should form a Zollbund, 
 which would not in jure the interest of any- 
 one, least of all Austria and Germany." 
 
 But here you prove that you do not under- 
 stand the mentality of Austrian and German 
 
 8 
 
diplomat. The aiinoucenient of this plan in 
 the foreign offices of Vienna and Berlin was 
 like a terrific bomb explosion. What a pity 
 that at that time Edison's wonderful kine- 
 matograph had not been in common use, so 
 that someone could have tkinematogTaphed 
 the rush and stir and the drawn faces this 
 news created in the secret chancelleries of 
 Vienna and Berlin! Had these houses gone 
 ablaze it Avould have been nothing in com- 
 parison to the terrific shock which this elect- 
 ric spark caused in the Foreign Offices of 
 Vienna and Berlin. 
 
 ■ A piteous cry fo.r help went up, and all 
 hands were summoned to extinguish the me- 
 nacing fire that was about to destroy the 
 hard work of so many yeai^s of sowing discord 
 among the Balkan nations. The whole staff 
 of the German, Austrian and Hungarian Press 
 was called upon, and the work of fighting 
 the fire began. The German and Hungarian 
 newspapers of the Central Empires over- 
 flowed with the most vituperous articles 
 against Serbia, and threats against Bulgaria, 
 and the awakened diplomats of Austria and 
 Germany, down in the Balkaais, were soon 
 ibusy with bribery and false promises. The 
 whole scheme fell through, and Austria once 
 more triumphed. Here, we must say, Austrian 
 
diplomacy was superior to that of Serbia and 
 Bulgaria. 
 
 I know that my Southern Slavic friends 
 will say to this remark that the whole discord 
 and misunderstanding of the two brother 
 nations is due to Austrian intrigue. The say- 
 ing is quite common in the Balkans that 
 Austria is at the bottom of all the trouble in 
 the Balkans. The SeTbians even have, a 
 special name foT this certainly not very noble 
 work of the Austrian diplomats, "Austriskoje 
 ma.slo" (Austrian butter) — in other words, 
 Austrian intrigue. 
 
 I do not pretend to understand anything 
 of diplomacy, but the height of this difficult 
 art is to overcome all obstacles and triumph 
 over the most poisonous of your opponent. 
 
 'To Ikeep a cool head, a heairt free from 
 all racial or national prejudices, and to look 
 forward to the future welfare of the Slavic 
 race, should be the aim of all Balkan states- 
 manship. There is no doubt that here they 
 have failed, both the SeTbian and Bulgarian 
 diplomats. 
 
 The statesmen of both countries should 
 have looked forward to the great goal of 
 their policies, self-preservation, as thecre is 
 little doubt that Austria, or rather Germany, 
 will in a short time absorb them 'both if 
 
 30 
 
Serbia and the allies do not win the present 
 struiggle. 
 
 No dou'bt Balkan statesmen are iai part 
 responsible for the second Balkan war. But 
 the greater part of this responsibility lies 
 Avith Bulgaria, or rather with King Ferdinand 
 of Bulgaria, who played the role of King 
 i]\Iilan as a mere exponent of Austrian politics. 
 
 Behind all the machinations that led to 
 this second bloody Balkan Avar stood ulustria, 
 of course, as the plenipotentiary and executor 
 of German imperialism. Both of these coun- 
 tries AA^anted to destroy the Balkan alliance, 
 irrespective of the question of Avho should 
 AA^n. 
 
 Naturally, official Austria and the AA^hole 
 of Germany Avere on the side of Bulgaria, as 
 the carrier of German ideas through King 
 Ferdinand of Bulgaria (a former officer of 
 the Austrian army). A Bulgarian A^etory 
 Avonld permit Austria to push through doAA^n 
 to Salonica, a step further toAvard the con- 
 quest of Constantinople and the road to 
 Bagdad. 
 
 One evil begets another, and Austrian 
 diplomacy Avas once more triump'hant and the 
 armies clashed. Hoav saA^agely they fought, 
 all for the glory and triumph of Austria and 
 Germany and their ''Drang naeh Osten" (the 
 
 11 
 
German expansion policy to the Balkans and 
 Asia MinoT), 
 
 When Austria and Germany had the satis- 
 faction of having destroyed the Balkanie 
 Brotherhood of nations, they met with one 
 disappointment, which w^as that not King 
 Ferdinand, the exponent of their policies, was 
 the victor, but the hra/ve and heroic Serbians. 
 The triumph of Austria-Germany, in forcing 
 the two nations into war and thus destroying 
 forever the Balkan alliance which stood for 
 humanity and liberty, was great. At least 
 they saw themselves free to concentrate all 
 their efforts against Russia with the aim of 
 destroying her. But in spite of all, they 
 were terribly deceived. Vienna, Berlin and 
 Budapest, all the Germans and Hungarians 
 were simply dumbfounded over this victory. 
 The war against Serbia was decided. iSerbia 
 must be destroyed at any cost — annihilated — 
 even if it came to the bloodiest of all wars. 
 
