Glass. Book COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT OPYRIGHT. 1913. BY F. E. WRIGHT. , BRILLIANT SEA SHELLS KEY TO FIG. I A. THE GREAT ARTERIAL TRUNK B. THE GREAT BRANCH C. THE LEFT CAROTID ARTERY D. THE LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY E. THE TWO ILIAC ARTERIES F. THE GREAT VEIN ^ (ASCENDING VENA cava) G. THE GREAT VEIN (decendingvenaca FIG4 SECTION OF THF HEART KEY TO FIG. 4 I THE GREAT VEIN (oESCENDlUGVtNAfAV*)' 2 THE GREAT VEIN (a:cenoing vena cava) 3 UPPER PART OF THE CAVITY OF THE RIGHT AURICLE / " i,' 4 UPPER PART OF THE RIGHT VENTRICLE 5 THE THREE POINTED VALVE 6 VALVES AT THE ORIFICE OF THE PULMONARY ARTERY FIG. 5 SECTION OF AIR TUBE FIG. 3 THREE VALVES AT THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE PULMONARY ARTERY FIG. 2 SECTION OF VEIN (SHOWING valves) COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY P. E. WRIGHT. CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY F. E. WRIGHT. FRATERNITY BADGES OF COLLEGES AND SOCIETIES Si^m^i'.^r^W'f'Ri-oi^P^^^^T^^^^ ^^T^' ^- ^^^ ^^^^n^^i'. h ^^^^ Gamma; 5. Theta Delta Chi; 6. Phi Kappa Psf. n 4Jr^- Vh^ ^A' r^i-^^PiP.* ^^PP^^*°^J5*' .9. Piii Nu Theta; 10. Delta Phi; 11. Sigma Nu, 12. Delta Alnh* T«^,^n^oL" i?* w'P;. «• ^^^^^,^'L'- ^^- ^\^?* ^^^' 1^- ^^i Gamma Delta; 18. Skull and Bones; 19; 24^K«nIt A?^®^^>, ?^- Y-°^St^^*?' rr^^' ^'^"IS^ ^^P^*T ^Psilon; 22. Delta Kappa Epsilon; 23. Kappa Alphu A," ?-*R?* ^^?)i.*. ^^®^' i^- P^i ^eta Kappa; 26. Pel Upsilon; 27 Chi Ppi- 28. Aloha Phi- 29 Chi Phi -^ Alpha Sigma Chi; 31. Phi Delta Thela; 32. Delta Tau Deltarss. Beta Theta Phi; 34. Scroll and Key: ^.'Phi Kappa P^* A I i^ :^ ■. _«.^, e "- — 1"- — »i "^ J V m II ., _ ,.,j.mjmpi p j 't: SEA LION POLAR BEAR COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY F. E. WRIGHT, FUR-BE 1 ANIMALS i COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY P. E. WRIGHT. POLISHED UILDING STONES ( w^^^G^ / BLACK WALNUT CYPRESS *^ ^ U //y ^. CH ^SlMOT COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY F, B. WRIGHT, TYPICAL GRAINS '^U/A, OAh( -^S/i /l^ % X MAHOGANY A BIRDSEYE MAPLE ARIOUS WOODS WEBSTER'S HOME, SCHOOL AND OFFICE DICTIONARY ILLUSTRATED Based Upon the Principles Set Forth by NOAH WEBSTER, LL.D. Containing a Reference Library of Often- Sought- For Facts, Colored Plates and Monotones Revised and Brought Up to Its Present State of Perfection by ROBERT ARROWS iM IT H, Ph.D. Late Professor in Teachers' College; Associate Editor of Harper's Classical Dictionary, The New International Encyclopaedia, Harper's Latin Dictionary, Etc., Etc. Originally Produced, After the Best and Latest Authorities on Language. Under the Chief Editorship of Harry Thurston Peck, Ph.D.,Litt.D.,LL.D. (Late Anthon Professor in the Columbia Universit> ) ASSISTED BY THE FOLLOWING EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTORS Frederic Taber Cooper, LL.B., Ph.D. Late Professor in the New York University; Editor of the Forum, etc. Charles F. Johnson, Ph.D. Professor in Trinity College, Hartford, Conn. C. L. Meader, Ph.D. Professor in the University of Michigan. J. S. P. Tatlock, Ph.D. Asst. Professor in the University of Michigan. John C. Rolfe, Ph.D. Professor in the L^ni varsity of Pennsylvania. Robert Gordon Grant, A.M., Ph.D. Heidelberg University. Lilian H. du Bois. Instructor in the Wharton Combined School, Phila- delphia. ^Alfred W. Lawson. Editor of Aircraft. Julian Chase, Ph.B. Editor of Motor. This Dictionary is not published by the original publishers of \\'ebster's Dictionary, or by their successors, but by the EMERSON & COMPANY CHICAGO 1921 ■^'^ ^^ \ f,')-^ Copyripfht, 1912, by Frank E. Wright Cepyright, 1916, by Frank E. Wright Copyriorht, 11^21, by Frank E. Wright ©CI,A627312 PREFACE THIS dictionary is an abridgement from the Standard work on the English language by America' s greatest lexicographer, Noah Webster, LL. D., revised and brought up to date so as to include practically all of the terms in the English vocabulary which are in ordinary use, as well as many technical terms which would be required only by the engineer, architect or advanced student. The special aim of the publishers has been to present in this one volume a standard desk dictionary of sterling merit, and to this end no expense has been spared to secure the most com- petent editorial staff and most attractive form of typography. A special merit of the book is its clear, distinct type, which represents a distinct advance over the usual desk dictionaries which are set in type so small as to be practically illegible to many people. The definitions will be found to be concise, accurate and up to date, and the text is enlivened by a number of beautifully colored engravings. Following the vocabulary will be found a Reference Library containing among other items a Glossary of Aviation Terms and a Glossary of Automobile Terms, a complete Table of Synonyms and Antonyms, an extended Dictionary of Commercial and Legal Terms, together with a veritable treasury of often-sought- for facts not ordinarily included in a work of this nature. The Editors. PRINCIPLES OF GRAMMAR GRAMMAR (from the Greek ypdfxij.a "a letter of the alphabet") is the art of speaking, reading, and writing correctly. It is comprised in four main divisions: 1. Orthogkaphy, which treats of letters, syllables, separate words, and spelling. 2. Etymology, which explains and describes the sources from which the words of our language come, together with their classes and modifications. 3. Syntax, which treats of the relation, agreement, government, and arrangement, of words in sentences. 4. Peosody, which treats of the laws of poetry, of poetic prose, and in general of Versificatiox. The study of punctuation, manner of utter- ance, and poetical figures, is closely allied with Prosody. I. ORTHOGRAPHY Orthography (from the Greek opdoypatpla, "correct writing") is the art of accurate and approved spelling (Anglo-Saxon, spel) , and is of essential importance in the study of the English language. It cannot be acquired wholly by means of rules, since the requisite number of rules would be an impossible burden; nor is it a more practicable method to learn the spelling of a few score words by rote. A few general principles, however, easily remembered, and based upon custom and tradition, will prevent any person from writing in a way that calls attention to his carelessness in spelling. These are given below and, if carefully studied, will be found more useful than a long treatise on the subject. The following words ought to begin with capital letters: The first word of every sentence. The first word of every line of poetry. All names, including pronouns, applied to God. Proper nouns. Adjectives derived from proper nouns. The names of the days of the week. The names of holidays. The names of the months. The pronoun 'T'. Any leading name which the author wishes to make emphatic. "When a word ending in silent e is increased or augmented by a suflBx beginning with a vowel, the e is omitted; as, give, giving; sense, sensible; fame, famous; cure, ciirahle. The e is changed into i before fy and ty; as, pure, purity, purify; active, activity. When the silent e is preceded by v, c, or g soft, it is usually retained before al)le and ous; as peace, peaceable; courage, courageous. The present tendency how- 5 6 PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR ever is to drop the e in words where it is preceded by v, as move, mov- able; love, lovable. The e is also retained before ful, less, ly, ment, ness, some, ty; as, peaceful, nameless, wisely, excitement, whiteness, whole- some, surety. It is an established rule in the English language that words which' end with the vowel e, and lengthen the sound of a preceding vowel (as in file, write, endure), should drop the e on receiving a termination and becoming a derivative, if that termination begin with a vowel (as er, ed, ing, ance). Thus ^le— filer, not flleer, filing; endure, enduring, endurance, not endureance. But in cases where the e affects the sound of a preceding consonant it forms an exception; as in a word with a soft g, or where, in juxtaposition with another e, it forms one long vowel; thus, singe, singeing; see, seeing. Monosyllabic words ending in a single consonant, not preceded by a long vowel, and words of more than one syllable ending in a single accented consonant, and of course not preceded by a long vowel, double the final consonant in all the derivatives which are formed by a termina- tion beginning with a vowel; as fit, fitted, fitteth, fitting; bar, barred, barreth; abet, abetted; compel, compelled. Without this doubling of the final consonant, the vowel in the accented syllable of the primitive word (that is the e in abet) would be pronounced wrongly in the derivative (abetted, etc.), namely, with its long sound — fited, bared, abeted. Hence the reason why verbs having the long sound of a vowel do not double the last consonant; as feared, defiled, bloated. Words ending in a single consonant, but not having the accent on the last syllable do not double the final consonant in derivatives; as limit, limited; civil, civiZity; enter, entered. A word ending in II usually drops one I on becoming part of a com- pound word; as all, always; fill, fulfil; full, fruitful; till, until. But there are some exceptions to this rule; as recall, refill, uphill; which retain the orthography of their monosyllabic roots. Words ending in y, preceded by a consonant, change the y into i on receiving an augment; as holy, holier; happy, happiness; pity, pitied. Exceptions — before ing, ish, and s, the y is retained; as flying, babyish, for pity's sake; also in dryness, slyly, shyness. When the y is preceded by a vowel, it is retained; as boy, boyish; day, days; joy, joyful. Exceptions — gaiety, said, paid, laid. II. ETYMOLOGY By Clarence L. Header, Ph.D. Professor in the University of Michigan Etymology in its broadest sense is a science which aims to give account of a nation's vocabulary, by discovering and describing the elements of words, by determining their changes in sound and meaning, and by tracing out the sources of borrowed words. All living languages are in a state of continual flux. An American of to-day pronounces far differently from an Englishman of Chaucer's or King Alfred's time. Not only the sounds, but also the meanings of words vary, perhaps over even wider ranges. New meanings arise and old ones are forgotten. Thus Old English scBlig, which formerly meant "fortunate, happy," has become modern silly. In two other ways PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR 7 do not take place ,°^^P""°TP\y "J^mS '^"'^^'^'/oL^ becomes modern regularly operating laws. To illustrate, "• f^- « ^ g long a vowels not ^•^^".^^/bvt i ThS relulSyo sound cia^ngfs Is of the greatest ?r;:rmnce'to The ItymolSt. '[The creation of new words through nhnnetic changes is discussed below.] from hour to hour and from ^1^^^° ,3 ^/.g^ of utterance, by chance by the stress, pitch, ^^Pl^'y-and loudness of "\\^^^^^^'^g^„ug ^^^ physiological and anatomi«a of j^>^'^^|',„^'^^,£ one-I self understood, fluctuating factors. Ho''f^^'^',";°f^ .(„,,,„ the training of the muscu- members of the same linguistic '^0™™"°/^^;^/^;' "^"^ar-e ot^^ers very tury with its railways, telephones and ftl^er means ot ^apia ^^^^ Residents of Boston, New York, Chicago ^^^ u^i ,g Cisco notice comparatively few striking /j°^^^^^f . j^rge extent at 8 PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR (commonly the result of more intimate commercial relations) are among the most important of these factors. We may now observe how these conditions together with others have affected the development of the English vocabulary. In the dim dawn of prehistoric Europe, perhaps in the Bronze Age, we can discern traces, faint but certain, of the existence of communities now called the primitive Indo-Europeans. They spoke a language from which were derived most of the living European languages and many of those now spoken in Asia. We know something of the life of this people. We know also that from time to time they sent offshoots to (1) Southwestern Asia and Asia Minor, (2) Greece, (3) Italy, (4) Prance and the British Isles, (5) Germany and (6) the Slavonic lands. Isolated from their kindred and doubtless commingling with other peoples, the dialects of these offshoots developed into new languages:* (1) Aryan, from which Sanskrit and Old and Modern Persian arose, (2) primitive Greek, the parent of Ancient and Modern Greek, (3) primitive Italic, the parent of Latin, from which came the Romance tongues, (4) primi- ^ve Celtic, the source of modern Welsh, Irish and Scotch-Gaelic, (5) primitive Germanic, and (6) primitive Balto-Slavic, which has yielded Russian, Polish, Lettish, etc. Primitive Germanic, like the other branches, broke up into sub-dialects as the community speaking it ex- panded, and still newer languages, — Gothic, Scandinavian, German and English, — blossomed forth, as shown in the following outline: Prim. Germ. r Gothic Old Norse ^.Danish, Swedish Norwegian, Icelandic Old West. Germ. Old High German Old Low German Such are the genetic relations of English. Mod. High German Old and Mod. Saxon Old Franconian Dutch, Flemish Old and Mod. Frisian ^Old and Mod. English Three Old English tribes, dwelling in the coast lands, both north and south of the Elbe, crossed the sea in the fifth and sixth centuries and permanently occupied the island of Britain. The Jutes settled chiefly in Kent, the Saxons elsewhere, south of the Thames and in Mid- dlesex and Sussex, the Angles north of these, extending as far as the Forth. The Angles split up into two dialect groups, the northern (North- umbrian) and southern (Mercian). After the year 827 the West Saxon attained considerable ascendancy as a literary language, chiefly in con- sequence of the conquests of Ecgberht (802-839) and the literary efforts of Alfred (died 901). In the fifteenth century the dialect of London, which stood rather closer to the Mercian (or Central) English, became a standard literary and official language, in consequence of the ad- ministrative and commercial importance of the metropolis, the inter- mediate character and location of the dialect between north and south, the widespread influence of the writings of Chaucer and Wyclif, and the introduction of printing, London being the center of the publlsh- ♦Many of these languages and some groups of languages are not mentioned here. PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR 9 ing business. This standard English has for a long time been gradu- ally leveling the modern descendents of the above-mentioned dialects. American English is one form of it. When we turn to the consideration of the non-Germanic and non- Latin elements of our language, we meet with two historical facts of great importance: (1) these words, with comparatively few exceptions, ccime in after the year 1500; (2) they reached us by two entirely differ- ent channels: (a) colonization and commerce, (b) the study of foreign literatures. Although English commerce was encouraged by various circum- stances from the beginning of the twelfth century on, yet it was not until the early sixteenth century that England was in a position to come forward as a strong rival of Portugal, Spain and the Netherlands. The discovery of the West Indies in 1492 and of a sea route to India in 1498, the establishment of the East India Company in 1600 and the foundation of Jamestown and Plymouth were followed by a rapid develop- ment of commerce; and since 1800 England has maintained her rank as the foremost commercial nation in the world. The opening up of the extensive foreign relations entered upon by England since 1500 has greatly enriched our vocabulary. Most of our borrowed Spanish words and quite a number of Sanskrit and Persian words (as viaharajah, pun- dit, durhar) came in by this route. The more important non-Indo-Euro- pean languages that have contributed are: the native languages of North and South America (e. g., tomahawk and raccoon, from Algon- quin; cacao, coyote, tomato, from Mexican; llama, from Peruvian; cay- enne, from Brazilian) and the native languages of Asia and the Pacific islands (examples: tea, from Chinese; jinriksha, from Japanese; boom- erang and kangaroo, from Australian; tattoo, from Tahitian). There are also some words from African languages. These words have come to us, either directly or (quite as commonly) indirectly, through the mediation of Spanish (in the case of many Mexican, West Indian and Arabic words) and other tongues. If we exclude a large number of geographical proper names, these words are seen to be mainly nouns, the names of various commercial commodities, or of local plants and animals. On the other hand, it has been chiefly through the study of the Greek and Italian literatures, to which the English have assiduously devoted themselves for some four hundred years, that these languages have contributed to our vocabulary. About 80 Italian words have reached us directly in this way, and some 1,400 fairly common Greek words. In addition to these there are, of course, several thousand technical scientific (especially medical) terms derived from Greek. From Skeat's etymological dictionary we learn that there are about 14,000 primary words in English, while the entire number of words recorded in a recent Dictionary is about 325,000. Exclude from this last number the numerous technical terms, and the majority of the residue are derivatives and compounds of a portion of this 14,000. This state- ment will convey some impression of the important part played by the processes of secondary derivation and compounding, the principal forms of which are as follows: (1) Reduplication and iteeation, as in the excited imperative, come, come! (2) Compounding of formerly distinct words. Compound words are usually, if not always, designations of some one non-homogeneous 10 PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR object, quality, action, state or relation. Of the component parts of the word, one is commonly a designation of some specific, prominent quality of the object, action, etc.; the other a more general characterization. Less commonly the two elements are strictly coordinate. The unity of the object, action, etc., themselves provides the psychological basis for the unity of the compound. Illustrations: ivool-dress, hred-n-huttr {^=ibread-and-l)utter) y Hay-Pauncefote-treaty. The following examples illustrate the variety of combinations of various parts of speech that occur: even-tide, oak-tree, Tues-day, blood-shedding, alder-man, two-fold, self-confidence, self-confident, wash-tub, sea-sicJc. (3) Secondary derivation by prefixes and suffixes. No sharp line can be drawn between this type of word-formation and composition. The psychological processes underlying them have much in common, but analogy plays a less prominent part in composition. In fact, prefixes and suffixes are in part derived from previously independent words. In English there are about three hundred prefixes derived from divers sources, but many (perhaps two hundred) of these, like v in van, are no longer felt as such; and many more have ceased to be employed in forming new derivatives. Un- and ante- are still freely used. English suffixes are so numerous and varied in form that a systematic classifica- tion of them is impossible. Many go back to primitive Indo-European times, some grew up in the primitive Germanic period, others are more recent, and not a few are of Latin and Greek origin. Suffixes, like prefixes, tend to fuse more and more closely with the fundamental word, and, eventually, consciousness of them as distinct elements is lost, as in o-ther, ev-er, daw-n, dar-k. (4) In transforming old words and begetting new ones, shifts of meaning and sound changes always operate simultaneously. So lord and lady are the end results of such changes wrought in the Old English words, hlaf-ord (formerly hlaf-weard), literally "bread-warder," and Tilaf-dige, lit. '*bread-kneader." The four most important specific types of sound change are: (1) loss of sounds, as hlaford, (2) vowel-gradation, which is seen in fall, fell and give, gave, (3) mutation, or umlaut, which is the cause of the variations in man, m,en, goose, geese, choose, choice, (4) vowel heightening and breaking, as the change of a to a, a to e, and that of e to i. III. SYNTAX By John S. P. Tatlock, Ph.D. Professor in the University of Michigan. All living languages change. Among races without the steadying influence of civilization and literature they change rapidly; so rapidly in Polynesia, it is said, that a traveller returning to an island after an absence of years has scarcely been able to recognize the language. Only the lack in the eighteenth century of the scientific and historical habit of mind accounts for the extraordinary proposal of Dean Swift, that "Some method should be thought on for ascertaining and fixing our language forever, after such alterations in it as shall be thought requi- site." While the most changeful elements in language are pronunciation and vocabulary. Syntax, too, submits to the universal law. By observing the development of the language during some thirteen PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR 11 hundred years, we can see the direction of the change. In general it has been toward the simple, the reasonable and the useful. On the whole, rules have become fewer, less arbitrary, but more invariable. Useless distinctions have been discarded, constructions alike in func- tion have become alike in form, means have become better adapted to ends. Among the happiest changes has been the disappearance (in the thirteenth century) of the three grammatical genders among nouns, and (in the fifteenth century) of the inflection of adjectives and of their distinctions in forms according as they refer to definite or indefinite objects. In particular, the tendency has been a^ay from a synthetic and toward an analytic structure; that is, the relations of words are now shown less by their form and more by their position and the use of particles. This is almost pure gain. Though it requires more words than the older structure, the words ara shorter and easier to learn and use. The increased fixity in order is not great enough to involve mon- otony or real loss of expressiveness, and unquestionably has brought a gain in clearness and ease of use. We have seen how. by the general law of the universe, the forces which have made the English language what it is are steadily making it other than it is. Change it must, but it may change more rapidly or less, and in general the less rapidly the better, for many reasons. It is a curious fact that at present the changes which might be most beneficial are in general not those which are tending to take place. Change does not occur unopposed, and the forces aiding conservatism are many. Among the chief is the social stigma attaching to notice- able departures from the received forms of the language; though it is singular that the fear of this stigma often capriciously strains at the gnat and swallows the camel, making those whose shall's and icilVs are hopelessly at odds needlessly careful to pronounce at all as two words. Perhaps equally important is the steadying influence of earlier literature. Other influences are the example of the older members of the community, patriotism (especially in England), the fear of not being understood, the historical sense, and a general feeling for the indecency of wanton disregard of what is established. All these tend to offset the charm of novelty. More concretely, the basis of conservatism in syntax as elsewhere is to be found in the rules of grammar and in the trend of good usage, which means the practicf of the best writers and speakers. Here is the living solidity which keeps linguistic filibustering from carrying all before it. Here, if anywhere, is to be found the answer when a par- ticular form is questioned. If the decree of grammar and usage in regard to syntax is clear, no arguments from analogy or reason avail, for living speech is not a matter of ideal but of reality. Here the function of dictionaries and books of grammar and rhetoric is to codify good usage with full knowledge and intelligence, and all their authority in regard to syntax is a derived authority. Further, the authority of good usage rests not in isolated instances but on general tendency. The fact that sporadic cases of *'the split infinitive" (e. g., **to perfectly understand'*) are to be found from Anglo-Saxon times down, does not make it gen- erally justifiable (though occasionally it may be hard to avoid) ; any more than Byron's 'there let him lay," and Shelley's "Be thou me, im- petuous one," justify "It is me," and "Lay down, sir!" It may have been noticed that this discussion has recognized two points of view toward syntax, one scientific and one aesthetic, the one \ 12 PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR impartially observing change and the other usually opposing it. Many older writers on the subject tended to be so dogmatic as to be poor guides for the uninstructed, and modern purely scientific grammarians do not pretend to be guides. A rational attitude toward the matter requires us to hold the balance between the two, and the greatest help to doing so is an intelligently historical point of view; for history both loves the past and recognizes that it is past, interprets the present yet knows it is not final. Without wide reading a knowledge of the history of the language and a knowledge of the speech-usages of other parts of the English-speaking world, the judicious person will hesitate to be dogmatic about idioms and unusual constructions. In particular, this point of view is desirable in those in positions of authority, writers of text-books, and teachers. It prevents venerable and serviceable idioms from being condemned because they are not easy to parse, and personal or national whims and antipathies from being erected into canons.* It promotes a generous and vital attitude toward questions of usage, shows that many are not questions of right and wrong but of better and worse, that the requirements of formal and informal writing and talking are all and have always been different, and discourages not only slovenliness but also priggishness and dogmatism. The practical effect of the historical attitude can hardly be better summed up than in the familiar words of Pope's Essay on Criticism: "In words, as fashions, the same rule will hold; Alike fantastic, if too new, or old; Be not the first by whom the new are try'd, Nor yet the last to lay the old aside." IV. PUNCTUATION Punctuation is the art of pointing written composition in such a manner as may naturally lead to its proper meaning, construction, and delivery; and it thus indicates the several pauses, or rests, between sen- tences, and parts of sentences, according to their proper quantity or pro- portion, as they are expressed in just and accurate pronunciation. The following are the. principal stops or pauses in a sentence, viz., the comma (,), the semicolon (;), the colon (:), the period, or full point (.), the note of admiration or exclamation (!), and the note of interro- gation (?). The comma (,) is a pause in reading, or slight break in sense, and is mostly used to distinguish nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs; as, **It is very difficult to make fine pictures, handsome statues, good music, good verses." It likewise prevents ambiguity in the sense: as, "Episto- lary writing, by which a great part of the commerce of human life is carried on, was esteemed by the Romans a liberal and polite accomplish- ment." When an address is made to a person, answering to the vocative case in Latin, a comma is placed before and after the noun: as, "Com- mune with thyself, O man, and consider wherefore thou wast made." The semicolon ( ; ) is a pause somewhat longer than the comma, and is used to distinguish the different members or parts of a sentence: as, "A vain hope flattereth the heart of a fool; but he who is wise pursueth it not. Be grateful to thy father, for he gave thee life; and to thy mother, for she sustained thee." * Between alternative colloquial forms like someone ^ else's and someone^ s else one may have his preference; yet he is not justified in being dogmatic. PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR 13 The colon ( : ) is a pause in reading of still greater length, and shows the preceding sentence to be perfect and entire, only that some remark, further illustration, or other matter connected therewith, is subjoined: as, *'He who giveth away his treasure wisely, giveth away his plagues: he who retaineth its increase, heapeth up sorrow." The period, or full point (.), indicates a complete or temporary rest of the voice, and denotes a full and perfect sentence, which is always dis- tinguished by this point: as, "A noble spirit disdaineth the malice of for- tune. His greatness of soul is not to be cast down." The note of admiration (!) is used to express wonder, or exclama- tion: as, "Who art thou, O man! who presumest on thine own wisdom?" The note of interrogation (?) is used to show when a question is asked: as, "What day of the month is this?" It likewise distinguishes a real question from a sentence in the imperative mood: as, "Do you hear me?" Besides the above points, there are other marks made use of in books and writing as references, or to point out something remarkable or defective: as, Accent {') placed over a vowel, or the last consonant of a syllable, shows the stress of the voice, in pronouncing a word, to be on that syllable over or immediately before which it is placed. Apostrophe ('), is a comma placed over a word, to denote the omis- sion of a letter, for the sake of a quicker pronunciation: as, plac'd for placed, ne'er for never. Asterism, or asterisk (*) a star, and Parallel (||), direct to some note at the foot of the page. Obelisk or Dagger (t), refers likewise to some note in the margin, &c.; and in dictionaries it commonly shows the word to be obsolete. The Index, or Hajid ( 2^^), points to some very remarkable passage. Breve C" ) over a vowel, denotes that it sounds short. Circumflex ("), or ("), is placed over a vowel to denote a long syl- lable: as, Euphrates, or Euphrates. Diaeresis ("), consists of two points placed over one of two conjoin- ing vowels, thus dividing them into two syllables: as, aerial. Hyphen (-), is a short line to join syllables or words together. Makron (marked ") over a vowel shows this vowel to be long. Parenthesis, marked thus ( ), serves to include a sentence which might be omitted, without any prejudice to the general meaning; not- withstanding it may be necessary for the explanation thereof: as, "Par- don me (added she, embracing me), I now believe what you say." Dash ( — ), is used when the sense breaks off abruptly, or is tem- porarily suspended and continued after a short interruption. A double dash, at beginning and end of an introduced phrase, is now frequently employed in place of the parenthesis. Bracket, or Crotchet, thus [ L includes such a word from the sentence as serves to explain the word immediately preceding: as, "A treatise of [concerning] English Grammar." Paragraph (H), denotes the beginning of a new subject. The pause here may be greater than a period. Section (§), is used to divide a chapter into less particular argu- ments. , Ellipsis, marked thus ( ), or ( ). denotes that part of a word is left out: as, K g, for King. Caret { /\), is placed underneath a line to show that some letter. 14 PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR word or sentence is left out by mistake, and must be inserted exactly in that place. Quotation ("), is a double comma reversed at the beginning of a line, which shows that a passage is quoted, or transcribed, from some author in his own words. V. VERSIFICATION AND PROSODY By Charles F. Johnson, A.M., Ph.D. Professor in Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut. A poem is a structure, but it is more than a structure, it is an organism. The writer puts into it a portion of his own spiritual vital- ity, so that, as Dr. Johnson says, ''poetry pleases by exhibiting an idea more grateful to the mind than things themselves afford." A collection of words constituting a verse or line of poetry is easily recognizable from its structure. For example, the words, "A sensitive plant in a garden grew," would be declared verse at once by the reader because they mark time. In reading it we naturally make four beats, instinctive movements of the hand or head. On looking further we see that all the lines of the poem have the same peculiarity and we conclude that this is the general law of the verses of that poem, though sometimes the beats are not so marked as in the opening line. The beats coincide with the syllables "sen," "plant," '*gard" and ''grew," which we recognize at once as the accented syllables. But if we write: "A sensitive plant grew in a garden" we see at once here is not a poetical line though we might surmise as before that the "sensitive plant" meant a human soul, and "the gar- den" human society, or the world. The symbolical or suggested mean- ing is not affected, but the structure is destroyed. The Accent and the Foot The Latin and Greek critics, in whose languages much fine poetry was written, considered that the syllables were long and short; they regarded duration rather than force as marking them. They recog- nized that the short syllables were associated with the long syllables just as we recognize accented syllables as agglutinated to unaccented ones to form feet. To these feet they gave names, as trochee — a long and short syllable, imabus — a short and long, spondee — two long syllables, dactyl-^a long followed by two shorts, anapest — two sborts followed by a long, and a few other combinations. They also considered that the time occupied in enunciating a short syllable was half that required hy a long one. These names are retained in English prosody for con- venience; an iambus is an unaccented syllable followed by an accented one, and so forth. The term, "foot" is retained for the agglutinated syllables constructing a metrical unit. The old marks (- ^) for long and short are also used in English prosody, though they mean accented and unaccented. English from its earliest history is preeminently an accented language, and accent as applied to it means stress or force, not pitch, as it meant when used by the Greeks. The regular feet are the iamb (^-), the trochee (-^), the anapest (^ ^ -), the dactyl PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR 15 (" "^ ^), the amphibrach ("^ - '^). A single long syllable may constitute a foot if followed by a pause, rhetorical or grammatical, or at the end of a line, where a pause (very short) is always to be made. The spondee ( — ) is substantially out of the question, though, since monosyllables are nearly all accented, two accents may fall together, as "far down," in the line. Then one of these takes the principal accent and throws the other into comparative obscurity, according to the re- quirements of the beat. For the same reason the pyrrhic ( ^ ^ ) and the tribrach ( ^ ^ ^ ) have no' place. Nor have the four-syllable feet like the Ionic ( — ^ ^). When a line of verse can be scanned as Ionics it will be found that the natural reading marks trochees or anapests if some of the syllables are evidently acoustically unimportant. Stress is practically the same as accent, but is usually applied to cases where a weak accent is reinforced to make the beat evident, as in the case where tw^o accented monosyllables come together and one must be given the leadership. Even w^hen the meaning requires a slow and distinct enunciation of each syllable so as to give a spondaic effect, it will be found that one syllable still carries the metrical accent and that these stresses are nearly, perhaps absolutely, spaced in time. The Line The feet can be combined in many ways to make lines of poetry. The most common is the five-accent iambic line, of which the best exemplar is Pope. Lines are individualized in the pages of a book by special printing, in reading, by a short pause at the end, which is frequently marked by a rhyme. The shortest line may be taken as one of two accents, though single words may be printed as a refrain. The favorite metre of Burns consists of three four-accent lines, a two-accent line, another four-accent line, and a two-accent line terminating the stanza or group of lines: "Ev'n thou I who mournst | the Dai | sy*s f^te, That fate | is thine | — no dis | tant date, Stern Rti | in's plow | share drives, | eldte. Full on I thy doom." The feet in the above are iambic. Hood's ''Bridge of Sighs" is in lines of two accents: "One more, un | fortunate. Weary of \ breath, Rashly im | portunate, Gone to her | death." Here the feet are of three syllables, dactyls and amphibrachs, except the terminals "breath" and '"death," which with the following pause have the temporal value of iambics. Three-accent lines are found in the second and fourth line of ballad metre and the "Common metre" of hymns, the other two lines of the stanza being marked with four accents. The hymn: "From Green ] land's i | cy mountains From in | dia's cor | al strand." is an example of three-accent lines. The four-accent line is very frequently used by poets. When seven syllables are used, the last bears a heavy accent and with the pause is equivalent to a trochee: 16 PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR "Am I I loved as | once were | they, ' In the I old im | passioned | way?" The lines might he scanned as iambics by taking the first foot to be I the single long syllable, but it seems more consonant with the natural rhythm to consider the final syllables with the pause as making up the time. If a line is regarded as beginning with a single syllable, it is called '"acephalous," if, as ending with a single syllable, "catalectic." The five-accent line is the most common for sustained verse. Used by Shakespeare and Milton without rhyme, it is known as blank verse and consists for the most part of ten syllables, and the beat is iambic. Used with coupled rhymes by Pope and many others it is known as the heroic couplet: "Should such I a man | , too fond | to rule | alo^ne. Bear like | , the Turk | no broth | er near | the throne." The above quotation shows, too, how, when two monosyllables bear- ing normally accents of about equal importance, as "Should such," "too fond," "bear like," come together, either of them can be made to carry the rhythmical accent to suit the general character of the metre whether trochaic or iambic. The six-accent line is found in the Alexandrine which closes the Spenserian stanza of the "Faerie Queen," "Adonais," "Childe Harold" and other poems. This, however, as well as the seven-accent verse, is apt to split up in normal reading into two shorter lines, as grammatical or rhetorical considerations almost invariably divide the time into clauses at the end of a foot. The prevalent foot gives the rhythmical character to the line. If iambic, the line is normally dignified, if trochaic, the line is lively, if of three-syllable feet, it may be expressive of either emotion, rhetori- cally eloquent, as in Hood's "Bridge of Sighs," or merry, as in his "Miss Kilmansegg." Very musical effects are obtained in fortunate instances in the use of either foot as the norm, but this depends on the sequence of syllable sound, rather than on the sequence of accents. As rhythm is the basis of verse and as the accents mark the rhythm, it is evident that the accented syllables are far more important than the unaccented ones or the pauses that divide them. Therefore, if care is taken not to bring two strongly accented syllables into juxtaposition, trochees can be found in iambic lines and the reverse, a dactyl can readily fill the place of an anapest, or two-syllable and three-syllable feet can be interchanged. None but poets who can detect at once a mis- placed accent which breaks the rhythm can use this license. Examples of this "equivalence" are found in Milton's "L' Allegro" and "H Pense- roso," in Coleridge's "Christabel," in Shelley's "Sensitive Plant" and many other poems. Rhyme Since the day of Chaucer, rhyme, coming into England from France and Italy, has generally marked the ends of lines. A true rhyme im- poses identity of the vowel sound of the last accented syllables and its consonant and identity of the following unaccented syllable, if there be any, and dissimilarity of the consonants preceding the accented syllable. "F16wers" and "Hours" are a rhyming pair, and so are "Sorrow" and "To-morrow." As our vowel sounds grade so finely similarity is allowed, but identity is the rule. The rule is so far PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR 17 relaxed as to allow an unaccented terminal to take the rhyme as "Eternity" and "Me." As the function of the rhyme is to make a pleas- ing echo to individualize the line, and to add to the artistic complexity of the structure, there is no reason for insisting on the letter of the law, nor have poets ever done so. The Stanza The stanza is a group of lines as the line is a group of feet, and may be called the metrical paragraph. As the accent beat, the number of feet in the lines, the number of lines in the stanza, and the position of the rhymes may all vary, the possible combinations are infinite, from the couplet to the fourteen-line sonnet. Chaucer, in the fourteenth century, imported stanzaic forms from France and Italy. Lyrical stanzas were imitated from the French of Ronsard and the other "Pleiads" in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Mr. Swinburne in the nine- teenth, showed an astonishing genius in inventing new stanzas of great beauty, many of them of the anapestic and dactylic movement. The standards are the sonnet in both forms — Italian and English — ^ballad measure, the heroic couplet, and the octo-syllabic couplet. In the Pope heroic couplet the lines are usually grammatical phrases, so that a pause or mark of punctuation comes at the end. These are known as "end- stopt" lines and give the poem a crisp, epigrammatic character. In most lyrical verse and in the usage of Keats and others in the five- accent line, the grammatical structure does not coincide with the metri- cal structure, but the word at the end of the line is bound up with the word at the beginning of the next line. This is known as "over- flow verse," and has a more careless and fluent movement. What has been said applies only to the mechanics of verse. The art is exercised for the most part instinctively, as the primitive men struck the rhythmic accents correctly in their communal choruses and dances. But artistry has added new elements in the long course of time. The syllables which carry the accents and the syllables between them are elements of human speech, vowel sounds closed by consonants. As such they have their own beauty enhanced by orderlj^ succession. They may vary in pitch, they may be prolonged or shortened. They fill the bare accented outline with ornament, which may be called color or music by way of analogy to other arts. Furthermore, the words are symbols of things and ideas and are surrounded with an aura of associations. When these harmonize in some indefinable manner with the underlying rhythmical beat ihe effect is far greater than any that can be pro- duced by prose. The poetic structure then becomes organic and living and exemplifies in the fullest the art not only of versification, but of poetry. But there can be no poetry without versification. Poetic prose, as in Coleridge's "Cain," may have a loose rhythm of its own and some of the suggestive glamour of poetry, but it is not poetry except in a borrowed sense, as architecture is "frozen music." The regular rhythmic beat, old as man and elemental as gravitation, is wanting, and that is the base of poetry. The superstructure erected on another base becomes itself a different thing, not poetry but poetic prose. A LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE VOCABULARY OF THIS DICTIONARY. adj. = adjective. adv. = adverb. comp. = comparative. conj. = conjunction. def . art. = definite article. indef. art. = indefinite article. interj. = interjection. a. =noun. pi. = plural. p.p.=perfect participle, p.pr. = present participle; prep. = preposition, p.t. =past tense. ^ suj^erl. = superlative. V. i. =verb, intransitive. V. t.=verb, transitive. is the sign of equality. Key To Pronunciation a as in fade, aid, eight, fare, where, a " arm, father, calm, half, laugh. a " ot, had, ran, shall, parrot, aw " awl, fall, walk, war, aught, fought. e " m€te, we, see, near, marine, tier. e ^* her, author, bird, word, muruiuT. e " met, men, merry, kitchen, hury. I " mite, mine, height, my. i " fit, pin, division, busy, ohyss. 6 '* home, load, snow, tableau. 6 " form, cord, orb, abhor, cross. o " not, torrid, ontology, what. 00 *' moon, move, tomb, rule. 00 " booA;, woman, wolf, iull, push, u '' mute, i^nion, new, hewn, yours. u " hut, drum, dwll, ct^rrent. oi *' oil, ]oy, oyster. ou ^' house, how, owl. ch ^' church, much, match, g *^ good, give, dig, dsigger. kh '^ pibroch (Scotch guttural sound), ng ^' ring, tongue, function, bank. th *' thine, those, bresithe. th " thin, worth, sympsithy. sh " a^ure, fusion, provision. 18 ^ A A (a or a), the first letter in nearly every alphabet in the world, the chief exceptions being the Old Ger- manic (Runic), where it stood in the fourth place, and the Ethiopic, where it is the thirteenth letter. It was possibly in its earUer form a gictograph, representing an ox's ead; but recent research has made this doubtful. a (a), indej, art. (contraction of an), one; any: used before words begin- ning with a consonant or the aspirate h. aback (a-bak') , adv. backward ; pressed back against the mast: said of sails; by surprise. abacus (ab'a-kus), n. a contrivance of beads or balls strung upon rods or wires : used for arithmetical com- gutation by the Chinese, and called y them swanpan. The abacus was probably at first developed from the ten digits of the human hand, which was a natural counting-board; the slab crowning a column or pil- lar. abaft (a-baft'), (idv. & prep, at, to- wards, or in the direction of the stern of a ship; astern. abandon (a-ban'dun), v.t. to give up; desert or forsake utterly; give up all claim to; yield one's self: n. unre- straint ; freedom of manner. [French.] abase (a-bas'), v.t. to humble or de- grade; debase morally; dishonor. abash (a-bash'), v.t. to put to con- fusion; confound or make ashamed by conscicJusness of guilt or error. abate (a-bat'), v.t. to lessen: sup- press: v.i. to decrease; moderate. abatis, abattis (ab'a-tis), n. a ram- part of felled trees. abattoir (a-bat-war'), n. a slaughter- house. abbess (ab'es), n. the lady-superior of a convent or nunnery. abbey (ab'i), n. [pi. abbeys (ab^biz)], an establishment for religious devo- tees of either sex, renounced to ceh- bacy and seclusion from. the world. abbot (ab'ut), n. the male superior or head of an abbey. abbreviate (ab-bre'vi-at), v.t. to shorten, as by contraction of a word, or the omission of words in a sen- tence ; reduce the quantity to its low- est terms. abdicate (ab'di-kat), v.t. renounce, give up, or withdraw from; to re- linquish the cro^Ti in favor of a successor. abdomen (ab-do'men), n. the belly; the cavity containing the digestive apparatus or viscera; the posterior segment or third division of the body of an insect_^ abduce (ab-dus'), v.t. to draw away by persuasion or argument; draw aside by an abductor muscle. abduct (ab-dukt'), v.t. to carry off by stealth or force; kidnap. abeam (a-bem'), adv. at right angles to the keel of a ship. abed (a-bedO, odv. in_bed; to bed. aberration (ab-cr-ra'shun), n. the act of departing from the usual path, type, or standard; mental de- rangement. abet (a-bet'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. abetted, p.pr. abetting], to encourage; to aid or assist in the performance of an act, usually of a criminal nature; to incite, or instjgate. abeyance (a-ba'ans), n. held or kept back; held over; a state of suspen- sion. abhor (ab-hor'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ab- horred, p.pr. abhorring], to hate, loathe, execrate, abominate; be strongly averse to. abhorrent (ab-hor'rent) , adj. detest- able, hateful, repulsive. abide Ca-bid'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. abode. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 2 hue, hut ; think, then. ABILITY 20 ABSCOND p.jyr. abiding], to await, endure, with- stand, tolerate: v,i. to dwell, reside, continue, stand firm. ability (a-bil'i-ti), n. power to per- form; skill to achieve; capability for carrying out; capacity to devise; receive, retain, or make use of; physical or moral strength; talents or gifts, in a special or general de- gree; wealth: means. abject (ab'jekt), adj. worthless; mean; low; despicable; in a sunken or de- graded condition. abjure (ab-jur'), v.t. to renounce upon oath; forswear allegiance to; repu- diate or recant. ablation (ab-la'shun), n. the act of removal or carrying away. ablative (ab'la-tiv), n. the sixth case in Latin nouns, expressing chiefly separation and instrumentality and sometimes place. ablaut (ab'lout), n. vowel change, as in do, did. ablaze (a-blaz'), odv. or adj. on fire; well ahght; in a blaze; eager; in- flamed with desire; resplendent. able (a'bl), adj. possessed of power, means, or abilitj^; qualified, compe- tent; bodily or mentally strong; legally authorized or entitled. ablution (ab-lti'shun) , n. a washing or cleansing of the body by water; moral purification. abnegation (ab'ne-ga-shun), n. renun- ciation; self-denial. abnormal (ab-nor'mal) , adj. irregular; deformed; unnatural; departure from a type, standard, or rule; exceptional; out of the common. abnormity (ab-nor'mi-ti) , n. [pi. abnormities (ab-nor'mi-tiz)], deform- ity; irregularity. aboard (a-bord'), adv. on or within a vessel: mev. into a ship. .abode (a-boa'), n. a place of continued residence; a dwelling; a habitation; residence generally. abolish (a-boFish), v.t. to efface; do away with; put an end to. abolition (ab-o-hsh'un) , n. the act of abolishing; the state of being abol- ished; the annulment or abrogation of decrees, rites, customs, &c. abominable (a-bom'i-na-bl) , adj. hate- ful; odious; offensive; unclean. abominate (a-bom'i-nat), vi. to ab- hor; regard with feeHngs of disgust or hatred. aboriginal (ab-o-rij'i-nal), adj. orig* inal; primitive; existing from the beginning: n. the species of animals or plants presumed to have orig- inated within a given area. aborigines (ab-o-rij'i-nez), n.pl. the first or primitive inhabitants of a country; the native or indigenous animals or plants of any geograph- ical area. abortion (a-bor'shun) , n. untimely birth; miscarriage; that which falls short of maturity by arrest of de- velopment. abortive (a-bor'tiv), adj. born imper- fect; arrested in development; with- out issue or result. abound (a-boundO, v.i. to have in plenty or abundance ; to exist in great numbers or quantitj^ (followed by in). about (a-bout') , adv. around ; on every side; circuitously ; near to; intending: prep, concerned in; relating to. above (a-buv'), adv. in a higher place; overhead; in heaven; before; besides: prep, superior; beyond; in excess of. abracadabra (ab-ra-ka-dab'ra), n. a spell or conjuring word; any mean- ingless jargon. [Latin.] abrasion (ab-ra'zhun), n. the act of wearing or rubbing away; a chafe. abreast (a-brest'), adv. side by side; in line with; opposite to; at the same level. abridge (a-brij') , v.t. to curtail, shorten, condense, epitomize. abridgment (a-brij 'ment), n. the state of being contracted or cur- tailed; an epitome. abroach (a-broch'), adv. & adj. letting out; placed in position for yielding the contents. abroad (a-brawd'), ddv. widely; ex- pansively ; beyond the limits of house or country; wide of the mark. abrogate (ab'ro-gat), v.t. to aboHsh, annul, or repeal by authority. abrupt (ab-rupf), cidj. broken; ter- minating suddenly; steep; precip- itous; rough; unceremonious. abscess (ab'ses), n. [pi. abscesses (ab'ses-ez)], a collection of morbid matter or pus in the tissues of the body. abscond (ab-skond'), v.i. to flee or ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, itieu. ABSENCE 21 ACCENT retire in haste from the place of one's residence or post of duty; quit the country in secret. absence (ab'sens), n. the state of being absent; the period of being absent. absent (ab'sent), adj. not present; away; wanting; regardless; ab- stracted: (ab-sentO, v.t. to retire or keep away from^ absolute (ab'so-lut), o^;. free as to condition; perfect in itself; unlim- ited in power; fixed, irrevocable; despotic; positive: n. the will or power of the Almighty-. absolution (ab-so-lu'shun), n. the act of absolving from the consequences of sin. absolve (ab-solvO, v.t. to release or set free ; clear of crime or guilt ; to forgive or remit. absorb (ab-s6rb'), v.t. to drink in; imbibe; suck or swallow up; engross or engage wholly. absorbeney (ab-s6r' ben-si), n. capac- ity for absorbing. absorbent (ab-s6r'bent), adj. absorb- ing: n. the capacity for absorbing; anything which absorbs or takes in nutritive matter; a vessel in the body; a substance capable of ab- sorbing or withdrawing gases or moisture from the air. absorption (ab-s6rp'shun), n. the proc- ess or act of absorbing; the state of being absorbed; entire occupation of the mind. abstain (ab-stan'), v.t. to forbear; refrain; hold aloof: keep away from. abstemious (ab-ste'mi-us), adj. mod- erate and sparing in the use o^ food and drink; non-indulgent. abstergent (ab-ster'jent),^ adj. pos- sessing cleansing or purging proper- ties: n.that which cleanses or purges ; a detergent. abstinence (ab'sti-nens), n. the act or practice of abstaining; self-denial; partial or total forbearance from the use of food or drink. abstract (ab-strakt'), v.t. to take or draw away; separate; purloin or steal; epitomize; separate from and consider apart. abstract (ab'strakt), n. an epitorpe; a summary or abstract comprising the essence or principal parts of a larger work: adj, considered or con- ceived apart from its concrete or material nature. abstraction (ab-strak'shun) , n. the act of separating or drawing away; the state of being withdrawn or ab- stracted; concentration of mind or attention. abstruse (ab-stroos'), adj. obsciu-e; hidden; difficult of comprehension; profound. absurd (ab-serd'), adj. contrary to reason or sense; ridiculous. absurdity (ab-ser'di-ti), n. [pi. ab- surdities (ab-ser'di-tiz)], the state of being absurd; that which is absurd. abundant (a-bun'dant), adj. plentiful; fully sufficient; abounding. abuse (a-buz'), v.t. to use ill; treat rudely or wrongfully; to deffie or violate; use violent or abusive lan- guage towards; vituperate. abuse (a-bus'), n. ill-treatment; the excessive or injudicious use of any- thing; insult; violation. abusive (a-bu'siv), adj. practicing or containing abuse. abutment (a-but'ment), n. that which borders upon something else; the solid structure which supports the extremity of a bridge or arch. abyss (a-bis''), n. a bottomless gulf; that which is unfathomable. academy (a-kad'e-mi), n. a private school or seminary for the teaching of the higher branches of education; a school for instruction in special subjects; an association or society of men eminent in literature, science, and art; a building devoted to aca- demic purposes. accede (ak-sed'), v.i. to come or attain to; to agree or yield to. accelerate (ak-serer-at), v.t. to hasten; to cause to move or progress faster; quicken the speed of; bring nearer in time. accent (ak'sent), n. the stress laid by the voice upon a particular syl- lable of a word, so as to render it more prominent than the rest; the mark or character used in writing and printing to express the manner of pronouncing a word; a peculiarity of utterance or ex- pression distinguishing the language of different parts or districts of the same or a foreign country; the em- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^Tten. ACCENTUATE 22 ACCORD phasis placed upon certain notes of a bar of music: v.t. to express the accent, or denote the vocal division of a word by stress or modulation of the voice; to pronounce; mark or accent a word in writing by use of a sign; dwell upon or emphasize, as a passage of music. accentuate (ak-sen'tu-at) , v.t. to speak; pronounce or mark with an accent; give prominence to in speak- ing or writing; lay stress upon. accept (ak-septO , v.t. to take or receive with approbation; entertain; agree to, or acquiesce in; understand or receive in a particular sense ; to agree or promise to pay. acceptance (ak-sep'tans), n. the act of accepting; the fact of being ac- cepted, or received with approba- tion; the subscription to a bill of exchange; the bill accepted or the sum contained in it. acceptation (ak-sep-ta'shun) , n. the act of accepting, or state of being accepted or acceptable; the meaning or sense of a w^ord or statement in which it is to be understood. access (ak'ses), n. admittance or ap- proach to a person or place; means of approach or admission; addition or increase; the recurrence of fits or paroxysms in diseases. accessible (ak-ses'i-bl) , adj. capable of being approached; easy of access; attainable. accession (ak-sesh'un) , n. a coming to, as by succession or by right ; entrance or attainment ; the act of acceding by assent or agreement ; increase or aug- mentation ; the acquirement of prop- erty by improvement, growth, or labor expended; the attack or com- mencement of a disease. ^ accessory (ak-ses'o-ri) , adj. [pi. acces- sories (ak-ses'o-riz)], aiding; contrib- uting to some result or effect: n. one who aids in the commission of a fel- ony ; an accomplice ; that which is in the nature of an appendage. accident (ak'si-dent) , n. an event which is unexpected, or the cause of which was unforseen; a contingency, casualty, or mishap; a property of a thing which is not essential to it. accidental (ak-si-den'tal), adj. hap- pening by chance or unexpectedly; fortuitous; non-essential; connected with, but not necessarily belonging to: n. that which happens unex- pectedly; an adjunct, or non-essen- tial part or quality; a sharp, flat, or natural introduced into a piece of music to lower or raise the note before which it is placed. acclaim (ak-klam'), v.i. to shout ap- plause: n. a shout of joy or praise; acclamation. acclamatory (ak-klam'a-to-ri) , adj, expressing joy or applause by ac- clamation. acclimation (ak-kli-ma^shun) , n. the process of acclimatizing, or the state of being inured to a foreign climate; acclimatization. acclivity (ak-kliv'i-ti), n. [pi. acclivi- ties (ak-kliv'i-tiz)], an ascent or up- ward slope of the earth ; the talus of a rampart. accommodate (ak-kom'mo-dat) , v.t, to adapt or make fit or suitable; ad- just, settle; supply or furnish; do a favor to; lend money for the con- venience of a borrower: v.i. to be conformable to. accompaniment (ak-kum'pa-ni- ment), n. something which is added to, or attends the original or princi- pal thing by way of ornament, or for the sake of harmony. accompany (ak-kum'pa-ni) , v.i. to keep company with; escort; join in movement or action; perform the accompaniment in a composition for voice and instrument. accomplice (ak-kom'plis), n. an asso- ciate or companion in crime. accomplish (ak-kom'plish) , v.t. to bring to completion, or to an issue; fulfill; attain as the result of exer- tion. accomplishment (ak-kom'plish- ment), n. the completion of an act or undertaking ; fulfillment ; an ac- quirement or qualification in art or manners. accord (ak-kord'), v,t. & v.i. to be in agreement with; reconcile; agree; give; grant; concede; to adjust or bring to agreement; to be in corre- spondence or harmony; agree iii pitch and tone: n. agreement; uni- son; concurrence of will or opinion; harmony. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, tJiQii. ACCORDION 23 ACKNOWLEDGMENT accordion (ak-kord'i-un), n. a small wind instrument, having keys and metallic reeds, and worked by means of a bellows, after the fashion of a concertina. accost (ak-kost'), v.t. to draw near, or come face to face with; speak to; salute : n. the act of accosting ; manner. account (ak-kount'), v.t. to reckon or hold to be; compute; count: v.i. to assign an explanation [mth for]\ take into consideration; relate: n. Si reckoning; a financial statement or memorandum.; a narrative; any- thing in the form of a statement, written or verbal; reason or con- sideration; profit; advantage; esti- mation; consequence; importance. accountable (ak-kount'a-bl), adj. an- swerable; responsible; liable to be called to account. accredit (ak-kred'it), v.t. to give credit to; have confidence in; authorize; stamp with authority ; to believe and accept as true. accrescent (ak-kres'sent) , adj. increas- ing; growing. accretion (ak-kre'shun) , n. increase by natural gro\Ai:h; the addition of external parts; the growing together of parts or members naturally sepa- rate. accrue (ak-kroo') , v.i. to come to hap- pen or result to naturallj- as an incre- ment, as of profit or loss^ accumulate (ak-ku'mu-lat) , v.t. to collect or bring together; amass; heap up: v.i. to increase in size, number, or quantity. accuracy (ak'ku-ra-si) , n. the quaUty of being accurate; exactness or cor- rectness. accurate (ak'ku-rat) , adj. in exact conformity with the truth; free from error; precise. accursed (a-ker'sed), or accurst (a-kerst'), p.adj. under or subject to a curse; doomed to destruction; de- testable; execrable. accusation (ak-ku-za'shun), ??. a charge or imputation of wrong-doing ; the act of accusing or imputing. accusative (ak-ku'za-tiv) , adj. accus- ing: n. the objective case, denoting the object of the verb; in Latin, the fourth case of the noun. accuse (ak-kuz'), v.t. to charge with guilt or blame; make or bring an imputation against. accustom (ak-kus'tum) , v.t. to habit- . uate or familiarize by_custom or use. ace (as), n. [pi. aces (as'ez)], a unit; in playing cards and dice, a card or die marked vdth a single pip; a very small quantity. acentric (a-sen'trik) , adj. away from the center; having no center. acephalous (a-sef 'a-lus) , adj. head- less; without a leader; an ovary of a plant that has its style springing from the base instead of the apex. acerbity (a-ser'bi-ti), ?i. [pi. acerbities (a-ser 'bi-tiz ) ] , sourness ; sharpness ; harshness or severity of temper or ex- pression. acetose (as'e-tos), or acetous (as'e- tus), adj. of the nature of vinegar; sour; causing acetification. acetylene (a-set'i-len) , n. a brilliant illuminating gas, produced by sub- jecting calcium-carbide to the action c^f water. acbe (ak), n. pain, more or less contin- uous: v.i. to_ suffer, or be in pain. achieve (a-chev'), v.t. to perform, carry out, accomplish; to gain or bring to a successful issue by an effort: v.i. to bring about a desired result. achievement (a-chev'ment) , n. the act of achieving; accomplishment; that which is achieved or accom- plished; an escutcheon or armorial shield, also called a hatchment. achromatic (ak-ro-mat'ik) , adj. free from coloration; transmitting light without decomposition. acid (as'id) , adj. sour and sharp or biting to the taste, as vinegar: n. anything sour; the name appHed to a large number of compounds con- taining one or more atoms of hydro- gen which may be displaced by a metal. acidity (a-sid'i-ti) , n. the quality of being acid or sour. acknowledge (ak-nol'ej), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. acknowledged, p.pr. acknowl- edging], to admit or own to be true; recognize; confess; admit the receipt of. acknowledgment (ak-nol'ej-ment), 71. the act of acknowledging; the ad- mission or recognition of a truth; confession; the expression of appre- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, //?en. ACME 24 ACTUAL, ciation of a favor or benefit con- ferred; a receipt. acme (ak'me), n. the highest point; the utmost reach ; the crisis of a disease. acock (a-kokO, cidv. in a cocked or turned up manner. acolyte (ak'o-llt) or acolyth (ak'o- lith & -hth), n. the highest of the minor orders in the Roman Cathohc Church, ranking next below the sub- deacon. aconite (ak'o-nit) , n. the plant wolf's- bane or monk's-hood; the drug pre- pared from the plant. acorn (a'korn), n. the fruit of the oak; a conical piece of wood affixed to the spindle above a vane, to keep the vane from bejng blown off. acoustics (a-koos'tiks) , n. the science of sound; the study of the effects of sound upon the organ of hearing. acquaint (ak-kwant'), v.t. to famil- iarize or make one's self conversant with; furnish information. acquaintance (ak-kwant'ans) , n. the state of being acquainted with a person or subject; personal knowl- edge less than friendship; a person with whom one is acquainted. acquiesce (ak-kwi-es'), vd. to agree; comply passively; assent [followed usually by in]. acquiescence (ak-kwi-es'ens) , n. the act of submitting; silent assent; neglect to take legal proceedings, so as to imply consent. acquire (ak-kwir'), v.t. to gain or ob- tain possession of by one's own physical or intellectual exertions. acquisition (ak-kwi-zish'un) , n. the act of acquiring; the object acquired. acquit (ak-kwit'), v-t. [v^t. & p.p. acquitted, p.pr. acquitting], to re- lease; set free; discharge; to pro- nounce not guilty. acquittal (ak-kwit'al) , n. the act of releasing or acquitting; the state of being acquitted; the judicial pro- nouncement of '^not guilty." acre (a'ker), n. a superficial measure of land containing, in Great Britain, the United States and the British Colo- nies, 4,840 sq. yds. acrid (ak'rid), adj, sharp or biting to the taste; pungent; irritating T stinging: n. an acrid or irritant poison. acrimonious (ak-ri-mo'ni-us) , adj, bitter; caustic; stinging. acrimony (ak'ri-mo-ni) , n. sharpness of temper; bitterness of expression. acrobat (ak'ro-bat), n. a performer on the tight-rope; one who practices tumbling, vaulting, trapezing, &c. acropolis (a-krop'o-lis), n. the highest part or citadel of a Grecian city, as that of Athens, hence a citadel. across (a-kros'), adv. & vrep. from side to side; transversely; adversely; athwart; intersecting at an angle. acrostic (a-kros'tik) , n. a composition, usually in verse, in which the first or last letters of the lines, or other letters, taken in order, form a motto, phrase, name, or word. act (akt), n. an action; process of do- ing; a decree, edict, or enactment; the judgment of a court ; a formal writing; one of the principal divi- sions of a drama ; a thesis maintained by a candidate for a degree at a university: v.t. to do; perform; play, as on the stage; set in motion: v.i. to exert force or energy. action (ak'shun), n. the state of be- ing active, as opposed to rest; the effect of one body upon another {used in sing.) ; an act or thing done (used in pL)',^ a suit instituted by one party against another in a court of law; the gesture or deportment of a speaker; the performance of a function; effective motion, as of ma- chinery; the appearance of anima- tion, &c., given to figures; an engage- ment on sea or land, less important than a battle. actionable (ak'shun-a-bl), adj. giving grounds for an action at law. active (ak'tiv), adj. endowed with or exercising the power or quality of action; constantly active; the per- formance and not the continuance of an action; lively, moving freely; acting quickly. activity (ak-tiv'i-ti) , n. [pi. activities (ak-tiv'i-tiz)], energy; the state of action. actor (ak'ter), n. one who acts or performs; a stage-player; a proctor or advocate in civil causes. actress (ak'tres), n. a woman actor. actual (ak'tu-al), adj. real; existing; present. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ACTUARY 25 ADMINISTRATION actuary _(ak'tu-a-ri) , n. [pi. actuaries (ak'tu-a-riz)], a registrar or clerk of a court ; one who is skilled in life assurance and similar computations. actuate (ak'tti-at), v.t. to move or incite to action. acumen (a-ku'men), n. quickness of perception; penetration; insight; dis- crimination. acute (a-kutO, cidj. sharp-pointed; intellectually sharp ; ^ quick of per- ception ; severe, as pain or symptoms attending a disease; high in pitch. adage (ad'aj), n. an ancient proverb, or pithy saying. adamant (ad'a-mant), n. a substance of extreme hardness; the diamond: adj. formed of adamant; hard. adapt (a-dapf), v.t. to make to cor- respond; fit by alteration or adapta- tion. adaptation (ad-ap-ta'shun) , n. the act of adjusting or adapting; the state of being adapted; that which is adapted. add (ad), v.t. to join, unite, sum up; increase; affix. adder (ad'er) , n. the popular name for the viper. addict (ad-dikt'), v-t. to devote or give one's self up to; to practice sedulously (usually in a bad sense) . addition (ad-dish'un) , n. the act or process of adding together; increase; the result of addition; the thing added; the adding or uniting of two or more numbers in one sum; a title added to a name, denoting rank, as esquire; a dot placed at the side of a note to indicate the lengthening of the sound by one-half. additional (ad-dish'un-al) , adj. added ; supplementary. addle (ad'l), n. & adj. rotten, as eggs that are barren or putrid: v.t. to make corrupt or putrid, as eggs: v.i. to become addled. address (ad-dres'), v.t. to straighten; to bring into line; to arrange; redress, as wrongs, &c.; to direct; speak or write to; get ready; consign: n. a speech delivered or written; manners and bearing; tact; adroitness; the attention of a lover. adduce (ad-dus'), v.t. to bring forward or cite in proof or substantiation of what is alleged. adenoid (ad'e-noid), n. one of the two soft glands in the throat. adept (a-deptO, adj. well skilled: n. (a'dept) , one who is fully proficient or skilled in an art. adequate (ad'e-kwat) , adj. equal to re- quirement or occasion ; fully sufficient. adhere (ad-herO, v.i. to stick fast; become firmly attached to. adhesive (ad-he'siv), adj. holding fast; gummed for use; sticky. adieu (a-duO, n. [pi. adieus, adieux (a-duz')], a farewell; good wishes at parting: inter j. goodby; farewell. [French.] adjacent (ad-ja'sent), adj. near; close to. adjective (ad'jek-tiv), n. a word used with a substantive or noun to ex- press the quality or attribute of the thing named, or to limit and define a thing as distinct from something else. adjoin (ad-join'), v.t. to unite or join: v.i. to lie next to. adjourn (ad-jern'), v.t. to put off to another day. adjournment (ad-jern'ment), n. the act of adjourning; the postponement of a meeting. adjudge (ad-juj'), v.t. to determine in a controversy. adjudicate (ad-ju'di-kat), v.t. to try and determine a case as a court. adjunct (ad'jungkt), n. something added to another thing, but not an essential part of it. adjure (ad-jiir'), v.t. to command on oath under pain of a penalty; to charge solemnly. adjust (ad-jusf), v.t. to fit, or make exact; to make correspondent; to make accurate. adjustment (ad-just'ment), n. the act of adjusting. adjutant (ad'ju-tant), n. a regimental staff-officer who assists the com- manding officer. administer (ad-min'is-ter) , v.t. to manage as chief agent or minister, as a king, president, or judge; direct the application of the laws; dis- pense; to cause to be taken, as med- icine; to give, as an oath or a sacra- ment. administration (ad-min-is-tra'shun) , the act of administering, as gov- n. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, tliQu. ADMIRABLE 26 ADZE eminent, justice, medicine, a sacra- ment, or an intestate's estate; the ministry. admirable (ad'mi-ra-bl), adj. worthy of admiration; excellent. admiral (ad'mi-ral), n. the chief com- mander of a fleet; a naval oflicer of the highest rank. admire (ad-mirO, v.L to regard with strong approval. admissible (ad-mis'i-bl). adj. worthy of being admitted. admission (ad-mish'un) , n. the power or permission to enter; the granting of an argument. admit (ad-mit'), v.t. [p.t. &p.p. admit'- ted, p.pr. admit 'ting], to permit to enter: allow in argument; receive. admixture (ad-miks'tiir) , n. a com- pound of substances mixed together. admonish (ad-nion'ish) , v.t. to reprove gently; warn; instruct. ado (a-doo')^ n^ bustle; trouble. adobe (a-do'ba), n. unburnt brick dried in the sun, used for building in Central America and Mexico. [Spanish.] adolescent (ad-o-les'ent) , adj. growing to maturity. adopt (8i'doi)V),v.t. to choose or take to one's self, as a child, an opinion, or a course of action. adoption (a-dop'shun) , n. the act of adopting; the state of being adopted; voluntary acceptance ; admission into more intimate relations. adore (a-dor'), v.t. to pay divine hon- ors to; honor highly; love intensely; admire greatly: v.i. to offer wor- ship. adorn (a-dorn'), v.t. to beautify; dig- nify; ornament; embellish. adown (a-doun'), adv. & prep, down- ward; down. adrift (a-drift'), adj, & adv. floating at random. adroit (a-droitO, cidj. exhibiting skill; dexterous. adulation ^ (ad-u-la'shun) , n. inter- ested praise; flattery. adult (a-dult'), adj. grown up to full age, size, and strength: n. a man or a woman. adulterate (a-dul'ter-at) , v.t. to cor- rupt by baser admixture: adj. cor- rupted by baser admixture. adultery (a-dul'ter-i) , n. [pi. adulteries (a-dul'ter-iz)], violation of the mar- riage-bed. adumbrate (ad-um'brat), v.t. to shad- ow forth ; give a faint resemblance of. advance (ad-vans'), v.i. to go forward: v.t. to further; to make a payment of beforehand: n. improvement; an addition to or rise in value; an over- ture (usually used in pi.); a loan; payment beforehand. advancement (ad-vans'ment) , n. fur- therance; progress; promotion. advantage (ad-van'taj), n. a state of advance or forwardness; a benefit; the first point gained after deuce. advent (ad' vent), n. a coming or ar- rival. adventure (ad-ven'tur) , n. an event the issue of which is determined by chance: v.t. to hazard or risk. adverb (ad'verb), n. a word used to modify the sense of a verb or adjec- tive. adverbial (ad-ver'bi-al) , adj. of the nature of an adverb. adversary (ad'ver-sa-ri), n. [pi. adver- saries (ad'ver-sa-riz)], an opponent. adversative (ad-ver'sa-tiv), adj. ex- pressing opposition. adverse (ad-vers'), adj. opposed to; contrary; unfortunate; inimical. adversity (ad-ver'si-ti) , n. a state of things adverse; the reverse of pros- perity; misery. advert (ad-vert'), v.i. to turn one's attention to; refer. advertise (ad'ver-tiz) , v.t. to turn the attention of others to; announce; publish. advertisement (ad-ver'tiz-ment) , n, a notice in a public print; an an- nouncement. advice (ad-vis'), n. an opinion given for the practical direction of con- duct; information given by letter; counsel. advisable (ad-vi'za-bl) , adj. fit to be advised; prudent; expedient. advise (ad- viz'), v.t. to offer an opinion to; counsel; inform. advocate (ad'vo-kat), n. one called to the aid of another; one who pleads the cause of another. adze or adz (adz), n. a cutting tool having a curved blade at right angles to the handle, used for dressing tim- ber by ships' carpenters, coopers, &c. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hUe, hut ; think, then. AERATE 27 AFTER adze-plane, a tool for molding and rabbeting. aerate (a'er-at), v.t. to combine or charge with carbonic-acid gas, or with air. aerial (a-e'ri-al), adj. belonging to the air. aero (a'er-o), adj. a word descriptive of aeronautical subjects, as aero- cliib. aerodrome (a/er-o-drom) , n. a field or shelter for aeroplanes. aero-dynamics (a-er-o-di-nam'iks), n. the science wliich treats of air in motion. aerogram (a'er-o-gram) , n. a wireless telegraphic message. aeronaut (a'er-o-nawt), n. an aerial navigator; a balloonist, or aviator. aeronautics (a-er-o-naw'tiks) , n. aerial navigation._ aeroplane (a'er-o-plan), n. a flying machine, distinguished from an air- ship or balloon. aerostat (a'er-o-stat), n. a balloon; a flying machine. aery and aerie (eri), n. an eagle's nest ; a brood of eagles or hawks. aesthetic or esthetic (es-thetik), adj. pertaining to aesthetics. afar (a-far'), adv. at, to, or from, a distance. affable (af'a-bl), adj. easy to be ad- dressed; courteous. affair (af-far'), n. that which is done, or is to be done; business. affect (af-fekt'), v.t. to produce an effect upon; seek by natural afl^n- ity; assume the appearance of; pre- tend. affectation (af-ek-ta'shun), n. the assuming a manner which is not one's own. affection (af-f ek'shun) , n. ha\ing the feehngs affected; incUnation; attach- ment; fondness; disease. affectionate (af-f ek'shun-at) , adj. hav- ing affection; kind. afferent (af'fer-ent), adj. convening inwards or to a part. affiance (af-fi'ans), n. trust; a mar- riage contract^ v.t. to betroth. affidavit (af-i-da'vit) , n. a sworn state- ment in writing. affiliate (af-fili-at), v.t. to assign a child to its father; connect with in origin; connect with a parent society: v.i. to be intimately con- nected or associated (followed by with). affinity (af-fini-ti) , n. [pi. ' affinities _(af-fini-tiz)], nearness of kin. [Affin- ity is relationship by marriage: con- sanguinity, relationship by blood.] Physical or chemical attraction. affirm (af-ferm'), i'.^ to assert strongly: v.i. to confirm, as a judgment, decree, or order, in an appellate court; aver. affirmative (af-f er'ma-tiv) , 7i. that which affirms: adj. relating to. or containing, an affirmation: positive. affix (af-fix'), v.t. to fix to; attach: n. a letter or syllable added to the end of a word; a suffix. affiatus (af-fla'tus), 71. a breath or blast of wind; inspiration. affiict (af-flikt'), I'-t. to cause pro- longed pain to body or mind; dis- tress. affiiction (af-flik'shun), ;?. prolonged pain of body or mind; distress. affluence (afiii-ens), n. an abundant supply, as of thoughts, words, riches; wealth. afford (af-ford'), v.t. to supply; pro- duce; yield; iDe capable of bearing the expense of. affray (af-fra/), n. the fighting of two or more persons in a public place to the terror of others. affright (af-frif), v.t. to frighten; ter- rify; alarm; confuse. affront (af-frunt'), v.t. to confront, oppose face to face; insult designedly. afghan (af'gan), n. a crocheted or knitted soft wool blanket or carriage- robe. afield (a-feld'), adv. to, in, or on, the field; astray. aflame (a-flam'), adj. & adv. in flames; ablaze. afloat (a-flot'), cidj. & adv. floating; in circulation: unfixed; adrift. afoot (a-footO, adv. on foot; astir. afraid (a-frad'), adj. frightened. afresh (a-fresh'), adv. again; anew. aft (aft'), adj. & adv. towards the stern. after (after), adj. next, subsequent, later: prep, behind in place; in suc- cession to: later in time; in imitation of; according to; next in rank or excellence; m proportion to; in pur- Ite, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. AFTERMATH 28 AHEAP suit of: adv. behind; subsequent in time or place: n. the future. aftermath (after-math), n. a second mowing in a season. afternoon (af-ter-noon'), n. the part of the day between noon and even- ing. afterward (after-ward), or after- wards (-wardz) , adv. at a later time ; subsequently. again (a-gen'), adv. a second time; in return; further; anew. against (a-genst'), prep, opposite to; in opposition to; contrary to one's inclinations. agape (a-gapO, adj. & adv.^ gaping; with the mouth wide open in a state of expectation or astonishment. agate (ag'at) , n. a semi-precious stone ; a variety of chalcedony ; Scotch pebble. •ge (aj), n. a particular period of time in life or in history; time: v.i. to grow old visibly. agency (a'jen-si), n. operation; action; an establishment for the purpose of doing business for another. agent (a'jent), n. one who acts, espe- cially for another; an active power or cause. agglomerate (ag-glom'er-at) , v.t. to gather into a heap ; accumulate. agglutinate (ag-glu'ti-nat) , v.t. to glue together: adj. glued together. aggrandize (ag'gran-diz), v.t. to make great or greater in power, rank, or riches; augment. aggravate (ag'gra-vat) , v.t. to add to a load; be troublesome; intensify. aggregate (ag'gre-gat) , v.t. to collect or bring together; gather into a mass or body; accumulate: n. total; mass; a mass formed by the union of sim- ilar particles : adj. formed into a mass or total. aggress (ag-gres'), v.t. to attack; begin a quarrel or controversy. aggressive (ag-gres'iv) , adj. unjustly attacking. aggrieve (ag-grev'), v.t. to bear heavily upon; oppress. aghast (a-gasf), adj. struck with sud- den astonishment, or terror. agile (aj'il), adj. easily driven about; active in body; nimble. agility (a-jil'i-ti), n. nimbleness. agitate (aj'i-tat), v.t. to stir violently; discuss; excite; revolve in the mind; disturb; keep constantly before the public. aglow (a-glo'), adj. & adv. in a glow; glowing. aglutition (ag-lu-tish'un), n. inability to swallow. agnomen (ag-no'men), n. an addi- tional name or epithet, as ^'Milton, the poet." agnostic (ag-nos'tik), n. one who denies that man possesses any knowledge of the ultimate nature of things; one who neither affirms nor denies the existence of a personal Deity: adj. pertaining to the agnos- tics or their teachings; expressing ignorance. ago (a-goO, adj. gone; past (used always after the noun): adv. in past time (used only in the phrase "long ago"). agog (a-gog'), adj. & adv. in agitation or expectation; eager. agony (ag'o-ni), n. {pi. agonies (ag'o- niz)], extreme pain; anguish. agrarian (a-gra'ri-an) , adj. relating to land, or to land-tenure ; growing wild in the fields: n. one who is in favor of a redistribution of land. agree (a-gre'), v.i. to harmonize phys- ically, mentally, or morally; to ac- cord. agreeable (a-gre'a-bl) , adj. pleasing to the mind or senses. agreement (a-gre'ment), n. harmony of opinions or feelings; concord of one word with another in gender, number, case, or person; a com- pact; a contract; mutual under- standing. agriculture (ag'ri-kul-tur) , ^ n. the science and art of cultivating fields by the plow, &c.; tillage; farming. aground (a-ground'), adj. & adv. on the ground; the situation of a ship whose bottom touches the ground; stranded. ague (a'gu), n. an intermittent fever; the cold fit of the intermittent fever. ah (a), inter j. an exclamation expres- sive of sudden emotion. aha (a-ha'), inter j. an exclamation ex- pressive of satisfaction or irony. ahead (a-hed'), adv. in the front; for- ward. aheap (a-hep'), adv. in a heap. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; n5te, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^ften. AHEM 29 ALIBI ««-A]ieixi (a-hem'), inter j. an exclamation to call attention. abo^ (a-hoi'). interj. a term used in hailing a vessel. aid (ad), v.t. to assist; support: n. help; assistance. aigret (a'gret) or aigrette (a-gref). n. the small white heron; a plume arranged in imitation of the feathers of the heron, worn on helmets, and as an article of women's head-attire; a feathery crown of seed. ail (al), v.t. [pi. & p.p. -ed, p.pr, -ing], to give or cause pain: v.i. to feel pain; be afflicted with pain. aim (am), v.i. [p.t. & v.p, -ed, p.pr, -ing], to endeavor after; direct at something; seek: n. a purpose; an endeavor. air (ar), v.t. to expose to the air; dry thoroughly, as clothes; to exhibit ostentatiously: n. the fluid which we breathe; the atmosphere; external manner; appearance; bearing; a mel- ody. air-craft (ar-kraft), n. a machine for aerial navigation. airship (ar'snip), n. a steerable bal- loon. aisle (il), n. the passage leading to chancel or altar of a church; or to the platform of any hall. ajar (a-jar'), adj. & adv. sUghtly turned or opened, as a door; out of harmonj-. akimbo (a-kim'bo), adv, with the hands on the hips and the elbows turned outwards. akin (a-kin'), adj. & adv. of kin; related by blood; allied by nature. alabaster (al'a-bas-ter) , n. a white marble-like mineral; a box made of alabaster, in which the ancients held ointments: adj. made of, or trans- parent like, alabaster. alack (a-lak'), interj. an exclamation expressive of blame, sorrow, or sur- prise. alacrity (a-lak'ri-ti) , n. eager readi- ness; joyous activity; briskness. alarm (a-larm'), v.t. arouse to a sense of danger; strike with apprehension of danger: n. a call to arms; a warn- ing of danger; the apprehension of danger. alas (a-las'), interj. an exclamation expressive of unhappiness. alb (alb), n, a white priestly vest- ment worn at the celebration of the Eucharist in the Roman Catholic Church and in some Anglican churches. albatross (al'ba-tros) , n. a sea-bird allied to the petrel, inhabiting the Pacific and_ Southern Oceans. albeit (awl-be'it) ,- conj. although; even though; notwithstanding. albino (al-bi'no or al-be'no), n. a per- son with white skin and hair and pinkish eyes ; a man, animal, or plant abnormally white in color. album (arbum), n. a blank book in which to insert autographs, photo- graphs, stamps, monograms, &c. albumen (al-bu'men), n. the white of an egg; the nutritious farinaceous matter stored up with the embryo of an animal or plant. alchemy (arke-mi), n. the chemistry of the Middle Ages ; the professed art of transmuting the baser metals into gold. alcohol (arko-hol), n. pure or rectified spirits of wine; the spixituous or intoxicating element in fermented liquors; rectified spirits; a class of compounds of the same type as spirits of wine. alcove (al'kov), n. a recess in a room or a garden; a bower. alderman (awl'der-man) , n. [pi. alder- men (-men)], in English and Ameri- can cities and boroughs a magistrate next in dignity to the mayor; also, in Great Britain, certain members of county councils elected by those bodies. ale (al), n. a liquor made from an infu- sion of malt by fermentation. alert (a-lert')» adj. on the watch; active: n. an alarm; a sudden at- tack. algae (aFje), n.pl. one of the great divi- sions of cryptogamic plants, includ- ing seaweeds and kindred fresh-water plants. algebra (aFje-bra), n. the science of calculation by letters and general symbols. alias (a'H-as), ac?y. otherwise [named]: n. [pi. aliases (a'U-as-ez)], another name; an assumed name. alibi (ari-bl), n. the plea of having been elsewhere when the alleged act was committed. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, th^n. ALIEN 30 ALLOPATHY alien (a'li-en), adj. belonging to an- other: n. a foreign-born resident of a country in which he is not nat- urahzed._ alienate (a'h-en-at), v.t. to estrange, as the affections ; transfer to another, as property. alienist (a'li-en-ist) , n, a physician who makes a special study of diseases affecting the brain or nervous system. alight (a-litO, v.i, to dismount; to descend and settle; to come upon accidentally: adj. lighted; lighted-up; in a flame. align (a-lln'), v.t, to lay out or adjust by a Hne: v.i. to form or fall into a line. alike (a-lik'), adj. like one another: adv. in like manner; similar. aliment (al'l-ment), n. food; the necessaries of life generally; an al- lowance for support by decree of court: v.t. to make provision for the maintenance of; make provision for the support of parents or children respectively. alimentary (al-i-men'ta-ri), adj, per- taining to food_; nutritious. alimony (ari-mon-i), n. means of liv- ing ; an allowance made by decree of court to a wife out of her husband's estate on separation, or pending an action for the same. alive (a-liv'), adj. having life; in a state of action; sprightly; sensitive; thronged. alkali (arka-li), n. [pi. alkaHs & -ies], one of a class of caustic bases, as soda, potash, having the common properties of being soluble in water and in alcohol, combining with fats to form soap, neutralizing acids and forming salts with them, and chang- ing the tint of many vegetable color- ing-matters. (Opposed to acid.) all (awl), ad/.. the whole quantity of, as substance, duration, extent, amount, or degree; the whole num- ber of, collectively, as individuals, particulars, or parts; every, as with kind; any, used after a preposition or verb: pron. the whole; the whole quantity or amount; total; aggre- gate: n. a whole; an entirety; one's entire possessions: adv. wholly; en- tirely; completely. All-hallowe'en (awl-hal-o-en') , n. the evening before All Saints' Day, the first of November. Allah (al'la), n. the Arabic name for the Supreme Being, in use among the Mohammedans. allay (al-laO, v.t, to quiet or calm; assuage; appease; abate; mitigate; relieve; as pain or grief. allege (al-lej')» v.t, to produce or ad- duce as argument, plea, or excuse; affirm; declare; assert. allegiance (al-le'jans), n. the tie or obligation of a subject to his sover- eign or government; fealty; fidehty to a cause or person. allegory (aFe-go-ri), n. [pi. allegories (are-go-riz)]; a figurative representa- tion in which the meaning is conveyed symbolically. A famous example of an allegory is Bunyan's ' 'Pilgrim's Progress.'' alleviate (al-le'vi-at), v.t, to lighten; lessen; make easier; mitigate. alley (all), n, [pi, alleys (al'iz)], a passage; a way (generally narrow); a lane. alliance (al-li'ans) , n. the state of being allied; relation or connection by birth or marriage; union between nations. Allies, The (a-lizO, n. in the European War, 1914-1915, the nations of the Triple Entente — Great Britain, France, Russia — together with Serbia, Montenegro, Japan and Italy. alligator (al'i-ga-ter) , n. the American crocodile. alliteration (al-lit-e-ra'shun) , n. the repetition of the same initial letter in closely-succeeding words, or in words directly following each other, as "apt alliteration's artful aid," and ''^egot 6y butchers 6ut by bishops ?>red," said of Cardinal Wolsey. Alliteration preceded rhythm in Anglo-Saxon verse, and it is still effectively used, as by Swinburne and Kipling. The best alliteration is one that involves the repetition of consonants rather than of vowels. allocate (al'o-kat), v.t, to assign or allot; distribute, as in equal or pro- portionate parts or shares. allopathy (al-op'a-thi) , n. a method of treating disease by inducing an ac- tion opposite to the disease it is ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, tJiQn, ALLOT 31 ALTER sought to cure; opposed to homeop- athy. allot (a-lotO, v.t. [p.t. & p.p. allotted, p.pr. allotting], to distribute or di- vide, as by lot; apportion, as shares; assign or grant for a specific pur- pose. allotment (a-lot'ment) , n. the act of allotting; that which is allotted; a portion of land assigned or allotted. allotropy (a-lot'ro-pi) , n. the capa- bility sho^Ti by certain chemical elements to assume different forms, each characterized by peculiar quali- ties, as the occurrence of carbon in the form of the diamond, charcoal, and plumbago, respectively. allow (a-louO, v.t. to grant, yield; admit; deduct; permit; approve: v.i. to make concession or pro^dsion (followed by for) . allowable (a-lou'a-bl) , adj. that may be allowed; permissible; la\\^ul; praiseworthy; acceptable. allowance (a-lou'ans), n. the act of allowing; admission; concession; a definite sum granted; sanction or approval; abatement or deduction: v.t. to put upon allowance; Hmit to a fixed expenditure or consumption of money or food. alloy (a-loi'), v.t. to combine; to form a compound, by fusion, of two or more metals; reduce in standard or quality by mixture, as with a metal of baser value; debase: n. a compound of two or more metals; an admixture of evil with good. allude (a-lud'), v.t. to compare: v.i. refer or make an allusion indirectly (wdth to). allure (a-lur'), v.t: to tempt by the offer of something good, real or apparent; entice; attract. allusion (a-lu'zhun), n. a casual refer- ence; a comparison or reference by symbol or metaphor. alluvium (a-lu'vi-um), ??. [pi. alluvia (a-luVi-a)], a deposit of mingled sand and clay (mud), or of alternating layers of sand and clay, of river origin. ally (a-li'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. allied, p.pr. allying], id unite by marriage, treaty, league, or confederacy; bind or con- nect by friendship or resemblance: n. [pi. allies (a-liz')]. almanac (awl'ma-nak), n. a year-book or calendar giving the order of the days of the week and month, astro- nomical data, tide-tables, ecclesias- tical festivals and fasts, and other varied information. Almighty, n. the omnipotent God. almond (aWund), n. the kernel of the fruit of the almond-tree; anything resembling the almond in shape. almoner (aFmun-er), ?i. one who dis- penses or distributes alms or charity; an alms-purse; a pouch or purse which in early times was suspended from the girdle. almost (awl'most), adv. nearly; very nearly; well-nigh; all but. alms (amz), n.sing. [used sometimes as n.pL] the act of relieving by chari- table aid; that which is bestowed in charity. aloft (a-16ft'), cidv. on high; far above the earth; at the mast-head, or on the higher yards or rigging. alone (a-lon'), adj. & adv. without or apart from another; single or singly; only; separately; by itself. along (a-longO, prep. & adv. by the length; lengthwise; in a line parallel with the length; onw^ard. aloof (a-loof), adv. at a moderate distance but within sight; purposely keeping apart. aloud (a-loud'), adv. wnith raised voice; loudly; with a great noise; audibly. alpaca (al-pak'a), n. a mammal, closely allied to the llama, a native of the Andes of Chili and Peru ; the fabric constructed from the long, soft, silky wool of the alpaca. alphabet (al'fa-bet), n. the letters of a language arranged in the cus- tomary order; the first rudiments of any branch of knowiedge. already (awi-redi), adj. quite ready; fully prepared: adv. by, at, or before, a specified time. also (awi'so), adv. & conj. wholly so; in like manner; likewise; further, or in addition to. altar (awl'tar), n. a raised place, structure, or elevation, whether of earth or stone, for the^ offering of sacrifices or burning of incense; the Communion-table; a place of wor- ship. alter (awl'ter), v.t. to effect some ate, arm, at, awi ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ALTERATION 32 AMBER change in; modify or vary; change entirely or materially. alteration (awl-ter-a'shun) , n. the act of altering or changing; the change or modification effected. alterative (awrter-a-tiv), adj. produc- ing change ; having the power to alter : n. a medicine which restores the healthy functions of the body. altercation (al-ter-ka'shun) , n. the act of wrangling; warm contention in words; a dispute. alternate (al'ter-nat) , v.t. to perform by turns; cause to succeed by turns; exchange reciprocally: v.i, to take place by turns (followed by with): adj. by turns; following each other in reciprocal succession; succeeding each other by turns on opposite sides of a stem. alternative (al-ter'na-tiv) , adj. giving the choice of two things: n. the op- tion or choice of two possibilities, so that if one be rejected the other must be accepted. although (siw\-tho')y conj, granting that; though; even if; notwithstand- ing. altitude (al'ti-tud), n. space extended upward; height; highest point or degree; the elevation of a celestial body above the horizon; the perpen- dicular distance from the base of a figure to the summit or to the side parallelto the base. alto (al'to), adj. high: n. the contralto; the tenor violin or viola. [Itahan.] altogether (awl-too-ge^/i'er), adv, wholly; completely; without excep- tion; conjunctly; entirely. altruism (al'troo-izm) , n. the prin- ciples inculcated by Comte, and in- volving the sacrifice of self in the interests of others: opposed to ego- ism. alum (al'um), n. a double sulphate formed of aluminum and some other element, usually an alkaline metal. aluminum (a-lti'mi-num) or alumin- ium (al-u-min'i-um) , n. a bluish- white, light, sonorous, ductile, malle- able metal. alumnus (a-lum'nus), n. [pi. alumni (a-lum'ni)], the graduate of a univer- sity; one educated at a school, col- lege, or university. [Latin, meaning ^^ a foster-son.'^] always (awl'waz), adv. constantly; ever; regularly at intervals; contin- ually. am (am), \st vers. sing, indie, mood of the verb tobe. See be. amain (a-man'), adv. with force or violence; suddenly; at once. amalgam (a-mal'gam), n. any me- tallic mixture or alloy of which mercury is the chief constituent; a mixture or compound of different things. amalgamate (a-mal'ga-mat) , v.t. to alloy mercury with another metal; mix to form a compound: v.i. to blend, combine, as one race with another. amanuensis (a-man-u-en'sis) , n. [pi. amanuenses (a-man-u-en'sez)], one who is employed to write at the dic- tation or direction of another; a sec- retary. amaranth (am'a-ranth) , n. an im- aginary flower said by poets to be unfading; a plant of the genus am- arantus; a color-mixture in which magenta is the chief ingredient. amass (a-mas'), v.t. to collect into a heap ; gather together in great quan- tity or amount; accumulate. amateur (am-a-ter'),^. one who culti- vates an art or pursues a study from love or attachment, and without reference to gain or emolument : adj, applied to the work or productions of an amateur as opposed to pro- fessional. amatory (am'a-to-ri), adf/. relating to or expressive of love. amaze (a-maz'), v.t. to confound or stun with fear, surprise, or wonder; astonish: n. astonishment; confu- sion; perplexity. amazement (a-maz'ment), n. the state of being amazed; astonish- ment; perplexity arising from sudden surprise. ambassador (am-bas'a-der) , n. an accredited representative of a sov- ereign or state at the court of an- other; a diplomatic agent of high rank; a representative or agent of another charged with a special mis- sion. amber (am'ber), n. a yellowish fossil resin found on the shores of the ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. AMBERGRIS 33 AMORPHOUS Baltic: adj. made of amber; amber- colored. ambergris (am'ber-gres) , n. a very valuable morbid secretion from the intestines of the sperm-whale, usu- ally found floating in tropical seas: used in perfumery. ambidextrous (am-bi-deks'trus) , adj. able to use both hands ahke; unusu- ally clever. ambient (am'bi-ent), adj. surround- ing; investing. ambig^uity (am-bi-gu'i-ti), n. [pi. am- biguities (am-bi-gu'i-tiz)], double or dubious signification; vagueness. amibig^ous (am-big'u-us) , adj. doubt- ful; equivocal. ambition (am-bish'un) , n. a seeking for preferment; a consuming desire to achieve some object or purpose, as to gain distinction, influence, &c. ambitious (am-bish'us) , adj. having ambition; aspiring. amble (am'bl), v.i. to move with a pecuhar pace, as a horse, by lifting the two feet on one side together: n. at an easy pace. ambrosia (am-bro'zhi-a), n. anything exquisitely pleasing to taste or smell ; a genus of weeds allied to the worm- wood. ambrotype (am'bro-tip), n. a photo- graphic process by which the light parts of a photograph are produced in silver, the dark parts showing as a background through the clear glass. ambulance (am'bu-lans), n. a field hospital ; an ambulance cart or wagon for the conveyance of the sick and wounded. ambuscade (am-bus-kad') , n. a stra- tegic disposition of troops in ambush. ambush (am'boosh), n. a lying in wait to attack by surprise: v.t. to place in ambush to surprise an enemy; way- lay: v.i. to lie in wait for the purpose of attacking by surprise. ameliorate (a-me'U-or-at) , v.t. to make better: v.i. to grow better; improve. amen (a-men' & a'men') , adv. verily : inter j. so be it; literally true. [He- brew and liturgical.] amenable (a-me'na-bl) , adj. easy to lead; submissive; liable. amend (a-mend'), v-t. to free from fault; improve; correct. amendment (a-mend'ment) , n. the removal of faults; the alteration of a bill before Parhament; a counter- motion at a pubhc meeting. amends (a-mendz'), n.pl. compensa- tion for loss or injury; reparation. amenity (a-men 'i-ti) , n. [pi. amenities (a-men'i-tiz)], pleasantness, as of climate or demeanor; geniality. amercement (a-mers'ment) , n. an arbitrary fine left to the discretion of a court. American (a-mer'i-kan) , adj. belong- ing to, or characteristic of, America. amethyst (am'e-thist) , n. a violet- purple variety of quartz or rock- cr^'stal. [Greek.] amiable (a'mi-a-bl), adj. friendly; worthy of love; lovable. amicable (am'i-ka-bl) , adj. friendly; peaceable. amid (a-mid') or amidst (a-midst'). prep, in the middle of; among. amiss (a-mis'), adj. wrong; faulty: adv. wTongly; that misses the mark. amity (am'i-ti), n. friendly relations; friendship. ammonia (a-mo'ni-a), n. a trans- parent, pungent volatile gas, used in medicine and the arts; spirits of hartshorn. ammunition (am-u-nish'un) , n. pow- der, balls, &c., used in charging fire- arms of all kinds; mihtary stores: adj. supplied to troops as equipment, &c. amnesia (am-ne'si-a) , n. loss of mem- ory. [Greek.] amnesty (am'nes-ti), n. an act of ob- livion for pohtical offenses ; a general pardon: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. amnestied, p.pr. amnestying], to grant pardon to. amoeba (a-me'ba),_n. [pi. amcebas (a- me'baz) &-b2e ('be)], a genus of micro- scopic organisms consisting of a mass of protoplasm which moves about in fresh-water ponds by means of finger- Hke processes with which it grasps its food. among (a-mung') or amongst (a- mungst'), vrep. & adv. mixed with; surrounded by; amidst. amorous (am'or-us), adj. fond of the opposite sex; loving. amorphous (a-mor'fus), adj. formless; &te, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, HOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. AMOUNT 34 ANATHEMA irregularly shaped ; uncrystallized ; anomalous; unorganized. amount (a-mount'), v.i. to mount up to\ be equivalent or equal to: n. the totality; sum._ ampere (am-par'), n. the unit of measiirement of the strength of an electrical current. [French.] Amphibia (am-fib'i-a), n.pl. the fourth division of vertebrates, inter- mediate between fishes and reptiles, which in their early state breathe by gills. amphitheater, -re (am-fi-the'a-ter) , n. a double theater; a theater with seats all round the arena; a circus. amphitype (am'fi-tip), n. a photo- graphic process which simultaneously produces negatives and positives. ample (am'pl), adj. full; large; abun- dant. amplify (am'pli-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. amphfied, p.pr. amplifying], to make large: v.i. to speak or write diffusely; expand. amplitude (am'pli-tud) , n. the angular distance of a celestial body at rising or setting from the eastern or western points of the horizon; an angle on which the value of some mathemati- cal function depends; the distance which a particle moves in performing a complete vibration. amputate (am'pu-tat), v.t. to lop off in pruning; to cut off a limb; dis- member. amuck (a-muk' or amok), adj. or adv. (used only in the phrase, to run amuck), running about armed, in a state of frenzy, attacking all that come in the way, or committing indiscriminate slaughter. [Malay.] amulet (am'u-let), n. a charm worn to protect against evil; a talisman. amuse (a-muz'), v.t. to occupy the attention pleasantly; beguile; enter- tain; divert. amusement (a-muz'ment), n. that which amuses; a pastime. an (an), indef. art. any; each. [An is properly an adj., and is used before nouns of the singular number only; also before a word having an initial vowel and silent h (see H) . [An has a distributive force in such expres- sions as ''once an hour''; ''a dime an ounce.''! anachronism (an-ak'ron-izm) , n. an error in the order of time, hence any error in the misplacement of persons or events in point of time. anaconda (an-a-kon'da) , n. the spe- cific name of a large South American boa, and loosely applied to any large snake which crushes its prey. anaemia, anemia (a-ne'mi-a), n. de- ficiency or low condition of the blood. anaesthetic, anesthetic (an-es-thef- ik), adj. pertaining to loss of the sense of feeling: n. a drug which produces insensibility. anagram (an'a-gram) , n. a word or a sentence constructed out of another by the transposition of the letters contained in the second; a word ob- tained by reading the letters of an- other word backwards. analect (an'a-lekt), n. [pi. analects (an'a-lekts) &analecta (an-a-lek'ta)], a passage or extract from a published work : ^L a collection of such extracts from different authors. analogy (a-nal'o-ji), n. [pi. analogies (a-naro-jiz)], agreement, resem- blance, or correspondence in relations between different objects; the infer- ence as to general agreement which is derived from similarity in certain essential particulars; equality of mathematical ratios; conformity of its parts to the general rules and structures of a language. analysis (a-nal'i-sis) , n. [pi. analyses (a-nal'i-sez)], the resolution of a com- pound into its constituent parts ; the method of determining the nature of a compound by resolution into its con- stituent parts ; the resolving of prob- lems by reducing the conditions that are in them to equations ; a synopsis. analyze (an'a-liz), v.t. to separate or resolve; determine the nature of a compound by resolution of its con- stituent parts. anapaest or anapest (an'a-pest), n. a foot comprising two short syllables followed by one long syllable. anarchy (an'ar-ki), n. non-existence or incapabiUty of governmental rule; a lawless condition of society; the theory of individual liberty. anathema (a-nath'e-ma) , n. [pi. anath- emas (a-nath'e-maz)], the curse ac- companying excommunication pro- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book hue, hut ; thiok, then. ANATOMY 35 ANGRY nounced by a religious assembly or convocation; an imprecation or curse ; the thing or person held to be ac- cursed. [Greek.] anatomy (a-nat'o-mi) , n. [pi. anatomies (a-nat'o-miz)'], separation by dissec- tion of the various parts of a body, with a view to the examination and determination of their structure and relations ; the art or science of dissec- tion; a descriptive account of the parts of an organic body ; a withered or emaciated person. ancestor (an'ses-ter) , n. a forefather or progenitor, on the side of father or mother, from whom one is descended in direct line; one who held previous possession. ancestry (an'ses-tri), n. the hne of one's descent traced from a period more or less remote; the personages comprising such lineage; lineage. anchor (ang'ker), n. an iron imple- ment of varying form, but generally having two curved and pointed arms terminating at one end of a shank, to the other extremity of which is af- fixed a cable, used to secure a floating vessel to the bottom; that on which dependence is placed for security or stability; a metallic clamp securing a tie-rod connecting opposite walls: v.t. to affix by an anchor; grapple; hold fast. anchovy (an'cho-vi), n. [pi. anchovies (an'cho-\dz)], a dimmutive . fish abounding in the Mediterranean, and especially esteemed for its pe- culiar flavor, used for pickling and as a sauce. ancient (an'shent), adj. of or per- taining to the early history of the world; of past times or remote ages; of great age or antiquity: n. one who lived in ancient times: pi. the people of classic times; the Jew- ish elders; the governing body of an Inn of Court [English]: n. formerly a flag or ensign; a ship's pennant. ancillary (an'sil-ar-i) , adj.^ attendant upon; accessory; subservient. and (and), conj. the copulative joining words and sentences. And is some- times used emphatically by way of contrast, as ''there are orators and orators," i.e. two very different kinds. andirons (and'I-ernz) , n.pl. metal standards used for open iBres, to support the logs; fire-dogs. anecdote (an'ek-dot), n, a brief nar- rative of an entertaining character; a terse and. pithy account of some detached incident, chiefly personal or biographical. anelectrode (an-e-lek'trod) , n. the positive pole of agalvanic battery. anemone (a-nem'o-ne) , n. [pi. anem- ones (a-nem'o-nez)], the wind-flower or wood-anemone ; a sea-anemone, a marine zoophyte. [Greek.] anemoscope^ (a-nem'o-skop), n.^ an apparatus for exhibiting the direc- tion of the wind. [Greek.] aneroid (an'e-roid), adj. having no liquid. aneurism (an'u-rizm), n. a local swell- ing or dilation of an artery at a point where the coat is thinned or weak- ened by disease. [Greek.] anew (a-nu'), adv. afresh; over again; in a new manner or style. angel (an'jel), n. a messenger of God; one of an order of spiritual atten- dants who form a connection between heaven and earth, as from God to mankind; a spirit of evil, as a fallen angel; the presbyter in the Early Christian Church residing in some particular city (Rev. ii. 8) ; an Eng- lish gold coin, value about $2.50, struck in the reign of Edward IV., and impressed with the figure of the archangel Michael. angelus (an'je-lus), n. a devotional exercise in commemoration of the Incarnation, during which the Ave Maria is twice repeated: said morn- ing, noon, and night; the bell which is rung to announce the time of such devotions. [Latin.] anger (ang'ger), n. excessive emotion or passion aroused by a sense of injury or wrong; wrath: v.t. to pro- voke to resentment; excite to wrath; enrage. angle (ang'gl), n. the inclosed space near the point where two lines meet; a sharp or projecting corner; the inclination of two lines which meet at a point called the vortex; v.i. to fish with a hook and line: v.t. to fish for. angry (ang'gri), adj. inflamed with anger; provoked; feeling resentment; ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 3 hue, hut ; think, then. ANGUISH 36 ANOMALY wrathful; showing anger; fieroe; inflamed. anguish (ang'gwish), n. intense pain or grief; acute suffering, bodily or mental. anhydrous (an-hi'drus), adj. without water: applied to minerals in which the water of crystalHzation is not present. anilhie (an'i-lin), n. a base used in the formation of many rich dyes obtained from coal-tar, but more extensively from benzole: adj. of or pertaining to aniline. animadversion (an-i-mad-ver'shun), n. the act of observing; capacity for perception; censure; criticism. animadvert (an-i-mad-verf), v.i. to give the mind to; pass comment or stricture upon; criticise. animal (an'i-mal), n. an organized living body, sentient, mobile, and locomotive; an inferior being; a brute: adj. of or belonging to animals. animalcule (an-i-mal'ktil) , n. one of a class of minute or microscopic organ- isms abounding in water and infu- sions; an infusorian. animate (an'i-mat), v.t. to impart life to; to inspire with energy or action; enliven: adj. endowed with animal life; full of spirit and vigor. animation (an-i-ma'shun) , n. the act of giving life or spirit; the state of being animated; vivacity. animosity (an-i-mos'i-ti) , n. [pL ani- mosities (an-i-mos'i-tiz)], hostility; hatred; active enmity. animus (an'i-mus), n. a hostile spirit, or purpose; hostility. ankle (ang'kl), n. the joint or articula- tion connecting the foot with the leg. annals (an'alz), n.pl. a description, history, or chronicle issued from time to time, and comprising the events of each year in order of sequence; chronicles. anneal (an-nel'), v.t. to heat or fix by heat; temper and render malleable; bake or fuse. annex (an-neks'), v.t. to add or affix at the end; subjoin or connect; purloin: n. (an'neks), that which is added; an addition. annihilate (an-ni'hi-lat) , v.t. to reduce to nothing; wipe out of existence; destroy. anniversary (an-i-ver'sa-ri), n. anniversaries (an-i-ver'sa-riz)], tl recurrence in each year of the date of an event ; the annual commemora- tion of an event: adj. recurring once in every twelve months; yearly. annotate (an'o-tat), v.t. to mark or note by way of explanation or criti- cism, as a book. announce (an-nouns'), v.t. to proclaim or make known, formally, or in a public manner; pronounce by judicial sentence; proclaim. announcement (an-nouns'ment), n. the act of announcing; that which is announced; a proclamation . annoy (an-noi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to vex or trouble by repeated acts; harass or discompose by petty injury or opposition: v.i. to be troubled, vexed: n. the feehng of discomfort caused by an injury or vexation. annoyance (an-noi'ans) , n. the act of annoying or causing vexation; the state of being annoyed; the thing or act which annoys. annual (an'u-al), adj. once in twelve months; yearly; of or belonging to a year; pubUshed once a year; com- pleted in a year; lasting or living only for a year or season, as an annual plant: n. an anniversary mass said for a deceased person; the fee paid for such a mass. annuity (an-nu'i-ti) , n. [pi. annuities (an-nu'i-tiz) ], the payment of a sum of money by periodical or yearly install- ments during the life-time of the an- nuitant. annul (an-nuF), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. an- nulled, p.pr. annulling], to make void, abolish, or obliterate, as a law, decree, or compact. annunciate (an-nun'shi-at) , v.t. to make known officially or pubhcly; announce. anode (an'od), n. the path of the elec- tric current from the positive to the negative pole; the positive pole. anodyne (an'o-din), adj. assuaging pain: n. a drug which relieves pain. anoint (a-noint'), v.t. to pour oil upon, in a religious ceremony; consecrate. anomaly (a-nom'a-li), n. deviation from the natural order; the angular fite, Urm, at, awl ; me, m^rge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ANON 87 ANTICIPATE distance of a planet from its peri- heiion. [Greek.] anon (a-non'), ddv. soon; straightway; again. anonymous (a-non'i-mus) , adj. bear- ing no author's name; nameless. another (a-nuth'er), adj. & pron. one more; not the same; someone else. answer (an'ser), v.t. to swear in oppo- sition to; to reply to a charge; a counterstatement : n. a response or rejoinder; a reply to a charge; a solution, as of a mathematical prob- lem. answerable (an'ser-a-bl), adj. liable to give answer; responsible. ant (ant), n. a small social insect of the hymenopterous order. antagonism (an-tag'o-nizm) , n. the active opposition of two opponents or opposing forces ;_ hostility. antagonist (an-tag'o-nist) , n. a com- petitor in any sphere of action; an opponent. antagonize (an-tag'o-niz) , v.t. to op- pose; hinder; counteract; contend against; compete with: v.i. to act in opposition; neutraUze. antarctic (ant-ark'tik) , adj. opposite to arctic; pertaining to the south- polar regions; southern. antecede (an-te-sed') , v.t. to precede or go before in time or space. antecedent (an-te-se'dent), adj. pre- ceding: n. the substantive or noun to which a relative or other pronoun refers ; the part of a conditional prop- osition upon which the other de- pends: pi. the previous events of a person's life. antechamber (an'te-cham-ber) , n. an apartment next the principal room, where persons wait for audience; an outer room. antedate (an'te-dat), v.t. to carry back to an earlier period; anticipate: ?i. a date earlier than the actual date. antediluvian (an-te-di-lu'vi-an) , adj. of or pertaining to the world before the Flood; belonging to very ancient times; antiquated: ?:. one who lived before the Flood. [Latin.] antelope (an'te-lop), n. the name given to numerous species of deer-hke ruminants, intermediate between the deer and the goat, with cyhndrical, ringed horns. antemeridian (an-te-me-rid'i-an), adj* preceding noon. Often written A.M. antemetfb (ant-e-met'ik) , adj. allaiy- ing vomiting: n. a medicine possess- ing this prop.erty. antenatal (an-te-na'tal) , adj. before birth. I antenna (an-ten'a), n. [vl. anifennae (an-ten'e)], the jointed horns or feelers upon the heads of insects and Crustacea. antepenult (an-te-pe'nult) or ante- penultima (an-te-pe-nul'ti-ma) , n, the last syllable but tw® of a word. anterior (an-ter'i-er) , adj. more to the front; former. anteroom (an'te-room) , u. a room before, or forming an entrance to, another; an antechamber. anthem (an 'them), n. a composition from the Scriptures or Uturgy set to sacred music. anther (another), n. the summit of the stamen of a flower containing the pollen or fertilizing dust. anthology (an-thoro-ji) , n. a collec- tion of choice poems, epigrams, and fugitive pieces by various authors; a hymnal. anthracite (an'thra-sit), n. a non- bituminous coal which burns with- out smoke; blind-coal; glance-coal; stone-coal; hard-coal. anthrax (an'thraks), n. [pi. anthraces (an 'thra-sez)], a carbuncle, or malig- nant boil; the splenic fever of sheep and cattle, caused by the presence of a bacillus in the blood and tissues; the carbuncular disease caused in man by inoculation from affected sheep and cattle. [Greek.] ^ ^ anthropoid (an'thro-poid), adi. re- sembling man: ?i. one of the higher apes resembling man. _ [Greek.] anthropology (an-thro-pol'o-ji), n. the science of man, considered zoo- logically or ethnographically. anthropcHnorphism (an-thro-po-mor'- fizm), n. the ascription of a human form and attributes to the Deity, or to supernatural beings. antic (an'tik), adj. grotesque: n. a clowTi; a trick; a grotesque ges- ture. anticipate (an-tis'i-pat) , v.t. to take beforehand ; use in advance ; look for as certain; deal with beforehand: v.i. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, mgrge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ANTICIPATION 38 AOKTA to treat of something before the proper time. anticipation (an-tis-i-pa'shun), n, the act of taking beforehand; expecta- tion; hope; preconception. anticlimax (an'ti-kli-maks), n, a ludicrous descent in thought and expression; bathos. antidote (an'ti-dot), n, a substance which acts medicinally as a counter- active to the effects of poison or disease; that which annuls or tends to prevent the evil effects of any- thing else; a remedy. antimony (an'ti-mo-ni) , n. a white lustrous metal, entering largely into medicinal preparations and various important alloys, such as pewter and Britannia-metal . antinomy (an-tin'o-mi) , n. [pi. antino- mies (an-tin'o-miz)], the opposition of one law or part of a law to another; or the opposition of man to any law. antipathy (an-tip'a-thi) , n. [pi. antip- athies (an-tip'a-thiz)], natural aver- sion; an instinctive dislike; the object of aversion (followed in composition by to, against, between, and for) . antiphonetic (an-ti-fo-net'ik), adi. similar in sound; applied to words which rhyme. antiphony (an-tif 'o-ni) , n. [pi. antiph- onies (an-tif'o-niz)], the alterant or responsive rendering of psalms or chants by a dual choir; a musical set- ting of sacred verses arranged for al- ternate singing. antipodes (an-tip'o-dez), n.pl. those who, residing at opposite sides of the globe, have their feet directly op- posed ; the two portions of the earth's surface which are exactly opposite to each other; the direct opposite of a person or thing. antiquary (an'ti-kwar-i) , n. one who is attached to ancient things, and is learned in their history; one who collects antiquities for the purpose of study. antiquity (an-tik'wi-ti) , n. [pL an- tiquities (an-tik'wi-tiz)], great age; ancientness; early ages; the people or races of ancient times ; that which belonged to, or survives from, ancient times; a relic. antiseptic (an-ti-sep'tik) , adj, de- structive to the germs of disease or putrefaction: n. a substance that acts as a preventive to putrefaction. antislavery (an-ti-sla'ver-i) , adj. op- posed to slavery: n. opposition to slavery. antistrophe (an-tis'tro-f e) , n. in the ancient Greek chorus, the alternat- ing part immediately following the strophe and sung in moving to the right, the strophe having been sung when moving to the left. antithesis (an-tith_'e-sis) , n. [pi. an- titheses (an-tith'e-sez)], opposition; contrast; expression by contrast or opposition of words or sentiments. antitoxin (an-ti-toks'in) , n. a serum used hypodermically as a preventive of, or cure for, diphtheria. antler (ant'ler), n. the individual branches of a stag's horns; the horn in its complete condition. antonym (an'to-nim), n. sl word of opposite meaning. anus (a'nus), n. the terminal portion of the rectum; the excremental ori- fice. anvil (an'vil), n. an iron block used for the hammering and shaping of metals. anxiety (ang-zl'e-ti) , n. [pi. anxieties (ang-zi'e-tiz)], a condition of mental uneasiness arising from fear or solic- itude. anxious (ang'shus), adj. deeply con- cerned; very solicitous; apprehen- sive. any (en'i), adj. & pron. one, indeter- minately, unlimited; some, an indef- inite number, quantity, or degree: adj. one indefinitely; (pi.) some: pron. one; anyone; (pi.) some: adv. to any extent; at all; in any degree (used with comparatives, as "any better"). anybody (en'i-bod-i) , n. any person. anyhow (en'i-hou) , adv. in any way or manner; in any case; at any rate. anything (en'i-thing) , n. any object as distinguished from a person; aught. anyway (en'i-wa), adv. in any man- ner. anywhere (en'i-hwar), adv. in any place. aorta (a-6r'ta), n. [pi. aortae (-te)], the chief artery or main trunk of the ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. APART 39 APOTHECARY arterial system, opening from the left ventricle of the heart and sup- plying all parts of the body, except- ing the lungs, with arteriaUzed Apache (a-pa'che), n. American Indian of a group of tribes in the Southwest; dangerous Parisian ruffian. apart (a-part')f cidv, separately; aside; asunaer. apartment (a-part ment), n. a room or part of a divided building: pi. a set or suite of two or more rooms of a house set apart as lodgings. apathy (ap'a-thi), n. [pi. apathies (ap'a-thiz)l, lack of feehng; want of passion or emotion; indifference. ape (ap), n. a tailless monkey having teeth in number and appearance aa man; a silly mimic; a fool. The family of the apes includes the gorilla, chimpanzee, orang-outang, &c.: v.t, to imitate servilely; mimic, as an ape mimics man. aperient (a-pe'ri-ent) . adj. gently laxa- tive; opening the bowels: n. a mild laxative medicine. aperture (ap'er-tur), n. an opening; a perforation or passage; the space between two intersecting right lines; apex (a'peks), n. [pi. apices (ap'i-sez) & apexes (a'pek-sez)], the point, tip, or summit of anything. aphasia (a-fa'zi-a), n. loss of the power of speech, or the appropriate use of words, due to disease or injury to the brain. [Greek.] aphelion (af-e'li-on), n. Ipl. aphelia (af-e'li-a)], that point in the orbit of a planet or a comet which is farthest from the sun. aphorism (af'o-rizm), n. a concise and pithy statement of a rule or precept; a maxim. apiary (a'pi-a-ri), n. [pL apiaries (a'pi- a-riz)], a place where bees are kept; a bee-house. apiece (a-pes'), adv. to or for each; each; severally. apocrypha (a-pok'ri-fa), n.pL used as a sing, with pi. apocryphas (a-pok'- ri-faz), a writing, or something, of doubtful authorship ; certain writings received by some Christians as an authentic part of the Holy Scriptures, but rejected by others, as for instance Judith, Ecclesiasticus, etc. apodosis (a-pod'o-sis), n. the latter portion, or consequent clause, of a conditional sentence. apogee (ap'o-je), n. that point in the orbit of a planet which is most dis- tant from the earth. apologize (a-pol'o-jiz), v.i. to make an apology or excuse; to express regret or make amends for anything said or done, on one's own behalf or that of another: v.t, to write a defense of; to defend. apologue (ap'o-log), n. a moral fable; a fiction or allegory embodying a moral appHcation, as iEsop's Fables. apology (a-pol'o-ji), n. [pi. apologies (a-poro-jiz)], a vindication or excuse; something spoken, written, or offered in defense or extenuation; an explana- tion by way of amends. apoplexy (ap'o-plek-si), n. the sudden loss of consciousness and motive power, resulting from the rupture of a brain-vessel. apostate (a-pos'tat), n. one who has forsaken or apostatized his faith or party; one who renounces his pro- fession after having been in holy or- ders: adj. false; traitorous; rene- gade. a posteriori (a pos-te-ri-o'ri), reason- ing founded on observation of facts, effects, or consequences, by means of which the causes are reached. apostle (a-pos'l), n. one charged with a high mission; one of the twelve persons, especially selected by Christ to propagate His gospel (Luke vi. 13); one who performed apostolic functions, as St. Paul (I Cor. i. 1); the first missionary who plants the Christian faith in any region; one who labors with special success as a moral or social reformer. apostrophe (a-pos'tro-fe), n. a break- ing ofTin a speech to address directly a person or persons who may or may not be present; the omission from a word of one or more letters, such omission being indicated by the sign (') ; the sign C) so employed in writ- ing or printing. apothecary (a-poth'e-ka-ri),^ n. [pi, apothecaries (a-poth'e-ka-riz)], one who prepares and dispenses medi- cines and drugs for profit; one who is ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. APOTHEGM 40 APPLICATION licensed to prescribe; a pharma- cist. apothegm (ap'o-them), n. a pithy- saying, embodying a wholesome truth or precept. Also spelt apoph- thegm. apotheosis (ap-o-the'o-sis),n. [pZ. apo- theoses (ap-o-the'o-sez)], deification; the god-like personification bestowed upon deceased emperors under the Roman Empire; excessive honor paid to a distinguished person; canoniza- tion. appal (ap-pawl'), v.t. [p,t. & p.p. ap- palled, p.pr. appalling], to frighten; depress or discourage by fear; dis- may; terrify. apparatus (ap-a-ra'tus) , n. sing. & pi. an outfit of tools, utensils, or instru- ments adapted to the accomplish- ment of any branch of work, or for the performance of an experiment or operation; a set of such appliances; a group or set of organs concerned in the performance of a single function. Also, apparatus criticus (kri'ti-cus) . apparel (a-par'el), n. clothing; ves- ture; garb, or dress; the equipment of a vessel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. appareled, p.pr. appareling], to clothe or adorn furnish or fit out. apparent (ap-par'ent), adj. open to view; capable of being readily per- ceived or understood ; evident ; seem- ing, but not real. apparition (ap-a-rish'un) , n. a visible object; an appearance of something not real or tangible; a ghost or spec- ter; the first appearance of a lumi- nary after obscuration: opposed to occultation. appeal (ap-pel'), v.t. to transfer or refer to a superior court or judge; to refer to another person or tri- bunal; entreat, call for, or invoke aid, sympathy, or mercy: n. a call or invocation for aid or sympathy; the right of appeal; a summons to answer a charge; a call or reference to another; recourse; the removal of a cause from an inferior to a superior court, the latter having the {)ower to revise the decision of the ower tribunal. appear (ap-per'), v.i. to be or become visible; come before; seem. appearance (ap-per'ans), n. the act of becoming visible; the object seen; a phenomenon; an apparition; sem- blance; outward show; the act of coming before the pubHc; coming into court; look; bearing or aspect. appease (ap-pez'), v.t. to allay; as- suage; quiet; satisfy; pacify. appellate (ap-pel'at), adj. pertaining to appeals; having cognizance of ap- peals: n. the person appealed against or called upon to appear. appellation (ap-e-la'shun), n. the name, title, or designation by which a person or thing is called or known; the act of appealing. append (ap-pend'), v.t. to attach, hang, or suspend; subjoin or add to, as an accessory part; annex. appendage (ap-pen'daj), n. something appended or attached as a part of; something added as an adjunct. appendix (ap-pen'diks) , n. [pL appen- dixes (ap-pen'dik-sez) & appendices (ap-pen'di-sez)], that which is added as supplemental; the vermiform ap- pendage or blind gut. appertain (ap-er-tan'), v.i. to belong or pertain to, as by relation or cus- tom. appetite (ap'e-tit), n. the desire for gratification of some want, craving, or passion that is natural or acquired; the relish for food induced by keen- ness of stomach. applaud (ap-plawd'), v.t. to praise; express approval or approbation by clapping of the hands or acclama- tion. applause (ap-plawz'), n. the expres- sion of approval by clapping; appro- bation openly shown by acclama- tion. apple (ap'l), n. the round fleshy fruit of the apple-tree, and its numerous cultivated varieties; any fruit re- sembling an apple, as pineapple. appliance (ap-pli'ans) , n. the act of applying; that which is used with, or as a part of, something else. application (ap-li-ka'shun) , n. the act of applying, putting to, or on; the thing apphed ; the applying or reduc- ing to practice; the practical demon- stration of a principle; the act of requesting; request; mental assidu- ousness. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. APPLY 41 APRON apply (ap-pliO, v.t. [p.t. & p.p. applied, p.pr. applying], to place one to another; lay on; put into practice; devote to a particular purpose; refer or ascribe as fitting to a person or thing; address or direct; fix the mind upon: v.i. to suit; have connection with or reference to; make appHca- tion to. appoint (ap-point'). v.t. to fix; settle; found; make fast; establish by de- cree; assign or ordain; fix the time and order of; furnish or equip: v.i, to decree; ordain; determine. appointment (ap-point'ment), n. the act of appointing; the assigning to an oflSce or trust; the state of being appointed; the position or office assigned or held; a stipulation; an engagement; an arrangement to meet by mutual agreement; an ordinance er decree established by authority; furniture or equipment. apportion (ap-por'shun) , v.t. to assign by equal or proportionate division; distribute or set out in just propor- tions. apposite (ap'o-zit), adj. proper; fit; pertinent; well-adapted. apposition (ap-o-zish'un) , 7i. the act of adding; addition by application, or placing together; the placing of a second noun in the same case in juxtaposition to the first, which it characterizes or explains, as John the Baptist. appraise (ap-praz'), v.t. to set a price upon; value; estimate the worth of, as by a licensed appraiser. appreciate (ap-pre'shi-at) , v.t. to value; estimate the worth of; esteem highly; prize; be sensible of; raise in value. appreciation (ap-pre'shi-a'shun) , n. the just valuation, or proper esti- mate of worth or merit; a rise in value. appreliend (ap-re-hend'), v.t. to take or lay hold of; seize; arrest; take a mental hold of; anticipate or expect: v.i. to incline to belief; form a con- ception. apprehension (ap-re-hen'shun) , n. the act of seizure or laying hold of; arrest; the act of conceiving; per- ception; anticipation of evil; fear or distrust of the future. apprehensive (ap-re-hen'siv) , adj. ca- pable of apprehending; quick to learn, or grasp; fearful of evil; anxious for the future. apprentice (a-pren'tis) , n. formerly, one bound or articled by indentu]fe to serve a certain number of years to learn some trade or craft ; a novice or tyro: v.t. to put under the care of a master for instruction in some trade or craft. apprize (a-priz'), v.t, to give notice to; inform. approach (ap-proeh'), v.i. to draw or grow near; approximate: v.t. to re- semble, come near to: n. access. approbation (ap-ro-ba'shun) , n. the act of approving; commendation. appropriate (ap-pro'pri-at), v.t. to take to one's self in exclusion of others; claim or use, as by an ex- clusive right; set apart or assign to a particular use; annex a benefice to a religious corporation: adj. pecu- liar; fit; apt. appropriation (ap-pro-pri-a'shun) , n. the act of assigning to one's self, or to a particular use or person; appli- cation to a special use or purpose; the annexation of a benefice to a religious corporation. approval (ap-proov'al), n. approba- tion; sanction; ratification; con- sent. approve (ap-proov'), v.t. to prove, test, or demonstrate; ratify; pronounce efficient or sufficient; be pleased or satisfied with; commend: v.i. to ex- press approval [usually followed by of]' approximate (ap-prok'si-mat) , v.t. to bring or carry near; cause to ap- proach: v.i. to draw near; approach closely: adj. near in resemblance or position. appurtenance (ap-per'te-nans), n. tnat which belongs or relates to sometliing else; an adjunct or ap- pendage; that which belongs to, or is accessory to, an estate or property. April (a'pril), n. the fourth month of the year; named from the Greek goddess, Aphrodite. a priori (a pri-o'ri), from something prior; reasoning that proceeds from antecedent to consequent. apron (a/prun), n. sl portion of cloth. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. A PROPOS 42 ARCHER leather, or other material, worn as a protective or ornamental covering to the front of the person ; a leathern covering for the legs, used in driving; the vent-cover of a cannon; the cm*ved timber placed above the fore- most end of a ship's keel ; a platform at the entrance to a dock. a propos (a pro-po'), adv. to the pm*- pose; to the point; opportunely; in respect (followed by of) : adj. season- able; happy. Written also apro- pos. apse (aps), n. [pi. apses (ap'sez)], a po- lygonal or semicircular recess termi- nating the choir or other portion of a church. apt (apt), adj. suitable; pertinent; appropriate; liable; inclined; ready; expert; quick of apprehension. aptitude (ap'ti-tud), n. capacity for anything; fitness; tendency; readi- ness in learning. aquarium (a-kwar'i-um), n. [pL aquaria (a-kwar'i-a) & aquariums (a-kwar'i-umz)], a tank or globe for the keeping and cultivation of aquatic plants and animals; a series of such receptacles. aquatic (a-kwat'ik), adj. pertaining to water; growing or living in or upon water; performed in or upon water, as sports: n. an animal or plant inhabiting water: pi. aquatic sports. a<]^ueduet (ak'we-dukt) , n. sl structure m the form of a conduit or artificial channel for conducting water from a source, as for the supply of a large city. aqueous (a'kwe-us), adj. of the na- tm-e of, or abounding in, water; watery; formed in or by means of water. aquiline (ak'wi-lin & -lin), adj. be- longing to or resembling an eagle; curved, as the beak of an eagle. arable (ar'a-bl), adj. fit for the plow; suited to the purposes of cultivation. arbiter (ar'bi-ter), n. an umpire or judge; an arbitrator. arbitrary (ar'bi-trar-i) , adj. depending on the will of the arbiter; discretion- ary; capricious; imperious. arbitrate (ar'bi-trat) , v.i. to act as arbiter; to settle a dispute, as an umpire; mediate. arbor (ar'ber), n. a bower; a shaded nook or walk. arborescent (ar-bo-res'ent) , adj. tree- like. arc (ark), n. a curved line or any part of a curve forming the segment of a circle; the portion of a circle described by the sun or any heavenly body in its apparent passage through the heavens. arcade (ar-kad'), n. sl series of arches supported by pillars; an arched gal- lery, or promenade, lined with shops. arch (arch), n. structure of brick or masonry, the component wedge- shaped parts of which follow a curved line; any curvature having the form of an arch: v.t. to cover with an arch or arches; to bend or curve into the form of an arch: v.i. to form an arch or arches; curve: adj. chief; of the first rank; cunning; crafty; shrewd; waggish; mischievous; roguish; spor- tive; coy. archaeology or archeology (ar-ke-ol'- o-ji), n. the science of antiquities; the study of prehistoric remains, or the relics of the earlier races of man- kind, as the Ugro-Finnic, the Egyp- tian, the Phoenician, the Assyrian, the Greek, and the Roman. ^ archaic (ar-ka'ik), adj. pertaining to a remote period; characterized by an- tiquity; old-fashioned; antiquated. archaism (ar'ka-izm), n. antiquity of style or use; an antiquated, old- fashioned, or obsolete word, expres- sion, or idiom. archangel (ark-an'jel), n. an angel of the highest order. archbishop (arch-bish'up) , n. a chief bishop, one who supervises the bishops in his province, and also exercises episcopal authority in his own diocese. archdeacon (arch-de'kn), n. dignitary ranking next below a bishop, and one who acts as his vicar or vicegerent. archduchess (arch-duch'es) , n. the wife of an archduke; a daughter of the Emperor of Austria. archduke (arch-duk'), n, a prince of the imperial house of Austria. archenemy (arch-en'e-mi) , n. a chief enemy; Satan. archer (ar'cher), n. a bowman; one ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ARCHETYPE 43 ARK skilled in the use of the bow and arrow. archetype (ar'ke-tip), n. the original type or pattern upon or after which a thing is made ; a model ; the original or fundamental type-structure from which a natural group of plants or animals are assumed to have de- scended; the original manuscript from which all copies or all of a set of copies were made. Such a group is called a ''family." archipelago (ar-ki-pera-go) , n. [vl. archipelagoes & -gos (ar-ki-pel a- goz)], any sea or body of salt water interspersed with numerous islands; the island-group itself. [Greek.] architect (ar'ki-tekt) , n. one versed in the art of building and the various styles of architecture; one who plans or designs buildings and superintends their construction, hence one who forms or desi^s. architecture (ar'ki-tek-tur) , n, the science or art of building; the method or style of building; construction; workmanship. architrave (ar'ki-trav) , n. the lowest division of an entablature, or that part which rests immediately on the column. archive (ar'kiv), n. [pi. archives (ar'- kivz)], a record preserved as evi- dence: pi. the place where public or state records are kept; state or public documents, or records of historical value pertaining to a nation or to a family. arctic (ark'tik), adj. pertaining to the region of the north pole; polar; northern; frigid. ardent (ar'dent), adj. hot; burning; fiery; warm; glowing; passionate; eager; zealous; vehement. ardor (ar'der), n. heat in a physical sense; warmth of affection or pas- sion; eager desire; zeal. arduous (ar'du-us), adj. steep; hard to chmb; attended with great labor or exertion; difficult. are (ar) , pres. tense pi. of the verb to be. See be. are (ar), n. the unit of French super- ficial or square measure containing 100 sq. meters or 1076.44 English sq. ft. area (a're-a), n. [pi, areas (a're-az)], any plane surface having bounds, whether natural or artificial, as the floor of a hall, &c.; any defined ex- tent of land-surface; the sunken space situated at' the base of a building and separating it from the street; the superficial contents of any space or figure; extent; range; scope; a compass of ore allotted to miners. argosy (ar'go-si) , n. [pi. argosies (ar'go- siz)], a large ricmy-freighted mer- chant-vessel. argue (ar'gu), v.i. to show or offer reasons in support of, or in opposi- tion to, a proposition, opinion, or measure; to reason, dispute, discuss; contend in debate: v.t. to debate or discuss; prove or evince. argument (ar'gti-ment) , n. that which is advanced in support or proof with a ^^ew to persuade or convince the mind; a discussion, controversy, or debate; the subject of a discourse or WTiting; an abstract or summary of a book._ aria (ar'e-a & ar'i-a), n. an air; a melody or tune for single voice yaih. accompaniment; a solo part in a cantata or oratorio, &c. [Italian.] arid (ar'id), adj. dry; parched up; barren. aright (a-rlt'), cidv. rightly; in a right way or form; without sin or error. arise (a-riz'), v.i. [p.t. arose, p.p. arisen. p.pr. arising], to mount up or ascend; to come into view; rise or get up; spring up; come into existence or action; originate. aristocracy (ar-is-tok'ra-si), n. {pi, aristocracies (ar-is-tok'ra-siz)], gov- ernment by persons of the highest rank in a state; the nobility or chief persons in a state. arithmetic (a-rith'me-tik), n. the science of numbers; the art of com- putation hy figures. [Greek.] ark (ark), n. the repository of the Covenant, or tables of the Law, in the Jewish Tabernacle (Exod. xxv), and subsequently placed m the Tem- ple of Solomon (I Kings viii); the vessel in which Noah and his family were preserved during the Deluge, hence a place of safety or refuge; a large boat used for transporting pro- duce on American rivers. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; htie, hut ; think, <^en. ARM 44 ARSENAL arm (ajm), n. the limb ©f the human body which extefiids from the shoul- der to the hand ; the anterior or f ore- kmb of any vertebrate animal; any projecting or diverging organ or part of a main body or trunk, as the tentacle of a star-fish, the branch of atree, an inlet of the sea, &c.; might; power; support. ,^ arm (arm), n. a weapon: a branch of the miHte,ry service: v.t, to furnish or equip with weapons of offense or defense; fortify or provide agakist; furnish with an armament : v,i, k) fit one's self with arms, or take to one's seM means of defense. Armageddon (ar-mag'ed-d6n), n. a famous battlefield mentioned in Rev. xvii. 16; used figuratively by Theo- dore Roosevelt in politics. armament (ar'ma-ment) , n. a body of forces equipped for war, either mili- tary or naval; the cannon and small arms collectively of a warship or fortification; the number and weight of guns of a war-vessel. armistice (ar'mis-tis) , n. a temporary cessation of hostilities agreed upon by opposing forces; a truce. armor (ar'mer), n. defensive arms; protective covering for the body in battle; the steel plating of a warship. armory (ar'mer-i), n. [pL -ries, (-riz)], a place for arms or the assemblage of soldiers; a manufactory of arms, army (ar'mi), n. [pL armies (ar'miz)]; a body of men trained and equipped for war, and organized in regiments, brigades, or similar divisions under proper officers; a great number or multitude; an organized body of per- sons engaged in moral warfare. arnica (ar'ni-ka), n. a genus of peren- nial herbs; tne mountain tobacco: from the roots or flowers of a species of this herb a valuable external rem- edy for bruises is made. aroma (a-ro'ma), n. [pi. aromas (a-ro'- maz)], the odor exhaled by plants or other substances, generally of an agreeable or spicy nature; perfume; fragrance. arose (a-roz'), P-t. of arise. around (a-round'), adv. in a circle; on every side; roundabout: prep, about; on all sides; encircling; encompass- ing. arouse (a-rouz'), ff-t. to excite or eth* to action; pnt in motion that whick is at rest; awaken from sleep or & stabe of inactivity; stimulate; ani*- mate. arraign (a-ran'), v.t. to simimon or set, as a prisoner at the bar of a court to answer to a charge; censure publicly; impeach; indict. arrange (a-ranj'), v.t. to put in proper order or sequence; classify; adjust or settle; adapt; group. arrangement (a-ranj 'ment), n. the act of putting in proper form or order; that which is ordered or dis- posed; the method or style of dispo- sition; a preparatory measure; prep- aration; settlement; classification; adjustment ; adaptation. array (ar-ra'), n. order; the grouping or arrangement of a body of men as drawn up for battle; an orderly collection or series of things impos- ingly displayed ; dress arranged on the person; apparel: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to place or dispose in order; marshal; deck or dress. arrear (ar-rer'), n. the state of being behind-hand; that which is imdone, outstanding, or unpaid. arrest (ar-rest')t v.t. to stop or stay; check or hinder the action or motion of; seize, take, or apprehend by legal authority ; seize and fix, as the eye or attention: n. the act of seizing; stop- page or holding back by force or restraint; the state of being seized or detained by legal authority. arrive (ar-riv'), v.i. to come to or reach, as a destination; reach a point or stage; gain or compass an object; attain to a state or result [with at]. arrogance (ar'ro-gans), n. an un- due degree of self-importance; an exorbitant claim to dignity, rank, or esteem; a lordly contempt of others. arrogate (ar'ro-gat), v.t. to assume or lay claim to imduly, or with pre- sumptuous pride. arrow (ar'ro), n. a slender, pointed missile weapon, usually feathered and barbed, and made to be shot from a bow. arsenal (ar'se-nal), n. a magazine for the storage of arms and mihtary ftte, arm, at, awl ; me, mgrge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ARSENIC 45 ASBESTOS stores for land or naval service, or their manufacture. arsenic (ar'se-nik), n. an element of steel-gray color and brilliant luster, aad exceedingly brittle, occurring usually in combination. arsis (ar'sis), n. that part of a foot upon wkich the metrical accent is now- placed. Formerly it was defined in ex- actly the opposite w^ay. (See thesis.) arson* (ar'sn) , n. the malicious firing of any building, agricultural produce, ship, &c., belonging to another, or one's own property, with the intent to defraud an insurance office. art (art), 2nd pers. sing, indie, mood, pres. tense, of the verb to be. [Art is used only in solemn or poetic style.] (See be.) art (art), n. the employment of means to the accomplishment of some end; the skilful adaptation and applica- tion to some purpose or use of knowledge or power acquired from Nature; a system of rules and estab- lished methods to facilitate the per- formance of certain actions; famil- iarity with such principles, and skill in applying them to an end or purpose, as of a practical, useful, or technical character: opposed to sci- ence; one 9f the fine arts; the fine arts collectively; the power or qual- ity of perceiving and transcribing the beautiful or sesthetical in Nature, as in painting or sculpture; practical skill; dexterity; knack; cunning; artifice: pi. the branches of learning included in the prescribed course of academic study. artery (ar'ter-i), n. [pi. arteries (ar'- ter-iz)], one of a system of tubes or vessels which convey the blood from the heart to all parts of the bodj^. artful (art 'fool), adj. cunning; skilful. artichoke (ar'ti-chok), n. a plant with thistle-like foUage, and bearing large terminal flower-heads, the lower por- tion of which, consisting of a fleshy receptacle covered with thick scales, is used as food; the tuberous root of an American sunflower {Helianthus iuberosis), used as a substitute for potatoes. article (ar'ti-kl), n. a distinct portion or member; a single clause, item, or particular, as in a formal agreement or treaty; a concise statement; a prose composition, complete, m itself, in a newspaper, magazine, or work erf reference ; a material thing, as one of a class; an item; a point of duty, faith, or doctrine; one of the words {an [a before consonant-sounds], the indefinite article, and the, the definite article [see a, an, & the]) used before nouns or substantives to define or limit their application; a jointed segment connecting two parts of a Hmb or body: v.t. to bind by articles of covenant or stipulation; specify. articulate (ar-tik'u-lat) , v.t. to joint; unite by means of a joint ; to form words; utter in distinct syllables; speak as a human being: v.i. to unite or form an articulation (with) ; utter articulate sounds; speak with dis- tinctness: adj. jointed; formed with joints; segmented; characterized by syllabic division; uttered with dis- tinctness. artifice (ar'ti-fis), n. an artful or crafty device; an ingenious expedient; a trick or stratagem; a manoeuvre. artificial (ar-ti-fish'al) , adj. made or contrived by art; produced by hu- man skill or labor; feigned; unreal; assumed; affected; not genuine or natural. artillery (ar-tiller-i), n. cannon; great guns; ordnance of all kinds, with its equipment of carriages, men, and material; the officers attd men form- ing the artillery division of an army; the science which treats of the use or management of ordnance. artisan (ar'ti-zan), n. one skilled in any art or trade; a mechanic; a handicraftsman . artist (ar'tist), one skilled in any branch of high art, as music, paint- ing, sculpture, poetry, &c. artless (art'les), adj. lacking art; un- skilful; devoid of cunning; simple; natural; undesigning; unaffected; ingenuous. as (az), conjund.adv. proportionate to; comparable to; like. as (as), n. [pi. asses (as'sez)], a Roman weight equivalent to the hbra or pound. asbestos (as-bes'tos) or asbestus ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, rait ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ASCEND 46 ASPIRATE Ctus), n. a fibrous variety of horn- blende, separable into flexible fila- ments and flax-like appearance and silky luster, and possessing the prop- erty of being incombustible. ascend (as-send'), v.i. to take an up- ward direction; mount; go up; rise; to proceed from an inferior to a su- perior; rise from a lower to a higher pitch or tone: v.t. to go or move up- ward upon; climb; go upward along. ascension (as-sen'shun) , n. the act of moving upward; a rising; the ascent of our Lord to heaven; the rising of a star or point above the celestial horizon. ascent (as-sent'), n. the act of rising; an upward movement; the act of climbing; the way or means of reach- ing a height; an acclivity; an upward slope. ascertain (as-ser-tan') , v,t. to make certain; find out or determine defi- nitely by test or examination. ascetic (as-set 'ik),^ adj. exceedingly rigid in the exercise of religious du- ties and mortification of worldly desires: n. one who renounces the world and devotes himself to reli- gious exercises; one who subjects himself to severe disciplinary meth- ods of living; a hermit; a recluse. ascribe (a-skrib'), v.t. to attribute, impute, or refer; assign; attribute. aseptic (a-sep'tik), adj. free from the germs of disease or putrefaction ; not liable to putrefy : an aseptic substance. ash (ash), n. the name popularly ap- plied to trees of the genus Fraxinus, many of which supply valuable tim- ber; the wood of the ash-tree: adi. pertaining to, or like, the ash; madfe of ash. ash (ash), n. [pi. ashes (ash'ez)], the residue of plant or animal substance remaining after subjection to red- heat: pi. the waste of burned coal; the remains of a human body when cremated; hence a corpse. ashamed (a-shamd'), p.adj. affected or touched by shame; cast down or dejected by conscious guilt; abashed by a sense of indecorum; reluctant through fear of shame [followed by an infinitive]. ashore (a-shor'), adv. on shore; to the shore: on land. aside (a-sid'), adv. on or to one side; out of a given direction; apart; away from: n. a speech or utterance not intended for the present company; a remark made by an actor on the stage, and assumed to be heard only by the person for whom it is in- tended. ask (ask) , v.t. to request ; seek to obtain by words; petition or beg for; claim or demand ; expect or require ; inquire respecting; interrogate; invite: v.i. to prefer by request; inquire after. askance (a-skans') or askant (a- skant'), adv. sideways; obliquely; awry; from the corner of the eye; aslant. asleep (a-slep'), adj. & adv. sleeping; in a state of slumber; dormant. asp (asp), n. Sb small venomous snake of Egypt; the common viper, or adder, of Europe; a royal symbol of ancient Egypt. asparagus (as-par'a-gus) , n. a plant having tender edible shoots. aspect (as'peckt), n. visual or mental appearance; look; mien; air; outlook or prospect; the relative position of the planets as viewed from the earth ; appearance. aspen (as'pen), n. a species of poplar whose leaves have the property of trembling in the slightest breeze ; adj, pertaining to the asp-tree; quivering like an aspen-leaf. asperity (as-per'i-ti) , n. [pi. asperities (as-per'i-tiz)], roughness of surface; roughness or harshness of sound; sourness; bitterness of taste or tem- per. asperse (as-pers'), v.t. to besprinkle; injure in reputation by calumny; slander. asphalt (as'falt), n. a compact, brittle variety of native bitumen, employed for the purpose of paving, roofing, and cementing: v.t, to lay or cover with asphalt. asphyxia (as-fik'si-a),n. the condition of lifelessness occasioned by suspen sion or interruption of respira- tion. aspirate (as'pi-rat), v.t. to pronounce with a full breathing; to prefix the sound of the letter h:n. the sound of the letter h, as in horse; the mark or sign used to denote the sound: ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, tliQU. ASPIRE 47 ASSIZE adj. pronounced with the audible concede; agree to; consent: n. the breath. act of agreeing to; consent; acquies- aspire (as-pir'), vd. to seek after or cence; approval; concurrence. desire with longing; yearn for that.uwssert(as-sert'), 2^.^- to maintain; declare which is better or nobler; rise or positively, or with assurance; aver; ascend; to soar: v.t. to breathe to, affirm; defend or vindicate ; declare, or into; breathe forth; soar to. assertion (as-ser'shun) , n. the act of asserting; that which is asserted; positive declaration; allegation; maintenance or defense. (as-ses'), v.t. to fix or determine, as damages ; fix, rate, or set a certain charge upon, as a tax; estimate or value officially for the purpose of taxation. assets (as'sets), rcpl. the property, whether real or personal, of a de- ceased person which is subject by law to the discharge of his debts and legacies ; the property or effects of an insolvent debtor which are available for the satisfaction of his creditors; the entire property of a trader or company of traders. asseveration (as-sev-er-a'shun) , n. a solemn affirmation or declaration, as upon oath. assiduous (as-sid'u-us) , adj. constant in application; devotedly attentive. assign (as-sin'), v.t. to appoint, mark out, apportion, make over; fix; desig- nate for a specific purpose ; point out exactly; to transfer or make over to another, as for the benefit of credi- tors : n. an appurtenance ; one to whom property or interest is assigned by will or deed. assignment (as-sin'ment) , n. a setting apart, allotment, or appointment to some particular person or use ; trans- fer of title or interest; the deed of writing effecting such a transfer. assimilate (as-sim'i-lat), v.t. to bring into conformity or agreement with something else; convert or incor- porate into organic substance; ab- sorb or appropriate, as nourishment: v.i. to be converted into or become incorpprated with the substance of the animal body. assist (as-sist'), v.t. to help; aid; give support to; attend: v.i. to lend help or aid. assize (as-siz'), n. [pi. assizes (as-siz'ez)], a court or session of justice for the trial by jury of civil or crirninal cases; the sessions held periodically in each ass (as), n. a quadruped of the genus Equis, allied to the horse, usually employed in its domesticated state as a beast of burden; a dull, stupid fellow. assail (as-sal'), v.t. to fall upon or attack with vehemence; attack with argument or abuse. assassin (as-sas'sin) , n. one who slays treacherously or by covert assault; one who kills, or attempts to kill, secretly as the agent of another or others, or for reward; formerly one of a band of Syrian fanatics (hash- hashin), who committed murder at the command of their chief, in the hope of winning heaven. assault (as-sawltO, n. an attack with violence by physical means; an on- slaught; an attack by military force; a violent attack by moral force; an attempt or ^ threat to do bodily violence or injury to another; the charge of an attacking party on a fortified position: v.t. to attack vie- lently; storm, as by armed force; attack by moral force ; attack a forti- fied position by a sudden charge. assay (as-sa'), n. the act or process of determining by analysis the quan- tity or proportion of any one or more metals in a metallic compound, ore, or alloy, especially the standard purity of gold or silver coin or bul- lion; the substance or metal to be assayed: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to subject to analysis; to de- termine the quantity or proportion of one or more of the constituents of a metal. assemble (as-sem'bl), v.t. to collect or gather together in one place or body; congregate: v.i. to meet or come together; convene. assembly (as-sem'bli) , n. [pi. assem- bhes (as-sem'bliz)], a collection or company of persons brought together in one place, and for a common ob- ject; a meeting; a congregation. assent (as-sentO, v.i. to admit as true; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; htie, hut ; think, then. ASSOCIATE 48 ASTRINGENT county of England by judges of the High Court [usually in the pL]\ the time or place of holding the assize [usually in the pl.]._ dissociate (as-so'shi-at), v.t. to unite; join with; connect; accompany, as a companion, friend, or confederate: v.i, to unite in company ; keep com- pany; unite in action: adj. joined in interest, object, or purpose; sharing office or employment, as a colleague or partner; connected by habit, function, or sympathy: n. a com- panion; a confederate; an ally; one belonging to a society or institution, usually of a lower grade than a Mem- ber or Fellow. assonance (as'so-nans),^ n. resem- blance of sound; a species of rhyme which consists in the use of the same vowel-sound in the last syllable of words having different consonants. Assonance is common in Spanish poetry in place of rhyme. assort (as-sortO, v.t. to divide or separate into lots according to ar- rangement; to classify; arrange: v.i. to agree; suit; be in accordance with. assortment (as-sort'ment) , n. the act of assorting or placing out; a classi- fied collection of articles or goods of a varied character. assuage (as-swaj'). v.t. to soften; mitigate, allay, lessen, satisfy, or appease. 'assume (as-sum'), v.t. to take to; take in or into; take upon one's self; arrogate or appropriate; take for granted; take in appearance; pretend to possess: v.i. to be arro- gant; presume; claim more than is one's due; give a legal undertaking; pretend; usurp. assumption (as-sump'shun), n. the act of assuming or taking to or upon one's self; taking for granted; the thing supposed; a postulate; the taking up of a person to heaven; a verbal or unsealed contract. assure (a-shur'), v.t. to make sure or certain; to inspire confidence by declaration or promise; secure to another; insure, or covenant for in- demnity in event of loss or death. astay (a-sta'), adv. said of an anchor when, on heaving it, the cable makes an acute angle with the level of the water. asterisk (as'ter-isk) , n. the mark (*) used in printing as a reference to a marginal passage or footnote ap- pended to the text, or to indicate letters or words omitted (***): v.t. to mark with an asterisk. astern (a-stern'), adj. & adv. at or toward the hinder part of a ship; behind a ship. asthma (ast'ma & as'ma), n. a respir- atory disease, chronically recurrent and attended by difficulty of breath- ing, with a wheezing cough and a sense of great constriction in the chest. astigmatism (as-tig'ma-tizm) , n. a de- fect in the structure of the eye causing variation of the focus of the crystal- line lens. astir (a-ster'), adv. or adj. on the move; active; stirring. astonish (as-ton'ish), v.t, to strike with sudden wonder; surprise; amaze. astonishment (as-ton'ish-ment) , n. the state of being astonished ; amaze- ment. astound (as-tound'), v.t. to strike with amazement; shock; alarm; stun. astraddle (a-strad'l), adv. with one leg on each side of something; astride. astragalus (as-trag'al-us), n. [pi. astragali (as-trag'a-li)], the ball of the ankle-joint; the lower bone into which the tibia articulates. astrakhan (as'tra-kan), n. the skins of young lambs with curly wool, ob- tained from Astrakhan, a district in Russia; an imitation with a pile resembling this wool or fur. astral (as'tral), adj. pertaining to the stars ; starry ; star-shaped ; pertaining to a super-sensible substance pre- sumed by occulists to pervade the regions of space and to enter into the composition of all bodies. astray (a-stra'), adv. out of the right way; wandering. astride (a-strid'). adv. with the legs wide apart; astraddle. astringent (as-trin'jent) , adj. binding; contracting, opposed to laxative: n. a substance or medicine that pro- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ASTROLABE 49 ATROPHY duces contraction of the tissues and checks discharges. astrolabe (as'tro-lab) , n. an instru- ment formerly employed for taking the altitude of the sun or stars; a stereographic projection of the sphere on the plane of the equator or a meridian. astrology (as-troro-ji) , n. predestina- tion by the stars; the art anciently pursued of foretelling or forecasting the future of mankind, by reference to the influence supposed to be exerted by the stars in their various aspects and relative positions upon the course of human destiny. [Greek.] astronomy (as-tron'5-mi) , n. the study of the heavenly bodies; the science which treats of their mag- nitude, motions, relative positions, and all connective phenomena. astute (as-tut'), cdj. shrewd; keenly penetrating ; sagacious ; cunning ; crafty. asunder (a-sun'der), adv. apart; sepa- rately; into parts. asylum (a-si'lum), n. [pi. asylums (a-si'lumz)], a sanctuary or place of refuge wherein formerly criminals and debtors might find immunity from arrest; an institution for the care or reUef of the aged, destitute, or afflicted. asymmetry (a^sim'e-tri) , n. lack of symmetry- or proportion between the parts of a thing. asyndeton (a-sin'de-ton) , n. a figure of speech which omits connectives, as *'I came, I saw, I conquered. '^ The same as parataxis. atavism (at'a-vizm), n. the reversion, or tendency to revert, to the ances- tral type of a species; resemblance to a remote ancestor, exhibited by a certain organism; the recurrence of any peculiarity or disease from which an ancestor in remote genera- tions has suffered. ataxia (a-tak'si-a) , n. irregularities in the functions of the body or in the course of a disease. ate (at), p.t. of eat. atheism (a'the-izm) , n. disbelief in the existence of a God. athirst (a-thersf), adj, thirsty; in want of drink. athlete (ath'let), n. a competitor for a prize in public games; one trained to contend in feats of physical prowess; one possessed of great phj'sical strength. [Greek.] athletics (ath-let'iks), n. any system of athletic training by gymnastic exercises or outdoor sports; athletic exercises collectively. athwart (a-thwawrt') , prep, across; from side to side: adv. crosswise; obliquely; across the course or direc- tion of a ship. atilt (a-tilt'), cidv. & adj. in the posi- tion or with the action of a person making a thrust; tilted. atlas (at'las), n. [pi. atlases (at'las-ez)], a collection of maps in a volume; a work in tabulated form; a large size of drawing-paper. atmosphere (at'mos-f er) , n. the aeri- form fluid surrounding the earth, composed of a mechanical mixture of 79 parts by volume of nitrogen with 21 parts of oxygen, and a trace of carbonic acid and argon, with a varying proportion of aque- ous vapor, ammonia, ozone, and organic matter ; the gaseous envelope surrounding any of the heavenly bodies; the influence, mental and moral, exerted on a person by his environment. [Greek.] atoll (a-tol'), n. a coral island having the form of an outer ring of coral surrounding a basin or lagoon. atom (at'um), n. an ultimate indivis- ible particle of matter. [Greek.] atone (a-ton'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. atoned, p.pr. atoning], to make reparation or amends, as for injury done or implied; expiate; make satisfaction for; reconcile. atonement (a-ton'ment) , n. repara- tion or satisfaction ofiFered or made in return for injury; expiation of wrong or sin by suffering; the recompense for sin typified by the sufferings and death of Christ; reconciliation. atrocity (a-tros'i-ti) , n. [pL atrocities (a-tros'i-tiz)], enormous wickedness: abominable cruelty. atrophy (at'ro-fi), n. a wasting, or diminution in bulk, of the body, or any part of the body arising from lack of nourishment; the degenera- tion of an organ oi part: v.i. [p.t. & ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book hue, hut; think, f7?