.00 
 
.P7 
 
67th Congress \ SENATE /Document 
 
 - Session J \ No. 8 
 
 3fi 952 
 .S83 
 Copy 1 
 
 THE STRUGGLE OF 
 THE IRISH PEOPLE 
 
 ADDRESS TO THE 
 CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Adopted at the January Session 
 OF Dail Eireann, 1921 
 
 2|~ZU^?5" 
 
 PRESENTED BY MR. BORAH 
 
 May 2, 1921. — Referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations 
 and ordered to be printed 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 1921 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
^ 
 
 
 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 
 
 To the elected Representatives of the people of the United States oj 
 America: 
 
 We, the elected representatives of Ireland, recognizing in you the 
 elected Representatives in Congress of the people of the United States 
 of America, our brethren in the common effort to hasten the day 
 when the nations may dwell together in justice and in harmony, have 
 the honor to greet and to address you. 
 
 1. We feel certain that the struggle of our people — the people of 
 Ireland — against the aggression of England is not passing unob- 
 served by you. We covet your esteem as we would value your 
 sympathy and support and fearful least you be misled by the wide- 
 spread, persistent, and insidious propaganda of falsehood through 
 which England seeks to create prejudice against us — distorting the 
 character of the contest, we hasten to lay before you facts, so that 
 correctly informed you may be able to judge justly. 
 
 2. The nation which we represent enjoyed for over a thousand 
 years the life of an independent sovereign State among the States of 
 Europe. Then a neighboring nation — England — which had received 
 the benefits of civilization and education first from our hands, lost to 
 gratitude and honor and burning with lust for our possessions, burst 
 in upon us as a conscienceless invader, and through the course of 
 many generations strove to subvert our polity, annihilate our language 
 and our culture, suppress our industry, ruin our agriculture, steal 
 our trade and our commerce, deprive us of the advantages of our 
 geographical position, cut us off from our ancient intercourse with 
 other peoples, rob our revenues, and erase our name from the roll of 
 nations. 
 
 3. Failing to achieve these ends after centuries of criminal effort, 
 this nation entered into solemn treaties acknowledging our national 
 independence and contracting to respect it for all time, but this meant 
 merely until our national defenses were dismantled. Then treaties 
 and contracts were treated as scraps of paper and the compact 
 treacherously and bloodily violated. 
 
 4. All the resources of a powerful and ruthless tyranny have been 
 employed since in a desperate attempt to utterly destroy us as a 
 nation. In the course of little over a century we have been robbed 
 of wealth amounting to an empire's ransom, whilst within living mem- 
 ory a population of eight and a half millions which, with the normal 
 rate of increase, would have given us to-day a population of some 
 seventeen millions, has been reduced by enemy acts to four millions — 
 a crime unique among civilized nations. Our island is surpassingly 
 fertile, generously endowed by nature with every advantage and 
 facility for industry, for trade, and for commerce, capable of support- 
 ing in happiness and prosperity twenty millions of souls, yet only 
 last year it was publicly declared by the official head of the usurping • 
 
 3 
 
4 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 
 
 English Government that it was the considered pohcy of that Govern- 
 ment to banish from our country the young and strong — the flower 
 of the four millions that yet remain. 
 
 5. The Irish people have consistently resisted this infamous 
 tyranny to the utmost of their power. Almost every generation 
 has witnessed at least one armed uprising, and when the people 
 were too weak to resist in arms they never ceased to make clear 
 their hatred of the rule of the foreigner. Their oppressor's declara- 
 tions that the national sentiment of Ireland is guilty of "disloyalty" 
 to English rule has been a constant acknowledgment of this attitude. 
 The attitude and the desire of the present generation has been made 
 manifest beyond question. 
 
 6. On December 14, 1918, mindful of the principles professed by 
 the Government of England during the Great War and seeing in the 
 application of these principles a ready and a just means of arriving 
 at a peaceful and final settlement of their own centuried struggle, the 
 Irish people declared by an overwhelming majority at the polls for 
 an independent Irish republic. 
 
 7. Acting on the mandate thus expressly given by this national 
 plebiscite, carried out under the forms and laws prescribed by Eng- 
 land herself, the people's elected representatives assembled on Janu- 
 ary 21, 1919, formally proclaimed the nation's independence and 
 declared the republic of Ireland duly established. 
 
 8. This legitimate application of the principle of national self- 
 determiination, this peaceful and orderly exercise of their moral and 
 democratic right by the Irish people, was met by the British Govern- 
 ment with an immediate and murderous exercise of brutal force. 
 Troops and engines of destruction that for four years had been en- 
 gaged on the Continent of Europe in the cause of the rights of small 
 nations, it was said, and the fundamental principles of democracy, 
 were rushed to Ireland and used to trample on those very rights and 
 to strangle that very principle in the name of which they had been 
 enrolled and employed. 
 
 9. The reign of intensified military terrorism that was thus insti- 
 tuted, although rigorously persisted in, did not intimidate the voters 
 at the ensuing municipal and rural elections for local governing 
 bodies. The homes of the people were raided systematically by day 
 and by night, individual electors were murdered by bayonet and 
 bullet, men were taken by the thousand and dragged off to English 
 jails, the fears of the women and children were mercilessly play^ed 
 upon, but the terror failed. The year, instead of weakening, in- 
 creased the strength of the Irish people's determination, and the 
 republican representation showed an increase of 15 p6r cent on the 
 previous elections though the system of ''proportional representa- 
 tion" had been applied with the express design of reducing it. 
 
 10. To this further peaceful and constitutional action on our part, 
 the foreign usurping Government, replied with a still fiercer and more 
 vicious brutality. 
 
 11. The national, political, cultural, and industrial associations of 
 the people were proscribed, and membership deemed a crime. The 
 right of public assembly was abolished and the press gagged. The 
 elected representatives of the nation were declared a criminal body. 
 All of their number with two exceptions were seized from time to 
 time and imprisoned in English jails where two have already met 
 their deaths. 
 
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 5 
 
 12. For over two years the people of Ireland bore patiently these 
 ever-increasing burdens and persecutions without committing a single 
 act of violence, either in self-defense or in reprisal. In that period, 
 thousands were torn from their homes and cast into prison, many 
 died as a result of prison treatment, and seven unarmed citizens were 
 willfully murdered by the armed agents of the English Government, 
 which openly incited the murders and encouraged the murderers with 
 rewards and promotion. 
 
 13. But this patience of the people at last became exhausted. 
 Abandoned, as it seemed, by the world, they turned to defend them- 
 selves as best they could. The British Government then put aside 
 every restraint of civilization and deliberately resolved to proceed 
 without regard for life or property. So vile was the policy projected 
 that their regular troops could not be relied upon to carry it out. 
 The ex-convict from the jails, however, and the degenerate back from 
 the trenches, in whose breast the savagery of the late war had ex- 
 tinguished the last sparks of humanity, could be depended upon to 
 have few qualms in dealing with their victims, and to cause little 
 embarrassment to those in high authority amongst their employers 
 by any nice regard for nominal discipline. A special force of these 
 fiends was accordingly embodied. Allured by the prospect of an easy 
 prey and unlimited loot, they were gathered together from every 
 corner of Britain, and operating with the whole British Army in their 
 rear as a cover and a protection, they were let loose upon an un- 
 armed and defenseless populace. 
 
 14. An orgy of murder and robbery began. Neither age nor sex nor 
 profession was respected. Old men of 80 and little children of 8, 
 sick and crippled boys, mothers and wives, even anointed ministers 
 of God, were indiscriminately murdered — the breadwinner before the 
 eyes of his family and the mother with the child at her breast at the 
 cottage door. Houses, offices, workshops, factories and creameries 
 were plundered and destroyed. Towns and villages were sacked and 
 burned down. The home of the farmer and the home of the artisan, 
 the shop, the store, the office were looted and given to the flames. 
 
 15. Whole districts were devastated and the produce destroyed in 
 the hope of famishing the population. Individual citizens were held 
 up at the point of the revolver or bayonet and robbed on the public 
 streets, and wlule these outrages were being perpetrated every act of 
 self-defense on the part of tfie victims was advertised by English 
 propagandists as a crime, and the murderers and robbers proclaimed 
 champions of law and order. 
 