 Austria and Germany were the more de- 
 termined to go to war, as they had learned 
 with terror that the sympathy oi the Slavic 
 people of Austria^Hungary was with the 
 Serbiafns. A further cause to destroy SeAia 
 forever, to give a final blow to the Southern 
 Slavic aspirations, in short, to wipe out the 
 Serbians and with them all the iSouthern 
 
 12 
 
Slavs. With Serbia not uoider the control of 
 the Austrian and German statesmen, the 
 "lAmen^^ to all the prayers ot the Emperor 
 and Kaiser was "Serlbia has to be destroyed.' 
 Feverishly they pushed the military and 
 diplomatic preparations for the great Europ- 
 ean slaughter that had thus become quite 
 unavoidable. The aim was to forever destroy 
 all dreams of . the Southern Slavic brother- 
 hood with Serbia at the head, and thus for- 
 ever block Russia in the Black iSea. Russm 
 should never have a free outlet to the sea, 
 and she should in turn be overpowered, and 
 thus also the Eastern Slavs brought under 
 the dominion o«f Berlin. The European war 
 would have occurred in spite of all. The in- 
 cident of Sarajevo was only the signal for it 
 
PART II. 
 
 AUSTRIA'S DEATH STRUGGLE WITH 
 SERBIA. HER PLAN OF CAMPAIGN. 
 
 That Dark Night of Defeat. 
 
 The murder of Archduke Fraaiz Ferdinand 
 was liike oil to the wheels of the wa^r wagon 
 of Emperor William. Up to that moment^ 
 the iKaiser and his advisers were still in 
 doubt as to the attitude of the 'Slavic nations 
 of lAustria-Hungary in case of a war against 
 Serbia aaid Russia. From that day, the Slavs 
 of Austria, especially the Cechs and liberal 
 Slovenian and Croatian parties, not to men- 
 tion the treacherous Polish aristocracy, who 
 was always a servant of the most unfair 
 Viennese pollicies, could no longeof contiue in 
 sympathy with iSerbia, although iSerbia had 
 nothing to do with that crime. Owing to 
 their fear of being shot or imprisoned on the 
 charge of high treason, they had, apparently 
 at least, to side with official AustriajGermany. 
 Vienna, Budapest, and, a'bove all, Berlin, 
 v/ere jubilant over the news of the refusal 
 of the Austrian ultimatum, and the long- 
 before-prepared and long-before-determined 
 war broke out. They knew that the honor 
 
 U 
 
and the vital inteirestg of Russia would force 
 her to stand by Sei^bia, and that France 
 would have to stand by Russia. But they 
 assumed that England would remain neutral, 
 and that Japan would join them and attack 
 Russia from the rear. Their first, long-yeans- 
 before minutely e&tabliehed p'lan was to 
 simply first crush Serbia and France, and 
 afterwards to unite all fo^rces against Russia, 
 before she could dream of mobilizing her 
 army. 
 
 •Austria had to rush down to (Niish with 
 an overwhelming force and join hands with 
 the armies of King Ferdinand of 'Bulgaria 
 and the Sultan of Turkey, and thus, in a 
 few days' battle, destroy the iSerbian army, 
 the iSerbian independence and all Southern 
 Slavic dreams of freedom and independence. 
 A crushing defeat of the Serbians would have 
 determined, not only Bulgaria and Turkey 
 but also Roumania, to join armies with 
 Austria^ermany against Russia. Germany, 
 on the contrary, had to overthrow, in a few 
 weeks' war, the French Republic, occupy 
 Paris, while Austria, with the bulk of her 
 army, would guard her own and Germany's 
 Eastern frantier, and cheek a possi'bile adviaince 
 of the vanguard of the Russian army. Both 
 armies afterwards had to turn with all theiT 
 
 15 
 
forces against Russia before she could pos- 
 eibly have time to mobilize one-third of her 
 army. 
 
 Relying on theiir eight million bayonets, 
 iboth Emperors were absolutely certain of a 
 comparatively easy victory. So great indeed 
 were their expectations, that a war indemnity 
 of twenty-five billions was already fixed to 
 be imposed upon France and Russia. 
 
 The first plan of campaign was dictated 
 by purely military reasons and had, as its 
 basis, the military force of Germany, also of 
 Austria, aud the good conditions of both 
 countries in the interioir and exterior. 
 
 Both in Austria and Germany people 
 were absolutely convinced that England 
 would never join the allies, and that Japan 
 would strike immediately at Russia. The first 
 dLsappointment came from England, the se- 
 coTid came from little Belgium, the third 
 from Japan, the fourth from Serbia and the 
 fifth from Russia. Their first plan of cam- 
 paign therefore failed before the people of 
 Austria and Germany realized it. 
 
 Germany was forced to change her whole 
 plan of campaign to go to the aid of Austria, 
 to shield her from the terrible blows Russia 
 was giving her, to prevent her being crushed 
 by the latter, and to give her an oppo-rtunity 
 to send a second armv a2"ainst Serbia. 
 
Austria had' to re-establish as qiiie'My a6 
 possible her iiiilitaTy prestige in the Balkans 
 by crushing Serbia; otherwise, Roumunia 
 could show too mairked a tendency to enter 
 the field against Austria and Germany, and 
 to reassure the King of Bulgaria, who lost 
 all courage when he received the news of 
 the firs't defeat od Austria in iSe-rbia. Above 
 all, Germany feared that Bulgaria and Turkey 
 might become unfaithful to the obligations of 
 the triple alliance, or rather of the two Cen- 
 tral Empires. 'Xeither could Italy remain a 
 mere spectator if Roumania entered the field. 
 But the interior situation of Austria made 
 Germany's appearance in the Eastern theatre 
 of war absolutely and urgently neeestsary. 
 Doubt and discouragement began to creep 
 into the hearts of all enlightened lAustrians 
 and Hungarians when the first vague reports 
 of the failure in 'Serbia and Galicia were given 
 to the public. 
 