^n. ATTACH 50 AUDIENCE p.p. atrophied, p.pr. atrophying], to waste away; to dwindle. attach (at-tach'), v,t. to fasten, or fix, to or on; bind; connect with or appoint to; connect by ties of affec- tion; to take, or seize, by legal authority: v.i, to adhere. attack (at-tak'), v,t. to assault; fall upon with force; assail with intent to overcome or to damage, discredit, or bring into ridicule; begin to affect or act upon, as disease: v.i, to make an onset or attack: n. the* act of attacking in any sense of the word. attain (at-tan'), v.t. to achieve; gain; compass; accomplish: v.i. to reach; come, or arrive at. attainder (at-tan'der) , n. the act of attainting, or the state of being attainted; an act, formerly in opera- tion, for the deprivation of all civil rights and of power to inherit or transmit property: applied to persons under sentence of death or outlawry for treason or felony. attempt (at-tempt'), v.t. to make an effort to accomplish; try; endeavor or essay to perform; try to win or seduce; attack, or invade: n. a trial, essay, or endeavor; an effort to gain a point; an attack or assault. attend (at-tend'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to wait upon; accompany or be present with; serve or look after in any capacity; be present at; ac- company or follow: v.i. to pay heed or regard to; Usten; be in attendance lipon. attendance (at-ten'dans) , n. the act of attending; waiting on; presence; the persons attending; retinue. attention (at-ten'shun) , n. the act of applying the mind to anything; consideration or regard for any perspn or thing; a mark or act of civility or courtesy; care for the comfort of others; an officer's com- mand to assume the attitude of attention. attentive (at-ten'tiv), adj. heedful; full of attention; intent; mindful; regardful of the wishes of others. attenuate (at-ten'u-at) , v.t. to make thin or slender; weaken or reduce; thin out by dilution; rarefy: v.i. to become thin, slender, or fine; lessen: adj. made thin; dilute; rarefied; tapering; slender. attest (at-tesf), v.t, to bear witness to; certify as being genuine or true, especially in an oflBcial sense; give proof of ; manifest. atjbic (at'tik), n. an uppermost room in a house immediately beneath the roof; a garret. attire (at-tir'), v.t. to dress; clothe; array; adorn: n. dress; clothes; habit; garb; the horns of a stag, employed as a heraldic bearing. attitude (at'ti-tud), n. bodily position or posture ; the bearing assumed by a person or body of persons indicative of feeling, opinion, &c. attorney (at-ter'ni), n. [pi. attorneys (at-ter'nez)], one legally qualified to act for another in the transaction of private business, or in the manage- ment, prosecution, or defense of actions at law. attract (at-trakf). v.t. to draw to or towards ; cause to approach ; draw by moral influence; allure; entice. attractive (at-trak'tiv), adj. having the power or tendency to attract; alluring; inviting: n. that which attracts, allures, or charms. attribute (at-trib'ut) , v.t. to ascribe, impute, assign: n. (at'tri-but) , that which is attributed, as quahty; trait; property; a characteristic; an at- tributive adjunct or adjective; that which may be predicated of any subject. attrition (at-trish'un) , n. the act of wearing by rubbing; abrasion; grief for sin from fear of punishment. attune (at-tun'), v.t. to put in tune; bring into accordance or harmony. auburn (aw'burn) , adj. reddish-brown. auction (awk'shun), n. a public sale of property or effects conducted on the principle of the highest bidder becoming the purchaser of any par- ticular lot put up for sale; the prop- erty or effects offered for sale by auction: v.t. to sell by auction. audacity (aw-das'i-ti), n. [pi. audaci- ties (aw-das'i-tiz)], boldness; daring; spirit; presumptuousness ; impu- dence; effrontery. audible (aw'di-bl), adj. capable of being heard. [Latin.] audience (aw'di-ens), n. the act of ftte, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, th^n. AUDIT 51 AUTOGRAPH hearing; admittance to a hearing or formal interview with one of high position; an assembly of hearers. audit (aw'dit), n. official examination and verification of claims or accounts with vouchers and the attendance of witnesses to effect a settlement; a receipt of rent at stated times: v.t, to examine and adjust, as accounts or claims: v.i. act as auditor. auditorium (aw-di-to'ri-um), n. [pL auditoria (aw-d_i-to'ri-a) & audi- toriums (aw-di-to'ri-umz)], the space in a theater or other public building assigned to the audience. auditory (aw'di-to-ri), adj. pertaining to hearing, or to the sense or organs of hearing: n. an audience; a place or space allotted to hearers ; an audi- torium. auger (aw'ger), n. a tool for boring holes. aught (awt), n. anything; any part: adv. in any way; at all. augment (awg-ment'). v.t. to increase; to enlarge in size or extent; to add an augment to: v.i. to grow larger; increase in size and strength: 7i. increase; enlargement; a vowel pre- fixed, or a lengthening of the initial vowel. august (aw-gusf) , adj. grand ; invested with grandeur and dignity; majestic; of a nature to inspire reverence. August (aw'gust), n. the eighth month of the year; named after the Roman emperor, Augustus, be- cause it had been a lucky month for him. aunt (iint) , n. the sister of one's father or mother. auricle (aw'ri-kl), n. the external ear; that part of the ear which projects from the head; one of two chambers of the heart which receive the blood from the veins and transmit it to the ventricle or ventricles. [Latin.] aurora _ (aw-ro'ra), n. [pi. auroras (aw-ro'raz) & aurorse ('re)], the rising fight of the morning; the dawn of dayspring. [Latin.] auscultation (aws-kul-ta'shun) , n. tapping with short, sharp blows; a method of detecting chest disease by observing the sounds arising in the part, either by applying the ear directly to the chest or thorax. The stethoscope is also used for the same purpose. auspicious (aws-pish'us) , adj. having promise of success or happiness; propitious; prosperous; fortunate. austere (aws-ter'), adj. sour; harsh; rough to the taste; severe; rigid in character or mode of fiving ; severely simple. authentic (aw-then'tik) , adj. genuine: original ; duly authorized ; true ; trust- worthy; vested with all due formafi- ties, and legally attested. authenticity (aw-then-tis'i-ti) , n. the quafity of being authentic; author- ity. author (aw'ther), n. the beginner or prime mover of anything ; an efficient cause; an originator; a creator; one who composes or writes a book; a composer. authority (aw-thor'i-ti), n. [pL au- thorities (aw-thor'i-tiz)], power or right to act or command; dominion; jurisdiction; power derived from opinion, respect, or reputation ; influ- ence; justification or support for statement or action; a person in- vested with power to act or com- mand. In pi. the government; the constituted authorities. authorize (aw'ther-iz) , v.t. to vest with authority ; give a right to act or command; empower; legalize; estab- lish or confirm by authority. auto (aw'to), n, an abbreviation in common use for automobile. auto, prefix meaning self; of one's self; of itself. autohiography (aw-to-bi-og'ra-fi) , n. [pi. autobiographies (aw-to-bi-og'- ra-fiz)], a biography, account, or character-sketch of a person written by himself. autocar ^ (aw'to-kar), n. a carriage containing within itself the mach- inery necessary for its own pro- pulsion. autocracy (aw-tok'ra-si) , n. [pi. autoc- racies (aw-tok'ra-siz)], absolute, un- controlled authority ; supremacy ; government by one invested with absolute and uncontrolled authority-. autograph (aw'to-graf ) . adj. self- written; in one's own handwriting: n. a person's own handwriting; an original manuscript or signature: ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; 4 hue, hut; think, then. AUTOMATIC 52 AVOID v.t. to reproduce by autography; to sign or write one's autograph. automatic (aw-to-mat'ik), adj. hav- ing the power of self-motion or self- action; of the nature of an autom- aton; independent of the will. automaton (aw-tom'a-ton), n. [pL automata (aw-tom'a-ta) & automa- tons (aw-tom'a-tonz)], that which possesses the power of spontaneous movement without consciousness; a self-acting machine. autom^obile (aw-to-mo'bil), adj\ self- moving. automobile (aw'to-mo-bel, aw-to-mo- bel', or aw-to-mo'bil), n. a seK-mov- ing vehicle; motor-carriage. autonomy (aw-ton'_o-nii) , n. [pi. au- tonomies (aw-ton'o-miz)], the power or right of self-government ; the state of pohtical independence. autopsy (aw'top-si), n. personal obser- vation ; ocular demonstration ; a post- mortem examination. autumn (aw'tum), n. the season be- tween summer and winter, beginning astronomically at the autumnal equi- nox, about September 22nd, and ending at the winter solstice, about December 23rd ; the period of decline or decay. auxiliary (awg-zil'i-a-ri) , adj. helping; aiding; assisting; subsidiary: n. [pi. auxiliaries (awg-zil'i-a-riz)], a helper; an assistant; a confederate or ally; aid of any kind; a verb which helps to form the moods and tenses of other verbs: pi. foreign troops in the service of a nation at war. avail (a-val'), v.i. to be of use, value, or service; give profit: v.t. to turn to profit or advantage: n. use; means towards an end; advantage to an object: pi. proceeds or profits. avalanche (av'a-lanch) , n. the sudden descent of a mass of compact snow or ice from the higher parts of a mountain; a fall of rocks or earth from the heights of a mountain; anything that overwhelms by sud- denness and irresistible force. avarice (av'a-ris), n. an inordinate or insatiable desire of gain; covetous- ness ; cupidity ,^ greediness. avast (a-vasf), inter j. stop! cease! hold! [Nautical term.] avatar (av-a-tar') or avatara (av-a- ta'ra), n. the descent of a deity to earth in an incarnate form; a mani- festation or embodiment; the trans- ference of one personality to another. [Hindu.] avaunt (a-vawnf & a-vant'), interj, begone! depart! an exclamation of contempt or abhorrence. ave (aVe & aVe) , interj. hail ! farewell! n. an Ave Maria; a salutation. [Latin.] avenge (a-venj'), v.t. to exact punish- ment or satisfaction for wrong or injury done to one's self or another: v.i. to execute vengeance; to receive satisfaction for injury by the punish- ment of the offender or offenders, by law or otherwise. avenue (av'e-nu) , n. a way or means of approach to a place, a passage-way, drive, or alley bordered by trees lead- ing to a house; a broad roadway or street planted with trees. [French.] aver (a-ver'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. averred, p.pr. averring], to affirm positively; declare to be true; verify. average (av'er-aj), n. any charge addi- tional to the cost of freightage: v.t, to find the mean, as of unequal sums or quantities; reduce to a mean; assign proportionately. averse (a- vers'), adj. unwilling; un- favorable; having a repugnance or disinclination to. aversion (a-ver'shun), n. opposition or repugnance of mind; antipathy; fixed dislike; hatred; the object or cause of dislike or repugnance. avert (a- vert'), v.t. to turn aside or away; turn or ward off; prevent. aviary (a'vi-a-ri), n. [pi. aviaries (a'yi- a-riz)], a house, large cage, or in- closure for the keeping and rearing of birds in confinement. [Latin.] aviation (a'vi-a-shun) , n. the art of aviator (a'vi-a-ter) , n. a liymg ma- chine; one who operates a flying machine; a bird-man. avidity (a-vid'i-ti), n. ^ greediness; eagerness; strong appetite. avocation (av-o-ka'shun) , n. a subor- dinate or occasional occupation, as contradistinguished from vocation. avoid (a-void'), v.t. to keep away from; to shun: v.i. to become vacant or void. &t€, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. AVOIRDUPOIS 53 AZURE avoirdupois (av-er-du-poiz'), n. a Frencn word used to describe a sys- tem of weights in which one pound contains 16 ounces: used generally for all commodities except precious metals, gems and drugs; weight. avow (a-vouO, v.t. to declare openly; acknowledge frankly; to admit and justify. await (a-wat'), i^-t. to wait for; look for or expect; be ready for. awake (a-wak'), v.t. [p.L & p.p. awoke, awaked, p.pr. awaking], to arouse from sleep, or from any state resem- bling sleep; put into action; infuse new life into: v.i. to cease to sleep; bestir one's self: adj. not sleeping; roused from sleep or inactivity; in a state of vigilance or action. award (a-wawrd'), v.t. to adjudge; assign by judicial sentence, or arbi- tration; bestow in consideration of merit; to determine or make an award: n. a judgment; a decision; a sentence; the decision of arbitrators on points submitted to them; the document containing such decision; that which is awarded or assigned. aware (a-war'), adj. on guard; watch- ful; apprised; cognizant; conscious; vigilant. away (a-wa'), cidv. absent; at a dis- tance; out of; off; in another direc- tion; continuously: interj. begone! depart! awe (aw), n. reverential fear; the feeling or emotion inspired by the contemplation of something sublime ; reverence: v.t. to inspire with feel- ings of reverential respect or fear; restrain by fear or respect. awful (aw'ful), adj. inspiring or im- pressing with profound fear or rev- erence; of an appalling nature; solemn . awhile (a-hwil'), adv. for a period of time. awkward (awk'werd), adj. wanting dexterity; unskilful; ungraceful or ungainly in shape, movement, or manners; clumsy. awl (awl), n. a pointed instrument for piercing. awn (awn), n. the beard or bristle-like appendage of the outer glume of wheat, barley, and numerous grasses. awning; (av/n'ing), n. sl covering of canvas or other cloth stretched upon a frame and used as a shelter from wind or sun. awoke (a-wok'), P-t. of awake. awrjr (a-riO, adj. or adv. turned or twisted toward one side; errone- ous. axe or ax (aks), n. a tool or instru- ment of steel, or iron with a steeled edge, attached to a handle, used for the hewing of timber and chopping of wood. axil (ak'sil), n. the angle formed by the upper side of an organ or branch with the stem or trunk to w^hich it is attached. axilla (ak-sil'a), n. [pi. axillae (ak-sil'e)], the armpit, or cavity in the junction of the arm and shoulder; the axil of a leaf. axiom (ak'si-um), n. an indisputable self-evident truth ; a proposition em- bodying a truth at once obvious and incontrovertible ; an established prin- ciple in an art or science. axis (ak'sis), n. [pi. axes (ak'sez)], the straight line, real or imaginary, passing through a body, upon or around which such body revolves, or is supposed to revolve; a straight line drawn through the center of a bilateral symmetrical figure, " as the spinal column; the central Hne of any symmetrical body; the stem or central column of a plant, round which the organs or parts are dis- posed: the central region of a moun- tain chain. axle (ak'sl), n. the spindle, or portion of the axle-tree, which is inserted in the hub of the wheel, and on which the wheel revolves. ay or aye (a), adv. alw^ays; forever; continually. aye or ay (a or i), adv. or interj. yes; yea; even so; indeed: n. [pi. ayes (Iz)], the affirmative votes in a parli- amentary division; the members so voting. azure (azh'ur & a'zhur), adj. like the blue of the sky; cerulean: n. the clear blue of the sky; any pigment of this color; the blue tint expressed in heraldry by horizontal shading. [Arabic-French . ] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hfie, hut ; think, tlien. B B, the second character in the alphabet of all European peoples except the Russian (Cyrillic) , and those derived from it. Originally it is supposed to have been a pictograph representing a crane, and this was certainly true m the Egyptian hieroglyphics. baa (ba), v.i. to cry, as a sheep; bleat: n. the cry or bleating of a sheep. bab (bab), n, a fishing bob: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. babbed, p.pr. babbing], to fish with a bob. babble (bab'bl), v.i. to utter indistinct or imperfect sounds; prattle; talk childishly; murmur continuously: v.t. to utter; prate; repeat unintelli- gently; tell secrets: n. unmeaning or foolish talk; a confused murmur. babe (bab), n. [pi. babes (babz)], an infant or young child of either sex. babel (ba'bl), n. a confused mingling of sounds; a scene of confusion. baboon (ba-boon'), n. the popular name of a large division of monkeys, which inhabit Africa and Arabia, and are characterized by a long dog- like snout, large canine teeth, great head, rudimentary tail, large callosi- ties on the hips, and capacious cheek pouches; an epithet of contempt. baby (ba'bi), n. [pi. babies (ba'biz)], an infant of either sex; a small child: adj. pertaining to an infant or young child: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. babied, p.pr. babying], to treat or fondle like a baby or young child; to keep dependent. baccalaureate (bak-a-law're-at) , n. the degree of Bachelor of Arts, Science, &c.: adj. pertaining to the degree of Bachelor. baccarat (bak-a-ra'), n. sl French card game played between a banker and an unlimited number of bettors with one or more packs of cards. bacchanal (bak'a-nal) or bacchana- lian (bak-a-na'h-an), adj. indulging in or characterized by drunken revelry; drunken: n. a votary of Bacchus; a drunken reveler; a drunken feast. bachelor (bach'el-er), n. one who has taken the lowest university degree in any faculty; an unmarried man. bacillus (ba-sil'us), n. [pi. bacilli (ba-sil'i)], a genus of microscopic veg- etable organisms commonly known as bacteria, having slender rod-Hke jointed bodies or filaments, and pos- sessing the power of constant move- ment, present in many ferments, in all stages of putrefaction, and asso- ciated with the earhest stages of malignant or zymotic disease. back (bak), n. the hinder part of the body in man, or in other animals the upper portion ; the whole region of the spine, extending from the base of the neck to the buttocks; the dorsal region of a fish; that which is opposed to the front; the rear or hinder part of anything; the part of a tool or weapon opposed to the edge: adj. lying or being behind or in the rear, as to time, situation, or direction; in a backward direction: adv. into or toward the rear; to or toward a forrner or original place, state, or time; in a state of hindrance or restraint; in withdrawal or re- tirement; away; in return; again: v.t. to furnish with a back or back- ing ; second or support ; bet or wager ; sign or indorse; put backward or cause to recede: v.i. to move or go backward. backbite (bak'bit), v.t. [p.t. backbit, p.p. backbit & backbitten, p.pr. backbiting], to slander or speak evil of in absence: v.i. to censure absent persons. backbone (bak'bon), n. the bone of the back; the vertebral column of animals; that which serves as a ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BACKER 55 BAKE backbone; hence, firmness or deci- sion of character. backer (bak'er), n. one who sustains or abets another; especially one who bets in favor of a person or animal in a contest. backslide (bak-slidO, v.i, [p.t. back- slid, backslided, p. v. backsHd, back- slidden, backslided, p.pr. backslid- ing], to slide back; fall off or away from; apostatize. backward (bak'werd), adj. directed to the back or rear; unwilling; re- luctant; hesitating; slow: adv. with the back foremost, toward the back; in a contrary or reverse manner. bacon (ba'kn), n. hog's flesh salted or pickled and dried, usually in smoke. bad (bad), adj. [compar. worse, superl, worst], the opposite of good; evil; ill; wicked; depraved; vicious; perni- cious; corrupting; hurtful; offensive; noxious, physicallj^ or morally; de- fective; worthless; unhappy; unfor- tunate. badge (baj), n. a mark, sign, or token, or cognizance to denote the occupa- tion, allegiance, association, or achievements of the person by whom it is displayed ; the mark or token of anything. badger (baj'er), n. a plantigrade car- nivorous mammal, of nocturnal habits; an artist's brush of bad- ger's hair; a loose woman who de- coys men into her rooms for the pur- pose of robbing them: v.t. to worry or annoy, as a badger when baited; pester; persistently assail. badinage (bad'i-naj & ba-de-nazh'), n. Hght or playful raillery or banter. baffle (baf'l), v.t. to elude or circum- vent by artifice or the interposition of obstacles; foil or check; defeat; frustrate; thwart. bag (bag), n. a sack; a pouch; a wallet; a receptacle for holding anything; that which is contained in a bag, or the result of a day's sport; a sack or receptacle in animal bodies, contain- ing a fluid or other substance; a definite quantity of certain com- modities: v.t. to enclose in a bag; secure or capture, as game; steal: v.i. to bulge; hang down like a full bag. bagatelle (bag-a-tel') , ^. a trifle; a game played on a nine-holed board, baized and cushioned, with a cue and nine balls. ^French.] baggage (bag'aj), n. the tents, cloth- ing, utensils, &c., of an army or ex- peditionary force on the march; the trunks, bags, and other impedimenta or baggage of a traveler: n. an im- moral woman ; a coquettish or frolic- some girl. bagpipe (bag'pip), n. a shrill-toned musical instrument, consisting of a leathern wind-bag from which air is forced by the performer's elbow into pipes, one (the chanter) gi\dng the melody. [Commonly used in pL] bah (ba), inter j. an exclamation ex- pressing incredulous contempt or disgust. bail (bal), v.t. to set free or liberate from arrest on security for reappear- ance; to deliver, as goods, in trust, on contract expressed or implied that the person entrusted shall return or account for the same: n. the person or persons who provide security for the release of a prisoner; the security tendered, or accepted. bail (bal), v.t. to free from water by dipping; to ladle out with a bucket or other utensil, as in a boat: n. a bent or arched handle of a pail or kettle; a half -hoop supporting the cover or tilt of a wagon; one of the two small sticks, 4 in. long, which are laid across the tops of cricket stumps. bailiff (ba'lif), n. a sheriff's officer who serves processes, &c.; any subordi- nate civil officer; an overseer or under-steward on an estate. bairn (barn), n. a child. [Scottish.] bait (bat), v.t. to harass or provoke, as by the setting on of dogs ; worry ; torment, for sport; annoy persist- ently; prepare a hook, trap, or snare by covering it with food or other substance; give food and drink to upon a journey: n. any substance used to entice or allure fish or other animals with a view to capture; an allurement; temptation; refresh- ment taken on a journey. bake (bak), v.t. to cook or prepare food by subjection to dry heat in a closed place, as an oven; to dry and harden by heat: v.i. to do the work of baking; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BALANCE 56 BALSAM become hard by heat : n. the result of baking, as a clam bake. balance (bal'ans), n. an instrument for determining the weight of bodies ; a pair of scales ; a steel-j^ard ; a spring balance; the act of weighing men- tally; equilibrium; equipoise; equal- ity ; an equality between the two sides of an account; the excess shown on either side; the sum or weight neces- sary to make two unequal sums or weights equal: t^i. to weigh; compare; bring to a state of equipoise ; keep in equilibrium; poise; equal or make equal; counterbalance; adjust or set- tle; to examine and compare ac- counts: v.i. to have equal weight; be in equipoise. balcony (barko-ni), n. [pi. balconies (bai'lco-niz)], a platform or gallery projecting from the wall of a build- ing, enclosed by a balustrade or parapet. [Italian.] bald (bawld), adj. without the natural or usual covering to the head or summit; unadorned; bare; literal; undisguised; having a white spot or patch on the head; bald-faced. balderdash (bawl'der-dash) , n. a non- sensical jumble of words ; silly talk or writing; a worthless mixture. baldric or baldrick (bawrdrik), n, a broad belt, often richly orna- mented, worn round the waist, or over one shoulder and across the breast. bale (bal) , n. a large bundle or package of goods: v.t. to make up into a bale or bales ; to lade out as water. bale (bal), n. woe; calamity; mis- chief. baleful (bal'fool), adj. replete with dea-dly or malign influence; full of woe; direful; predicative of disaster. balk or baulk (bawk), n. a strip or ridge of land left unplowed; a thick heavy piece of timber; a barrier or check: v.t. to thwart, check, or dis- appoint: v.i. to stop short, or swerve; to signify the position of herring or pilchard shoals from a height, and in- dicate that position to the fishermen. ball (bawl), n. sl round body; any mass resembling a sphere ; a spherical body used for play ; a bullet ; any roundish part of the body ; a game played with a ball; the globe or earth: v.t. to make into a ball: v.i. to form or gather into a ball. ball (bawl), n. a dance; a social assem- bly of persons of both sexes for the purpose of dancing. ballad (bal'ad), n. a short narrative poem, adapted for reciting or sing- ing. Also ballade. ballast (bal'ast), n. weighty material carried by a ship to ensure stability ; sand carried in the car of a balloon to steady it; gravel or rubble filling the space between the sleepers of a railway ; that which imparts stability to the character: v.t. to place ballast in or on; impart steadiness to. ballet (bal'a), n. a theatrical represen- tation in which a story is told, and actions, characters, and passions represented by gestures, accom- panied by music and dancing; the company of persons who perform the ballet. [French.] balloon (bal-loon'), n. a large bag of prepared silk or other material, which, when inflated by hydrogen gas or heated air, ascends and floats in the atmosphere; the so-called air-ship of Count Zeppelin is a series of balloons fastened together to form one enormous balloon; a round vessel with a short neck used in distillation. ballot (bal'ot), n. a ball, ticket, or paper by which a vote is registered; the system of secret voting by the use of balls, tickets, or papers; elec- tion by secret vote; also the total number of votes cast or recorded: v.i. to vote or decide by secret vote. balm (bam), n. the oily aromatic exudation of certain trees or shrubs, used fpr healing or soothing; balsam; anything which heals ®r soothes. balmoral (bal-mor'al) , adj. & n. the name given to various strong articles of dress, as a petticoat, or laced boots. [From the Scottish palace of Balmoral.] balmy (bam'i) ,adj. having the qualities of balm; soft; fragrant; refreshing. balsam (bawl'sam), n. an oily, aro- matic, resinous substance obtained from certain trees or shrubs, and used medicinally or in perfumery; balm; the name applied to several trees, shrubs, or plants yielding balsam, as ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BALUSTRADE 57 BANKRUPT the balsam-tree; anything soothing or healing. [Greek.] balustrade (bal-us-trad') , n. a series of small columns or pilasters, sur- mounted by a top-rail or coping, serving as a parapet or protective railing, staircase, &c. [Italian.] bamboo (bam-boo'), n. the name of certain tropical grasses having thick- jointed stems of exceeding hardness, and attaining to a height of from 20 to 120 ft.; a stick or cane: v.t. to flog with a bamboo rod. [Malay.] ban (ban), n. in feudal times a pubUc proclamation, or summons to arms; an edict of proscription or interdic- tion; prohibition; excommunication; curse; anathema: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. banned, p.pr. banning], to curse; to interdict or prohibit; to place under a ban. banal (ban-al'), odj^ commonplace, trifling. banana (ba-na'na), n. a tropical her- baceous plant, closely allied to the plantain; its soft, luscious fruit, which furnishes a nutritious and important article of food in tropical countries. band (band), n. that which binds to- gether; that which connects; that which encircles, supports, or re- strains; a fillet; strap; tie; shackle or fetter; collar; ligature; a driving belt; a company of persons united by a common object; a body of sol- diers; a company of musicians form- ing an orchestra, a military or other band: v.t. to unite in a troop, com- pany, or confederacy [with together]: v.i. to associate or unite for some common purpose. bandage (ban'daj), n. a roller of cotton or other material used in dressing and binding up wounds, &c. ; a band or ligature: v.t. to dress or bind with a bandage. bandana or bandanna (ban-dan'a), n. a large silk or cotton handker- chief, dyed red, blue, or yellow, with white or yellow spots; a style of calico printing in imitation of the bandana. bandit (ban'dit), n. [pi. bandits (ban'- dits) & banditti (ban-dit'i)], an out- law; a brigand; a robber; a highway- man. bandoline (ban'do-lin) , n, a guramy perfumed substance used for impart- ing a gloss to the hair or for fixing it in position. bandy (ban'di), vJt. [p.t. & p.p. ban- died, p.pr. bandying], to throw or beat to and fro, as a ball in play; give and take in conversation: v.i, to contend; strive: n. a club bent at the end for striking a ball ; a hockey- stick; a game played with such a club, commonly called hockey: adj. bent; having a bend or crook out- ward. bane (ban), n. that which causes ruin or destruction; hence a deadly poison, vice, or sin; a disease (rot) in sheep. baneful (ban'fool), adj, poisonous; pernicious. bang (bang), v.t. to beat, as with a club or cudgel; thump; handle roughly: v.i. to make a loud noise; thump violently: n. a heavy blow; a loud, sudden noise: adv. with a sud- den, violent blow. bangle (bang'gl), n. an ornamental ring worn upon the wrists and ankles in India and Africa; a ring-bracelet. banish (ban'ish), v.t. to exile; expel from the country as a punishment; drive away; dispel from the mind. banishment (ban'ish-ment) , n. the act of expelling or driving away ; the state of being expelled. banister or bannister (ban'is-ter), n. corrupt forms of baluster. banjo (ban'jo), n. a musical instru- ment, of from five to nine strings, having a neck like a guitar, and a circular body covered in Iront with tightly-stretched parchment. bank (bangk), n. a heap, mound, or ridge of earth; any steep acclivity; an elevation or rising ground beneath the sea or at the mouth of a river, forming a shoal or shallow; a bench for rowers; a tier of oars: v.t. to en- close, defend, or fortify with a bank; pile or heap up. bank (bangk), n. an establishment for the custody, loan, exchange, or issue of money; the office of a banking company ; in certain games of chance, the fund held against the table: v.t. to deposit money in a bank: v.i. to have an account with a banker. bankrupt (bangk'rupt). n. a person ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, m4't ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, *^en. BANNER 58 BARD legally declared to be unable to dis- charge his liabilities; an insolvent debtor: adj, unable to meet one's obligations ; insolvent : v.t. to make or render insolvent: v.i. to exhaust one's financial credit; become insol- vent. banner (ban'er), n. a piece of cloth or silk attached to a pole or staff, and usually worked with some device or motto, heraldic or emblematical; an ensign, standard, or flag of a country, state, or order. bannock (ban'uk), n. a thick cake made of oatmeal, barley-meal, or pease-meal, and baked on an iron plate or griddle. [Scotch.] banns (banz), n,j)l. the announcement in church of an intended marriage. banquet (bang'kwet) , n. a sumptuous entertainment or feast: v.t. to treat with a feast or rich entertainment: v.i. to regale one's self sumptu- ously. banshee (ban'she), benshie (ben'she), or benshi, n. the female fairy of Scotch and Irish legends, whose visit foretells death. [Gaelic] bantam (ban'tam), n. a diminutive breed of domestic fowl: adj. pertain- ing to the bantam; diminutive; con- sequential. banter (ban'ter), v.t. to rail at; good- humoredly; attack jestingly; make fun of: n. humorous raillery. baptism (bap'tizm) , n. the application of water by an authorized adminis- trator, in the name of the Holy Trinity, to a person, by sprinkling, effusion, or immersion, constituting the sacrament or rite by which he is initiated into the visible church of Christ. baptize (bap-tiz'), v.t. to administer the rite of baptism to; admit to the Christian Church by the ceremonial application of water; christen. bar (bar), n. a piece of wood, metal, or other solid matter, long in propor- tion to its thickness ; anything which impedes or obstructs ; a bank of sand, gravel, &c., obstructing navigation at the entrance to a harbor or mouth of a river; the railing enclosing the space occupied by counsel in courts of justice; the place in court where prisoners are stationed for trial, or sentence; the members of the legal profession collectively, entitled to plead in court ; any tribunal ; the por- tion of a hotel, &c., where hquors are served out; a band or stripe; a line drawn vertically through the staff of a piece of music, dividing it into equal measures of time; the space and notes enclosed by two such lines; an ordinary, similar to, but narrower than, a fess, and filling one-fifth of the heraldic field: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. barred: p.pr. barring], to fasten with a bar; to hinder; obstruct; ex- clude. barb (barb), n. that which resembles a beard in lower animals; a hair or bristle ending in a double hook; the sharp point projecting backwards from the extremity of an arrow, fish- hook, &c.: v.t. to furnish with barbs. barb (barb), n. a horse of the Barbary breed, remarkable for speed, endur- ance, and docility; a short-beaked pigeon of a breed originally brought from Barbary. barbarian (bar'ba'ri-an) , n. a for- eigner; a man in a rude, savage state; an uncivilized person ; a cruel, savage, brutal man: adj. pertaining to sav- ages; rude; uncivilized; inhuman. barbarism (b^x 'ba-rizm) , n. an offense against puritv of style or language; an uncivilized state or condition; a savage action; an outrage. barbarity . (bar-bar'i-ti) , n. [pi. bar- barities (bar-bar'i-tiz)], the state of being uncivilized ; cruelty ; inhuman- ity; an act of savage cruelty. barbarous (bar'ba-rus) , adj. uncivil- ized; rude and ignorant; contrary to pure idiom; savage; cruel; ferocious; inhuman; wild. barbecue (bar'be-ku), n. a frame on which all kinds of meat or fish are roasted or smoke-dried; the carcass of an ox, hog, &c., roasted whole; a social or political entertainment at which animals are roasted and eaten whole: v.t. to dress and roast whole. [West Indian.] barber (bar'ber), n. one whose occu- pation is to shave the beard and cut and dress the hair: v.t. to shave and dress the hair of. bard (bard), n. a poet and singer among the ancient Germans and ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BARE 59 BARROW Celts, and held in high esteem. The word is in modern times used with a certain contempt. bare (bar), adj. naked; with the head uncovered; unconcealed; simple; un- furnished; threadbare; poor; mere: v.t. to divest of covering. barefaced (bar 'fast) , adj. with the face uncovered; undisguised; shameless; impudent. bargain (bar'gan), n. an agreement or contract between two or more parties with reference to the sale or transfer of property; that which is acquired or sold at a low price; an advanta- geous purchase: v.i. to make a con- tract or agreement: v.t. to sell or transfer for a consideration. barge (barj), n. a flat-bottomed vessel employed in loading and unloading ships, and for the conveyance of goods on rivers and canals; a vessel of state. bark (bark), v.i. to utter a sharp, short sound, as the cry of a dog; to cough: n. the sound or cry emitted by dogs. bark (bark), n. the exterior layer or rind of woody stems or trunks , bark or barque (bark), n. a three- masted vessel. barley (bar'li), n. the grain grown and used chiefly for malting; the plant which yields the grain. barm (barm), n. the foam rising upon beer or other malt Uquors when fermenting, and used as leaven in bread-making; yeast. barn (barn), n. a covered building for the storage of grain or other farm produce. barnacle (bar'na-kl), n. a cirriped crustacean, often called the Goose- barnacle, found adhering in groups or clusters to rocks or to the bottoms of ships, &c.; an official who holds tenaciously to his post: n.pl. an in- strument which nips a horse's nose to hold him while being shod, bled, or dressed. barometer (ba-rom'e-ter) , n. an in- strument for measuring the weight or pressure of the atmosphere: used for indicating changes of weather, or to determine the altitude of any place. baron (bar'un), n. the title of an English peer of the lowest rank, next below a viscount; formerly the title of the judges of the Coiul; of the Exchequer. baronet (bar'un-et), n. a title of hereditary rank or degree of honor next below a baron and above a knight, but conferring no seat in the House of Lords. He is styled '^Sir" and his wife ''Lady." barouche (ba-roosh'), n. a roomy, four-wheeled carriage with a folding or falling top. barrack (bar'ak), n. a large building, or series of buildings, for the lodg- ment of soldiers and officers: pi. a building or several buildings in an enclosure where a body of men are lodged. barrel (bar'el), n. a vessel or cask, cylindrical in form, bulging in the middle, made of wooden staves bound with hoops, and ha\ing flat ends or heads; the quantity which a barrel should contain; anything re- sembling a barrel in shape ; a drum or cyUnder; a metallic tube. barren (bar'en), adj. incapable of producing its kind; unproductive; unfruitful; sterile; lacking; devoid; profitless; empty: n. an unproductive tract of land. barricade (bar-ri-kad'), n. a fortifica- tion constructed in haste of such materials as are nearest to hand, and which will serve to obstruct the progress or attack of an enemy, or shield a besieged party; any bar or obstruction: v.t. to obstruct or stop up ; fortify or enclose by a barricade. barrier (bar'i-er), n. anything which hinders or obstructs; an obstacle to progress, approach, or attack; an enclosing fence or boundary wall; a limit or boundar>\ barrister (bar'is-ter) , n. in England, a member of the legal profession quahfied to plead at the bar; in Scotland, an advocate; counselor at law. barrow (bar'o), n. a frame covered with boards and furnished with handles at both ends, or with a pair of wheels and handles or shafts at one end; a hand-barrow; a shallow box, with a single wheel and handles and sup- ports; a wheel-barrow; a mound of earth or heap of stones forming an ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BARTER GO BAT ancient or prehistoric grave, con- structed in various forms. barter (bar'ter), v.i. to traffic or trade by exchanging one commodity for another: v.t. to give in exchange: n. trafficking by exchange of commodi- ties; the thing given in exchange. barytone or baritone (bar'i-ton) , adj. intermediate between bass and tenor, as the male voice or instrument: n. 2i. person with a voice having this range; a word having the last sylla- ble unaccented: v.t. to leave the last syllable unaccented. basalt (ba-sawlt' & bas'awlt), n. an igneous rock of greenish black color, and composed of feldspar, augite, titaniferous iron, and frequently olivene. base (bas), adj. worthless; spurious; of mean spirit; morally abject; deep or grave in sound (commonly bass). base (bas), n. the part of a thing on which it rests; a foundation or groundwork; that which combines with an acid to form a salt; the line or surface forming that part of a figure on which it is supposed to stand; a fortified line from w^hich the operations of an army proceed; the lower part of a heraldic field*. v.t. to lay a foundation. baseball (bas'bawl), n. a game of ball played by nine on a side ; a ball used in^ playing baseball. Baseball is said to have been derived from the old English game of rounders. basement (bas'ment), n. the lowest part of a structure; the lowest story of a building. bash (bash), v.t. to strike heavily; to knock out of shape. ^ [English.] bashful (bash 'fool), adj. easily discon- certed; modest to excess; diffident; shy. basic (ba'sik), adj. pertaining to a base; fundamental; performing the office of a base in a salt. basilica (ba-siFi-ka) , n. [pi. basilicas (ba-siri-kaz)], in ancient Rome, a public hall of rectangular shape used for judicial assemblies; a church built on such a plan, especially the early Christian churches in Italy. basilisk (bas'i-lisk) , n. a fabulous creature, variously conceived as a kind of serpent, lizard, or dragon, and sometimes identified with the cockatrice; the name of a lizard with an inflatable crest: adj. per- taining to the basilisk; penetrating or malignant. basin (ba'sn), n, a circular vessel for holding water or other liquid; a pond, or dock, or other reservoir for water ; the area drained by a river; a set of strata or stratified formations occu- pying a basin-shaped depression in older rocks. basis (ba'sis), n. [pi. bases (ba'sez)], a foundation; the groundwork or fun- damental principle of anything. bask (bask), v.i. to lie in warmth; be exposed to genial heat; be at ease: v.t. to warm by continued exposure to heat. basket (bas'ket), n. a vessel made of rushes, or other flexible material, plaited or interwoven; as much as a basket will hold. bass or basse (bas), n. the name of various edible fishes allied to the perch. bass (bas), adj. low; deep; grave: n. the lowest part in the harmony of a musical composition ; the lowest male voice, ranging from D below the bass staff to D or E above it; one who sings bass. bastard (bas'tard), n. a child born out of wedlock; an animal of in- ferior quality or breed; a coarse brown sugar made from syrup pre- viously boiled: adj. begotten and born out of matrimony; spurious. baste (bast), v.t. to beat with a stick; to drip or pour melted fat or butter on meat while roasting; to sew slightly, or fasten with long stitches, as in dressmaking. bastion (bas'chun), n. an earthwork faced with brick or stone, projecting from the angles of a rampart, and having two flanks and two faces. bat (bat), n. a heavy stick or club; the flattened club used in cricket, and the rounded bat used in base- ball; a batsman; a part of a brick w^ith one end whole ; a plate of flexible gelatine used to print im- pressions on glaze ; bituminous shale : v.t. [p.t. & p.p. batted, p.pr. batting], to hit or strike: v.i. to use or wield a bat in cricket or baseball. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BAT 61 BAZAAR bat (bat), n. an insectivorous mammal furnished with wings formed by a membrane stretched between the elongated fingers, legs, and tail. batch (bach), n. the quantity of bread baked at one time; a quantity of anything produced at one operation; a group or collection of similar things. bate (bat), v.t. to lessen or reduce; deduct. bath (bath), n. [pi, baths (ba^/iz)], the act of washing or immersing the body in water, or exposing it to any other fluid or vapor ; a vessel holding water for bathing; a building fitted up for bathing purposes; a medium through which heat is applied to a body; a vessel containing a solution for treatment of an object by immer- sion. bathe (ba^/i), v.t. to subject to a bath; immerse in water or other liquid; to suffuse or moisten with a liquid; immerse or surround with anything analogous to water, as vapor or light: v.i. to take a bath. bathos (ba'thos), n. a ludicrous de- scent from the elevated to the com- monplace in writing or speech. battalion (ba-tal'yun), n. a body of infantiy usually forming a division of a regiment. batten (bat'n), v.i. to grow or become fat; thrive at the expense of others. (With on.) batten (bat'n), n. a narrow strip or scantling of wood used for various purposes; a strip of wood used to fasten the edges of a tarpaulin to the deck of a ship: v.t, to fasten or form with battens. batter (bat'er), v.t. strike with heavy, repeated blows, so as to bruisa, shat- ter, or demolish; injure or impair: v.i, to make an attack by heavy blows. battery (bat'er-i), n. [pi. batteries (bat'er-iz)], the act of battering or beating; a body of cannon, with its complement of officers, naen, and equipments, for field operations ; any raised work or parapet where guns are mounted and gunners screened; a number of Ley den jars connected for charging and discharging sim- ultaneously; an apparatus for gen- erating voltaic electricity. battle (bat'l), n. a fight between op- posing forces; a combat; a contest or struggle for mastery: v.i. to con- tend in fight; struggle (followed by against, with).^ battle-piece (bat/1- pes), n. a painting, poem, or writ- ing descriptive of a battle, battle- royal (batl-roi'al), n. a match in which more than two game-cocks are engaged, battleship (bat'l- ship), a warship of the first-class, formidably armed and equipped. bauble (baw'bl), n. any showy piece of finery; a child's cheap trinket: n. the staff fornaerly carried by a court jester, or king's fool. bawd (bawd), n. a person who keeps a house of prostitution; one who procures women for lewd, purposes, or acts as agent in illicit inter- course. bawl (bawl), v.i. to cry out with a loud, full, and sustained sound; vociferate: v.t. to proclaim loudly: n. a loud prolonged cry. bay (ba), v.i. to bark as a dog, with a deep sound, as hounds in the chase: v.t. to bark at; to pursue with bark- ing so as to bring to bay : n. the deep- toned prolonged bark of a dog. bay (ba), adj. red or reddish, approach- ing to chestnut [applied to horses]: n. a horse of such color. bay (ba), n. a recess in the shore of a sea or lake; the expanse of water between two capes or headlands; a recess or opening in walls; a place or receptacle for depositing or stor- ing coal; the fore part of a ship between decks; the laurel-tree, noble laurel, or sweet-bay; an honorary garland or crown, composed of woven laurel leaves, bestowed as a prize upon successful poets and conquerors, hence [pL] fame. bayonet (ba'6-net), n. a dagger-like instrument constructed to fix on to the barrel of a rifle; if long it is called a sword-bayonet: v.t. to stab or drive with a bayonet. bayou (bi'oo), n. [pi. bayous (bi'ooz)], in the Southern United States, the outlet of a lake, or one of the delta streams of a river; a sluggish water- course. bazaar or bazar (ba-zar'), n. in the East, a market-place or exchange; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; booo, book ; hue, but ; think, then. BE 62 BEARD a hall or series of rooms with stalls for the sale of goods; a sale of fancy- articles in aid of some charity; a fancy fair. be (be), v.i. {p.t. was, p.p. been, V-VT* being], to exist; have existence in fact, physical or mental; include or involve as a result; bring; produce; come about; become; remain; sig- nify; answer to. beach (bech), n. [pi. beaches (bech'ez)], the portion of the shore of the sea or of a lake which is washed by the waves; the strand; shingle: v.i, to run or haul up (as a vessel or boat) upon a beach: v.i. to land on a beach. beacon (be'kn), n. a signal of warning or guidance, on sea or land ; formerly a f&e lighted on a hill or high tower to signal danger or assemble troops, &c.: v.i, to light up, as a beacon; furnish with beacons: v.i. to serve as a beacon. bead (bed), n. a little perforated ball of any suitable material, intended to be strung with others and worn as an ornament or used to form a rosary; any small globular body; a drop or bubble; a small knob of metal at the end of a gun-barrel used as a sight; a narrow rounded molding; an astragal: v.t. to ornament with beads or beading. beadle (be'dl), n. a messenger or crier of a court ; a parish officer with vari- ous subordinate duties connected with a church or vestry. [English.] beao:le (be'gl), n. a small hound, for- merly used for hunting hares. beak (bek), n. the bill of a bird; the horny jaws or mandibles of other animals; anything which is pointed or shaped like a beak; the metal- sheathed prow of an ancient galley intended to pierce the vessels of an enemy; the powerful ram of steel forming part of the bow of modern war-vessels; in English slang, a police magistrate. beaker (be'ker), n. a large drinking cup or vessel with a wide mouth ; an open-mouthed glass vessel with a projecting lip. beam (bem), n. a long piece of timber or iron used horizontally or vertically to support the rafters of a building; one of the principal horizontal tim- bers of a building or ship; the ex- treme breadth of a ship; the shank of an anchor; the oscillating lever which transmits motion in a steam- engine; a cylinder of wood around which, before weaving, the warp is wound; the pole of a carriage; the main part of a plow to which the handles are secured; the bar of a balance which suspends the scales; the principal stem of a deer's horns which bears the antlers; a collection of parallel rays of light emitted from the sun or other luminous body: v.i, to send forth, as rays of light: v.i. to shine. bean (ben), n. the smooth, kidney- shaped seed of many leguminous plants; the plant itself; the popular name of other seeds or fruits resem- bling true beans. In English slang, coins. bear (bar), v.t. [p.t. bore, bare, p.p, borne, p.'pr. bearing], to support, hold up; carry or convey; suffer or endure; be answerable for; posse:ss, wear, or use; have in or on; contain; cherish ; carry in the mind ; admit or be capable of; show or exhibit; bring forth or produce: v.i. to be capable of supporting; be fruitful; to bear, press, or weigh upon or against ; tend; relate; take effect; be situated. [N. B. — When used passively bear (to produce) has as its p.'p. born, as an infant was horn.] bear (bar), n. a plantigrade carniv- orous mammal, belonging to the genus Ursus, the three best known species of which are: the brown or black bear of Europe, the grizzly bear of North America, and the polar bear of the Arctic regions; the name of two constellations in the northern hemisphere, called the Great Bear and the Little Bear; one who attempts to depreciate the value of stock in order to buy cheap; opposed to a bull; a rude, imcouth, or brutal person: v.t. to endeavor to lower the price of. beard (herd), n. the hair that grows on the chin, lips, and adjacent parts of the human face; anything which resembles a beard ; the awn of barley and other grains; the barb of an ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^Tien. BEAST 63 BEE arrow, fish-hook, &c. : v.t. to take by the beard; oppose to the face; set at defiance. beast (best), n. any four-footed ani- mal, as distinguished from birds, insects, fishes, and man; an irra- tional animal; a peison rude, coarse, or filthy, or whose actions degrade him below the level of a rational being; a brute. beat (bet), v.t. [p.t. beat, p.p. beaten, beat, p.vr. beating], to strike with repeated blows; thrash; knock; pound or break; flatten or spread by blows; scour and range with blows and cries in order to rouse or drive game; dash or strike against, as water or wind; tread, as a path; overcome or van- quish; excel; baffle; exhaust; flutter, as wings: v.i. to strike repeatedly; throb; signal or summon by beat of drum; sound, as a drum, when struck: n. a recurring stroke; a throb; a football; a round or course assigned to a policeman; a place of habitual resort; the rise or fall of the hand or foot marking the divi- sions of time; the divisions of the measure so marked. beat (bet), p.p. of beat, exhausted by mental or bodily fatigue. beat (bet), n. a person who lives on others; a dishonest debtor. [Slang.] Also, more forcibly, dead-beat. beatific (be-a-tif 'ik) , adj. having power to bless or render perfectly happy; blissful. beatitude (be-at'i-tud) , n. felicity of the highest kind; consummate bliss. beau (bo), n. [pi. beaus or beaux (boz)], one who dresses himself in strict accordance with the fashion; a ladies' man or suitor. beautiful (bu'ti-ful), adj. possessing quaUties which charm and delight the senses; lovely. beauty (bu'ti), n. [pi. beauties (bu'- tiz)], an assemblage of graces or properties which command the ap- probation of the senses; those quahties which are most pleasing to the eye ; a particular grace or charm ; a beautiful woman. beaver (be'ver) , n. sl rodent quadruped of amphibious habits, and valued for its fur; the fur of the beaver; a hat formerly made of beaver fur. beaver (beVer), n. the portion of a helmet which served to protect the lower part of the fe,ce, and could be raised or depressed. becalm (be-kam'). v.t. to make calm or still. because (be-kawz), conj, on account of ; by reason of. beck (bek), n. a nod, or other signfi- cant gesture. beckon (bek'n), v.i. to make a signal to another by a motion of the head or hand: v.t. summon or signal by signs. becloud (be-kloud'). See cloud. become (be-kum'), v.i. [p.t. became, p.p. become, p.pr. becoming], to pass from one state to another; come or grow to be : v.t. to suit, or be suitable to; befit; accord with; grace or adorn. bed (bed), n. an article of d9mestic furniture upon or within which one rests or sleeps; conjugal rights; a portion of a garden prepared and set apart for bedding plants ; the bottom of a river or other stream, or of any body of water ; a layer or stratum of rock ; a mass or heap of anything resembling a bed ; either of the horizontal surfaces of a building stone : v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bedded, p.pr. bedding], to furnish with a bed ; plant, as flowers ; lay in a stratum; lay flat, or in order: v.i. to go to bed ; cohabit. bedding (bed'ing), n. a bed and its furniture; the materials of a bed, whether for man or beast; stratifica- tions; occurrence in layers; a founda- tion, or bottom layer. bedew (be-du'), v.t. to moisten with dew. bedizen (be-diz'n & -di'zn), v.t. to deck or adorn; trick out with vulgar finery. bedlam (bed 'lam), n. a madhouse; an asylum or hospital for lunatics : hence any scene of uproar and confusion. bedraggle (be-drag'l). See draggle. bedrid (bed 'rid) or bedridden ('rid-n), ady. confined to bed by age or in- firmity. bee (be), n. a hymenopterous insect of the genus Apis; the hive or honey- bee kept in hives for the sake of its honey and wax; an industrious per- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BEECH 64 BEHIND son; a social meeting for work on behalf of a neighbor or a charitable object; strips of wood bolted each side of a bowsprit, through which the foretopmast stays are reeved. beech (bech),7i. [p/. beeches (bech'ez)], a tree of the genus Fagus, yielding a hard timber and edible triangular nuts._ beef (bef ) , n. the flesh of an ox, bull, or cow, when killed. been (bin or ben), p.p. of be. beer (ber), n. sl fermented liquor made from any farinaceous grain, but gen- erally from malted barley, with hops or other substances added to impart a bitter flavor; sometimes a fer- mented extract of the roots and other parts of various plants, as ginger, spruce, &c. beet (bet), n. a biennial plant, culti- vated for its edible succulent root, and from which sugar is made. beetle (be'tl), n. a heavy wooden mal- let employed for driving wedges, con- solidating earth, &c. ; a club for beating linen, &c., in washing: v.t, to use a beetle on; beat with a heavy wooden mallet, as a substitute for mangling. beetle (be'tl), n. any insect belonging to the order of Coleoptera, having four wings, the anterior or outer pair being hardened and serving as a horny sheath to the inner pair. beetle (be'tl) , v.i, to be prominent ; jut out; overhang, as a cliff. befall or befal (be-fawl'), v-t. [p.t. befeN, p.p. befallen, p.pr. befalling], to happen or occur to: v.i, come to pass. befit (be-fit'); v.t. [p.t. & p.p. befitted, p.pr. befittmg], befitting or suitable to; become. before (be-for'), prep, in front of; pre- ceding in space, time, or rank; in presence or sight of; under jurisdic- tion of; rather than; earlier than: adv. in front ; in advance ; previously ; formerly; already. beforehand (be-f or'hand) , adv. in advance. befriend (be-frend'), v.t. to act as a friend to; aid or shield; assist. beg (beg), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. begged, p.pr. begging], to ask or suppHcate in charity; beseech; entreat with humility; to practice begging. (The phrase "1 beg to,'' in polite usage, is employed euphemistically for ask, request, as ^'I beg to state.") began (be-gan'), p.t. of begin. beget (be-getO, v-t. [p.t. begot, begat, p.p. begotten, begot, v.pr. begetting], to procreate, as a father or sire ; gen- erate; produce; cause to exist. beggar (beg'er), n. one who entreats or supplicates with humility; or\e who makes it his business to beg for alms; one who is reduced to extreme poverty: v.t. to exhaust the resources of; outdo. beggary (beg'er-i), n. the state of a beggar; extreme poverty; beggars collectively begin (be-gin'), v.i. [p.t. began, p.p. begun, p.pr. beginning], to com- mence existence; originate; arise; to take the initiatory step; make a start. be^nner (be-gin'er), n. one who be- gins or originates; one who enters upon anything for the first time; a novice. begone (be-gon'), interj. go away! depart! begot (be-got'), p.t. & p.p. of beget. begotten (be-got'n), p.p. of beget. begrime (be-grim'). See grime. begrudge (be-gruj'). See grudge. beguile (be-gil'), v.t. to impose upon or delude by guile; deceive; cause to pass pleasantly; divert or enter- tain. begun (be-gun'), p.p. of begin. behalf (be-haf), n. advantage; favor; support; defense; stead; interest [governed always by the preposition m, on, or upon]. behave (be-hav'), v.t. to conduct, com- port, or acquit: t^.i. to act; conduct one's seK in a proper manner. behavior (be-hav'yer) , n. manner of behaving, whether good or bad ; con- duct; deportment; manners. behead (be-hed'), v.t. to cut off the head of. beheld (be-held'), p.t. & p.p. of be- hold. behest (be-hest'), n. a command; pre- cept. behind (be-hind'), pr^p. at the back of; in the rear of; remaining after ; inferior to: adv. at the back; in the ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. BEHINDHAND 65 BELONG rear; toward the back; out of sight; past in point of time. behindhand (be-hind'hand), adv. or adj. in a state of backwardness ; late ; in arrear. behold (be-hold'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. beheld, p.pr. beholding], to fix the eyes upon; have in sight; look at; observe with care w.i.io look ; direct or fix the mind. behoove or behove (be-hoov'), v.t, to be meet, necessary, or fit for. being, p.pr. of be. being (be'ing), n. existence, as opposed to non-existence; that which exists in any form, whether actual or ideal. belated (be-la'ted) , p.ady. delayed; too late; overtaken by darkness; be- nighted. belay (be-la'), v.t. make fast, as a rope, by winding round a pin, cleat, &c. belch (belch), v.t. to eject with force or violence: v.i. to eject wind from the stomach: n. the act of ejecting wind forcibly. beldam (bel'dam) or beldanae (bel'- dam), n. a grandmother; an ugly old woman. beleaguer (be-le'ger), v.t. to besiege; surround with an army so as to preclude escape; blockade. belfry (berfri), n. a bell tower; that part of a steeple or tower in which a bell is hung. belie (be-li'), v.t. to calumniate; slan- der by lies; give the lie to; show to be false. belief (be-lef), n. assent to anything proposed or declared, and its accept- ance as fact, by reason of the au- thority whence it proceeds, apart from personal knowledge; faith; the thing beheved; the whole body of tenets held by the professors of any faith; a creed; a conviction. believe (be-lev'), v.t. to place credence in and accept as true, upon the ground of authority, testimony, or logical inference apart from per- sonal knowledge ; place confidence in ; expect or hope: v.i. to have faith; be more or less firmly persuaded of the truth of anything; think or suppose. belike (be-lik'), adv. probably. belittle (be-lit'l), v.t. to lower or de- preciate; run down by speaking slightingly of. bell (bel), v.i. to bellow, as deer in rutting time; to be in flower: said of the hop. bell (bel), n. a hollow metallic vessel, usually cup-shaped, and giving forth a clear, ringing sound when struck; anything in the form of a bell: pi. the di\'isions of daily time marked each half -hour by strokes on a bell: v.t. to put a bell on. belladonna (bel-a-don'a) , n. the dead- ly nightshade, a poisonous plant used as medicine. Even in small doses it causes the pupil of the eye to dilate. belle (bel), n. a young and handsome lady; a reigning beauty. belles-lettres (bel-let'r), n.pl. polite or elegant literature ; fight literature ; poetry, essays, facile criticism. bellicose (beFi-kos), adj. pugnacious; contentious; warlike. belligerent (bel-ij'er-ent), adj. waging war; pertaining to war or warfare; warlike: n. a power recognized as carrying on war; a person engaged in fighting._ bellow (bel'o), v.i. to utter a full resonant sound, as a bull; bawl or vociferate; roar, as the sea in a tempest, or as the wind when vio- lent: v.t. to utter with a loud full voice: n. the roar of a bull; a loud, resounding outcry. bellows (bel'oz), n. sing. & pi. an in- strument for producing a current of air, and used for various purposes, as blowing fires, or filling the pipes of an organ. belly (bel'i), n. [vl. bellies (bel'iz)l, that part of the numan body whicn extends from the breast to the thighs, and contains the bowels ; the abdo- men; the corresponding part in the lower animals; the part of anything that swells out into a larger capacity : v.i. [p.t. & p.p. belfied, p.pr. bellying], to swell and become protuberant; bulge out: v.t. to cause to swell out, as sails. belong (be-long'), v.i. to be the prop- erty (of); go along with; be a part (of); be appendant (to), or con- nected (witn); be the concern or business (of) ; appertain (to) ; be ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; htie, hut ; think, then. BELOVED 66 BERG suitable; be due; have a settled or in Shakespeare's play ''Much Ado legal residence (in); be native about Nothing." [Latin.] (to). ^ benediction (ben-e-dik'shun) , n. the beloved (be-luvd' & -luv'ed), p.adj, act of blessing; a blessing or expres- greatly loved; dear to the heart: n. sion of kind wishes solemnly or one who is greatly loved. affectionately invoked; the short below (be-lo'), V'^^V,- under in place; blessing pronounced at the close of beneath; not so nigh; inferior to in public worship. [Latin.] rank or excellence; lower in value, beneficent (be-nef'i-sent), ad[;. charac- price, &c.: adv. in a lower place; on terized by benevolence, the earth; in hell, or the regions of beneficial (ben-e-fish'al) , adj, contrib- the dead; in a lower rank or grade; uting to a, valuable end; helpful; off duty; under. profitable; in law language confer- belt (belt) , n. a girdle or band used ring or having the right to a benefit to encircle the waist; anything re- or user. sembling a belt, or which encircles, benefit (ben'e-fit), n. an act of kind- restrains, or supports, as a belt; a ness; a favor conferred; whatever strip; a band; an heraldic badge de- promotes the happiness and well- noting knightly rank; one of the being of a person or thing, or adds rings surrounding the planet Jupiter; to the value of property; a theatrical a band connecting two wheels and performance, the proceeds of which transmitting motion from one to the go to one of the actors, &c. : v.t, other: v.t. to encircle, as with a belt; to do good to; be of service to: v.i, surround; to strike with a belt. to gain advantage; make improve- bemoan (be-mon'), v.t. to lament; ment. bewail; pity; sympathize with. benevolent (be-nev'o-lent), adj. kind; bench (bench), n. [pi. benches (bench'- charitable; philanthropic. ez)], a long seat; a strong table on benign (be-nin'), odj. of a kind or which mechanics do their work; the gentle disposition; favorable; salu- seat where judges sit in court; the tary; genial. persons who sit as judges; the court: benignant (be-nig'nant), adj. kind; v.t. to furnish with benches. gracious; favorable. bend (bend), v.t. to curve or make benison (ben'i-zn), n. a blessing, crooked; direct to a certain point; bent (bent), adj. curved; crooked; incline: v.i. to be or become curved strongly inclined; determined: n. a or crooked; bow or be submissive: tiirn; an inclination; a leaning or n. a curve; a crook; a knot: n. one bias; disposition; propensity; a stiff of the nine heraldic ordinaries cross- or wiry grass. ing from the dexter chief to the sinis- benumb (be-num'). See numb, ter base point of the escutcheon; benzine (ben-zen'), n. a liquid com- strictly opposed to bar. but not pounded of the volatile hydrocarbons always used accurately. of petroleum, and obtained by distilla- bends (bendz), n. a disease prevalent tion; used as a solvent and for the among caisson workers, and caused removal of grease, &c. by sudden differences in atmospheric bequeath (be-kwe^/i') » v.t. to give or pressure affecting the valvular action leave by will; hand down; trans- of the heart. mit. beneath (be-neth'), prep, lower in bequest (be-kwesf), n. the act of place, with reference to something leaving by will; something left by above; under the pressure of; lower will; a legacy. in rank, dignity, or excellence than; berate (be-raf). See rate, unworthy of: adv. in a lower place; bereave (be-rev'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. below. bereaved, bereft, p.pr. bereaving], benedict (ben'e-dikt) , n. a married to deprive; make destitute [with of man, especially one newly wedded before the thing taken away], who had previously ridiculed the bereft (be-reff), P-^ &75.p. of bereave. idea of matrimony. From Benedick berg (berg), n. a large floating mass of ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BERRY 67 BETIMES ice; an iceberg; a sharp pointed rock projecting from the sea. teerry (ber'i), n. [pi. berries (ber'iz)], any small pulpy or succulent fruit, as the strawberry, <&;c. ; anything resembling a berrj' in shape: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. berried, p.pr. berrjing], to bear^ pro- duce, or gather berries. berth (berth), n. ample or adequate sea room; a station which a ship occupies at anchorage or port; a room in a vessel set apart for officers or seamen; a sleeping place for a passenger in a ship or railway car- riage; a situation or appointment: v.t. to allot an anchorage to; give space to lie in; allot a sleeping place to. beryl (ber'il), n. sl mineral of varying colors, connnonly green or greenish- blue. It is the silicate of aluminum. beseech (be-sech'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. besought, p.pr. beseeching], to en- treat; supphcate; implore; beg eag- erly for; solicit. beseem (be-sem'), v.i. & v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to be suitable or seemly; to become; to seem. beset (be-set'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. beset, p.pr. besetting], to set or stud; dis- tribute over; surround; besiege; press upon on all sides ; press hard on. besetting (be-set 'ing), adj. habitually attacking or com_ing upon. beshrew (be-shroo'), v.t. to wish a curse to; execrate. beside (be-sid'), prep, at the side of; near; apart from; not connected with. besides (be-sldz'), adv. more than that; in addition; as well: prep, over and above; separate or distinct from. besieee (be-sej'), v.t. to encompass with armed forces, in order to compel a foe to surrender ; lay siege to ; beset or harass. besmirch (be-smerch'), v.t. to soil; discolor :_ sully or dishonor. besom (be'zum), n. a brush of twigs for sweeping; a broom. besot (be-sot'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. besotted, p.pr. besotting], to bestialize, as with drink; stupefy; infatuate. besought (be-sawt'), P-t. & p.p, of beseech. bespeak (be-spek'), v.t. [p.t. bespoke, p.pr. bespeaking], to speak for be- forehand; order or arrange in ad- vance; betoken; indicate, as by signs or marks: n. among actors, a benefit. best (best), adj. having the highest degree of goodness or excellence; of the first quahty or standing ; most desirable, suitable, advantageous, &c.; largest: n. the highest state of excellence; the utmost endeavor: all one can do or show: adv. (superl. of well), in the highest degree; \s1th most advantage or success: v.t. to get the better of; surpass; outwit. bested or bestead (be-sted'), p.adj, situated; placed; circumstanced. bestial (bes'tial), adj. belonging to a beast; animal; having the quafities of a beast; brutal; sensual; obscene. bestir (be-sterO, v.t. [p.t. & p.p. he- stirred, p.pr. bestirring], to put into brisk or vigorous action. bestow (be-sto'), v.t. to lay up in store; deposit in safe keeping ; use or apply ; give or confer [followed by on or upon]. bestrew (be-stroo') or bestrow (be- stro'), v.t. to strew or scatter over. bestride (be-strid'), v.t. [p.t. bestrode & bestrid, v.p. bestridden, bestrid, p.pr. bestriding], to stand or sit on with the legs astride; embrace with the legs, as a horse. bet (bet), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bet and betted, p.pr. betting], to stake or pledge on the event of a future contingency: v.i. to lay a wager: n. the act of wagering; that which is laid, staked, or pledged on any event or contest the issue of which is un- certain; the terms on which a be^ is arranged. betake (be-tak'), v.t. [p.t. betook, p.p, betaken, p.pr. betaking], to have recourse to ; repair ; resort ; take one's self (to). bethel (beth'el), n. a hallowed spot; a dissenting chapel [English]; a sea- man's chapel. bethink (be-think'), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. bethought, p.pr. bethinking], to call to mind; consider; remind one's self; to reflect. betide (be-t!d'), v.t. to happen to; be- fall: v.i. to come to pavSS. betimes (be-tlmz'), adv. m good season or time; before it is too late; early; soon. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 5 hue, hut ; think, then. BETOKEN 68 BIBLIOMANIA betoken (be-to'kn), v.t.^ to indicate by signs; serve as a sign or token of; foreshadow by what is visibly present. betook, p.t. of betake. betray (be-tra'), v.t, [p.t. & p.p. be- trayed, p.pr. betraying], to dehver into the hands of an enemy by treachery; violate by^ fraud or un- faithfulness; reveal in breach of confidence; disclose inadvertently; deceive; indicate or show. betroth (be-troth'), v.t. to contract to give any one in marriage; affi- ance; plight or pledge one's troth to. better (bet'er), adj. [used as the com- par. of good], having good qualities in a greater degree than another; preferable or more suitable; im- proved in health; more perfect; larger; greater: adv. [used as compar, of well], in a superior or more excel- lent manner; more correctly or thoroughly; in a higher degree; more in extent: v.t. to improve or ameliorate; increase the good quali- ties of; surpass; excel; outdo: v.i, to become better: n. a superior; one who has a claim to precedence [usually in the pl.]\ superiority, or advantage over [usually with of\. between (be-twen'), prep, in the space or interval which separates; in inter- mediate relation to; from one to another of; shared in common. bevel (bev'el), v.t. \vt. & p.p. -ed, p.pr, -ing], to cut to a oevel-angle: v.i. to slant or incline off to a bevel-angle: n. an angle otherwise than a right angle (90°); the incHnation which one surface makes with another when not at right angles; an instrument used for drawing angles: adj. having the form of a bevel; aslant. beverage (bev'er-aj), n. a drink of any description; liquor for drinking. bevy (bev'i) , n. a company or assembly of persons, especially of ladies; a flock of quails or larks. bewail (be-wal'), v.t. to mourn or weep aloud for; lament: v.i. to express grief. beware (be-war'), v.i. to be on one's guard; be wary or cautious. bewilder (be-wil'der), v.t. to lead into perplexity or confusion; to puzzle. bewitch (be-wich'), v.^. to cast a spell over; subject to witchcraft; charm beyond the power of re^stance; fascinate. bewray (be-ra'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. be- wrayed, p.pr. bewraying], to expose, reveal. bey (ba), n. a governor of a province or district in the Turkish dominions; a Turkish title of respect. Also written beg. [Turkish.] beyond (be-yond'), prep, on the fur- ther side of; before; past; out of reach of; later than; above; in a degree or amount exceeding or sur- passing: adv. further away; yonder: n. that state of existence which is beyond our present experi- ence. bhang or bang (bang), n. an Eastern drug prepared from the dried leaves and also from the gummy exudation of the hemp plant, having strong narcotic and astringent qualities; hashish. biannual (bi-an'u-al) , adj. occurring twice in a year. bias (bi'as), n. [pi. biases (bi'as-ez)], a seam formed oy uniting the edges of two pieces of cloth cut obliquely to the texture; a weight on the side of a bowl w^^ich causes it to turn from a straight line; prepossession or undue propensity for; prejudice: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr. -ing], to give a bias or particular direction to; incline to one side; influence; prejudice; prepossess: adv. in a slanting manner ; obliquely. bib (bib), n. a piece of cloth placed under an infant's chin to protect ite clothes. Bible (bi'bl), n. the Book (or the Books) by pre-eminence; the writ- ings of the Old and New Testament, whether in the original tongues or translated. [Greek.] bibliography (bib-li-og'ra-fi) , n. the science or description of books ; a list of authorities on any subject. bibliolatry (bib-li-ora-tri) , n. book worship; excessive reverence for the letter of the Scrip tiires. bibliology (bib-li-oro-ji) , n. an ac- count of books ; Biblical literature or doctrine, bibliomania (bib-li-o-ma'ni-a) , n. a fite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; htie, hut ; think, then. BIBLIOPHILE 69 BILITERAL mania for acquiring rare and curious books. bibliophile (bib'li-o-fil) , n. a lover of books less for their bindings than for their contents. bibulous (bib'u-lus), adj. readily ab- sorbing or imbibing fluids; addicted to drink. bicarbonate (bi-kar'bon-at) , n. a carbonate of salt C9ntaining two equivalents of carbonic acid to one of a base, as bicarbonate of soda, where the soda is the base. bicentenary (bi-sen'te-na-ri) , n. the two hundredth anniversary of any event, or its celebration: adj. per- taining to a bicentenary. biceps (bl'seps), n. a muscle having two heads; the large flexor muscle of the arm and_thigh. bichloride (bi-klo'rid or bi-klo'rid), n. a compound of two or more atoms of chlorine combined with a base. bicker (bik'er), v.i. to engage in petty altercation; move rapidly with a noise; quiver; flicker: n, a noisy wrangle. bicuspid (bi-kus'pid) or bicuspidate (bl-kus'pi-dat) , adj. having two points or prominences: n. one of the double-pointed teeth forming the first pair of molars on either side of the jaw, above and below. bicycle (bi'si-kl), n. a vehicular ma- chine of various forms, but consist- ing primarily of two wheels placed in line, connected by a fork and backbone, and supporting a saddle for the rider, the machine being propelled by means of treadles at- tached to cranks or levers: v.i. to ride on a bicycle. bid (bid), v.t. [p.t. bade (bad) or bid, p.p. bidden, bid, p.pr. bidding], to make an offer of; propose as a price; offer for; invite; request; ask; offer or express by words; command; order or direct; enjoin; to proclaim: v.i. to make an offer; offer a price: n. an offer of a price. bide (bid), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. bode (bod), bided (bi'ded), p.-pr. biaing (bid'ing)], inhabit; reside: v.t. to endure; suffer; wait for. bidental (bi-den'tal) or bidentate (bi-den'tat) , adj. having two teeth, or two tooth-like processes. biennial (bi-en'ni-al) , adj. happening once in two years; continuing or existing for two years, as plants: n. a plant which produces roots and leaves in the first year, and in the second flowers, fruit, and seed, after- wards perishing; something which is held once in two years. bier (ber), n. a frame or carriage on which a corpse is placed, or conveyed to the grave; a tomb. biff (bif), n. a sudden blow delivered with the fist. [Slang.] bifurcation (bi-f er-ka'shun) , n. a fork- ing or division into two branches. big (big), adj. [comvar. bigger, superl. biggest], of great bulk or magnitude; grown up; pregnant; full of some- thing important; pompous. bigamy (big'a-mi), n. the offense of contracting a second marriage during the existence of a former marriage. bight (bit), n. a loop or bend of a rope, in distinction from the ends; a bend in a coast-line forming an open bay; a small bay between two headlands. bigot (big'ot), n. one who is imreason- ably and blindly attached to a par- ticular creed, church or party; one who is intolerant of opinions which differ from his own. bilateral (bi-lat'er-al), adj. pertaining to, or ha\ang, two sides. bilberry (birber-ri), n. [pi. bilberries (birber-riz)], the whortleberry. bile (bll), n. a yellow bitter fluid secreted by the fiver from venous blood; ill-humor. bilge (bilj), n. the bulging part of a cask; the broadest part of a ship's bottom, on which the vessel rests when aground: v.i. to spring a leak by a fracture in the bilge: v.t. to stave, or break in, the bottom or bilge of a ship. bilingual (bi-ling'gwal) , adj. written or expressed in two languages; pos- sessing the command of two lan- guages. bilious (bil'yus), adj. pertaining to the bile; having the system disordered by derangement of the bifiary function; choleric. biliteral (bi-lit'er-al) , adj. consisting of two letters: n. a word, root, or syllable consisting of two letters. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; bdoB> book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BILK 70 BIRD bilk (bilk), v,t, to spoil the score of an opponent at cribbage; deceive or defraud, as by evading a payment; leave in the lurch: n. the act of spoiling the score of an opponent at cribbage; a swindler. bill (bil), n. the beak of a bird: v.i. to join bills, as doves; caress in fond- ness; to paste up bills or posters. bill (bil), n. a kind of hatchet with a blade hoop-shaped toward the point, used in pruning, &c.; a battle-axe, attached to a long staff, formerly used by infantry; the extremity of the fluke of an anchor. bill (bil), n. an account for goods sold, services rendered, or work done; a document binding the signer or signers to pay a specified sum at a certain date or on demand ; a govern- ment note; a draft of a proposed statute presented to a legislature; a printed advertisement; any written paper containing a statement of par- ticulars; a written declaration of wrong or injury sustained or com- mitted. billet (bil'et), n. a small paper in writing; a note or short letter; ticket directing soldiers at what house to lodge; a soldier's lodging; an office or assignment: v.t. to quarter or lodge, as soldiers: v.i. to be quartered or lodged. billet {bil'et), n. a small stick or log of wood, as for fuel; an ornament in Norman work, resembling a billet of wood. billiards (bil'yerdz), n. a game played on a rectangular, cloth-covered slate table, 12 ft. x 6 ft. in size, with ivory balls and a cue. billion (bil'yun), n. in the United States one thousand millions (1,000,- 000,000); in England a million mil- lions (1,000,000,000,000). billow (bil'o), n. a great wave of the sea swelled by the wind: v.i. to rise and roll in large waves or surges. bimetallisin (bi-met'al-izm) , n. the legalized adoption of two metals (as gold and silver) in the currency of a country, at a fixed ratio. bimonthly (bi-munth'H) , adj. occur- ring once in two months. [Some- times incorrectly employed to desig- nate semi-monthly periodicals.] bin (bin), n. sl receptacle for any com- modity, as corn, coal, &c.; a frame for bottles in a wine-cellar. binary (bi'na-ri), adj. consisting of two things or parts; twofold. bind (bind), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bound, p.pr. binding], to confine or make fast with a cord or band; confine or restrain by physical force; unite by bonds of affection, loyalty, or duty; hold by any moral tie; hinder or restrain; protect or strengthen by a band, border or cover; fasten together; cause to cohere; place under legal obhgation: v.i. to tie up; confine by Hgature or band; be obligatory; grow hard or stiff; stick together: n. anything which binds or ties; a twining stem; a stalk of hops; indurated clay or shale forming the roof of a coal- seam; a musical sign or brace group- ing notes together. binomial (bi-no'mi-al), n. an expres- sion or quantity consisting of two terms connected by the sign plus ( + ) or minus ( — ) : adj. consisting of two terms; pertaining to binomials; having two names. biograph (bi'o-graf), n. a device for projecting animated pictures upon a screen. biography (bi-og'ra-fi) , n. [j)l. biog- raphies (bi-og'ra-fiz)], the history of the life of a particular person; bio- graphical writings in general. biology (bi-oro-ji), n. the science which deals with the origin and life- history of plants and animals. biped (bi'ped), adj. having two feet: n. a two-footed animal. biplane (bi'plan), n. a flying machine with two planes or gfiding boards, firmly braced together, as in the Wright machine. birch (berch), n. [pi. birches (berch'- ez)], a tree or shrub belonging to the genus Betula; a rod formed of birch twigs used for punishment; a birch- bark canoe: adj. birchen: v.t. to chastise with a birch rod; flog. bird (berd), n. a warm-blooded feath- ered vertebrate, furnished with wings, and belonging to the class Aves; small feathered game, as dis- tinguished from water-fowl. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BIRTH 71 BLACKBIRD birth (berth), n. the act of coming into life ; the fact of being born ; the act of bringing forth; lineage; extraction; descent; origin; beginning. biscuit (bis'kit), n. a kind of unraised bread, baked hard and dry, and shaped into flat cakes; pottery after the first baking and previous to glazing and burning. bisect (bi-sektO, v.t. to cut or divide into two equal parts. bishop (bish'up), n. one of the highest orders of an Episcopal Church; be- low an archbishop in rank, but above a priest; a spiritual overseer; the spiritual head or ruler of a diocese, having the power of ordination, con- firmation, and consecration. bismuth (bis'- or biz'muth), n. one of the elements; a Hght reddish-colored metal of brittle texture, much used in stereotyping. It is one of the metals that were early known in chemistry. Probably the ancients used it, but it was first scientifically described in 1450. bison (bi'son), n. the aurochs, or European bison, still preserved in Lithuania; the American bison, in- accurately termed a buffalo, which is now practically extinct. bisque (bisk), n. an unglazed white porcelain, used for statuettes, &c. bit (bit), j).t. & p.p. of bite. bit (bit), n. a tool for boring; the metal mouthpiece of a bridle; the part of a key which enters the lock and acts on the bolts and tumblers; the cutting blade of a plane ; a small piece or frag- ment of anything; any small coin: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bitted, p.pr. bitting], to put a briclle upon; put the bit in the mouth of. bitch (bich), n. the female of the dog, or of other canine animals. bite (bit), v.t. [p.t. bit, p.p. bitten, bit, p.pr. biting], to seize, grip, cut, or crush with the teeth; sting, as an insect; cause smarting pain to; cut; pinch, as ^dth intense cold; blight or blast; take fast hold on; to cor- rode or eat into; to cheat, trick, take in [now only in p.p.]: v.i. to have the habit or exercise the power of biting; inflict injury with the teeth; cause to sting or smart ; take a bait ; take a firm hold: n, the act of seizing with the teeth; a wound made by the teeth, or by a sting; a mouthful; a hold or grip; in printing, a blank on a page due to some intervening substance between the paper and the type. bitten (bit'n), p.p. of bite. bitter (bit'er), adj. having a sharp or harsh taste; acrid; piercing; painful; grievous ; poignant ; severe ; reproach- ful; caustic; sarcastic; cruel: n. any substance that is bitter to the taste. Distinct from sour; a grape-fruit is bitter while a lemon is sour. bittern (bit'ern), n. a wading bird of the heron family. The sound it makes is called bumping. bitters (bit'ers), n.pl. liquor in which herbs or roots are steeped. bitumen (bi-tti'men), n. mineral pitch. bivalve (blValv), adj. having two valves or shells united by a hgament: 71. a mollusk whose shell is composed of two parts or valves, connected by a ligament or hinge, which are opened or closed by muscles, as the oyster or mussel. bivouac (biv'oo-ak), n. an encamp- ment of soldiers in the open air, without tents: hence, any open ah" encampment: v.i. to encamp without tents m the open. bizarre (bi-zar'), adj. odd in manner or appearance; fanciful; grotesque. blab (blab), v.t. [p.t & p.p. blabbed, p.pr. blabbing], to tell tnoughtlessly : v.i. to talk indiscreetly; tell tales: n. one who lets out secrets, or is given to gossip. black (blak), adj. destitute of light; of the darkest hue; opposed to white; enveloped in darkness; dis- mal; gloomy or forbidding; desti- tute of moral light or goodness; atrocious; evil; calamitous; threat- ening; clouded with anger; sullen: n. the darkest color; the opposite of white; a black pigment or dye; a negro; mourning: v.t. to make black; blacken; apply blacking to. blackberry (blak'ber-ri), n. the fruit of several species of bramble. blackbird (blak'berd), n. an English song bird, a species of thrush. Called also merle, ousel, or black thrush; a erow-like bird of North ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, thQw. BLACKBOARD 72 BLAZON America; a name given to a kid- napped negro or Polynesian. blackboard (blak'bord), n, a rectangu- lar piece of wood, covered with a hard black substance, and hung upon an easel or upon the side of a wall, and used for the marking out of any- kind of problem in chalk or chalk- crayons. blackguard (blag'ard), n, a man of low character, and addicted to the use of foul or abusive language; a scoundrel: adj, vicious; low; vile; scurrilous; abusive: v.t. to revile in scurrilous language. blackmail (blak'mal), n. a tax an- ciently paid in money, corn, or cat- tle, in the north of England, and in Scotland, to the agents of robbers, to secure protection from pillage: hence extortion by means of intimi- dation: v.t. to extort money or goods by intimidation of any kind. bladder (blad'er), n. a thin elastic membranous bag in animals, in which a fluid is collected; any ves- icle, bhster, or pustule containing fluid or air; a hollow membranous appendage to some plants: v.t. put up in a bladder, as lard. blade (blad), n. the leaf of a grass; the young stalk or spire of a grass; the broad expanded part of a leaf; the cutting part of an instrument; the broad part of an oar; anything resembling a blade; a dashing, reck- less, rollicking fellow: v.t. to fur- nish with a blade: v.i. put forth blades. blame (blam), v.t. to censure; re- proach: n. an imputation of a fault; censure; responsibility for anything wrong. blanch (blanch), v.t. to take the color out; make lustrous; to remove the covering of: v.i. become white; turn pale: n. lead ore found separate in the rock. [French.] bland (bland), adj. mild; soft; gentle; affable; soothing. blandishment (blan'dish-ment), n. the use of winning expressions or actions; artful caressing. blank (blangk), adj. confounded; con- fused; dejected; empty; free from writing or printing; without result; absolute; complete: n. any void space; an unfilled space in a writ>- ten or printed document; a lottery ticket for which no prize is drawn; a disk of metal prior to stamping; the white spot in the center of a target; a cartridge that is loaded without any bullet: v.t. a. euphemis- tic form of the oath damn. blanket (blang'ket), n. a soft, loosely woven woolen cloth for a bed or as a covering: v.t. to toss in a blanket by way of punishment or joke; pass to windward to take the wind out of the sails of. blare (blar), v.i. to bellow; to give forth a loud sound like a trumpet: v.t. to sound loudly; trumpet forth: n. a noise hke the blast of a trum- pet. blarney (blar'ni), n. soft, wheedling speech; flattery: v.t. [p.t. & j).p. blar- neyed, p.pr. blarneying], to influence or talk over by soft wheedling speeches; humbug with flattery. blasphemy (blas'fe-mi), n. [pL blas- phemies (blas'fe-miz)], impious, pro- fane, or mocking speech concerning God or sacred things ; expressed con- tempt or contumely for the per- sonality or authority of God. blast (blast), n. a violent or sudden gust of wind; a forcible stream of air from an orifice; the sound pro- duced by blowing a wind instru- ment; any sudden pernicious in- fluence upon plants or animals; a blight; the explosion of gunpowder, dynamite, &c., in rending or remov- ing rocks, or the charge so used; a flatulent disease in sheep: v.t. to cause to fade or wither by some pernicious influence; blight; to shat- ter by any explosive agent. blatant (bla'tant), adj. bawling; noisy. blather (bla^/i'er), n. foolish chatter. blaze (blaz), n. a body of flame; bril- liant sunlight; a sudden bursting out; active display; a white spot on the face of a horse or other quad- ruped; a white mark cut on a tree, to serve as a guide: v.t. to mark, as trees, by removing a portion of the bark; to indicate, as a path or boundary, by blazing trees; publish widely: v.i. to flame; send forth a brilhant light; be conspicuous. blazon (bla'zn), n. a coat of arms; ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, nOrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. BLEACH 73 BLOCK a description of armorial bearings; ostentatious display: v.t. to explain technically, according to heraldic rules; embellish; display; proclaim boastingly. bleach (blech), v.t. ^0 make white by removing color or dirt by the action of the sun's rays, or by a chemical process: v.i, to grow or become white. bleak (blek), adj, exposed to wind and cold; desolate; imsheltered; cheer- less; piercing. bleak (blek), n. a small river fish, remarkable for its brilHant silvery scales. blear (bier), adj. sore or dim from a watery discharge: said of the eyes: v.t. to make sore or watery, as the eyes; to dim or obscure. bleat (blet), v.i. to cry as, or like, a sheep: n. sl cry, as of a sheep. bleed (bled), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. bled, v.pr, bleeding], to emit, or lose blooa; to shed one's blood; to lose sap or juice; to pay or lose money freely: v.t. to take blood from; take money, &c., from. blemish (blem'ish), v.t. to injure; stain; mar; tarnish; defame: n. any defect or deformity, physical or moral; a blemish. blench (blench), v.i, to start back; flinch; quail. blend (blend), v.t. to mix together, so that the things mixed cannot be separated or individually distin- guished : v.i. to mingle imperceptibly : n. a mixture. bless (bles), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. -ed & blest, v.pr. -ing], to consecrate; invoke a blessing upon; bestow happiness upon; praise or extol; esteem. blessing (bles'ing), n. an invocation of happiness on another; a benedic- tion; that which promotes prosper- ity; a divine benefit or gift; a mercy or booil; grateful adoration. blew (bJoo), p.t. of blow. blight (blit), n. a disease in plants, which causes them to wither partly or wholly; smut; mildew; anything which serves to check, nip, or de- stroy: v.t. to affect with blight; to check, nip, destroy, or frustrate. blind (blind), adj. destitute of the sense of sight; without light, morally or intellectually; undiscriminating; inconsiderate; hidden; essentially in- complete; closed at one end; without understanding: n. anythmg which serves to hinder or obstruct vision, or intercept the passage of light; a window-screen; a bhnker; something to mislead the eye or the under- standing: v.t. to deprive of sight; make blind, intellectually or morally. blink (bUnk), v.i. to wink with or aa with the eye; twinkle; to get a ghmpse; ghmmer: v.t. to evade or shut one's eyes to; shirk: n. a glimpse or glance ; a gleam ; a twinkle ; the gleam reflected from ice at sea: pi. boughs cast in the path of deer to check their course. blinker (bling'ker), n. one who blinks; a leather flap placed one on each side of a horse's bridle to prevent him from seeing any object except in front; that which obscures the sight or mental perception: pi. colored spectacles to shield the eyes from excess of light. bliss (blis), n. the highest degree of happiness; blessedness; the perfect joy of heaven. blister (blis'tcr), n. a vesicle or pustule on the skin containing watery matter or serum; an elevation made by the raising of an external film or skin ; an application to the skin to produce a blister: v.t. to raise a blister or blisters on: v.i. to rise in blisters, or become covered with blisters. blithe (hllth or blith), adj. gay; joyous; glad; mirthful; sprightly. blizzard (bliz'ard), n. a furious hurri- cane of wind with fine blinding snow, and characterized by intense cold; a poser. [Americanism.] bloat (blot), v.t. to cure or dry in smoke. bloat (blot), v.t. to cause to swell; make turgid or swollen, as with water or air; inflate; make vain: v.i. to grow turgid. block (blok), n. any unshaped solid mass of matter, as of wood, stone, &c.; a piece of wood for supporting the neck of a person condemned to be decapitated; a piece of hard wood prepared for the tool of the engraver; the piece of hard wood to which an electrotype, &c., is se- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BLOCKADE 74 BLUE cured; a wooden mold for shaping hats; the piece of wood in which the wheels of one or more grooved pulleys run; a row of buildings; a square or portion of a city enclosed by streets; an obstruction; hin- drance; shares bought or sold in the mass: v.i, to obstruct so as to hin- der the passage of persons or things; stop up; obstruct; to secure or sup- port by blocks; to mold or shape on a block; to stop a train by signal; to give notice of opposition to a bill, which cannot then be proceeded with after a specified time. blockade (blok-ad'), n. the shutting up of a place, as a port, by hostile ships or troops, with a view to com- pelling a surrender by preventing ingress or egress, or the reception of supplies: v.t. to close in upon and shut. ]blb^d (blond), adj. of a fair color; light colpred: n. a person of very fair complexion and light hair. Fem- , inine, blonde. blood (biud), n. the fluid which cir- culates in the arteries and veins of an animal ;^ the juice of anything, especially if red; kinship; consan- guinity; lineage; extraction; high birth; temper; a man of high spirit; fleshy nature; blood shed in sacri- fice; the Atonement: v,t. to give a taste of blood; inure to the sight of blood. bloodhound (blud'hound) , n. a breed of large dogs remarkable for their acuteness of smell, and employed to track wounded game, or, as formerly, fugitive slaves and escaped criminals; a blood-hunter. bloodthirsty (blud'thers-ti) , adj. eag- er for blood; anxious to kill or -iestroy. bljom (bloom), n. a blossom; the flower of a plant ; the blossoming of flowers; a state or period of health and growth, promising higher per- fection, or exhibiting freshness and beauty; the blue color upon certain newly-gathered fruits; a flush; a glow; the powdery appearance on new coins, &c.; a rough mass of iron from the puddling furnace, in- tended to be drawn out under the hammer or rolled into bars: v.i. to produce blossoms; flower; exhibit the freshness and beauty of youth; glow. blossom (blos'um), n. the flower of a plant; the state of flowering; bloom: v.i. to put forth blossoms; flower; flourish. blot (blot), n, a spot or stain; an obliteration or erasure; a blemish; disgrace: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. blotted, y.p. blotting], to spot or stain; mar; stain with infamy; cancel or efface [usually with out] ; dry with blotting- paper; eclipse; obscure. blotch (bloch), n. a large irregular spot; a clumsy daub; an eruption, or pustule: v.t, to mark or disfigure with irregular blots or spots. blouse (blouz), n. a light, loose over- garment; a French workman: such artisans usually wearing a blue blouse. blow (bio), n. a mass of blossoms; the state or condition of flowering: v.i. {p.t. blew, p.p. blown, p.pr. blowing], to blossom; flower. blow (bio), n. a stroke with the hand or with a weapon; a knock; an act of hostility; a sudden shock or ca- lamity ._ blow (bio), v.i. [p.t. blew, p.p. blown, p.pr. blowing], to form or make a current of air; pant; sound by being blown; spout water; boast: v.t. to drive a current of air upon ; impel hy a current of air; sound a wind in- strument by forcing through; form by inflation; put out of breath by fatigue; scatter or shatter by ex- plosive; spread by report; deposit eggs in or upon: n. a blowing; a blast; a gale of wind; an egg de- posited by a fly; the spouting of a whale. blubber (blub'er), v.i. to weep vio- lently, or so as to disfigure the face: v.t. to disfigure with weeping: n. the fat of whales and other cetaceans, from which train-oil is prepared; a jelly-fish or medusa. blucher (blooch'er), n. a strong half boot, named after the German Field- marshal Blucher (Blu'cher). bludgeon (bluj'un), n. a short heavy stick, sometimes loaded, used as a weapon. blue (blu), adj. of the color of the ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, th^u. BLUFF 75 BOBBIN clear sky; azure; low-spirited; dis- mal; severe; pedantic: n. color of the clear sky; one of the primary colors; azm-e; a dye or pigment of this color; pale without glare, as a flame: v.t. to make, or dye, blue. bluS (bluf), adj. ha^-ing a broad, flattened front; rising high or boldly; broad and full; rough and hearty; surly; gruff: n. a high steep bank: a chff or headland with a broad steep face: v.t. to deceive, or gain an advantage over, an oppo- nent in a game of poker, by in- ducing the other players to suppose one's hand is more valuable than it is in reality: hence to frighten by Jin assumed possession of strength or knowledge. blunder (blun'der), v.i. to make a gross mistake; err stupidly; to move or act clumsily: n. a gross or stupid mistake. blunt (blunt), adj. having a thick or rounded edge or point; not sharp; dull in understanding; abrupt in address; plain-spoken: n. money, especially silver money: v.f. to dull the edge or point of, by making it thicker; impair the force, keenness, or susceptibility of. blur (bier), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. blurred, v.pr. blurring], to dim; sully; stain; blemish: n. a smudge; a moral stain or blemish; a dim confused appear- ance. blurt (blert), v.t. to speak inadver- tently; divulge unadvisedly [usually with out]. blush (blush), v.i. to become red in the face, as from shame or confusion; bloom: feel shame (for) : n. the suffu- sion of the cheeks or face \\ith a red color, through shame, confusion, modesty, &c.; a red or reddish color; a rosy tint. bluster (blus'ter), v.i. to be windy and boisterous, as the weather: talk in a noisy, swaggering style; bully; use empty threats: v.t. to utter with noisy \iolence [with forth or out]: n. the noise and violence of a storm, or*of the wind in impotent gusts; noisy talk; empty menace: swagger. boar (bor), n. the male of swine; the wild hog, or wild boar. board (bord), n. a piece of timber sawed thin, and of considerable length and breadth compared ^^ith the thickness; a table for food; pro- vision; entertainment; a council or court; a number of persons elected to the management of some pubHc or private office or trust; a table or frame on which games are played; a thick stiff kind of paper; one of the two stiff covers of a book: pi. the stage of a theater; the side, deck, or interior part of a ship or boat; the line over which a ship runs be- tween tack and tack: v.t. to cover with boards; place at a board; fur- nish with food, or food and lodging, for a compensation; go on board of; enter a ship by force: v.i. to be sup- plied with meals, or obtain food and lodging, at a fixed charge. boast (bost), v.i. to brag; to speak of one's self or belongings in assertive and bombastic terms; vaunt; exult: v.t. to brag of : n. proud, vainglorious speech; a cause of boasting; occasion of pride, vanity, or laudable exulta- tion; a stroke, in tennis, driving a ball at an acute angle against the court wall. boat (bot), n. a small open vessel usually moved by oars but often by a sail or a motor attachment ; a ship; an open dish resembling a boat in shape: v.t. to transport in a boat: v.i. to go in a boat; row; sail. bob (bob), v.t. [p.t. &: p.p. bobbed, p.pr. bobbing], to impart a short jerking motion to; to cut short: r.i. to have a short jerking motion; move or play to and fro, or up and down; to angle ^-ith a bob: n. any small round object playing loosely at the end of a cord, chain, &c.; a pendant; an ear-drop; the weight of the end of a pendulum, plumb-line, &c.: a knot of worms or rags on a string, used in angling for eels; a float; a short jerking action or mo- tion; a shilling. bobbin (bob 'in), n. one of the pins or small cyhnders of wood used to carry and steady the threads in pillow-lace making; a spool or reel with a head at one or both ends, used to hold yarn or thread for spinning, weaving, or sewing; a machine-made cotton netting or ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BOBTAIL 76 BOMB lace, in imitation of pittow-lace; bobbinet. bobtail (bob'tai), n. a short tail or a tail cut short ; the rabble (rag-tag and bobtail) . Boohe (bosh), n, a popular French term for 'German/ bode (bod), v.t, to portend; be an omen of: v.i, to augur; presage. bodice (bod'is), n, the close-fitting waist or body of a woman's dress. bodkin (bod'kin), n. a pointed instru- ment for piercing holes; a blunt needle for drawing tape, ribbon, &c., through a hem or loop; a long pin or stiletto to fasten up the hair; an awl-like printer's tool. body (bod'i), n. [pZ. bodies (bod'iz)], the material organized substance of an animal, as distinguished from the soul, spirit, or vital principle; the trunk, or main portion, of an animal or tree; the main or principal part of anything; a person; a number of individuals united by some common tie; a corporation; a united mass; a general collection; any solid geomet- rical figure; a material thing; a cer- tain consistency or density; sub- stance; strength, as -v^dne, &c.: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bodies, p.pr. bodying] bog (bog), v.t, [p.t, & p.p. bogged, j).pr, bogging], to sink or submerge in a bog or quagmire: v.i. to sink or stick in a bog: n. a tract of wet, spongy ground, composed of decayed and decaying vegetable matter; a quag- mire; marsh; morass. bogej^ or bogy (bo'gi), n. [pi. bogeys, bogies (bo'giz)], a hobgoblin; a spectre. Also bogey-man. boggle (bog'gl), v.i. to hesitate; waver; equivocate; act clumsily; bungle; shy, as of a horse: v.t. to make a bungle of; embarrass: n. the act of hesitating or taking alarm ; a bungle ; botch. bogus (bo'gus), adj. counterfeit; spuri- ous ; first used of base money and thus applied to anything that was not genuine. boil (boil), v.i. to be in a state of ebulUtion through the action of heat; seethe; be agitated or excited by passion or anger; be subjected to the action of boiling water: v.t. to heat to the boihng point; cause to bubble by heat; collect from, or separate, by boiling; subject to the action of heat in a boihng liquid. boil (boil), n. an inflamed and painful suppuratmg tumor. boisterous (bois'ter-us) , adj. violent; rough^ stormy; turbulent; noisy. bold (bold), adj. courageous; venture- some; planned or executed with courage and spirit; forward; rude; impudent ; over-stepping conven- tional rules; striking to the eye; steep; abrupt; prominent. bole (bol), n. the trunk or stem of a tree; a general term for friable clayey shale or clay, usually colored by oxide of iron. bolero (bo-la'ro), n. a lively Spanish dance ; the music accompanying such a dance; a short jacket, such as is worn by bull-fighters. [Spanish.] bolster (bol'ster), n. a long pillow or cushion used to support the head; a pad to ease pressiu-e; a compress; a cushioned or padded part of a sad- dle: v.t. to support with a pillow or cushion; prop; maintain; or support [usually with up]. bolt (bolt), n. a short, thick arrow with a blunt head; a thunderbolt; a discharge of lightning; a stout me- tallic pin or rod used for holding objects together; a sliding catch for securing a door, gate, &c.; the por- tion of a lock shot or withdrawn by the key; an elongated bullet for use in a rifled cannon; a roll or length of certain textile fabrics; a refusal to support a nomination made by one's party, or withdrawal from one's party : adv. Hke a bolt ; straight ; suddenly: v.t. to shoot; discharge; start or spring; fasten or secure with a bolt; blurt out; swallow hurriedly or without chewing; secede from (a party) or dechne to support (a party nomination) : v.i. to shoot forth sud- denly ; depart with suddenness ; start and run off. bolt (bolt), v.t. to sift or separate the coarser from the finer particles; hence to examine with care; sep- arate. bomb (bom), n. a hollow steel ball or shell filled with an explosive mate- rial, fired from a mortar and usually exploded by a fuse; any missile fite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BOMBAED BOOR similarly constructed and thrown by the hand. Also bombshell. bombard (bom-bard'), v.t. to attack with cannon; fire shot or shell at or into; assail hotly; fire questions at. bombast (bom'bast), n. originally cotton or other soft material used for stuffing garments: hence, high- sounding words; inflated language or style; fustian. bonanza (bo-nan'za), n. sl rich vein of ore: hence, anything which is a mine of wealth. bonbon (bong'bong), n. a sugar-plum; any confection of sugar ; a Christmas cracker. [French.] bond (bond), n. anything that binds, fastens, or confines; a ligament: pi. fetters; imprisonment; captivity: hence, a cause of union; duty; obli- gation; an instrument under seal by which a person binds himself, his heirs, &c., to do, or abstain from doing, a certain act; a promise to paj^ a certain sum on or before a specified date; a certificate, bearing interest, issued by a government, a corporation, or company, for the purpose pf borrowing money; a unit of combining power equivalent to one atorn of hydrogen: v.t. to put in bond or into a bonded warehouse, as dutiable goods, the duties remaining unpaid till the goods are taken out, but bonds being given for their pay- ment: adj. captive, as a bond slave. bone (bon), n. the ossified tissue form- ing the skeleton of most vertebrate animals; one of the parts or pieces of an animal skeleton; something made of bone; pieces of bone held between the fingers and rattled together as an accompaniment to music: v.t. to re- move the bones from ; put whalebone into; steal; appropriate. bonfire (bon'fir), n. any large fire made in the open air to celebrate an event, or consume rubbish. bonnet (bon'et), n. sl soft woolen cap worn by men in Scotland; a woman's head-covering, varying according to fashion, but distinguished from a hat by having no brim; anything resembling a bonnet in shape or use: v.t. to crush the bonnet or hat over the eyes of. bonny (bon'ni) , adj. handsome ; beauti- ful; pretty; gay; blithe. Written also bonnie. bonus (bo'nus), 72. [pi. bonuses (bo'- nus-ez)], a sum given, or paid, over and above what is required, or actu- ally payable; an additional dividend out of accumulated profit-s; a sum paid in addition to regular pay or vrages^ _ boo (boo), interj. an expression of aversion or contempt: n. hooting: v.i. to low like an ox; groan: v.t. to hoot at. booby (boo'bi), n. a dunce; a stupid fellow; a species of gannet, a West Indian bird. boodle (bood'l), n. money paid for votes, or undue political influence; bribe money. book (book), n. sl collection of sheets of paper and other material, blank, written, or printed, bound together; a volume; a treatise; a division, sec- tion, or part of a literary composi- tion; a register or record: v.t. to enter or register in a book; record; to secure or engage beforehand by rcgistry_or payment. boom (boom), n. a long pole or spar run out to extend the foot of certain sails; a strong chain, cable, or line of spars bound together, extended across a river or harbor to exclude an enemy's ships; a deep, hollow sound; a sudden demand for a com- modity; a rapid rise in price; a sudden burst of popular favor: v.i. to make a deep, hollow, reverberat- ing sound; to go off with a rush: v.t. to push with energy. boomerang (boom'e-rang), n. a niis- sile weapon used by the Australian aborigines, consisting of a piece of flat curved hard wood, which, when thrown by the hand in a certain manner, describes a series of curves, and finally returns to the thrower, striking the ground behind hinq; hence any action which may recoil on its projector. boon (boon), n. prayer or petition; a benefit; a gift; a privilege; a favor: adj. gay; kind; jovial; merry; con- vivial. boor (boor), n. a rustic; a peasant; a rude, ill-mannered, clownish person. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BOOST 78 BOULDER boost (boost), v.t. to lift by pushing thing) on loan; adopt; appropriate; from behind: n. a hft from behind. copy. boot (boot), n. profit; that which is bosh (bosh), n. absurd or empty talk; thrown in as an inducement to a utter nonsense: inter j. humbug. bargain, or to make an exchange bosket (bos'ket), n. a grove; a thicket. equal. [Prefixed by the preposition bosom (boo'zum), n. the breast; to.] clothing covering the breast; the boot (boot), n. a leather covering for affections or passions; something the feet and the lower part of the likened to a bosom, as a sustaining leg; an old instrument of torture; surface, inmost recess, &c.: adj. per- a receptacle for luggage at either taining to the bosom; intimate; end of a coach; a driving-apron of cherished; worn on the bosom. leather or rubber-cloth: v.t. to put boss (bos), n. a master; superintend- boots on^ kick with the boot. ent; foreman; (political) a party booth (booth), n. sl temporary struc- leader, or controller of political af- ture made of boards, canvas, &c. fairs: adj. chief; most highly es- booty (boo'ti), n. [])l. booties (boo'- teemed: v.t. to direct. [Dutch.] tiz)], spoil taken in war; plunder; botany (bot'a-ni) , n. the science which pillage. ^ ^ treats of plants. [Greek.] booze (booz), v.i. to drink immoder- botch (boch), n. a swelling on the skin; ately; tipple: n, liquor; drink; a a large ulcerous affection. carouse; spree. botch (boch), v.t. to mend or patch borax (bo'raks), n. a salt compounded in a clumsy manner; put together of boracic acid and soda, used as a unskilfully: n. a clumsy patch; bad flux in soldering metals, and in the work. manufacture of glass, enamel, arti- both (both), adj. & pron. the one and ficial gems, &c. the other; the two; the pair; without border (bor'der), n. the outer part or excepting either: adv. & conj. as. edge of anything; a margin; brink; bother (bo//i'er), v.t. to annoy; tease; boundary; frontier; a narrow flower worry; give trouble: v.i. to trouble bed: v.t. to make a border about, or one's self; be troublesome: n, worry; to adorn with a border; adjoin: v.i. annoyance. to touch at the edge or boundary bottle (bob'l), n. a hollow vessel, usu- [with on or upon]. ally with a narrow neck, made of bore (bor), v.t. to pierce or drill a glass or earthenware, for holding hole in; form by piercing or drill- liquids; the contents of a bottle: v.t. ing; to force (as a passage) with ^ to put into bottles; a quantity of effort; weary by tedious repetition, hay or grass bundled up. or by dullness; annoy: v.i. to pierce bottom (bot'um), n. the deepest part or penetrate by boring, &c.: push of anything; the base; foundation; forward toward a certain point: n. root; the ground under any body of a hole made by boring; the caliber water; the buttocks; the seat of a or internal diameter of a hole; a chair; low land formed by alluvial person or thing that wearies by pro- deposits; a river; a valley; a dale; lixity or dullness; anything which a ship; stamina: adj. lowest; under- causes ennui. most: v.t. to found or build upon; bore (bor), p.t. of bear. furnish with a bottom; fathom; get borean (bo're-an) or boreal (bo're-al), to the bottom of: v.i. to rest; be adj. northern; pertaining to the based or grounded. North^ or to the North wind. bough (bou), n. an arm or branch of a born (born), p.adj. innate; inher- tree. ited. bought, p.t. & p.p. of buy. born, p.p. of bear, to bring forth. bouillon (boo 'ly on, French boo-y6ng'). borne, p.p. of bear, to carry. n. a clear soup produced from boiled borough (bur'o), n. a corporate meat. town. boulder (bol'der), n. a large stone borrow (bor'o), v.t. to obtain (a worn or rounded by the action of ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BOULEVARD 79 BOX water; a portion of rock which has been transported to some distance from its native bed. boulevard (boo'le-vard), n. a broad street, planted with trees. bounce (bouns), v.t. to cause to bound; to eject summarily; to bully: v.i. to strike against anything so as to re- bound; leap or spring suddenly or imceremoniously ; boast or bluster: n. a sudden bound or spring; a heavy sudden thrust or thump; a boast; brag; an impudent lie. bound (bound), n. a limit; confine; extent ; boundary : pi. territory within certain boundaries: v.t. to serve as a limit to; circumscribe. bound (bound), v.i. to jump or spring suddenly or in succession; leap; re- bound: n. a leap; spring: adj, ready to go; destined. bound, p.t. & p.p. of bind. boundary (bound'a-ri) , n. [pi. boun- daries (-riz)], the extent or limit of anything. bountiful (boun'ti-fool), adj. Uberal in bestowing gifts or favors; gener- ous; ample. Also bounteous. bounty (boun'ti), n. [pi. bounties (boun'tiz)], liberality in bestowing gifts or favors; generosity; munifi- cence; a premium offered by a gov- ernment to induce men to enUst in the army or navy, or to encourage some branch of industry. bouquet (boo-ka'), n. a nosegay; a perfume or aroma characteristic of some wines. [French.] bourn and bourne (boorn), n. a stream; a rivulet; a bound; destina- tion; goal. bourse (boors), n, a stock exchange for the transaction of business, es- pecially the Bourse or Stock Ex- change of Paris. [French.] bout (bout) , n. a turn or bend ; a going and returning; as much as is per- formed at one time; a trial; essay; round; contest. bovine (bo'\an), adj. of, or pertaining to, oxen; resembling or possessing the characteristics of an ox or cow; stolid; dull. bow (bou), n. the forepart or prow of a ship. bow (bou), v.t. to bend; make curved or crooked; bend or incline, as the head or body in token jof respect; subdue: v.i. to make a bow: n. an incHnation of the head or bending of the body, as a salute, or in token of reverence, respect, assent, or sub- mission. bow (bo), n. a weapon for discharging arrows; anything curved; an imple- ment with which instrurrients of the violin kind are played; an elastic stick with its ends connected by string, used for turning a drill, &c.; a looped ornamental knot of ribbon or other material: v.t. to bend or curve like a bow; play with a bow; v.i. become bent or curved. bowel (bou'el), n. one of the intestines of an animal; a gut [generally in the vl.]: pi. the interior part of anything; tenderness; pity (II Cor. vi. 12). bower (bou'er), n. a shelter con- structed of boughs or twining plants ; an arbor. bowl (bol), n. a circular hollow vessel for holding liquids; a large drinking cup; the hollow or concave part of anything. bowl (bol), n. a ball of wood used in the games of bowls, and skittles: pi. a game played with bowls: v.i. to play with bowls; roll a bowl or a cricket ball; move rapidly and smoothly like a ball: v.t. to roll, as a bowl or ball. box (boks), n. an evergreen shrub or small tree, yielding a hard close- grained wood: adj. of box, or re- sembling a box-tree. box (boks), n. [pi. boxes (boks'ez)], a case or receptacle for holding any- thing; the quantity a box contains; the driver's seat on a carriage; a compartment in a theater or other public place; a place of shelter for a man on duty ; a small country house used by sportsmen; a cylindrical hollow iron in a wheel, in which the axle runs ; a case to protect mechan- ism from injury: v.t. to enclose in a box ; confine : boxhaul. box (boks), n. a blow on the head with the fist, or on the ear with the open hand: v.t. to strike with the fist or hand: v.i. to fight with the fists, gloved or ungloved; the latter practice being illegal. &te, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. BOY 80 BRASS boy (boi), n, a male child; a young lad; sometimes used for a man. boycott (boi'kot), v.t. to combine against a person so as to ostracize socially, and prevent or hinder boy- scout (boi-skout), n, one of an organization having for object the formation of manly character in boys through training in seK-help, includ- ing education in woodcraft, scout- craft, first aid and good citizenship. brace (bras), n. that which holds anything tightly or supports it firm- ly; a prop; a bandage; a pair; a curve connecting two or more lines: thus ] gj|.g [ ; a curved instrument for holding and turning boring tools; a rope reeved through a block at the end of a yard, by which the yard is Bwimg from the deck; a timber or scantling to strengthen the frame- work of a building: pL the leathern bands clasping the cords at the side of a drum; shoulder-straps to sup- port the trousers: v.L to bind or tie closely; strain up; strengthen; furnish with supports. Also, brace up. bracelet (bras'let), n. an ornamental band or ring for the wrist .^ brachial (bra'ki- or brak'i-al), adj. pertaining to, or connected with, the arm. bracken (brak'en), n. the brake fern. bracket (brak'et), n. a supporting piece projecting from ^ 2t wall; a single or jointed gas-pipe, burner, &c.; one of two marks [], used to * enclose a word or note, or to indi- cate an interpolation; a brace: v,t. to furnish with or enclose within brackets; connected by brackets; couple together. brag: (brag), v,L [p.f. & p.p. bragged, -p.jyr, bragging], to boast; speak vain- gloriously: n. a b9ast; a thing to boast of; ostentatious pretense: a game of cards. braggart (brag'art), n. a boaster; a vain fellow: adj. boastful, braid (brad), v,t. to weave or inter- twine; plait: n. a plaited band or fillet. brain (bran), n. the soft whitish con- voluted mass occupying the cranium of a vertebrate, constituting the cen- ter of the nervous system, and the seat of consciousness and volition; the understanding; intellectual pow- er: v.t. dash out the brains of. braise (braz), v.t. to stew (as meat) in a covered vessel: n. braised meat. brake (brak), n, an instrument or machine to break flax; the handle of a pump; a baker's kneading trough; a sharp bit or snafile; a frame for confining refractory horses while shoeing; a heavy vehicle without a body, for breaking in young horses to harness; a kind of wagonette; a heavy harrow for breaking clods; a mechanical device for checking the motion of a vehicle or machine; a brake van. brake (brak), n. a place overgrown with bracken, brushwood, &c.; the common fern. bramble (bram'bl), n. the English blackberry; any prickly bush or shrub. bran (bran), n. the husks of wheat, rye, &c., separated from the flour by bolting. branch f branch), n. [pi. branches (branch ez)], a shoot or limb from a main bough; an off-shoot; any member or part of a body or sys- tem; a department; a section or subdivision; any part of a family- descending in a collateral line: adj. deviating from the trunk or mam bpdy: v.i. to ramify; diverge; spread diffusely [with out]: v.t, to divide. branchiae (brang'ki-e), n.pl. gills. brand (brand), n. a burning piece of wood; any form of trade-mark: hence, quality or kind; a stigma or mark of infamy; a fungoid disease of plants: v.L to mark by burning with a hot iron, or by other means; to stigmatize. brandish (bran'dish), v.t. to move, wave, or shake, as a raised weapon. brandy (bran'di), n. [pi. brandies (bran'diz)], an ardent alcoholic liquor distilled from wine or the husks of grapes. brash (brash), acij. brittle, as wood; rash; pretentious. brass (bras), n. [pi. brasses (bras'ez)], an alloy of copper and zinc ; a utensil, ornament, or other article made of brass ; a monumental tablet of brass ; money; impudence: pi. the brass &te, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, ^^en. BRASSIE 81 BUEEZE instruments of a band: v.t. to cover with brass. brassie (bras'i) or bressie (bres'i), n. a club used in playing golf. [Scotch.] bravado (bra-va/- or bra-va'do) , n. [pi. bravados & -does (bra-va'- or bra- va'doz)], arrogant menace; defiance. brave (brav), adj. bold; courageous; intrepid; making a fine show: n. an Indian warrior ; one indiscreetly bold : v.t. to encounter with courage and fortitude; defy. bravery (braVer-i), n. the quality of being brave; fearlessness; mag- nificence. brawl (brawl), v.i. to quarrel noisily and outrageously; make a noise as of water rushing over a rocky or pebbly bed: n. a noisy quarrel; an uproar; a row. brawn (brawn), n. boar's flesh, espe- cially when prepared by collaring, boiling, and pickling; muscular strength. bray (bra), r.^. [p.t. & p.p. brayed, p.pr. braying], to pound or beat fine or small: v.i. to utter a loud, harsh cry, as the ass: n. the harsh cry of an ass. brazen (bra'zn), adj. made of brass; pertaining to brass; impenetrable; impudent; shameless: v.t. to carry off or behave with insolence or ef- frontery; ^^to brazen it out.^^ brazier (bra'zher), n. an open pan for burning charcoal. Also brasier. [French.] breach (brech), n. the act of breaking; the violation of a law, contract, or any other engagement; a gap; a dif- ference; quarrel; injury; surf: v.t. to make an opening in. bread (bred), n. food made from ground corn; food in general. breadth (bredth), n.^ the measure of any surface from side to side; free- dom from narrowness; broad effect. break (brak), v.t. [p.t. broke, p.p. broken, p.pr. breakmg], to separate with violence; interrupt; fracture; weaken or destroy ; disperse ; violate ; make bankrupt; make^ a first dis- closure of ; dismiss, cashier, or reduce to the ranks; tame or subdue: n. a breach; rupture; an interruption; change of direction; a first appear- ance ; a pause ; an opening in the circuit causing interruption to an electric current; a twist of the ball in cricket; a player's turn in billiards; the num- ber of points scored successivelj' ; al- teration of the male voice at puberty; a sudden fall in prices ; an awkwardact. breakfast (brek'fast), n. the first meal in the day: v.t. to provide with or entertain at breakfast: v.i, to eat breakfast. breast (brest), n. the fore part of the body between the neck and the ab- domen ; one of the organs in women, and some other mammalia, for the secretion of milk; the affections; the conscience; the front of any- thing: v.t to present the front to; meet or oppose manfully or openly; stem. breastplate (brest 'plat), n. a portion of armor covering the front of the body; a part of the vestment of the Jewish high priest. breastwork (brest'werk) , n. a hastily constructed work thrown up breast- high for defense; the parapet of a building. breath (breth), n. the air inhaled and exhaled in respiration ; life ; the power or capacity to breathe freely ; respite; a pause; a respiration; an instant; air in gentle motion; a mere word; a trifle; an odorous exhalation; fra- grance; an_ aspirate. breathe (bre^/i), v.i. to inhale air and expel it from the lungs; live; take breath; rest from action; pass, as air; blow softly; insinuate: v.t. to inhale and exhale; inspire; whisper; exercise; blow into. breech (brech), n. the buttocks; the hinder part of anything; the part of a cannon or other firearm behind the bore or chamber: v.t. to put into breeches; furnish with a breech; fasten by a breeching. breeches (brich'ez), n.pl. a garment worn by men, covering the legs from the knees to the hips; trousers or pantaloons. breed (bred), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. bred, p.pr. breeding], to procreate; hatch; produce: train; rear: v.i. to bear young; be fruitful; be produced: n. a race or progeny from the same parents or stock. breeze (brez), n. a gentle gale; a fresh ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BRETHREN 82 BRIM soft wind; an excited quarrel or wrangle. brethren (bre^/i'ren),' n. plural of brother ._ breve (brev), n. a note of time equal to two semibreves or four minims; a mark (^) used to indicate a short vowel. [Latin.] brevet (bre-vef), n. a commission to an officer in the army temporarily conferring a higher rank, but without increase of pay ; a patent ; a warrant ; a license: adj. conferred by brevet: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brevetted, p.pr. bre- ve ttmg], to confer brevet rank upon. breviary (brev'i-a-ri) , n. [pL brevi- aries (brey'i-a-riz)], a book contain- ing the daily offices and prayers. brevity (brev'i-ti), n. [pi. brevities (brev'i-tiz)], shortness; conciseness. brew (broo), v.t. to make liquors from malt or other materials; plot: v.i. be in preparation: n. the action, process, or product of brewing. brewerv (broo'er-i), n. a brew house. bribe (Drib), n. a gift or consideration in money given or promised with the object of corrupting or unduly in- fluencing the judgment or conduct of the recipient: v.t. to gain over or influence by a bribe: v.i. to practice or attempt bribery. bribery (brib'er-i), n. [pi. briberies (brib'er-iz)], the act or practice of bribing. brick (brik), n. an oblong block of kneaded clay dried in the sun or burned in a kiln; a jolly, good-na- tured fellow: adj. made of, or re- sembling, brick: v.t. to lay or build with bricks; make like brickwork. bridal (brid'al), n. a marriage; nup- tials: adj. pertaining to a bride, or wedding. bride (brid), n. a woman newly mar- ried, or about to be married. bridegroom (bridegroom), n. a man newly married, or about to be mar- ried. bridesmaid (bridz'mad), n. a young unmarried woman who attends on a bride. bridge (brij), n. a structure of iron, stone, or wood, spanning a river, road, valley, &c.; anything resem- bling a bridge in form or use; an apparatus for measuring the resist- ance of a conductor, called Wheat- stone's bridge; a game of cards re- sembling whist: v.t. to build a bridge; make a passage; find a way of over- coming. ' bridle (bri'dl), n. the headstall, bit, and reins by which a horse is con- trolled; a restraint: v.t. to put a bridle on; control; guide: v.i. to hold the head up, as an indication of pride, scorn, or anger [with up]. brief (bref), adj. short; concise; con- tracted; narrow: n. an epitome; an abridged statement of a case for the instruction of counsel; a writ; a papal letter: v.t. to shorten; make an abstract of. brier (bri'er) , n. a thorny plant or shrub. brig (brig), n. a two-masted, square- rigged vessel. brigade (bri-gad'), n. a subdivision of an army, consisting of several regi- ments, squadrons, or battalions (cavalry, infantry, militia, or volun- teers), under the command of a brigadier-general ; an organized body acting under authority: v.t. to form into a brigade or brigades. [French.] brigadier (brig-a-der') , n. a general officer commanding a brigade, and ranking next below a major-general. Also brigadier-general. brigand (brig'and), n, sl robber; a member of a gang of freebooters infesting mountainous districts ; a highwayman; a bandit. [French.] brigantine (brig'an-ten) , n. a small two-masted vessel, square-rigged like a brig, but with fore-and-aft main- sail and raking masts. bright (brit), adj. [comp. brighter, superl. brightest], lummous, bril- liant; shining; sparkling; illustrious; glorious; witty; clever; lively; auspi- cious; alert; glowing. brighten (brit'n), v.i. to grow bright; clear up: v.t. to make bright or luminous; make gay or cheerful; make acute. brilliant (bril'yant), adj. sparkling; lustrous; glittering; distinguished: n. a diamond, cut to exhibit its re- fracting qualities to the best ad- vantage. brim (brim), n. the edge of anything: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brimmed, p.pr. brim- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BRIMSTONE 83 BROWBEAT ming], to fill to the brim: v.i. to be full to the brim. brimstone (brim'ston) , n. sulphur: adj. made of brimstone; of the color of sulphur. brine (brin), n. salt water; pickle; the ocean ; tears iv.t.io steep in brine. bring (bring), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. brought (brawt), p.pr. bringing], to fetch or convey from another place; fetch; cause to come; produce; procure; conduct; persuade; lead. brink (bringk), n. the edge; verge. brisk (brisk), adj. lively; active; swift; vivacious ; effervescing vigorously ; sparkling; burning freely: v.i. to become brisk [generally with up]. bristle (bris'l), n. a short stiff, coarse hair, especially upon the back and sides of swine; any stiff, sharp hair: v.t. to erect like bristles; fix a bristle to. brittle (brit'l), odj, apt to break; not tough. broach (broch), n. an awl; spike; skewer; any boring bit or drill; a stonecutter's chisel; a spire rising directly from a tower without a parapet: v.t. to tap or pierce; begin a discussion about. broad (brawd), adj. [com p. broader, superi. broadest], wide; ample; vast; liberal; comprehensive; widely dif- fused; open; unrestrained; evident; characterized by breadth of treat- ment; bold; indelicate: n. a flooded fen ; an expansion of a river over low- lying land. broadside (brawd 'sid), n. the entire side of a ship above the water-line; a simultaneous volley from one side of a warship; a sheet printed on one side, and containing information of a popular character, or an attack on some public person. brocade (bro-kad'), n. a silk stuff variegated with gold and silver flowers, &c. broch (brok), n. a prehistoric roofless round tower, with massive walls of unhewn stone: found chiefly in Scot- land. brochure (bro-shoor') , n. sl pamphlet dealing with a subject of passing interest. [French.] brogan (bro'gan and bro-gan'), n. a coarse rough shoe. [Gaelic] brogue (brog), n. a coarse, rough shoe; a dialectic pronunciation. broil (broil), v.t. to cook upon a grid- iron: v.i. to be subjected to great heat; tp be heated with passion: n. a noisy quarrel. broke (brok), p.t. & p.p. of break. broker (bro'ker), n. one who acts as agent or middle man for another; a dealer in second-hand furniture. bronchus (brong'kus), n. [pi. bronchi (brong'ki)], one of the two prin- cipal branches of the windpipe or trachea. [Greek.] bronze (bronz),n. an alloy of copper and tin, to which other metallic sub- stances are sometimes added ; a work of art cast or wrought in bronze; a pigment used to imitate bronze; im- pudence: adj. made of or resembling bronze: v.t. to make of the color of bronze; tan by exposure to the sun; apply bronze pigment or leaf to. brooch (broch), n. an ornamental dress-clasp. [French.] brood (brood), n. offspring; a hatch; the young birds hatched at one time: v.i. to sit on eggs, as a hen; linger over sorrowfully [with on or over]: v.t. to sit over, cover, and cherish; ponder over. brook (brook), n. a small stream. brook (brook), v.t. to bear; put up with. broom (broom), n. sl shrub, bearing large yellow flowers; a besom or brush. broth (broth), n. a kind of thin soup. brothel (broth'el), n. a house of ill- fame. brother {hruth'eT), n. \vl. brothers hruth-erz), & brethren (bre^/i'ren)], a male born of the same father and mother; one closely united by a common interest; a member of a religious order; a fellow creature; one who resembles another. brougham (broo'am or broom), n. a close four-wheeled carriage for one or two horses. From Lord Brough- am. brought (brawt), p.t. & p.p. of bring. brow (brou), n. the arch of hair over the eye; the forehead; the general aspect of the countenance ; the edge of a steep place; the upper portion of a hill. browbeat (broulDet), v.t. [p.t. brow- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 6 hue, hut ; think, then. BROWN 84 BUD beat, p.p. browbeaten, p.yr. brow- beating], to depress or bear down arrogantly; bully. brown (broun), odj. of a dusky or dark color: n. a dark color, inclined to red or yelk)w; a halfpenny: v.i. to become brown: v.t. to make brown. brownie (brou'ni), n, a beneficent spirit supposed to haunt old^farm- houses. [Scotch.] browse (brouz), n. the tender shoots or twigs of shrubs and trees: v.t, to feed on; pasture on; graze: said of cattle,_deer, &c. bruin (broo'jn), n. the brown bear. bruise (brooz), n. an injury to the flesh of an animal or to a plant or other body, caused by a blow: v.t. to injure, crush, or indent by a blow or pressure without laceration; con- tuse; bray, as drugs, &c.: v.i. to fight with the fists; box. bruit (broot), n. report; rumor; fame: v.t. to report; noise abroad. brunette (broo-netO , n. a woman with a brown or dark complexion, usually with dark hair and eyes: adj. having such a color. brunt (brunt), n. a violent shock; a furious onslaught; a brief and sudden effort. brush (brush), n. a thicket of small trees; the small trees and shrubs of a wood; an instrument composed of bristles, &c., used for cleaning, ap- ■ plying paint, &c.; the brushy tail of a fox; a slight encounter; a brush- ing; thin metallic plates or flexible wires bound together, employed to conduct a current to or from an electric motor, &c.; a brief trial of speed: v.t. to sweep, cleanse, or rub with a brush; touch lightly in pass- ing; renovate; ruffle [with up]: v.i, to move with haste; skim over with a fight touch. brush- wood (brush'wood) , n. rough, close bushes; a thicket; a coppice; small wood, suitable for the fire. brusque (brusk) ,adj. abrupt in manner. brutal (broo'tal), adj. pertaining to or resembfing a brute; savage; cruel. brutality (broo-tari-ti) , n. the quality of being brutal; pitiless cruelty. brute (broot), adj, without reason or intelligence; rough; brutal; un- civilized: n. a beast; an irrational. irresponsible animal; a brutal per- son. bubble (bub'l), n. a small bladder of water or other fluid filled with air or gas; anything unreal or unsub- stantial; a swindling speculation: v.i. to rise in bubbles; run with a gurgling sound: v.t, to cause to bub- ble; cheat. buccaneer (buk-a-ner') , n. a pirate; a sea-robber; one of the piratical adventurers who, during a part of the seventeenth century, made dep- redations on the Spaniards in Amer- ica: v.i, act the part of a bucca- neer. buck (buk), n. the male of the fallow- deer, goat, rabbit, hare, &c.; a gay fellow; a fop; a male Indian or negro. buckboard (buk'bord), n. a vehicle which consists of a long, springy board fastened at each end upon axles and with a seat above the front axles and wheels. buck- wheat (buk'hwet), n. a plant cultivated for its triangular seeds, which are ground into meal and used for food. bucket (buk'et), n. a vessel for draw- ing or holding water; the scoop of a dredging-machine or of a grain elevator; a receptacle on a water- wheel which receives the force of the water. buckle (buk'l), n. a metal clasp con- sisting of a frame with movable tongue or catch, used for securing straps, bands, &c.: v.t. to fasten with a buckle; twist; bend; confine, join; to prepare for action: v.i. to curl; apply one^s self with vigor [with to]. buckle (buk'l), n, a bend, or kink, as in a blade; a curl of hair; the condi- tion of being curled, as hair. buckler (buk'ler), n, a kind of ancient shield. buckram (buk'ram), n. coarse linen cloth stiffened with dressing: adj, made of, or resembling, buckram: hence, stiff; precise. bucolic (bu-korik), adj;. pastoral: n. a pastoral poem; a rustic. bud (bud), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. budded, p.pr, budding], to graft: v.i. to put forth or produce buds; begin to grow: n. the fite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; bodn, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BUDGE 85 BUMP rudimentary, undeveloped stage of a branch, leaf, or flower; a gemmule. btulge (buj), v.i. to move from one's position: v.t. change the position of. budget (buj'et), n, a bag with its contents: hence a stock or store; the annual financial statement of the Chancellor of the Exchequer in Eng- land. [French.] bufi (buf), n. a thick leather prepared from the skin of the buffalo, ox, &c., dressed with oil; a light yellow; the bare skin: adj. made of buff-leather. buffalo (buf'a-lo), n. [pL buffaloes (buf'a-loz)], a ruminant mammal of the OK family ; a name given to vari- ous wild oxen, especially to the North American bison, now almost extinct. buffer (buf'er), n. any contrivance which serves to deaden the concus- sion caused by the impact of two bodies; a good-tempered, somewhat foolish person. buffet (buf'et), n. a blow with the hand: v.t. to strike with the hand; box; beat; contend against^ v.i. to exercise or contend with blows; struggle. buffoon (buf-oon'), n. one who amuses others by low jests, antics, odd ges- tures, &c. bug (bug), n. a name in England for the bedbug; an msect. bugaboo (bug'a-boo), n. a bugbear. bugbear (bug'bar), n. a frightful ob- ject; a vain terror. buggy (bug'i), n. a light four-wheeled carriage drawn by one horse. bugle (bu'gl), n. a hunting horn; a military wind-instrument. buhl (bul), n. decorative inlaying for cabinet-work, consisting of brass or other metal, tortoise-shell, ; the head of an animal; a thrust in fencing: v.t. to strike by thrusting the head against. butt (but), n. the extremity of a thing; the thicker end of anything; a target; a rifle or gunnery range; a goal; a limit; the thickest part of tanned ox-hides; an object of rid- icule. butter (but'er), n. an oily, unctuous substance obtained from cream or milk by churning; any substance of butter-like consistence; gross flat- tery: v.t. to spread or smear with butter; to flatter grossly. buttercup (but'er-kup) , n. a plant bearing yellow cup-shaped flowers. butterfly (but'er-fll), n. [pi. butter- flies (but'er-fliz)], a general name for any species of diurnal lepidopterous insects; a gay, showily-dressed, tri- fling person. buttermilk (but'er-milk), n. whey separated from the cream in butter- making. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. BUTTOCK 88 BY-WORD buttock (but'ok), n. the rump or protuberant hinder part of a man or animal [used mainly in the pi.]; the convex part of a ship under the stern. button (but'n), n. any small rounded object used to secure different parts of a garment, or attached for orna- ment; something resembling a but- ton; the knob at the end of a foil; a ball of gold, &c., worn on the hats of Chinese officials to indicate their rank: pi. young mushrooms; a page boy: v.t. to fasten or furnish with buttons. buttonhole (but'n-hol), n. a small bouquet worn in the coat: v.t. to detain in conversation against the will; bore. buttress (but'res), n. masonry or brickwork built on to an outside wall to afford support; a support: v.t, to support by a buttress; prop. buxom (buk'sum), adj. cheerful; jolly; robust; plump and comely. buy (bi), v.t. [p.t, & p.p. bought, p.pr. buying], to acquire fey paying an agreed price; purchase; bribe. buzz (buz), n. a continuous humming noise, as of bees; a confused or blended murmur, as of many voices; a whispered report or rumor: v.i. to make a low humming sound; speak with a low humming voice: v.t. spread secretly. bye (bi), n. a run scored at cricket when the ball passes the wicket- keeper and long-stop, and has not been struck by the batsman; a goal at football. by-law (bi-law), n. a private law or statute framed by a corporate body. by- word (bi'werd), n. a proverb; nick- name; an object of derision. ate, atm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. c O, the third letter of the alphabet in most European languages. In the hieroglyphic Egyptian, the figure that stood for it represented a throne. In Latin and Greek, it had the sound of G for a long while, but gradually in Latin it was supplanted by K while the new character G was formed to convey the G sound. Finally C took the place of K while G was G. (See G.) Ab a symbol, C stands for centigrade (a thermometric scale) as opposed to F (Fahrenheit) and Car- bon. cab (kab), n. a public carriage with four or two wheels, drawn by one horse; the shelter for the driver of a locomotive: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cabbed, p.pr. cabbing], to pass over in a cab: as, to cab the distance. cabal (ka-bal'), n. a secret combina- tion of a few persons for carrying out some specific design; an intrigue: v.i, [p.t. & p.p. caballed, p.pr. caballing], to unite in secret with others cabaret (kab'^a-ra) , n. a tavern; house where liquors are retailed; a vaude- ville performance given in restaurants for diners. cabbage (kab'aj), n. the well-known vegetable; the terminal head of palm-trees; tailors' clippings, taken as perquisites: v.i. to form a head like that of the cabbage: v.t. to ap- propriate to one's own use. cabin (kab 'in), n. a small hut, cottage, or room ; a room in a ship for officers or passengers: v.t. to confine in a cabin: v.i. to live in a cabin. cabinet (kab'in-et), n. a small apart- ment; a private room; a piece of furniture to hold objects of vertu, &c. ; a cabinet photograph ; a delib- erative committee of the principal members of the Ministry. cable (ka'bl), n. a large strong rope or chain; a submarine telegraph line; a molding resembling a cable; a meas- ure of distance = 100 to 140 fathoms : v.t. to fasten with a cable; transmit by telegraph cable. cache (kash), n. sl place of concealment for food for future use: v.t. to hide (provisions) in the ground. cackle (kak'l) , v.i. to cry like a hen or goose: specifically used of the cry made by a hen which has laid an egg; giggle; prattle: n. the cry of a hen or goose; silly talk. cactus (kak'tus), n. [pi. cacti (kak'ti) & cactuses (kak'tus-ez)], a spiny fleshy plant with showy flowers. cad (kad), n. a vulgar, ill-bred fel- low. cadaverous (ka-dav'er-us) , adj. re- sembHng a corpse; pale; ghastly. caddie (kad'i), n. a lad who carries golf clubs. caddy Ckad^'i), n. \pl. caddies (kad'iz)], a small box for keeping tea. cadence (ka'dens), n. the full modu- lation of the voice in reading or speaking; rhythm. cadet (ka-def), n. sl ypunger son; student in a naval or military acad- emy. [French.] csecum (se'kum), n. [pi. caeca (se'ka)], the blind gut; a pouch-like appen- dage of the large intestine, having one end closed. cafe (kaf-a'), n. a restaurant. [French.] cage (kaj), n. sl box or inclosure fur- nished with metal bars for confining birds, or other animals ; a contrivance for raising and lowering men in a mine shaft: v.t. to confine in a cage; shut up. cairn (karn), n. sl conical heap of stones erected as a monument. caisson (ka'sun), n. an ammunition- wagon or chest; a box filled with explosives for firing a mine ; a water- tight box or casing used for building structures in water; a sunken panel fite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; btie, hut ; think, then. CAITIFF 90 CAMBRIC in a ceiling; a structure for raising and floating sunken vessels. caitift (ka'tif), n. a despicable or cowardly wretch: adj. despicable; vile; cowardly. [Old French.] ^ cajole (ka-jol'), v.t, to coax or deceive by flattery; wheedle; cheat. cake (kak), n. a small mass of dough, sweetened and baked; a compressed or solidified mass of any substance cake-walk (kak'wawk) , n. a strutting, eccentric walk or parade, , originally by negroes for a cake given as a prize. calamity (ka-lam'i-ti) , n. [pi. calami- ties (ka-lam'i-tiz)], any cause that produces evil, disaster, or extreme misfortune; distress; affliction. calcareous (kal-kar'e-us) , adj. of the nature of, or containing, lime. calcimine (kal'si-min), n. white or tinted wash for walls or ceilings. calcine (kal'sln), v.t, to reduce a sub- stance to powder by heat; oxidize: v.i. to undergo calcination. calcium (kal'si-um), n. the metallic base of lime. calculate (kal'ku-lat) , v.t. to compute; ascertain or determine by any proc- ess of reasoning; estimate: v.i, to make a computation; suppose or think. [Latin.] calculus (karku-lus), n. [pi. calculi (kal'kti-li)], a stony concretion in the body; one of the higher branches of mathematics; the differential calcu- lus. [Latin.] calendar (kal'en-der) , n. a register of the days, weeks, and months of the year, &c.; a register or list; a list of criminal causes arranged for trial: v.t. to register or place on a list. calf (kaf), n. [pL calves (kavz)], a young bovine quadruped, especially of the cow; the young of certain marine mammalia, as the whale; leather made^ from the skin of a calf; a small island, or iceberg near a larger one; a stupid or silly per- son; the thick fleshy part of the leg behind. caliber (kal'i-ber), n. the diameter of a cylindrical body; mental capacity. calico (kal'i-ko), n. [pi. calicoes & -os (kal'i-koz)], white or printed cotton cloth. From Kalicut, in India. caliph (kal' or ka'lif), n. a title of the successors of Mohammed. calisthenics (kal-is-then'iks) , n.pl. the art of promoting health by physical exercise; simple gymnastics. calk or caulk (kawk), v.t. to drive oakum into the seams of (a ship). call (kawl), v.t. to summon from, or invite to, any place; convoke judi- cially or oflicially ; designate for an office; name; characterize as; exhort; utter in a loud voice; rouse from sleep: n. a summons or invitation; a request or conamand; a short visit ; the ^ cry or note uttered by certain animals; a demand for pay- ment due on shares; the option of claiming stock at a certain time at a stipulated price. calligraphy (kal-;lig'ra-fi) , n, elegant or beautiful writing. calliope (kal-li'o-pe), n. a musical in- strument composed of a series of steam whistles played like an organ. callous (kal'us), adj. hardened; insen- sible. callow (kal'o), adj. unfledged. calm (kam), adj. tranquil; still; imdis- turbed: n. stillness; serenity: v.t. to quiet; still; pacify: v.i. to become calm (with down). calomel (kal'o-mel), n. mercurial chloride: used as a purgative medi- cine. caloric (ka-lor'ik), adj. pertaining to heat. calumet (kal'u-met), n. the tobacco- pipe of the North American Indians, smoked as a symbol of peace, or to ratify treaties. [Old French.] calumny (kal'um-ni), n. [pi. calumnies (karum-niz)], a false accusation; a slander. calve (kav), v.i. to bring forth a calf; become detached from: said of gla- ciers when icebergs break off from them. calyx (ka'liks), n. [pi. calyxes (ka'lik- sez), calices (kal'i-sez)], the whorl of a flower. [Greek.] cam (kam), n. a projecting part of a wheel or other moving piece of ma- chinery for imparting an eccentric or alternating motion. camhric (kam'brik), n. a very fine thin linen: adj. pertaining to, or made of, cambric. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; n5te, nOrth, not; boon, book^^ hue, hut ; think, then. CAME 91 CANNIBAL came (kam), p.L of come. camel (kam'el), n. a large ruminant quadruped, of which there are two species, the Arabian camel or drome- dary, with a single hump, and the Bactrian camel, with two humps; a water-tight structure placed beneath a vessel to raise and float it over a shoal or bar. [Hebrew and Latin.] caipeo (kam'e-6), n. a precious stone or shell on which figures are engraved in relief. [ItaHan.] camera (kam'er-a), n. [pL cameras (kam'er-az)], a camera obscura, espe- cially that employed in photography. camomile (kam'o-mil), n. a plant of the genus Anthemis, whose flowers have a bitter aromatic taste, and are largely used as a medicine. camp (kamp), n. the ground occupied by an army at rest, .ith tents, huts, &c.; an encampment: v,i. to live in a camp; jencamp. campaign (kam-pan'), n. an open tract of land; the period during which an army carries on active operations in the field: v.i. to serve in a campaign. [French.) camphor (kam'fer), n. a volatile aro- matic whitish substance, obtained from various trees and plants of Eastern Asia. [French from Arabic] can (kan), v.i. [p.t. could (kood)], to be able; possess power physically, morally, or mentally (used as an auxiUary verb). can (kan), n. a metal vessel of small size, for holding liquids or preserving solids: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. canned, p.pr. canning], to put up in cans for preservation. canal (ka-naF), n. an artificial navi- gable waterway; a duct or tube for the passage of fluids; a channel or groove. canard (ka-niird', French ka-nar'), n. an absurd story or report ; a hoax. canary (ka-na'ri), n. a light wine; a pale or bright yellow color; a small singing bird with yellow plumage, a native of the Canary Islands: adj, bright yellow. cancel (kan'sel), v.t. [p.t. k p.p. can- celed, p.pr. canceling], to deface writing by drawing fines across it; annul; strike out common factors. cancer (kan'ser), n. a genus of crus- taceans, including the crabs; one of the twelve zodiacal signs, the sign of the summer solstice; a ma- Hgnant tumor or growth. candelabrxim(kan-de-la'- or -la 'brum), n. [pi. candelabra (kan-de-la'- or -la'- bra)], a lamp-stand; an ornamented branched candlestick. [Latin.] candid (kan'did), adj. honest; out- spoken; sincere; free from undue bias; open; fair. candidate (kan'di-dat), n. one who offers himself, or is proposed by others, to fill some office. [Latin.] candle (kan'dl), n. a cyUndrical body of tallow, wax, or other fatty ma- terial, inclosing a wick of cotton, and used to furnish light. [Latin.] candor (kan'der), n. openness; frank- ness. candy (kan'di), n. a solid confection of sugar or chocolate, combined with flavoring or coloring substances or with nuts, raisins, &c. : v.t. [p.t. dt p.p. candied, p.pr. candying], to conserve with sugar; incrust with crystals: v.i. to become candied. [Tamil.] See confectionery. cane (kan), n. the stem of certain palms, grasses, and other plants, as the bamboo, sugar-cane, rattan, &c.; a walking-stick: v.t to beat with a cane. canine (ka'nin), adj. pertaining to dogs; having the nature or qualities of a dog. [Latin.] canister (kan'is-ter), n. a metal box or case for tea, coffee, &c.; a case containing grape shot which ex- plodes when fired from a can- non. canker (kang'ker), n. a cancerous or ulcerous disease; an eating or cor- roding agency which causes decay or rot; anything that insidiously cor- rodes, corrupts, or destroys: v.t. to corrode or corrupt ; infect with poi- sonous influence: v.i. to grow cor- rupt; be infected with, or become, malignant. cankerous (kang'ker-us) , adj. corrod- ing. cannibal (kan'i-bal), n. a human being who eats human flesh; any animal that eats the flesh of its own kind: adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, cannibalism. [Spanish.] &te, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, thQU. CANjNION 9i CAP cannon (kan'un), n. [pi. caimofis (kan'unz) or cannon (collectively)], a large gun; a piece of ordnance. cannot (kan'ot), (can and not), Xo be unable. canny or cannie (kan'i), adj, shrewd; ^ knowing; cautious; wary; artful; reasonable; quiet; easy; safe: adv, in a canny manner. canoe (ka-noo), n. [pi. canoes (ka- nooe')], alight boat of bark, hide, or the hollow trunk of a tree ; any light boat propelled by paddles: v.i. [p.t, & p.p. canoed, p.pr. canoeing], to sail or paddle a canoe. [Haytian.] <5an«ii (kan'un), n. a law or rule in general; a law or rule regarding doctrine or discipline enacted by a council and confirmed; the books of the Holy Scriptures received as au- thoritative by the Christian Church (called the Sacred Canon); a cata- logue of saints; one of the largest kinds of type; the part by which a bell is hung; a cathedral dignitary. [Greek.] canonize (kan'on-iz), v.t. to enrol in the catalogue or canon of the saints. canopy (kan'o-pi), n. [pi. canopies (kan'o-piz)], a covering fixed above a bed, or suspended over a throne or dais; any similar covering; a decora- tive cover above an altar, pulpit, niche, &c.: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. canopied, p.pr. canopying], to cover with a canopy. cant (kant), v.i. to speak in a whining voice, or with an affected or hj^po- critical tone; make whining preten- sions to goodness ; to use the conven- tional phraseology of a particular sect, party, &c.: n. a whining manner of speech ;^ the speech affected by those soliciting alms; the jargon or slang spoken by thieves, gipsies, beggars, &c.; the words and phrases characteristic of a certain party, sect, &c. ; the employment of certain phrases and forms of speech without sincerity, especially the assumption of a religious character or the hypo- critical use of sacred words: adj. cant; canting. can't (kant), a colloquial contraction of cannot. cantaloupe (kan'ta-loop) , n. a va- riety of musk-mel«n of dciieaxe flavor. [Spanish.] cantankerous (ka/n-tang']fier-ufl) , adj. ill-tempered; cross-grained; conten- tious. cantata (kan-ta'ta), n. a short chosal composition in the manner of an oratorio; a poem or story set to music. canteen (kan-ten'), n. a kind of shop in learraoks or camp where liquors and provisions are sold; a vessel used by soldiers for carrying water or liquor when on the march; a box containing mess utensils, (Sac., for officers when on foreign service. canter (kan'ter), n. an easy gallop; a Canterbury gallop: v.L to move in an easy gallop: v.t. to cause to can- ter. canticle (kan'ti-kal) , n. a song- one of the non-metrical hymns of the Bible arranged for chanting in church service: pi. the Song of Songs, or Song of Solomon. cantilever (kan'ti-lev-er) , n. a bracket or block projecting from the wall of a house, to support a balcony, cornice, &c.; one of two arms pro- jecting from opposite banks serving to form a bridge: adj. constructed on the principle of a cantilever. canto (kan'to), n. [pi. cantos (kan'- toz)], a part df a poem of sonie length; the highest vocal part in concerted music; soprano. [Italian.] canton (kan'ton), n. a district or division of a territory; a division of a paintiag or flag: v.t. to divide into districts or parts ; to allot sepa- rate quarters to troops. canvas (kan'vas), n. a coarse heavj^ cloth of hemp or flax, used for tents, sails, &c., and also for painting on; sails in general; a painting: adj. made of canvas. canvass (kan'vas), ?;.^. to examine; sift; discuss; solicit votes or opin- ions: v.i. to traverse a district for the purpose of soliciting votes, in- terest, orders, &c.: n. a cl9se inspec- tion or scrutiny; discussion; a so- licitation of votes, interest, orders, &c. cap (kap), n. a covering for the head, usually without a brim ; anything resembling a cap; a percussion cap; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. CAPABLE gg CARAT the top or summit; a particular size of writing-paper: y.t. [p.t. & p.p. capped, p.pr. capping], to put a cap on; cover with, or as with, a cap; cover the top end of; complete; crown; place a cap on the head when conferring a university degree ; match verses w^ith like ones, or finish verses that another has composed. capable (ka'pa-bl), adj. receptive; susc6|3tible; having power, skill, or capacity; competent; legally quali- fied. capacity (ka-pas'i-ti) , n. [pi. capacities (ka-pas'i-tiz)], the power of receiving or containing; the power of eontain- ing a certain quantity exactly; cubic contents; intellectual ability; legal qualification ; profession ; function ; position. cape (kap), n. a covering for the shoulders, worn separately or at- tached; a headland, caper (ka'per), v.i. to skip; jump: n. a frolicsome leap or sprmg; a skip; a prank. caper (ka'per), n. a plant, the flower- buds of which are pickled and used as a condiment under the name of capers. capillary (kap'il-a-ri), adj. resembling a hair; minute; slender; possessing a very small bore; pertaining to the capillary vessels of the body: n. a tube with a small bore: pi. one of the minute blood-vessels connecting the arteries with the veins. capital (kap'i-tal), adj. affecting the head or life; punishable with death; first in importance; chief; good, ex- cellent: n. the chief city in a king- dom or state; a capital letter. capital (kap'i-jtal) , n. the sum invested m any particular business; stock in trade; stock or resources of any kind, moral or physical ; that part of wealth which is saved and is available for, or employed in, future production; the head or top of a column, pilaster, or pillar. [Latin.] capitulate (ka-pit'u-lat) , v.i. to sur- render to an enemy on conditions agreed upon. capon (ka'pon), n. a fattened fowl. caprice (ka-pres'), n. a sudden impulse of the mind; a whim; a freak. [French.] capricious (ka-prish'us) , a Jj. charac- terized by caprice; unsteady; fickle. capsize (kap-slz'), v.i. to be over- turned; upset: v.t. to turn over or upset: n. an upset or overturn. capsule (kap'sul), n. a metallic seal or cover for a bottle; a ^nall en- velope of gelatine inclosing a nau- seous drug; a seed-vessel or sac. captain (kap'tin), n. one w^ho has command of, or authority over, others; a chief; a commander; in the army, the commander of a com- pany; in the navy, an officer com- manding a ship of war; popularly but incorrectly the master of a merchant vessel; the head of a team or side; the chief boy in a school; the head bell-boy in a hotel. caption (kap'shun), n. a certificate of arrest. captious (kap'shus), adj. ready to catch at faults or take offense; quib- bling; sophistical; fitted to harass or perplex; carping. captivate (kap'ti-vat), v.t. to enslave or hold captive by beauty or excel- lence; charm or lure; fascinate. captive (kap 'tiv), adj. made prisoner; held in bondage; fascinated; of or pertaining to bondage: n. one who is taken prisoner, especially one so taken in war; one held in bondage or fascinated. captivity (kap-tiv'i-ti) , n. the state of Deing held in bondage or confine- ment; servitude; imprisonment. capture (kap/tur), n. the act of seiz- ing or taking, as a prisoner or a prize; arrest; the thing taken: v.t. to take or seize by force, siu-prise or stratagem; make a prisoner or prize of, car (kar), n. sl wheeled vehicle, espe- cially one having only two wheels; a coach running upon rails; the basket suspended beneath a balloon to contain the aeronaut ; a chariot of war or state, caramel (kar'a-mel), n. burnt sugar, used for coloring spirits, gravies, soups, &c.; a kind of sweetmeat, usually made of chocolate. carat (kar'at), n. the weight of 3.17 grains, used for weighing precious stones and pearls; a twenty-fourth part, a term used to express the ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. J CARAVAN 94 CARMINE fineness of gold used in jewelry; thus, gold 22 carats fine contains 22 parts of pure gold and 2 of alloy (copper or silver). Also spelled karat. [French and Arabic] caravan (kar'a-van or kar-a-van'), n. a company of travelers, merchants, or pilgrims, associated together for mutual security, especially when astical prince ranking in dignity next to the Pope. care (kar), n. concern; solicitude; anxiety ; a burdensome responsibility ; caution; charge or oversight; atten- tion, watchfulness; an object of watchful attention and regard: v.i. to be anxious or solicitous; be con- cerned, troubled, or interested. traveling through deserts or regions careen (ka-ren'), vi. to bring (a ship) infested by robbers; a large covered on one side for the purpose of calk- wagon or carriage for the conveyance ing, cleansing, or repairing: v.i. to of traveling exhibitions or passengers ; incline on one side, as a ship under a van. [Persian.] ^ ^ press of sail. caraway (kar'a-wa), n. a biennial plant career (ka-rer'), n. a run at full speed; with aromatic and pungent seeds, general course of action; an occupa- used medicinally and as a condi- ment. tion or calling: v.i, to move or ride rapidly. [French.] carbon (kar'bon), n. an elementary careful (kar 'fool), adj. full of care; substance present in all 9rganic coni pounds, and occurring in nature in anxious; attentive; watchful; cau- tious; provident; thoughtful. two distinct forms, as the diamond careless (kar'les), adj, lacking care or and graphite. The action of heat on interest; indifferent; irresponsible; vegetable and animal tissues pro- void of anxiety; light-hearted. duces carbon in the form of charcoal, caress (ka-res'), n. any act or expres- lampblack, coke, &c. [Latin carboy (kar'boi), n. a large globular bottle of glass, protected by a basket sion of affection; an embrace: t;.