 16. At the present moment these abominations continue unabated. 
 The English Government's jails are being filled with our countrymen, 
 some of whom have been murdered therein, and others put to the 
 torture. New capital offenses are being created. The simple pos- 
 session of firearms is a charge on which several Irishmen have been 
 executed. Prominent citizens are carried as hostages by English 
 troops in their military expeditions against our people, and their fives 
 forfeit if the unit with which they are traveling be molested. The 
 elected representatives of the nation, the mayors and the presidents of 
 our municipal and urban councils, the chairmen of our county and 
 rural councils — all the chief officers on whom devolve the direction of 
 national and local administration are made objects of special attack, 
 the uniform purpose being to prevent constructive legislation, and 
 
6 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 
 
 to bring our domestic public affairs into chaos. Such, for example, 
 was the purpose that lately prompted the murder of one lord mayor 
 of Cork, the imprisoimient till death of another lord mayor of Cork, 
 and the imprisonment until his health was permanently impaired of 
 the lord mayor of Dublin. 
 
 17. This demoniacal war upon our community is being waged with 
 no other provocation than our insistence on our national right, and 
 our faithful adherence to a principle which even the demon's masters 
 themselves have pretended to serve. 
 
 18. The Irish people claim no more than their right as a nation 
 to determine freely for themselves how they shall be governed. We, 
 their official spokesmen — their elected parliament and government 
 call mankind to witness that our people have ever been ready to 
 welcome peace with England on that just basis. 
 
 19. On no other basis is peace possible. We shall not surrender 
 our national right — nor will force compel us. 
 
 Our cause is the common cause of humankind. To that cause we 
 have pledged ourselves and our people to remain faithful unto death. 
 
 You, the representatives of a sister nation, can not, we feel, be 
 insensible to the issue. 
 
 Adopted at the January session of Dail Eireann, 1921. 
 (Signed :) 
 
 Eamon de Valera, president, deputy for East Clare and 
 East Mayo; Arthur Griffith, deputy for East Cavan 
 and Northwest Tyrone; James Lennon, deputy for 
 Carlow County; PaiJ Galligan, deputy for West 
 Cavan; Brian O'Higgins, deputy for West Clare; 
 J. J. Walsh, deputy for Cork City; Liam de Roiste, 
 deputy for Cork City; P. O'Keeffe, deputy for North 
 Cork; T. Hunter, deputy for North East Cork; 
 David Kent, deputy for East Cork; John Hayes, 
 deputy for West Cork; Michael Collins, deputy for 
 South Cork; Joseph O'Doherty, deputy for North 
 Donegal; Joseph Sweeney, deputy for West Donegal; 
 P. J. Ward, deputy for South Donegal; li. J. Mul- 
 cahy, deputy for Clontarf, Dublin City; John T 
 O'Kelly, deputy for College Green, Dublin City 
 Philip Shanahan, deputy for Harbour, Dublin City 
 Joseph McGrath, deputy for St. James, Dublin City 
 Michael Staines, deputy for St. Michans, Dublin City; 
 Thomas Kelly, deputy for St. Stephens Green, 
 Dublin City; Constance de Markieviz, deputy for St. 
 Patricks, Dublin City; Eoin MacNeill, deputy for 
 National University and Derry City; Frank Lawless, 
 deput}^ for North County Dublin; George Gavan 
 Duffy, deputy for South County Dublin; Desmond 
 Fitzgerald, deputy for Pembroke, County Dublin; 
 John O'Mahony, deputy for South Fermanagh; 
 Padruig O'Maille, deputy for Connemara, County 
 Galway; Brian Cusack, deput}^ for North Galway; 
 Liam Mellowes, deputy for East Galway and North 
 Meath; Francis Fahy, deputy for South Galway; 
 J. Crowley, deputy for North" Kerry; Austin Stack, 
 deputy for West Kerry; Fionan Lynch, deputy for 
 
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 1 
 
 South Kerry; Piaras Beaslai, deputy for East Kerry; 
 Daniel Bucklev, deputy for North Kildare; Art 
 O'Connor, deputy for South Kildare; W. T. Cosgrave, 
 deputy for North Kilkenny; James O'Mara, deputy 
 for South Kilkenny; Patrick McCartan, deputy for 
 Offaly (Kings County) ; James N. Dolan, deputy for 
 Leitrim County; M. P. Colivet, deputy for Limerick 
 City; Cornelius Collins, deputy for West Limerick; 
 Richard Hayes, deputy for East Limerick; Joseph 
 McGuinness, deputy for Longford County; J. J. 
 O'Kelly, deputy for Louth County; J. Crowley, 
 deputy for North Mayo; Joseph McBride, deputy 
 for West Mayo; William Sears, deputy for South 
 Mayo; E. J. Duggan, deputy for South Meath; 
 Ernest Blythe, deputy for North Monaghan; John 
 MacEntee,^ deputy for South Monaghan; Kevin 
 O'Higgins, deputy for Leix (Queens County) ; George 
 Noble Count Plunkett, deputy for North Roscom- 
 mon; Henry Boland, deputy for South Roscommon; 
 J. J. Clancy, deputy for North Sligo; Alex McCabe, 
 deputy for South Sligo; Joseph McDonagh, deputy 
 for North Tipperary; James A, Burke, deputy for 
 Middle Tipperary; P. J. Moloney, deputy for South 
 Tipperary; Cathal Brugha, deputy for Waterford 
 County; Laurence Ginnell, deputy for Westmeath 
 County; James Ryan, deputy for South Wexford; 
 Robert C. Barton, deputy for West Wicklow; John 
 R. Etchingham, deputy for East Wicklow. 
 
 Appendixes. 
 
 Every assertion in the foregoing address is founded upon facts. 
 The^f olio wing appendixes are intended to cover the more vital. 
 
 Appendix A. 
 
 DEMOCRATIC FOUNDATION OF THE REPUBLIC. 
 
 [Address, pars. 6, 7, and 9.] 
 I. The National Plebiscite. 
 
 GENERAL ELECTION, 1918. 
 
 In December, 1918, a general election for parliamentary candidates was held in 
 every constituency in Ireland. The result of that election was that— 
 
 Of the total 101 representatives elected on the popular franchise (that is, excluding 
 the privileged and duplicated university vote).i 
 
 The Republicans secured .- - -. %"";•" i""" 1 '^^ 
 
 The Irish Parliamentary Party, who wete self-determinationists and did not 
 oppose the idea of a republic as such, but deemed it at the moment unattainable, 
 
 secured „^ 
 
 The official Unionists secured '^^ 
 
 The Independent Unionists secured " 
 
 1 There were 4 University seats: The National University returned 1 RepubUcan; the DubUn University 
 returned 2 Unionists; the Belfast University returned 1 Unionist. 
 
8 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 
 
 Thus the Republican representatives won in a majority of 2^ to 1 over all other 
 parties. 
 
 The self-determinationists (Republicans and Parliamentarians together) secured a 
 majority of nearly 3^ to 1 over those in favor of union with England. 
 
 Of the total popular vote of 1,519,894, only 311, 210, that is a bare 20 per cent, were 
 cast for union wdth England. 
 
 BY PROVINCES. 
 
 In the Province of Leinster, of its 27 members, every one elected with one excep- 
 tion — and he by a majority of only 54 votes in a poll of 14,766 — was a Republican. 
 
 In the Province of Munster, of its 24 members, every one elected with one excep- 
 tion — and he a self-determinationist — was a Republican. 
 
 In the Pro\dnce of Connaught, of its 13 members, every one elected was a Republican. 
 
 In the Province of Ulster, of its 37 members, 20 were official Unionists, and 2 Inde- 
 pendent Unionists. The remaining 15 opposed the connection with England, 10 
 being Republicans and 5 Parliamentary Nationalists, and so self-determinationists. 
 
 BY COUNTIES. 
 
 Ireland is divided into 32 counties. 
 