 In a country like Austria history only 
 too easily repeats itself. In 1878 they ex- 
 pected to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina b}^ 
 a handful of soldiers, with a .military band 
 at their Jiead. But the Bosnians were very 
 unmusical, and showed no understanding to 
 the enchanting Austrian mi'litary marches, 
 and met the invaders with a hail of bullets. 
 
 17 
 
The same thing happened with ISerbia. The 
 Austriaiis wanted to present it as 'a gift to 
 the Emperoi" exactly on the 18th of August, 
 the date of his annual "Name-day" (ono- 
 mastic) celebration; but history tell^s us that 
 just on the 18.th of August the worst new^s 
 'reached the Emperor, whereupon, on the 
 19th, the general retreat of the army to its 
 former positions was oirdered. Nio war bul- 
 letins were pu'bli&hed ; instead, a government 
 icommuni'taticn was issued in which it was 
 sadd that Austria's plan was to maike a short 
 advance into iSer^bia, and that their troops 
 were ordered to retire to their former posi- 
 tions after havin-g acc)o.mplished this purpose 
 and after having left a completely exhausted 
 enemy on the battle-field. Only to the most 
 ignorant could this communication mean a 
 victory; the rest all understood that it was 
 a cirushing defeat. 
 
 Discussing the situation with a prominent 
 Viennese man of German nationality, I was 
 told that only one thing could console the 
 Oieirmans of Austria, and that is that th3y 
 are a part of the great Oerman nation. 
 
 Then came the teixible disaster in Galicia 
 and iPoland, and the occupation of Leopold. 
 Of course, in the official war bulletins one 
 'Could read only about Austrian and German 
 
 18 
 
victories. Xevertlieless, the truth very soon 
 became known. The news of great disasters 
 always travels with seven-league hoots. The 
 A.nstrians, Germans and Himgarians were 
 mneli dejected. iXot so the Slavs, who saw 
 in this defeat a just pumshment of Austria s 
 anti-Slavic policies. The slaughter in Gahcia 
 and Poland was terrific. It was especially 
 severe on the Slaivs, who were mowed down 
 by tens of thousands at the hands of the 
 Kussians. The Slavs of Austria said, "Poor 
 fellows, thev are dying for our liberty. The 
 sooner Russia comes, the better for us. It is 
 high time that she liberated us from the 
 AuBtro-German and Hungariaai yokes." 
 
 All these circumstances demanded an 
 immediate interveution by Germany; and the 
 German troops poured into Galicia and Po- 
 land- for weeks train after train passed 
 throu^^h Berlin, oomiaig from the Western 
 area of war. The Austro-Germans and Hun- 
 garians were exulting: "Now, we will crush 
 the d-d Russians and grind them to mush 
 How proud they felt that at last they could 
 fight side by side with the "invinoble Ger- 
 man army. Anew offensive plan was begun. 
 Its object was to conquer ^Varsaw and drive 
 the Russians out of Poland and Galieia. Vien- 
 na and Berlin were absolutely sure of this 
 
 19 
 
result. Moreover, Vierma had some special 
 wishes. The ^ood Au'strians had undertaken 
 to protect the Eastern frontiers of Germany 
 from the advancing Russian army, but were 
 defeated, and lost Oalicd'a and Bukowkia. 
 That is why they did not now expect that the 
 Germams would stop their action againist 
 Russia by merely defeating the Russians and 
 driving them out of Galicia, 'but would con- 
 tinue the war until the whole of PoUand and 
 Little Russia, with Kiew, its capital, was 
 eaptured for Austria, and the Baltic provinces 
 for Germany. 
 
 On they went. The official news carried 
 them from victory to victory. But one day 
 the inoredible news crept through that the 
 Russians were advancing on Cracow. The 
 uncertainty and anxiety were great. Vienna 
 and Budapest hurriedly began to fortify 
 themselves. Meanwhile, a second general ad- 
 vance was ordered against Serbia, where 
 operations were suspended for a long period. 
 This plan was to finish operations in Seirbia 
 by defeating the Serbians, and then to hurl 
 the whole Southern army against Russia. 
 
 Again, the Austrian newspapers annouced 
 victory a/fter victory, and finally Gen. Potio- 
 rek of the Southern army gave Belgrade as a 
 present to the Emperor of Austria. Since the 
 
 20 
 
time of Prince Eugene (who first conquei^ed 
 [Belgrade from the Turks), Vienna and Buda- 
 pest had seen no prouder day. General Po- 
 tiorek 'became the great national hero of 
 Austria, who had avenged the honor of that 
 country. He was the Hiaidenburg of Austria. 
 All over Germany they sang ''Deutchland, 
 Deutchland uber alles," in elation over the 
 Austrian victory, in which they already saw 
 the approaching defeat of Russia. In Austria. 
 and Hungary all organs of Barbary were 
 tnned to the famous w^ar song "Prince 
 Eugenius, der edle Ritter." Suddenly all sing- 
 ing stopped, and the street organs changed, 
 their tunes from Prince Euigenius to theWacht 
 on Rhine. 'No one knew exactly what had 
 happened, but again the news of some ^reat 
 disaster spread like wildfire over the conntry. 
 