^ to treat with tokens of affection; bestow caresses upon. work, used to contain or convey caret (ka'ret or kar'et), n. a mark corrosive acids. carbuncle (kar'bung-kl) , n. a gem of a deep red color; an inflammatory tumor, boil, or ulcer. carcase or carcass (kar'kas), it. [pi. carcases (kar'kas-ez)], the dead body ( A ) used in writing, or in correcting proofs, to indicate the place where something is omitted or is to be added. [Latin, " it is lacking."] cargo (kar'go), n. [pi. cargoes (kar'- goz)], the lading or freight of a ship. of an animal; a corpse; the decaying caricature (kar'i-ka-tur) n. remains of a bulky thing; the frame- work or skeleton of a building, ship, &c.; a perforated shell filled with combustibles, used to set fire to buildings, ships, &c. card (kard), n. a printed piece of pasteboard used for various social a pic- torial or descriptive representation of a person or thing, in which the defects or peculiarities are exag- gerated so as to produce a ludicrous effect; parody: v.t. to represent in a ridiculous or exaggerated style; parody; burlesque. [Italian.] or business purposes; such a piece caries (ka'ri-ez), n. decay of bones, printed bearing certain devices or teeth, or vegetable tissue. [Latin.] figures, used for playing games; a cark (kark), v.i, to be anxious or con- short business advertisement in a cerned: v.t. to vex; load with care or newspaper; the dial of a mariner's grief. compass; an instrument for combing carl or carle (karl), n. a strong, sturdy the fibers of wool, flax, or cotton, fellow; a rustic; a churl. carminative (kar-min'a-tiv) , n. a medicine, w^^^^^ expels wind and relieves colic and flatulence: adj. expelling wind. [Latin.] carmine (kar'min or Ifar'min), n. the essential coloring principle of coch- ineal; a rich crimson pigment. preparatory to spinning. cardiac (kar'di-ak), adj. pertaining to the heart; stimulating the heart's action: n. a cordial. cardinal (kar'di-nal) , adj. chief; pre- eminent; fundamental. [Latin.] cardinal (kar'di-nal), n. an ecclesi- §te, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. CARNAGE 95 CASEIN earnage (kar'naj). ft. slaughter; great destruction of life by violence; mas- sacre. [French.] carnal (kar'nal) , adj. pertaining to the body, its passions and its appetites; animal; fleshly; sensual; impure; not spiritual, but essentially human; secular. [Latin.] carnation (kar-na'shun) , n. a light rose-pink; flesh color; the parts of a picture in which flesh is represented; a variety of clove pink. carnival (kar'ni-val) , n. the season of rejoicing before Lent: observed in Roman CathoUc countries, and in some of the United States; feasting or revelry. [Italian J carnivorous (kar-niv'o-rus) , adj. eat- ing or feeding on flesh. carol (kar'ul), n. a song of joy or praise, especially one in honor of the Nativity: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. -ed, p.pr, -ing], to sing in joy: v.t. to praise or celebrate in song. [Old French.] carotid (ka-rot'id), n. one of the two principal arteries, one on either side of the neck, which convey the blood from the aorta to the head : adj. pertaining to the two great arteries of the neck. carouse (ka-rouz'), n. a feast or fes- tival ; a noisy drinking bout or revel. Also carousal: v.i. to drink heartily and with jollity ; revel. [Old French.] carp (karp), v.i, to cavil or find fault. carp (karp), n. a fresh-water fish. carpenter (kar'pen-ter) , n. an artificer who works in timber and prepares the woodwork of houses, ships, &c.: v.i. to perform carpenter's work. carpet (kar'pet), n. a thick woven or felted fabric, with a pattern, used for covering floors or stairs; a soft covering, resembling carpet: v.t. to cover with a carpet; bring under consideration ; reprimand. carriage (kar'ij), n. the act of carrying or transporting; cost of conveyance; behavior; deportment; a wheeled vehicle; the wheeled stand or support of a gun; the frame- work of a wooden staircase. [French.] carrion (kar'i-on), ?i. dead or putrefy- ing flesh ; filth ; garbage : adj. pertain- ing to, or feeding on, carrion. carrot (kar'ot), n, the well-known plant with an edible root; the root itself. [French.] carry (kar'i),~ i'.^. [p.t. & p.p. carried, p.j)r. carrying], to convey from one point to another; bear; have on one's person ; convey by force ; lead ; trans- fer; accomplisli; gain possession of; extend or continue in time or space 'with up or hack]; exhibit; imply; lave in charge or conduct; to take Dy assault: v.i. to act as a bearer; to reach, said of the range of a pro- jectile; hold the head in a particular manner. [French.] cart (kart), n. a carriage for the con- veyance of heavy goods; a hght two-wheeled vehicle used by trades- men, &c.: v.t. to carry or convey in a cart. cartilage (kar'ti-laj), n. an elastic ani- mal tissue, forming bone; gristle. cartoon (kar-toon'), n. a study or design executed on strong paper, and of the size to be reproduced in fresco or tapestry ; a pictorial sketch dealing with a political or social sub- ject. [French.] cartridge (kar'trij), n. a case of card- board, metal, or other material, con- taining the charge of a firearm. carve (karv), v.t. to form a design; shape by cutting; cut into slices: v.i. to exercise the trade of a sculptor or carver; cut up meat. caryatid (kar-i-at'id), n. a figure of a woman in long robes, serving to support an entablature. [Greek.] cascade (kas-kad'), n. a waterfall. cascara (kas-kar'a), n. a bark used in medicine. case (kas), n. a covering or receptacle; a sheath; a box with its contents; a frame or casing; a divided tray for types: 225 sq. ft. of crown glass: v.t. to cover with, or enclose in, a case. case (kas), n.. that which happens or befalls; the matters involved in a question under discussi9n or inves- tigation; a certain instance of disease; a suit or action at law; one of the forms or inflections in the declension of a noun, pronoun, or adjective, which indicates its re- lation to other words. [Old French.] casein (ka'se-in) , n. the curd-matter of milk, forraing the main part of cheese. [Latin caseus, "cheese."] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nSrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. CASEMENT 96 CATAPLASM casement (kas'ment) , n. a hinged window-frame made to open out- ward; a compartment between the mulHons of a window. caseous (ka'se-us), adj, cheesy. cash (kash), n. money; ready money: v.t. to turn into, or exchange for, money. [Chinese.] cashmere (kash'mer), n, a soft woolen fabric for shawls; a dress fabric. cash- register ^ (kash-re'jis-ter), n, a cash-box which registers the amounts deposited in it. casmo (ka-se'no), n. a pubHc room or building used for social meetings, dancing, gaming, &c. cask (kask), n. a vessel composed of wooden staves, bound by iron hoops, for holding liquors; the quantity contained in a cask. casket (kas'ket), n. a small chest or box for jewels, &c.; a costly coffin: v.t, to place or preserve in a cas- ket. cassimere (kas'i-mer), n, a thin twilled woolen cloth, used for men's gar- ments. Also casimire and kersey- mere. cassock (kas'uk), n. a long, close- fitting vestment worn by clergymen, choristers, &c. [French.] cast (kast), v.t, [p.t. & p.p. cast, p.pr. casting], to throw; hurl; shed; direct or turn; throw down; calculate; de- feat at law; condemn; form into a certain shape; assign to various actors: v.i. to throw the line in angling; ponder; to warp or twist; receive form or shape in a ^ mold: n, the act of casting; the distance to which a thing may be thrown; motion or turn (of the eye); direc- tion, glance; the form or shape; manner; appearance; a tinge. castanets (kas'ta-nets), n.rH, email spoon-shaped shells of hard wood or ivory, fastened loosely at the top, a pair of which is fastened to each thumb and shaken with the fingers to beat time. caste (kast), one of the artificial or hereditary divisions into which Hin- dus are restricted by Brahminic religious law ; the company of actors to whom the parts of a play are assigned. castellated (kas'te-la-ted), adj, fur- nished with turrets and battlements, as a castle. castigate (kas'ti-gat) , v.t. to correct; chastise; punish; subject to severe Griticism. castle (kasl or kas'l), n. a fortified residence; a fortress; a strong and imposing mansion of a noble or wealthy person; one of the pieces at chess, called also rook: v.i. to move the king two squares to the right or left, and bring the castle to the square the king has passed over. castrate (kas'trat), v.t. emasculate; geld; expiu-gate; deprive a flower of its anthers: adj. emasculated; gelded: n. one who has been emasculated; a eunuch. [Latin.] casual (kazh'u-al), adj. happening by chance; accidental; occasional; for- tuitous. casualty (kazh'u-aUti) , n. [pi. casu- alties (kazh'u-al-tiz)], an accident, especially if resulting in bodily injury or death. casuistry (kazh'u-ist-ri) , n. [pi. casu- istries (kazh'u-ist-riz)], the science or doctrine which deals with cases of conscience as determined by theolog- ical dogmas or ethical rules; sophis- tical or equivocal reasoning. cat (kat), n. a carnivorous animal of the family Felidse, especially the domesticated quadruped, Felis do- mestica; a cat-o^-nine-tails ; the game of tip-cat; a strong tackle; to raise an anchor to the cat-head; a double tripod which always lands on its feet: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. catted, p.pr. catting], to draw up (an anchor) to the cat head. cataclysm (kat'a-khzm) , n. a deluge; flood; a violent or sudden physical change of the earth's surface. catacomb (kat'a-kom), n. a subter- raneous burial place with niches hollowed out for the dead. [Greek.] catalepsy (kat'a-lep-si), n. a sudden suspense of ^ voluntary sensation. Also catalepsis. [Greek.] catalogue (kat'a-log), n. an arranged list: v.t. to enter in, or make, a cata- logue of. [Greek.] catamaran (kat-a-ma-ran'), n. a raft or float propelled by paddles. cataplasm (kat'a-plazm), n. a poultice or blister. ate, arm, at, awl : me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. CATAPLEXY 97 CAUSAL cataplexy (kat'a-plek-si) , n. a sudden shock to the nerves causing paralysis. cataract (kat'a-rakt) , n. a large waterfall; a furious rush or down- pour of water; a disease of the eye in wliich the crystalline lens becomes opaque, and the vision be- comes impaired or is lost. [Greek.] catarrh (ka-tar'), n. an inflammatory affection of any mucous membrane accompanied by increase of the mucus, especially from the nose; a violent cold in the head. [Greek.] catastrophe (ka-tas'tro-f e) , n. a great calamity or disaster; an event sub- versive of the order of things; the unfolding and winding up of a plot; a cataclysm. [Greek.] eatch (kach), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. caught (kawt), p.pr. catching], to seize or grasp; lay hold of suddenly; inter- cept; take captive; apprehend by the intellect or senses; take, by conta- gion, infection, or sympathy; at- tack, or communicate to, as a fire; come upon unexpectedly; come up to; reach in time: n. the act of seiz- ing or grasping; that which is caught or taken; gain; something desirable to be caught; anything that seizes or checks motion; a song, the parts of which are caught up by different voices. catchup (kach'up), n. a sauce made from mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, &c. Also catsup, ketchup. catechism (kat'e-kizm), n. an ele mentary manual of instruction in the form 9f question and answer, especially in the principles of the Christian religion. [Greek.] ^ catechize (kat'e-klz), v.t. to instruct by means of questions and answers, and offering explanations, especially to instruct on points of Christian dogma; interrogate or examine. category (kat'e-go-ri), n. [vl. catego- ries (kat'e-go-riz)], one of the highest classes to which the objects of knowl- edge or thought can be reduced, and by which they may be arranged into a system. [Greek.] cater (ka'ter), v.i. to supply food, amusement, &c. [with /or and to\. caterpillar (kat'er-pil-er) , n. the hairy worm-like^ larva of a butterfly or lepidopterbus insect. catgut (kat'gut), n. a kind of cord made from the intestines of animals, usually sheep, and used as strings for musical instruments and some other purposes; a string of this kind; a kind of open canvas. cathartic (ka-thar'tik) , oAj. purga- tive: n. a purgative medicine. cathedral (ka-the'dral) , n. the chief church in a diocese in which is the throne of a bishop: adj. pertaining to a cathedral. [Grseco-Latin.] cathode (kath'od), n. the negative pole of a current: opposed to anode. Written also kathode. [Greek.] catholic (kath'o-lik), adj. universal; general ; embracing all ; liberal ; large- hearted; free from prejudice; includ- ing all mankind. [Greek.] Catholic (kath'o-lik), adj. pertaining to the Church of Rome: n. a member of the Universal or CathoUc Church, or of the Roman Church. catholicity (kath-ol-is'i-ti), n. the quaUty of being catholic; liberal. catkin (kat'kin), n. the pendulous inflorescence of the willow, birch, &c. catmint (kat'mint), catnip (kat'nip), n. a strong-scented perennial herb, much liked by cats. cattle (kat'l), n. sing. & pi. live stock, especially oxen, bulls and cows. caucus (kaw'kus), n. a preliminary meeting of representatives of a polit- ical party, to decide upon a line of P9licy to be submitted to a con- vention or larger meeting; a party combination for influencing elec- tions: v.i. to hold, or meet in, a caucus. [Originally American.] caudate (kaw'dat), adj. having a tail; having a tail-like appendage. caudle (kaw'dl), n. a warm drink made of wine or ale, spiced or sug- ared, and mixed with bread, eggs, &c., for sick persons. caught (kawt), p.t. & p.p. of catch. caul (kawl), n. sl net or covering for the head; a membrane covering the lower intestines; a part of the mem- brane of the fetus, sometimes in- closing a child's head at birth. cauldron (kawl'dron), n. a large kettle or boiler. causal (kaw'zal), adj. relating to or expressing cause; creative: n. a word ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book hue, hut ; think, ^^en. CAUSE 98 CELT that expresses a cause, or introduces a reason. cause (kawz), n. that which produces or contributes to a result; a reason; motive; principle; subject in debate; a side or party; a suit or action; a case for judicial decision: v.t. to act as an agent in producing an effect; produce. [Latin.] caustic (kaws'tik), adj. burning; hot; corrosive; sarcastic; cutting; pun- gent: n. a substance which burns. cautery (kaw'ter-i), n. [pL cauteries (kaw^ter-iz)], a burning or searing, caution (kaw'shun), n. heedfulness; prudence in regard to danger; watch- fulness; an admonition; something to occasion amazement or fear: v.t. to warn. [Latin.] cautious (kaw'shus), adj. exercising caution; heedful; wary; vigilant; circumspect. cavalcade (kav-al-kad') , n. a train or procession of persons, chiefly on horseback. [French.] cavalry (kav'al-ri), n. horse soldiers. cave (kav), n. a hollow place in the earth; a large natural cavity; a den; cavern: v.t. to hollow out. cavern (kav'ern), n. a large natural hollow under the earth ; a den ; cave. cavil (kav'il), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. caviled, P'Pr. caviling], to raise captious or frivolous objections; carp [followed by at]: n. sl captious or frivolous objection. ^ ^ cavity (kav'i-ti), n. [pi. cavities (kav'- i-tiz)], a hollow place or part. cavort (ka-v6rt'), v.t. to prance about, as a horse; to bustle around briskly. caw (kaw), v.i. to cry like a crow, rook, or raven: n. the cry of the crow, &c. cayenne (ki-en' or ka-en'), n. a kind of pepper made from the seeds of various species of the genus Cap- sicum. [French.] cease (ses), v.i. to come to an end; stop; desist [followed by from be- fore a noun]: v.t. to put a stop to end. [Latin.] cedar (se'dar), n. the name of sev- eral evergreen trees, having wood of great durability and fragrance: adj. pertaining to, or made of, cedar. [Greek.] cede (sed), v.t. give up or surrender. cedilla (se-dil'a), n. a mark placed, under c to indicate the sound of s, as in French legon. ceil (sel), v.t. to overlay or cover the inner surface of a roof; furnish with a ceiling. ceiling (se'ling), n. the inner roof of an apartment. celebrate (sel'e-brat) , v.t. to praise, extol, or honor; commemorate; dis- tinguish by solemn ceremonies. celebration (sel-e-bra'shun) , n. the act of celebrating; an observance or ceremony to celebrate anything. celebrity (se-leb'ri-ti), n. [pi. celebri- ties (se-leb'ri-tiz)], fame; renown; distinction; a renowned person. celerity (se-ler'i-ti) , n. rapidity; swift- ness. [Latin.] celery (sere-ri), n. a plant cultivated for a salad and vegetable. celestial (se-les'tial), adj. of or per- taining to the sky or heavens ; heav- enly; supremely excellent. [Latin.] celibacy (sel'i-ba-si) , n. the state of being unmarried; single life, espe- cially that of a bachelor, or one bound by vows to an unmarried life. [Latin.] cell (sel), n. a small room in a mon- astery, convent, or prison; a small or mean place of residence; a small cavity; a minute mass of contractile protoplasm forming the structural unit of every organized body; a sin- gle element or jar of a galvanic bat- tery; a small religious house at- tached to a monastery or convent; the interval between the ribs of a vaulted roof. [Latin.] cellar (sellar), n. a vault for storing provisions, wine, fuel, &c. cello (chel'S), n. [pi. cellos (cheroz), Italian celli (chel'le)], a violoncello. celluloid (sel'u-loid), n. a compound of camphor and gun-cotton, resem- bling ivory. cellulose (sel'u-los) or celluline (sel'- u-lin), n. the substance resembhng and allied to starch which forms cellular plant tissue: adj. containing or composed of cells. Celt (selt) or Kelt (kelt), n. one of a division of the Indo-European peo- ples, the chief branches of which are Erse Qrish), Manx, Breton, Highland Scot en, and Welsh. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. CEMENT 99 CEREBELLUM cement (se-ment' or sem'ent), n. any- adhesive substance whick makes two bodies cohere; mortar; a bond of union; the bony layer which forms the outer substance of the fang of a tooth: v.t.. to unite with cement; unite firmly or closely: v.^. become solid. cemetery (sem'e-ter-i) , n. [pL ceme- teries (sem'e-ter-iz)], a public burial ground. cenotaph (sen'o-taf), n. an empty tomb, or a monument erected in honor of a person buried elsewhere. censor (sen'ser), n. an official ap- pointed to examine books, manu- scripts, plays, &c., prior to publica- tion or performance. censure (sen'shur), n. blame; reproof; the act of finding fault; a sentence or penalty of an ecclesiastical court: v.t. to find fault with or condemn; criticise adversely. [Latin.] census (sen'sus), n. sl quinquennial registration of the numbers and property of Roman citizens for the purpose of taxation; in modern us- age, an official enumeration of the inhabitants of a country, with details of sex, age, occupation, &c., taken in the United States decennially. cent (sent), n. the 1-lOOth part of a dollar. centaur (sen'tawr), n. a fabulous be- ing, half man and half horse. centenary (sen'te-na-ri) , n. [pi. cen- tenaries (sen'te-na-riz)], the space of a hundred years. centennial (sen-ten'i-al), adj. con- sisting of, ■ or enduring, a hundred years; taking place once in a hun- dred years: n. the commemoration of a one hundredth anniversary. center, centre (sen'ter), n. the middle point of anything ; the nucleus around which things are collected; a title of the leaders of certain organizations; the name of certain members of a legislative assembly who hold mod- erate views and occupy a place be- tween the Conservative party on the right, and the Radicals on the left; the circle or square next to the bull'sTeye; a shot which hits such a division; troops in a line between the wings; in a fleet, the column or division between the van and the rear, or between the weather divi- sion and the lee: v.t. to place on a center; collect to a point; to form a recess for the reception of a center: v.i. to be placed in the center; meet in one point or focus. [Greek.] centigrade (sen'ti-grad) , adj. gradu- ated or divided into a hundred de- grees. A thermonaetric scale. centimeter (sen'ti-me-tr, French san'-), n. a measure of length = 100th of a meter (.3937 inch). centipede (sen'ti-ped), n. the term applied to an articulated animal with numerous feet belonging to the class Myriapoda, popularly sup- posed to have a hundred feet, whence the name. [Latin.] central (sen'tral), adj. relating to, or situated in, the center. [Latin.] centralize (sen'tral-iz) , v.t. to draw or bring to a center; bring all ad- ministrations under one central gov- ernment. centrifugal (sen-trif 'u-gal) , adj. tend- ing or causing to fly off from the center; radiating from a central focus ; expanding first at the summit and later at the base. [Greek.] centripetal (sen-trip 'e-tal), €dj. tend- ing or causing to approach the cen- ter: opposed to centrifugal; expand- ing first at the base and then at the summit. centurion (sen-tu'ri-un) , n. a Ro- man military officer commanding a hundred men. century (sen'tu-ri), n. [pi. centuries (sen'tu-riz)], a hundred; a hundred years, especially of the Christian era; a division of the Roman pe9ple; a sub-division of a Roman legion. cephalic (sef'a-lik or se-fal'ik), adj, pertaining to the head; forming the front or forepart of a body or organ. ceramic (se-ram'ik) or keramic (ker'- a-mic), adj. of or pertaining to pot- tery or the fictile arts: n.pl. work executed wholly or partly in clay and baked; the fictile arts. [Greek.] cere (ser), v.t. to cover or close with wax. cereal (se're-al), adj. pertaining to, or producing, wheat or edible grain: n. edible grain. cerehellum (ser-e-berum) , n. ^ [vL cerebella (ser-e-bel'a)], the hinder ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 7 hue, hut ; think, then. i CEREBRAL 100 CHALLENGE a. id lower part of the brain in verte- brate animals; the little brain. cerebral (ser-e'bral) , adj. of or pertain- ing to the brain. _ cerebration (ser-e-bra'shun) , n. the conscious or unconscious action of the brain. cerebrum (ser-e'brum) , n, [pi. cere- bra (ser-e'bra)], the superior and larger part of the brain: the seat of the mind and will. [Greek.] cerecloth (ser'kloth), n. a cloth sat- urated with wax or some gummy substance, used for wrapping em- balmed bodies in. [Lat. and Eng.] cerement (ser'ment), n. a grave-cloth or shroud: pi. grave-clothes. ceremony (ser'e-mo-ni), n. [pi. cere- monies (ser'e-mo-niz)], a sacred rite or observance; a prescribed rite or formality ; behavior regulated by the laws of strict etiquette. certain (ser'tin), adj. sure; beyond a doubt; fixed or stated; indefinite. certainty (ser'tin-ti) , n. [pi. certainties (ser'tin-tiz)], full assurance. certificate (ser-tif 'i-kat) , n. a written testimony to the truth of any fact; a testimonial as to character or ability; a statement written and signed and legally authenticated: v.t. to give a certificate to; to attest or vouch for by certificate. certify (ser'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. certified, p.pr. certifying], to testify to or to make known in writing; assure. certitude (ser'ti-tud) , adj. certainty; freedom from doubt; assurance. ceruleain (se-roo'le-an) , adj. sky-col- ored. cessation (ses-sa'shun) , n. the act of ceasing. cession (sesh'un), n. a yielding up, as of territory, property, or rights; the surrender of a benefice by an incum- bent who has accepted another liv- ing. [English.] cesspool (ses'pool), n. a deep hole in the ground, or the well of a drain, for the reception of filth; any foul receptacle. cestus (ses'tus), n. [pi. cestus (ses'- tus)], a kind of glove used by an- cient boxers, frequently loaded with lead or iron, and secured by leathern thongs to the hands and arms. chafe (chaf), v.t. to make warm by friction; to wear away or make sore by rubbing; irritate; annoy: n. men- tal irritation caused by continued annoyance; vexation: v.i. to be worn by friction; be irritated or annoyed; fret. chaff (chaf), n. the husk of grain, especially when separated by thresh- ing, &c.; straw or hay, cut fine for cattle; anything worthless. chaff (chaf), v.t. to banter; make game of: v.i. to use bantering language: n. banter. chagrin (sha-grin' or -gren'), n. vexation due to disappointment; ill-humor: mortification: v.t. to excite vexation in; mortify. chain (chan), n. a connected series of links or rings fitted into one another; a bond ; a measure of 100 Unks = 66 ft.; the warp threads of a web: v.t, to fasten, secure, or connect with a chain; enslave; to unite firmly; fasten. [French.] chair (char), n. a movable seat with a back for one person; an official seat; a professorship; the presiding officer of an assembly ; an iron socket fastened to the sleeper which receives and secures railroad metals: v J. to carry publicly in a chair in triumph; to install. chairman (char'man), n. [pi. chairmen (char'men)], the president of an assembly, meeting, public company, &c. chaise (shaz), n. a light two-wheeled carriage; a carriage in general. chalcedony (karse-do-ni or kal-sed'- o-ni), n. a cryptocrystalline variety of quartz, resembling diluted milk. Also calcedony. chalet (sha-la'), n. a Swiss cottage. chalice (chal'is), n. a cup; a Com- munion cup. chalk (chawk), n. a soft limestone rock composed of carbonate of lime; pre- pared chalk for drawing: v.t. to mark, rub, or manure with chalk. challenge (chaFenj), n. an invitation to a contest; a summons to fight; a duel; an objection taken to a voter or juror; the summons of a soldier on sentry: v.t. to summons to a contest; invite to a duel; defy; take exception to. [French.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ffeen. CHAMBER 101 CHAPTER diamber (cham'ber), n. an apart- ment, especially a bedroom; a pri- vate room ; a political or commercial body; a cavity; that part of a gun, &c., which contains the charge: pi. a suite of rooms; a judge's private room: v.t. to inclose; to furnish as with a chamber. [French.] chamberlain (cham'ber-lan), n. an officer who has charge of the private apartments of a sovereign or noble- man; a male servant who has charge of a suite of rooms; the treasurer of a city or corporation. [Old German.] chameleon (ka-meQe-un), n.^ an in- sectivorous lizard-like reptile, pos- sessing the power of slightly chang- ing its color. [Greek.] champ (champ), v.t. to bite with the teeth repeatedly and impatiently: n. the act of champing: said of horses. champag^ne (sham-pan'),, n. sl light sparkling effervescent wine. champaign (sham-pan'), n. flat open country: adj. level, open. champion (cham'pi-un), n. one who defends the cause of another, by combat or other means; a hero; valiant warrior; a successful com- petitor against all rivals: v.t. to de- fend or support a cause. [French.] chance (chans), n. an unforeseen event; an accident; a possibility; opportunity; risk: v.i. to happen; occur without design or expectation : v.t. to risk [with it]. chancel (chan'sel), n. that part in a church where the_ altar stands; the sanctuary. chancellor (chan'sel-er), n. a judge of a court of equity or chancery; the president or highest official of a uni- versity ; the president of the German Federal Council. chancery (chan'ser-i) , n. originally, in England, next to Parlianient, the highest Court of Justice, since 1873 a division of the High Court of Jus- tice; a court of equity. chandelier (shan-de-ler') , n. a hanging frame with branches for lights. chandler (chand'ler), n. a maker or vendor of candles; a dealer or mer- chaiit. change (chanj), v.t. to alter; substi- tute ; exchange or give an equivalent for; render acid or tainted: v.i. un- dergo change; suffer alteration: pass from one place to another; deterior- ate: n. an alteration or variation; a passing from one state or form to another; vicissitude; small ^ coin; balance returned after deduction of amount paid. [French.] changeable (chanj 'a^bl), adj. fickle. changeling (chanj 'ling), n. a child left in place of another; an idiot; a waverer. channel (chan'el), n. the bed of a stream; a vratercourse ; the deepest part of a strait, bay, harbor, &c.; a wide arm of the sea extending in- land; a groove; a medium of con- veyance: pi. planks bolted to the outside of a ship t-o extend the rig- ging: v.t. to cut into a channel; groove. chant (chant), v.t. to sing; intone: v.i. make melody with the voice; go in full crj', as hounds: n. a song; u, solemn or monotonous song. chanticleer (chan'ti-kler) , ?i. a cock. chantry (chan'tri), n. a memorial chapel attached to a church or monaster^'. chaos (ka'os), n. the confused matter out of which the universe was formed; confusion. chap (chap), i'.^. [p.t. & p.p. chapped, p.pr. chapping], to cause to crack or open longitudinally: t'.z. to have the skin crack : 7i. a longitudinal crack or slit. chap (chap), n. a fellow. chap (chap or chop), n. one of the jaws or its fleshy covering (usually pi.); the mouth of a channel. chapel (chap'el), n. a subordinate place of pubUc worship ; a place of worship in a palace, institution. chaperon (shap'cr-on), n. a married lady who accompanies yoimg ladies in public: v.t. to act as a chaperon. chaplain (chaplin), n. a clergj'man who performs service in the army or navy, a public institAition, a royal or private household. chaplet (chap'let), n. a wreath or gar- land encircling the head; a rosary; a round molding carved into beads, olives, &c. chapter (chap'ter), n. a division of a book; the clergy of a cathedral or Me, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, nSrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. CHAR 102 CHECK collegiate church; a meeting of cer- tain organized societies or orders. char (char), n. work by the day; a single job; a chore: v.i. to work in another's house by the day; do odd jobs. char (char), v.t, [p.t. & p.p. charred, p.pr. charring], burn or reduce to charcoal; burn partially. character (kar'ak-ter) , n. a letter, sign, or figure; distinctive quaHties or traits; moral excellence; a cer- tificate as to conduct or ability. characteristic (kar-ak-ter-is'tik) , adj. pertaining to or indicating the char- acter. characterize (kar'ak-ter-iz) , v.t. de- scribe by peculiar qualities; mark or distinguish. charade (sha-rad'), n. an acted enigma. charcoal (char 'kol), n. wood partially burnt; impure carbon. charge (charj), v.t. to rush on or at- tack:; load; fill u^; impose; com- mand or enjoin; instruct; accuse; place on the debit side: v.i. to make an attack; demand a price: n. an onset; quantity with which a fire- arm or apparatus is charged; an office or obligation ; an order or com- mand; authoritative instruction or direction; an entry on the debit side. chariot (char'i-ot), n. an ancient two- wheeled car for war, state proces- sions, racing, &c.; a four-wheeled pleasure carriage. charity (char'i-ti), n. [j)L charities (char'i-tiz)], the disposition to think well of others; liberality; alms; uni- versal love; an institution for the poor; a gift in trust for a benevolent object. charlatan (shar 'la-tan), n. sl quack. charm (charm), n. a spell or enchant- ment; an allurement; a trinket: i;.^. influence by magic; subdue or fascinate; give exquisite delight to: v.i. to work by magic powers; act as a spell. charnel (char'nel), adj. containing flesh or dead bodies. chart (chart), n. a map of any part of the sea, river, &c., for the use of mariners; the representation of a ship^s course; a mariner's compass; a sheet giving information in tabular form: v.t. to lay down, or delineate on a chart ; map out: v.i. to make a chart or map. [Latin.] charter (char'ter), n. sl document be- stowing certain rights and privileges: v.t. to chart;er-party. chary (char'i), adj. cautious; spar- ing. chase (chas), v.t. to pursue; capture or kill; hunt; drive away: v.i. to ride or hunt rapidly: n. eager or vehement pursuit; hunting; open ground for preserving deer. chasm (kazm) , n. a deep gap or open- ing in the earth; a void space. chassis (shas-se'), n. the mechanical parts of an automobile, embracing machinery and running gear. chaste (chast), adj. morally pure; modest; pure in style; refined. chastise (chas-tiz'), v.t. to correct by punishment; reduce to order or obe- dience. chastity (chas'ti-ti) , n.. moral and sexual purity. chat (chat), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. chatted, p.pr. chatting], to talk m an easy familiar manner: n. familiar or in- formal speech. See chin. chateau (sha-to'), n. [pi. chateaux, (sha-toz')], a castle; a manor house or country seat ; the name of various wines, as Chateau Larouge, &c. chattel (chat'el), n. personal property except freehold [usually in pi.]. chatter (chafer), v.i. to utter sounds rapidly, as a monkey; rattle the teeth, as in shivering or from fright; talk idly or carelessly; jabber: v.t. to utter rapidly, idly, or indistinctly: n. sounds like those of the magpie, &c.; idle, rapid talk. chauffeur (sho-fer'), n. an operator of an automobile; an automobilist: fern, chaufleuse (sho-fcz'). [French.] cheap (chep), adj. purchasable for a low price; common; of small value. cheat (chet), n. a fraud or deception; one who cheats: v.t. to deceive or defraud; impose upon: v.i. to act as a cheat. check (chek), n. sl restraint; a reproof; a pass, ticket, or token; a term in chess; cloth woven in squares of alternate patterns; an order or draft on a bank or banker for money: v.t, to restrain; stop; reprove; examine ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. CHECKMATE 103 CHILL by comparison ; mark as having been examined; to place an opponent's king in danger at chess. [French.] ohec^nate (chek'mat), n. the win- ning move at chess when the oppo- nent's king cannot move out of check; a complete defeat from which there is no escape: v.t, to give check- mate to; defeat utterly; thwart. oheek (chek), n. the side of the face beneath either eye; one of two cor- responding sides; cool impudence: v.t. face in an impudent manner. cheer (cher), n. temper or state of mind; a state of gladness or joy; a shout of applause; tidings; luck: v.t. to gladden; encourage; applaud. cheerful (cher 'fool), adj. full of good spirits. cheese (ches), n. the curd or casein of milk coagulated, pressed and allowed to dry in a mold; anything resem- bling cheese. chef (shef), n. a professional cook or head cook. [French.] chemise (she-mez'), ^-.a woman's undergarment ; a wall lining an earth- work. [French.] chemistry (kem'is-tri), n. the science which treats of the properties of elementary and compound sub- stances and the laws which govern their molecular and atoraic rela- tions. [French from Arabic] chenlUe (she-nel'). n. silk or worsted cord. cherish (cher'ish), v.t. to hold or esteem dear; treat with tenderness; protect and aid; encourage; harbor in the mind. cheroot (she-root'), n. a kind of cigar, through the wrapping of which runs a straw. [Hindu.] cherry (cher'i), n. [pi. cherries (cher'- ia)], the fruit of a tree allied to the plum; a cordial made from cherries: adj. of a cherry color; ruddy. cherub (cher'ub), n. [pi. cherubs (cher'ubz), cherubim (cner'oo-bim)], an angel next to a seraphim in rank; a beautiful child [pi. cherubs]. chess (ohes), n. a game played by two persons with sixteen pieces each on a checkered board divided into sixty-four squares. chest (chest), n. a large box; the Quantity such a box contains; the breast or thorax; a certain quantity of goods. chestnut (chestnut), n. the nut or seed of trees of the genus Castanea; the chestnut-tree with its edible fruit; a reddish-brown color; a horse of such color; an old or stale joke: adj. reddish-brown. chevron (shev'ron) , n. the badge on the coat sleeve of a non-com va \ ssioned officer, indicative of his rank; a variety of fret ornament. [French.] chew (choo), v.t. to crush and grind with the teeth; masticate; meditate upon: v.i. grind tobacco between the teeth: n. that which is chewed; a quid of tobacco. chle (shek), adj. stylish: n. Parisian elegance in dress ; manual dexterity. chicane (shi-kan'), n. mean or unfair artifices to obscure the truth; soph- istry. Also chicanery: v.t. to cheat: v.i. use artifices. chick (chik), n. the young of a bird, especially of the domestic hen : hence a child. chicken (chik'en), n. the young of a fowl, especially the domestic fowl. chicory (chik'o-ri), n. a perennial plant with bright blue flowers and a taper- ing root, which, when roasted and ground, is used to mix with coffee. chide (chid), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. chid, p.p. chidden, chid, p.pr. chiding], to find fault with; scold: v.i. to clamor. chief (chef), n. a commander or leader; a head or principal person; the principal or most important part: adj. principal; most eminent; of the first order, rank, or estima- tion; leading; main. chlflon (shif'un, French she-fong'), n. a kind of thin gauze fabric. chilblain (chiFblan), n. a sore or in- flammation caused by frost or cold: v.t. to afflict with chilblains. child (child), n. [pi. children (chil'- dren)], a son or daughter; a very young person; a descendant; one immature in judgment. chill (chil), n. a sudden coldness; the absence of heat in a substance; the hardened part of a casting: adj. hav- ing the sensation of cold; depressing; discourteous: v.t. to make cold; blast ftte, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, th^n. CHIME 104 CHOP with cold ; deject ; harden cast iron by sudden coohng. chime (chim), n. the musical harmony produced by striking a set of bells with hammers; a set of bells tuned to the musical scale and struck with hammers: v.i.to sound in consonance or harmony; be in harmony or agree with; join in: vX, to cause to sound in harmony. chimera (ki-me'ra), n. an incongruous conception of the fancy ; a cartilagi- nous fish of remarkable appearance. chimney (chim'ni), n. [pi. chimneys (chim'niz)], the flue, vent, or passage through which smoke or heated air, &c., escapes; a glass tube for a lamp to intensify combustion. chimpanzee (chim-pan'ze), n. a large West Indian anthropoid ape allied to the gorilla. chin (chin), n. the part of the face below the under lip: v.t. and v.i. to chatter, talk idly to; to talk in an easy-going, familiar manner (to). Same as chat. In Pidgin English, the word is reduplicated, — thus, '^chin-chin." chinch (chinch) , n. a fetid insect de- structive to corn crops; the bedbug. chinchilla (chin-chira) , n. a small South American rodent with a soft fine fur. chine (chin), n. the backbone or spine of an animal; a piece of the back- bone of an animal (usually a pig) with adjacent parts cut for cooking; a rocky ravine or large fissure in a cliff. chink (chingk) , n. a small fissure open- ing lengthwise; a narrow aperture: vd. to crack; to form into or close up cracks. chink (chingk), n. a sharp metallic or jingling sound; money: v.t.^ to cause to make a sharp metallic sound; jingle. chintz (chints), n. cotton cloth usually glazed, printed in various colors. chip (chip), v.t. [p.t. & -p.j). chipped, p.pr. chipping], to cut into small pieces; bet at cards: v.i. break or fly off into small pieces: n. a small piece of stone, wood, &c., cut or broken off; a bonnet, &c., made of thin split wood or Cuban palm leaf. chipmunk (chip'mungk) , n. a small squirrel of North America, having dark and light stripes on its back. chirography (ki-rog'ra-fi) , n. the art of writing or engrossing; judgment of character by the hand-writing. chiromancy (ki'ro-man-si) , n. palm- istry. See palmist. chiropodist (ki-rop'o-dist), n, one who removes corns, bunions, &c., and is skilled in diseases of the feet and hands. [Greek.] chirp (cherp), n. a short shrill cheerful note: v.i. to utter such a note. chisel (chiz'el), n. an edged instrument of iron or steel for cutting wood, stone, or metal: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. chiseled, p.pr. chiseling], to cut, pare, gouge, or engrave with a chisel; to take an unfair advantage of in a transaction. chivalry (shiv'al-ri) , n. the mediaeval system of knighthood; the qualifi- cations of a knight, as bravery and courtesy. chlorine (klo'rin), n. a greenish-yellow gas possessing great bleaching powers. chloroform (klo'ro-form), n. a volatile liquid used for producing insensibil- ity to pain: v.t. to administer chloro- form to. chocolate (chok'o-lat), n. a paste made from the roasted kernels of the cocoa-nut, used in making the beverage so called: adj. having the color of, or being, chocolate. [Aztec] choice (chois), n. the act of choosing; option ; the thing chosen ; the best or preferable part: adj. select; carefully chosen. choir (kwlr), n. a band of singers in a church; the place where they sing. [Old French.] choke (chok), v.t. to suffocate by obstructing the windpjipe; block up. choler (ko'ler), n. bile; irascibility. ^ cholera (kol'er-a), n. a disease with violent vomiting and purging. choose (chooz), v.t. yp.t. chose, p.p. chosen, p.pr. choosing], to take by preference; select: v.i. to make a choice; prefer. chop (chop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. chopped, g.pr. chopping], to cut with repeated lows; hew; mince; to exchange: v.i. to do anything with a quick motion; turn or vary suddenly : n. the act of chopping; a piece chopped off. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; htie, hut ; think, ^^en. CHOPSTICKS 105 CHYME chopsticks (chop'stiks), n.pl. two small sticks used by the Cninese in place of knives and forks for eating. choral (ko'ral), adj. of, or pertaining to, a choir ; chanted or sung by a choir. chord (kord), n. the string of a musical instrument; notes in harmony; har- mony of color ; a straight line joining the ends of the arc of a circle: v.t. to string, as a musical instrument. ^ chores (chorz), n.pl. the daily light work of a farmyard or household. chortle (chor'tl), v.t. to chuckle ^ and snort. chorus (ko'rus), n. a number singing in concert; a concerted piece of music ; a band of singers and dancers in a Greek drama. chosen (cho'zen), adj. selected; choice. Christ (krist), n. ''The Anointed"; a name given to Jesus of Nazareth, synonymous with the Hebrew Mes- siah. christen (kris'n), v.t. to baptize in the name of the Holy Trinity; give a Christian name to. Christian (kris'chan), n. sl professor of the religion of Christ : adj. pro- fessing the religion of Christ. Christian Science (si 'ens), n. a sys- tem of religion founded by Mary Baker Eddy in 1866; based upon the Scriptures, especially the teachings of Christ Jesus, and fully stated in the text-book. Science and Health. It shows ''the scientific relation of man to God," and teaches that moral and physical healing results from the understanding of spiritual law. Christmas (kris'mas), n. the festival (Dec. 25) celebrating the birth of Christ. chromatic (kro-mat'ik) , adj. relating to colors; including notes n«t belong- ing to the diatonic scale: n. sl note affected by an accidental : pi. that branch of optics which treats of colors. chromo (kro'mo), n. [pi. chromos (kro'moz)], a picture produced by chromo-lithography. [Greek.] chromo-lithography (kro-mo-lith- og'ra-fi), n. the art of printing in colors from stone. chronic (kron'ik), adj. continuing a long time, or recurring: said of a disease. [Greek.] chronological (kron-o-loj'i-kal), adj, relating to, or C9ntaining an account of, past events in the order of time. chronology (kro-noj'o-ji) , n. [pi. chro- nologies (kro-noro-jiz)], the science that treats of events and arranges their dates in proper sequence. chrysalis (kris'a-lis) , n. the final stage through which a lepidopterous insect, or a butterfly, passes prior to its winged state. [Greek.] chrysanthemum (krisyan' the-mum) , n. a composite plant with large heads of showy flowers; a flower of this plant. chrysolite (kris'o-lit) , n. a green-col- ored and sometimes transparent gem. chubby (chub'i), adj. plump; fat and round. chuck (chuk), v.t. to pat in a playful manner; throw smartly to a short distance; hold in a chuck: n. a light blow under the chin; a short toss; an appendage to a lathe to secure the work to be turned; a hen's call. chuckle (chuk'l), n. a quiet, sup- pressed laugh: v.t. to laugh in such a manner. chum (chum), n. one who lodges in the same apartment; an old or in- timate friend. chunk (chungk), n. a thick piece of anything. chump (chump), n. a short, thick, heavy piece of wood ; a thick-headed, unintelligent man; a block head. church (cherch), n. a building used for divine worship. churl (cherl), n. formerly one of the lowest orders of freemen; a peasant; a surly ill-bred person; a nig- gard. churn (chem) , n. a vessel in which milk or cream is agitated to form butter : v.t, to make (butter) by agitating milk or cream; agitate by violent motion. chute (shoot), n. an inclined trough for sending articles down ; an aquatic switch-back; a river-fall over which timber is floated; a stampede. chyle (kil), n. sl milk-like fluid sepa- rated from digested matter in the stomach, absorbed by the lacteal vessels, and assimilated into blood. chyme (kim), n. the pulpy mass of digested food prior to separation of the chyle. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. CICATRIX 106 CIRCUS cicatrix (sik-a'triks) , n. [pi. cicatrices (si-ka-tri'sez)], the scar remaining after a wound has healed. cicerone (sis-e-ro'ne; Italian che-cha ro'ne), n. [pi. cicerones (che-cha-ro'- nez), ciceroni (sis-e-ro'ne)], a guide who explains the antiquities and chief features of a place. [Italian.] cider (si'der), n. the juice of apples expressed and fermented. ci-devant (se-de-vang') , adj. former: used with reference to an office pre- viously held. cigar (si-gar') , n. a small roll of t9bacco- leaf used for smoking. [Spanish.] cigarette (sig-a-ref) , n. a small cigar made of tobacco rolled in thin paper. cinch (sinch), n. a saddle-girth firmly- fastened in place by loop and knots; a sure grip or hold. [Spanish.] cincture (singk'tur), n. a belt^ or girdle worn round the waist ; a raised or carved ring at the bottom and top of a pillar. [Latin.] cinder (sin'der) , n. any piece of a body thoroughly burnt but not reduced to ashes: pi. volcanic scoriae; slag. cineniatos:raph (sin-e-mat'o-graf ) , n. a French device similar to the bio- graph, or moving pictures. [Greek.] cinnamon (sin'a-mun), n. the inner aromatic bark of an East Indian tree: adj. light-reddish brown. [Latin.] cipher (si'fer), n. the symbol 0: hence a person or anything without value or power; a monogram; a secret manner of writing, or the key to it; a code: v.i. to practice arithmetic; v.t. to express in cipher. circle (ser'kl), n. a round body; a plane figure bounded by a single curved line called its circumference, every part of which is equally distant from a point within it, called the center; an orb ; a number of persons or things united by a common bond ; a coterie ; an administrative division«of a coun- try: v.t. to encompass: vd. move in a circle. circuit (ser'ket), n. the act of going round anything; the space enclosed in a circle; a district assigned to an itinerant preacher; the arrangement by which an electric current is kept up between the two poles of a bat- tery or machine; the path of the electric current. [Latin.] circuitous (ser-ku'i-tus), odj, round- about. circular (ser'ku-lar) , adj. roimd like a circle; ending in itself; intended for circulation: n. a printed or written letter or notice. circulate (ser'ku-lat) , v.t. to cause to pass from point to point or from one person to another: r.i^. move around and return to the same point; pass from hand to hand; be diffused or distributed; travel. circum (ser'kum), a Latin prefix = aroundy forming compounds the meaning of many of which is obvious, as arci^mpolar, around the pole, &c. circumcise (ser'kum-siz) , v.t. to cut off the foreskin or prepuce^; purify the heart. circumference (ser-kum'f er-ens) , n. the line that bounds a circle; a pe- riphery. [Latin.] circumflex (ser'kum-fleks) , n. sl mark (A, ^) over a vowel or syllable to denote accent or contraction: adj. marked with such an accent; curved or winding : v.t. to pronounce or mark with the circumflex. circumfuse (ser-kum-f uz') , v.t. to pour or spread around. circumjacent (ser-kum-ja'sent) , adj, lying around; bordering on every side. circumlocution (ser-kum-lo-ku'shun) , n. a roundabout way of speaking; an indirect mode of statement. circumnavigate (ser-kum-nav'i-gat), t;.^ to sail round: usually the globe. circumscrihe (ser-kum-skiib') , v.t. to inclose within certain lines or boun- daries; restrict. circuinspect (ser'kum-spekt) , adj, cautious; prudent; watchful on all sides. circumstance (ser'kum-stans), n. something relative or appendent to a fact; an incident: pL state of af- fairs: v.t. to place in a particular situation [only in p.p.]. circumvallation (ser-kum-val-a'- shun), n. the act of throwing up walls or trenches surrounding a fortified place. circumvent (ser-kum-vent') . ^. to gain an advantage over by stratagem or deception. circus (ser'kus), n. [pi. circuses (ser'- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^^en. CISALPINE 107 CLARINET kus-ez)], a large level oblong space for feats of horsemanship, &c., with seats for the spectators arranged in tiers; a semi-circular space. [Latin.] dsalpiiie (sis-arpin), adj. this side of the Alps with regard to Rome; south of the Alps; opposed to transalpine, across or beyond the Alps. [Latin.] cisatlantic (sis-at-lan'tik), adj. on this side of the Atlantic Ocean. [Latin.] cistern (sis'tern), n. a natural or arti- ficial receptacle for storing water; a reservoir. [Latin.] citadel (sit'a-del), n. a fortress, a castle. [French.] citation (si-ta'shun), n. an official summons to appear before a court, especially an ecclesiastical court; a quotation. [Latin.] cite (sit), v.^. to summon officially to appear in court; quote. citizen (sit'i-zen), n. a native or in- habitant of a town or city; a free- man; a member of a state or nation who enjoys political rights and privi- leges; a tradesman. [French.] citron (sit'run), n. a tree with a fruit like the lemon. [French.] city (sit'i), n. [pi. cities (sit'iz)], a large and important town; a corpo- rate town. [French.] civet (siv'et), n. a musky secretion of the anal glands of the civet cat. civic (siv'ik), adj. pertaining to a city. civil (siv'il), adj. relating to the affairs of a city or government ; intestine ; non-international; not military^ or criminal ; complaisant; well- bred. civilian csi-vil'yan), n. one engaged in the pursuits of civil life ; not a soldier or sailor: adj. occupied in civil pur- suits. [Old French.] civilit]^ (si-viri-ti) , n. [pi. civilities (si-vil'i-tiz)], good breeding; cour- tesy. [French.] civilize (siv'i-liz), v.t. to reclaim from a savage state; instruct in the arts and refinements of civilized life. ^lad (klad), p.t. of clothe. claim (klam), v.t. to demand as a right, or fey authority: v.i. to be entitled to anything; assert or put fOTward a claim: n. a demand; a right or title to anything; the thing claimed; a piece of land which a miner marks out in accordance with mining laws. claimant (kla'mant), n. one who de- mands anything as his right. clairvoyance (klar-voi'ans) , n. the power attributed to persons in a mesmeric state of seeing objects not usually perceptible. [French.] clam (klam), v.t. [p.t. & v.p. clammed, p.pr. clanmiing], to clog with any glutinous matter: v.i. to be moist and cold. clam (klam), n. an edible bivalve! mollusk. clamber (klamlDer), v.t. to ascend or cUmb with difficulty. clammy (klam'i), adj. soft and sticky. clamor (klam'er), n. a loud and con- tinued noise; popular outcp*: v.t. shout with a loud voice: v.i. make importimate demands. [Latin.] clamp (klamp), n. anything that fas- tens or binds; a piece of wood, metal, *&c., used to bring two things to- gether: v.t. to fasten or bind with clamps. clan (klan), n. a tribe or association of famihes united under one chief- tain, having one common ancestor, and the same surname. [Scottish.] clandestine (klan-des'tin) , adj. secret; private. [Latin.] clang (klang), n. a loud, sharp, ringing metalUc sound: v.t. to cause to re- sound with a clang: v.i. give out a clang. dap (klap), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. clapped, p.pr. clapping]^, to strike one thing against another with a quick, sharp noise ; indicate approval by striking the hands together; put on quickly: n. a loud noise made by a sudden collision; applause ex- pressed by clapping; a sudden act or movement. claret (klar'et) , n. a light bodied wine of a dark-red color, called by the French * 'Bordeaux wine" from the district where it is chiefly made; blood: adj. claret-colored. clarify (klar'i-fi), t'.^. [p.t. & p.v. clari- fied, p.pr. clarifying], to make clear from impurities: v.i. to become bright. clarinet (klar'i-net) , n. a keyed reed instrument of the oboe class. Also clarionet. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; hue. hut ; think, then. CLARION 108 CLIME clarion (klar'ri-un) , n. a kind of trum- pet. clash (klash), v.i. to make a loud harsh noise by mutual collision: v.t. to strike violently together: n. the noise so produced. dasp (klasp), v.t. to shut or fasten together with, or as with, a clasp: n. a hook to hold anything close; a close embrace. class (clas), n. a rank or order of per- sons or things ; a number of students of the same status; a group of ani- mals or plants next in rank above an order: !;i. to classify. [French.] ^: pi. an arched way or cov- ered walk running round an ecclesi- astical building or college: v.t. to confine in a cloister or convent; seclude from the world. [French.] close (kloz), v.t. to shut; surround closely; unite together; consoUdate; end: v.i. to come together; shut in; coalesce; engage in hand-to-hand conflict; grapple: n. an inclosed space; the precincts of a cathedral or abbey; an alley: adj. (klos) hav- ing no outlet ; confined ; without ven- tilation; oi)pressive; minute; concise; reticent; niggardly: adv. near. closet (kloz'et), n. a small room for privacy or retirement; a place for storing valuable things or household requisites: adj. private; secluded: v.t. to receive in a private room for confidential consultation. [French.] clot (klot), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. clotted, p.pr. clotting], to coagulate: v.t. to make, form into, or cover with, clots: n. a concrete or coagulate mass of soft or fluid matter. cloth (kloth), n. [pi. cloths (klof/iz)], a woven fabric of some fibrous material, especially wool; a table covering; the distinctive dress of any profession, especially the cleri- cal. clothe (kloth), v.t. to put raiment on; cover with, or as with, a gar- ment. clothes (klothz), n.pl. covering for the body; dress; bedclothes. cloud (kloud), n. a mass of visible vapor floating in the atmosphere; a volume of smoke or dust; the dark markings in marble or precious stones; a diffused body of anything; a multitude; a fight woolen shawl: v.t. to overspread with, or as with, a cloud; render gloomy; blacken or sully: v.i. to grow cloudy (usually with over). clout (klout), n. a piece of cloth or leather for patching; a cloth for any mean use; the center mark of an archery target; an arrow that has hit the center; a blow on the head with the hand: v.t. to patch or mend coarsely; strike with the hand. clove (klov), p.t. of cleave. clove (klov), n. a pungent aromatic spice. [Spanish.] clover (klo'ver), n. a species of grass. clown (kloun), n. sl rustic; an ill- bred fellow; a professional jester or buffoon. cloy (kloi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cloyed. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nSrth, not ; boon, book ; biie. hut : think, then. CLUB 110 COCK p,pr. cloying], to fill to repletion; surfeit. club (klub), n. a heavy stick; one of the suits of cards marked with tre- foils; a number of persons associ- ated for a common purpose or mu- tual benefit; a joint expense: v.t, [p.t. & p,p. clubbed, p.pr. clubbing], to beat with a club; unite in a solid mass: v.i. contribute to a common expense (with together). cluck (kluk), v.i. to cry or call like a hen to her chickens: n. a hen's call; the peculiar click uttered by some South African tribes. clue (kloo), n. a hint; a clew. dump (klump), n. a cluster of trees, &c.; a thick sole: pi. a social game: v.t. arrange in a clump: vd. tread clumsily. clumsy (klum'zi), adj. awkward ; heavy. dung (klung), p.t. of cling. cluster (klus'ter), n. a number of things of the same kind growing or collected together; a bunch: v.i. to grow or gather into bunches; con- gregate. dutch (kluch), v.t. to grasp, seize, or grip strongly: v.i. to snatch or seize (with at]: n. a grasp; seizure: pL lands; claws. CO- (ko), a prefix, meaning with, to- gether, entering into the composi- tion of many words, the sense of which is generally self-evident, as co-trustee, a joint trustee. [Latin.] coach (koch), n. a large covered four- wheeled pubhc or private carriage; a tutor who especially prepares an- other for an examination or an ath- letic contest: v.t.^ to^ instruct or train for an examination, &c. coagulate (ko-ag'u-lat) , v.t. to clot or curdle. coal (kol), n. mineralized vegetable matter, used in its hardened form as fuel: v.t. to furnish with coal: v.i. take in coal; pi. coals. [English.] coalesce (ko-a-les ), v.t. to grow to- gether; combine; unite. [Latin.] coalition (ko-a-lish'un) , n. union in a body or mass; a combination of persons. coaptation (ko-ap-ta'shun) , n. the adjustment or adaptation of parts to one another. coarse (kors), adj. large in texture or size; not refined; rough; rude; indelicate. coast (kost), n. the margin of the land next the sea; a frontier; a slide in a sledge down an incline: v.i. to sail near or along the coastn descend an incline in a sledge, or ©n a bicycle without working the pedals: v.t. to sail close or near to. coat (kot). n. an outer garment cov- ering the upper part of the body; an external covering, as fur, &c.; a thin layer; an integument: v.i. to cover or spread over. coax (koks). v.t. to wheedle; cajole. cob (kob), n. a roundish piece of any- thing; the spike of Indian corn; a strong thickset pony; a young her- ring; a spider; a pellet for feeding fowls; the bull-head or miller^s thumb; a sea-gull; a kind of wicker basket; a kind of breakwater: v.t, [p.t. & p.p. cobbed, p.pr. cobbing], to punisn with a strap; break (ore). cobalt (ko'bawlt), n. a steel-grey metal. cobble (kob'l), n. a pebble; a round medium-sized stone; clumsy work: v.t. to mend or patch up coarsely: v.i. work clumsily. cobra- di-capello (konDra-di-ka-pel'S) , n. a large and most venomous snake of the East Indies. ^ cobweb (kob'web), n. a spider's web: hence, a net or snare; old musty rubbish: adj. made of, or like, a cobweb; flimsy. coca (ko'ka), n. the dried leaf of a small South American shrub: a pow- erful tonic. [S. American.] cocaine (ko-kan'), ri, a powerful alka- loid extracted from coca leaves. cochineal (koch'i-nel), n. a scarlet dye obtained from the dried body of an insect. [Spanish.] cock (kok), 71. the male of birds, es- pecially the domestic fowl; the male of certain animals other than birds; a vane in the shape of a cock; a leader or chief; a turn-valve for regulating the flow of a liquid or gas; a small conical heap of hay. cock (kok), v.t. to turn up or set (the hat or head) jauntily on one gide; erect: n. the action of the v^rb to cock. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. COCKADE 111 COLD cockade (kok-ad'), n. a badge or ribbon worn on the hat. [French.] cockatrice (kok'a-tris or -tris), n. a fabulous scorpion said to have been hatched in a cock's egg, and pos- sessing the power of killing by a glance of its eye. cockle (kok'l), n, an edible shell-fish with two heart-shaped wrinkled shells; the plant corncockle or darnel; a kiln for drying hops; a stove for drying biscuit- ware. coclu*oach (kok^roch), n. ablack beetle. cocktail (kok'tal), n. a mixed drink of which the base may be whiskey (a Manhattan), gin (a Martini), &c. cocoa (ko'ko), n. a palm which pro- duces the cocoj^iiat. [Spanish.] cocoa (ko'ko), n, the ground seeds of the cacao or chocolate tree; also the beverage made from it. cocoanut (ko'ko-nut), n. the fruit of the cocoa palm. cocoon (ko-koon'), n. the silky ob- long case covering the larvae of many spinning insects while in the chrysahs state. cod (kod), n. the husk or pod of a seed; the scrotum; the narrow part of a trawl-net. cod (kod), n. a large edible fish found in the northern seas, and especially on the banks of Newfound- land. coddle (kod'l), v.t. to make effemi- nate by pampering; treat tenderly; to stew gently: n. an over-indulged, pampered person. code (kod), n. a body of classified laws or regulations; a system of signals ._ [French.] codex (ko'deks), n. [pi. codices (ko'di- sez)], a volume of statutes; a man- uscript volume, especially of the sacred Scriptures or of the classic writers, Greek and Roman. codicil (kod'i-sil), n. an appendix to a will. coefficient (ko-e-fish'ent) , adj. coop- erating: n. that which cooperates with another; a number or known quantity prefixed in algebra as a multipHer to a variable or an un- known quantity. [Latin.] coerce (ko-ers'), v.t. to restrain or constrain by force, especially legal- ly or morally; compel. [Latin.] coeval (ko-e'val), adj. contempora- neous. [Latin.] coffee (kof'e), n. the seeds of a plant which, roasted and ground, form the well-known beverage. [Turkish.] coffer (kof'er), n. a chest; a kind of caisson or floating dock; a sunken panel: pi. a treasury: v.t. to inclose in a coffer. coffin (kof'in),n. a case for the dead; the hollow part of a horse's hoof: v.t. inclose in a coffin. cog (kog), n. the tooth of a wheel; a trick: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cogged, p.pr. cogging], to furnish with cogs; wheedle; to load (dice) in order to cheat. cogitate (koj'i-tat), v.i. to meditate: v.t. to devi_se or plan. [Latin.] cognac (ko'nyak), n. a French brandy distilled near Cognac from grapes grown in the valley of the Charente. cognate (kog'nat), adj. alhed by blood; of the same stock, nature, or quality. cognition (kog-nish'un) , n. knowl- edge. cognizant (kon'i-zant) , adj. having knowledge of anything. cognomen (kog-no'men), n. a sur- name. cohabit (ko-hab'it), v.i. to dwell to- gether as husband and wife. cohere (ko-her), v.i. to stick together. coherent (ko-he'rent), adj. cohering together: consistent; logical. cohesive (ko-he'siv), n. causing to cohere. coil (koil), n. a rope gathered into a ring; anything resembling it: v.t. to gather or wind into a circular heap. coin (koin), n. money stamped with a legal impression; a corner or angle: v.t. to convert into money; invent . coincide (ko-in-sid'), v.i. correspond exactly; occur at the same time; fall upon, or meet, in the same point. coke (kok), n. the residue of coal after the gas, &c., has been expelled: v.t. to convert into coke. colander (kul'an-der), n. a vessel with a perforated bottom. cold (kold), adj. without heat or warmth; frigid; without passion or ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. COLE 112 COMA zeal; indifferent; insensible; blue in tone: n. the opposite of heat; the sensation produced by the loss of heat; a catarrh. cole (kol), n. cabbage. colic (kol'ik), n. acute spasmodic pain in the abdomen or bowels: adj, pertaining to, or affecting, the bow- els. [French.] collaborate (ko-lab'o-rat), v.i. to work jointly, especially in literary or scientific work. collapse (kol-aps'), n. a falling in or together; sudden and complete fail- ure; general prostration of the vital powers: v.i, to fall in or together; shrink up; break down. collar (korer), n. anything encircling the neck, worn for use, restraint, or ornament; a round ring or flange: v,t. to seize by the collar; put a col- lar on; roll up. collate (kol-af), v.t. compare crit- ically one thing with another of the same kind, as manuscripts or text of books; place in an ecclesiastical benefice. collateral ('kol-at'er-al), adj. side hy side; auxiliary; concurrent; descend- ed from the same stock, but in a different line; same as collateral security, or a security (stocks, bonds, &c.) pledged to secure a ^oan in cash. collation (kol-a'shun), n. compari- son; a light repast; the present^ation to a benefice by a bishop, who is the patron. [English-Latin.] isoUeague (kol'eg), n. an associate in the same office, employment, or commission. collect (kol'ekt), n. a short compre- hensive prayer. collect Ckol-ekt'), v.t. gather together; assemble; demand and obtain payment of: v.i. to meet together; accumulate. [Latin.] college (kol'ej), n. a society of men possessing certain powers and rights, and engaged in some common pur- suit, especially literary studies; the house or buildings founded for such a society. collide (kol-id'), v.i. to come into col- lision. collier (kol'yer), n. a digger of coal; a coal-digger; a vessel in the coal trade. collision (kol-izh'un) , n. the act of striking two bodies violently togeth- er; concussion. collodion (kol-o'di-un), n. a prepara- tion of soluble gun-cotton with ether. colloquial (kol-o'kwi-al), adj. used in ordinary conversation. colloquy (koro-kwi), n. [pi. colloquies (koro-kwiz)], a conversation; a dia- logue. collusion (kol-u'zhun) , n. a secret agreement for a fraudulent or evil purpose. colon (ko'lon), n. a mark of punctua- tion [:], almost a full stop; the largest of the intestines. colonel (ker'nel), n. the commanding officer of a regiment. [French.] colonize (kol'o-niz), v.t. to settle or estabHsh a colony in. colonnade (kol-on-ad'), n. a series of columns. [French.] colony (kol'o-ni), n. [pi. colonies (koVo-niz)], a body of people from their native country who settle in another land, but are under the jurisdiction of, or connected with, the parent country ; the country thus settled; a number of animals or plants living or growing together. color (kul'er), n. the hue or appear- ance that a body presents to the eye; a pigment or paint; complex- ion; redness; an apparent right or reason; pretense; false show: pi. a military or naval flag: v.t. to im- part a color to; tint; dye; give a specious appearance to; make plaus- ible. [Latin.] colossal (ko-los'al), adj. like a colos- sus; gigantic. colossus (ko-los'us), n. [pi. colossi (ko-los'i)], a statue of gigantic size. colt (kolt), n. a young male horse; a young foolish fellow ; a knotted rope's-end: v.t. punish with a rope's- end. column (kol'um), n. a round pillar to support or adorn a building; any body of certain dimensions pressing vertically on its base; a division of the page of a book, &c. ; a formation of troops in deep files. [Latin.] coma (ko'ma), n. insensibility; stu- por. [Greek.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book : htie, hut ; think, thevL. COMATOSE 113 COMMISERATE comatose (ko'ma-tos) , adj. torpid; lethargic. comb (kom), n. a toothed instrument to separate and adjust the hair; the crest of a cock; the crest of a wave or hill; a honeycomb: v.t.^ to dress the hair with a comb; grain: v.i. to roll over, as the crest of a wave. combat (kom'bat), v.i. to fight; act in opposition: v.t. to fight with; oppose by force: n. a contest by force; a struggle. [French.] combination (kom-bi-na'shun) , n. the union of bodies or quahties; an association of persons for a com- mon object: pi. underclothing woven in one piece. combine (kom-bInO, v.t. to unite or join; link closely together: v.i. to unite, agree, or coalesce: n. (Slang), a secret combination, generally for fraudulent purposes. [Latin.] combustion (kom-bust'yun), n. the act of burning; the state of being burnt; the union of an inflammable substance with oxygen, &c., produc- ing light and heat. come (kum), v.i. [p.t. came, p.p. come, p.m. coming], to move to- wards ; draw near ; reach ; happen ; arrive at some state or condition: v.t. to act or play the part of. comedy (kom'e-di), 7i. [pi. comedies (kom'e-diz)], dramatic repr^esenta- tion of the humorous or ridiculous side of human life. [Greek.] comely (kum'li), adj. graceful; hand- some. comet (kom'et), n. a luminous celes- tial body, with an eccentric orbit, consisting, when perfect, of a nu- cleus, coma, and a tail. [Greek.] comfit (kum'fit), n. a dry sweetmeat. comfort (kum'fert), v.t. to console; strengthen; inspirit: n. a state of quiet enjoyment: consolation; en- couragement; a quilted bed-cover. comfortable (kum'f er-ta-bl) , adj. im- parting or enjoying comfort. [French. ] comic (kom'ik) or comical (kom'ik- al), adj. exciting mirth. comity (kom'i-ti), n. civility; polite- ness; acts of international courtesy. comma (kom'a), n. a punctuation point [,]. [Greek.] command (kom-and' or -and'), v.t, to order or charge with authority; control; exercise supreme authority over; lead: v.i. act as a commander; exercise power or authority: n. au- thority; an order^ or mandate; a dominating situation; a naval or mihtary force under the command of a particular officer. commander (kom-and'er) , n. one who commands; a naval officer next be- low a captain. commandment (kom-and'menfc), n. a command; a precept; a law, es- pecially any one of the Decalogue. commemorate (kom-em'o-rat) , v.t. to call to remembrance by a solemn act; celebrate with honor. commence (kom-ens'), v.i. to come into existence; begin: v.t. enter upon; perform the first act of. commencement (kom-ens'ment), n. beginning ; origin ; the annual festival when degrees, &c., are conferred at American colleges; like Commemora- tion Day at Oxford. commend (kom-end'), v.t. recom- mend as worthy of notice; praise; bring to mind. [Latin.] commendation (kom-en-da'shun) , n. the act of commending; approval. commensurate (kom-en'su-rat), adj. reducible to a common measure; equal. comment (kom'ent), r?. a spoken or written remark, especially a written note by way of explanation, &c.; criticism: v.i. (kom-ent'), to write notes or explanations on the text of an author. [Latin.] commentarjr (kom'en-ta-ri) , n. [pi. commentaries (kom'en-ta-riz)], a se- ries of explanatory notes or an- notations. commerce (kom'ers), n. interchange of merchandise on a large scale be- tween nations or individuals; inter- course. [Latin.] cominercial (kom-er'shal), adj. per- taining to trade or commerce; mer- cantile. commingle (ko-ming'gl) , v.t. & v.i. to mix; blend. comminute (kom'i-nut), v.t. to make small or fine by grinding: adj. divided into small parts. commiserate (kom-iz'er-at), v.t. feel pity for; sympathize with in dis- tress. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^^en. COMMISSARIAT 114 COMPATIBLE commissariat (kom-i-sa'ri-at) , n. the department of an army con- cerned with the supply of trans- ports, provisions, &c. [French.] commissary (kom'i-sa-ri), n. [pi. com- missaries (kom'i-sa-riz)], one to whom some charge is committed by a superior; a delegate; an official in the commissariat department. commission (kom-ish'un) , n. a dele- gation of business to anyone; the act of doing or committing; a trust; a charge; the warrant by which any- thing is done; one or more persons appointed to perform certain speci- fied duties; brokerage or allowance: v.t. empower; send with authority. commit (kom-itO, v.t. [p.t. & p.p, C9mniitted, p.pr. committing], to give in charge or trust; surrender; consign; perpetrate; learn by heart; send for trial, or to prison. committee (kom-it'e), n. persons ap- pointed to consider or manage any matter. [French.] commode (kom-od'), n, a high head- dress formerly in vogue ; a chest of drawers or bureau; a night-stool. commodious (kom-o'di-us) , adj. use- ful; convenient; roomy. commodity (kom-od'i-ti) , n. [pi. com- modities (kom-od'i-tiz)], that which is useful; an article of commerce: pL goods; merchandise. commodore (kom'o-dor), n. a captain commanding a squadron; the lead- ing ship in a fleet of merchantmen. common (kom'un), adj. belonging equally to more than one; public; usual; frequent; inferior; of low birth or origin; applied to nouns that are both masculine and femi- nine: n. a tract of open public land. commonplace (kom'un-plas) , n. a memorandum for ready reference; an obvious remark; anything or- dinary: adj. uninteresting; trite; common; neither new nor striking. commonwealth (kom'un-welth), n. the whole body of people in a state; a republic. commotion (kom-o'shun) , n. violent agitation. commune (kom-un'), v.t. to converse together; impart; take counsel; par- take of the Eucharist, or Holy Com- munion. [French.] communicate (kom-u'ni-kat) , v.t. to impart; reveal: v.i. to share; partake of the Eucharist. communion (kom-un'yun) , n. inter- course; fellowship; common posses- sion; a rehgious body; the partak- ing of the Eucharist. communit^^ (kom-u'ni-ti) , n. [pL communities (kom-u'ni-tiz)], a body of persons having common rights, interests, and privileges; a corpora- tion; society generally; common character. commute (kom-ut'), v.t. to exchange; substitute; reduce the severity of; regulate the direction of an electric current: v.i. to pay in gross amount; to travel regularly as a commuter. compact (kom'pakt), n. an agree- ment or covenant: v.t. (kom-pakt'), to press or pack closely ; consolidate. companion (kom-pan'yun) , n. a com- rade ; an associate or partner ; the hut over a ship's ladder: adj. attendant. company (kum'pa-ni), n. [pi. com- panies (kum'pa-niz)], an assemblage of people ; a body of persons associ- ated together; society; fellow^ship; a firm; a ship's crew; a subdivision of a regiment. comparative (kom-i)ar'a-tiv), adj. es- timated by comparison; not positive: n. the comparative degree of gram- mar. compare (kom-par'), v.t. to make one thing the measure of another; in- flect so as to form the degrees of comparison: v.i. to bear a compari- son. comparison (kom-par'i^sun) , n. the act of comparing; an illustration or simile. compartment (kom-part'ment), n. a division by a partition, as of a car- riage, &c.; a panel. compass (kum'pas), v.t. to encircle; walk around; besiege: n. a circular course; a circumference; extent; grasp; an instrument indicating the magnetic meridian : pl.a mathemati- cal instrument for dividing and drawing circles. compassion (kom-pash'un) , n. sorrow for the sufferings of others ; sympathy ; pity. compatible (kom-pat'i-bl), adj. con- gruous; suitable. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite,, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book : hue, hut ; think, *^en. COMPEL 115 COMPULSION ^ compel (kom-pelO, v.t. [p.t. & p.p. compelled, p.pr. compelling], to urge irresistibly; force. oompend (kom'pend), n. an abridg- ment. compensation (kom-pen-sa'shnn) , n. amends; recompense; a set-off. compete (kom-pet'). v-i- enter into competition with another; rival. competence (kom'pe-tens), n. the state of being competent; suffi- ciency. Also competency. competent (kom'pe-tent) , adj. fit; able; suitable; qualified; moder- ate. compile (kom-pil'), v.t. to^ put to- gether in fresh form existing mate- rials. complacent (kom-pla'sent) , adj. af- fable. complain (kom-plan'), v.i. to express grief, pain, or resentment; charge formally. complaint (kom-plant') , n. an accusa- tion; an expression of grief or pain; ailment. complaisant (kom-pla-sant') , adj, courteous. complement (kom'ple-ment), n. full number or quantity; a complete set; v.t. to supply a deficiency. complete (kom-plet), adj. free from deficiency; entire; absolute; fin- ished: v.t. to supply what is lacking; finish. [French.] complex (kom'pleks), adj. composed of various parts of things; compos- ite; intricate. [Latin.] complexion (kom-plek'shun), n. the color of the skin, especially the face; aspect. [French.] complexity (kom-pleks'i-ti) , n. the state of Deing complex. Also com- plexness. compliance (kom-pll'ans) , n. acquies- cence. complicate (kom'ph-kat) , v.t. to make intricate; involve: adj. intricate; folded together. [Latin.] complication (kom-pU-ka'shun) , n. the act of complicating; the state of being comphcated. compliment (kom'pli-ment) , n. a for- mal act or expression of courtesy; delicate flattery: t'.^. to flatter; con- gratulate; praise. complimentary (kom-pli-ment'a-ri), adj. conveying a compliment. Also compHmental. comply (kom-pli), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. com- phed, p.pr. complying], to yield as- sent; agree to. component (kom-po'nent) , adj. con- stituent: n. an elementary part of a compound. [Latin.] comport (kom-port'), v.i. to agree; harmonize: v.t. to behave. compose (kom-poz/), v.t. to form by combination; write as an author; calm; adjust; arrange in proper order; put together. composite (kom-poz'it or kom'poz-it), adj. compound. composition (kom-p6-zish'un) , n. the act of composing; the thing com- posed ; a mass formed by mingling various ingredients; mutual settle- ment or agreement; a musical or Hterary work; the art of forming sentences. [Latin.] compost (kom'post), n. a mixture of various substances for fertilizing the ground; builders' compost: v.t. to cover with compost, plaster or stucco. coniposure (kom-po'zhur) , n. tran- quillity. compound (kom-pound'), v.t. to mix or combine together; settle by mu- tual agreement; discharge a debt by paying a part: adj. (kom'pound), composed of two or more elements or ingredients or words: n. (kom'- pound), a rnixture of two or more elements or ingredients. comprehend (kom-pre-hend'), v.t. to include or comprise; grasp with the mind; conceive. [Latin.] comprehensive (kom-pre-hen'siv) , adj. including much; full. compress (kom-pres'), v.t. to press to- getner; condense [Latin]: n. (kom'- pres), a soft pad used in surgery to maintain pressure. [French.] compression (kom-presh'un) , n. con- densation. comprise (kom-priz'), v.t. to compre- hend. compromise (kom'pro-miz), n. a set- tlement by mutual concessions: v.t. to settle by compromise: expose to risk. compulsion (kom-pul'shun) , n. the act of compelUng; force; constraint. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 8 Me, hut; think, then. COMPULSORY 116 CONCURRENT compulsory (kom-purso-ri), adj, exer- cising compulsion; obligatory. compunction (kom-pungk'snun), n. contrition. [Latin.] computation (kom-pu-ta'shun), n, the act or process of computing; es- timate. compute (kom-puf). v.t. to number; reckon. comrade (kom'rad), n. a companion. con (kon), v.t, [p.t. & p.p. conned, p. pr, conning], to peruse carefully; fix m the mind by constant repetition; to direct (a helmsman) how to steer. conation (ko-na'shun), n. the faculty of voluntary agency, including voli- tion and desire. [Latin.] concave (konO^av), adj. hollow and curved. [Latin.] concavity (kon-kav'i-ti), n. [pi. con- cavities (kon-kav'i-tiz)], the state of being concave; the inner surface of a rounded hollow body. conceal (kon-sel'), v-t. to hide; keep secret; disguise. [Latin.] concealment (kon-sel'ment), n. the act of hiding or keeping secret; a« place of hiding; shelter. concede (kon-sed'), v.t, to yield; ad- mit. conceit (kon-set'), n. an idea; an over- estimate of one's own abiHties; a quaint fancy, [Old French.] conceive (kon-sev'), v.t. imagine; un- derstand; develop in the womb: v.i. to think; become pregnant. [French.] concentrate (kon-sen' or kon'sen- trat), v.t. to bring to one point or common center; intensify the action of; condense: adj. reduced to a pure or dense state. [Latin.] concentration camp (kon-sen-tra'- shun kamp) , n. in war, a camp where prisoners are held. (K>ncentric (kon-sen'trik), adj. having a common center. concept (kon 'sept), n. an abstract gen- eral notion or conception. [Latin.] concern (kon-sern'), v.t. to relate or belong to; interest or engage; make uneasy: n. business; affair; interest; anxiety: a firm. concert (feon-sert'), v.t. to contrive or devise together; adjust or arrange mutually: n. (kon'sert), a musical entertainment; co-operation; mu- tual agreement. [French.] concession (kon-sesh'un) . n. the act of conceding; the thing conceded; land, privileges, &c., granted by a government to a company, &c., for some specific purpose. [French.] conch (kongk), n. a marine shell. concha (kong'ka), n. [pi. conchae (kong'ke)], the outer ear; auricle; the dome of an apse. [Latin.] conchology (kong-koFo-ji), n. the branch of zoology which treats of mollusks and their shells. conciliate (kon-sil'i-at) , v.t. to recon- cile; win or gain the affections of. concise (kon-sis'), adj. condensed, terse. [Latin.] conclave (kon'klav), n. a private meeting, as of cardinals for the election of a Pope. [Latin.] conclude (kon-klud'), v.t. to infer; determine; settle; end: v.i. draw an inference. [Latin.] ^ conclusive (kon-klu'siv) , adj. decisive; final. concoct (kon-kokt'), v.t. to digest; cook; assimilate mentally; plot. concomitant (kon-k9m'i-tant), n. accompanying; conjoined with: n. an attendant. concord (kong' or kon'kord), n. har- mony; union; agreement. concordance (kon-kor'dans) , n. agree- ment; a dictionary of words or pas- sages, with references to the places where they occur in certain works, especially in the Bible or in Shake- speare. concourse (kong'kors), n. arriving to- gether ; an assembly or crowd. concrete (kon'kret), adj. united in growth; coalesced; not abstract: n. a mass formed by concretion ; a com- pact mass of hme, sand, gravel, mor- tar, &c., used for building: v.i. (kon- kret'), to coalesce: v.t. to form by the union of particles. [Latin.] concubine (kong'ku-bin), n. a woman who lives with a man without being legally married. [Latin.] concur (kon-ker'), v.i. jp.t. & p.p. con- curred, p.pr. concurring], to agree or unite in action or opinion; coincide. concurrent (kon-kur'ent) , adj. acting in imion or conjunction; joint and equal in authority; meeting at one point: n. that which concurs; a con- tributory cause. [Latin.] fite, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nSrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. CONCUSSION 117 CONFLUX concussion (kon-kush'un) , n. the shock caused by two bodies coming violently together; injury by a fall. condemn (kon-dem'), v.t. to pro- nounce or judge guilty; blame; cen- sure; declare to be forfeite_d. [Latin.] condemnation (kon-dem-na'shun), n. the act of condemning. condense (kon-dens'), v.t. to compress; make close or thick: v.i. grow dense. condescend (kon-de-send') , v.i. to stoop; descend; yield; deign. condign (kon-dinO, adj. well-deserved; suitable. [Latin.] condiment (kon'di-ment), n. a season- ing, such as pepper, mustard, horse- radish, &c. condition (kon-dish'un) , n. state; quaUty ; external circumstances; stip- ulation or terms of a contract: t;.^. to contract or stipulate; bring into and keep in bodily health; examine. condole (kon-dol'), v.t. to lament: v.i. to express sympathy for another [with with]. [Latin.] condone (kon-don'), v.t. to pardon, especially a violation of marital duty. condor (kon'der), n. a very large South American vulture. [Spanish.] conduce (kon-dus'). v.i. to tend to; contribute. conduct (kon-dukt'), v.t. to guide: di- rect; manage; behave: n. (kon'dukt), personal behavior or practice; man- agement. conduit (kon'dit), n. a canal or pipe for the conveyance of water, &c. cone (kon), n. a geometrical figure broad, round, and broad at the bot- tom and lessening the circumference towards the top; the fruit of the fir, pine, &c.; a storm-cone: v.t. to shape like the segment of a cone. confection (kon-fek'shun), n. any- thing conserved or compounded with sugar; a sweetmeat. [Latin.] confederacy (kon-fed'er-a-si), n. [pZ. confederacies (kon-fed'er-a-siz)], per- sons, states, or nations united in a league. confederate (kon-fed'er-at), v.i. to unite in a league: adj. united by a league: n. a member of a confedera- tion; an ally; an accomphce. confer (kon-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. conferred, y.'pr. conferring], to give or bestow: v.i. to consult together; converse. conference (kon'fer-ens), n. the act of consulting together formally; an appointed meeting for discussing some topic or business; an ecclesias- tical assembly. confess (kon-fes'), v.t. to admit or acknowledge; avow; grant; prove; hear (as a priest) a confession: v.i. disclose the state of one's conscience to a priest and receive absolution. confession (kon-fesh'un), n. act of confessing; anything disclosed or acknowledged. confide (kon-fid'), v.i. have confi- dence in: v.t. to trust fully [with to]. confidence (kon'fi-dens) , n. trust; reliance. confident (kon'fi-dent), adj. full of confidence; positive; bold; dog- matical. [Latin.] confidential (kon-fi-den'shal) , adj. spoken or written in confidence; trustworthy. config:uration (kon-fig-u-ra'shun) , n. external form; relative position of the planets. confine (kon'fin), n. a boundary, border, or limit; a frontier [usually vl.]\ v.t. (kon-fin'), to restrict within limits; imprison. [Latin.] confinement (kon-ftn'ment) , n. the act of confining; childbirth. confirm (kon-ferm'), v.t. to strengthen ; ratify; administer the rite of confir- mation. [Latin.] confirmation (kon-f er-ma'shun) , n. the act of confirming; verification; evidence; admission to full com- munion after baptism. confiscate (kon-fis' or kon'fis-kat), v.t. to adjudge to be forfeited to the public treasury; seize, as thus for- feited. [Latin.] conflagration (kon-fla-gra'shun) , n. a great fire. [Latin.] conflict (kon-flikt'). v.i. to strike or dash together; contend; fight: n. (kon'flikt), a fight or struggle for the mastery; a battle; antagonism; a violent collision. [Latin.] confluence (kon'flu-ens) , n. the junc- tion of two or more streams; an assembly. conflux (kon'fluks), n. the m.eeting fite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. CONFORM 118 CONNECTION together of two or more streams; a crowd. conform (kon-form'), v.t. to make like; bring into harmony [usually with to]: v.i. to be in harmony with; comply with. [Latin.] conformable (kon-f 6rm'a-bl) , adj. like; corresponding; compliant; in parallel order. conformity (kon-f 6rm'i-ti) , n. com- pliance with established forms; re- semblance. confound (kon-found'), v.t. to min- gle; perplex; astonish; confuse; over- throw. [Latin.] confront (kon-f runt') , v.t. to stand face to face [with with]; oppose; compare. confuse (kon-fuz'), v.t. to mingle; jumble up; render indistinct; dis- concert; perplex. [Latin.] confute (kon-fut'), v.t. to prove to be false or invahd; convict of error. congeal (kon-jer), v.t. to freeze; to make stiff and harden by the in- fluence of cold: v.i. to become frozen by the influence of cold; to change from a liquid to a solid by reason of cold. congener (kon'je-ner), n. one of the same kin. congenial (kon-je'ni-al), adj. kindred; pleasant and sympathetic; cognate. congenital (kon-jen'i-tal), adj. exist- ing, or produced, at birth; con- stitutional, congest (kon-jesf), v.t. to accumu- late. congestion (kon-jest'yun), n. an over- crowded condition, especially of the blood-vessels. conglomerate (kon-glom'er-at), v.t. to gather into a ball or round mass: adj. collected or clustered together: n. a rock composed of rounded or water-worn fragments of pre-exis- tent rocks. [Latin.] conglutinate (kon-gloo'ti-nat) , v.t. to glue together: adj. glued together; united by an adhesive substance. conglutinative (kon-gloo'ti-na-tiv) , aaj. having power to unite or heal wounds. congratulate (kon-grat'u-lat), v.t. to fehcitate on account of some happy event [with on or upon]. congregate (kong'gre-gat), v.t. to as- semble; gather together: v.i. to come together. congregation (kong-gre-ga'shun), n. an assembly, especially of persons for religious worship. congress (kong'gres), n. a confer- ence; an assembly of ambassadors, &c., for the settlement of interna- tional affairs. Congress (kong'gres), n. the na- tional legislature of the United States, consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. congruity (kon-gro6'i-ti) , n. agree- ment; fitness. congruous (kon'groo-us), adj. ac- cordant; fit. conic (kon'ik), adj. pertaining to, or shaped like, a cone. Also conical: n.pl. the branch of geometry which treats of the parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola; conic sections. conjecture (kon-jek'tur), n. a prob- able inference; a guess; v.t. to im- agine; surmise: v.i. to form con- jectures. conjoin (kon-join'), v.t. to join to- gether; connect or associate: v.i. to unite. conjoint (kon-joint'), adj. united; co- operating. conjugal (kon'ju-gal), adj. of, or per- taining to, marriage; connubial. conjugate (kon'ju-gat), v.t. to in- flect (verbs): v.i. to unite in conju- gation: adj. C9mbined in pairs; kin- dred in meaning and origin. conjugation (kon-ju-ga'shun), n. the act of conjugating; the inflection of a verb; a kind of sexual union. conjunction (kon-jungk'shun) , n. un- ion; associati9n; connection; the ap- parent meeting of two or more stars or planets; a word used to connect sentences or words. conjure (kon-jur'), v.t. to summon in a sacred name; enjoin with the highest solemnity: (kun'jer), in- fluence by, or as if by, magic: v.i. to practice the arts of a con- jurer. connect (kon'nekt'), v.t. to bind or fasten together; unite; associate with: v.i. to be joined; cohere. connection or connexion (kon-nek'- shun), n. the state of being con- nected; relation by marriage or ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, ^^en. CONNECTIVE 119 CONSPIRACY blood; sexual intercourse; acquain- tance; one's customers, &c. connective (kon-nek'tiv) , adj. able to connect: n. that which connects. connive (kon-nivO, v.i.^ to close the eyes upon a fault ; be in secret com- plicity [with at], connoisseur (kon-a-ser') . n, a criti- cal judge. [French.] connote (kon-not'), v.t, to designate by implication; imply as an attri- bute. connubial (kon-u'bi-al) , adj. of, or pertaining to, the marriage state; nuptial. [Latin.] conquer (kong'ker), vd. gain by con- quest; overcome; subdue: v.i, to get the victory. [French.] conquest (kon'kwest),n. the act of conquering; subjugation; victory. consanguinity (kon-sang-gwin'i-ti) , n. blood relationship. [Latin.] conscience (kon'shens), n. the moral sense which distinguishes right from wrong. [Latin.] conscientious (kon-shi-en'shus), adj. influenced or regulated by con- science; scrupulous. conscious (kon'shus), adj. aware of one's thoughts and actions; sen- sible. consciousness (kon'shus-nes), n. the knowledge of that which passes in one's own mind. conscript (kon-skript'), v.t. to en- roll for compulsory military or naval service: (kon'skrip t), ac?;. registered; enrolled: n. one thus compulsorily enrolled. [Latin.] consecrate (kon'se-krat), v.t. to set apart as sacred; dedicate to the service of God; set apart to a sacred office; devote: adj. conse- crated; made sacred. [Latin.] consecutive (kon-sek'u-tiv) , adj. suc- cessive; following. [Latin.] consensus (kon-sen'sus) , n. general agreement. consent (kon-sent'), n. a yielding of the mind or will; acquiescence; sympathy: v.i. to comply; yield; accede; concur. [Latin.] consequence (kon'se-kwens), n. that which naturally follows an effect; inference; result; importance; sig- nificance. consequent (kon'se-kwent) , adj. fol- lowing as a result or natural effect [with to]: n. a result or effect. conservatory (kon-ser'va-to-ri) , adj, tending to preserve: n. a green- house. conserve (kon-serv') , v.t. to pre- serve from injiu-y or destruction; preserve with sugar: n. (kon'serv), preserved or candied fruit. [Latin.] consider (kon-sid'er) , v.t. to fix the mind ui)on; contemplate: v.i, to de- liberate; reflect. [Latin.] considerable (kon-sid'er-a-bl) , adj, worthy of notice; important; valu- able; more than a little. considerate (kon-sid'er-at), adj. hav- ing regard for others; prudent; thoughtful; careful. consign (kon-sin'), v.t. to deUver in a formal manner to another; yield in trust; to send goods. [French.] consist (kon-sist'), v.i. to be com- posed of; co-exist; subsist [with in]. [Latin.] consistence (kon-sis'tens) , n. degree of density or firmness; harmony. Also consistency. consistent (kon-sis'tent), adj. sohd; uniform; not contradictory. console (kon-sol'), v.t. to give com- fort to ; cheer in sorrow * solace. consolidate (kon-sori-dat), v.t. to make solid; harden; condense: v.i. to become soUd. consols (kon'solz or kon-solz'), n. the principal British funded security: abbreviation for consoKdated fund. consomme (kon-so-ma') , ^. a strong clear soup or bouillon. consonant (kon'so-nant) , adj. har- monious; accordant: n. a letter other than a vowel. consort (kon'sort), n. a companion; a partner; a husband or wife; a ship accompanying another: v.t. & v.i. (kon-sort'), to associate; keep company [with with]. conspectus (kon-spek'tus), n. a gen- eral sketch or digest of some sub- ject; a synopsis. conspicuous (kon-spik'u-us) , adj. mentally or physically visible ; mani- fest; distinguished. conspiracy (kon-spir'a-si) , n. \pl. con- spiracies (kon-spir'a-siz)], a plot; two or more persons engaged together for an unlawful or evil purpose. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. CONSPIRE 120 CONTENTMENT conspire (kon-spir') , v.i. to concert a crime; combine for an unlawful purpose. [Latin.] constable (kun'sta-bl), n. a high of- ficer of state in mediaeval courts; a policeman. constant (kon'stant), adj. steadfast; firm, continuous: n. in physics, that which is not subject to change, as gravity. constellation (kon-stel-a'shun), n. a group or cluster of fixed stars desig- nated by some name ; an assemblage of splendors. [Latin.] consternation (kon-ster-na'shun) , n. excessive terror, wonder, or sur- prise; perturbation. constipate (koh'sti-pat) , v.t. to make costive. [Latin.] constituency (kon-stit'ti-en-si), n. [-pi. constituencies (kon-stit'ti-en- siz)], the body of electors voting for a member of Congress, &c. constituent (kon-stit'u-ent), adj. necessary or essential: n. an essen- tial or component part; an elector. constitute (kon'sti-tut) , v.t. to com- pose or malce up; appoint; elect; enact; establish. [Latin.] constitution (kon-sti-tu'shun), n. the act of constituting; the thing consti- tuted; bodily strength; mental or physical temperament; the funda- mental law of a nation, state or society, whether unwritten as in Great Britain, or written as in the United States. [Latin.] constrain (kon-stran'), v.t. to hold down or keep back by force; re- strain. constraint (kon-strant') , n. compul- sion. constrict (kon-strikt'), v.t. to bind; cramp. [Latin.] construct (kon-strukt'), v.t to bund ; form ; put together ; compose. constructive (kon-struk'tiv) , adj. hav- ing the character of construction; inferred. construe (kon'stroo), v.t. to put into proper order by syntactical rules; translate; interpret. [Latin.] Consul (kon'sul), n. an officer com- missioned by a government to reside in a foreign country to promote the interests of its trade, and protect its subjects. consult (kon-sult'), v.t. to ask advice of; regard: v.i. to take counsel to- gether. [Latin.] consume (kon-sum'), v.t. to destroy; waste; spend: v.i. waste away; be exhausted. [Latin.] consummate (kon'sum-at) , v.t. to complete; finish: adj. (kon-sum 'at) , perfect. consumption (kon-sump'shun), n. the act of consuming; a gradual wasting away; pulmonary disease; phthisis. consumptive (kon-sump'tiv), adj. pertaining to consumption; affected with phthisis. contact (kon'takt), n. touch; close union. [Latin.] contagion (kon-ta'jun) , n. transmis- sion of disease by direct or indirect contact. contagious (kon-ta'jus) , adj. trans- mitted by contact. contain (kon-tan'), v.t. to hold, as a vessel; keep within bounds; inclose: v.i. to live in continence. [Latin.] contaminate (kon-tam'i-nat) , v.t. to pollute. contemn (kon-tem'), v.t. to despise. contemplate (kon'tem-, or kon-tem'- plat), v.t. to consider with con- tinued attention; meditate on; study. contemporary (kon-tem'po-ra-ri) , adj, existing or occurring at the same time: n. one living at the same time as another. contempt (kon-tempt'), ^. disdain; scorn; disobedience to the orders, &c., of a court. contemptible (kon-temp'ti-bl), adj, meriting scorn. t= contemptuous (kon-temp'tu-us) , adj. disdainful. contend (kon-tend'), v.i. to strive in opposition ; vie [with with or against] ; dispute or debate; assert. content (kon-tent')., adj. satisfied; willing: v.t. to satisfy; gratify; ap- pease: n. (kon'tent), generally plu- ral, that which is comprised in any- thing. contention (kon-ten'shun) , n. con- test; debate. contentious (kon-ten'shus) , adj. caus- ing contention; quarrelsome; litigi- ous. contentment (kon-tent'ment) , n. sat- isfaction. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. CONTEST 121 CONVENE contest (kon-test') , v.t. to dispute; oppose; litigate: v.i. to strive; con- tend; vie: n. (kon'test), a struggle for superiority; dispute. context (kon'tekst), n. the parts in a book or discourse immediately ad- joining the sentence quoted. contiguity (kon-ti-gu'i-ti) , n. contact. contiguous (kon-tig'ti-us), adj. ad- jacent. continence (kon'ti-nens) , n. chasti- ty; seK-restraint ; moderation. continent (kon'ti-nent), adj. chaste; exercising self-restraint: n. a large extent of land forming a geograph- ical division. contingent (kon-tin'jent) , adj. ac- cidental; conditional: n. a possi- bility; quota of troops. continual (kon-tin'u-al), adj. pro- ceeding without interruption; in- cessant; constant. continuance (kon-tin'ti-ans) , n. per- manence; uninterrupted succession; duration. continuation (kon-tin-u-a'shun) , n. the act of continuing. continue (kon-tin'u), v.t. to carry on without interruption; persist in: v.i. to remain; abide; endure; persevere. continuity (kon-ti-nu'i-ti), n. [pi. con- tinuities (kon-ti-nu'i-tiz)], uninter- rupted succession or connection; cohesion. contort (kon-torf), v.t. to twist. contour (kon'toor), n. an outline; profile: v.t. to make an outline of. contraband (kon'tra-band), adj. pro- hibited from importation; illegal. contract (kon-trakt'), v.t. draw closer together; shorten; condense: v.i. to shrink up; bargain; agree upon: n. (kon'trakt), a compact; a written agreement. contraction (kon-trak'shun) , n. the act of contracting ; the state of being con- tracted ; the reduction of two vowels or syllables into one; abbrevia- tion. contradict (kon-tra-dikt') , v.t. to as- sert the contrary or opposite of; gainsay; deny. contradistinguish (kon-tra-dis-ting'- gwish), v.t. to distinguish by op- posite qualities. contralto (kon-trarto), n. the part sung by the highest male {counter- tenor) or the lowest female voice {alto) ; also the lowest female voice. contrary (kon'tra-ri) , adj. opposite ; in an opposite direction; perverse; wayward: n. a thing of opposite qualities. contrast (kon-trast') , v.t. to place in contrast; compare: n. (kon'trast), opposition or difference of quaHties rnade manifest by comparison; dis- similitude. contra vallation (kon-tra-val-a'shun) , n. a fortification thrown up round a city by a besieging force for security against the enemy's sallies. [Latin.] contravene (kon-tra-ven') , v.t. to ob- struct; violate. contribute (kon-trib'tit), v.t. to give to some common stock; furnish as a share: v.i. to use one's influence. contrite (kon'trit), adj. penitent. contrition (kon-trish'un) , n. sorrow for sin. contrivance (kon-tr!'vans), n. a de- vice; apparatus; scheme; plan. contrive (kon-triv'), v.t. to devise; invent; plan; scheme. control (kon-trol'), n. a check; re- straint; superintendence; authority: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. controlled: p.pr, controlling], to restrain; govern; regulate. controversial (kon-tro-ver'shal) , adj. polemical. controversy (kon'tro-ver-si) , n. [pL controversies (kon'tro-ver-siz)], agi- tation of contrary opinions; debate; disputation. controvert (kon-tro-vert'), v.t. to con- tend against; refute; disprove. contumacy (kon'tu-ma-si) , n. [pi. contumacies (kon'tu-ma-siz)], ob- stinate or perverse opposition to law- ful authority. contumely (kon'tu-me-li) , n. [pi. con- tumehes (kon'tu-me-liz)], haughty and contemptuous rudeness; scorn- ful and insolent abuse. contuse (kon-tuz'), v.t. to wound or bruise without breaking the skin. conundrum (ko-nun'dnmi) , n. a rid- dle. [Dubious Latin.] convalescence (kon-va-les'ens), n. gradual recovery after illness. convalescent (kon-va-les'ent), adj, recovering health. convene (kon-ven'), v.i. to meet to- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book hue, hut ; think. thQn. CONVENIENT 122 COPARCENER gether: v.t. cause to assemble; sum- mon judicially. convenient (kon-ve'ni-ent), adj. suit- able; appropriate; affording accom- modation; handy. convent (kon'vent), n. a community of religious recluses; a nunnery; monastery. convention (kon-ven'shun) , n. sl polit- ical or ecclesiastical assembly; a diplomatic agreement. conventionality (kon-ven-shun-al'i- ti), n. [pi. conventionalities (kon-ven- .shun-ari-tiz)], adherence to con- ventional rules or precedents; arti- ficiality. converge (kon-verj'), v.i. tend to one point. conversant (kon'ver-sant) , adj. ac- quainted or familiar with; profi- cient. conversation (kon-ver-sa'shun) , n. informal or familiar talk. converse (kon-versO, v.i. to inter- change thoughts; talk familiarly: adj. & n. (kon/vers), reversed in order or relation; opposite; ac- quaintance; familiar talk. conversely (kon-vers'li) , adv. recip- rocally. conversion (kon-ver'shun) , n. change from one state, or from one religion, to another. convert (kon-vert'), v.t. to trans- mute; change from one religion to another; cause to undergo a moral change; apply to any use: n. (kon'- vert), one who changes from one religion to another ; one who has un- dergone a moral change. [Latin.] convex (kon'veks), adj. curved on the exterior surface : opposed to con- cave: n. a convex body. [Latin.] convey (kon-va'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. conveyed, p.pr. conveying], to carry pr transport; transmit; impart; communicate; transfer the title to (property) . conveyance (kon-va 'ans) , n. the act or means of conveying; a vehicle; the transference of property from one owner to another. convict (kon-vikt'), v-t. to prove or pronounce guilty of a crime charged : n. (kon'vikt), a criminal sentenced to penal servitude. [Latin.] conviction (kon-vik'shun) , n. the act of convicting ; the state of being con- victed; strong belief. convince (kon-vins'), v.t. to satisfy by evidence or argument; persuade; cause to believe. convivial (kon-viv'i-al), adj. festive; jovial. convocation (kon-vo-ka'shun) , n. the act of convoking an assembly, es- pecially of bishops and beneficed clergy, or heads of a university; an assembly of clergy. convoke (kon-vok'), v.t. to call or summon together; convene. convolution (kon-vo-lti'shun) , n. a rolling together. convoy (kon-voi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. con- voyed, p.pr. convoying], to accom- pany on the way for protection, by sea or land: n. (kon'voi), a protect- ing force accompanying ships, gooda, persons, &c.; an escort. convulse (kon-vuls'), v.t. to agitate violently; shake; affect with convul- sions. convulsion (kon-vul'shun) , n. an agi- tation ; tumult ; a violent and unnat- ural contraction of the muscles. coo (koo), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. cooed, p.pr. cooing], to cry like a dove or pigeon; to act or converse in a loving man- ner : n. the sound uttered by doves and pigeons. cook (kook), v.t. to prepare for eating by boihng, baking, or roasting: v.i. to act as a cook: n. one who pre- pares food for the table. cool (kool), adj. [covipar. cooler, superl. coolest], slightly or moderate- ly cold; calm; deliberate: v.t. to make cool: v.i. to become cool. coop (koop), n. a cage; pen: v.t. to confine in, or as in, a coop; inclose. co&perate (ko-op'er-at) , v.i. to act or work jointly; concur to produce the same effect. coordinate (ko-6r'di-nat), v.t. to place in the same order, class, &c.; har- monize: adj. of the same rank or authority as another: n.pl. lines or other elements by which tne position of any point is determined by a fixed figure or lines. cop (kop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. copped, p.pr. copping], to seize as a prisoner: n. a policeman. coparcener (ko-par'se-ner) , n. a con- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. COPE 123 CORONA federate; one who shares with an- other in an act, usually wrong. cope (kop), v.i. to strive or contend (followed by with). copious (ko'pi-us), adj. abundant; dif- fusive. copper (kop'er), n. sl red, ductile, mal- leable, tenacious metal; a boiler: v.t. to cover with copper. Also cop- perize. copse (kops), n. sl thicket of brush- wood. Also coppice. copula (kop'u-la),_n. [vl. copulas or se (kop'u-laz, kop'u-le)J, a word which joins the subject and predicate in a sentence or proposition. copulation (kop-u-la'shun), n. sexual intercourse. copy (kop'i), n. [pi. copies (kop'iz)], an imitation; a transcript; a writing exercise; an original work: v.t. to transcribe; reproduce: v.i. imi- tate. copyright (kop'i-rit), n. the exclusive right of an author in his literary or artistic work for a prescribed num- ber of years. coquet (ko-kef), v-i- [p-f. & p.p. co- quetted, p.pr. coquetting], to flirt; seek to attract attention or admi- ration; trifle. coquette (ko-ket'), n. a vain woman who seeks to gain men's admiration. coral (kor'al), n. the hard calcareous skeleton of certain marine polyps; the unimpregnat^d roe of the lob- ster: adj. pertaining to coral. cord (kord), n. a twisted string; a measure of wood = 128 cub. ft. (8 ft. long, 4 ft. high, 4 ft. broad) ; a moral influence: v.t. to fasten or connect with cord. cordial (kor'jal), adj. hearty; sincere; cheering: n. a medicine that in- creases the strength and restores the spirits; an aromatic and sweetened spirit. cordiality (kor-jal'i-ti), n. sincere sym- pathetic geniality; sincerity; hearti- ness. cordite (kor'dit), n. a powerful ex- plosive, used for military pur- poses. cordon (kor'don), n. a ribbon worn as the badge of an order; a band; a course of projecting stones forming the coping of a sc^rf wall; a Hne of military posts ; an elongated body of troops. [French.] corduroy (kor'du-roi) , n. sl stout ribbed or corded cotton; piled fus- tian: v.t. to construct (a corduroy road) . core (kor), n. the heart or innermost part of anything, especially of fruit: v.t. to remove the core from; to mold or cast on a core. cork (kork), n. the outer layer of the bark of the cork tree, a species of oak; a stopper for a bottle: adj, made of cork. cormorant (kor'mo-rant) , n. a diving bird that preys voraciously on fish; a glutton. corn (korn), n. grain, as wheat, bar- ley, &c.; maize, or Indian com; plants that yield grain; bread- stuff. corn (korn), n. sl horny excrescence on the toe, or foot. cornea (kor'ne-a), n. the horny circu- lar transparent membrane which forms the anterior portion of the eyeball. corner (kor'ner), n. an angle; a re- tired place; a mercantile ring to mo- nopolize some product: v.t. to drive or force into some position of diffi- culty from which there is no escape. cornet (kor-nef), n. a kind of trumpet; formerly, the lowest in rank among cavalry officers, corresponding to a midshiprnan in the navy. cornice (kor'nis), n. the highest pro- jection or border on a wall or column. cornstarch (korn'starch), n. starch made from meal of Indian corn ; used for puddings, &c. cornucopia (kor-nu-ko'pi-a) , n. [pi. cornucopiae (kor-nu-ko'pi-e) or -as (-az)], the horn of plenty represent- ed in sculpture as overflowing with fruit, flowers, &c. [Latin.] corolla (ko-rol'a), n. the inner envel- ope of a flower composed of two or more petals. corollary (kor'ol-a-ri), n. an additional deduction or inference drawn from a demonstrated proposition. corona (ko-ro'na). n. [pi. coronae (ko-ro'ne)], a crown; the flat pro- jecting part of a cornice; the upper surface of a molar tooth; a halo surrounding heavenly bodies; any ate, arm, at. awl me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. CORONATION 124 COST crown-like appendage at the .top of an organ of a plant. [Latin.] coronation (kor-o-na'shun) , n. the act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign. coroner (kor'o-ner), n. an officer who inquires into cases of sudden or ac- cidental death. coronet (kor'o-net), n. an inferior crown; an ornamental head-dress. corporal (kor'po-ral) , adj. relating to the body; opposed to the mind: n. a communion cloth; a corporal; a non- commissioned officer of the lowest grade. corporation (kor-po-ra'shun) , n. a body politic having a common seal, and legally authorized to act as one individual; a protuberant stomach. corporeal (kor-po're-al) , adj. having a material body; physical. corps (kor), n. [pi. corps (korz)], a body of troops; a body of persons associated in a common work. fH>rpse (korps), n. a dead body. corpulence (kor'pu-lens), n. excessive fatness of body. Also corpulency. €H>rpuscle (kor'pus-1), n. a minute par- ticle usually of blood. corral (kor-ral'), n. a pen for live stock; an enclosure with wagons; a strong stockade for capturing wild elephants: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cprr ailed, p.pr. corralling], to drive into, or secure in, a corral; to take possession of, or capture; corner. [Spanish.] correct (ko-rekt'), v.t, to set straight; rectify; punish faults; amend: adj. exact; accurate; free from error; con- forming to a fixed rule or standard. corrective (ko-rek'tiv) , adj. able to correct: n. that which corrects; an antidote. correlate (kor'e-lat), v.i. to be recip- rocally related: v.t.^ to make clear the existence of reciprocal relations: adj. reciprocally related. correlative (kor-el'a-tiv) , adj. having reciprocal or mutual relation: n. the antecedent of a pronoun. correspond (kor-e-spond') , v.i. to be adequate to; agree; suit; answer; communicate by letters. correspondence (kor-e-spond'ens) , n. communication by letters; mutual adaptation; congruity. corridor (kor'i-dor), n. a gallery oj open passage in a building. corrigible (kor'ij-i-bl) , adj. capable of being amended, corrected, or re- formed. corroborate (kor-rob'or-at), v.t. con- firm; strengthen; establish; ver- ify. corrode (kor-od'), v.t. to eat away gradually; consume; disintegrate. corrosion (kor-o'zhun) , n. the act of corroding; a corroded condition. corrosive (kor-o'siv), adj. capable of being corrosive. corrugate (kor'oo-gat) , v.t. to draw, or shape, into wrinkles or folds. corrupt (kor-uptO, v.t. to turn from a sound to an unsound and putrescent state; make impure; seduce; bribe: v.i. to become putrid: adj. altered; depraved; putrid; spoiled; open to bribery. corruptible (kor-up'ti-bl), adj. ca- pable of being corrupted; subject to decay; susceptible of being bribed. corruption (kor-up'shun), n. the act of corrupting ; the state of being cor- rupted; physical dissolution. corsair (kor'sar), n. a pirate. [French.] corset (kor'set), n. a bodice: pi. a pair of stays: v.t. to inclose in corsets. corslet (kors'let), n. light body-armor. cortex (kor'teks), n. [pi. cortices (kor'- ti-sez)], outer bark or covering. coruscate (kor'us-kat) , v.i. to sparkle; flash. cosmetic (koz-met'ik), adj. imparting or improving beauty: n. a wash or preparation for such a purpose. cosmic (koz'mik), adj. pertaining to the universe and the laws which gov- ern it ; rising or setting with the sun. Also cosmical. cosmogony (koz-mog'o-ni) , n. a trea- tise on the world's origin. cosmography (koz-mog'ra-fi) , n. the science which treats of the constitu- tion of the universe. cosmopolitan (koz-mo-pol'i-tan), n. one who by much travel has become a citizen of the world. Also cos- mopolite: adj. at home in any part of the world. cosmos (koz'mos), n. the world or universe as an orderly system: op- posed to chaos. cost (kost), v.t. to be bought for, or had at, a price; cause to bear or ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. COSTEEMONGER 125 CX>UNTESS suffer: n. charge; expense; labor: pi. law charges. costermonger (kos'ter-mung-ger) , n. a hawker of fruit, vegetables, fish, &c. costive (kos'tiv), adj. constipated. costume (kos'tum), n. dress in gen- eral; style of dress; a walking or tailor-made dress: v.t. (kos-tum')., to dress in, or provide with, appropriate costumes. cot (kot), n. a cottage; small bed. coterie (ko'te-re), n. an association or set of persons united together for social or other intercourse; a clique. cotillion (ko-tiryun), n. a brisk, lively dance for eight persons. cottage (kot'aj), n. a small dwelHng. cotton (kot'n), n. a white, soft, downy substance resembling wool envelop- ing the seeds of the cotton-plant; cotton thread or cloth : adj. pertain- ing to, or made of, cotton: v.i. (with to), to make up [to] another; seek his intimacy; fall in with his whims. couch (kouch), v.t. to place on a bed or other resting-place; hide; deposit in a bed or layer; express in words; include: v.i. to lie down; stoop; de- press or remove a cataract: n. a bed; sofa; a layer or stratum; a pre- liminary coat of size, paint, &c.; a layer of barley spread out for malt- ing. cougar (koo'gar and kow'gar), n. the puma. cough (kof), v.i. to expel air from the lungs by a violent effort: v.t. to ex- pel from the lungs (followed by uv) : n. an effort of the lungs, attended with noise, to expel irritating or foreign matter. could (kood), v.t. of can. council (kounsil), n. an assembly of persons met in consultation, or to give advice; a convocation; a mu- nicipal body. councilman (koun'sil-man), n. [pi. councilmen (koun'sil-men)], a mem- ber of a municipal council. counsel (koun'sel), n. interchange of opinion; advice; consultation; de- hberate purpose or design; a bar- rister, attorney: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. counseled, p.pr. counselmg], to give advice to; advise. [Latin.] counselor (koun'sel-er) , n. one who gives advice, especially legal ad^dce; a member of a council. count (kount), n. a title of nobility, count (kount), v.t. to reckon or sum up; enumerate; place to an account; esteem: v.i. to tell off; mark time: n. the act of numbering or reckon- ing; the total ascertained; a separate and distinct charge in an indictment; rhythm. [French.] countenance (koun'te-nans), n. the whole form of the face; appearance; support: v.t. to support; encourage; favor. counter (koun'ter), n. one who, or that which, counts; a shop table; imitation money; a counter-tenor; a horse's breast between the shoul- ders and under the neck; a ship's stern between the water-line and the knuckle of the stern; a blow given in parrying: v.i. to give a blow while receiving or parrying one. counter (koun'ter), adv. contrary; ad- verse; in an opposite direction; the wrong way: used in composition, as co?/7?/er-eyidence, evidence opposing other evidence; cown^er-balance, to weigh or act against with equ^d force. counteract (koun-ter-akt'), v.t. to act in opposition to so as to defeat or hinder; neutraUze. counterfeit (koun'ter-fit), v.t. to make a copy of without authority for fraudulent purposes; forge; imitate: v.i. to carry on deception: ad^, feigned ; spurious ; forged : ?? . an imi- tation; a forgery. [French.] countermand (koun-ter-mand'), v.L to revoke or annul, as an order or command; contradict the orders of: n. a revocation of a former order or command. counter pane, (koun'ter-pan), n. a bed coverlet. counterpart (koun'ter-part) , n. a du- plicate. counterpoint (koun'ter-point), n. the science of harmony. countersign (koun-ter-sin/), v.t. to authenticate by am additional sig- nature: 71. (koun'ter-sin), an addi- tional signature to a document to attest it; a military watchword. countess (koun'tes), n. the wife of an earl or count. [French.] ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met: mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. COUNTRY 126 COXCOMB country (kun'tri), n. [pi. countries (kunt'rez)], a tract of land; region; rural parts; one's native land: adj. rural; rustic; unpolished. [French.] county (koun'ti), n. [pi. counties (koun'tiz)], a definite district of a country separated from the rest for political or judicial administrative purposes: adj. pertaining to a county. coup (koo), n. a sudden telling blow, a master-stroke. [French.] coupe (koo-paO, n. the front compart- ment of a French stage-coach; a small four-wheeled carriage. [French.] couple (kup'l), n. two of the same kind connected together; a pair; man and wife; a pair of equal and parallel forces; two dissimilar metal plates in contact forming a voltaic battery: v.t. to link or join together; unite in marriage: v.i. to copulate; unite. [French.] coupon (lioo'pon), n. a certificate at- tached to transferable bonds, which is intended to be cut off and pre- sented for the payment of dividends when due; a section of a ticket en- titling the holder to some specified accommodation, &c., over a line or route to be traveled, or to a seat in a theater, &c. [French.] courage (ker'aj), n. fortitude; valor. courageous (ker-a'jus), adj. brave; bold. courier (koo'ri-er), n. an express messenger; a special messenger for a government or monarch; a travel- ing, attendant who makes pre- liminary arrangements. [French.] course (kors), n. a race; a path or track; career; direction or line of rnotion; regular sequence; the por- tion of a meal served at one time; conduct; behavior; the direction a ship is steered; a continuous level range of brick or masonry of the same height; the chase of a hare by greyhounds: pi. catamenia; the sails set on the lower yards of a ship: v.t. to hunt: v.i. move swiftly; en- gage in coursing. (French.] court (kort), n. an enclosed space; a small paved space surrounded by houses; a royal palace; the retinue of a sovereign; a hall of justice; the judges, &c., engaged there; civil- ity; flattery: v.t. to pay court to; woo; flatter; solicit. [French.] courteous (ker'te-us), adj. polite; obhging. courtesy (ker'te-si), n. [pi. courtesies (ker'te-siz) ], politeness combined with kindness; civility. [French.] cousin (kuz'in), n. the son or daugh- ter of an uncle or aunt; a kinsman; a title of address used by a sover- eign to certain noblemen. [French.] cove (kov), n. a small sheltered in- let or creek; a retired nook; a hol- low molding ; a fellow : v.i. to arch over. covenant (kuv'e-nant) , n. a written agreement; deed; bargain; a free promise of God's blessing; a solemn agreement of fellowship and faith between members of a church: v.i. to enter into a formal agreement; bind one's self by contract. [Old French.] cover (kuv'er), v.t. to overspread, as the top of anything, with something else; hide; save from punishment; shelter; clothe: v.i. put on a head covering: n. that which is laid on something else; a shelter; a covert; table furniture for one person: pL thickets, underwood, &c., concealing game. [French.] coverlet (Kuv'er-let) , n, a bed quilt. covet (kuv'et), v.t. to desire earnest- ly; lust after: v.i. to indulge in in- ordinate desire. [French.] covetous (kuv'et-us), adj. inordinate- ly desirous, especially of money; avaricious. covey (kuv'i) , n. a hatch or brood of birds, especially partridges. cow (kou), n. [pi. cows (kouz)], the ma- ture female of the genus bos, oi ox; the female of various other animals, as the whale, elephant, &e. [Anglo- Saxon]: n. a wedge placed behind a crab or windlass to check its mo- tion: v.t. to depress with fear. [Ice- landic] coward (kou'ard), n. one without cour age; a dastard; poltroon. cowardice (kou'ard-is) , n. dishonor- able fear. cower (kou'er), v.i. to crouch or sink down through fear. cowl (koal), n. a monk's hood; a re- volving cover for a chimney pot. coxcomb (koks'kom), n. something resembling a cock's comb formerly ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, th^n. COXSWAIN 127 CRATER worn by licensed jesters; a vain, pretentious, conceited fellow; a fop. coxswain (kok'sun), n. the steers- man of a boat, especially in a race. coy (koi), adj. modest; bashful; de- mure. [Old French.] coyote (koi-ot' or ko-yo'ta), n. the prairie-wolf: v.i. (koi-ot'), to search for gold single-handed, and as by chance. [Spanish, from Mexican.] cozen (kuz'n), v.t. to cheat. cozy (ko'zi), adj. warm and com- fortable; snug: n. a woolen cover to keep a teapot warm. Also cosy. crab (krab), n. a short-tailed, stalk- eyed, ten-footed crustacean; a crab- apple; a sign (Cancer) in the Zo- diac ; a name of various mechanical devices or machines: yl. the lowest cast at hazard: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. crabbed, v.pr. crabbing], to fish for crabs; to oack out. crack (krak), n. a chink or fissure; a narrow fracture; a sharp sound; a sharp resonant blow; an altered tone of voice: v.t. & v.i. to burst, break, or sever; utter a sharp, ab- rupt cry; extol; injure; damage mentally; open a bottle; to commit burglary: adj. of superior excel- lence. cracker (krak'er), n. a hard biscuit; a firework; a kind of bonbon; a lie: pi. an instrument for cracking nuts. crackle (krak'l), t'.i. to make a slight, sharp explosive noise: v.t. coyer with a delicate network of minute cracks: n, a noise of fre- quent and slight cracks and re- ports; a surface glaze on glass or porcelain; the noise made by dis- eased lungs in breathing. cradle (kra'dl), n. a baby's crib or little bed; infancy; birthplace or origin; a case for a broken Hmb; a device for rescuing shipwrecked per- sons; a frame of timbers placed under a ship for launching it; a steel tool used in engraving ; a gold- washing machine; a frame of wood, with long teeth, fastened to a scythe: v.t. to rock or place in a cradle; nurse or train in infancy; wash in a miner's cradle: v.i. to lie in a cradle. [Irish.] craft (kraft), n. manual skill; a trade; cunning; fraud; a small trading vessel. crafty (kraf'ti), adj. cunning; artful. crag (krag), ii. a steep, rugged rock; shelly deposits in Phocene strata. cram (kram), v.t. [p.t. & p^. crammed, p.pr. cramming], to stuff; fill beyond satiety; tell lies to: v.i. qualify speedily for an examination; to eat greedily: n. the act of cramming physically or mentally; hastily ac- quired knowledge; a lie. [Ice- landic] cramp (kramp), n. a rectangular piece of iron with a tightening screw at one end; a spasmodic mus- cular contraction of the hmbs; a piece of iron bent at both ends for holding: v.t. to affect ^dth muscular spasms; confine; secure with a cramp. [Danish.] cranberry (kran'ber-ri), n. [pi. cran- berries (kran'ber-riz)], the marah whortleberry, with red acid ber- ries. crane (kran), n. a large wading bird with very long legs and neck, and a long straight bill; a machine for raising heavy weights: v.t. to stretch or bend (the neck) like a crane. cranium (kra'ni-um), n. [vl. crania], the skull. [Grseco-Latin.J crank (krangk), n. a device for caus- ing the rotation of an axis, or for converting rotary into reciprocal mo- tion, or the contrary; an instru- ment of prison discipHne like a paddle-wheel; an iron brace; a fantastic form of speech; whim; fancy; a crotchety or impracticable person, especially one who has a monomania: adj. liable to lurch or capsize. cranny (kran'i), n. [pi. crannies (kran'- iz)], a chink. [French.] crape (krap), n. a thin black gauze made of raw silk and gummed: v.t. to cover or drape with crape. crash (krash), v.t. to clash together with violence: v.i. to make a loud, clattering noise [Swedish] : n. a loud, sudden, confused noise; a coarse, heavy linen fabric. [French.] crass (kras), adj. gross; dense; ob- tuse. [French, from Latin.] crate (krat), n. a wicker hamper. crater (kra'ter), n. the cup-shaped ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, i/ten. CRAVAT 128 CREW cavity of a volcano; an ancient goblet. cravat (kra-vat'), n. a neckcloth. crave (krav), v.t. to ask for with humility; beg earnestly; long for eagerly. craven (kra'vn), adj. cowardly; base: n. a coward; recreant. crawl (krawl), v.i. move slowly and with difficulty; creep: n. the act of crawKng; a pen on the sea-coast for fish, turtles, &c. crayon (kra'un), n. a kind of chalk pencil; a drawing done with cray- ons; one of the carbon points of an arc-light: adj. drawn wi^^ crayons: v.t. to sketch out, as with a crayon. craze (kraz), v.i. to become dement- ed; open in sHght cracks: v.t. to produce cracks; render ^ insane: n. a passing fashion or infatuation; a crack in pottery glaze. crazy (kra'zi), adj. insane; dilapi- dated; foolishly eager. [Swedish.] creak (krek), v.i. to make a sharp, harsh, grating sound: n. such a sound. cream (krem), n. the rich, oily part of milk: hence the choicest part of anything; a soft unctuous cosmetic: v.t. to skim cream from; remove the best part of. crease (kres), n. a mark made by folding or doubhng anything; a line drawn to define the Umits of bowler and batsman: v.t. make a crease in. create (kre-at'), v.t. to cause to come into existence; form out of nothing; invest with a new rank, office, or function. creation (kre-a'shun) , n. the act of cre- ating ; the thing created ; the universe. creative (kre-a'tiv), adj. constructive. Creator, n. the Supreme Being. creature (kre'tur), n. anything cre- ated, especially a Hving being; one dependent on the influence of anoth- er: adj. of, or belonging to, the body. credence (kre'dens), n. belief; trust. credential (kre-den'shal) , adj. giving a claim or title to credit: n.pl. letters or certificates given to a person to show he has a right to confidence or the exercise of authority. credible (kred'i-bl), adj. worthy of credit; probable. credit (kred'it), i'.^. to believe; trust; have confidence in; enter on the credit side of an account: n. belief; honor; trust reposed; sale on trust; time allowed for payment of goods sold. [Latin.] credulous (kred'u-lus) , adj. easily imposed upon. creed (kred), n. a brief statement of belief. [Latin.] creek (krek, colloq. krik), n. a small bay; cove. creep (krep), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. crept (krept), p.pr. creeping], to move slowly along the ground, as a worm or reptile; grow along the ground, as a plant; move secretly or insidious- ly; fawn. cremate (kre-maf), v-t. to reduce to ashes by heat, especially dead bodies. crenate (kre'nat), adj. notched. crenellated (kren'el-a-ted) , adj. dec- orated with indented moldings (cre- nelles) . Creole (kre'ol), n. a native of Span- ish America, Louisiana, or the West Indies, descended from European (originally Spanish or French) an- cestors: adj. pertaining to a Creole. creosote (kre'o-sot), n. a heavy oily liquid with a smoky smell, prepared from wood-tar: used as an antisep- tic, also as a wood preservative. crepitation (krep-i-ta'snun),n. a slight crackhng noise. crept (krept), p.t. & p.p. of creep. crescent (kresent), adj. growing: n. an increasing or new moon; a figure like a new moon; the IMoslem pow- er: v.t. to form into a crescent. crest (krest), n. a plume of feathers on the head of a bird, helmet, &c.; the ridge of a wave; sunimit of a hill; courage; pride; spirit: v.t. to furnish or adorn with a crest; mark with lines or streaks: v.i. to take the form of a crest or ridge. cretinism (kre'tn-izm) , n. an incur- able, endemic malady, generally ac- companied by goitre, which occurs among the inhabitants of mountain- ous districts, as in Switzerland, and is supposed to be caused by drink- ing snow-water. crevice (krev'is), n. a crack; fissure. crew (kroo), p.t. of crow. crew (kroo), n. a ship or boat's com- 5te, arm, at awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book : hue, hut ; think, ^^en. CRIB 129 CROP pany; a crowd or company of peo- ple. crib (krib), n. a rack or manger; a stall for horses or cattle; a child's bed; a small lodging; a situation; a petty theft; a plagiarism; a lit- eral translation: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cribbed, p.'pr. cribbing], to confine; steal; plagiarize: v.i. make n9tes for dishonest use in an examination. cribbage (krib'aj), n. a card game. See pony. crick (krik), n. a painful stiffness of the muscles of the neck, or local spasm. cricket (krik'et), n. the well-known game played with wickets, bats, and a ball, by eleven players on each side; a chirping insect. crime (krim), n. a violation of the law; an offense against morahty or the public welfare; wrong-doing. criminal (krim'i-nal) , adj. pertaining to crime: n. one guilty of a crime. crimp (krimp), v.t. to bend or twist in regular undulations; to cause to contract, as the flesh of live fish; decoy for enlistment: n. formerly one who entrapped men for the Eng- lish navy or army, or the merchant service; one who keeps a low lodg- ing-house for seamen. crimson (krim'zn), n. a deep red color inclining to purple: adj. crim- son-colored: v.t. to dye with crimson: v.i. to blush. cringe (krinj), v.i. to bend or crouch from fear or with serviUty: n. a servile bow. crinkle (kring'kl), v.t. to wrinkle; corrugate: v.i, to be corrugated or crimped: n. a wrinkle; bend. crinoline (krin'o-hn), n. sl hoop- skirt; a stiff fabric for stiffening a garment. cripple (krip'l), v.t. to deprive of the use of a limb; disable: n. one who is lame. crisis (kri'sis), n. [pi. cri'ses (kri'sez)], a turning point; a critical turn in a disease; emergency; conjunc- ture. crisp (krisp), adj. wavy; curled; brittle; cheerful; terse; sparkling: v.t. to curl; ripple: v.i. to form little curls; become friable. criterion (kri-te'ri-on) , n. [pi. cri- teria (kri-te'ri-a)], a standard, law, or rule by which a correct judgment can be formed. [Greek.] critic (krit'ik), n. one skilled in criti- cism; one who judges captiously. critical (krit'i-kal), adj. nicely exact; skilled in criticism; censorious; per- taining to the turmng point of a disease. criticise (krit'i-siz), v.t. to examine or judge as a critic; censure: v.i. to review. criticism (krit'i-sizm), n. the art of judging and defining the merits of a literary or artistic work; censure. croak (krok), v.i. to make a sound hke a raven, &c.; grumble: n. the low, hoarse sound of the raven or frog. crochet (kro-sha'), n. a kind of knit- ting with a hooked needle, in cot- ton, wool, &c. : v.t. to work in crochet. crock (krok), n. soot on a kettle, &c.; an earthenware pot or vessel: v.t. to blacken with soot; smudge. crockery (krok'er-i), n. earthenware. crocodile (krok'o-dil or -dil), n. a large lizard-like amphibian reptile, with hard square scales on its back and tail. _ [French, from Latin.] crocus (kro'kus), n. sl genus of irida- ceous plants, from one species of which saffron is obtained. croft (kroft), n. a small farm, or in- closed field. cromlech (krom'lek), n. an ancient monument of rough stones in a circle and usually surrounding a lofty pillar of stone. Such are found at Stonehenge and Avebury in England. crone (kron), n. an old woman. crony (kro'ni), n. [pi. cronies (kro'- niz)], a familiar friend. crook (krook), n. a bend; a shep- herd's hooked staff; a bishop's staff; a swindler: v.t. to bend: v.i. to be bent. croon (kroon), v.i. to utter a hollow, continued moan; sing in a soft, plaintive tone. crop (krop), n. the produce of the ground, as corn, &c.; a bird's craw; a stout hunting whip; hair cut close or short: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cropped, cropt, p.pr. cropping], to ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. CROQUET 130 CRUSADE cut off the tops or ends of anything; reap; mow; cause to bear a crop: v.i. appear unexpectedly [with up]. croquet (kro-ka ), n. a lawn game played with mallets, balls, and hoops: v.t. to drive away, as an op- ponent's ball, after placing one's own m contact with it. cross (kros), n, a gibbet of wood formed of an upright and a cross piece, used in the punishment of crucifixion: now the emblem of the Christian faith; a device resembUng a cross, of which there are many kinds, i.e. the Greek cross, St. Andrew's cross, St. George's cross, the Maltese cross, &c.; a mark made on a dpcument by those who can- not write; a trial of patience; an animal of a cross-breed: v.t. to put, or draw, across ; cancel ; pass ; thwart ; obstruct; make the sign of a cross upon [French]; to cause to inter- breed: v.i. to be athwart; be in- consistent; interbreed: adj. falling athwart; not parallel; fretful; per- verse; un tract able. crouch (krouch), v.i. to stoop low; cringe. croup (kroop), n. the rump or but- tocks of certain animals; the place behind the saddle [French]; inflam- mation of the trachea and. larynx, with a hoarse cough and difficult breathing. [Scottish.] crow (kro), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. crowed, crew, p.pr. crowing], to make a shrill sound like a cock; boast in triumph; utter a cry of pleasure: v.t, to ^^eat crow," to submit to an act of humihation: n. the cry of a cock; a general name for birds of the genus Corvus, usually black, and with a strong conical bill. crowd (kroud), n. a number of per- sons or things collected closely to- gether; the populace: v.t. to press closely together; fill to excess; im- portune, as for a debt: v.i. to press in numbers. crown (kroun), n. sl royal head-dress of jewels and gold worn as the in- signia of sovereignty; regal power; a wreath; the top; an English silver coin ($1.25); the corona of a flower; the upper part of a tooth; a size of printing paper (15 x 20 in.): v.t. to invest with a crown; adorn or dignify; complete; reward. crucial (kroo'shial), adj. cruciform; intersecting; searching. [Latin.] crucible (kroo'si-bl) , n. a melting-pot. crucifix (kroo'si-fiks), n. [pi. crucifixes (kroo'si-fiks-ez)], a cross with the sculptured figure of Christ. crucifixion (kroo-si-fik'shun) , n. the act of crucifying, especially the cruci- fixion of Christ upon the cross; great mental trial, or suffering. crucify (kroo'si-fi) , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cru- cified, p.pr. crucifying], to put to death by nailing the hands and feet to a cross; torture; destroy the power of (Gal. v. 24). [Latin.] crude (krood), adj. in a natural state; raw; uncultured; harsh in color, or half -digested. [Latin.] crudity (krood'i-ti) , n. [pi. crudities (krood 'i-tiz)], the state or condition of being crude. cruel (kroo'el), adj. disposed to give pain to others; merciless; hard- hearted; unrelenting. cruelty (kroo'el-ti), n. [pi. cruelties (kroo'el-tiz)], inhumanity; savage- ry. cruise (krooz), v.i. to sail to and fro; wander about: n. a voyage from place to place for warlike purposes, or for pleasure. [Danish.] cruiser (Krooz'er), n. a person, or ship, that cruises; a fast warship, either armored, unarmored, belted, &c. An armored cruiser is practically the same as a battleship. See battleship. crumb (krum), n. the soft inner part of bread; a fragment of bread; a little piece: v.t. to dress with crumbs. crumple (krum'pl), v.t. to press into wrinkles; rumple: v.i. to become rumpled. crunch (krunch), v.t. to crush with the teeth; grind violently: v.i. to chew audibly: n. the act of crunch- ing. crupper (krup'er), n. the buttocks of a horse; the looped leather band passing round a horse's tail: v.t. to put a crupper on. [French.] crusade (kroo-sad')» ^. a mediaeval military expedition under the ban- ner of the cross headed by any one of the Christian powers, to recover ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. CRUSE 131 CULTIVATE the Holy Land; vigorous concerted action for the defense of some cause. cruse (krooz), n. an earthen pot or dish; a small vessel for holding liquids; a vial. Also cruise. crush (krush), v,t. to press between two opposite bodies; squeeze; break by pressure; bruise; ruin; quell: v.i. to be pressed out of shape or into smaller compass: n. a violent compression or colHsion. crust (krust),^ n. a hard external coating or rind; the exterior solid part of the earth's surface; a shell or hard covering: vX. to cover over with crust: v.i. to contract into a hard covering. [Latin.] crutch (kruch), n. a support for cripples; any mechanical device Hke a crutch; the forked rest on a woman's saddle. cry (kri), v.i. [pi. & p.p. cried, p.pr. crying], to call aloud; proclaim; exclaim vehemently; implore; re- quire redress; shed tears: v.t. to utter loudly and pubhcly in giving notice: n. loud or passionate utter- ance, especially of weeping or lam- entation; an exclamation of won- der or triumph; outcry; clamor; acclamation; proclamation; common report; a pack of hounds; a battle cry; a party catchword or phrase. crypt (kript), n. sl subterranean cell' or vaiilt, usually under a church: sometimes used as a chapel or shrine. [Greek.] cryptogram (krip'to-gram) , n. a writ- ing, or a system of writing, in cipher. crystal (kris'tal), n. an inorganic body having a definite geometrical form; a glass of superior clearness; anything transparent and clear: adj. consisting of crystal; clear; trans- parent. [Greek.] crystallize (kris'tal-iz) , v.t. to cause to form crystals or a crystalline structure: v.i. to be converted into crystals; assume a definite shape. cub (kub), n. the young of certain animals, as the fox. cube (kub), n. a regular sohd body with six equal square sides or faces; the product obtained by multiplying the square of a quantity by the quan- tity itself, as 5 X 5 X 5 = 125, cube of 5: v.t. to raise to the third power, or cube. [Graeco-Latin.] cubic (kii'bik), adj. having the form or properties of a cube. Also cubic- al. cubit (kti'bit), n. an ancient measure of about 18 inches; the forearm from the elbow to the wrist. [Latin.] cuckoo (kook'oo), n, a passerine bird with a dark plumage and curved bill: so named from its char- acteristic note. cucumber (kti'kum-ber), n. a creep- ing^ plant, the elongated fruit of which is used as a salad, and as a pickle. cud (kud), n. food brought from the first stomach of a ruminating ani- mal back into the mouth and chewed again. See quid. cuddle (kud'l), v.t. to embrace close- ly: v.i. to lie close or snug: n. a close embrace. cudgel (kuj'el), n. a short thick stick: v.t. ['p.t. & p.p. cudgeled, p.pr. cudgehng], to beat with a cudgel. cue (ku), n. the tail or end of a thing; a queue; a hint; the last ^word of an actor's speech; the part one has to play; a number of per- sons waiting ranged in a line; the tapering rod used in bilUards. Cuflf (kuf), n. a blow; the ornamental fold of the sleeve of a garment at the wrist: v.t. to strike with the hand. cuirass (kwe-ras'), n. a breastplate. culinary (ku'h-na-ri) , adj. pertain- ing to the kitchen, or the art or proc- ess of cooking. cull (kul), v.t. to pick out; select; gather. culminate (kul'mi-nat), v.i. to reach the highest point of altitude, rank, power, &c.; come to the meridian. culpable (kurpa-bl), adj. deserving censure: criminal; blameworthy. culprit (kiirprit), n. one arraigned be- fore a judge; one accused of a crime or fault. cult (kult), n. a particular ritual or system of worship; a subject of special study; devoted or extrava- gant homage or adoration. [Latin.] cultivate (kurti-vat), v.t. to till; improve by care, labor, or study; seek the society of. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; $ hue, hut ; think, then. CULTIVATION 132 CURSE cultivation (kul-ti-va'shun) , n. the act of cultivating; tillage; cul- ture. culture (kul'tur), n. tillage; the train- ing or refining of the moral or in- tellectual faculties; care given to the growth and development of ani- mals and plants; the propagation of bacteria for scientific study. culvert (kul'vert), n. a drain or water- way of masonry or brickwork under a road, &c. cumbrous (kum'brus), adj. trouble- some; vexatious; heavy; obstructing. cumulative (ku'mu-la-tiv) , adj, aug- menting or giving force; increasing by successive additions. cuneiform (ku-ne'i-form), adj. having the form of a wedge: said of the wedge-shaped characters of the Assyrian and ancient Persian in- scriptions. Also arrowhead. [Latin.] cunning (kun'ing), adj. crafty; sly; designmg; subtle: n.^ deceit; crafti- ness; the natural instinct of an animal. cup (kup), n. a small drinking ves- sel; something shaped like a cup; a chalice; a piece of plate offered as a prize; a vessel for drawing blood: pi. repeated potations: v.t. [p.t. & v.p. cupped, p.pr. cupping], to bleed by means of a cupping-glass: v.i. to strike or indent the ground with a golf-club when striking the ball. cupidity (kti-pid'i-ti) , n. covetous- ness. cupola (ku'po-la), n. [pi. cupolas (ku'po-laz)], a spherical cup-shaped roof; a revolving shot-proof turret. cur (ker), n. a mongrel dog; a surly, ill-bred person. curate (ku'rat), n. a clergyman who assists a vicar or incumbent. curative (ku'ra-tiv) , adj. pertaining to the cure of diseases; promoting cure: n. that which cures or serves to cure. [Latin.] curator (ku-ra'ter), n. the superin- tendent of a museum, art gallery, &c. curb (kerb), v.t. restrain; keep in sub- jection; furnish with, or as with, a curb: n. that which checks, re- strains, or subdues; a part of a horse's bridle; a curbstone. curd (kerd), n. the coagulated part of milk, containing casein: v.t. to cause to curdle. [Irish.] cure (kur), n. restoration to health; the act, or art, of healing; spiritual charge; the office of a parish priest or curate: v.t. to heal; restore to health; preserve by salting. curiosity (ku-ri-os'i-ti) , n. [pi. curi- osities (ku-ri-os'i-tiz)], inquisitive- ness; something strange or rare. curious (ku'ri-us) , adj. desirous to see or know something new or strange; inquisitive; scrutinizing; exact; ex- traordinary. curl (kerl), n. a ringlet of hair; an undulation or bend; a disease in fruit trees and potatoes: v.t. to twist into ringlets; crisp; coil; raise in undulations ; curve : v.i. to con- tract or bend into ringlets ; move in spirals or undulations; become curled; play at the game of curling. curling (kerriing), n. a popular Scot- tish game played on the ice with smooth, flat, cheese-shaped stones, fitted with handles. curmudgeon (ker-mud'jun) , n. a grasping, churlish fellow; a niggard. currant (ker'ant), n. a small variety of dried grape ; the well-known shrub and its berry. currency (ker 'en-si), n. a continual passing from hand to hand; unin- terrupted course; the circulating monetary medium of a nation. current (ker'ent), adj. widely circu- lated; now passing as time; gener- ally accepted or credited : n. a flow : said of fluids; body of air or water flowing in a certain direction; gen- eral tendency. [French.] curriculum (ker-ik'u-lum), n. [pi. cur- ricula (ker-ik'u-la)], a course; a prescribed course of study in a uni- versity, school, &c. [Latin.] curry (ker'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cuiTied, p.pr. currying], to dress (leather) after tanning; beat; flatter; dress or clean (a horse). curry (ker'i), n. [pi. curries (ker'iz)], a highly-spiced East Indian sauce ; a stew of rice, fowl, &c., flavored with curry: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. curried, p.pr. currying], to cook or flavor with curry. curse (kers), n. an imprecation of evil; that which brings or causes ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. CURSORY 133 CYMBAL evil or trouble; a profane oath: v.t to imprecate evil upon; cause evil to: anathematize: v.i. to swear. cursory (ker'so-ri) , adj. hasty ; superfi- cial. curst (kerst), p.p. of curse. curt (kert), adj. abrupt; short. curtail (ker-tal'), v.t. to cut short; reduce. curtain (ker'tin), ?i. a textile hanging screen which can be drawn up or set aside at pleasure; the part of the rampart and parapet between two bastions or gates: v.t. to in- close in, or as with, curtains. curtsy (kert 'si), n. [pi. curtsies (kert'- siz)], a salutation made by bending the knees. Also curtsey: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. curtsied, p.pr, curtsying], to make a curtsy. curve (kerv), adj. bent without angles: n. a bending without angles; a draughtsman's instrument for form- ing curves: v.t. to bend. cushion (koosh'un), n. a pillow or soft pad for sitting or recHning upon; a pillow used in lace-making; the elastic rim of a bilUard-table : v.t. to seat upon a cushion; furnish with a cushion: v.i. make the cue-ball strike against the cushion. cusp (kusp), n. the horn of a crescent; a sharp rigid point; a spear-shaped architectural ornament. cuspidor (kus'pi-dor), n. a spittoon. [bpanish.] custard (kus'terd), n. a composition of eggs and milk, Szc, baked or boiled. custody (kus'to-di), n. guardianship; imprisonment; security. [Latin.] custom (kus'tum), n. frequent or ha- bitual repetition of the same act; established usage; business support ; \m written law; duties on imported or exported goods: v.i. to be accus- tomed. [French.] customary (kus'tum-a-ri), adj. habit- ual; conventional; common. customer (kus'tum-er) , n. a purchaser. cut (kut), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. cut, p.pr. cutting], to cleave or separate with a sharj) instrument; make an in- cision in; divide; trim; castrate; excavate; intersect; abridge; di- minish; ^ pass deliberately without recognition; divide (a pack of cards) at random; strike (a ball) so as to send it at right angles t9 the batsman: v.i. to make an in- cision ; perform the work of an edged instrument; grow through the gums : n. an incision or wound made by a sharp instrument; gash; a sharp stroke ; a sarcastic remark ; a trench, channel, &c., made by digging; a slice ; a near passage ; a block on which an engraving is cut; the fashion of a garment ; shape ; deliberate ignor- ing of an acquaintance; the division of a pack of cards; a particular stroke in cricket, and lawn tennis; a diminution in price below another merchant : adj. divided or separated ; gashed; having the surface orna- mented or fashioned. cute (kut), adj. sharp; clever. cuticle (kut'i-kl), n. the scarf-skin; the thin exterior bark of a plant. cutlass (kut las), n. a broad cutting sword. cutler (kut'ler), n. one who makes or sells knives or other cutting instru- ments. cutlery (kut'ler-i), n. edged or cutting instruments. cutlet (kut'let), n. a slice of meat. cycle (si'kl), n. a revolution of a cer- tain period of time, which recurs again in the same order; an imagi- nary circle in the heavens; the ag- gregate of traditional or legendary matter connected with a mytholog- ical personage or event; a bicycle or tricycle: v.i. \p.t. & p.p. cycled, p.pr. cycling], to occur, or recur, in cycles; ride a bicycle or tricycle. cyclone (si'klon), n. a violent storm; an atmospheric moyement in which the wind blows spirally round to- wards a center. cyclopaedia or cyclopedia (si-klo-pe'- di-a), abbreviation of encyclopaedia. cylinder (sil'ln-der), n. a long circu- lar body, soHd or hollow, of uniform diameter; a chamber in which force is exerted on the piston of a steam engine; the barrel of a pump; a hol- low roller for printing; a roller- shaped stone with cuneiform inscrip- tions. cymbal (sim'bal), n. one of a pair of circular disk-shaped brass plates, which when struck produce a clash- ing sound. ite, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. CYNIC 134 CZARINA cynic (sin'ik), n. sl morose, surly, or sarcastic person; one of a sect of ancient Greek philosophers. The word means /'dog-like." [Greek.] cynicism (sin'i-sizm) , n. the temper and practice of a cynic. cynosure (si'no- or sin'o-shur), n. an object of general attraction. [Greek.] cypress (sT'pres), n. a coniferous tree, the emblem of mourning: adj. be- longing to, or made of, cypress. cyst (sist), n. a bladder; pouch, usu- ally membranous, containing mor- bid matter. Czar (zar) or Tzar (tsar), n. the title of the Russian Emperor. Czarevitch (zar'e-vich) or Tsare-^ vitch (tzar'-;), n, the eldest son of the Czar. Also Czarewitch, Caesare- witch. Czarina (za-re'na) or Tsarina (tsa-), n. an empress of Russia; the wife of the Czar. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; hoon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then* D D, the fourth letter in the Greek and Latin alphabets, as in English and others of Western Europe. It was formed from a West Greek delta in which that letter A was rounded at the right side. The name delta, derived from the Phoeni- cian, means '^a door," or the flap of a tent. D (d), as an abbreviation in Great Britain, meaning a penny, is from the Latin denarius, a small coin. dab (dab), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dabbed, g.pr. dabbing], to strike or touch ghtly: n. a small soft lump; a gentle blow; a salt-water flounder; an alleged expert : adj. clever ; handy. dabble (dab'l), v.t. to dip shghtly and often; moisten; spatter: v.i. to play in water; do anything in a superfi- cial manner. dachshund (daks'hoont) , n. the Ger- man badger-dog. dactyl (dak'til), n. a poetical foot of three syllables, one long followed by two short (- w ^). [Greek, ^'a finger."] daffodil (daf'o-dil), n. the narcis- sus. daft (daft), adj. simple; silly. [Gaelic] dagg:er (dag'er), n. a short edged and pointed weapon, used for stabbing; a reference mark in printing _( f) . dago (da'go), n. [pi. dagos (da'goz)], a nickname for a dark-complexioned person, especially of Spanish, Portu- guese, or ItaUan descent; a sailor's name for a person speaking Portu- guese or Spanish. daguerreotype (da-ger'o-tip), n. a pic- ture produced on a silver plate, called from its inventor, M. Daguerre, who gave to the world this, the first form of photograph, in 1839. dahlia (dal'ya), n. [pi. dahlias (dal'- yaz)], a composite plant, with large bright-colored flowers. daily (da'li), n. [pi. dailies (da'liz)], a newspaper or periodical published each week-day : adj. occurring or re- curring each successive day ; diurnal : adv. day_by day. dainty (dan'ti), n. [pi. dainties (dan'- tiz)], something choice or delicious: adj. refined as regards taste; fastidi- ous; dehcious; elegant; sensitive; choice. _ dairy (da'ri), n. [pi. dairies (da'riz)], a place where m.ilk is kept and con- verted into butter and cheese, &c.; the shop where dairy produce is sold. dais (da'is), n. a raised platform. daisy (da'zi), n. [pi. daisies (da'ziz)], a low composite herb with a yellow disk, and white or rose-colored rays; in colloquial language, a pretty girl. dale (dal), n. a vale; glen. dally (darii),^ v.i. [p.t. &: p.p. dallied, p.pr. dallying], to trifle away time; to loiter; procrastinate; to consume in neglect; to toy with; act volup- tuously (with) ; to waste time in friv- olous talk. dam (dam), n. a barrier across a water- course; any artificial contrivance to stop the flow of water or a gas; a female parent: said of beasts: f.^ [p.t. & p.p. dammed, p.pr. damming], to confine, 9r raise tne level of, by a dam; restrain [usually with in or up], damage (dam'aj), n. injury or harm; harm wilfully done to a person's character, person, or estate: pL money recovered for loss suffered: v.t. to injure: v.i. to receive in- jury. damask (dam 'ask), n. a rich silk fab- ric woven with elaborate patterns; a fine twilled table-linen; a fabric of silk and wool, silk and cotton, &c., with a variegated design; Damascus steel or work; deep pink: adj. per- taining to, or made of, damask: ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nSrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^^en. DAME 136 DATIVE v.t. to work flowers upon; ornament (metals) with wavy, silvery devices. dame (dam), n. a title formerly used instead of mistress, written Mrs.; the mistress of an elementary school; an elderly woman. Originally, how- ever, like the French dame, it denoted a lady of position, and usually the wife or widow of a knight. damn (dam), r.f. to sentence to pun- ishment judicially; consign to a cer- tain fate; condemn as bad or as a failure; to invoke a malediction upon: v.i. curse inwardly: n, a curse, damnation (dam-na'shun) , n, the state of being damned; ruination by adverse criticism; punishment in a future state. damp (damp), n. moisture; fog; humid exhalation; adj. moist; foggy; humid; dejected: v.t. to moisten; discourage; depress; diminish the vibrations of: p.p. sometimes dampen. dance (dans), v.i. to move with meas- ured steps or to a musical accom- paniment; perform the figures of a dance; move nimbly, or merrily; exult: v.t. to give a dancing motion to; perform as a dancer: n. a regu- lated movement of the feet to a rhythmical musical accompaniment; a dancing party, less formal than a ball. dandelion (dan'de-li-un), n. a bien- nial composite plant with large yel- low flowers and deeply notched leaves. dandle (dan'dl), v.t, to move up and down on the knee or in the arms in affectionate play; fondle. dandrufE (dan'druf), n. scurf on the scalp. dandy (dan'di), n. [pL dandies (dan'- diz)], a fop; coxcomb; something very neat and trim. danger (dan'jer), n. hazard; peril. dangerous (dan'jer-us), adj. involving, or beset with, danger; ready to do harm or injury; perilous; hazard- ous. dangle (dang'gl), v,i. to hang or swing loosely; follow: vd, to cause to dangle. dank (dangk), adj. humid; damp. dapper (dap'er), adj. small and ac- tive; trim and neat in appearance. darbies (dar'bez) , n. a word used by the police for handcuffs; also nippers. [English.] Dardanelles (dar'dan-els), n. a forti- fied strait connecting the Sea of Marmora with the Aegean Sea, sep- arating the Gallipoli Peninsula from Asia Minor; in 1915 scene of attacks by the AUies in the European War. dare (dar), vd. [p.t. dared, durst, p.p. dared, p.pr, daring], to have cour- age; attempt; venture: v,L to defy; challenge. dark (dark), adj. destitute of light; not reflecting light; wholly black or grey; producing gloom; unenlight- ened, mentally or physically; ob- scure; untried; of a brunette com- ^ plexion: n. darkness. darling (dar'ling), meaning "little dear,'* n. a favorite; pet: adj. ten- derly beloved ; very dear. darn (darn), v.t. to mend (a rent) by filHng in the hole with yarn or thread by means of a needle: n, a patch made by darning. dart (dart), n. a small lance or spear; a kind of eel-spear; the arrow of a blow-gun; a swift, sudden move- ment; the dace: v.t. throw; give out or send forth: v.i. move swiftly; start suddenly and run quickly. dash (dash), v.t. to throw violently or hastily; break by colHsion; hurl; shatter; suffuse; depress; confuse; mingle; sketch rapidly: v.i. to rush with violence; fly^ off the surface with a violent noisy motion: n. a coUision; a shght addition; ostenta- tious parade; a mark ( — ) in writing or printing. dastard (das'tard), n. a coward: adj. meanly shrinking from danger; cow- ardly. date (dat), n. the time of an epoch or transaction; the inscription which specifies when a writing or inscrip- tion was executed; duration; the edible oval fruit of the date-palm: v.t. to mark with a date: v.i. to have a date; reckon. dative (da'tiv), adj. denoting the case of a noun, pronoun, or adjective which expresses the remoter object: usually indicated in English by to or for with the objective case: n. the dative case in Greek and Latin. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. DATUM 137 DEBAUCH datum (da'tum), n. [pi. data (da'ta)], something assumed, known, or con- ceded for the basis of an argument or inference [usually in pi.]. daub (dawb), v.t. to cover or smear with adhesive matter; paint coarse- ly or unskilfully ; plaster ; flatter gross- ly: n. SL coarse or rudely-executed painting; a smear; a cheap kind of mortar. daughter (daw'ter), n. the female off- spring of a man or woman ; a female in a childhke relation; something conceived of as feminine. daunt (dawnt), v.t. to intimidate; dis- hearten. dauntless (dawnt les), adj. fearless. daw (daw), n. sl bird of the crow family; a jackdaw. dawdle (daw'dl), v.i. to waste time in a trifling manner; loiter: n. a dawdler. dawn (dawn), v.t. to begin to grow light; glimmer; break as the day: n. the first appearance of Hght in the morning; beginning. day (da) , n. the period of Hght be- tween sunrise and sunset ; daylight ; sunshine; the space of twenty-four hours, reckoning from midnight to midnight (the civil day), or from noon to noon (the astronomical day); in the East, a distance that can be traveled in twenty-four hours; a specified time or pe- riod. daze (daz), v.t. to dazzle: n. the state of being dazed. dazzle (daz'l), v.t. tp overpower by a glare of light; dim by excess of light; overpower by splendor: v.i. to be overpowered by hght: ?i. excess of hght. deacon (de'kn), 7i. the lowest order of the clergy in the Anglican Church; in non-episcopal churches, a layman appointed to assist the minister and manage the temporal affairs of a church. dead (ded), adj. destitute of life; inanimate; resembling death; in- active; unprofitable; monotonous; tasteless; unerring; without reli- gious vitahty; flat; not transmitting a current; deprived of civil rights; out of the game or play: n. dead persons individually or collectively; the point or degree of greatest hfe- lessness: adv. absolutely; exactly. deal (del), n. an indefinite quantity, degree, or extent ; a division of cards to the players; a mercantile com- bination ; the wood of the fir or pine tree cut into boards or planks: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. dealt, p.pr. deahng], to distribute, apportion, or divide; throw about; scatter: v.i. to have business; make a private arrange- ment. dealt (delt), p.t. of deal. dean (den), n. the presiding ecclesias- tical dignitary in cathedral and col- legiate churches, in his own juris- diction the superior of a bishop; the chief officer of any faculty in a college; the oldest member, by rea- son of service, in a constituted body of which he acts as president; the senior member of a diplomatic corps; the oldest and most distinguished representative of the literature of a country. [French.] dear (der), adj. expensive; costly; marked by scarcity or dearth; be- loved; highly esteemed; precious: n. a darhng; favorite: adv. at a high price or rate: inter j. expressing sur- prise, pity, or emotion. dearth (derth), n. want; scarcity; famine. death (deth), n. extinction of life or feeling; the state of the dead; a general mortality; decay; destruc- tion; spiritual ruin after physical death (Rom. viii. 6). debar (de-bar'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- barred, p.vr. debarring], to shut out; exclude; hinder from approach, enjoyment, or action; preclude [with from]. debarkation (de-bar-ka'shun). n. the act of disembarking. debase (de-bas'), v.t. to reduce from a higher to a lower state; lower in character, virtue, purity, or quahty. debate (de-bat), v.t. to contend for in words or arguments; meditate upon; deliberate together: v.i. to ar- gue or discuss a point; reflect: n. contention in words or argument; controversy; discussion. debauch (de-bawch'), v-t. ^ to cor- rupt in morals or principles; se- duce; pollute; vitiate: v.i. to engage ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. DEBENTURE 138 DECLINE in debauchery or riot: n, excess in eating and drinking; lewdness. debenture (de-ben'tur) , n. a written acknowledgment of a debt. debilitate (de-biFi-tat) , v.t. to en- feeble; enervate. debility (de-biri-ti), n. [pi. debilities (de-biri-tiz)], abnormal functional weakness; languor. debit (deb 'it), n. that which^ is ow- ing, entered on the debtor side of a ledger: opposed to credit: adj. re- lating to debts: v.t. to charge with debt; enter on the debtor's side of an account. debt (det), n. that which is due from one person to another; obligation; trespass. [Latin.] debtor (det^er), n. one who owes some- thing to another; one who is in debt. decade (dek'ad), n. a group of ten; ten consecutive years. decadent (dek'a-dent) , adj. deteriorat- ing. decagon (dek'a-gon), n. plain figure having ten sides and ten angles. decalogue (dek'a-log), n. the ten com- mandments (Ex. XX.); the moral law. [Greek.] decamp (de-kamp'), v.i. to depart speedily; go away secretly or un- ceremoniously. decanter (de-kant'er) , n. an orna- mental glass bottle for holding wines, &c. decapitation (de-kap-i-ta'shun) , n. beheading. decay (de-ka'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. de- cayed, p.pr. decaying], to become impaired ;^ rot; decHne or fall: n. deterioration; decline; rotten- ness. decease (de-ses'), vd, to die: n. death. deceit (de-sef), n, deception; false- hood. deceitful (de-set'f ool) , adj, full of deceit. deceive (de-sev'), v.t. to mislead or cause to err; delude; impose upon; disappoint. December (de-sem'ber) , n. the twelfth month of the year. decennial (des-en'i-al) , adj. lasting for or occurring every ten years. decent (de'sent), adj, decorous; be- coming; respectable; modest; pass- able. deceptive (de-sep'tiv), adj. tending to deceive. decide (de-sid'), v.t. to bring to an issue or conclusion; fix the end of; resolve: v.i. to give a judgment or decision; arbitrate. deciduous (de-sid'u-us) , adj. falling off at maturity, or in season; shed periodically. ^ [Latin.] decimal (des'i-mal), adj. pertaining to, or based upon, the number 10: n. a decimal fraction. decimate (des'i-mat), v.t. to select by lot and put to death, or punish, every tenth man; destroy a large proportion of. decipher (de-si'fer), v.t. to read (se- cret writing); discover or make out the meaning of; solve; unravel. decision (de-sizh'un), ??. the act of de- ciding; determination; judgment; settlement. decisive (de-si'siv), adj. final; conclu- sive. deck (dek), v.t. to array in finery or ornaments; adorn; to furnish with a deck: n. the flooring of a ship. declaim (de-klam'), v.t. to speak in a rhetorical style; speak as an exer- cise in elocution; harangue. declamation (dek-la-ma'shun) , n. the art of declaiming according to rhe- torical rules; impassioned oratory; distinct and correct enunciation of words in vocal music. declaration (dek-la-ra'shun) , n. the act of declaring or proclaiming; that which is declared; an assertion; publication. declarative (de-klar'a-tiv), adj. ex- planatory. declare (de-klar') , v.t. to make known ; tell openly or pubHcly; proclaim formally; pubhsh; make a solemn affirmation before witnesses; make a full statement as to goods, &c.: v.i. to make a declaration; avow [with for or against]. declension (de-klen'shun) , r?. decline; a falling off, or away; deterioration; the inflection of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. decline (de^klin'), v.i. to incline from a right line; bend or lean down- wards; droop; draw to a close; be- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. DECLIVITY 139 DEFECATE come weak; deviate from rectitude: v.t. to refuse; bend downwards; de- press; inflect: n. diminution; de- cay; deterioration; consumption. declivity (de-kliv'i-ti) , n. [pi. declivi- ties (de-kliv'i-tiz)], a gradual de- scent; deviation from a horizontal line: opposed to acclivity. decoct (de-kokt'), v.t. the act of boil- ing anything to extract its essence. decomposition (de-kom-po-zish'un) , n. the act of resolving into con- stituent elements; analysis; disin- tegration. decorate (dek/o-rat), v.t. to orna- ment, embeUish, adorn, or beautify; confer a badge of honor upon ; grace. decorous (de-ko' or dek'er-us), adj, marked by propriety; decent; fit; proper. decorum (de-ko'rum), n. propriety and decency of words, dress, and conduct. decoy (de-koi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- coyed, p.pr. decoying], t9 lead or al- lure into danger by artifice: v.i. to be allured by means of a decoy: n. a deceptive stratagem; a lure; a piece of enclosed water into which wild fowl are decoyed. decrease (de-kres'), v.i, to become less; diminish; abate; wane; fail: v.t. to cause to grow less; reduce gradually in size or extent; dwindle: n. gradual diminution, or decay; the amount or degree of lessening; the wane of the moon. [Latin.] decree (de-kre'), n, an ordinance, law, or edict; a judicial decision; the award of an umpire or arbitra- tor; the predetermined purpose of God: v.t. to determine by a decree; ordain; constitute by edict; assign: v.i. to make a decree; determine. decrepit (de-krep'it), adj. enfeebled by age, or infirmity; wasted; worn out. [Latin.] decrepitude (de-krep'i-tud), n. phys- ical infirmity caused by old age. decry (de-kri'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- cried, p.pr. decrymg], to olame clamorously; cry down; censure; disparage. dedicate (ded'i-kat), v.t. to set apart by a solemn act or religious cere- mony; devote or set apart to some work or duty; inscribe, as a literary work. [Latin.] dedication (ded-i-ka'shun), n. the act of dedicating; an inscription or ad- dress. deduce (de-dtis'), v.t. to gather by reasoning; infer; derive [with from or out of]. deduct (de-dukt'), v.t. to take away. deduction (de-duk'shun), n. the act or process of deducting ; subtraction ; in logic, the process of reasoning from a single fact by a general law through a series of related facts to a conclusion; syllogistic reasoning. See induction. deed (ded), n. that which is done by a responsible agent; an act; an il- lustrious achievement; a written in- strument for the transfer of real es- tate: v.t. convey by deed. deem (dem), v.t. to think; determine: v.i. to have, or be of, an opinion; judge. [Gothic] deep (dep), adj. extending far below the surface; low in situation; pen- etrating; sagacious; profound; dif- ficult to understand; absorbed; grave in tone, or low in pitch; strongly colored: n. that which is of great depth; a great body of wa- ter. deer (der), n. sing. & pi. a general name for solid-horned ruminants of the genus Cervus. deface (de-fas'), v.t. to mar or de- stroy the surface of; disfigure; im- pair the legibility of; injure; spoil. defalcation (de-f al-ka'shun) , n. a def- icit of funds through a breach of trust; embezzlement; diminution. defamation (def-a-ma'shun) , n. the act of injuring one's good name or reputation without justification, either orally, or by a written com- munication. defame (de-fam'), v.t. to injure or destroy the good reputation of; ac- cuse falsely; asperse; vihfy. default (de-fawlt'), ^. failure or omission to do any act; failure to satisfy the acts required in a law- suit: v.t. to make a default in; neg- lect: v.i. to make a default. defeat (de-fetO, v.t. to overcome or vanquish: frustrate; baffle: n. the act of defeating; frustration; over- throw. defecate (def'e-kat), v.t. to clarify: ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; n©te, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. DEFECT 140 DEIST v.i. to become clear; discharge ex- cremental matter from the bowels. defect (de-fektO, ^. an imperfection, moral or physical; insufficiency; fault; error. defection (de-f ek'shun) , n. a falling away from duty or allegiance; de- sertion. defective (de-fek'tiv), adj. haying a defect or flaw of any kind ; incom- plete; faulty; wanting some of the usual grammatical forms. defend (de-fend'), v.t. to guard or protect; maintain; vindicate one^s legal rights by force of argument or evidence: v.i, to formally enter a de- fense to an action. defense (de-fens'), n. the act or state of defending or being defended; pro- tection; vindication by force or ar- gument; a defendant's plea or an- swer. defensive (de-f en'siv) , adj. serving to defend or protect; carried on in de- fense. defer (de-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- ferred, p.pr. deferring], to put off to a future time; delay: v.i. to pro- crastinate. deference (def 'er-ens) , n. a yielding to the opinions or wishes of another; regard, as shown in act or man- ner. defiant (de-fi'ant), adj. characterized by defiance. deficient (de-fish'ent) , adj. wanting; incomplete. deficit (def'i-sit), n. sl falling off, or deficiency, in am9unt or quantity, especially of receipts. defile (de-fil'), v.t. to make foul or impure; tarnish; corrupt the chas- tity of: v.i. to march off in a file: n. a long narrow mountainous pass. define (de-fin'), v.t. to determine the limits of; describe the nature or properties of. definite (def 'i-nit) , adj. having fixed or distinct limits; certain; pointing out. definition (def-i-nish'un) , n. a brief description or explanation of the precise meaning of a term, phrase, &c.; a concise statement. deflect (de-flekt'), v.i. to bend from a straight line: v.i, to swerve; bend or turn aside. deform (de-form'), v.t. to render ugly or unshapely; disfigure; mar. deformity (de-f orm'i-ti) , n. [pi. de- formities (de-form'i-tiz)], physical malformation ; disfigurement ; want of beauty or harmony. defraud (de-frawd'), v.t. to deprive of some right or interest by deception; cheat ; withhold wrongfully. defray (de-fra'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. de- frayed, p.pr. defraying], to dis- charge (tne expenses of anything); pay; settle. deft (deft), adj. dexterous; handy; clever. defunct (de-fungkt') , adj. dead; ex- tinct: n. a dead person; the dead (collectively) . defy (de-fi'), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. defied, p.pr. defying], to challenge or pro- voke to strife; set at defiance; re- sist openly. degenerate (de-jen'er-at), v.i. to be- come inferior in goodness or quahty; become of a lower type; pass to an inferior or worse state; deteriorate: adj. deteriorated; degraded: n. a degenerate person or organism. degeneration (de-jen-er-a'shun), n. the act, state, or process of growing worse; degeneracy; decline; the morbid impairment of any struc- tural tissue or organ. deglutition (deg-loo-tish'un) , n. swal- lowing. degrade (de-grad'), v.t. to reduce in grade or rank; deprive of honors, office, or dignity; lower physically or morally; tone down; diminish; wear away. degree (de-gre'), n. a step or grade; rank or station; relationship be- tween a person and the next in line of descent; rank conferred by a diploma after examination; one of three degrees in the comparison of an adjective or adverb; a certain amount or interval; the 360th part of the circumference of a circle; 60 geographical miles. deify (de'i^fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. deified, p.pr. deifying], to make, or exalt to the rank of, a deity: idolize. dei^n (dan) , v.i. to ^ condescend ; vouchsafe: v.t. to permit. deist (de'ist), n. one who believes in ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; n5te, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. DEITY 141 DEMARCATION the existence of a personal God, but not in revealed religion. Deity, n. God; Jehovah; the charac- ter, nature, or attributes of God; the Godhead. deject (de-jektO, v.t. to depress the spirits of ;_ dishearten ; sadden. delay (de-la'), v-t. [p.t. & p.p. de- layed, p.pr. delaying], to postpone; hinder for a time: v.i. to act or pro- ceed slowly: n. postponement; pro- crastination. delectable (de-lek'ta-bl) , adj. pleas- ing; delightful. delegate (deFe-gat), z;.