 In not one of these counties did the Unionists secure the entire representation. 
 In only four did they poll a majority. 
 
 On the other hand, the Republicans, who polled a majority in 27 counties, secured 
 the entire representation in 24. 
 
 Of the six Irish boroughs, not one returned an entirely Unionist representation. 
 In only one of the six is the Unionist representation a majority, whereas four of the 
 Irish boroughs returned an entirely Republican representation. 
 
 The Province of Ulster, the attitude of which is so much misrepresented by English 
 propaganda, has nine counties. In five of these counties the Republicans and self- 
 determinationists combined polled a majority; in three they secured the entire repre- 
 sentation. 
 
 In no county, even in Ulster, did the Unionists secure the entire representation, 
 and they obtained a majority in only four. Outside Antrim County, 14 of the mem- 
 bers elected for Ulster were opposed to the British connection and only 10 in favor 
 of that connection. In Antrim County alone, which includes the city of Belfast, 
 did the Unionists secure anything approaching a homogeneous predominance. That 
 county was allotted as many as 13 representatives. Of these, 12 were Unionists, so 
 that over one-half of the total popular Unionist representation in Ireland came from 
 a single county. 
 
 This extraordinary degree of unanimity of opinion was registered by the Irish 
 people despite active interference and aggression on the part of the English forces, 
 both preceding and during the election. 
 
 As can be seen by these figures, the pro-English minority in Ireland is relatively 
 less than the minority in Schleswdg-Holstein who voted for union with Germany. 
 
 Many of the newly established Republics in Europe contain larger minorities in 
 favor of a continuance of their political relationships of union with the Central Empires 
 than the minority in Ireland in favor of union with England. 
 
 The present coalition government of England was elected by what is regarded as 
 an almost unprecedented majority, yet the republican government of Ireland can 
 show as the basis of its right a far greater relative majority. The Coalitionists, includ- 
 ing the Independent Unionists and the National Democratic Party, secured a vote of 
 only 39.7 per cent of the total British register, whereas the Irish Republicans secured 
 50.2 per cent of the total Irish register. 
 
 That there was no ambiguity about the issue put to the electors is admitted gen- 
 erally and borne witness to by the Irish Unionist Alliance — that is, the pro-English 
 Party in Ireland. In a statement on the 1918 elections this body officially states: 
 
 "The general election of December, 1918, was the first occasion when the numerical 
 strength of Sinn Fein could be officially known, for they contested all the constitu- 
 encies against the sitting home-rule members. They stood boldly on the issue of an 
 Irish republic, free from all connections with England, and on that issue swept the 
 Home Rule Party out of existence." 
 
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 9 
 
 II. Confirmatory Plebiscitk. 
 
 LOCAL COUNCIL ELECTIONS, 1920. 
 
 More than a year after the national plebiscite the elections for local governing 
 bodies were held. The national issue was again the dominant one, and as the elec- 
 tions were carried out on the basis of proportional representation, the results are a 
 trustworthy index of the popular sentiment. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Of the city and urban councils 77. 
 
 Of the rural district councils 88. 4 
 
 Of the boards of guardians 89. 6 
 
 Of the county councils 87. 9 
 
 were carried in favor of the republic, give allegiance to Dail Eireann (the national 
 assembly) and carry out its decrees. 
 
 The present British prime minister admitted in the House of Commons in April, 
 1920— 
 
 "If you ask the people of Ireland what they would accept, by an emphatic majority 
 they would say: 'We want independence and an Irish republic' There is absolutely 
 no doubt about that. The elected representatives of Ireland now by a clear, definite 
 majority have declared in favor of independence." 
 
 Appendix B. 
 DEPOPULATION OF IRELAND. 
 
 [Address, par. 4.] 
 
 The depopulation of Ireland during the last three-quarters of a century is without 
 parallel anywhere in the civilized world. 
 The following table indicates: 
 
 1. The growth of Ireland's population during a comparatively peaceful period, 
 although one marked by frequent famines and increasing emigration. 
 
 2. The striking depopulation of a later period in which famine and emigration 
 were intensified and accompanied by coercion and eviction. 
 
 Total population and population per square mile. 
 
 
 England and Wales. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Total 
 population. 
 
 Population 
 
 per square 
 
 mile. 
 
 Total 
 population. 
 
 Population 
 
 per square 
 
 mile. 
 
 Total 
 population. 
 
 Population 
 
 per square 
 
 mile. 
 
 1801 
 
 8, 892, 536 
 12,000,236 
 15,914,148 
 16,739,136 
 17,927,609 
 22, 712, 266 
 36,070,492 
 
 152 
 206 
 272 
 287 
 308 
 392 
 618 
 
 1,608,420 
 2,091,521 
 2,620,184 
 2,742,167 
 2,888,742 
 3,360,018 
 4,760,904 
 
 54 
 70 
 88 
 92 
 97 
 113 
 160 
 
 5,395,456 
 6,801,827 
 8,175,124 
 8,295,061 
 6,552,385 
 5,412,377 
 4,390,219 
 
 166 
 
 1821 
 
 209 
 
 1841 
 
 251 
 
 1845 
 
 255 
 
 1851 
 
 201 
 
 1871 
 
 167 
 
 1911 
 
 13f 
 
 
 
 Thus we see that — 
 
 In the period 1801 to 1911 whilst the population of England and Wales was more 
 than quadrupled, and that of Scotland trebled, the population of Ireland was reduced 
 one-fifth. 
 
 In the period 1845 to 1911 whilst the population of England and Wales was more 
 than doubled, and that of Scotland almost doubled, the population of Ireland was 
 reduced by one-half. 
 
 To appreciate how unique this appalling record is, one has only to study in compari- 
 son the population statistics over the same period of the subject nations on the Euro- 
 pean continent. The liberation of these nations from the oppression of alien rule 
 was deemed a worthy objective in the great World War. 
 
10 
 
 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 
 
 Austrian Poland: 
 
 1846 4, 461, 400 
 
 1913 (increase. 84 per cent) 8, 211, 770 
 
 Ireland : 
 
 1846 ■ 8, 287, 848 
 
 1913 (decrease, 47 per cent) 4, 379, 076 
 
 Prussian Poland: 
 
 1855 1, 392, 636 
 
 1910 (increase, 50 per cent) 2, 099, 831 
 
 Ireland : 
 
 1855 6,014,665 
 
 1910 (decrease, 27 per cent) 4, 385, 421 
 
 Russian Poland: 
 
 1871 '. 6, 193, 710 
 
 1915 (increase, 97 per cent) 12, 247, 600 
 
 Ireland : 
 
 1871 5, 398, 179 
 
 1915 (decrease, 19.7 per cent) 4, 337, 000 
 
 Bohemia: 
 
 1831 3, 900, 000 
 
 1913 (increase, 75 per cent) - 6, 860, 000 
 
 Ireland : 
 
 1831 7, 767, 401 
 
 1913 (decrease, 43 per cent) 4, 379, 076 
 
 Finland : 
 
 1850 1, 636, 915 
 
 1914 (increase, 99 per cent) 3, 269, 401 
 
 Ireland : 
 
 1850 6, 877, 849 
 
 1914 (decrease, 36 per cent) 4, 381, 398 
 
 Esthonia : 
 
 1856 293, 559 
 
 1915 (increase, 54 per cent) 512, 500 
 
 Ireland : 
 
 1856 5, 972, 851 
 
 1915 (decrease, 27 per cent) 4, 337, 000 
 
 The misrule of these nations has been a byword, yet had Ireland fared under British 
 rule as well as these nations under their oppressors her present population would be 
 about four times what it is. Had Ireland fared as well as Austrian Poland under the 
 Hapsburgs, for example, her population in 1913 would have been not 4,379,076 but 
 15,257,888. 
 
 The destruction of Ireland's population is even .greater than the above would show, 
 for, with the exception of Holland, the birth rate in Ireland is the highest in Europe, 
 as is proved by the following table issued in the year 1910 by the statistical department 
 of the GoA'ernment of Bavaria: 
 
 — The birth rate — Legitimate births (per 1,000 tvomen). 
 