 Finally, one morning, 'the goverment of 
 Austria published a bu'lletin that the right 
 wing of the victorius Austrian ,army in 'Serbia 
 had fa'llen baick, but that Belgrade was still 
 in possession of the Austrians. On the even- 
 ing of the same day 'the news was published 
 that the left wing also had fallen back, and 
 that Belgrade had been given up. This was 
 just ten days after the Austrians had so 
 powerfully commenced Ser'bia's conquest. 
 
 This was too much even for the light- 
 
 21 
 
hearted Aiiis^trians. In Vienna a big crowd 
 appeared betore the war miaistry and shout- 
 ed, '''AVe want to know the truth!" Signs 
 were placed in the churches, "We waait 
 peace!" The Slavts of Austria were long since 
 tired of the war (aud certaiuly always op- 
 poised to it) : and now, for the first time, the 
 German population of Austria dared to ex- 
 press a'n opinion, ae it became 'known that 
 the regiment od Vienna and the Tyrolians 
 suffered severe losses. But it wias principally 
 in Hungairy that this great victory caused 
 profound apprehension. These fiercest euemies 
 of the iSouthern Slavs already saw themselves 
 firmly established on the Balkan peninsula 
 on their w^ay to Salouica. And now their 
 fondest dreams of putting their crushing foo't 
 on the head of this most dreaded Southern 
 iSlavic dragon were dissipated; and again, 
 beyond the Southeastern frontiers was loom- 
 ing up the spectre of the Roumatnian army, 
 a fresh army of 300.000 men, with 200.000 
 reserves. 
 
 22 
 
PART III. 
 
 AUSTRIA'S "GOTTERDAMMERUNG'\ 
 The Downfall of the Hapsburg. 
 
 I wish I could make clear to you the 
 mea'iimg of this second Seirbiaxi victory over 
 the troops of the Emperor of Austria and 
 Apostolic King- of Hungary, and now the 
 friend of the Sultan of Turkey, but it would 
 be necessary for me to Avrite a whole book 
 to give you a faint idea of it. Often in the 
 history of the last centuries the Austrian 
 armies clashed with the powerful Turkish 
 hordes on the same battle ground, and were 
 victorious. They were victorious because they 
 had in their ranks the best soldiers of the 
 Austrian Empire, and these were the Slavs, 
 who blindly defended their treacherous mast- 
 ers of* Vienna and Budapest. 
 
 When the Turks were forced across the 
 Danube and its canfluent, the Sava, the Slavs 
 had to fight with the Turks alone. One bloody 
 uprising followed aaiother in the last century 
 under the leadership of humble swine herders, 
 and the 'Slavs were successful in Serbia, and 
 liberated themselves at last in that part from 
 the Turkish yofee. But the German govern- 
 ment of Austria and the Hungari'ans, the 
 
 23 
 
fiercest enemies of the Slavs, looked with 
 jealousy and envy at this little rising nation, 
 and they determined to enslave it to their 
 own purpose. And since thoy have never lost 
 sight of this principal aim. Thei whole 
 Balkan policy of Austria was nothing but 
 the stern never-tiring pursuit of this scheme. 
 By hook or by crook, sordid menaces and 
 false promises, their diplomacy labored for 
 long years. '.Many millions were spent in 
 political money. How terribly they coun-. 
 teracted Serbia's fight foir freedom and 
 lilberty from the Turkish yoke is too well 
 known to everybody. The unfortunate Arch- 
 du'ke Franz Ferdinand devoted his untiring 
 energy to the one o'bject: to check, to hinder, 
 to everywhcTe embarrass the IS^erbian King- 
 dom, to impoverish the iSerbians, to sub- 
 jugate and coerce them to his ideas. 
 
 The Austrian army has been on a con- 
 tinious war footing since the days of the an- 
 nexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The 
 Austrian diplomats in Belgrade, for more 
 than seven years, had their trunks always 
 packed. 
 
 And you will rememiber, also the creation 
 of the Kingdom of Albania. iSeveiral years 
 before lAusitria created the "Albanian" lang- 
 uage. A certain M^r. Pekmezy, during his 
 
 24 
 
studies, a stipendiary of the Austrian foreign 
 office, had written the Albania-n grammar, 
 with the aid of a Avell-known iSlavic students, 
 and a propaganda of years did the rest. Part- 
 ly im mobilization, and partly in losses to 
 trade and industry, this foolish and criminal 
 Austrian diplomacy has spent over two bill- 
 ions m the cTeation of this ridiculous Khig^ 
 dom of Albania, with its 800.000 mixed popu- 
 latio'n, partly l^Mohammedan, Catholic and 
 Orthodox in religion, who hardly paid aaiy 
 taxes to the Turks. All this money was 
 tatk'en from the profits of the poor Austrian 
 peasantry, who, in consequence, had nothing 
 else to do but to emigrate to America at the 
 averaige rate of a quarter of a million a year. 
 And all this to crush the freedom and in- 
 dependemce of little Slavic iSeTbia. 
 
 If all the secret correspo'ndence of the 
 Austrian diplomacy in regard to their anti- 
 Slavic, amti^Serbian, policies, and all the 
 maneuvers of these decrepit, unscrupulous 
 German and Hungarian diplomiats could be 
 laid bare, I am absolutely sure it would create 
 a great sensation. Austria and Germany want- 
 ed this war. 
 
 Oount Tisza, the premier of Hungary, the 
 man w^ho brought the police and army to the 
 parliament of Hungary, and overcame the 
 
 25 
 
oppoisitio'n by police force, fabricaited the ul- 
 tiiujatum to be presented to iSerbia — not 
 Count Berchthold, the Foreign ^Minister of 
 Austria. This was done in accoirdanee with 
 an unde[rs tan ding with the Kaiser, who him- 
 self approved the document. 
 