^. to send as a representative with authority to act; entrust; commit: n. one sent to represent and act for others. delegation (del-e-ga'shun), n. the act of delegating; a person or body of persons chosen to act for others. delete (de-let'), v.t. to blot out; erase. deleterious (del-e-ter'i-us) , adj. harm- ful, morally or physically; poison- ous. deliberate (de-lib 'er-at), v.t. to think upon or consider ; weigh in the mind ; ponder: v.i. to take counsel with one's self or others: adj. circurn- spect; slow in determining or in action; well-considered. deliberation (de-lib-er-a'shun), n. calm and careful consideration; slow- ness in action. delicacy (del'i-ka-si) , n. fpZ. dehca- cies (del'i-ka-siz)], the state or quality of being delicate; agreeable- ness to the taste or other senses; grace; sensitiveness; refinement; sen- sibility; consideration for the feel- ings of others; susceptibility to dis- ease. delicious (de-lish'us) , adj. highly pleasing to the senses, taste, or mind; exquisite. delight (de-lit'), v.t. to gratify or please greatly; charm: v.i. be high- ly gratified or pleased [with in] : ^ n. an extreme degree of pleasure; high satisfaction; joy. delineate (de-Kn'e-at), v.t. to mark out with lines ; sketch ; portray ; describe minutely and accurately in words. delinquent (de-hn'kwent) , adj. f alhng short of duty: n. one who neglects, or fails to perform, a duty; an of- fender. deliquescent (del^i-kwes'ent) , adj. hquefying or melting on exposure to the atmosphere. delirious (de-lir'i-us) , adj. light-head- ed; insane; frantic with delight. delirium (de-hr'i-um) , n. excitement and aberration of the mind, caused by fever, &c. deliver (de-liv'er),- v.t. to set free; save; yield possession or control of; send forth vigorously; discharge; communicate; speak; disburden of a child. deliverance (de-Kv'er-ans) , n. the act of deUvering; rescue; an au- thoritative utterance by an official or judge on some technical point. delivery (de-liv'er-i) , n. [pi. deliveries (de-hv'er-riz)], the act of delivering; a setting free; a surrender; transfer; manner of utterance ; a distribution of letters, &c.; the act or manner of delivering a ball; parturition. dell (del), n. a small secluded valley. delta (del'ta), n. [pi. deltas (del'taz)], an alluvial deposit, shaped like the Greek letter A formed at the mouth of a river; any triangular surface. delude (de-lud'), v.t. to impose upon the mind or judgment of; beguile; deceive. deluge (del'uj), n. an inundation; a great overflowing of the land by water, especially that of the time of Noah (Genesis vii.); a sudden and resistless calamity: v.t. to over- w^hclm. delusion (de-lu'zhun), n. the act of deluding; deceit; imposition; illu- sion. delve (delv), v.t. to open with a spade; fathom; penetrate. demagogue (dem'a-gog), n. a popular and factious orator, especially one who inveighs against constituted au- thority. [Greek.] demand (de-mand'), v.t. to claim as by right or authority; ask in a per- emptory manner; summon: n. an authoritative claim; a peremptory request; the state of being much sought after. demarcation (de-mar-ka'shun), n. the act of defining, or marking, the bounds of. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. DEMEANOR 142 DENY demeanor (de-men'er) , n. behavior; deportment. dement (de-ment'), v.t. to make in- sane. dementia (de-men'shi-a) , n. insanity. demesne (de-men'), n, landed estate attached to a manor: adj. pertaining to a demesne. demise (de-mlz') , n. ; death, especially of a royal personage ; the conveyance or transfer of an estate to a suc- cessor: v.t. to give or grant by will: v.i. to pass by bequest or inheritance. democracy (de-mok'ra-si) , n. [pi. de- mocracies (de-mok'ra-siz)], govern- ment by the people collectively by elected representatives; political or social equality. demolish (de-mol'ish) , v.t. to throw down; reduce to ruins; destroy; annihilate. [Latin.] demon (de'mon), n. an evil spirit; devil; a guardian spirit or gen- ius. demonetize (de-mon'e-tiz) , v.t. to de- prive of standard value, as currency; withdraw from use as money. demonstrate (de-mon' or dem'on- strat), v.t. to prove beyond the pos- sibility of a doubt; teach by exam- ples: v.i. to organize, or take part in, a party demonstration. demonstrative (dem-on'stra-tiv), adj. having the power of demonstration; conclusive; manifesting the feelings openly and strongly: n. a demon- strative pronoun. demoralize (de-mor'al-iz), v.t. to cor- rupt, or undermine, the morals of; deprive of spirit or energy; throw into confusion. demur (de-mur'), v-i- {p-^- ^ V-V- de- murred, p.pr. demurring], to hesi- tate; raise objections; to interpose a demurrer: n. an objection or ex- ception. demure (de-mur'), adj. grave; sober; decorous in bearing; affectedly mod- est or grave. den (den), n. the cave of a wild beast; lair; a small or secluded apartment, used as a retreat for work and lei- sure. denationalize (de-nash'un-al-Tz), v.t. to deprive of national rights or char- acter; render local. denaturalize (de-nat'u-ral-iz), v.t. to make unnatural ; divest of the ac- quired rights of citizenship in a for- eign country. denial (de-ni'al), n. the act of deny- ing; refusal; contradiction; non-com- pliance. denizen (den'i-zen), n. an inhabitant; citizen; an alien wh9 has received letters patent admitting him to the rights of citizenship. denomination (de-nom-i-na'shun) , n. the act of designating; a sect, class, or division. denominative (de-nom'i-na-tiv) , adj. giving a name; formed from a sub- stantive or adjectival stem; conno- tative: n. a verb formed from a sub- stantive or adjectival stem. denominator (de-nom'i-na-ter) , n. one who, or that which, denominates ; the expression of a fraction which, when placed below the line, gives the name or value to the unit. denote (de-not'), v.t. to signify or iden- tify by a visible sign; indicate; be- token. denounce (de-nouns'), v.t. to threaten or accuse publicly; censure; stigma- tize; lay claim to (as a new, or an abandoned, mine); to give notice to a government that the government of another nation intends to termi- nate a treaty. dense (dens), adj. thick; compact; in- tense. density (den'si-ti), n. compactness; mass of matter per unit of volume; depth of shade. dent (dent), n. a slight depression caused by a blow or pressure; the tooth of a wheel; a cog, card, comb, or metallic brush: v.t. to make a dent in. dental (den'tal) , adj. pertaining to the teeth; pronounced by the aid of the teeth: n. a letter pronounced by the aid of the teeth. dentifrice (den'ti-fris), n. tooth-pow- der. denude (de-nud'), v.t. to make bare or naked; lay bare (rocks) by ero- sive action. denunciation (de-nun-si-a'shun) , n. the act of denouncing; a threat; menace. deny (de-ni'), v.t. to refuse to believe ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^^en. DEODORIZE 143 DERELICT or admit ; contradict ; refuse to grant ; abjure. deodorize (de-o'der-iz) , v.t. to disin- fect. depart (de-part'), v.i. to go or move away; leave; die; desist. department (de-part 'ment), n. a sepa- rate room or office for business; a branch of business, study, or science; a territorial administrative division. department - store (de - part'ment- stor) , n. a large retail store carrying on many different lines of business. depend (de-pend'), v.i. to rely for sup- port; trust; hang down. dependent (de-pend'ent), adj.^ hang- mg down; contingent; conditional; subordinate: n. one dependent upon another; a retainer; consequence. depict (de-pikt'), v.t. to paint or por- tray; describe or represent vividly. depilatory (de-pira-to-ri) , adj, having the power of removing hair: n. an application for removing superfluous hairs. depletion (de-ple'shun) , n. the act of emptying or exhausting; blood-let- ting. deplore (de-plor'), v.t. to lament; grieve for. deploy (de-ploi'), v.t. & v.i. [v.t. & p.p. deployed, v.-pr. deploying], to open out; extend m line so as to present a wider front: n. the act of deploj- ing. Also deployment. deponent (de-pon'ent) , adj. denoting a Latin verb with^ a passive form and an active meaning: n. a witness who makes an affidavit to a state- ment of fact. depopulate (de-pop'u-lat), v.t. to de- prive of inhabitants; devastate; lay waste. deport (de-port'), v.t. to carry from -one country to another; banish; be- have (one's self). deportment (de-port 'ment), n. con- duct; behavior. depose (de-poz'), v.t. to remove from a throne, or other high station; de- prive of office: v.i. testify on oath. deposit (de-poz'it), v.t. to put or set down; place; intrust to another for security: n. anything deposited; something committed to the care of another; a pledge; rocks produced by denudation or by the laying down of other formations. deposition (dep-o-zish'un) , n. the act of depositing or deposing; that which is deposited or deposed; an affidavit. depository (de-poz'i-to-ri), n. [jpl. de- positories (de-poz'i-to-riz)], the place where anything is deposited for se- curity; a depot for the sale of publi- cations. depot (de'po or dep'o), n. a ware- house; a magazine for military stores, &c.; the headquarters of a regiment : a railway station. deprave (de-pravO, v.t. to make bad. depravity (de-prav'i-ti), n. the state of being depraved or corrupt; wick- edness. deprecate (dep're-kat), v.t. to pray against; disapprove strongly; ex- press regret for. depreciate (de-pre'shi-at), v.t. to lower the value, or rate, of; dis- parage: v.i. to fall in value. depress (de-pres'), v.t. to i)ress or thrust down; humble; dispirit; lower or cheapen. deprivation (dep-ri-va'shun) , n. the act of taking away; destitution; loss; the deposition of a cleric from bis office or functions. deprive (de-priv'), v.t. to take from; dispossess; debar; depose from of- fice. depth (depth), n. the state or degree of being deep; profoundness; extent of penetration; richness of tone or color. [Gothic] depute (de-put'), v.t. to appoint as an agent or deputy ; send with authority to act on behalf of the principal. deputy (dep'u-ti), n. [pi. deputies (dep'u-tiz)], one appointed to act for another ; a delegate ; in the French Parliament a member of the lower house. derail (de-ral'), v.i. to run off the rails: v.t. to cause to leave the rails. derange (de-ranj'), v.t. to throw into confusion; disturb the normal func- tions of; displace. derby (der'bi and in England dar'bi), n. a kind of stiff felt hat, with convex crown and curved brim. derelict (der'e-likt) , adj. abandoned; adrift: n. anything left, forsaken, or ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; htie, hut ; think, then. DERIDE 144 DESPATCH cast away intentionally, as at sea: pi. abandoned goods found at sea; also, morally neglected. deride (de-rldO, v-t. to mock; laugh at: v.i. to indulge in mockery, scorn, or ridicule. derision (de-rizh'un), n, the act of de- riding; ridicule; scorn; contempt. derivation (der-i-va'shun) , n. the act of deriving, or the condition of being derived; the process of tracing a word from its original source; ety- mology; evolution; deduction. derivative (de-riv'a-tiv), adj. derived or taken from another; deducible; secondary: n. a word obtained from some other by a prefix or suffix, or other modification. derive (de-riv'), v.t. to draw from an original source; obtain by trans- mission or descent; trace (a word) to its original root or stem; deduce; infer. derogate (der'o-gat), v.t. to take away; annul partially: v.i, detract [with from]. derrick (der'ik), n. an apparatus for hoisting heavy weights. dervish (der'vish), n. a Mohammedan monk who professes extreme pov- erty, chastity, and humility, and leads a very austere life; any S0U7 danese who adhered to the Mahdi in his attempt to expel the English from Egypt. descant (des'kant), n. a varied song or melody; a disquisition or com- ment: (des-kanf) v.i. to comment freely; discourse at length. descend (de-send'), v.i. to pass from a higher to a lower position; fall upon or invade ; be derived from ; fall in order of inheritance, or from one generation to another; move to- ward the south: said of a star: v.L to move or pass along down- wards. descendant (de-send 'ant) , n. one who is lineally descended from an an- cestor: offspring. descent (de-senf), n, change from a higher to a lower place; a sudden hostile invasi9n or attack; moral or social declension; transmission of an estate; derivation from a common ancestor; birth; a passage from a higher to a lower pitch. describe (de-skrib'), v.t. to delineate or trace out; narrate; set forth. descriptive (de-skrip'tiv), adj. tend- ing to, or serving to, describe; con- taining description. desecrate (des'e-krat) , v.t. to divert from a sacred to a secular use; pro^ fane. desert (de-zert'), v.t. to forsake; aban- don: v.i. abscond from duty. desert (dez'ert), n. a barren tract in- capable of supporting life or vege- tation ; a solitude ; that which is merited : adj. pertaining to a desert. deserve (de-zerv'), v.t. to earn by serv- ice; be justly entitled to, or worthy of, merit: v.i. to be worthy or de- serving [usually with well or ill]. desiccation (des-i-ka'shun) , n. the act of drying. desiderate (de-sid'er-at), v.t. to be in want or need of; desire to have. design (de-zin'), v.t. to draw, mark, or plan out; project; set apart mental- ly : v.i. to formulate designs or exe- cute original work: n. an outline, plan, or drawing; project; inten- tion. designate (dez'ig-nat), v.t. to indi- cate by marks, lines, or a descrip- tion the limits of; point out; dis- tinguish; name: adj. designated; selected. desire (de-zir'), v.t. to wish earnestly for; crave : v.i. be in the state of desire: n. a longing for the posses- sion of some object; a petition or prayer; natural or sensual tendency; the object longed for. [French.] desirous (de-zir 'us), adj. full of desire. desist (de-zist'), v.i. to cease from. desk (desk), n. a sloping frame or table for reading or writing upon; a clerk's position. desolate (des'o-lat), v.t. to lay waste; deprive of inhabitants; overwhelm with sorrow : adj. deprived of inhabi- tants; solitary; laid waste; aban- doned; miserable. despair (des-par'), v.i. to abandon all hope, or expectation; become hope- less: v.t. to lose hope or confidence in: n. loss of hope or confidence; hopelessness; desperation. despatch (des-pach') or dispatch (dis-), v.t. to send off; expedite; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, ^^en. DESPERATE 145 DETRIMENT put to death; finish quickly: n. speedy performance; celerity; an ex- press; an official document sent to a minister abroad. desperate (des'per-at) , adj. regard- less of danger or consequences. despise (de-spiz'), v.t. to look down upon with scorn or contempt; dis- dain. despite (de-spit'), n. extreme con- tempt; mahcious anger; scorn; ha- tred: prep, notwithstanding. despoil (de-spoir), v.t, to rob; deprive. despond (de-spondO, v.i, to be cast down in spirits; give way to de- spondency. despot (des'pot), n. an absolute irre- sponsible ruler; an autocrat; tyrant. despotic (des-pot'ik), adj. absolute in power: autocratic; irresponsible; ar- bitrary; tjTannical. dessert (dez-ert'), n. a course of fruits, sweets, &c., usually served last at dinner. [French.] destination (des-ti-na/shun), n. pur- pose or end for which anything is appointed; ultimate design; goal; termination. ^ destine (dcs'tin), v.t. to appoint to any use or purpose; fix unalterably; doom. destiny (des'ti-ni), n. [pi. destinies (des'ti-niz)], premeditated lot; fate; inevitable necessity. destitute (des'ti-tut), adj. without means of existence; forsaken; poor; penniless. destroy (de-stroi'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. destroyed, p.pr. destroymg], to pull down; overturn; lay waste; render desolate ; kill ; put an end to ; disprove. destroyer (de-stroi'er) , n. one who de- stroys; a torpedo-boat destroyer. destruction (de-struk'shun) , n, the act or process of destroying; sub- version; overthrow; ruin; death. destructive (de-struk'tiv) , adj, tend- ing to, or causing, destruction; ruin- ous; hurtful. desuetude (des'we-tud), n. disuse. desultory (des'ul-to-ri), adj. passing from one thing to another without order or method; cursory; erratic. detach (de-tach'), v.t. to disconnect: detail for a specific purpose; send away from. detachment (de-tach'ment), n. the act of detaching; the thing detached; a body of troops, or certain ships, detached from the main body and sent on special service; mental aloof- ness. detail (de-tal), v.t. to relate minute- \y] enumerate; tell off for a given duty: v.i, to give details of: n. an item; a particular or minute ac- count; a small detachment for spe- cial service: pi. minute parts of a picture, statue, &c. [French.] detain (de-tan'), v.t. to hold back; restrain from departure; retain in custody. detect (de-tektO, v.t. to discover; bring to light; expose; find out; ascertain the charactor of. detectable (de-tek'ta-bl), adj. that may be detected. detection (de-tek'shun), n. the act of detecting or its result; discovery. detective (de-tek'tiv), adj. employed in detecting; pertaining to detec- tives, or detection: n. one whose business it is to trace WTong-doers. detention (de-ten'shun), n. the act of detaining or withholdiiig; restraint; delay. deter (de-ter'),, v.t. [p.t. & p.p. deterred, v.pr. deterring], to discourage, or nmder, by fear; restrain; dishearten. detergent (de-ter'jent), n. any lotion or medicine that is applied to cleanse and help to heal ulcers, wounds, &c. deteriorate (de-te'ri-o-rat), v.t. to re- duce to an inferior quality or value; impair: v.i. to grow worse. determine (de-ter'min), v.i. to de- cide; end: v.t. to fix or settle the bounds of; put an end to; restrict. deterrent (de-ter'ent), adj. serving, or tendiQg, to deter: n. that which de- ters. detest (de-tesf), v.t. to hate intensely. dethrone (de-thron'), v.t. to remove from a throne; deprive of author- ity. detonate (det'o-nat), v.t. to cause to explode with a loud and sudden re- port: v.i. to explode loudly and sud- denly. [Latin.] detract (de-traktO, v.t. to draw or take away [with from]: v.i. take away the reputation. [Latin.] detriment (det'ri-ment), n. that which ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. DEUCE 146 DIAL injures, reduces in value, or causes damage. deuce (dus), n. the devil; a card or dice with two spots; a term used in scoring at lawn tennis. [Deuce in the sense of devil came from the early Teutons, who believed in a hairy wood demon whom they called Dus. The Celts gave him the name ScraL whence '^Old Scratch/'] devastate (dev'as-tat), v.t. to lay waste; desolate; ravage; plunder. develop (de-verop), v.t. to unfold gradually; make known in detail; ccmplete; to cause to go from a lower to a higher state; bring to view by inducing changes on a sen- sitized plate: v.i. to advance from one stage to another; become grad- ually apparent. development (de-vel'op-ment), n. the act of developing. devest (de-vesf), v.t. to alienate or annul, as right or title: v.i. to be lost or alienated. deviate (deViat), v.i. to turn aside from a certain course; diverge; err: v.t. to change the direction or posi- tion of. device (de-vis'), ^- a contrivance; in- vention; a stratagem; a fanciful de- sign or pattern; a heraldic emblem. devil (devl), n. the Evil Spirit, Satan; a fallen angel: feminine, she-devil; a false god or demon; a very wicked person; a bold dashing fellow; a malicious spirit in a person; a printer's apprentice; a machine for dividing rags or cotton in paper- making: v.t. to season cold meat highly with cayenne pepper, mus- tard and other condiments and then to broil it; prepare work for another; to stir up disturbance. Also be- devil. [Late Latin, Anglo-Saxon.] deviltry (dev'1-tri), n. malicious mis- chief; diabolical wickedness. devious (de'vi-us), adj. rambling; circuitous. devise (de-viz'), v.t. to imagine; scheme; contrive; concoct; bequeath by will: n. a gift of real property by will; a will. devoid (de-void'), ddj. destitute of. devolve (de-volv'), v.t. to transfer from one to another; transmit: v.i. to be transferred or transmitted. devote (de-vof), v.t. to dedicate or consecrate; consign to evil: give up wholly to; apply (one's self, &c.) to some object. devotion (de-vo'shun), n. the act of devoting or consecrating; the state of being devoted; strong affection; ardent love ; religious worship; prayer [usually pi.]. devour (de-vour'), v.t. to swallow greedily or ravenously; consume or destroy rapidly; annihilate; enjoy with avidity. devout (de-vouf), adj. devoted to re- ligious thoughts and exercises; heart- felt. dew (du), n. aqueous vapor con- densed from the atmosphere and de- posited in small drops at evening; that which falls lightly and in a re- freshing manner. dexterity (deks-ter'i-ti), n. manual skill; mental or physical adroitness; cleverness. dexterous (deks'ter-us), adj. pos- sessing manual skill; quick, men- tally or physically; adroit; clever. Also dextrous. dey (da), n. the former title of the governor of Algiers, and of the chief of the Turkish Janizaries. diabetes (di-a-be'tez), n. a disease characterized by a morbid and ex- cessive discharge of urine. [Greek.] diabolic (di-a-boFik) or diabolical (di-a-bori-kal),ad;. devilish; impious. diadem (di'a-dem), n. a crown; tiara. diagnosis (di-agj-no'sis), n. [pi. diag- noses (di-ag-no'sez)], scientific dis- crimination; the recognition of a disease by its symptoms. diagonal (di-ag'o-nal), adj. extending from one angle to another: n. a straight oblique line dividing a rec- tangular figure into equal parts. diagram (di'a-gram), n. a geomet- rical figure; a mechanical plan; an outline, drawing, or figure. dial (di'al), n. an instrument for showing the time by the sun's shad- ow; the face of a timepiece; any plate on which an index finger marks revolutions, pressure, &c.; an insulated fixed, wheel used in telegraphy: v.t. to measure or in- dicate by a dial; survey with a miner's compass. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^^en. DIALECT 147 DIET dialect (di'a-lekt), n. the peculiar manner in which a language is spoken in a province or district of a country; icuom; a sub-division of a language, as the Yorkshire dialect in England, the Suabian dialect in Germany, and the Provengal dialect in France. [Greek.] dialogue (di'a-log), n. Si conversation between two or more persons; a literary composition in which per- sons are represented as reasoning on, or dissussing, a subject. diameter (di-am'e-ter) , n. the length of a line passing through the center of any object from one side to the other; the distance through the lower part of the shaft of a col- umn. diamond (di'a-mund), n. a gem of extreme hardness and refractive power; a rhomboidal iSgure; a play- ing card with one or more lozenge- shaped figures; a glass cutter's tool; the smallest kind of type generally used (see type): adj. resembling a diamond, as the so-called * 'base- ball diamond'' where the ground for the players is laid out diamond- wise. [French.] diapason (di-a-pa'zon) , n. the entire compass of a voice or instrument: a recognized musical standard of pitch; the foundation stops of an organ. diaper (di'a-per), n. linen cloth woven in geometric patterns; a napkin; surface decoration of one or more simple figures repeated: v.t. to varie- gate or embroider; work in dia- per. diaphanous (di-af'a-nus), adj. trans- parent. diaphracm (di'a-fram), n. the mid- ■ riff, which divides the chest from the abdomen; any substance that in- tercepts or divides. diarrhoea (di-a-re'a), n. a morbidly persistent purging or looseness of the bowels. Also diarrhea. diary (di'a-ri), n. [pi. diaries (c^-'a- riz)], a register of daily occurrences or duties; a book for daily memo- randa. diastole (di-as'to-le) , n. the rhythmi- cal expansion and dilatation of the heart and arteries in beating; the lengthening of a syllable naturally short. diatonic (di-a-ton'ik), adj. designat- ing the regular tones of a key or scale. diatrihe (di'a-trib), n. a continued dis- C9urse or disputation; a strain of violent abuse; bitter criticism. dice (dis), n.pl. small cubes marked on the sides with one to six spots or pips: used in games of chance: v.i. to play with dice : v.t. to decorate with woven patterns to resemble cubes; to cut into cubes. dictate (dik'tat), v.t. declare with authority; express orally so that another may take words down in writing: v.i. to speak with author- ity. diction^ (dik'shun), n. manner of speaking or expression; choice of words; style. [Latin.] dictionary (dik'shun-a-ri) , n. [pi. die tionaries (dik'shim - a - riz) ] , a book containing all, or the prin- cipal, words .in a language, with phonetics indicative of the sound of each, followed by definitions and other explanatory matter. did (did), p.t. of do. didactic (di-dak'tik) , adj. teaching; instructing; explanatory. Also di- dactical. [Greek.] die (di), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. died, p.pr. dying], to cease to live; expire; perish; wither; become extinct grad- ually; languish with pleasure. die (di), n. [pi. dies (dis)], a small cube (pi. dice, see dice) ; a piece of engraved metal with a device used for coining money, medals, enditure; any system of religious laws, rites, or ceremonies. [Greek.] ecstasy (ek'sta-si), n. [7)^ ecstasies (ek'sta-siz)], the state of being beside one's self; excessive joy; a kind of cataleptic trance. [Greek.] eczema (ek'ze-ma), n. an inflamma- tory disease of the skin. eddy (ed'i), n. [pi. eddies (ed'iz)], a contrary current of air or water causing a circular motion; a small whirlpool: v.i. to move with a circu- lar motion; whirl. edge (ej), n. the thin, sharp or cut- ting part of an instrument; extreme border; brink; margin; keenness; mental acuteness: v.t. to furnish with an edge or a border; exasper- ate; incite; move forward Uttle by Httle: v.i. to sail close to the wind, edible (ed'i-bl), adj. fit to be eaten aa food: n. somethmg fit to be eaten [usually in pi.]. [Latin.] edict (e'dikt), n. a public proclama- tion or decree issued by a sovereign and having the force of a law. edify (ed'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. edified, p.pr. edifying], to build up or strengthen, especially in faith or morals; impart instruction to. edit (ed'it), v.t. to revise and prepare for publication; direct, select, and adapt Uterary matter for the press; make a revision of. edition (e-dish'un), n. the published form of a hterary work; the number of copies of a book, magazine, or newspaper published at one time; reproduction. editor (ed'i-ter), n. one who superin- tends, revises, or prepares a literary work for publication; one who con- ducts a newspaper, magazine, &C; editorial (ed-i-tor'i^al), adj. pertaining to an editor, or his duties: n. a lead- ing article. educate (ed'u-kat), v.t. to impart knowledge to ; cultivate the moral or intellectual faculties of; instruct; train. education (ed-u-ka'shun), n. the act, process, or result of educating; the systematic training of the moral and intellectual faculties; the rearing of animals. eel (el), n. an elongated fish, destitute of ventral fins, having a slippery mucous skin. e'en (en), contraction of even and evening. [Poetical.] e'er (ar), contraction of ever. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; f^ ilie, hut ; think, th^XL, EFFACE 164 ELBOW efface (ef-fas'), v.t. to obliterate; render indistinguishable; destroy. effable (ef'a-bl), adj. capable of be- ing expressed. effect (ef-fekf), v,t, to produce as a cause, consequence, or result; ac- complish; fulfil: n. result; purpose; realization; efficiency; purport: pL goods; personal estate. effective (ef-fekt'iv), adj. having the power to effect; operative; efficient; powerful: n. a soldier fit for duty. effeminate (ef-fem'i-nat), v.t. to make womanish or delicate: v.i. become womanish: adj. having the qualities or characteristics of a woman; deli- cate or unmanly. [Latin.] efferent (ef'fer-ent), adj. conveying or discharging outwards. effervesce (ef-fer-ves'), v.i. to be in a state of natural ebullition; bubble or hiss. [Latin.] effete (ef-fet'), adj. worn out; barren; exhausted. efficacy (ef'i-ka-si), n. power to pro- duce results or effects; ability. efficient (e-fish'ent), adj. producing or causing effects or results; power- ful; ready: n. an agent or cause; a qualified person. effigy (ef'i-ji), n. [pi. effigies (ef'i-jiz)], an image; a likeness or figure in sculpture, painting, or on coins, &c. effiprescence (e-flo-res'ens), n. the time or state of flowering; the pro- duction of flowers; redness of the skin; the formation of fine white crystals on the surface of efflorescing substances. effluence (ef 'flu-ens), n. an issuing out. effluvium (e-flu'vi-um), n. [pi. effluvia (e-flu'vi-a)], an invisible subtle em- anation; disagreeable exhalations arising from decaying matter. efflux (ef'fluks), n. the act of flowing out; effluence; emanation; a passing away. effort (effort), n. strenuous exertion, physical or mental; struggle; at- tempt. effrontery (e-f runt'er-i) , n. impu- dence. effulgence (e-ful'jens), n. a great lus- ter, brightness, or splendor. effusive (e-fu'siv), adj. pouring forth freely or widely. ©gg.(eg), n. the oval or roundish body laid by birds and certain other ani- mals, from which their young are produced; something shaped hke an egg; the germ or first principle of anything: v.t. to urge on or incite; pelt with eggs. ego (e'go), pr. I: n. self; personahty. [Latin.] egotism (e'go- or eg'o-tizm), n. self- exaltation in thought, speech, or writing; vanity. Also egoism. egregious (e-gre'jus), adj. extraordi- nary. egress (e'gres), n. departure. eider (i'der), n. a large marine duck, the down of which is an article of commercial value. [Icelandic] eight (at), adj. one more than 7: a cardinal numeral: n. the sum of 7 and 1 ; a symbol (8, VIII., viii.) de- noting this number. eighteen (a'ten), adj. one more than 17: a cardinal numeral: n. the sum of 17 and 1; a symbol (18, XVIII., xviii.) denoting this number. eighth (a'th), adj. next after sev- enth: an ordinal numeral: n. an in- terval of an octave. eightieth (a'ti-eth), adj. next to 79th. eighty (a'ti), adj. 8 times 10. either (e' or i'^/ier), adj. one or the other of two; both: pron. one of two: conj. the correlative to or. ejaculate (e-jak'u-lat), v.t. to utter suddenly: v.i. to utter ejaculations. eject (e-jekf), v.t. to cast forth; dis- miss from office; evict. ejection (e-jek'shun), n. expulsion. eke (ek), v.t. to extend or lengthen [with out]: adv. also; likewise. [Poet.] elaborate (e-lab'o-rat), v.t. to pro- duce with labor; improve or refine with study or labor: adj. highly- finished; complicated. elapse (e-laps'), v.i. to slip or glide away; run @ut without notice. elastic (e-las'tik), adj. springing back: having the power of returning to its original form; rebounding; springy; capable of extension: n. an elastic woven fabric made partly of india- rubber. elate (e-laf), v.t. to raise the spirits of; cause to feel exultant; excite. elbow (el'bo), n. the joint or bend of the arm; anything bent or curved ate, ^rm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ELDER 165 ELK like an elbow: v.t. to thrust on one side. elder (el'der), adj. older; exceeding an- other in age; prior in time, origin, or appointment: n. one older in age, rank, or station. elect (e-lekt')» v.t. to choose for any office or use ; choose by ballot ; select from a number: adj. taken in prefer- ence ; chosen to an office but not yet invested with the dignity: n.pl, those chosen to eternal life by Divine Sovereignty. election (e-lek'shun) , n. the act of electing; voluntary preference. dective (e-lek'tiv), adj. regulated by choice ; exerting the power of choice ; opposed to hereditary; having the tendency to attract, or combine with. electricity (e-lek-tris'i-ti) , n. an im- ponderable and invisible agent pro- ducing hght, heat, chemical decom- position, and other physical phenom- ena; the science of the laws and phenomena which characterize elec- tricity. electrify (e-Iek'tri-f i) , v.t. [v.t. & p.p. electnfied, p.pr. electrifying], to charge with, or act upon, by elec- tricity; pass an electric current through. Also electrize. electro (e-lek'tro), a Greek prefix de- noting electricity as the motive power or operatmg agent. electrocution (e-lek-tro-ku'shun) , n. the act of electrocuting. electron (e-lek'tron) , n. an atom corpuscle; the Beta ray of radium; the carrier of negative electricity. electroplate (e-lek'tro-plat), v.t. to cover or give a coating of metal to by means of a current of electricity: n. an article thus coated: generally applied to silver plate. electrot^^pe (e-lek/tro-tip) , n. a fac- simile in metal oi any object made: v.t. to take a copy of by electrical deposition. eleemosjoiary (el-e-mos'i-na-ri) , adj. pertaining to alms; devoted to charitable purposes ; dependent upon charity: n. one who lives on alms. elegance (ere-gans), n. [pi. elegances (ere-gan-siz)], the state or quahty of being elegant; polish; refinement; symmetry. [French.] elegant (ere-gant), adj. characterized by refinement and good taste; re- fined; polished; beautiful in form, color, or design. elegy (el'e-ji), n. [pi. elegies (el'e-jiz)], a funeral song or ode; dirge; re- quiem. element (el'e-ment), n. a first or con- stituent principle; a component or essential part; a substance which cannot be decomposed by any known method; natm'al environment; in- gredient: pi. the letters or sounds of the alphabet; the Eucharistic bread and wine. elephant (elVfant), n. a large five- toed proboscidian mammal with a flexible trunk and large tusks. elevate (el'e-vat), v.t. to raise from a lower to a higher position; ennoble; animate; inspire; raise by training or education; to intoxicate slightly. elevator (ere-va-ter), n. that which raises up or exalts; a hoisting ma- chine or Hft; a warehouse for the storage of grain. eleven (e-lev'n), adj. 10 with 1 added: a cardinal numeral: n. the sum of 10 with 1 added. elf (elf), n. [jdI. elves (elvz)l, a di- minutive mischievous sprite sup- posed to haunt hills and wild places; a dwarf; fairy. elicit (e-lis'it), t;.^ to draw out. [Latin.] elide (e-lid'), v-t. to slur over, or cut off, as a final vowel. [Latin.] eligible (ei'i-ji-bl) , adj. capable of being, or fit to be, chosen; legally qualified. eliminate (e-lim'i-nat), v.t. to leave out of consideration, or cast aside. elision (e-hzh'un), n. the cutting off of a vowel or syllable for the sake of euphony, as o'er for over. elite (a-lef), n. the choicest part, as of society, a profevssion, an army, &c. elixir (e-hk'ser), n. an imaginary liquid of the alchemists supposed to be capable of prolonging fife indefi- nitely, and of changing baser metals into gold; a tincture, essence, or cordial. [Arabic] elk (elk), n. a very large deer of North ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ELL 166 EMBRASURE America and Northern Europe; the moose-deer. [Icelandic] ell (el), n. a measure formerly used for cloth, varying in different coun- tries, an Enghsh ell being 45 inches. ellipse (el-lips'), n. one of the sec- tions of a cone; the elhptical orbit of a planet. [Greek.] ellipsis (el-lips'is) , n. the omission of a word or words in a sentence, the sense of which is obvious. elm (elm), n. a tree of various spe- cies belonging to the genus Ulmus. elocution (el-o-ku'shun) , n. the art, manner, or style of speaking in pub- lic; delivery. elongate (e-16ng'gat) , v.t. to stretch out; extend; lengthen. elope (e-lop'), v.i,^ to escape private- ly; run away with a lover or para- mour. [Dutch.] eloquent (el'o-kwent), adj. having the power of fluent and elegant oratory. else (els), adv. besides; otherwise. elsewhere (els'hwar), adv. in another place. elucidate (e-lus'i-dat), v.t. to make clear; render intelligible; illus- trate. elude (e-lud'), v.t. to avoid by artifice or dexterity; shun; escape. em (em), n. the square body of any size of type, serving as a unit of measurement. emaciate (e-ma'shi-^at) , v.i. to lose flesh gradually; pine away: v.t, to make thin. [Latin.] emanate (em'a-nat), v.i. to flow out, issue, or proceed, as from a source. emancipate (e-man'si-pat) , v.t. to Hberate from servitude or bondage; set free; enfranchise. _ emasculate (e-mas'ku-lat), v.t. to castrate; deprive of virility; weaken by expurgation; adj. castrated. embalm (em-bam'), v.t. to preserve from decay by balsams, aromatic spices or antiseptics. embank (em-bangk'), v.t. to inclose with a bank; protect by a bank. embargo (em-bar'go), n. [vl. embar- goes (em-bar'goz)], an orSer by au- thority prohibiting the departure of vessels from a port. embark (em-bark'), v.t. to put on board ship; venture or invest: v.i. to go on board a vessel; engage in any affairs. embarrass (em-bar'as), v.t. to hinder; perplex; involve in pecuniary diffi- culties; distress. embassy (em'ba-si), n. [pi. embassies (em'ba-siz)], the public function, or official residence of an ambassador. embattled (em-bat'ld), p. adj. fur- nished with battlements; drawn up in battle array. embed (em-bed'), v.t. to lay in, or as in, a bed; set in surrounding mat- ter. embellish (em-bel'ish) , v.t. to make beautiful; set off by ornamentation. ember (em'ber), n. a small live coal or unextinguished smoldering ashes. embezzle (em-bez'l), v.t. to appropri- ate fraudulently, as property en- trusted to one's care. embitter (em-bit'er), v.t. to make bit- ter, or more bitter; exasperate. Also imbitter. emblazon (em-bla'zn), v.t. to adorn with heraldic figures; blazon; deco- rate; celebrate the praises of. emblem (em'blem), n. a symbolical fig- ure or design ; a visible sign of an idea. embody (em-bod'i), v.t. [p.t. & v-V* embodied, p.pr. embodying], to collect into one mass or united whole; invest with, or as with, a material body; v.i. to coalesce. embolden (em-bold'en) , v.t. to en- courage. embosom (em-booz'um), v.t. to hold in the bosom; inclose in the midst; shelter. emboss (em-bos'), v.t. 19 cover with bosses or studs; raise in relief from the surface. embower (em-bou'er), v.t. to cover with, or as with, a bower: v.i. to rest, as in a bower; form a bower. embrace (em-bras'), v.t. to take in close, or press to the bosom with affection; hug; cling to; receive with willingness; in law, to attempt to influence by threats or bribes: v.i. to join in an embrace: n. the act of embracing; a clasping in the arms; a hug. embrasure (em-bra'zhur) , n. an open- ing in a wall or parapet from which to fire guns; a window or door having its sides slanted on the inside. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, th^n. EMBROCATE 167 ENABLE embrocate (em'bro-kat), v.t. to mois- ten and rub, as a diseased or injured part, with a lotion. embroider (em-broid'er), v.t. to deco- rate with needlework; embellish with additions. embroil (em-broil'), v.L to throw into confusion; involve in contention; mix up; entangle. embryo (em'bri-o), n. [pi. embryos (em'bri-oz)], the first germ or rudi- ment of an organism ; the first or undeveloped state of anything. emend (e-mend'), v.t. to^ alter or correct a text or manuscript. emerge (e-merj'), v.i. to rise up, or come forth, from anything which conceals; become apparent. emergency; (e-mer'jen-si), n. [pi. emergencies (e-merMen-siz)], a sud- den occasion; pressing necessity; strait; crisis: adj. pertaining to, or used in, an emergency. emeritus (e-mer/i-tus), adj. retired from service with honor: said of a university or college professor, or of the rector of a church. [Latin.] emery (em'er-i), n. a very hard va- riety of corundum; used when pow- dered for grinding or polishing. emetic (e-met'ik), ac?/. inducing vom- iting: n. a medicine possessing emetic properties. emigrate (em'i-grat) , v.i. to leave one's country to settle in another. eminent (em'i-nent), adj. high in office, rank, or reputation; dis- tinguished ; exalted ; conspicu- ous. emissary (em'i-sa^ri), n. [pi. emis- saries (em'i-sa-riz)|, a person, or agent, sent on a mission, especially of a secret nature. emit (e-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p, emitted, p.pr. emitting], to send or give forth; issue, as an order or decree; to print and send into circulation, as bank notes. [Latin.] emollient (e-mql'yent), adj. soften- ing: n. a medicine that has a soften- ing effect on living tissues. emolument (e-morti-ment), n. profit; remuneration; income; pecuniary gain. emotion (e-mo'shun), n. mental agi- tation; excited feeling; passion. emperor (em'p6r-er), n. the sover- eign or supreme ruler of an em- pire. emphasis (em'fa-sis), n. a particular stress of the voice on a word or words in reading or speaking; spe- cial force of language or thought. emphatic (ena-fafik), adj. uttered with emphasis; forcibly significant; impressive; earnest. Also emphati- cal. empire (em'pir), n. supreme power or dominion; imperial rule or sover- eignt5"; the region ruled over by an emperor or sovereign; sway; con- trol. [French.] ; • empiric (em-pir'ik), adj. pertaining to, founded upon, or derived from, experience. Also empirical. employ (em-ploi'). v.t. [p.t. & p.p. em- ployed, p.pr. employing], to give oc- cupation to; keep busy; exercise; make use of; apply or devote to an object: n. occupation. employment (em-ploi'ment) , n. busi- ness; occupatiom emporium (em-po'ri-um), n. a com- mercial center or place of trade; a large shop. empower (em-pou'er), v.t. to au- thorize; enable. empress (em'pres), n. the consort or widow of an emperor. empty (emp'ti), adj. [cornp. emptier (emp'ti-er), sicperl. emptiest (emp'ti- est)], containing nothing; vague; unsatisfactory; destitute of force, knowledge, or sense; fasting; vacant: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. emptied, p.pr. empty- ing], to deprive of the contents; pour out; discharge; make vacant: v.i, to become empty; discharge itself: n. (pi. empties), an empty vessel, packing case, or sack. empyrean (em-pir-e'an), adj. per- taining to the highest and purest re- gion of heaven, or the region of pure fire; ethereaL Also empyreal. emulate (em'u-lat), v.t. to strive to equal or excel; vie with; rival. emulsion (e-mul'shun), n. any liquid preparation resembhng milk ; a sub- stance suspended in gelatine or col- lodion, used in the preparation of dry photographic plates. enable (en'a-bl), v.t. to make able; furnish with adequate means or power; empower. ate, iirm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ENACT 168 ExNDURE enact (en-akf), v,t, to decree; pass into law; act the part of. enaUage (en-al'a-je), n. the exchange of one case, mood or tense for another. enamel (en-am'el), n. an opaque, semi-trdnsparent, or colored sub- stance, or glass, used in coating the surface of metals or porcelain, and afterwards fired ; anything enameled ; any smooth hard coating, especially the dense white substance of the teeth: v.t. cover with enamel. enamor (en-am'er), v.t. to captivate. encamp (en-kamp'), v.i. to form a camp; halt on the march; go into camp or settle in temporary quar- ters : v.t. to form into a camp. encaustic (en-kaws'tik), adj. pertain- ing to the art of painting in burnt wax. [Greek.] enceinte (ang-sangt'), n. the main in- closure of a fortress: adj. with child; pregnant. [French.] enchain (en-chan'), v.t. to hold fast with, or as with, a chain. enchant (en-chanf), v.t. to charm or subdue, as by spells or sorcery; be- witch; fill with deUght. encircle (en-sSr'kl), v.t. to form, or inck>se, in a circle; enclasp; embrace. enclose. See inclose. enclosure. See inclosure. encomium (en-ko'mi-um), n. [pi. encpmiums (en-ko'mi-umz)], formal praise; eulogy. [Greek.] encompass (en-kum'pas), v.t. to sur- round. encore (ang-kor'), ^adv. once more; again ; n. a repetition in response to a call by an audience: v.t. to call for a repetition of. encounter (en-koun'ter), v.t. to come upon suddenly; meet face to face: v.i. to come into collision; meet in combat: n. a sudden or accidental meeting; conflict; battle. encourage (en-kur'aj), v.t. to give, or inspire with, courage; stimulate. encroach (en-kroch'), v.i. to invade gradually or by stealth; infringe; intrude (usually with on or upon) . encumber (en-kum'ber), v.t. to im- pede; retard; clog; obstruct; load with debt or other legal liabilities. encyclical (en-sik'li-kal), adj. sent to all members of a class or commu- nity; intended for general circula- tion. Also encycHc: n. a circular letter sent by the Pope to the bish- ops, treating of topics of general ec- clesiastical interest. [Greek.] encyclopaedia or encyclopedia (en- si-klo-pe'di-a), n. the circle of the arts and sciences; a dictionary of the arts, sciences, and literature; a comprehensive summary of knowl- edge; a cyclopaedia. encyst (en-sisf), v.t. & 2;.i.toenclose, or become enclosed, in a cyst or vesicle. end (end), n. the extreme limit or terminal point of anything; puri)ose in view; design; necessary termina- tion, or logical outcome; death: v.t. to bring to an end; finish; ter- minate; destroy: v.i. to come to an end; die. endanger (en-dan'jer), v.t. expose to, or brmg into, danger; hazard. endear (en-der'), v.t. to make dear or beloved; attach to one's self. endeavor (en-dev'er), v.i. to strive for the attainment of some object; at- tempt: n. an effort or attempt. endemic (en-dem'ik), adj. peculiar to a nation, people, or locality: ap- plied to a disease. endless (end'les), a. everlasting; with- out termina,tion. endo and endon, a Greek prefix mean- ing within. endocardium (en-do-kar'di-um), n. the membrane lining the heart. endogen (en'do-jen), n. an endogen- ous plant: pi. one of the primary classes of the vegetable kingdom, in which the plants increase by in- ternal growth and elongation at the summit, and have a distinct pith. endosperm (en'do-sperm), n. the albu- men of a seed. endow (en-dou'), v.t. to bestow a fund or income upon; settle upon; fur- nish, as with some gift or quality (with with). endue (en-du'), v.t. to clothe; invest; assume; furnish with some moral or spiritual gift. Also indue. endurable (en-dur'a-bl), ad[;. bearable. endurance (en-dur'ans), n. the capac- ity to endure; power of suffering without succumbing; continuance; fortitude. endure (en-dur'), v.t. to support with- out breaking or yielding; put up ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ENEMA 169 ENMITY with; remain in: v.i. to harden main in the same state. re- enema (en'e-ma), n. an injection thrown into the rectum as a medi- cine. enemy (en'e-mi), n. [pL enemies (en'e-miz)], one hostile to another; foe; antagonist; a hostile army. energ;y (en'er-ji), n. [pi. energies (en'- er-jiz)], internal or inherent power; vigorous operation; power efl&ciently and forcibly exerted; capacity for performing work; emphasis. enervate (en'er-vat or e-ner'vat), v.t. to deprive of nerve, force, or vigor; render effeminate or feeble; debili- tate. enfeeble (en-fe'bl), v.t. to weaken; relax. enfilade (en-fi-lad') , n. a straight line or passage; the situation of a place or a body of men hable to be raked with shot through its whole extent: v.t. to pierce or rake with shot in a straight line. enforce (en-fors')., v.t. to put into exe- cution with vigor; compel; make clear or inteUigible. enfranchise (en-fran'chiz), v.t. to lib- erate or set free; make free of a state, city, or corporation; confer the electoral franchise upon; ad- mit to the right of voting in pubhc elections. engage (en-gaj'). v.t. to pledge or bind by oath or contract; make lia- ble for a debt; secure for aid or em- ployment; encounter in battle; oc- cupy the time or attention of; inter- lock: v.i. to promise or assume an obhgation; occupy one's self; enter a conflict. engagement (en-gaj 'ment), n. the act of engaging; the state or condition of being engaged; betrothal; occu- pation; a conflict between armies or fleets. engender (en-jen'der), v.t. to beget; excite: v.i. to come into existence. engine (en'jin), n. anythiag used to effect a purpose ; a machine by which power is applied for the performance of work ; an apparatus for producing some mechanical efiect: v.t. to fur- nish or fit up a vessel with engines. engineer ^ (en-ji-ner') , n. one wh® is skilled in the principles or practice of any branch of engineering; one who has charge of and manages an engine; one who carries through a scheme or undertaking by skill or astuteness: v.t. plan, to lay out, or direct, as an engineer, the forma- tion or execution of, as a road or work. English (ing'^lish), adj. belonging to, characteristic of, or pertaining to, the language or the people of England, or those descended from them: n. the English people or the language spoken by them. engrave (en-grav'), v.t. to cut or carve in sunken patterns; incise with figures or lines; impress deeply or indeUbly. engross (en-gros'), v.t. to purchase in the gross or bulk; monopolize; write in a large distinct round hand. engulf (en-gulf), v.t. to draw down into an abyss; to overwhelm in a mass of water. Also ingulf. enhance (en-bans'), v.t. to raise in esteem; advance; heighten in price or value. enigma (e-nig'ma), n. a riddle. enjoin (en-join'), v.t. to direct with authority or urgency; enforce; pro- hibit or restrain by an injunction. enjoy (en-joi'), v.t. to feel or perceive with pleasure; have the use or pos- session of. enkindle (en-kin'dl), v.t. to set on fire; rouse. enlarge (en-larj'), v.t. to make larger; extend in Umits or dimensions; am- plify; extend to more purposes or uses; release from confinement; di- late upon: v.i. to become larger; ex- patiate. eciighten (en-lit'n), v.t. to illuminate; make clear to the mind ; furnish with increased knowledge; elevate morally or spiritually. enlist (en-hsf), v.t. to enroll, as for military service; register; gain over, or employ in some cause: v.i. to engage one's self for mihtary ser- vice. enliven (en-llv'n), t;.^. to make vigor- ous, active, or vivacious; exhilarate; inspirit. enmity (en'mi-ti), n. [pi. enmities (en'mi-tiz)], animosity ; liatred ; hos- tihty; ill-will. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. ENNOBLE 170 ENTRAP ennoble (en-no'bl), v,t. to make noble; dignify; exalt; make famous or il- lustrious. ennui (ang-we'), languor of mind; listlessness, [French.] enormous (e-nor'mus), adj. excessive; very great; immense; huge; ex- tremely wicked. enough (e-nuf), cidj. sufficient: n. a sufficiency: adv. so as to be suffi- cient; very; quite: inter j, stop! enquire (en-quir'), same as inquire. enquiry (en-qui'ri), same as inquiry. enrage (en-raj'), v.t. to throw into a rage. enrich (en-rich'), v.t. to make rich; fertilize; store; adorn. enroll (en-rol'), v,t. to insert in a reg- ister; enlist; record. ensconce (en-skons'), vd. to hide; fix securely or comfortably; settle. ensemble (ang-sam'bl), the whole, with the parts all gathered together. [French.] enshrine (en-shrin'), v.t. to place in a shrine; keep sacred. ensign (en'sin), n. a flag; badge; the lowest rank in the navy, formerly known as '^passed midshipman.' \ In the British navy the name ensign has been changed to ^^sublieuten- ant." ensilage (en'si-laj), n. fodder or vege- table produce stored in a silo or pit: v.t. to preserve in a silo. enslave (en-slav'), v.t. to bring into, or reduce to, slavery; enthrall.^ Oisnare (en-snar'), v.t. to take in, or as in, a snare; take by craft; al- lure. ensue (en-su'), v.i. to follow as a con- sequence; succeed. entablature (en-tab'la-tur) , n. the whole parts on the top of a pillar entail (en-tal'), n. an estate in fee limited to a particular heir or heirs: vd. to leave or settle, as if by en- tail; involve; necessitate. entangle (en-tang'gl), v.t. to involve; tangle; ensnare; perplex; bewil- der. entente (ang-tant), n. understanding between governments; alliance. enter (en'ter), v.t. to go or come into; begin; penetrate; set down in writ- ing; join or become a member of; initiate into a business, &c.; place on the records of a court: v.i. to effect an entrance; come in. enterprise (en'ter-priz), n. an under- taking of importance or risk; bold- ness; energy and invention. entertain (en-ter-tan') , v.t. to receive and treat hospitably; afford diver- sion to; keep in the mind; take into consideration: v.i. to receive guests hospitably. entertainment (en-ter-tan'ment) , n. the act of entertaining; hospitality at table; a feast or banquet; a diverting performance; amusement. enthrall (en-thrawl') , v.t. to enslave; bring or hold under some overmas- tering influence. enthrone (en-thron'), v.t. to place on a throne; invest with sovereign power and authority. enthusiasm (en-thu'zi-azm), n. eleva- tion of fancy; ardor of mind; fer- vent zeal; fanaticism. [Greek.] entice (en-tis'), v.t, to attract or al- lure; tempt. entire (en-tir'), adj. complete in all parts; whole; undivided or un- broken; unalloyed; consisting of one piece: adv.^ entirely; wholly: n. the whole; entire beer. entitle (en-tl'tl), v.t. to give a title, name, or designation to; style; give a right to. entity (en'ti-ti), n. [jpl. entities (en'- ti-tiz)], anything that exists, or is supposed to exist; being. ento, ent, a Greek prefix forming manv compounds with scientific words, meaning withiriy interior. entomb (en-toom'), v.t, to place in, or as in, a tomb. entomology (en-to-mol'o-ji), n. that branch of zoology which treats of in- sects and their habits. entourage (ang-too-razh'), n. asso- ciates, surroundings. entrails (en'tralz), n.pl. the intes- tines. entrain (en-tran), v.t. to dispatch (troops) by train : v.i. to board a train. entrance (en'trans), n. the act of en- tering; a passage; avenue; the en- try of a ship, or goods, at the cus- tom house of a port : v.t. (en-trans') to bewitch, to fascinate. entrap (en-traj)'), v.t. to take in, or as in, a trap; inveigle; ensnare. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ENTREAT 171 EPOCH I entreat (en-tret/), v.t. to solicit ear- nestly; importune; beseech. I entree (ang-tra'), n, entrance; admis- i sion; a side dish. [French.] entrust, same as intrust.^ entry (en'tri), n. [pi. entries (en'triz)], an entrance; passage; entree; the act of entering and inscribing in a book; item; the taking possession of. entwine (en-twIn'), v.t. to twine around; twist together. enumerate (e - nu'mer - at) , v.t. to reckon or name singly; count; go over in detail. enunciate (e-nun'shi-at), v.t. to de- clare or proclaim; utter; express; speak. envelop (en-veFup), v.t. to surround with, or as with, a wrapper; hide; cover. envelope (en'vel-op), n. a case or wrapper, usually gummed, for safe conveyance of a letter by post, <^'c.; covering; wrapper. envenom (en-ven'um), v.t. make poi- sonous; infuse venom into; embit- ter. enviable (en'vi-a-bl) , adj. exciting envy; capable of awakening the de- sire to possess. envious (en'vi-us), adj. feeling, or characterized by, envy; jealous. environ (en-vi'run) , v.t. to surround or inclose; encompass; hem in: n.vl. places near a town or city; suburbs. envoy (en'voi), n. a diplomatic repre- sentative, second in rank to an am- bassador; one sent on a special mis- sion. [French.] envy (en'vi\ v.t. [p.t. & p.p. envied, p.pr. envying], to grudge; feel dis- pleasure at the excellence or pros- perity of; covet: v.i. to feel or exhibit envy: n. malice, ill-will; displeasure felt at the excellence of another; an object of envy. enwrap (en-rap'), v.t. 19 wrap up. enzym, enzjrme (en'zim), n. any of the unorganized ferments; leavened bread. eon (e'on), n a period of time; an age: eternity. Also aeon. [Greek.] epact (e'pakt), n. the excess of the solar over the lunar month, about 11 days in the year. [French.] epaulet (ep'aw-let), n. an ornament- al badge sometimes worn on the shoulder by naval and military- of- ficers. [French.] ephemeral (e-fem'er-al) , adj. existing only for a day; short-lived. epic (ep'ik), adj. heroic; narrative; said of a poem: n. a narrative poem of some heroic deed or event [Greek.] Epicurean (ep-i-ku-re'an) , n. sl fol- lower of the Greek philosopher, Epicurus (third centurj^ B.C.), who taught that pleasure is the chief good ; by a perversion of his meaning, the w^ord came to be applied to a voluptuary, or gourmand. epidemic (ep-i-dem'ik), ac//. attacking many at the same time: said of a disease: n. a disease having this characteristic. [Greek.] epidermis (ep-i-der'mis), n. the cuticle or scarf skin; the outer coating or bark of a plant. ^ epigastrium (ep-i-gas'tri-um), n. the upper part of the abdomen and more particularly the walls of the stomach and the stomach itself. [Greek.] epiglottis (ep-i-glot'is), ii. the leaf- shaped cartilage which covers the upper part of the larynx in the act of swallowing. epigram Cep'i-gram), n. sl verse or short poem ending in some ingenious or witty turn ; a pithy phrase. epilepsy (ep'i-lep-si), n. a chronic ner- vous disease accompanied by loss of consciousness find convulsions. epilogue (ep'i-log), n. a poem or speech at the conclusion of a play. episcopacy (e-pis'ko-pa-si), n. church government by bishops; prelacy. episode (ep'i-sod), n. an incident; a digression, or incidental narrative.^ epistle (e-pis'l), n. sl letter; a writ- ten communication or message. epitaph (ep'i-taf), n. a memorial in- scription on a tomb or monument. epithelium (ep-i-the'H-um), n. the cells that line the alimentary canal and sometimes other parts of the body. epithet (ep'i-thet), n. an adjective denoting any quality either good or bad; appellation. epitome (e-pit'o-me) , n. a summary; abridgment; compendium. epoch (ep'ok), n. a point of time ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. EPODE 172 ERROR from which succeeding years are and outfit of an army, vessel, trav- reckoned; era; date. eler, &c.; the carriage, horse, liver- epode (ep'od), n. the last part of an ied servants of a person of rank or ode; a burden or refrain in music. gentleman. equable (ek'wa-bl), adj. uniform; equity (ek'wi-ti), n. [pL equities consistently equal; proportionate. (ekVi-tiz)], justice; just regard to equal (e'kwal), adj. of the same ex- right or claim; impartiality; the ad- tent, or magnitude; uniform; ade- ministration of law according to its quate; of the same rank, degree, or spirit and not according to the value; just; parallel: n. one of the letter. same age, rank, office, talents, &c.: equivalent (e-kwiv'a-lent) , adj. equal y.t. [p.t. & p.p. equaled, p.m. equal- in value or power; the same in ing], to be, become or make equal; significance or effect : n. a thing of the return a full equivalent for. ^ same effect. equality (e-kwal'i-ti) , n. [pi. equali- equivocal (e-kwiv'o-kal), adj. of a ties (e-kwal'i-tiz)], the state of being doubtful or double significance; equal; uniformity; evenness, equa- ambiguous; open to suspicion or bility. doubt; uncertain. equanimity (e-kwa-nim'i-ti) , n. even- era (e'ra), ??. the point of time from ness of temper or mind; calmness. which a series 9f years is reckoned; equation (e-kwa'shun) , n. in mathe- period; the beginning of a new geo- matics, a proposition expressing the logical system or formation, equahty of two quantities, the sign eradicate (e-rad'i-kat), v.t. to de- = being i)laced between them ; a stroy thoroughly ; exterminate, representation of a chemical reac- erase (e-ras'), v.t. to obliterate by, or tion expressed by symbols. as by, scratching, or blotting out; equator (e-kwa'ter), n. the imaginary expunge. circle which passes round the mid- ere (ar), conj. & prep, before; sooner die of the earth and divides it into than. two equal parts. , erect (e-rekt'), v.t. to raise upright; equerry (ek^ver-i), n..[pl. equerries construct; build; raise; establish; (ek'wer-iz)], an officer in the house of distend or stiffen: adj. upright; a prince or nobleman, who attends firmly uplifted; bold or un- him in public, and has the super- shaken, vision of his horses. ergo (er'go), adv. therefore; conse- equestrian (e-kwes'tri-an) , adj. per- quently. [Latin.] taining to horses or horsemanship; ermine (er'min), n. a weasel-like performing with horses: n. one animal, much valued for its fur, skilled in horsemanship. which becomes white in winter, ex- equi, a Latin prefix meaning equal. cept the tip of the tail, which re- equilateral (e-kwi-lat'er-al), adj. hav- mains black; the emblem, dignity, mg all the sides equal: n. a figure or office of a judge, with equal sides. erosion (e-ro'zhun), n. the act of equilibrium (e - kwi - lib ' ri - um) , n. eating away ; gradual destruction. equaUty of weight, power, force, erotic (e-rot'ik), adj. pertaining to, or &c.; equipoise. ^ caused by, love; amorous: n. an equinox (e'kwi-noks) , n. the point of amatory poem or composition, mtersection of the echptic and the err (er), v.i. to commit an error or equator; the time the sun enters mistake; wander; deviate from the one of the two equinoctial points path of rectitude, when the days and nights are of errand (er'and), n. a message; com- equal duration. mission. equip (e-kwip'), v.t.^ ['p.t. & p.p. erratic (er-rat'ik), adj. wandering; equipped, p.pr. equippmg], to fur- irregular; eccentric: n.pl. boulders nish or fit out; accoutre; prepare or transported by natural agencies qualify. from their original site. equipage (ek'wi-paj), n. the arms error (er'er), n. deviation from the ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ERST 173 ESTRANGE trath; mistake; blunder; an irreg- ularity. erst (erst), adv, formerly. eructation (e-ruk-ta'shun) , n. the act of throwing off wind from the stomach. erudite (er'u-dit), learned. erudition (er-u-dish'un) , n, knowledge obtained by the study of books; learning. eruption (e-rup'shun) , n. sl breaking or bursting forth; that which bursts forth; a breaking out. erysipelas (er-i-sip'e-las) , n. an in- flammation of the skin, accompanied with fever. [Greek.] escalator (es'ka-la'tor) , n. sl moving stairway. escapade (es'ka-pad') , n. a breach of propriety; misdeed; freak. escape (es-kap'), v,t. to flee from; get out of the way of; avoid; enjoy immunity from: v.i. to get out of danger; fly: n. sl getting away from danger; flight; dehverance. escarp (es-karp'), v.t. to give a steep slope to: n. the side of the ditch next the rampart forming a steep slope. escheat (es-chet'), v.t. to forfeit through failure of heirs in British law: v.i. to revert to the crown or lord of the manor by reason of forfeiture or failure of heirs: n. land or tenements which fall to the crown or lord of the manor by forfeiture or failure of heirs. eschew (es-chu'), v.t. to shun; avoid. escort (es'kort), n. a body of armed men acting as a guard; a retinue: v.t. (es-kdrt') to accompany; con- voy. escutcheon (es-kuch'un), n. sl shield on which the heraldic arms of a family are emblazoned. esophag;us (e-sof 'a-gus) , n. the gul- let or canal through which food and drink pass to the stomach. esoteric (es-o-ter'ik), adj. secret: con- fidential; profound. especial (es-pesh'al), adj, particular; chief. espionage (es'pi-p-naj), n. the act or practice of spying to detect wrong- doing, or of employing spies or se- cret agents. esplanade (es-pla^nade') , n. a levelled terrace or promenade, for public use. espouse (es-pouz'), v.t. to promise, en- gage, or give in marriage; wed; adopt; advocate or defend, as a cause. espy (es-pi'), v.t, [p.t. & p.p. espied, p.pr. espying], to see at a distance; discover (something intended to be hid) ; see unexpectedly. esquire (es-kwir'), n. originally the ar- mor-bearer or attendant on a knight ; a title next below a knight's; a title appUed to professional men, justices of the peace, and often used instead of Mr. in the address of a ktter. In England it is considered dis- courteous or contemptuous to use Mr. in place of Esq. in a let- ter. essay (es'sa), n. a short written com- position or treatise; an attempt; experiment: v.t. (es-sa'), [p.t. & p.p. essayed, p.pr. essay mg], to try or attempt. essence (es'ens), n. the concentrated preparation of any substance; vola- tile matter; perfume; that in which the real character of a thing con- sists. essential (es-sen'shal) , adj. necessary to the existence of a thing; most important; indispensable; pure; vol- atile; highly rectified. establish (es-tab'lish), v.t. to fix firm- ly; settle; prove legally; strength- en; restore. estate (es-tat'), n. condition of life; rank, position, or quality; the title or interest one has in lands or tene- ments; property in general: pi. or- ders or classes of men in a country; a legislative assembly composed of these classes. esteem (es-tem'), v.t. to set a high value upon; respect; prize; con- sider: n. favorable opinion; estima- tion; respect: reverence. estimate (es'ti-mat), v.t. to compute; determine the value of:n. the com- puted cost or value of anything; appraisement. estop (es-top'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. es- topped, p.pr. estopping], to place under estoppel; bar. estrange (es-tranj'), v.t. to alienate; keep at a distance; turn from kind- ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. ESTUARY 174 EVENT ness to indifference or enmity (with from) . estuary _(es'tu-a-ri), n. [vl, estuaries (es'tti-a-riz)], the mouth of a tidal river. et caetera (et set'er-a), and others of the same kind; and so forth. Also et cetera. etch (ech), v,t. to engrave by biting out with an acid the design previous- ly drawn with an etching-needle: v,i. to practice etching. eternal (e-ter'nal), adj, without be- ginning or end; everlasting; per- petual; incessant. eternity (e^ter'ni-ti),^ n, [pi, eternities (e-terni-tiz)], infinite duration; un- ending existence. ether (e'ther), n. an ^extremely fine fluid, lighter than air, supposed to pervade all space beyond the atmos- Shere of the earth; a volatile in- ammable liquid produced by the distillation of alcohol with sulphuric acid. It is now used as an anaes- thetic largely supplanting chloroform as being safer. ethics (eth'iks), n.jiil, the science that treats of the principles of human morality and duty; moral philoso- phy; morals. ethnic (eth'nik), ac?;. pertaining to, or characteristic of, races or peoples. ethyl (eth'il), n. a^ monatomic fatty hydrocarbon radical, contained in alcohol and ether. eti^^uette (et'i-ket), n, the conven- tional rules or ceremonial observed in polite society; good breeding. [French.] etymology (et-i-mol'o-ji), n. [pi, ety- mologies (efc-i-moro-jiz) ], that branch of philology which treats of the origin and derivation of words. [Greek.] euchre (u'ker), n. a particular game of cards, those between seven and ace being discarded: v.t, to prevent (an opponent at euchre) from tak- ing three of the five tricks: hence to outwit. [From German Jucks.] eugenics (u-jen'iks), n. the science which is concerned in securing the birth of healthy children. eunuch (u'nuk), n, a castrated per- son, especially an attendant in a harem. [Greek.] euphemism (u'fem-izm), n. the sub- stitution of a delicate or pleasing expression in place of one which is offensive or indelicate. euphonic (u-fon'ik), adj, sounding pleasantly to the ear. Also euphon- ical, euphonious. [Greek.] euphony (u'fo-ni), n, [pi. euphonies (u'fo-niz)], an agreeable sound, or pronunciation. euphuism (u'fu-izm), n. a pedantic or affected use of words or language, prevalent at the court of Queen EHzabeth. eureka (hu-re'ka), n. a Greek word sig- nifying ^'I have found it." evacuate (e-vak'u-at), v.t, to make void or empty; discharge through the excretory passages; abandon possession, or withdraw from. evade (e-vad'), v.L to elude; escape by artifice, stratagem, or sophistry. evanescent (ev-a-nes'ent) , adj. dis- appearing gradually from sight; van- ishing. evangel (e-van'jel), n. good news, especially that of the Gospel. evangelical (ev-an-jel'i-kal), adj. per- taining to the Gospel, or the four Gospels. evaporate (e-vap'o-rat), v.i. to dis- perse in vapor; pass awajr without effect: v.t. to convert into va- por. evasion (e-va'zhun), n. the act of evad- ing; an excuse; equivocation; sub- terfuge. evasive (e-va'siv), adj. tending, or seeking to evade; elusive.^ eve (ev), n. the fast or vigil before a church festival, or Saint's day; the period immediately preceding some important event; evening [Poet.]. evection (e-vek'shun) , n. a periodical irregularity of the moon^s mo- tion. even (e'vn), adj. level; uniform; smooth; parallel; divisible by two without a remainder; equal; bal- anced; calm; whole: n. evening [Poet.]: v.t. to level or make even: v.t. to be quits: adv. verily; exactly; noting emphasis; but also. evening (e'vn-ing), n. the close of the day and beginning of the night; the latter end of life. event (e-vent'), n. an occurrence; in- cident; consequence of an action; ftte, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, th^n. EVENTIDE 175 EXCEPTION any single item in a program of sports or_ games. eventide (eVn-tid), n. evening. eventual (e-ven'tu-al) , adj. happen- ing as a result; ultimate; contin- gent. ever (ev'er), adv. at any tune; al- ways; without endj_in any degree. everglade (ev'er-glad) , n. a low, swampy tract of land, with patches of tall grass ;^ especially such the great marsh in Southern Florida. evergreen (ev'er-gren) , n.^ a tree or plant which retains its foHage throughout the year: adj. always green, or fresh. everlasting (ev-ci-last'ing), adj. per- petual: n. eternity; a plant whose flowers retain their color when dried ; a kind of stout woolen material. evermore (ever-mor'), adv. eternally; always. every (ev'ri or ev'er-i), adj. the whole, taken one at a time; each. evict (e-vikt'), v.t. to expel or dis- possess by legal process. evidence (ev'i-dens), n. indubitable certainty; proof; testimony: v.t. to prove; make evident or plain. evident (ev'i-dent), adj. plain; ob- vious. evil (e'vl), adj. morally bad; wicked; sinful; unfortunate; mischievous; disastrous; worthless: adv. badly; unkindly: n. moral depravity; in- jury; affliction. evince (e-yins'), v.t. to manifest or make_evident; demonstrate. evoke (e-vok'), i'.^._to call forth. evolution (ev-o-lu'shun) , n. devel- opment or growth; the movements of troops in marching or on the bat- tle field; the extraction of roots of any arithmetical or algebraical pow- er; the gradual development or de- scent of forms of life from simple or low organized types consisting of a single cell. [Latin.] evolve (e-volv'), v.t. to develop; un- fold^ expand; work out. ewe (u), n. a female sheep. ewer (u'er), n. a large water pitcher, used in the toilet. ex, a Latin prefix, meaning out of, beyond, jrom ; before W9rds denoting occupation or oflBce, it indicates pre- vious occupancy. exact (egz-akf), adj. very correct or accurate; precise; methodical; strict; particular: v.t. require or claim au- thoritatively; compel to be paid; in- sist upon as a right. exaction (egz-ak'shun) , n. the act of exacting; extortion. exaggerate (egz-aj'er-at), v.t. to en- large or heighten by overstatement; color highly. exalt (egz-awltO, v.t. to elevate in rank, station, or dignity; raise on high; glorify or extol. examine (egz-am'in), v.t. to scrutinize or investigate carefully; search or inquire into; interrogate as a wit- ness; test orally or by papers the knowledge, qualifications, &c., of, as a candidate for a degree or office; experiment; analyze; test. example (egz-am'pl), n. a pattern; a model or copy; an illustration of a rule or precept; sample; specimen; one punished for the admonition of others. exasperate (egz-as'per-at) , v.t. to irri- tate exceedingly: enrage greatly; enibitter; intensify: adj. covered with hard, stiff points: said of a plant. excavate (eks'ka-vat), v.t. to dig or hollow outj scoop or cut out. exceed (ek-sed'), v.t. to go beyond the limit or m.easure of; surpass; excel; transcend: v.i. to be greater; go be- yond bounds. excel (ek-ser), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. excelled, p.pr. excelling], to possess good qualities in a great degree: v.t. sur- pass; outdo in comparison; to be superior to. excellence (ek'sel-ens), n. the state of excelling in anything; superior merit, goodness, or virtue. excellent (ek'sel-ent), adj. of great value, merit, or virtue; highly useful or desirable; eminently distinguished for goodness, or ability. excelsior (ek-sel'si-er), n. wood shav- ings, long and thin, and used for packing material. except (ek-sept')» v.t. to omit or leave out; exclude: r.i. to object (with to): prep, omitting; without inclu- sion of; besides: conj. unless. exception (ek-sep'shun) , n. the state of being excepted; omission; exclu- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, t/ieru EXCEPTIONABLE 176 EXEMPLARY sion; objection; offense taken (with to) ; a formal objection to a decision of a court during trial. exceptionable (ek-sep'shun-a-bl), adj. objectionable. exceptional (ek-sep'shun-al) , adj, un- usual. excerpt (ek-serpf), v.t, to take out or select from, as a book; quote: n, a selection or extract from a book or writing. excess (ek-ses'), n. that which, exceeds the ordinary limit, measure, or ex- perience; overplus; superfluity; in- temperance. exchange (eks-chanj'), v-i- to give in return for an equivalent; barter, give, resign, or abandon: n. the act of exchanging; barter; reciprocity; the act of resigning one thing for another; a place where merchants meet (often 'change). exchequer (eks-chek'er) , n. sl treasury; cash or funds; formerly an English court of law, now merged into the Queen's Bench division of the High Court of Justice. [Old French.] excise (ek-siz'), v.t. to levy an excise duty upon: n. an inland tax levied on commodities of home production and consumption. excision (eks-sizh'un) , n. the act of cutting out, or off; the state of being cut off; destruction; ruin; amputa- tion. excite (ek-sit'), v.t, to animate; rouse up; encourage; put into motion or action. excitement (ek-sit 'ment) , n. the state of being excited; commotion; sensa- tion ; stimulation ; w^armth of temper. exclaim (eks-klam), v.i. & v.t. to cry out abruptly and passionately; to vociferate. exclamation (eks-kla-ma'shun) , n. an abrupt or clamorous outcry; an ex- pression of surprise, pain, &c.; a mark (!) in writing or printing to denote emotion, surprise, &c. exclude (eks-klud'), v.t. to shut out; hinder trom entrance or admission; prohibit; debar; except. exclusive (eks-klu'siv), adj. tending to exclude; illiberal; shutting out from limits fixed by law: n. one who ex- cludes all but a few from his society or fellowship. excogitate (eks-koj'i-tat), v.t: to in- vent; discover by thinking. excommunicate (eks-kom-mu'ni- kat), v.t. to punish by cutting off from the membership and communi- cation of the church. [Latin.] excoriate (eks-ko'ri-at), v.t. to strip off the skin; rub or gall; abrade. excrement (eks'kre-ment), n. matter discharged from the body of an ani- mal after digestion. excrescence (eks-kres'ens) , n. an un- natural or disfiguring outgrowth, excretion (eks-kre'shun), n. the throw- ing off or ejection of waste matter from the body. excruciate (eks-kru'shi-at) , v.t. to in- flict severe pains upon ; torture. exculpate (eks-kul'pat), v.t. to clear from the imputation of a fault; ex- onerate. excursion (eks-ker'shun) , n. a pleas- ure trip; a short or rapid tour; a di- gression. excuse (eks-ktiz'), v.^ to extenuate by apology; pardon; free from obliga- tion or duty; remit; justify: n. (eks-ktisO, a plea offered in extenua- tion of some fault or neglect of duty ; apology; pretext. execrate (eks'e-krat), v.t. to imprecate evil upon ; detest ; abhor. execute (eks'e-kut), v.t. to perform; carry into effect; put to death; pur- sue to the end; make valid or legal by signing or sealing: v.i. to per- form any act or office; play some piece of music. [Latin.] execution (eks-e-kti'shun), n. the act of executing; performance; manner of carrying anything into effect; completion; a legal warrant or or- der; the act of giving validity to a legal instrument; capital punish- ment; destruction; effective work or operation. executive (egs-ek'u-tiv) , adj. per- taining to the governing body; ad- ministrative; active: n. an official, or body, charged with carrying the laws into effect; the administrative branch of a government. exegesis (eks-e-je'sis), n, explanation or interpretation of a text or passage, especially of the Bible. [Latin.] exemplary (egz-em'pla-ri), cwi;. serving as a copy or model; commendable. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. EXEMPLIFY 177 EXPEL exemplify (egz-em'pli-f i) , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. exemplified, p.pr. exemplifying], to illustrate by example; tran- scribe. exempt (egz-empt')., v.L to free from some duty or obligation; grant im- munity to: adj. free from some duty or obKgafcion (with from) : n. sl person thus set free; an exon. exercise (eks'er-slz) , v.t. to train by use; exert; practice; employ ac- tively; make anxious; harass: v.i. to undergo training: n. bodily exer- tion; mental or physical develop- ment; labor; practice; a lesson or example for practice. exert (eks-ert'), v.t. to put forth; use with an effort. exhale (eks-hal'), v.t. to breathe forth; emit or send out; cause to evapo- rate: v.i. to rise in vapor. exhaust (egz-awst'), v.t. to empty by drawing off the contents; drain; weaken; wear out by exertion; dis- cuss or treat thoroughly: adj. wholly or partially deprived of strength. exhibit (egz-ib'it), v.t. to present to view; display; show; manifest pub- licly; present formally or officially; administer: n. a legal document pre- sented in proof of facts; an object offered for public view. exhibition (eks-i-bish'un) , n. the act of exhibiting; a pubhc show; a pri- vate benefaction for the support of a scholar at a university. exhilarate (egz-il'a-rat and eks-hil'- a-rat), v.t. to make joyous, glad, or cheerful; enliven. exhort (egz-orf), v.t. to incite by ap- peal or argument to good deeds; caution; admonish. exhume (eks-hum'), v.t. to disin- ter. exig:ency (eks'i-jen-si) , n. [pi. exigen- cies (eks'i-jen-siz)], pressing neces- sity or demand; urgency. exile (ex'il), v.t. to banish from one's native country: n. the state of being banished from one's native country; the condition of living away from one's home or friends. [Latin.] exist (egz-isf), v.i. to have existence; live. existence (egz-is fens), n. the state of being; life; duration; occurrence. exit (eks'it), n. the act of going out; egress; the departure of an actor from the stage. exo, a Greek prefix j^ meaning on the outside, occurring in many scientific words. exodus (eks'o-dus), n. a departure, es- fjcially that of the Israehtes from gypt. exonerate (egz-on'er-at) , v.t. to free from the imputation of a fault; acquit; justify; relieve or discharge from a responsibihty, duty, &c. exorbitant (egz-or'bi-tant) , adj, ex- cessive. exorcise (eks'or-siz) , v.t. to expel (an evil spirit) by prayers or incanta- tions; pronounce exorcisms over. exordium (egz-6r'di-um), n. the open- ing part of a speech or composition. exoteric (eks-o-ter'ik) , adj. pertaining to the uninitiated public: opposed to esoteric. exotic (eks-ot'ik), adj. foreign. eanpand (eks-pand'), v.t. to distend; di- late; extend: v.i. to increase in size. expanse (eks-pans'), n. a continuous area; the firmament; extent. expansive (eks-pan'siv) , adj. capable of being expanded ; widely extended. expatiate (eks-pa'shi-at) , v.i. to en- large in statement or language. expatriate (eks-pat'ri-at), v.t. to drive from one's native country. expect (eks-pekt'), v.t. to wait for; look for with an apprehension of something good or evil. expectorate (eks-pek'to-rat) , v.t. to eject from the lungs by coughing, &c.; spit. expedient (eks-pe'di-ent) , adj. fit ; con- venient; suitable; proper: n. that which aids as a means to an end; device. expedite (eks'pe-dit) , v.t. to hasten; facilitate. expedition (eks-pe-dish'un) , n. haste; despatch; promptness; a march, voy- age, &c., by an army or several persons for some particular pur- pose. expeditious (eks - pe - dish ' us) , adj. quick; speedy. expel (eks-pel'). v.t. ['p.t. & p.p. ex- pelled, p.pr. expelhngj, to drive away; force out; send away by authority; exclude. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. EXPEND 178 EXQUISITE expend (eks-pend'), v.t. to lay out; spend. expenditure (eks-pen'di-tur) , n. a laying^ out, as money, time, labor, &c.; disbursement. expense (eks-pens'), n. expenditure; drain on resources; detriment; cost. expensive (eks-pen'siv) , adj. causing expense. experience (eks-pe'ri-ens) , n. knowl- edge gained by trial and practice; test; practice; spiritual exercise of mind. experiment (eks-per'i-ment) , n. a trial or operation to discover some- thing previously unknown; proof trial: v.i. to search out by trial. Also experimentalize. expert (eks-pert'), (idj. skilful, through practice or experience; adroit; dex- terous: n. (eks'pert), one who is skilled through practise or ex- perience. expiate (eks'pi-at), v.t, to atone for. expire (eks-pir'), v.t. to breathe out from the lungs: v.i. to die. explain (eks-plan'), v.t. to make in- telligible or clear; expound or in- terpret. explanatory (eks-plan'a-to-ri) , adj. serving to explain. expletive (eks'ple-tiv), n. a word not necessary for the sense inserted in a sentence for ornament or to fill up a verse: adj. filling up; added or inserted for emphasis, &c. ; an oath, explicable (eks'pli-ka-bl) , adj. that may be explained or interpreted. explicit (eks-plis'it), adj. plain; definite. explode (eka-plod/), v.i. to burst forth with sudden noise and violence; col- lapse: v.t. to cause to pass from a solid to a gaseous state; refute; demolish. exploit (eks-ploif) , v.t. to make use of for one^s own profit; put to use; explore in search of; explain at length: n. (eks'ploit), a remarkable deed or heroic act. explore (eks-plor'), v.t. to search into or examine thoroughly; travel in or over (a country) to discover its characteristic features, &c. explosion (eks-plo'zhun), n. the act of exploding; a sudden bursting with a loud report; a sudden and violent outbreak. explosive (eks-plo'siv), ad[/. pertaining to, or causing, explosion: n. any sub- stance that causes an explosion; a mute consonant. exponent (eks-po'nent), n. the index of an algebraical power; one who explains or interprets the principles of something. export (eks-port'), v.t. to send or carry out of a country, as merchandise: v.i. to send goods to a foreign coun- try: (eks'port), n. a commodity car- ried to a foreign country. expose (eks-poz'), v.t. to lay open; put toward for sale; leave to the ac- tion of any force or circumstance; disclose; place in peril; lay open to censure or ridicule. expostulate (eks-pos'tti-lat) , v.i. to reason earnestly or remonstrate (followed by with, on or upon). exposure (eks-po'zhur) , n. the act of exposing; situation; aspect. expound (eks-pound'), v.t to set forth, explain, or interpret; make clear. express (eks-pres'), v.t. to exhibit by language; utter; show; represent; squeeze out; despatch by express; adj. plainly stated ; ^ exact ; resem- bling precisely; not imphed; special- ly prepared; pertaining to quick or direct conveyance: n. a person or vehicle that carries letters or small packages expeditiously; an express- train ; a message or despatch ; a reg- ular and systematic method of con- veyance for passengers, mails, goods of small bulk, &c. [Latin.] expression (eks-presh'un) , n. the act or power of representing anything; a saying ; mode of speech ; transient change of the countenance; modu- lation of the voice. expressive (eks-pres'iv) , adj. serving to express; full of significance; forci- bly. expulsion (eks-pul'shun) , n. forcible ejection. expunge (eks-punj'); v.t. to blot out; erase; destroy; obliterate. [Latin.] expurgate (eks'per-gat), v.t. to re- move whatever is offensive to good taste or morality from: said of books. See Bowdlerize. [Latin.] exquisite (eks'kwi-zit) , adj. refined; delicate; nice; accurate; choice; ex- fite, &rm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. EXTANT 179 EXTRAVAGANZA I cellent; highly finished; extreme: n, ; a person over refined in dress; a ij dandy. [Latin.] ' extant (eks'tant), adj. still existing. extemporaneous (eks-tem-po-ra'ne- i us), adj. unpremeditated; without I previous notes or study; off-hand. extempore (eks-tem'po-re), adj. and adv. without study or premeditation. extemporize (eks-tem'po-riz), v.t. to ' compose on the spur of the moment : v.i. to discourse, &c., without notes or previous study. i extend (eks-tend'), v.t. to stretch out; I enlarge; amplify; continue; diffuse; communicate; 'disseminate: v.i. to reach to any distance ; be prolonged. I extension (eks-ten'shun), n. the act of extending; the state of being ex- tended; a branch line of railway, j &c. ; space regarded as having di- I mensions. extensive (eks-ten'siv), adj. having great extent; wide; comprehensive. extent (eks-tent'), n. the space or de- gree to which a thing is extended; size; compass; reach; a writ of execution. extenuate (eks-ten'u-at), v.^. to offer excuses for; palliate; mitigate. exterior (eks-te'ri-er) , adj. outward; external: n. that which is outside; outer surface. exterminate (eks-ter'mi-nat) , v.t. to destroy utterly; annihilate; root out. external (eks-ter'nal) , adj. outside; ex- terior; superficial; objective; for- eign: n. an exterior or outward part; an outward form, rite, or ceremony. extinct (eks-tingkt') , adj. extinguished ; put out; quenched; worn out; in- active. extinguish (eks-ting'gwish) , v.t. to put out; pay off and satisfy in full; eclipse. extinguisher (eks-ting'gwish-er), n. one who, or that which, extinguishes: a hollow cone for extinguishing a light; an instrument filled with liquids, and by which these can be thrown upon fire. extirpate (eks-ter'pat) , v.t. to eradi- cate; destroy; exterminate. extol (eks-tolO, v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ex- tolled, p.pr. extollmg], to praise highly; magnify; laud; celebrate. extort (eks-torf), v.t, to obtain by threats, violence, or injustice: v.i, to practice extortion. extortion (eks-tor'shun), n. the act or practice of extorting : oppressive or unjust exaction. extortionate (eks-tor'shun-at) , adj. characterized by extortion; unjust. extra, a Latin prefix meaning over and above; beyond; besides; found in numerous words, the sense of which is self-evident, as ex^ra-official, extras' parochial, ea:^?'a-judicial, &c. extra (eks'tra), adj. additional: n. something not included in the usual fee or charge; an edition of a news- paper issued in addition to the reg- ular edition, or for some particular object. extract (eks-trakf), v.t. to draw out of; pull out; select from a larger literary work: n. (eks'trakt) a sub- stance extracted by distillation, so- lution, &c.; an abstract or excerpt from a book; quotation. extraction (eks-trak'shun), n. the act of extracting: lineage, birth, or descent. extradite (eks'tra-alt), v.t. to sur- render (a person) to another govern- ment under the terms of a treaty of extradition. extradition (eks-tra-dish'un) , n. the surrender by the government of one nation to another of a person guilty of a crime, in accordance with the terms of a treaty existing between the two nations. extramural (eks-tra-mu'ral), adj. be- yond the wall of a city or university. extraneous (eks-tra'ne-us) , adj. ex- ternal; foreign. extraordinary (eks-tror'di-na-ri, or eks-tra-6r'di-na-ri), adj. beyond or out of the usual course; uncommon; unusual; remarkable; rare; emi- nent; special. extravagance (eks-trav'a-gans) , n. ex- cess in anything, especially expendi- ture; profusion. extravagant (eks-trav'a-gant), adj, exceeding reasonable Hmits; waste- ful; prodigal; irregular; needlessly lavish in expenditure; visionary. extravaganza (eks-trav-a-gan'za), n. a stage burlesque : an irregular piece of music: a wild flight of language or feeling. [Italian.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; niTte, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 12 hue, hut ; think, then. EXTRAVASATE 180 EYRIE extra vasate (eks-trav'a-sat) , v.t. to force out of a duct or vessel, as blood : v.i. to escape out of- the prop- er vessel. extreme (eks-trem'), adj, of the high- est degree; last; utmost; furthest; final; most severe or strict; uncom- promising: n. the utmost degree of anything; extremity; excess; end: pL points at the greatest distance from each other. extremist (eks-trem[ist), n. a sup- porter of extreme views or practice. extremity (eks-trem'i-ti) , n. [vl. ex- tremities (eks-trem'i-tiz) ], the ut- most point or degree; remotest part; utmost violence, vigor, or necessity; end: pi. the Hmbs. extricate (eks'tri-kat), v.t. to free from difficulties, complications, or perplexity; disembarrass. extrinsic (eks-trin'sik) , adj. external, not inherent or essential; foreign. extrude (eks-trud'), v.t. to thrust out. exuberance (eks-u'ber-ans) , n. super- abundance. exuberant (eks-ti'ber-ant) , adj. copi- ous. exude (eks-ud'), v.t. to discharge grad- ually through pores: v.i. to flow out slowly. exult (egz-ulf), v.i. to rejoice in tri- umph; be glad above measure. exultant (egz-ult'ant) , adj. rejoicing triumphantly. eye (i), n. [pi. eyes (iz)], the organ of sight; the eyeball, sight; observa- tion; view; a small perforation; bud; that which resembles an eye: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. eyed; P-pr.- eyeing], to watch closely; keep in view; scruti- nize. eyeball (i'bawl), n. the globe of the eye. eyebrow (i'brou), n. the hairy arch above the eyes. ^ i eyelash (i'lash), n. the ridge of hair | that lines the eyelid. eyelet (i'let), n. a small hole to re- ceive a lace or cord. eyelid (i'lid), n. the movable skin which covers over and closes the eye. eye- piece (I'pes), n. the lens or lenses in an optical instrument through which the image of an object is magnified and viewed. eyesight (i'sit), n. the sight of the eye: range of vision; view. eyesore (i'sor), n. anything that of- fends the sight. eyot (i'ot), n. a little island in a river or lake. Also ait. [Enghsh.] eyre (ar), n. sl circuit of itinerant judges. eyrie (e' or a'ri), n. the nest of a predatory bird. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, *^en. F F, the sixth letter in the alphabet; derived from Greek and Latin. In the Oriental character it was called van or wan, which means a nail. fa (fa), n. the fourth note in the sol- fa musical notation = F. Fabian (fa'bi-an), adj. avoiding battle ; cautious; adopting the poHcy of delay. fable (fa'bl), n. a short fictitious nar- rative intended to convey some moral; an idle story or falsehood: v.t. to feign; fabricate: v.i. to speak falsely or untruthfully. fabric (fab'rik), n. an edifice or building; a woven, felted, or knitted material. fabricate (f ab'ri-kat) , v.t. to con- struct; form by manufacture or art; invent falsely. fabulous (fab'u-lus), adj. fictitious; mythical. facade (fa-sad'), n. front elevation. face (fas), n. the countenance; dial of a clock, &c.; front; visage; sur- face; appearance; outward aspect; confidence; personal influence; an expressive grimace; value, exclud- ing discount or interest: said of a note, &c. (face-value) : v.t. [p.t. & p.p. faced, p.pr. facing], to meet m front; oppose with boldness or confidence; stand opposite to; cover with an additional sm-face: v.i. to turn the face. facet (fas'et), n. a small surface or face; one of the minute planes into which the sm-face of a diamond is cut: v.t. to cut or work a facet upon. facetious (f a-se'shus) , adj. humorous; jocular. facial (fa'shal), adj. pertaining to the face. facile (fas'y.), adj. yielding; phant; affable. facility (f a-sil'i-ti) , n. [pi. facihties (fa-sil'i-tiz)], freedom from difficulty; dexterity; ease; pliancy; ready com- phance: pi. the means by which the performance of any act may be more easily accomplished. fact (fakt), n. anything that is done; reality; event; truth. faction (fak'shun), n. a party in dis- loyal opposition; dissension. factitious (f ak-tish'us) , adj. artificial; sham. factor (fak'ter), n. an agent who transacts business for another; one of two or more quantities (multi- plier and multipUcand) which, mul- tiphed together, give a product ; any circumstance, &c., which produces a result: v.t. to manage or act as a factor for; resolve into mathemati- cal factors. factory (fak'to-ri), n. [pi. factories (fak^to-riz) ], a manufactory; a trad- ing settlement. facultv (fak'ul-ti), n. [pi. faculties (fak ul-tiz) ], any mental or physical power ; mental capacity ; skill ob- tained by practice; ability; ease; readiness; the members collectively of any one of the learned profes- sions, especially the medical; the professors and instructors of a de- partment in a university. fad (fad), n. a crotchet; a pet idea or hobby ; a passing fashion. fade (fad), v.i. to lose color or dis- tinctness; languish; wither; droop; die away._ faeces (fe'sez), n.pl. excrement; sedi- ment. fae (fag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. fagged, p.pr. faggingl, to work hard; grow weary; drudge for another: v.t. to tire out or exhaust; to compel to drudge for another: n. one who drudges for an- other; fatigue; drudgery. fagot (fog'ot), n. a bundle of sticks bound together; a bundle of fish laid ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nSrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. FAHRENHEIT 182 FAME up for drying; a bundle of scrap- or wrought-iron or steel to be worked over; a kind of meat-cake of pork: v.t. to form into fagots. Fahrenheit (f a'ren-hit) , n. the name of a thermometer-scale, having 32° as its freezing point, and 212° as the boiling point of water. fail (fal), v.i. to fail short; be deficient; waste away; decline; turn out badly; become bankrupt: v.t. to be wanting, or insufficient for; forsake; n. failure; omission. failing (faring), n. a fault; weakness; imperfection; the act of becoming bankrupt. failure (fartir), n. the act of failing; omission; neglect or non-perform- ance ; want of success ; lapse ; the act of becoming bankrupt. fain (fan), adv. willingly; gladly. faint (fant), v.i. to become feeble; lose consciousness; swoon; lose cour- age and hope: adj. feeble; languid; depressed; spiritless; nofc bright or vivid in color; not loud or clear: n, a sudden loss of consciousness: pL the impure spirit which distils over first and last in making whisky. fair (far), adj. beautiful; handsome; pleasing to the eye or mind; free from any dark hue; spotless; not cloudy; fine; favorable; prosper- ous; just; equitable; civil; legible; above mediocrity; of good reputa- tion; reasonable; passably good; blowing direct; the female sex (with the); a market held at particular times: adv. distinctly; openly; hon- estly; on good terms; legibly. fairy (far'i and fa'e-ri), n. [vl. fairies (far'iz)], an imaginary being of graceful and diminutive human form, supposed to interfere in hu- man affairs for good or evil; an elf; fay; sprite; brownie: adj. pertaining to, or resembling, fairies. faith (fath), n. belief; trust in the honesty and truth of another; the assent of the mind to Divine revela- tion; unshaken adherence; fidelity; honesty; a system of doctrines or tenets. faithful (fath'fool), adj. full of faith; trustworthy; truthful; honest; loy- al: n. Christians in full communion (with the). fake (fak), v.t. to fold or coil; to cover up imperfections of, or fabricate with the view to deception; steal: n. a coil or turn of a rope; a cheat or dodge; canard] hoax ; a swindler or trickster. faker (fak'er), n. one who fakes; a swindler, pickpocket. fakir (fa'ker), n. a Mohammedan as- cetic or mendicant priest. falcon (fawl'kn), n. a predatory bird with a hooked beak, trained for hunting. fall (fawl), v.i. [p.t. fell, p.p. fallen, p.pr. falling], to drop from a higher to a lower place; drop from an erect posture; descend; sink; flow into; perish; be degraded or disgraced; happen; apostatize or fall into sin; begin with ardor; become the prop- erty of: adj. pertaining to the au- tumn: n. the act of falling; distance through which anything falls; over- throw; ruin; death; cadence; water- fall; cataract; decrease in value; a vai] : autumn. ^ fallacy (fal'a-si), n. [pi. fallacies (fal'a-siz) ], a deceptive or false ap- pearance; mistake; an unsound method of reasoning; sophism. fallible (faFi-bl), adj. liable to be de- ceived, misled, err, or fail. fallow (fal'o), v.t. to make or keep fal- low: adj. plowed but not sown for the season; untilled; neglected; of a pale yellow or reddish-yellow color : n. land plowed but left unseeded. false (fawls), adj. untrue; dishon- est; disloyal; perfidious; counter- feit; not well founded; unrehable; made for temporary use; not in har- mony: adv. falsely. falsehood (f awls'hood) , n, an untruth; lie. falsetto (fal-set'o), n. an artificial tone higher in key than the natural compass of the voice. [Italian.] falsify (fawl'si-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. falsified, p.pr. falsifying], to make, or prove to be false; counterfeit; forge: v.i. to lie. falter (fawl'ter), v.t. to utter in a weak trembling manner (with out): v.i. to exhibit moral or physical hesi- tancy; waver; tremble; fail in ut- terance. fame (fam), n. public report; rumor; celebrity; renown. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. FAMILIAR 183 FASCINATE familiar (f a-mil'yer) , adj. well ac- quainted, or intimate with; domes- tic; affable; easy; unconstrained; unceremonious; habituated by cus- tom : n. a spirit or demon supposed to attend at the call of a necromancer; a domestic of the papal household. l! family (fam'i-H), ?i. [pi. famihes (fam'i-Hz)], a household; children as distinguished from the parent; a body of persons descended from a common ancestor; tribe; race; gene- alogy ; noble lineage ; class ; a group of animals larger than a genus, but I less than an order; an order [Bot.]. j famine (farri'in), n. extreme dearth; great scarcity. famous (fa'mus), adj. renowned; con- spicuous; noted. fan (fan), v.t. [p.t. & p.j). fanned, p.j)r. fanning], to cool with a fan; agitate the air, as with a fan; ven- tilate; winnow: n. sl flat implement used to cool the face by agitating the air; an instrument for exciting a cun-ent of air; anything resembling a fan in shape; a winnowing imple- ment; an enthusiastic spectator at baseball. fanatic (fa-nat'ik), n. one who is in- temperately zealous, or wildly ex- travagant, especially on religious subjects: adj. characterized by fa- naticism; visionary. Also fanatical. fanciful (f an'si-f ool) , adj. influenced by the fancy; unreal; whimsical; wild. fancy (fan'si), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fancied, fj.pr. fancying], to imagine; take a iking to; to be pleased with: v.i. to imagine; suppose: adj. ornamental; elegant; imaginary; characterized by variety: n. creative imagination; idea ; notion ; liking ; caprice ; pet pursuit; sporting characters, as pugilists, &c. (with the). fane (fan), n, a temple; church. [Latin.] fanfare (fan'far or fang-far'), n. sl flourish of trumpets; noisy osten- tatious parade. [French.] fang (fang), n. the lower part of a tooth set in the socket; the poison- tooth of a serpent; a tusk, claw, talon, or pointed tooth. fantastic (f an-tas'tik) , adi. odd ; whim- sical; grotesque; unreal; imaginary. Also fantastical. fantasy (fan'ta-si), n. [pi. fantasies (fan'ta-siz)], a fantastic idea; a whimsical fancy. far (far), adj. [comp. farther, further, superl. farthest, furthest], remote; distant; extending widely or at length; contrary to design or pur- pose; ahenated: adv. remotely; very much; to a certain point or degree; to a great distance; widely. farce (fars), n. sl short comedy in which qualities and actions are much exaggerated; ridiculous or empty parade. farcy (far 'si), 7i. a disease of horses, closely alhed to glanders. fardel (Tfar'del), n. a burden; anything cumbersome or irksome. fare (far), v.i. to be in any state, either good or ill; be entertained with food; live; succeed; result: n. the sum paid for a journey by rail, &c.; a person conveyed for hire in a vehicle; provisions of a table; enter- tainment ; the quantity of fish taken by a smack. farewell (far-wel'), interj. may you fare well or prosper; good-bye: adj. noting, or accompanying, a parting: 71. an adieu. farm (farm), n. a portion of land, cultivated by one person, with the buildings, &c., appurtenant to it: v.t. to cultivate (land) at a fixed rental; lease or let: v.i. to carry on the op- eration of farming. farming (farm'ing), adj. pertaining to, or engaged in, agriculture: n. the leasing out, or collection of taxes, revenues, geological period. [Latin.] favor (fa'ver), n. kindness; support; patronage; good will; facihty; par- tiahty; bias; a love token; a bunch of ribbons worn on some special oc- casion; a letter: v.t. to regard with favor; befriend; facihtate; resemble in features; spare. [Latin.] favorite (faVer-it), n. one who, or that which, is particularly esteemed; one regarded with undue preference; a person or animal considered to have the best chance of winning in a con- test: adj. preferred; esteemed. fawn (fawn), n. a young deer: v.i. & v.t. to court servilely (with on or upon); to exhibit affection l)y leap- ing upon, cringing, or licking the hand of a person : said of a dog. fay (fa), n. an elf; fairy: v.t. to fit (two pieces of wood) flusli together: v.i. to fit closely: cidj. fated; dead. [Scotch.] faze (faz), v.t. to worry; annoy; frighten; disturb; produce an effect on. Also fease. fealty (fe'al-ti), n. the duty of a vassal or tenant to his feudal su- perior; loyalty. [O. French.] fear (fer), n. apprehension of evil or danger; dread; anxiety; solicitude; ate, arm, at, awL; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n()rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, ^^en. FEARFUL 185 FELT reverence: v.t, to regard with appre- hension; dread: v.i. to be in fear; feel anxiety. j fearful (f er 'f 90I) , adj. affected with fear ; ,1 timorous ; inspiring fear. I fearless (fer'les), adj. intrepid. ' feasible (fe'zi-bl), adj. practicable. feast (fest), n. a sumptuous repast, especially in commemoration of some event, &c. ; a festival, especially of the Church; anything affording pleasure to the palate or mind: v.t. to entertain sumptuously; delight: v.i. j to feed sumptuously ; enjoy one's self. ' feat (fet), n. a notable achievement, I deed, or performance. feather (feth'er), n. part of the ex- terior covering of a bird; a plume; something resembling a feather; the water thrown up by the turn of the blade of an oar; kind or class: v.t. to ornament with feathers ; cover with, or as with, feathers; turn the blade of (an oar) horizontally when leaving the water: v.i. to become covered with, or something resem- bhng, feathers. feature (fe'tur), n. the cast of the face; lineament; principal part; outUne; characteristic; appearance: v.t. to make public or conspicuous; to give a prominent place to. febrile (feb'ril or fe'bril), adj. pertain- ing to, accompanied by, or indicating fever. feckless (f ek'les) , adj. good-for-noth- ing; shiftless. [Scottish.] fecund (fek'und or fe-kund'), adj. fruitful; prolific. [Latin.] fecundity (fek-un'di-ti), n. fruitful- ness; prolificness; fertility of inven- tion; germination. fed, p.t. & p.p. of feed. federal (fed'er-al), adj. pertaining to, constituting, or founded upon, a league or treaty; consisting in a union or compact betw^een States, especially of the United States or Switzerland; confederated. federation (f ed-er-S,'shun) , n. a league; federal government. fee (fe), n. a payment for service ren- dered, especially professional ser- vice; a gratuity; an heritable or inherited estate; land held from a superior; feud: v.t. in the sense of to pay or give a fee to, it is French. feeble (fe'bl), adj. weak; wanting in physical strength or mental vigor; infirm: v.t. to weaken. feed (fed), v.t. to give food to; nour- ish; graze or pasture; supply with necessaries; furnish with materials, as a machine: v.i. to eat; subsist (with on or upon) : n. a. certain quantity of food given to animals at one time ; fodder ; pasture ; a banquet. feel (fel), v.t. to perceive by the touch; be conscious of; understand; test; be influenced or moved by; ex- perience, as pleasure or pain; exam- ine by touching or handling: t'.^. seem to the touch ; have the passions moved: n. the sense of feeling; touch; sensation. feet (fet), pi. of foot. feign (fan), v.t. to pretend; invent. feint (fant), n. a pretense; mock attack. felicitate (f e-Hs'i-tat) , v.t. to con- gratulate. felicity (f e-lis'i-ti) , n. \pl. fehcities (fe-lis'i-tiz)], a condition of supreme happiness ; bhssf ulness ; prosperity ; appropriateness; a neat or weU- chosen expression. [Latin.] feline (fe'lin), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, a cat; stealthy; treach- erous. [Latin.] fell (fel), v.t. to hew, cut, or knock, down; cause to fall; turn down (a seam): adj. cruel; savage; barbar- ous; hideous; powerful: n. the skin of an animal; a hem laid level with the material; a rocky or barren hill; small pieces of ore. fellow (feFo), n. sl companion or asso- ciate^ one of the same kind; com- peer; one of a pair; an individual; one held in shght esteem; a member of an incorporated society; a gradu- ate member of a college who holds a fellowship: cuij. associated or joined with (used in composition). felly (fel'i), n. [pi. felHes (fel'iz)], one of the curved pieces of w^ood which form the rim of a wheel; the rim. felon (fel'un), n. one guilty of fel- ony; a whitlow: adj. mahgnant; traitorous. felony (fel'o-ni), n. [pZ. felonies (fel'- o-mz)], a crime punishable by death or imprisonment in a state prison. felt, p.t. of feel. felt (felt), n. an unwoven fabric ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. FEMALE 186 FESTIVITY composed of wool or wool and hair, compacted together by pressure or heat. female (fe'mal), n. one of that sex which conceives and produces young; the plant or flower which bears the pistil and receives the pollen of the male flower: adj. pertaining to that sex which produces j^oung; feminine; womanly; having pistils but desti- tute of stamens; noting, in mechan- ics, something, as a hollow, into which another part fits. feminine (fem'i-nin), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, women; deh- cate; tender; sensitive; wanting in manly characteristics; effeminate: n. a woman. femur (fe'mer), n. the thigh-bone. fen (fen), n. low, flat, marsh land, covered with sedges, &c.; a kind of mold or moss causing disease in hops. fence (fens), v.i. to practise fencing; deposit stolen property with a con- federate: v.^. guard or protect; de- fend; to inclose or surround with a fence; fortify: n. the art of fencing; defense; guard; a boundary con- sisting of posts, wire, &c.; inclos- ure; skill in debate; a receiver of stolen goods. fence (fens), n. a row of stakes or wooden piles that defend a place enclosed by them. [Latin.] fencing (fens'ing), n. the art of skil- fully using a foil or sword for at- tack or defense; materials used for constructing a fence; a collection of fences; guard; skilful debate. fend (fend), v.t. to ward off; protect with a fender. fender (fend'er), n. a cushion of rope, or piece of wood hung over the side of a vessel to prevent injury by con- tact with a landing-stage, &c.; a metal guard in front of a fireplace to prevent the hot coal falling upon the floor; a device affixed to the front of a street car to prevent in- jury to pedestrians. [Latin.] ferment (fer'ment), n. a microscopic fungus which produces fermenta- tion; internal commotion; tumult: v.t. (fer-menf), to produce fermenta- tion in; excite: v.i. to be in a state of fermentation; effervesce; be excited. fern (fern), n. a cryptogamous or flowerless plant with broad and feathery fronds or leaves, on the under surface of which the repro- [ ductive seeds are situated. ' ferocious (f e-ro'shus) , adj. savage; fierce; rapacious; of cruel nature. ferocity (f e-ros'i-ti) , n. [pi. ferocities (fe-ros'i-tiz) ], savageness or cruelty of disposition; inhuman cruelty. ferret (fer'et), n. a domesticated va- riety of polecat, employed to hunt rats and rabbits from their holes; a kind of binding: v.t. to search minutely (with out). ferrous (fer'us), adj. pertaining to, or obtained from, iron. ferrule (fer'il), n. a metal ring placed at the end of a stick, &c., to strengthen it. [Latin.] ferry (fer'i), n. [pi. ferries (fer'iz) ], a passage across a river, &c.; a ferry- boat; the place where a ferry-boat lands its passengers: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. ferried, p.pr. ferrying], to con- vey across a river, &c., in a boat: v.i. go across water in a boat. fertile (fer'til), adj. producing abun- dantly; fruitful; reproductive; rich in resources or invention. [Latin.] fertilize (f er'til-iz) , v.t. to make fer- tile; render fruitful; impregnate. ferule (fer'ul), n. a rod or flat stick used for chastisement: v.t. to chas- tise with a ferule. [Latin.] fervent (fer'vent), adj. zealous; ear- nest; vehement; very hot. fervid (fer'vid), ac?;. burning; ardent; fiery; intense; eager. [Latin.] fervor (fer'ver), n. mtensity of feeling; zeal; warmth. festal (fes'tal), adj. pertaining to a feast; joyous; festive; hilarious. fester (fes'ter), v.t. to cause to fester or rankle: v.i. to become ulcerated; suppurate; rankle; become putrid; rot: n. an ulcerous or purulent sore ; act of festering or rankling. [French.] festival (f es'ti-val) , n. a joyful cele- bration in commemoration of some event, rehgious or civil; an enter- tainment on behalf of some charity at which fruit, &c., is sold. [Latin.] festive (fes'tiv), adj. pertaining to a feast; gay; joyous; merry. festivity (fes-tiv'i-ti), n. [pi. festivi- ties (fes-tiv'i-tiz) ], social gaiety at ftte, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, ^^en. FESTOON 187 FIDGET an entertainment or feast; merry- making; joyfulness; a festival. festoon (fes-toonO, n. a wreath or gar- land suspended at the extremities and hanging in a curve: an archi- tectural ornament of such form: v.t, to decorate with, or form into, fes- toons. fetch (fech), v.t. to go after and bring; obtain as its price; call for and^ accompany; heave, as a sigh; fascinate: v.t. to move and turn; reach or get: n. an artifice or trick; the deep long breath, as of a person dying; a wraith; the appearance at night of a Hght resembling a candle, supposed to portend death (fetch- ^Hght). fete (fat), n. a festival or hoUday: t;.^ to entertain, or honor, with fes- tivities. ^ [French.] fetid (fe'tid, or fet'id), adj. giving forth an offensive smell; stinking. fetish (fe'tish, or fet'ish), n. any material object, as a stone, weapon, feather, &c., supposed by the ne- groes of Western Africa to be the abode of a spirit, and to give to its possessor power over such a deity: hence any object of unreasoning de- votion; image or idol. Also fetich. fetlock (fet'lok), n. a tuft of hair be- hind a horse's pastern joint; the pastern joint. fetter (fet'er), n. a chain or shackle for the feet (usually pZ.) ; a re- straint; hindrance: v.t. to place fet- ters upon; chain; bind; hinder; re- strain. fettle (fet'l), v.i. to repair; work with activity; clean up: v.t. to put in order; cover or Hne; fasten: n. good condition or repair; fuss. feud (fud), n. an inveterate quarrel between clans or families; blood- feud; quarrel; enmity; hatred. fever (fe'ver), n. a disease charac- terized by marked increase of heat of the skin, quickened pulse, great debilitjs thirst, &c.; a condition of extreme nervous excitement: v.t. to put into a fever. [Latin.] few (fu), adj. [comp. fewer ,^ superl. fewest], not many; small in num- ber; limited. [Latin.] fez (fez), n. a brimless, close fitting, felt hat, usually red, with a black tassel: worn by Turks, Egyptiaiifl, &c. [French.] fiacre (fe-a'kr), n. a hackney-coach, [French.] fiance (fe-ang-sa') , n. one who is be- trothed or affianced. Fern, fiancee, fiasco (fe-as'ko), n. a complete or lu- dicrous failure, as of some enter- prise of which high hopes were en- tertained, as a musical performance, &c.; a flask or bottle. [Italian.] fiat (fi'at), n. el peremptory order or decree; an order of a com-t authoriz- ing certain proceedings, as in bank- ruptcy. [Latin, '*'Let it be done."] fih (fib), n. a falsehood; white Ke: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. fibbed, p.pr. fibbing], to tell fibs; to dehver a quick suc- cession of blows. fiber (fi'ber), n. a slender, thread- hke substance, or filament; raw ma- terial which can be separated into threads for making up textile fabrics. fibula (fib'u-la), n. [pi. fibulae (-le)], the outer and smaller of the two bones which form the lower leg; an ancient ornamental brooch or safe- ty-pin. fichu (fish'u), n. a light three-cornered article of ladies' dress worn on the neck, or over the neck and shoulders. fickle (fik'l), adj. capricious; incon- stant. fiction (fik'shun), n. the act of feign- ing or inventing; that which is feigned or invented; a hterary pro- duction of the imagination in prose form, as a novel, romance, &c.; a legal assumption for the purpose of convenience, the furtherance of justice, &c. [Latin.] fid (fid), n. an iron or wooden bar to support a topmast; a large tapering wooden pin for opening the strands of a rope: v.t. to put into place and secure by a fid. Also fidd. fiddle (fid'l), n. a viohn; a rack used on board ship to prevent arti- cles from rolhng off the table in stormy weather: v.i. to play the fid- dle or viohn: v.t. to cheat by arti- fice. fidelity (fi-del'i-ti), n. [pi. fidelities (fi-deri-tiz)], integrity; faithful ad- herence to obHgation or duty; hon- esty; loyalty; rehability. fidget (fij'et), n. one who is fidgety; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. FIDGETY 188 FILE nervous restlessness (often in pL): v.t. t© put in a fidget; worry: v:i. to move about uneasily or restlessly. fidgety (fij'et-i), adj, restless; impa- tient. fiduciary (fi-du'shi-a-ri) , n. [pi. fidu- ciaries (fi-du'shi-a-riz) ], a trustee; one who depends for salvation on faith without works: adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a trust; con- fident; unwavering. fie (fi), inter j, for shame. Also fy; fye. fief (fef), n. a fee or feud; a landed estate or manor held imder a feudal superior. [Old French.] field (feld), n. a piece of land en- closed for tillage or pasture; open country; a region yielding some nat- ural product; site of a battle; sphere of action; a wide expanse; space within which telescopic or microscopic objects are viewed; outdoor work; in heraldry, the sur- face ©f the shield; the ground upon which a game is played; the com- petitors in a race, hunt, &c.: v.t. to catch or stop and return to the wicket-keeper, as a ball at cricket, &c.: v.i. to act as a fielder; in a race, bet on the field against the favorite. fiend (fend), n. an infernal being; demon; one who is intensely mafi- cioHs or wicked. fiendish (fend'ish), adj. like a fiend. fierce (fers), adj. savage; violent; merciless; ferocious; unrestrained. fiery (fir'i), adj. [comp. fierier, superl. fieriest], pertaining to, or consisting of, fire; passionate; easily roused; fervent; ardent. fife (fif), n. a shrill-toned musical instrument of the flute class: v.t. to play (a tune) on a fife. fifteen (fif 'ten), adj. consisting of 5 and 10; a cardinal numeral: n. the number made up of 5 and 10; one point scored at lawn-tennis. ^ fifteenth (fif 'tenth) , adj. next in order after fourteenth: n. a fifteenth part. fifth (fifth), adj. next in order after 4th: n. one of five equal parts; in music, an interval of three tones and a semi- tone; the dominant. fiftieth (fif'ti-eth), adj. next in order after 49th: n. one of 50 equal parts. fifty (fif'ti), adj. consisting of five times 10: n. [pi. fifties (fif'tiz) ], the number which amounts to five times 10. fig (fig), n. the pear-shaped fruit of the fig-tree; the fig-tree; a snap of the fingers in token of contempt; anything insignificant or worthless. fight (fit), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. fought, p.pr. fi^ghting], contend in battle or m arms; make war; offer resist- ance: v.t. to war against; strive for the mastery of; manoeuvre in bat- tle, as ships: n. a combat; battle or engagement; contest. figment (fig'ment), n. an invention; fiction. figurative (fig'u-ra-tiv) , adj. repre- senting by figure; symbolical; un- real; metaphorical. figure (fig'ur), n. the outline or shape of a person or object; appearance; an image or statue; representation of a person by drawing or painting; idea; pattern; type; sign or charac- ter denoting a number; a movement in a dance; musical phrase, or re- peated theme; a horoscope; value or cost; in logic, the character of a syllogism as determined by the place of the middle term; a space bounded on all sides by fines or planes: v.t. to form into any deter- minate shape; show by resemblance; represent; symbolize; adorn or cover with figures; calculate or compute: v.i. to be conspicuous ; cipher. [Latin.] figure-head (fig'ur-hed), n. a carved representation of a human or other figure placed at the prow of a ship; a person who is only nominally im- portant. filament (fil'a-ment), n. a fine thread, or thread-like process or appen- dage ; the stalk of an anther. filch (filch), v.t. to pilfer; rob. file (fil), n. a wire, &c., on which pa- pers are strung for preservation or reference; a bundle of papers fas- tened together and endorsed with the date, contents, &c., of each; a line of soldiers ranged one behind the other; a tool of hard steel with small grooves on the surface, used for cutting and smoothing: v.t. to cut or smooth with a file; string (papers, &c.) on a file, or place lite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. FILIAL 189 FINERY them away, endorsed, for future reference; place among the records of a court or house of legislature: v.i. to march in a file or Kne. filial (firi-al), adj. pertaining to, or befitting, a son or daughter; due to a father. filibuster (fil-i-bus'ter) , n. a free- booter; buccaneer; a lawless mihtary adventurer who invades a foreign country: v.i. to act as a filibuster; to delay legislation by obstructive tactics. filigree (fil'i-gre), adj. made of, or re- lating to, work in fihgree: n. orna- mental work, resembling lace, in gold or silver wire; something deli- cate and ornamental, but not lasting. [French.] fill (fil), v.i. to make full; satisfy; crowd; engage; occupy; employ: v.i. to become full or replete; be dis- tended; pour a glass or vessel full: n. as much as produces complete satisfaction; satiety. fiUer (ffl'er), n, one who, or that which, fills; a funnel for filling bottles, &c.; composition for stop- ping up holes or pores in a mate- rial before painting it; the body of a cigar. fillet (firet), n. a narrow band of metal, linen, silk, &c., worn around the forehead, for securing the hair; the fleshy part of the thigh: said of veal; a boneless lump of meat or fish served flat or rolled together and tied round; a raised rim, nar- row ornament, or molding; a plain line or band; the loins of a horse: v.t. to bind with a fillet; ornament with a fillet; make into fillets, as veal, &c. fillip (firip), n. a sudden sharp jerk or stroke with the finger; an incite- ment: v.t. to strike with the nail of the finger by a sudden movement; project: v.i. to aim a fillip. filly (fil'i), n. [vl. fillies (fil'iz)]. a young mare; a bold, lively girl. film (film), n. a thin skin or filament; a thin covering of some sensitized substance to receive a photographic impression: v.i. to become covered with a film. filmy (film'i), adj. composed of, or re- sembling, films. filter (fil'ter), n. any material or ap- paratus^ by which water or any other liquid is purified; a contri- vance for arresting particles of steel, dust, &c., in the air; a strain- er* v.t. to purify, as -a liquid. filth (filth), n. foul matter; dirt; de- filement, moral or physical. filthy (filth'i), adj. [cow/p. filthier, su- perl. filthiest], foul; du-ty; unclean, morally or physically; obscene. filtrate (fil'trat), n. a Hquid which has been filtered: v.t. to filter. fin (fin), n. one of the organs of loco- motion of a fish. final (fi'nal), adj. pertaining to the end; ultimate; finishing; decisive: n. that which is last, or makes an end; the deciding heat of an ath- letic contest. finale (fe-na'la), n. the last passage in a musical composition; the final act, &c., of a scene or performance; termination; end. finality (fi-nari-ti) , n. completeness. finance (fi-nans'), n. the public revenue of a government or state; the science of the profitable manage- ment of monetary affairs: v.t. to manage the financial arrangement of: v.i. to raise money for some spe- cial object. financial (fi-nan'shal) , adj. pertaining to finance. finch (finch), n. the common name for various small birds, as the chaf- finch, canary, &c. find (find), v.t. [p.i. & p.p. found, v.pr. finding], to discover; obtain by searching; ascertain by experi- ment; meet by accident; regain, as something lost; supply; declare by judicial verdict: n. the discovery of something valuable. fine (fin), n. money paid as a pen- alty; forfeiture: v.i. to impose a monetary penalty upon; purify; re- fine; clarify. fine (fin), adj. slender; thin; keen; pure; refined; subtle; dehcate; ele- gant; of small diameter; very hand- some; noble; showy; admirable; splendid; beautiful in thought or language; free from clouds or rain; dexterous; discriminating; artful: adv. very much; finely. finery (fi'ner-i), n. [pi. fineries (fi'- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^^en. FINESSE 190 FISHMONGER ner-iz)], personal adornment, as fine or showy clothes, &c.; outward show. finesse (fi-nes'), n. artifice or strat- agem; skill; dexterity; finessing at whist: v.i. to use artifice or skill to accomplish some end; in playing whist, to endeavor to take a trick with a lower card than that held by an opponent, while holding a higher card. [French.] finger (fing'ger) , n. one of the five divisions of the hand ; one of the four digits of the hand, as dis- tinguished from a thumb; a fin- ger's breadth; any mechanical con- trivance resembling a finger; an in- dex; musical touch: v.t. to handle, or perform, with the fingers; meddle with; steal; pilfer: v.i. to use the fingers skilfully in performing upon a musical instrument. finical (fin'i-kal), adj. fastidious; over particular. finis (fi'nis), n. the end. [Latin.] finish (fin'ish), v.t. to bring to an end; complete; put an end to; con- clude; make perfect; polish; kill or render powerless: v.i. to come to an end; expire: n. completion; careful elaboration; the final touches given to a work: the end. finite (fl'nit), adj. having limits: n. that which is finite [with the]. finny (fin'ni), adj. having fins; resem- bling, or abounding in, fish. fiord (fyord), n. a long narrow inlet or arm of the sea between high rocks or banks. Also fjord. [Nor- wegian.] fir (fer), n. the name of various cone- bearing trees of the genus Abies, and aUied genera; a fir-tree. fire (fir), n. heat and light evolved by ignition and combustion; the result of combustion of bodies; B. burning; conflagration; flame; discharge of firearms; light; in- tensity of feeling; ardor; spirit; severe trial or affliction: r.t. to set on fire; inflame; kindle; bake, as porcelain; explode; excite violently; irritate; illuminate; cauterize: v.i, to become ignited; be inflamed; dis- charge firearms; ring a peal of bells all together. firebrand (fir'brand), n. a piece of burning wood; an incendiary; one who inflames the passions of others. firecracker (fir'krak-er) , n. a small explosive firework. fire-damp (fir'damp), n. carburetted hydrogen, explosive when brought into contact with fire in mines. firefly (fir'fli), n. a winged insect which emits light at night. firkin (fer'kin), n. a small wooden vessel for holding butter, lard, &c.; a measure of capacity = l-4th of a barrel; 9 gals. firm (ferm), adj. hard; compact; solid ; closely compressed ; unyield- ing; not easily moved; rigorous; staunch; unfaltering; steadfast: n, the title or style under which a mercantile house transacts its busi- ness; a mercantile partnership. firmament (fer'ma-ment), n. the sky. first (ferst), adj. the ordinal of one; f9remost in place, rank, dignity, time, excellence, &c.; earliest; most important; chief: adv. before all others in order, place, rank, time, &c.; sooner: n. the beginning; the upper part of a vocal or instru- mental duet, trio, &c. [Mus.] fiscal (fis'kal), adj. pertaining to the exchequer or public revenues; finan- cial: n. in Spain a state treasurer. [Latin.] fish (fish), n. [pi. fish, fishes (fish'ez)], a vertebrate, cold-blooded, aquatic animal furnished with permanent gills; the flesh of fish used as food; a machine for hoisting an anchor; a piece of wood fastened to an- other to strengthen it; one pf the signs (Pisces) of the zodiac; a counter used at cards: v.t. to search in quest of fish ; catch (fish) ; seek for and bring to fight; draw up; strengthen by spars: v.i. to try to catch fish; seek to gain or obtain something by artifice or indirect methods. fisherman (fish'er-man), n. one whose occupation it is to catch fish ; a fish- ing-smack. fishery (fish'er-i), n. [pi. fisheries (fish'er-iz)], the business of catching fish; a fishing-ground; the right to fish at a particular time or ground. fishmonger (fish'mung-ger), n. one who sells fish. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, ^^en. FISSILE 191 FLAME fissile (fis'il), adj. capable of being split: said of rocks. fission (fish'un), n the act of cleav- ing or splitting up into parts; the spontaneous division of a simple organism into two parts, each of which becomes a new individu- al. fissure (fish'tir), n. a cleft or crack; a narrow opening; furrow: v.t. to make a fissm-e: v.i. to crack. [Latin.] fist (fist), n. the hand when closed or clenched: v.t. to grip or strike with the fist. fistic (fis'tik), adj. pertaining to pu- gihsm. fisticuffs (fis'ti-kuf s) , n. a combat with the fists; boxing. fistula (fis'tu-la), n. a deep pipe-like ulcer in the rectum. fit (fit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. fitted, p.pr. fitting], to make fit or suitable; adapt; accommodate to anything; qualify; adjust; equip; benefit: v.i. to be proper or suitable: n. adapta- tion of one thing to another; suit- ability: adj. [camp, fitter, superl. fittest], convenient; suitable; pre- pared; qualified. fit (fit), n. a sudden attack of disease attended with convulsions, and often with loss of consciousness; a tem- porary mental paroxysm, or attack of pain or illness; caprice. fitful (fit 'fool), adj. capricious; spas- modic. fitness (fit'nes), n. the state or quality of being fit. five (fiv), adj. consisting of 4 and 1; a cardinal numeral: n. the sum of 4 and 1: pZ. a game resembling ten- nis, played in England. fix (fiks), v.t. to make fast, secure, or stable; direct steadily; set or place permanently; adjust; transfix; de- prive of volatility; predispose: v.i. to become solid or firm; settle down: n. an awkward situation; quandary. fixative (fiks'a-tiv), n. something that serves to fix, as a mordant, &c. fixed (fikst), p.adj. firm; lasting; set- tled ; permanent ; stable ; established ; resolute; not volatile. fixity (fiks'i-ti), n. stability; perma- nence. fixture (fiks'ttir), n. that which is firmly fixed; an article of furni- ture fixed to a house and regarded as part of it. fizz (fiz), n. a hissing noise; an ef- fervescent beverage, as sparkling champagne: v.i. to make a fizzing noise. Also fizzle. flabby (flab'i), adj. easily shaken, or yielding to the touch; lack- ing muscle; mentally or physically feeble. flaccid (flak'sid), adj. flabby; weak. flag (flag), n. a piece of cloth or bunting on which usually some de- vice is wrought, used as the standard of a nation, an ensign, signal, &c.; a plant of the genus Iris; a flagstone: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. flagged, v.pr. flag- ging], to become weary; lose vigor; hang down: v.t. signal with a flag; pave with flagstones. flagellant (flaj 'el-ant), adn. using a whip or scourge: n. one who scourges himself for religious discipline. flagellate (fla'jel-at), v.t. to whip: adj, having whip-like processes. flagging (flag'ing), n. pavement of flagstones. flagitious (fla-jish'us), adj. atrocious; wicked; highly criminal. flagon (flag'un), n. sl large drinking vessel with a narrow mouth. flagrant (fla ' grant) , adj. openly wicked; heinous; glaring; notorious. flagstone (flag'ston), n. a large flat paving-stone. flail (flal), n. sl wooden instrument for threshing wheat, &c., by hand. flake (flak), r?. a small film of any- thing loosely held together, as snow; a thin scaly piece of any- thing; a carnation with a single color in stripes on a white ground: v.t. field or hill pasture; herbage having hollow- jointed stalks, a husky calyx, and the seed single; springtime; that which is subject to decay: v.t. to cover with grass or turf ; bleach, by exposure on grass ; pasture or graze. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. r IMIMI GRASSHOPPER 221 GREEK I grasshopper (gras'hop-er) , n. a small nimble msect of the locust kind. grate (grat), n, a framework of iron bars to hold fuel; a set of bars: v.L to rub or wear away by the friction of a rough body; produce a sound by the friction of rough or hard surfaces; grind down; furnish with a grate: v.i. make a harsh noise; produce mental irritation. grateful (grat 'fool), adj, thankful; pleasurable. gratification (grat-i-fi-ka'shun) , ^ n. the act of gratifying; satisfaction; pleasure; reward, or recompense. gratify (grat'i-fi), v.t. [pd. & p.p. grati- fied, p.pr. gratifying], to afford pleasure to; indulge; dehght; hu- mor. [Latin.] grating (grat'ing), n. an open frame- work 9r lattice of bars: p.adj, harsh; irritating. gratis (gra'tis), adv. gratuitously. [Latin.] gratitude (grat'i-tud) , n. the state of being grateful; appreciation of favors received; thankfulness. gratuitous (gra-tu'i-tus) , adj. free- ly bestowed; voluntary; without cause or provocation; granted with- out merit or claim. gratuity (gra-tu'i-ti) , n. [pi. gratuities (gra-tu'i-tiz)], a donation or present; free gift. grave (grav), adj. serious; solemn; thoughtful; sedate; important; in grammar, the grave, or long-sound- ing accent; plain; slow in move- ment; very deep in pitch [Mus.]: n. an excavation in the earth for the reception of a dead body; place of interment: v.t. to shape or carve by cutting with a chisel; engrave. [Latin.] gravel (gravl), v.t. to cover with gravel; run aground on a beach: said of a vessel; embarrass; lame a horse by gravel under the shoe: n. fragments of rock coarser than sand, and frequently^ intermixed with it; a disease occasioned by the presence of calculi or small stones in the bladder and kidneys. gravestone (grav'ston), n. a stone erected to mark a grave. graveyard (grav'yard), n. a burial place; a cemetery. gravitate (grav'i-tat), v.i. to be acted upon or attracted by the force of gravity; be natiirally attracted. gravitation (grav-i-ta'shun) , n. the force which attracts material bodies to each other. [Latin.] gravity (grav'i-ti), n. that force which tends to draw all bodies towards the center of the earth; weight; im- portance; seriousness; solemnity; weight of guilt; lowness of a tone or note [Mus.]. gravy (gra'vi), n. [pi. gravies (gra'viz)], the fatty juice from roasting flesh. gray, another form of grey. graze (graz), v.t. to furnish pasture for; touch or rub Hghtly:t;.i. to eat grass; move along while grazing: n. a slight rub or touch. grazier (gra'zher), n. one who pas- tures cattle or breeds them for the market. grease (gres), n. soft animal fat; oily matter; inflammation of the hoof and fetlock in horses, with a fetid discharge: i;.^. to smear or rub with grease; cause to move easi- ly; bribe. [French.] greaser (grez er), n. one who, or that which, greases; a Mexican. [Amer- ican slang.] greasy (gres'i), adj. [com p. greasier, st^ pert, greasiest], resembling, smeared, or spotted with, grease; oily; unctu- ous; foggy; muddy. great (grat), adj. large; chief; prin- cipal; weighty; marvelous; emi- nent; illustrious; high in rank or position; sublime; noble; able; ac- complished ; long-continued ; mag- nanimous; high-minded; wealthy; sumptuous; proud; swollen;, preg- nant; intimate; denoting a step of ascending or descending consanguin- ity: n. the whole, or gross; noble, or influential, people. greatness (grat'nes), n. the quality of being great. greaves (grevz), n.pl. armor to pro- tect the legs from the ankle to the knee; the sediment of melted tal- low. greed (gred), n. avarice; greediness. greedy (grea'i), adj. [comp. greedier, superl. greediest], voracious; glut- tonous; eagerly desirous ;^ covetous. Greek (grek), adj. pertaining to, or ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book | hue, hut; think, then. GREEN 222 GRIN resembling, Greece or the Greeks; Hellenic: n. a Grecian; a gambler, blackleg; the language of ancient and modern Greece; something unintelligible. green (gren), adj. having the color of growing grass or plants; of a color composed of blue and yellow; fresh ; flourishing ; unripe ; not salted ; immature; inexperienced; raw; pale; sickly; not four months old: said of a goose: n. the color of growing grass or plants; a color composed of blue and yellow; a grass plot or common: v.t, to make green: v.i. to become green. greenback (gren'bak) , n. paper money (U.S. legal-tender note) with a green back, first issued in 1862. greenhorn (gren'horn), n. a simple- ton; novice; awkward person. greenhouse (gren'hous), n. a conserva- tory. greenroom (gren'room) , n. the actoi . ' retiring-room in a theater. greensward (gren'sward) , n. a stretch of greenturf; a lawn. greet (gret), v.t. to salute in kind- ness or respect; congratulate: v,i. to exchange greetings. greeting (gret'ing), n. salutation; wel- come. gregarious (gre-ga'ri-us) , adj. asso- ciating or going together in herds ; fond of company. grenade (gren-ad'), n. an explosive shell fired by a fuse and thrown by hand. [Spanish.] grenadier (gren-a-derO , n. originally a foot soldier who threw grenades: now a soldier of the [English] Grenadier Guards. [French.] grenadine (gren-a-denO , n. a dress fabric of thin gauzy silk or wool; a dyestuff. grew (groo), p.t. of grow. grey (gra), adj. of a white color with a mixture of black; hoary; mature: n. the color of white mixed with black; a grey horse. greyhound (gra'hound), n. a slender swift hound used for coursing. griddle (grid'l), n. a broad shallow pan, used for cooking cakes ; a large sieve for sifting ore. gride (grid), y.t. to jar harshly. gridiron (grid'irn), n. a grated iron late, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. utensil for broiling meat or fish; a contrivance for examining and re- pairing the hulls of ships; the foot- ball field; the name is often given to sandy bars which somewhat re- semble the gridiron. grief (gref), n. mental pain on ac- count of present or past trouble; that which causes sorrow or sad- ness; physical pain. [French.] grievance (grevans), n. a sense of wrong or oppression; just or sup- posed ground of complaint; an in- justice; cause of annoyance. grieve (grev), v.t.^ to cause to experi- ence grief; afflict mentally: v.i. to be in sorrow; lament. grievous (grev'us), adj. causing grief or sorrow; hard to be borne; painful; oppressive; pitiable; atrocious; vex- atious. griSin (grif'in), n. a fabulous animal with the body and legs of a Hon, the wings and beak of an eagle, and with listening ears; a watchful chaperon. Also griffon and gryphon. grig (grig) , n. a grasshopper ; cricket ; the sand-eel; from its skipping arises the familiar saying: ''as merry as a grig.'\ grill (gril), v.t. to broil; tornient, as if by grilling: t^.i. to be broiled: n. a gridiron; grilled meat. [French.] grille (gril), n. an open grating or screen of wrought metal; a kind of frame for hatching fish. [French.] grim (grim), adj. [comp. grimmer, superl. grimmest], of a forbidding aspect; stern and surly; hideous; frightful; cruel; unyielding. grimace (gri-mas'), n.^ a distortion of the countenance; smirk: v.i. to make grimaces. grimalkin (gri-mawl'kin) , n. an old she-cat; a name sometimes given to an old woman. [Middle -English: literally ''gray-moll."] grime (grim), n. foul matter; dirt deeply ingrained: v.t. to make dirty or grimy. grimy (grim'i), adj. full of grime. grin (grin), n. the act of closing the teeth and showing them, or of with- drawing the lips and showing the teeth: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. grinned, p.pr. grinning], to set the teeth together and open the lips, or to open the GRIND 223 GROUND mouth and withdraw the lips from the teeth so as to show them, as in laughter or scorn. grind (gi'ind), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. groimd, p.pr. grinding], to pulverize or re- duce to powder by friction; sharpen or smooth by friction; rate; oppress; harass; prepare for examination; study hard: v.i. to perform the act of grinding; be rubbed together; turn a mill: n. the act of grind- ing; hard study for an examina- tion; laborious and tedious work. In college slang, a practical joke. grindstone (grind'ston), n. a flat, cir- cular stone for sharpening tools, &c. grip (grip), n. a grasp with the hand; a holding fast; that by which any- thing is held firmly; a particular mode of grasping the hand, as among Freemasons; grasping pow- er; a small ditch or trench: v.t. to grasp, or seize: v.i. to take fast hold. See grippe. gripe (grip), n. a clasping with the hand or arms; a squeeze; pressure; pinching distress: pZ. colic: v.t. to hold with closed fingers; grasp; hold tightly; seize; clutch; oppress; pinch: v.i. to take firm hold. grippe (grip, or grep), n. a peculiarly exhausting form of influenza. Also grip. [French.] grisly (griz'li), odj. terrible; savage- looking. See grizzly. grist (grist), n. grain for grinding; ground corn; provision or supply. gristle (gris'l), n. cartilage. grit (grit), n. rough, hard particles, as sand, &c.; a hard sandstone com- posed of sharp silicious grains; the coarse part of meal; firmness of character; courage: pi. oats hulled and coarsely ground. ^izzlv (griz'li), adj. somewhat grey: n. the grizzly bear, a large, fierce bear whose habitat is the western part of North America. groan (gron), n. a low, deep sound uttered in pain or sorrow; a deep, rumbling sound expressive of dis- approbation or ridicule; a low, dis- mal sound, as of the wind: v.i. to utter a groan; lament; be burdened: v.t. to express disapproval of by groans. grocery (gro'ser-i), n. [pi. groceries (gro'ser-iz)], tea, coffee, sugar spices, &c. (usually pi.) ; a grocer's shop; a grog-shop. grog (grog), n. a mixture of spirits and water; spirituous liquor: v.t. to make into grog by the addition of water. groggery (grog'er-i), n. a low drinking place; a grog-shop. groggy (grog'i), adj. tipsy; moving with an unsteady gait: said of horses; staggering as if dazed: said of a pugilist. groin (groin), n. the depressed part of the human body betvreen the thigh and the belly; the angular curve made by the intersection of two arches: v.t. to build or form into groins. groom (groom), n. a, man or boy who has charge of horses; a bridegroom; the title of several officers of the royal household: v.t. to feed and take care of, as a groom does a horse; to curry and brush. groomsman (groomz'man), n. one who attends a bridegroom ; a best man. groove (groov), n. a channel or fur- row, especially as cut by a tool; set- tled habit or routine: v.t. to form or cut a groove in. grope (grop), v.i. to feel one's way with the hands, as in the dark; seek blindly: v.t. to search out, as in the dark, by feeling with the hands. gross (gTos), adj. bulky; thick; coarse; rude ; indelicate ; flagrant ; dull ; heavy ; corpulent; dense; whole: n. 12 dozen; main body; mass; entire amount. grotesque (gro-tesk'), adj. fantas- tically or oddly formed; extrava- gant; whimsical; ridiculous: n, whimsical ornamentation, figm-es, or scenery ; or the uncouth in art. grotto (grot'o), n. a natural or arti- ficial cavern in the earth or in rocks. [Italian.] grouch (grouch), n. a fit of bad tem- per; sulkiness. Same as grudge. grouchy (grouch'i), adj. bad tempered. ground (ground), n. the earth or soil; surface of a floor or pave- ment; land; territory; country- es- tate; foundation; cause or reason; origin; original principle; a funda- mental or preparatory part in va- Ute, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. GROUNDLESS 224 GUDGEON riona arts; plain song: pi. dregs or sediment: v.t, to place or set on, or in, the ground; settle in first principles; base; run aground: v.i. to take the ground ; place dependence on : adj. fundamental: p.t. & p.p. of grind. groundless (ground'les), adj. without foundation; unreasonable. group (groop), n. a small crowd or assemblage; a cluster; an assem- blage of figures or objects fuming an artistic whole; a division of organisms with certain characteris- tics ; the chief division of a geological system: v.t. to form into a group. grouse (grous), n. red and black heath-game; partridge; pheasant; prairie-hen. grout (grout), n. mortar or cement mixed with gravel, used for founda- tions and joints of masonry; a fine plaster for ceihngs; coarse meal: v.t. to surround or fill in with grout. grouty (grout'i), cross; sulky; dreggy. grove (grov), n. a small wood; a row of trees shading an avenue. grovel (grov'el), v.i. to lie prone; move with the body prostrate on the ground; be mean or debased. groveling (grov'el-ing) , y.adj. lying prostrate; mean; undignified. grow (gro), v.t. [p.t. grew, p.p. grown, 'p,'pr. growing], to cultivate: v.i. to mcrease in stature or size by nat- ural organic development; be pro- duced by vegetation; increase; flour- ish; thrive; become; advance; be- come fixed or attached. growl (groul), n. a deep angry snarl or murmur: v.i. to snarl or murmur like a dog; grumble. grown (gron), p.p. of grow. growth (groth). n. the progressive increase of animal or vegetable bod- ies; advancement; increase; prog- ress; result; effect. grub (grub), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. grubbed, p.pr. grubbing], to dig up; root out of the ground; provide with food: v.i. to drudge or toil; per- form dirty work: n. the larva of a beetle, moth or other insect; food. grudge (gruj), v.t. to regard with envy or discontent; give or^ take with reluctance: n. secret malice or ill-will; an old dislike or quarrel.^ gruel (groo'el). n. a light semi-liquid food made of oatmeal, &c.^ for in- valids. gruesome (groo'sum), adj, horrible of aspect; inspiring gloom or hor- ror. grufi (gruf), adj. rough or surly in voice or manner; harsh; hoarse. grumble (grum'bl), v.i. to murmur discontentedly; find fault. grumpy (grump'i), adj. siu-ly; cross; low-spirited. grunt (grunt), n. the guttural noise of a hog; an edible marine Ameri- can fish: v.i. to make a noise like a hog. guano (gwa'no), n. the dung of sea- birds found in thick layers in West- ern South America (especially Peru) and Africa, yielding a valuable manure. [Peruvian.] There is also made for commerce an artificial guano, from various animal products, as fish-guano, &c. guarantee (gar-an-te') , n- an en- gagement made by a third person to secure the fulfillment of an agree- ment; one who becomes surety for the performance of another^s acts: v.t. to undertake that another shall perform a certain stipulation; war- rant; be responsible for. Also guar- anty. guaranty (gar'an-ti), n. the legal form of guarantee. guard (gard), v.t. to watch over or protect; preserve by caution; shield or defend: v.i. be cautious (with against) \ n. security or defense against injury or attack; a state of vigilance or caution; attention; anj^ contrivance or device for se- curity; an official in charge of a train; a man or body of men em- ployed for defense or control. guarded (gard'ed), p.adj. defended; careful; cautious; circumspect. guardian (gard'i-an), n. one who has the care of the person or property of another; a warden: adj. protect- ing; tutelary. guava (gwa'va), n. a tree of tropical America yielding a i)ear-shaped fruit, from which a jelly is made. gubernatorial (gu-ber-na-to'ri-al) ,adj. pertaining to a governor or to his office. [Latin.] gudgeon (guj'un), n. a small edible ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, iheTL. GUERDON 225 GUNBOAT fresh-water fish; a person who is easily imposed upon; an iron pin or shaft on which a wheel revolves. guerdon (ger'dun), n. a reward. guerilla (ger-iFya), n, one of an ir- regular force engaged in harassing an enemy in small bands ; pettj; war- fare: adj. belonging to, or consisting of, guerillas; pertaining to irregular warfare. [Spanish.] Guernsey (gern'zi), n. a breed of dairy cattle from the island of Guernsey. guernsey (gern'zi), n. a close-fitting knitted woolen shirt. guess (ges), n. a conjecture; the act of guessing: v.t. to hit upon at ran- dom; beheve or think: v.i. to con- jecture. guest (gest), n. one who is enter- tained at the house or table of an- other. guffaw (guf-faw'), n. a rude boister- ous laugh. guidance (gid'ans), n. direction; leading. guide (gid), n. one who leads or di- rects ; conductor ; director ; a soldier or other person who obtains infor- mation for an army ; that by which one directs his course; a guide-book: v.t. to lead or direct; influence; regu- late; govern by counsel. [French.] guild (gild), n. a fraternity; corpora- tion; association. Also gild. guile (gll), n. deceit; cunning; du- plicity. guillotine (giro-ten), n. an apparatus for beheading a criminal by means of a heavy knife sliding in two up- right grooves: it was named after Dr. J. I. Guillotin, a French phy- sician who invented it: v.t. (gil-o- ten'), to behead with the guillotine. guilt (gilt), n. the state of one who is liable to a penalty; sin; crim- inality. guiltless (gilt'les), adj. free from guilt; innocent. guilty (gilt'i), adj. [comp. guiltier, superl. guiltiest], justly chargeable with a crime; wicked; criminal; not innocent. guimpe (gamp),n. a chemisette worn with a low-necked gown. [French.] guinea (gin'e), n. a gold coin, for- merly current in England, value 21s. or about $5. (Named from Guinea, in Africa, whence the gold was supposed to have come.) guipure (gwe-pur'), n. a kind of lace or gimp. [French.] guise (giz), n. external appearance; dress; mien. [French.] guitar (gi-tarO, 7i. a six-stringed in- strument, on the principle of the viohn, played with the fingers. gular (gu'lar), adj. pertaining to the thi'oat. gulch (gulch), n. a rocky or rough narrow valley. gules (gulz), n. the tincture red; in- dicated in a blazon without color by perpendicular lines. [French.] gulf (gulf), 71. an arm of the sea ex- tending into the land, intermediate in size between a bay and sea; a deep place in the earth; an abyss; whirl- pool; something insatiable. gull (gul), 71. a web-footed sea-fowl with long wings; one who is easily cheated: v.t. to cheat; deceive; im- pose upon. gullet (gul'et), n. the throat; oesopha- gus. gullible (gul'i-bl), adj. capable of be- ing easily deceived. gully (guFi), 71. [pi. gullies (guFiz)], a channel or hollow worn by water; narrow ravine; a metal tram-rail or -plate. gulp (gulp), v.t. to swallow down eagerly or in large draughts: n. the act of gulping; swallowing. gum (gum), 71. the soft fleshy part of the jaws by which the teeth are surrounded; a semi-transparent vis- cid vegetable substance that exudes from certain trees and shrubs and hardens on the surface: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. gummed, p.pr. gumming], to smear or unite with gum. [French.] gumbo (gum'bo), n. a dish or soup made from the gummy pods of the okra; a Creole patois; prairie mud. gumption (gump'shun), 77. quickness of perception; common sense; in the fine arts, the art of preparing col- ors. gun (gim), n. an instrument for dis- charging shot, by the force of an ex- plosive: the term is also applied to a cannon, and, per contra, to a pistol: v.i. to shoot with a gun. gunboat (gun'bot), n. a warship of ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; htie, hut; think, then. GUNCOTTON 226 GYROSTAT light draught, next in size to a cruiser, carrying several guns. guncotton (gun'kot-n), n. a highly explosive substance formed by the action of nitric and sulphuric acid upon cotton, or some other vegetable fibre. - . , , g^munaii (gun'man) , n. a crimmal char- acter ready to kill with firearms for hire. - gunner (gunner), n. one who works a gun; an artilleryman; a warrant- officer in the navy who has charge of the ordnance of a war-vessel and ordnance-stores . gunpowder (gun'pou-der) , n. an ex- plosive substance composed of sul- phur, nitre and charcoal (see smoke- less powder) ; a fine kind of green tea. gunwale, gunnel (gun'l),n. the upper edge of the side of a ship next to the bulwarks. gurgitation (ger-ji-ta'shun), n. a state of boihng, or whirhng round. gurgle (ger'gl), v.i. to flow or run with a purhng bubbling sound: n, a purhng, bubbling noise. gush (gush), n. a sudden and violent flow of a liquid from an inclosed space; outburst; an extravagant (fisplay of sentiment. gusher (gush'er), n. one who, or that which, gushes; an oil well that dis- charges its contents without the aid of machinery. The original Gusher Well in Pennsylvania yielded oil at the rate of 60,000 barrels a day. gusset (gus'et), n. a small triangular piece of cloth inserted in a garment to strengthen or enlarge a part. gust (gust), n. a sudden squall; a sudden and violent outburst of pas- sion. gustatory (gus'ta-to-ri) , adj, pertain- ing to the taste. gusto (gus'to), n. zest; relish. gut (gut), n. the intestinal canal; an intestine; catgut; a narrow channel or strait: y.t. [p.t. & p.p. gutted, p.pr. gutting], to extract the en- trails of; eviscerate; to plunder, or empty entirely. gutter (gut'er), n. a channel for carry- ing away water: v.t.^ to cut into small channels; furnish with gut- ters: v.i, to run in drops. guttural (gut'er-al), adj. pertaining to, or produced in, the throat: n. a sound produced in the throat, in or near the palate. In English, k, c and g (hard), q, ng, h, and some- times chy are gutturals. guy (gi), n. a rope, chain, &c., to swing and keep steady a heavy body; an effigy, especially of Guy Fawkes [English] ; a person oddly or dowdily dressed: v.^. to steady or guide with a guy; ridicule; delude. guzzle (guz'l), v.i. to drink greedily and immoderately: n. intoxicating hquor; a drunken debauch. gymn, a Greek ^prefix meaning naked, destitute of, occurring in many com- pound words. ^ Also gymno. gymnasium (jim-na'zi-um), n. [jpl. gymnasia (jim-na'zi-a)], a building where gymnastic exercises are prac- ticed; a school for the higher branch- es of hterature and art; in ancient Greece, a place ^ for athletic exer- cises, provided with baths, &c., also, in connection with it, apartments in which philosophic discussions were carried on. gymnast (jim'nast),^ n. one who prac- tices, or is expert in, gymnastics. gymnastics (jim-nas'tiks), n.pl. ath- letic exercises;^ the art of develop- ing the physical powers by exer- cise. gynecology (ji-ne-kol'o-ji), n. that branch of medical science which treats of the functions and diseases of women. [Greek.] gypsum (jip'sum), n. sulphate of lime; plaster of paris. Gypsy, same as Gipsy. gyrate (ji'rat), v.i. to revolve round a central point; rotate; wheel. gyre (jir), n. a fetter for the legs: v.t. to fetter. gyro, a Greek prefix in various scien- tific words meaning a circle, round. gyroscope (ji'ro-skop) , n. an instru- ment for demonstrating the laws of rotation; used to steady torpedo boats and other vessels; to give steadiness to flying machines. gyrostat (ji'ro-stat), n. an instrument for demonstrating the dynamics of rotating rigid bodies. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, nOrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut; think, tMn, H H, the eighth letter ^ in the English alphabet. Its form is derived direct- ly through the Latin from Greek and Phoenician. It was long a ^'silent letter," but is becoming less so every day. As a chemical sym- bol it stands for Hydrogen. ha (ha), inter j. an expression of wonder, joy, hesitation, &c., its meaning being dependent on the tone in which it is uttered: v.i. to express wonder, &c.; "hesitate. haberdasher (hab'er-dash-er), n. a dealer in bmall wares, as ribbons, lace, tapes, needles, &c. habiUment (ha-biFi-ment) , n. an article of clothing: pi. dress. habit (hab'it), n. ordinary course of conduct; general condition or ten- dency; disposition; established cus- tom ; dress ; a woman's riding-dress ; the distinctive dress worn by mem- bers of a rehgious order: vX, to dress; furnish with a habit. habitable (hab'it-a-bl), adj. fit to be dwelt in. habitant (ab'it-ang), n. a dweller; permanent resident; a farmer of French descent, in Canada and Louisiana. [French.] habitat (hab'i-tat), n. the natural I9- cality of animals, plants, &c., in their wild state; geographical range. habitation (hab-i-ta'shun) , n. resi- dence or place of abode; natural locality; a Primrose League lodge. habitual (ha-bit'u-al), adj. formed or acquired by use; customary; in- veterate. habituate (ha-bit'u-at) , v.t. to make famihar by use or custom; famihar- ize. habitude (hab'i-tud), n. habit; cus- tomary manner or mode ; f amiUarity. hack (hak), v.t. to cut irregularly and into small pieces; injure by cutting; notch; kick (the shins of another) at football; let out for hire: n. a notch; hollow irregular cut; a horse let out for hire; a kick on the shins at football; a carriage let out for hire; a hackney-ceach ; a Uterary drudge; a drying frame for fish; a place where green bricks are dried; a feeding rack. hackberry (hak'ber-ri), n, a large North American forest-tree, with an edible fruit. hackle (hak'l), v.t, to dress or comb, as flax or hemp; tear into pieces; mangle in cutting: n. an implement with sharp spikes for cleansing flax or hemp; unspun fiber; a long nar- row feather in the neck of a cock, used for making artificial flies for angling; a feather fly for angUng. hackney (hak'ni), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hackneyed, p.pr. hackneying], to wear out by constant use; make commonplace: adj. let out for hire; common or trite: n. a hackney- coach; a horse kept for hire; a nag. See hack. hackneyed (hak'nid), p. adj. worn out;, commonplace. had, p.t. of have. haddock (had 'ok), n. a sea-fish of the cod family_. Hades (ha'dez), n. the abode and state of the dead. See Sheol, Purgatory, Hell. [Greek.] hadji (had'ji), n. a Mohammedan who has made his pilgrimage to Mecca and is thereafter regarded by his people as a very holy man. (Also hajj, and howadji.) hsema, a Greek prefix meaning bloody occurring in many scientific words. Also haem, haemat, haemo, hemo. haematic (he-mat'ik), adj. pertaining to the blood: n.pl. that branch of physiology that treats of the blood. hsemoglobin, hem- (hem-o-glo'bin), n. an albuminoid substance in the ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; IS hue, hut ; think, thQn. ILEMORRHAGE 228 HAMMER blood forming the chief constituent of the red corpuscles. haemorrhage, hem- (hem'o-raj), n. bleeding from the lungs, arteries, veins, &c. haemorrhoids, hem- (hem'o-roids) , n.pl. bleeding piles. haft (haft), n, a handle of a tool or knife: v.t. to furnish with a haft or handle. hag (hag), n, a witch; an ugly old woman; a cartilaginous fish, para- sitic in the bodies of other fish. haggard (hag'ard) , adj. worn and anx- ious in appearance; lean and hollow- eyed. haggle (hag'l), v.i. to higgle. hafi (hal), n. frozen raindrops; a call or salutation: v.i. to pour down hail: v.t. to pour down or out like hail; call to or salute. hair (har), n. one of the small horny fibrous tubes with a bulbous root growing out of the skin of a mam- mal; the mass of such horny fibrous tubes; minute hair-like filaments on the surface of plants. hake (hak), n. an edible sea-fish cog- nate with the cod. halberd (hal'berd), n. a mediaeval weanon consisting of a long staff to which an axe was affixed with a spear-like point. [Old French.] halcyon (hal'si-un), adj. pertaining to the kingfisher; peaceful; happy; calm: n. the kingfisher, from the fable that its hatching season was in calm weather. [Greek.] hale (hal), adj. sound bodily; healthy; hearty: v.t. to drag or draw by vio- lence. half (haf), n. [pi. halves (havz)], one of two equal parts; a school term; in football, a half-back: adv. equally; partly: adj. consisting of a half; ap- proximating. halibut (hal'i-but), n. a large edible flatfish. hall (hawl), n. a large room for the transaction of public business, en- tertainments, &c.; a court of jus- tice; the first large room of a house; a manor-house; a college dining- room; the dinner served there; the pubhc room of a corporation or guild; at Oxford and Cambridge a minor college. hallelujah (hal-e-loo'ya), n. (Hebrew. Praise ye Jehovah) an ascription of praise to God ; a musical composition having as its theme such an ascrip- tion of praise: adj. singing, or con- taining, hallelujah. Also alleluiah. halloo (hal-looO and hullo (hul-lo'), interj. an exclamation to call atten- tion to or cheer one; a shout to at- tract attention, or to cheer or urge on: v.t. to shout out; incite or cheer on, as dogs: v.i. to cry out loudly. Also holloa. hallow (hal'o), v.t. to consecrate; de- vote to sacred purposes; revere. Halloween (hal-o-en'), n. the Eve of All Saints or All Hallows, Oct 31. hallucination (hal-loo;si-na'shun) , n. belief in something imaginary; de- lusion; error. [Latin.] halo (ha'lo), n. a ring or circle of light round the sun or moon, caused by refraction; a ring of light. [Latin.] halogen (hal'o-jen), n. an element as chlorine, bromine, iodine, and fluo- rine, which forms saline compounds by combining with other elements. [Greek.] halt (hawlt), n. the act of limping; a stop in marching: adj. crippled or lame: v.i. to be lame; limp; be du- bious or hesitate; to stop in marching. halter (hawl'ter), n. one who halts; a rope for hanging criminals; a rope for leading or holding a horse: v.t. to put on, or secure with, a halter. ^ halve (hav), v.t. to divide into two equal parts; fasten together, as tim- bers. halves, pi. of half. halyard (hal'yard) , n. a rope or tackle for hoisting a sail, flag, &c. Also halliard. ham (ham), n. the hinder part of the thigh; a thigh of an animal, espe- cially a pig, salted and smoked; a house; village: in place — names of Anglo-Saxon origin, as Tottenham. hamlet (ham'let), n. a small vil- lage. hammer (ham'er), n. an instrument with a handle and iron head for driv- ing nails, beating metals, &c.; any- thing resembling a hammer in its ac- tion or shape: v.t. to beat with, or as with, a hammer; forge; beat; work in the mind: v.i. to work hard. ate, arm, at, awl ; me. merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HAMMOCK 229 HAP hammock (ham'ok), n, a swinging bed usually of network or canvas. hamper (ham 'per), n. a large wicker- work basket for carrying food, &c.; the rigging of a ship: v,t. to put into, or inclose in, a hamper; em- barrass; perplex; impede. hamstring (ham'string) , v.t. [pi. & p.p. hamstrung, p.pr. hamstringing], to lame by cutting the tendons of the ham: n.pl. the strong sinews at the back of the knee. hand (hand), n. the divided and ter- minal extremity of the human arm connected with the wrist, a similar organ terminating the fore-limb of certain animals; something resem- bling a hand in ai)pearance or use; a measure of 4 in.; dexterity in manipulation or performance; pos- session; style of writing; an employe who labors with his hands; cards held; a game; pledge of betrothal; nearness; gain; advantage; agency of; index of any kind; turn of a player to serve the ball at tennis, &c.; a large piece of plug tobacco: v.t. to give or transmit with, or as with, the hand; assist or lead with the hand: adj. pertaining to, or used by, the hand. handcuff (hand'kuf), n. shackles for the hand, locked on the wTist of a prisoner: v.t. to put handcuffs on. handicap (han'di-kap), v.t. to impose impediments upon in order to off- set advantages; to place at a dis- advantage: n. any contest so ad- justed; the conditions imposed in such a contest. handicraft (hand'i-kraft) , n. the work or skill of an artificer ; manual skill, or labor: adj. pertainingto manual labor. handiwork (han'di-werk) , n. work done, or produced by, the hands. handkerchief (hang'ker-chif ) , n. a piece of linen, silk or cotton cloth for wiping the face or nose ; a pocket- handkerchief. handle (hand'l), n. that part of a tool, vessel, &c., grasped by the hand; an instrument or occasion: v.t. to touch or feel with the hand; manage; manipulate; discourse on; act toward or treat; buy, sell, or in- vest in: v.i. to work with the hands. handsel (hand'sel), n. an earnest given to make good a contract; the act of using anything for the first time; a gift, especially at the time of the New Year: v.t. to give a handsel to; use or do for the first time. [English.] handsome (hand 'sum), pleasing to look upon; well-formed; graceful; liberal; generous; ample. handy (hand'i), adj. [comp. handier, superl. handiest], dexterous; skilful; convenient; close at hand; manage- able. hang (hang), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hung, hanged, p.pr. hanging], to suspend; to fasten to something so as to be movable; suspend by the neck; display; attach or fasten; furnish with ornaments or drapery suspended or fastened to the walls, &c.: v.i, to be suspended; bend forward; be dependent upon; dangle; cling; be in a deadlock: n. method of hang- ing; manner of doing or using; gen- eral tendency; slope. hangar (hang'gahr), n. a shed or shelter for housing balloons and aeroplanes. hanger (hang'er), n. one who hangs; that by which spmething is hung or suspended; a kind of cutlass once carried by sailors when in action. hanging (hang' mg),j?. adj. suspended or dangling; suggesting or involving death by hanging: n. the act of put- ting to death by the punishment of the halter: pi. drapery for a room. hangnail (hang'nal), n. a small piece of skin hanging from the root of a finger-nail; an agnail. hank (hangk), n. two or more skeins of thread, silk, wool, &c., fastened together ; one of the wooden rings to which a fore-and-aft sail is bent; a withy or rope for fastening a gate: v.t. to form into hanks. hanker (hang'ker), v.i. to desire eagerly (with after). hansard (han'sard), n. the oflficially printed proceedings of the parlia- ment of Great Britain, said to have been first published by Luke Han- sard (1800). hansom (han'sum), n. a two- wheeled cab. hap (hap), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. happed, p.pr. happing], to happen; befall casually: v.t. cover or wrap [Scotch]: ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HAPHAZARD 230 HARMONIOUS n. chance; a casual event; a cloak or wrapper. [Scottish.] haphazard (hap'haz-ard), n. chance; accident: adv, by chance. hapless (hap'les), adj. unfortunate; unlucky; unhappy. happen (hap'n), v,i, to chance; oc- cur. happify (hap'i-fi), v.t. to make cheer- ful and happy .^ happiness (hap'i-nes), n. the state of being happy; good fortune; felici- tousness. happy (hap'i), adj. [camp, happier, superl. happiest], enjoying pleasure or good;^ successful; prosperous; luckj;; living in concord; satisfied; propitious; felicitous. harakiri (ha'ra-ke'ri) , n. formerly, in Japan, a method of suicide by rip- ping open the bowels, permitted to nobles and military officers so as to escape the indignity of a pubKc exe- cution or official disgrace. Called also '^happy despatch'* : nari-kari (wrong- ly). Harakiri means "belly cut/' harangue (ha-rang'), n. a public ad- dress or oration, especially extem- pore: v.i. to deliver a harangue: v.t. to address by^a harangue. harass (har'as), v.t. to annoy or vex; fatigue or weary with labor or im- portunity; to tire out and annoy an enemy by incessant petty attacks. harbinger (har'bin-jer), n. a pre- cursor; forerunner: v.t. announce; foretell; usher in. harbor (har'ber), n. a port or haven for ships; any place of refuge or safety; formerly an inn or lodging: v.t. to shelter or protect; cherish. hard (hard), adj. compact and solid; firm; not easy to be pierced or broken; unyielding; difficult of ac- complishment ; laborious ; oppres- sive; severe; keen; austere; inflex- ible; unfeeling; exacting; not easily granted; rough; unprosperous ; ut- tered gutturally; stiff or formal: adv. forcibly; laboriously; diligently; tempestuously; closely; roughly; to the utmost extent ; so as to become hard; with vexation, trouble, or sorrow: n. a roadway of hard ma- terial by the sea; a pier or landing- place: vl. the refuse of flax or wool; alum and salt mixed together. used for giving a white color to bread. harden (hard'n), v.t. to make hard or harder; confirm in impudence or wickedness; toughen; inure: v.i, to become hard or harder. hardihood (hard'i-hood) , n. effront- ery; boldness; physical endur- ance. hardness (hard'nes), n. the quaUty of being hard. hardship (hard'ship). n. oppression: severelabor or want; injustice. hardware (hard'war), n. manufac- tured articles of metal. hare (har), n. a rodent, with long ears and a short tail, larger than a rab- bit, characterized by its great timidity. harem (ha'rem or ha-rem'), n. the apartments of the women and chil- dren in a Mohammedan house; the wives and concubines of a Moham- medan. Also hareem, haram. haricot (har'i-ko), n. a kind of stew of meat and vegetables; the kidney- bean. [French.] hark (hark), v.i. to listen. Also harken. harlequin (har'le-kwin), n. the per- former in a pantomime who wears parti-colored garments and carries a talismanic wand: adj. fantastic or full of trickery; parti-colored. [Italian.] harlot (harlot), n. a prostitute. harm (harm), n. injury; hurt; dam- age; moral evil or wrong-doing: v.t. to inflict hurt, damage, or injury upon. harniful (harm'fool), adj. hurtful; in- jurious. harmonic (har-mon'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or producing, harmony; mu- sical; concordant; harmonious; also harmonical: n.vl. the science of mu- sical sounds. [Latin.] harmonica (har-mon'i-ka) , n. a mu- sical instrument the tones of which are produced by friction from a num- ber of musical glasses filled to vari- ous heights with water; a mouth- organ ; an oblong musical instrument consisting of a number of glass slips which are struck by a mallet. Also harmonicon. harmonious (har-mo'ni-us), od?*. con- cordant; musical; symmetrical. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, *^en. HARMONIUM 231 HATEFUL harmoniuin (har-mo'ni-um), n. a reed-organ. harmonize (har'mo-niz), v.t. to render harmonious; cause to agree; recon- cile: v,i. to agree; be in peace and friendship ; correspond. harmony (har'mo-ni), n. [pL harmo- nies (har'mo-niz)], the quality of be- ing pleasing to the ear; unison; just adaptation of parts to one another, so as to form a connected whole ; ac- cord in feeling, sentiment, &c.; a lit- erary work showing the agreement between parallel or similar histories or passages. harness (har'nes), n. the working gear of a horse; the accoutrement and armor of a knight; any arrangement, as of straps, &c., for performing some mechanical operation: v.t. to put harness upon; equip, as a knight. harp (harp), n. a musical stringed in- strument of triangular shape, played with the fingers: v.i. to play on the harp; dwell tediously or persistently on some particular subject (with on or upon), harpoon (har-poon'), n, a long barb- headed spear having a line attached to the staff, for striking and killing whales: v,t. to strike with a harpoon. harpsichord (harp'si-kord), n. a stringed instrument with a keyboard, the precursor of the pianoforte. harpy (har'pi), n. [pi. harpies (har'- piz)], in classical mythology, a winged monster with a woman's face and the body and sharp claws of a vulture, exceedingly rapacious and filthy: hence, an extortioner. harrow (har'o), n. an agricultural in- strument for breaking up clods and casting earth upon sown land: y.L to break up, tear, or draw over with a harrow: lacerate or torment. harry (har'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. harried, p.pr. harrying], to plunder, lay waste; annoy or vex; tease; harass: v.i. to make predatory raids. harsh (harsh), adj. discordant; jar- ring; rough to the ear, taste, or touch; austere. hart (hart), n. the male of the red deer. hartshorn (hartz'h6rn). n. the antler of a hart; a volatile preparation of ammonia. harum-scarum (har'um-skar'um), adj. giddy; wild; reckless. harvest (har'vest), n. the season of reaping and gathering in the har- vest: v.t. to gather in, as corn; reap. hash (hash), n. a dish of meat chopped fine and cooked with potatoes ; a mix- ture: v.t. to chop small and mix; to beat brutally as if into pieces. hashish (hash'esh), n. an intoxicant made from Indian hemp ; bhang. The medical name is cannabis In- dica. haslet (has'let), n. the edible entrails of an animal, as the sheep or hog. hasp (hasp), n. a clasp folded over a staple and secured with a padlock: v.t. to shut or secure with a hasp. hassock (has'ok), n. a padded mat or cushion for kneeling upon in church, &c.; a kneeler. hast, 2nd per., sing., pres.t. of have. haste (hast), n. quickness of move- EQent; celerity; speed, urgency; pre- cipitancy; vehemence: v.t. to has- ten. hasten (ha'sn), v.t. to cause to make haste; hurry; urge forward: v.i. to move with speed ; be quick. hasty (has'ti), adj. [cornp. hastier, superl. hastiest], precipitate; quick; speedy; eager; vehement; rash, hat (hat), n. a covering for the head, with a crown and brim; when of scarlet and an especial pattern, a cardinal's rank and dignity. hatband (hat'band), n. a band worn round the hat; a black cloth band worn as a token of mourning. hatch (hach), v.t. to produce (young) from eggs; plot or contrive; shade by narrow lines; close with, or as with, a hatch: n. the number of young produced from eggs at a sit- ting; brood; plot; a narrow line in engraving, or drawing; a door with an opening over it; a half -door: vL doors or openings by which a de- scent is made from one deck of a ship to another. hatchet (hach'et), n. a small axe. hatchway (hach'wa), n. a rectangular opening in the deck of a vessel for passage below. hate (hat), v.t. to dislike intensely; abhor; detest: n. hatred. hateful (hat'fool), adj, causing hate. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HATRED 232 HEADED hatred (hat'red), n. bitter aversion; continued hostility of feeling; detes- tation. haughty (haw'ti), adj. [comp. haugh- tier, superl. haughtiest], proud and disdainful; arrogant; contemptu- ous. haul (hawl), v.t. to pull or draw with force; transport by drawing: v.i. to change the course of a ship; shift: said of the wind: n. a strong pull; draught of a net; quantity caught at one time; distance over which anything is drawn. haunch (hanch), n. the fleshy part of the hip and buttock; a joint of venison or mutton; shoulder of an arch. haunt (hant), n. a place of accus- tomed resort: v.t. to visit frequently or habitually; trouble with frequent visits, as an apparition. hautboy (ho'boi), n. a wind instru- ment of the flute class: the oboe. hauteur (o-ter'), n. haughty bear- ing or spirit. [French.] have (hav), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. had, p.pr. having], to possess; take; hold or bear; enjoy; desire; be obliged; bring forth; cheat; obtain the ad- vantage of. havelock (hav'e-lok), n. a piece of white washable cloth which covers a military cap and falls over the wearer's neck to protect him from the sun. Named from Sir Henry Havelock (d. 1857), an English general in the Indian Mutiny. haven (ha'vn), n. a sheltered anchor- age for ships; harbor; place of shel- ter and safety. haversack (hav'er-sak) , n. a strong coarse linen bag in which soldiers carry their rations when marching. havoc (hav'ok), n. wide and general destruction ; devastation. haw (haw), v.i. to speak with hesita- tion: v.t. and v.i. to guide or turn to the left, as a horse or ox, in driving. hawk (hawk), n. a name for various species of raptorial birds allied to the eagles and falcons; a forcible ef- fort to clear the throat of phlegm; a square board, with a short handle, for holding mortar: v.t. to cry, or carry about, for sale: v.i. to make a forcible effort to cough up phlegm; to fly trained hawks at birds on the wing. hawker (hawk'er), n. one who cries and sells goods in the streets; ped- dler; falconer. hawse (hawz), n. that part of a shii)'s bows where the hawse-holes are sit- uated. hawser (hawz'er), n. a thick rope or cable. hay (ha), n. grass, clover, &c., cut and dried for fodder. hazard (haz'ard), n. chance; acci- dent; risk; danger; a dice game (called '^chicken hazard' 0; a stroke at bilhards: i*.^. to run the risk of; chance; put in peril. hazardous (haz'ard-us), adj. risky; perilous. haze (haz), n. a slight fog or mist; dimness of sight or knowledge: vd, to be foggy or misty: v.t. pursue or harass by overwork or unpleasant tasks; play practical jokes upon, especially of a severe kind. hazel (haz'l), n. a shrub or tree of the genus Corylus, bearing an edible nut. hazing (haz'ing), adj. practice of an- noying or roughly handling mem- bers of an organization by their fellows. hazy (haz'i), adj. misty; obscure. he (he), pr. [pi. they (tha)], the masculine pronoun of the third per- son: n. a male. head (hed), n. the uppermost part of the body of an animp^l that contains the face, brain, &c.; chief or princi- pal part of anything; an individual; leader or commander ; place of honor or authority; top; fore-part; the understanding or intellect; origin or source; pitch; crisis or height; static or latent force; froth; a feeling of vanity and egotism ; a pain or swell- ing, after drinking ardent spirits : adj. principal or chief; acting with the front: v.t. to lead or direct; take the first place in; get in front of; direct the course of; oppose; strain: v.i. to go forward; come to, or form, a head. headed (hed'ed), adj. having a head; denoting understanding or intellect (much used in composition, as clear- headed, wrong-headed, hght-headed, &c.). ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nSrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HEADER 233 HEATH header (hed'er), n. a plunge or fall foremost ; one who puts heads on, as in pin-making; a machine, &c., for making or removing heads; a brick or stone with its short face in front. beading (hed'ing), n. a title; material from which casks^ heads are made; the stri^ on a piece of embroidery, for sewing on to a garment; the entrance to a mine. headland (hed'land), n. a promontory. headline (hed'lin), n. a line of type dis- played conspicuously at the top of a page, chapter, column of a newspa- per, &c. : pi. the ropes at the head of a sail by which it is secured to the yard. headlong (hed'long), adv. head fore- most; rashly; precipitously: adj. rash; precipitate; violent; thought- less. headstrong (hed'strong) , adj. un- governable; self-willed. heady (hed'i), adj. precipitate; in- toxicating. heal (hel), v.t. to restore to health; cure; make sound; reconcile: v.i. to become well or sound. hesder (hel'er), n. one who heals dis- eases of the mind or body. health (helth), n. freed9m from bod- ily pain or disease; vigor of mind; moral purity; righteousness; heal- ing power; a toast or pledge. healthful (helth'fool), adj. promoting health; salubrious. healthy (helth'i), adj. [comp. healthier, superl. healthiest], noting a sound condition of body; enjoying, or con- tributing to, health. hes^ (hep), n. a pile or collection of things thrown together; a quantity; accumulation; crowd: v.t. to form into a heap; pile up; aggregate; amass. liear (her), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. heard (herd), p.pr. hearing], to perceive by the ear; attend or listen to; give heed to; obey; accede to the wishes of; attend judicially: v.i. to have the sense of hearing; be told of. lEsnearing (her'ing), n. the sense by which sound is perceived; audience; judicial investigation. hearken, same as harken. hearsay (her'sa), n. rumor or report: adj. second hand. hearse (hers), n. a vehicle for the con- veyance of dead bodies to the grave. heart (hart), n. the organ in animals by the muscular contraction and di- lation of which the blood is circu- lated through the arteries, &c.; the vital, inner, or chief part of any- thing; the seat of the affections and passions; emotion; tenderness; af- fection; courage; will; spirit; en- ergy; power; resolution; secret thoughts; conscience; one of a suit of cards marked with one or more red hearts; a variety of cherry: pL a card game. heartache (hart'ak), n. sorrow; pang; grief. heartburn (harfbern), n. a burning affection of the esophagus, caused by acidity of the stomach, and usually relieved by an alkali such as bi- carbonate of soda (cooking soda). hearted (hart'ed), adj. having a heart (used in compounds, denoting gen- erally affections, qualities, &c., as good-hearted, &c.). hearten (hart'n), v.t. to give courage to; inspirit. hearth (harth), n. that part of a room where the fire is made; hence the family circle. heartless (hart'les), adj. without feel- ing; cold; unsympathetic. heartsease (hartz'ez), n. the pansy. heartseed (hart'sed), n. a chmbing plant with seeds marked with a heart-shaped scar. hearty (hart'i), adj. [comp. heartier, superl. heartiest], cordial; sincere; open; warm; strong; vigorous; good- natured; kind; healthy; having a keen appetite. heat (het), n. the sensation produced by a hot body ; caloric ; the state of being hot; effervescence; agitation of sudden or violent passion; ardor; vehemence; redness or flush of the face (see prickly-heat) ; a course at a race; hot weather: v.t. to make hot; warm; excite with passion or desire; make feverish; animate: v.i. to be- come hot or warm. heater (het'er), n. one who, or that which, heats, as various mechanical contrivances. heath (heth), n. a small evergreen ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. HEATHEN 234 HELIO flowering shrub, with rose-colored flowers, growing on moorlands, &c.; heather; moorland, especially with heath growing upon it. heathen (he'thn), n, one who is ig- norant of the true God; a pagan; idolater; a rude, irreligious, uncul- tured person. heather (he^/i'er), same as heath. heave (hev), v.t, to hoist or lift up; force from the breast, as a sigh; cause to swell; throw: v.i. to be lifted up; swell; rise and fall alter- nately; struggle or toil; pant; vomit: n. an effort or exertion upwards ; lift ; the act of throwing; swell or rising; haul; struggle, effort to vomit. heaven (hev'n), n. the abode of God and the blessed; the firmament or sky; a state or condition of bliss. heavy (hev'i), adj. [comp. heavier, su- perl. heaviest], ponderous; weighty; oppressive; grievous; laborious; ob- structive ; gravid ; dull ; dense ; pow- erful; loud; indigestible; clayey: adv, heavily [Poet.]. hehdomadal (heb-dom'a-dal), adj, composed of seven days; occurring every seven days. [Latin.] Hebrew (he'bro5), adj, pertaining to the Hebrews, a Semitic race; Jew- ish: n. the Hebrew language; a Jew. [French Shreu, from Latin Hehraeiis,] heeatomb (hek'a-tom), n. a sacri- fice of a hundred oxen ; any large sac- rifice or slaughter. heckle (hek'l), v.t. to actend political meetings in order to disturb the speakers by asking them questions. [English and Scotch.] hectare (hek'tar), n. in the metric sys- tem, a French land measure = 100 ares, of 2.47 acres. hectic (hek'tik), adj. crastitutional ; slow, but of long continuance; per- taining to hectic fever; feverish: n. a remittent fever accompanying con- sumption, characterized by a bright pink spot or flush on the cheeks. hectograph (hek'to-graf), n. an appa- ratus for multiplying copies of a let- ter or drawing, &c. hector (hek'ter), v.t. to bully or blus- ter: from Hector, the Trojan hero. hedge (hej). n. a fence of bushes or shrubs: v.t. to inclose with a hedge; encircle; invest: v.i. to bet on both sides, so that the possibility of loss will be diminished; skulk: adj. mean; contemptible; of the lowest class. hedonism (he'do-nizm), n. the doc- trine that pleasure is the chief end of life. [Greek.] heed (hed), v.t. to regard with care; take notice of; mind; attend; re- gard; n. careful attention; regard; caution. heehaw (he'haw), v.i. to bray like an ass: n. the bray of an ass. heel (hel), n. the hinder part of the foot ; the hinder part of a boot, shoe, or stocking; anything shaped like a heel: v.t. to furnish with a heel: v.i. lean on one side, as a ship. heeled (held) , adj. well-armed or well- provided with money. heeler (hel'er), n. a pohtical hanger- on. heft (heft), n, a handle; an effort; weight; the greater part or bulk: v.t. to try the weight of by lifting or holding in the hand. Hegira (he-ji'ra), n. the flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina (662 A.D.). Also Hejira. From this date Mohammedans begin their system of chronology and reckoning years. heifer (hef'er), n. a young cow. height (hit), n. altitude; elevation; highest state or degree; an eminence or hill; summit; stature. heig;hten (hit 'en), v.t. to make high or higher; elevate; intensify; set off; increase; aggravate; improve. heinous (ha'nus), adj. atrocious; ex- tremely wicked; flagrant. heir (ar), n. one who succeeds an- other in the possession of property, title, office, mental gifts, &c. heiress (ar'es), n. a female heir. heirloom (ar'loom). n. any movable or personal chattel, which by its connection with an estate descends to the heir. held (held), p.t. of hold. heliac (he'li-ak),^ adj, pertaining to the sun; emerging from, or passing into, the light of the sun. Also heli- acal. helio, a Greek prefix meaning sun, caused by, or like, the sun or sunlight^ as /leZiograph. an instrument for taking a photograph of the sun, or ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. HELIOCENTRIC 235 HEMISPHERE for signaling by reflecting sunlight Hellenes or Greeks, or to Grecian from one mirror to another. art and literatm-e. [Greek.] heliocentric (he-h-o-sen'trik) , adj, heUo (hero) and hullo (hul'6), having the sun as the center. famihar terms of greeting among heliochromy (he-K-ok'ro-mi) , n. the friends, and especially boys and art or process of obtaining photo- men. Also largely used in making graphs m natural colors. telephone calls. heliolatry (he-li-olVtri) , n. worship helm (helm), n. the apparatus for of the sun. steering a ship; tiller; the place of heliometer (he-li-om'e-ter) , n, a its direction and government; a hel- microrneter for measuring small met [Poet.]: v.t. to guide or con- angles in the heavens. duct. helioscope (he'U-o-skop) , n. a form of helmet (hel'met), n. metal or leather refractmg telescope for observing armor for the head; the hooded the sun. ^ upper lip of a flower. heliostat (he'li-o-stat) , n. an instru- helot (he'lot), n. a slave in ancient ment by which signaUng is carried Sparta; slave or serf. [Greek.] on by means of a mirror, moved by help (help), v.t. to give assistance to; clockwork. aid; support; sustain; succor; re- heliotrope (he'U-o-trop) , n. a plant heve; avoid; prevent; distribute whose flowers follow the course of food to at table; remedy; cure: v.i, the sun; a green-colored variety of to lend aid; be available or useful: chalcedony with small red spots; n. assistance; aid; support; succor; bloodstone; the color of the flowers relief; that which forwards or pro- of heliotrope, bluish-pink. motes; a portion of food served at a heliotyjpe (he'li-o-tlp) , n. an impres- meal; a hired servant. sion from a photograph taken on a helpful (help 'fool), adj. affording help, gelatine plate hardened with alum, helpless (help'less), adj, without help; helium (he'li-um), n. an element first unprotected. discovered in the spectrum of the helter-skelter (hel'ter-skel'ter) , adv. sun and supposed to be peculiar to in hurry and confusion. that body. It has recently been helve (helv), n. the handle of an discovered on the earth, and a gas axe, &c. arising from radium has been ob- Helvetian (hel-ve'shan) , adj. per- served to change into this element. taining to Switzerland: n. a Swiss. helix (he'liks), n. {pi. hehces (he'li- Also Helvetic. sez)], a spiral line, as of a line coiled hem (hem), n. the edge of a garment round ; a circumvolution ; the margin doubled and sewn; an ejaculatory of the external ear; a small volute; sound: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hemmed, p. a genus of molluscs, containing the V'- hemming], to form a hem on; shell snails. to shut in; environ: v.i. utter the hell (hel), n. the place of the dead or ejaculation hem. of departed souls (more correctly hema, a Greek prejix meamng blood, Sheol or Hades) ; the place of punish- occurring m many scientific words, ment for the wicked after death: Also hem, hemato, haema, haem, hence any place or condition of haem at o. extreme misery or evil; a gambling- hematin (hem a-tm), n. the red col- house, oring matter in the blood. Also Hellas (heras). n. the name by which haematin. • t ,r the Greeks spoke of their own coun- hemi, a Greek V^fi^,^ meamng halj, try. as /lemi-sphere, half a sphere or heUehore(hel'e-bor),n. the Christmas globe. . -, . x jr ^• rose. In past centuries a medicine hemiopia (hem-i-o pi-a),n. a detect m was distilled from it for the attempt- vision in which only the half of an ed cure of madness. object is seen. ,. ^_ ^ , Hellenic (he-len'ik). adj. pertaining hemisphere (hemi-sfer), see under to. or characteristic of, the ancient hemi. ftte, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HEMISTICH 236 HERITAGE hemistich (hem'i^stik), n. in poetry, an incomplete line, or the half of a line. liemlock (hem'lok), n, a wild poison- ous plant of the parsley family : hem- lock spruce, an evergreen tree of the pine family: the lumber made from the hemlock tree. hemp (hemp), n. a plant of the net- tle family, the tough fiber of which is used for cordage and various kinds of coarse linen; in the East, a narcotic and intoxicant, hashish, is obtained from Indian hemp. hemstitch (hem'stich), n. a particular kind of ornamental stitching. hen (hen), n. the feniale of a bird, especially the domestic fowl. henbane (hen 'ban), n. a poisonous coarse hairy wild herb of the night- shade family deadly to fowls. hence (hens),^ adv. from this place, source, or time; in consequence of this: inter j. away! begone! henchman (hench'man), n. [pi. hench- men (hench'men)], formerly, a male attendant or servant; groom; one who serves in a political campaign under another for pecuniary consid- erations. See heeler. hept, a Greek prefix meaning seven. Also hepta, as heptachord, a series of seven notes; a seven-stringed musi- cal instrument. heptad (hep'tad), n. a chemical atom or element that has the equivalence of seven atoms of hydrogen. heptagon (hep'ta-gon), n. a plane fig- ure Tiaving seven sides and seven angles. heptahedron (hep-ta-he'dron), n. a solid figure with seven sides. heptarchy (hep'tar-ki), n. [pi. hep- tarchies (hep'tar-kiz)], a government by seven rulers, especially the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms established in England. her (her), pron. the objective and possessive case of the personal pro- noun she. herald (her'ald), n. formerly an offi- cial who proclaimed peace and war, bore messages from a sovereign to a commander, superintended co-do- nations and other public ceremonial functions, &c. ; an official whose duty it is to grant, record, and blazon arms, trace pedigrees, &c. ; a precursor: v.t. to introduce; proclaim. [Old French.] heraldry (her'ald-ri), n. the science that treats of armorial bearings, and of determining pedigrees, &c. herb (erb, or herb), n. a plant with a soft and succulent stem that, after flowering, withers away . herbaceous (her-ba'shus), adj\ per- taining to, or of the nature of, or feeding upon, herbs. herbage (her'baj), n. herbs collec- tively ; grass ; pasturage ; the right of pasture on the lands of another. herbarium (her-ba'ri-um) , n. [pi. her- baria (her-ba'ri-a)], a systematic col- lection of dried plants for purposes of study; a building where such a collection is kept. herd (herd), n. sl collection of beasts or cattle feeding or driven together; crowd; a keeper of cattle: v.i. to unite or associate, as beasts; crowd together. here (her), adv. in, or to, this place; at this point ; in the present life or state; on this occasion. hereby (her-bf), cidv. by virtue of this; near. hereditary (he-red 'i-ta-ri), adj. pass- ing from an ancestor to a descen- dant; transmitted from parent to offspring. heredity (he-red 'i-ti), n. the trans- mission of physical or mental char- acteristics or qualities from parent to offspring; the tendency of an organism to reproduce the charac- teristics of the progenitor. herein (her-in'), adv. in this. heresy (her'e-si), n. [pL heresies (her'e-siz)], an opinion or doctrine at variance with fundamental truths commonly received as 9rthodox, es- pecially if leading to division. heretic (her/e-tik), n. one who holds, or maintains, heretical opinions. heretical (he-ret'i-kal), adj. pertaining to, or having the character of, heresy; subversive of, or contrary to, orthodox belief. heretofore (her-too-f or') , adv. pre- viously; hitherto. heritage (her'i-taj), n. an estate that passes from an ancestor to a de- scendant; a birthright or inherit- ance; the people of God. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book - hue, hut ; think, then. HERMENEUTICS 237 HICKORY h^rmeneutics (her-men-u'tiks) , n. the gift of expounding difficult sub- jects, and especially the Bible and the classics. hermetic (her-met'ik) , adj. perfect- ly closed and air-tight. Also her- metical. hermit (her'mit), n. one who retires from society and lives in solitude, especially for devotional contempla- tion; an anchorite. hermitage (her'mi-taj), n. the abode of a hermit; a variety of red and white French wine. hernia (her'ni-a), n, a protrusion of some part pf the intestine, or of some other internal organ; rupture. hero (he'ro), n. [pL heroes (he'roz)], a demigod; a man of distinguished courage, moral or physical; the chief character in a play, novel, poem, &c. heroic (he-ro'ik), adj, having the qualities of a hero; producing he- roes; larger than life; venturesome; drastic. Also heroical: n.pl. ex- travagant or boastful language. heron (her'un), n. a wading bird with a long neck and long legs. [Greek.] herring (her'ing), n. an edible sea-fish moving in shoals. ^ herring-bone (her'ing-bon) , n. a kind pf cross-stitch: v.t. & v.i. to work in such a stitch. herse (hers), n. a portcullis, in the form of a harrow set with spikes. hesitancy (hes'i-tan-si) , n. hesita- tion; suspense ._ hesitate (hes'i-tat), vd. to be in sus- pense or uncertainty; pause; vacil- late; stammer. Hesper (hes'per), n. the evening star, especially Venus. Also Hesperus. Hessian (nesh'an), adj. pertaining to Hesse in Germany or its inhabit- ants; a venal politician: pi. top- boots with tassels in front (now obsolete) . Hessian- fly (hesh'an-fli) , n. a small fly, the larvae of which are very destructive to corn crops. They ap- peared in Pennsylvania soon after the Hessian (British) mercenary troops in the Revolutionary War: hence the name. hest (hest), n. a behest; command. hetero, a Greek prefix meaning another, abnormal, different, unequal. Also heter, as heterocercal, having the upper lobe of the tail longer than the lower lobe: said of certain fish. heterodox (het'er-o-doks) , adj. devi- ating from an accepted doctrine or standard of faith, &c.; heretical: opposed to orthodox. heterodoxy^ (het'er-o-dok-si), n. [pL heterodoxies (het'er-o-dok-siz)],^ an unorthodox doctrine or opinion; heresy. heterogeneous (het-er-o-je'ne-us), Gwi/, opposite or dissimilar in character, quality, structure, &c., not homo- geneous. heteronym (het'er-o-nim), n. a word spelled like another, but with a dif- ferent sound and meaning, a lead, to guide; lead, a metal. See homo- graph. hew (hu), v.t. [p.^. hewed, p.p. hewn, hewed, p.pr. hewing], to cut or shape, as with ah axe or other sharp instru- ment; hack; chop; form laboriously. hexagon (heks'a-gon) , n. sl plane figure having six angles and six sides. hexahedron (heks-a-he'dron) , n. [pL hexahedra (heks-a-h^'dra)], a solid bounded by six plane faces. hexameter (heks-am'e-ter) , n. sl Hne consisting of six feet. In Greek and Latin verse the feet depend on the length of the syllables, i.e. quantity, in Enghsh verse, on the accent of the syllables, i.e. rhythm. hiatus (hl-a'tus), n. a break; vacan- cy; gap; the concurrence of two vowels in two successive syllables. hibernate (hfber-nat), v.i. to pass the winter in a state of torpor, as certain animals; to winter. [Latin.] Hibernian (hi-ber'ni-an) , adj. per- taining to, or characteristic of, Hibernia or Ireland. Hibernianism (hi-ber'ni-an-izm), n. an Irish idiom. Also Hibernicism. ffibiscus (hi-bis'kus) , n. a genus of plants, shrubs, &c., of the mallow family. hiccough (hik'up), n. a short con- vulsive cough: v.i. to utter a short convulsive cough. Also hiccup. hickory (hik'o-ri), n. [^. hickories (hik'o-riz)], an American nut-bear- ing tree of the genus Carya. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, nat ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^^en. HID 238 HINDERMOST htd, p.adj, concealed; not known; se- cret. Also hidden. hide (hid), v.t, [p.t. hid, p.p. hidden, p,pr. hiding], to conceal; secrete; 'not to confess; disguise; whip: v.i, to lie concealed: n. an animaFs skin raw or dressed; formerly a measure of land. hideous (hid'e-us), adj. offensive to the sight, ear, or taste; shocking; dreadful; horrible. hiding (hid'ing), n. concealment; a beating. hie (hi), v.t, [p.t. & p.p. hied, p.pr. hieing], to excite; speed: v.i. to hasten. hierarch (hi'er-ark), n. the chief ruler of an ecclesiastical body ; the leader of an angelic host; in ancient Greece, an oiSicer who had charge of votive offerings. hierarchic (hi-er-ark'ik), adj. pertain- ing to a hierarch, or a hierarchy. Also hierarchical. hierarchy (hi'er-ark-i) , n. [pi. hier- archies (hi'er-ark-iz)], the body of the clergy ; priesthood ; rank of holy beings, as angels ; in biology, a series of systematic groups. hieratic (hi-e-rat'ik), adj. pertaining to priests; sacred; consecrated. Also hieratical. hiero, a Greek prefix meaning sacred, as /lierophant, a priest who, in ancient Greece, initiated novices into the sacred mysteries. hieroglyphic (hi-er-6-glif 'ik) , n. a sacred character or symbol: pi. the pictm-e writings of the ancient Egyptians, &c.: adj. pertaining to hieroglyphics; emblematic. higgle (hig'l), v.i. to carry provi- sions about for sale; chaffer; dis- pute about trifles. high (hi), adj. elevated in place; lofty; exalted in degree or quality; chief; head; honorable; noble; strong; powerful; intense; tempestupus; full or complete; near to the wind; tainted; shrill; acute: n. an ele- vated place: adv. aloft; i)rofoundly; eminently; aloud; luxurious. high-church (hi-cherch'), adj. attach- ing great importance to the prerog- ative and authority of the Church, its sacraments, its theory of the Apostolic Succession, and its priest* hood. highest (hi'est), adj. most high. high-flown (hi'flon), acH. elevated; proud; extravagant; inflated. hieh-handed (hi-hand'ed) , adj. vio- lent; arbitrary. highland (hi'land), n. a mountainous region: pi. the mountainous districts of Scotland. highness (hi'nes) , n. the state or qual- ity 9f being high; a title of honor applied to persons of princely rank (with a possessive pronoun). high priest (prest), n. a chief priest, especially the principal priest of the Jewish hierarchy. highroad (hi'rod), n. a chief road; highway; an easy course or method. highstrung (hi'strung), adj. strung to a high pitch; extremely sensitive, hight (hit), p.oc/;. called, high water (hi' waw-ter) , adj. pertaining to high tide, or its height or time. highway (hi'wa), n. a pubhc road; a course or path. highwayman (hi'wa-man), n. [vL highwaymen (hi'wa-men)], one wno robs on the public road. hike (hik), v.i. to stride over long distances of country on a tramp or march. hilarious (hi-la'ri-us) , adj. merry; exhilarated. hilarity (hi-lar'i-ti) , n. [pi. hilarities (hi-lar'i-tiz)], noisy merriment; ex- hilaration. hill (hil), n. an elevation less than a mountain; a small mound or heap: v.t. to draw earth about. Hillelism (hil'el-izm), n. a doctrine based upon the teaching of Hillel, the Babylonian Jew (112 B.C.), viz., 'What is hated to thee, do not unto thy fellow-men.*' hilt (hilt), n. a handle, especially of a sword. him (him), pron. the objective case of he. hind (hind), n. the female of the stag or red deer; a farm servant; peasant: adj. backward; hinder. hinder (hin'der), v.t. to obstruct or impede: v.i. to impose obstructions or impediments. hindermost (hind'er-most) , adj. same as hindmost. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HINDMOST 239 HIVE ! j hindmost (hind 'most) , adj. farthest from the front; in the extreme rear. hindrance (hin'drans) , n. obstruction. jii Hindu (hin'doo), n. a native of Hin- ! ! dustan belonging to the Aryan race ; Brahman: adj. pertaining to the Hindus or to Hinduism. Also Hin- doo. Hindustani (hin-doo-sta'ne) , n. the official and common language of India; Urdu. Also Hindustanee. hinge (hinj), n. the joint or hook on which a door, &c., turn or swing; the joint of a bivalve shell; that on which anything depends or turns: v.t. to furnish with a hinge: v.i. to stand, turn, or depend, as on a hinge. hinny (hin'i), y.i. [p.t. & p.p. hin- nied, V-W: hinnying], to neigh: n. the offspring of a horse and a she ass. Also whinny. hint (hint), v.t, to suggest; mention casually: n. a suggestion; distant allusion. hip (hip), n. the upper fleshy part of the thigh; haunch; the coxa of an insect; the rafter at the junction of two sloping roofs; the fruit of the briar or dog-rose; melancholy: interj. an huzzah: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hipped, p.pr. hipping], to sprain or fracture the hip of; affect with mel- ancholy; build with a hip; throw by a cross-buttock in wrestling. hipp, Si Greek prefix meaning horse. Also hippo, as mppophagy, the prac- tice of eating horse-flesh. hippocampus, n. asea-horse ; the name 01 two eminences on the lateral ventricles of the brain. hippodrome (hip'o-drom), n. an an- cient Greek race-course for eques- trian games and chariots; a circus; a fraudulent contest or race, the result of which has been previously arranged: v.t. to arrange such a fraudulent contest. [Greek.] hippopotamus (hip-o-pot'a-mus), n. [pi. hippopotami (hip-o-pot'a-mi), hippopotamuses (hip-o-pot'a-mus- ez)], a large pachydermatous aquatic animal of Africa; the river-horse. hircine (her'sin), adj. resembhng a goat; smelUng like a goat: n. an oily product with a foetid smell found in the fat of goats and sheep. [Latin.] hire (hir), v.t. to engage for temporary service at a certain price; bribe; let or lease: n. recompense or considera- tion paid for the use of anything; wages; bribe. hireling (hireling), n. one who serves for hire: adj. mercenary. hirsute (her'sut), adj. hairy; shaggy. his (hiz), pron. poss. case of. he. hispid (his'pid), adj. bristly. hiss (his), n. a noise, made by forc- ing the breath between the tongue and upper teeth, resembling that of a serpent or goose: v.i. to utter such a sound, especially as expressing dis- approbation or contempt. hist (hist), interj. silence! hark! histo, a Greek prefix meaning tissue, as Ais^ography, a description of or- ganic tissues. histology (his-tol'o-ji), n. the science of animal tissues; microscopic anat- omy. historian (his-to'ri-an) , n. sl writer or deep student of history. historic (his-tor'ik) , adj. pertaining to, contained in, or celebrated in, his- tory: relating to the past. Also his- torical. history (his'to-ri), n. [pi. histories (his'to-riz)], a narration of facts and events arranged chronologically or otherwise with their causes and effects; knowledge of facts. histrionic (his-tri-on'ik) , udj. pertain- ing to actors 9r the stage; theatri- cal; also histrionical: n.pl. the art of theatrical representation. [Greek.] hit (hit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hit, p.pr. hitting], to strike; give a blow to; touch (the mark) ; attain to ; suit : v.i. to clash or collide; succeed: n. a stroke or blow; a lucky event; felicitous remark. hitch (hich), n. a catch; that which acts like a catch; impediment; a pulling or jerking upwards: v.i. to become entangled or caught; move by jerks; strike the feet toother, as horses: v.t. to fasten or tie; pull up with a jerk. hither (hi^/i'er), adv. to this place: ocZ;. on the side nearest to the speaker. hive (hiv), n. [pi. hives (hivz)], an artificial receptacle or house for bees; a swarm of bees inhabiting a hive; a busy assemblage or society: ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. HIVES 240 HOLD-UP v.t to gather or put into a hive; harbor: v.i. to Hve or take shelter together. Mves (hivz) , n.pl. nettle-rash; croup. iio (ho) ,_ inter j . stop! hold! hoar (hor), adj, white; grey with age; ancient ._ hoard (hord), n. a store or treasure laid up secretly; an accumulation of things: v.t. to collect and lay up: v.i. to lay up store. hoar-frost (hor'frost), n. white par- ticles of frozen dew or moisture. hoarhound (hor'hound), n. a white woolly aromatic herb; a sweet lozenge made with an infusion of hoarhound, and used as a popular remedy for sore throat. hoarse (h5rs), adj. rough and harsh in sound, as the voice when affected by a tjold. hoarseness (hors'nes), n. the state of being hoarse. hoax (hoks), n. a sportive deceptive trick; practical joke: v.t, to take in, or delude, by a hoax. hob (hob), n. the flat part of a grate on which things are placed to be kept warm; a sprite or demon, as *'to raise hob.'' hobble (hob'l), v.i. to walk with a limp or awkward step: v.t. embarrass or perplex; shackle: n. limping or awk- ward step. hobble-skirt (hob'l-skert), n. a close- fitting skirt shaped to the figure of the wearer ; drawn in by bands be- tween the knees and ankles, render- ing walking difficult and awkward. hobbly (hob'li), adj. rough and uneven. hobby (hob'i), n. [pL hobbies ( iz)], a favorite pursuit or object; an ambling nag; a kind of falcon. hobgoblin (hob-gob'Hn), n. a goblin, sprite, or elf, especially one of fright- ful appearance: hence an alarming apparition. hobnob (hob'nob), v.i. to drink famil- iarly with; associate intimately to- gether. hobo (ho'bo), n. an idle itinerant workman; a tramp. hock (hok), n. the joint between the knee and the fetlock; the back part of the human knee-joint; any white Rhine wine (from Hochheimer): v.t. to pawn. hockey (hok'i), n. an outdoor game played with a ball and clubs curved at one end. hocus (ho'kus), v.t. [p.t. & p.p, ho- cused, p.pr. hocusing], to cheat or trick ; to stupefy or render insensi- ble by means of drugged Houor in order to cheat or rob: n. a trick or juggle: drugged liquor. hod (hod), n. a wooden trough, af- fixed to a long handle, for carrying mortar or bricks; a coal-scuttle; a male ferret. hodge-podge (hoj'poj), n. a medley of ingredients, as in a hodge-podge pudding. hoe (ho), n. an agricultural tool for cutting weeds, &c.: v.t. to cut, or till, with a hoe; clear from weeds. hog (hog), n. a swine; a kind of rough broom used for scrubbing a ship's bottom under water; a grasp- ing, gluttonous person: v.t. [p.t, & p.p. hogged, p.pr. hogging], to scrub (a ship's bottom) under water; to cut (the hair) short: v.i. to droop at both ends: said of a ship. hogshead (hogz'hed), n. a measure of capacity = 523^ imperial gals, or 63 wine gals.; a large barrel or cask. hoist (hoist), v.t. to lift or raise with tackle; heave: n. an apparatus for lifting goods from a lower to a higher floor, &c.; a lift. hold (h5ld), v.t. [p.t. held, p.p, held, holden, p.pr. holding], to grasp and keep in the hand; clutch; retain; keep; possess; connect; judge or consider; entertain; contain; cele- brate; use: v.i. to chng; adhere; stand good; continue; proceed; re- frain; maintain an opinion: n. the act of holding; a grasp or clutch; an embrace; support; a fortified place; that part of a vessel where the cargo is stored. holding (hold'ing), n. anything held; tenure or right of possession; a farm held of a superior. hold-up (hold'up), n. the act of a high- way robber halting wayfarers to rob them; the blocking of a railway train by a band of criminals: v.t. to perform any of the above acts; also to prevent the passage of a bill in a legislative body, usually by ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book hue, hut ; think, then. HOLE 241 HOMILY corrupt means; to suppress; check; interfere with. hole (hoi), n. a cavity; hollow place; pit; perforation; the burrow of an animal; mean habitation; a difficulty or dilemma. holiday (hori-da), n. a day of gaiety and joy in celebration of some event, &c.; a day of freedom from labor: adj, pertaining to a festival; joyous; gay. holiness (ho'li-nes), n. the state or quality of being holy; freedom from sin; moral and spiritual purity; sacredness; a title of the Pope. holland (hol'and), n. fine unbleached linen, glazed or unglazed: j)l. a kind of gin. holloa (hol-o') , v.i. to shout to one at a distance: _n. a shout. Also hullo. hollow (h9rq), adj. having a void space within: opposed to solid; sunken; superficial; unreal: n. a cavity; pit; groove; space between hills or elevations; insincere; deep; low: vX. to make hollow: adv. completely; thoroughly. holly (horh), n, a shrub or tree of the genus Ilex, with glossy, prickly leaves and red berries. hollyhock (hori-hok), n. a tall bien- nial plant of the mallow family with large flowers. holm (hom), n. an evergreen oak; low flat land by the side of a river; a small river island. holo, a Greek yrefix meaning whole, en- tire, as /loZocryptic, undecipherable. holocaust (hoFo-kawst) , n. a sacrifice wholly consumed by fire. holograph (hol'o-graf ) , n.jx document entirely in the handwriting of the author, as '^a holograph will." holster (hol'ster), n. a leather pistol- case usually carried at the saddle- bow. holt (holt), n. a wooded hill; a burrow or hiding place. holy (ho'li), adj. [covip. holier, su- perl, holiest], pure; morally and spiritually perfect; sinless; preemi- nently good; pious; sacred; conse- crated. holystone (ho'li-ston), n. a large flat piece of stone used for scouring the ship's decks: v.t. to scrub (a deck) with a holystone. homage (om'aj), n. respect paid by external action; deference; rever- ence ; the ceremony by which a tenant or vassal promised fealty and service to his feudal lord, [i^rchaic] home (hom), n. one's abode or resi- dence; dwelling-place of a man and his family; fatherland; habitat; a benevolent or charitable institution : adj. pertaining to one's abode or country; domestic: to the point de- signed; near; effective: adv. to or at home; to the uttermost; close- ly. homeliness (hom'li-nes) , n. the state of being homely; plainness; rudeness. homely (hom'li), adj. plain-featured; uncultured; rude. In England, be- nevolent, kindly, horaelike. homeopathic (ho-me-o-path'ik), adj. of or pertaining to homeopathy; ex- tremely small in quantity. Also homoeopathic. homeopathy (ho-me-pp'a-thi), n. the medical system introduced by Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), which seeks to cure diseases by the administration of medicines in mi- nute quantities to produce in the patient symptoms similar to those the same medicine would produce in a healthy person. Also homoe- opathy. home rule (hom rooV),n. local self- government, especially that form of government for Ireland advocated by Mr. Gladstone and the Irish party. homesick (hom'sik), adj. ill because of absence from home; nostalgic. homespun (hom'spun), n. a heavy, woolen cloth, woven to imitate that which was formerly spun at home. homestead (hom'sted), n. sl dwelling- house with the adjacent land; orig- inal abode. homicidal (hom'i-si-dal\ adj. per- taining to, or having a tendency to, homicide. homicide (hom'i-sid), n. the killing of a human being; one who kills another. homiletics (hom-i-let'iks), n.pl. that branch of theology which tTcats of sermons and their composition. homily (hom'i-li), n. [pi. homilies ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book : hue, hut ; think, then. HOMING 242 HOOKAH (hom'i-liz)], a plain religious dis- course or sermon. homing (hom'ing), adj. retiu-ning home: said of carrier pigeons. hominy (hom'i-ni), n. Indian-corn soaked so as to remove the hull, and then coarsely ground. homo, a Greek prefix meaning like, same, similar, as Aomocercal, lobed alike, as the tail of a mackerel. homogeneous (ho-mo-je'ne-us), adj, imiform: composed of similar parts or elements. homogenesis (ho-mo-jen'e-sis), n. a mode of reproduction in which the offspring of a higher organism passes through the same cycle of existence as the parent. homogenous (ho-moj'e-nus), adj, of the same origin. Also homogenetic. homograph (ho'mo-graf ) , n. a word spelled the same way as another word, but haying a different mean- ing, and derived from a different root, as grave = a tomb, grave = seri- ous. homologous (ho-mol'o-gus), adj. iden- tical. homonym (ho'mo-nim), n. a word alike in sound, but differing in meaning, as pair, pare, pear, hone (hon), n. a kind of fine whet- stone: v.t. to sharpen on a hone. honest (on 'est), adj. upright; just; sinceres; honorable; equitable; fair; righteous; chaste; frank or open. honesty (on'es-ti), n, the quality of being honest. honey (hun'i), n. a sweet, viscid, syrupy substance collected by bees from flowers-; sweetness; darling or sweet one: ac(;. resembling honey: v.t, to talk to in an endearing or flattering manner. honey-bee (hun'i-be), n. the common hive-bee. honeycomb (hun'i-kom), n. the waxen hexagonal cells made by bees to con- tain their honey, eggs, &c.; any structure resembling a honeycomb: v.t, to fill with holes, &c., so as to leave only thin partitions. honeymoon (hun'i-moon) , n. the first month after marriage. honeysuckle (hun'i-suk'l), n. a climb- ing plant with fragrant flowers. honk (honk), inter j. the cry of the Ca- nadian mid-goose in flight. honor (on'er), n. respectful regard; esteem; worship; reputation; ex- alted rank; fame; magnanimity; scorn of meanness; self-respect; chastity; an outward mark of high esteem; glory; a title used in ad- dressing certain officials; one of the four highest tramp cards in whist: gL in a university examination, the ighest class: v.t. to treat with re- spect, deference, or civility; revere or worship ; bestow marks of honor upon (with with); dignity; ac- knowledge; accept and pay when due. honorable (on'er-a-bl) , adj, worthy of, or conferring, honor; distinguished in rank; high-minded; illustrious; upright; indicating honor; a title of distinction. honorarium (on-o-ra'ri-um) , n, a fee paid to a professional man. honorary (on'er-a-ri), adj, done, or conferred, as an honor. hood (hood), n. a soft wrapper or covering for the head; a- monk's, woman's, or falcon's hood; a fold- ing cover for a carriage; an orna- mental fold hanging down the back denoting a university degree; some- thing resembling a hood; a cowl: v.t. to cover or furnish with, or as with, a hood: suffix = 8taite, con- dition, or quality, as man/iood, ■ hardi/iood. hoodlum (hood'lum), n, originally a Calif ornian rough or bully ; a rowdy. Also hooligan. hoodoo (hoo'doo), n. a person or thing that causes ill-luck: v.t. to ban. hoodwink (hood'wingk), v.t. to de- ceive; blindfold. hoof (hoof), n. [pi. hoofs, also hooves (hoovz)], the horny substance cover- ing the feet of certain mammals, as horses, &c.; an animal with hoofs. hook (hook), n. a curved piece of metal, bone, &c.; to hold or catch something; a fish-hook; sickle; a trap; an instrument for lopping or cutting; a cape or headland: v.t. to catch with, or as with, a hook; to gore or attack with the horns. hookah (hook'ah), n. a pipe with a ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue. hut ; think, ^^en. HOOLIGAN 243 HORRENT long flexible tube which draws the smoke through a vase containing perfumed water. Also hooka and h^qa. [Arabic] hooligan (hoo'li-gan), n. a rowdy; a noisy, coarse young man who haunts the streets at night and begs or steals for a livelihood. The name orig- inated in Australia, but is now used all over the PJnglish speaking world. hoop (hoop, or hoop), n. sl metal or wooden band to hold together the staves of a cask, &c.; the band of a finger-ring; a kind of crinoline; a large circular ring of metal or wood used by children for trun- dling; anything curved like a hoop: v.t. to bind or secure with a hoop ; encircle. hoot (hoot), n. a contemptuous shout: v.t. to jeer or drive with contemptuous shouts: v.i. to utter a hoot. hoove (hoov), n. a disease in cattle, in which the abdomen is distended. hop (hop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hopped. p.pr. hopping], to leap over; im- pregnate with hops: v.i. to proceed by short leaps on one leg; skip with both legs; limp; to pick hops: n. a jump on one leg; a dance; a twin- ing plant the ripened cones of which are used in brewing to im- part a bitter taste to malt liquors: adj. pertaining to hops. hope (hop), n. the desire of good accompanied by expectation ; antici- pation; confidence; the object of hope: v.t. to expect with confidence or desire: v.i. to cherish a desire for good; trust confidently. hopeful (hop'fool), adj. full of hope; promising success. hopeless (hop'les), adj. without hope; devoid of cheerfulness; despairing. hoplite (hop'ht), n. an ancient Greek heavy-armed foot -soldier. hopper (hop'er), n. one who, or that which, hops; a name for various leaping insects; a wooden trough or funnel through which grain passes into a mill ; mechanism in a piano for lifting the hammer; a seed-bas- ket used in sowing grain; a hop- picker; the basin of a water-closet. hoppet (hop'et), n. a hand-basket; a dish for measuring ore. hopple (hop'l), v.t. to hobble. hopscotch (hop'skoch), n. a children's game, in which a flat stone is driven from one numbered compartment to another by the player while he hops. horde (hord), n. sl nomadic tribe or clan dwelling in tents or wagons; a vast multitude: v.i. to live, or act together, in hordes. [Turkish.] hordeine (hor'de-in), n. a starch-like substance obtained from barley. horizon (ho-ri'zun), n. the circular line where the sky and earth, or sea, appear to meet: hence the limit of one's mental vision. horizontal (hor-i-zon'tal), adj. paral- lel to, or situated near, the horizon; level: opposed to vertical. horn (horn), n. a hard projecting, usually curved, protuberance on the head of certain mammals, especially hoofed animals ; a thickened form of tissue; anything made of horn, or like horn; a wind instrument; one pf the extremities of the moon when in crescent form. hornblende (horn 'blend), n. a dark- green or black-colored mineral with a horn-like cleavage. horn-book (horn^book), n. a primer consisting of a printed sheet con- taining the first nine numerals, the alphabet, and the Lord's Prayer. It was framed like a slate and faced over with a thin, transparent sheet of horn, to preserve the printing. The horn-book ceased to be used not long after the time of Queen Eliza- beth, but the name was long ap- plied to any primer. hornet (hor'net), n. sl small wasp which inflicts a severe sting; hence a waspish, disagreeable person. horning (horn'ing), n. the appear- ance of the moon at her first and last quarter. hornpipe (horn'pip), n. a lively dance, especially by sailors; an ob- solete wind instrument. hornwrack (horn'rak), n. sea-mat. horologe (hor'o-loj), n. a mechanism, as a clock, &c., for marking the hours. horoscope (hor'o-skop), n. a repre- sentation of the heavens at any time, especially at one's birth. horrent (hor'ent), adj. erect; bristling. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 1« hue, hut ; think, then. HORRIBLE 244 HOTPRESS horrible (hor'i-bl), adj, terrible; dread- ful. [Latin.] horrid (hor 'id), acy. dreadful; terrible; hideous; most obnoxious; gloomy. horrify (hor'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. horri- fied], to fill or strike with horror. horripilation (hor-ip-i-la'shun) , n, a shuddering sensation as of the hair standing on end, or goose-flesh. horror (hor'er), n. excessive fear ac- companied with shuddering; ex- treme dread; great disgust: pi. ex- treme depression; delirium tremens (with the). horse (hors), n. a solid-hoofed ani- mal, used for riding or drawing burdens; a male of the species; cav- alry; a framework or machine for the support of anything; a foot- rope to support the foot of a sailor under a yard or the bowsprit; work charged for before it is executed: v.t. to mount on, or furnish with, a hOTse; carry on horseback; place astride: v.i. to get on horseback: adj. noting something coarse or large. horse-play (hors'pla), n. rough, noisy conduct, usually observed among yo- kels and. ill-bred, half-grown youths. horse-power (hors'pou-er) , n. the theoretical unit of work of a steam- engine =33,000 lb. raised 1 ft. in 1 minute. hortative (h6r'ta-tiv) , adj. inciting; giving exhortation. Also hortatory. horticulture (hor-ti-kul'tur) , n. the art of cultivating gardens. hosanna (ho-zan'a), n. an exclama- tion of praise and glory to God. The literal meaning is '^Save, I pray!" [Hebrew.] hose (hoz), n. [pi. hose], coverings for the legs; stockings; flexible tub- ing for conveying water, &c. hosiery (ho'zher-i), stockings, under- clothing, &c.; a manufactory for such goods. hospice (hos'pis), n. an Alpine con- vent for the reception and enter- tainment of travelers. [French.] ^ hospitable (hos'pit-a-bl) , adj. receiv- ing and entertaining friends or strangcrv^. hospital (hos'pi-tal) , n. an institution for the medical treatment and care of the sick. [French.] hospitality (hos-pi-tal'i-ti) , n, [pi, hospitalities (hos-pi;tari-tiz)], the practice of entertaining friends and strangers with kindness and liber- ality. host (host), n. a crowd; multitude; army; one who entertains another in public or private; a landlord of an hotel or inn ; an organism on which another is parasitic; the con- secrated bread or wafer of the Eucharist, in the Greek, Roman Catholic, Episcopalian and Lu- theran Church. [Latin.] hostage (hos'taj), n. a person who remains in the hands of another as a pledge fpr the fulfllment of cer- tain conditions ; a pledge. hostel (hos'tel), n. a hostelry; at Ox- ford and Cambridge, a small un- endowed college. hostelry (hos'tl-ri), n. an inn or lodg- ing-house. hostess (host'es), n. a female host. hostile (hos'til), adj. showing ani- mosity; inimical; adverse; repug- nant: n. a hostile Indian. hostility (hos-til'i-ti) , n. [pi. hos- tilities (hos-til'i-tiz)] the state of being hostile; antagonism; enmity; animosity: pi. acts of warfare. hostler (hosier), n. one who takes charge of horses at an inn. Also ostler. hot (hot), adj. [comp. hotter, superl. hottest], having much heat; burn- ing; fiery; passionate; lustful; ar- dent; furious; pungent; acrid; unen- durable; near to the object sought for. hotbed (hot'bed), n. a bed of earth covered with glass and made warm by the fermentation of manure, for rearing plants. hotchpotch (hoch'poch), n. a mix- ture of various ingredients; a thick broth of meat and vegetables [Scotch]; a commixture of property for division; a mess. Also hodge- podge. hotel (ho-tel'), n. a superior inn or lodging-house. hothouse (hot'hous), n. a glazed building artificially heated for rear- ing tender plants. hotpress (hot'pres), v.t. to gloss paper ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, *^en. HOTTENTOT 245 HUG I or Hnen by passing it between heated ' rollers. I Hottentot (hot'en-tot) , n. one of an l| aboriginal South African race in i Cape Colony; the language spoken by the Hottentots, characterized by a pecuhar click so as often to be called ''the chck language." See click. hough, same as hock. hound (hound), n. a particular breed of hunting dog; a despicable, mean fellow: v,t. to^ chase with, or as with, hounds; incite; set upon. hour (our), n. the l-24th part of a day; 60 minutes; a particular time: pi. life; in the Roman Catholic Church, i)rayers repeated at stated times during the day; the book con- taining such devotional exercises. hour-glass (our'glas), n. a device for measuring time by running sand through the narrow neck of a glass vessel. _ houri (hoo'ri), n. [pi. houris (hoo'riz)], one of the dark-eyed nymphs of the Mohammedan paradise. [Persian.] house (hous), n. a building for resi- dence; place of abode; household af- fairs; manner of living; family or race, especially of high rank; one of the divisions of a legislative or ec- clesiastical body; a quorum of the members of such a body; a mercan- tile firm; in astrology, the station of a planet in the heavens, or the 12th part of the heavens; a square on a chess-board; (houz) v.t. to place in a house; shelter or lodge: v.i. to take shelter. household (household), n. a family living together: adj. domestic; per- taining to a family or home. housmg (houz'ing), n. a saddle cloth: pi. ornamental trappings of a horse. hovel (hov'l), n. a mean habitation; hut or cabin: v.t. to shelter in a hovel. hover (huv'er), v.i. to flutter over or about; stand in suspense or ex- pectation; move about in a neigh- borhood. how (hou), adv. in what manner; to what degree or extent; for what reason. howbeit (hou-be'it), adv. nevertheless. however (hou-ev'er), adv. in whatever manner or degree; at all events: conj. notwithstanding; yet. howitzer (hou'itz-er) , n. a short can- non, formerly used for throwing shells. howl (houl), n. the prolonged cry of a dog or wolf; the cry of one in pain or distress: v.i. to cry like a dog or wolf; utter a prolonged cry of pain or distress; roar, like the wind; cry down by clamor: v.t. to utter in a loud wailing tone. howsoever (hou-so-ev'er) , adv. in what manner soever; although. hoy (hoi), n. a heavy one-masted coasting-vessel: inter j. ho! hoyden (hoi'den) , n. a tomboy ; a romp ; a girl given to noisy play and prac- tical jokes. hub (hub), n. the nave of a wheel; the peg at which quoits are thrown; a kind of steel punch used in coin- ing, &c.; a hilt; a jutting obstruc- tion. hubbub (hub 'bub), n. uproar. huckaback (huk'a-bak), n. a rough kind of linen or cotton cloth: used for toweling. huckle (huk'l), n. the hip; a haunch. huckleberry (huk'1-ber-i) , n. [pL huckleberries (huk'1-ber-iz)], the edi- ble berry of any species of Gaylus- sacia; the whortleberry; said fa- miliarly to an acquaintance, as *' You're my huckleberry.'' huckster (huk'ster), n. one who re- tails small articles; a mean, tricky fellow. huddle (hud'l), v.t. to crowd together in a disorderly manner; collect closely; place or perforrn in haste or disorder: v.i. to come in a crowd or haste (with on, up, over) : n. confusion; crowd. hue (hu), n. color tint; a shouting clamor. hue and cry (hu and kri'), n. in law, the common process of pursuing a felon, that is, by shouting after him, this being the duty of good citizens. huff (huf), v.t. to puff or blow up; treat with insolence; bully; remove (a piece at checkers) when one's opponent fails to take with it: n. fit of petulance; sudden offense taken. hug (hug), n. a close embrace; a par- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^/len. HUGE 246 HUMOR ticular grip in wrestling: v.L [p.t, & -p.p. hugged, p.pr. hugging], to embrace closely; fondle; hold fast; keep close to. huge (huj), adj. vast; very large. Huguenot (hu'ge-not or -no), n. a name applied to French Protestants of the sixteenth and seventeenth centm*ies. [Origin doubtful.] hulk (hulk), n. the body of a ship, especially if old or dismantled: pi. old dismasted ships formerly used as convict prisons (with the). hull (hul), n. outer covering, especially of grain or nuts; the body or frame of a vessel: v.t. to peel off the hull or husk of; strike or pierce (the hull of a vessel) with a shot or shell: y.i, to drift to and fro upon the sea, hke a ship without sails. hullabaloo (hul'a-ba-loo) , n. uproar; noisy contention. [A folk- word, probably Irish, and suggesting ^^huUo^^ and ^^hurly-burly.'^] hum (hum), n. the noise of bees and other insects in flight: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. hummed, 'p.pr. humming], to make such a noise: v.t. to sing in a low undertone; set or keep going in an energetic manner: inter j. a sound with a pause implying hesitation or consideration. human (hu'man), adj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, man or man- kind; having the qualities of a man; not divine. humane (hu-man'), adj. having the feelings proper to man; benevolent; kind; compassionate; elevating. humanism (hu'man-izm), n. culture derived from classical training, liter- ature and art; human nature. humanist (hti'man-ist), n. a student of the humanities; one versed in the knowledge of human nature. humanitarian (hu-man-i-ta'ri-an) , n, a philanthropist; an anti Trinita- rian who rejects the doctrine of Christ^s divinity; one who believes that the duty of man consists of acting rightly to others ; a perfection- ist: adj. philanthropic. humanity (hu-man'i-ti), n. [pi. hu- manities (hu-man'i-tiz)], mankind; the state or quality of being human or humane; philanthropy; kindness; benevolence: pL classical learning and literature, and the insight into human thought and feeling through- out the centuries since Greece and Rome evolved the greatest monu- ments of intellectual and spiritual greatness. It is therefore impossi- ble for one acquainted only with the literature and art of recent centuries to be a humanist. humanize (hu'man-iz), v.t. to render human; soften. humble (hum'bl), adj. having a low estimate of one's self; modest; meek; submissive; lowly; mean; ob- scure: v.t. to make submissive; sub- due; bring low; mortify; humiliate. humbles (hum'blz), n.pl. entrails, es- pecially of a deer. humbug (hum'bug), n. a fraud or imposition under fair pretenses; sham; a plausible deceiver; a spirit of trickery or deception: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. humbugged, p.pr. humbug- ging], to cheat or impose upon; hoax. humdrum (hum'drum), adj. dull; monotonous; commonplace. humeral (hu'mer-al), adj. pertaining to the shoulder. humero, a Latin prefix meaning shoidder. humerus (hu'mer-us), n. [pi. humeri (hu'mer-ri)], the arm from the shoulder to the fore-arm; the cylin- drical bone of that part. humid (hu'mid), adj. damp; moist. humidity (hu-mid'i-ti) , n. dampness; moisture. humidor (hu'mid-or), n. a receptacle for keeping tobacco moist. humiliation (hu-mil-i-a'shun), n. the act of humiliating; the state of be- ing humiliated; mortification; abase- ment. humility (hu-mil'i-ti) , n. [pi. humili- ties (hu-miri-tiz)], the state or quality of being humble; modesty; self-abasement. humite (hu'mit), n. a variety of chrondrodite. hummock (hum 'ok), n. a large mass of floating ice; a hillock or mound. humor (hti'mer), n. wit; merri- ment ; the tendency to look at things from the mirthful or incongruous side; caprice; proud conceit; tem- per; Ipetulance; peevishjiess; mois- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^^en. HUMORIST 247 HURTLE ture of the bodj^ and eye; disease: v.L to indulge; yield to a particular desire of. humorist (hu'mer-ist) , n, one who gratifies his own humor; a droll per- son; one whose writing or conversa- tion is characterized by humor. humorous (hu'mer-us), adj. iuH of, or characterized by, humor; comical; diverting. hump (hump), n, a protuberance on the back: v.t. to vex or annoy; ex- ert (one's self) . humiilin (hu'mu-lin), n. the bitter narcotic principle in hops. humus (hu'mus), n, vegetable mold. Hun (hun), n, one of an ancient Tar- tar race, which in the ninth century, A.D., overran and devastated Eu- rope. Their representatives to-day are found in Russia, Hungar>^ Fin- land, and Poland, being commonly styled Turanians. hunch (hunch), n. sl hump; lump; a thrust with the fist or elbow: v.t. to push with the fist or elbow; push with a sudden jerk; a popular superstition makes a hunch the source of luck hunchback (hunch ^bak), n. a person with deformed neck and shoulders. As indicated above, popular super- stition makes him a source of luck. hundred (hun'dred). adj. 10 timea 10: n. the number of 10 times 10; the symbol (C, or 100) denoting it; a division ot an English county. hundredth (hun'dredth) , adj, the ordinal of 100: n. one of 100 equal parts. hundredweight (hun'dred-wat), n. the l-20th part of a ton. hung, p.t. of hang. Hungarian (hung-ga'ri-an), adj. per- taining to Hungary, its inhabitants, or language. The Hungarian name is Magyar (ma'yar). hunger (hung'ger), n. keenness of appetite ; pain or uneasiness caused by want of food; strong desire: v.t. to feel the pain of hunger; to have a longing or earnest desire. hunger-strike (hung'ger-strik) , n. the effort to enforce release from impris- onment by refusing to take food, es- pecially of suffragettes. hungry (hung'gri), adj. [comp. hun- grier, superl. hungriest], having a keen appetite; feeling pain or im- easiness for want of food: emaciated; eagerly desirous; imfertile: said of land. hunk (hxmgk), n. a lump or large piece. hunt (hunt), v.t. to pursue, or chase, as game or wild animals; follow closely; search after :^ v.i. to follow the chase: n, pursuit of game or wild animals; pack of hoimds; an association of huntsmen; district hunted over by hounds; a search. hunter (hunt'er), n. a huntsman; a horse or hound trained for hunting; a hunting-watch. hurdle (her'dl), n. a movable fence of osiers or branches; a fence to be leaped over in steeplechasing; a rude frame on which criminals were formerly dragged to execution: v.t. to cover or inclose with hurdles. hurdy-gurdy (her'di-ger'di) , n. a stringed instrument somewhat re- sembling a violin, played by a wheel; a barrel organ; a miner's camp. hurl (herl), v.t. to throw with vio- lence; drive forcibly; utter with ve- hemence: n. the act of throwing. hurly-burly (her'li-berli), n. tumult; great commotion. hurrah (hoo-ra'), inter j. a shout of joy, triumph, applause, &c.: v.i. to utter such a shout in applause, &c. [Originally Russian.] hurricane (hur'i-kan), n. a gale of extreme violence characterized by fitful changes of the wind. hurricane- deck (hur'i-kan-dek), n. the bridge-deck of a steamship; the upper deck of a river steamer. hu^ed (hur'id), p.adj. exhibiting, or characterized by, haste; hasty. hurry (hur'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hurried, p.pr. hurrying], to impel to greater speed; hasten on; accelerate: v.i. to act or move with haste: n. haste; urgency; precipitation; confusion. hurt (hert), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. hurt, p.pr. hurting], to cause^ or inflict pain in; wound; grieve; injure; im- pair or damage: n. a wound; in- jurj^; damage or loss. hurtful (hert 'fool), adj. injurious; harmful. hurtle (hertl), v.t. to move violent- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, th^n. HUSBAND 248 HYDROCEPHALUS ly; impel forcibly: v.i. to clash; dash in collision. husband (huz'band), n. a married man: .v,t. to manage or use with economy. husbandman (huz 'band-man), n. lj)L husbandmen (huz 'band-men)], a til- ler of the soil; farmer. husbandry (huz'band-ri), n. agricul- ture; frugality. hush (hush), inter j, be still! silence! adj. quiet; silent: n. quietness; si- lence: v.t. to make silent; soothe. husk (husk), n. the dry outer cover- ing of certain fruits or seeds: v.t. to remove husks from. huskiness (hus'ki-nes) , n, the state of being husky. husky (hus'ki), adj. [comj). huskier, superl. huskiest], consisting of, or hke, husks; worthless; rough or hoarse: said of the voice; physically strong: n. an American Indian sledge-dog. hussar (huz-ar'), n. a light-armed cavalry soldier. hussy (huz'i), n. [pi. hussies (huz'iz)], a fast girl; worthless woman. hustings (hust'ings), n.pl. in England a court held in the Guildhall before the Lord IMayor, Recorder and sheriffs of London; formerly the stand from which ParHamentary candidates, when nominated, ad- dressed the electors. hustle (hus'l), v.t. to push roughly; jostle; mob; shake together in con- fusion: v.i. exhibit energy and alac- rity. hustler (hus'ler), n. one who works hard, but with more noise and fuss than are necessary. hut (hut), n. a small house or cabin; a temporary erection for lodging troops. hutch (huch), n. a bin, box, or chest; a coop or pen; a mining trough for washing ore: v.t. to store; to wash (ore) in a hutch. huzzah (huz-ahO, same as hurrah. hyacinth (hi'a-sinth), n. a handsome bulbous flowering plant of tne genus Hyacinthus bearing spiky flowers, white, pink, or red, and either single or double; a variety of zircon, used as a jewel. [Greek.] hyal, a Greek prefix meaning glass, as hyaline, hke glass: also hyalo: hyalogvsii)hy, the art of writing or engraving upon glass. hyaline (hi'a-lin), adj. glassy; trans- parent. hyalog:raphy (hi-a-log'ra-fi) , n. the art of engraving on glass. hybrid (hrbrid), n. a mongrel; an animal or plant produced by inter- breeding different species or varie- ties ; a compound word the elements of which are derived from different languages. [Greek.] hydr, a Greek prefix meaning water, also the presence ^ of hydrogen. Also hydro, as /i^/c^racid, an acid contain- ing hydrogen but no oxygen; hydros athy, the cure of disease by water treatment, externally or inter- nally. Hydra (hi'dra), n. in classical my- thology, the water serpent with nine heads slain by Hercules; each of these on being cut off became two: hence, any evil which, when grappled with, appears to intensify; a genus of fresh-water polyps which multi- ply on division. Hydrangea (hi-dran'je-a), n. a genus of shrubs of the saxifrage family with showy flowers. hydrant (hi'drant), n. a plug with a valve connected with a water main for extinguishing fires. hydrate (hi'drat), n. a chemical com- pound containing a definite quantity of water: v.t. to combine with water to form a hydrate. hydraulic (hi-draw'lik) , adj. pertain- ing to fluids in motion: n.pl. the science of hquids in motion and the appHcation of the forces hydride (hi'drid), n. a chemical com- bination of hydrogen with another element. hydro. See hydr. hydro-aeroplane (hi'dro-a'er-o-plan) , n. a flying machine for use both on water and in air. hydrocarbons (hi-dro-karlDonz) , n.pl. a general name for bitumens, mineral resins, and fats which are composed of hydrogen and carbon. hydrocele (hi'dro-sel) , n. dropsy of the scrotum. hydrocephalus (hi-dro-sef 'a-lus) , n. dropsy of the brain. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, th^n. HYDROCHLORATE 249 HYPOBLAST hydrochlorate (hi-dro-klo'rat), n. a salt of hydrochloric acid. hydrocyanic (hi-dro-si-an'ik) , adj. coraposed of hydrogen and cyanogen. hydrodynamic (hi-dro-di-nam'ik) , oAj. pertaining to, or derived from, the pressure of water: n.pl. the science that treats of water pressure. hydrogen (hi'dro-jen), n. a colorless , gaseous, inflammable substance, which liquefies under great pressure, and is the lightest element yet known, being 14>^ times Hghter than air: when combined with oxj'gen it produces water. Hydr9gen is the standard unit for the estimation of atomic weights and volumes. hydrography (hi-drog'ra-fi) , n, the art of measuring and mapping the water surface of the earth, as oceans, lakes, coast-lines, &c., with relative data as to their depth, tides, beds, &c. hydrometer (hi-drom'e-ter), n. an in- strument for determining the specific gravity, strength, &c., of fluids. hydropathic (hi-dro-path'ik), adj. pertaining to hydropathy: n. an es- tablishment where patients reside while under hydropathic treatment. hydrophobia (hi-dro-fo'bi-a) . n. a disease caused by the virus from the saliva of a mad dog, resulting in convulsions, an unnatural dread of water, and final death. hydroplane (hi'dro-plan), n. an at- tachment for a boat to lessen fric- tion when the boat is speeded. hydrostat (hi'dro-stat), n. an ap- paratus for the prevention of boiler explosions; an electrical contrivance for indicating the leakage or over- flow of water. hydrotherapy (hi;dro-ther'a-pi) , n. treatment of disease by water; water-cure. hyena (hi-e'na), n. a bristly-maned wolf -like carnivorous quadruped. Also hyaena. hyetal (hi'et-al), adj. pertaining to rain, or rainfall. hyetology (hi-et-ol'o-ji) , n. that branch of meteorology treating of rainfall, its distribution, representation on charts, &c. hygeian, adj. pertaining to health, or hygiene. hygiene (hi-jen'), n. the science of health, its^ preservation, and the laws of sanitation. hygienic (hi-ji-en'ik), adj. pertaining to hygiene. hymen (hi'men), n. marriage, from Hymen, the Grecian god of mar- riage; the virginal membrane. hymeneal (hi-men-e'al), p.adj. per- taining to marriage; nuptial. hymn (him), n. a sacred ode expres- sive of praise or adoration: y.t. to sing hymns to; adore or praise by hymns. [Greek.] hymnal (him'nal), n. a collection of hymns for public worship. hymnology (him-noro-ji), n. the study of hymns, their origin, use, lore, &c. hyoid (hi'oid), adj. shaped like the Greek letter T, v : n. a U-shaped bone supporting the tongue. hyper, a Greek prefix meaning over, 6e- yond, excess, and in chemistry highest, hyperbola (hy-per-bo'la), n. a curve formed by the section of a cone when the cutting plane makes a greater angle with the base than the side of the cone makes. hyperbole (hi-per'bo-le), n. a figure of speech which expresses more or less than the truth. hyperborean (hi-per-bo're-an) , adj. arctic. hyphen (hrfen), n. a mark (-) joining two words or syllables: v.t. to join by such a mark. hypnal (hip'nal), n. a coal-tar product in the form of a white insoluble powder, used as a hypnotic. hypno, a Greek prefix meaning sleep, as hypnosis, a hypnotic state or trance. hypnosis (hip-no'sis), n. pertaining to, or producing, hypnotism. hypnotic (hip-not'ik), adj. producing sleep: n. any drug or medical treatment that produces sleep. hypnotism (hip'no-tizm), n. a meth- od of inducing a trance-like sleep: a method of medical treatment by hypnotism. ^ hypnotize (hip'no-tiz), i;.^. to produce, or subject to, hypnotism. hypo, hyp, a Greek prefix meaning under, beneath. hypoblast (hi'po-blast), n. the under layer of the blastoderm. ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. HYPOCHONDRIA 250 HYSTEROTOMY hypochondria (hip-o-kon'dri-a) , n. a disease attended with extrepoie melancholy, and anxiety respecting one's state of health. Also hypo- chondriasis. hypocrisy (hi-pok'ri-si), n. a feigning to be what one is not; dissimulation; false profession. hypocrite (hip'o-krit), n. one who practices hypocrisy; a dissimulator. hypodermic (hi-po-der'mik) , adj. in- serted under the skin: n. a medicine thus injected. hypogastric (hi-po-gas'trik) , adj, per- taining to the hypogastrium. hypogastrium (hi-po-gas'tri-um) , n. [pi. hypogastria (hi-po-gas'tri-a) ], the middle part of the lower region of the abdomen. hypostrophe (hip-os'tro-f e) , n. a turn- ing about ; a return. hypotaxis (hip-o-taks'is), n. in syntax, the subordination of one sentence to another, the first then becoming a clause. Opposed to parataxis. hypotenuse (hi-pot'e-nus) , n. the side of a right-angled triangle opposite the right angle. Also hypothe- nuse. hypothesis (hi-poth'e-sis) , n. [pi. hy- potheses (hi-poth'e-sez)], something assumed for the purpose of argument ; a theory to explain some facfc which may or may not prove to be true; supposition; conjecture. hypothetic (hi-po-thet'ik) , adj. based on hypothesis; conjectural. Also hypothetical. hypsi, a Greek prejix meaning high, exceptionally high, as %??sibrachy- cepnalic : adj. having a high broad skull, as certain races. Also hypso. hypsosis (hip-so 'sis), n. the elevation of the Host or of the Cross. hyson (hi 'son), n. a Chinese green tea. hyssop (his'up), n. an aromatic plant with blue flowers; an unidentified plant mentioned in the Bible. hysteria (his-te'ri-a) , n. a nervous af- fection, mainly of women, character- ized by choking sensations, parox- ysms of laughter or weeping, and frequently simulating other dis- eases. hysterical (his-ter'i-kal), adj. pertain- ing to, or affected by, hysterics; vio- lently emotional. hysterics (his-ter'iks) , n.pl. hysteria. hysterotomy (his-ter-ot'o-mi), n. the operation of cutting out, or into, the womb. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, *^en. I I. The ninth letter in the alphabet of Western Europe. In the early- Greek it was in form a very narrow upright Z. Later it was straightened into its present form. The dot was not placed over the minuscule or small i before the fourteenth cen- tury. I (i), pron. [j)l. we (we)], nom. case, sing, of the pronoun of the first per- son; the word by which the speaker or writer denotes himself : n. in meta- physics, the object of consciousness; the ego. Iambic (i-am^bik), adj. consisting of, or employing, iambics: n. an iam- bus, a satirical poem in iambic verse. Iambus (i-am'bus), n. sl metrical foot consisting of two syllables, of which the first is short and the second is long (^-), or, in accentual versi- fication, a foot of two syllables, in which the stress accent falls on the second syllable ( ^ ' ) • Unrhymed iambic lines of five feet each are called blank verse; if rhymed, heroic verse. Ibex (I'beks), n. a genus of wild goats, having very large recurved horns, the best known species of which is the Alpine steinbok or bouquetin. Ibis (i'bis), n. a genus of large wad- ing birds, having a long, curved beak, of which the most notable spe- cies is the sacred Ibis of the ancient Egyptians. Ice (Is), n. frozen water or other fluid; a frozen confection, as ice-cream: v.t. to convert into ice; freeze; pre- serve in ice, cover with concreted sugar; frost. Iceberg (is'berg), n. a large mass of ice detached from a glacier, and floating in the sea. Ichneumon (ik-nu'mun), n. an ani- mal of the weasel kind, found in Egypt, where it was anciently wor- shipped; it tracks out and devours the eggs of the crocodile. Ichnology (ik-noro-ji), n. that branch of science which treats of fossil foot- prints. Ichor (i'kor), n. in classical mythol- ogy, the ethereal fluid w*hich ran, in- stead of blood, in the veins of the gods; modern; a thin, watery, acrid serum from an ulcer or wound. Ichthyo, a Greek prefix meaning a fish, as ichthyolite, a fossil fish; the impression of a fossil fish. Also ichthy. Ichthyology (ik-thi-oro-ji), n. that branch of zoology which treats of fishes, their structure, classification, &c. Ichthyosaurus (ik'thi-o-saw'rus) , n, an extinct genus of huge fossil fish- lizards. Ichthyosis (ik-thi-o'sis) , n. a disease in which the skin presents the form of hard dry scales and plates as in a fish. Icicle (i'si-kl), n. a pendent cone of ice formed by the freezing of drip- ping water. Icon (I'kon), n. [vl. icons (i'konz), icones (i'kon-ez)j, in the Greek Church, a sacred image or picture. Also eikon, ikon. Icono, a Greek prefix meaning image, as iconoclasm, image breaking. Ictus (ik'tus), n. a blow or stroke; in prosody and music, rhythmical or metrical accent or stress. [Latin.] Icy (i'si), adj. [comp. icier, suverl. iciest], pertaining to, or resembling, or abounding in, ice; cold; chilling; indifferent. Idea (i-de'a), n. a mental image or picture; a conception of what ought to be; an abstract principle; opin- ion; belief; plan. Ideal (i-de'al), adj. existing in imagi- nation only; visionary; conforming ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. IDEALIZE 252 IF to a standard of perfection; per- fect: n. a, mental conception, or an individual regarded as the standard of perfection. idealize (i-de'al-iz), v.t. to make ideal; embody in an ideal form; represent (natoal objects) so as to show their most important characteristics only: v.i. to form ideals. idealism (i-de'al-izm) , n. in art, the effort to realize, by elimination and combination, the highest type of any natural object; the doctrine that all our knowledge of objects is a knowl- edge of ideas. ideality (i-de-al'i-ti), n. the quality of being ideal; the faculty to form ideals. identical (i-den'ti-kal) , adj. express- ing sameness; differing in no essen- tial point. identify (i-den'ti-f i) , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. identified, p.pr. identifying], to make, prove to be, or consider as, the same. identity (i-den'ti-ti) , n. essential or practical sameness. ideograph (i'de-o-graf), n. a symbol, figure, or hieroglyph, not naming but suggesting the idea of an object. Also ideogram. ideography (i-de-^og'ra-fi) , n. the di- rect representation of ideas by sym- bols. ideology (i-de-oro-ji), n. the science of ideas ; the system of philosophy origi- nated by Condillac, which derives ideas exclusively from sensation. ideomotion (i-de-o-mo'shun), n. un- conscious rnuscular motion arising from a dominant idea. Ides (idz), n.pl. in the ancient Roman calendar, the 15th of March, May, July, October, and the 13th of the other months. idio, a Greek 'prefix meaning one^s owrif peculiar, as idiogrsiph, a private or trade mark. idiocy (id'iyo-^si), n. the state of be- ing an idiot; mental imbecility. Also idiotcy. idiom (id'i-um), n. sl turn of expres- sion peculiar to a language; the dis- tinctive characteristics of a lan- guage. idiomatic (id'i-o-mat'ik) , adj. pecu- liar to a language; given to, or marked by, the use of idioms. x\l80 ^idiomatical. idiosyncrasy (id-i-o-sin'kra-si) , n. [pi. idiosyncrasies (id-i-o-sin'kra-siz)], pe- culiarity of constitution or tempera- ment ; a characteristic pecuHar to an individual. idiot (id'i-ot), n. one of weak intellect; a foolish person. idiotic (id-i-pt'ik), adj. pertaining to, or like, an idiot; foolish, fatuous. idle (i'dl), adj. empty; unoccupied; unemi)loyed; unused; useless; vain; of no importance; irrelevant; averse to labor; futile; lazy: v.i. to be in- active or without employment: v.t. to spend in idleness ; waste (time) : usually with away. idler (i'dler), n. one who idles; a lazy person; one who has constant day duty on board ship, and does not keep night watch. Ido (e'do), n. a universal language claimed to have the virtues of Vola- ptik and Esperanto ^without their faults. ^ . . . i idol (I'dol), n. an image of a divinity, '' employed as an object of worship ; a person or thing loved to excess. idolater (i-doFa-ter) , n. an idol-wor- shipper ; one who pays divine honors to images, &c.; one who loves a per- son or thing to excess. idolatrous (i-dora-trus) , adj. per- taining to, or practicing, idolatry; marked by undue reverence or affection. idolatry (i-dol'a-tri), n. [pi. idolatries (i-dora-triz)], the paying of Divine honors to idols, images, or any creat- ed object; the ascription of Divine power to natural agencies; excessive admiration, veneration, or love for any person or thing. [Greek.] idolize (fdol-iz), t;.^. to make an idol of; love or admire to excess. idyl (i'dil), n. a short, highly-wrought pastoral poem; applied also to de- scriptive and narrative poems of greater length; a description of sim- ple, rural, pastoral scenes. Also idyll. [Greek.] idyllic (i-dirik), adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, an idyl; pas- toral. if (if), conj. on the condition; sup- posing that; whether; although. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. IGNEOUS 253 ILLUSTRATE igneous (ig'ne-us), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling fire, or produced by fire. ignis fatuus (ig'nis fat'u-us), n. a me- teoric light seen to flit above the ground in marshy places, &c.; a mis- leading influence. Popularly known as Will-o'-the-wisp, Jack-o'-Lantern, Corpse-candle. ignite (ig-nit'), v.t. to set on fire; to make incandescent with heat; sub- ject to the action of intense heat: v.i. to take fire; glow with heat. ignition (ig-nish'un) , n. the act of ig- niting; the state of being ignited. ignoble (ig-no'bl), adj. of low birth or station; of mean character or qual- ity; of little value. ignominious (ig-no-min'i-us) , adj. marked with ignominy or public dis- grace ; shameful ; deserving disgrace ; despicable. ignominy (ig^no-min-i) , n. [pi. igno- minies (ig'no-min-iz)], loss of one's good name; public disgrace or dis- honor; cause or source of dis- grace. ignoramus (ig-no-ra'mus) , n. an ig- norant person, especially an igno- rant pretender to knowledge. [Latin, ''We do not know."] ignorance (ig'no-rans) , n. the state of being ignorant; want of knowledge. ignorant (ig'no-rant), adj. destitute of knowledge ;_ unins true ted ; illiterate. ignore (ig-nor'), v.t. to be ignorant of; treat as unknown; disregard; throw out as false or unsupported by sufficient evidence: said of a grand jury rejecting a bill. [Latin.] il, a Latin prefix, another form of in when followed by U meaning not, as Illiterate, illegible. ileum (ire-um), n. the lower part of the small intestine. Hex (i'leks), n. a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs represented by the holly. . ilium (il'i-um), n. the dorsal or up- per part of the hip-bone. iU (il), adj. [comp. worse, superl. worst], bad or evil; contrary to good ; causing or attended by evil or suffering in a bad or disordered state physically or morally; sick; dis- eased; unfriendly; not proper; un- skilful; vicious: n. evil; misfortune; disease; harm; mischief: adv. not well; not easily. iUapse (il-laps'), n. a gliding in or into, especially a divine influx; in- spiration. [Latin.] illation (il-la'shun), n. an inference, deduction^ or conclusion. illegal (il-le'gal), adj. not according to law; unlawful. illegality (il-le-gal'i-ti) , n. the state of being illegal; unlawfulness. illegible (il-lej'i-bl), adj. difficult to read or decipher. illegitimate (il-le-jit'i-mat), v.t. to render, prove or declare illegiti- mate; to bastardize: adj. born out of wedlock. illiberal (il-lib'er-al), adj. not gener- ous; niggardly; narrow minded. illicit (il-lis'it), adj. not authorized or allowed; unlicensed; unlawful. illimitable (il-lim'it-a-bl), adj. im- measurable; vast; infinite. iUision (il-lizh'un), n. the act of strik- ing into or against. illiteracy (il-lit'er-a-si), n. ignorance of letters. illness (il'nes), n. the condition of be- ing ill; disease; sickness. illogical (il-loj'i-kal), adj. contrary to the rules of logic. illude (il-lud'), v-t- to mock; deceive; delude. illuminate (il-lii'mi-nat), v.t. to give light to ; decorate with lights, in token of rejoicing; enlighten: throw light upon; make plain; elucidate: adorn, as a manuscript, with miniature pictures in colors and gold: v.i. to display lights in token of rejoicing. illumination (il-lu-mi-na'shun), n. supply of light ; the act of illuminate ing, ov state of being illuminated, especially the festive decoration of houses or cities with lights; the art of illumining books or manuscripts; a design in an illuminated work; intellectual_ light ; inspiration. illusion (il-lu'zhun), n. deceptive ap- pearance; false show; hallucina;- tion. illusive (il-lu'siv), adj. deceiving by il- lusion ; deceptive ; illusory. illusory (il-lu'so-ri), adj. causing illu- sion; fallacious; deceptive. illustrate (il-lus'trat and il'lus-trat), v.t. to make clear or intelligible; ex- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ILLUSTRATION 254 IMMATURE plain by examples; elucidate by means of pictures, &c. [Latin.] tllustration (il-lus-tra'shun), n. the act of illustrating; the state of being illustrated; that which illustrates; a comparison or example which ex- plains or corroborates; a picture designed to elucidate the text. Illustrative (il-lus'tra-tiv) , adj. tend- ing to illustrate, elucidate, or exem- plify. lUustrious (il-lus'tri-us), adj, distin- guished by ^eatness; eminent; re- nowned; glorious; famous; honored. im, a Latin prefix representing in when followed by o, m, or p. Image (im'aj), n. an imitation of any person or thing; a statue, effigy, or bust; an idol; a counterpart; like- ness; a mental picture, conception, or idea; an extended metaphor; the figure of an object formed by rays of light: v.t, to form, or reflect, an image of; represent to the mental vision; imagine. Imagery (im'aj-ri), n. [pi. imageries (im'aj-^riz)], representation by im- ages; images collectively; figures in discourse; forms of the fancy. Imaginable (im-aj'i-na-bl), adj. that may be imagined or conceived. Imaginary (im-aj'i-na-ri), adj. exist- ing only in imagination; unreal; Uto- pian. Imagination (im-aj-i-na'shun) , n. the image-forming power of the mind, or the power of the mind which modi- fies the conceptions, especially the higher forms of this power exercised in art and poetry, usually termed the plastic or creative power; a con- ception or idea; fancy; inven- tion. Imaginative (im-aj'i-na-tiv), adj. pro- ceeding from, exhibiting, or en- dowed with, imagination; inventive; fanciful. ^ imagine (im-aj'in), v.t. to form a men- tal picture of;^ produce by the imagi- nation; conceive; conjecture; think; suppose : v.i. to^ form a mental image ; fancy; to surmise. Imbecile (im'be-sil), adj. without strength, especially of mind; feeble- minded; idiotic: n. one of feeble mind. Imbecility (im-be-sil'i-ti) , n. [pi. imbe- cilities (im-be-sil'i-tiz)], mental or physical weakness. Imbibe (im-bib'), v.t. to drink in; ab- sorb, as if by drinking; receive or absorb into the mind: v.i. to drink; absorb moisture. Imbricate (im'bri-kat), v.t. to lay in order, one lapping over another, like tiles or shingles: v.i. to overlap seri- ally: adj. bent and hollowed like a gutter tile or pantile; overlapping like tiles, as the scales of fishes, or the leaf -buds of plants; decorated with a pattern resembhng lapping tiles or scales. Imbroglio (im-bro'lyo) , n. a confused mass of things; intricate and per- plexing state of affairs; misunder- standing; entanglement; strife; per- plexity ;^ complicated plot. [Italian.] Imbrue (im-broo'), v.t. to wet or moist- en; soak; drench, especially in blood. ^ Imbue (im-bu')> v.t. to cause to absorb; tinge deeply; dye; to tincture deeply, as the mind with certain principles. Imitate (im'i-tat), v.t. to produce a semblance of, in form, color, quaH- ties, conduct, and the like; use as a model or pattern; to take example by; to counterfeit; copy. Inxitation (im-i-ta'shun) , n. the act of imitating; that which is produced by imitating; the repetition of the same melodic theme or phrase, either in a different key, or in another voice or part: adj. made in imita- tion ; not genuine.^ Imitative (im'i-ta^tiv), adj. inclined to, or aiming at, imitation; formed after a model. Immaculate (im-mak'u-lat), adj. without blemish; unspotted; unde- filed; pure. Immanent (im'ma-nent) , adj. remain- ing within; inherent. Immanuel (im-man'u-el) , n. a name given in prophecy of the coming Messiah and applied to Christ as the fulfilment of this prophecy. [Hebrew, ^'God is with us."] Immaterial (im-ma-te'ri-al) , adj. not consisting of matter; spiritual; dis- embodied; unimi)ortant. Immaterialism (im-ma-te'ri-al-izm) , n. idealism; spiritualism. Immature (im-ma-tur') , ddj. not ripe; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; bo5n, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. IMMATURITY 255 IMPACT not fully grown or developed; not finished or perfected; crude. Immaturity (im-ma-tur'i-ti) , n, un- ripeness; inconapleteness^ Immeasurable (im-mezh'ur-a-bl), adj, not to be measured; immense; limit- less; vast. Immediate (im-me'di-at) , adj. di- rectly related without an interven- ing medium; next; direct; approxi- mate; instant. Immediately (im-me'di-at-H) , adv. di- rectly; proximately; instantly. Immemorial (im-me-mo'ri-al), adj, extending beyond the reach of mem- ory, record, or tradition: as imme- morial usage or custom. Immense (im-mens'), adj. immeasur- able; boundless; vast; very great or large; very good or fine: n. infinite space; immensity. Immensity (im-men'si-ti) , n. [yl. im- mensities (im-men'si-tiz)], the char- acter of being immense; immeasur- ableness; infinite space; vastness in extent or bulk. Immerge (im-merj'), v-t. to plunge into or under anything, especially a fluid; immerse: v.i. to disappear by entering into any medium, as the moon into the shadow of the earth. Immerse (im-mers'), t^.^. to plunge into or under anything, especially a fluid; sink; dip; plunge into, as an occupation; baptize by immersion. immersion (im-mer'shun), n. the act of immersing; the state of being immersed; baptism by dipping the whole person into water. Immigrant ^ (im'i-grant), adj. pass- ing or coming into, as a new habitat or place of residence: n. one who, or that which, immigrates. immigrate (im'i-grat), v.i. to come into a new place of residence, es- pecially to a country to settle there. Imminence (im'i-nens), n. the condi- tion of being imminent; nearness; impending evil or danger. Imminent (im'i-nent), adj. threaten- ing or about to fall or occur imme- diately: said especially of misfor- tune or peril. immobility (im-mo-biri-ti) , n. fixed- ness in place or state. immoderate (im-mod'er-at), adj, not moderate, not confined to custom- ary or just or reasonable limits; extravagant ; intemperate. immodest (im-mod'est) , adj. forward; arrogant; wanting in the restraint required by decency; indelicate; un- chaste. immodesty (im-mod'es-ti) , n. want of modesty, dehcacy, or proper re- serve; arrogance; unchastity. ^ immolate (im'o-lat), v.t. to kill as a sacrificial victim; offer in sacrifice; make a sacrifice of. immoral (im-mor'al), adj. contrary to the moral law, or to the public good; vicious; dissolute; dishonest; unprincipled. immorality (im-mq-rari-ti) , n. the quahty of being immoral; an im- moral act or practice. immortal (im-mor'tal), adj. not mor- tal or siibject to death; imi)erishable; ever-Hving: n. one who is immor- tal: pi. the gods of classical my- thology. immortality (im-mor-tari-ti) , n. ex- emption from death or obUvion; un- ending existence. immortalize (im-mor'tal-iz) , v.t. to render immortal; bestow lasting fame upon. immovable (im-moov'a-bl) , adj. in- capable of being moved ; fixed ; stead- fast; unchanging; unfeeling: n.'pL land, or things fixed tp, or running with, land, as trees, buildings. immune (im-mun'), adj. exempt, as from a disease: n. one who is ex- empt from any particular disease by reason of having had it. immunity (im-mun'i-ti) , n. [pi. im- munities (im-mun'i-tiz)], exemption from anj' duty, office, or tax; free- dom from natural or usual liability; special privilege (usually in pi.). immure (im-mur'), v.t. to enclose within walls ; shut up in prison ; con- fine. immutable (im-mut'a-bl) , adj. un- changeable; invariable; unaltera- ble; permanent. imp (imp), n. an offshoot or graft from a tree; a young, little, or inferior devil; a hobgobhn; sprite; a pert €S mischievous child. impact (iin'pakt), n. collision. , ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; ; hue, hut ; think, then. IMPAIR 256 IMPERFECTION impair (im-par'), v.t. to make worse; lessen in quantity, value, excellence, or strength: v.i. to become worse; deteriorate. impale (im-pal'),?^.^. to fix on a stake; put to death by transfixing on a sharp upright stake; surround with, or as with, a paling or palisade; in heraldry, to join (two coats of arms) on one shield, palewise. impalpable (im-parpa-bl), adj. not to be perceived by the touch; not material; incorporeal; not (readily) apprehensible by the mind; intangi- ble; unreal. impanel (im-pan'el), v.t. to enter the names of (jurors) on a piece of parchment called a panel; summon to serve on a jury; draw from the panel and swear in. [Latin.] imparity (im-par'i-ti) , n. inequality; disproportion; difference of degree, rank, excellence, number, quantity, &c.; want of ccflrrespondence. impart (im-parf), v.t. to bestow a share or portion of; give; to com- municate knowledge of; make known: v.i. to give a share. impartial (im-par'shal) , adj. free from partiality; equitable; fair; just; unprejudiced. impartiality (im-par-shi-al'i-ti) , n, freedom from bias; fairness. impartible ^ (im-par'ti-bl) , adj. caj)- able of being imparted or communi- cated; indivisible. impassable (im-pas'a-bl) , adj. not to be passed; not admitting passage; impervious. impassioned (im-pash'und) , p.adj. moved to strong feehng; animated; excited. impassive (im-pas'iv), adj. apathetic; unmoved. impatience (im-pa'shens) , n. the state of being impatient. impatient (im^pa'shent) , adj.^ in- tolerant of pain, delay, opposition, control, or circumstances; exhibit- ing or expressing impatience (with at); eager (with for). impawn (im-pawn'), v.t. to put^ in pawn; deposit as security; pledge. impeach (im-pech'), v.t. to call in question; accuse before a tribunal of official misconduct; challenge the credibility or validity of: as a wit- ness or a document. impeachment (im-pech 'ment) , n. the arraignment of a pubUc officer fo^ malfeasance in office; a discrediting or calling in question. impeccable (im-pek'a-bl) , adj. not liable to sin; faultless. impecunious (im-pe-ku'ni-us) , adj. without money ; poor. impede (im-ped'), v.t. to obstruct; hin- der. impediinent (im-ped'i-ment) , n. that which impedes progress or activity; obstruction; obstacle; hindrance. impedimenta (im-ped-i^men'ta) , n.pl, encumbrances; traveHng equipage; baggage, especially military bag- gage; military supplies. impel (im-pel')., v.t. [p.t. & p.j), im- pelled, p.pr. impelling], to drive or urge forward or on; constrain to any kind of motion or action. impend (im-pend'), v.i. to hang over;jj be ready to fall; be at hand. I impending (im-pend'ing) , p.adj. over- hanging; suspended so as to menace; close at hand. impenetrable (im-pen'e-tra-bl) , adj. not penetrable; not admitting en- trance; having the pr9perty of being impenetrable; impervious. impenitence (im-pen'i-tens) , n. the state of being impenitent; hardness of heart; stubborn wickedness. Also impenitency. impenitent (im-pen'i-tent) , adj. not contrite ; finally negligent of the duty of repentance; obdurate: n, one who finally neglects the duty of repentance; a hardened sinner. imperative (im-per'a-tiv) , adj. ex- pressing command; peremptory; ob- ligatory: n. that mood of a verb that expresses command, entreaty, or exhortation. imperceptible (im-per-sep'ti-bl), adj, that cannot be immediately per- ceived by the senses, or easily ap- prehended by the mind. imperfect (im-per'f ekt) , adj. wanting in completeness, correctness, or ex- cellence; wanting in some organ es- sential to normal activity; incom- plete; defective; faulty. imperfection (im-per-f ek'shun) , n. incompleteness; faultiness; a defect ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book : hue, hut ; think, then. IMPERIAL 257 IMPLORE or blemish, physical, mental, or moral; failing^ imperial (im-pe'ri-al) , adj. pertaining to an empire or emperor; fit or suit- able for one who wields supreme au- thority; of superior size or excel- lence; royal; sovereign: n. a size of paper, 30 in. x 22 in.; a tuft of hair left unshaven on the lower lip and chin (so called from Napoleon III., who set this fashion). See goatee. imperialism (im-pe'ri-al-izm) , n. the system of imperial government; the policy of imperial federation; policy of territorial expansion. imperil (im-per'il), y.t. to put in peril; endanger; jeopardize. imperious (im - pe'ri - us) , adj. domi- neering, dictatorial, overbearing; ur- gent; imperative. imperishable (im-per'ish-a-bl) , adj. indestructible; not subject to decay; permanently enduring. impermeable (im-per'me-a-bl) , adj. not permitting passage, as of a fluid, through its substance; impervious; impenetrable. impersonal (im-per'sun-al) , adj. want- ing personality or conscious indi- viduality; not referring to a par- ticular person: n. an impersonal verb. impersonality (im-per-sun-ari-ti) , n. absence of personality. impersonal verb (verb), n. a verb used without a personal subject, or (in English) with only the imper- sonal it. inipersonate (im-per'sun-at) , v.t. to invest with personality ; embody as a person; represent as a personality; to represent the person or character of, especially on the stage. impertinence (im-per'tin-ens) , n. that which is impertinent or irrelevant, as in speech or manners; a thing of no value ;^ a trifle; forwardness; rudeness; in law, matter which is immaterial in substance. impertinent (im-per'tin-ent) , adj. not pertinent ; of no relation to the matter in hand; rude; saucy. imperturbable (im-per-ter'ba-bl) , adj. not easily disturbed, agitated, or disconcerted; seK-contained, cool, calm. impervious (im-per'vi-us) , adj. not to be passed through or penetrated ; im- penetrable; not permitting passage, as of a fluid, through its substance. impetuosity (im-pet-ti-os'i-ti) , n. ve- hemence; violence ;_ force. [Latin.] impetuous (im-pet'u-us), adj. rush- ing with force and violence; vehe- ment in feeling; acting with sudden energy; precipitate. impetus (im'pe-tus), n. the force with which any body is driven or im- pelled; impulse; impulsion; mo- mentum. [Latin.] impiety (im-pi'i-ti), n. [pi. impieties (im-pl'i-tiz) ], want of piety; disre- gard of the Supreme Being; ungodh- ness ; an act of irreverence or wicked- ness; violation of natural duty tow- ards others, as disobedience to parents. [Latin.] impinge (im-pinjO, v.i. strike or dash; clash; come in collision (with on, upon, or against). impious (im'pi-us), adj, irreligious; wicked; profane. impish (imp'ish), adj. having the mis- chievous character of an imp. implacable (im-pla'ka-bl) , adj. not to be pacified or appeased; constant in anger or enmity; relentless. implant (im-planf), v.t. to infix for growth; cause to take root; in- graft. implead (im-pled'), v.t. to sue or pros- ecute; accuse; impeach. implement (im'ple-ment), n. that which supplies a want, or is a requi- site to an end, especially an instru- ment, tool, or utensil. [Latin.] implemental (im-ple-men'tal), adj, pertaining to, or characterized by, the use of implements. implicate (im'pli-kat) , v.t. to infold; involve, entangle; bring into con- nection with. [Latin.] implication (im-pH-ka shun) ,^ n. en- tanglement; that which is implied; an inference not expressed but un- derstood; deduction. implicit (im-plis'it) , adj. implied; rest- ing on implication or inference; trusting in the word or authority of another; submissive; blind; tacit; unreserved. implore (im-plor'), v.t.^ to entreat (a person or for a thing) earnestly. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. IMPLY 258 IMPOVERISH humbly and importunately: v.i. to beg; cry; supplicate. imply (im-pli') v.t.^ [p,t. & p.p. im- plied, p.pr. implying], to contain by implication; mean or signify by fair inference; express indirectly; in- sinuate; tactless. impolite (im-po-lit'),.acy. wanting in good manners; boorish; coarse. impoliteness (im-po-lit'nes) , n. inci- vility; rudeness. impolitic (im-pori-tik), adj. contrary to good pohcy; unwise; injudicious; indiscreet. imponderable (im-pon'der-a-bl) , adj, not capable of being weighed; hav- ing no (sensible) weight: n. a term appHed to the hypothetical universal medium, ether. [Latin.] imporous (im-po'rus), adj. without pores; solid. import (im-porf), v.t. to bring mto a country from abroad : opposed to ex- port; bring in from without, as ir- relevant matter into a discussion; bear in meaning; imply; signify; betoken; be of interest or conse- quence to; concern: v.i. to be of moment: n. (im'port) merchandise brought into a country from abroad (usually in j)L); meaning; purport; significance ; importance. importance (im-p6r'tans), n. the quality of being important; high place in public estimation; high self- esteem. important (im-p6r'tant) , adj. of much import or significance; momentous; bearing weight or consequence; of high standing; pompous. importation (im-p6r-ta'shun) , n. the act or practice of bringing mer- chandise into a country from abroad; that which is imported; one who, or that which, is recently intro- duced. importunate (im-p6r'tu-nat) , adj, persistent; unreasonable or trouble- some in solicitation; not to be re- pulsed; urgent. importune (im-p6r-tun')., v.t. to ha- rass with perpetual petitions or de- mands: v.i. to beg persistently or urgently. importunity (im-por-tti'ni-ti) , n. [pL importunities (im-p6r-tu'ni-tiz)], per- sistent solicitation or demand; inces- sant insistence; urgency. impose (im-poz'), v.t. to place upon: as, to impose the hands m confirma- tion or ordination; lay upon, as a burden, punishment, or charge; to palm off; lay (pages of type) on an imposing-stone or the bed of a press, and secure them in a chase: v.i. to place a burden or tax; prac- tice deception (with upon). imposing (im-poz'ing), p.adj, adapted ^ to impress; commanding; stately; grand; impressive: n. in printing, the arrangement of pages or columns into forms. imposition (im-po-zish'un) , n. sl lay- ing upon, especially of hands in or- dination or confirmation; the fixing of a naeaning upon the terms of a proposition; that which is imposed, levied, or enjoined; a trick, fraud, or deception; a duty formerly imposed at the pleasure of the British king on imports and exports with- out consent of Parliament. See im- post. impossible (im-pos'i-bl) , adj. that cannot be done; inconceivable. impost (im'post) , n. that which is im- posed or levied; a tax, tribute, or duty, especially a customs-duty lev- ied by government on imports; the top member of a pillar on which the arch rests. impostor (im-pos'ter), n. one who im- poses upon others by an assumed character or false pretensions. imposture (im-pos'tur) , n. deception, especially that which is practiced imder an assumed character or by false pretensions. impotence (im'po-tens), n. the state of being impotent in body or mind; feebleness; want of capacity; de- ficiency of means to achieve an end. impotent (im'po-tent) , adj. wanting in physical, intellectual, or moral power; weak; deficient in capacity; unable to beget; lacking self-re- straint. inipound (im-pound'), v.t. to shut up in a pound or pen, as stray cattle; confine; hold in the custody of a court. impoverish (im-pov'er-ish), v.t. to make poor; reduce to poverty; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. IMPRACTICABLE 259 IMPROVISE cause t9 deteriorate in quality or productiveness. impracticable fim-prak'ti-ka-bl), adj. not to be effected by the means em- ployed, or at command; not easily dealt with; unmanageable; impossi- ble; intractable. imprecate (im'pre-kat) , v.t. to invoke, especially an evil or curse, upon; curse; wish evil to. [Latin.] impregnable (im-preg'na-bl), adj. not to be captured, as a fortress; not to be overcome, as virtue. impregnate (im-preg'nat), v.t. to make pregnant; fecundate; fertilize; infuse an active principle, or the par- ticles of another substance, into; imbue; saturate. impresario (im-pra-sa're-o) , n. the manager of an opera or concert company; one who engages singers and brings them before the public. impress (im-pres'), v.t. to mark, stamp, or print by pressure; to af- fect forcibly, or stamp deeply on, the mind; to imprint; inculcate; compel to enter the public service as soldiers or sailors, especially to carry off forcibly to serve in the navy ; seize for the public service, as money or provisions: n, (im'pres) a mark made by pressure ; an image or fig- ure; a mark of distinction; char- acteristic; stamp; an impression or image fixed in the mind. [Latin.] impression (im-presh'un) , n. the mark made by a stamp or mold; style or character formed by external force or influence; an image in the mind caused by something external to it; the immediate effect produced upon the mind by a sensation, passion, or emotion; an indistinct or vague notion, remembrance, or belief; a copy taken by pressure from type ; number of copies printed at once; an edition. impressive (im-pres'iv), adj. capable of making impression. imprimatur^ (im-pri-ma'ter), n. li- cense to print; hence, license or ap- proval in general; sanction. [Latin.] imprimis (im-pri'mis) , adv. in the first place: a word introducing the first of a series of particulars in an enumeration. [Latin.] imprint (im-print'), v.t. to mark by pressure; to stamp, as letters and words on paper, by means of inked types; print; impress deeply, as on the mind or memory: n. (im'print) an impression, impress, or mark left by something; the publisher's or printer's name, usually with time and place of issue, on the title-page or at the end of a book or other pub- lication. [Old French.] imprison (im-priz'n), v.t. to put into a prison; detain in custody; re- strain or confine in any way; in- carcerate. imprisonment (im-priz'n-ment), n. state of being shut in, or as in, prison; confinement. improbability (im-prob-a-biri-ti), n. [pZ. improbabilities (im-prob-a-biri- tiz)], unlikelihood; an improbable event. improbable (im-prob'a-bl), adj. un- likely ; not to be expected. improbity (im-pro'bi-ti), n. want of probity or rectitude; dishonesty. impromptu (im-promp'tu), adv. with- out preparation; offhand; extem- pore: adj. extemporaneous; thrown off on the spur of the moment: n. an extemporaneous speech. [Latin.] improper (im-prop'er), adj. not well adapted or suited to the purpose; not according to nature, usage, &c.; erroneous; unseemly. impropriety (im-pro-pri'e-ti), n. [pi. improprieties (im-pro-pri'e-tiz)], the quality of being improper ; unsuitable- ness; that which is improper in act, expression, &c_. improve (im-proov'), v-^. to make bet- ter; turn to account; intensify: v.i. to grow better. improvement (im-proov'ment), n. advancement of anything from good to better; profitable use or applica- tion of anything; that by which the value of anything, especially property, is advanced: pi. better- ments. improvidence (im - prov ' i - dens) , n. want of foresight or thrift. improvident (im-prov'i-dent), adj. lacking foresight or thrift; wanting care to provide for the future; care- less. improvise (im-pro-viz'), v.t. to com- pose extemporaneously, especially ate, arm, at, ,awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 17 hue, hut ; think, ^Aen. IMPRUDENCE 260 INASMUCH verse or music; bring about on a sudden, or without previous prepa- ration; devise on the spur of the moment, or for a special occasion: v.i. to compose extemporaneously; do a thing in an offhand way. imprudence (im-proo'dens), n. want of prudence; carelessness of conse- quences; inattention to one's in- terest. [Latin.] imprudent (im-proo'dent), atZj. want- ing prudence; not attentive to con- sequences or interest; indiscreet; in- judicious. impudence (im'pu-dens) , n. want of modesty ; shamelessness ; rudeness ; forwardness. [Latin.] impudent (im'pu-dent) , adj. shame- less; immodest; offensively forward; intentionally disrespectful. impugn (im-ptin'), v.t. to attack by arguments; contradict; gainsay. impulse (im'puls), n. force communi- cated suddenly; the result of an im- pelling force ; a mental force directly urging to action; a sudden deter- mination not arising from reflec- tion. impulsion (im-pul'shun) , n. the act of impelHng; the state of being im- pelled; instigation. impulsive (im-pul'siv) , adj. having the power of impelling; actuated by, or resulting from, impulse; passion- ate; acting by momentary impulse, not continuously. impunity (im-ptin'i-ti) , n. freedom from punishment, injury, or loss. impure (im-purO, adj. mixed with ex- traneous matter; unchaste; unclean; dirty; not accurate or idiomatic: said of a language or style. impurity (im-ptir'i-ti) , n. [pi. impuri- ties (im-pur'i-tiz)], uncleanness; a physical or rnoral blemish. imputation (im-pu-ta'shun) , n. the act of imputing or charging; any- thing imputed or charged, especially in the way of discredit; censure; re- proach; insinuation; the doctrine that the sin of Adam is attributed to his posterity, and the righteousness of Christ to the believer. impute (im-putO, v.t. to charge, at- tribute, or ascribe, especially a fault ; attribute (sin or righteousness) as derived from another. in, a Latin prefix meaning m, within^ inside, not. in (in), prep, or adv. in, within; after verbs of motion, into. inability (in-a-bil'i-ti), n, want of power; incapacity. inaccessible (in-ak-ses'i-bl), adj. not to be obtained or_ approached. inaccurate (in-ak'u-rat), adj. sloven- ly-minded; unsure; failing in pre- cision. inaction (in-ak'shun) , n. sluggishness; failure to perform an act; slowness. inadec^uate (in-ad'e-kwat), adj, un- fit; incapable; insufficient. inadmissible (in-ad-mis'si-bl), adj, not to be allowed; not permis- sible. inadvertent (in-ad-ver'tent) , adj. in- attentive; heedless; careless; uncon- scious. inalienable (in-al'yen-a-bl) , adj. that cannot, or should not, be alienated, surrendered, or transferred to an- other. inamorata (in-a-mo-ra'ta) , n. a wom- an with whom one is in love; sweet- heart; mistress. [Italian.] inane (in-anO, adj. empty; void; senseless; silly; pointless; frivolous: n. infinite void; space. [Latin.] inanimate (in-an'i-mat) , adj. not ani- mate, or animated; dead; spiritless; lifeless. inanity (in-an'i-ti), n. [pi. inanities (in-an'i-tiz)], emptiness; mental vac- uity; frivolity: pZ. vanities. inappreciable (in-a-pre'shi-a-bl) , adj. not to be appreciated or estimated; of no consequence. inappropriate (in-a-pro'pri-at), adj, unfit; not suitable. inarch (in-arch'), v.t. to graft by uniting (a scion) to a stock without separating the scion from its parent tree. inarticulate (in-ar-tik'u-lat), adj. not uttered with intelligible distinct- ness; incapable of speech; not ar- ticulated; not jointed, segmented, or valved. inartistic (in-ar-tis'tik), adj. contrary to the laws or principles of art; un- able to appreciate works of art. inasmuch (m-az-much') , adv. in a like degree; seeing that (with as); be- cause. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, th^n. INATTENTIVE 261 INCIDENT inattentive (in-at-ten'tiv), adj. not giving due heed; careless. inaugurate (in-aw'gu-rat) , v.t. to in- duct into office with appropriate ceremonies; invest with ofiice in a formal manner; consecrate; make a formal beginning of; initiate, as a new poHcy ; celebrate the first pubHc use of by an opening ceremony. [Latin.] inauspicious (in-aw-spish'us) , adj. ill- omened; unlucky; unfavorable; un- fortunate. inbeing^ (in'be-ing), n. inherent exist- ence; inherence; inseparableness.^ inboard (in'bord), adv. and adj. with- in the ship; not projecting over the bulwarks. inbond (in 'bond), adj. a term applied to a brick or stone laid lengthwise across a walL inbreed (in-bred'), v-t. to breed or de- velop within; breed from animals closely related. incalculable (in-kal'ku-la-bl) , adj. be- yond calculation. incalescent (in-kal-es'ent) , adj. in- creasing in heat. [Latin.] incandescent (in-kan-des'ent) , adj. glowing; white with heat. [Latin.] incantation (in-kan-ia'shun) , n. sl magical charm said or sung; en- chantment. incapacitate (in-ka-pas'i-tat), v.t. to deprive of capacity or natural pow- er; render incapable or unfit; dis- qualify; disable. [Latin.] incapacity (in-ka-pas'i-ti) , n. lack of power, physical or mental; legal dis- qualification. incarcerate (in-kar'ser-at), v.t. to im- prison; confine. [Latin.] incarceration (in-kar-ser-a'shun) , n. imprisonment ; confinement ; con- striction, as of a hernia. incarnate (in-kar'nat) , v.t. to clothe with flesh; embody in flesh: v.adj. embodied in flesh; flesh-colored. incarnation (in-kar-na'shun) , n. the act of clothing with, or of assuming, flesh; embodiment in human form; a striking exemplification or personi- fication; the assumption of human nature by the Son of God; the pro- cess by which a wound heals by being filled with new flesh. [Latin.] incase (in-kas'), v.t. to enclose in a case. Also encase. incast (in'kast), n. something thrown in for ''good measure" after a pur- chase or bargain [Scotch]. In Louisiana, an incast is called lag^ niappe (la-ni-yap') . incautious (in-kaw'shus) , adj, want- ing in caution; unwary. incendiary (in-sen'di-a-ri) , adj. per- taining to arson or the malicious burning of property; tending to excite passion or violence; inflam- matory; seditious: n. one guilty of arson; one who excites passion or violence; a seditious agitator. incense (in-sens'), v.t. to fire; in- flame with anger; provoke; irritate; (in'sens), perfume with incense: n. any aromatic material which ex- hales perfume when burned, especial- ly olibanum, the frankincense of the Jews, and also of the ancient Greeks and Romans; any gratifying odor, as of flowers; homage; odor of spices and gums burned in religious rites. [Latin.] incentive (in-sen'tiv) , adj. inciting; encouraging: n. incitement; en- couragement; motive; spur; stimu- lus. inception (in-sep'shun), n. reception; beginning; the formal qualification of a master of arts, previous to tak- ing his degree. [Latin.] inceptive (in-sep'tiv), adj. beginning; noting beginning: n. an inceptive word or phrase. incessant (in-ses'ant), adj. unceasing; ceaseless; continuous. incest (in'sest), n. sexual commerce between persons related within the prohibited degrees of marriage. inch (inch), n. l-12th of a foot; a small quantity or degree; a critical moment: v.t. to drive by small de- grees; deal out sparingly: v.i. move slowly. inchoate (in'ko-at), adj. just begun; incipient; elementary; incomplete. inchoative (in-ko'a-tiv), adj. mcip- ient; rudimentary: n. an incep- tive. incidence (in'si-dens) , n. the direc- tion in which a ray of light or heat falls upon a surface. incident (in'si-dent), adj, falling upon, as a ray of Hght on a reflecting siu*- face; apt to occur; appertaining; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. INCIDENTAL 262 INCOMPARABLE occurring accidentally; casual; sub- ordinate: n. occurrence; that which happens beside the main design; casualty; epis9de; event; accident. incidental (in-si-den'tal) , adj. casual; subordinate: n. something casual or subordinate: pi. minor expenses. incinerate (in-sin'er-at) , v.t. to burn to ashes. incipient (in-sip'i-ent), adj. beginning to be or to appear; initial. incise (in-siz'), v.t. to cut into; to cut or gash; to engrave. incision (in-sizh'un), n. a cut made with a sharp instrument; notch. incisive (in-si'siv), adj. having the quality of cutting into; sharp; trenchant; pertaining to the incisor teeth; incisorial: n. the incisive edge or tooth of the mandible of a beetle. [Latin.] incitation (in-si-ta'shun), n. the act of impelling to action ; an attempt to urge, encourage, or move. incite (in-sif), v.t. to move to action; stir up; spur on; encourage; im- pel. [Latin.] incitement (in-sit'ment), n. an in- citing cause; incentive; impulse; encouragement. incivility (in-si-vil'i-ti) , n. [pi. inci- vilities (in-si-viri-tiz)], lack of civil- ity or eourtesy; impoliteness. inclement (in-klem'ent), adj. not clement ; unmerciful ; tempestuous. inclination (in-cli-na 'shun), n. a lean- ing; deviation from usual direc- tion or position; tendency of the mind; disposition; a slope or de- clivity; slant; propensity. incline (in-klin'), v.i. to deviate from the normal direction or position; lean; bow; have a mental bent or tendency; be disposed: v.i. to cause to lean; direct; bow (as in rever- ence or civility); give a tendency to; turn; dispose: n. a slope; an in- clined plane; gradient. inclined (in-klind'), p. adj. having a tendency; sloping; disposed; bent into a convex curve. inclose (in-kloz'), v.t. to shut in; en- compass; surround; put into an envelope; put into the same envel- ope (with another letter); sepa- rate from common lands by a fence. indosure (in-klo'zhur), n. the act of inclosing, or state of being inclosed, especial] y the act of separating land from a common by a fence ; that which is inclosed; that which in- closes, as a fence; something in- closed with a letter in an envelope, as a bill, check, &c. [Latin.] include (in-klood'), v.t. to inclose; hold as in an inclosure; confine within something; comprise or com- prehend, as a genus the species. included (in-kloo'ded), p. adj. in- closed; contained; not projecting beyond the mouth of the corolla of a flower. inclusion (in-kloo'zhun) , n. the act of including; the state of being in- cluded; that which is included. inclusive (in-kloo'siv), adj. inclosing; including; comprehending the ex- tremes in the sum, as from Monday to Saturday inclusive, i.e., taking in both Monday and Saturday. incognito (in-kog'ni-to) , adj. un- known or disguised: adv. in dis- guise; under an assumed name. incoherent (in-ko-he'rent) , adj. with- out cohesion; incongruous; incon- secutive. incohesion (in-ko-he'zhun) , n. want of cohesion. incombustible (in-kom-bus'ti-bl), adj. that cannot be consumed by fire: n. an incombustible substance. income (in'kum), n. the gain which proceeds from labor, business, prop- erty, or capital; annual receipts of a person or corporation. incommensurable (in-kom-men'su- ra-bl), adj. having no common meas- ure; having no common divisor except unity: n. one of two (or more) quantities that have no common measure. incommensurate (in - kom - men'su- rat) , adj. not admitting of a common measure; incommensurable; not suf- ficient in measure; inadequate. incommode (in-kom-od'), v.t. to give inconvenience or trouble to; die-, turb. incommunicable (in-kom-mu'ni-ka- bl), adj. that cannot be communi- cated or told. incomparable (in-kom'pa-ra-bl), adj, not admitting of comparison; un- equaled; transcendent; peerless. Ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not; boon, book hue, hut ; think, then. INCOMPATIBLE 263 INCORRECT Incompatible (in-kom-pat'i-bl), adj. incapable of harmonious subsistence or combination; inconsistent; incon- gruous: n.pl. persons or things ir- reconcilably disagreeing with each other. incompetent (in-kom'pe-tent) , adj. wanting abihty; inadequate; want- ing quahfication or fitness; incapaci- tated; inadmissible. incomplete (in-kom-plet'), adj. not fully finished or developed ; not hav- ing all its parts; imperfect; defec- tive. incompreh6«isible (in-kom-pre-hen'- si-bl), adj. inimitable; not to be un- derstood or grasped by the mind ; in- conceivable. incompressible (in-kom-pres'i-bl) , adj. incapable of being reduced in volume by pressure; resisting pres- sure. inconceivable (in-kon-sev'a-bl) , adj, incapable of being conceived or im- agined; incredible. inconcinnity (in-kon-sin'i-ti) , n. lack of harmony; failure to agree. inconclusive (in-kon-kloo/siv) , adj. leading to no conclusion in evidence or argument; unconvincing; reach- ing no definite result in action; inef- fective; inefficient. incondensible (in-kon-den'si-bl) , adj. incapable of being made more dense or compact, or of being reduced to Uquid form. incongruity (in-kon-groo'i-ti), n. [pi. incongruities (in-kon-groo'i-tiz)], want of mutual fitness; unsuitable- ness of one thing to another. incongruous (in-kong'groo-us) , adj, reciprocally disagreeing; unsuited to one another; inharmonious; inap- propriate. inconsequent (in-kon'se-kwent) , adj. not following from the premises; illogical; out of proper relation; irrel- evant. inconsiderable (in-kon-sid'er-a-bl) , adj. not deserving consideration; unimportant. inconsiderate (in-kon-sid'er-at), adj. without consideration; thoughtless. inconsistency (in-kon-sis 'ten-si) , n. [pL inconsistencies (in-kon-sis'ten- siz)], the quahty of being inconsist- ent; incongruity. inconsistent (in-kon-sis'tent), adj. lacking coherence or agreement; dis- crepant; lacking uniformity; self- contradicting; incongruous. inconsolable (in-kon-so'la-bl) , adj. not to be consoled or comforted. inconspicuous (in-kon-spik'u-us) , adj. not easily perceived; so small as to escape notice; hardly dis- cernible. inconstancy (in-kon's tan-si), n. changeableness. inconstant (in-kon'stant), oJj. sub- ject to change; unstable; variable; fickle; capricious. incontestable (in-kon-test'a-bl), adj. not admitting of question or dispute; incontrovertible. incontinent (in-kon'ti-nent) , adj. un- restrained; unchaste: n. an unchaste person. incontrovertible (in-kon-tro-ver'ti- bl), adj. not admitting of contro- versy; indisputable. inconvenience (in-kon-ve'niens) , n. want of convenience ; unfitness ; troublesomeness ; that which incom- modes; disadvantage. Also incon- veniency: v.t. to put to inconveni- ence; incommode; annoy; molest. inconvenient (in-kon-ve'nient) , adj. disadvantageous; inopportune; un- fit; inexpedient. inconvertible (in-kon-ver'ti-bl) , adj. incapable of being converted into, or exchanged for, something else. Incorporate (in-kor'po-rat), v.t. to corobine into one body; give a body to; embody; unite; associate; unite intimately; assimilate; blend; form into a corporation recognized by law: v.i. to unite with another body so as to form a part of it; be mixed or blended with: v. adj. incorpo- rated; united in one body. incorporation (in-kor-po-ra'shun) , n. combination; assimilation; mixture; formation of a body corporate; a corporation. incorporeal (in-kor-po're-al), adj. not corporeal ; immaterial ; intangible, and existing only in contemplation of the law. incorrect (in-kor-ekt')» cuij. not ac- cording to model or rule ; faulty ; not according to fact; inaccurate; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, th^n. INCORRIGIBLE 264 INDEFATIGABLE not in accordance with morality or good manners; improper. [Latin.] incorrigible (in-kor'ri-ji-bl), adj. bad; bej^ond correction or amendment; irreclaimable. incorrupt (in-kor-upf) , adj. free from physical or moral taint; unim- paired, upright ; especially above the influence of corruption or bribery; honest. [Latin.] incorruptible (in-kor-upt'ti-bl), adj, incapable of physical corruption, de- cay, or dissolution; not liable to moral perversion or contamination ; especially incapable of being bribed. incorruption (in-kor-up'shun), n. ex- emption from corruption. incrassation (in-kras-sa'shun) , n. a swelling or increase of bulk caused by fat. [Latin.] increase (in-kres'), v.i. to become greater in any respect; augment; multiply; grow; wax, as the moon: v.t. to make greater in any respect; enhance; aggravate; enlarge: n. (in'kres), a growing larger; that which is added to the original stock; increment; produce; profit; issue; offspring; a waxing, as of the moon. incredible (in-kred'i-bl) , adj. surpass- ing belief ; hard to believe ; unimagin- able; inconceivable. incredulity (in-kre-du'li-ti) , n. the quality of being incredulous; scep- ticism; disbelief. incredulous (in-kred'u-lus) , adj. hard of belief; sceptical; unbelievmg. increment (in'kre-ment), n. increase; augmentation; produce. incriminate (in-krim'i-nat) , v.t. to charge with a crime; criminate; ac- cuse. incrust (in-krusf), v.t. to cover with, or as with, a crust; coat; overlay; to inlay, as mosaic, so as to form a decorative covering. Also encrust. incubate (in'ku-bat), v.t. to sit upon (eggs) to hatch them; hatch out: v.i. to brood; in medicine, to go through the stage of incubation. incubator (in'ku-ba-ter) , n. one who, or that which, incubates; especially an apparatus for hatching eggs arti- ficially. incubus (in'ku-bus), n. [pi. incubuses (in'ku-bus-ez), incubi (in'ku-bi)], the nightmare ; in the superstition of the Middle Ages, a demon believed to cause nightmare, and the birth of de- formed children; a heavy weight or burden. See succubus. [Latin.] inculcate (in-kul'kat), v.t. to impress upon the mind by frequent admoni- tions. inculpate (in-kuFpat), v.t. to charge with wrong-d9ing; to censure. incumbency (in-kum'ben-si) , n. [vl, incumbencies (in-kum'ben-siz)], tne act or state of being incumbent; full possession and exercise of any office ; state of holding a benefice. incumbent (in-kum'bent) , adj. lying upon; imposed as a duty: n. the holder of an office; a clergyman in possession of a benefice. incur (in-ker'),. 2^.^. [p.t. & p.p. in- curred, p.pr. incurring], to become liable to, by one's own action; con- tract, as a debt. incurable (in-kur'a-bl) , adj. incapable of being cured; beyond the power of skill or medicine; irremediable; in- corrigible: n. a person diseased be- yond cure. [Latin.] incursion (in-ker'shun), n. an in- road; raid; invasion. incurvate (in-ker'vat) , p. adj. bent in- ward; curved. indebted (in-det'ed), p. adj. being in debt ; lying under an obligation. indecent (in-de'sent) , adj. violating propriety in language, behavior, &c.; indelicate; obscene. [Latin.] indecision (in-de-sizh'un) , n. want of decision; a wavering of the mind; irresolution. indecisive (in-de-si'siv) , adj. not bring- ing to a decision or final issue; in- conclusive. indeclinable (in-de-kli'na-bl), adj. that cannot be dechned, or varied by declension: n. a word that cannot be declined. indecorous (in-dek'o-rus) , adj. vio- lating decorum, or any accepted rule of conduct. [Latin.] indecorum (in-de-ko'rum) , n. vio- lation of decorum or propriety; breach of etiquette or civility. indeed (in-ded'), CLdv_. in fact, in truth. indefatigable (in-de-f at'i-ga-bl) , adj. not to be wearied out ; not yielding to fatigue; unremitting in labor or effort. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, th^n. . INDEFEASIBLE 265 INDIFFERENCE indefeasible (in-de-f e'zi-bl) , adj. not to be defeated or made void, as a title. [Latin.] indefensible (in-de-f en'si-bl) , adj, that cannot be defended, maintained, or justified. indefinable (in-de-fi'na-bl) , adj. that cannot be defined. ^ [Latin.] indefinite (in-def 'i-nit) , adj. not de- fined; not precise; vague; having no particular limit ; large beyond the comprehension of man, though not absolutely infinite; too numerous or variable to be easily counted. indelible (in-deri-bl) , adj. not to be blotted out, effaced, or obliterated. indelicacy (in-del'i-ka-si) , n. [pi. in- delicacies (in-deri-ka-siz)], want of delicacy; that which is offensive to refined taste. [Latin.] Indelicate (in-deFi-kat) , adj. offensive to modesty or propriety; coarse; in- decent. indemnification (in-dem-ni-fi-ka'- shun), 71. the act of securing against loss; reimbursement of loss. indemnify (in-dem'ni-fl), y.t. [p.t. & p.p. indemnified, p.pr. indemnify- ing], to secure or insure against loss or damage; reimburse. [Latin.] indemnity (in-dem'ni-ti), n. [pi. in- dernnities (in-dem'ni-tiz)], security against loss, damage, or punish- ment; compensation for loss. indent (in-dent'), v.t. to make a dent or depression in; dent; cut into points like teeth; notch; bind out by indenture, as an apprentice: ?2. a notch in the marginj a covenant. indentation (in-den-ta'shun), n. a small hollow or depression, as from a blow; a dent or dint; a notch or recess in a margim indenture (in-den'ttir), n. a covenant or deed, formerly in duplicate, with the edges notched so as to corre- spond: v.t. to bind by indenture, as an apprentice. independence (in-de-pend'ens), n. freedom from support or governance by others; a competency; self-re- liance. [Latin.] independent (in-de-pen'dent), adj. not dependent, supported by, or governed bJ^ another; having a competency; not subject to bias or influence; free; irrespective: n. one who supports measures or men in- dependently of any organized party. indescribable (in-de-skrib'a-bl), adj. that cannot be described. indestructible (in-de-struk'ti-bl) , adj, not +<^ be destroyed. indeterminate (in-de-ter'min-at), adj. not determinate, settled, or fixed; indefinite; not precise; having an indefinite number of values or solu- tions. index (in'deks), n. [j)l. indexes (in'- deks-ez), indices (in'di-sez)], that which points out or indicates; an al- phabetical table of the contents of a book; the figure or letter which shows the power or root of a quan- titj-; the exponent: v.t. provide with an index. Indian (in'di-an), adj. pertaining to the Indies, East or West, or to the aborigines of America. Indian corn (korn), n. a native Amer- ican plant, known as maize. Indian-file (in'di-an-fil), n. single file. Indian Summer (sum'er), n. sum- mer-like weather, with calm and ab- sence of rain, occurring in autumn. india-rubber (in'di-a-rub'er), n. a gummy substance imported firom Brazil and the Congo State and hardened by chemical processes; the product of the rubber tree; caout- chouc. indicant (in'di-kant), adj. indicating: n. that which points out a remedy for a disease. indicate (in'di-kat), v.t. to point out; show; suggest; hint; point out, as a remedy. indication (in-di-ka'shun), n. the act oi indicating; that which indicates; information; token; evidence; sign; symptom. indicative (in-dik'a-tiv), adj. pointing out; bringing to notice; noting that mood of the verb which indicates, predicates, or affirms: n. the indica- tive mood. indict (in-dit'), v.t. to charge with a crime, by the presentment of a grand jury. indictment (in-dlt'ment), n. a writ- ten accusation against a prisoner presented by a grand jury to a court. indifierence (in-dif'er-ens), n. the state of being indifferent; impartial- ate, iirni, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, boo] hue, hut ; think, then. INDIFFERENT 266 INDO-EUROPEAN ity; absence of preference or in- terest ; unconcernedness ; unimpor- tance; condition of being indifferent in character or quality; medioc- rity. indifferent (in-dif 'er-ent) , adj. uncon- cerned; unimportant; mediocre; re- gardless. indigence (in'di-jens), n. the state of being indigent ; poverty ; want. Also indigency. indigenous (in-dij'e-nus), adj. born or produced in a country; not exotic; not imported; innate; inherent; native. indigent (in'di-jent), adj, destitute; needy. indigestible (in-di-jest'i-bl), adj. not digestible, physically or mentally. indigestion (in-^di-jes'chun), n. diffi- culty in digesting food; dyspepsia. indignant (in-dig'nant) , adj. affected with indignation; inflamed with mingled anger and disdain. indignation (in-dig-na'shun), n. anger at what is unworthy, unjust, dishon- orable, or base; anger mingled with contempt or disgust. indi^nit^ (in-dig'ni-ti) , n. [pL indig- nities (in-dig'ni-tiz) ], an action in- tended to lower the dignity of an- other; insult. [Latin.] indigo (in'di-go), n. a blue dye-stuff obtained from the indigo plant by decomposition of the glucoside in- dican. In 1880, the German chemist, Adolf Baeyer, produced it by syn- thesis from coal tar. [Spanish, but ultimately Greek.] indirect (in-di-rekf) , cidj. not straight or rectilinear; not directly result- ing from a cause ; not reaching the end aimed at by the most direct method; not straightforward or fair. indiscreet (in-dis-kref), adj. wanting in discretion; imprudent. indiscretion (in-dis-kresh'un) , n. want of discretion; imprudence; an im- prudent act. indiscriminate (in-dis-krim'i-nat), adj. undistinguishing; promiscuous. indispensable (in-dis-pen'sa-bl) , adj, that cannot be dispensed with; ab- solutely necessary. [Latin.] indispose (in-dis-poz'), v.t. to disin- cline; unfit. [Latin.] indisposed (in-dis-pozd') , adj. slight- ly ill in health; disinclined. indisposition (in-dis-po-zish'un) , n. slight illness; disinclination. indisputable (in-dis-pu'ta-bl) , adj. too evident to admit of dispute; un- questionable. [Latin.] indissoluble (in-dis'o-lu-bl), adj. not dissoluble or dissolvable. [Latin.] indistinct (in-dis-tingkf), adj. not distinct to the senses or the mind; undefined; indefinite; confused. indistinguishable (in-dis-ting'gwish- a-bl), acy. incapable of being distin- guished, discriminated, or perceived. indite (in^dif), v.t. to compose; write. indium (in'di-um), n. a rare metallic element found in zinc-blende. individual (in-di-vij'u-al), adj. exist- ing as a single indivisible entity ; pertaining to, or characteristic of, a single person, or thing: n. a single person, animal, or thing^ [Latin.] individualism (in-di-vij'u-al-izm), n, the quality of being individual; a social system in which each indi- vidual works for himself alone; the theory of government which dis- countenances the interference of the State in the affairs of the individual. individuality (in-di-vij-u-al'i-ti), n, the condition of being individual; separate or distinct existence; dis- tinctive character. individualize (in-di-vij/u-al-iz), v.t. to invest with individuality ; distinguish. individually (in-di-vij'u-a-li), adv, sep- arately; personally. individuate (in-di-vij'u-at), v.t, to mark as distinct. indivisible (in-di-viz'i-bl), not separ- able into parts: n. that which is indivisible; an element, infinitely small, assumed to admit of no further division. Indo, a prefix meaning connected with India, as /nc?o-Chinese, per- taining to Indo-China. indocile (in-dos'il), adj. unteach- able; intractable. indoctrinate (in-dok'tri-nat) , v.t, to imbue with learning, principles, or doctrines. Indo-European (in-do-u-ro-pe'an), adj. pertaining to the family of Aryan (or Caucasian) languages extend- ing from India over Europe but ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^^en. INDOLENCE 267 INEQUALITY excepting the Turkish, Hungarian, Bohemian, Finnish, Polish, and Rus- sian, which were called ^' Turanian '^ or tlral-Altaic and also by other names. indolence (in'do-lens) , n. love of ease; indisposition to labor; lazi- ness; supineness. Indolent (in'do-lent) , adj. indulging in ease; avoiding labor; lazy. indomitable (in-dom'i-ta-bl), adj. un- tamable; ip-epressible ; invincible. indoor (in'dor), adj. performed within doors. indorse (in-dors'), v.t. to write on the back of, as a check, &c.; sanction; approve. AIS9 endorse. [Latin.] indorsement (in-dors'ment), n. the act of writing on the back of a check, &c.; that which is so written; ap- proval; sanction. indubitable (in-du'bi-ta-bl) , adj. too evident to be doubted; unquestion- able. induce (in-dus'), v.t. to lead on; in- fluence; prevail upon; bring on; ef- fect; cause; to infer by induction; produce by magnetic or electric in- duction. [Latin.] _ inducement (in-dus'ment), n. tliat which induces; motive; in pleading, an introductory statement. induct (in-dukt')» v.t. to introduce; install into an office; put into pos- session of a benefice. induction (in-duk'shun) , n. the act of inducting; the introduction of a person into an office; the introduc- tion of a clergyman into a benefice; the process of discovering and prov- ing general propositions from par- ticular cases; a conclusion drawn irom a process of induction; elec- trical or magnetic influence without direct contact. [Latin.] inductive (in-duk'tiv) , adj. proceed- ing by induction; producing induc- tion; operating by induction; sus- ceptible of being acted on by induction. indue (in-du'), v.t. to clothe or invest; furnish; supply; endow. [Latin.] indulge (in-dulj'), v.t. to be kind or complaisant to; humor; give free course to: v.i. to gratify one's self. indulgence (in-duPjens), n. forbear- ance from restraint or control; per- mission; license; excess; forbearance of present payment ; toleration. indiilgent (in-durjent), adj. disposed to indulge ; complaint ; showing favor ; kind. indurate (in'dti-rat), v.i. to grow hard: v.t. to make hard; render un- feeling or obdurate. industrial (in-dus'tri-al), adj. per- taining to i)roductiye industry. industrious (in-dus'tri-us), adj. char- acterized by diUgence or industry; hard working. industrjr (in'dus-tri), n. [pi. indus- tries (in'dus-triz)], steady applica- tion to business or labor; productive labor; an industrial art; a particular branch of work or trade. inebriate (in-e'bri-at), v.t. to make drunk; intoxicate; intoxicate men- tally or emotionally: n. an habitual drunkard. [Latin.] inebriety (in-e-bri'e-ti), n. intoxica- tion, especially habitual drunken- ness. ineffable (in-ef 'a-bl) , adj. unspeak- ble; inexpressible; too sacred for utterance. [Latin.] ineffaceable (in-ef-fas'a-bl), adj. that cannot be rubbed out. ineffective (in-ef-ekt'iv), adj. not producing the desired effect; in- effectual. [Latin.] ineffectual (in-e-fek'tu-al), adj. not producing the desired effect; un- availing. inefficacy (in-ef'i-ka-si), n. lack of efficacy. inefficiency (in-e-fish'en-si), n. in- competency. inefficient (in-e-fish'ent) , adj. not producing, or not capable of produc- ing, the desired effect; incapable. inelastic (in-e-las'tik), ddj. lacking or deficient in elasticity. inelegance (in-ere-gans) , n. [pi. inele- gances (in-ere-gan-sez)], want of any quality required by good taste. inelegant (in-ere-gant) , cdj. offensive to good taste. _ ineligible (in-eri-ji-bl), ^j. unworthy of choice; unsuitable; legally dis- qualified for choice or election. inept (in-ept'), adj. unsuitable; fool- ish; inexpert. inequality (in-e-kwari-ti) , n. [pi. inequalities (in-e-kwari-tiz)], diff cr- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^^en. INEQUITABLE 268 INFECTION ence, especially of rank or station; unevenness ; changeableness ; inade- quacy; deviation of a planet or satellite from its uniform mean motion. [Latin.] inequitable (in-ek'wi-ta-bl) , adj. not according to equity; unjust. inequity ^ (in-ek Vi-ti) , n. lack of equity; injustice. inert (in-ert'), a(i/. having no power of motion or action; lifeless; slug- gish. [Latin.] ^ inertia (in-er'shi-a), n. lack of activ- ity; inertness; sluggishness; that property of matter by virtue of which it tends to remain at rest, if resting, ^ or to move uniformly in a straight line, if moving {vis inertioB) . inestimable (in-es'ti-ma-bl) , adj. not to be estimated; beyond measure or price; incalculable; invaluable. inevitable (in-ev'i-ta-bl), adj, not to be evaded; unavoidable. inexact (in-egz-aktO , adj. not precise, correct, accurate, or punctual. inexcusable (in^eks-ku'za-bl) , adj. incapable of being excused; unpar- donable. inexhaustible (in-egs-awst'i-bl), adj. not to be exhausted or spent; un- failing; unwearied. _ [Latin.] inexorable (in-eks'o-ra-bl), adj. not to be moved by prayers ; unyielding ; unrelenting. [Latin.] inexpediency (in-eks-pe'di-en-si) , n. unsuitableness ; inadvisabihty. Also inexpedient. inexpedient (in-eks-pe'di-ent) , adj. unsuitable to circumstances; in- advisable. [Latin.] inexpensive (in-eks-pen'siv) , adj. cheap. inexperience (in-eks-pe'ri-ens) , n. want of experience, or of the knowl- edge that comes by experience. inexperienced (in-eks-pe'ri-enst), adj. lacking experience; unpracticed; un- skilled; unversed. inexpert (in-eks-perf) , adj. unskilled; laclfing the knowledge or dexterity derived from practice. inexpiable (in-eks'pi-a-bl), adj. that cannot be expiated, atoned for, or satisfied. inexplicable (in-eks'pli-ka-bl) , adj. not to be explained, made plain, or intelligible; not to be interpreted or accounted f^. inexplosive (in-eks-plo'siv) , adj. not liable to explode. inexpressible (in-eks-pres'i-bl), adj. incapable of being expressed, uttered or described. inexpressive (in-eks-pres'iv), adj. lacking expression or distinct sig- nificance. inextensible (in-eks-ten'si-bl), adj. that cannot be extended or stretched. inextinguishable (in-eks-ting'gwish- a-bl), adj. unquenchable. inextricable (m-eks'tri-ka-bl), adj. not extricable; not permitting ex- trication; not to be freed from intri- cacy or perplexity. infallible (in-f all-bl) , adj. incapable of erring; unerring; certain; un- failing. [Latin.] infamous (in'fa-mus), adj. having a notoriously bad reputation; odious; scandalous. infamy (in'fa-mi), n. infamous char- acter; public disgrace; ignominy. [Latin.] infancy (in'fan-si), n. the state of be- ing an infant; early childhood; the first age of anything; in law, the period of life from birth to the age of twenty-one. [Latin.] infant (in'fant), n. a young child; popularly a child under two years; in law, a person who has not attained his legal majority, or the age of twenty-one: adj. pertaining to in- fancy, or to the legal period of in- fancy; infantile; incipient. infanticide (in-f an'ti-sid) , n. the murder of an infant born alive; one who kills an infant. [Latin.] infantile (in'f an-til) , adj. pertaining to infants or infancy; child-like; childish. infantry (in'f an-tri) , n. foot soldiers, except engineers and men of the army service corps. [French.] infatuate (in-fat'u-at), v.t. to^ make extravagantly foolish; to inspire with fatuous passion. [Latin.] ^ infect (in-fektO, v.t. to communicate some (especially bad) quality to; taint, especially with disease, physi- cal or moral. [Latin.] infection (in-f ek'shun) , n. the act of infecting; that which infects; con- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, th^Ti. INFECTIOUS 269 INFLATE taminating; taint; communication of disease from the sick to the healthy; an infectious disease. infectious (in-f ek'shus) , adj. com- municable by infection; sympathetic; communicating infection; demoral- izing. infelicitous (in-fe-lis'i-tus), ac?;". un- fortunate; unhappy; inappropriate; ill-timed. [Latin.] infer (in-fer'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. inferred, p.pr. inferring], to derive by induc- tion or deduction; accept as a fact or consequence; imply: v.i. to con- clude. [Latin.] inference (in'f er-ens) , n. the act of inferring; the conclusion; deduction; induction. Inferior (in-f e'ri-er) , adj. lower in place, rank, or quality; secondary; subordinate; between the earth and the sun; below the horizon; growing below another organ: n. one who ranks below another; a subordi- nate. inferiority (in-f e-ri-or'i-ti) , n. lower state or quality. infernal (in-f er'nal) , adj. pertaining to the Tartarus of the ancients, the lower regions, or regions of the dead; pertaining to or resembling hell; hellish; diabolical; fiendish. infest (in-f est'), v.t. to attack; haunt; overrun. [Latin.] infidel (in'fi-del), adj. rejecting all re- ligion; rejecting a religion which claims to be divinely revealed, espe- cially the Christian religion; mani- festing unbelief: n. one who rejects Christianity as a divine revelation; formerly applied to a Mohammedan, Jew, or heathen. [Latin.] infidelity (in-fi-deFi-ti) , n. [pi. in- fidelities (in-fi-deri-tiz) ], disbelief ,in all religion, especially disbelief in Christianity; breach of trust; violation of the marriage contract by adultery. Infield (in'feld), n. in baseball, the space within the base line, 30 yds. X 30 yds. infiltration (in-fil-tra'shun) , n. the act of infiltrating; that which infil- trates; morbid condition of an organ due to accumulation of substances introduced from without. [French.] infinite (in'fi-nit), adj. indefinitely extensive; immeasurable: n. the Infinite Being ; the Absolute ; the Unconditioned; a quantity greater or less than any assignable quan- tity of the same kind; an inde- terminate. ^ [Latin.] infinitely (in'fi-nit-H) , adv. beyond any conceivable degree; vastly. infinitesimal (in-fin-i-tes'i-mal) , adj. infinitely small: n. a quantity less than any assignable quantity. infinitive (in-fin'i-tiv) , adj. the term apphed to that verb-form which sim- ply expresses the general sense of the verb without limitati9n to person or number: n. the infinitive mood; a verb in the infinitive mood. infinity (in-fin'i-ti) , n. [pi. infinities (in-fin'i-tiz) ], the state of being infinite; unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity; absolute per- fection; an infinite quantity. infirm (in-ferm'), adj.^ feeble in body or health; weak-minded; vacillat- ing; insecure; debilitated; irreso- lute; precarious. [Latin.] infirmary (in-f er'ma-ri) , n. [pi. in- firmaries (in-fer'ma-riz)], a hospital for the sick and injured. infirmity (in-fer'mi-ti), n. [pi. in- firmities (in-fer'mi-tiz) ], the. state of being infirm; debility; imbecility; weakness of body or of mind; mal- ady; failing; foible. infix (in-fiks/), v.t. to fix or fasten in; implant; insert: (in'fiks) n. some- thing infixed; an element equivalent to a prefix or suflBx inserted in the body of a word. [Latin.] inflame (in-flam/), v.t. to set on fire; fire with passion; excite; provoke; irritate; put into a state of inflam- mation: v.i. to become inflamed. inflammable (in-flam'a-bl), adj. easily set on flame; combustible; easily excited; excitable. inflammation (in-fla-ma'shun) , n. a morbid process, characterized, when external, by pain, redness, heat, and swelling. [Latin.] inflammatory (in-flam'a-to-ri) , adj. tending to excite passion, tumult, or sedition; tending to produce, accompanied by, or indicative of, inflammation. inflate (in-flaf), v.t. to swell, or dip- tend, with air or gas; puff up; elate; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, booh ^ hue, hut ; think, th^n. INFLATUS 270 INGRATIATE expand or raise artificially, as prices. inflatus (in-fla'tus) , n. inspiration; afflatus. inflect (in-flekf), v.t. bend; turn from a direct line; modulate; vary the terminations of; decline; conjugate: v.i. to undergo grammatical change of termination. inflection (in-flek'shun), n. a bend or bending; modulation of the voice; variation of nouns, verbs, &c., by declension and conjugations; diffrac- tion of light or heat. Also inflexion. inflexible (in-fleks'i-bl) , adj. not to be bent; rigid; stiff; not to be moved by prayers; inexorable; not to be varied or changed; unalterable; stub- born. inflict (in-flikf), v.t. to cause by, or as if by, striking; cause to be suffered; impose as a punishment. [Latin.] inflorescence (in-flo-res'ens) , n. the mode or i)rinciple of floral arrange- ment exhibited by any species of plant; a group of flowers rising upon a common main axis. [Latin.] influence (in'flu-ens), n. energy or potency tending to produce effects insensibly and invisibly; power aris- ing from character or station; elec- trical induction: i;.^. to exercise in- fluence on, physically or moraUy. influential (in-flu-en'shal) , adj. hav- ing or exerting influence. influenza (influ-en'za) , n. an epidemic catarrh accompanied by fever, pains, and nervous prostration. [Italian.] influx (in'fluks), n. an inflow; infusion; continuous importation; the point at which a stream flows into another or into the sea. [Latin.] inform (in-form'), v.t. to animate; mold; instruct; apprise: v.i. to give information. informal (in-f or'mal) , adj. not accord- ing to form, custom, or rule; irreg- ular; unceremonious; deficient in legal form. See form. informality (in-f 6r-mari-ti) , n. [pi. informalities (in-for-mari-tiz)], want of regular, customary, or legal form. informant (in-f or'mant) , n. one who gives information. information (in-f 6r-ma 'shun), n. com- mumcated knowledge or intelligence ; a suit instituted on behalf of the government; a declaration made be- fore a magistrate to induce him to issue a summons or warrant. informer (in-form'er) , n. one who in- forms a magistrate of a violation of the law, or sues for a penalty under some statute. infra, a Laitm prefix, meamnghelow, fur- ther on, as in/ra-axillary, situated below the axil. infraction (in-frak'shun) , n. a viola- tion, or breach, especially of law; infringement. [Latin.] infrangible (in-fran'ji-bl), adj. that cannot be broken, separated, or vio- lated; inviolable. infrequence (in-f re'k wens), n. the state of being infrequent; rareness. Also infrequency. infrequent (in-fre'kwent), adj. seldom occurring. infringe (in-frinj'), v.t. to violate or break, as a law: v.i. to encroach: * foUowed by on or upon. [Latin.] infuriate (in-f u'ri-at) , v.t. to enrage; madden. infuse (in-f uz'), v.t. to intr©duce, as by pouring; instjl; make an infusion of. infusion (in-f u'zhun) , n. pouring in, or something poured in or mingled; instillation, as of good principles; a liquid extract obtained by steeping a vegetable substance in hot or cold water without boiling. [Latin.] Infusoria (in-fu-so'ri-a), ri.pl. the name of several classes of active Protozoa. ingate (in'gat), n. the aperture in a mold through which the melted met- al enters. ingenious (in-je'nius), adj. having in- genuity or inventive skill; clever. ingenuity (in-je-nu'i-ti), n. clever- ness in contriving or inventing ; skill. ingenuous (in-jen'u-us), adj. frank; open; sincere; artless; candid. inglorious (in-glo'ri-us) , adj. withomt glory; disgraceful; shameful. ingot (in'got), n. a cast mass of metal. ingraft (in-graff), v.t. to graft into another; to fix deeply. ingrain (in-gran'), v.t. to dye with grain or kermes ; dye with any deep, lasting color; impregnate deeply: adj. (in'gran), dyed prior to being manufactured. ingratiate (in-gra'shi-at) , v.t. to in- sinuate (one's seK) into the favor of ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, ^^en. INGRATITUDE 271 INLAND another; secure favorable reception for (with into) . ingratitude (in-grat'i-tud) , n. ab- sence of gratitude; insensibility to kindness. Ingredient (in-gre'di-ent) , n. a com- ponent part of a compound body; part. [Latin.] Ingress (in'gres), n. entrance. ingulf, same as engulf. inhabit (in-hab'it), v.t. to dwell in; occupy as a place of residence: v.i, to reside; remain. [Latin.] Inhabitant (in-hab'i-tant), n. one who, or that which, inhabits; a permanent resident. Inhalant (in-ha'lant) , n. an apparatus for inhaling; that which is in- haled. Inhalation (in-ha-la'shun) , n. the act of inhaUng; inspiration. inhale (in-hal'), v.t. to draw into the lungs. [Latin.] Inharmonious (in-har-mo'ni-us), adj. inmusical; discordant. inhere (in-her'), v.i. to be fixed or exist in something else; be an essential part of. Inherent (in-her'ent) , adj. existing inseparably in something else; in- nate. inherit (in-her'it), v.t. to possess from an ancestor by right of succession; receive by nature from one's ances- tors; become divinely endowed with: v.i. to come into possession of prop- erty as the heir. [Latin.] Inheritance (in^her'i-tans) , n. the act of inheriting ; that which is inherited; a possession. inhibit (in-hib'it), v.t. to restrain; pro- hibit; interdict; prohibit (a priest) from exercising his spiritual func- tions. [Latin.] inhibitive (in-hib'i-tiv), adj. restrain- I .ing; preventing the commission of an act. Inhospitable (in-hos'pi-ta-bl), adj. not hospitable; affording no shelter; barren; cheerless. Inhuman (in-hu'man) , adj. cruel ; un- feeling. ^ [Latin.] Inhume (in-hiun'). v.t. to bury; inter. Inimical (in-im'i-kal) , adj. hostile; ad- verse. [Latin.] Inimitable (in-im'i-ta-bl) , adj. match- less. [Latin.] iniquitous (in-ik'kwi-tus) , adj. wick- ed; unjust. [Latin.] ini9[uity (in-ik'kwi-ti) , n. [pi. iniqui- ties (in-ik'kwi-tiz)], wickedness; in- justice; crime; evil. initial (in-ish'al), adj. placed at the beginning; incipient: n. a letter placed at the beginning of a word, &c.: pi. the first letters of a per- son's name placed separately: v.t. to mark with an initial. [Latin.] initiate (in-ish'i-at) , v.t. to instruct in the first principles of anything; set on foot; bring in; acquaint with mys- teries or secrets. ^ initiation (in-ish-i-a'shun), n. the act of initiating ; formal admission. initiative (in-ish'i-a-tiv) , adj. intro- ductory: n. an introductory^ or first step; power of commencing, espe- cially legislative projects. inject (in-jekt'), v.t. to throw or cast in; introduce, as a liquid, by me- chanical means. [Latin.] injection (in-jek'shun), n. the act of injecting; that which is injected; an enema. injudicious (in-ju-dish 'us), adj. not judicious; indiscreet; unwise. injunction (in-jungk'shun), n. the act of enjoining; that which is en- joined; command, order, or precept; a writ of equity or prohibition to restrain certain proceedings. [Latin.] injure (in'jur), v.t. to hurt; harm; damage, physically or morally. injurious (in-joo'ri-us), adj. hurtful, physically or morally; unjust; detri- mental. ^ injury (iixb'oo-ri), n. [pi. injuries (in'joo-riz)], that which occasions harm morally or physically; detri- ment; loss; damage. [Latin.] injustice (in-jus'tis), n. the quality of being unjust; violation of another's rights; injury-; wrong. ink (ingk), n. a fluid or viscous ma- terial used for writing, printing, &c.: v.t. to spread ink upon; color or blacken with ink. [Old French ] inkling (ingk'Hng), n. an intimation; hint. inky (ing'ki), adj. consisting of, or like, ink; discolored with ink; black. inland (in'land), adj. pertaining to, or situated in, the interior of a ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nSrth, not ; boon, book ; ntie, hut ; think, then. INLAY 272 INSCRIBE country; remote from the sea; not foreign: adj. towards the interior. inlay (in-la'), v.t. [pi. & p.p. inlaid, p.pr. inlaying], to ornament (a sur- face) by laying in pieces of ivory, wood, metal, &c. : n. materials for inlaying, inlet (in-let'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. inlet, p.pr. inlet ting], to inlay; insert: n. (in'let), an entrance; a small bay or creek. inly (in'li), adv. inwardly; secretly. inmate (in 'mat), n. one who lodges in the same house with another, ap- plied to hospitals, prisons, &c.