 Country. 
 
 1876-1885 
 
 1886-1895 
 
 1896-1905 
 
 Country. 
 
 1876-1885 
 
 1886-1895 
 
 1896-1905 
 
 German Empire — 
 
 268 
 273 
 276 
 267 
 288 
 266 
 246 
 234 
 248 
 239 
 167 
 
 258 
 265 
 263 
 250 
 259 
 248 
 250 
 224 
 249 
 230 
 150 
 
 243 
 250 
 259 
 216 
 262 
 251 
 
 England and Wales. 
 Scotland 
 
 250 
 271 
 250 
 264 
 293 
 244 
 240 
 262 
 
 229 
 255 
 245 
 236 
 286 
 235 
 231 
 259 
 235 
 246 
 237 
 
 203 
 235 
 
 Bavaria . 
 
 Ireland 
 
 264 
 
 Saxony 
 
 Belgium 
 
 213 
 
 Wurtemburg 
 
 Baden 
 
 Holland 
 
 272 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Sweden 
 
 217 
 
 Austria . . ... 
 
 
 Hungary 
 
 
 Norway 
 
 
 Italy 
 
 232 
 
 Portugal 
 
 
 
 Finland 
 
 Servia 
 
 259 
 
 
 France 
 
 234 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 This conclusion is confirmed by the Report of the Proceedings of the London Statis- 
 tical Society (1906), with the addition that: 
 
 "Ireland, * * * among all countries from which figures can be obtained, shows 
 an increased fertility." 
 
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 
 
 11 
 
 Apparently, however, the British Government are not satisfied with the destruction 
 the}^ have already wrought. Lord French, the chief representative of that Govern- 
 ment, revealed the official mind and the policy it was intended to pursue when in an 
 interview with the special correspondent of Le Journal, Paris, on January 23, 1920, he 
 said : 
 
 "The main cause of the trouble is that during the last five years emigration has 
 practically ceased. There are here 100,000 to 200,000 young men between the ages 
 of 18 and 25 Avho in normal times would have expatriated themselves." 
 
 On this plane alone English rule in Ireland stands condemned. John Stuart Mill, 
 an Englishman, in his Principles of Political Economy, says: 
 
 "The land of Ireland, like the land of every other country, belongs to the people 
 who inhabit it * * * and when the inhabitants of a country leave it 'en masse' 
 because a Government does not leave them room to live, that Government is already 
 judged and condemned." 
 
 Appendix C. 
 DESTRUCTION OF WEALTH AND FINANCIAL ROBBERY. 
 
 [Address, par. 4.1 
 (a) Overtaxation. 
 
 In 1896 a commission set up by the British Government reported that Ireland had 
 been taxed since the year 1800 by at least £2,750,000 per year over and above the con- 
 tribution fixed bv the act of union. (See Report of Financial Relations Commission, 
 Blue Book, C. 8262.) 
 
 In 1896 the Irish revenue contributed was £8,034,000. For the year ending March 
 31, 1920, the revenue contributed was £50,615,000. England has, therefore, since 
 she discovered Ireland was overtaxed, multiplied the collection of taxes in Ireland 
 six times over. 
 
 The following table shows how Ireland's taxation was increased since England 
 annexed the Irish exchequer at the close of the Napoleonic Wars: 
 
 Revenue per head. 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 Encland. 
 
 Year ending Jan. 5, 1820... 
 Year ending Mar. 31, 1920. 
 
 £ s.d. 
 
 15 5 
 
 11 10 7 
 
 £ s.d. 
 
 3 13 
 
 21 19 3 
 
 Increase: Ireland, fourteenfold; England, fivefold. 
 
 The following table shows Irish revenue and expenditure during the past five 
 years and the surplus remaining in England's hands after deducting Irish expendi- 
 ture (see British Official Returns, White Paper No. 163 of 1919, and Nos. 239 and 245 
 of 1920): 
 
 Year ending Mar. 31— 
 
 Revenue. 
 
 Expendi- 
 ture. 
 
 .Surplus. 
 
 1916 
 
 £17,929,000 
 23, 766, 500 
 26,865,000 
 37, 275, 000 
 50, 615, 000 
 
 £12, .597, 000 
 12,686,000 
 13,002,000 
 22, 161, 500 
 29,221,000 
 
 £5, ,332, 000 
 
 1917 
 
 11,080,500 
 
 1918 
 
 13,863,000 
 
 1919 
 
 15,113,500 
 
 1920 
 
 21,394,000 
 
 
 
 A great deal of the expenditure on alleged Irish services is really paid out to English 
 manufacturers to whom are allotted all the contracts for supplies for Irish services. 
 In addition, England pockets the whole of the surplus. The figures for expenditure 
 also include such items as (for 1920) £3,296,000 for that portion of the army of occupa- 
 tion known as the police force; £379,500 for the English law courts in the country; 
 £23,000 for the English lord lieutenant; £42,500 for the English chief secretary in 
 
12 THE STRUGGLE OF THE lEISH PEOPLE. 
 
 Ireland; £328,500 for Enslish prisons in Ireland; .£315,000 for public offices and insti- 
 tutions situated in England; £39,000 for universities and schools in Great Britain; 
 and much of the remainder on the 50 extravagant and irresponsible boards which 
 England has set up to govern the country in England's interests. 
 
 (6) Surplus War Taxation. 
 
 Over and aliove the overtaxation of £2,750,000 per annum Ireland has paid in the 
 last six years a sum of £102,033,000 for the war to free small nations. That money 
 was spent in English munition factories and to raise and equip huge armies, one of 
 which is now used as an army of occupation in Ireland to murder liberty. The 
 figures are: 
 
 Revenue conlrihided. 
 Year ending Mar. 31 — 
 
 1915 £12, 389, 500 
 
 1916 17, 929, 000 
 
 1917 23, 766, 500 
 
 1918 26, 865, 000 
 
 1919 37, 275, 000 
 
 1920 50, 615, 000 
 
 Total 168, 940, 000 
 
 Deduct six years' taxation at 1914 rate, £11,134,500 66, 807, 000 
 
 Balance 102, 033, 000 
 
 (c) Capital Loss in Population. 
 
 One aspect of the depopulation of Ireland during the past half century is that it 
 represents a loss in capital of at least £3,152,500,000. 
 The increase in Irish population from 1821 to 1841 is: 
 
 Irish population. 
 
 1821 6,801,827 
 
 1831 7, 767, 401 
 
 1841 8,175,124 
 
 On the basis of this rate of increase the present population of Ireland should be 
 17,000,000. 
 
 The actual decrease in Ireland's population between 1845 and 1911 is 3,912,000. 
 
 The real loss in population is 12,610,000. 
 
 This represents a capital loss in money (at £250 per head) of £3,152,500,000. 
 
 (d) Loss in Absentee Rents. 
 
 Ireland has paid in rents to absentee landlords, mostly resident in England, a sum 
 calculated at not less than £1,000,000,000. 
 
 This sum raised in Ireland and spent outside of Ireland has been a dead loss to the 
 country. 
 
 Summary. 
 
 If we add these various sums together: 
 
 (a) Overtaxation at two and three-quarter millions per year for 120 
 
 years (capital sum only, exclusive of interest) £330, 000, 000 
 
 (6) Surplus war taxation..' 102,033,000 
 
 (c) Capital loss in population 3,152,500,000 
 
 {d) Absentee rents 1, 000, 000, 000 
 
 Total 4, 584, 533, 000 
 
 We thus find that English domination has cost Ireland during the past 120 years 
 the almost increditable sum of £4,584,533,000. 
 
 The entu-e German war indemnity of £11,300,000,000, payable in 42 years, is cal- 
 culated to have a present value of £4,032,857,036. 
 
 It is thus clear that England during the past 120 years has robbed Ireland, a small 
 country of 32,000 square miles and a population of some 4,000,000, of a sum exceeding 
 
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 
 
 13 
 
 by £550,000,000 tlie present value of the entire indemnity which the conference of 
 the entente allies decided to exact from Germany, a sum which many experts contend 
 it would impoverish even the great German Empire to pay. 
 