 A't the news of the second Serbian victo- 
 ry, Tisza, the '"brig-and," the "villain,'' as the 
 Hungarian parliamentary opposition always 
 called him, began to tremble. He had promiised 
 his Hungarians dominion over the Balkaais, 
 and now he saw that he had pursued the 
 wrong course by taking sides with the "in- 
 vincible" Germains. Misery, ruin and death 
 this ambitious and cruel man has brought to 
 his unfortunate country. 'A't last the Hun- 
 gariane began to understand that this Avar 
 meant annihilation to them, and the feeling 
 in the country against this ruinous politician 
 'began to grow. Emboldened by this, the 
 opposition commenced its activities again. 
 Over night, its former efforts for a complete 
 separation from Austria wore renewed, and 
 Tisza, the man of the Kaiser, and the strong- 
 esf supporter of the "'Dualism," himself 
 wavered and showed signs of sympathy for a 
 Hungarian independence. 
 
 The fe^.r that Roumania might enter the 
 fie*ld, and that Bulgaria would abandon the 
 
 26 
 
cause or the Kaiser, brouglit about all these 
 ■chanoes i-n Hungary. They feared a second 
 'invas^ion of the Gireat Hungarian plains by 
 the Russians, and tliat the latter might join 
 hands with the Roumanians from the Sonth. 
 In this terrible predicament, the Hungariaji 
 opposition sent representatives to the capitals 
 of France and England to plead for mercy 
 and forbearance. They were ready to recall 
 their troops and ma'ke common cause with 
 the allies. Vienna and the 'Kaiser were m 
 great straits. Everything it appeared would 
 
 The dark night of defeat, the '-Goetter- 
 daemmerung- began to creep in. In his 
 meintal anxiety, the Kaiser let loose his two 
 do-is of war, Goeben mid 'Breslau, to bombard 
 flourishing Russian towns along the Black 
 Sea- iXovorossisk, with its second largest 
 grain elevator in the world; lovely three- 
 thousand-vear-old Feodosia, with its gallery 
 of the famous Ayvazovski seascape paintings, 
 and Empress Catherine's -town, Odessa were 
 bombarded to let loose the Turkish hordes for 
 the conquest of rich Caucasia, of course with 
 the express condition that the oil we.ls ot 
 Baku should go as a prize to the oil-needy 
 
 Germany. , 
 
 And the Turk, the second vassal ot tne 
 
'Kaiser, obeyed ais befo^re did the Emperor of 
 Austria, the first vassal King of Germany. 
 
 Thui^ was the triple allliaiice restored. 
 But inste»ad of the unruly King of Italy, who 
 dared to oppose the Kaiser as he ordered him, 
 through his ambassador, and latter, through 
 a special envoy, to mobilize and turn loose 
 his troops on the .smiling plains of Southern 
 France, it wais the cruel Turk who entered 
 the field. For centuries lAustria has fought 
 this most dangerous foe of the 'Christian faith 
 and Christian culture. 'Xow he is on the same 
 footing with the Apostolic King of Hungary. 
 
 'Through the fallacious policy of his ad- 
 visers, this unfortunate ruler has one infamy 
 after another heaped on hiis reign. G-reat 
 crowds of Germans cheered him in Vienna; 
 oif Hungarians in Budapest ; and Ber'lin went 
 wild with joy over this new ally, against 
 whom the Southern Slavic nations have de- 
 fended Germany for five centuries. In abso- 
 lute frenzy over this new ally, the Kaiseo:- 
 ordered his troops — Germans, Austrians, 
 Hungarians and Turks — to a second general 
 advance against Russia. The iRussians re- 
 treated a day's march from Cracow. This 
 saved the situation in Austria and Hungary, 
 where doubt and discouragement were 
 general, and the cry for peace as strong as 
 
 28 
 
never 'before. And, to wipe out the pernicious 
 impression, the unspeakable Austrian defeat 
 in Seirbia has made in the Dual Monarchy, 
 they interpreted this partial and local retreat 
 of Russian troops as the greatest victory of 
 all ages. 
 
 The iSextonts were ordered to ring the 
 bells in the churches throughout the Central 
 Empires, the priests to sing 'Te Deums," and 
 the journalists to write panegyric articles of 
 glory to God and victory to men. This saved 
 the Kaiser and Tisza, his faithful servant, 
 once more. Tisza could once more whip the 
 oppoisition and the Hungarian nation into 
 o'bedience, and a sem^blance of the okl con- 
 fidence in the victory over Russia was re- 
 stored. Again, the newspapei^s told of victory 
 after victory, but again this new counter- 
 offensive broke down and the 'Russians began 
 to piress on the Hungarian frontier. 
 
 In these darkest days of Austrians histo" 
 ry, where a general flood seemed to submerge 
 the once so stately, OTer-a-thousand-year-old 
 empire, all pride broke down and Vienna 
 accepted the help of the Kaiser, even against 
 Serbia and Russia on the plains of Hungary. 
 Here is the turning point of Austrian politics. 
 From that day on Austria of old ceased to 
 exist. From that dav Austria was a mere 
 
 29 
 
vassal state of Prussia, a helpless, unwilliiig 
 member of the German Bund. 
 