^ inmost (in'most), adj. deepest within. Also innermost. inn (in), n. a house for the reception and entertainment of travelers; tav- ern; in England, a college of com- mon law professors and students. innate (in-naf), adj. inborn; native. inner (in'er), adj. internal; interior; esoteric: n. that part of a target which is between the outer and the bull's-eye. innervate (in'er- vat), v.t, to supply with force or nervous energy. innings (in'ings), n.pl. in base-ball, the turn of a side or player to bat ; lands reclaimed from the sea. innocence ^ (in'o-sens), n. freedom from guilt; purity; simplicity of heart; harmlessness ; mental imbe- cility. Also innocency. [Latin.] innocent (in'o-sent), adj. free from guilt or wrong-doing; blameless; pure in heart and life; weak in in- tellect. innocuous (in-nok'u-us) , adj. harm- less. innovate (in'o-vat), v.i. to make alter- ations or changes in something al- ready established; introduce new things. innoxious (in-nok'shus) , n. harmless. innuendo (in-u-en'do) , n. [pi. innuen- dos, -does (in-u-en'doz)], an oblique hint or insinuation. [Latin.] Innumerable (in-nu'mer-a-bl) , adj. that cannot be counted; very nu- merous. [Latin.] innutritions (in-nu-trish'us) , ac?/ . not affording nutrition or nourishment. inoculate (in-ok'u-lat) , v.t. to commu- nicate a disease to by the insertion of infectious matter into the system: v.i. to practice inoculation; graft by the insertion of buds. [Latin.] inodorous (in-o'do-rus) , adj. lacking odor; having no smell. inoffensive (in-of-f en'siv) , adj. not objectionable; not unpleasant; giv- ing no offense. inogen (in'o-jen), n. a nitrogenous compound supposed by some physi- ologists to decompose between the muscles when they are in action, and to be renewed as soon as action ceases. inoil (in-oil'), v.t. an old English expression for unction; to anoint. inoperative (in-op'er-a-tiv), adj. not in action; having no effect. inopportune (in-op-p6r-tun'), adj, unseasonable; inappropriate. inordinate (in-6r'di-nat) , adj, im- moderate; excessive. inorganic (in-6r-gan'ik) , adj. desti- tute of organs; not produced by living organisms. [Grseco-Latin.j inquest (in'kwest), n. a coroner's in- quiry with a jury into the cause of a sudden death from any cause; a judicial inquiry. [Latin.] inquietude (in-kwi'e-tud), n. dis- turbance of body or mind; unrest. inquire (in-kwir'), v.i. to seek for or after by questions; make inquiry (with for, into, after, about). ^ [Latin.] inq^uiry (in-kwir'i), n. [pL inquiries (in-kwir'iz)], the act of inquiring; search by question; investigation; question; research. inquisition (in-kwi-zish'un) , n. in- quiry; examination; a judicial in- quiry in criminal matters. inquisitive (in-kwiz'i-tiv), adj. given to asking questions; prying; curious. inroad (in'rod), n. a hostile incursion. insalubrious (in-sa-lu'bri-us), adj. not healthful; unwholesome. insane (in-san'), adj. mentally de- ranged; mad; irrational; very fool- ish. [Latin.] insanity (in-san'i-ti), n. derangement of mind or intellect; lunacy; mad- ness. insatiable (in-sa'shi-a-bl) , adj. that cannot be satisfied or appeased. inscribe (in-skrib'), v.t. to write or engrave upon; address in a formal dedication; draw (one figure within another). [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. INSCRIPTION 273 INSPIRATORY inscription (in^skrip'shun), n. the act of inscribing on wood, stone, silver, gold; that which is inscribed; a dedicatory address; entry in a roll or register. inscrutable (in-skroo'ta-bl) , adj. not to be penetrated by inquiry or reason; incomprehensible. [Latin.] insect (in'sekt), n. one of a numerous class of articulate aninaals, the In- secta; anything very minute or con- temptible. [Latin.] Insecta (in-sek'ta), n.j)!. a cIelss of ar- ticulate animals having three pairs of legs, two pairs of wings, and the body divided into three segments — head, thorax, and abdomen. insecure (in-se-kur'), adj. apprehen- sive of, or exposed to, danger or loss. insensate (in-sen'sat) , adj. destitute of sense or mental perception; soul- less; mad; brutish. insensible (in-sen'si-bl) , adj. that cannot be felt or perceived mentally or physically ; heedless ; callous ; sense- less. insert (in-serf), v.t. to place in or among; introduce into. insertion (in-ser'shun), n. the act of inserting; that which is inserted, as lace or embroidery in a garment, words in writing, &c. inset (in'set), n. a leaf or leaves in- serted in a newspaper, magazine, &c.: z;.^. (in-sef) to set in; implant. inshore (in'shor) , adv. near or towards the shore. inside (in'sid) , adj. interior ; being .within: adv. & yrep. within; in less time or space: n. that which is with- in; inner part; contents; entrails; an inside passeniger; the place of influence because of intimacy. insidious (in-sid'i-us) , adj. treacher- ous; deceitful; operating secretly. insight (in'sit), n. penetration; intui- tion. insignia (in-sig'ni-a) , n.yl. badges of honor or office. [Latin.] insignificant (in-sig-nif 'i-kant) , adj, • without importance, force, influence, or meaning; trivial; contemptible. insincere (in-sin-ser'), adj. deceitful; dissembling; not to be trusted; un- sound. insinuate (in-sin'u-at), v.t. to in- gratiate, as into the confidence or affections of; suggest or hint in- directly; introduce as by a winding motion; worm in: v.i. work one's seK into the confidence or affection of another. _ [Latin.] insinuation (in^sin-u-a'shun) , n. the act of insinuating ; an indirect or sly hint. insipid (in-sip'id), adj. without flavor; tasteless. ^ [Latin.] insist (in-sisf), v.i. to urge or press, as a wish or command; be persistent or peremptory. insistent (in-sist'ent), adj. urgent; conspicuous; entirely on the ground, as the hind toe of a bird; supported by something else. insobriety (in-so-bri'i-ti), n. intem- perance. insolence (in'so-lens) , n. contemptu- ous or overbearing language or manner; offensive impertinence; in- sulting behavior. insolent (in'so-lent), adj. overbearing or contemptuously offensive to oth- ers; insulting; grossly rude. [Latin.] insoluble (in-soru-bl), adj. that can- not be dissolved; not soluble; in- expUcable. insolvency (in-sol'ven-si), n. [pi. in- solvencies (in-sol'ven-siz)], the state of being insolvent. insolvent (in-solVent), adj. unable to pay all debts; bankrupt: n. one who cannot paj; all his debts; a bankrupt. insomnia (in-som'ni-a), n. sleepless- ness. [Latin.] inspect (in-spekf), v.t. to examine critically; test officially; superin- tend. [Latin.] inspection (in-spek'shun), n. the act of inspecting; careful or critical scrutiny. inspector (in-spek'ter), n. one who inspects or oversees; an official who • superintends some matter of public interest; a police officer ranking next below a superintendent. inspiration (in-spi-ra'shun), n. the act of drawing air into the lungs; creative influence of genius; elevat- ing influence derived from associa' tion with great minds, scener^% &c.; the supernatural influence of the Holy Spirit on sacred teachers. inspiratory (in-spir'a-to-ri), adj. per- taining to inspiration. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book hue, hut ; think, tliQn. INSPIRE 274 INSULAR Inspire (in-spir'), v,t. to draw (air) into the lungs; breathe into; imbue with ideas; exhilarate or enliven; communicate officially: v.i. to inhale air or any other influence. [Latin.] instability (in-sta-biri-ti), n. want of stability or firmness; inconstancy; fickleness. install (in-stawlO, v.t. to place or in- state in an office or rank. installation (in-stawl^a'shun), n. the act of installing; induction of a knight (as of the Garter, the Bath, &c.) into his place; induction of a minister of a non-episcopal church to a charge; introduction of machin- ery for use. [Latin.] installment (in-stawl'ment), n. the act of instaUing; payment of part of a sum of money due; one of a number of parts of anything produced. instance (in'stans), v.t. to refer to, or offer as an example: n. something offered as an illustration or exam- ple; earnest solicitation. instant (in'stant), adj. urgent; imme- diate; passing; current: n. a par- ticular moment of time; point of duration. [Latin.] instantaneous (in-stan-ta'ne-us) , adj. acting or occurring in a moment; position at a particular moment. instantly (in'stant-li) , adv. at once. instate (in-staf), v.t. to put in office or rank. instead (in-sted'), cidv. in room or place: followed by of. instep (in'step), n. the arched fore- part of the upper side of the human foot; that part of a horse's hind-leg which reaches from the ham to the pastern-joint. instigate (in'sti-gat) , v.t. to provoke or urge on (in a bad sense); incite. instigator (in'sti-ga-ter) , n. one who instigates. instil (in-stilO, v.t. [p.t. & p.p. in- stilled, p.pr. instilling], to insmuate gradually, as if by drops; pour in by drops. instinct (in'stingkt) , adj. animated; stimulated from within: n. natural impulse in animals. [Latin.] instinctive (in-stingk'tiv) , adj. acting or prompted by instinct ; spontaneous. institute (in'^i-ttit), v.t. to establish; set up; fix; originate; set in opera- tion; ordain; invest with the spir- itual part of a benefice: n. estab- lished law; a maxim or principle: pi. a book of laws or principles, especially Roman laws such as the so-called Institutes of Justinian; a society for the promotion of some special interest, either artistic or scientific. institution (in-sti-tu'shun), n. the act of instituting; that which is instituted or established; a corporate body or society for promoting a particular object ; the building where such a society meets. [Latin.] instruct (in-strukf), v.t. to teach; educate; furnish with orders or di- rections. [Latin.] instruction (in-struk'shun) , n. the act of instructing; education; an order, &c. instructive (in-struk'tiv) , adj. tending to instruct; conveying instruction. instructor (in-struk'ter), n. one who instructs. instrument (in'stroo-ment), n. that by which anything is effected; a tool or implement; a mechanical con- trivance for producing musical sounds; agent; a writing containing the terms of a contract, as a deed. instrumental (in-stroo-men'tal) , adj, pertaining to, or done by, an instru- ment; conducive to some end; helpful. instrumentality (in-stroo-men-tal'i- ti), n. [pi. instrumentalities (in-stroo- men-tari-tiz)], a subordinate or auxiliary agency; means. instrumentation (in-stroo-men-ta'- shun), n. the arrangement of music for a combination of instruments; music thus arranged; use or method of using an instrument. insubordinate (in-sub-6r'di-nat), adj, not submitting to authority ; mutin- ous. insufferable (in-suf 'er-a-bl) , adj. in- tolerable. insufflation (in-suf-fla'shun), n. in past years, tne blowing upon or into the face oi a layman, either to drive out a supposed demon^ or to breathe in the Holy Spirit. [Latin.] insular (in'su-lar), adj. pertaining to an island, or to the inhabitants of an island, their customs, &c.; iso- lated; narrow. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. Hi INSULATE 275 INTER Insulate (in'sti-lat), y.t. to place alone, or in a detached situation; separate by a non-conductor from other con- ducting bodies. Insulator (in'su-la-ter) , n. one who, or that which, insulates; a non- conductor of electricity, heat, or sound. insult (in'sult), n. an affront or in- dignity; gross abuse in word or ac- tion: yd. (in-sulf) to treat with gross indignity, contempt, or abuse, by word or act. insuperable (in-su'per-a-bl) , odj. not to be overcome; invincible. [Latin.] insupportable (in-sup-p6rt'a-bl), adj. not to be endured; un Dear able. insurance (in-shur'ans) , n. the act or system of insuring against loss or damage; a contract entered into to secure against loss by fire, &c., by the payment of a specified sum; premium paid. [Old French.] insure (in-shur'), v.t. to contract on certain conditions to secure against loss or damage by fire, &c.; make sure or secure. insurgent (in-ser'jent), adj. rising against constituted authority: n. a rebel. [Latin.] insurrection (in-ser-rek'shun) , n. ac- tive or open hostihty to constituted authority; rebellion. intact (in-takt'), cuij. entire; unin- jured. [Latin.] intaglio _(en-ta'lyo), n. [pL intaghi, -glios (en-ta'lye, en-ta'lyoz)], a gem or stone having a design cut in the surface; incised carving. [Italian.] intake (in'tak), n. that which is taken in as profit on a farm (opposed to outgo); said of a channel which takes in water at a certain point (opposed to outlet) ; the drawing in of the breath of man or beast. integer (in'te-jer), n. the whole; a whole number: opposed to frac- tion. integral (in'te-gral), adj. constitut- ing a whole; complete; pertaining to an integer: n. the whole made up of parts. integrate (in'te-grat) , v.t. to bring together the parts of; give the sum total of: v.i. to pass from a complex and unstable state to one relatively simple and stable. integrity (in-teg'ri-ti) , n. uprightness; virtue; honesty; soundness; unim- paired or unbroken state of any- thing. integument (in-teg'u-ment), n. an external covering or skin. intellect (in'tel-ekt), n. the mind or understanding; superior intelli- gence; acquired knowledge. intellectual (in-tel-ek'tu-al) , adj. per- taining to, or apprehended by, the intellect; mental; ideal. intelligence (in-teri-jens), n. in- tellectual capacity; understanding; mind; acquired knowledge; notifi- cation; news. intelligent (in-tel'i^jent), adj. en- dowed with intelligence or under- standing; exhibiting knowledge; clever; acute; discerning. intelligible (in-teri-ji-bl), adj. ca- pable of being understood; clear. intemperance (in-tem'per-ans) , n. want of moderation or self restraint; excess, especially in the use of al- coholic liquors. [Latin.] intemperate (in-tem'per-at), adj. characterized by want of modera- tion or self restraint; excessive; addicted to alcoholic liquors. [Latin.] intend (in-tend'), v.t. to purpose; mean. intendant (in-tend'ant), n. a superin- tendent; an administrator. [French.] intense (in-tens'), ddj. increased to excess; strained; forced; ardent; vehement. [Latin.] intensify (in-ten'si-fi) , y.t. [p.t. & p.p. intensified, p.-pr. intensifying], to render more intense; heighten. intensity (in-ten'si-ti), n. [pi. inten- sities (in-ten'si-tiz)], the state or quality of being intense; density, as of a negative plate; the force or energy of any physical agent. intensive (in-ten'siv) , adj. serving to intensify; giving force or emphasis to. intent (in-tent'), cuij. having the mind strained or closely fixed on a subject; anxiously diligent; con- stantly or assiduously directed (with on) : n. purpose; aim. intention (in-ten'shun), n. purpose; fixed design; end or aim; project. inter (in-ter'), ^v.t. [p.t. & p.p. in- terred, p.pr. interring], to bury. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 18 hue, hut ; think, then. J INTER 276 INTERNECINE Inter, a Latin prefix meaning between, among, and very frequent in English. intercalate (in-ter'ka-lat), v.t. to in- sert between or among. intercede- (in-ter-sed') , v.i, to mediate as a friend between persons at vari- ance; plead for another; interpose. intercept (in-ter-sepf), v,t. to stop and seize in the way; cut off; ob- struct; include between two points of a line. intercession (in-ter-sesh'un) , n. the act of interceding; mediation; a prayer for persons of different conditions. interchange (in-ter-chanjO, v.t. to exchange: v.i. to succeed alternately: n. exchange. ^ intercourse (in'ter-kors), n. connec- tion, correspondence, or communica- tion between individuals, nations, &c.; mutual exchange; fellowship. interdict (in-ter-dikf) , v.t. to restrain or forbid; cut off from the spiritual services of the Church. interest (in'ter-est), v.t. to engage the attention; awaken concern in; cause to take a share in: n. advantage; influence; personal concern; benefit; profit; premium paid for the use of money. interfere (in-ter-f er') , v.L to interpose or meddle in the affairs of others; oppose; come into collision; act reciprocally so as to modify the result; injure the fetlock by striking it with the opposite hoof. interference (in-ter-f er'ens) , n. the act of interfering. interim (in'ter-im) n. intervening time or period: adv. in the mean- while. [Latin.] interior (in-te'ri-er), adj. inner; inter- nal; remote from the coast or fron- tier: n. the inside; the inland; home department of a government. interjection (in-ter-jek'shun), n. an exclamation; a word thrown in to express sudden emotion, feeling, &c. interlard (in-ter-lard') , v.t. to mix fat ^ and lean meat together for variety; hence, to introduce jokes or saws in talk, interleave (in-ter-lev'), v.t. to insert a leaf in: as to interleave a book with blank leaves or illustrations. interline (in-ter-lin') , v.t. to draw a line under; in writing, to underscore words, usually for emphasis; to write between the lines of a manu- script or book. interlocutory (in-ter-lok'ti-to-ri), adj. conversational; intermediate; not final. interloper (in'ter-lo-pgr), n. an in- truder. interlucent (in-ter-lu'sent) , adj. shin- ing between or among various ob- jects. interlude (in'ter-lud) , n. a short en- tertainment given between acts of a play, &c.; a short instrumental passage played between the stan- zas of a hymn, acts of an opera, &c. intermediary (in-ter-me'di-a-ri), adj, intervening: n. an agent; go-between; medium. interraediate ^ (in-ter-me'di-at), adj. existing or lying in the middle; inter- vening. intermembral (in-ter-mem'bral) , adj. lying or existing between the mem- bers of the body. interment (in-ter'ment), n. burial. intermezzo (in-ter-met'zo), n. an interlude of a musical character, performed between the acts of an opera. [Italian.] interminable (in-ter'min-a-bl), adj. without end or limit; boundless. intermission (in-ter-mish'un) , n. in- terruption; pause; temporary ces- sation between paroxysms of a disease. intermit (in-ter-mit'), v.t. [p.t.^ & p.p. intermitted, p.pr. intermitting], to cause to cease for a time; interrupt; suspend. intermix (in-ter-miks'), v.t. to mix together. Same as intermingle. ^ intern (in-tern'), v.t. to confine within a town or fortress, or in the inte- rior of a country; place under ar- rest: n. a junior physician resident in a hospital. [French.] internal (in-ter'nal) , ^ adj.^ pertaining to the center; interior; inward; not foreign; domestic. international (in-ter-nash'un-al), adj. pertaining to two or more nations in common. internecine (in-ter-ne'sin) , adj. mu- tually destructive; deadly. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. Hi INTERPELLATE 277 INTONE interpellate (in-ter-perat) , v.t. to question. interpleader (in-ter-pled'er), n. the discussion ^ of a point incidentally occurring in law. interpolate (in-ter'po-lat) , v.t. to in- sert in a book or writing new or spurious matter; corrupt by inser- tions. interpose (in-ter-poz'),. v.t. to place between; thrust in; interrupt: v.i. to intercede; come between. interpret (in-ter'pret) , v.t. to explain the meaning of; expound; con- strue. Interpretation (in-ter-pre-ta'shun) , n. the act of interpreting; explanation. Interregnum (in-ter-reg'num) , n. the period between two reigns, govern- ments, or ministries; time of abey- ance. Interrogate (in-ter'o-gat) , v.t. to ques- tion: v.i. to ask questions. Interrogation (in-ter-o-ga'shun), 7i, the act of interrogating; a question; inquiry; a mark (?) denoting a ques- tion. interrogative (in-ter-rog'a-tiv), adj. denoting or containing a quest ipn or inquiry: n. a word used in asking a question. interrogatory (in-ter-rog'a-to-ri) , adj, pertaining to, or expressing, a ques- tion: n. a question in writing put to a party to a suit. interrupt (in-ter-rupt') , v.t. to stop or hinder by breaking in upon; break the continuity of; cause to be de- layed; end suddenly. interruption (in-ter-rup'shun), n. the act of interrupting; hindrance; ob- struction ; intervention ; sudden ces- sation. intersect (in-ter-sekt'), v-t. to cut or divide mutually: v.i. to cross each other. intersection (in-ter-sek'shun), n. the act or state of intersecting; place of crossing; the point or line in which two lines or two planes cut each other. intersperse (in-ter-spers'), v.t. to set or scatter here and there. interstellar (in-ter-sterar) , adj. per- taining to, or situated in, space be- tween the stars. interstice (in-ter'stis), n. a narrow space between things closely set; crevice. interstitial (in-ter-stish'al) , adj. per- taining to, containing, or existing in interstices. intertidal (in-ter-ti'dal) , adj. living between high- and low-water mark. interurban (in-ter-er'ban) , adj. unit- ing or belonging to two cities: n, something, such as a car-Hne, tube, or ferry-boat, that unites two closely related cities. interval (in'ter-val) , n. time or space between; distance between two given musical sounds. intervene (in-ter-ven'), v.i. to come, or be situated, between; interpose; interfere. intervention (in-ter-ven'shun), n. the act of intervening; interposition; mediation. interview (in'ter-vu), v.t. to visit, as a notable personage, to obtain par- ticulai-s respecting himself or his opinions: n. a personal conference or meeting. [French.] intestate (in-tes'tat), adj. dying with- out having made a valid will : n. one who dies without having made a will. intestine (in-tes'tin) , adi. internal; not foreign: n.pl. the bowels; en- trails. intimacy (in'ti-ma-si), n. [pi. intima- cies (ni'ti-ma-siz)], close or con- fidential friendship. intimate (in'ti-mat), adj. close in friendship; well acquainted; famil- iar; confidential; complete: v.t. (in'- ti-mat) to indicate; make known. intimation (in-ti-ma'shun), n. an indirect suggestion or hint ; announce- ment. intimidate (in-tim'i-dat) , v.t. to make afraid. into (in'too), prep, noting passage in- wards; inclusion or comprehension. intolerable (in-tol'er-a-bl), adj. un- bearable. intolerant (in-torer-ant), adj. bigoted; unable to bear or endure (with of). intonation (in-to-na'shun), n. the act or manner of sounding musical notes; niodulation of the voice; act of intoning. intone (in-ton'), v.t. to recite in mono- tone. nte, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. IN TOTO 278 INVENT In toto (in to 'to), adv. wholly; on the whole. [Latin.] intoxicant (in-toks'i-kant) , n, that which intoxicates. [Graeco-Latin.] intoxicate (in-toks'i-kat), v.t, to make drunk by spirituous liquors; excite unduly. intoxication^ (in-toks-i-ka'shun), n, the act of intoxicating; extreme ex- citement. intra, a Latin prefix meaning within, as intramural, within the walls of a city or the precincts of a univer- sity. intractable (in-trak'ta-bl) , adj, un- manageable. intractile (in-trak'til) , adj. incapable of being drawn out; not extensible. intransitive (in-tran'si-tiv) , adj. not passing over to or requiring an object: said of certain verbs. intrench (in-trench'), v.t. to fortify with a wall and ditch. intrepid (in-trep'id), adj, bold; fear- less. intricacy (in'tri-ka-si) , n. [pL intrica- cies (in'tri-ka-siz)], the quality of being intricate; perplexity. intricate (in'tri-kat) , adj. entangled or involved. intrigue (in-treg') , v.i. to carry on a secret plot ; engage in clandestine l9ve affairs: n. a secret plot; clandes- tine love affair. intrinsic (in-trin'sik) , adj. pertaining to that which is inherent; real; genuine. intro, a Latin prefix meaning within ^ into,^ as in^rocession, a depression or sinking of parts inwards. Introduce (in-tro-dus'), v.t. to con- duct oi bring in; bring into use or notice; bring into acquaintance; in- sert. Introduction (in-tro-duk'shun) , n. the act of introducing; presentation; a preface. Introductory (in-tro-duk'to-ri), adj, serving to introduce. introflexed (in-tro-fleksf) , adj. bent inwards. Intromit (in-tro-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. intromitted, p.pr. intromitting], to admit; insert. Introspection (in-tro-spek'shun) , n. looking into one^s self; self-examina- tion, as to one^s thoughts and acts and motions. The keen vision of one's own personality. introspective (in-tro-spek'tiv), adj, prone to introspection. intrude (in-trud'), v.i. to thrust one's self in without ^ invitation or wel- come: v.t. force in. intrusion (in-tru'zhun) , n. the act of intruding; encroachment; unlawful entry into vacant lands or tene- ments. intrust (in-trust'), v.t. to' deliver in trust; confide to the care of. intuition (in-tu-ish'un), n. instinctive knowledge or feeling; immediate perception. intuitive (in-tti'i-tiv) , adj. perceived immediately by the mind. inundate (in-un'dat), v.t. to fill with an overflowing abundance; flood. inundation (in-un-da'shun), n. over- flow; flood. inure (in-ur'), v.t. to habituate, or ac- custom, toughen. in vacuo (in vak'u-o), in a vacuum. [Latin.] invade (in-vad'), v.t. to enter (a coun- try) with a hostile army; infringe upon; violate. invalid (in-val'id), adj. of no force or authority; null and void: n. (in'va- lid), one who is weak or infirra in health; a disabled soldier or sailor: v.t. to register as an invalid; affect with disease. invalidate (in-val'i-dat), v.t. to weak- en or destroy the force or validity of. invalidity (in-va-lid'i-ti), n. want of legal force or argument. invaluable (in-val'ii-a-bl) , adj. price- less. invariable (in-var'i-a-bl) , adj. con- stant. invasion (in-va'zhun) , n. the act of in- vading; hostile incursion; encroach- ment. invective (in-vek'tiv) , n. a violent ut- terance of censure, sarcasm, or abuse: adj. abusive. inveigh (in-va'), v.i. to rail against persons or things with vehe- mence; utter censure or reproach; declaim. inveigle (in-ve'gl), v.t. to entice; se- duce. invent (in-venf), vX to find out by ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. INVENTION 279 IODINE original study or contrivance; devise or contrive; originate. [Latin.] invention (in-ven'shun) , n, the act of inventing; the thing invented; dis- covery; creative faculty; concoc- tion; fabrication. inventive (in-ven'tiv) , adj, able to invent; c[uick at contriving; ready in expedients. inventory (in'ven-to-ri) , n. [pi, in- ventories^ (in'ven-to-riz)], a cata- logue or list of goods, furniture, &c. ; account : v.t, to draw up an inventory or catalogue of. inverse (in- vers'), adj. contrary in tendency, direction, or effect; recip- rocal; inverted. inversion (in-ver'shun) , n. the act of inverting; the state of being in- verted; contrary change of order or position. inversive (in-ver'siv) , adj. pertaining to, or causing, inversion. invert (in- vert'), v.t. to turn upside down. [Latin.] invertebrate (in-ver'te-brat), adj. hav- ing no backbone; having no force of character ; weak ; irresolut( . invest (in-vesf), v.t. to place or lay out, as money; clothe, as with office, authority, or dignity; surround: v.i, to make an investment. investigate (in-ves'ti-gat), v.t. to ascertain by careful inquiry; search; examine. [Latin.] investigation (in-ves-ti-ga'shun), n. the act of investigating; inquiry; search. investiture (in^ves'ti-tur) , n. the act or right of giving legal possession; the ceremony of inducting a bishop into his office. investment (in-vest'ment) , n. the act of laying out money produc- tively; money so invested; the act of besieging or blockading. inveterate (in-vet'er-at), adj. deep- rooted; habitual. invidious (in-vid'i-us) , adj. likely to provoke ill-will or envy; unpleas- ant. [Latin.] invigorate (in-vig'o-rat) , v.t. to give vigor to; strengthen; animate. [Latin.] invincible (in-vin'si-bl) , adj. uncon- querable. [Latin.] inviolable (in-\q'o-la-bl), adj. that cannot be profaned or injured; un- broken. Inviolate. [Latin.] invisible (in-viz'i-bl), adj. that can- not be seen. [Latin.] invitation (in-vi-ta'shun), n. the act of inviting; polite soHcitation; the words or document by which one is invited. [Latin.] invite (in-vif), v.t. to ask, solicit, or summon; request the presence of; persuade; allure. inviting (in-yit'ing) , p. adj, tempting; seductive. invocation (in-vo-ka'shun), n. the act or form of invoking. invoice (in'vois), n. a document an- nouncing the despatch of goods with their prices, &c.: v.t. to state or in- sert in an invoice. pPrench.] invoke (in-vok'), t;.^. to address in prayer or supplication ; soHcit (aid or protection). [Latin.] involuntary (in-vol'un-ta-ri), adj. without will or choice; not spon- taneous. involution (in-vo-^lu'shun) , n. the act of involving or infolding; complica- tion ; return of an organ or tissue to its normal size after distention; the process of raising an arithmetical or algebraical quantity to a given power, as 3^ = 81. involve (in-volv'), v.t. to complicate; entangle; surround; embroil; re- sult as a logical consequence; mul- tiply a quantity into itself any given number of times. [Latin.] invulnerable (in-vul'ner-a-bl) , adj. that cannot be wounded or injured; without any weak point. [Latin.] inwall (in-wawl'), v.t. to enclose within walls. Same as immure. inward (in'ward), adj. situated with- in; in the mind: adv. interior; to- wards the center. Also inwards. inwardly (in'ward-U), adv. in an in- ward manner; secretly. inwrought (in-rawt'), -p.adj. worked in; adorned with figures or pat- terns. iod, a Greek prefix, indicating the pres^ ence of iodine. Also iodo. iodic (f-od'ik). adj. pertaining to, or containing, iodine. iodide (i'o-did), n. a compound of iodine. iodine (i'5-din), n. a non-metallic ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. IODOFORM 280 IRRITATION element, which, when heated, gives off a rich violet vapor. todoform (i-o 'do-form) , n. a crystal- line compound formed by the action of iodine on alcohol and potash. A valuable antiseptic. iodol (fo-dol), n. an antiseptic spe- cific used for wounds and cutaneous diseases. ion (i'on), n. the name given by Faraday to a substance resulting from the decomposition of a body by electrolysis. iota (i-o'ta), n. the Greek letter C0» which from its being used under the vowels a, 77, w {iota subscriptum) , denotes anything small or insignifi- cant ; the same as jot, ipecacuanha (ip-e-kak-u-an'a) , n. the root of a South American plant: used in medicine. [Portuguese.] irascible (i-ras'i-bl) , n. easily excited to anger. [Latin.] irate (i-raf), adj. angry; enraged. ire (ir), n. anger; wrath. [Latin.] iridescent (ir-i-des'ent) , adj, exhibit- ing iridescence. iridium (I-rid'i-um) , n. a metallic element of the platinum group, hard, silvery, and formed with other elements like it. iris (i'ris), n, [pi. irises, irides (I'ris-ez, i'ri-dez)], the pupil of the eye; the rainbow. [Greek.] iriscope (i'ri-skop), n. an apparatus for showing the prismatic colors. irk (erk), v.t. to weary: vd, to be- come tired. irksome (erk'sum) , adj. tedious ; weari- some. iron (i'ern), n. the most common and useful of the metals; an instrument made of iron; anything especially hard or durable: pZ. fetters: adj. pertaining to, resembling, or rnade of iron: v.t. to smooth with an iron; implement; furnish with iron; fetter. ironclad (I'ern-klad) , n. a warship pro- tected wholly or partially with iron or steel plates: adj. covered or pro- tected with iron armor. ironical (I-ron'i-kal) , adj. express- ing one thing and meaning another. ironwood (i'ern-wood) , n. a name for the timber of trees of exceptional hardness and durability. irony (i'ron-i), n. subtle sarcasm; a mode of speech conveying the op- posite of what is meant. [Greek.] irradiance (ir-ra'di-ans), n. the act of sending forth luminous rays; luster. Irradiancy. [Latin.] irradiate (ir-ra'di-at) , v.t. to shed light upon; illuminate; brighten: v.i. emit rays of light. irradicate (ir-rad'i-kat) , v.t, to root deeply. irrational (ir-rash'un-al), adj. desti- tute of reason; absurd. irreclaimable (ir-re-klam'a-bl) , adj. that cannot be reclaimed; practi- cally lost. irredeemable (ir-re-dem'a-bl), adj. not to be replaced by an equiva- lent. irregular (ir-reg'u-lar), adj.^ not ac- cording to rule; variable; vicious. irrelevant (ir-rere-vant), adj. not con- nected with the subject in hand. irreligious (ir-re-lij'us), adj. destitute of rehgion. irreparable (ir-rep'a-ra-bl), adj. not to be rectified or repaired. irrepressible (ir-re-pres'i-bl), adj. not to be restrained. irreproachable (ir-re-proch'a-bl), adj, free from blame; innocent. irresistible (ir-re-sist'i-bl), adj. not to be opposed successfully. irresolute (ir-res'o-lut), adj. infirm of purpose. irrespective (ir-re-spek'tiv), adj, re- gardless (with of), irresponsible (ir-re-spon'si-bl), adj. not answerable or amenable. irreverent (ir-rev'er-ent), adj. lacking in reverence or respect. irrevocable (ir-rev'o-ka-bl) , adj. that cannot be recalled; not alterable. irrigable (ir'ri-ga-bl) , adj. capable of being irrigated. irrigate (ir'i-gat), v.t. to moisten (land) by causing water to flow over by artificial means. [Latin.] irritable (ir'i-ta-bl) , adj. easily pro- voked to anger; easily stimulated to perform some physical function. irritant (ir'i-tant), n. anything which causes irritation. [Latin.] irritate (ir'i-tat), v.t. to make angry; excite heat and rgdness in. irritation (ir-i-ta'shun) , n. the act of irritating; the state of being irri- tated; exasperation; vexation. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book hue, hut ; think, then. IRRUPTION 281 ITCH Irruption (ir-rup'shun), n, a bursting or rushing in; sudden invasion. is (iz), 3rd p., sing., pres., indie, of be. is, Greek jrrefix meaning equal. Also iso: as tsanthous, having equal flowers ; isothermal, having the same mean summer temperature. isagon (i'sa-gon), n. a figure with equal angles. [Greek.] Ishmaelite (ish 'ma-el-it) , n, a de- scendant of Ishmael: hence a social outcast. isinglass (i'zin-glas) , n. a white semi-transparent substance prepared from the sounds or air-bladders of the sturgeon, cod, &c. The name is often given to mica from its simi- larity of appearance; but it means ''sturgeon-bladder.^' [Middle Dutch.] Islam (is'lam) , n. the Mohammedan religion; the whole body of Moham- medans and the countries where the religion of Mohammed is professed. [The word Islam rneans "submis- sion,^^ i. e. submission to God and the practice of Mohammedanism.] island (I'land), n. a tract of land surrounded by water; anything re- sembling an island. isle (il), n. an island [Poet.]. ism (izm), n. system or theory. iso, Greek prefix. See is. isobar (i'so-bar), n. a line which con- nects places on the earth's surface having the same atmospheric pres- sure at the sea level. isobaric (i-so-bar'ik), adj. oi equal barometric pressure; pertaining to, or showing, isobars. isochromatic (i-so-kro-mat'ik), adj, having the same color. isochronous (i-sok'ro-nus) , adj. oc- curring in equal times. isoclinal (i-so-klI'_nal) , adj. having the same dip or inclination. isodynamic (i-so-di-nam'ik) , adj. hav- ing equal force. isogeo thermal ^ (i-so-je-o-ther'mal), adj. ^ noting imaginary lines con- necting places on the earth's sur- face which have the same mean annual temperature. isolate (is'o-lat), v.t. to place alone; place in a detached situation; in- sulate; obtain in an uncombined form. isolation (is-o-la'shun) , n. the state of being isolated. isomeric (i-so-mer'ik) , adj. having the same elements in the same projjor- tions, but with different physical characteristics. isometric (T-so-met'rik), adj. having equahty of measure. isomorphism (i-so-mor'fizm) , n. the quahty of having the same crystal- line form, but formed of different elements. isosceles (i-sos'e-lez) , adj. having equal sides. isotherni (i'so-therrn) , n. an imag- inary Hne connecting those places on the earth's surface which have the same mean temperature. Israel (iz'ra-el), n. the patriarch Jacob; the twelve tribes of Israel; at present the whole bodv of the Jewish people. [Hebrew, hterally "Fighter for God."] issue (ish'u), n. the act of passing or flowing out; egress; that which flows or passes out; discharge; flux; pubhcation; offspring; lineal de- scendants; produce of the earth; profits of land, &c.; essential points in pleading or debate; result: v.t, to send cut; publish; put into cir- culation: v.i. to come or pass out; arise, as from a source; flow; pro- ceed; be descended; end. isthmus (ist'mus), n. a neck of land connecting two larger portions. Italian (i-taFyan), adj. pertaining to Italy, its inhabitants, or lan- guage. Italic (i-tarik), adj. pertaining to Italy; noting a slender, sloping kind of type (italic) : used for emphasis, &c.: n.pl. italic t>i)e, first made in Italy about the year 1500. italicize (i-tari-siz), v.t. to write or print in italics. Italiote (i-tari-ot), n. a Greek inhabi- tant of Italy or an Italian inhabi- tant of Greece. Also Graeco-Italian. ita-palm (I'ta-pam), n. a tall South American palm, supplying the na- tives along the Orinoco and Amazon w^ith food, drink and rope and ham- mock materials. itch (ich), n. a parasitic cutaneous disease causing great irritation; a constant and teasing desire for some- thing: v.i. to feel a particular un- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ITEM 282 IZZARD easiness in the skin, causing a de- sire to scratch the part affected; have a constant and teasing desire for. Item (i'tem), n. a separate article or particular; a newspaper paragraph: adv. also. [Latin.] itemize (i'tem-ize) , v.t, to give the items or details of an account. iterate (it'er-at), v.t. to repeat. ^ [Latin.] iteration (it-gr-a'shun) , repetition. iterative (it'er-a-tiv) , adj, repeating. itinerancy (i-tin'er-an-si) , n, a passing from place to place, especially in the discharge of some official func- tion, as by a judge on circuit, a preacher, &c. itinerant (i-tin'er-ant) , adj, passing from place to place: n. one who itinerates. itinerary (i-tin'er-a-ri) , adj. pertaining to, or done on, a journey; traveling from place to place: n. a traveler's guide or route-book; a diary of a journey; plan of a projected ex- cursion. itinerate (i-tin'er-at), vd, to travel \ from place to place. ivoride (i'vo-rid), n, a variety of arti- ficial ivory. ivory (i'vo-ri), n. the hard, bony, white dentine which forms the tusks of the elephant, walrus, &c.: adj. made of, or hke, ivory. [Old French.] ivory palm (pam), n. the palm from which the ivory nuts used in turning as an imitation for ivory are obtained. ivory type (i'vo-ri-tip), n. a particular kind of photographic picture with an ivory-like surface. ^ ivy (I'vi), n. a clinging evergreen plant of the genus Hedera. Izar (iz'ar) , n. the yellow star Bootes ; a Mohammedan woman's outer veil- like garment. [Arabic] izard (iz'ard), n. another name for the ibex. izzard (iz'ard), n. a very ancient name for the letter z. Hence ^Trom a to izzard" means from beginning to end. [Greek zeta. Old French ezed.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^^en. J J, the tenth letter of the English al- phabet and the latest to be added to it. Before the tenth century, J was merely an ornamental form of I. Later it was used as a semi-vowel, but until the seventeenth century this distinction was not strictly en- forced by English teachers. jabber (jab'er), v.i. to talk rapidly and indistinctly; chatter. jacinth (ja'sinth), n. hyacinth; a red variety of zircon. jack (jak), n. sl pike; in bowls, a small ball serving as a mark to be airned at; the male of some animals; tim- ber cut short of its usual length; a flag used for signaling; the knave in cards; a leathern coat of mail; a name apphed to various kinds of levers or mechanical labor-saving appliances, as a jacA:-screw, roasting- jack, &c.: v.t. to lift with a jack. jackal (jak'al), n. a dog-like carniv- orous animal which hunts in packs; one who does base work for an- other. [ Arabic. 1 jackanapes (jak'a-naps), n. sl con- ceited or upstart fellow. jackass (jak'as), n. the male ass; don- key. jackboots (jakHDootz), n.vl. large boots reaching above the knee. jackdaw (jack'daw), n. a glossy species of crow. jacket (jak'et), n. a short tailless coat: a covering to prevent radiation of heat: v.t. to clothe with a jacket; beat. jackstays (jak'staz), n.pl. ropes stretched along the yard of a ship to fasten the sails to. Jacobite (jak'o-bit), n. an adherent of James II. of England and his de- scendants. jaconet (jak'o-net), n. a fine soft white cotton material somewhat resem- bling cambric; nainsook. Alsojacco- net. jacqueminot (zhak'mi-no) , n. a deep red perpetual rose named after th^ French general, J. F. Jacqueminot (1787-1852). jade (jad), n. a tired or worn-out horse; a vicious woman; a young woman (contemptuously or humor- ously); a sihcate of magnesia and lime of green color: much used for ornaments, &c.: v.t. to tire by long- continued labor; harass. jag (ja^), n. a notch; projecting point; denticulation; a small load; a condi- tion of partial intoxication: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jagged, p.pr. jagging], to cut into notches or teeth. jaguar (jag'gwar),n. a fierce animal of South America, resembling the leop- ard; the American tiger. [Spanish.] jail (jal), n. a prison; a lock-up. jalap (jal'ap), n. the root of Ipomcea purga: used medicinally as a purga- tive. jam (jam), n. a conserve of fruit boiled with sugar; a squeeze: block; crush: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jammed, p.pr\ jamming], to squeeze or crush; press in tightly; block up by crowd- ing. jamb (jam), n. one of the upright sides of a doorway, window-opening, or fireplace. jangle (jang'gl), v.i. to quarrel or wrangle; sound discordantly: n. a discordant sound; wrangle; alterca- tion; chatter. janissary (jan'i-ea-ri), n. [pi. janis- saries (jan'i-sa-riz)], formerly the foot-guard of the Turkish sultans. [French from Turkish.] janitor (jan'i-ter), n. a door-keeper. Jansenism (jan'sen-izm), n. the doc- trine set forth by Bishop Cornelius Jansen of Louvain in ojjposition to the Jesuits. This teaching was ao- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. JANUARY 284 JERKIN cepted by many Catholics, but was interdicted in 1642. It was pro- fessedly based on the writings of St. Augustine and taught natural de- pravity, to be removable by good works. January (jan'u-a-ri), n. the first month of the year; named from the Latin god, Janus. japan (ja-pan'), n. work varnished and lacquered after the Japanese style of ornamentation; a kind of varnish: v,t, [p.t. & p.p. japanned, p.pr. japanning], to cover, varnish, or lacquer, with japan; make black and glossy. Japanese (jap-a-nez'), adj. pertain- mg to Japan, its inhabitants, or lan- guage. japonica (ja-pon'i-ka), n. the name of various species of Japanese plants. Jar (jar), n. an earthenware pot or vessel; a shake produced by a sud- den shock; jolt; harsh sound; con- flict of opinion or interest: v.t, [p.t. & p.p. jarred, p.pr. jarring], to cause to shake by a sudden shock; jolt: v.i. to interfere or clash; emit a harsh sound. jardiniere (zhar-din-yar'),n. an orna- mental flower-stand of porcelain or terra-cotta or silver. jargon (jar'gon), n. confused, unin- telHgible talk; a mixture of two or more languages ; the pecuHar phrase- ology of a party, sect, &c. jasmine (jas'min), n. a plant of the genus Jasminum with fragrant flow- ers. jasper (jas'per), n. an opaque, many- shaded variety of guartz: when pol- ished it is made into a variety of ornamental articles. jaundice (jan'dis), n. a disease char- acterized by yellowness of the eye- balls, skin, &c., caused by biliary derangement : hence a mental condi- tion likely to be gloomy or depressed. It is seldom dangerous and is more a symptom than a disease. jaunt (jant), n. a short excursion or ramble: v.i. to roam or ramble; take a short excursion. jaunty (jant'i), adj. airy; gay; showy. javelin (jav'e-lin), n. sl light spear. jaw (jaw), n. the bones of the mouth in which the teeth are placed; mouth ; a mechanical contrivance for holding the inner end of a vesseFs boom. jay (ja), n. a crow-like, chattering bird with handsome plumage; a greenhorn; a block-head; a poor actor. [American slang.] jealous (jel'us), adj. full of, or char- acterized by, jealousy; anxiously suspicious or watchful. jealousy (jel'us-i), n. suspicious fear or watchfulness, especially the fear of being supplanted by a rival. jean (jen), n. twilled undressed cot- ton cloth. [Old French.] jeer (jer), v.t.to scoff at; ridicule: v.i, to speak in a derisive or sarcas- tic manner: n. a scoff; derision: pL tackle by which the lower yards of a vessel are hoisted or lowered. Jehovah (je-ho'va), n. Lord; God of the Hebrews ; now often written and pronounced Yahweh. jehu (je'hu), n. one fond of driving, especially fast driving (2 Kings, ix. 20) ; a coachman. jelly (jel'i), n. [pi, jellies (jel'iz)], the stiffened gelatinous juice of fruit, meat, &c., after boiling; any semi- transparent soft gluey substance: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jellied, p.pr. jelly- ing], to turn to, or become, jelly. jemmy (jem'i), n. [vL jemmies (jem'- iz)], a short crowbar used by burg- lars. Als9, in this country, jimniy. jenny (jen'i), n. a machine for spin- ning; used in composition iov female, as jenny- wren, jenny-ass, &c. jeopard (jep'ard), v.t. to expose to loss or injury; hazard. Also jeop- ardize. jeopardy (jep'ar-di), n. hazard; peril. jerboa (jer-bo'a), n. the leaping mouse of Africa, with long hind legs. jeremiad (jer-e-mi'ad), n. lamenta- tion, especially over modern degener- acy: frora the Book of Lamentations of Jeremiah. jerk (jerk), v.t, to give a sudden pull, twist, or push to; throw with a sudden quick movement; cut into long strips and dry in the sun, as beef: n. a sudden quick pull, twist or push; spasmodic movement; jerked beef; char qui. [Chilean.] jerkin (jer'kin) , n. a short coat or jack- et; close waistcoat; young salmon. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. JERRY 285 JOB Jerry (jer'i), adj. constructed hastily, and of bad materials, as a jerry- built house. jest (jest), n. a joke; humorous pleas- antry; fun; a laughing-stock: v.i. to joke ; make merriment ; make game of. Jesuit (jez'u-it), n, a member of the Catholic Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, 1534. jet (jet), n. a stream of water sud- denly emitted; a deep black vari- ety of hgnite, black amber; a gas branch; tube for running molten metal into a mold: v.t, [p.t. & p.p. jetted, v.pr, jetting], to spout out: v.i, to shoot or jut out. [French.] jetsam (jet'sam), n. that part of a ship's cargo which is thrown into the sea to Ughten the vessel in case of peril: opposed to flotsam. Also jetsom, jetson. jettison (jet'i-sun), n. the act of throw- ing goods overboard to lighten a ves- sel in case of ^ peril: v.t. to throw overboard to lighten a vessel. jetty (jet'i), n. [pi. jetties (jet'iz)], a structure extending into the water, used as a i)ier, mole, or wall, to re- strain or direct currents; projection of a building: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jettied, p. pr. jetting], to jut out or project. Jew (joo) , n. an IsraeUte-; Hebrew. Fem. Jewess. [Hebr. Yehuddh, Judah.] jewel (joo'el), n. a valuable ornament; gem; precious stone; anything of great value or dear to one: v.t. to adorn with, or as with, jewels; fur- nish with jewels. jeweler (joo'el-er), n. one who makes or deals in jev/els. jewelry (joo'el-ri), n. jewels collective- ly; the art or trade of a jeweler. Jewish (joo'ish), odj. pertaining to the Jews, their language, customs, &c. ^ Jewry (joo'ri), n, Judaea; a district in a city inhabited by Jews; ghetto. jib (jib),^ n. a large triangular sail projecting beyond the bowsprit; the projecting arm or beam of a crane; a jibbing horse: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jibbed, p.pr. jibbing], to move rest- lessly backwards or sideways: said of a horse. ^ [Old French.] jib-boom (jib'boom), n. a spar be- yond the bowsprit, on which the jib is set. jiffy (jif'i), n. an instant. jig (jig), ^. a quick lively dance, or music for such a dance; a particular kind of fish-hook: v.i. [p.t. & p.p, jigged, p.pr. jigging], to dance a jig: v.t. jerk up and down. jigger (jig'er), n. one who jigs; a name for various mechanical contrivances and appliances; another form of chigoe, an African insect which lays poisonous eggs under the toenails of the white traveller. jilt (jilt), n. a coquette or flirt: v.t, to encourage (a lover) and then dis- card him: v.i. to play the jilt; prac- tice deception in love. jingle (jing'gl), n. a sharp tinkling metallic sound; a little bell or rat- tle; meaningless rhyme; a covered two-wheeled Irish car: v.i. to sound with a jingle. jingo (jing'go), n. [pi. jingoes (jing'- goz)], one of a party of EngHshmen, mainly Conservatives, who, at the time of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, wished Great Britain to go to war with Russia: named from a popular song of the day which con- tamed the mild oath ^^by jingo!'' [Etymology doubtful; perhaps from the Basque word, raeaning ''King."] jinrikishaw (jin-rik'i-shaw), n. a small Japanese two-wheeled carriage, drawn by one or more men. Also jinriksha and 'rickshaw. [Japanese, meaning "strongman carriage."] jitney (jit'ne), n. coUoquial for five- cent piece. [Western IJ. S.] jitney-bus (jit'ne-bus), n. a vehicle, usuaUy a second-hand automobile, charging a five-cent fare, in competi- tion with regular transportation companies. jiu-jitsu (ju-jit'soo), n. an ancient Japanese system of wrestling. It means ^'muscle-breaking." jo (jo), n. a sweetheart. [Scotch.] job (job), n. a piece of work, espe- cially of a temporary or chance na- tm'e; any scheme for making money or securing private advantage at the public expense ; any event or circum- stance; a sudden stroke or thrust with a pointed instrument: v.t. [p.t, & p.p. jobbed, p.pr. jobbing], to let out for hire; buy up (goods) and retail them; punch suddenly with a sharp instrument: v.i. buy and sell. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book J hue, hut ; think, then. JOCKEY 286 JUBILATION as a stock-broker; perform job work; let out or hire horses; work for one^s own advantage under the guise of public zeal. jockey (jok'i), n. [pi. jockej^s (jok'iz)], one who rides a horse in a race; groom; a dealer in horses; cheat: v,t, [p.t. & p,p. jockeyed, p,pr, jock- eying], to cheat or deceive; jostle against by riding unfairly. jocose (jo-kos'), adj. sportive; hu- morous. jocular (jok'u-16r), adj. making jokes. jocund (jok'und), adv. jovial; sport- ive; gay. jog (jog), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jogged, p.vr. jogging], to push or shake slightly, usually with the elbow or hand, by way of reminder; stimulate: v.i. to travel along with a slow trotting motion: n. a slight push or shake; slow trot; stimulant. join (join), v.t. to unite; connect; associate; add or annex; to unite in marriage: v.i. to adhere; be in con- tact; be associated or in unity with: n. a joint or union. joinder (join'der), n. in law, the coupling of two or more causes of action into the same declaration. joiner (join/er), n. one who, or that which, J9ins, especially an artisan who finishes the woodwork for houses, &c. joinery (join'er-i), n. joiner's work. joint (joint), n. the place where two or more things join; articulation of hmbs; aode or internode; hinge; a fissure dividing rock masses into blocks; one of the larger pieces into which a carcass is cut up; a place of low resort; as, an opium joint: adj. produced by the action of two or more; united in or sharing: v.t. cut or divide into joints, as meat. jointure 'joint'ur), n. landed estate or tenements settled on a woman in consideration of her marriage, to be enjoyed by her after the death of her husband: v.t. to settle a jointure upon. joist (joist), n. a horizontal timber to which the boards of a floor or laths of a ceiling are fastened: v.t. to fur- nish with joists. joke (jok), n. something said or done to excite mirth; jest; sport: vd. to make jokes: v.t. rally, f Latin.] to cast jokes at; jolly (jol'i) , adj. [comparative jollier, su^ perlative j oiliest], full of life and mirth; gay; inspiring mirth; excel- lent; most remarkable; companion- able: adv. exceedingly: v.t, [p.t. & p.p. jollied, p.pr. jollying], to joke or rally; to treat well for the pur- pose of obtaining some advantage. jolt (jolt), v.t. to shake by sudden ' jerks: v.i. to have a jerky motion: n. a sudden jerk, an unpleasant sur- prise. jonquil (jon'kwil), n. a bulbous plant with fragrant flowers. Also jon- quille. jorum (jo'rum), n. a large drinldng bowl. joss (jos), n. a Chinese god or idol. jostle (jos'l), v.t. to push against; el- bow. jot (jot), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. jotted, p.pr, jotting], to make a memorandum of (with down) : n. a tittle. See iota. journal (jer'nal), n. a record of news or events; diary; a book in which particular transactions are entered from the day-book; a ship's log- book; the bearing part of the shaft of a machine. [French.] journalism (jer'nal-izm), n. a news- paper or periodical Hterature; the in- fluence exercised by such literature; the profession of a journalist. journey (jer'ni), n. passage from one place to another; a day's work or travel: v.i. to travel from one place to another. [French.] journeyman ( jer'ni-man) , n. [pi. jour- neymen (jer'ni-men)], a mechanic who has served his apprentice- ship. jovial (jov'i-al), adj. convivial: merry. jowl (joul), n. the jaw or cheek; head of a fish. joy (joi), n. exhilaration of spirits; gaiety; gladness: v.i. to rejoice or be glad. [French.] joj^ul (joi'fool), adj. full of joy. joyless (joi'les), adj. without joy; destitute of gladness. jubilant (joolDi-lant), adj. express- ing exultation; triumphant. jubilation (joo-bi-la'shun), n. a shout- ing for joy; declaration of tri- umph. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; n5te, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. JUBILEE 287 JUNCTURE jubilee (joo'bi-le), n. a Jewish festival celebrated every 50th year, to com- memorate the deliverance of the Is- raelites from Egyptian bondage; the 50th anniversary^ of any event; a year of special indulgence granted by the Pope every 25th year. [French from HebrewJ Judsean (joo-de'an), adj. pertaining to Judaea. Judaism (joo'da-izm) , n. the reHgious rites and doctrines of the Jews; con- formity to Jewish rites and doc- trines. Judge (juj), n. the presiding official in a court of law, having authority to hear and determine civil and criminal causes; arbitrator; connois- seur; one of the chief rulers of the Israelites frorn the death of Joshua to the kingship of Saul: v.t, to ex- examine and pass sentence upon ; dis- tinguish; consider: v.t. to come to a conclusion by comparison and con- sideration; hear and determine a case, and pass sentence. [French from Latin.l judgment (juj'ment), n. the act of judging; a judicial decision; mental faculty of deciding correctly by the comparis9n of facts and ideas; pen- etration; intelligence; criticism; opin- ion; punishment inflicted by God; the final trial of mankind by God (with the) ; judgment-day. judicature (joo'di-ka-tur), n. a court of justice; power of dispensing jus- tice by legal trial and judgment. judicial ( joo-dish'al) , adj. pertaining to courts of justice or to the admin- istration of justice; proceeding from, or inflicted by, a court of justice; im- partial. judiciary (joo-dish'i-a-ri) , adj. per- taining to courts of justice; passing judgment: n. judges collectively, that branch of a government con- cerned with the administration of civil and criminal law. judicious (joo-dish'us), adj. prudent; discreet. jug, v.t. to put into a jug; to cook in a jug; to imprison: v.i. to imitate the cry of a nightingale; to nestle together as birds: n. an earthenware vessel with a handle, used to carry liquids; a jail or prison. juggle (jug'l), v.t. to cheat by arti- fice: v.i. to conjure: n. a trick by sleight of hand; imposture. jugglery (jug'ler-i), n. [pi. juggleries (jug'ler-iz) ], legerdemain; impost- ure. jugular (jug'u-lar), adj. pertaining to the neck or throat or jugular vein: n. a jugular vein. juice (joos), n. sap; the fluid parts of animal bodies. julep (joo'lep), n. a drink composed of brandy or whisky sweetened and flavored with mint; a mixture of sugar and water as a vehicle for ad- ministering medicine. [French.] Julian (joo'lian), adj. pertaining to Julius Caesar, or to the Julian cal- endar as adjusted by Julius Caesar 46 B.C. : replaced by the Gregorian year (New Style) in England, 1752. julienne (zhoo-li-en') , n. a clear meat soup with chopped carrots, &c. July (joo-li'), n. the seventh month of the year, named from Julius Caesar, who was born in it. jumble (jum'bl), n. a confused mass; a kind of thin cake: v.t. to mix in a confused mass ; throw together with- out order: v.i. to mix or unite con- fusedly. jumbo (jum'bo), n. a colossus: adj. larger than usual, as *' a jumbo squab." jump (jump), n. a spring or bound; the space jumped: in mining, a fault: v.t. to cause to spring or bound; leap over; to abscond with- out payment of bail; to seize without title, as a mining claim: v.i. to spring upward or forward. jumper (jump'er), n. one who, or that which, jumi)s; a name applied to certain religious sects who practice dancing under religious excitement; a hooded Arctic fur jacket; a long, loose workman's jacket; a one-piece frock, with low neck and short sleeves, worn over a chemisette. junction (jungk'shun) , n. the act of being joined; union; a point or place of union. juncture (jungk'tur), n. the point or line at which two bodies are joined; joint; articulation; particular or critical occasion. I ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; htie, hut ; think, then. JUNE 288 JUXTAPOSITION June (joon), n. the sixth month, named from Juno, the wife of Jove. jungle (jung'gl), n. a dense tropical thicket "of forest trees, brushwood, tall grasses, reeds, and creepers. junior (joon'yer), adj. younger; of lower standing; pertaining to youth: n. the younger of two; one of lower standing. The abbreviation Jr. is written after the name of a mem- ber of a family who has an older relative of the same name still living. Thus John Brown, Jr., may be the son, the grandson, or the nephew of John Brown, Sr. (senior). juniper (joo'ni-per), n. a shrub, the berries of which are used in flavor- ing gin. junk (jungk), n. short pieces of old cable, rope, &c., used for making mats, oakum, &c.; hard salt ship beef; a Chinese flat-bottomed vessel with a square bow and high stern, having the mast in one piece. [Span- ish.] junket (jung'ket), n. a preparation of curds and cream; a variety of sweetmeat; excursion; picnic: v.i. to participate in an excursion or pic- nic. jurisdiction (joo-ris-dik'shun) , n. le- gal authority ; ^ extent of power ; dis- trict over which any authority ex- tends. jurisprudence (joo-ris-proo'dens), n. legal science; system of laws of a country. jurist (joo'rist), n. one skilled in legal science. juror (joo'rer), n. a juryman. jury (joo'ri), n, a body of men, usually twelve, selected according to law and sworn to inquire into or decide on the evidence before them ; a commit- tee of experts selected to award prizes, &c., at a public exhibition, &c. jury mast (joo'ri-mast), n. a tem- porary mast raised instead of one lost. jus (jus), n. a right that may be le- gally enforced. [Latin.] just (just), adj. comformable to di- vine or human laws; upright; im- partial; faithful; exact; regular; fair: adv. exactly; barely; nearly; almost; perfectly. [Latin.] justice (jus'tis), n. the quality of be- ing just; rectitude in dealing with others; impartiality; a judge or magistrate. justiciary (jus-tish'i-a-ri), n. [pi. jus- ticiaries (jus-tish'i-a-riz)], a judge. justifiable (jus-ti-fi'a-bl), adj. defensi- ble. justification ( jus- ti-fi-ka 'shun) , n.ihe act of justifying; vindication or de- fense ; the act of acceptance of a man by God as justified by the merits of Jesus Christ. [Latin.] justify (jus'ti-fi), v.t.^ [p.t. & y.v. justi- fied, p.jpr. justifying], to snow or prove to be just or right; vindicate; pardon, accept and treat as just on the ground of faith and repentance: v.i. to conform to each other by proper spacing, as lines of type. jut (jut), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. jutted, V-VT- jutting], project beyond the main body. jute (joot), n. the fiber of an East Indian plant used for ropes, bag- ging, mats^ &c. [BengaH.] juvenile (joo've-nil), adj. youthful; characteristic of, or suitable to, youth: n. a young person. juxta, a 'prejix meaning near, [Latin.] juxtaposition (juks-ta-po-zish'un), n. nearness, closeness. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, th^n. K K, the eleventh letter of the English alphabet. As a capital letter, it appears to have been formed out of the Egyptian hierarchic pictograph representing a bowl. In both early Greek and Latin the character represented a ''hard" sound, as it does in our language to-day, op- posed to S. But K was in Greek at one time a letter called Kovpa 9, apparently Q. Q was finally lost except as a numeral in Greek, and a^ part of a diphthongal combina- tion, qu, in Latin. Kaiser (ki'zer), n. the title of the em- perors of Germany, Austria and Bulgaria. The Russian title, Czar, is in reality the same, since all three come from the Ccesar of Roman im- perialism (properly pronounced ki'- sar). kale (kal), w. a cabbage with open curled leaves; sea-kale. Also kail. kaleidoscope (ka-li'do-skop) , n. an optical instrument which by an ar- rangement of mirrors causes objects viewed through it to appear in a variety of symmetrical and beautiful patterns. kalmuek, n. a rough hairy kind of cloth. kami^ (ka'mi), n. a Japanese title equivalent to English Lord. kamis (ka-mesO, n. a long shirt worn by Mohammedans. [Arabic] The word has been Europeanized so as to give us chemise. kangaroo (kang-ga-roo'), n. a her- bivorous marsupial mammal pecu- liar to Australia, having short fore- legs and long powerful hind legs, with which it leaps. kaolin (ka'5-lin), n. china or porce- lain clay. [Chinese.] karat, same as carat. keekle (kek'l), v.t. to preserve (a rope, &c.) from chafing by a cover- ing of canvas, &c. kedge (kej), n. a fight anchor used in warping: v.t. to warp. keel (kel), n. the chief and lowest timber of a vessel extending from stem to stern and supporting the whole frame: hence a ship; a low, flat-bottomed coal-barge; the lowest petals of the corolla of a papiliona- ceous flower; carina: v.t. to furnish with a keel: v.i. turn up the keel; give up. keelhaul (keFhawl), v.t. to drag under water beneath the bottom of a ship from one side to the other; formerly a naval punishment; reprimand sternly. keelson (kel 'sun), n. a beam or timber laid on the middle of the floor tim- bers over the keel of a vessel to strengthen it. Also kelson. keen (ken), adj. sharp; eager; pierc- ing; bitter; acute [Anglo-Saxon]: n. a shrill bitter wail of lamentation for the dead. [Erse.] keep (kep), v.t. [p.t. oc p.p. kept, p. pr. keeping], to have the care of; guard; preserve; maintain; do; ob- serve; fulfil; supply with the neces- saries of life; detain; confine: v.i. to remain in any state or condition: n. subsistence; the stronghold or donjon of a mediaeval castle. keeping (kep'ing), n. care; custody; charge; subsistence; harmony; con- gruity. keepsake (kep'sak), n. something kept as a souvenir of the giver. keeve (kev), n. a large vat or tub. keg (keg), n. a small barrel. kelp (kelp), n. the calcined ashes of sea-weeds, from which iodine is ob- tained; a large coarse seaweed or wrack. kemp (kemp), n. coarse rough hair or wool; refuse of fur. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book'; hue, hut ; think, then. ■i KEiN 290 KINDNESS ken (ken), n. view; knowledge: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. kenned, p.pr. kenning], to know; descry. [Scotch.] kendal (ken'dal), n. a coarse green cloth, first made near Kendal Green, in Westmoreland, England. kennel (ken'el), n. a house for a dog or pack of hounds; lair of a fox; street gutter; vile lodging: v.t.^ to confine in a kennel: v.i. to five in a kennel. [Old French.] keno (ke'no), n. a game of chance played with numbered balls, cards, and buttons. [French.] keratin (ker'a-tin), n. the principal constituent of hair, nails, and horn. kermess (ker'mes), n. an open-air festival. [Dutch.] kernel (ker'nel), n. a grain or seed; the edible substance of a nut or fruit stone; essence. kerosene (ker'o-sen), n. refined petro- leum. [Greek.] ketch (kech), n. a stoutly-built, two- masted, fore-and-aft rigged vessel. ketchup (kech'up), n. a sauce pre- pared from tomatoes, mushrooms, &c. Also catsup and catchup. kettle (ket'l), n. a metallic vessel for boihng Hquids. kettledrum (ket'1-drum), n. a hemi- spherical copper drum; afternoon tea party. key (ke), n. a portable metal instru- ment for operating a lock; an in- strument by which something is turned, secured, or operated upon; clef; solution; literal translation: v.t. fasten or connect with a key. Key (ke), n. one of the twenty-four members of the Manx Parliament which is elected and is called the House of Keys. key (ka), n. a low narrow island usually containing coral. [Spanish.] khaki (ka'ki), n. a fight drab-colored cloth much used for undress uni- form since the Boer War of 1899. [Anglo-Indian.] khan (kan), n. an Asiatic prince, chief, or governor; in India, a title given to a caravanserai. [Persian.] khanate (kan'at), n. the jurisdiction of a khan. khedive (ke-dev'), rt. the official title of the Viceroy of Egypt, first be- stowed upon him by the Sultan of Turkey in 1868. [Turkish.] kick (kik), n. a blow with the foot; a recoil: v.t. to strike with the foot: v.i. recoil; resist. kid (kid), n. the young of the goat, or its soft skin used for gloves, &c.; a child; a small wooden tub: adj, made of kid: v.i. [v.t. & p.p. kidded, p.pr. kidding], to bring forth a kid: v.t. to furnish or cover with kid; humbug. kiddle (kid'l), n. a wicker fish-weir. kidnap (kid'nap), v.t. to get forcible and illegal possession of (human be- ings, especially children). kidney (kid'ni), n. [pi. kidneys (kid'- niz)], one of two oblong flattened organs which separate the urine from the blood; anythmg resembling a kidney ; sort or kind. kilerg (kil'erg), n, a unit of energy = 1,000 ergs. kill (kil), v.t. to deprive of life; de- stroy; slay. kiln (kil), n. a furnace, oven, or pile for burning, drying, or harden- ing. kilogramme (kil'o-gram) , n. 1,000 grammes = 2.2046 lbs. kiloliter (kil'o-le-tr) , n. 1,000 fiters = 220 imperial gals, (about). kilometer (kil'o-me-tr) , n. 1,000 me- ters = 3,280.8 feet. kilt (kilt), n. a short ^ petticoat or phifibeg of the Sc9ttish Highland- ers: v.t. to form into broad, flat plaits; tuck up. [Gaelic] kimono (kim'o-no), n. the loose outer robe of the Japanese. [Japanese.] kin (kin), n. consanguinity; relation- ship ; kindred ; a Chinese lute. kind (kind), adj. benevolent; indul- gent; affectionate; sympathetic: n. genus or species; quality; variety; sort. kindergarten (kin'der-gar-ten) , n. a school for young children in which they are taught by diverting object lessons, &c. [German.] kindle (kind'l), v.t. to set fire to; in- flame. kindly (kind'li), adj. [camp, kindlier, superl. kindliest], benevolent; sym- pathetic; beneficial; natural: adv, in a kindly manner. kindness (kind'nes), n. the state ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. KINDRED 291 KNIT or quality of being kind; a kind act. kindred (kin'dred), adj. of like na- ture or character; cognate: n. rela- tionship by birth or marriage; con- sanguinity. Jdnemacolor (kin-e-ma-kurer), n, a colored moving picture, approximat- ing the natural colors of objects. kinematics (kin-e-mat'iks), n. the science of pure motion. kinetic (kin-et'ik), adj. pertaining to, or imparting, motion; active. kinetograph (kin-et'to-graf), n. an ap- paratus for taking photographs of moving objects and afterwards re- producing them on a screen, as if in actual motion. king (king),^ n. a male sovereign or ruler; a piece or card representing a king in a game; one who is spe- cially distinguished in the same class or kind. kingdom (king'dum), n. the territory ruled by a king or queen; royal au- thority; any sphere of independent influence. kink (kingk), n. a twist in a rope or thread wheH doubled; whim: v.t. & v.i. to form kinks. kinsfolk (kins'fok), n. relatives. kip (kip), n. the untanned skin of a calf or small cattle. kipper (kip'er), n. a salmon after spawning; a salmon, herring, &c., cut open, salted, and smoke-dried; a salmon that has remained too long in fresh water: v.t, to cure, as a salmon. [Gaelic] kirk (kerk), n. a church; the Church ^of Scotland (with the). [Gaelic] kirtle (ker'tl) , n, an upper garment ; petticoat: v.t. to array in a kirtle. kismet (kis'met), n. fate. [Arabic] kiss (kis), n. a salute or caress with the lips; a sHght touch: v.t. to sa- lute with the Hps; touch sHghtly: v.i. to caress mutually with the Hps. kist (kist) , n. a chest or box. kit (kit), n.^ a small wooden tub; a small viohn; travehng necessaries, outfit, &c.; set; a large bottle; a ^family or brood. kitchen (kich'en), n. a room set apart for cooking; ship's galley: adj, ^pertaining to the kitchen, kitchenette (kich-en-ef), n. a very small kitchen, especially in a studio- apartment. kite (kit), n. a rapacious bird of prey; a hght frame of wood cov- ered with paper or Hnen for flying in the air; a light lofty sail; an ac- commodation bill. ^ kith (kith), n. acquaintance. kitten (kit'n), n. a young cat. kleptomania (klep-to-ma'ni^a) , n. a form of insanity manifesting itself in an irresistible propensity to steal. knack (nak), n. adroitness; dex- terity. knapsack (nap'sak), n, a leather or cloth travehng-case carried on the back. knave (nav), n. a dishonest or de- ceitful person; a court-card with the figure of a soldier or servant. knead (ned), v.t. to work into a mass, as dough; operate upon in massage; mold. knee (ne), n. the articulation of the leg and thigh bones; anything re- sembhng a knee: v.t. to connect or strengthen with knees. kneel (nel), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. knelt, p.pr. kneeUng], to bend, or fall upon, the knees. knell (nel), n. the S9und of a bell when struck, especially a funeral bell; an ill omen: v.t. & v.i. to sound or toll, as a funeral bell. knickerbockers (nik'er-bok-erz) , n, pi. wide breeches gathered in below the knee. knick-knack (nik'nak), n. a little orna- mental trifle; kickshaw.^ knife (nif),^ n. [pi. knives (nivz)], a cutting instrument with a sharp- edged blade set in a handle: v.t. to stab with a knife. knight (nit), 7i. one who holds non- hereditary rank, next below a baro- net, but entitling Mm to the prefix Sir ; in mediaeval times, one of gentle birth, who, after serving as an es- quire, was admitted by certain cere- monies to military rank; a cham- pion; lover; one of the pieces in chess: v.t. to confer the honor of knighthood upon. knit (nit), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. knitted, p.pr. knitting], to tie, unite, or draw together; weave together by nee- dles; contract. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 19 hue, hut; think, then. KNOB 292 KUTCH knob (nob), n. the rounded handle of a door, &c.; round protuberance; knoU. knock (nok), n. a blow or stroke with something hard or heavy; rap; severe criticism; mockery: v.t, to give a blow to; drive or strike against: v.i. to strike a blow with something hard or heavy; to criti- cise severely; to mock. knock-out (nok'out), n, a mechanical device for throwing out finished work; a knock-down blow ending a fight. knoll (nol), n. a rounded hillock; hilltop. knop (nop), n. an architectural or- nament of clustered leaves and flow- ers; button. knot (not), n. an interweaving or tying of thread or cord, &c.; any- thing resembling a knot; entangle- ment; difficulty; a hard part in a piece of wood; part of a tree where the branches shoot out; a division of a log-line (each 47.42 ft.); a nautical mile = 2,025 yds.; bond of union; group; the red-breasted sand-piper: v,t. [pi. & p.p. knotted, p.'pr. knotting], to tie m a knot; unite firmly or closely '.v.i. form knots or joints ; make knots for fringe. knout (nout), n. a leathern whip consisting of leather thongs mingled with wires ;^ formerly used as a punishment in Russia: v.t. to punish with the knout. [Russian.] know (no), v.t. [v.t. knew, p.p. known, p.pr. knowing], to perceive with the mmd; understand clearly; have knowledge of; distinguish: v.i. to be informed. knowledge (nol'ej), n. clear percep- tion of a truth or fact; erudition; skill from practice; acquaintance; information. knuckle (nuk'l), n. the projecting joint of the fingers; the knee-joint of a caK or pig: v.i. to bend the fingers; yield or submit. kobold (ko'bold), n. a dwarf goblin or sprite frequenting houses, mines, and caves, where he guards great treasures of gold and silver. This myth is found nearly all over the world. [German.] kodak (ko'dak), n. a portable camera for taking instantaneous photo- graphs: v.t. to take an instanta- neous picture of. [Coined word.] kopje (kop'ye), n. a hillock. [Dutch.] Kor^n (ko-ran', Arabic koo-ran'), n, '^the Book"; the sacred writings of all the Mohammedan peoples. It is divided into 114 surahs or chap- ters. kosher (ko'sher), adj. pure, clean, ac- cording to Jewish ordinances: said of meat. koumiss (koo'mis), n. a spirituous beverage made by the Tartars from fermented mare's milk. A like drink is made in Western countries from cow's milk, sugar and yeast. Also kumiss. [Russian.] kowtow (ko-touO, n. a Chinese form of salutation from an inferior to a superior by touching the ground with the forehead: v.i. salute by the kowtow. Also kotow. kraal (krawl), n. an African village consisting of a group of huts sur- rounded by a palisade; a single hut; a cattle-pen. [Dutch.] Kremlin (krem'lin), n. a Russian citadel, especially that of Mos- cow. kreutzer (kroit'ser), n. an Austrian copper coin = 3^ pf a cent; former- ly a German coin = 2-3 of a cent. Kriss Eringle (kris'kring-gl), n. the saint of Christmas time, St. Nicholas; the Christ-child. [German.] Ku-Klux-£3an (ku-kluks-klan') , n. a secret organization in several Southern states after the Civil War. kutch (kuch), n. the packet of vel- lum leaves in which gold is placed to be beaten. [French.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. mi L L, the letter L in English is a sound (el) and not a name. In this re- spect it differs from the Egyptian hieratic character, which was the picture of a lioness. The Phoeni- cians called it lamed, '' an ox-goose " ; the Greeks lamda, '' a head." But the Latin here broke away from pic- ture-writing and used a simple char- acter, differing in this even from the Aiiglo-Saxons, who called the letter, lagu, " a lake." L is one of the most melodious sounds that any language knows, being, like R, a pure liquid. R, in fact, often changes to I, not only in English, but in many languages by the phonetic process called IMation. As an abbreviation, L. (pronounced el) is used in some American cities to denote ''elevated railway." In the country, people speak of the winr of a house as an ifCel). la (la), n. the sixth note of the scale [Mus.]. laager (la'ger), n. an extemporized camp for defense, formed with wag- ons, &c.: v.t. to protect by a laager. [South African Dutch.] labefaction (lab-e-fak'shun), n. weak- ening]^ decay. label (la'bel), n. a small slip of paper, &c., attached to anything to indi- cate its destination, ownership, &c.; codicil; a projecting molding: v.t. to mark with, or affix, a label; classify. labial (la'bi-al), adj. formed by the lips : n. a letter representing a sound so formed. labor (la'ber), n. toil or exertion, phys- ical or mental; effort; difficulty; pain; parturition: v.t. to cause to toil; fabricate: v.i. to exert muscu- lar strength; use mental efforts; be hard pressed; take pains; move slowly; pitch and roll heavily; suf- fer the pains of childbirth. [Latin.] laboratory Oab'or-a-to-ri), n. [pi. lab- oratories (lab'or-a-t07riz)], a place where scientific experiments and op- erations are carried on. laborious (la-bo'ri-us) , adj. difficult; toilsome. labyrinth (lab'i-rinth), n. a series of intricate winding passages: from the structure said to have been made in Crete by Daedalus; a maze; inex- plicable difficulty; the winding cavi- ties of the internal ear; a series of troughs through which ore slime is passed and the metallic particles de- posited. [Greek.] lac (lak), n. a resinous substance formed on certain trees by an in- sect {Carteria lacca). lac (lak), n. the sum of 100,000 rupees = about $50,000. Also lakh. lace (las), n. an ornamental fabric of fine linen, cotton thread, gold or silver, &c., curiously woven; a cord used for binding or fastening: v.t, to fasten with a lace; adorn with lace; beat. lacerate (las'er-at), v.t. to rend; wound. laceration (las-er-a'shun) , n. the act of rending; a harrowing of the feel- ings; a rent. lachrymal (lak'ri-mal), adj. pertain- ing to tears. lachrymose (lak'ri-mos) , adj. tearful; sad. lack (lak), v.t. to be destitute of: v.L to be in need ; to be deficient ; come short: n. want; failure. lackey (lak'i), n. a menial attendant; footman: v.t. to wait upon, as a lackey: v.i. act servilely. laconic (la-kon'ik), adj. expressing much in few words. AIS9 laconical. lacquer (lak'er), n. a varnish consist- ing of shellac dissolved in alcohol and variously colored: v.t. to var- nish with lacquer. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, t/ien. LACROSSE 294 LANCER lacrosse (la-kros^), n. a Canadian game resembling football, but played with a netted bat {crosse). lact, a Latin pre^/ix meaning milk, as lacticj adj. pertaining to milk. Also lacti, lacto." lactation (lak-ta'shun) , n. secretion of milk; the act or period of suckling. lacteal (lak'te-al), adj. pertaining to, or like, milk; conveying chyle: n.pL the lymphatic vessels which convey chyle from the intestines to the tho- racic-duct. lactometer (lak-tom'e-ter) , n. an in- strument for ascertaining the spe- cific gravity of milk. lacuna (la-kti'na), n. [pi. lacunae (la-ku'ne)], a blank space; hiatus; small pit or hollow. [Latin.] lad (lad), n. a boy or youth; com- rade. ladder (lad'er), n. a framework con- sisting of two parallel side pieces connected by bars, &c., forming steps at suitable distances; any- thing by which one climbs or as- cends. lade (lad), v.t. [p.t. laded, v.p. laded, laden, p.pr. lading], to load; bur- den; heave or throw out. lading (lad'ing), n. the act of loading; freight. ladle (lad'l), n. a deep spoon for serv- ing out liquids: v.t, to dip up with a a ladle. lady (la'di), n. [pi. ladies (la'diz)], a well-bred woman; the title of the wife of a knight or a superior in rank to him; the daughter of a duke, marquis, or earl; the mistress of a house. lag (lag), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. lagged, p.pr, lagging], to move slowly; loiter; stay behind: v.t. cause to be ar- rested or punished: adj. long de- layed; last: n. retardation of me- chanical movement. laeer beer (la'ger ber), n, a German beer suitable for storing. laggard (lag'erd), n. a slow person; loiterer: 0^(7 .backward; slow. lagoon (la-goon'), n. a shallow lake formed at the mouth of a river or near the sea; marsh or fen. Lagthing (lag'ting), n. the Norwe- gian Upper House of Parliament. laid (lad), p.t. & p.p. of lay; marked with fine parallel ribbed lines: said of paper. lain (Ian), p.p. of lie. lair (lar), n. the covert of a wild beast. laity (la'i-ti), n. the people, as dis- tinguished from the clergy. lake (lak), n. a large body of water surrounded by land; a pigment. lallation (lal-la'shun), n. an uncon- scious preference for I in place of r. The Chinese language affords the most striking instances of this as an actual working principle in lan- guage. lama (la'ma), n. a Buddhist priest. lamb (lam), n. the young of a sheep; one who is gentle or innocent; an inexperienced speculator: v.i. to bring forth lambs. lambent (lam'bent), adj, ^ playing about ; flickering ; touching lightly. lambkin (lam 'kin), n. sl little lamb. lambrequin (lam'bre-kin), n. a fes- tooned drapery, hanging from the upper part of a window, doorway, &c. [French.] lame (lam), adj. crippled or disabled in the limbs; not sound or efficient: v.t. to cripple or disable. lamella (la-mel'a), n. [pi. lamellae (la-mere)],_a thin scale or plate. lameness (lam'nes), n. state of being lame. lament (la-menf), v.t. to mourn for: v.i. to express sorrow: n. an expres- sion of sorrow; lamentation. lamentable (lam'en-ta-bl) , adj. to be lamented; mournful; pitiable. lamentation (lam-en-ta'shun) , n. grief audibly expressed; outcry. lamina (_lam'i-na), n. [pi. laminae (lam'i-ne)], a thin plate or scale; a coat or layer lying over another; blade of a leaf or petal. [Latin.] ^ lamp (lamp), n. a vessel for burning oil, &c., with a wick; any device for producing artificial light. lampoon (lam-poon'), n. personal written satire designed to bring the subject of it into contempt: v.t, to satirize by a lampoon. lamprey (lam 'pre), n. an eel-like fish. lance (lans), n. a long shaft of wood with a spear head; a thrust with a lancet: v.t. to pierce with a lance; cut open with a lancet. lancer (lan'ser), n. a cavalry soldier ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. LANCET 295 LARYNGOTOMY armed with a lance: pi. a kind of quadrille. lancet (lan'set), n. sl siirgeon's knife ; a lancet-shaped or pointed window. land (land), n. the solid portion of the surface of the globe; the earth; a country or district; real estate: v.t. to set on shore; capture and bring on shore; win: v.i. to come or go on shore ;_ disembark. landau (lan'do), n._a kind of carriage. landgrave (land'gray), n. a count or graf who had privileges superior to ^ other counts and grafs, es- pecially as to land, . rents, &c. Fern, landgravine. [German.] landlord (land'lord), n. one who has tenants holding under him; the keeper of a hotel or inn. landscape (land'skap), n. the general aspect of a country, or a picture representing it. lane (Ian), n. a narrow path, as be- tween hedges, walls, &c.; narrow street. language (lang'gwej), n. human speech; the speech of one nation or race as distinguished from that of another; style or expression peculiar to an individual. [French.] languid (lan'gwid), adj. wanting ener- gy; weak. languish (lan'gwish), v.i. to become weak or spiritless; pine away; look with tenderness or wistfulness. languor (lang'gwer), n. the state of being languid; dulness; listlessness. lank (langk), adj. lean; slender. lanolin (lan'o-lin), n. an unctuous substance obtained from the wool of sheep, &c. lantern (lan'tern), n. a transparent case for holding or carrying a light; the light-room of a lighthouse; a small tower on the roof of a building to admit light and air. lanthanum (lan'tha-num) , n. a rare metalhc element. Also lanthanium. lanyard (lan'yard), n. sl piece of rope, cord, &c., for seizing or fastening the tackle of a ship. Also laniard. lap (lap), n. the loose part of a gar- ment which may be doubled at pleas- ure; part of the body or clothes from the waist to the knees of a person seated; a name for various pieces of mechanism; one iength of a course which has to be passed over more than once in a race; the act of lapping: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lapped, p.pr. lapping], to bena and spread over; hck up: v.i. to he partiaUy on something else. lapdog (lap'dog), n. a small pet dog. lapel (la-peF), n. part of a coat which laps over. lapid, a Latin pre/z a; meaning stone. lapidary (lap'i-da-ri), n. [pi. lapi- daries (lap'i-da-riz)], an artificer who cuts and sets precious stones; a connoisseur or dealer in gems. lappet (lap'et), n. a Httle loose flap. lapsable (laps'a-bl), adj. capable of lapsing. lapse (laps), v.i. to glide or slip slowly away; fall by degrees; com- mit a sHght fault or fail in duty; pass to another proprietor by negli- gence or death; slide or fall anew into sin: n. a gliding or passing away slowly; slight fault or mis- take; pmission to present to a bene- fice within a certain time. larboard (lar'bord), n. the term used formerly for the port or left-hand side of a ship. larceny (lar'se-ni), n. theft. larch (larch), n. a coniferous tree. lard (lard), n. the fat of swine melted down: v.t. to cover with lard; insert strips of bacon in before roasting: hence to mix. larder (lar'der), n. a pantry; house- hold provisions. large (larj), adj. great in size; bulky; wide; extensive; comprehensive. largess (lar/jes), n. sl gift or bounty. lariat (lar'i-at), n. sl rope or lasso, especially of horsehair used by cattle- herders and plainsmen, in North and South America. [Spanish.] lark (lark), n. a noted song-bird of the genus Alauda; sl frolic. larrup (lar'up), v.t. to beat or flog. larva (lar'va), n. [pi. larvae (lar've)], an insect in the first stage of its metamorphosis after leaving the egg. laryngo, a Greek prefix meaning larynx, as larungoscopej, an instru- ment furnished with nurrors for in- specting the larynx. laryngo tomy (lar-in-got'o-mi) , n. the ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. LARYNX 296 LAUREATE surgical operation of cutting into the windpipe. larynx (lar'ingks), n. the upper part of the trachea or windpipe. [Greek.] lascar (las-kar'), n. an East Indian sailor employed on a European ves- sel. [Hindu.] lascivious (las-siv'i-us) , adj, lustful; wanton; exciting lust. [Latin.] lash (lash), v.t. to strike with a sound- ing blow; whip; scourge with satire; fasten or bind with a cord or rope: v.i. to apply the whip; flog: n. the thong of a whip; a scourge; stroke with anything phant; sarcasm or satire. [Latin.] lass (las), n, a young woman; girl. lassitude (las'i-tud), n. weariness; lan- guor. lasso (las'o), n, a rope, usually of hide, with a noose, used for catching wild horses and cattle: v.t. to catch with a lasso. last (last), adj. coming after all oth- ers in time, place, or order; lowest; utmost; least Hkely: adv. on the last time or occasion; finally: v.i. to re- main in existence or operation; en- dure: n. a wooden implement for shaping boots and shoes. lasting (last'ing), adj. durable; perma- nent: n. a twilled fabric used for making women's shoes. latch (lach), n. a door catch: v.t. to secure or fasten with a latch. latchet (lach'et), n. a shoe string. late (lat), adj. [comp. later, swperl. latest], commg after the usual time; tardy; long delayed; far in the day or night; recent; recently deceased: adv. after delay; recently. lateen (la-ten'), n. sl triangular sail used on boats on the Mediterranean Sea, and the Swiss lakes. lately (lat'li), adv. not long ago. latent (la'tent), n. concealed; invisible. lateral (lat'er-al), adj. pertaining to, proceeding from, or acting upon, the side. lath (lath), n. a strip of wood. lathe (\sith)j n. a machine for turn- ing and polishing articles of wood, metal, &c. lather (lath'ev), n. froth made by moistened soap; profuse sweating: v.t. to coyer with lather. Latin (lat'in), adj, pertaining to, writ- ten, or expressed in, Latin; pertain- ing to Latium, ancient Rome, its in- habitants or language, or the races and languages derived from Rome; Roman; Roman Catholic: n. an an- cient Roman; the language of an- cient Rome and its literature. latitude (lat'i-tud) , n. distance on the earth's surface as measured by de- grees north or south from the equa- tor; breadth; extent; freedom from rules; laxity; range or scope. latter (lat'er), oc^. the second of two things previously mentioned; re- cent; modern. lattice (lat'is), n. crossed open work of metal or wood: v.t. to furnish or cross with a lattice. laud (lawd), v.t. to praise highly; extol: n. praise; worship or hymn of praise. laudable (lawd'a-bl), adj. commend- able. laudanum (lawd'a-num) , n. a prepa- ration of opium, weaker than mor- phine. laudatory (lawd'a-to-ri), adj. expres- sing praise. laugh (laf), n. a convulsive sound caused by^ merriment: v.i. to ex- press merriment, &c., by a laugh; appear gay, pleasant, &c.; jeer (with at): v.t. to express or utter with laughter. laughter (laf'ter), n. convulsive mer- riment. launch (lanch), v.t. to move or cause to slide into the water, as a vessel; hurl; dart; send forth: v.i. to put to sea; expatiate in language; plunge; enter on a new career: n, the act of launching a vessel; plunge; the largest boat of a man- of-war; a large open pleasure-boat usually propelled by steam, gas, or electricity. laundry (lawn'dri), n. [pi. laundries (lawn'driz)], a place where clothes are washed and ironed. laureate (law're-at), adj. decked or invested with laurel: n. one crowned with laurel; poet-laureate. In Eng- land, originally expected to write for the diversion or laudation of the court, but now doing so at his pleas- ure only, or on the occasion of some great national event, as a ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. LAUREL 297 LEAP battle (Tennyson's ^' Balaklava '') or the death of a monarch (Austin's Elegy on Queen Victoria) . laurel (law'rel), n. an evergreen shrub; crown or wreath of laurel: hence honor; distinction. lava (la'va), n. molten volcanic mat- ter. [Italian.] lavatory (lav'a-to-ri) , n. [pL lavatories (lay'a-to-riz)], a place for washing; retiring-room. [Latin.] lave (lav), v.t. & v.i. to bathe or wash. lavender (lav'en-der) , an aromatic plant grown for its oil and for the delicate perfume which is in its oil. lavish (lav'ish), adj. profuse; extrav- agant: v.t. expend or bestow with profusion; squander; waste. law (law), n. a rule of action estab- lished by authority; edict, statute, or custom; act or enactment of a legislative body; jurisprudence; ju- dicial process; rule or axiom of science or art; the Mosaic code. lawful (law'fool), adj. agreeable or conformable to law; "just; legal. lawless (law'les), adj. not obedient to or controlled by law; not according to law; ungoverned; unruly. lawn (lawn), n. a plot of grass kept closely mown; fine cambric used for the sleeves of a bishop's gown: hence the office of a bishop. lawsuit (law'sut), n. an action at law. lawyer (law'yer), n. one skilled in legal knowledge; one, especially a solicitor, who practices in the law- courts; a skilled exponent of the Mosaic law. lax (laks), ac?;. loose; vague; weak. laxity (laks'i-ti), 7i. the state or qual- ity of being lax. Also laxness. lay (la), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. laid, p.pr. lay- ing], to put or place; spread over; cause to lie down ; settle ; calm ; bring forward; wagor; deposit; exercise; set or place secretly; impose; im- pute: v.i. to produce eggs: n. rela- tive arrangement; particular busi- ness; share of profits; a simple song: adj. pertaining to the people, as dis- tinguished from the clergy; non- professional. laver (la'er), n. a stratum, row, or bed; runner of a plant fastened down and covered with earth for propagation. laziness (la'zi-nes), n. indolence; slug- gishness. lazy (la'zi), adj. [comp. lazier, superL laziest], idle; indolent; slothful. lea (le), n. a meadow. leach (lech), v.t. to pass water through (ashes) to form lye. lead (led), n. a soft heavy ductile bluish-grey metal; a plummet for sounding depths at sea; a thin strip of type-metal f9r separating Unes; a stick of graphite; a sheet of lead: adj. consisting, wholly or partially, of lead: v.i. to furnish with lead. lead (led), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. led, p.pr, leading], to conduct with the hand; guide or conduct; precede; allure; induce; spend or use: v.i. to take precedence ; act as a leader ; plaj^ the first card or domino: n. guidance; precedence; the right to play first. leaded (led'ed), p.adj. separated by leads; set in, or covered with, lead. leaden (led'en), adj. made of, or colored like, lead; heavy; sluggish. leader (led/er), n. one who leads; the chief editorial article of a news- paper; tendon; the foremost horse in a string. leaf (lef), n. [pi. leaves (levz)], one of the thin fiat parts of a plant; anything thinly beaten; something resembling a leaf; part of a book containing two pages; a valved part of a table, shutter, &c. leaflet (lef 'let), n. a small leaf; a tract or folding circular. league (leg), n. an alliance for mu- tual interests as in the Land League in Ireland ; the Golden Circle be- fore our Civil War, &c. ; confederacy; three geographical miles: v.t. to com- bine for mutual interests: v.i. to con- federate. leak (lek), n. sl hole which lets in w^ater: v.i. to let water in or out through a hole, &c. leakage (lek'aj), n. the state of a ves- sel that leaks; allowance for loss by leakage. leal (lei), adj. true-hearted. [Scotch.] lean (len), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. leaned, leant, p.vr. leaning], to incline or deviate from an upright position: v.t. to cause to lean; rest: a^j. thin; sterile. leap (lep), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. leaped, ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. LEARN 298 LEGHORN leapt, p.pr, leaping], to pass over by leaping; jump or spring over: v.\. to jump; vault: n. the act of leaping; jump; spring; the space passed in leaping. learn (lern), v.t, [p.t. & jp.p. learned, learnt, p.pr. learning], to acquire knowledge of; fix in the mind: v.i. to gain or receive knowledge or skill. lease (les), n. a written contract for the letting of land or tenements for a specified number of years; period: v.t. to let by a written contract; take a lease of. leash (lesh), n. a, thong by which a hawk or hound is held; a brace and a half; three; a band by which anything is held: v.t. to tie or bind by a leash. least (lest), adj. smallest in degree, size, value, importance, &c.: adv. in the lowest or smallest degree. leather (leth/er), n. the tanned and curried skin of an animal; anything made of, or resembling, leather. leave (lev), n. permission granted; departure; farewell: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. left, v.pr. leaving], to depart from; forsake, abandon; bequeath; desist from; refer for decision: v.i, to de- part; go away. leaven (lev'n), v.t. to produce fer- mentation in; taint: imbue: n. fer- ment mixed with a body to render it light; any influence working silently and strongly that causes changes in things or opinions. lecherous (lech'er-us) , adj. lustful. lectern (lek'tern), n. the reading desk of a church. lection (lek'shun), n. reading; a por- tion of the Scriptures to bo read in the church service. lecture (lek'tur), n. a formal discourse on any subject; reprimand: z;.i. to deliver a lecture: v.t. to reprimand. ledge (lej), n. a shelf; ridge; layer; edge. ledger (lej'er), n. the principal account book of a mercantile house. lee (le), n. the side or quarter to- wards which the wind blows; calm or sheltered side. leech (lech), n. an aquatic worm fur- nished with a sucker, used in medi- cine for bleeding: formerly the name for a physician: v.t. to bleed with leeches. leek (lek), n. a biennial plant of the onion family with a bulbous root. leer .(ler), n. a sly, sidelong look indicative of malice, triumph, or lasciviousness : v.i. to look with a leer. lees (lez), n.pl. dregs of liquor. leeward (le'werd and loo'ard), n. in the direction towards which the wind blows: n. lee side. leeway (le'wa), n. the lateral drift of a vessel to leeward of her course; arrears. left (left), adj. opposite to right: n. the side opposite to right: p.t. & p.p. of leave. leg (leg), n. one of the limbs by which men and animals walk, espe- cially in man between the knee and the ankle; anything resembling a leg, especially if used as a support; a covering for the leg; one of the fielders in cricket. legacy (leg'a-si), n. [pi. legacies (leg'a- siz)], a gift by will of money or property; bequest. legal (le'gal), adj. pertaining to law; permitted or authorized by law; legitimate. legality (le-gal'i-ti) , n. conformity to law. legalize (le'gal-iz), v.t. to make lawful; sanction. legal- tender (le-gal-ten'der) , n. money issued by legislative act and whose acceptance in payment of debts is obligatory^ legate (leg'at), n. a papal ambassa- dor; envoy. _ legation (le-ga'shun), n. an embassy; ambassador; the official residence of an ambassador. legend (lej 'end), n. a romantic or non-historical story; myth; fable; inscription, as on a com. coat of arms, &c. [Latin.] legendary (lej'end-a-ri), adj. fabulous; mythical. legerdemain (lej 'er-de-man') , n. sleight of hand; nimbleness of touch and movement as in juggling. [French.] leggings (leg'ingz), n.pl. long gai- ters. Leghorn (leg'horn), n. a bonnet or hat made of finely plaited Leghorn straw; a variety of domestic fowl. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^^en. LEGIBLE 299 LET legible (leg'i-bl), adj. capable of being read; clear; distinct; apparent. legion (le'jun), n. a division of the ancient Roman army, numbering under the Republic about 4000 men, and later 6000 men. The name is also given to other mihtary or semi-miHtary bodies, either under the control of the State as the Legion of Honor in France, or other- wise, as the Loyal Legion in this country; a great number; host. [Latin.] legislate (lej'is-lat), v.i. to make or enact a law: v.t. to effect by legis- lation. [Latin.] legislation (lej-is-la'shun) , n. the act of making a law or laws. legislative (lej'is-la-tiv), adj. pertain- ing to, or enacted by, legislation; having the power to legislate: n. the legislature. Legislature (lej'is^la-tur), n. that body in a state which is invested with the power of enacting and repealing laws; the legislative body of a state or territory. [Latin.] legitimate (le-jit'i-mat), adj. lawful; born in wedlock; real; logically cor- rect: v.t. to make, or sanction as, lawful; render legitimate. Also le- gitimize. legume (le-gum'), n. a two-valved seed-vessel having its seeds attached to one side only, as a pea-pod. [French.] leisure (le'zhur), n. spare time: adj, free from business; unoccupied. lemon (lem'un), n. the acid fruit of Citrus Limonum; the color of a lemon: adj. pertaining to, or of the color of, a lemon. lemonade (lem-un-ad') , n. a beverage of sweetened or aerated water fla- vored with lemon. lend (lend), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lent, p.pr. lending], to grant to another for temporary use; accommodate: v.i. to make a loan. length (length), n. the measure of anything from end to end; extent; duration; reach; forty-two lines of an actor's part. lengthen (length'en), v.t. to make long or longer: v.i. to grow longer. len|:thwise (length'wiz) , adv, in the du-ection of the length. lengthy (length'i), adj. long and tiresome^ lenient (le'ni-ent), adj. mild; merci- ful. lenity (len'i-ti), n. mildness; human- ity. ^ lens (lenz), n. a convex, or concave, glass adapted for changing the di- rection of rays of light and thus magnifying or diminishing the ap- parent size of objects; the crystal- line humor of the eye. Lent (lent), n. a fast of 40 days (ex- cluding Sundays), Ash Wednesday to Easter eve. lentil (len'til), n. a leguminous plant: j)l. its orbicular seeds, used for food. leonine (le'oyu'n), adj. like a lion; powerful; kingly. leopard (lep'ard), n. a large cat-like beast 9f prey, with a beautiful spot- ted skin. leper (lep'er), n. one affected with lep- rosy. leprosy (lep'ro-si), n. [pL leprosies (lep'ro-siz)], a chronic skin disease characterized by ulcers and white scaly scabs. lese-majeste (las-ma-zhes-ta'), n. a crime against royalty or the sover- eign power; treason. [French.] lesion (le'zhun), n. injury; morbid change in a function or organism. less (les), adj. (used as comparative of httle), not so much; smaller: adv. in a smaller or lower degree: n. a smaller quantity: suffix meaning absence of a quality, without, as soulZe.ss, worthless, &c. lessee (les-e'), n. a pei^son to whom a lease is granted lessen (les'en), v.t. to make less; re- duce. lesser (les'er), adj. a double compara- tive of less. lesson (les'n), n. that which a pupil learns, or repeats, or does for a tutor; instruction or lecture given at one time; exercise; precept; a portion of Scripture read at divine service; ad- monition. [French.] lest (lest), conj. that not; for fear that. let (let), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. let, p.pr. let- ting], to permit; grant to a tenant; lease; give out on contract: v.i.^io be hired or leased; suffer something ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^^en. LETHAL 300 LIBRATION to be done (let in the imperative mood is used to denote entreaty, per- mission or command) : n. an obsta- cle. lethal (le'thal), adj, deadly; fatal. lethargy (leth'ar-ji), n. morbid drowsi- ness; unnatural prolonged slumber; apathy. Lethe (le'the), n. in classic mythol- ogy, the stream of forgetfulness of the under world, whose waters, when drunk, produced loss of. memory: hence oblivion, forgetfulness. [Greek.] letter (let'er), n. a mark or character used to represent a sound; written or printed communication; a print- ing type; literal meaning; a docu- ment certifying certain privileges, authority, &c.: pL literature; eru- dition: v.t. to impress or inscribe letters upon. Levant (le-vanf), n. the eastern coasts of the Mediterranean. levant (le-yanf), v-i- to decamp. levee (lev-e'), n. a morning reception held by a sovereign or personage of high rank; properly, one attended by gentlemen only; a river embank- ment: v.t. to embank. [French.] level (lev'el), n. a horizontal plane or line; surface without inequalities; state of equality; standard; line of direction; an, instrument for indi- cating a horizontal line or plane; section of a canal from one lock to another: adj. even; horizontal; smooth; equal to something else in importance: v.t. to make even; free from inequalities ; bring to the same level; point in taking aim. lever (lev'er or le'ver), n. a bar of metal, &c., turning on a^ support (fulcrum) for raising a weight. leviathan (le-vi'a-than) , n. a large unidentified aquatic animal (Job xli. 1); anything huge as a whale. [Hebrew, "ao[uatic monster."] levity (lev'i-ti), n. lightness of dis- position, conduct, &c.; inconsisten- cy ; trifling gaiety ; lightness of weight. levy (lev'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. levied, p.pr, levying], to raise or collect, as an army or tax; seize in execution: v.i. to make a levy: n. the act of raising money or men; amount or number raised. levy (lev'i), n. a small coin, originally a Spanish rial and worth 12 J^ cents in money of the United States. lewd (lud), adj. licentious; libidinous. lexicon (leks'i-kon), n. sl word-book; a dictionary. [Greek.] liability (li-a-biri-ti) , n. [pi liabili- ties (li-a-biri-tiz)], the state of being liable: pi. debts. liable (li'a-bl), adj. exposed to dam- age, danger, expense, &c.; contin- gently subject. liaison (le-a-z6ng') , n. illicit or se- cret intimacy between a man and a woman. [French.] liar (li'ar), n. one addicted to lying. libation (li-ba'shun), n. the act of pouring wine or oil on the ground, as a sacrifice to some deity; the liquid so poured out. [Latin.] libel (li'bel), n. defamation of charac- ter or reputation; any writing, print, publication, or picture calcu- lated to injure the reputation or character of anyone and bring him into public contempt: v.t. to publish a libel against ; defame the character of; exhibit a charge against in a court of law. libelous (li'bel-us), adj. containing, or of , a libel. of the natm-e liberal (lib'er-al), adj. generous; mu- nificent ; plentiful ; free from narrow- ness in ideas or doctrines: n. an opponent of conservatism; one who advocates extension of freedom in political institutions. [Latin.] liberality (lib-er-ari-ti) , n. [pi. liber- alities (lib-er-ari-tiz)], the quality of being liberal; generosity; magna- nimity; mental breadth; catholic- ity. liberate (lib'er-at), v.t. to set free. libertine (lib'er-tin), n. a debauchee: adj. unrestrained, morally or social- ly; licentious. liberty (lib'er-ti), n. [pi. liberties (lib'er-tiz)], freedom; special privilege or exemption ; immunity ; permission; ungranted or undue freedom; priv- ileged district. librarian (li-bra'ri-an) , n. the custo- dian of a library. [Latin.] library (h'bra-ri), n. [pi. libraries (li'bra-riz)], an arranged collection of books; the building where such a collection is kept. libration (li-bra'shun), n. the act of ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. LIBRETTO 301 LILAC balancing; equipoise; an apparent irregularity in the moon's motion. libretto (li-bret'o), n. a book contain- ing the words of an opera, oratorio, &c.; the text itself. [Italian.] lice (lis), pi. of louse. license (li'sens), n. permission; leave; unrestrained liberty; legal permit to do something otherwise unlawful v.t. to authorize by a legal permit. licentiate (li-sen'shi-at), n. one li- censed to preach or practice a pro- fession. licentious (li-sen'shus) , adj. unre- strained morally or legally; las- civious; dissolute. lichen (li'ken or lich'en), n. one of an order of cellular flowerless (cryp- togamic) plants of fungoid nature growing parasitic on stones, algae, &c.; a kind of skin eruption. Ucit (lis'it), adj. lawful. lick (lik), v.t. to pass the tongue over; caress with the tongue; lap up; vanquish; chastise (the last two are vulgar) : v.i. to make a licking move- ment: n. the act of licking; quick or careless stroke; superficial saline deposit. licorice (lik'o-ris), n. the root or in- spissated juice of the licorice-plant {Glycyrrhiza glabra) . lid (lid), n. a movable cover closing an aperture; top; eyelid. lie (li), v.i. [p.t. lay, p.p. lain, p.pr. lying], to rest in a recumbent posi- tion; lean or press; rest or remain; be situated or placed; be maintain- able at law. lie (li), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. lied, p.pr. ly- ing], to utter a falsehood; represent falsely: n. a falsehood; wilful mis- statement. lief (lef), adv. willingly; rather. liege (lej), adj. bound by feudal serv- ice or tenure: n. a vassal; liege lord, or sovereign. lien (le 'en or len), n. a legal claim upon property; security for payment. lieu (lu), n. place; stead. lieutenant (lef-ten'ant), n. an officer ranking next below a captain in the army and a commander in the navy ; a deputy. [French.] life (lif), n. animate existence; vi- tality; union of soul and body; period between birth and death. lift (lift), v.t. to raise from the ground; elevate; support in the air; steal: v.i. to exert strength in raising; dissipate in the air: n. the act of lifting; elevation; promotion; a ma- chine for raising or lifting. ligament ^ (lig'a-ment) , n. a strong elastic tissue connecting the extrem- ities of movable bones; bond or tie. ligature (lig'a-tur), n. a narrow bandage or tie; two or more letters cast on one shank (fi, ce); sl slur, or notes joined by a slm*. light (lit), n. the imponderable agent by which objects are rendered visible by its action on the retina; day; an illuminating or enlightening agent; 8.spect; a window; that which emits light: adj. clear; bright; not heavy or burdensome; unencumbered; gay; trifling; unimportant; nimble; short in weight; well leavened and raised; graceful; undignified; dizzy; un- chaste: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lighted, lit, p.pr. lighting], to set fire to; in- flame; illuminate; furnish with, or guide by, a light: v.i. to receive or reflect; rest or settle; fall upon by chance; happen. lighten (lit'en), v.t. to make light; il- luminate; flash out; render less heavy: v.i. to brighten; shine out. lighter (ht'er), n. sl large open bark for loading and unloading vessels. lighthouse (lit'hous), n. a structure furnished with a brilliant light to in- dicate points of danger to mariners at night. lightning (lit'ning), n. a sudden flash of electricity, usually accompanied by thunder. ligneous (lig'ne-us), adj. woodj'. like (lik), adj. similar; resembling; equal or nearly equal; disposed: adv. in the same manner as; prob- ably: v.t. have a taste for; enjoy: n. a counterpart. likely (lik'H), adj. [comp. Hkelier, su- perl, likehest], probable; suitable: adv. probably. liken (lik'n), v.t. to compare. likeness (lik'nes), n. similarity; por- trait. liking (lik'ing), n. preference; fond- ness. lilac (li'lak), n. a shrub of the genus ate, arm, at, awl: me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. LILT 302 LIP Syringa, with pale pinkish purple flowers; a color. lilt (hit), n. a cadenced movement in a song that is blithe and full of animation. lily (hl'i), n. a plant of the genus Lihum, with bulbous roots and hand- some flowers: adj. unsulhed; hly- white. limb (hm), n. a jainted or articulated part of an animal body ; branch of a tree; edge or border; roguish child; leg: v.t. to dismember. limber (Hm'ber), n. the detachable forepart of a gun-carriage: adj, pUant: v.t, to attach a limber to (a gun-carriage) ; make pliant. lime (lim), n. a calcareous earth ob- tained by the action of heat upon limestone; bird-lime; a tree of the orange kind yielding an edible juicy fruit; the linden tree: v.t. to apply lime to. limit (hm'it), n. a border or bound- ary; utmost extent: v.t. to confine within bounds; restrict. [Latin.] limousine (Hm-oo-zene') , n. the body of a closed automobile. [French.] limp (hmp), adj. flexible; flaccid: n. a halt in walking: v.i. to walk with a halt. linchpin (linch'pin), n. the pin which goes through the end of the axle of a wheel, and keeps it in its place. linden (lin'den), n. a tree with heart- shaped leaves, and small clusters of cream-colored flowers. There are several species, European and Amer- ican. line (lin), n. length without breadth; a slender string or cord; fishing- line; extended row; l-12th of an inch; short letter; occupation; mark in the hand or face; outline; verse; extent; direction; regular infantry; equator; particular class of goods; descent: v.t. to draw lines upon; place al9ng side by side; cover on the inside; strengthen by inner works. [Latjn-French.] lineage (lin'e-aj), n. ancestral fine of descent from a common progenitor; family. lineal (hn'e-al), adj. composed of lines ; in direct line from an ancestor. lineament (lin'e-a-ment) , n. feature; outhne. linear (lin'e-ar), od;. pertaining to, or composed of, lines ; having a straight direction. linen (hn'en), n. a cloth made of flax; articles made of Hnen; undercloth- ing: adj. made of, or resembhng, linen. liner (li'ner), n. a line-of -battle ship; a steamship belonging to a trans- J atlantic company; a person who f makes linings. linger (Hng'ger), v.i. to delay; loiter; remain long in any state. lingerie (lang-zhe-re'), n. undercloth- ing. lingo (hng'g5) , n. language ; dialect. lingual (ling'gwal), ad;, pertaining to, or formed by, the tongue : n. a letter or sound, so articulated, as s, th, &c. linguistics (Hng-gwis'tiks) , n.yl. com- parative philology. liniment (lin'i-ment) , n. a medicated hquid for rubbing into the skin. ^ lining (lin'ing), n. an inside covering; contents. link (lingk), n. a single ring or di- vision of a chain; anything doubled like a link; single part of a con- nected series; a land measure 7.92 inches; connection; torch made of pitch and tow: pi. flat sandy soil; golfing grounds: v.t. to connect by, or as by, a link: v.i. to be connected. linnet (lin'et), n. a British finch. linoleum (li-no'le-um), n. a floor cloth composed of ground cork. Un- seed oil, and chloride of sulphur. linotype (Kn'o-tip), n. a. machine for composing and casting stereotyped words or lines for printing. linseed (lin'sed), n. the seed of flax, from which linseed oil is express- ed. lint (lint), n. scraped linen used for dressing wounds. lintel (lin'tel), n. the horizontal top piece of a door or window. lion (li'un), n. a large powerful car- nivorous mammal of the genus Felis, found in Africa and Southern Asia: pi. noted persons or places: adj. (in composition) noble; majestic; courageous. Feminine, lioness. lip (lip), n. one of the two borders of the mouth; edge of anything; mouth; lip-like organ; speech: v.t. [p.t. & ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, booki hue, hut ; think, then. LIQUATION 303 LIVELY p.p. lipped, v.vr. lipping], to touch with the Hps; kiss; utter. liquation (li-kwa'shun) , n. the act or process of_ melting. liquefy (Hk'we-fi), v.t. to melt or make Hquid: v.i. to become Hquid. liquid (lik'wid), adj. clear; tearful; not soHd; readily flowing: n. hquid substance; one of the consonants I, m, n, r. liquidate (hk'wi-dat), v.t. to pay off, as a debt; arrange, as the affairs of a bankrupt. liquor (lik'er), n. an alcohohc bever- age; a hquid: v.t. to treat with a solution: v.i. to take intoxicating drinks [Slang]. lisle (111), n. a fine thread or lace. lisp (lisp), v.i. to pronounce s and z nearly like th; speak: v.t. to utter imperfectly or affectedly: n. the im- perfect utterance of s and z. lissom (lis'um), n. supple; lithesome. list (hst), n. a catalogue, roll, or reg- ister; the edge or selvage of cloth; strip of cloth; inclination to one side; small square molding: pZ. an enclosing for a tournament: v.t. to catalogue, register, or enrol; cover with strips of cloth; sew together; cause to tilt over to one side; hsten to: v.i. to enlist; choose; careen; hearken. listen (lis'n), v.i. to attend to closely, so as to hear; hearken; obey. Listerism (list'er-izm) , n. the anti- septic method of operating and dressing, introduced by Lord Lister. listless (list'les), adj. indifferent; lan- guid. Ht, p.t. & p. p.. of light. litany (ht^a-ni), n. a solemn respon- ^ sive form of supplication. liter (le'ter), n. in the metric system, a measure of capacity, = 61.026 cubic ^ inches, or a little more than 1 quart. literacy (lit'er-a-si), n. the state of ^ being able to read and write. literal (lit'er-al), adj. consisting of, or expressed by, letters; following the ^ exact words; exact; plain. literary (lit'er-a-ri) , adj. pertaining to, or appropriate to, literature or men of letters; versed in, or engaged in, ^ literature. literature (Ht'er-a-tur) , n. the writ- ten or printed literary productions of a country or period; literary work; learning. litharge (lith'arj), n. oxide of lead. lithe Olth), adj. supple; phant. lithia (hth'i-a), n. oxide of Hthium. lithium (lith'i-um), n. a metalhc ele- ment. lithograph (hth'o-graf), n. a print reproduced from a drawing on stone: v.t. to draw, or engrave on stone, and transfer to paper. litigant (ht'i-gant), n. one who con- tends in law: adj. engaged in, or in- clined to, litigation. litigate (lit'i-gat), v.t. to contest in a court of law: v.i. to engage in a law- suit. litigation (lit-i-ga'shun) , n. the act or process of carrying on a lawsuit; judicial contest. litmus (lit'mus), n. a purple dye, ob- tained from certain lichens. litter (lit'er), n. straw, hay, &c., used for horses' bedding: a frame-work with a bed, for carrying a person in a recumbent position; state of con- fusion or untidiness; number of young produced at one birth, as pigs, &c.: v.t. supply with htter; cover w4th straw; scatter about carelessly: v.i. bring forth a litter of young. litterateur (ht-er-a-tSr'), n. a hterary man. [French.] little (lit'l), adj. [comparative less, superlative least], small in size, quantity, duration, or importance; insignificant; young; mean: adv. in a small degree; not much: n. small shore of a sea, lake, &c. littoral (lit'o-ral), adj. pertaining to, near, or living on the shore: situa- ted between high- and low-water mark: n. country lying near the shore of a sea, lake, &c. [Latin.] liturgy (ht'er-ji), n. [pi. hturgies (ht'er-jiz)], the prescribed forms or ritual for pubhc worship. live (Hv), v.i. to exist or have life; pass or enjoy life; reside; endure; subsist: adj. (hv) having hfe; quick; effective; ignited; kept for use; energetic. livelihood (hv'h-hood), n. means of living. liveliness (hv'h-nes), n. briskness. lively (hv'li), adj. active; brisk; ani- tly; mated; sprightly; vivid; forcible. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, th^n. LIVER 304 LOCUST liver (liv'er), n. one who lives; a glandular organ secreting bile. Kvery (liv'er-i), n. [pi. liveries (liv'er- iz)], a particular costume worn by- servants ; the state of being kept and fed at a stipulated rate, as horses. livid (liv'id), adj. black and blue; dis- colored as by a blow ; ashy pale. living (liv'ing), p.ad;. having Hfe; flowing; vigorous; active; quicken- ing: n. livelihood; a church benefice; mode of life. lizard (hz'ard), n. a lacertilian reptile having a scaly body, and four well- developed limbs, each with five toes. llama (la'ma), n. a South American quadruped, somewhat resembling a camel. [Spanish.] llanos (lya'noz or la'noz), n.pl. the extensive level grassy plains, or steppes of South America. lo (lo), inter j. behold! see! load (lod), v.L to put on as much as can be carried; burden; weigh down; embarrass; freight; charge, as a giin: n, a burden; weight; freight; en- cumbrance; pressure; a weight of hay, straw, or ore. loadline (Iqd'lin), n. the line to which a vessel sinks when loaded with her full cargo. loaf (lof), v.i. to idle away time: n. tpl. loaves (lovz)], a large cake of )read. loam (lom), n. rich vegetable mold, with clay and sand: v.t. to cover with loam. loan (ion), n. a sum of money lent for a period, repayable with inter- est; something granted for tempo- rary use: v.i. to lend money. loath (loth), adj. unwilhng; reluc- tant. loathe (loth), v.t. to regard with ab- horrence or disgust; detest: v.i. to feel nausea. loathsome (loiA'sum), adj. exciting loathing. loh (lob), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lobbed, v.pr. lobbing], to toss gently: v.i. to bowl lobs: n. a large worm, used for fish- ing, the lugworm ; a slow ball bowled underhand. lobby (lob'i), n. [pi. lobbies (lob'iz)], a small hall or waiting room; pas- sage opening before an apartment; that part of the hall of a legislative chamber to which the public have access: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. lobbied, p.pr, lobbying], to solicit the votes of members of a legislature to carry a particular measure. lobe (lob), n. any rounded and pro- jecting part; a subdivision of an organ. lobster (lob'ster), n. an edible marine decapod crustacean. local (lo'kal), adj. pertaining to place; restricted to a particular place: n. a newspaper paragraph of local interest ; a suburban train. locality (lo-kal'l-ti) , n. [pL localities (lo-kal'i-tiz)], existence m or limita- tion to a place; position. localize (lo'kal-iz), v.t. to limit to a particular place. locate (lo'kat), v.t. to place; estab- lish; mark out and determine the position of: v.i. to settle. location (lo-ka'shun) , n. place; plot of ground marked out by boundaries. loch (lokh), n. a lake. [Scotch.] lock (lok), n. a mechanical device furnished with a spring and bolt for fastening a door, &c., by means of a key; anything that fastens; enclos- ure between lock-gates for raising and lowering the water within them; mechanism for firing a gun; hug in wrestling; a tuft of hair or w^ool; ringlet; tress: v.t. to fasten or secure with a lock; shut up; con- fine: v.i. to become fast by a lock; entwine. locker (lok'er), n. a receptacle se- cured by a lock. locket (lok'et), n. a small gold or silver case attached to a necklace or chain. lockjaw (lok' jaw), n. a spasmodic dis- ease by which the lower jaw is drawn up and becomes fixed ; teta- nus. lockout (lok'out), n. the exclusion of workmen from a factory by an em- ployer to compel them to accept his terms: v.t. to close a factory against. locomotion (lo-ko-mo'shun), n. the act or power of moving from place to place. locomotive (lo-ko-mo'tiv) , adj. per- taining to locomotion; not sta- tionary: n. a steam engine for draw- ing railway cars. locust (lo'kust), n. a migratory and ate, iirm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. LOCUTION 305 LOOPHOLE destructive winged insect resem- bling the grasshopper; a tree of the bean family. locution (lo-kti'shun), n. speech; phrase. lode (lod), n. a vein containing metal- lic ore. lodge (loj), v.t. to furnish with a temporary dwelling: v.i. to reside for a time; be deposited or fixed: n, a small house in a park; gate-keep- er's cottage ; wild beast's den ; hut of an American Indian; place where members of an association meet, es- pecially Freemasons; the members themselves. lodger (loj'er), n. one who resides in lodgings. lodging (loj'ing), n. a place of tem- porary residence: pi. a room or rooms hired in the house of another. loft (16ft), n. a room directly beneath a roof. lofty (loft'i), adj. [comp. loftier, su- perl, loftiest], very high; proud; stately; sublime. log (log), n. an undressed piece of timber; a log-book; a heavy dull fellow; an instrument for ascertain- ing the rate of progress of a ship: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. logged, v.pr. log- ging], to enter in a log-Dook: v.i. to hew down and get out trees. logarithm (log'a-rithm) , n. the expo- nent of the power to which a fixed number (the base) must be raised in order to produce a given number. [Greek.] loggia (lozh'i-a), n. a partly covered gallery or portico; an open balcony in a theater. [Italian.] logic (loj'ik), n. the science of correct reasoning, especially of inference. logical (loj'i-kal), adj. pertaining to, or used in, logic; according to the rules of logic. logrolling (log'rol-ing) , n. the act of rolling logs ; united action in carrying legislative schemes for mutual bene- fit; mutual praise by authors of each other's books. logwood (log'wood), n. a wood of a deep-red color, used in dyeing. loin (loin), n. the lower part of the back of a quadruped or man: pi. the reins. loiter (loi'ter), v.t. to idle (with away)', v.i. to spend time idly; de- lay; linger. loll (lol), v.i. to lounge at ease; hang out the tongue. lone (Ion), adj. solitary; retired; by one's self; unmarried or in widow- hood. lonely (lon'li), adj. [comp. lonelier, su- perl, loneliest], deserted; solitary; unfrequented. long (long), adj. not short; extended in time, or length ; drawn out ; slow; tedious; tall; fingering; far- seeing: adv. to a great length or period; far distant; for a length of time: n. anything that is long: v.i. to desire eagerly (with for or after) . longevity (lon-jev*i-ti), n. extended age. longhand (long'hand), n. ordinary handwriting, as distinguished from shorthand. longi, a Latin prefix meaning long^ as longicovn: adj. long-horned. longitude (lonj'i-tud), n. distance east and west on the earth's surface measured from a meridian or place, estimated in degrees ; on the ecliptic, distance in degrees from the vernal equinox. longshoreman (long'shor-man), n. a wharf laborer. A stevedore, who loads and unloads vessels. long-sighted (long's! t-ed), n. able to • see distant objects better than those near; presbyopia. loo (loo), n. a game at cards. loof (loof), n. the fullest part of a ship's bow. look (look), v.i. to direct the eye to anything, in order to view it; direct the mind or attention to; examine; front or face; expect; watch; ap- pear: v.t. to search or seek for; turn the eyes upon: n. the act of looking; mien; aspect: interj. see! loom (loom), n. a frame or machine for weaving cloth; an oar handle: v.i. to rise gradually and appear larger than in reality. loon (loon), n. sl stupid fellow; a fool. loop (loop), n. a folding or doubling of string, rope, &c.; noose through which a cord may be run: anything resembfing a loop: v.t. to form into, furnish with, or secure with, loops. loophole (ISop'hol), n. a narrow aper- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; htie, hut ; think, then. LOOSE 306 LOW tiire for observation or defense; yation; failure; defeat; that which means of evasion. is lost. loose (loos), adj. not fast; unbound; lost (lost), p. adj. missing; forfeited; not fixed; not tight; not crowded destroyed; perplexed, together; vague; unconnected; lax lot (lot), n. fortune; destiny; por- in principles or morals: n. the state tion or parcel; anything used to of being loose: v.t. to set free; un- determine chances; great quantity: bind; disengage; relax. v.t. to separate into lots; assign; loot (loot), v.t. to pillage or plunder, catalogue. especially a captured city: n. booty lotion (lo'shun), n. a medicated fluid thus taken. for outward application. lop (lop), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lopped, p. lottery (lot'er-i), n. ^ [pi. lotteries pr. lopping], to cut off (a part of (lot'er-iz)], a distribution of prizes by anything), especially branches of a , chance; drawing of lots, tree; cut off partially; trim; let Lotus (lo'tus), n. a genus of the fall: v.i. to hang down: n. a hanging water-lily family, especially the sa- down; that which is lopped, as cred lotus of the ancient Nile; a branches. name for various trees or shrubs, lopsided (lop'si-ded), n. heavier on ^^^ ^r^i^ of, w^ich was fabled .to one side cause forgetfumess of care and m- loquacioiis (lo-kwa'shus) , a^^y. talk- , duce a state of dreamy indolence. ^I^jyg loud (loud), adj. high- or full-sound- lord (ford), n. a ruler or governor; ^^^' ^^i^^; ostentatious in dress or master; one possessed of ^supreme ^f ^^^' ^^T^iJlT""^ ^"^ ''''^^^^" power; the owner of a manor; a , ^^^ ^^?/- ^^^ ^"^^^j^' ^ . 4- baron in the British peerage; the ^""Tl^ ^^}^'''^'J,^Jtr^^^^^^ son of a duke or marquis; eldest ^^.^ ^^^ TJ^^ni' A]]Z%r^^ : son of an earl; title of honor given \l^^^l' ^'.^}^ 1^* ^^ lounging; a to certain officials: v.t. to invest with , i'^TK^^ Tw l.Vo Ht^m o r.... authority; preside over: v.i. to dom- ^^^^^^^ ^f S,iu| S,^ IZt ineer, to command. cfalVtw'of lordlmg (lordjlmg), n. a little or parasitic on man. ^ would-be lord 1 ^^ ^i^^^^ ^ ^^ awkward fellow. lordship (lordship) n. the state, ^^^^^^ (l5oVer), n. an open turret quality or jurisdiction of a lord; ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^e roof of a build- title of address (with his or your) • given to noblemen and judges, and love (luv), n. a strong feeling of af- m England to such bishops as are fection, especially to one of the op- peers.^ , posite sex; courtship; devoted af- lore (lor) n. learning; instruction; fection for or attachment to; pa- space between the eye and bill of a rental' care; a sweetheart; v.t. to ^^^^' regard with strong affection; feel lorgnette (lor-nyef), n. a long-han- devotion towards; delight in: v.i. to died opera glass; a pair of eye- be in love; have strong affection, glasses fixed to a long handle into loveliness (luv'li-nes), n. the quality which they shut. of being lovely. lorn (lorn), adj. forsaken; forlorn. lovely (luv'H), adj. [comp. lovelier, su- lory (lo'ri), n. [pi. lories (lo'riz)], a perl, loveliest], exciting love or ad- species of parrot with brilliant miration; amiable; beautiful; pret- plumage. ty; inviting; delightful: adv. so as lose (looz), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lost, p.pr. to inspire love or admiration. losing], to be deprived of; cease to low (lo), adj. not high; depressed; have in possession; mislay; forfeit; shallow; not noisy; subdued; near waste; squander: v.i. to fail of sue- the horizon; cheap; moderate; fee- cess; yield; be defeated. ble or weak; of less than the normal loss (16s), n. detriment; injury; pri- height; vulgar; abject: n. the bellow ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. LOWER 307 LURCH of cattle: adv. not on high; deeply; softly; quietly; meaningly; at a low price; in humble rank: v.i. to bel- low Hke cattle. lower (lo'er), v.t. to lessen or bring down; reduce in price or value; weaken; humble; change to a lower pitch: v.i. to become lower; sink; fall; (lou'er) to appear dark, gloomy, or threatening. lowly (lo'H), adj. [comp. lowlier, su- gerl. lowhest], low in rank or size; umble; modest: adv. modestly. loyal (loi'al), adj. faithful in allegi- ance to one^s sovereign or country; true to plighted faith or duty. loyalist (loi'al-ist) , n. one who ad- heres to and supports the authority of his sovereign or country. lozenge (loz'enj), n. an obhque-an- gled parallelogram; a rhomb; dia- mond-shaped figure used in herald- ry; a sweetmeat. lubber (lub'er), n. an awkward, clumsy fellow; a raw sailor. lubricate (lu'bri-kat) , v.t. to make smooth or slippery. lubricity (loo-bris'i-ti), n. immorahty; sensuahty. lucid (lu'sid), adj. clear; readily un- derstood ;_ shining ; transparent. lucidity (lu-sid'i-ti) , n. the state of being lucid. Lucifer (lu'si-fer), n. Venus, as the morning star: Satan, as the brilHant, ambitious angel. lucifer, n. a match ignited by fric- tion. luck (luk), n. casual event or acci- dent; fortune, either good or bad; success. lucky (luk'i), adj. [comp. luckier, su- perl, luckiest], having good luck or fortune; successful; auspicious. lucrative (lu'kra-tiv), adj. profita- ble. luculi (lu'ku-li), n.pl. bright spots on the sun's surface. [Latin, luculus.] ludicrous (lu'di-krus), adj. exciting mirth; comical; droll. [Latin.] luff (luf), n. the weather-gauge, or that part of a ship towards the wind; the act of sailing close to the wind; luff -tackle: v.i. to steer nearer to the wind. Also loof. lug (lug), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. lugged, p.pr. lugging], to pull or draw along: v.i. to drag; move heavily; pull laboriously: n. the act or effort of lugging; something difficult to move; a projecting part; the ear; a lug-sail; handle of a vessel: pL conceited airs. luggage (lug'aj), n. effects of a trav- eler; baggage. lugubrious (lu-gti'bri-us), adj, mourn- ful. lukewarm (luk'warm) , adj, moderate- ly warm. lull (lul), v.t. to soothe to sleep; quiet: v.i. to become calm: n. abate- ment; temporary calm. lullaby (luPa-bi), n. [pi. lullabies (lul'a-biz)], a cradle-song. lumbago (lum-ba'go), n. rheumatism of the muscles of the loins. lumbar (lum'bar), adj. pertaining to the loins. lumber (lum'ber), n. rubbish; forest timber sawed for market: v.t. to fill with lumber or rubbish; heap to- gether in disorder: v.i. to cut down timber and prepare it for market. luminary _(lu'mi-na-ri), n. [pi. lumi- naries (lu'mi-na-riz)], a body emit- ting fight, especially a heavenly body; one who enlightens or in- structs. [Latin.] luminous (lu'mi-nus), adj. emitting or radiating fight; bright; clear; per- spicuous. lump (lump), n. a small shapeless mass; aggregate; gross; a swelling: v.t. to throw or unite in the gross; heap indiscriminately; put up with. lunacy (lu'na-si), n. mental unsound- ness: adj. pertaining to lunacy, or to lunatics. lunar (lu'nar), adj. pertaining to, measured by, or influenced by, the moon: n. lunar distance. [Latin.] lunatic (lu'na^tik), adj. affected with, or characteristic of, lunacy: n. one who is insane. lunch (lunch), n. a light meal be- tween breakfast and dinner. Also luncheon: v.i. to take lunch. lung (lung), n. one of two organs of respiration in air-breathing verte- brates. lunge (lunj), n. sl sudden thrust or pass with the sword; sudden lurch: v.i. to make a lunge. lurch (lerch), n. a sudden roll to one ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 20 hue, hut ; think, then. LURE 308 LYRIC side, as of a ship; tendency; a dif- ficult or forlorn position; a losing position in cribbage: v.i. to roll suddenly to one side. lure, (lur), v.t. to allure: n. any- thing used as an enticement; bait; a long carved trumpet used in Scandinavia. lurid (lur'id) , adj. greyish-orange ; wan ; ghastly; pale; gloomy. lurk (lerk), v.i. to lie in wait; be concealed. luscious (lush 'us), adj. sweet to ex- cess; delightful to the taste or sense; fulsome. lush (lush), adj. rich and juicy: n, intoxicating drink. lust (lust), n. strong desire to pos- sess or enjoy; concupiscence: v.i. to desire strongly; have inordinate desires (with after). luster (lus'ter), n. brightness; splen- dor; brilliancy of reflected light; re- nown; a lustrous dress-cloth; the quality and intensity of light re- flected from the surface of minerals. lustful (lust 'fool), adj. sensual; robust. lustration (lus-tra'shun) , n. purifica- tion. [Latin.] lustrous (lus'trus), adj. having a lus- ter. lusty (lust'i), adj. [comp. lustier, superl. lustiest], robust; vigorous; healthy. lute (lut), n. a stringed musical in- strument of the guitar family; a composition of clay, &c., used for making the joints of vessels air- tight, or protecting them from the action of fire. luxuriance (luk-shu'ri-ans), n. exu- berant in growth. Also luxuriancy. luxurious (luk-shu'ri-us), adj. pertain- ing to luxury; indulging in, or ad- ministering to, luxury. luxury (luk'shu-ri), n. [pi. luxuries (luk'shu-riz)], extravagant indulgence in the pleasures of the senses, dress, &c.; a dainty; anything productive of enjoyment. lyceum, n. a literary seminary; an academy; a literary association; an intermediate classical school. lye (ll), n. an alkaline solution. l3dng (li'ing), p.adj. addicted to false- hood; the state or act of being re- cumbent: n. untruthfulness. lymph (limf), n. a colorless alkaline nutritive fluid in animal bodies. [Latin.] lymphatic (lim-f at'ik) , adj. pertain- ing to, conveying, or containing lymph; sluggish: pi. the minute ducts which convey lymph. lynch (linch), v.t. to judge and pun- ish without the usual forms of law. lynx (links), n. a fierce cat-like ani- mal, proverbial for its keenness of sight. lyre (lir), n. a musical instrument of the harp kind: used by the ancients to accompany the voice. [Latin.] lyric (lir'ik), adj. pertaining to, or adapted to singing to, a lyre: n, a lyric composition. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, thQU, M M, the thirteenth letter of the English alphabet, and probably derived di- rectly from the Phoenician, Hebrew, Greek and Latin, for the character and name show but little change. Thus Phoenician mu gives the Greeks their mu; and the Hebrews their mem; the Latins had em, and thus the letter and sound have been transmitted. In the Runic ''furstark," the char- acter is called mann and stands in the twentieth place. The sig- nificance of the Phoenician mu was *^ water," and likewise of the Greek mu so long as people used it with a common understanding. ma (ma), n. contraction of mamma. macadamize (mak-ad'am-Iz), v.t. to cover (a road) with small broken stone, so as to form a smooth hard rounded surface. Named from John L. Macadam, a Scottish engineer (d. 1836). macaroni (mak-a-ro'ni), n. a paste composed chiefly of fine flour and made into long thin tubes [Italian]; a dandy of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. macaroon (mak-a-roon') , n. a small cake made of flour, eggs, almonds, and sugar. [French.] macaw (ma-kaw'), n. a large and handsome species of parrot with strong hooked bill. mace (mas), n. a massive staff usual- ly surmounted with a crown; a heavy billiard cue; the second cov- ering of the nutm_eg. [French.] macerate (mas'er-at), v.t. to soften or separate the parts of by steeping in a fluid; mortify or harass. machete (ma-cha'ta), n. a large heavy knife used by the inhabitants of South America for cutting through forests, &c. [Spanish- American.] machination (mak-i-na'shun), n. a plot; artifice. [Latin.] machine (ma-shen'), n. any contriv- ance to increase and regulate motive power; an engine; a light carriage or vehicle; one who acts mechani- cally or at the bidding of another. machinery (ma-shen'er-i), n. ma- chines collectively; parts of a ma- chine; any combination by which something is kept in action or the result desired is obtained. mackerel (mak'er-el), n. an edible marine fish, mottled with green and blue. [Old French,] mackintosh (mak'in-tosh), n. an india-rubber water-proof overcoat. mackle (mak'l), v.t. to blot or blur, so as to produce the impression of double printing. macro, a Greek prefix meaning large^ long, as macrocephalous, adj. long- headed. macrocosm (mak'ro-kozm) , n. the universe. macron (mak'ron), n. a mark (-) over a vowel to indicate that it is long, as came. mad (mad), adj. [comp. madder, su- perl, maddest], mentally disordered or distracted; insane; infatuated; furious with rage or terror; in- flamed with anger. madam (mad'am), n. [pi. mesdapaes (ma-dam')], a complimentary title, or form of courteous address to a married lady. madcap (mad'kap), n. a wild, thought- less, eccentric person. madden (mad'n), v.t. to make mad or furious: v.i. to become mad or furi- ous. madder (mad'er), n. a plant of the ge- nus Rubia, from the root of which a red dye and pigment is extracted. made (mad), adj. artificially pro- duced or formed: p.t. & p.p. of make. Madeira (ma-de'ra), n. a rich wine once made in the island of Madeira. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, //len. MADEMOISELLE 310 MAIDEN mademoiselle (mad-mwa-zer)., n. in France, a title of courtesy given to a young lady. madonna (ma-don'na) , n. [pi. ma- donnas (ma-don'naz)], a picture of the Virgin Mary, usually with the infant Christ. [Italian.] madras (ma-dras'), n. a printed, cot- ton fabric used for shirting. madrigal (mad'ri-gal) , n. a light amor- ous song; a part song unaccompanied by music. [French.] maelstrom (mal'strum), n. a cele- brated whirlpool on the Norwegian coast. magazine (mag-a-zen') , . n. a ware- house; receptacle for military stores, IS ammunition, &c.; chamber in a gun; a periodical literary or scien- tific publication. [French.] magenta (ma-jen'ta), n. a red ani- line dye named after Marshal Mac- Mahon who won the battle of Ma- genta for the French in 1859. maggot (mag'ot), n. the footless lar- va of a fly; grub; whim. [Welsh.] Magi (ma'jl), n.pl. among the Akka- dians and ancient Persians, the sacerdotal and learned class; the wise men of the East. [Persian.] magic (maj'ik), n. the pretended art of working by the power or assist- ance of supernatural beings; sor- cery; witchcraft; enchantment: adj. pertaining to, produced by, or ex- ercising, magic; enchanted; necro- mantic. When practiced for kindly purposes, it is called White Magic. Also magical. [Latin.] magician (ma-jish'an) , n. one skilled in ma,gic. magisterial (maj-is-te'ri-al) , adj. per- taining to, or suitable to, a mas- ter or magistrate; authorita- tive. magistracy (maj'is-tra-si), n. [vl. magistracies (maj'is-tra-siz)], tne office or dignity of a magistrate; magistrates collectively. magistrate (maj 'is-trat) , n. a civil officer invested with certain judicial and executive powers. magnanimity (mag-na-nim'i-ti), n. greatness of mind; elevation of soul; nobility. [Latin.] magnanimous (mag-nan 'i-mus) , adj. great of mind; elevated in soul or sentiment ; generous ; courageous ; heroic. magnate (mag'nat), n. a person of rank or distinction; nobleman. magnesia (mag-ne'shi-a) , n. a white tasteless earthy powder, the oxide of magnesium. [Greek.] magnesium (mag-ne'shi-um), n. a metalhc element, the base of mag- nesia. magnet (mag'net), n. the loadstone; a magnetized steel bar. [Greek.] magnetic (mag-net 'ik) , adj. pertain- ing to, exhibiting, or produced by, the magnet or magnetism. magnetism (mag'ne-tizm) , n. that property possessed by various bodies, as iron or steel, of attracting or re- pelhng each other according to cer- tain physical laws; the science that treats of such magnetic phenomena and laws. magnificence (mag-nif 'i-sens) , n. grandeur of appearance; splendor; pomp; also used as a title at the German universities — ^^Your Mag- nificence." [Latin.] magnify (mag'ni-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. magnified, p.pr. magnifying], to make great or greater; increase the apparent dimensions of; glorify or extol. [Latin.] magnitude (mag'ni-tud) , n. compara- tive size or bulk; extent of dimen- sions (length, breadth, and thick- ness); importance. ^ [Latin.] magnolia (mag-no'li-a) , n. a hand- some sweet-scented flowering shmb. mahl- stick (mawl'stik), n. a stick used by painters as a rest for the hand while painting. Also maul- stick. [German.] mahogany (ma-hog'a-ni) , n. a tree of tropical America, yielding a dark reddish-br9wn wood, used for fur- niture; aMining-table. [S. American.] maid (mad), n. sl young unmarried woman; girl; virgin; a female serv- ant. maiden (mad'en),^ n. an unmarried woman; virgin; girl; a washing ma- chine; a kind of guillotine formerly used in Scotland; in cricket, an over in which no runs are scored: adj. pertaining to, or like, a maiden; pure; innocent; unsullied; unused. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MAIDENHOOD 311 MALFORMATION maidenhood (mad'en-hood), n. the state of being a maiden. maidenly (mad'en-li) , adj. like, or suitable to, a maiden; modest; gentle: adv. in a maidenlike manner. mail (mal), n. defensive body-armor of steel, net, or plate- work; govern- ment system for conveying letters, &c.; a receptacle for the conveyance of letters, &c.; letters, &c., carried by post; tribute formerly levied by freebooters: v.t. to clothe with, or as with, mail; post, or send by post. maim (mam), v.t. to deprive of the use of a Hmb; cripple or mutilate: n. an injury to the body by crippHng or mutilation. main (man), adj. chief; principal; leading; direct: n. the ocean. maintain (man-tan')., v.t. to support; sustain; defend; vindicate; affirm; continue. maintenance (man'te-nans) , n. sus- tenance; support; vindication; cham- perty. maize (maz), n. Indian corn. [Span- ish.] majestic (ma-jes'tik), adj. having dignity of person or mien; stately; noble; sublime. majesty (maj'es-ti), n. [pi. majesties (maj'es-tiz)T, sovereignty; grandeur; nobility; suolimitv. [French.] majolica (ma-jori-ka), n. a fine soft enameled kind of pottery. It was first imported from Majorca, one of the Balearic Isles, into Italy. This ancient majoHca was covered with a white opaque enamel on which decorative figures in color were displayed. Modern majoUca is enamelled in color. It is also called faience. [Named from Ma- jorca.] major (ma'jer), adj. greater in num- ber, extent, or quahty; greater by a semitone [Mus.]: n. sl military officer next in rank above a cap- tain; the first i)roposition of a reg- ular syllogism in which the major term is contained. [French.] majority (ma-jor/i-ti), n. [pi. ma- jorities (ma-jor'i-tiz)], the state of being greater; greater number; more than half; full legal age (21); rank, &c., of a major. make (mak), v.t. to create; fashion; fabricate; compose; produce or ef- fect; prepare for use; acquire; in- cur; force; raise to rank or dig- nity ; score ; keep or hold ; arrive near or in sight of: v.i. to tend or move; have effect; contribute; be active; rise or flow: n. shape; con- struction. makeshift (mak'shift), n. a tempo- rary expedient. make-up (mak'up), n.^ the general composition of anything; artificial preparation. malachite (mal'a-kit), ?i. native car- bonate of copper, of a blue or green color. maladroit (mal-a-droif), adj. not dexterous; unskilful; clumsy. malady (mara-di), n. [pi. maladies (mal'a-diz)], a disease, especially a deep-seated or lingering disorder, mental or physical. [French.] Malaga (mal'a-ga)^ n. a variety of sweet Spanish wme containing rai- sins. malapert (mal'a-pert) , adj. pert; saucy. malapropos (mal-ap-ro-po'), odv. un- scasonaDly. [French.] malar (ma'lar), adj. pertaining to the cheek or cheek-bone. [Latin.] malaria (ma-la'ri-a) , n. noxious ex- halations from marshy land, pro- ducing fevers, &c.; disease produced by such exhalations or by the bite of malaria-infected mosquitoes; chills and fever; ague. malcontent (mal'kon-tent) , adj. dis- contented, especially with estab- lished authority. male (mal), adj. pertaining to the sex that begets young ; not female ; bear- ing stamens ; suitable to the male sex : n. one of the male sex. malediction (mal-e-dik'shun), n. de- nunciation of evil; execration; curse. malefactor (mal'e-f ak-ter) , n. an evil doer; criminal. malevolence (ma-lev'o-lens) , n. spite- fulness; ill-will. malfeasance (mal-fe'zans), n. an il- legal act or deed. malformation (mal-f 6r-ma'shun) , n. faulty or abnormal structure of an organism. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MALIC 312 MANE malic (ma'lik), adj. derived from fruit, especially from the apple. [Latin.] malice (mal'is), n. evil intention to injure others; deliberate mischief; spite. malicious (ma-lish'us) , adj. bearing ill-will or spite ; prompted Dy hatred. malign (ma-lin'), v.t. to speak evil of; slander: adj, hurtful; pestilential. malignancy (ma-lig'nan-si) , n. the state of being malignant; virulence. malignant (ma-lig'nant) , adj. mali- cious; pernici9us; intending or ef- fecting evil; virulent. malinger (ma-ling'ger), v.i. to feign illness in order to evade duty. malison (maFi-zn), n. a curse; execra- tion. mall (mawl), n. a large heavy wooden mallet or beetle; a public walk shaded by trees, originally a place where the game of pall-mall was played. [Old French; Latin.] mallard (mal'ard), n. a wild duck. malleable (maFe-a-bl), adj. capable of being extended by hammering or rolling. In ancient times, glass was made so as to be malleable, but this is now one of the lost arts. mallet (maret),ri. a wooden hammer. malleus (mal'e-us), n. one of the three small auditory bones of the ear. mallow (mal'o), n. a plant of the genus Malva. Also mallows. malmsey (mam-zi), n. a rich variety of grape; a strong, full-flavored sweet wine. malpractice (mal-prak'tis) , n. evil practice; illegal or immoral profes- sional conduct especially in medi- cine. malt (mawlt), n. barley or other grain steeped in water, fermented, and kiln dried for brewing: adj. made with malt: v.t. to make into malt: v.i. to be converted into malt. maltose (mawlt'os), n. sugar obtained from starch by the action of diastase or malt. maltreat (mal-tref), v.t. to treat ill or roughly. malversation (mal-ver-sa'shun) , n. fraudulent practices, especially those committed in an office of trust. mamma (ma-ma' or ma'ma), n. a fa- miliar name for mother, found in nearly all the languages of Europe and going back to the Greek, Latin, and Hebrew. mammal (mam'al), n. one of the Mammalia. Mammalia (mam-a'li-a), n.pl. the highest class of the Vertebrata, con- taining those animals which suckle their young. mammary (mam'a-ri), adj. pertaining to the breasts. mammon (mam'un) ,n. wealth ; worldly gain : from Mammon, the Syrian god of riches. mammoth^ (mam'oth), n. an ex- tinct species of huge fossil elephants: odj. gigantic. man (man), n. [pi. men (men)], a hu- man being; an adult male of the hu- man species; mankind; male servant; vassal; one possessed of manly attri- butes; a husband; one of the pieces in chess or draughts: y.i. [p.t. & p.p. manned, p.pr. manning], to furnish with men; guard. manacle (man'a-kl), n. a handcuff: v.t. to place handcuffs upon; shackle. manage (man'aj), v.t. to conduct or carry on; govern; render docile or tractable; use cautiously; wield: v.i. to conduct affairs. manageable (man'aj-a-bl), adj. easy to be managed; docile. management (man'aj-ment) , n. the act or art of managing ; control ; skill . in direction; administration. manakin (man'a-kin). See manikin. manbote (man'bot), n. among the Anglo-Saxons, the fine paid for kill- ing a man. mandatory (man'da-to-ri), adj. con- taining, a mandate; directory. mandible (man'di-bl), n. the jaw; in vertebrates, the under jaw; in birds, both jaws: in insects and crusta- ceans, the anterior pair. mandolin (man'do-lin) , n. a musical instrument of the guitar kind. mandrake (man'drak), n. a plant of the nightshade family, with narcotic properties. mandrel (man'drel), n. the shank of a lathe on which the work to be turned is placed; the revolving arbor of a circular saw. Also mandril. mane (man), n. the long hair on the neck of certain quadrupeds, as the horse. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MANEUVER 313 MANUAL maneuver, manoeuvre (ma-noo'ver) , n. adroit management or operation in military or naval affairs ; skilful or dexterous management; stratagem: v.i. to perform maneuvers with troops or war vessels; manage with adroitness or address. manful (man'fool), adj. courageous; resolute. manganese (mang'ga-nez), n. sl grey- colored, hard and brittle metalHc element. mange (manj), n. a cutaneous dis- ease of dogs, cattle, &c. manger (man'jer) , n. a feeding trough for horses or cattle. mangle (mang'gl), v.t. to lacerate; mu- tilate; hack; o smooth with a mangle: n. a machine for smoothing linen. mango (mang'go), n. [pL mangoes (mang'goz)], the fruit of the mango tree of East India. mania (ma'ni-a), n. violent insanity; intense excitement; excessive or un- reasonable desire. maniac (ma'ni-ak), adj. affected with mania: n. a madman. manicure (man'i-kur), n. the care of the hands, nails, &c; also one who engages in manicuring. manifest (man'i-f est) , adj. clear; plain; apparent: v.t. to make manifest; place beyond doubt: n. the invoice of a cargo to be exhibited to the cus- tom-house officials. manifesto (man-i-fes'to), n. [pi. mani- festoes (man-i-fes'toz)], a puoHc dec- laration concerning political meas- ures or intentions. manifold (man'i-fold) , adj. various in kind or quality; numerous; multi- plied; complicated: adv. many times: v.t. to reduplicate by means of a manifold- writer. manikin (man'i-kin), n. a dwarf; a model of the human body for ana- tomical study. Also mannikin. manila, manilla (ma-nil'a), n. a kind of cheroot manufactured at Manila in the Philippine Islands; a hemp used for ropes, matting, &c., made from the fibers of Alusa textilis, alUed to the banana. maniple (man'i-pl), n. a kind of scarf worn on the left arm by a priest at mass; a company in an ancient Ro- man legion. manipulate (ma-nip 'u-lat), v.t. to op- erate or work by means of the hands; treat ; control the action of, by man- agement; falsify: v.i. to use the hands, especially in scientific opera- tions, or mechanical processes. manly (man'li), adj. having the char- acteristics of a man; courageous; noble; dignified; resolute: adv. like a man. manna (man'a), n. a name given by the Israelites to the food miracu- lously suppHed in the wilderness (Ex. xvi. 15) ; the sweet laxative juice exuded from certain species of ash of Southern Europe. manner (man'er), n. method; mode of action; habit; custom; sort; mien; aspect; style; fashion: pi. deport- ment; morals; behavior. mannerism (man'er-izm) , n. a pecu- liarity of style, action, or bearing, especially if constrained or affected. mannish (man'ish) , adj. masculine. manor (man'er), n. the district oyer which a feudal lord held authority, and subject to the jurisdiction of has court-baron; the land belonging to a lord, or so much as he formerly re- served for his own use; a tract of land occupied by tenants who pay a fee-farm rent to the owner .^ manse (mans), n. the residence of a Presbyterian parochial minister. [Scotch.] mansion (man'shun), n. a large and handsome dwelling house. manslaughter (man'slaw-ter) , n. the unlawful killing of a human being, but without malice or premed'tation. mantel (man'tel), n. a narrow orna- mental slab above a fireplace. Also mantelpiece. mantilla (man-til'a), n. a lady's light cloak or hood. [Spanish.] mantle (man'tl), n. sl loose cloak or cape; the external fold of the skin of the body of mollusks; a conical net-work that becomes incandescent when heated: used over a gas jet, &c., to increase the brilliancy of the light: v.t. to cover with, or as with, a mantle; conceal: v.i. expand or spread out. manual (man'u-al) , adj. pertaining to, or performed by, the hands: n. a handy compendium ; the service book ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MANUFACTORY 314 MARK of the Roman Catholic Church; the like, marble; cold; hard; unfeeling: keyboard of an organ or harmo- v.t, to stain or vein Hke marble, nium. March (march), n. the third month manufactory (man-u-fak'to-ri),n.[pZ. of the year, named from Mars, the manufactories (man-u-fak'to-riz)], Roman god of war. the place where goods are manu- march (march), n. a regular, meas- factured. _ ured walk, especially of soldiers; manufacture (man-ti-f ak'tur) , v.t. to steady 9nward movement; a musical make or fabricate from raw mate- composition for the accompaniment rials; produce artificially: v.i. to be of troops; frontier; borderland: v.t. occupied in manufactures: n, the to cause to move in a regular meas- conversion of raw materials into ured walk, as troops: v.i. to move articles for use; the thing manu- with regular steps, or in military factured. _ form. manumission (man-u-miah'un) , n. marchioness (mar'shun-es) , n. the the act of liberating from slavery; wife or widow of a naarquis. emancipation. marconigram (mar-ko'ni-gram) , n, manure (ma-nur'), n. any fertilizing a message sent by Marconi's system substance used for enriching the of wireless telegraphy, soil: v.t. to enrich with fertilizing mare (mar), n. the female of the substances. horse. manuscript (man'ti-skript) , adj. writ- margarine (mar'ga-rin) , n. artificial ten: n. a book or paper written by butter. Also oleomargarine, hand. * margin (mar'jin), n. border; the part many (men'i), adj. [comp. more, of a page at the edge not printed superl. most], numerous; consisting upon; reserved amount ; latitude: of a great number: n. a great num- v.t. to furnish with a margin; enter ber; multitude; people. on the margin of a page. map (map), n. a representation of marginal (mar'gi-nal) , adj. pertain- the earth or some portion of it on ing to, or placed on, a margin, a plane surface; a representation of margrave (mar'grav), n. a German the heavens: v.t. [p.t. &p.p.mappod, title of nobility. Fern, margravine. p.pr. mapping], to dehneate or lay marigold (mar'i-gold) , n. a plant down in a map ; describe clearly ; with showy yellow flowers of various sketch or plan. [Latin.] genera. maple (ma^pl), n. a tree of several marine (ma-ren'), adj. pertaining to, species of the genus Acer, from one living in, or formed by, the sea; of which the rock-maple sugar is naval; near to the sea; used at sea: extracted. n. sl soldier who serves on a war- mar (mar), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. marred, ship; the navy of a nation; naval p.pr. marring], to disfigure; injure; affairs; collective shipping of a damage: n. a blemish or disfigure- country. [Latin.] ment; injury. mariner (mar'i-ner), n. a sailor. marabou (mar'a-boo), n. sl large Af- marionette (mar-i-o-nef) , n. a pup- rican stork, with handsome feathers. pet moved by strings. marabout (mar'a-boot) , n. a Mo- marital (mar'i-tal), adj. pertaining to hammedan saint, who professes to marriage. cure diseases by supernatural pow- maritime (mar'i-tim), adj. pertaining er. to, connected with, or bordering marasmus (ma-raz'mus), n. atrophy. upon, the sea; naval. maraud (ma-rawd'), v.i. to rove in marjoram (mar'jo-ram), n. a genus search of plunder. of aromatic plants, containing the marble (mar'bl), n. a hard lime- sweet marjoram. stone of various colors capable of mark (mark), n. a visible sign by- taking a fine polish; anything re- which anything is known; impres- sembling marble; a small ball of sion; evidence; target; a character marble or stone: adj. made of, or made as a substitute for writing; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; n5te, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MARKET 315 MASK %n old Scotch coin = 27 J^ cents; a current German coin and monetary- unit = 243^ cents; a former Euro- pean unit of weight = about 8 ounces: v.t. to make a mark upon; notify by, or as by, a sign; distin- guish; take notice of; single out: v.t. to observe critically; take note. market (mar'ket), n. a public place fw the sale or purchase of commodi- ties; market place; rate or price: v.i. to deal in a market; buy or sell. marl (marl), n. calcareous earth min- gled with clay and carbonate of lime: used as a manure: v.t. to manure with marl; to wind with marlines. marmalade (mar'ma-lad), 7i. sl con- fection made of oranges or other fruit. marmoset (mar/mo-zet), 7i. a species of small American monkey. marmot (mar'mot), n. the Alpine rat; prairie dog. maroon (ma-roon'), n. formerly a fu- gitive slave in the West Indies; one who is marooned: v.t. to place and aband9n on a desert island: adj. of a brownish-crimson color. marplot (mar'plot), n. one who frus- trates some plan by his officious in- terference. marque (mark), n. a license granted by a state to a private vessel to make reprisals at sea on the ships of another nation. Hence this license is called "sl letter of marque and reprisal." marquetry (mar'ket-ri) , n. inlaid work. marquis (mar'kwis), n. a nobleman ranking next below a duke. [French.] Fern, marchioness. [Latin and Old High German.] marriage (mar'aj), n. the act of le- gally uniting a man and woman in wedlock; marriage ceremony. marrow (mar'o), n. the medulla or oily tissue which fills the cavities of bones; the essence of anything; a i vegetable marrow. marry (mar'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. married, p.pr. marrying], to unite as husband ' and wife; wed: v.i. to enter into the state of wedlock: inter j. By Mary! forsooth! marseilles (mar-salz'), n. sl double cloth fabric, quilted in the loom. marsh (marsh), n. a swampy tract of land. marshal (mar'shal), n. an official of high rank who superintends and regulates state ceremonials; a pur- suivant ; in the French army, the highest military officer; a sheriff: v.t. to arrange or dispose in order. marshy (mar'shi) , adj. swampy ; grow- ing in marshes. mart (mart), n. a market; purchase and sale. marten (mar'ten), n. sl small carniv- orous animal of the weasel kind. martial (mar'shal), adj. pertaining to, or adapted for, war; military. martin (raar'tin), n. one of several spe- cies of birds allied to the swallow.^ martinet (mar-ti-nef), n. sl strict dis- ciplinarian: pJ. small lines fastened to the leech of a sail. martingale (mar 'tin-gal), n. a broad strap passing from the nose-band to the girth of a horse, between its fore legs, to keep its head down; a lower stay for the jib-boom or flying jib- boom. martyr (mar'ter), n. one who testifies by his death to his faith or principles; one who suffers acutely: v.t. to put to death for adherence to some be- lief, especially Christianity; perse- cute; torture; destroy. martyrdom (mar'ter-dum), n. the death or sufferings of a martyr. marvel (mar'vel), ??. something extra- ordinary and astonishing; a prodigy: v.i. to be struck with astonishment; wonder. marvelous (mar'vel-us), adj. exciting wonder; incredible. mascot (mas'kot), n. sl person or thing that brings good fortune. Feminine mascotte. [French.] masculine (mas'ku-Un), adj. pertain- ing to, having the quaUties of, or suitable for, a man; manly; power- ful; robust; coarse; noting the male gender in grammar. mash (mash), n. a soft or pulpy mass; a mixture of bran and water for horses; bruised malt, &c., steeped in hot water for making wort: v.t. to mix with hot water (as malt) in brewing; convert into a mash or soft pulpy state; to inspire love in. mask (mask), n. a cover or partial ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MASON 316 MATHEMATICAL cover to conceal the face; pretext or subterfuge; a masquerade: v.t. to conceal with, or as with, a mask; cover or hold in check: v.i. to take part in a masquerade; be dis- guised. 