 If to the above be added the losses due to the repression of industry and the destruc- 
 tion of trade by the direct action of Britain, it will be seen that to say: "In the course 
 of little over a century we have been robbed of wealth amounting to an empire's 
 ransom" — is literal truth and not a rhetorical exaggeration. 
 
 Appendix D. 
 
 i. table showing the intensification op british aggression in ireland during 
 
 four years. 
 
 [Address, pars. 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15.] 
 
 The following figures showing the actiAdties of England's forces in Ireland are sum- 
 marized from the reports published in the Irish daily press, which was subject to a 
 rigorous official British censorship during the five years ending September, 1919, 
 followed since by a continuous and unrelaxing system of military terrorism: 
 
 Murder of Irish citizens 
 
 Armed assaults on unarmed civilians.. 
 Raids on Irish houses and institutions 
 
 Arrests (political) 
 
 Deportation of Irish citizens 
 
 Courts-martial 
 
 Sen fences on poUtical charges 
 
 Proclamations and suppressions 
 
 Suppressions of newspapers 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 81 
 
 476 
 
 n 
 
 260 
 
 13, 782 
 
 3-19 
 
 1,107 
 
 959 
 
 24 
 
 91 
 
 20 
 
 36 
 
 62 
 
 209 
 
 269 
 
 973 
 
 636 
 
 2 
 
 32 
 
 335 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 25 
 
 203 
 
 1,184 
 
 48,474 
 
 7,287 
 
 705 
 
 630 
 
 775 
 
 203 
 
 1 See below. 
 
 II. DETAILS FOR 1920. 
 
 (a) Outrages on the person: 
 
 Deliberate assassinations of representative Irish citizens 69 
 
 Murders of prisoners in custody after torture 36 
 
 Murders of Irish citizens by indiscriminate firing 98 
 
 Civilians wounded by bullet or bayonet 589 
 
 Civilians flogged and tortured 185 
 
 Armed assaults on unarmed ci\dlians 1, 184 
 
 Political arrests 7, 287 
 
 Deportation of Irish citizens 705 
 
 Courts-martial 63.0 
 
 Sentences on political charges 775 
 
 Aggregate total of sentences imposed, 613 years 9 months. 
 
 (b) Outrages on property: 
 
 Raids on Irish homes and institutions 48, 474 
 
 Houses deliberately destroyed or damaged 875 
 
 Shops deliberately destroyed or damaged 965 
 
 Factories deliberately destroyed or damaged 14 
 
 Creameries deliberately destroyed or damaged 44 
 
 Farmsteads deliberately burned 171 
 
 Stores of farm produce deliberately burned 299 
 
 (c) Outrages on civic liberty and public property: 
 
 Proclamations and suppressions 203 
 
 Newspaper offices and printing works destroyed or damaged 12 
 
 City and town halls destroyed or damaged 15 
 
 Other public halls destroyed or damaged 91 
 
 Acts of sabotage by English forces 903 
 
14 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 
 
 III. JANUARY AND FEBRUARY, 1921. 
 
 During the first two months, January and February, of the present year there has 
 been a further intensification of the English terror. Amongst the reported activities 
 of the English forces in this period there have been: 
 
 Murders and assassinations 67 
 
 Woundings of unarmed citizens 71 
 
 Men and boys tortured . ,. 15 
 
 Men and boys beaten with rifle butts 22 
 
 Men and boys flogged in the public streets and squares 29 
 
 Private houses wholly or partially destroyed 250 
 
 Bank wrecked 1 
 
 Irish school destroyed 1 
 
 Shops wholly or partially destroyed • 62 
 
 ( dreameries wholly or partially destroyed 4 
 
 Public halls wholly or partially destroyed 5. 
 
 Towns ' ' shot up " 14 
 
 Crops on GO farms burned; many general raids, lootings, and robberies. 
 
 IV. BRITISH AGGRESSION IN 1917 AND 191S. 
 
 [Address, par. 13.] 
 
 In connection with these tables of figures it is well to call attention to the fact that 
 the English Government alleges that their regime of terror in Ireland is necessary 
 because of the campaign of crime. An examination of the Irish newspaper files for 
 the years 1917 and 1918 shows that there was not in these ^'•ears even an alleged cam- 
 paign of crime. There was but one policeman killed in those two years; he died as 
 a result of injuries received while leading a baton charge to disperse a peaceful 
 public meeting. In 1917, 22 of the English assize judges in Ireland found "a re- 
 markable absence of crime" on their circuits, covering practically the whole area 
 of Ireland. In 1918, 16 of these judges had the same report to make. Yet during 
 these two years English people and soldiers carried on a constant and consistent 
 campaign of aggression to provoke the people into retaliation. Public meetings of 
 the people were suppressed or dispersed -ftdth batons or bayonets. There were 1,456 
 people arrested for political offenses, over 100 civilians were tried by court-martial, 
 1,242 men and women were given savage sentences — as many as 5 years' penal 
 servitude being inflicted for the reading of a Sinn Fein manifesto — 115 leaders of 
 nationalist opinion were deported to English jails without charge or trial, 15 national- 
 ist papers were suppressed, 6 men died as a result of prison treatment, and 7 men 
 were brutally murdered by English soldiers and police. The murderers were not 
 only unpunished, but were selected for promotion in the service of their employers. 
 
 V._ LIST OF IRISH TOWNS AND VILLAGES RAVAGED BY ENGLISH TROOPS FROM SEPTEMBER 
 9, 1919, TO FEBRUARY 28, 1920. 
 
 [Address, par. 15.] 
 1919. 
 Sept. 9. Fermoy, County Cork, sacked. 
 Nov. 6. Kinsale, County Cork, partially sacked. 
 12. Cork city partially sacked. 
 1920. 
 Jan. 22. Thurles, County Tipperary, sacked. 
 Feb. 27. Three houses in Dublin wrecked. 
 Mar. 1. Thurles, County Tipperary, partially wrecked. 
 
 7. Several houses in Thurles, County Tipperary, wrecked. 
 12. Many houses in Cork city wrecked. 
 
 22. Many shop windows in Dublin wrecked. 
 
 Apr. 26. Kilcommon, County Tipperary, partially wrecked. 
 
 27. Many houses in Limerick city vvrecked. 
 
 May 13. Houses at Thurles, County Tipperary, fired and bombed. 
 
 15. Houses at Bantry, County Cork, wrecked. 
 
 28. Kilmallock, County Limerick, sacked. 
 June 23. Bantry, County Cork, partially sacked. 
 
 23. Houses in Limerick city wrecked. 
 
 26. Many houses in Bantry, Coimty Cork, wrecked and fired. 
 
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 15 
 
 1920. 
 June 27. Fermoy, County Cork, .vrecked. 
 
 27. Lismore, County Waterford, sacked. 
 
 27. Many houses at Newcastle West, ('ounty Limerick, wrecked and fired. 
 
 28. Limerick city partially sacked. 
 
 July 1. Newspaper offices at Limerick city wrecked and fired. 
 
 6. Residence at Ballylanders, County Limerick, bombed and wrecked.- 
 
 15. Tralee, County Kerry, partially sacked. 
 
 16. Houses at Arklow, County Wicklow, bombed and wrecked. 
 
 19. Emly, County Limerick, creamery and houses wrecked. 
 
 20. Tuam, County Galway, sacked. 
 
 20. National Foresters' Hall at Enniscorthy, County Wexford, wrecked. 
 
 21. Houses at Limerick city bombed and wrecked. 
 
 22. Leap, County Cork, sacked. 
 
 23. Caltra, County Galway, partially sacked. 
 
 30. TJpperchurch, County Tipperary, partially sacked. 
 
 31. Tipi>erary town partially sacked. 
 
 31. Business premises at Cork city sacked. 
 Aug. 2. Many houses at Castlerea, County Roscommon, partially wrecked. 
 
 5. Doon, County Limerick, sacked. 
 
 8. Houses at Kildorrery, County Cork, wrecked, and looted. 
 12. Sinn Fein Hall at Enniscorthy, County Wexford, wrecked. 
 
 15. Limerick city partially wrecked. 
 
 16. Templemore, ('ounty Tipperary, partially sacked. 
 
 17. Creameries at Castleiny. Loughmore, and Killea, County Tipperary, de- 
 
 stroyed. 
 