 The strugigle between the LHohenzollern 
 and Hap^burg, for the snipremaey of the 
 Roman [Empire of the German nation that 
 was 60 bitterly waged for a long time, ended 
 with Austria's defeat in 'Bohemia in 1866. 
 But the empire as much still existed, although 
 Anstria was dragged further and further into 
 the vortex of the German amibition for a 
 world empire. 
 
 In the mountains of iSerbia and the low- 
 lands of Galicia during this war was ad- 
 ministered the death-blow to this old Empire 
 as such. Whatever the ultimate outcome of 
 this tremendous struggle for world's power, 
 the once magnificent did Empire will play 
 only a secondary role of Europe, until it 
 gradually dies a natural death. As early 
 as when Germany first sent her troops to the 
 rescue of Austria — in appearance only, but 
 in reality to defend her own frontier — she 
 put, as "conditio sine qua non," the supreme 
 and complete eommand of all the forces, in- 
 cluding the Austrian, operating in the eastern 
 theatre of war. And old Francis Joseph had, 
 to acquiesce in this peremptory demand of his 
 imperial friend. 
 
 The great game was won : Wilhelm the 
 
 30 
 
Hoihemzollea*!! was at last in command of the 
 old and once so proud Austrian army. Will 
 history tell how and who arranged matters 
 so as to persuade the old emperor to yield 
 on this vital question? They certainly told 
 him that this was his only salvation, and that 
 'by this he would get badk his two lost pro- 
 vinces, G-alicia and Bukowina. And so the 
 Germa-nis told us all who criticized this meas- 
 ure, and found it extrem'ely suspicious. Suffice 
 it to say, o'u this shameful day the Germans 
 told the Emperor of Austria that he still 
 had the exclusive command of his troops in 
 the iSouthern theatre of war, i. e., against 
 Serbia. Oh ! .He would never have yielded 
 on this point : the honor of. Austria, her in- 
 dependence, her future — in one word, the 
 prestige of Austria — did not permit of giv- 
 ing way to the Germans also in the South. 
 
 "This is our war, the war of revenge," 
 was the helpless cry of the Austrian military 
 camarilla when it defended this I'aist piece of 
 Austrian independence. In fact, the Avar 
 against iSerbia was started as a punitive ex- 
 pedition and the 'Kaiser no longer persisted, 
 as through his officei^ he assumed the man- 
 akement of the affaire of the IMinistry of War 
 in Vienna, and could, in this way, minutely 
 supervise everything. .Moreover, there was 
 
 31 
 
no reason to complain. Everything went on 
 as desired, and finally the proud, great all- 
 important news of a crushing defeat over lit- 
 tle iServia was given to the aimazed public. 
 Simultaneously, an immense pressure was 
 brought against ©ulgaria to send her army 
 against Serbia, and join hands with the Aus- 
 trians coming from the North. And it ap- 
 pears that Bulgaria was reailly about to bireak 
 loose. At least, we had indication of this 
 when the bridge over the Vardar River north 
 of Salonica, over which the Serbians were 
 bringing their war supplies, was destroyed by 
 Bulgarian hands (some say Bulgairian 
 regulars). But this was done four days too 
 late. 'Serbia already had her ammunition 
 safely brought in, and took the now famous 
 offensive, which ended in the amnihilation of 
 the second Austrian army of invasion. 
 
 The disappointment and discouragement 
 of the Kaisei' was great. But again, it was 
 solely he who was responsible for the great 
 annihilation that the Austrian 'army had ex- 
 perienced for the second time in the South. 
 In order to pirotect his own iSilesian and 
 Posnanian frontiers from the onslaught of 
 the Czar's troops he insisted that all Austrian 
 troops, which were disposable, be' brought 
 from Serbia to the North. Was it remorse 
 
 32 
 
that now pi-ompted the Kaiseo- to send his 
 own troops down South, or was it only the 
 thou-ht of seK-preservation that forced liim 
 to this measure? He would never have wast- 
 ed the bo,nes of one single Prussian grenadier 
 in this ungrateful Southeastern theatre of 
 war, if he could have practically done with- 
 
 °"* On the other hand, the Austrian Emperor 
 would have never permitted Wilhelm, the 
 Hohenzollern, to meddle with his affairs m 
 the Balkans, because Austria is too much 
 imbued with pride and ideas of prestige. 
 
 33 
 
PART IV. 
 
 WILHELM, THE HOHENZOLLERN, 
 
 THE REAL RULER OF AUSTRIA. 
 
 How He Offers Peace to Serbia and Why He 
 
 Sends a Third Army Against Her — this 
 
 Time Reinforced by Troops from Germany. 
 
 Victory is a wonderful t:hing. It is life 
 and death in one single woTd. It uplifts the 
 one to Heaven and rejects the other to the 
 sorrow of Hades. Is is the regulator of the 
 destinies of nations for centuries. So it was 
 with the second Serbian victory. It brought 
 undreamed-of advantages to little Sea^'bia, sor- 
 row and despair to the 'Kaiser mid the 
 Emperor, to Germans and Hungarlaais. The 
 cry for revenge arose among the Germans 
 and Hungarians of the Dual Monarchy. 
 