1 -ij • ^ mason (ma sn), n, a builder m stone; a Freemason. masquerade (mas-ker-ad'), n. a ball or festive gathering where masks are worn; a disguise: v.t. to cover with a mask or disguise: v.i. to take part in a masquerade. mass (mas), n. a large quantity; lump; body of things collectively; the celebration of the Eucharist in the Roman Catholic Church ; a mu- sical setting for certain parts of such a celebration: jpl. common people (with the) : v.t. 6c v.i. to collect into a mass or body. massacre (mas'a-ker), n. indiscrimi- nate slaughter with unnecessary cruel- ty: v.t. to slaughter indiscriminately with unnecessary cruelty. massage (ma-sazh'), n. a method of medical treatment by rubbing or kneading the body. masse (ma-sa'), n- in billiards, a sharp stroke made with the cue perpen- dicular or nearly so. masseur (ma-ser'), n. one who per- forms the operation of massage. Feminine masseuse (ma-sez')- [French.] massive (mas'iv) , adj. weighty ; heavy ; bulky; imperfectly and irregularly crystallized. mast (mast), n. a long round piece of timber or iron tube, either entire, or formed of parts, raised vertically on the keel of a vessel to support the sails; acorns and beech-nuts. master (mas'ter), n. one who rules or commands others; director; em- ployer; owner; head of a household, college, school, &c.; an expert; coni- mander of a merchant-vessel; a uni- versity degree; appellation given to boys; a legal title: adj. pertaining to a master; chief: v.t. to subdue or overcome: v.i. excel. mastery (mas'ter-i), n. dominion; pre- eminence; eminent skill. mastic (mas'tik), n. a resin obtained from the mastic tree; used as a var- nish. masticate (mas'ti-kat) , v.t. to grind with the teeth; chew. mastiff (mas'tif), n, a variety of large dog. mastodon (mas'to-don), n. an extinct genus of mammals, allied to the ele- phant. mastoid (mas'toid) , adj. breast-like. mat (mat), n. a texture of various fibrous materials, used for cleansing the feet, &c.; a web of rope-yard; an ornamental article on which to place things at table: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. matted, p.pr. matting], to cover with mats; entangle or interweave. matador (ma-ta-dor') , n. the man who kills the bull in a bull-fight; one of the three principal cards at omber and quadrille. [Spanish.] match (mach), n. anything that read- ily ignites; a lucifer; anything which agrees with or suits another thing; an equal; game or contest; mar- riage; one to be gained in marriage: v.t. to be equal to; set against or oppose as an equal: v.t. to harmonize with; to equal. mate (mat), n. a companion or asso- ciate; an equal; the male and female of animals associated for propaga- tion; an officer in the merchant ser- vice ranking below the captain; checkmate: v.t. to match; be equal to; marry. mate (ma'ta), n. a tea made of the dried leaves of Brazilian holly; used largely in South America. matelote (mat'e-lot), n. a dish com- posed of various kinds of fish. material (ma-te'ri-al), adj. consisting of matter; not spiritual; corporeal; essential: n. the substance of which anything is made. materialism (ma-te'ri-al-izm), n. the doctrine that all spiritual phenomena are the result of organized matter. materialize (ma-te'ri-al-iz) , v.t. to invest with material characteristics. maternal (ma-ter'nal), adj. motherly. maternity (ma-ter'ni-ti) , n. the char- acter or relationship of a mother. math (math), n. a mowing; mathe- matics. mathematical (math-e-mat'ik-al), adj. pertaining to, or performed by, mathematics ; theoretically precise. Also mathematics. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; n5te, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. i MATHEMATICIAN 317 MAYONNAISE mathematician (math-e-ma-tish'an) , n. one who is skilled in mathematics. mathematics (math-e-mat'iks), n. the science of number and space. matin (mat'in), adj. pertaining to the morning or to matins: n.jpl. morning prayer; in the Roman Catholic Church the first_ canonical hour. matinee (mat-i-na'), n. a reception or musical or dramatic perform- ance held in the daytime. [French.] matriarch (ma'tri-ark) , n. a mother who in one period of ancient his- tory ruled the family, and also the tribe. At this time, men were not husbands, but were merely chosen by any woman according to her fancy. See polyandry. matricide (mat'ri-sid), n. the murder of a mother by a son or daughter; one who murders one's mother. matriculate (ma-trik'u-lat) , v.t. to admit to the membership of a college or university by entering one's name in a register: v.i. to be admitted as a member or student of a college, &c. matrimonial (mat-ri-mo'ni-al), adj. pertaining to marriage; nuptial; connubial. matrimony (mat'ri-mo-ni) , n. mar- riage. [Latin.] matrix (ma'triks), n. [pi. matrices (mat'ri-sez)], the womb; the cavity in which anything is formed or cast ; a mold ; the rock in which a fossil or mineral is embedded; the five col- ors (black, white, blue, red, yellow) from which all others are formed in dyeing. [Latin.] matron (ma'tron), n. a married woman, especially one who has borne children; the lady superin- tendent of a hospital or institu- tion. matte (mat), n. metal imperfectly reduced. [French.] matted (mat'ed), adj. covered with a mat; closely tangled together. matter (mat'er), n. that which oc- cupies space, and is perceptible by the senses ; body ; substance ; thing of importance; business; event; indefi- nite arnount; pus; set-up type: v.i. to signify; be of importance. matting (mat'ing), n. mats collective- ly; material for mats; ornamental mat work. mattock (mat'ok), n. a pickaxe hav- ing one of its ends flat. mattress (matures), n. a quilted hair- or straw-stuffed bed; a spring mat- tress ; a mat made of trees or shrubs. mature (ma-tur'), cidj. [comparative maturer, superlative maturest], ripe; full-grown; ready for application or use: v.t. to bring or hasten to ma- turity: v.i. to become ripe. maturity (ma-tur'i-ti) , n. the state or quahty of being mature; ripeness; full development. maudlin (mawd'Hn) , adj. easily moved to tears; weakly and foohshly senti- mental. maul (mawl), n. a large wooden ham- mer: v.t. to wound or bruise in a rough manner. Seemell. mausoleum (maw-so-le'um), n. a stately tomb or monument, espe- cially that of Mausolus, King of Ca- ria, erected b}^ his widow Artemisia. mauve (mov), n. a soft lilac or pur- ple color, the first of aniline dye- stuffs discovered by Sir W. H. Per- kin. maw (maw), n. the stomach of ani- mals; the craw of a bird. mawkish (mawk'ish), adj. loathsome; affectedly sentimental. maxillary (maks'il-a-ri), adj. pertain- ing to the jaw or jawbone. tnaviTn (maks'im), n, an established principle or truth; proverb; aphor- ism. [Latin.] maximite (maks'im-it) , n. a power- ful explosive invented by Sir Hiram Maxim. maximum (maks'i-mum), n. and adj. the greatest possible out of any class of things. See minimum. May (ma), n. the fifth month of the year. Its name is from the Latin Maia, the mother of Mercury, who was tlie goddess of gi'owth. may, v. aux. [pi. might (mit)], to be able; be allowed. mayhem (ma'hem), n. the crime of attackmg another so as to pre- vent his defense, and especially by mutilating him; as, for example, biting or tearing off an ear or a nose. The word is the same as maim. mayonnaise (mi-on-az'), ^- a sauce composed of the yolk of eggs, olive-oil and vinegar (or lemon-juice) seasoned. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MAYOR 318 MEDIATION mayor (ma'er), n. the chief magis- trate of a city or borough. Feminine mayoress. maze (maz), n. bewilderment; a laby- rinth: v.t. to bewilder. mazurka (ma-zer'ka), n, a Hvely Polish dance; music set to such a dance. Also mazourka. [Polish.] mead (med), n. a fermented liquor of honey, water, and spices ; a meadow [Poet.]. meadow (med'o), n. a tract of rich pasture land ; land yielding hay ; low grass land by the banks of rivers. meager (me'ger), adj. thin; scanty; poor ; barren ; lean ; weak. [French.] meal (mel), n. edible ground grain; a repast. mealy (me'li), adj. consisting of, sprin- kled with, or having the qualities of, meal. mean (men), adj. [comparative mean- er, superlative meanest], wanting in dignity or honor; vulgar; inferior; insignificant; humble; sordid; stingy; middle; not excessive: n. the middle point, quantity, value, or de- gree; average: pi. resources; prop- erty: y.t. [p.t. & p.p. meant, p.pr. meaning], to have in the mind or intention; signify: v.i. to have an intention. meander (me-an'der), v.t. to wind or flow round: v.i. to have a winding course; be intricate. The name of a river in Asia Minor. meaning (men'ing), n. intention; sense. meant (inent),j).t. & p.p. of mean. meantime (men'tim), adv. in the in- tervening time. Also meanwhile. measles (me'zlz), n. an infectious disease characterized by fever and small red spots on the skin; a dis- ease of swine and of trees. [Danish.] measurable (mezh'er-a-bl), adj. ca- pable of being measured. measure (mezh'er), n. the standard by which the volume or extent of any- thing is compared ; extent or dimen- sions of a thing; proportion; a divisor leaving no remainder; an instrument for measuring; musical time; meter; law or statute: pi. strata or beds: v.t. to ascertain the extent, si/e. or volume of; mark out; estimate, a-llot; determine by rule or standard: v.i. to take measure-' ments; be equal or uniform. measurement (mezh'er-ment), n. thf act of measuring; quantity ascer- tained by measuring; size; area; ca- pacity. _ meat (met), n. animal flesh. mechanic (me-kan'ik), n. a skilled workman: pi. the science of the laws of matter and motion, especially the science of machifierj^. [Greek.] mechanical (me-kan'i-kal) , adj. per- taining to tne principles of mechan- ics; pertaining to, or produced by, machines or machinery; done auto- matically, as from force of habit. mechanism (mek'a-nizm) , n. parts of a machine; mechanical construc- tion. medal (med'al), n. a coin-shaped piece of metal impressed with a device or inscription to commemorate some event, distinguished person, or ideal- ized group. The medal reached its perfection in the fifteenth century with Pisano. The side bearing the head is called the obverse and the other side, the reverse. [French.] medallion (me-daFyun), n. a large antique medal; a round or oval tab- let with figures in bas-relief. meddle (med'l), v.i. to interpose or interfere officiously. meddlesome (med'1-sum), adj. offi- ciously intrusive. medieval (med-i-e'val), adj. char- acterizing the period of history be- tween the sixth and fifteenth cen- turies A.D., usually known as the Middle Ages. median (me'di-an) , adj. pertaining to, or connected with, the middle of anything; a median line is an imag- inary line drawn between the two symmetrical halves of the body down the back. In geometry also a median line is one drawn from any' angle of a triangle to the middle point of the opposite side. When these median lines intersect its place of intersection is called the median point. [Latin.] mediate (me'di-at), v.i. to interpose as a mutual friend between parties to effect a reconciliation. [Latin.] mediation (me-di-a'shun), n. the act of mediating; reconciliation. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MEDIATOR 319 MEMBER mediator (me'di-a-ter), n. one who me- diates; an intercessor. medical (med'i-kal) , adj. pertaining to, or connected with, medicine. piedicament (med'i-ka-ment), n. a medicine or healing application. medicate (med'i-kat), v.t. to impreg- nate or tinctm*e with anything me- dicinal. medicinal (me-dis'i-nal), adj. having the properties of, or used in, medi- cine. medicine (med'i-sin), n. the science which relates to the treatment and alleviation of disease; a specific for the cure of disease. [Latin.] mediocre (me'di-o'ker), adj. of me- dium excellence; ordinary. mediocrity (me-di-ok'ri-ti), n. of moderate degree; a person of or- dinary abilities. [Latin.] meditate (med'i-tat), v.i. to muse or ponder; think abstractedly: v.t. to think upon; design. _ [Latin.] meditation (med-i-t a 'shun) , n. the act of meditating; deep thought. medium (me'di-um), n. [j)l. media, mediums (rae'di-a, me'di-umz)], a mean ; anything intervening ; agency ; space or substance in which bodies exist or move; a size of paper 24 x 19 inches ; middle term of a syllogism ; a person through whom communica- tions from the spirit world are con- veyed ; the liquid vehicle with which dry pigments are ground. [Latin.] medlev (med'li), n. mixture or con- fused mass of different ingredients. [Old French.] medulla (me-dul'a), n. the marrow of bones; pith of plants. [Latin.] meed (med), n. recompense; re- ward. meek (mek), adj. [comparative meek- er, superlative Tuee^^si], gentle; sub- missive; yielding; mild of temper. meer (mer), n. a boundary or divi- sion. Also mere. [Scottish.] meerschaum (mer'shum), n. a clay- like silicate of magnesia from which pipe-bowls are made; a pipe of this material. [German, ' 'sea-foam."] meet (met), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. met, p.pr. meeting], to come up to from a dif- ferent direction; confront; encoun- ter; receive: v.i. to assemble; be united: n. a meeting of huntsmen; the place of meeting: adj. fit; suit- able; appropriate. meeting (met'ing), n. an assembly; junction; a congregation. meg, a Greek prefix meaning great, powerful. Also mega, megalo, as me^acephalous : adj. having a large head. megafog (meg'a-fog), n. a fog-sig- nalling device. megaphone (meg'a-fon), n. a new form of speaking-trumpet for increasing the volume of the voice. [Greek.] megrim (me'grim),^ n. a sick or neu- ralgic headache, usually on one side of the head: pZ. vertigo in a horse. melancholy (meran-kol-i), n. great depression of spirits; melancholia: adj. depressed in spirits; hypochon- driac. melange (ma-langzh') , n. a confused mixture; medley. [French.] melee (ma-laO. fi- a hand-to-hand conflict; scuffle; affray. melinite (mel'in-it), n. a powerful explosive. meliorate (mel'yo-rat), v.t. to im- prove or make better. mellifluent (mel-if'flu-ent), adj, smooth ; sweetly flowing. Also mel- lifluous. mellow (mel'o), adj. fully ripe; not hard, harsh, or rigid; half tipsy. melodeon (me-lo'de-on), n. a small reed organ. melodious (me-lo'di-us), adj. full of, or produced by, melody; musical. melodrama (mel-o-dra'ma) , n. a play characterized by sensational or ro- mantic incidents. [Greek.] melody (mero-di), n. [pi. melodies (mel o-diz) J, the arrangement of dif- ferent musical sounds for a single voice or instrument; tune. melon (merun), n. a plant of the cu- cumber family with edible fruit. [French.] melt (melt), v.t. & v.i. to change from a sohd to a Hquid state; dissolve; soften to love and tenderness. melton (mel'tun), n. a kind of thick broadcloth with an unfinished sur- face. Named from the manufac- turer. member (mem'ber), n. a limb or or- gan, essential part of anything; one of an association or comimunity. j' ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, th^n. MEMBRANE 820 MERCY membrane (mem 'bran), n. a thin fold or layer of tissue forming the covering of some part or organ. membranous (mem'bra-nus), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or Hke, membranes. memento (me-men'to), n. [pi. me- mentos (me-men'toz)], a souvenir; memorial. [Latin.] memoir (mem' war), n. a history- written from personal experience and knowledge; a biography: pZ. a record of investigations on a sub- ject; transactions or journal of a learned or scientific society. memorable (mem'or-a-bl) , adj. wor- thy of remembrance; remarkable; notable. memorandum (mem-o-ran'dum) , n. {pi. memoranda (mem-o-ran'da)], a note to assist the memory; brief record of something to be remem- bered ; summary or outline. memorial (me-mo'ri-al) , adj. com- memorative; preservative of, or con- tained in, the memory: n. an in- formal diplomatic paper; a written representation of facts addressed to the government, a pubhc body, &c. memory (mem'o-ri), n. [pi. memories (mem'o-riz)], that faculty of the mind by which it retains the knowledge of previous occurrences, facts, thoughts, &c., and recalls them. menace (men' as), n. a threat: v.t. to threaten. menage (ma'nazh), n. management; one's establishment or household. [French.] menagerie (men-azh'er-i or men-aj'- e-ri), n. a place where wild animals are kept; a collection of wild animals for exhibition. mend (mend), v.i, to repair (that which is broken or worn) ; make good or better; reform; increase: v.i. to grow better; improve. mendacious (men-da'shus) , adj. given to falsehood; lying; false. mendacity (men-das'i-ti) , n. [pi. men- dacities (men-das'i-tiz)], falsehood; habitual lying. mendicant (men'di-kant) , adj. prac- ticing beggmg; reduced to beggary: n. a beggar; a begging friar. menial (me'ni-al), adj. pertaining to a retinue of servants; pertaining to, or suitable for, servants; mean; servile: n. a domestic servant; one who performs servile work. [Old French.] meninges (men-in'jez), n.pl. the three membranes that envelop the brain and the spinal cord. [Greek.] meningitis (men-in-ji'tis) , n. inflam- mation of the meninges. [Greek.] mensurable (men'su-ra-bl) , adj. measurable. mensuration (men-sti-ra'shuH) , n. the act 9r process of taking the measure or dimensions. of anything; measure- ment. mental (men'tal), adj. pertaining to the mind; intellectual. [Latin.] menthol (men'thol), n. a crystalline substance resembling camphor: used as a counter-irritant. [Latin.] mention (men'shun), n. a brief no- tice; casual remark; hint: v.t. to speak briefly of; notice casually; name. [Latin.] menu (men-u'), n. a bill of fare. [French.] mercantile (mer'kan-til) , adj. com- mercial. [Latin.] mercenary (mer'se-na-ri) , n. [pi. mer- cenaries (mer'se-na-riz)], a soldier hired into foreign service; one who serves for pay: adj. serving for pay or reward; venial; sordid. [Latin.] mercer (mer'ser) , n. a dealer in textile fabrics. mercerize (mer'ser-iz) , to treat cot- ton cloth in such a manner as to give it a luster like that of silk. merchandise (mer'chan-dis), n. goods, wares, or commodities, bought and sold. merchant (mer'chant), n. one who traffics or trades on a large scale, especially with foreign C9untries; a shopkeeper: adj. pertaining to, or employed in, trade; mercantile. [French.] mercurial (mer-ku'ri-al) , adj. active; volatile; fickle; pertaining to, made of, or caused by, mercury; mer- curial ointment is an ointment con- taining crude mercury in particles. mercury, n. one of the elements, popularly known as quicksilver. mercy (mer'si), n. [pi. mercies (mer'- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MERE 321 METAL siz)], the disposition to forgive, spare, or pity; cleraency; forbearance; com- passion; beneficence. mere, same as meer. mere (mer), adj. [su/perlative merest], such and no more; simple; entire; absolute. merely (mer-H), adv. simply; purely; only. meretricious (mer-e-trish'us) , adj. pertaining to prostitutes; lustful; tawdry. [Latin.] merge (merj), v.t. to absorb or swal- low up: v.i. to be swallowed up or lost. merger (merj'er), n. the legal consol- idation of two estates, conforming them into one estate; the placing of the operations of two or more com- peting interests under the control of a single body. ^ [Latin.] meridian (me-rid'i-an), ac?/. pertain- ing to mid-jday: n. mid^day; noon; highest point or culmination; an imaginary great circle of the sphere passing through the poles of the heavens and the zenith and nadir of any given place, and cutting the equator at right angles. [Latin.] meringue (ma-rang'), n. a light con- fection of eggs, sugar, cream, or jam. merino (me-re'no), n. [pi. merinos (me-re'noz)], a breed of sneep with a fine wool; the wool of such sheep: adj. pertaining to, or made of, the wool of the merino sheep. merit (mer 'it), n. excellence; worth; deserved reward: pi. essential cir- cumstances: v.t. to earn; be entitled to; be deserving of. meritorious (mer-i-to'ri-us), adj. hav- ing merit ; deserving of reward or praise. merk (merk), n. an ancient Scottish coin, the same as the inark of Con- tinental countries. ($0.28.) merlin (mer'lin) , n. a small falcon. merling (merFing), n. the whiting. mermaid (mer'mad), n. a fabled ma- rine creature having the upper part like a w^oman and the lower part like a fish. merman (mer'man), n. the male of the mermaid. merriment (nier'i-ment) , n. mirth; fun; frolic; gaiety. Also merriness. merry (m.er'i), adj. [comparative merri- er, superlative merriest], full of mirth and good humor; gay; sportive; jo- vial; pleasant. mesa (ma'sa), n. elevated table-land. [Spanish.] mesh (mesh), n. an opening or inter- stice of a net; brewers' grains. mesmerism (mez'mer-izm), n. the art of inducing an abnormal state of the nervous system in which the thoughts and actions of the patient are controlled by the will of the op- erator ; animal magnetism. mesne (men), adj. middle; interven- ing. mess (mes), n. a number of persons who sit down to table together, es- pecially soldiers or sailors; a state of dirt or confusion: v.i. to eat to- gether: v.t. to furnish with food; dirty. message (mes'aj), n. a communica- tion, written or verbal, sent from one person to another; an official com- munication. messenger (mes'en-jer), n. one who conveys a message ; an office servant who carries messages; a herald or harbinger; an official of the bank- ruptcy court. Messiah (mes-i'a), n. Christ the Anointed One. Also Messias. messieurs (mes'yers), n.pl. sirs; Messrs. used in addressing business communications. messmate (mes'mat), n. one who has sat at table with the same men for a time long enough to establish a real intimacy. It is usually on ship- board that men become messmates. See mess ; bunkie. met, p.t. & p.p. of meet. meta, a Greek prefix meaning between, over, after, duplicate, resemhling, change from one state to another. metabolism (me-tab'o-lizm), n. the continuous process by which living cells or tissues undergo chemical change accompanied by swift altera- tions in temper or character. metacarpus (met-a-kar'pus) , n. that part of the hand which is between the wrist and the fingers. metal (met'al), n. an elementary sub- stance having certain physical char- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merg9, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, Men. METALLIC 322 MICRO acteristios, as luster, ductility, mal- leability, insolubility, is fusible by heat, and a conductor of electricity; molten glass; small stone cubes; ef- fective power or caliber of the guns of a warship: pi. the rails of a rail- road: v,t. to cover with metal. [Latin.] metallic (me-tarik), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or like, metal. metallurgy (met'al-er-ji), n. the art or process of working metals and of separating them from their ores. metamorphism (met-a-mor'fizm) , n. the process by which stratified rocks under pressure, heat, chemical ac- tion, &c., have changed from their original structure, as limestone to marble. metamorphosis (met-a-mor-f o'sis) , n. change of form, shape, or structure; transformation, as of a chrysalis into a butterfly. metaphor (met'a-for), n. sl figure of speech by which one word is em- ployed for another of which it is the image; a compressed simile. metaphorie (met-a-for'ik), adj. per- taining to, or comprising, a meta- phor; not literal: figurative. Also metaphorical. metaphysics (met-a-fiz'iks), n. the science which investigates the first principles of nature and thought; ontology or the science of being. metathesis (me-tath'e-sis), n. trans- position of the letters of a word or syllable, as third for the early thrid (Anglo-Saxon) , thridda. metempsychosis (me-tem-si-ko'sis) , n. transmigration of the soul after death into the body of another man or lower animal. meteor (me'te-or), n. a transient lu- minous body in the sky; falling or shooting star; anything that daz- zles or excites wonder for the mo- ment. meter (me'ter), n. an instrument for registering automatically the amount measured by it. Also metre. meter, metre (me'ter), n. a rhyth- mic arrangement of syllables in verse; unit of length in the decimal system = 39.37 inches. [Greek.] methinks (me-thingks'), v.i. [p.t. methought]. In this really compound expression, me is the object of thinks, a tr ansitive verb meaning **it seems." [Anglo-Saxon.] Hence, methinks is equivalent to "it seems to me." method (meth'od), n. regular ar- rangement of things; system; or- der; classification. methodical (me-thod'i-kal) , adj. char- acterized by, or arranged with re- gard to, method; systematic. Also methodic. methyl (meth'il), n. the hydro-car- bon radical of methyl alcohol, or wood spirit. metonymy (me-ton'i-mi) , n. a figure of speech in which one word is used for another related to it, as "the steel" for the sword. metric (met'rik), adj. pertaining to the decimal system of weights and measures. metrical (met'ri-kal), adj. pertaining to meter, measurement, or rhythm. metrology (met-roFo-ji), n. the science of weights and measures. metronome (met'ro-nom), n. an in- strument which beats musical time by means of a short pendulum. metropolis (me-trop'o-lis), n. the cap- ital or chief city of a kingdom or coun- try ; the seat or see of_a metropolitan. metropolitan (met-ro-pol'i-tan) , adj. pertaining to the capital city of a kingdom or country, or to anarch- bishopric: n. the presiding bishop of a country or province; an arch- bishop. [Greek.] mettle (met'l), n. constitutional ar- dor or spirit; fortitude. [Latin.] mettlesome (met'1-sum), n. high spir- ited. miew (mu), n. the cry of a cat; a sea- gull: pi. stables for carriage horses: v.i. to shed or molt (the feathers): v.i. to cry like a cat. mezzanine (met'za-nen), n. a low intermediate story between two higher ones; a window in such a story. [Italian.] mezzotint (mez'o-tint), n. a variety of copper engraving. Also mezzo- tinto. [Italian.] mica (mi'ka), n. a mineral divisible into thin transparent plates. mice, pi. of mouse. micro, a Greek prejix meaning small, as microcosm, a small universe or com- munity. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^^en. MICROBE 323 MILITIA microbe (mi'krob), n. a minute mi- croscopical organism found in the blood of animals, especially those suffering from disease; bacterium. microcrith (mfkro-krith) , n, the weight of an atom of hydrogen. microcyte (mi'kro-sit) , n. a minute eleraentary granule in the blood, es- pecially present in disease. microphone (mi'kro-fon), n. an in- strument for intensifying very minute sounds. microscope (mi'kro-skop), n. an opti- cal instrument for magnifying mi- nute objects so as to render them visible for purposes of investiga- tion. microscopic (ml-kro-skop'ik), adj. pertaining to, or determined by the aid of, a microscope. Also micro- scopical. microtome (mi'kro-tom) , n. an in- strument for making very thin sec- tions in botanical laboratories. [Greek.] mid (mid), adj. middle: prefix, as middsiy: n. a midshipman. midden (mid'n), also kitchen-mid- den (kich'en-mid'n), n. a mound littered with sea-shells, and the re- mains of animal bones, together with rude stone implements. Such are found all over the world and mark the eating-places of pre-historic people. The word midden means dimg-hill, or muck-pile. [Danish.] middle (mid'l), adj. equally distant from the extremes; mean; medial: n. the point equally distant from the extremes; central part; the waist. middleman (mid'1-man), n. in trade and commerce the one who stands between the producer and the con- sumer, taking a profit from each. middling^ (middling), adj. of middle rank, size, or quality; moderate: n.pl. the coarser part of flour. midge (mij), n. a gnat. midget (mij'et), n. a very tiny gnat; also applied to a baby. midriff (mid'rif), n. the diaphragm separating the cavity of the chest from the stomach. midshipman (mid'ship-man) , n. [pi. midshipmen], in the British navy, a junior officer ranking next above a cadet. In the American navy the midshipman was the lowest of offi- cers, but is now called a " naval cadet," and upon promotion be- comes an " ensign." midst (midst), n. the middle. midwife (mid'wif), n. [pi. midwives (mid'wivz)], a woman who assists at childbirth. mien (men), n. external appearance; air; look; carriage. might (mit), n. power; strength; force: p.t. of may. mighty (mit'i), adj. [comp. mightier, superl. mightiest], powerful; strong; influential; momentous; wonderful; huge: adv. very; exceedingly. mignon (min-yong'), adj. pretty; delicate. [French.] mignonette (min^yun-et'),.^. a fra- grant annual with greenish flower and orange-colored stamens. migratory (mi'gra-to-ri) , adj. remov- ing or passing from one place of abode or resort to another; roving; nomad. milch (milch), adj. yielding milk. mild (mild), adj. [comp. milder, su- perl. mildest], gentle m temper and disposition; gentle; soft; placid; moderate; not sharp, sour, or bit- ter; lenitive. mildew (mirdu), n. a disease of plants produced by small fungi: spots of mold on cloth, &c., caused by damp: v.t. to taint with mildew: v.i. be affected with mildew. mile (mil), n. a measure of length varying in different countries; the English statute mile, in use in this country, contains 1,760 yds., the geographical or nautical mile l-60th of a degree of latitude or 2,025 yds. (nearly). mileage (miraj), n. an allowance for expenses per mile; length in miles. militant (mil'i-tant), adj. warUke; fighting; serving as a soldier. military (miFi-ta-ri), adj. pertaining to solaiers or to arms; warlike; mar- tial: n. soldiers collectively; army; troops. militate (mil'i-tat), v.i. to be, or stand, opposed; operate against (with against). militia (mi-lish'a), n. citizens en- rolled and trained for the internal defense of a State. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; 21 htie, hut ; think, then. MILK 324 MINION milk (milk), n. a white fluid secreted by the mammary glands of female mammals for the nourishment of their young, especially the milk of the cow; the white juice of certain plants: v.t, to draw milk from; sup- ply with milk. milksop (milk'sop), n, an effeminate, weak person. See mollycoddle. mill (mil), n. a machine for grinding and reducing a substance to small particles; a manufactory; a prize fight. (See mell and maul) ; a money of account = 1-1, 000th of a dollar: v.t. to reduce to fine particles in a mill; press or stamp, as the edges of coins; full (cloth); roll into bars, as metal; thrash. millennium (mil-len'i-um) , n. the space" of 1,000 years, especially that period during which Satan will be bound and Christ will reign on earth (Rev XX. 1-4). [Latin.] miller (mil'er), n. one who keeps or works a flour mill. millet (mil'et), n. a grain-bearing plant. [French.] milliner (mil'in-er), n. one who makes women's bonnets, hats, headdresses, &c. [From Milan in Italy.] - millinery (mil'li-ner-i) , n. the articles made and sold by a milliner. milling (mil'ing), n. the act of grind- ing in, or passing through, a dress- ing mill; the process of making a serrated edge on a coin, &c. million (mil'yun), n. the number of ten hundred thousand; an indefi- nitely large number. [French.] millionaire (mil-yun-ar'), n. a person who is worth a million; one very rich. mime (mim), n. a comic Greek and Roman play representing real per- sons and events; an actor in a mime. mimeograph (mim'e-o-graf ) , n. a machine for multiplying copies of a letter, drawing, etc. mimic (mim'ik) , adj. inclined to imi- tate; imitative: n. one who mimics or imitates: v.t. to imitate, or ridi- cule by imitation. [Greek.] mimicry (mim'ik-ri), n. ludicrous imi- tation for sport or ridicule; close ex- ternal likeness. minaret (min'a-ret), n. a tall slen- der turret attached to a mosque surrounded with several balconies from which the muezzin calls the people to prayers. [Spanish and Turkish.] minatory (min'a-to-ri) , adj. threaten- ing. mince (mins), v.t. to cut or chop into minute pieces ; extenuate or suppress : v.i. to talk with affected elegance; walk with short steps or in a prim manner. mind (mind) , n. the intellectual or ra- tional faculty in man; the under- standing or intellect; soul; mem- ory; intention; opinion: v.t. to at- tend to ; heed ; obey . mindful (mlnd'fool), adj. bearing in mind; observant; attentive. mine (mm), pron. belonging to me: n. an excavation in the earth from which minerals, precious stones, &c., are extracted; a tunnel under an en- emy's works to blow them up ; a rich source of wealth: v.i. to carry on min- ing operations ; practice secret meth- ods: v.t. to undermine or sap. mineral (min'er-al), n. any inor- ganic body found on the surface or in the earth: adj. pertaining to, con- sisting of, or impregnated with, a mineral. mineralogy (min-er-al'o-ji), n. the science of minerals. mingle (ming'gl), ?;.^. to intermix; join or combine; blend; compound: v.i. to be mixed or united with. miniature (min'i-a-tur) , n. q> very small painting, especially a portrait on ivory, &c.: adj. done on a very small scale; diminutive; minute. minim (min'im), n. the smallest liquid measure; a single drop; a musical note = 2 crotchets; one of an order of mendicant friars founded by St. Francis of Paola, fifteenth century; a small fish. minimize (min'i-miz), v.t. to reduce to a minimum. minimum (min'i-mum), n. [pi. mini- ma (min'i-ma)], the least quantity; trifle. See maximum. mining (min'ing), p. adj. pertaining to mines; burrowing in the earth: n. the act of making mines or work- ing them. minion (min'yun), n. a size of type intermediate between nonpareil and &te, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MINISTER 325 MISCELLANEOUS j brevier (see type); a servile flat- i terer or dependent. [French.] )| minister (min'is-ter) , n. a servant ; one j subordinate to another; agent; one intrusted with the direction of af- ' fairs of state; a clergyman or pastor of a church authorized to preach and administer the sacraments: v.t. to supply; administer: v.i. to serve in some office, clerical or lay; supply necessaries. ministerial (min-is-te'ri-al) , adj. per- taining to ministry or service, oflicial or clerical; pertaining to a minis- ter of the state or of reHgion. ministration _ (min-is-tra'shun) , n. the act of ministering; administra- tion; service. ministry (min'is-tri) , n. [pi. ministries (min'is-triz)], the agency or service of a minister of religion; the office, duties, or functions of a minister of state; ministers of state collective- ly; term of ministerial office. minium (min'i-um), n. red oxide of lead. miniver (min'i-ver), n. the Siberian squirrel or its fur. Also minever. mink (mingk), n. a carnivorous mam- mal allied to the weasel, yielding a valuable fur. minnow (min'o), n. a fresh-water fish of small size. minor (mi'ner), adj. smaller; less; inconsiderable; less by a semitone [Music]: n. one of either sex who is under the age of twenty-one; in logic, the term or premise contain- ing the subject of the conclusion. minority (rni-nor'i-ti), n. [pi. mi- norities (mi-nor'i-tiz)], the smallest number: opposed to majority; the state of being a minor. minster (min'ster), n. the church of a monastery; a cathedral church. minstrel (min'strel), n. in medieval times, one of an order of men who traveled from place to place singing their musical compositions to the accompaniment of a harp; a poet or musician. mint (mint),^ n. the place where money is coined by government au- thority; source of unlimited supply; place of invention or fabrication; an odoriferous plant yielding a pungent essential oil: v.t. to coin or stamp (money) ; invent. [Latin.] minuend (min'u-end), n. that num- ber from which another number is to be subtracted. [Latin.] minuet (min^u-et'), n. a slow graceful dance; music for such a dance. minus (mi'nus), n. the sign (-) of subtraction. minute (mi-nut') , adj. very small ; pre- cise: n. (min'it), l-60th part of an hour or of a degree; an official note; memorandum. minutely (mi-nut 'H), adv. in a mi- nute manner; exactly. minuteness (mi-nut 'nes), n. the quahty of being minute; exactness. minx (mingks), n. a pert, wanton girl. miracle (mir'a-kl), n. a supernatural occurrence or act ; wonder or marvel. miraculous (mi-rak'u-lus), adj. per- formed supernaturally ; wonderful. mirage (mi-razh'), n. an optical at- mospheric illusion by which the im- age of a distant object is seen as if inverted. [French.] mire (mir), n. deep mud; wet clayey earth: v.t. to soil with mire; plunge and fix in mud: v.i. to sinlc in mud. mirror (mir'er), n. a looking-glass; speculum; pattern: v.t. to reflect as in a mirror. mirth (merth), n. noisy gaiety; so- cial merriment; hilarity; jollity. mirthful (merth'f ool) , adj. merry ; fes- tive. mirthless (merth'les), adj. destitute of mirth; morose; sad. mirza (mer'za), n. a Persian title equivalent to prince. mis, a Latin prejix meaning wrongs wrongly, ill, error, divergence. misadventure (mis-ad-yen'tur) , n. an unlucky accident ; misfortune. misanthrope (mis'an-throp), n. a hater of mankind. misapprehend (mis-ap-re-hend') . v.t, to misunderstand; misconceive. misappropriate (mis-a-pro'pri-at), v.t. to apply to a wTong use or purpose, as trust-money, &c. miscarry (mis-kar'i), v.i. [j).t. & p.p. miscarried, p.pr. miscarrying], to go wrong; be unsuccessful ; bring forth young prematurely. miscellaneous (mis-e-la'ne-us) , adj. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MISCELLANY 326 MISUNDERSTAND consisting of several kinds mixed to- gether; promiscuous. miscellany (mis'e-la-ni), n. [pi. mis- cellanies (mis'e-la-niz)], a mixture of various kinds, a book containing a variety of literary compositions. mischance (mis-chans'), n. misfor- tune; mishap. mischief (mis'chif), n. harm; injury; hurt; damage; misfortune. mischievous (mis'chi-vus) , adj, pro- ducing injury or damage; hurtful; inclined to mischief. misconceive (mis-kon-sev') , v.t, to conceive wrongly; misjudge; mis- apprehend. misconstrue (mis-kon-strooO, v,L to construe or interpret wrongly. miscreant (mis'kre-ant) , n. an un- scrupulous villain; vile wretch: adj, unscrupulous. misdeed (mis-ded'), n. a bad deed. misdemean (mis-de-men') , v.t. to be- have (one's seK) ill. misdemeanor (mis-de-me'ner) , n. evil conduct; a crime less than a felony. miser (mi'zer), n. a covetous man who denies himself the comforts of life to hoard up money. [Latin.] miserable (miz'er-a-bl), adj. wretch- ed; very unhappy; worthless; des- picable; very mean or poor. misery (miz'er-i), n. extreme pain, distress, or misfortune; great un- happiness. misfit (mis 'fit), n. non-fitting cloth- ing; a person unfitted for the posi- tion he occupies. mishap (mis-hap'), n. ill-chance, ac- cident, misfortune. mislead (mis-led), v.t. to guide into error. misnomer (mis-no'mer), n. a misnam- ing; a wrong name. misogynist (mi-soj'i-nist), n. a wom- an-hater. [Greek.] tnisplace (mis-plas'), v.t. to put in a wrong place; place on an improper or undeserving object. misprision (mis-prizh'un) , n. in law, a high offense under the degree of a capital one, but bordering upon it. misrepresent (mis-rep-re-zentO , v.t, to represent falsely or incorrectly, wilfully, or through carelessness. miss, n. failure to hit, reach, per- ceive, or obtain: v.t. to fail to hit, &c.; omit or pass by; do without; feel the want of: v.i. to fail to hit; fly wide of the mark. missal (mis'al), n. the book containing the order of service for the Roman CathoHc Mass. missile (mis'il), n. a weapon or thing thrown, or designed to be thrown, to injure another. missing (mis 'ing), p.adj. lost; wanting. mission (mish'un), n. the act of sending, or state of being sent with certain powers, especially to propa- gate religion; embassy; delegation; commission; a series of special re- ligious services. missionary (mish'un-a-ri) , n. [pi. missionaries (mish'un-a-riz)], a per- son who is sent to propagate religion, especially in foreign parts: adj. per- taining to rnissions or missionaries. missive (mis'iv), n. a letter or mes- sage: adj. sent specially. mist (mist), n. visible watery vapor in the atmosphere, at or near the earth's surface; fog; anything that dims or obscures the visi9n: v.t. to coyer with, or as with, mist: v.i. to rain in minute drops. mistake (mis-takO , v.t. [p.^. niistook, p.p. mistaken, p.pr. mistaking], to misunderstand ; misconceive ; mis- judge: v.i. to err in judgment or opinion: n. an error in judgment; misconception; fault. mistletoe (miz/l-to), n. an evergreen plant parasitic on apple trees, and less commonly on the oak. mistral (mis-tral'), n. a cold, dry, northwest wind that blows over the Gulf of Lyons and the adjacent Mediterranean countries. It chills and has a depressing effect on all who feel it. mistress (mis'tres), n. a woman who exercises authority or governs; the female head of a family, school, &c. ; a woman well skilled in anything; a woman courted and beloved; sweetheart; a kept woman. mistrust (mis-trust'), n. want of con- fidence: v.t. to doubt. misty (mis'ti) , adj. [comp. mistier, superl. mistiest], characterized by, or obscured with, mist; dim; ob- scure; clouded. misunderstand (mis-un-der-stand') , hP\ arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. mmmmtmm MITE 327 MODULATE v.t. to take in a wrong sense ; miscon- ceive. jQiite (mit), n. a minute insect of the division Acarida often found in cheese ; a small coin formerly current ; a very small object or quantity. miter, mitre (mi'ter), n. the head- dress of the high priest of the Jews; a kind of crown cleft in the middle, worn by archbishops, bishops, and sometimes by abbots on special oc- casions; the dignity of a bishop; the junction of moldings at an angle of 45°; v.t. to adorn with a miter; join at 45°. [Grseco-Latin.] mitigate (mit'i-gat), v.t. to render less severe or rigorous or painful; soften; alleviate. mitten (mit'n), n. a fingerless winter glove; a fingerless cover for the hand or wrist. mittimus (mit'i-mus) (Latin **We send''), n. a warrant of commitment to prison ; a writ transferring a rec- ord out of one court to another. mix (miks), v.t. to unite or blend into one mass or compound; join: v.i. to beconie united in a com- pound; associate; mingle. mixture (miks'tur), n. the state of being mixed; a compound or mass formed by mixing, especially one in which the particles of each in- gredient retain their property. mizzen (miz'n), n. the hindmost of the fore- and aft-sails of a ves- sel. mizzle (miz'l), v.i. to rain in very mi- nute drops; to take one's self off: n. fine rain. mnemonics (ne-mon'iks) ,• n.pl. the art or science of assisting the mem- ory. moan (mon), v.i. to utter a low sound from, or as from, pain or sorrow: n. a low prolonged expres- sion of sorrow or pain. moat (mot), n. a ditch round a for- tress, &c.: v.t. to surround with a moat. mob (mob), n. the i)opulace; a rude disorderly crowd; riotous assembly; rabble: v.t. to attack in a disorderly crowd; crowd about and annoy. mobile (mo'bil), arf;. easily moved. mobility (mo-bil'i-ti), n, suscepti- bihty of motion. mobilize (mo'bil-iz), v.t. to call into active mihtary service; place troops on a war footing. ^ moccasin (mok'a-sin), n. a deerskin sandal or shoe worn by the North American Indians; a poisonous American snake. mock (mok), v.t. to ridicule; mimic in sport, contempt, or derision; de- ride; disappoint the hopes of; tan- tahze: n. derision; ridicule: adj. false; counterfeit. mockery (mok'er-i), n. derision; ridi- cule; delusion; imitation. modal (mo'dal), adj. pertaining to mode or form; indicating some mode of expression. mode (mod), n. form; custom; fashion; manner; variety of a syllogism. model (mod'el), n. a pattern of some- thing to be made, or reproduced ; ex- ample for imitation; standard copy; a person who poses as a subject for a painter or sculptor: adj. serving as a pattern or model: v.t. to form after a model, especially in some plastic material: v.i. to practice modeling. [French.] moderate (mod'er-at), v.t. to keep within bounds; lessen; qualify: v.i. to become less violent or intense; preside as a moderator: adj. (mod'er- at) , kept within bounds ; not extreme or excessive ; restrained ; frugal ; calm . moderation (mod-er-a'shun) , n. the act of moderating; the state of being moderate; freedom from ex- cess: equanimity. modern (mod'ern), adj. pertaining to the present time; recent: n.pl. people of modern times. [French.] modest (mod'est), adj. restrained by a due sense of propriety; diflfident; decent; chaste. [Latin.] modesty (mod'es-ti), n. the quality or state of being modest; proi)riety of behavior or manner; chastity; dif- fidence; moderation. modicum (mod'i-kum), n. sl little. modify (mod'i-fi), v.t.^ [p.t. & p.p. modified, p.pr. modifying], to change sHghtly in form; vary; qualify; re- duce. modulate (mod'ti-lat), v.t. to vary the sound of; change the key or mode of: v.i. to pass from one musi- cal key to another. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. MOHAIR 328 MONARCHY mohair (mo'^bar), n. a fabric made from the hair of the Angora goat ; an imitation of such a fabric. moiety (moi'e-ti), n. one of two equal parts or shares; half. [French.] moil (moil), vA, to toil; drudge. moist (moist), adj. containing water or other liquid; humid; damp. moisture (moist'ur), n. a moderate degree of dampness; slight wetness. molar (mo'ler), n. a double tooth or grinder: adj. used for, and capable of, grinding. Diolasses (mo-las'ez) , n. a coarse syrup drained from sugar-cane; a finer syrup is called treacle, a name oftener used in England than the United States. [Spanish.] mold, mould (mold^, n. a fine soft soil, rich in decayed matter; sub- stance of which anything is com- posed; a minute fungoid growth of decaying anirual or vegetable mat- ter; the matrix in which anything is cast or shaped; character: v.t. cover with mold; cause to become moldy; fashion in, or as in, a mold: v.i. to become moldy. molder, moulder (mol'der), v.t. to turn into dust by natural decay: v.i. to crumble to mold; waste away by degrees: n. one who molds. moldiness, mouldiness (mol'di-nes), n. the state of being moldy. mole (mol), n. a dark-colored mark or small protuberance on the skin; a small soft-furred burrowing ani- mal with small eyes of the genus Talpa; a pier or breakwater. molecular (mo-lek'u-ler) , adj. per- taining to, consisting of, produced by, or existing between, mole- cules. molecule (mol'e-kul), n. the smallest quantity of an element or compound which can exist separately. molest (mo-lesf), v.t. to annoy, or interfere with; trouble; vex. [Latin.] molestation (mol-esyta'shun) , n. the act of molesting; interference; an- noyance. mollify (mol'i-fi), v.t [p.t. & p.p, mollified, p.pr. mollifying], to calm; soften; assuage. [Latin.] MoUusca (mo-lus'ka), n.pl. a divi- sion of the Invertebrata comprising animals with a soft fleshy body, and covered more or less with a calca- reous shell, as the snail, &c. moUuscan (mo-lus'kan) , adj. pertain- ing to the MoUusca. Also mollus- cous. mollycoddle (mol'i-cod-1) , n. an ef- feminate, weak, simpleton; a girl-boy. See milksop. Moloch (mo'lok), n. the fire-god of the ancient Phoenicians and Ammo- nites to whom human sacrifices were offered. Also Molech. [Hebrew, "theGod.^n molt, moult (molt), v.i. to cast the feathers, hair, skin, &c. molten (mol'ten), adj. melted; made of melted metal. molybdenum (mol-ib-de'num) , n. a rare metallic element. moment (mo'ment), n. the smallest possible portion of time; an instant; importance; value; the product of a force and the perpendicular of its line of action from the point on which it acts. [Latin.] momentary (mo'men-ta-ri) , adj. last- ing only for, or done in, a moment. momentous (mo-men'tus) , adj. very important. momentum (mo-men'tum) , n. im- petus; the product of the mass by the velocity of a moving body. [Latin.] monachism (mon'a-kizm) , n. mo- nastic life or system. Also monas- ticism. [Greek.] monad (mo'nad), n. an ultimate atom; a simple primary constituent of mat- ter; one of the smallest flagellate Infusoria; an elementary organism or cell; a univalent atom or radical. monandrous (mo-nan'drus) , adj, opposed to polyandrous. Having one husband instead of several. [Greek.] monarch (mon'ark), n. a supreme ruler; sovereign; the chief of its class or kind: adj. supreme. [Greek.] ^ monarchic (mon-ar'kik) , adj. pertain- ing to a monarch or to monarchy; vested in a monarch. Also monar- chical. monarchy (mon'ar-ki), n. [pi. mon- archies (mon'ar-kiz)], government in which the supreme power, either absolute or limited, is vested in a monarch, kingdom, or empire. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, mer?e, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MONASTERS 329 MONSOON monastery (mon'as-ter-i) , n. [pi. mon- asteries (mon'as-ter-iz)], a home for religious retirement for men. monastic (mo-nas'tik), adj. pertain- ing to monasteries, monks, their rules, &c. Also monastical. Monday (mun'da), n. the second day of the week. Named after the moon — "Moon-day." monetary (mun'e-ta-ri) , adj. per- taining to money. monetize (mun'e-tiz), v.t. to convert into money; give a standard or cur- rent value to. money (mun'i), n. [pi. moneys (mun'- iz)], coin; specie; gold, silver, or other metal stamped by legal authority and used as currency; any currency used as money; wealth. [Latin.] monger (mung'ger)_, n. a dealer. mongoose (mon'goos), n. a small ichneumon that preys on snakes. [Mahrati.] mongrel (mung'grel), adj. of a mixed breed or kind: n. anything of mixed breed or kind, as a dog, <£c. monism (mo'nizm), n. the doctrine of the unity of substance; the identity of matter and mind. monition (mo-nish'un), n. admoni- tion; warning; notice. monitor (mpn'i-ter), n. one who warns or admonishes; a senior pupil se- lected to instruct or discipline the younger scholars ; heavilj'-armed tur- reted iron-clad; a genus of large lizards. [Latin.] monitory (mon'i-t5-ri) , adj. giving monition. monk (rnungk), n. a man who de- votes himself exclusively to a reli- gious life and hves in community with others similarly bound by vows to chastity, obedience, and poverty. [Greek.] monkey (mung'ki), n. [pi. monkeys (mung'kiz)], a quadrumanous mam- mal, of the species Simiidae; a name for various mechanical contrivances (such as monkey-hoat, monkey-nrrench, etc.) ; a name of contempt, especially for one of mischievous propensities. [French, then Italian, a diminutive, meaning "little ape."] mono, a Greek prefix meaning one, sin- gle, alone. Also mon, as monobasic: adj. having only a single atom or equivalent of base, ??zo7iocle, an eye- glass for one eye. monody (mon'o-di), n. a plaintive poem or song for one voice. monogamy (mo-nog 'a-mi), n. mar- riage of one wife only; marrying only once. monogram (mon'o-gram) , n. a cipher or character formed by the inter- weaving of two or more letters. monograph (mon'o-graf ) , n. a paper or treatise "^Titten on one par- ticular subject or some branch of it. monolith (mon'o-lith), n. a pillar or column formed of a single stone: adj. monolithic. monologue (mon'o-log), n. a dramatic scene in which one person only speaks; soliloquy. _ monomania (mon-o-ma'ni-a), n. men- tal derangement in regard to one subject only. monometallism (mon-o-met'al-izm), n. the legahzed use of one metal only as the basis of legal tender. monoplane (mon'o-plan), n. an aero- plane or flying machine, composed of a single plane, as contrasted with the biplane, q.v. monopolist (mo-nop'o-hst), 7i. one who nas a monopoly or monopoHzes. monopolize (mo-nqp'o-lTz), v.t. to acquire the possession of, so as to be the only seller. monopoly (mo-nop'o-li), n. in com- merce, the control of some article that is widely sold and hmited in amount. monorail (mon'o-ral), n. a railway in which only one rail is used. monotone (mon'o-ton), n. a recita- tion on a single note or key ; a picture produced in a single tint or tone: v.t. to recite (as prayers) on a single note. monotonous (mo-not 'o-nus) ,ad[;. con- tinued in the same unvarying tone. monotony (mo-not'o-ni), n. dull uniformity of tone; unvarying or irksome sameness, monotype (mon'o-tip), n. a type- setting machine that casts single letters, instead of whole hues. monsoon (mon-soon'), n. a periodical wind in the Indian Ocean blowing from the southwest from April to ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ^ , MONSTER 330 MORALITY October, and from the northeast during the other part of the year. monster (monaster ), n. anything out of the usual course of nature; prodigy; something greatly de- formed; a person remarkable for extreme wickedness, cruelty, &c.: adj. of unusual size. [Latin.] monstrositjr (mon-stros 'i-ti) , n. [pi. monstrosities (mon-stros'i-tiz) ], the state or quality of being monstrous ; an unnatural production. monstrous (mon'strus), adj. out of the common course of nature; wonderful; huge; horrible; enor- mous. month (munth), n. one of the twelve divisions of the year, either calen- dar or lunar. monthly (munth 'li), adj. continued, performed, or happening, in a month: adv. once each month: n. a maga- zine or periodical pubhshed each month. monument (mon'u-ment) , n. any- thing that perpetuates the memory of a person or event. [Latin.] monumental (mon-u-men'tal) , adj, pertaining to, or serving as, a monu- ment; lasting. moo (moo), v.i. to make the noise of a cow; low: n. the lowing of a cow. mood (mood), n. style; manner; temper of mind; variation in the form of a verb to express the man- ner of action or being; in logic, the form of a syllogism with regard to the quantity and quahty of the three propositions by which it is formed ; in music, the same as mode. [Latin.] moody (mood-i), adj. [comp. moodier, superl. moodiest], abstracted and pensive; out of temper; sad; gloomy. moon (moon), n. the satellite that revolves round the earth ; sateUite of a planet; a month [Indian]; a crescent-shaped outwork: v.i. to wander and look about in an ab- stracted and listless manner. moonshiner (moon'shl-ner), n. a distiller of illicit whiskjr ; a smuggler of whisky. [Americanism.] moonstone (moon'ston), n. a trans- lucent stone of yellowish or yellow- white color exhibiting beautiful pearly reflections. Moor (moor), n. one of a dark race dwelling in Barbary in Northern Africa. [Literally "black.'^] moor (moor), n. an extensive tract of waste land covered with heather, &c., sometimes marshy or peaty: v.t. to secure (a ship) by a cable and anchor: v.i. to be secured by a cable and anchor. mooring (moor'ing), n. the act of securing a vessel to a particular place; the cables, anchors, &c., laid at the bottom of a harbor, &c., to which a vessel is moored: pi. the place where a vessel is moored. moose (moos), n. a large North American deer resembhng the Euro- pean elk. moot (moot), v.t. to propose for dis- cussion: v.i. to argue or plead on a supposed case: n. sl discussion on a supposed case: adj. subject or open for discussion or debate. mop (mop), n. an instrument for washing floors, decks, &c., consist- ing of a bundle of cloth, rags, &c., fastened to the end of a long handle ; a fair at which servants are hired: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. mopped, p.pr. mop- ping], to ruD or dry with a mop. mope (rnqp) , v.i. to be silent, dull or dispirited. moppet (mop'et), n. a pet. moquette (mo-kef), n. a carpet, woven with a short velvety pile. [French.] moraine (mo-ran'), n. sl line of rocks and gravel at the edges and base of glaciers. moral (mor'al), adj. pertaining to morality or morals; conformed to right; subject to, or influenced by, the moral law; virtuous; practical- ly sufiicient; serving to teach a moral: n. inner meaning: pi. moral philosophy or ethics; conduct of life; behavior. [Latin.] morale (mo-ral'), n. moral condition; that mental state which renders a man capable of endurance and of exhibiting courage in the pres- ence of danger. [French.] morality (mo-ral'i-ti) , n. [pi. moral- ities (mo-rari-tiz)], the doctrine or practice of the duties of life; ethics; virtue ; formerly a kind of allegorical play. fite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nSrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MORALIZE 331 MORTUARY moralize (mor'al-iz), v.t. to apply or explain in a moral sense; render moral: v.L to make reflections on good or evil. moratorium (mor'a-to-ri-um) , n. an emergency extension of period al- lowed for payment of debt, as de- clared by several governments on the outbreak of the European War. morass (mo-ras'_}, n. a swamp; fen. Moravian (mo-raVi-an) , adj. pertain- ing to Moravia, in Austria, or to a Protestant sect, the Moravians or United Brethren. miorbid (mor'bid), adj. pertaining to disease; sickly; unhealthy. [Latin.] more (nior), adj. [comp. of many and much, superl. most], greater in num- ber, quality, extent, &c.; additional; longer: adv. to a greater degree, &c.; again; besides: n. a greater quantity, number, &c.; something further or additional. moreover (mor-o'ver), adv. besides; further. Moresque (mo-resk'), adj. Moorish or Arabesque: n. such decoration or architecture. [French.] morganatic (mor-ga-nat'ik), adj. de- noting the marriage of a man of royal rank with a woman of inferior degree, whose children are legitimate but cannot inherit their father's rank or possessions, except such property as he leaves them by will. [German.] morgue (morg), n. a place where the bodies of persons found dead are ex- posed for identification. [French.] moribund (mor'i-bund) , adj. dying. Mormon (mor'mun), adj. pertaining to a sect founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith, who professed to have found the Book of Mormon. The sect, called also Latter Day Saints, for- merly practiced polygamy, and has its headquarters in Utah. ^noming (morn'ing), n. the early part of the day: poet, morn: adj. per- taining to, occurring, or performed, in the morning. morocco (mo-rok'o), n. sl fine kind of grained leather of goatskin or sheepskin; first prepared in Moroc- co, Africa. morose (mo-ros'), odj. sullen; aus- tere; gloomy. morphia (mor'fi-a), n. the narcotic principle of opium. Also morphine. morphology (mor-fqro-ji), n. the science of the forms in the organisms of animals and plants. morrow (mor'o), n. the next day. morsel (mor'sel), n. sl small piece. mortal (mor'tal), adj. subject to death; causing death; fatal; pun- ishable with death; violent; ex- treme ; tedious ; pertaining to human beings: n. a human being; man, as subject to death. [Latin.] mortality (mor-tari-ti) , n. the condi- tion of being mortal; mankind; fre- quency or number of deaths in ratio to population. mortar (mor'ter) , n. a vessel in which substances are pounded with a pes- tle; a short piece of ordnance used for throwing shells at high angles of elevation; a building cement of lime, sand, and water: v.t. to plaster or secure with rnortar. mortgage (mor'gaj), n. a deed con- veying property to a creditor as security for the payment of a debt; the deed by which such conveyance is made: v.t. to convey or make over to a creditor as security; pledge. mortgagee (mor-ga-je'), n- the person to whom a mortgage is made or given. mortgager (mor'ga-jer), n. the per- son w^ho grants a mortgage. Also mortgagor. mortification (mor-ti-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of mortifying; gangrene; subjugation of the passions and ap- petites by abstinence; humiliation; vexation; chagrin. mortify (mor'ti-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p, mortified, 'p.pr. mortifying], to de- stroy the vital functions of; produce gangrene in; subdue by penance or austerities ; humble ; depress ; chagrin: v.i. to be subdued; practice austeri- ties; become gangrenous. mortise (mor'tis), n. a hole made in wood to receive a tenon: v.t. to cut or make a mortise in. mortmain (mort'man), n. alienation of lands or tenements to any cor- porate body. [French.] mortuary (mor'tu-a-ri), n. [pi. mor- tuaries (mor'tu-a-riz) , a building for the dead pending burial: adj. per- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, *^en. MOSAIC 3S2 MOUNTAINOUS taming to the burial of the dead. Mosaic (mo-za'ik), adj. pertaining to Moses, to the Law, institutions, &c., given through him, or in his writ- ings. mosaic (mo-za'ik), adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, mosaic work: n. a design, or form of artistic work, formed by the union of very minute pieces of glass, stone, &c., of various colors, inlaid in a ground of stucco or metal. [Greek.] Moslem (mos'lem), adj. pertaining to Mohammedans: n. a Mohammedan or Mussulman. Literally, * 'those who have submitted." miosque (mosk), n. a Mohammedan temple. [Turkish.] mosquito (mus-ke'to), n. an insect of the genus Culex, the females of which puncture the skin of men and animals, causing great cutaneous ir- ritation and pain. [Spanish.] moss (mos), n. soft peaty moorland; a natural order of cryptogamous bog plants, the musci, with simple narrow leaves and of cellular struc- ture; a lichen. most (most), adj. [superl. of more], greatest in number, quantity, or de- gree: n. the greatest number, part, quantity, or value. mot (mo), n. a witty saying. [French.] mote (mot), n. a popular assembly for the discussion and management of affairs; a very small particle. moth (m6th), n. a lepidopterous in- sect or its larvae, which feed upon cloth, fur, &c.; anything that grad- ually gnaws away. miother (mu^/i'er), n. female parent, especially one of the human race; one who has given birth to a child; origin or source; the female superior of a rehgious house; a thick sUmy substance or film concreted in liq- uids: adj. native; producing others: v.L to adopt as a son or daughter. mother-in-law (mu^/i'er-in-law) , n. the mother of one's husband or wife. motherless (mu^/i'er-les) , adj. deprived of one's mother. motion (mo'shun), n. the act, pro- cess, or state of moving; passage of a body from one place to another; animal life and action; impulse, de- sire, or passion; internal activity; a proposition made in a dehberative as- sembly; evacuation of the bowels: v.i. to make a significant movement or gesture. ^ [Latin.] motive (mo'tiv), adj. causing motion; able or tending to move: n. that which moves or excites to action; inducement; reason; stimulus; in art, leading idea, or conception. motley (mot'li), adj. covered with parts of various colors; heteroge- neous. motor (mo'ter), n. a machine trans- mitting power; a device for trans- forming heat, etc., into mechanical motion: adj. imparting motion. niotordrome (mo'ter-drom), n. atrack where automobile and motorcycle races are held. motto (mot'o), n. {pi. mottoes (mot'oz)J, a concise sentence added to a device, or prefixed to anything, suggesting some guiding principle. [Italian.] moujik (moo-zhek'), n. a Russian peasant. mould. See mold. moult. See molt. mound (mound), n. an artificial bank of earth or stone, originally for de- fensive purposes; hillock; a small globe surmounted by a cross, sym- bolical of empire: v.t. to furnish, or fortify, with a mound.^ mount (mount), n. a hill or moun- tain; a rocky mass or elevation ris- ing above the level of the surround- ing land; a mound for defense or at- tack; rampart; cardboard on which a drawing is fixed: v.t. to laise on high; climb; ascend; bestride; fur- nish with horses; prepare for use by- fixing on, or in, something else: v.i. to rise up; project; tower; get on horseback. mountain (moun'tn), n. a large mass of rock or earth rising above the level of the adjacent country; usu- ally over 2,000 feet; anything very large. mountaineer (moun-tn-er') , n. one who dwells among, or climbs, moun- tains: v.i. to climb mountains. mountainous (moun'tn-us), adj, full of, or resembling, moimtains. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, ^/len. MOUNTEBANK 333 MUFFLE mountebank (moun'te-bank) , n. a quack-doctor; boastful pretender. mounted (moun'ted) , p.adj. seated or serving on horseback; placed on a suitable support. mounting ^ (moun'ting) , n, the act of mounting, embellishing, or equip- ping. mourn (morn), v.i. to grieve; la- ment; be sorrowful; wear mourn- ing: v.t. to grieve for; bewail. mournful (morn'fool), adj. causing, or expressing, sprrow; doleful ;^ sad. mourning (morn'ing) , n. expression of grief; lame-nting; the dress of a mourner. mouse (mous), n. [pi. mice (mis) ], a small rodent of the genus Mus, that infests houses, granaries, &c.: v.i. (mouz) to watch for, or catch, mice; watch for something in a sly manner; pry curiously: v.t, to tear, as a cat tears a mouse. moustache (moos-tashO, n. the better spelling for the hair which grows over the upper lip. [French.] See mustache. mouth (mouth), n. the opening in the head of an animal by which it receives food and utters sounds; en- trance or opening; exit; instrument of speaking; grimace: v.t. (mouth) to utter with an affected sweUing or pompous voice: v.i. make grimaces. mouthful (mouth'f ool) , n. [pi. mouth- fuls (mouth'foolz) ], as much as can be put into the mouth at one time; small quantity. mouthpiece (mouth'pes), n. that part of an instrument which is held in or apphed to the mouth; a spokes- man. movable (moov'a-bl), adj. capable of being moved or conveyed; changing from one time to another: n.pl. goods, wares, or furniture. move (moov), v.t. to cause to change place or position; impel; set in mo- tion; rouse to action; influence; propose formally: v.i. to change place or position; go from place to place; stir; take action; change res- idence: n. the act of moving; right to move; movement; artifice or scheme. movement (moov'ment), n. the act or manner of moving; change of place or position; motion; excitement movie (moov'e), n. a photoplay, or moving picture show (colloq.). moving (moov'ing), p.adj, causing motion, or change of position; stirring the passions or affections; pathetic: n. the act of changing one's residence. moving picture (moov'ing pik-tur), n. a succession of photographs of moving objects upon a continuous film for projection upon a screen. mow (mo), v.t. [p.t. mowed, p.p. mowed, mown, p.pr. mowing], to cut down with, or as with, a scythe: v.i. to cut grass with a scythe. mown (mon), p.p. of mow. much (much), adj. [comparative more, superlative most], great in quantity or amount; long in duration; many in number: adv. to a great degree mucilage (mu'si-laj), n, a gummy or gelatinous substance; gum of plants. muck (muk), n. moist dung; any- thing filthy or vile: v.t. to manure with dung. mucous (mu'kus), adj. pertaining to, resembling, or secreting, mucus; vis- cous or sHmy. mucus (mu'kus), n. the viscid fluid secreted by the mucous membrane; a gummy or slimy substance found in certain plants. mud (mud), n. soft wet earth; mire. muddle (mud'l), v.t. to make a mess of or confuse; cloud or stupefy; make partially drunk; squander: n. a con- fused state; intellectual dulness or bewilderment. muezzin (moo-ez'zn), n. a Moham- medan priest who from a minaret of some mosque calls the faithful to prayer, especially at sunrise or sun- set. [Arabic] muff (muf), n. a warm soft cylin'drical cover of fur, &c., to keep the hands warm in cold weather; a stupid, spiritless fellow; failure to hold a ball when catching it: v.t. to handle awkwardly; fail to hold (a ball) when almost catching it. muffin (muf 'in), n. a soft light spongy round cake. muffle (muf'l), v.t. to wrap up closely and warmly; cover or conceal the face of; cover up so as to deaden sound: v.i. to speak indistinctly: n. fite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; ^ hue, hut ; think, Hiqh, MUFFLER 334 MUMMY a semi-cylindrical earthenware oven used in assaying metals. muffler (muf'ler), n. a wrapper. mufti (mufti), n. [pi. muftis (muf'tiz)], a doctor or official expounder of Mohammedan law; civilian dress worn by a naval or military officer when off duty. [Turkish.] mug (mug), n. an earthenware or metallic drinking vessel; the face. mugwump (mug'wump), n. an in- dependent member of any political party with which he acts only so long as its principles are his own. [Origi- nally a New England rustic word.] mulatto (mu-lat'o), n. [j)L mulattoea (mti-lat'oz)], the offspring of negro and white parents. [Spanish.] Fem- ininej mulatress. [French.] mulberry (mul'ber-i), n. [pL mulber- ries (mul'ber-iz)], the tree or fruit of the genus Morus ; dark purple. mulct (mulkt), v.t, to punish with a fine: n. a fine, especially for some misdemeanor. [Latin.] mule (mul), n. the offspring of a male ass and a mare; a stubborn, obstinate person; a machine for spinning cotton, &c. [Latin.] mulish (mul'ish), adj. like a mule; stubborn. mull (mul), n. a headland or cape; a snuff-box made of the end of a horn; a very thin soft kind of muslin; an inferior kind of madder; dust or rubbish; failure: ?;.^. to warm, spice, and sweeten (wine, ale, &c.) : v.i. to brood, to be introspective, to dwell long and deeply on some theme, often in a morbid way. mullet (mul'et), n. an edible marine fish, much esteemed for the table. mullidn (mul'yun), n. an upright bar or division between the lights of win- dows, screens, &c., in a Gothic arch: v.t. to furnish with, or divide by, muUions. mulse (muls), n. wine boiled and mixed with honey. [Latin.] mult, multi, Latin prefixes meaning many; as, mt^Z^angular, having many angles, multi^oiouSy having many flowers. multigraph (mul'ti-graf ) , n. a machine for manifolding letters, office forms, &c., in typewriter type. multifarious (mul-ti-fa'ri-us), adj. having great diversity; made up of many parts. multiple (mul'ti-pl), adj. consisting of many parts ; repeated many times : n. a number or quantity which con- tains another an exact number of times without a remainder. multiplex (mul'ti-pleks), adj. mani- fold. [Latin.] multiplicand (mul-ti-pli-kand') » n. the number or quantity to be multiplied. multiplication (mul-ti-pli-ka'shun) , n. the act or process of multiplying; rule or operation by ^ which any given number or quantity is multi- plied. multiplicity (mul-ti-plis'i-ti), n. the state of being manifold; a great number. multiplier (mul'ti-pK-er) , n. one who, or that which, multiplies or increases ; the number or quantity by which an- other is multiplied. multiply (mul'ti-pli), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. multiplied, p.pr. ^ multiplying], to cause to increase in number; make more by natural generation, produc- tion, or addition; repeat (any given number or quantity) as often as there are units in another number or quantity: v.i. to increase in num- ber or extent. multitude (mul'ti-tud) , n. a great number; crowd; assembly; populace (with the). multitudinous (mul-ti-tu'di-nus) , adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, a multitude; numerous. mum (mum), adj. silent: n. silence; a kind of strong ale: inter j, be si- lent! mumble (mum'bl), v.t. & v.i. to mut- ter or speak indistinctly; chew gently with closed lips. [Danish.] mumm (mum), v.i. to mask or dis- guise one's self for sport. mummer (mum'er), n. one who makes sport in disguise; a masker; actor. [Old French.] mummery (mum'er-i), n. masquer- ading; buffoonery; hypocritical par- ade or disguise. mummy (mum'i), n. [pi. mummies (mum'iz)], a dead body embalmed after the manner of the ancient Egyptians; a kind of wax used in ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, th^n. MUMP 335 MUSLIN grafting trees; a rich brown color from bitumen. mump (mump), v.i. & v.t. to move the Hps with the mouth nearly closed; nibble; cheat; whine or sulk; play the beggar; to mutter; impose upon. mumps (mumps), n. contagious febrile disease characterized by a swelling of the parotoid glands. munch (munch), v.t. & v.i. to chew with an audible _ crunching noise. mundane (mun'dan), adj. pertaining to the world. _[Latin.] municipal (mu-nis'i-pal), adj. per- taining to a city, corporation, state, or local self-government. [Latin.] municipality^ (pau-nis-i-pari-ti), n. [^l. municipalities (mu-nis-i-pari- tiz)], a corporate town or city; a division of the country. [France.] munificence (mu-nif'i-sens), n. the quality or state of being munificent ; liberality. munificent (mu-nif'i-sent), oc?;. char- acterized by great liberality in giving ; bountiful. muniment (mu'ni-ment) , n. a strong- hold or fortification; a legal record defending a title; title-deed or char- acter. [Latin.] munitions (mu-nish'unz), n.pl. mili- tary stores or material. mural ^ (mu'ral), adj. pertaining to, growing on, or resembling, a wall. murder (mer'der), n. homicide with mahce aforethought: v.t. to kill with premeditated malice; mangle; mar or ruin. murderer (mer'der-er) , n. one who is guilty of murder. Feminine, murder- ess. murderous (mer'der-us), adj. per- taining to, guilty of, or attended with, murder. muriatic (mu-ri-at'ik) , adj. derived from sea salt. murk (merk), n. darkness. murky (merk'i), adj. dark; gloomy; obscure. murmur (mer'mer), n. a low indis- tinct sound, as of a running stream ; a complaint in a low muttering tone: v.i. to make a low continued noise like the hum of bees; mutter in discontent; grumble. murrain (mur'an), n. an infectious and fatal disease among cattle. murrey (mur'i), n. dark red. muscatel (mus-ka-teF) , n. a variety of rich musky wine; the grapes which produce it; a sweet fragrant pear. Muscadel, muscadine. [French.] muscle (mus'l), n. a highly contractile organ of fibrous tissue by which movement in an animal bodj' is ef- fected; muscular strength. Muscovite (mus'ko-^at), n. a Russian. muscular (mus'ku-lar), adj. per- taining to, consisting of, or per- formed by, muscles; strong; vig- orous; brawny. Muse (muz), n. any one of the nine classical goddesses who presided each over one of the nine Hberal arts. muse (muz), v.i. to study in silence; meditate; be absent-minded: v.t. to meditate on. museum (mu-ze'um), n. a collection of natural, scientific, or literary curi- osities, or of works of art; the building containing such a collection. TheJ greatest museum in ancient times was at Alexandria; in modern times, the British Museum in London. mush (mush), n. boiled Indian corn meal. mushroom (mush'room), n. an edible fungus .4^aric?^s campestris, or simi- lar edible fungi; an upstart: adj. made from, or resembling, mush- rooms; upstart; ephemeral. music (mu'zik), n. the art or science of harmonic sounds; harmony or melody; musical score or composi- tion. [Greek.] musical (mu'zi-kal), adj. pertaining to, producing, or consisting of, music; harmonious; melodious. musician (mu-zish'an), n. one skilled in the science of music ; one who sings, or plays on a musical instrument. musing (muz'ing), n. meditation: adj. meditative. musk (musk), n. a strong-scented sub- stance obtained from the male musk- deer [Sanskrit -French]; a small plant with a musk-scented perfume. musket (mus'ket), n. the firearm for- merly used by infantry. musketeer (mus-ket-er') , n. a soldier armed with a musket. muslin (muz'lin), n. a fine thin cot- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; htie, hut ; think, then. MUSS 336 MYSTERY ton cloth or fabric: adj. made of muslin. The name is derived from Moslem. See Mussulman. muss (mus), n, a confused struggle; disorder: v.t. to disorder, as clothing. mussel (mus'el), n. a marine edible bivalve. [Latin.] Mussulman (mus'ul-man) , n. [pL Mussulmans (mus'ul-manz)], a Mo- hammedan, or Moslem. The word is derived from Moslem. See Mu- hammedan. mussy (mus'i), adj. disordered. [Col- loquial.] miust (must), n. unfermented ex- pressed grape juice: v.t. to make moldy and sour: v.i.y pr.t. only; to be obliged morally or physically. mustache (mus-tashO , n. hair worn on a man's upper lip. Also moustache. mustang (mus'tang), n. the small, hardy, semi-wild horse of the prai- ries. [Spanish.] mustard (mus'terd), n. a plant and its seed of the genus Sinapis; a con- diment made from the ground seed. muster (mus'ter), n. an assembly of troops for review or active service; register of troops mustered; assem- blage; collection: v.t. to assemble, as troops for review or active service: v.i. to meet in one place. [O. French. ] musty (mus'ti), adj. [comp. mustier, superl. mustiest], spoiled with damp, mold, or age; spiritless; antiquated. mutable (mu'ta-bl), adj. susceptible of change. [Latin.] mutation (mu-ta'shun) , n. altera- tion; change. mute (mut), adj. silent; dumb; not pronounced or sounded: n. one who is dumb or remains silent; an under- taker's assistant who stands before the door of a house at a funeral; a consonant which is not pronounced, or intercepts the sound; a contriv- ance to deaden or soften the sound of a musical instrument. [Latin.] mutilate (mu'ti-lat), v.t. to cut oft a limb or essential part of; render im- perfect; maim. [Latin.] mutinous (mu'ti-nus), adj. disposed to, or guilty of, mutiny; seditious. mutiny (mu'ti-ni), n. insurrection against, or forcible resistance to, constituted authority, especially of soldiers or sailors against their ofi5- cers: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. mutinied, p.pr» mutinying], to rise against consti- tuted authority. _ [French.] mutoscope (mu'to-skop) , n. a form of kinetoscope, worked by hand. mutter (mut/er), v.i. to utter words in a low voice with compressed hps; murmur: v.t. to utter indistinctly: n. indistinct utterance; murmur. [Danish.] mutton (mut'n), n. the flesh of sheep. [French.] mutual (mu'tu-al), adj, reciprocal. [Latin.] muzzle (muz'l), n. the projecting mouth, lips, and nose of an animal; snout; the mouth of a gun, &c.; a fastening or cover for the mouth of a dog, &c., to prevent biting: v.t, to secure the mouth of with a muzzle. my (mi), pass. pron. belonging to me. mycology (mi-koro-ji), n. the branch of botany that treats of fungi or mushrooms. myology (mi-oro-ji), n. a description of the muscles. myopia (mi-o'pi-a), n. short-sighted- ness. See presbyopia. myriad (mir'i-ad), n. the number of 10,000; a very large number: adj. innumerable. [Greek.] myrmidon, n. a brutal or unprinci- pled follower or subordinate. myrrh (mer), n. the aromatic gummy resin of Balsamodendron myrrha, growing in Arabia and Abyssinia. [Greek.] myrtle (mer'tl), n. a fragrant ever- green shrub of the genus Myrtus. myself (mi-self), pron. [pi. ourselves (our-selvz')], I or me in person: used emphatically or reflexively. mystagogue (mis'ta-gog), n. an ini- tiator into, or interpreter of, the Greek mysteries; in the Roman Catholic Church, one who keeps and exhibits relics. [Greek.] mysterious (mis-te'ri-us) , adj. not clear to the understanding; obscure; incomprehensible. mystery (mis'ter-i), n. [pi. mysteries (mis'ter-iz)], something secret, ob- scure, or unexplained; that which is beyond human comprehension; for- merly a trade or handicraft: pi. among the ancients, sacred rites and ceremonies to which the initiated ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit , note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. MYSTIC 337 . MYTHOLOGY only were admitted, as at Eleusis, in mystery; obscure; bewilder; where the well educated were taught puzzle. that their mythology was only myth (mith), n. a legend; poetic fic- allegory, and where the doctrine of tion; a fabulous narrative founded the immortaHty of the soul was on some event, especially in the preached ; rehgious dramas or miracle early existence of a people, and em- plays in the Middle Ages. [Greek.] bodying their ideas as to their own mystic (mis'tik), ac(;*. pertaining to, or origin, their gods, natural phenom- containing, mystery or mysticism; ena, &c. [Greek.] allegorical; emblematical; obscure; mythic (mith'ik), adj. pertaining to occult. Also mystical. myths. Also mythical. mysticism (mis'ti-sizm), 7i. the doc- mythological (mith-o-loj'i-kal), adj. trines of the Mystics, who professed pertaining to mythology; mythical, a pure, sublime, and disinterested mythology (mith-oro-ji), n. [j)l. myth- devotion, and who aspired, through ologies (mith-oF o-jiz)], the col- the inward perception of the mind, lected body or system of the a more direct intercourse with God traditions or legends of a people than is afforded by revelation; ob- in which are embodied their beliefs scurity of thought or teaching. concerning their origin, gods, heroes, mystify (mis'ti-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. mys- &c.; the science of myths; a treatise tified, p.pr. mystifying], to involve on myths. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ^ N N, the fourteenth letter in the EngHsh language. It is a liquid nasal among the consonants and affiliates equally with m, r, and I. Cf. com-mingle; cor-relate; and col-loquy. The char- acter is possibly derived from the Phoenician Nun (Greek nu), mean- ing a fish. nab (nab), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. nabbed, p.pr. nabbing], to catch or seize unexpectedly. nabob (na'bob), n. in India, a deputy or administrator under the extinct Mogul Empire ; one who has amassed wealth in India; a very wealthy man. [Hindustani.] nacelle (na-seF), n. the bar protecting the sides of a dirigible-. nacre (na'ker), n. mother-of-pearl. nacreous (na'kre-us), adj. having an iridescent luster ; resembling mother- of-pearl. nadab (na'dab), n. the high-priest of the Persians. nadir (na'der), n. that part of the heavens directly under our feet, or directly opposite to the zenith. nsevus (ne'vus), n. a birth-mark. [Latin.] nag (nag), n. a small saddle-horse: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. nagged, p.pr. nag- ging], to scold or find fault with con- tinually: v.i. to find fault constantly. Naiad (na'yad), n. sl water-nymph. naif (na-ef), adj. noting an uncut jewel with a natural luster, as a naif gem. Also anything simple and rather winning because of its lack of art. Feminine, naive. nail (nal), n. the horny substance at the ends of the human fingers and toes; the claws of a bird or other animal; 2}4 inches: a pointed piece of metal usually furnished with a head for fastening woodwork, &c.: v.t. to fasten with nails; to secure or make certain ; to hold down tight- ly, as to an argument; to expose, as to nail a lie. nainsook (nan'sook), n. a thick kind of muslin. [Hindu.] naked (na'ked), adj. unclothed; bare; unarmed ; defenseless ; exposed to view; plain; without addition or ornament; without glasses. name (nam), n. that by which a per- son or thing is called; designation; character; reputation; fame; au- thority: v.t. to give an appellation or designation to; nominate; specify; mention by name. nameless (nam'les), adj. without a name; unknown; not fit to be men- tioned. namesake (nam'sak), n. one having the same name. nankeen (nan-ken'), n. a buff-colored cotton cloth, originally from the district of Nankeen in China. nanny-goat (nan'i-got), n. sl she- goat. See billy-goat. nap (nap), n. a short slumber; doze; a game at cards (Napoleon); the woolly substance on the surface of cloth; pile; downy covering of plants; top of a hill: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. napped, p.pr. napping], to doze. nape (nap), n. the back of the neck. napery (nap'er-i), n. table-linen; linen underclothing. naphtha (nap'tha), n. a clear, volatile, inflammable, bituminous, liquid hy- drocarbon exuding from the earth, or distilled, from coal-tar, &c.; rock- oil. napkin (nap 'kin), n. a small cloth, specifically one used at table for wiping the hands, &c. narcotic (nar-kot'ik) , adj. producing coma or torpor: n. a medicine to alleviate pain and produce sleep, ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nSrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. NARD 339 NAUTILUS and in excessive doses causing death. nard (nard), n. spikenard; an aro- matic unguent prepared from it. narrate (nar-raf), v.t, to tell; recite; give an account of; write, as a story. narrative (nar'ra-tiv) , adj. pertaining to narration: n, recital of a story or event; tale. narrow (nar'o), oc^y. of little breadth or extent; limited; straitened; con- tracted in mind; bigoted; ungener- ous; within a little distance: v.t. to lessen the breadth or extent of; confine or contract; restrict: v.i. to become narrow; not to take ground enough: said of a horse: n.'pl. a strait or narrow passage between two seas. nasal (naz'al), adj, pertaining to, af- fected by, or pronounced through the nose: n. a letter pronounced through the nose. [Latin.] nascent (nas'ent), adj. beginning to grow or exist. [Latin.] nasty (nas'ti), adj. [comp. nastier, su' perl, nastiest], dirty, nauseous; fil- thy; obscene; foul; serious. natal (na'tal), adi. pertaining to one^s birth or birthday; indige- nous. natant (nat'ant), adj. swimming; in heraldry, floating on the surface: said of fish. natatorium (nat-a-to'ri-um), n. a swimming pool. nation (na'shun), n. the inhabitants of one country or united under the same government; people ethnologi- cally or linguistically allied. [Latin.] national (nash'un-al), adj. pertain- ing to a nation; public; general; attached to one's country. nationality (nash-un-ari-ti), n. na- tional character; patriotism; nation. native ^ (na'tiv), adj. pertaining to the time and place of birth; pro- duced by nature; not acquired; in- nate: n. one who is born in a cer- tain country or place; an oyster cul- tivated artificially. nativity (na-tiv'i-ti), n. time, place, and manner of birth; astrological representation of the position of the heavenly bodies at the time of one's birth. Nativity, n. the birth of Christ (with the) . natron (na'tron), n. native carbonate of soda. [Arabic] natty (nat'i), adj. tidy; neat; smart. natural (nat'u-ral), adj. pertaining to, produced by, or in the course of, nature; inborn; not artificial; oc- curring in the ordinary course of things; treating of mind and mat- ter; not revealed, as religion; true to life; unassumed; affectionate by nature; illegitimate; unconverted; according to the usual diatonic scale of C [Music]: n. sl sign (l^) used to correct the previous power of a sharp or flat [Music]; an idiot. naturalism (nat'u-ral-izm), n. mere state of nature; natural religion; the denial of supernatural inter- ference with natural laws naturalize (nat'u-ral-iz), v.t. to make natural; acclimatize; invest (a for- eigner) with the privileges of a natu- ral-born citizen or subject. nature (na'cher pr nat'tir), n. the universe; essential qualities; spe- cies; natm-al order of things; con- stitution; personal character or natural disposition; natural affec- tion: nudity. (Latin.l nature-faker (nat'ur-fak'er), n. one who puts forward misleading state- ments about natural phenomena, habits of animals, &c. naught (nawt), ^ n. nothing: adj, worthless: adv. in no degree. naughty (nawt'i), adj. bad; perverse or mischievous. nausea (naw'shi-a), n. sl strong sensa- tion of sickness; sea-sickness; loath- ing or disgust. [Latin.] nauseate (naw'shi-at), v.t. to affect with nausea; loathe: v.i. to feel dis- gust; be inclined to vomit. nauseous (naw'shus), adj, loathsome; abhorrent. nautch (nawch), n, in India, a dance performed by girls; dancing exhibi- tion. [Hindustani.] nautical (naw'ti-kal), adj. pertain- ing to ships, sailors, or navigation; maritime. Also nautic. nautilus (naw'ti-lus), n. [pi. nautili (naw'ti-li)], any member of a genus of cephalopods, including those furnished with a chambered spinal univalve shell; a kind of diving- bell. [Latin.] &te, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; ^ hue, hut; think, then. NAVAL 340 NE'ER naval (naVal) , adj. pertaining to ships or a navy ; consisting of ships ; maritime. nave (nav), n. the middle or body of a church, extending from the chan- cel to the principal entrance; the center of a wheel in which the spokes are inserted. [Latin.] navel (nav'el), n. the depression in the center of the lower part of the ab- domen. navigable (nav'i-ga-bl) , adj. capable of being navigated. navigate (nav'i-gat), v.i. to pass on the water by a ship or vessel; sail: v.t. to pass over in a ship or boat; steer or manage in sailing. navigation (nav-i-ga'shun) , n. the act of navigating ; the science of navigating ships. navy (na'vi), n. the ships of war belonging to a nation, or their offi- cers and men. [Latin.] nay (na), adv. no; not only so, but: n. a refusal or denial. Xazarene (naz-a-ren'), n. a native of Nazareth: applied to Jesus Christ, His followers, and "the early Chris- tians as a term of contempt; in the Early Church, one of a sect of Ju- daizing Jews. neap (nep), adj. low: applied to the tides which occur in the beginning of the second and fourth quarters of the moon. near (ner), adj. [comv. nearer, su- perl. nearest], not far distant in time, place, or degree; close; inti- mate; dear; familiar; literal; nar- row; parsimonious; on the left side: adv. at a little distance; al- most: prep, close to: v.t. to ap- proach; come near to. near-si§;ht (ner'sit), short-sightedness; myopia. neat (net), n. cattle of the bovine genus: adj. pertaining to bovine ani- mals; tidy; trim and clean; simple and elegant; chaste; unadulterated. neb (neb), n. a bird's beak, mouth; nose or snout. nebula (neb'u-la),n. [pi. nebulae (neb'u- le)], a faint misty patch of fight in the heavens produced by groups of stars too remote to be seen singly, or by masses of diffused gaseous matter; a sfight white spot on the cornea. nebulous (neb'u-lus), adj. pertaining to, or resembling, a nebula; cloudy; hazy; perplexed. necessary (nes'e-sa-ri), adj. that can- not be otherwise; essential; indis- pensable: n. [pi. necessaries (nes'e- sa-riz)], things requisite. necessitate (ne-ses'i-tat), v.t. to make necessary; compel; render unavoid- able; constrain. necessity (ne-ses'i-ti) , n. the state of being necessary; that which is un- avoidable; compulsion; extreme poverty: pi. things necessary for hu- man life. [Latin.] neck (nek), n. that part of the body between the head and trunk ; a long narrow part, as of land or a ves- sel. necklace (nek'las), n. a string of beads or ornaments, as pearls, dia- monds, and lapis lazufi, worn round the neck. necrology (nek-rol'o-ji), n. a register, or account, of the dead. necromancy (nek'ro-man-si) , n. the pretended art of predicting future events by communication with the dead. necropolis (nek-rop'o-lis), n. "city of the deadf' a cemetery. [Greek.] ^ necrosis (nek-ro'sis), n. mortification and death of a bone; a disease in plants, characterized by small black spots. nectar (nek'tar), n. in classic my- thology, the wine of the gods: the honey of plants; any delicious bev- erage. nee (na), adj. by birth: often placed before the maiden name of a mar- ried woman. [French.] need (ned), n. necessity; urgent want; exigency; poverty: v.t. to want: v.i. to be necessary or wanted. needful (ned'fool), adj. necessary; needy. needle (ned'l), n. a small sharp-point- ed steel instrument furnished with an eye to hold thread; anything re- sembling a needle ; the polarized steel of a mariner's compass. needs (nedz), adv. necessarily; indis- pensably. needy (ned'i), adj. very poor; neces- sitous. _ ne'er (nar), adv. contraction of never. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, thQn. r NEFARIOUS 341 NEURALGIA nefarious (ne-f ar'i-us) , adj. ex- ' tremely wicked; vile; infamous. negation (ne-ga'shun) , n. denial; ab- sence of certain qualities. [Latin.] negative (neg'a-jtiv) , adj. implying negation; denying; refusing; having the power of veto ; noting a quantity to be subtracted: n. a proposition by which something is denied ; a word expressing denial; a photo- graph in which the Hghts and shades of the object are the opposite of those in nature: v.t. to dismiss or reject by vote. neglect (neg-lekf), n. omission; habit- ual negligence ; disregard ; careless- ness: v.t. to omit by carelessness or design; slight; disregard. neglectful (neg-lekt'fool), adj. in- dicating, or accustomed to, neglect; careless. negligence (neg'H-jens), n. careless- ness. negligent (neg'li-jent), adj. careless. negotiable (ne-go'shi-a-bl), adj. cap- able of being negotiated, trans- ferred, or exchanged. negotiate (ne-go'shi-at), v.i. to treat with others in business or private affairs; hold intercourse respecting a treaty, &c.: v.t. to conclude by treaty, bargain, or agreement ; sell. negro (ne'gro), n. [pT. negroes (ne'- groz)], an African black. Fern, ne- gress: adj. pertaining to. or charac- teristic of, negroes. [Spanish.] negus (ne'gus), n. a beverage of hot water and wine, sweetened and spiced. Named from the inventor, one Col. Negus. neigh (na), v.i. to utter the cry, or whinny, of a horse: n. the cry of a horse. neighbor (na'ber), n. one who dwells near to another; an intimate: adj. near to another; adjacent: v.t. to adjoin: v.i. to be neighborly or friendly. neighborhood (na'ber-hood) , n. adja- cent district; vicinity; the state of being neighbors. neighborly (na'ber-li) , adj. like, or be- coming, a neighbor; social; civil; friendly: adv. in the manner of a neighbor. neither (ne' or m'thev), pron. & conj. not either. Nemesis (nem'e-sis), n. retributive vengeance: from Nemesis, the aveng- ing deity of the Greeks. neo, a Greek prefix meaning neWj young, recent, as neoplastic, recently formed. neologism (ne-oro-jizm), n. a new word or phrase introduced into a language; new rehgious doctrines. neon (ne'on), n. a recently discovered element existing in atmospheric air. neophyte (ne'o-fit), n. a novice; one recently baptized; a convert: adj. recently entered. [Greek.] nephew (nef'u), n. the son of a brother or sister. nepotism (nep'o-tizm), n. sl prefer- ence shown in bestowing patronage to one's relatives in the pubHc ser- vice. [Latin.] nerve (nerv), n. one of the grey fibers which convey sensation from all parts of the body to the brain and originate motion; tendon; sinew; strength; manliness; the strong vein of a leaf: v.i. to invigorate or strengthen. [Franco-Latin.] nervous (nerVus), adj. pertaining to, or composed of, nerves; having weak nerves; easily agitated; vigor- ous in style. nest (nest), n. the bed or dweUing chosen by a bird for incubation, and the rearing of its young; the place where eggs are laid and hatched; a cozy residence; a number of boxes, one fitting inside another: v.i. to build and occupy a nest. nestle (nes'l), v.i. to He close and snug; take shelter: v.t. to cherish. net (net), n. an instrument of twine knotted into meshes for catching birds, fish, &c.; anything resembling or made like a net ; a snare : adj. clear of all charges or deductions: opposed to gross: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. netted, p.pr. netting], to make mto a net or network; take with a net; snare; produce as clear profit: v.i. to form network. nether {neth'er), adj. lying beneath; lower ; belonging to the regions below. nettle (net'l), n. a stinging plant of the genus tlrtica: v.t. to provoke or irritate. neuralgia (nu-ral'ji-a), n. acute pain in a nerve. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. NEURASTHENIA 342 NIHILISM neurasthenia (nu-ras-the'ni-a), n. brain and nerve exhaustion, as from influenza, &c. neuro, a Greek prefix mesimng nerve, aa neurography, a treatise on the nerves. neurology (nu-roro-ji), n. a scientific descriptionof the nerves. neurotic (nu-rot'ik), adj, pertaining to, seated in, or affecting, the nerves; characterized by a morbid hysteri- cal style :_n. a nerve tonic. ^ neuter (nu'ter), adj. of neither sex; intransitive : n. a flower having nei- ther pistil nor stamens; a sterile sexless insect, especially the work- ing bee. [Latin.] neutral (nti'tral), adj. unbiased; in- different; taking no part on either side in a contest; neither very good nor very bad; neither acid not al- kaline; said of chemical salts. neutrality (nu-tral'i-ti) , n. the state of being neutral. neutralize (nu'tral-iz), v.t. to make neutral; render inactive. never (nev'er), adv. not at any time; in no degree. nevertheless (nev-er-^^e-les') , ddv. notwithstanding; in spite of that. new (nti), adj. recent in origin; mod- ern; novel; lately made, produced, invented, or discovered; recently entered upon or commenced; not previously used ; fresh. newel (nu'el), n. in a winding stair- ca^, the central upright pillar around which the steps turn. new-fangled (nu-fang'gld), adj. new- fashioned. news (nuz), n. recent intelligence; tidings. newspaper (nuz'pa-per), n. a paper published periodically, usually daily or weekly, containing the most re- cent intelligence. New Thought (nu thawt), n. an op- timistic behef that circumstances may be controlled by the mind, by a new thought, acting in harmony with, universal love. next (nekst), adj. [superl. of nigh and near], nearest in time, place, degree, or rank: adv, immediately succeed- ing. nib (nib), n. a bird^s beak; the point of anything, especially a pen. nice (nis), adj, fastidious; precise; squeamish; minutely discriminative; delicate; refined; socially agreeable; pleasing to the palate; scrupulously exact. [French.] nicety (nis'e-ti), n. delicate manage- ment; fastidious delicacy; preci- sion; minute accuracy: pL table delicacies. niche (nich), n. a recess in a wall for a statue. [French.] nick (ink), n. exact or critical point of time; winning throw at dice: v.t. to cut in nicks or notches; touch at the lucky moment; cheat; steal. nickel (nik'el), n. sl greyish-white duc- tile metal; a five-cent coin, made of nickel and copper alloy. [Swedish.] nickelodeon (nik-el-od'e-on) , n. an amusement place for moving pic- tures, admission to which is five cents. nickname (nik'nam), n. a name given in derision or familiarity: v.t. to give a nickname to; call by an op- probrious name. nicotine (nik'o-tin), n. an acrid, poi- sonous alkaloid extracted from to- bacco. Also nicotin. Named from the French diplomat, Nicot, who first introduced this kind of tobacco into France (1562). niece (nes), n. the daughter of a brother or sister. [French.] niggard (nig'ard), adj. meanly cov- etous; parsimonious; miserly. Also niggardly: n. one who is meanly covetous; a miser. ^ nigh (ni), adj. near in time or place; adjacent; closely allied by blood or friendship: adv. near; almost: prep. near to. night (nit), n. the time from sunset to sunrise; period of darkness; death; intellectual or moral dark- ness. night-hawk (nit 'hawk), n. a person who prowls at night; in cities a cab- man to take drunkards into his cab to rob them. nightingale (nit'in-gal), n. a small bird which sings with a sweet note at night ; philomeh nightmare (nit 'mar), n. a dreadful dream accompanied with oppres- sion on the chest and a feeling of helplessness; an incubus. nihilism (ni'hil-izm), n. scepticism Ute, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; htie, hut ; think, then. NIL 343 NOISOME which denies that anything, even ex- istence, can be known; an extreme socialist movement in Russia to destroy existing institutions and found a new order of things with communistic rights of land and property. [Latin, "nothing."] nil (nil), n. nothing. [Latin.] nimble (nim'bl), adj. quick and ac- tive; alert; lively; brisk. nimbus (nim'bus), n. in art, the halo or cloud oi light surrounding the heads of divinities, saints, and sovereigns; a rain-cloud. nine (nin), adj. containing one more than eight: n. the sum of 1 and 8. ninefold (nin 'fold) , adj. nine times re- peated. nineteen (nin 'ten), adj. consisting of nine and ten : n. the sum of nine and ten. nineteenth (nin'tenth), adj. being one of 19 equal parts: n. a nine- teenth part. ninetieth (nin'ti-eth), adj. next after 89th: n. a ninetieth part. ninety (nin'ti), adj. containing 9 ten times: n. the number containing 9 times 10; the symbol (xc. 90) ex- pressing such a number. ninny (nin'i), n. a simpleton. ninth (ninth), adj. the ordinal of nine: n. one of nine equal parts. nip /nip), n. a pinch, as with the nails or teeth; a blast as by cold; a small drink of spirits: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. nipped, p.pr. nipping], to pinch; cut off the end of; check the growth or vigor of, especially by frost ; blast or destroy. nipper (nip'er), n. one who, or that which, nips; one of the four fore- teeth of a horse : a small boy [English slang] : pi. small pincers. nipple (nip'l), n. that part of the breast of a woman from which milk ' is drawn by a child ; a teat. nit (nit), n. the egg of any small in- sect. niter, nitre (ni'ter), n. nitrate of potash or saltpeter. [Latin.] nitric (ni'trik), adj, contained in ^nitrogen. nitro, a Graeco-Latin prejix used in chemistry meaning containing nitro- geUy as ni^ro-hydrochloric acid or aqua regia. nitrogen (ni'tro-jen), n. a gas which, with argon, constitutes 4:-5ths by volume of the atmosphere, and con- stitutes the basis of nitric acid. nitro- glycerine (ni-tro-glis'er-in), n, a highly explosive, oily Uquid, pre- pared by the action of nitric and sulphuric acids upon glycerine. Also nitro-glycerin, nitroleum. nix (niks), n. in Teutonic mythology, a water-sprite [German]; a kelpie [Scotch]. no (no), adv. a word of denial or refusal: opposed to yes: adj. none. nob (nob), n. a knob; the head; a fop. In the last sense, noh (from noble) is an antonjm of moh (from mobile) . The word snob suggests the worst qualities of each. nobby (nob'i), adj. capital; spruce; stylish. Nobel Prize (no'bel priz), n. one of the annual monej' prizes awarded in ac- cordance with the will of Alfred Bernhard Xobel, a Swedish chemist and engineer, inventor of dynamite, to the person rendering to humanity the greatest services during the year in various sciences, in hterature, or in promoting international peace. nobility (no-bil'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being noble; noble birth; grandeur; dignity; nobles collec- tively. noble (no 1)1), adj. high in excellence or worth; illustrious; magnanimous; generous ; exalted in rank ; of ancient lineage: n_. peer or nobleman. nobody (no'bod-i), n. no one; a per- son of no importance or influence. nocent (no'sent), adj. harmful. [Latin.] nocturnal (nok-ter'nal) , adj. pertain- ing to, done, or happening at, night. nod (nod), n. a quick incUnation of the head; a command: v.^. [p.t. & p.p. nodded, v.pr. nodding], to sig- nify by a nod; incHne or bend: v.i, to give a quick forward motion of the head; bend the head in token of assent, or as a salute; be drowsy. noddle (nod'l), n. the head. noise (noiz), n. sound; clamor; out- cry; frequent or pubUc conversation: v.t. to spread abroad by rumor: v.i, to sound loud. noisome (noi'sum) , adj. injurious to health; noxious; disgusting. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hiie, hut ; think, then. NOISY 344 NOTABLE noisy (noiz'i), adj, full of noise; tur- bulent. nomad (nom'ad), n. one of a tribe that wanders about in search of food and pasture: adj. nomadic. nomadic (no-mad'ik) , adj. wander- ing; pastoral. [Greek.] nomenclature (no'men-kla-tur), n. the words, terms, or language used in any art or science. [Latin.] nomial (no'mi-al), n. in algebra, a sin- gle term. nominal (nom'i-nal) , adj. pertaining to, or containing, names; existing only in name. nominate (nom'i-nat), v.t. to propose for an office; appoint. nomination (nom-i-na'shun) , n. the act of nominating ; the state of being nominated. nominative (nom'i-na-tiv) , adj. not- ing in grammar the case of the sub- ject: n. the case of the subject. nominator (nom'i-na-ter) , n. one who nominates. nominee (nom-i-ne'), n. one who is proposedfor an office. nonage (non'aj), n. minority. [Latin.] nonagenarian (non-a-jen-a'ri-an), n, a person 90 years old. [Latin.] nonagon (non'a-gon), n. a plane figure with nine sides and nine angles. nonchalant (nong-sha-langO , adj. cool; indifferent. nondescript (non'de-skript) , n. a per- son or thing that cannot be easily described or classed: adj. abnormal; novel; odd. [Latin.] none (nun), adj. not any; not one: n. & pron. no one; nothing. nonentity (non-en'ti;ti) , n. [pi. non- entities (non-en'ti-tiz)], a thing not existing; a person of no importance or influence. nonpareil (non-pa-rel'), adj. without an equal: n. unequaled excellence; a kind of printing-type (see type) ; a variety of apple. [French.] nonplus (non'plus), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. nonplussed, p.pr. nonplussing], to throw into complete perplexity ; puz- zle: n. an insuperable difficulty; puzzle. [Latin.] nonsense (non'sens), n. language without meaning; any thing absurd : inter j. absurd! nonsensical (non-sen'si-kal) , adj, ab- surd; unmeaning. non sequitur (non sek'wi-ter) , n. in logic, a conclusion or inference which does not follow from the premises. [Latin.] nonsuit (non'sut), n. the withdrawal of a suit during trial either volun- tarily or by judgment of the court on the discovery of error or defect in the pleadings: v.t. to subject to a nonsuit. [Law Latin.] noodle (nood'l), n. a simpleton; a strip of dried dough, served in soup or as a baked dish. nook (nook), n. a small recess or se- cluded retreat; a corner. noon (noon), n. the middle of the day, 12 o'clock; height: adj. pertaining to noon. noonday (noon'da), adj. pertaining to noon, or midday : n. noon. Also noontide. _ noose (noos), n. a running knot which binds the closer the more tightly it is drawn: v.t. to catch or tie in a noose; ensnare. nor (nor) , conj. a negative particle correlative to neither or not. normal (nor'mal), adj. according to rule; regular; perpendicular. [Latin.] north (north), n. one 9f the four car- dinal points ; the point opposite to the south: adj. pertaining to, situ- ated in, or coming from, the north: adv, to the north. norther (n6r'//ier), n. a strong gale which prevails in the Gulf of Mexico from September to March. northern (nor'^/iern), adj. in, from, or towards, the north. Also northerly. nose (noz), n. the organ of smtell; scent; a snout; nozzle; anything re- sembling a nose: v.t. to smell or scent. nosegay (noz'ga), n. a bouquet. nostalgia (nos-taFji-a), n. homesick- ness. [Greek.] nostril (nos'tril), n. one of the two openings in the nose. nostrum (nos'trum), n. a quack medi- cine. [Latin, meaning "ours," i.e. "our special remedy," &c.] not (not), adv. a word expressive of denial or refusal. notable (no'ta-bl), adj. worthy of notice; memorable; notorious; re- ate, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. NOTARY 345 NULLIFY markable; industrious; thrifty: n, a person or thing of distinction. notary (no'ta-ri), n. [pi. notaries (no'ta-riz)], an official authorized to attest deeds, protest bills of exchange, &c. [Latin.] _ notation (no-ta'shun) , n. the act or practice of recording by marks or symbols; a syste-m of signs or sym- bols. [Latin.] notch (noch), n. a small hollow cut; indentation: v.t. to cut into small hollows. note (not), n. a memorandum; repu- tation; brief explanation; short let- ter; a diplomatic comraunication ; a mark or sign representing a sound; the sound itself [music]; a paper acknowledging a debt and promis- ing payment: pi. a summary of a speech: v.t. to make a note of; mark; show respect or attention to. nothing (nuth'ing), n. not any- thing; a thing 9f no value, use, or importance; a cipher: adv. in no de- gree. notice (no'tis), n. rnental or visual observation; attention; remark; ad- vice; information; warning; pub- Uc intimation; press criticism: v.t. to see or observe; regard; attend to; make remarks upon. [Latin.] i, notification (no-ti-fi-ka'shun), n. the '! act of giving notice; notice given; document by which information is communicated. [Latin.] notify (no'ti-fi), v.t. [v.t. & p.p. noti- fied, p.pr. notifying], to give notice to; make known. notion (no'shun), n. an idea or concep- tion; opinion; belief; inclination; a clever contrivance. notoriety (no-to-ri'i-ti) , n. the state of being notorious. Also notorious- ness. notorious (no-to'ri-us) , adj. publicly known; usually in a bad sense. notwithstanding (not - vnth - stand'- ing), prep, in spite of: conj. although: adv. however; yet. nougat (noo-ga'), n- a confection of almonds, pistachio nuts, sugar, and paste. [French.] nought, same as naught. noumenon (no-5o'me-non), n. [pi. noumena (no-oo'me-na)], essence; the substance or reality existing under the phenomenal. [Greek.] noun (noun), n. the name of any- thing; a substantive. nourish (nur'ish), v.t. to feed or bring up; support; maintain; edu- cate: v.i. to promote growth. nourishment (nur'ish-ment), n. that which nourishes. novel ^ (nov'el), adj. of recent origin or introduction; new; strange or unusual: n. a fictitious tale or ro- mance. novelist (nov'el-ist) , n. a writer of novels. novelty (nov'el-ti), n. newness; some- thing new. novice (nov'is), n. a beginner; in the Roman Catholic Church, one who has entered a religious house but has not yet taken the vow. now (nou), adv. at the present time; quite recently. nowise (no'wiz), adv. not in any manner or degree. noxious (nok'shus), adj. harmful; pernicious; deadly. [Latin.] nozzle (noz'l), n. a projecting mouth- piece. nuhbin (nub'in), n. a small or im- perfect ear of maize. nucleus (nu'kle-us), n. the central mass around which matter accretes or grows; the head of a comet. nude (nud), adj. bare; naked; in law, made without consideration; void; in art, the undraped body (with the). [Latin.] nudge (nuj), v.t. to touch gently, as with the elbow: n. a gentle touch, as with the elbow. nudity (nu'di-ti), n. nakedness: pi. naked parts_. nugatory (nu'ga-to-ri) , adj. trifling; useless. [Latin.] nugget* (nug'et), n. a lump or mass of metal, especially of gold in aurif- erous soil. nuisance (nu'sans), n. anything of- fensive, injurious, vexatious, or an- noying. null (nul), adj. of no legal force; void. [Latin.] nullification (nul-i-fi-ka'shun), n. the act of nullifying. nullify (nul'i-fl), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. nulli- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nSrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ;t/ien. NULLITY 346 NYMPH fied, p.pr. nullifying], to annul or render void. nullity (nul'i-ti), n, want of existence, force, or validity. numb (num), adj. deprived of sensa- tion or motion; torpid: v.t. to be- numb. number (num'ber), n. a unit; one, or more than one; multitude; one of a series; a collection of things; sounds distributed into harmonies; poetry; meter, or verse (usually vl.): v.t, to count; mark with a number. numeral (nu'mer-al), adj. pertain- ing to, consisting of, or denoting, number: n. a symbol or word ex- pressing a number. [Latin.] numerate (nu'mer^at), v.t. to reckon or enumerate; point or read, as fig- ures. [Latim] numerator (nu'mer-a-ter) , n. one who numbers ; the figure or figures above the line in fractions which indicate how many parts of a unit are taken. numerous (nu'mer-us), adj. consist- ing of a great number. numismatic (nu^mis-mafik), adj, pertaining to coins or medals: n.pl. the science and study of coins and medals. [Greek.] nuinskull (num'skul), n. a blockhead. nun (nun), n. a female devoted to a religious life and seclusion under a vow of chastity; a variety of pig- eon; the blue titmouse. nuptial (nup'shal), adj. pertaining to, or constituting, marriage: n.pl, marriage ceremony. [Latin.] nurse (ners), n. a woman who has the care of infants, or of the child of another person; one who tends the sick or infirm; one who, or that which, protects or fosters: t;.^. to tend or suckle, as an infant; bring up; tend in sickness; promote; economize. [French.] nursery (ners'er-i), n. [pi. nurseries (ners'er-iz)], an apartment for young children; a place or garden for rear- ing young plants; a race for two- year-old horses. nursling (ners'ling), n. an infant. nurture (ner'tur), n. that which nourishes; diet; food; education: v.t. to bring up; educate; nourish. nut (nut), n. the fruit of certain trees, containing a kernel inclosed in a hard shell; a piece of metal grooved for screwing on to the end of a bolt : v.i. [p.t. & p.p. nutted, p.pr. nutting], to gather nuts. [Old French.] nutmeg (nut'meg), n. the aromatic kernel of the fruit of an East In- dian tree. nutriment (nu'tri-ment) , n. nourish- ment. [Latin. J nutrition (nu-trish'un) , n. that which nourishes; food; the action of pro- moting growth or repairing waste in organic bodies. nutritious (nu-trish'us) , adj. afford- ing nutrition. nutritive (nu'tri-tiv), adj. pertaining to, or having the quality of, nutri- tion. nymph (nimf), n. in classic mythol- ogy, a goddess of natiu-e inhabiting the mountains, woods, streams, &c.; a light, handsome, graceful young woman. [Greek.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; iiue, but; think, tMn* ^mmimmmmmmmmm o O, the fifteenth letter and the fourth vpwel in EngUsh. It is doubtless a pictograph representing the human eye, as in the Phoenician ayin. The Greeks after a time divided the o'a into two — o mikron, ''little eye/' and o mega, ''big eye." The letter has not changed since classical times. O (o), inter j. an exclamation of won- der, pain, &c.: n. {pi. o's (oz)], a ring, cipher, or naught. oaf (of), n. a changehng; but oftener a big, hulking, idle fellow; a lout. oak (ok), n. a tree of many species, especially the common oak (Quercus rohur), valued for its timber. oakum (ok'um), n. old ropes un- twisted and pulled into loose hemp. oar (or), n. a light pole w4th a broad blade, for rowing a boat: v.t. & v.i, to row. oasis (o-a'sis),^ n. [vl. oases (o-a'sez)], a fertile spot in a barren sandy desert. oat (ot), n. a grassy plant of the genus Avena, the grain of which is used as food [usually in pZ.]. oath (oth), n. a solemn declaration of truth-telling with an appeal to God as witness. ob, a Latin prefix meaning before y against, towards, in front of, reversed, obdurate (ob'du-rat), adj. hardened in heai-t or feelings, especially against moral influence. obedience (o-be'di-ens) , n. submis- sion to authority; dutifulness. obedient (o-be'di-ent) , adj. submis- sive to authority; dutiful. obelisk (ob'e-lisk), n. a lofty, four- sided stone pillar gradually tapering as it rises, and terminating in a pyramidal top like the so-called Cleo- patra's Needle in Central Park, New York City; a reference mark (f). obese (o-bes') , adj. corpulent. obesity (o-bes'i-ti) , n. excessive corpu- lence, especially of an unhealthy kind._ Also obeseness. obey (o-ba')., v.t. [p.t. & p.p. obeyed, p.pr. obeying], to submit to the rule or authority of; comply with the orders or instructions of: v.i. to yield; do as bidden. [French.] obfuscate (ob-fus'kat), v.t. to be- wilder. [Latin.] obi (o'bi), n. among the West Indian natives and negroes of Africa a sys- tem of secret sorcery or magical rites; a charm; a kind of sash worn by Japanese women. obituary _(o-bit 'u-a-ri) , n. [pi. obit- uaries (o-bit'u-a-riz)], a register of deaths; an account of a deceased person: adj. pertaining to, or record- ing, deaths. [Latin.] object (ob-jekf), v.t. to urge against; oppose: v.i. to make objections: n. (ob'jekt) anything placed before the mind or senses; motive; end; aim. [Latin.] objection (ob-jek'shun), n. the act of objecting; adverse reason; difficulty raised. objective (ob-jek'tiv), adj. pertaining to an object; external to the mind; in grammar, noting the case which follows a transitive verb or a prepo- sition and is governed by it: n. the accusative case; an objective point. objectivity (ob-jek-tiv'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being objective; that one regards whatever his senses teach him as being true. objurgate (ob'jer-gat), v.t. to chide or reprove. oblate (ob-laf), adj. depressed or flat- tened at the poles; orange-shaped; in the Roman CathoHc Church, not- ing a secular priest who has devoted himseK and his property to the mon- astery he has entered. [Latin.] oblation (ob-la'shun) , n. an offering ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; htie, hut ; think, thQn, OBLIGATION 348 OBTAIN or sacrifice; anything presented in religious worship^ obligation (ob-li-ga'shun) , n. the bind- ing power of a vow, promise, or contract ; the state of being indebted for a favor; in law, a bond to which a penalty is annexed on fail- ure of due performance. [Latin.] obligatory (ob'li-ga-to-ri), adj. mor- ally or legally binding. oblige (o-blij'), v.t. to constrain by force, morally, legally, or physically ; bind by some favor or kindness rendered; render a favor to; gratify. [Latin.] obliging (o-blij 'ing), p. adj. complai- sant; civil or courteous. oblique (ob-lek'), adj. deviating from a right line; not parallel; not di- rect or straightforward. [Latin.] obliqueness (ob-lek'nes) , n. the state or quality of being oblique; slanting direction; moral error. Also, and better, obliquity. obliterate (ob-lit'er-at), v.t. to efface or wear out; destroy by the effects of time or other means. [Latin.] oblivion (ob-Kv'i-un) , n. the state of being blotted out from memory ; for- getfulness. [Latin.] oblivious (ob-liv'i-us), adj. forgetful. oblong (ob'long), adj. longer than broad: n. a geometrical figure of such shape. obloquy (ob'lo-kwi), n. reproachful language; calumny; slander; re- proach. obnoxious (ob-nok'shus) , adj. deserv- ing of censure or disapproval; hate- ful; offensive; unpopular. oboe (o'bo-e), n. a musical wind in- strument of the reed class ; hautboy ; an organ stop. obscene (ob-sen') , adj. offensive to chastity; impure in language or ac- tion; indecent; filthy. [Latin.] obscenity (ob-sen'i-ti) , n. impurity in language or action; indecency. Also obsceneness. obscure (ob-skur'), adj. without light or distinctness; dark; not easily un- derstood; illegible; secluded; hum- ble: v.t. to darken or dim; dis- guise; render less visible or intel- ligible; tarnish; make mean. [Latin.] obscureness (ob-skur 'nes) , n. the state or quality of being obscure. Also obscurity. obsecration (ob-se-kra'shun) , n. en- treaty. obsequies (ob'se-kwiz), n.yl. funeral rites. [Latin.] obsequious (ob-se'kwi-us) , adj. ser- vile; compliant to excess. [Latin.] observable (ob-zer'va-bl) , adj. cap- able of l3eing observed; worthy of observation ; remarkable. observance (ob-zer'vans) , n. the act of observing; performance of rites; rule of practice. observant (ob-zer'vant) , adj. taking notice; attentive; mindful. observation (ob-zer-va'shun) , n. the act of observing; attention; that which is observed; remark; note. observatory (ob-zerVa-to-ri) , n. [pi. observatories (ob-zer'va-to-riz)], a building fitted up for astronomical research. observe (ob-zerv'), v.t. to keep in view; take notice of; celebrate; practice ceremonially; mention: v.i. to make observations. [Latin.] observing (ob-zerv'ing) , p. adj. giving particular attention to. Also ob- servant. obsolescent (ob-so-les'ent), adj. be- coming obsolete. obsolete (ob's5-let), adj. gone out of date; disused; imperfectly devel- oped, obsoleteness (ob-so-let'nes), n. the state of being obsolete; indistinct- ness. obstacle (ob'sta-kl), n. that which hinders or opposes, [Lafcin.] obstetric (ob^stet'rik), adj. pertain- ing to midwifery. [Latin.] obstinacy (ob'sti-na-si), n. the state or quality of being obstinate; stub- bornness. Also obstinateness. obstinate (ob'sti-nat), adj. pertina- ciously adhering to one's opinion or purpose; stubborn. [Latin.] obstreperous (ob-strep'er-us), adj. clamorously noisy; turbulent. obstruct (ob-strukf) , v.t. to block up or impede; hinder from passing; in- terrupt. [Latin.] obstruction (ob-struk'shun) , n. an impediment. obtain (ob-tan'), v.t. to get possession of; gain; acquire; win; procure: ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. OBTRUDE 349 ODDITY v.i. to be established in practice or use. [Latin. ]__ obtrude (ob-trood'), v.t, to thrust in or upon ; urge or offer with unreason- able importunity: v.i. to enter un- invited. [Latin.] obtrusion (ob-troo'zhun) , n. the act of obtruding. obtrusive (ob-troo'siv) , odj. inclined or apt to intrude. obtuse (ob-tus') , odj. not pointed or acute; greater than a right angle; dull. obtuseness (ob-ttis'nes) , n. the state or quality of being obtuse; blunt- ness; mental dulness. obverse (ob-vers'), pdj. bearing the head: said of a coin or medal; nar- rower at the base than the top: said of a leaf or radicle: n. (ob'vers) the side of a coin or medal having the face or head upon it ; opposed to reverse. [Latin.] obvert (ob-vert'), v.t. to turn towards; face. [Latin.] obviate (ob'vi-at), v.t. to remove, as difficulties or objections. [Latin.] obvious (ob'vi-us), adi. evident. occasion (ok-ka'zhun) , n. occurrence; state or position of affairs; opportu- nity; incidental cause or need; exi- gence: v.t. to cause or influence di- rectly or indirectly; give rise to. occasional (ok-ka'zhun-al) , adj. inci- dental or casual. Occident (ok'si-dent) , n. the West; the countries west of Asia and the Turkish dominions. [Latin.] occipital (ok-sip'i-tal), adj. pertain- ing to the occiput. [Latin.] occiput (ok'si-put), n. the hinder part of the skull or head. occult (ok-kulf), cidj. hidden; secret; invisible. [Latin.] occultism (ok-kult'izm) , n. Eastern theosophy; mysticism in general. occupant (ok'u-pant), n. one who has possession. occupation (ok-u-pa'shun) , n. the act or state of occupying; business, em- ployment, or calling. occupy (ok'u-pi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. occu- pied, p.pr. occupying], to take pos- session of; hold or keep in possession, as for use; fill or cover; employ: v.i. to traffic. [Latin.] occur (ok-kerO, v.i. [p.t. & p.p. oc- curred, p.pr. occurring], to happen or take place; come to the mind; be found or met with. [Latin.] occurrence (ok-ker'ens) , n. an acci- dent, event, or incident. ocean (o'shun), n. the vast expanse of salt water covering more than 3-5 ths of the globe; any one of its chief divisions ; an immense expanse : adj. pertaining to the great expanse of salt water. [Latin.] ochre, (o'ker), n. a fine yellow or brown- colored clay: used as a pigment. octa, a Latin prefix meaning eight. Also octo, as odachord, an instrument of 8 strings; a system^ of 8 sounds; octodecimo, a book with 18 leaves to the sheet (18mo). octagon (ok'ta-gon), n. a plane figure of 8 sides and 8 angles. octahedron (ok-ta-he'drun) , n. sl solid figure contained by 8 equal equilat- eral triangles. octave (ok'tav), n. an eighth, or an in- terval of 12 semitones; the 8th day after a church festival, the festival itself being included; a small cask of wine = l-8th of a pipe: adj. con- sisting of 8. octavo (ok-ta'vo), n. a sheet of print- ing paper folded in 8 leaves or 16 pages (8vo) : adj. having 8 leaves or 16 pages to the sheet. octogenarian (ok-to-je-na'ri-an), n. one who is eighty years old: adj. eighty years old. [Latin.] octopus (ok'to-pus), n. [pi. octopuses (ok'to-pus-ez)], a genus of Cephalo- pods having 8 arms, containing the cuttle-fish. oetoroon (ok-to-roon'), n. the off- spring of a white person and a quadroon, and therefore seven- eighths white. octuple (ok'tu-pl), adj. eight-fold. ocular (ok'u-lar), adj. pertaining to, depending on, or formed by, the eye; known from actual sight. [Latin.] oculist (ok'u-list), n. one who is skilled in the treatment of eye diseases. odd (od), adj. not paired or matched with another; not even; not exactly divisible by two; unusual; pecuhar; eccentric. oddity (od'i-ti), n. a person or thing that is pecuhar; eccentricity; strangeness. ate, arm, at, awl; me, merjrf^. met; mite, mit : note, north, not; boon, book: b iie, but ; think, ///on. ODDS 350 OLFACTORY odds (odz), 7i.pl. inequality; advan- tage; superiority; excess of either compared with the other; probabil- ity; more than an even wager. ode (od), n. a short song; lyric poem. odious (o'di-us), adj. offensive; un- popular. odium (o'di-um), n. hatred; dislike. [Latin.] odor (o'der), n. a scent; estimation. [Latin.] odorous (o'der-us), adj. emitting an odor or scent; fragrant. o'er (or), same as over. of (ov), prep, from; out of; belong- ing to; according to; proceeding from. off (of), adj. most distant; noting the right-hand side in driving, or the left-hand side of the bowler at cricks et: adv. away from: prep, not on; distant from: interj. begone! offal (of'al), n. refuse; waste meat. off- cast (orkast), n. whatever is cast away, rejected, or scorned. offend (of -f end'), n.t- to displease pr make angry; molest or annoy; pain or shock: v.i. to transgress; do any- thing displeasing. [Latin.] offense (of -fens') , n. any cause of anger or displeasure; insult; injury; as- sault. offensive (of-fen'siv), adj. causing dis- pleasure ; annoying ; disagreeable ; disgusting; used in attack: n. the act of attacking (with the). offer (of'er), v.t. to present for accept- ance or refusal; proffer; present in worship or sacrifice; bid as a price or reward: v.i. to be ready; express a willingness; attempt or make an attempt: n. a proposal made; price offered; first advance. [Latin.] offering (of'er-ing), n. that which is of- fered ; a sacrifice ; oblation. office (of 'is), n. public or private busi- ness; employment; function; act of worship; formulary of devotion; act of kindness ; service ; apartment for the transaction of business: pL the outlying buildings of a mansion. [Latin.] officer (of'is-er), n. a person commis- sioned to perform a certain public duty: v.t. to furnish with officers. official (of-fish'al), adj. pertaining to an office or public duty; from the proper authority: n. one who holds a civil office. officiate (of-fish'i-at) , v.i. to perform the duties of an office. officious (of-fish'us), adj. too forward in offering services; meddling. offing (of'ing), n. that part of the sea with deep water off the shore. off scouring (of 'skour-ing) , n. refuse. offset (of 'set), n. a young shoot or bud ; a sum or account placed as an equivalent for another; in survey- ing, a perpendicular let fall from the main line to an outlying point. offside (of'sid), n. the side to the right hand of the driver. offspring (of 'spring), n. children; de- scendants. often (of 'en), adv. many times; fre- quently. ogle (o'gl), v.t. to look fondly at with a side glance: n. a side glance. ogre (o'ger), n. an imaginary man- eating monster or giant. Feminine ogress. [French.] oh (o), interj. an exclamation of won- der, pain, or anxiety. ohm (om), n. the unit of electrical resistance, named after Dr. G. S. Ohm, the German electrician. oil (oil), n. a highly inflammable fatty liquid obtained from various animal and vegetable substances: v.t. to lubricate with oil. [German.] oilcloth (oil'kloth), n. painted canvas for floor covering. ointment (oint'ment), n. an unctu- ous substance applied to a wound or injured part. old (old), adj. [comp. older, superL oldest], aged; decayed by time; an- cient; out of date; long practiced. oleaginous (o-le-aj'i-nus), adj. oily; unctuous. oleander (o-le-an'der) , n. an ever- green shrub with handsome fragrant flowers. oleaster (o-le-as'ter), n. the wild olive. oleine (o'le-in), n. the pure liquid part of oil or fat. Also olein. oleo, a Latin prefix meaning oilyy per- taining to oily or oily. oleomargarine (o-le-o-mar'gar-in) , n. imitation butter made from milk and animal fat. Also margarine. ^ olfactory (ol-f ak'to-ri) , adj. pertain- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book : hue, hut ; think, ^^en. OLIGARCHY 351 OPERATE ing to, or used in, smelling: n. organ of smell (usually pi) . oligarchy (ori-gar-ki) , n. [pi. oligar- chies (ol'i-gar-kiz)], government in which the supreme power is in the hands of a few; a state so governed. olive (ol'iv), n. a plant of the genus Olea, or its oily fruit; a tawny yel- low color: adj, pertaining to, or re- sembling, the olive. [Latin.] oUa (oFya), n. a wide-mouthed cook- ing vessel of earthenware found in all Spanish and Spanish- American countries. _ [Spanish.] omega (o-me'ga), n. the last letter of the Greek alphabet: hence the last; end. omelet (om'e-let), n. a kind of pan- cake of eggs. &c. [French.] ! omen (o'men), n. a sign of some fu- ' ture event: v.t. to portend or prog- nosticate. [Latin.] ominous (om'i-nus), adj. foreboding evil; inauspicious. omission (o-mish'un), n. neglect or failure to do something required; something omitted. [Latin.] omit (6-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. omitted, p.pr. omitting], to leave out; neg- lect; fail to mention. omni, a Latin prefix meaning all, en- tirely, as ommpresent. omnibus (om'ni-bus), n. a public four-wheeled carriage for passenger traffic. omnipotence (om-nip'o-tens) , n. un- limited power. omnipotent (om-nip'o-tent), adj. hav- ing unlimited power. Omnipotent, n. God (with the). omnipresence (om-ni-prez'ens), n. universal presence. omniscient (om-nish'ent) , adj. know- ing all things; infinitely wise. [Latin.] omnivorous (om-niv'er-us), adj. feed- ing upon animal and vegetable food ; all-devouring. on (on), prep, upon; in contact with the upper part; at; near: adv. for- ward; onward: adj. noting the side to the right of the batsman in crick- et: inter j. go on! once (wuns), adv. at one time; for- merly; one time. one (wun), adj. single in number; some way; individual: n. [pi. ones (wunz)], the number one or its symbol; an individual. onerous (on'er-us), adj. burdensome; weighty; oppressive. onion (un'yun), n. a bulbous-rooted plant of the genus Allium: used in cookery. [Latin.] only (on'li), adj. single; one and no more: adv. singly ;_ merely. onomatopoeia (on-o-mat-o-pe'ya) , n. the formation of words to resemble the sounds made by the thing sig- nified, as buzz, a bee; tick-tick, a watch, &c.; the use of words so formed, or the word itself. [Greek.] onset (on'set), n. an assault; attack. onslaught (on'slawt), n. a furious at- tack. ontology (on-toFo-ji), n. the logic of pure being; metaphysics. onus (o'nus), n. sl burden; duty; ob- ligation. onward (on'werd), adj. advancing; progressing: adv. in advance. Also onwards: inter j. forward! onyx (on'iks), n. a variety of agate. oolong (oo'long), n. a Chinese black tea, the flavor of which resembles green tea. Also oulong. [Chinese.] ooze (ooz), n. soft mud or slime; gen- tle flow; liquor of a tan vat: v.i. to flow gently; fjercolate. opacity (o-pas'i-ti) , n. opaqueness; the character of not being transparent. opal (o'pal), n* a precious stone of milky hue, exhibiting a play of vari- ous colors. [French.] opalescent (o-pal-es/ent), adj. re- sembhng opal in its reflection of light. opaque (o-pak'), adj, not transparent. open (op'n), adj. not shut; unfastened; clear of trees; unsealed; clear; un- reserved; public; generous; frank; sincere; enunciated without closing the mouth: v.t. to make open; be- gin; expand; break the seal of: v.i. to unclose itself; commence; begin to appear; bark in view or the scent of game j^ said of a dog. opening (op'n-ing), n. an aperture; op- portunity: adj. first in order. opera (op'er-a), n. a musical drama. See music-drama. [Italian.] operate (op'er-at), v.i. to work; pro- duce a certain effect; perform a sur- gical operation: v.t. to cause to per- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, ^/len- OPERATIC 352 ORACLE form certain work: as, machine. [Latin.] operatic (op-er-at'ik) , adj. pertaining to the opera. operation (op-er-a'shun) , n. the act of operating; agency; effect; manipu- lation; surgical performance with instruments; a series of movements by an army or fleet. operative (op'er-a-tiv), adj. having the power of acting; efficacious; vigor- ous: n. an artisan or skilled workman. operetta (op-er-et'a), n. a light mu- sical drama. [Italian.] ophidian (o'fid'i-an), adj. pertaining to the Ophidia; snake-Hke: n. one of the Ophidia; a reptile. ophthalmia (of-thal'mi-a) , n. in- flammation of the eye or eyeball. Also ophthalmitis. [Greek.] opiate (o'pi-at), n. a medicine com- pounded with opium to induce sleep or rest ; narcotic ; anything that soothes: adj. narcotic; soothing; in- ducing sleep or quiet. [Latin.] opinion (o-pm'yun), n. belief or judg- ment; estimation; persuasion. opinionated ^ (o-pin'yun-a-ted) , adj, firm or obstinate in one's opinions. opium (o'pi-um), n. the dried juice of the capsules of the white poppy, used as a narcotic, and also as an anodyne. Opium is a single sub- stance from a blending of codeine, morphine, and narcotine, which constitute a mass of alkaloids. [Latin.] opossum (o-pos'um), n. an American and Australian marsupial carnivor- ous mammal. opponent (op-po'nent), adj. opposite; adverse; antagonistic: n. one who opposes, especially in argument or debate; adversary. opportune (op-per-tun') , adj, well- timed; seasonable. [Latin.] opportunism (op-per-tun'izm), n. sacrifice of principle to circum- stances, especially in politics. opportunity (op-per-tu'ni-ti) , n. con- venient time or occasion. oppose (op-poz'), v.t. to act against; contend with; resist; place as an obstacle; check. [Latin.] opposite (op'po-zit), adj. placed or standing in front; contrary; adverse; antagonistic. to operate a opposition (op-po-zish'un) , n. the act or state of opposing; hostile resist- ance; contrariety; obstacle; the situ- ation of two heavenly bodies when their longitudes differ by 180°; the collective body of opponents to the existing administration or govern- ment. oppress (op-pres'), v.t, to burden; crush by hardship or severity; he heavily upon. oppression (op-presh'un) , n. the act of oppressing; state of being op- pressed; hardship; calamity; in- justice; lassitude; dulness. oppressive (op-pres'iv) , adj, unrea- sonably burdensome ; unjustly se- vere; tyrannical; overpowering; heavy. opprobrious (op-pro 'bri-us), adj. ex- pressive of opprobrium; reproachful and contemptuous; disgraceful. opprobrium (op-pro 'bri-um), n. re- proach with disdain or contempt; ignominy. optative (op 'ta-tiv), ac^j*. expressing de- sire or wish ; a mood in Greek gram- mar denoting expression of desire. optic (op'tik), adj. pertaining to vision. Also optical: n.'pl. the sci- ence of the properties of Hght and vision. optician (op-tish'un) , n. one skilled in optics; one who makes or sells optical instruments. optimism (op'ti-mizm), n. the doc- trine that everything in the present state of existence is for the best. See pessimism. [Latin.] option (op 'shun), n. power ot right of choice; wish; selecti9n; on the Stock Exchange, the liberty to sell or buy stock in a time bargain at a stated price. [Latin.] optional (op'shun-al), adj. left to one^s wish or choice. opulence (op'ti-lens), n. wealth. Also opulency. [Latin.] opulent (op'u-lent), adj. wealthy; rich. opus (o'pus), n. [pi. opera (op'er-a)], a work; musical composition. [Latin.] or (or), conj. the correlative of either. oracle (or'a-kl), n. among the an- cients, the response of a deity or in- spired priest to some inquiry; the deity who gave the answer; the place ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book hue, hut ; think, th^n. ORAL 353 ORGAN where a deity might be consulted; the Jewish temple; a prophetic dec- laration; a prophet or person of reputed wisdom. [Latin.] oral (o'ral), adj. verbal. orange (or'enj), n. a tree {Citrus Aurantium) with a deep golden-col- ored and juicy fruit; the color of such fruit: adj. pertaining to an orange; orange-colored. [French.] orang-outang (o'rang'oo-tang) , n. the great anthropoid ape of the East- ern Archipelago. Also ourang-ou- tang. [Malay, "forest man."] I oration (o-ra'shun), n. a formal pub- j lie speech dehvered on an occasion I of special importance; harangue. i orator (or'a-ter), n. one who makes I; an eloquent oration. [Latin.] j <»atorical (or-a-tor'i-kal) , adj. per- 1 taining to an orator or to oratory; rhetorical. oratorio (or-a-to'ri-o) , n. a musical composition having a sacred theme as its subject. [Italian.] oratory (or'a-to-ri) , n. the art of an orator; eloquence: n.pl. oratories, a small chapel, especially one for pri- vate devotion. orb (orb), n. a circular body; sphere; the eye: circuit. [Latin.] orbit (or bit), n. the bony cavity of the eye; the path described by a heavenly body during its periodica^ revolution. orchard (or'cherd), n. an inclosure of fruit trees. orchestra (6r-kes'tra), n. in the an- cient Greek theater the place where the chorus danced; (or'kes-tra), in a modern theater, &c., the place oc- cupied by the musicians ; the parquet ; the body of musicians. [Greek.] orchestration (6r-kes-tra'shun) , n. musical arrangement or instrumen- tation for an orchestra. orchid (or'kid), n. a handsome flower, often of fantastic shape, of the genus Orchis. [Greek.] ordain (6r-dan'), v.t. to appoint; in- stitute; invest with ministerial or priestly functions. [Latin.] ordeal (6r-de'al), n. an ancient method of trial by^ fire, water, combat, &c., to determine the guilt or innocence of an accused person: hence a severe trial or test. order (or'der), n. method or regular ar- rangement ; settled mode of prOi>e- dure; rule; regulation; command; class; rank; degree; a rehgious fra- ternity; an association of persons possessing a c9rnmon honorary dis^ tinction; a division intermediate be- tween a class or sub-class and a family; in architecture, a system of constructing and ornamenting col- umns, comprising the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite: pi. the three orders (bishop, priest, deacon) of the Christian ministry in an Episcopal Church (Holy Or- ders): v.t. to regulate or manage; C9mmand; conduct; direct: v.i. to give a command or order. [Latin.] ordering (or'der-ing), n. arrangement; distribution. orderly (or'der-li) , adj. well regulated ; methodical; performed in good or- der; peaceable; on military duty: n. a soldier who attends upon an offi- cer to carry his orders: adv. method- ically. ordinal {oT'din-al), adj. noting order; n. a number noting order; a book containing the form of service for ordination. ordinance (or'di-nans) , n. an estab- lished rule, rite, or law. ordinary (6r'di-na-ri), adj. according to established order; usual; cus- tornary; commonplace; mediocre; plain; a meal for all comers at fixed charges (English usage); an eccle- siastical judge; a prison chaplain; in heraldry, that part of the escutcheon contained between straight and other lines. ordinate (or'di-nat), n. a straight fine in a curve terminated on both sides by the curve and bisected by the diameter. ordination (6r-di-na'shun) , n. the act of conferring holy orders; the state of being ordained or appointed. ordnance (ord'nans), n. artillery. ore (or), n. metal as extracted from the earth in ^ its natural state or combined with some other sub- stance. organ (or'gan), n. an instrument; means of communication or convey- ance; that part of a living structure by means of which some function is ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. ORGANDIE 354 OSCILLATION discharged or work performed; a wind instrument. [Greek.] organdie (or'gan-di), n. a fine, thin muslin. [French.] organic (6r-gan'ik), adj, pertaining to, composed of, containing, or pro- duced by, organs; instrumental. Also organic al. organism (or'gan-ism) , n. organical structure. organization (6r-gan-i-za'shun) , ^ n, organic structure; act of organizing; a political group controlling elections, etc. organize (6r'gan-iz), v.t. to form or furnish with organs; to arrange a task in suitable parts so that it may be performed efficiently. organon (or'ga-non), n. a b9dy of rules for regulating scientific or philosophical investigation. Fran- cis Bacon^s great philosophical work was called Novum Organum, or new body of doctrine. [Greek.] orgy (or'ji), n. a drunken revel, espe- cially at night: pi. secret rites in the worship of Dionysus (Bacchus), dis- tinguished by wild revelry. [French, from Greek.] oriel (o'ri-el), n. a large bay window. [French.] ^ Orient (o'ri-ent), adj. Oriental: n. the East. [Latin.] orient (o'ri-ent), v.t. to define the po- sition of with reference to the East. Oriental (o-ri-en'tal) , adj. pertaining to, or situated in, the East ; pro- ceeding from Asia or the East: n. an inhabitant of Asia or the East. oriental (o-ri-en'tal), adj. precious; pure; valuable: said of gems. orientate (o'ri-en-tat) , v.t. & v.i. to turn towards the East. orifice (or'i-fis), n. a mouth or aper- ture. [Latin.] origin (or'i-jin), n. beginning; first existence; source; cause; deriva- tion. original (o-rij'i-nal), adj. first in or- der; having power to originate; not copied: n. that from which anything is copied, &c.; the language in which a work is written; archetype; an eccentric person. [Latin.] originality (o-rij-i-nal'i-ti), n. origi- nal state or quality. originate (o-rij'i-nat), v.t. to bring into existence: v.i. to rise; com- mence. oriole (o'ri-ol), n. the golden-thrush. [French.] ormolu (or 'mo-loo), n. bronze or cop- per gilt in imitation of gold. ornament (or'na-ment) , n. anything that adorns or beautifies; embellish- ment: v.t. to adorn, bea'*:tify, or decorate. ornate (or-naf), adj. ornamented. ornith, a Greek prefix meaning bird. Also ornithq, as ornitholite, the re- mains of a bird in a fossil state. ornithology (6r-ni-thoro-ji), n. the scientific study of the structure, habits, &c., of birds. ornithopter (6r-nith-op'ter) , n. a flying machine with flapping wings, in iniitation of a bird. No such machine has proved successful. orotund (o'ro-tund), adj. character- ized by fullness, clearness, strength and smoothness: said of the voice or manner of utterance: n. a quality of voice thus characterized. [Latin.] orphan (or'fan), n. a child bereft of one or both parents: adj. bereft of parents. [French, from Greek.] orrery (or'e-ri), n. an apparatus to illustrate by balls mounted on rods the motions, magnitudes, and posi- tions of the planets of the solar sys- tem. Named from Lord Orrery (1715).. orris (or'is), n. gold or silver lace; the iris. [Old French.] ortho, a Greek prefix meaning straight ^ right, true. orthodox (or'tho-doks) , adj. holding, or in accordance with, the received or estabhshed belief or doctrine, es- pecially as taught in the formularies of a particular church. orthoepy (6r-tho'e-pi) , n. correct pro- nunciation. orthography (6r-thog'ra-fi) , n. the art' 'of spelHng and writing words correctly. orthopsedia (6r-tho-pe'di-a) , n. the prevention and cure of deformities, especially in children. oscillate (os'i-lat). v.i. & v.t. to swing backwards and forwards; vibrate. oscillation (os-i-la'shun) , n. a swing- ing backwards and forwards; vi- bration. [Latin.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; n5te, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^^en. OSCULATE 355 OUTDO oscillate (osTiu-lat), v.t. & vd. to kiss; touch. [Latin.] osier (o'zher), n. a willow, the twigs of which are used in basket-making; matter in muscular fiber containing those constituents to which its taste when cooked is due. Oslerize (os'ler-iz), v.t. to remove by compulsory death persons who have reached the age when their useful- ness is on the decline. osmium (os'mi-um), n. a metallic element in platinum ore. It is of a clear blue color and has a meteoric origin. [Greek.] osprey (os'pra), n. the fish-hawk. Also ossifrage. osseous (os'e-us), adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or like, bone. [Latin.] ossification (os-i-fi-ka'shun) , n. con- version of soft animal tissue into bone. ossify (os'i-fi), t;i. [p.t. & p.p. ossified, p.pr. ossifying], to convert into bone or into a bone-like substance; harden: v.t. to become bone. ostensible (os-ten'si-lDl) , adj. appar- ent; held forth to view; plausible. ostentation (os-ten-ta'shun) , n. 9ut- ward show or appearance ; ambitious or vain display. ostentatious (os-ten-ta'shus), adj. fond of show; intended for vain dis- play; gaudy. _ osteology (os-te-oro-ji), n. that part of anatomy treating of bones, tneir structure, &c. osteopathy (os-te-op'a-thi), n. a sys- tem of therapeutics in which the treatment is by manipulation of the bones, muscles and nerve centers, with regard to the chemical and physical properties of the osseous tissues. [Graeco-Latin.] ostler (os'ler), n. sl man who attends to horses at an inn. Also hostler. [Old French.] ostracism (os'tra-sizm) , n. banish- ment by ostracizing. ostracize (os'tra-siz), v.t to banish by popular vote: from the ancient cus- tom in Athens of banishing a citizen by throwing a shell, inscribed with the name of the person to be ban- ished, into an urn; exclude from public or private favor. [Greek.] ostrich (os'trich), n. a swift running African bird, valued for its feathers. other (uth'er), adj. noting something besides; different; contrary. otherwise {uth'ei-wiz) , adv. in another manner; in other respects: conj. else. otherworldly (u^/i-er-werld'H) , adj. unearthly; strange in appearance; acting in things remote from the rest of mankind. otter (ot'er), n. an amphibious mam- mal of the weasel family, which feeds on fish. ottoman (ot'o-man), n. a cushioned seat; a movable cushioned foot- rest. oubliette (oo-bli-ef) , n. sl small, dark cell in an old French castle, where the intense blackness and stillness were used to destroy the reason of prisoners immured there. [French.] ou^ht (awt), v.i. to be under obliga- tion; be fit, necessary, or proper: n. anything. ounce (ouns), n. sl weight l-16th of a pound avoirdupois; l-12th 9f a pound troy; a carnivorous animal resembling the leopard. our (our), pron. pertaining to, or be- longing to, us. ourang-outang. See orang-outang. ourselves (our-selvz'), pron.pl. we or us, not others. oust (oust), v.t. to eject. out (out), adv. without; not within or at home; abroad; gone forth; not in office or employment; in a state of extinction; to the end; at a loss; without restraint; not actively engaged in a game; in an error; loudly: inter j. begone!: n. one who is not in office. out-and-out, adj. thorough: adv. com- pletely; thoroughly. outbreak (out'brak), n. a breaking out; an eruption. outcast (out'kast), adj. cast out; re- jected: n. one who is an exile. outcome (out'kum), n. issue; conse- quence ; result. outcrop (out'krop), n. the exposure of strata at the earth's surface: v.i. to crop out at the surface. outcry (out'krj), n. clamor; tumult. outdo (out-doo'), v.t. to excel: to sur- pass. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 23 hue, hut ; think, t/ien. OUTER 356 OVERCHARGE outer (out'er), adj. further out; more; external. outiall (out 'f awl), n. the lower end of a water-course; point of discharge. outgo (out'goj, n. one's expenses or what one gives out in a definite time. Opposed, therefore, to income. outfit (out'fit), n. equipment. outlander (outlan-der) , n. a foreigner; one who comes from a land without. This word is German, Dutch, and English, but more used in the late Boer States of South Africa. (Aus- lander, Uitlander, Outlander.) outlandish (out-land'ish) , adj. for- eign; extraordinary; vulgar. outlaw (out'law), n. one who is de- prived of legal benefits and protec- tion: v.t. to deprive of legal benefits and protection. outlay (out'la), n. expenditure. outline (out'lln), n. a line bounding or defining a figure; first sketch: v.t. to sketch out. outlook (out'lQok), n. vigilant watch; prospect. outport (out'pOrt), n. a port or harbor at some distance from the chief port. output (out'put), n. the amount of material sold in any field of labor or commerce. Thus ^^the literary 9ut- put," ^'the output of corn,'' ^'the iron output." [Vulgar.] outrage (out 'raj), n. open and exces- sive violence; wanton abuse or mis- chief: v.t. to commit an outrage upon; insult indecently: v.i. to act in an outrageous manner. [French.] outrageous (out-raj 'us), adj. violent; excessive; exceeding all bounds. outrider (out'ri-der) , n. a servant on horseback who rides in advance of a carriage. outrigger (out'rig-er) , n. a projecting spar or beam for extending sails or ropes; a boat with projecting row- locks. outright (out'rit), adv. completely; at once. outset (out 'set), n. a setting out ; be- ginning. outside (out'sid), n. the external part of anything; superficies; utmost; a passenger on the top of a bus, &c. : pi. the exterior sheets of a ream of paper: adj. pertaining to, or situ- ated upon, the outside; exterior. outspan (out-span'), v.i. to loose sad- dle; dismount, and then unyoke the cattle; spreading out the camp in a fan-like way for protection and easy recall. [Dutch.] outspoken (out'spo-kn) , adj. candid. outstanding (qut-stand'ing) , adj. pro- jecting; unpaid. outward (out'werd), adj. external; to or from the exterior; visible; ex- trinsic. outwards (out'werdz), adv. towards the outside; to foreign parts. Also outward. outwit (out-wif), v.t. to overreach, or defeat, by superior skill or cun- ning. outwork (out'werk), n. a defense con- structed beyond the main body of a fort, &c. oval (o'val), adj. shaped like an egg; elliptical: n. anything egg-shaped. ovary (o'va-ri), n. [pi. ovaries (o'va- riz)], the organ in a female animal in which the ova or first germs of fu- ture life are formed; the hollow seed-case of a plant. ovate (o'vat), adj. egg-shaped. ovation (6-va'shun), n. among the ancient Romans, a minor triumph of a general for an inferior victory at which sheep (oves) were sacrificed; an enthusiastic demonstration of public esteem. [Latin.] oven (uv'n), n. bl place or apparatus for baking or heating. Dutch oven means a sort of baking-pot which when surrounded by hot coals is used for baking. over (o'ver), prep, superior in posi- tion, authority, dignity, excellence, or value; above; upon; across; cov- ering; more than: adv. from begin- ning to end; from one to another; from side to side; in excess; on the surface; throughout: adj. beyond; superior: n. in cricket, the number of balls delivered by one bowler. overbearing (o'ver-bar'ing), ac?;. dom- ineering ;_haughty. overcast (o-ver-kasf), v.t to cloud, to cover with gloom ; to sew over the edges (of a fabric): v.i. to grow dull. overcharge (o-ver-charj'), v.t. to load with too great a charge; to ask too great a price: n. (o'ver-charj), an ex- cessive load or charge. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. OVERCOAT 357 OZONE overcoat (o'ver-kot), n. an outdoor coat worn over all the other dress. overflow (o-ver-floO, v.t. to flood; to overwhelm: n. (o'ver-flo), a flowing over. overhang (o-v^r-hang'), v.t. to hang over; to project over; to impend. overhaul (o-ver-hawr), v.t. to exam- ine thoroughly ; overtake ; gain upon : said of a_ship. overhear (o-ver-herO, v.t. to hear what was not intended to be heard. overjoy (o-ver-joi'), v.t. to fill with delight. overlander (o-ver-lan'der), n. a trav- eler; one who makes his way as an emigrant by land in wagons, as did the pioneers who after the Revolu- tion moved westward to Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, Kansas, Michi- gan and finally to the Pacific slope. overload (o-ver-lod), v.t. to load or fill too much. overlook (o-ver-look'),^'-^-.t9 look over; to see from a higher position; to view carefully ;_to slight. overplus (o'yer-plus), n. excess. overpower (o-ver-pou'er), v.t. to bear down or crush by superior force; vanquish. overseer (o-ver-ser') , n. the superin- tendent of some department of a busi- ness; one who superintends the poor. overshoe (oVer-shoo), n. a waterproof shoe worn over another shoe. overt (o-verf), ddj. open; pubhc. overtake (o-ver-tak') , v.t. [p.t. & p.p. overtook, p.pr. overtaking], to catch by pursuit; come upon as a punish- ment; take_by surprise. overthrow (o-ver-thro'), v.t. to turn upside down; demolish; vanquish; destroy: n. (oVer-thro), ruin; defeat; in cricket, a ball missed by the wicket-keeper when returned to him. overtones (oVer-tonz), n.pl. har- monics. overture (o'ver-tur), n. an offer or proposal; opening; an introductory symphony before the commencement of an opera. [French. ]_ overweening (o - ver - wen'ing) , adj. conceited. overwhelm (o-ver-hwelm') , v.t. to crush or destroy utterly. overwork (o-ver-werk'), v.t. to tire: v.i. to work beyond one's strength. oviparous (o-vip'a-rus), adj. produc- ing young by eggs. ovum (oVum), n. [pi. ova (o'va)], the germ or body in the ovary which, when impregnated, develops in the foetus; an egg-shaped ornament. owe (o), v.t. to be indebted, or under obligation to; be obliged to pay: v.i. to be in debt. owl (oul), n. a raptorial nocturnal bird characterized by its hoot. owlet _(ouret), n. a young owl. own (on), adj. belonging to; peculiar or proper to: v.t. to possess or hold by right; concede or acknowl- edge. owner (on'er), n. lawful proprietor. ownership (on'er-ship), n. rightful possession. ox (oks), n. [vl. oxen (oks'n)], an ani- mal of the DO vine genus, especially a castrated bull. oxidation (oks-i-da'shun), n. the operation of converting into an oxide. oxide (oks'Id), n. a compound of oxj^gen and a base. See ozone. oxidize (oks'i-diz), v.t. to convert into an oxide: v.i. to be converted into an oxide. Also oxidate. oxy, a Greek prejix occurring in various scientific words, meaning the pres- ence of oxygen. oxyeen (oks'i-jen), n. a colorless in- odorous gas, which with nitrogen and argon constitutes 1-oth by vol- ume 9f the atmosphere, and in com- bination with hydrogen forms water. oxytone (oks'i-ton), adj. having an acute sound; having the last sylla- ble accented: n. an acute sound. oyer (o'yer), n. a hearing or trial of legal causes. [Old French.] oyez (o'j-es), inter j. the introductory cry of an official or public crier de- manding silence. It literally means '^hear ye.'' oyster (ois'ter), n. a bivalve mollusk of the genus Ostrea, much esteemed as a dejicacy. ozone (o'zon), n. an allotropic form of oxygen present in the atmosphere, especially after electrical disturb- ance, with a characteristic^ odor. It is a remarkably strong oxidizing agent, and is also used in bleaching and disinfecting. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, oot ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, f Aen. p 1 P, the sixteenth letter of the EngHsh firmly pressed; depart or remove in alphabet, traced through the Greek haste. [Danish.] and Latin alphabets to the Hebrew package (pak 'a j),n. a bundle or bale of pCy meaning a mouth, of which it goods. [French.] was probably a picture. Our present packet (pak'et), n. a small pack, or form of the letter is essentially that of parcel; a vessel sailing between two the Roman. As a ' ^surd labial stop" or more ports for the conveyance it corresponds to the vocalic h; with of passengers, mails, and merchan- which it often interchanges. Thus dise at regular intervals. Greek, episcopos; Eng. bishop; Span- pact (pakt), n. an agreement. [Latin.] ish, obispo; Sanskrit, pad, En^., pad (pad), n. a soft cushion; a thick footy again English keeps the p as in sap while Sanskrit has sahar (nectar) , and Latin, luhricus. In chemistry, P is the symbol for phosphorus. pa (pa), n. abbreviation of papa. pabulum (pab'u-lum), n. food; nour- ishment. [Latin.] pace (pas), n. a step; manner of walking; length of one's movement of the foot in walking; a linear mass of sheets of blotting paper for writing upon; a slow-paced horse: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. padded, p.pr. pad- ding], to travel slowly: v.t. stuff with padding. padding (pad'ing), n. naaterial used for stuffing; the act of impregnating cloth with a mordant; inserted mat- ter for filling out a newspaper or magazine article, &c. measure, varying from 30 in. to 60 paddle (pad'l), v.i. to row slowly; play in.; rate of progress; an amble: v.t. to measure by steps or paces: v.i. to walk deliberately; amble. [Latin.] paced (past), p.aaj. having a par- ticular manner of walking. in the water: v.t. to propel by pad- dle or oar; to spank: n. a short broad car; an oar blade; one of the floats for propelhng a steam- ship. pachydermatous (pak-i-der'ma-tus) , paddock (pad'uk), n. a small field or adj. thick-skinned. pacific (pa-sif'ik), adj. peace-mak- ing; mild; peaceful; tranquil: n. the Pacific Ocean. [Latin.] pacification (pa-sif-i-ka'shun) , n. the act of peace-making; conciliation. pacify (pas'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. paci- fied, p.pr. pacifying], to calm or ap- pease; reconcile. pack (pak), n. a large bundle tied dismiss summarily or unceremoni- ously; select and put together for an unjust object: v.t. to become ery; a male attendant on a legisla- tive body; one side of the leaf of a ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^^en. enclosure adjacent to a stable for horses. padlock (pad'lok), n. a lock with a link to pass through a staple or eye: v.t. to fasten with a padlock. paean (pe'an), n. sl triumphal song. [Greek.] psedobaptism (pe-do-bap'tizm), w. infant baptism. Also pedobaptism. [Greek.] up for carriage; dogs in Alaska; set pagan (pa'gan), n. a heathen; idola- of playing-cards ; great number or ter : adj. heathen ; idolatrous, quantity; gang; weight of wool = [Latin.] 240 lbs.; number of dogs kept for paganism (pa'gan-izm), n. heathen- hunting: v.t. to bind and press to- ism; idolatry, gether, as goods for carriage; load; page (paj), n. a boy attending on a I person of distinction; a boy in liv- i PAGEANT 359 PALL book; episode: v.t. to mark or num- ber in pages. [Latin.] pageant (paj'ent), n. a theatrical show or spectacle; anything merely showy. [Old French.] pageantry (paj'ent-ri), n. ostenta- tious display. paid (pad), p.t. & p.p. of pay. pail (pal), n. an open vessel of wood or metal furnished with a handle for carrying water, &c. pain (pan), n. physical 91; mental suffering; penalty: pi. diHgent ef- fort; throes of parturition: v.t.^ to cause physical or mental suffering; render imeasy. [French.] painful (pan%ol), adj. full of, or causing, pain. painless (pan'les), adj. without pain. paint (pant), v.t. to represent by deUneation and colors; depict; be- smear or cover with color; dye: v.i. to practice painting; rouge: n. a coloring substance or pigment; rouge. [Old French.] painter (pant'er), n. one whose oc- cupation is to paint; an artist who is skilled in depicting subjects in colors; a rope for fastening a boat. painting (pant'ing), n. the act, art, or occupation of laying on colors; the representation of objects by deUnea- tion and colors; a picture; vivid verbal description. pair (par), n. two things of a kind, similar in form, suited to each other, and used together; couple; married couple: v. <. to join in couples: v.i. to be joined in couples; to suit or to be adapted to each other; in a legisla- tive body, to offset votes, or agree to a pair-off. [French.] pajamas (pa-ja'maz), n.vl. loose trousers of silk; also a kind of sleep- ing costume. [Hindu.] pal (pal), n. an intimate friend; ac- complice. [Slang.] palace (pal'as), n. the residence of a sovereign or bishop; a magnifi- cent house or building. [Latin.] paladin (pal'a-din), n. a knight-errant, especially one of the twelve knights of Charlemagne or Arthur. [French.] palaeo, a Greek prefix meaning ancient, as pa/a?olithic : adj. noting the earli- est division of the Stone Age. palaeography (pal-e-og'ra-fi), n. the science which leads one to study parchments, and ancient writings of all kinds, and to detect imposture in such writings. palaeontology (pal-e-on-torp-ji), n. the study of remote antiquity in all its forms, especially in its arts, its language, and its customs. [Greek.] palanquin (pal-an-ken') , n. in India and China, a covered conveyance for one passenger borne on the shoulders of men. [French, from Sanskrit.] palatable (paFa-ta-bl) , adj. agreeable to the taste; savory. [Latin.] , palate (pal'at), n. the roof of the mouth; taste or relish. [Latin.] palatial (pa-la'shal) , adj. pertaining to, or suitable to, a palace; royal. palatine (pal'a-tin), adj. invested with royal privileges and rights, as certain counties: n. one who is thus invested. [French.] palaver (pa-la'ver), n. a public con- ference; superfluous or idle talk; chatter: v.t. to talk over; deceive by words: v.i. to confer; chatter. [Spanish, palabra, ^'word.^'] pale (pal), adj. not of a fresh or ruddy complexion; wan; wanting in color; of a faint luster [French]: n. a narrow board used in fencing; a pointed stake; space inclosed by rails; limit* district or territory: v.i. to turn pale: v.t. to inclose with, or as with, pales. [Latin.] palette (pallet), n. a thin ovsl wood or porcelain plate for mixing and holding colors. [French.] palfrey (pawl'fri), n. sl small saddle- horse for a lady's use. palimpsest (pal'imp-sest or pa-limp'- sest), n. a parchment manuscript which, after the writing upon it has been partially erased, is used again, the former writing being more or less discernible. [Greek.] paling (pal'ing), n. a fence constructed of pales; materials for a fence of pales. See pale. palisade (pal-i-sad'). n. sl fence or fortification formed of stakes driven into the ground and pointed at the top: v.t. to inclose or fortify with stakes. [French.] pall (pawl), n. a cloak or mantle; a kind of scarf of lamb's wool sent by the Pope to an archbishop on his ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PALLADIUM 360 PANOPLY consecration (also pallium) ; a cof- fin covering: v.i. to become insipid; lose strength. paUadium (pal-a'di-um) , n. any safe- guard of a liberty, or privilege: from the statue of Pallas at Troy, said to have fallen from heaven, and on the preservation of which de- pended the safety of the city [Latin] ; a rare grayish metal found with plat- inum. pallet (paFet), n. a pallette; a name for various tools used in gilding, pottery, horology, &c. ; a small piece of the mechanism of a watch; a small rough bed. [French.] palliate (paFi-at) , v.t. to excuse or cover over; extenuate; lessen or abate. palliation (pal-i-a'shun) , n. the act of palliating ; extenuation ; mitiga- tion. palliative (pal'i-a-tiv) , adj. tending to lessen or mitigate. pallid (pal'id), adj. pale; wan. pallor (parer),n. paleness. [Latin.] palm (pam), n. the inner part of the hand; a linear measure of varying length (frorn 3 to 4 in.); a tree of various species of the order Palmse; a palm branch symbolical of victory or rejoicing: v.t. to conceal in the palm of the hand; impose upon by fraud (with off). [Latin.] palmer (pam'er), n. a pilgrim to the Holy Land who carried a palm branch as a token of his pilgrimage. palmetto (pal-met'o), n. a species of palm-tree, the cabbage-tree palm. palmistry (pa'mis-tri), n. the pre- tended art of foretelling the future by examination of the lines and marks of a person's hand. palmy (pam'i), ^ adj. abounding in palms; flein-ishing ; prosperous. palpable (pal'pa-bl), adj. easily per- ceived; obvious. [Low Latin.] palpitate (pal'pi-tat), v.i. to beat or throb. [Latin.] palpitation (pal-pi-ta'shun) , n. ab- normal beating or throbbing of the heart. palsy (pawl'zi),n. paralysis: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. palsied, p.pr. palsying], to par- alyze. [Contracted from paralysis, Greek.] palter (pawl'ter), v.i. to trifle; act insincerely. paltry (pawl'tri), adj. worthless; con- temptible. pamper (pam'per), v.t. to feed luxuri- ously; satiate. [French.] pamphlet (pam'flet), n. a small un- bound book, usually on some current topic, of one or more sheets stitched together. [Old French.] pan, a Greek prefix meaning all, univer- sal, as pan-Anglican, Pan-Slavic, Pan-American: n. a broad shallow vessel; that part of an old flint- lock which held the priming. panacea (pan-a-se --a) , n. a universal remedy or medicine. [Greek.] pancake (pan'kak), n. sl thin fried butter cake. pancreas (pan'kre-as) , v. a large fleshy gland (the sweetbread) situ- ated under and behind the stomach secreting a fluid that assists in the process of digestion. [Greek.] pancreatic (pan-kre-at'ik) , adj. per- taining to, or secreted by, the pan- creas. pandemonium (pan-de-mo'ni-um),n. a place or abode of general disorder. [Greek.] pander (pan'der), v.i. to be an agent for the gratification of another's passions. [Latin.] pane (jpan), n. a square of glass; a piece in variegated work. [French.] panegyric (pan-e-jir'ik), n. an ovation or eulogy in praise of some person or event; encomiimi. [Greek.] panel (pan'el), n. a piece of board, the edges of which are inserted in a frame; a thin board on which a pic- ture is painted; a schedule contain- ing the names of persons summoned to serve as jurors; the jury; in Scots law, the prisoner at the bar: v.t. to form with panels. [Low Latin.] pang (pang), n. a violent sudden pain; agony, mental or physical. panic (pan'ik), n. a sudden fright; a kind of millet: adj. suddenly and violently alarming: said of fear. From the Greek god. Pan. pannier (pan'ni-er), n. one of two bas- kets suspended across the back of a horse, for carrying market pro- duce. panoply (pan'o-pli), n. sl complete suit of armor. [Graeco-French.] ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book : hue, hut ; think, then. PANORAMA 361 PARAFFIN panorama (pan-o-ra'ma) , n. a picture, viewed from a central standpoint, of several scenes unrolled and made to pass before the spectator. [Greek.] pansy (pan'zi), n, the heart's-ease; also called Johnny-jump-up; a spe- cies of violet developed by care into a splendid blossom of purple and gold. [French.] pant (pant), v.i. to breathe rapidly: desire ardently (with for or after) : n. rapid breathing: pi, abbreviation for trousers. pantaloon (pan-ta-loon'),^. a buffoon in a pantomime: p^. trousers. pantheism (pan'the-izm), n. the doc- trine that the universe in its totality is God. panther (pan'ther), n, a fierce feline carnivorous animal. Fem. pan- ther ess. [Latin.] pantomime (pan'to-mlm), n. a repre- sentation in dumb show; a popular Christmastide theatrical entertain- ment with music, dancing, &c. pantry (pan'tri), n. a provision closet. pap (pap), n, soft food for infants; a nipple, teat, or breast; pulp of fruit. [Swedish.] papa (pa-pa', or pa'pa), n. a word of endearment for father. In Latin it means the Pope. [Found in many languages, as a reduplicated form of pa.] papacy (pa'pa-si), n. the office, dig- nity, or authority, of the Pope; popes collectively; Roman Catholic religion. papal (pa'pal), adj. pertaining to the Pope, or the Church of Rome. paper (pa'per), n. a thin flexible substance made of various materials, as linen, straw, &c., used for writing or printing upon; a newspaper; an essay or literary contribution; writ- ten instrument; bank-notes or bills of exchange: adj. made of paper; thin: v.t. to cover with paper. [French.] See papyrus. papeterie (pap'e-tre), n. a case con- taining paper and writing materials. papier-mache (pap-ya'ma-sha'),, ri. paper pulp molded and made into trays, &c., and japanned. [French.] papoose (pa-poos'), n. a young child. [North American Indian.] paprika (pa-pre'ka), n. a condiment resembling cayenne pepper though less hot; much liked by the Hunga- rians, who use it almost excessively. See goulash. papyrus (pa-pi'rus), n. [pi. papyri (pa-pi 'ri)], a species of Egyptian reed, from the rind of which the ancients made paper; a manuscript on papyrus. [Greek.] par (par), n. state of equaHty; nomi- nal and market value. [Latin.] para, a Greek prefix meaning heyondy beside J divergence as paracentric. parable (par'a-bl), n. an allegorical method of conveying instruction by means of a fable or short fictitious narrative; a comparison or simili- tude. [Latin.] parabola (i)ar-ab'o-la), n. one of the conic sections formed by the inter- section of the cone by a plane par- allel to one of its sides. [Greek.] parabolic (par-a-bol'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, or formed like, a parabola; allegorical. Also parabohcal. parachute (par'a-shoot), n. an um- brella-shaped apparatus for descend- ing from a balloon. [Franco-Latin.] parade (pa-rad'), n. ostentatious dis- play; show; military display; place of assembly for exercising troops: v.t. to marshal in military order; make a display of: v.i. to exhibit, or walk about ostentatiously. [French.] paradigm (par'a-dim), n, an exam- ple or model; example of the gram- matical inflection of a word. [Greek.] paradise (par'a-dis), n. the garden of Eden; a park; any place of happiness; heaven ; the top gallery in the theater where those who occupy the cheap seats are in slang called ^^the gods. [French, from Old Persian.] paradox (par'a-doks), n. something apparently absurd or incredible, yet true; a tenet contrary to received opinions. [Greek.] paradoxical (par-a-doks'i-kal), adj, of the nature of a paradox. paraffin (par'a-fin), n. a white crys- talline substance obtained by dis- tillation from wood and shale, is of a waxy nature so that it is used for waterproofing, and for preserving objects from the action of the atmos- iite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, thQn. PARAGOGE 362 PAREGORIC phere. The obelisk in Central Park 18 coated with paraffin. paragoge (par-a-go'je), n. the addi- tion of a letter or syllable to the end of a word, as ^^got/' ^^gotten." [Greek.] paragon (par'a-gon), n. something of extraordinary excellence; model or pattern of perfection: v.t. to equal or compare. para^aph (par'a-graf), n, a small sub- division of a connected discourse; a short passage; a reference mark (1[); an item of newspaper intelli- gence. parallax (par'al-laks) , n. the apparent angular shifting of an object caused by change in the position of the ob- server, especially^ the difference in the apparent position of a heavenly body and its true place. parallel (par'al-lel) , adj. lying side by side; extended in the same direction and equidistant at all points; hav- ing the same direction or tendency; corresponding: n. -a line equidistant to all points from another line; re- semblance or likeness: pZ. trenches in front of a fortified place parallel to the defenses: v.t. to place so as to be parallel; corresp9nd to. parallelism (par'al-lel-izm), n. the state or quality of being parallel; correspondence. parallelogram (par-al-lel'o-gram) , n. a plane 4-sided figure whose opposite sides are parallel and equal. parallelopipedon (p ar-al-lel-o-pip 'e- don) , n. a regular solid figure bounded by six parallelograms, of which the opposite pairs are equal and parallel. paralysis (pa-ral'i-sis) , n. loss of the power of sensation of one or more parts of the body; palsy. [Greek.] paralytic (par-a-lit'ik), adj, pertain- ing to, affected by, or inclined to, paralysis: n. one who is affected with paralysis. paralyze (par'a-liz), v,t, [p.J. & p.p. paralyzed, p.pr. paralyzing], to af- fect with paralysis; unnerve; ren- der useless or ineffective. paramount (par'a-mount) , adj. su- perior to all others; eminent or chief: n. the highest in rank or authority. [Old French.] paranoia (par-a-noi'a), n. a form of monomania. [Greek.] parapet (par'a-pet), n. a wall breast- high; a rampart to protect troops from the fire of an enemy. [French.] paraphernalia (par-a-fer-na'li-a), n.pL the apparel, jewels, &c., of a wife which she possesses over and above her dowry; ornaments of dress gen- erally; equipment. [Greek.] paraphrase (par'a-fraz), n. a free translation or explanation; a hjonn based on some Scriptural passage: t;.f. make a free translation of; ex- plain in many words : v.i. to make a paraphrase. parasite (par'a-sit), n. one who fre- quents the table of a rich man and gains his favor by flattery; a hang- er-on; an animal or plant nour- ished by another to which it at- taches itself. [Greek,] parasol (par'a-sol), n. a lady's sxm- shade. [French.] parboil (par'boil), v.L to boil par- tially. parbuckle ^ (par'buk-1), n. a rope formed into a double sling for hoisting casks, &c.: v.L to hoist by means of a parbuckle. parcel (par'sel), n. a small bundle or package; little part: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. parceled, p.'pr. parceling], to diviae into parts. [French.] parcel post (par'sel post), n. that branch of the postal service which forwards parcels, the charges in the United States being regulated ac- cording to distance as well as weight by means of a zone system. Also parcels post. parch (parch), v.t to scorch; burn slightly ; dry to excess. parchment (parch'ment), n. the skin of a sheep, goat, &c., dressed and prepared for writing upon; a deed: adj. made of, or like, parch- ment. pard (pard), n. a leopard; any spotted beast. pardon (par'don), v.t. to forgive; ab- solve: n. forgiveness; absolution; official remission of a penalty. pardoner (par'dn-er), n. one who pardons; formerly, a cleric who was licensed to sell papal indulgences. pare (par), v.t. to cut ^ away little by little; reduce or diminish. paregoric (par-e-gor'ik), n, a tine- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, thQU. PARENT 363 PARSNIP ture of opium to assuage pain: adj, mitigating pain. [Greek.] parent (pa'rent), n. a father or mother; origin. [French.] parentage (pa'rent-aj), n. extraction; birth. parental (pa-ren'tal) , adj. pertaining to, or becoming, parents; fond. parenthesis (pa-ren'the-sis) ,_ n. [pi. parentheses (pa-ren'the-sez)], an explanatory word or clause inserted in a sentence, which is granimati- cally complete without it: indicated by the marks () . [Greek.] parenthetical (par-en-thet'i-kal), adj, expressed in a parenthesis; using parentheses. paresis (par'e-sis), n. insanity with general motor paralysis; softening of the brain. [Greek.] pari, a Greek prefix meaning equal; the corresponding Latin prefix is par. pariah (pa'ri-a), n. one of the low- est class of Hindus, having, in fact, no caste at all, and therefore living apart from others and serving for- eigners. [Tamil.] parietal (pa-rl'e-tal), adj. pertaining to a wall or side; forming the wall or side; said of the large lateral bones of the head; growing from the side of another organ. [Latin.] parish (par'ish), n. an ecclesiastical district under the particular charge of priest, clergyman, or minister; a district having its own officers for the care of the poor of such 'a dis- trict; a congregation: adj. pertain- ing to, or maintained by, a parish. parishioner (par-ish'on-er), n. one who belongs to a parish. parity (par'i-ti), n. equality; likeness. park (park), n. a large enclosed piece of ground surrounding a mansion, or used as a public place for recre- ation; the train of artillery be- longing to an army division; an artillery encampment: v.t. to in- close, or collect, in a park. [French.] parlance (par'lans), n. conversation; idiom of conversation. parley (par'li), n. a conference, es- pecially with an enemy: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. parleyed, p.pr. parleying], to hold a conference, especially with an enemy. [Old French.] Parliament (parli-ment), n. the supreme legislative assembly of Great Britain and Ireland, consist- ing of the Sovereign, the House of Lords, and the House of Com- mons. parliamentary (par-li-men'ta-ri) , adj, pertaining to, enacted by, or in ac- cordance with the usages of. Par- liament. parlor (par 'ler), n. reception room; drawing room._ parochial (pa-ro'ki-al) , adj. pertain- ing to a parish; narrow-minded. parody (par'o-di),n. [pZ. parodies (par'- o-diz)], a burlesque imitation of a serious poem: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. par- odied, p.pr. parody mg], to convert into a parody. [Greek.] parole (pa-roF), n. a word of honor, especially one given by a prisoner of war that in return for conditional freedom he will return to custody on a specified day; the daily pass- word in a camp or garrison. [French.] paroxysm (par oks-izm), n. a sudden spasm, or fit of acute pain; sudden action or convulsion. [Greek.] parquet, parquette (par-ket), n. the floor space of a theater between the orchestra-rail and dress-circle. parquetry (par'ket-ri), n. mosaic w^ood-work for floors. [French.] parrakeet (par'a-ket), n. a small long-tailed parrot. Also paraquet, paroquet. [French.] parricide (par'i-sid), n. the murderer of a father or mother. [Latin.] parrot (par'ot), n. sl tropical bird with a hooked bill, characterized by its brilliant plumage and its power of imitating the human voice. [French.] parry (par'i), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. parried, p.pr. parrying], to ward off, as a blow. parse (pars), v.t. to resolve by gram- matical rules a sentence into its component parts, and show the re- lation of the various parts of speech. parsimonious (par-si-mo'ni-us) , adj. frugal to excess; miserly; penurious. parsimony (par'si-^mo-ni) , n. closeness in expenditure; niggardliness. [Latin.] parsley (pars'h), n. a cuUnary herb. [French.] parsnip (pars'nip), n. an edible plant with a carrot-like root. [French.] ate. arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PARSON 364 PASS parson (par'sn), n. the incumbent of a parish; a clergyman. [Latin.] parsonage (par'sn-aj), n. an eccle- siastical benefice; the residence of an incumbent. part (part), n. something less than the whole; i)iece; portion; propor- tional quantity; ingredient; share; member or organ; side or party; concern; business; portion of a work issued in numbers at stated inter- vals; any one of the characters of a play; one of the melodies in a har- mony: pi. faculties, qualities, or ac- complishments ; ^ regions ; quarters : v.t. to divide into two or more pieces: v.i. to be separated; take leave. [French.] partake (par-tak'), v.i. [p.t. par- took, p.p. partaken, p.pr. partak- ing], to take a part or share in common with others. parterre (par-tar'), n. a series of flower beds arranged ornamentally, with intervening spaces of gravel or turf. [French.] partial (par'shal), adj. inclined to favor one side or party; biased. [French.] partiality (par-shi-al'i-ti), n. the state or quality of being partial. participant (par-tis'i-pant), adj. shar- ing: n. one who shares or par- takes. participate (par-tis'i-pat), v.i. to par- take: v.t. to have part of ; share. participation (par-tis-i-pa'shun) , n. the act of sharing something with others; division into shares; com- panionship. participial (par-ti-sip'i-al), adj. having the nature of a participle. participle (par'ti-si-pl) , n. a word which partakes of the nature of a verb and of an adjective. particle (par'ti-kl), n. an atom; the smallest part into which a body can be divided; a word non-inflected, or not used alone; a crumb of conse- crated bread. particular (par-tik'u-lar) , adj. dis- tinct from others; individual; pe- culiar or special; characteristic; ex- clusive; exact; minute. particularity (par-tik-u-lar'i-ti) , n. circumstantiality. particularize (par-tik'ti-lar-iz) , v.t. to give the particulars of: v.i. be attentive to single things or details. parting (part'ing), p.adj. separating; given wlien separating: n. division; separating; a taking leave; a divi- sion in strata. partisan (par'ti-zan) , n. an adher- ent of a party or faction; a kind of halberd: adj. pertaining to, or biased in favor of, a party, &c. partisanship (par'ti-zan-ship), n, the state of being a partisan. partition (par-tish'un) , n. the act or state of being divided; separation; distribution; a dividing wall; part where separation is made: v.t. di- vide into shares; divide by walls. partitive (par'ti-tiv) , adj. noting a part: n. a word that denotes a part or expresses partition. partly (part'li), adv. in part. partner (part'ner), n. one who is as- sociated with another, especially in a business, &c.; an associate; one who dances with another; a hus- band or wife. partnership (part'ner-ship), n. the state of being a partner; union of two or more persons in the same business or profession. partook (par-took'), P-t. of partake. partridge (par'trij), n. a well-known gallinaceous bird of the genus Perdix, preserved as game. parturition (par-tu-rish'un) , n. the act of bringing forth young. [Latin.] party (par'ti), n. [pi. parties (par'tiz)], a number of persons united together for a particular purpose; faction; one concerned in an affair; cause or side; a select company; single indi- vidual spoken of. parvenu (par've-nu), n. an upstart; one newly come to wealth or power. pasha (pa-shaw'), n. a Turkish title given to high officials. Also pacha. pasquinade (pas-kwin-ad'), n. a lam- poon or rude satire: v.t. to lampoon or satirize. [French, from Italian.] pass (pas), v.i. to move from one place or state to another; be pro- gressive; change by degrees; be enacted; be current: v.t. to go be- yond, or through, or by; cause to move onward; omit; give authority to ; transfer ; void ; utter or pronounce: n. a narrow passage, or entrance; ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, b^ok hue, hut ; think, then. PASSABLE 365 PATENT defile; license, state of extremity; a thrust. passable (pasVbl), adj. that may be passed, traveled, or navigated; ca- pable of bearing inspection; toler- able. passage (pas'aj), n. the act of passing; course or journey; entrance or exit; right of passing; legal enactment; single clause or portion of a book; migratory habits. pass-book (passbook), n. a book which passes between a merchant and his customer and contains the entries of goods sold on credit ; a bank-book held by the depositor. passe (pas-a'), adj. past; worn out or faded. [French.] passementerie (pas-men'te-re), n. dress-trimmings usually of beaded lace. [French.] passenger (pas'en-jer), n. one who travels in or on a conveyance; one who passes. passing (pas'ing), p.adj. departing: adv, exceedingly: n. the act of going by; transit. Lon (pash'un), n. violent agita- tion of mind in anger; strong deep feeling or excitement; love; ardor; intense desire. [Latin.] Passion, n. the sufferings of Christ in his last agonies. passionate (pash'un-at) , adj. moved by passion; angry; excitable. passionless (pash'un-les), adj. void of passion; calm. passive (pas'iv), adj, suffering with- out resisting ; not acting ; submissive ; quiescent. passport (pas'port), n. a license to travel in a foreign country. [French.] password (pas'werd), n. a word by means of which friends are distin- guished from strangers or enemies. past (past), J). adj. having formerly been; gone by; completed: n. the time gone by; adv. along: prep, be- yond. paste (past), n. a mixture of flour, &c., with water, used as a cement; dough prepared for pies, &c. ; a com- position for making artificial gems: v.t. to fasten with paste. pastel (pas-telO, n. a colored crayon. paster (pas'ter), n. strip of gummed paper with printed matter on it, for covering over other printed mat- ter, &c. pastern (pas'tern), n. that part of a horse's hoof which lies between the fetlock and the coffin point, occupying the length between the two pastern bones. pasteurize (pas'tur-iz), v.t. to inocu- late with the bacilli which produce a specific disease so as to prevent or cure it. Named from the French chemist, Louis Pasteur. pastil (pas'til), n. a small cone of aro- matic paste used for fumigating a room: a medicated lozenge. Also pastille (pas-tel). pastime (pas'tim), n. diversion. pastor (pas'ter), n. a clergyman or minister having spiritual charge of a church and congregation. pastoral (pas'ter-al), adj. pertaining to shepherds, or to the care of a church; rural; addressed to the clergy of a diocese by its bishop: n, a kind of dramatic poem, delineating incidents in rural life; a bishop^s pastoral letter. pastry (pas'tri), n. articles of food, as pies, &c., madeof light puffy dough. pasturage (pas'tur-aj), n. the business of grazing cattle; pasture. pasture (pas'tur), n. land under grass for grazing cattle; grass for graz- ing: v.t. to supply with grass or pasture: v.i. to graze. pasty (past'i), adj. like paste; a small pie of crust raised without a dish. pat (pat), n. a light quick blow with the hand; a small lump of butter made up: adj. apt; exact: adv. fit- ly: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. patted, p.pr. pat- ting], to strike gently and quickly with the fingers or hand. pat (pat) , adv. neatly ; at the moment. patch (pach), n. a piece applied to cover a hole or rent; a piece in- serted in variegated work; a plot of ground: v.t. to put a patch on; mend_clumsily. pate (pat), n. the head; crown of the head. patent (pat'ent), adj. apparent; open to the perusal of all; secured by let- ters ^ patent; spreading widely: n. a privilege granted by letters patent, as a title of nobility, or the sole ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; V?/'. but : think. f/?en. PATERNAL 366 PAWN right in an invention: v.t. to grant or secure by letters patent. paternal (pa-ter'nal), adj. pertaining to, or exhibiting the characteristics of, a father; hereditary. paternity (pa-ter'ni-ti) , n. paternal relation; authorship. paternoster (pa-ter-nos'ter), n. the Lord's Prayer; a rosary; every elev- enth bead in a rosary. path (path), n, a road; footway; track; course of conduct or action. pathetic (pa-thet'ik) , adj. affecting the emotions or passions; touching. pathogeny (pa-thoj 'e-ni), n. the science of the origin of diseases. pathology (pa-thoFo-ji), n. the science of diseases. pathos (pa'thos), n. expression of deep feeling; intense half -melancholy emotion. patience (i)a'shens), n. the quality of being patient or calmly enduring. patient (pa'shent), adj. suffering pain, hardship, affliction, insult, &c., with calmness and equanimity; continu- ance of labor; persevering; waiting with calmness: n. a person under miedical treatment. patois (pat'wa), n. provincial dialect, as Yorkshire Wessex and Lancashire in England. [Latin.] patriarch (pa'tri-ark) , n. the foun- der or head of a family; an aged man; in the Greek Church, a metro- politan dignitary of the highest rank. patrician (pa-trish'an), n. one of the senators of ancient Rome; a lobleman: adj. senatorial; noble. patricide (pat'ri-sid), n. the murder or murderer of one's father. patrimonial (pat-ri-mo'ni-al), adj. inherited from ancestors. patrimony (pat'ri-mo-ni), n. an estate or right inherited from a father or one's ancestors; an ecclesiastical endowment or estate. patriot (pat'ri- or pa'tri-ot), n. one who loves, and is devoted to, his na- tive country and its welfare. patriotic (pa-tri-ot'ik), adj. character- ized by patriotism. patriotism (pa'tri-ot-izm), n. love of one's country. patrol (pa-trol'), n. a corporal's guard that marches round at night to preserve order; a mounted police- man: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. patrolled, p.pr. patrolling], to go round as a patrol. patron (pa'tron), n. a guardian or protector; one who has the gift of a benefice. Fern, patroness: adj. giv- ing aid or exercising guardianship; tutelary. [French.] patronage (pa'tron-aj), n. special support; guardianship or protection; right of conferring a benefice. patronize (pa'tro-niz) , v.t. to act as a patron towards; support or protect; frequent as a customer. patronymic (pat-ro-nim'ik) , adj. de- rived from the name of an ancestor: n. a name derived from an ancestor. patter (pat'er), v.i. to strike with a quick succession of light sounds, as hail: n. the dialect of a class. pattern (pat'ern), n. a model, sample, or specimen; anything cut out or formed into shape to be copied. paucity (paw'si-ti), n. smallness of number or quantity. paunch (panch or pawnch), n. the belly; the first and largest stomach of a ruminant. pauper (paw'per), n. a poor person; one who is suDported by the poor rates. pauperize (paw'per-iz), v.t. to reduce to pauperism. pause (pawz), n. cessation; tempo- rary stop; a break in writing indi- cated by the mark [ — ]; a mark of cessation in speaking; a mark [^] in music, indicating the continuance of a note or rest: y.i. to make a short stop; wait; hesitate. pave (pav), v.t. to cover or lay witli stones, bricks, &c.: as, to pave a street. pavement (pav'ment), n. a paved roadway or floor. pavilion (pa-vil'yun), n. an orna- mental domed-shaped building; a large tent; a temporary movable habitation; summer-house. paving (paVing), n. pavement. paw (paw), n. the foot of an animal with claws: v.t. to scrape with the forefoot; handle, as with paws; caress, as a dog. pawn (pawn), n. something given as security for the redemption of a pledge; a common piece at chess: v.t. to give in pledge. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PAY 367 PEDESTRIAN pay (pa), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. paid, p.pr. paying], to^ discharge a debt to; give an equivalent for; compensate; reward; fulfil; smear with tar, pitch, &c.: n. money given for serv- . ice rendered. [French.] pea (pe), n. [pi. peas or pease (pez)], a leguminous plant of the genus Pisum a_nd its edible seed. peace (pes), n. a state of rest or tranquillity; calm; freedom from war or disturbance. peaceable (pes'a-bl), adj. disposed to peace; calm* quiet. peacefiil (pes fool), adj. full of peace; pacific; quiet. [French.] peach (pech), n. sl tree with its downy edible fruit: v.i. to betray one's ac- complices._ peacock (pe'kok), n. a gallinaceous bird with handsome plumage: adj. iridescent like the feathers of the peacock. peak (pek), n. the sharp-pointed sum- mit or jutting part of a mountain or hill ; pointed end ; the leather pro- jection in front of a cap; the upper outer comer of an extended sail: v.i. to look pale and wan: v.t. to raise (a sail) obliquely to the mast. peal (pel), n. a loud sound, as of thunder, bells, &c.; a set of musical bells, or the changes rung by them: v.i. to give forth loud or solemn sounds. peanut (pe'nut), n. the ground-nut: in some parts of the country called goober. pear (par), n. the juicy edible fruit of the pear-tree (Pyrus communis). pearl (perl), n. a hard, smooth, grey- ish-white iridescent gem found in the mother-of-pearl oyster ; anything resembling a pearl or very precious; a white speck in the eye; a small size of type (see type) : adj. pertain- ing to, or formed of, pearls: v.t. to set or adorn with pearls. peasant (pez'ant), n. a countryman; rustic laborer: adj. rural; rustic. peasantry (pez'ant-ri), n. peasants collectively. pease (pez), n.pl. peas collectively. peat (pet), n. decayed vegetable matter resembling turf cut out of bogs: used as fuel. pebble (peb'l), n. a roundish stone; transparent rock crystal used for spectacles, &c. pecan (pe'can), n. a species of North American hickory and its fruit. peccable (pek'a-bl), adj. liable to sin. peccadillo (pek-a-dil'o), n. a trifling fault. peck (pek), n. one-f-ourth of a bushel; quicK sharp stroke with the beak: v.t. to strike with the beak; pick up with the beak; eat. pecker (pek'er), n. one who pecks; a woodpecker. pectoral (pek'to-ral) , adj. pertaining to, good for, or worn on, the chest: n. the breastplate of the Jewish high-priest; a medicine for chest complaints; a pectoral fin. [Latin.] peculate (pek'u-lat), v.i. to appro- priate public money to one's own use; embezzle. [Latin. ]^ peculiar (pe-ku'lyar), adj. one's own; appropriate; individual; strange: n. a church or parish exempted from the jurisdiction of the diocese; to which it belongs. [Latin.] peculiarity (pe-ku-li-ar'i-ti) , n. [pi. peculiarities (pe-ku-li-ar'i-tiz)], some- thing peculiar or characteristic. pecuniary (pe-ku'ni-ar-i) , adj. per- taining to, or consisting of, money; monetary. pedagogy (ped'a-go-ji), n. the science of teaching. pedal (ped'al), adj. pertaining to a foot: n. a key or lever attached to a musical instrument and moved by the foot, to modify the swell or tone: v.t. to work the pedal of a bicycle. pedant (ped'ant), n. one who makes an ostentatious display of his learn- ing. pedantic (pe-dan'tik), adj. pertain- ing to, or characteriseci by, ped- antry. pedantry (ped'an-tri) , n. ostentatious display of learning. peddle (ped'l), v.i. to travel about sell- ing small wares; be busy about trifles: v.t. to retail in small quan- tities. peddler, pedler, pedlar (ped'ler), n. one who peddles. pedestal (ped'es-tal), n. the base of a column, statue, &c. pedestrian (pe-des'tri-an), adj. go- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, f/ien. PEDIGREE 368 PENDING ing on foot; walking: n. one who journeys on foot; professional walk- er. pedigree (ped'i-gre) , n. lineage; gene- alogy. pediment (ped'i-ment) , n. the trian- gular or circular ornament over the entablature, &c., of a building. pedobaptism, same as paedobaptism. pedometer (pe-dom'e-ter) , n. a watch- shaped instrument for recording paces and distances in walking. peduncle (ped-ung'kl), n. a flower- stalk. peel (pel), v.t. to strip the skin, bark, or rind from: v.i. to undress: n. skin or rind; a baker's long flat wooden shovel; a contrivance for hanging up printed sheets to dry. peep (pep), v.i, to chirp or cry, as young birds; to look through a crevice or hiding place; look slyly; begin to appear: n. the cry of a chicken; a sly look; a beginning to appear. peer (per), n. one of the same rank; an equal; associate; a nobleman who is a member of the House of Lords: v.i. to appear; look narrowly. peerage (per'aj), n. the rank or dig- nity of a peer; peers collectively; a book giving information respecting the nobility. peeress (per'es), n. a, peer's wife; a lady of noble rank. peerless (per'les), adj. without an equal. peevish (pev'ish), adj. fretful; diffi- cult to please. peg (peg), n. a small pointed wooden pin; a piece of wood serving as a nail: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pegged, p.pr. pegging], to fasten or rnark out with^ pegs, especially soldiers who are insubordinate and are ordered to be " pegged out " (Kipling). pelerine (pel'er-in), n. a lady's long cape with tapering ends. pelf (pelf), n. money; wealth: used in a bad sense. pelican (pel'i-kan), n. a large aquat- ic bird with a huge axe-shaped bill; a dentist's instrument. pelisse (pe-les'), n. a lady's silk habit; a hussar's jacket. ^ [French.] pell (pel), n. a skin or hide; a roll of parchment. [Latin.] pellet (pel'et), n. a little ball. pell-mell (pel'mel), adv. with confused violence. [French.] pellucid (pel-u'sid), adj. perfectly clear; transparent. [Latin.] pelt (pelt), n. a raw hide; a blow from something thrown: v.t. to strike by throwing something: v.i. to fall heavily, as rain. peltry (pel'tri), n. skins of furred animals collectively. pelvic (pel Vik), adj. pertaining to the pelvis. [Latin.] pelvis (pel Vis), n. the bony cavity in the lower part of the abdomen. pen (pen), n. a small inclosure; coop; an instrument for writing: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. penned, p.pr. penning], to shut up or confine in a small inclosure; write. penal (pe'nal), adj. enacting, inflict- ing, or incurring punishment for crime; punitive. penalize (pe'nal-iz), v.t. to subject to penalty; to punish. penalty (pen^al-ti), n. legal punish- ment either on the person or by a fine; fine or forfeit; an extra weight carried by a racehorse. penance (pen'ans), n. self-imposed suffering, as an expression of con- trition for sin; repentance; in the Roman Catholic Church one of the sacraments by which sins are par- doned after confession and satisfac- tion. Penates (pe-na'tez), n.pl. the house- hold gods of the ancient Romans. pence (pens), pi. of penny. [Latin.] penchant (pang-shang') , n. sl strong inclination or taste. [French.] pencil (pen'sil), n. a small fine brush used by artists; a pointed instru- ment of black lead, colored chalk, &c.; a collection of rays of light converging to a point: v.t. to write, sketch, paint, or mark with a pencil. penciled (pen'sild), p.adj. written, drawn, or painted, with a pencil; radiating. pendant (pen'dant), n. anything hanging for ornamentation; an ear- ring or locket; a pennant. pendency (pen'den-si), n. suspense; indecision. Also pendence. pendent (pen'dent), adj. hanging; pro- jecting; swinging. pending (pen'ding), adj. undecided; hanging in suspense. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. PENDULUM 369 PEONY pendulum (pen'du-lum), n. a heavy body suspended so that it may vi- brate backwards and forwards about a fixed point by the force of gravity, as in a clock. penetrable (pen'e-tra-bl), adj.^ that may be penetrated; susceptive of impression. penetralia (pen-e-tra'li-a), n.jpl. the inner part of a temple, house, &c.; mysteries. penetrate (pen'e-trat), v.t. to pierce into; enter; bore or perforate; reach the mind; affect deeply; reach the interior. penetrating (pen'e-tra-ting), p.adj, piercing; sharp; discerning. Also penetrative. penetration (pen-e-tra'shun), n. the act of penetrating; mental acute- ness. penguin^ (pen'gwin), n. a large sea- fowl with rudimentary wings. peninsula (pe^nin'su-la) , n. a por- tion of jutting land nearly sur- rounded by water, and connected with the mainland by an isthmus. When the English speak of the Peninsula, they always mean the Spanish Peninsula (Spain and Portu- gal) where the great Peninsular War was fought by them against Napo- leon. penis (pe'nis), n. the male organ of generation. [Latin.] penitence (pen'i-tens), n. sorrow for sin; state of being penitent. penitent (pen'i-tent), adj. repentant: n. one who is penitent; one under ec- clesiastical censure, but admitted to penance; one who is under the di- rection of a confessor. penitentiary (pen-i-ten'sha-ri), ^ adj. pertaining to penance: n. sl penitent; a house of correction; a state pris- on; a home for fallen women; an office at the papal court, that grants dispensations, absolutions, &c.; the official who presides over such a eourt. penman (pen'man), n. an author; one who writes a good hand. penmanship (pen'man-ship), n. the art, or style, of writing. pennant (pen'ant), n. sl long narrow strip of bunting at the mast-heads of men-of-war. penniless (pen'i-les), adj. without money; destitute. pennon (pen'on), n. a small swallow- tailed flag or streamer. penny (pen'i), n. [pi. pennies (pen'iz) (denoting number), pence (pens), (denoting amount or value)], a bronze coin = 1-12 of a shilhng, or 2 cents. [English.] pennyweight (pen'i-wat), n. a weight = 24 grains troy. penology (pe-noFo-ji), n. the scientific study of punishments, prison man- agement, &c. pensile (pen'sil), adj. hanging. pension (pen'shun), n. a stated allow- ance paid for past services, as to the state, &c.; rqoney paid instead of tithes; a continental boarding house or school (pang-si-ang') : v.t. to grant a pension to. pensive (pen'siv), adj. thoughtful; sad. pent, p.t. & p.p. of pen (to shut up). penta, a Greek prefix meaning five, as pentachord, an instrument with five strings; musical scale of five sounds. Also pente. pentad (pen'tad), n. an element which combines with or replaces a monad. pentagon (pen'ta-gon) , n. a figure of five sides and five angles. pentameter (pen-tam'e-ter), n. a verse consisting of five feet. Pentateuch (pen'ta-tuk), n. the first five books of the Old Testament. Pentecost (pen'te-kost), n. a Jewish festival kept the fiftieth day after the second day of the Passover; Whit- suntide, commemorative of the de- scent of the Holy Ghost. penult (pe'nult), n. the last syllable of a word but one. Also penultima. penumbra (pe-num'bra), n. a partial shadow on the exterior of the perfect shadow of an eclipse; the boundary of light and shade in a picture. penurious (pe-nu'ri-us) , adj. miserly; sordid. penury (pen'u-ri), n. wsmt of the ne- cessities of life; poverty. [Latin.] peon (pe/on), n. a Mexican laborer; an Indian native scldier or consta- ble; a pawn at chess. [Spanish.] peony (pe'o-ni), n. sl perennial plant with handsome flowers of the genus Pseonia. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book : htie, hut ; think, then. PEOPLE 370 PERI people (pe'pl), n. [pi. people, peoples (pe'plz)], persons generallj^; commu- nity; inhabitants; race, kindred, or family; the commonalty: v.t. to stock with people or inhabitants. pepper (pep'er), n. a hot pungent spice made of the ground seeds pf Piper nigrum; the name is also given to ground capsicum, but distin- guished from black pepper by the prefixed adjective '^red. peppermint (pep'er-mint), n. an aromatic herb; the cordial prepared from it. peppery (pep'er-i), adj. like pepper; fiery; pungent; choleric. per, a Latin prefix meaning through ^ over the whole extent, by, very, as per- ambulate, to walk over; per diem, by the day, &c. peradventure (per-ad-ven'tur) , adv. by chance. perambulation (per-am-bu-la'shun) , n. the act of . passing through ; a survey made by travehng ; the annual survey of a parish boundary. perceive (per-sev'), v.t. to obtain knowledge of by the senses; under- stand; discern. percentage (per-sent'aj), n. propor- tional Jlowance per cent. percept (per'sept), n. the knowledge (mental^ image) acquired through themediurn of the senses, concerning various objects. See concept. perceptible (per-sep'ti-bl), adj. that may be perceived. perception (per-sep'shun), n. the act, state, or faculty of receiving knowl- edge of external things by the me- dium of the senses; idea, notion, or conception. perch (perch), n. sl fresh-water fish [French]; a measure of length = 53^ yards, l^Oth of a rood; anything on which birds sit or roost: v.i. to sit or roost: v.t. to place on a perch. perchance (per-chans'), adv. per- haps. percipient (per-sip'i-ent), adj. per- ceiving: n. one who perceives. percolate (per'ko-lat) , v.i. to pass through small sp_aces. percolator (per'ko-la-ter), n. a fil- tering machine or vessel; a coffee- pot fitted with a filter. percussion (per-kush'un) , n. violent n. total de- loss of the in a future n. collision; shock produced by the collision of bodies; impression of sound on the ear; the medical ex- amination of a part of the body by tapping it gently so as to determine its condition by the sound pro- duced. perdition (per-dish'un), struction; ruin; utter soul or of happiness state. peregrination (per-e-gri-na'shun) the act of traveling about. peremptory (per-emp 'tor-i), ac^. posi- tive; final; decisive; precluding dis- cussion or hesitation. [Latin.] perennial (per-en'i-al) , adj. lasting through the year; perpetual; noting plants that continue more than two years. [Latin.] perfect (per'f ekt) , adj. complete ; with- out defect or blemish; blameless; pure; fully skilled or accomplished; in grammar, the tense that expresses completed action: v.t. to make per- fect; complete or finish. [Latin.] perfection (per-fek'shun), n. the state of being perfect; supreme excellence. perfidious (per-fid'i-us), ad^J. false to trust; treacherous; faithless. perfidy (per'fi-di), n. violation of a trust reposed. [Latin.] perforate (per'fo-rat), v.t. to pierce or bore through; make a hole through. perforation (per-fo-ra'shun), n. the act of piercing or boring through; a hole bored through. [Latin.] perforce (per-fors'), odv. by force; violently. perform (per-form'), v-t.^ to do or carry out; execute; achieve; fulfil: v.i. to act a part. performance (per-form'ans), n. the act of performing; execution; com- pletion; deed or feat; an enter- tainment. perfume (per-ftim'), v.t. to impreg- nate with a pleasant odpr; scent: n. (per'fum), a sweet-smelling scent. perfumery (per-f um'er-i) , n. perfumes in general. [French.] perfunctory (per-f ungk'to-ri) , adj. done carelessly or negligently with the purpose of getting rid of the duty; negligent. [Latin.] perhaps (per-haps'), adv. possibly. peri, a Greek prefix j meaning around j ^te, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PERICARDIUM 371 PERPENDICULAR as periholoSj sl wall or court sur- rounding a temple. pericardium (per-i-kar'di-um), n. the membrane that surrounds the heart. pericranium (per-i-kra'ni-um) , n. the membrane that surrounds the era- mum. perihelion (per-i-heli-on), n. [pi. perihelia (per-i-he'li-a)], that pomt in the orbit of a planet, or a comet, nearest the sun. peril (per'il), n. exposure to injury; danger; jeopardy; risk: v.t. to ex- pose to danger or risk. [French.] perilous (per'il-us), adj. full of peril; hazardous; dangerous. perimeter (pe-rim'e-ter), n. the out- er boundary of a plane surface. period (pe'ri-od), n. a circuit or cy- cle ; interval of time ; the time taken by a planet to revolve round the sun; length of duration; conclusion; a dot [.] to mark the end of a sen- tence; in rhetoric, a complete sen- tence. periodical (pe-ri-od'i-kal), adj. per- taining to a period, or to periodicals; occurring at regular intervals. Also periodic: n. a publication issued at stated intervals, as a magazine. peripatetic (per-i-pa-tet'ik), ac?;. walk- ing about: n. one who is accustomed or compelled to walk. periphery (pe-rif 'er-i) , n. [pi. periph- eries (pe-rif'er-iz)], the circumfer- ence of a circle, ellipse, or similar figure. periphrasis (pe-rif 'ra-sis) , n. circum- locution. periscope (per'i-skop), n. an instru- ment for seeing over intervening ob- jects; used in guiding submarine boats. perish (per'ish), v.i. to lose life or vi- tality; decay or die; be destroyed or come to nothing. perishable (per'ish-a-bl) , adj. liable to perish; mortal. peristaltic (per-i-stal'tik) , adj. per- taining to the peculiar worm-like movement of the intestines by which their contents are forced onward. [Greek.] peristyle (per'i-stil) , n. an open court m the interior of a house surrounded by a row of columns. peritoneum (per-i-to-ne'um), n. a thin serous membrane which covers the abdominal viscera. peritonitis (per-i-to-ni'tis), n. im- flammation of the peritoneum. perityphlitis (per-i-ti-fli'tis) , n. same as appendicitis ._ [Eng. Med.] periwig (per'i-wig), n. a small wig. periwinkle (per'i-wing-kl),n. a peren- nial creeping plant; a small uni- valve mollusk. perjure (per'jur), v.i. to. swear false- ly. [Latin.]_ perjury (per'jur-i), n. the act of swear- ing falsely when on oath. perk (perk), v.t. to make trim or smart: v.i. to hold up the head in a smart or saucy manner; peer. permanence (per'ma-nens) , n. the state or quality of being permanent; duration. Also permanency. permanent (per'ma-nent), adj. last- ing; durable; continuing in the same state. [Latin.] permeable (per'me-a-bl) , adj. that may be passed through. permeate (per'me-at), v.t. to penetrate and pass through the pores or in- terstices of. [Latin.] permissible (per-mis'i-bl), adj. that may be permitted. permission (per-mish'un), n. the act of permitting; leave; license. permit (per-mit'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. per- mitted, p.pr. permitting], to allow without command ; consent to ; toler- ate: n. (per'mit), a written license from an officer of customs to re- move dutiable goods; permission. [French.] permutation (per-mu-ta'shun) , n. the exchange of one thing for an- other; the arrangement of any de- terminate number of things or let- ters, in 'all possible orders, one after the other. [Latin.] pernicious (per-nish'us) , adj. highly injurious or hurtfulj destructive. peroration (per-o-ra'shun) , n. the concluding part of an oration. peroxide (per-oks'id), n. the oxide of a base which contains the largest pro- portion of oxygen. perpend (per-pend'), v.t. to weigh in the mind; to consider carefully. [Latin.] P'drpendicular (per-pen-dik'u-lar) , adj. standing at right angles to a given ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, north, not ; boon, book ; 24 hue, hut; think, then. PERPETRATE 372 PERTAIN line or surface; perfectly upright: n, a perpendicular line. perpetrate (per'pe-trat) , v.t. to com- mit; perform (in a bad sense). perpetual (per-pet'u-al), adj. never ceasing; not temporary. perpetuate (per-pet'u-at), v.t. to make perpetual; preserve from extinction or oblivion. [Latin.] perpetuity (per-pe-tu'i-ti) , n. the state of being perpetual ; endless duration. perplex (per-pleks'), v.t. to make diffi- cult to be understood; make anx- ious; puzzle; embarrass or confuse. perplexity (per-pleks'i-ti), n. em- barrassment; doubt; intricacy. perquisite (per'kwi-zit), n. a gift or allowance in addition to regular wages or salary; that which is gained, as distinct from that which is in- herited. [Latin.] persecute (per'se-kut), v.t. to harass or ill-treat, especially for religious opinions; annoy with importunity. persecution (per-se-ku'shun) , n. the act of persecuting ; the state of being persecuted. [Latin.] perseverance (per-se-ve'rans) , n. the act or state of persevering; continu- ance in grace. persevere (per-se-ver'), v.i. to persist in any enterprise or business under- taken; continue steadfastly. persiflage (per'si-flazh), n. sl light, flippant manner of talking; banter. persimmon (per-sim'un), n. an Ameri- can plum-like fruit ; the tree yielding it. [Amer. Indian.] * persist (per-sisf), v.i. to continue steadily in any course commenced; persevere. [Latin.] persistent (per-sis'tent), ac?;. continu- ing; constant; persevering; not fall- ing off. person (per'sn) , n. a human being or individual; consisting of body and soul; one^s self; one of the three states of a subject or object of a verb, as speaking, spoken to, or spoken of. [French.] personage (per'sn-aj), n. a man or woman, especially one of distinction. personal (per'sn-al), adj. pertaining to men or women ; relating, or peculiar, to a person and his private affairs; pertaining to the external appear- ance: done in person; denoting the person; movable; opposed to real: n. movable property or goods; op- posed to lands and tenements (real estate) . personality (per-sn-al'i-ti), n. that which constitutes distinction of per- son ; application of remarks (usually offensive) to some individual. personate (per'sn-at), v.t. to repre- sent by an assumed character; counterfeit; assume the character of, for fraudulent purposes, as in voting. Also impersonate. personification (per-son-i-fi-ka'shun) , n. the act of personifying. personify (per-son'i-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. personified, p.pr. personifying], to represent as endowed with personal qualities. personnel (per-son-el') , n. the per- sons employed in any public service, especially the army and navy, as dis- tinguished from the materiel, arms, stores, &c. perspective (per-spek'tiv) , adj. per- taining to, or in accordance with, the art of perspective: n. a vista or view ; the art of representing objects on a plane surface as they appear to the eye. [Latin.] perspicacious (per-spi-ka'shus) , adj, mentally acute; quick-sighted. perspicacity (per-spi-kas'i-ti), n. the quality of being perspicacious; acute- ness of sight or discernment. perspicuity (per-spi-ku'i-ti) , n. free- dom from obscurity ; mental clear- ness; lucidity. perspiration (per-spi-ra'shun) , n. ex- cretion by the pores of the skin; sweat. perspire (per-spir'), v.i. to excrete by the pores of the skin; sweat. persuade (per-swad'), v.t. to influence by argument, advice, entreaty, &c.; draw or incline the will of; exhort, induce ; prevail upon. persuasion (per-swa'zhun) , n. the act or art of persuading; the state of be- ing persuaded. persuasive (per-swa'siv) , adj. having the power to persuade; influencing the will or passions: n. an incitement. pert (pert), adj. saucy; forward. pertain (per-tan'), v.i. to belong, or have relation. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PERTESTACIOUS 373 PHANTOM pertinacious (per-ti-na'shus), adj. un- yielding; obstinate; resolute; tena- cious. pertinent (per'ti-nent), adj, fitting or appropriate; relevant. perturb (per-terb'), v.t. to agitate; disturb; disquiet. [Latin.] perturbation (per-ter-ba'shun), n. paental agitation or disquietude; an irregularity or deviation in the move- ment of a heavenly body in its orbit. peruke (per-ook'), n. a kind of wig. peruse (pe-rooz'), v.t. to read with care and attention; examine. pervade (per-vadO, v.t. to penetrate; extend or be diffused all over; per- meate. [Latin.] perverse (per- vers'), adj. obstinate; untractable; petulant. perversion (per-ver'shun), n. the act of perverting ; the state of being per- verted ; a turning from truth or pro- priety; misapplication. perversity (per-ver'si-ti) , same as per- verseness. pervert (per- vert'), v.t. to turn from the true end or proper purpose ; mis- apply: n. (per 'vert), one who has been perverted, especially from truth to error. pervious (per'vi-us), adj. admitting passage; permeable. pessimism (pes'i-mizm), n. the doc- trine that the present state of exist- ence is essentially evil; the tendency to exaggerate in thought the evils of life: opposed to optitnism. [Latin.] pest (pest), n. a fatal epidemic dis- ease; plague; anything very mis- chievous or injurious. [Latin.] pestilence (pes'ti-lens) , n. an infec- tious or contagious disease. pestilent (pes'ti-lent), adj. noxious to health, morals, or society. pestle (pes'l), n. an instrument for pounding substances in a mortar. pet (pet), n. any person or animal that is fondled; a sudden fit of peevish- ness or slight passion: adj. favorite: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. petted, p.pr. petting], to fondle or mdulge. petal (pet'al), n. one of the separate parts of the corolla of a flower; *a flower-leaf. [Greek.] petard (pe-tard'), n. a bell-shaped ex- plosive machine used for bursting open gates, &c. [French.] peter (pe'ter), v.i. in mining, to become exhausted; to lose power or value (with out). petit (pet'i), adj. small; inconsiderable [French]. Feminine, petite (pe-tef). petition (pe-tish'un) , n. an earnest suppHcation or prayer ; a formal sup- plication from an inferior to a su- perior; a paper or document contain- ing a written request: v.t. to solicit earnestly; present a petition to. petrify (pet'ri-fi), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pet- rified, p.-pr. petrifj^ing], to change into stone; fix in silent amazement or fear; render callous, obdurate, or hard: v.i. to become stone or of a stony hardness. [Latin.] petroleum (pe-tro'le-um), n. an in- fiammable dark yellowish-brown bi- tuminous liquid issuing from certain rocks; mineral oil. [Grseco-Latin.l petticoat (pet'i-kot), n. a woman s loose underskirt. pettifogger (pet 'i-fog-er), n. a lawyer who practices in petty cases. petty (pet'i), adj. trifling; small; in- considerable; unimportant; contemj)- tible. petulance (pet'u-lans) , n. peevishness; caprice. Also petulancy. petulant (pet'u-lant), adj. peevish; ca- pricious. [Latin.] pew (pu), n. an inclosed seat in a church: v.t. to furnish with pews. [Old French, from Latin.] pewter (pu't^r), n. an alloy of tin, lead, antimony, &c.: adj. made of pewter. pfennig (fen'ig), n. a small copper coin of (jermany = ^i cent. phaeton (fa'e^ton), n. an open four- wheeled carriage. phalanx (fa'langks), n. [pi. phalanges (fa-lan'jez)], among the ancient Greeks, a square battalion of heavy- armed infantry drawn up in close rank: hence any close compact body: pi. the small bones of the fin- gers and toes. phantasm (fan'tazm), n. a vision or specter. phantasmagoria (f a n-t a z-m a-g o'- ri-a), n. a magic lantern. [Greek.] phantom (fan'tom), n. an apparition; spirit; fancied vision. ate, arm, at awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book hue, hut; think, thQU. r V PHARISAIC 374 PHONOGRAPH Pharisaic (f ar-i-sa'ik) , odj. pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Phari- sees ; formally religious ; hypocritical. Also Pharisaical. Pharisee (far'i-se), n. one of a rehgious sect among the Jews characterized by their strict observance of the let- ter of the law, and rites and cere- monies; one who observes the letter rather than the spirit of the law; a mere formalist. [Latin, from He- brew.] pharmaceutic (f ar-ma-su'tik) , adj, pertaining to pharmaceutics. Also pharmaceutical: n.'pl. pharmacy. pharmacopoeia (f ar-ma-ko-pe'ya) » ^• an official publication containing the list of drugs of the Materia Medica, and directions for the preparation of medical appliances. [Greek.] pharmacy (far 'ma-si), n, the art of preparing and compounding medi- cines; a drug-store. pharynx (far'ingks), n. the muscu- lar or membranous sac at the upper part of the esophagus. [Greek.] phase (faz), n. \yi. phases (fa'sez)], the illuminated surface shown by a planet, or the moon; aspect; appear- ance; transparent green quartz. Also phasis. [Greek.] pheasant (fez 'ant), n. a gallinaceous bird with brilliant plumage, and pre- served for sport. [French.] pheniz (fe'niks), n, a fabulous bird, said to hve 500 years in the Arabian desert, and to rise rejuvenescent from its ashes after immolating it- self on a funeral pyre; hence the emblem of immortality. Also phoe- nix. [Greek.] phenol (fe'nol), n. carbolic acid. phenomenal (f e-nom'en-al) , adj. per- taining to, or consisting of, phenom- ena. phenomenon (f e-nom'e-non) , n. [pL phenomena (fe-^nom'e-na)], an ap- pearance, especially^ one of unusual occurrence; something as it is per- ceived by experiment or observation. phenyl (fe'nil), n. the hydro-carbon radical of phenol. phial (fi'al), n, a small glass bottle or vessel: v.i. to put or keep in a phial. Also vial. [Greek.] philanthropic (fil-an-throp'ik), adj. loving mankind; benevolent. Also philanthropical. philanthropist (fil-an'thro-pist) , n. one who loves and seeks to benefit mankind. philanthropy (fil-an'thro-pi) , n. love of mankind; benevolence. [Greek.] philately (fxl-at'e-H), n. the system- atic collection of postage stamps. Philippic (fit-lip 'ik), n. a speech of vehement invective: from one of the three orations of Demosthenes against Philip of Macedon. The name is also given to the orations of Cicero against M. Antonius. (Mark Antony.) Philistine (fil-is'tin or fil'is-tin), n. an ancient inhabitant of the southwest- ern coast of Palestine; in Germany, a non-academical person; an uncul- tured person or one of narrow views: adj. characteristic of the PhiHstines; narrow-minded; prosaic. philology (fil-oro-ji), n. the scientific study of languages and their struc- ture and mutual relation. [Greek.] philomel (fil'o-mel), n. the nightin- gale. [Greek.] philoprogenitiveness (fil;-o-pro-jen'- i-tiv-nes), n. the instinctive love of offspring. philosopher (fil-os'o-fer), n. a student of philosophy; one noted for calm judgment and practical wisdom. philosophic (fil-o-sof 'ik) , adj. per- taining to, or in accordance with, philosophy; rational; wise; calm. Also philosophical. philosophy (fil-os'o-fi), n. the knowl- edge of the causes of all phenomena both of mind and matter ; a particular philosophic system; calmness of temper. [Greek.] phlegm (flem), n. mucus secreted in the air-passages of the throat; cold- ness; sluggishness. [Greek.] phlegmatic (fleg-mat'ik) , adj. abound- ing in phlegm; sluggish; dull. phonetic (fo-net'ik), adj. pertaining to the voice or sounds; representing the simple elementary sounds. Also phonetical: n.'pl. the science of sounds, especially of the human voice. [Greek.] phonics (fon'iks), n.'pl. the science of sounds; acoustics. phonograph (fo'no-graf), n. a letter ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, n6rth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, */ien. PHOSPHATE 375 PICKET or character indicating a distinct spoken sound; an instrument to re- cord or reproduce articulate speech or sounds. [Modern Greek.] phosphate (fos'fat), n. sl salt of phosphoric acid. phosphorescence (fos-fo-res'ens), n, emission of light under certain con- ditions by substances at common temperatures ; faint light. phosphorescent (fos-fo-res'ent), odj, luminous. phosphorus (fos'for-us), n. a yellow- ish, wax-like, inflammable, ^ non- metallic element, luminous in the dark. photo, a Greek prefix meaning light. photograph (f o'to-graf ) , n. a photo- graphic picture: v.t. to take a pic- ture of by means of photography. photography (f o-tog'ra-fi) , n. the art or process of producing pictures by the action of light on certain sub- stances sensitized by various chem- ical processes. photoplay (fo'to-pla), n. sl play pre- sented on a screen by moving pic- tures. phrase (fraz), n. a part of a sen- tence; brief pithy expression; idiom; style or manner: v.t. to style; ex- press in peculiar words. [Greek.] phrenology (fren-oro-ji), n. the science oi the human mind or brain, as connected with the moral, in- tellectual, and sensual dispositions of the individual, which are sup- posed to be indicated by the un- dulations on the cranium. phthisis (ti'sis), n. pulmonary con- sumption. [Greek.] phylactery ffi-lak'ter-i), n. [pL phy- lacteries (fi-lak'ter-iz)], a small square box containing a thin strip of parchment upon which certain texts from the law are inscribed, worn by pious Jews upon the fore- head and left wrist. [Graeco-Latin.l physic (fiz'ik), n. the science of med- icine, or the art of healing; medi- cine ;^ a cathartic: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. physicked, p.pr. physickmg], to ad- minister medicine to; cure. physical (fiz'i-kal), adj. pertaining to nature, or to material things; per- ceptible to the senses; pertaining to physics; medicinal. physician (fi-zish'an), n, one legally qualified to prescribe remedies for diseases. physics (fiz'iks), n.pl. physical science or natural philosophy. physiognomy (fiz-i-og 'no-mi) , n. the science of discerning the character of the mind from the features of the countenance; the face; outward appearance. physiology (fiz-i-ol'o-ji),n. the science that treats of fhe vital functions performed by the organs of animals and plants. physique (fi-zek'), n. physical organ- ization. [French.] pi, pie (pi), n. disarranged or jum- bled type: v.t. to jumble or throw into disorder, as printing type. pianist (pi'an-ist), n. a performer on the piano. piano (pi-an'o), n._ a pianoforte.^ pianoforte (pi-an'o-fort), n. a stringed musical instrument, the notes of which are produced by hammers acted upon by keys. piazza (pi-az'a), n. an open square sur- rounded by buildings or colonnades; a walk under a roof supported by pillars. [Italian.] pica (pi'ka), n. a size of type, used as a standard of measurement in printing (see type) ; a vitiated ap- petite for unnatural kinds of sub- stances, as coal, sand, chalk, &c. picayune (pik-a-yoon'), n. a small silver coin = 6M cents, or now 5 cents. A name used in New Or- leans and adjacent parts of Loui- siana. [French.] piccaninny (pik'a-nin-i) , n. [pi. picca- ninnies (pikVnin-iz)], a negro baby or child. [Cuban dialect.} pick (pik), n. a sharp pointed iron tool; choice or selection: v.t. to strike with a sharp instrument, or with the beak ; pierce ; open by an instrument; pluck or gather; sep- arate with the fingers; choose or select ;^ clean; rob: v.i. to eat, or do anything, leisurely and fastidiously; pilfer. pickelhaube (pik'el-how'be), n. the spiked helmet worn by German sol- diers. [German.] pickerel (pik'er-el), n. a small pike. picket (pik'et), n. a pointed stake used ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. PICKLE 376 PILLAGE in fortification; pale of a fence; a stake to which a horse is fastened; a military guard to give notice of the approach of an enemy, or to bring in deserters; one or more appointed by a trades-union to watch a fac- tory, &c., where non-unionist men are employed during a strike: v.t. to place as a picket; fasten to a picket. [French.] pickle (pik'l), n. a mixture of brine and water, &c.,for preserving food; vegetables, &c., preserved in pickle; embarrassment or difficulty; a mis- chievous or troublesome child: v.t. to preserve in, or as in, pickle. picnic (pik'nik), n. a short excursion into the country, &c., by a pleasure party carrying their own provisions; a kind of biscuit. pictograph (pik'to-graf), n. a picture representing an idea; the earliest form of record.- pictorial (pik-to'ri-al) , adj. i)ertain- ing to, or illustrated by, pictures. picture (pik'tur), n. a painting or drawing representing a person or thing; vivid representation or de- scription. [Latin.] picturesq[ue ^ (pik-tur-esk') , adj. giv- ing vivid impression of nature or reality; graphic; wild and beautiful; romantic: n. that which is pictur- esque. pie (pi), n. the magpie; printer's type confusedly mixed; meat or fruit cov- ered with crust and baked. piebald (pi'bawld), adj. having spots or patches of different colors. piece (pes), n. a part of anything; certain quantity ; literary or artistic composition; separate performance; coin; gun; person (used contemptu- ously): v.t. to enlarge by adding a piece; patch: v.i. to join; unite by coalescence of parts. [French.] piecemeal (pesmel), adj. made of pieces or parts; single: adv. in pieces or parts. pied (pid), adj. variegated or spotted. pier (per), n. a mass of masonry supporting an arch, bridge, &c.; tim- bers of a bridge or other building ; mole or jetty; wharf; a landing place projecting into the sea. pierce (pers), v.t. to penetrate, espe- cially with a pointed instrument; affect deeply; explore; dive into: v.i. to enter. piercing (pers'ing), adj. penetrating; keen. piety (pi'e-ti), n. the quality of be- ing pious; reverence for, and duty towards, God; reverence to parents. pig (pig), n. the young of swine; a swine; pork; an oblong mass of un- forged metal: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. pigged, g.pr. pigging], to bring forth pigs; e huddled together. pigeon (pij'un), n. a bird of the ge- nus Columba; a simpleton; one who is easily imposed upon or swindled. pigeon-hole (pij'un-hol) , n. sl compart- ment for i)apers, &c. pig^ment (pig'ment), n. paint; color- ing matter. pigmy, same as pygmy. pigwidgeon (pig-wij'un), n. a fairy; ^anything very diminutive. pike (pik), n. a weapon with a shaft and spearhead; a voracious fresh- water fish with a narrow, elongated, pointed head. pike (pik), n. a turnpike road. Fig- uratively, the world at large, or at least, the busy, bustling part of it. piker (pik-^r), n. a swindler; one who seeks to take advantage of another. [Slang.] pilaster (pi^las'ter) , n. a square col- umn or pillar, inserted partly in a wall. [French.] pile (pil), n. a large beam driven into the ground to make a firm founda- tion; mass or heap; accumulation; large building; a series of plates ar- ranged to produce an electric cur- rent; nap of cloth; a fortune: pi. hemorrhoids: v.t. to heap up; collect in a mass ; accumulate ; lay on ; drive piles into. pilfer (pil'fer), v.t. to steal in small quantities. pilgrim (piFgrim), n. a traveler; one who travels from a distance to visit some sacred place. [French.] pilgrimage (pirgrim-aj), n. a journey, especially to some sacred place. pill (pil), n. a pellet of some medicinal substance to be swallowed entire; something disagreeable that must be accepted: v.t. to reject by black balls in a club ballot. [Latin.] pillage (pil'aj), n. the act of plunder- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book : hue, hut ; think, ;^^en. PILLAR 377 PIPPIN ing; spoil: v.t. to plunder or spoil; lay waste. pillar (pil'ar), n. a column to support a structure ; monument ; something re- sembling a pillar, or affording sup- port. pillion (piryun), n. sl cushion for a woman to ride on horseback behind a horseman; a soft low saddle. pillorir (pil'or-i), n. [pi. pillories (pil or-iz)], a wooden frame sup- ported by an upright post, having holes through which the head and hands of a person exposed to dis- grace were passed and secured: v.t. to place in a pillory; expose to pub- lic disgrace or abuse. pillow (piro), n. a case filled with feathers, &c., to support the head of a person reposing; the block on which the inner end of a bowsprit is supported: adj. noting a kind of lace: v.t. to place on a pillow. pilot (pi 'lot), n. one who conducts a vessel in or out of a harbor or where navigation is difficult or dangerous; a guide: v.t. to guide or direct as a pilot. pimento (pi-men'to), n. allspice. pimple (pim'pl), n. a small pustule. pin (pin), n. a short piece of wire sharpened at one end and having a head at the other, used for fasten- ing articles together; anything driv- en to hold parts together ; bolt or peg; linchpin; hatpin; hairpin. pinafore (pin'a-for), n. a loose apron or covering to protect children's dresses. pinch (pinch), v.t. to squeeze or nip; oppress or distress: v.i. to bear hard; be straitened; be mean or niggardly: n. a squeeze or nip, as with the fingers and thumb; dis- tress, or difficulty. pinchbeck (pinch'bek), n. a yellow alloy of 5 parts of copper and 1 of zinc: adj. noting jewelry of inferior make. pinchers (pinch'erz), n. an instru- ment for drawing out nails, &c.; nippers. Also pincers. pine (pin), n. a cone-bearing tree of the genus Pinus ; timber of the pine : v.i. to waste away from distress, anxiety, &c. ping (ping), n. the whistling sound of a bullet. pinion (pin'yun), n. the last joint of a bird's wing; a wing; the smaller of two geared wheels: v.t. to bind or secure, as by binding the arms; confine or fetter. pink (pingk), n. a shade of light-red color; a flower with sharp-pointed leaves of the genus Dianthus; a narrow-sterned vessel; anything of supreme excellence: adj. of the color of a pink: v.t. to stab; pierce or punch with small round holes or small scallops; work in eyelet holes. pinking (pingk'ing), n. a method of ornamenting dress materials or lea- ^ther by scalloping the edges. pinnace (pin'as), n. a small light schooner-rigged vessel with oars; an eight-oared man-of-war's boat. pinnacle (pin'a-kl), n. a small polyg- onal turret or elevation above the rest of the building; a high point like a spire: v.t. furnish with pinnacles. pint (pint), n. one-eighth of a gallon. pioneer (pi-o-ner'), n. a soldier or per- son whose business it is to clear and repair roads, &c., before an army, sink mines, and throw up fortifica- tions; one who goes before to pre- pare the way for another: v.i. act as a pioneer. [French.] pious (pi'us), adj. dutiful to God, or to parents; religious; devout; proceed- ing from, or actuated by, religious feeling. [Latin.] pip (pip), n. the seed of certain fruit, as lemons, oranges, and grape-fruit; a disease in fowls; a spot on a play- ing card: f.i. [p.t. & p.p. pipped, p.pr. pipping], to cry like a chicken or small bird. pipe (pip) n. any long hollow tube; a tube of clay, wood, &c., with a bowl at one end for smoking tobac- co; a wine measure = 2 hogsheads, or 105 imperial gallons, or 126 wine- gallons: v.t. to play on, or call by, a pipe: v.i. to whistle; emit a shrill sound. [Latin.] piping (pip'ing), adj. feeble; weak; shrill; playing upon a pipe; hot like boiling water: n. corded trimming for dresses. pippin (pip'in), n. a variety of apple. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PIQUANCY 378 PLACARD piquancy (pe'kan-si), n. the state or quality of being piquant. piquant (pe'kant), adj. pungent; se- vere. [French.] pique (pek), n. slight anger or re- sentment; wounded pride; punc- tiho: v.t. to wound the pride of; irritate; displease; pride or value (one^s self)^ pique (pe-kaO, n. a heavy cotton fabric. [French.] piquet (pe-kef), n. a card game. piracy (pi'ra-si), n. the act or crime of a pirate; infringement of copyright. pirate (pi'rat), n. a robber on the high seas; one who infringes the law of literary or artistic copyright: v.t. to take without permission or com- pensation: v.i. to practice piracy. pirouette (pir-oo-ef), n. a whirling or turning about on one toe; turn- ing of a horse on the same ground: v.i. to execute a pirouette. piscatorial (pis-ka-to'ri-al), adj. per- taining to fishing. Also piscatory. pisciculture (pis'ki-kul-tur), n. the ar- tificial breeding and rearing of fishes. pish (pish), inter j. a contemptuous exclamation: v.i. to express con- tempt. pismire (pis'mir), n. an ant. pistil (pis'til), n. the seed-bearing or- gan in the center of a flower. pistol (pis'tol), n. a small hand-gun: v.t. to shoot with a pistol. [French.] piston (pis'tun), n. a small solid cylin- der of metal or wood, fitting exactly and moving up and down the barrel of a pump, or the cylinder of a steam-engine. pit (pit), n. a deep hole in the earth; an abyss; shaft of a mine; a hole used for trapping wild animals; area for cock-fighting; ground floor of a theater; a hollow part of the body, as the stomach; indentation left by small-pox; Hades (with the): v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pitted, v.pr. pitting], to^ mark with small hollows or depressions; set in competition; place in a pit. pit-a-pat (pit-a-paf) ,. acit^. with quick beating: n. a palpitation; a light quick step. pitch (pich), n. the solid black res- inous substance obtained from boiled tar [Latin]; a casting forward or down; degree or rate; dope; the de- gree of acuteness or graveness of a musical note; distance between the center of two gearing teeth; at cricket, the distance between the wickets: v.t. to smear with pitch; throw; cast headlong; set to a key- note; order regularly; fix in, or on, the ground: v.i. to settle; fall head- long; encamp; rise and fall; fix the choice (with upon). pitchblende (pich'blend) , n. a black oxide of uranium: used in coloring glass a pale sea-green; it is the chief source of radium. See radium. pitcher (pich'er), n. one who pitches; an earthen vessel for holding water; an instrument for piercing the ground. pitchfork (pich 'fork), n. a pronged fork for pitching hay, straw, &c.: v.t. to lift or throw with a pitchfork. piteous (pit'e-us), adj. exciting pity; sorrowful; sad. pitfall (pit'fawl), n. a pit lightly cov- ered so that wild beasts may fall into it; a trap. pith (pith), n. the soft spongy sub- stance in the center of plants; mar- row; quintessence; energy or force. pithy (pith'i), adj. of the nature of or full of pith ; forcible. pitiable (pit'i-a-bl) , adj, deserving pity. pitiful (pit'i-f ool) , adj, moving com- passion; insignificant. pitiless (pit'i-les), adj. without pity or compassion; merciless. pittance (pit'ans), n. a small allow- ance, especially of money. pity (pit'i), n. sympathy with distress; compassion; a subject 9f pity or grief: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pitied, p.pr. pitying], to sympatnize with: v.i. to be compassionate, or affected with pity. [French.] pivot (piv'ot), n. the short shaft on which anything turns; the soldier who is stationary at the flank while the company drilling wheels round: v.t. to place on a pivot. pixy (piks'i), n. [pi. pixies (piks'iz)], a fairy. Also pixie. [Celtic] placable (pla'ka-bl), adj. that may be appeased or pacified; forgiving. placard (plak'ard), n. a bill placed on a wall, &c., as an advertisement: ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^^en. PLACE 379 PLAT v.t. (pla-kard') , to advertise by a placard. [French.] place (plas), n. a special spot or locality; broadway or square; sit- uation; site; residence; office; city or town ; room ; duty ; passage in writing or a book; fortified post; precedence: v.t. to put in any place, office, &c.; ascribe; settle; establish; put out at interest. [French.] placer (plas'er), n. a mineral deposit which is not a vein. [German.] placid (plas'id), adj. calm; peaceful; mild. placidity (pla-sid'i-ti) , n. the state or quaUty of being placid. placket (plak'et), n. the slit in a skirt or petticoat. plagiarist (pla'ji-a-rist), n. one who steals from the writings of another and passes them off as his own pro- duction; literary theft. Also pla- giary. [Latin.] plagiarize (pla'ji-a-riz), v.t. to steal from the writings of another. plague (plag), n. a malignant epi- demic; anything very troublesome or annoying: v.t. to infest with dis- ease; annoy greatly. [Latin.] plaid (plad), n. a checkered woolen cloth, originally worn by the High- landers of Scotland. [Gaelic] plain (plan), adj. flat; clear; evident; easily understood; not luxurious; homely: n. level ground; any flat expanse. [French.] plaint (plant), n. lamentation; a mournful song; the exhibiting of an action in writing by a plaintiff. plaintiff (plan'tif), n. one who com- mences a suit in a court of law. [French.] plaintive (plan'tiv), adj. expressing grief or sorrow; sad. plait (plat), n. a flat fold; braid: v.t. to fold or braid; interweave. Also pleat. plan (plan), n, a drawing on a flat surface, as of a building, &c.; scheme or project: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. planned, p.pr. planning], to make a plan 9r sketch of, on a flat surface; form in design; outline. planchet (plan'chet), n. a flat piece of metal prepared for coining. planchette (plang-shef) , n. sl heart- shaped board fitted with wheels and a pencil which marks as it moves the pencil-hand by some supposed mysterious agency. [French.] plane (plan), adj. flat; level; even; without elevations or deipressions: n. a flat or even surface; in geom- etry, an even superficies ; a level sur- face parallel to the horizon; a car- penter's tool for smoothing wood: v.t. to make level; make smooth with a plane. [Latin.] planet (plan'et), n. a heavenly body revolving round the sun. [Greek.] plank (plangk), n. a long broad piece of sawn timber thicker than a board; an item in a political programme or policy: v.t. to cover with planks; to pay (with down). plant (plant), n. any vegetable or- ganism; sprout or sapling; the tools, machinery, or fixtures of any trade or business; a swindle: v.t. to put into the ground for growth, as seed; fix in the mind: establish. [Latin.] plantain (plan tan), n. a tropical broad-leaved tree yielding an edible fruit similar to the banana. [French.] plantation (plan-ta'shun), n. a place planted with trees; a large culti- vated estate for cotton, sugar, &c.; a new settlement or colony. plaque (plak), n. a metal or terra- cotta plate upon which flowers, fig- ures, &c., are enameled or painted. plash (plash), n. a puddle; pond: v.t. to splash or dash with water; interweave the branches or twigs of: as, to plash a hedge. plasm (plazm), n. a mold or matrix. plasma (plaz'ma), n. the colorless fluid of the blood in which the red corpuscles float ; protoplasm ; a grass- green variety of chalcedony. plaster (plas'ter), n. calcined gypsum used for castings, &c. (plaster of paris); a composition of lime, sand, and water, for coating walls; a me- dicinal application for external use: adj. made of plaster: v.t. to cover with, or as with, plaster. [French.] plastic (plas'tik), adj. capable of being formed or molded; giving form. plasticity (plas-tis'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being plastic. plat (plat), n. a piece of ground: v.L to make a map or plan of; to divide into lots. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, r^ot ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, th^n. PLATE 380 PLEVIN plate (plat), n. a thin piece of metal; a small shallow vessel used ax table for eating from; an engraved piece of metal; household articles of gold or silver; a prize given at a race: v.t. to coat with a more valuable metal; to beat into laminae or thin plates. plateau (pla-to'), n. [pi. plateaux (pla-toz')], elevated broad flat land; table-land; a large ornamental cen- ter-dish. [French.] platform (plat'form), n. aflat floor of wood, stone, &c., raised above the level of the ground; the place where guns are mpunted on a fortress or battery; political program or policy, of which each item is called a plank. plating (planting), n. the art of over- laying or covering anything with a metallic plate. platinum (plat'i-num), n. a greyish- white metal very hard and ductile, the heaviest of all known metals. Also the earlier form, platina. [Span- ish.] platitude (plat'i-tud) , n. insipidity; dulness; a weak, empty, trite re- mark. [French.] platoon (pla-toon'), n. two files of sol- diers forming a subdivision. [French.] platter (plat'er), n. a large flat dish. plaudit (plaw'dit), n. applause. plausible (plaw'zi-bl), adj. specious; superficially pleasing. play (pla), n. any exercise or occupa- tion for amusement; exertion of powers; diversion; pastime; drama, tragedy, or comedy; gaming: v.i. [p.t. & p.p_. played]. playful (pla'fool), oi?/. sportive; lively. plaza (pla'za), n. an open square or market place. [Spanish.] plea (pie), n. an excuse or apology; the defendant's answer to the plain- tiff's declaration in a lawsuit; ur- gent entreaty. plead (pled), v.i. to argue or rea- son in support of a cause against another; argue before a court of law; supplicate earnestly: v.t. dis- cuss or defend by arguments; offer as an excuse. [French.] pleadings (pled'ingz), n.pl. the writ- ten statements of the two parties in a lawsuit. pleasant (plez'ant), n. grateful to the rnind or senses; delightful; agreeable; cheerful; facetious. pleasantry (plez'ant-ri), n. merri- ment; lively talk; gaiety; a laugh- able trick or joke. please (plez), v.t. to gratify; give pleasure to; gain approbation from: v.i. to afford pleasure or gratifica- tion; like or choose. [French.] pleasing (plez'ing), p. adj. affording pleasure; agreeable. pleasurable (plezh'u-ra-bl) , adj. grat- ifying; delightful. pleasure (plezh'ur), n. gratification; agreeable emotions, mental or phys- ical; transient enjoyment; sensual gratification. plebeian (ple-be'an), adj. pertaining to the Plebs or Roman commonalty; pertaining to the common people: opposed to patrician: n. one of the common people. plebiscite (plab'i-set), n. a vote taken of the entire male community by universal suffrage on some special matter submitted; the decree founded on such a vote. [French.] pledge (plej), n. anything placed as a security or guarantee; pawn; host- age; a health in drinking: v.t. to giye as security or guarantee; deposit in pawn; drink to the health of. plenary (ple'na-ri), adj, full; com- plete. plenipotentiary (plen-i-po-ten'shi-a- ri), adj. having full power: n. a min- ister to a foreign court invested with full powers. His rank is still below that of an ambassador. [Late Latin.] plenitude (plen'i-tud), n. fulness. plentiful (plen'ti-;f ool) , adj. yielding abundance; copious. plenty (plen'ti), n. abundance. pleonasm (ple'o-nazm) , n. use of more words than necessary in speak- ing or writing. [Greek.] plethora (pleth'o-ra) , n. excessive fulness of blood; overabundance.^ plethoric (pleth'o-rik) , adj. having excess of blood. [Greek.] pleura (ploo'ra), n. [pi. pleurse (pl5o'- re)], a delicate serous membrane covering the interior of the thorax and each lung. [Greek.] pleurisy (ploo'ri-si) , n. inflammation of the pleura. plevin (plev'in), n. a warrant. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; htie, hut ; think, ^/len. PLEXUS 381 PLUTOCRAT plexus (plek'sus), n. a network of veins, nerves, &c. [Latin.] pliable (pli'a-bl), adj. easily bent; flexible; easy to be persuaded. pliancy (pli'an-si), n. pliant quality. pliant (pli'ant), adj. flexible; easily bent; yielding to moral suasion. pliers (pli'erz), n. a kind of small pinchers for seizing and bending, especially small articles. plight (pfit), n. a dangerous or dis- tressed condition; predicament; pledge; promise: v.t. to pledge, as one's faith. plinth (plinth), n, the lowest square- shaped part of the base of a column, pedestal, &c.; the projecting face at the bottom of a wall. [Greek.] plod (plod), y.i. [p.t. & p.p. plodded, p.pr. plodding], to travel laborious- ly; drudge or toil; study closely. plot (plot), n. a comphcated scheme, conspiracy, or plan; intrigue; chain of incidents in a play, novel, &c., gradually developed: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. plotted, p.m. plotting], to devise; make a plan of: v.i. to conspire; to plan against another. [French.] plover (pluv'er), n. a wading bird of various species. plow, plough (plou), n. an agricul- tural implement for turning up the soil; a grooving-plane : v.t. to turn up with a plow; furrow. pluck (pluk), v.t. to pull off, out, or up; snatch; pick or gather; reject as a candidate in an examination: n. a pull; the heart, liver and lungs of an animal; courage. plug (plug), n. a piece of wood, &c., used for stopping a hole: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. plugged, p.pr. plugging], to stop witn a plug. plum (plum), n. a tree, Prunus do- mestica, or its well-known fruit; a raisin; a large fortune. [English.] plumage (plum'aj), n. a bird's feath- ers. plumb (plum), n. a heavy body, usu- ally of lead, suspended at the ex- tremity of a hne to indicate the per- pendicularity of work done, as a wall, &c.: adj. prependicular : adv. perpendicularly: v.t. to adjust by a plumb-line; make perpendicular; sound (the depth of water) by a plummet. [Latin.] plumbago (plum-ba'go) , n. a mineral of carbon and iron, used for lead pencils; a form of carbon. plumbing (plum'ing), n. the art or occupation of putting into buildings the pipes, traps, &c., for the con- veyance of water, gas, and sewage. plume (ploom), n. a feather; a feath- er worn as an ornament. plummet (plum'et), n. a leaden weight attached to a string used for sounding depths, &c. plump (plump), adj. round and sleek with fulness of flesh; in gpod condi- tion; downright; unqualified: adv. with a sudden or heavy fall: v.i. to grow plump; fall or sink down; to vote for a single candidate when one has the right to vote for two or more: v.t. to make plump: fatten. plunder (plun'der), n. booty; pil- lage: v.t. to take by open force; spoil; rob. plunge (plunj), t;.^. to put suddenly into any liquid; immerse; baptize by immersion: i;. I. to fall, or rush, as into water; dive; throw the body forward and the legs up, as a horse; bet heavily and thoughtlessly: n. the act of plunging; sudden fall. plunder (plunj'er),n.one who plunges; a diver; the long solid cylinder or pis- ton of a pump ; one who bets heavily and thoughtlessly. pluperfect (ploo'per-fekt), adj. not- ing an event or action occurring prior to some other event or action. plural (ploo'ral), adj. consisting of more than one: n. that form of a word that expresses more than one. plurality (ploo-ral'i-ti) , n. the ma- jority; the greatest of three or more numbers; the excess of votes cast for any one candidate over the can- didate who receives the next largest number of votes at an election where there are three or more candidates for the same office. plus (plus), n. the sign (-I-) used to denote addition: adj. more (by a certain amount) ; increased (by a specified addition) ; above zero. plush (plush), n. a kind of shaggy cloth with a pile; woolen velvet. plutocracy (ploo-tok'ra-si) , n. rule or government by the rich. [Greek.] plutocrat (ploo'to-krat), n. one who «te, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, north, not; boon, book; hue, hat ; think, then. PLY 382 POLARITY exercises political power or influence by virtue of his wealth. ply (pli), v.t. [p.t, & p.p. plied, p.pr. plying], to work on closely; prac- tice diligently or earnestly; urge or solicit: vd. to run regularly between two ports; work against the wind. pneumatic (nu-mat'ik), adj. per- taining to, consisting of, containing, like, or moved by, air. Also pneu- matical. [Greek.] pneumatics (nu-mat'iks), n.pl. the science that treats of the mechanical groperties of air and similar elastic uids. pneumo, a Greek prefix meaning lung. pneumonia (nu-mo'ni-a) , n. acute in- flammation of the lungs. poach (poch), v.i. to trespass upon preserves to shoot or steal game: v.t. to steal game from; plunder by stealth; cook (eggs) by breaking them into boiHng water. poacher (poch'er), n. one who poaches. pock (pok), n. a pustule on the skin containing eruptive matter. pocket (pok'et), n. a small bag in- serted in^ a garment for carrying small articles; a small netted bag in a billiard table for the reception of the balls; a small quantity. pod (pod), n. the pericarp or the cov- ering of the seed of certain plants, as the pea, &c.: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. podded, p.pr. podding], to swell or fill, as a pod; produce pods. podgy (poj'i), adj. short and fat. poem (po'em), n. a metrical or poetical composition; a poetic conception. poesy (po'e-si), n. the art of compos- ing poems. poet (po/et), n. the author of a poem; one gifted in writing poetry; one who is strongly imaginative. Fem- inine, poetess. [Latin.] poetaster (po'et-as-ter), n. an inferior poet; a writer of jingles or doggerel. poetic (po-et'ik), adj. pertaining to, suitable to, or expressed in, poetry; sublime. Also poetical. poetry (po'et-ri), n. a metrical compo- sition produced or embellished by creative imagination; utterance in song; poems collectively. pogrom (po'grom), n. a Russian word signifying riotous devastation, de- struction. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. poignant (poin'yant), adj. stimulating to the palate; irritating; very pain- ful. [French.] point (point), n. the sharp end of any instrument; mark or dot; indi- visible part; mark in punctuation; that which has position but no mag- nitude; a spot; exact place; critical moment; expression or force; sting of an epigram; aim; act of aiming; small cape or promontory; lace wrought with the needle; railway switch; unit of measurement for type-bodies = .0138 inch, or one- twelfth of a pica: v.t. to sharpen; give a point to; direct or aim; mark with points; fill the joints of (ma- sonry) with mortar and smooth them with a trowel: v.i. to indicate; show clearly. point-blank (point 'blangk) , adj. hor- izontal; aimed directly at the mark; direct; plain. pointer (point'er), n. one who, or that which, points; a variety of dog trained to point game. pointless (point 'les), adj. having no point; inane; stupid. poise (poiz), n. weight; balance; equi- librium: z;.^. to balance; weigh; ascer- tain or examine: v.i. to be in a state of equilibrium. poison (poi'zn), n. anything noxious or destructive to life, health, or mor- ality; venom: v.t. to infect with, or kill by, poison; administer poison to; corrupt. poisonous (poi'zn-us), adj. having the qualities of poison; deadly; injurious to health. poke (pok), n. a thrust or push; a bag or sack: v.t. to thrust or push against, especially with something pointed: v.i. to grope or feel about in the dark; search. poker (pok'er), n. a metal bar for stir- ring fires; a card game. poky (po'lii), adj. lacking spirit or interest; slow; stupid. polar (po'lar), adj. pertaining to, or situated near, either of the poles, especially the North Pole ; pertaining to the magnetic poles. polarity (po-lar'i-ti), n. the property possessed by certain bodies, as in electrified or magnetized bodies, by which they arrange themselves in POLARIZE 383 POLYGLOT certain directions or tend to given poles. polarize (po'lar-Iz), v.t. to communi- cate polarity to. pole.(pol), n. a long staff; a measure = 5>^ yards; a square measure = 30M yards; a measuring instru- ment; one of the extremities of the imaginary axis of the earth; one of the two points in a magnet in which the attractive or repellent force is concentrated; that on which any- thing revolves; the extreme oppo- site. polemic (po-lem'ik), n. a controver- sialist: pl.^ the art of controversy; controversial^ writings, especially those on religious subjects. [Greek.] polemical (po-lem'i-kal) , adj. con- troversial. police (po-les'), n. in a city, town, or district, an organized force of civil officers for preserving order. policeman (p5-les'man) , n. a member of a police force. policy (poFi-si), n. [pi. policies (pol'i- siz)], the art or method of govern- ment; management of public affairs; system of regulative measures; sa- gacity in management; course of conduct; prudence; cunning; a doc- ument given to insurers containing a contract of insurance; a warrant for money in the public funds; a gambling game. [Old French.] polish (porish), v.t. to make smooth or glossy by friction; make polite or refined: v.i. to become polished: n. a smooth, glossy surface; a prepara- tion for imparting a polish; refine- ment or elegance of manners. polite (po-lif), adj. well-bred; refined in manner ;_ courteous or obHging. politeness (po-lit'nes) , n. good-breed- ing; courtesy. politic (pori-tik), adj. shrewd; spe- cious; sagacious: especiallj^ in pol- icy; adapted to promote the welfare of the state: n.pl. the art of govern- ment or the administration of public affairs; political opinions; party management or control. political (po-lit'i-kal) , adj. pertaining to politics, or to a nation or state; derived from government. politician (pori-tish-un) , n. one who is skilled in politics; a statesman. polity (pori-ti), n. the form or consti- tution of the civil government of a state; constitution. polka (porka), n. an old-time dance of Bohemian origin, performed by two persons; the music suitable for such a dance. poll (pol), n. the head, especially the back part of it; a register of per- sons, especially those entitled to vote at elections : an election ; number of votes record.ed at an election; place where votes are cast; v.t. to lop; clip or shear; enroll in a register; bring to the poll, as a voter; to cast or deposit in a ballot box ; to poll a jury is to examine each member in- dividually as to his concurrence in the verdict. pollen (poVen), n. the fertilizing pow- der in the cells of the antlers of flowers. poll-tax (pol'taks), n. a capitation tax. pollute (pol-luf), v.t. to defile; ren- der unclean; corrupt; violate. pollution (pol-lu'shun), n. the act of polluting; defilement; legal or cere- monial uncleanness. polo (po'lo), n. a game similar to hockey, played on_ horseback. polonaise (po-lo-naz')j n. a dress, body and skirt made in one; a Po- lish air or dance. polonium (po-lo'nium), a radio-active element. poltroon (pol-troon'), n. a coward. poly, a prefix meaning many, much. polyandrous (pol-i-an'drus) , adj. hav- ing more than one husband at the same time. Opposed to monan- drous. polychrome (pol'i-krom), adj. having manj' colors: n. a work executed in many colors. polygamist ^ (po-lig'a-mist), n. one who practices or upholds polyg- amy. polygamy (po-lig'a-mi), n. the prac- tice of having more than one wife at the same time. Opposed to monog- amy. polyglot (pol'l-glot), adj. contain- ing many languages: n. a book, es- pecially an edition of the Bible, in several languages. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. POLYGON 384 POP polygon (pol'i-gon), n. a figure having many angles. polyhedron (pol^i-he'dron) , n. a solid having many sides or faces; a poly- scope. polyj) (pol'ip), n. an extensive group of radiated animals including the hydra sea-anemone, &c. Also polype, poly- pus. polyscope (pol'i-skop) , n. a multi- plying lens. polysyllable (pol-i-sil'a-bl), n. a word consisting of three or more syl- lables. [Greek.] polytechnic (pol-i-tek'nik) , adj. not- ing, including, or giving instruction in, the arts and sciences: n. a school for imparting instruction in the arts and sciences. [Greek.] polytheism (pori-the-izm) , n. the doctrine of a plurality of gods, each taking a part in the government of the world. [Greek.] pomace (pum'as), n. the juicy pulp which remains after squeezing out the cider from the press. pomade (po-mad'), n. a perfumed ointment for dressing the hair. Also pomatum. [French.] pomegranate (pom'gran-at), n. a tree yielding an orange-like, edible fruit with a thick rind and numerous seeds. pommel (pum'el), n. the knob on a sword-hilt ; the high part of a saddle- bow: v.t. to beat with anything thick or bulky ; bruise. Also pummel. pomology (po-moro-ji), n. the sci- ence of cultivating fruit and fruit- trees, especially apples; a treatise on fruits. pomp (pomp), n. ostentatious dis- play; grandeur; parade. pompon (pom'pon), n. a tufted orna- ment; a variety of chrysanthemum. pompous (pom'pus), adj. stately; grand; self-important; ostentatious. pond (pond), n. a pool of standing water. ponder (pon'der), vi. to weigh men- tally: v.i. to deliberate. ponderable (pon'der-a-bl) , adj. cap- able of being weighed. ponderosity (p o n-d e r-o s'i-t i) , n. weight. ponderous ^ (pon'der-us) , adj. very heavy; weighty; important; dull. pone (pon), n. bread made of maize- meal, milk, _ &c. (Southern U.S.) pongee (pon-je') , n. a kind of light wash .silk made in China. It is spun by a wild silkworm that feeds on oak- leaves. poniard (pon'yard), n. a small dag- ger: v.t. to stab with a poniard. pontiff (pon'tif), n. a high priest; the Pope. pontifical (pon-tif 'i-kal) , adj. per- taining to a pontiff, high priest, or pope; papal: n. a book containing ecclesiastical rites and ceremonies: jpl. the full dress worn by an officiat- ing priest or bishop. pontificate (pon-tif 'i-kat) , n. the of- fice or dignity of a high priest or pope; the reign of a pope. pontoon (pon-toon'), n. a buoyant structure supporting a floating mili- tary bridge; a bridge of boats. pony (po'ni), n. [pi. ponies (po'niz)], a small horse; a very small glass of beer or liquor; student's key to translation of Latin or Greek les- sons; often used adjectively to de- note something small of its kind, as a pony engine. pooh-pooh (poo-poo') J inter j. a con- temptuous ejaculation like hah, pah, shoo! v.t. to express contempt for. pool (pool), n. a small body of water; a variety of play at billiards; the stakes in certain games or the re- ceptacle for them: v.t. to unite, as in mercantile risks, railway traffic, &c. poop (poop), n. the stern of a ship; the raised deck in the stern of a ves- sel: v.t. to strike the stern of; break heavily over the stern of: said of waves. poor (poor), adj. necessitous; having little or no means : without strength, beauty, or dignity; dejected; spirit- less; insignificant; without fertility; an expression of tenderness, com- passion, or disdain. pop (pop), n. a short, smart, quick sound: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. popped, p.pr. popping], to thrust suddenly; pawn: v.i. to make a short, smart sound; move quickly; dart; come suddenly into view: adv. suddenly. In Eng- land ^'pop" means ^*ginger-pop,'' a sort of ginger ale. ate, arm, at» awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; b5on, book hue, hut ; think, then. POPE 385 PORTRAY Pope (pop), n. the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church; a title of priests of the Greek Church. popinjay (pop'in-ja), n. a parrot; fop. poplar (pop/lar), n. a tree of rapid growth, with a white soft wood. poplin (pop'lin), n. a fabric of silk and worsted. populace (pop'u-las), n. the common people. popular (pop'u-lar), adj. pertaining to, suitable for, or pleasing to, the common people; easily imderstood; plebeian. popularity (pop-ti-lar'i-ti) , n. the state or quality of being popular; general esteem. populate (p9p'u-lat), vX to furnish with inhabitants. population (pop-u-la'shir-i)* ^- the inhabitants of a country, place, town, &c., collectively. Populist (pop'u-list), n. a naember of a political party in the United States known as the Populist or People's party. populous (pop'u-lus), adj, thickly peopled. porcelain (pors'lan), n. a fine white, thin, semi-transparent kind of earth- enware: adj. pertaining to, or made of, porcelain. [French.] porch (porch), n. a vestibule sup- ported by pillarsj portico. porcupine (p6r'ku-i in) , n. a rodent covered with spines, of the genua Hystrix. pore (por), n. a minute hole in the skin through which perspiration passes to the surface; an opening between the molecules of a body: v.i, to look with close and steady atten- tion, as on a book. pork (pork), n. the flesh of swine, either fresh or salted. pork-barrel (pork'bar'el) , n. facetious term for a Congressional appropria- tion bill which i)opularizes Con- gressmen by providing benefits in the Congressman's district, chiefly appHed to Rivers and Harbors and Pubhc Buildings bills. porker (pork'er), n. a pig. porous (por'us), adj. having pores. porpoise (por'pus), n, a cetaceous mammal of the genus Phocsena; the sea-hog. [French.] porridge (por'ij), n. oatmeal boiled slowly in water until it thickens. porringer (por'in-jer), n. a small dish for porridge, &c. port (port), n. a harbor; harem; de- portment or carriage; the left side of a ship; porthole; gate; a dark colored Portuguese wine from Opor- to: v.t. to turn to the port or left side of a ship: as, to port the helm. portable (port'a-bl), adj. that may be easily carried by hand or about the person. portal (port'al), n. a gate or entrance; an arch overa gateway or door. portcullis (port-kuris), n. a strong harrow-shaped grating hung over the doorway of a fortified place and capable of being let down to defend the gate. portend (por-tend'), v.i. to indicate in advance; presage; forbode. portent (por'tent), n. an omen, es- pecially of ill. portentous (por-ten'tus) , adj. omi- nous; foreshadowing evil; wondroua. porter (por'ter), n. a door- or gate- keeper; a dark-colored malt beer; one who carries parcels, &c., for hire, i^emnine, porter ess. [Latin.] portfolio (port-fo^i-o), n. a portable case for loose papers, drawings, &c.; the office and functions of a minister of state. porthole (port'hol), n. a window- shaped hole in the side of a ship, especially of a man-of-war. portico (por'ti-ko), n. [pi. porticos (por'ti-koz)], a walk covered by a roof supported on columns; a columned porch. portiere (por-tiar'). ^- a door-curtain. [French.] portion (por'shun), n. a piece or part; allotment; dividend; final state; dowry; part of an estate descending to an heir: v.t. to divide; allot; en- dow with a fortune. portly (port'h), adj. stately of mien; corpulent. portrait (por'trat), n. a picture or representation of an individual or face drawn from life ; a vivid graphic description in words. portray (por-tra'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. por- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, ndrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PORTRAYAL 386 POT trayed, ^.pr. portraying], to paint or draw tne likeness of; describe in words. portrayal (por-tra'al), n. description. pose (poz), n, attitude or position: v.i. to assume an attitude: v,tAo puzzle or perplex; cause to be at a loss. poser (poz'er), n. a puzzling ques- tion; one who, or that which, poses or puzzles. position (po-zish'un), n. the state of being set or placed; situation; atti- tude; principle laid down; office; so- cial status. [Latin.] positive (poz'i-tiv), adj. clearly ex- pressed; actual; direct; explicit; overconfident ; dogmatical ; settled by arbitrary appointment ; having power to act directly; noting the simple form of an adjective (posi- tive degree) ; affected by the sign + (positive quantity): n. that which may be affirmed; reality; a photo- graph with the natural lights and shades restored. [Latin.] posse (pos'e), n. an improvised force of men. possess (po-zes'), v.t. to have as an owner; be master of; occupy; seize. possessed (po-zest'), p.adj. owned; mad. [Latin.] possession (po - zesh'un) , n. the having, holding, or detention of property; the thing possessed; prop- erty or estate.- possessive (po-zes'iv), adj. noting possession. possessor (po-zes 'er), n. owner; one who possesses. possibility (pos-i-bil'i-ti) , n. the state of being possible; contingency. possible (pos'i-bl), adj. that may hap- pen or exist. [Latin.] post (post), n. a piece of timber, &c., set erect, usually to support some- thing else; a messenger or postman; established system of conveying and dehvering letters; a post-office; a relay of^ horses; situation or office: adj. a size of paper double that of common note-paper; military sta- tion: v.t. set or station; transmit by post; carry to the ledger; inform fully: v.i. to travel with speed: adv. speedily. post, a Latin prefix meaning afteVy as post-dsite. postage (post'aj), the fee for the con- veyance of letters by post. postal (post'al), adj. pertaining to the postoffice or mail service. postal-zone (post'al-zon') , n. one of the concentric zones used in the par- cels post system to adjust charges in accordance with distance. posterior (pos-te'ri-er) , adj. subse- quent in time or place; hinder: n. pi. the hinder parts of an animal. posterity (pos-ter'i-ti), n. succeeding generations ; descendants. postern (pos'tern), n. a small gate or door; vaulted passage beneath the parapet and through the rampart of a castle: adj. private. post-graduate (post-grad 'u-at), n. in the U. S., a person who has taken the first degree (usually the bach- elor's), usually passes on to advanced study, and, if successful, receives the degree of Ph.D. posthumous (post'u-mus), adj. born after the death of the father; pub- lished after the death of an author. postilion (pos-til'yun), n. the rider on the near leader in a carriage. postmaster (post'mas-ter), n. the superintendent of a postoffice; one [^ who supplies post-horses. post-meridian (post - me - rid'i - an) , adj. after noon. postpone (post-pon'), v.t. to delay; defer. postponement (post-pon'ment), n. the act of deferring to a future time; temporary delay. postscript (post'skript), n. a para- graph added to a letter after the writer's signature; appendix to a book. postulate (pos'tu-lat), v.t. to assume without proof; solicit: n. a self- evident problem ; a position assumed as self-evident. posture (pos'tur), n. attitude; placing or position of parts of the body; state: v.i. to place the body in par- ticular postures. posy (po'zi), n. a bunch of flowers, originally a motto or verse sent with a bouquet. pot (pot), n. a metal vessel for hold- ing or boiling liquids, &c.; a mug for liquor; a quart; a vessel of earthen- ware, &c., for holding plants; a size ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nSrtli, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut; think, then. POTABLE 387 POX of paper 12^ x 15 inches; a large amount: v.t, [p.t. & p.p. potted, p,pr. potting], to preserve; put into, or plant in, pots; shoot. potable (po'ta-bl), adj. drinkable. potash (pot'ash), n. a powerful alka- li obtained from the ashes of certain plants. Also potass, potassa. potassium (po-tas'i-um), n. a monad element, the metallic base of potash, potation (po-ta'shun), n. a c&aught or drink. [Old French.] potato (po-ta'to), n. [pi. potatoes (po-ta'toz)], the edible tuber of a South American plant, widely cul- tivated since the seventeenth cen- tury; the plant itself. White po- tatoes are most sought, but in southern countries the batata or sweet potato is a favorite. See yam. potency (po'ten-si), n. power, physical or mental. potent (po'tent), adj. powerful; hav- ing great authority or influence. potentate (po'ten-tat), n. one who possesses great power; sovereign or monarch. potential (po-ten'shal), adj. existing in possibility, not in reality; latent; in grammar, expressing power, possi- bility, liberty, or obligation. potion (po'shun), n. a draft; dose. pot-pourri (po-poo-re'), ^n. a med- ley, especially of musical airs; a dish composed of various kinds of meats and vegetables. [French.] potsherd (pot'sherd), n. a fragment of a broken pot. pottage (pot'aj), n. a kind of soup. potter (pot'er), n. a maker of potterj'. pottery (pot'er-i), n. [pi. potteries (pofer-iz)], earthenware of all kinds; the place where it is manufactured. pouch (pouch), n. a small bag; pocket; bag or sack of an animal; cartridge-box; protuberant stomach. poult (polt), n. a pullet; a young chicken, turkey, partridge, &c. poulterer (pol'ter-er), n. a dealer in poultry. poultice (portis), n. a soft preparation of bread, meal, &c., applied to a sore or inflamed part of the Dody; a cata- plasm: v.t. to apply a poultice to. poultry (portri), n. domestic fowls. pounce (pouns), n. a fine powder for- merly used for drying ink on paper. now chiefly used for sprinkling into holes in paper in patternmaking: the talon or claw of a bird of prey: v.t. to sprinkle with pounce: v.i. to fall upon and seize with, or as with, the claws. pound (pound), n. a standard weight = 16 ounces avoirdupois, or 12 ounces troy; a monetary unit = 20 shillings, or about S4.86; an inclos- ure for confining stray cattle: v.t. to shut in or confine in a i)ound; beat; pulverize as in a mortar: v.i. to plod. pour (per), v.t. to empty, as a liquid out of a vessel; discharge in a con- tinuous stream; send forth; give vent to; utter: v.i. to stream; rush tumult uously. pout (pout), n. a poult; a thrusting out of the lips; fit of sullenness; a kind of codfish: v.i. to thrust out the lips in sullenness; displeasure. pouter (pout'er), n. one who pouts; a species of pigeon. poverty (pov'er-ti), n. the state of being poor; indigence; necessity; penury; deficiency or defect, as of words, &c. powder (pou'der), n. any dry sub- stance in fine particles; gunpowder; face-powder; a medicinal prepara- tion: v.t. to reduce to, or sprinkle with, powder; salt. power (pou'cr), n. the faculty of do- ing or performing something; abil- ity; energy; force; strength; rule or authority; dominion; government; influence; mental capacity; legal authority; ruler or sovereign; state or nation; supernatural being or agent; force tending to produce mo- tion; magnifying power of a lens; the product arising from the multi- plication of a number into itself. powerful (pou'er-fool), adj. having great power; mighty; forcible; strong; efficacious. powerless (pou'er-les), adj. wanting in power; impotent; weak. pow-wow (pouVou), n. a North American Indian priest or conjurer; an incantation accompanied with noise and dancing ; a noisy political meeting: v.i. frolic noisily. [N. Am. Indian and so colloq. U. S.] pox (poks), n. an eruptive disease characterized by pustules; syphilis. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met : mite, rait ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; 25 hue, hut : think, then. PRACTICABLE 388 PRECEPT practicable (prak'ti-ka-bl), adj. that may be done, used or passed over; feasible; possible. [Greek.] practical (prak'ti-kal) , adj. pertaining to action or use; useful; capable of applying knowledge or theory to practice; derived from, or reduced to, practice. practice (prak'tis), n. frequent or customary action; dexterity ac- quired by habit ; use ; exercise of any profession; systematic exercise: v.t. to do habitually or repeatedly; per- form; exercise, as a profession: 2;.i. to form a habit; exercise a profession. practitioner (prak-tish'un-er) , n. one who is engaged in the exercise of any profession, especially medicine or law. prae, see pre. praenomen (pre-no'men) , n. a name prefixed to the family name. [Latin.] praetor (pre'ter), n. a Roman magis- trate ranking next to the consul. pragmatic (prag-mat'ik), adj. med- dling; officious; assuming business airs. Also pragmatical. [Greek.] prairie (pra'ri), n. an extensive tree- less tract of level or slightly undu- lating land covered with tall coarse grass. [French.] praise (praz), n. approbation; com- mendation; tribute of gratitude for benefits; renown; applause; object or reason of praise: v.t. to bestow commendation upon; honor; wor- ship; glorify. [French.] prance (prans), n. a spring or bound: v.i. to spring or bound; ride osten- tatiously; strut about in a shadowy or bellicose manner. prandial (pran'di-al), adj. relating to a meal, chiefly dinner. [Latin.] prank (prangk), n. a freak or frolic; mischievous trick: v.t. to dress up in a showy style; decorate. prate (prat), v.i. to prattle; talk idly; be loquacious: v.t. to utter without sense or meaning: n. tri- fling talk. Also prating. prattle (prat'l), n. childish or -mpty talk: v.i. to talk much and lightly; chatter. prawn (prawn), n. a small marme crustacean, allied to the shrimp. pray (pra), v.t. & v.i. [p.t. & p.p. prayed, p.pr. praying], to ask earn- .estly; address or petition; ask with humility and reverence; supplicate. prayer (prar), n. a solemn address to the Supreme Being; entreaty; a formula of worship; that part of a petition which specifies the request or desire. [French.] prayer-book (prar'book), n. a manual of public or private devotion, con- taining forms of prayer. prayerful (prar'f ool) , a^; . using prayer; devotional. pre, a Latin prefix meaning before, prior in time, space, or degree. preach (prech), v.i. to pronounce a public discourse on a sacred subject, especially from a text of Scripture; give advice in an offensive or obtru- sive manner on religious or moral grounds: z^.^. to teach publicly; to give advice, sometimes obtrusively. [French.] preamble (pre'am-bl), n. an intro- duction or preface; the^ opening clauses of a statute setting forth the reasons and object of the act: commencing with the word whereas. prebend (preb'end), n. the stipend granted to a canon out of the es- tate of a cathedral or collegiate church. [Latin.] precarious (pre-ka'ri-us) , adj. de- pending upon the will or pleasure of another ; uncertain ; held by a doubt- ful tenure. [Latin.] precaution (pre-kaw'shun), n. cau- tion taken beforehand; preventive measure. [Latin.] precede (pre-sed'), v.t. to go before in time, place, rank, or impor- tance. precedence (pre-se'dens), n. the act of going before in time, rank, &c.; pri- ority; relative rank in social eti- quette. Also precedency. [Latin.] precedent (pres-e'dent), adj. going before; anterior: n. (pres'e-dent) something previously said or done, serving as an example to be fol- lowed; a parallel case in the past. precentor (pre-sen'ter) , n. the leader of a cathedral choir, &c.; the leader of the psalmody in a Presbyterian church. [Latin.] precept (pre'sept), n. an authorita- tive command; rule of action or ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, tJiQn, PRECEPTOR 389 PREEMPTION moral conduct; maxim; written mandate. preceptor (pre-sept'ter) , n. an in- structor or teacher. Fern, precep- tress. precession (pre-sesh'un) , n. a going forward, especially the slow but con- tinual shifting of the^ equinoctial points along the ecliptic from east to west (precession of the equi- noxes). [Latin.] precinct (pre'singkt) , n. an outward limit or boundary; minor territorial district. [Latin.] precious (presh'us), adj. of great price or value; costly; highly es- teemed; worthless (in irony). [French.] precipice (pres'i-pis) , n. sl steep de- scent, especially one nearly or quite perpendicular. [Latin.] precipitant (pre-sip'i-tant), adj. fall- ing headlong; hasty: n. any chemical substance that causes something held in solution by a liquid to fall down in a solid state. precipitate (pre-sip'i-tat), v.t. to throw headlong; urge on violently; hurry on rashly, thoughtlessly, or unex- pectedly; throw to the bottom of a vessel : v.i. to fall to the bottom of a vessel: adj. headlong; over hasty; rash: n. sl substance precipitated. precipitation (pre-sip-i-ta'shun), n. the act of precipitating; rash haste; that which is precipitated. precipitous (pre-sip'i-tus), adj. very steep ; headlong ; rash ; hasty. precise (pre-sis')., adj. exact; strict; accurate; definite; adhering rigidly to rule; punctilious. [Latin.] preclude i^pre-klood'), v t. to shut out; hinder from access; obviate; pre- vent. [Latin.] preclusion (pre-kloo'zhun), n. the act of precluding; the state of being precluded. precocious (pre-ko'shus), adj. prema- turely ripe or developed; pertly for- w^ard. [French.] precognition (pre-kog-nish'un) , n. previous know^le_dge or thought. preconceive (pre-kon-sev'), v-t. to form a notion or opinion of in ad- vance of exact knowledge or full information; to conceive beforehand. precursor (pre-ker'ser) , n. one who, or that which, precedes; forerunner; omen. [Latin.] precursory (pre-ker'so-ri), adj. indi- cating something that is to happen or follow. predatory (pred'a-to-ri), adj. rapa- cious; plundering; pillaging. predecessor (pre-de-ses'er), n. one who has preceded another in the same office, business, position, &c.; an ancestor. [Latin.] ^ predestinate (pre-des'ti-nat), v.t. to ordain beforehand by an unchange- able purpose. predicament (pre-dik'a-ment) , n. in logic, a category; a peculiar situa- tion; critical condition or state. predicate (pred'i-kat), v.t. to affirm one thing of another; found: n. in logic, that which is affirmed or denied of the subject. prediction (pre-dik'shun) , n. the declaration of a future event; prophecy. predigestion (pre-di-jes'chun), n. the artificial peptonization of food before it is eaten, so as to avoid acid, gas and other gastric irritants. [Latin.] predilection (pre - di - lek'shun) , n. preference beforehand ; preposses- sion; partiality. [Latin.] predispose (pre-dis-poz'), v.t. to in- cline beforehand ;_ adapt previously. predisposition (pre-dis-po-zish'un), n. previous inclination or propensity; prejudice. [Latin.] predominance (pre-dom'i-nans) , n. superiority over all in and on ques- tions; prevalence over others; su- periority in strength, power, au- thority, &c. [Latin.] predominant (pre-dom'i-nant) , adj. haying superior influence, &c.; su- perior; controlling. predominate (pre-dom'i-nat), v.i. to be superior in strength, power, au- thority, &c.; prevail; be ascend- ant. preeminence (pre-em'i-nens), n. su- periority; greatness universally con- ceded. preeminent (pre-em'i-nent), adj. su- perior; above all others. preempt (pre-empt'), v.t. to secure or occupy by preemption; establish a right or claim to before others. preemption (pre-emp'shun), n. the ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PREEN 390 PREPONDERANCE act or right of purchasing before others. [Latin.] preen (pren), v.t. to cleanse, trim, and compose with the beak, as birds. preface (pref'as), n. the introduction to a book, &c.; preamble: v.t, to in- troduce by preliminary remarks: vd, to say or do something intro- duttory. [Latin. ]_ prefatory (pref 'a-to-ri) , adj. pertain- ing to, or of the nature of, a preface; introductory. prefect (pre'fekt), n. a civil magis- trate or governor; commander; moni- tor [English]; the civil governor of a department in France. [Latin.] prefer (pre-fer'), v.t, [p.f. & p.p. pre- ferred, p.pr, preferring], to regard or esteem more than something else; present; place in advance. preference (pref 'er-ens) , n. the act of preferring; the thing preferred; choice of one thing more than anoth- er; predilection. [Latin.] preferment (i)re-f er'ment) , n. pro- motion, especially in the church. prefix (pre'fiks), n, a letter, word, or syllable placed at the beginning of a word: v.t, (pre-fiks') to place before or at the beginning of. [Latin.] pregnancy (preg'nan^si) , n. the state of being pregnant; inventive power. pregnant (preg'nant), adj, being with young; fruitful; teerning; fertile; full of importance or significance. prehensile (pre-hen'sil) , oc^;. adapted for holding or seizing. [Latin.] prejudge (pre-juj), v,t, to judge be- forehand. prejudice (prej'u-dis), n, previous and unfavorable bias; prejudgment without due examination; detri- ment; injury: v.t. ^ to prepossess against; bias the mind of; create a prejudice against. [Latin.] prejudicial (prej-u-dish'al), adj, dis- advantageous; ^ injurious. prelacy (prera-si) n. the office or status of a prelate; episcopacy; bishops collectively. [Latin.] prelate (prel'at) n. an ecclesiastical dignitary having episcopal authority. preliminary (pre-Hm'i-na-ri) , adj. pre- ceding the main discourse or busi- ness; introductory: n. an introduc- tion; something preceding. [Latin.] prelude (pre'lud), n, a short piece of music played as an introduction to a larger piece; preface: v.t, to serve as a prelude to; precede. [Latin.] premature (pre-ma-tur') , adj, ripe before the proper time; arrivmg, oc- curring, or done, before the proper time. [Latin.] premeditate (pre-med'i-tat), v,t. to design, conceive or deliberate, be- forehand. [Latin.] premeditation (pre-med-i-ta'shun), n, the act of premeditating. premier (prem'i-er or pre'mi-er), adj. first; chief; principal: n, the prime mimster. [French.] premise (pre-miz'), v,t, to explain previousV; lay down as proposi- tions to reason from: v,i. to state antecedent prop sitions: n, (prem'- is), a proposition antecedently as- sumed and laid down: pi. the two propositions of a syllogism in logic, the major and minor, from which the conclusion is drawn. (Also premisses); a building and its ad- juncts; foregoing statements or facts of a deed of conveyance. premium (pre'mi-um), n. a recom- pense or reward; prize or bounty: bonus; payment for insurance; value above the original price or par of stock, &c. [Latin.] premonitory (pre-mon'i-t5-ri), adj. giving warning beforehand. [Latin.] preoccupy (pre-ok'u-pi), v.t, to seize or occupy beforehand; to preju- dice. preparation (prep-a-ra'shun) , n. the act of preparing or fitting for a par- ticular purpose; state of being pre- pared; readiness; a part of an ani- mal body prepared for anatomical use ; that which is prepared or paade ready, as a medicine, &c, [Latin.] prepare (pre-par'), v.t, to make ready beforehand; to adapt; to form: v,i. to make one's self ready; to get everything ready. preparedness (pre-par^ed-nes), n, the state of being prepared or in readi- ness; hberally used in the United States to set forth its armed readi- ness for war emergencies. preponderance (pre-pon'der-ans), 7U sui)eriority of weight, power, force; or influence. [Latin.] ftte, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; b5on, book ; hue, hut; think, ^^en. PREPONDERANT 391 PRESIDENCY preponderant (pre-pon'der-ant), adj. outweighing. preponderate (pre-pon'der-at) , v.t. to outweigh ; exceed in power or in- fluence: v.i. to incHne to one side. preposition (prep-o-zish'un), n. a word placed before a noun or pro- noun to indicate its relation to some other word in the sentence. [Latin.] prepositional (prep-o-zish'un-al), adj. pertaining to a prep9sition. prepositive (pre-pos'i-tiv) , adj. placed before: n. a word or particle placed before another word. prepossess (pre-poz-es') , v.t. to occupy beforehand; bias. [Latin.] prepossessing (pre-poz-es'ing), v.adj. tending to win or secure favor; attractive. preposterous (pre-pos'ter-us), adj. contrary to nature or reason; ri- diculous; absurd. prerogative (pre-rog'a-tiv) , n. an exclusive or peculiar privilege, espe- cially of a sovereign. [Latin.] presage (pres'aj), n. a_ foreboding or presentiment: v.t. (pre-saj'). to fore- bode; predict. [French.] presbyopia (pres-bi-o'pi-a), n. long- sightedness while near objects are indistinctly seen, caused by a change in the refractive j^ower of the eye, due to the flattemng of the lens. presbyter (pres'bi-ter) , n. an elder, minister, or priest; an elder with authority to rule in the early Chris- tian church. [Greek.] presbytery (pres'bi-ter-i), n. in the early Christian church, a body of elders; in the Presbyterian Church, a court composed of the pastors and ruling elders of the churches in a given district; such district so represented. prescience (pre'shiens), n. fore- knowledge. [Latin.] prescient (pre'shient), adj. foreknow- ing. prescribe (pre-skrib'), v.t. to set down authoritatively ; d.irect medically ; appoint: v.i. to write medical direc- tions; give law; claim by prescrip- tion. [Latin.] prescript (pre'skript), adj. prescribed; directed: n. a direction; prescrip- tion. prescription (pre-skrip'shun), n. the act of prescribing; the thing pre- scribed; a written direction for the preparation of a medicine; recipe; custom 9r title continued until it has acquired the force of law. presence (prez'ens), n. the state or quality of being present; quickness at expedients; society; mien. [Latin.] present (prez'ent), adj. being in a cer- tain place; at hand or in sight; at this time; not past or future; in- stant or immediate: n. the present time; a gift or donation: pi. what is written in a document or con- veyance now present or referred to: v.t. (pre-zent'). to introduce to a superior; exhibit to view; offer; give formally; point or aim, as a gun; appoint to an ecclesiastical benefice ; lay before for consideration. presentation (prez-en-ta'shun), n. the act of presenting; representa- tion; the right or act of present- ing to an ecclesiastical benefice; po- sition of a child at parturition. presentient (pre-sen'shient), adj. hav- ing previous perception. [Latin.] presentiment (pre-zen'ti-ment), n. previous apprehension of something about to come or happen (usually of impending evil). presently (prez'ent-li), adv. ere long. presentment (pre-zent'ment), n. the act of presenting; the thing pre- sented; representation; notice taken of an offense by a grand jury from their personal knowledge. preservation (prez-er-va'shun), n. the act of preserving; the state of being preserved from injury. preservative (pre-zer'va-tiv), adj. hav- ing the power of preserving*, n. that which preserves. Also pi-eser- vatory. preserve (pre-zerv'), v.t. to keep from injury; defend; uphold; save; keep in a sound state; season with sugar for preservation: n. fruit, &c., sea- soned and kept in sugar; a place set apart for preserving game. preside (pre-zid'), v.i. to direct or control, especially at a public meet- ing; superintend. [Latin.] presidency (prez'i-den-si), n. the of- fice, dignity, term, jurisdiction, or residence of a president; one of the ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book hue, hut ; think, then. PRESIDENT 392 PREY three principal divisions of British India. president (prez'i-dent), n. one who presides over a corporation or assembly; the executive of a repub- lic; the chief officer of a college, university, or sect, as Mormonism. presidential (prez-i-den'shal), adj. pertaining to a president. press (pres), v.t. to urge; embrace; crowd upon; distress; hurry; make smooth, as cloth, &c.; formerly, to force for service into the navy: v.i. to exert pressure; move forward forcibly: n. an instrument or ma- chine for compressing anything; a printing machine; newspaper and periodical literature; literature gen- erally; a crowd; act of urging forward; pressure; urgency; a closet with shelves; wine vat. [Latin.] ^ pressing (pressing), p. adj. urgent; im- portunate. pressure (presh'ur), n. the act of pres- sing; the state of being pressed ; con- straining force or influence. prestidigitation (pres - ti - dij - i - ta' - shun), n. sleight of hand; legerde- main. Also prestigiation. [French.] prestige (pres-tezh ), n. moral in- fluence due to past reputation, achievements, &c. [French.] presto (pres'to), adv. a musical direc- tion meaning ^* quickly.'^ The su- perlative form prestissimo means ^^ very quickly. '' [ItaHan.] presume (pre-zum'), v.t. to take for granted on probable grounds; sup- pose: v.i. to venture without actual leave; form confident or arrogant opinions; behave with overconfi- dence or presumption. [Latin.] presumption (pre-zump'shun) , n. the act of presuming; the thing pre- sumed; strong probability; ar- rogance ^ or overconfidence; the assumption of the credibility of certain facts from circumstantial evidence. presumptive (pre-zump'tiv), adj. taken by previous supposition ; prov- ing circumstantially; arrogant. presumptuous (pre-zump'tu-us), adj. bold and confident to excess; arro- gant; wilful; rash. presuppose (pre-sup-oz'), v.t. to take for granted; imply as antecedent. pretend (pre-tend'), v.t. to allege or put forward falsely; make a show of; simulate; counterfeit; assert: v.i. to put forward a claim, true or false. [Latin.] pretended (pre-ten'ded), p. adj. osten- sible; feigned. pretense (pre-tens'), n. false or hypo- critical profession ; unfounded claim ; pretext. pretension (pre-ten'shun) , n. a claim, true or false; assumed right. pretentious (pre-ten'shus), adj. as- suming an air of superiority. preter, a Latin prefix meaning beyond^ more, besides, as preternatural, &c. preterit (pret'er-it), adj. past; not- ing the tense which expresses past or conipleted time or action. Also preterite: n. the past tense. pretext (pre'tekst), n. a pretense or excuse; ostensible motive put for- ward to conceal the real one. [Latin.] pretty (prit'i), adj. [comp. prettier, su- perl. prettiest], pleasing without be- mg absolutely beautiful; neatly ar- ranged or ornamented; trim; fine: adv. fairly; moderately. pretzel (pret'zel), n. a hard wheaten biscuit, made in the form of a knot and salted on the surface. [German.] prevail (pre-val'), v.i. to overcome; gain the advantage; operate effec- tually; obtain influence or superior- ity; persuade (with on). [Latin.] prevalent (prev'a-lent) , adj. powerful; predominant; victorious; most gen- eral. prevaricate (pre-var'i-kat) , v.i. to evade the truth; quibble. [Latin.] prevent (pre-venf), v.t. to hinder, obstruct, or impede; obviate; pre- cede (as in prayer-book, ^* prevent us O Lord")- [Latin.] prevention (pre-ven'shun), n. the act of preventing; hindrance or obstruc- tion. preventive (pre-ven'tiv) , ad[; . tending to prevent: n. that which prevents. previous (pre'vi-us), adj. going before; anterior. prevision (pre-vizh'un) , n. fore-knowl- edge. prey (pra), n. plunder; booty; that which may be, or is, seized by a wild beast for food: v.i. [p.t. & p.p. preyed, p.pr. preying], to take booty fite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, *^en. PRICE 393 PRINCIPLE or plunder; seize and devour an animal as prey; weigh heavily (with on or upon). price (pris), n. the current value of a commodity; cost; value; recom- pense. [French.] priceless (pris'les), adj. invaluable. prick (prik), n. a puncture; dot or point; slender pointed instrument; a sharp stinging pain; thorn; goad; remorse; small roll: footprint of a hare or deer: v.t. to pierce with, or as with, a prick; to puncture. pricking (prik'ing), n. the act of piercing with a sharp point; sensa- tion of a sharp, tingling pain. prickle (prik'l), n. a sharp point grow- ing from the bark of a plant. priest (prest), n. an ecclesiastic in full orders, below a bishop and above a deacon; one who officiates in sacred offices, especially by of- fering sacrifice. Fern, priestess. priesthood (prest 'hood), n. the priest- ly order; the office of a priest. priestly (prest'Ii), acf;. pertaining to, or befitting, a priest; sacerdotal. prig (prig), n. a cpnceited fellow who gives himself airs of wisdom: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. prigged, p.pr. prigging], to dress up ; primp ; prink ; also to thieve, steal. priggish (prig'ish), adj. conceited. prim (prim), adj. precise; affectedly nice; formally neat: v.t. to deck with affected nicety. [Old French.] primacy (pri'ma-si), n. the office or dignity of a primate. primal (pri'mal), adj. first. primary (pri'ma-ri) , adj. in the first or- der of time, i)lace, or rank; chief; original; principal; preparatory: n. that which is first in rank, place, or importance: pL large quill feathers on the last jomt of a bird's wing. primate (pri'mat), n. the highest dig- nitary in a national church; an arch- bishop. prime (prim), adj. first in order of rank, time, or importance; original: early; excellent: n. the spring of life; first or best part; beginning or dawn; height of perfection; the first canonical hour: v.t. to prepare for firing, as a gun; lay the first coat of paint on: v.i. to serve for the charge of a gun; convey water with the steam to the cyhnder of an en- gine from the boiler. [Latin.] primer (prim'er), n. a manual of elementary instruction; a small prayer book; one of two sizes of type, long primer and great primer. See type. primevsd (pri-me'val) , adj. of the earliest age or time; ancient. priming (prim'ing), n. the first coat of paint; powder in the nipple of a firearm. primitive (prim'i-tiv) , adj. pertain- ing to the beginning; original; not derivative, old-fashioned: n. a word in its simplest form and not derived from another. primitiveness (prim'i-tiv-nes) , n, the state or quality of being primi- tive. primogeniture (pri-mo-jen'i-tur), n, seniority of birth; right of the eld- est son to succeed to real estate. primordial (pri-mqr'di-al) , adj. exist- ing frorn the beginning; first in or- der; original: n. first principle or element. [Latin.] primp (primp), v.t. to deck (one's self) in a prim or affected manner; prink. primrose (prim'roz), n. an early spring flower of a pale yellow color, of several species : adj. pale yellow. prince (prins), n. a ruler or sover- eign; the son of a king or sovereign. princely (prins'li), adj. resembling, or befitting, a prince; royal; high-born; dignified; magnificent. princess (prin'ses), n.^ the daughter of a sovereign; the wife of a prince. principal (prin'si-pal), adj. occupy- ing the first place or rank; chief in character, degree, or importance; essential: n. a principal person or thing; one who takes the lead; the chief in authority; head of a firm; a capital sum lent at interest. principality (prin-si-pari-ti), n. the territory of a prince; the country from which he derives his title ; royal state: supreme power. principle (prin'si-pl), n. source or ori- gin; element: fundamental truth or doctrine; settled rule or law of ac- tion or conduct; reason; foundation of morahty or religion: uprightness: v.t. to establish firmly in the mind. ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, nCrth, not ; boon, book ; htie, hut ; think, t^en. PEINGLE 394 PROBLEM pringle (pring'gl), v.i. a verb meaning the feeling which one has in sharp cold — a c@mbination of pricking and tingHng. [Conan Doyle.] prink (pringk), v.t. to dress up, or deck out, in a showy or ostentatious fashion; to arrange with nicety. print (print), w. a mark or character made by impression; impression of type; anything that being impressed leaves its form on any substance; anything produced by printing, as a newspaper, engraving, &c.: pi. en- gravings; printed cotton cloth: v.t. to impress; fix or stamp deeply: v.i. to practice the art of printing; pub- lish books. printing (print 'ing), n. the arl or act of impressing figures or characters on paper, &c.: typography; the busi- ness of a printer. prior (pri'er), adj. coming before, in time; former: adv. previously: n. the head of a priory or monastery, next in rank below an abbot. Fem. prioress. priority (pri-or'i-ti), n. the state of being first in rank, time, or place; first claim. priory (pri'er-i), n. [vl. priories (pri'- er-iz)], a religious house, in dignity below an abbey. prism (prizm), n. a solid whose bases are similar, equal, and parallel, and whose sides are parallelograms; a piece of solid glass with triangular ends.^ [Grseco-Latin; the original meaning was * ^something sawed.''] prismatic (priz-mat'ik), adj. pertain- ing to, like, formed by, or separated by, a prism. Also prismatical. prison (priz'n), n. a public building for the c nfinement of criminals, &c.; jail; any place of confinement or detention: v.t. to imprison. pristine (pris'tin), adj. pertaining to an early period; first; original; primitive. [Latin.] prithee (priiA'e), corruption of "I pray thee." privacy (pri'va-si), n. a state of re- tirement; place of seclusion; secrecy. private (prT'vat), adj. peculiar to one's self; personal; alone; secret; not pub- lic; secluded; unofficial: n. a common soldier. privateer (pri- vaster'), n. a private vessel licensed by the government to seize and plunder the ships of an enemy: v.i. to cruise in a pri- vateer. privation (pri-va'shun), n. the state of being deprived of something, espe- cially of the necessaries of life; des- titution; hardship; absence. privative (priv'a-tiv), adj. causing privation; taking away; negative: n. that which depends on the ab- sence of something else; a prefix or suffix, noting absence or negation, such as the so-called Alpha privative in Greek. privilege (priv'i-lej), n. a law, or exemption from the common provi- sions of a law, in favor of an individual or a body; peculiar ad- vantage, right, or immunity; pre- rogative: v.t. to invest with a priv- ilege; exempt. privy (priv'i), adj. private; secret; clandestine; admitted to the knowl- edge of something secret (with to): n. a person having an interest in a legal action; a necessary house. prize (priz), n. a reward gained in a competition, lottery, &c.; that which is taken from an enemy in war, es- pecially a captured vessel; a lever used for forcing or raising heavy bodies, &c.: v.t. to value; esteem; to force with a lever. [Old French.] pro, a Latin prefix meanmg before, in the place of, forth^ forward, as pro and con, for and agamst, or both sides of an argument, &c. probable (prob'a-bl), adj. that can be proved; likely. probate (pro'bat), n. the official proof of wills; the official copy of a will with the certificate of probation. probation (pro-ba'shun), n. the act of proving; evidence; proof; moral trial; novitiate; trial of abilities prior to election, &c., to office or employment. probe (prob), n. a surgical instru- ment for examining a wound: v.t. to examine with a probe; scruti- nize. probity (pro'bi-ti), n. integrity; sin- cerity. problem (prob'lem), n. a question for solution; a proposition requiring something to be demonstrated. lite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PROBLEMATICAL 395 PROFESSION problematical (prob-lem-at'i-kal) , adj, questionable; doubtful. proboscis (pro-bos'is) , n. the trunk of an elephant; the elongated snout of certain animals and insects. procedure (pro-sed'ur), n. manner of proceeding; conduct; process. proceed (pro-sed'), v.i. to pass from one step or place to another; ad- vance; issue; make progress; carry on a legal process: n.pl. money re- sulting from a commercial trans- action. proceeding (pro-sed'ing) , n. advance- ment; course of conduct; transac- tion; operation: pi. legal process; transactions of a learned or scientific society. proceeds (pro'sedz), n. the material results of an action or course; that which accrues from possession. process (pros'es), n. progressive course ; series of measures or changes ; operation; projection on a bone; proceedings in a legal action. procession (pro-sesh'un) , n. a train of persons in a formal march. proclaim (pr5-klam'), v.t. to announce officially; publish; outlaw by public proclamation. proclamation (prok-la-ma'shun), n. an official announcement to the pub- lic; edict. proclivity (pro-kliv'i-ti), n. an in- clination; tendency. proconsul (pro-kon'sul), n. a Roman official who governed a province; a magistrate invested with consular authority without the office. procrastinate (pro-kras'ti-nat) , v.t. to put off to a future time; defer: v.i. to be dilatory. procrastination (pro - kras - ti - na ' - shun), n. delay. procreate (pro'kre-at), v.t. to gener- ate and produce; beget. proctor (prok'ter), n. one employed to manage the affairs pf another; an attorney in an ecclesiastical, ad- miralty, or probate court; a univer- sity official charged with the main- tenance of university regulations. procumbent (pro-kum'bent), adj. lying down; prostrate; trailing. procurable (pro-ku'ra-bl) , adj. ob- tainable. procurator (prok'u-ra-ter) , n. one who manages another^s affairs, es- pecially legal interests. procure (pro-ktir'), v.t. to get or ob- tain; cause. prod (prod), n. sl goad; prick: v.t. [p.t. & p.p. prodded, p.pr. prodding], to goad. prodigal (prod'i-gal), ok:?;, extravagant in expenditure; lavish; w^asteful: n. a spendthrift; one who is lavish or wasteful. prodigality (prod-i-gal'i-ti) , n. the state or quality oi being prodigal; extravagance; lavishness. prodigious (pro-dij'us), adj. enor- mous; adapted to excite wonder. prodigy (prod'i-ji), n. anything won- derful or extraordinary; a miracle; portent. produce (pro-dus'), v.t. to exhibit or bring to view; yield or bring forth; manufacture; extend: n. (prod'us), that which is yielded or brougnt forth; result. product (prod'ukt), n. that which is produced by nature, or made by art; work; result; the result of multiply- ing two or more numbers together. production (pro-duk'shun), n. that which is produced; act of produc- ing; fruit; result. productive (pro-duk'tiv), adj. having the power of producing; generative; fertile. productiveness (pro-duk'tiv-nes), n. a quality of being productive. ^ proem (pro'em), n. a preface or intro- duction. [Latin.] profanation (prof-a-na'shun) , n. the act of treating sacred things with disrespect or irreverence; desecra- tion. profane (pro-fan'), adj. secular; ir- reverent ; irreligious ; blasphemous : v.t. to treat with irreverence; dese- crate; violate (holy things); put to an improper use. profanity (pro-fan'i-ti), n. irreverence towards holy things; blasphemy. Also profaneness. profess (pro-fes'), v.t. to make open declaration of; acknowledge or avow; declare publicly. profession (pro-f esh'un) , n. the act of professing; open declaration or avowal; calling or vocation, espe- cially one that requires a learned ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PROFESSIONAL 396 PROLOGUE education; collective body of per- sons in a profession; the entrance of a novice into a religious order under a sacred vow. _ [Latin.] professional (pro-f esh'un-al) , adj. per- taining to a profession: n. one who makes his living by his art, as dis- tinguished from an amateur. professor (pro-f es'er) , n. one who makes an outward profession of religion; one who publicly teaches any branch of knowledge. proffer (prof-er), v.t. to offer for ac- ceptance; tender: n. an offer made. proficiency (pro-fish'en-si) , n. de- gree of advancement in any branch of knowledge, science, or art. proficient (pro-fish'ent) , adj. thor- oughly qualified, or skilled: n. an expert, or adept. profile (pro'fil), n. a head or portrait in a side view, outline or contour, especially of a building in vertical section: v.t. draw in profile. [French.] profit (profit), n. pecuniary gain; benefit or advantage; emolument: v.t. to benefit; improve: v.i. to be of advantage; make improvement; re- ceive profit. profitable (prof 'it-a-bl) , adj. yielding or bringing profit ; lucrative ; advan- tageous. profligate (prof 'li-gat) , adj. abandoned to vice; dissolute; openly vicious. profound (pro-found'), cidj. deep in skill or knowledge; abstruse; deep; intense. profundity (pro-f un'di-ti) , n. depth of place, knowledge, skill, &c. profuse (pro-fusO, adj. Hberal to ex- cess; exuberant. profusion (pro-f u'zhun) , n. lavishness; excess; abundance. Also profuse- ness. progenitor (pro-gen'i-ter) , n. an an- cestor; forefather. prog (prog), n. a common word in England for food; like ^'grub'^ among all English-speaking peoples. progeniture (pro-gen'i-tur), n. a birth or begetting. progeny (proj'en-i), n. offspring; descendants; lineage. prognosticate (prog-nos'ti-kat), v.t. to foretell: v.i. indicate the future by present signs. program, programme (pro'gram), n. an outline of a public entertain- ment, ceremony, &c.; a course of action prepared or announced be- forehand. progress (prog'res), n. a moving or going forward; advancement; pro- ficiency; journey of state: v.i. (pro- gress to move forward; advance: increase in proficiency. progression (pro-gresh'un) , n. mo- tion onwards; intellectual advance; regular and gradual advance; prog- ress; a series of numbers increas- ing or decreasing by proportional differences. progressive (pro-gres'iv), adj, moving forward; making progress; improv- ing. prohibit (pro-hib'it), v.^. to forbid; interdict by authority; hinder. prohibition (pro-hi-bish'un), n. the act of prohibiting; interdict. prohibitionist (pro-hi-bish'un-ist) , n. one who desires to prohibit the sale of intoxicating_ liquors. prohibitive (pro-hib'i-tiv), adj. tend- ing to prohibit. project (proj'ekt), n. a design or scheme: v.t. (pro-jekf), to throw or cast forward; plan or scheme: v.i, to jut out. projectile (pro-jek'til), n. sl body thrown forward, especially through the air; a bullet, shot, shell, &c.: adj. impelled or impelling forward. projection (pro-jek'shun), n. the act or state of projecting; that which juts out; a plan or delineation repre- sented on a plane. prolapse (pro-laps') , n. a falling down or out of some part of the body: v.i. to fall down or out; project too much. Also prolapsus. proletarian (pro-le-ta'ri-an), adj. per- taining to the common people; low; vulgar: n. sl workman; in ancient Rome, the lowest class of citizens. [Latin.] prolific (pro-lif'ik), adj. productive; fertile. prolix (pro-liks' or pro'liks), adj. tedious and verbose; not concise. prolixity (pro-liks 'i-ti), n. verbosity; minute detail. prologue (pro'log), n. an introduc- tion or preface, especially verses spoken before a dramatic perfor- ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PROLONG 397 PROPELLER mance by way of introduction: v.t, to introduce by a preface. prolong (pro-long'), v.t. to lengthen; extend. prolongation (pro-long-ga'shun) , n. extension in time or space; delay or postponement. promenade (prom-e-nad'), n. a walk for pleasure, show or exercise; a public place for walking: v.i. walk for pleasure, &c. prominence (prom'i-nens) , n. the state or quaUty of being prominent; a projection. Also prominency. prominent (prom'i-nent) , adj. pro- jecting; conspicuous; chief; protu- berant. promiscuous (pro-mis'ku-us) , adj. confused; mingled; indiscriminate; not restricted to. any particular per- son. promise (prom'is), n. an engagement to do or not to do something; basis for expectation; the thing promised: v.i. to assure one by a promise: v.t. to make a promise of; afford reason; to expect. promiser (prom'is-er), n. one who promises. promisor (prom-is-or')» ^- one who makes a legal promise or covenant. promissory (prom'is-o-ri) , adj. con- taining a promise or covenant to do, or not to do, something. promontory (prom'on-to-ri) , n. a high cape; a point of land jutting into the sea. promote (pro-mot'), v.t. to advance, forward, or elevate; excite or stir up ; raise to higher rank. promoter (pro-mo'ter) , 7i. one who promotes, especially one who makes it his business to float new com- panies, &c. promotion (pro-mo 'shun), n. the act of promoting; state of being promoted ; advancement ; prefer- ment. prompt (prompt), adj. ready and guicK to act as occasion demands; immediate; done without delay: v.t. incite to action; assist (a speaker) when at a loss for words. promulgate (pro-mul'gat) , v.t. to publish. promulgation (pro-mul-ga'shun), n. publication. prone (pron), adj. lying with the face downwards; not erect; inclined; dis- posed. prong (prong), n. a sharp-pointed in- strument; the spike of a fork. pronominal (pro-nom'i-nal) , adj. per- taining to, or of the nature of, a pronoun. pronoun (pro-noun), n. 2l word which refers to, or is used in the place of, a noun. pronounce (pro- nouns '),i'.^. to speak or utter distinctly; articulate; utter formally, authoritatively, or rhetori- cally; affirm: v.i. to speak with con- fidence or authority. pronounced (pro-nounst'), p. adj. strongly marked or decided. pronouncement (pro-nouns 'ment), n. an emphatic declaration. pronunciation (pro-nun-si-a'shun) , n. the act or manner of articulating words or syllables; graceful and proper public speaking. proof (proof) , n. testimony or con- vincing evidence; test or experi- ment; reason; argurnent; demon- 8trati9n; impenetrability; capability of resistance; a standard strength of spirit; an impression taken from type for correction ; an early im- pression of an engraving: adj. strong to resist impression or pen- etration; capable of moral or physi- cal resistance, as '' sneer-proof '^ '' bullet-proof.'^ [Old French.] prop (prop), n. a support or stay: v.t. [p.t. (fe p.p. propped, p.pr. prop- ping], to support by sometning un- der or against ; sustain. propaganda (prop-a-gan'da) , n.pZ. any methods for the propagation of doctrines, principles, &c., religious or secular. propagate (prop'a-gat), v.t, to con- tinue or spread by generation or suc- cessive production ; extend ; impel for- ward in space: v.i. to be produced by generation, or by new shoots or plants. propagation (prop-a-ga'shun) , n. the act 9f propagating; spreading or ex- tension. propel (pro-pel'), v.t. [p.t. & p.p. pro- pelled, p.pr. propelling], to drive forward; urge onward by force. propeller (pro-pel'er), n. one who, or ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^^en. PROPENSITY 398 PROSECUTION that which, propels; a screw-pro- peller ; vessel so propelled. propensity (pro-pen'si-ti) , n. natural tendency. proper (prop'er), adj. noting a par- ticular person or thing; peculiar; fit or suitable; correct; appropri- ate. property (prop'er-ti) , n. [pi. properties (prop'er-tiz)l, a peculiar attribute, quality, or disposition; exclusive right of possession; the thing owned; estate ; goods ; attribute common to a class: pi. articles, including dresses, required by actors on the stage. prophecy (prof'e-si), n. a prediction of something to take place in the future, especially a prediction by Divine inspiration. prophesy (prof'e-si), v.t. [p.t. & p.p, prophesied, p.pr. prophesying], to foretell future events, especially by Divine inspiration: v.i. to utter prophecies ; preach. prophet (prof'et), n. one who foretells future events, especially one inspired by God. Feminine, prophetess. prophetic (pro-f et'ik) , adj. pertaining to prophecy ; predictive. Prophetical. prophylactic (pro-fi-lak'tik) , adj, guarding, or preserving, against dis- ease: n. a preventive of disease. propinquity (pro-ping'kwi-ti) , n. nearness of place, time, or relation- ship. propitiate (pro-pish 'i-at), v.t. to con- ciliate; make propitious: i^.i. to atone. propitiation (pro-pish-i-a'shun) , n. the act of propitiating; atonement. propitious (pro-pish 'us), adj. favor- able; disposed to be merciful. proportion (pro-por'shun), n. com- parative relation of one thing to an- other; ratio; rate; symmetrical re- lation; rule of three; equal or just share: v.t. to form symmetrically; apportion. proportional (pro-por'shun-al) , adj. having due proportion; having the same ratio: n. a quantity or number in proportion. proportionate (pro-por'shun-at) , adj. adjusted to something else accord- ing to a certain rate: v.t. to adjust according to asettled rate. proposal (pro-poz'al), n. that which is offered for consideration or accept- ance; offer of marriage; terms oi conditions proposed. propose (pro-poz'), v.t. to bring for- ward or offer for consideration; nominate for election: v.i. to make an offer of marriage. proposition (prop-o-zish'un) , n. an offer of terms; proposal; a complete sentence, or one that affirms or de*. nies something; a theorem or prob- lem for solution. propound (pro-pound'), v.t. to offer for c9nsideration; put or set as a question. proprietary (pro-pri'e-ta-ri) , adj. be- longing to a proprietor or proprie- tary: n. a possessor in his own right; proprietors collectively. proprietor (pro-pri'e-ter), n. one who has a legal right to anything; owner. Fern, proprietress; proprietrix. propriety (pro-pri'e-ti), n. conformity to established rules or custom; deco- rum; fitness. propulsion (pro-pul'shun), n. the act of propelling. prorogation (pro-ro-ga'shun) , n. the act of proroguing. prorogue (pro-rog'), v.t. to terminate a session of ; to postpone. prosaic (pro-za'ik) , adj . like prose; commonplace; uninteresting. Also prosaical. proscenium (pro-se'ni-um) , n, that part of the stage from the curtain to the orchestra. proscribe (pro-skrib'), v.t. to punish with civil death; outlaw; inter- dict. proscription (pro-skrip'shun), n. the act of proscribing; outlawry; inter- diction. prose (proz), n. ordinary spoken or written language; unmetrical com- position: v.i. & v.t. to write or speak tediously: adj. unloosed from the rules of- prosody, yet not necessarily; dull; tedious; common- place. See lyric prose. [Latin.] prosecute (pros'e-ktit), v.t. to fol- low or pursue with the view to reach or accomplish; accuse of a crime be- fore a legal tribunal: v.i. to carry on a legal prosecution. [Latin.] prosecution (pros-e-ku'shun), n. the act of prosecuting; pursuit; the in- stitution and carrying on of a legal "^te, arm, at, awl; me, merge, met; mite, mit ; note, nOrth, not; boon, book; hue, hut ; think, then. PROSELYTE 399 PROTOTYPE suit; prosecutor or prosecutors col- lectively. proselyte (pros'e-lit) , n. a convert to some religion or belief, or party; a Gentile convert to the Jewish law and belief _: v.t. to proselytize. prosing (proz'ing), n. tedious minute- ness; dull talk. prosody (pros'o-di), n. that part of grammar which treats of quantity, accent, and the laws of versification. prospect^ (pros'pekt), n. a view of something distant; scene; object of view; expectation: v.t. (pro^spekf), to search or explore, especially for gold or valuable minerals. prospective (pros-^pek'tiv), adj. look- ing forward; acting with, or charac- terized by, foresight; in prospect. prospectus (pro-spek'tus), n. an out- line of a proposed undertaking; sketch, or plan. prosper (pros'per), v.t. to render successful; favor: v.i. to thrive; succeed. prosperity (pros-per'i-ti), n. success- ful progress in any business or enter- prise; good fortune. prosperous (pros'per-us), ad[;. success- ful; thriving. prostitute (pros'ti-tut), v.t. to offer or hire for lewd use; devote to im- proper purposes: adj. prostituted: n. a lewd woman; a base mercenary or hireling. [Latin.] prostitution (pros-ti-tu'shun), n. the act of a prostitute. prostrate (pros'trat), adj. lying at full length; extended on the ground; lying at mercy as a suppliant: v.t. to lay flat; throw down; bow in humble reverence. [Latin.] prostration (pros-tra'shun), n. the act of prostrating; great depression; exhaustion of the vital powers under disease. protect (pro-tekt'), v.t. to cover over; defend; shield; shelter; support. protection (pro-tek'shun), n. the act of protecting; the state of being pro- tected; defense; shelter; security; passport ; encouragement of home in- dustry by duties on imports, boun- ties, &c. Protectionism (pro-tek'shun-izm), n. the doctrine that certain home in- dustries and produce should be en- couraged by the imposition of duties on foreign imports of the same kind. protectorate (pro-tek'ter-at), n. gov- ernment or defense by a protector. protege (pro-ta-zha'), n. one who is under the protection, guardianship, or care of another. Fern, protegee. [French.] protein (pro'te-in), n. the gelatinous, semi-transparent substance obtained from albumen, fibrin or casein, the essential principle of food. protest (pro-test'), v.i. to affirm with solemnity; make a solemn declara- tion against some public act or meas- ure; remonstrate: v.t. to make a solemn declaration or affirmation of; to declare formally to be insufficient- ly provided for by deposit or pay- ment; said of a note or bill of exchange: n. (pro'test), a solemn declaration of opinion against some- thing; a document containing rea- sons for dissent ; a formal declaration by the holder of a bill of exchange of its non-payment or non-accept- ance by the drawer. [Latin.] Protestant (prot'es-tant), n. a mem- ber of any of those bodies of Chris- tians that protest against the spirit- ual supremacy of the Church of Rome: originally one of the party who adhered to Luther after the sec- ond Diet of Speyers, 1529: adj. per- taining to Protestants or Protestant- ism. protestation (prot-es-ta'shun), n. a formal declaration of dissent ; solemn affirmation. proto, a Greek vr^fi^ meaning jirst^ aa protoTCidiTiyr , &c. protocol (pro'to-kol), n. the rough draft of a treaty, diplomatic des- patch, &c. protomartyr (pro-^to^mar'ter), n. the first of the Christian martjrrs, St. Stephen. protoplasm (pro'to-plazm), n. a semi- fluid albuminous substance, regard- ed as the ultimate basis of physical life, from which all living organisms are formed and developed. This is true of animals and vegetables alike. The substance is viscid, gummy, and often granular.^ prototype (pro'to-tip), n. the original, from which others are copied ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit : note, nSrth, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. PROTOZOA 400 PRUDENT Protozoa (pro-to-zo'a), n.pl. the first or lowest division of the animal king- dom containing animals of the sim- plest type of organization, in cells or groups of cells that are difficult to divide. protract (pro-trakf), v.t. to draw out or lengthen in time; prolong; defer. protraction (pro-trak'shun) , n. the act of protracting; delay; the act of laying down on paper the dimensions of a plot of land, &c. protrude (pro-trud'), v.t. to thrust out or push forward: v.i. to shoot for- ward; project. [Latin.] protrusive (pro-tru'siv) , adj. thrust- ing or impelling forward. protuberance (pro-tu'ber-ans) , n. a swelling; a prominence; tumor. proud (proud), adj. having exces- sive self-esteem; arrogant; ostenta- tious; haughty; spirited; of lofty mien; pleased; grand; gratified. prove (proov), v.t. to ascertain or try by an experiment or test; establish or ascertain by argument or other evidence; ascertain the genuineness of; experience; endure; try by suffer- ing; show or demonstrate the accu- racy of (a calculation). [Old French.] proven (proov'en), adj. proved. provender (prov'en-der) , n, dry food for beasts, as hay, &c. proverb (prov'erb), n. a short familiar pithy saying, expressing some well- known truth or common fact of ex- perience; adage. [Latin.] proverbial (pro-ver'bi-al) , adj. per- taining to proverbs; mentioned in, or like, a proverb; widely spoken of or well-known. provide (pro-vid'), v.t. to make ready beforehand; furnish; stipulate as a preliminary condition: v.i. to pro- cure supplies; make preparations (with for or against) . provided (pro-vid'ed) , conj. on condi- tion. providence (prov'i-dens) , n. timely care or preparation; economy; pru- dence; in theology, foresight and care of God for his creatures. provident (prov'i-dent) , adj. careful for the future; prudent; economical. providential (prov-i-den'shal) , adj, effected by, or proceeding from. Di- vine providence. province (prov'ins), n. a division of an empire or state; a dependent coun- try; region, jurisdiction of an arch- bishop; proper office or business; department of knowledge: pi. the country districts. provincial (pro-vin'shal) , adj. per- taining to, or characteristic of, a province; rustic: n. one who belongs to a province; countryman. provision (pro-vizh'un), n. the act of providing; the things provided; measures taken beforehand; accu- mulation of stores: pi. food: v.t. to supply with food. provisional (pro-vizh'un-al) , adj. pro- vided for present use; temporary. proviso (pro-vi'zo), n. a conditional clause or stipulation in a deed. provisory (pro-vi'zo-ri) , adj. condi- tional. provocation (prov'o-ka'shun), n. that which excites to anger or resentment ; act of provoking. provocative (pro-vok'a-tiv) , adj. tending to provoke; inciting: n. any- thing that tends to provoke; incite- ment. provoke (pro-vok'), v.t. to excite or stir to action; enrage or irritate; ex- asperate. provost (prov'ust or pro^vo'), n. the head of a college; superintendent or president ; chief dignitary of a cathe- dral; chief magistrate of a city or town. [Scotch.] prow (prou), n. the bow of a ship. prowess (prou'es), n. bravery; valor. prowl (proul), v.i. to wander stealth- ily as for prey or plunder: n. sl rov- ing for prey or plunder. proximate (proks'i-mat), adj. imme- diate. proximity (prqks-im'i-ti) , n. immedi-, ate nearness in place, blood, or alli- ance. proxy (proks'i), n. [pi. proxies (proks'- iz)], the agency of a substitute; the document by which one person is authorized to act or vote for another. prude (prood), n. a woman who af- fects great reserve, coyness, and ex- cessive virtue. [French.] prudence (proo'dens), n. the quality of being prudent; wisdom applied to practice. prudent (proo'dent), adj. practically ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, mit ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, ^^en. PRUDERY 401 PUFF wise; careful of the consequences of measures or actions; judicious; cau- tious; circumspect. prudery (proo'der-i), n. affected nice- ness or scrupulousness in conduct; manners of a prude. Also prudish- ness. prudish (proo'dish), adj. like a prude; affectedly precise, nice, or scrupu- lous. prune (proon), n. a dried plum: v.t. to cut superfluous twigs or branches from (a vine, bush or tree); trim. [French.] prunella (proo-nel'a) , n. a smooth woolen stuff used for shoes and gaiters; a kind of dried plum. prurience (proo'ri-ens) , n. the state or quality of being prurient. Also pruriency. _ [Latin.] prurient (proo'ri-ent) , adj. having an eager desire for, or characterized by, lewdness; itching. pry (pri), v.i. [p.t. & p.p. pried, p.'pr. prying], to inspect closely or with keen scrutiny: n. close inspection; impertinent peeping. psalm (salm), n. a sacred song. [Greek.] psalmist (salm'ist), n. a composer of psalms, especially of any of the Scriptural psalms. psalmody (salm'o-di), n. the art or practice of singing psalms. pseudo, a Greek prefix meaning falsBj spurious, as psei/aoblepsis, false or deceptive vision. pseudonym (su'do-nim), n. a ficti- tious name. pshaw (shaw), inter j. an expression of contempt. psychical (si'ki-kal), adj. pertaining to, or connected with, the human soul, spirit, or mind; spirituaHstic ; psychological. Also psychic. psychics (sik'iks), n. the science of the mind; the study of obscure men- tal phenomena. Also psychism. psychology (sl-kol'o-ji), n. the science of mental phenomena and their classification and analysis; mental philosophy; metaphysics. ptomaines^ (to'manz), n.pl. a class of alkaloids of a highly poisonous nature, originating in decaying or dead matter. puberty (pu'ber-ti), n. the age at which the generative powers begin to be developed. pubescent (pu-bes'ent), adj. arriving at the age of puberty; covered with soft, downy hairs. public (pub'lik), adj. pertaining to a nation, state, or com^munity; be- longing to the people; circulating among all classes; open; generally kno\\Ti; common to all: n. the people in general. [Latin.] publican (pub'H-kan), n. one who keeps a public-house; among the ancient Romans, a farmer of the public revenues ; a collector of tolls, tribute, or customs. [Latin.] publication (pub-li-ka'shun), n. the act of publishing ot making public; the act of publishing a book, &c. publicist (pub'li-sist), n. a writer on international law, or on current events of political or social interest. publicity (pub-lis'i-ti), n. the state of being public; notoriety. publish (pub'lish), v.t. to make known; announce or proclaim; divulge; print and offer for sale; put into cir- culation. Puck (puck), n. a mischievous sprite or elf. [Irish.] pucker (puck'er), v.t.&i v.i. to gather into small folds; wrinkle: n. a small fold or wrinkle. pudding (pood'ing), n. a soft kind of food made of flour and various in- gredients; an intestine stuffed with meat, i ^ o +..^+1.^^ ;^^i^^^v^4. restraint or natural bounds; m her- rake (rak), n. a toothed implement „ij QfanHinff nnriorht on fhp hinH for smoothing the soil [Anglo-Saxon]; f^^^^' [Fr^nchl upright on the hind a loose liver [Icelandic]: inclination -o,*^!^*. /T.orv^'r^iiT.fN /^ « rv^^i,^^ ^^ ^? t^h^^n'^t^^^^^^ 'T^rsVrou^^^^^^^^ Irtifi'd^pL^e tJ r aH f f / ^^''ITfW^TJ^.ifK protection from assault or danger.' keeUA.S].?;./. to gather or smooth ^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^i^j^ ^ rampart, with a rake; collect together; scour; [French 1 fire upon, so as to sweep the deck of ramrod (ram'rod), n. a rod used for ^ -Tn d 'l^f I'^^^fi'i'^J^fr.i^^^^ ramming down the charge of a gun. ^1. to slope from the perpendicular, ramshackle (ram'shak-l), odj. loose; 11 ' / ^r^ 4 r 4 sf ir J ^^^ ^^ repair. rally {raVi),v.t [p.t. & p.p. rallied, ran, p. <. of run. p.pr. rallying], to^ collect and ar- ranch (ranch), n. a cattle-farm. range, as troops m confusion; re- Also ranche, rancho. [Spanish.] unite; attack with raillery; banter rancid (ran'sid), adj. having a rank, or satirize humorously: z;.z to re- unpleasant, sour smell or taste. turn to order ; recover strength ; ex- [Latin ] ercise raillery :n. the act of recover- rancor '(rang'ker), n. implacable en- mg order, or of regaining strength; ^ity; deep spite or malice. good humored satire; horseplay, as rancorous (rang'ker-us) , adj. mahg- m a pantomime. [French.] nant; spiteful. ram (ram), n. the male of a sheep; rand (rand), n. an edge, margin, or one of the signs (Aries) of the border; a part of the Transvaal. zodiac; a military engine for batter- [Dutch.] ing; a hydraulic engine; an iron- random (ran'dum), n. want of direc- clad with a steel beak: v.t. [p.t. & tion or method; chance: adj. done p.p. rammed, p.pr. ramming], to haphazard; left to chance, or with- push or press with force. out method. ramble (ram'bl), v.i. to wander or iove rang, p.t. of ring. about; visit many places; be desul- range (ranj), v.t. to seit or arrange fite, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, meg ; mite, mit ; note, nSrth, not ; boon, book ; 'atie, hut ; think, then. RANGER 413 RAT in a row; place in proper order; rove over; sail along in a parallel direction: n. a rank or row; order or class; space or room for excur- sion; extent of discourse or roam- ing; power; an extended kitchen grate; distance to which a shot, &c., can be projected. [French.] ranger (ranj'er), n. a rover; the chief official or keeper of a park or for- est; a variety of dog. [English.] rank (rangk), n. a row or line, espe- cially of soldiers placed abreast; station or position; grade; dignity; eminence: v.t. to draw up in hne; include in a particular class, or order, or division: v.i. to hold a certain position [French]: adj. luxu- riant in growth; excessive; coarse; rancid. rankle (rangk '1) , v.i. to grow more rank or strong; f3ster; become mentally disquieted or irritated. ransack (ran'sak), v.t. to search mi- nutely; rummage; plunder. ransom (ran'sum), v.t. to free from captivity, slavery, or punishment, by a payment; atone for; redeem from the bondage of sin: n. price paid for release from captivity, &c., or for goods captured bj^ an enemy; price paid for procuring the pardon of sin and the redemption of the sinner. rant (rant), v.i. to bluster or be noisily wordy ; to rave in extravagant or violent language: n. noisy; empty declamation. [Old Dutch.] ranter (rant'er), n. one who rants; a boisterous preacher; a member of a sect known as the Ranters. rap (rap), v.i. to strike a quick, sharp blow; knock: v.t. to strike sharply: n. a quick, sharp blow; something of no value. rapacious (ra-pa'shus) , adj. given to plunder; seizing forcibly; greedy; avaricious. [Latin.] rapacity^ (ra-pas'i-ti), n. the quality of being rapacious. Also rapa- ciousness. rape (rap), n. a seizing and carrying away by force; the seizure and car- nal knowledge of a woman against her will; a plant of the cabbage family, from the seeds of which an oil (colza oil) is expressed. [Latin.] rapid (rap 'id), adj. very quick or swift; expeditious: n.pl. a swift cur- rent in a river where the channel is descending. [Latin.] rapier (ra'pi-er), n. sl long thin sword, used for thrusting. [French.] rapine (rap 'in or 'in), n. the act of plundering or seizing forcibly; pil- lage; violence. [Latin.] r?-pport (rap-por'), n. harmonious rela- tion; affinity. The French phrase is en rapport (an-rap-por') . rapt (rapt), p.adj. transported; rav- ished. rapture (rap'tur), n. extreme pleasure or delight; ecstasy; enthusiasm. raptured (rap'turd), same as rapt. rare (rar), adj. [comp. rarer, superl. rarest], scarce; uncommon; unusu- al; thinly scattered; not dense; ex- cellent; incomparable; of loose tex- ture; almost raw. [Latin.] rare-bit (rar 'bit), n. cheese toasted until it begins to melt, then served with cayenne pepper and other con- diments; often with a dash of ale. See Welsh rabbit. rarefaction (rar-e-fak'shun), ?i. the act of rarefying or rendering less dense. rarefy (rar'e-fi), v.t. ^[p.t. & p.p. rarefied, p.pr. rarefying], to make rare, thin, or less dense; expand: v.i. to become less dense. rarity (rar'i-ti), n. a rare article; ex- ceptional excellence; rareness. rascal (ras'kal), n. a mean fellow; a scoundrel; one who is guilty of mean offenses. rascality (ras-kal'i-ti) , n. the state of being a rascal; petty villainy or dishonesty. rash (rash), adj. hasty; incautious; precipitate; acting without caution or reflection: n. a slight cutaneous eruption. rasher (rash'er), n. a thin slice of ba- con. rasp (rasp), v.t. to rub with, or as with, a rough instrument; file with a rasp: n. a kind of rough file. raspberry (raz'ber-i), n. [pi. rasp- berries (raz'ber-iz)], a shrub and its well-known fruit. rat (rat), n. an animal of the mouse family but larger and more vora- cious; one who deserts his party; a ate, arm, at, awl ; me, merge, met ; mite, rait ; note, north, not ; boon, book ; hue, hut ; think, then. RATABLE 414 RAVENOUS workman who works during a strike, or for less than the usual wages: v,i. Sj.t.