 21. Oramuore, County Galway, sacked. 
 
 24. Several houses at Dundalk, County Louth, wrecked. 
 
 25. Kill, County Kildai*e, wrecked. 
 
 26. Creamery at Knocklong, County Limerick, destroyed. 
 
 26. Shanagolden. County Limerick, partially sacked. 
 
 27. Cobh, County Cork, 'sacked. 
 
 Sept. ]. Ballaghadereen, County Mayo, sacked. 
 
 2. Inniscarra, County Cork, partially sacked. 
 
 10. Tullow, County Carlow, sacked. 
 
 18. Several houses wrecked and fired in County Limerick. 
 
 19. Several houses at SalthilL County Galway, wrecked and fired. 
 
 20. Carrick-on-Shannon, County Lei trim, partially sacked. 
 20. Balbriggan. County Dublin, sacked. 
 
 22. Drumshamljo, County lieitrim, partially sacked. 
 
 22. Houses at Tuam, County Galway, and Galway city, wrecked. 
 
 22. Ennistymon, County Clare, sacked. 
 
 22. Lahinch, County Clare, sacked. 
 
 22. Miltown-Malbay, County Clare, sacked. 
 
 22. Houses at Galway city wrecked and looted. 
 
 24. Newspaper offices and houses at Galway city bombed and wrecked. 
 
 25. Several houses at Athlone, County Westmeath, wrecked. 
 25. Houses at Killorglin, County Kerry, wrecked. 
 
 27. Trim, County Meath. sacked. 
 
 27. Silvermines Creamery, County Tipperary, burned 
 
 27. Fifteen houses in Cork wrecked and bombed. 
 
 28. Mallow, County Cork, sacked. 
 
 28. Houses in Clonmore, County Carlow, wrecked and fired. 
 28. Houses in Ballyshannon, County Donegal, wrecked. 
 
 28. Drimoleague, County Cork, houses sacked. 
 
 29. Gymnasium, Listowel, County Kerry, wrecked. 
 
 30. Tubbercurry, County Sligo, sacked. 
 
 30, Creameries at Ballyara and Achonry, County Sligo, burned. 
 30. Houses at Kilshenane, Cashel, County Tipperary, burned. 
 Oct. 2. Ballinagare, County Roscommon, sacked. 
 
 2. Moylett's stored, Galway, wrecked and looted. 
 
 8. Farmhouse, Meelick, County Clare, burned. 
 
 9. Kildimo, County Limerick, sacked; creamery burned. 
 
 9. Mr. Halpin's farmstead, Pallaskenry, County Limerick, burned. 
 
 9. Houses in Blackboy Pike, County Limerick, biuTied. 
 
 9. Cork City Hall burned. 
 
 9. Houses on Ellis's Quay, Dublin, wrecked. 
 
16 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 
 
 '1920. 
 Oct. 13. Clifden, County Galway, partially sacked. 
 
 16. Athlone (County We&tmeath) Printing Works and some houses sacked and 
 
 burned. 
 16.- Houses bombed in Dublin. 
 
 17. Tralee, County Kerry, partially sacked. 
 
 18. Houses in Tipperary wrecked. 
 
 18. Abbeydorney Creamery, County Kerry, burned. 
 
 18. Finuge Sinn Fein Hall, County Kerry, burned. 
 
 18. Three farmsteads in Kanturk, County Cork, burned. 
 
 20. Leap, County Cork, partially sacked. 
 
 21. Houses in Newceston and Coolanagh, County Cork, burned. 
 21. Houses at Cussen Point, County Westmeath, burned. 
 
 21. Houses in Tipperary town, wrecked. 
 
 22. Bandon, County Cork, partially sacked. 
 
 24. Hosiery factory burned in Bandon, County Cork. 
 
 24. Houses in Tubbercurry, County Sligo, wrecked. 
 
 24. Lixnaw, County Kerry, creamery partially burned. 
 
 26. Sinn Fein Hall, Derrylahan, County Westmeath, burned. 
 
 27. Houses and farmsteads in Cliffoney, County Sligo, burned. 
 27. Houses in Skerries, County Dublin, burned. 
 
 27. Houses in Galway city burned. 
 
 28. Ballintrillick Creamery, County Sligo, burned. 
 28. Houses in Bandon, County Cork, bombed. 
 
 28. Houses in Shrule, County Mayo, burned. 
 
 30. Houses and farmsteads, Lecarrow (Feakle), County Clare, burned. 
 
 30. Templemore, County Tipperary, sacked. 
 
 31. Creamery and farmhouses, Littleton, County Tipperary, burned. 
 31. Tipperary town sacked. 
 
 31. Dungannon, County Tyrone, partially sacked. 
 
 31. Tullamore, Iving's County, sacked. 
 
 31. County Hall and business houses, Tralee, County Kerry, burned. 
 
 31. Creamery and business houses, Ballyduff, County Kerry, burned. 
 
 31. Killybegs, County Donegal, partially sacked. , 
 
 31. Edgeworthstown, County Longford, partially sacked. 
 
 Nov. 1. Tralee, County Kerry, partially sacked. 
 
 1. Houses in Clara, King's County, wrecked. 
 
 1. O'Brien's Bridge Village, County Clare, sacked. 
 
 1. Town Hall, Miltown-Malbay, County Clare, burned. 
 
 1. Farmsteads at Inch Listowel, County Kerry, burned. 
 
 1. Shops wrecked in Thurles, County Tipperary. 
 
 1. Houses burned in Dingle, County Kerry. 
 
 2. Temperance Hall, Longford, burned. 
 
 2. Houses and farmsteads, O'Brien's Bridge, County Clare, burned. 
 
 2. Houses in Athlone burned. 
 
 2. Nenagh, County Tipperary, sacked. 
 
 2. Houses in Auburn, Glasson, County Westmeath, burned. 
 
 3. Athlone (County Westmeath), Printing Works burned. 
 
 3. Ballymote, County Sligo, partially sacked and creamery burned. 
 
 3. Houses wrecked in Roscommon. 
 
 4. Tralee, County Kerry, again sacked. 
 4. Granard, County Longford, sacked. 
 
 4. Nenagh, County Tipperary, partially sacked. 
 
 4. Business premises burned at Athlone, County Westmeath. 
 
 4. Garvagh Hall, County Leitrim, burned. 
 
 4. Shannon Vale Creamery, Ballyduff, County Kerry, bui-ned. 
 
 5. Houses bombed in Leap, County Cork. 
 
 5. Youghal, County Cork, partially sacked. 
 
 6. Houses and farmsteads in Coosan, County Westmeath, burned. 
 
 6. Derry City, houses homed and destroyed. 
 
 1-6. Crops burned in Ballyduff district. County Kerry. 
 
 7. Houses wrecked, Ballintubber, County Roscommon. 
 
 8. Milford Creamery, County Cork, partially burned. 
 
 8. Houses and farmsteads at Gort, County Galway, burned. 
 
 8. Technical school, Carnegie Library, and other houses, Tralee, County 
 
 Kerry, burned. 
 
 9. Carrick-on-Shanuon, County Leitrim, partially sacked. 
 
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 17 
 
 1920. 
 Nov. 9. Farranfore, County Keiry, sacked. 
 
 9. Ballybrack, County Kerry, sacked. 
 
 9. Gortalee, County Kerry, sacked. 
 
 9. Houses at Castleisland, County Kerry, burned. 
 
 9. Village Hall, Drunisna, County Leitrim, burned. 
 
 9. Two public halls, Johnson's Bridge, County Longford, burned. 
 
 9. Business and private houses, TuUamore, Kings County, burned. 
 11. Houses in Enniscorthy, County Wexford, wrecked. 
 11. Houses in Kilmalley, County Clare, biu'ned. 
 11. Houses in Aljbeydorney, County Kerry, burned. 
 11. Licensed premises in Longford, wrecked. 
 13. Tipperary town partially sacked. 
 