 This victory shifted the balaneo. of power 
 in ome night from the Central German Em- 
 pires to the allied forces of England, France 
 and Russia. It gave the Czar of 'Bulgaria, 
 who is alwa>ns preying for revenge for his 
 defeat, a terrible jolt, and forced him once 
 more to keep quiet and play the great neutral 
 game. It struck the Tm^ks with terror, so 
 they did not know what further would hap- 
 
 34 
 
pen in spite of the assertion of Field Marshall 
 von der Goltz Pascia, who was in those days 
 despatched by the Kaiser to 'Constantinople 
 to assume supreme command over the non- 
 Christians, and to reaseure them of the ul- 
 timate German victory. Moreover, this victo- 
 ry gave courage to the Roumanians and Ital- 
 ians, who are ever balancing between the two 
 blocks of power, withoiut really knowing 
 which to choose. 
 
 But this victory also had a tremendous 
 moral effect on the minds of all the nations 
 that "compose Aiistria^Hungary. It struck 
 terror and the darkest apprehension in the 
 hearts of the Austrians of German nationality 
 and the Hungarians, and reminded them of 
 all the soTdid deeds of oppression, of broken 
 promises, of innumerable political crimes they 
 have practiced against the Slavs for long 
 years; it uplifted, on the other hand, the 
 down-trodden, weak-hearted Austrian Slavs. 
 
 You would hardly believe it, but it is 
 really as I say: German and Austrian 
 victories have exactly the opposite meaning 
 to the iSlavs of Austria-Hungary. Every such 
 victory is like a dagger thrust into the hearts 
 of iSlavic patriots. Like spectres of gloom and 
 sorrow, all the intelligent Slavs walked 
 throuisrh the streets of the Slavic eities 
 
 36 
 
throughout the Eimpire when came the great 
 newis of thei victory over the iSei^bians, and of 
 the fall of Belgrade. In sign of mournimg, 
 nobody spoke on the streets when they el- 
 bowed with the boisterously joyous and elated 
 Germans and Hungariaais. lAs if by magic, 
 everything changed in the Empire as the 
 government reluctantly let it 'be understood 
 that conquered Belgrade had been given up 
 by the Austrians. Instantly, you could see 
 the gloomy faces brighten. This crushing 
 Austrian defeat meant victory to the Slavs 
 of Austria-Hungary. Their rejoicing was great 
 and sincere. 'Everywhere, when friemds met, 
 they shook hand and their faces showed a 
 happy smile, altough people could not speak 
 for fear of ^being arrested and placed in jail 
 for high treason. ,A stmnge country, this 
 Austria, is it .not? Nobody who is not an 
 u^ustrian understands it. 
 
 All these circumstances combined: the 
 interior situation in Austria^Hungary, and the 
 new situation in the Balkans, created by the 
 iSer'bian victor.y, made it peremptorily neces- 
 sary to form a third army of invasion and 
 keep it in readiness against Serbia. But why 
 this time Austro-German troops, as the tele- 
 grams annouced it, and not purely Austrian 
 troops as the Vienna prestige politics would 
 
 36 
 
dema'nd? To explain thie and to make it 
 clear to the Ameirican reader, we will have to 
 re'tiim to the snow-elad battlefield of Vialjevo 
 and Belgrade, where the brave behavior of 
 the Serbians brought them such a very im- 
 portant victory. The second invading army 
 was compoised of troops of all nationalities of 
 the Empire, with a large admixture of purely 
 Slavic troops, Bohemiaai and Southern Slave, 
 Slovenians from the 'Southern Alps, Croatians 
 from Croatia, Dalmatia and Bosnia. These 
 later speak precisely the same language as 
 the Serbians, the only difference being in the 
 characters in which the language is written 
 (Latin foir Croatian, Oyrilli-c for Serbian), and 
 in the religion, Croatians being Catholics, and 
 Serbians, Greek Orthodox. 
 
 What went on in the hearts of these 
 closest kinsmen of the Serbians before the 
 battle started I do not know ; but I do know 
 what happened afterward. By the' thousand pri- 
 soners icamc^jdown to |Nish, practically lunguarded 
 amd singing their Slavic national songs. Had 
 they mutinied while the battle was going on, 
 at last understanding that war is a crime, 
 and war against your own kinsmen a triple 
 crime, who could wonder? These Southern 
 Slavic people were too faithful to the House 
 of Hapsburg, and were always brought up 
 / 
 37 
 
with a hatred of everythdoig that is not 
 Roman Catholic. (But the onslaught of the 
 ISerbians was such a terrific one that after 
 stubborn resistance under the murderous fire 
 of the Serbian gun<s the Axistrian columns 
 vacillated, gave in and began to flee. The 
 flight degenerated into a general rout, the 
 Serbians pressing hard on the heels of the 
 Austrian armies. -As the Austro-Slavic troops 
 saw that their German (Austrian) and Hun- 
 garian comrades were fleeing headlong over 
 the wintry fields of Serbia to regain the Ans- 
 trian territory, all discipline was abiaindoned. 
 They realized that it was too much to ask 
 of them to be braver than the men in whose 
 favor this fearful war is waged. And instead 
 of shamefully fleeing, they surrendered in 
 spite of the threaits of their German-Austrian 
 and Hunga'rian officers. And they were wise ! 
 Austria and Germany have relied too 
 much on the military discipline and have 
 failed to understand that there is a limit to 
 human patience even in an army. For fear 
 then that this might repeat itself, the Kaiser 
 ordered that the third army of invasion be 
 composed partly of purely German troops 
 from Germany. The fierce Germans are the 
 real kit that eveiywhere is holding the Aus- 
 trian armies toojether. And so it comes that 
 
 38 
 
we Avill now see, for the first time; in the 
 history of the world, aerman troops on the 
 battlefields of the Balkan peninsula. But, 
 ill spite of all this, theTe were serious dif- 
 ferences of opinion between Vienna afid 
 Berlin as to the necessity of forming a third 
 army at all against iSerbia. The 'Kaiser dread- 
 ed these formida'ble warriors, who were fight- 
 ing like lions and tigers for the freedom, inde- 
 pendence and glory of their country. But 
 both Vienna and Budapest demanded the im- 
 mediate formation of this third army for feat 
 of serious internal troubles and external con- 
 sequences. 
 