 13. Creamery and other houses burned at Ballydwyer, County Kerry. 
 13. Houses at Lisrue, County Clare, burned. 
 
 13. Farm produce and houses, O'Brien's Bridge, County Clare, burned. 
 ]5. Houses in Tipperary town destroyed. 
 15. Houses, Limerick City, bombed. 
 15. Houses, Cappafarna, County Galway, wrecked. 
 15. Kilcommon. County Tipperary, "shot iip" and cows mutilated. 
 15. Houses and farmsteads at Bohercrowe, County Tipperary, burned. 
 
 15. Irish College and Cooperative Stores, Cloghaneely, County Donegal, burned. 
 
 16. Houses in Tipperary town burned. 
 16. Houses, Leap, County Cork, burned. 
 
 16. Sinn Fein Hall, Dun Laoghaire, County Dublin, burned. 
 
 16. Hibernian Hall, Derrylahan, Coalisland, County Tyrone, burned. 
 
 17. Ballinamore, Catholic Hall, County Leitrim, wrecked. 
 17. Houses in Listra, County Clare, burned. 
 
 17. Houses in Cloone, County Leitrim, wrecked. 
 
 17. Houses in Drumhallow, County Leitrim, wrecked. 
 
 17. Houses in Aughavas, County Leitrim, wrecked. 
 
 17. Parochial Hall, Fennagh, County Leitrim, wrecked. 
 
 17. Farmhouses, Killyfea, County Leitrim, burned. 
 
 17. Parochial Hall, Drum^illey, County Leitrim, burned. 
 
 17. Parochial Hall, Aughwilliam, County Leitrim, burned. 
 
 20. Village of Barna, County Galway, sacked. 
 
 20. Houses, Cork City, partially wrecked. 
 
 21. Village Hall and Gaelic Rooms, Newry, wrecked. 
 
 21. Houses, Tubridmore, County Kerry, burned. 
 
 22. Swords, County Dublin, partially sacked. 
 22. Houses, Barna, County Galway, burned. 
 
 22. Boat Club Houses, Carrick-on-Shannon. County Leitrim, burned. 
 
 22. Houses, Millstreet, County Cork, sacked. 
 
 22. Duhallow Creamery, Nenagh, County Tipperary, burned. 
 
 22. Houses, Ballylnngford, County Kerry, burned. 
 
 22. Houses, Beltra, County Sligo, burned. 
 
 22. Houses, Derrynocheran, burned. 
 
 23. Irish College, Enniscrone, Countv Sligo, burned. 
 
 24. Houses, Mount-Temple, County Westmeath, burned. 
 
 25. Sinn Fein Hall, Pipers' Club and North East Ward Sinn Fein Club, Cork 
 
 City, burned. 
 
 26. Milford Creamery, County Cork, burned. 
 
 27. Many houses, Cork City, burned. 
 
 29. Houses, Waterfall, County Cork, burned. 
 
 29. 30 houses, Greave's Cross, Coimty Cork, burnea. 
 
 29. Houses in Belmont, County Galway, burned. 
 
 29. Houses in Kinvara, County Galway, burned. 
 
 29. Sinn Fein Hall and other houses. Camp, Coimty Kerry, burned. 
 
 29. Houses, Thurles, County Tipperary, bombed. 
 
 29. Central Sinn Fein Hall and "Freeman," Dublin, partially wrecked. 
 
 29. Sinn Fein Hall, Limerick, burnea. 
 
 29. Houses, Ballylongford, County Kerry, burned. 
 
 29. Houses in Cork City burned. 
 
 30. Many houses in Cork City burned. 
 
 30. Boy Scout's Hall, Limerick City, burned. 
 Dec. 1. Many houses, Cork City, burned, 
 
 S. Doc. 8, 67-1 2 
 
18 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 
 
 1920. 
 Dec. 1. Houses, <no_o;heon, County Tipperary, burned. 
 1. Houses, Cahii-civeen, Ooiinty Kerry, wrecked. 
 
 1. Killarney, County Kerry, sacked. 
 
 2. Houses, Fermoy, County Cork, burned. 
 2. Houses, Tipperary town, burned. 
 
 2. Houses, Glencoole, County Tipperary, burned. 
 2. Houses, Kilty, County Clare, burned. 
 2. Houses, Mountshaunon, County Clare, burned. 
 2. Houses, Camp, County Kerry, burned. 
 
 2. Houses, Castlegregory, County Kerry, burned. 
 
 3. Temperance Hall, Dunleer, County Louth, v/recked. 
 3. Village Hall, Geevagh, County Sligo, burned. 
 
 3. Village Hall, Gleann, County Sligo, bmned. 
 
 4. Houses, Timoleague, County Cork, burned. 
 
 4. Houses, Ivilbrogan Hill, County Cork, burned. 
 
 4. Village Hall, Finuge, County Kerry, burned. 
 
 5. Houses at Race Course, Galway, burned. 
 
 5. Houses at Kilbeggan, County Westmeath, burned. 
 
 5. Longford town, houses burned. 
 
 5. Houses at Castleplunkett, County Roscommon, burned. 
 
 5. Houses at MUstreet, County Cork, burned. 
 
 6. Houses burned, Kilbrogan Hill, County Cork. 
 
 7. Cork city shot up and houses wrecked. 
 
 7. Houses at Clonakilty, County Cork, burned. 
 
 8. Houses, Tipperary town, wrecked. 
 
 8. Houses, Carrick-on-Shannon, County Leitrim, burned. 
 
 8. Houses, Newton (Oola), County Limerick, burned. 
 10. Rathcormack, County Cork, sacked. 
 10. Houses, Granard, County Longford, sacked. 
 10. Houses, Castlelyons, County Cork, burned. 
 10. Houses, Cork city, wrecked. 
 10. Public Hall, Ballingar, Kings County, burned. 
 10. Houses, Ballinalee, County Longford, burned. 
 10. Camlough, County Down, sacked. 
 
 10. Houses, Newry, County Down, burned. 
 
 11. Houses, Grantstown, County Tipperary, burned. 
 11. Public Hall, Closetoken, County Galway, burned. 
 11. Large section of Cork city burned. 
 
 13. Ballinalee, County Longford, sacked. 
 
 16. Houses, vicinity Kilcommon, County Tipperary, burned. 
 
 16. Houses, Tipperary town, burned. 
 
 16. Houses, Gallery's Cross, County Clare, burned. 
 
 16. Houses, Kilfenora, County Clare, burned. 
 
 16. Houses, Ballina, County Clare, burned. 
 
 17. Houses, Swamlinbar, County Cavan, burned. 
 
 17. Houses, Tipperary town, burned. 
 
 18. Houses in Tipperary burned. 
 
 19. Farmhouses, Rathronan, County Tipperary, burned. 
 19. Village Hall, Corinshego, County Down, burned. 
 
 19. Houses, Sallymount, County Limerick, burned. 
 
 20. Farmhouses, Nine-Mile House, County Tipperary, burned. 
 
 24. Shops, Castleblayney, County Monaghan, wrecked. 
 
 25. ' 'Freeman's Journal " office, Dublin, partially burned. 
 
 25. Two creameries and farmhouses, Athea, County Limerick, burned. 
 
 25. Houses in Tipperary town burned. 
 
 25. Houses in Ballydwyer, County Kerry, burned. 
 
 27. Houses, Tipperary town, burned. 
 
 28. Houses, Beleek, County Armagh, burned. 
 
 28. Cushinstown, Cooperative Hall, County Wexford, partially burned. 
 30. Houses in Bandon, County Cork, burned. 
 
 30. ' 'Freeman" office, Dublin, partially burned. 
 
 31. Farm crops burned, Bansha and Kilfeacle, County Tipperary. 
 31. Houses burned at Cutteen, County Tipperary. 
 
 31. Farm crops burned, Kilmoyle, County Tipperary. 
 
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 19 
 
 1921. 
 
 •Jan. 1. Seven lionses and two shops, garage and engineering works, burned at Midle- 
 ton. County Cork. 
 ^. Temperance Hall at Coosan, County Westmeath, burned. 
 