 Gen. iPotiorek, the commander of the ill- 
 fated Austrian army, was quietly deposed, 
 and Archduke Eugen, the unmarried head 
 of the German Ritterorden, was placed at 
 the head of this third army of invasion. This 
 was boastfully annonced to the world, to 
 make the greatest impressin on enemies and 
 neutrals. Behiaid the screens, however, every- 
 thing was different; the Kaiser wanted his 
 soldiers and the Austrian army elsewhei-e. 
 He realized that this was no time for subtili- 
 ties of an Austrian prestige policy, and that 
 the moment for revenge coiild be postponed. 
 He ordered that peace should be offered with- 
 out dday to Serbia. Tliroug^h various chan- 
 
 39 
 
ne'ls this was done. He offered heaven and 
 earth to the iSei^biams, on condition that they 
 lay down their victorious arms and cease to 
 threaten the Austrianjs dominions in the 
 South. Indeed, he offered them everything 
 that was not his and not Austrian. The 
 'Serbians should have even the hairbor of iSal- 
 oniea under the condition that they would 
 set apart a portion of it for Austriain exports. 
 And as for the Northern part of Albania, 
 Serbia should come to an agreement with 
 Greece and Italy. Moreover, the promise of a 
 more favorable treaty of commerce with Aus- 
 tria was made to her, so that in the future 
 she could export cattel and swine and other 
 products of her farms without first asking 
 the graceful permiission of the Hungarian 
 landlords. -But Serbia declined all these doubt- 
 ful advantages, and wel'l that she did. Who 
 could gu'arentee her that these promises would 
 be kept when Germany and Austria should 
 win the struggle? Nobody, not even the 
 Kaiser, as the aim of this war was the fight 
 for Constantinople, and this would not for a 
 moment permit the existence of a free and 
 independent state like Serbia, that lies just 
 across the ro'ad from Berlin and Vienna to 
 iSalonica and Constantinople. Besides that, 
 Austria and Hungary never kept any promises 
 
 40 
 
given to the Slavic nations. Futile to speak- 
 about this, and iSei^bra had the most bitter 
 disappointments of her own in all her numer- 
 ous dealings with Austrian diplomats. So it 
 came that Sei^bia refused flatly a'U propo&ak 
 of concluding a seperate treaty of peace. 
 
 The disappointment of the Kaiser was 
 great, Ibecaoi'se he was s'o -certain that Serbia 
 would not refuse to deal with his, as well as 
 (Austria's envoys in regard to peace proposals, 
 after having twice inflicted terrible defeat 
 on bold and proud old Austria. 
 
 Fearing that the Serbians and Monte- 
 negrins once more invade the mountains 
 iBo-sniia and Herzegovina, or the rich plains of 
 Syrmia and Slavonia, and start a revolution 
 in the Southern iSlavic provinces of the Dual 
 Monarchy, it was at last decided to send 
 this third army of invasion, this time having 
 a due proportion of Germian blood, to hold 
 the Serbians in check. As early as the middle 
 of January, we heard of the Grerman troops 
 coming to Austria from Bavaria, intending 
 to reinforce the Ausfcrians. This new Austro- 
 German force was said to number 400.000 men> 
 and was miassed on the Northern frontier of 
 Serbia, and not as on the two previous oc- 
 casions, principally in the northwest comer 
 of Serbia. Through the lonsr inactiveness of 
 
 41 
 
the new Austro-German army, time vas given 
 to the Serbians to rest, to re-form their thin- 
 ned ranks, to replenish their ammunition, to 
 get a thorough ma^itery of the many captured 
 Austrian guns of all sizes and desoriptions, 
 with plenty of captured ammunition; in fact^ 
 to formidably prepare themselves for the 
 third supreme ordeal that threatens this ad- 
 mirable nation of heroes. 
 
 The destinies of twelve million Southern 
 Slavs — not to .speak of the Bulgarians — 
 are now in the hands of the Serbians. Will 
 they also this third time succeed in not only 
 holding back this' untiresome bloodthirsty 
 enemy, but also defeat him, and thus be 
 enabled to form a Southern iSlavic nation by 
 cementing in a solid block the three Southern 
 Slavic nationalities of ^Slovenians, Oroatians 
 and Serbians? 
 
 Or will Serbia be defeated and anni- 
 hilated, as Austria and Germany are desirous 
 of, and thus to cause burying of all the 
 dreams of the iSouthern Slavs forever? 
 
 The Serbian victory means peace and 
 quiet to this part of the woirld, and an end to 
 the perpetration of wrong and unrest. 
 
 But truly, if the Serbians win or not, 
 and w^e are all hopeful they will win. their 
 •epic memory will go down for ages — as: 
 
 42 
 
loiLg as there lives one Sei^bian and one 
 iSoiithern iSlav in that ungrateful world of 
 Southern Europe. 
 
 43 
 
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