 4. Six houses burned at Meelin. County Cork. 
 
 5. Shop at Scariff, County Clare, burned. 
 
 6. Two residences and a shop burned at Elphin. County Roscommon. 
 
 7. Five houses burned at Camlough, County Armagh. 
 
 7. Creamery at Turraree, County Kerry, burned. 
 
 8. Tramore, County Waterford, Sinn Fein Hall wrecked. 
 8. Houses burned at Ballinalee, County Longford. 
 
 30. FarmhoiLses destroyed at Gairybawn, County Monaghan. 
 
 11. Shop fronts wrecked at Ballina. 
 
 13. Shop ])iuued and three houses wrecked at Ballybay, County ^lonaghaii. 
 
 13. Shop burned at Kilbeggan. County "Westmeath. 
 
 14. Railwaymen's Recreation Hall, Limerick, destroyed. 
 
 15. Residence burned at Tnnishannon, County Cork. 
 
 17. Two shops biu-ned in ('appawhite. County Tipperary. 
 
 18. One shop, six farmhouses, five private residences, and the crops on six farms, 
 
 destroyed at Headford, County Galway. 
 
 19. Wine and spirit store burned at CuUyhanna, County Armagh. 
 
 20. Temporary business premises burned in Tipperary. 
 20. Shop fronts wrecked at Ballina, County Mayo. 
 
 20. One creamery. 1 bank, 2 shops, 4 private re.°idences, 16 farmhouses, and 
 crops on 20 farms destroyed at Six-Mile Bridge. County Clare. Cattle on 
 many farms shot. 
 
 20. Three shops destroyed in Cork City. 
 
 21. Business xjremises burned at Cappawhite, County Tipperary. 
 21. Farmhouses burned at Clougheleigh, County Tijiperary. 
 
 21. Furniture Inuned at Borrisoleigh, County Tipperary. 
 21 . Crops biuned on farms at Togher, County Tipperary. 
 21. Residence at Ballinure, County Tipperary, bimied. 
 23. Crops burned at O'Brien's Bridge, County Clare. 
 23. Crops burned at C'lonlara, County Clare. 
 
 23. Farmhouses, residences, and crops burned at Moate, County Westmeath. 
 
 24. Farmhouses burned at Clones, (Jounty Monaghan. 
 
 29. Stores and stabling destroyed at Mullinavat, County Kilkenny. 
 
 29. Two shops, grocery store, and drapery premises destroyed at Kingwilliams- 
 
 town, County Kerry. 
 
 30. Destruction of Cullenswood House, Dublin, owned by Mrs. Pearse, mother 
 
 of P. H. Pearse and W. Pearse, executed in 1916. 
 
 30. Farmhouse burned at Lenenagh, County Cork. 
 
 31. Hotel bombed in Galway City. 
 
 31. Farmhouses burned at Knockfuro. ( 'ounty Tipperary. 
 Feb. 1. Two business premises burned in Castleisland. County Kerry. 
 2. Mahon's Hotel, Galway. fired into and burned. 
 
 2. Farmhouses burned at Newport, County Tipperary. 
 
 3. House and piiblic hall destroyed at Burgatia, County Cork. 
 
 3. Houses destroyed at Ballinalee. County Longford. Crops on one farm 
 
 destroyed. 
 3. Four houses and one shop destroyed at Kingwilliamstown, County Kerry. 
 
 3. Three houses destroyed at Ballinahassig. County Cork. 
 
 4. One shop destroyed at Kilbrittain County Cork. 
 
 4. Two houses and two shops destroyed in New Pallas District, County Lim- 
 erick. 
 4. Crops destroyed on four farms at Emly, County Limerick. 
 
 6. Houses destroyed at Duncomogue. County Limerick. 
 
 7. Several houses wrecked near Pallasgreen," County Limerick. 
 
 8. Many houses and farm produce burned at Clareg-alway, County Galway. 
 
 8. Houses burned in Ballinagh, County Cavan. 
 
 9. Houses and farmsteads burned in Emly, County Limerick. 
 9. Shop and crops on three farms destroyed at Bonlahy, County Longford. 
 9. Three farmsteads burned at Emly, County Limerick. 
 
 11. Eleven houses destroyed by fire in Abbeydorney, County Kerry. 
 
 12. Farm produce burned at Kanturk, County Cork". 
 12. Houses and farm produce burned at Abbeydorney. 
 12. Crops on five farms destroyed, at Killenaule, County Tipperary. 
 
20 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 
 
 1921. 
 Feb. 14. Five houses destroyed by fire near Thurles, County Tipperary. 
 
 16. House destroyed at Douglas, County Cork. 
 
 17. Crops burned near Ennistymon, County Clare. 
 
 17. Gaelic Hall wrecked in Wexford town. 
 
 18. House in lialbriggan. County Dublin, burned. 
 
 19. House and Irish school burned in Cromogue, County We.xford. 
 22. Public hall de^^troyed in Tralee, County Kerry. 
 
 22. Public hall destroyed in Downpatrick, County Down. 
 
 23. Ten houses and a public hall burned in Rosslea and Teemore, County 
 
 Fermanagh. 
 
 23. Farm houses burned near Xenagh. County Tipperary. 
 
 24. Several houses and shops and a public hall wrecked in Donegal town. 
 
 24. Several houses and business premises burned in Mountcharles, County 
 Donegal. 
 
 24. Twenty houses, including a creamery and business premises and private 
 
 houses, destroyed by fire at Ballylongford, County Kerry. 
 
 25. Inver Creamery and Cooperative Stores. County Donegal, destroyed by fire. 
 28. Two farm houses and stores of farm produce burned at Lissycasey. County 
 
 Clare. 
 
 VI. LIST OF 270 IRISH CITIZENS MURDERED BY THE ENGLISH FORCES IN IRELAND 
 DURING THE PERIOD JANUARY 1, 1920, TO FEBRUARY 28, 1921, ALONE. 
 
 This list does not include any casualties sustained by the forces of the Irish Repub- 
 lican army in action. It includes only the Irish citizens who were deliberately 
 assassinated by special bands of murderers employed by the English Government 
 or who were wantonly shot down or bayoneted whilst walking on the streets or 
 employed on their daily work. 
 
 1920. 
 Jan. 20. Michael Darcy, Cooraclare, (.'ounty Clare, while working in a field was 
 fired on by police. Running for shelter, he fell into a river, pursued by 
 the police, who fired at the spot where he sank and also on his would-be 
 rescuers. 
 Feb. 2. Robert O'Dwyer, Limerick city, shot dead in his own shop by soldiers 
 firing indiscriminately in the streets. 
 2. Miss Helen Johnson, Limerick city, shot dead while on her way home by 
 
 soldiers firing indiscriminately in the streets. 
 12. James O'Brien, Rathdrum, County Wicklow, shot dead by police while 
 conversing with a friend in the latter 's door. 
 Mar. 20. Alderman Thomas MacCurtain, lord mayor of Cork, shot dead in the 
 presence of his wite and young family by disguised police who entered his 
 house at midnight. 
 22. Miss Ellen Hendrick, Dublin city, shot dead by a riotous party of soldiers 
 
 who broke barracks and fii'ed indiscriminately in the streets. 
 22. Michael Cullen, Dublin city, shot dead by a riotous party of soldiers, who 
 broke barracks and fired indiscriminately in the streets. 
 
 27. James McCarthy, Thurles, County Tipperary, shot dead in his home b.y 
 
 disguised police. His brother, Mr. Michael McCarthy, a Republican 
 member of Thurles Urban Council, had demanded an inquiry into police 
 rioting in the town. 
 
 28. Thomas O'Dwyer, Bouladuff, County Tipperary, a prominent volunteer, 
 
 shot dead in his house in presence of his sister by disguised police against 
 
 whom the coroner's jury returned a verdict of willful murder. 
 Apr. 14. James O'Loughlin, Miltown-Malbay, County Clare, shot dead when police 
 
 and military fired on crowd singing round a bonfire to celebrate release 
 
 of hunger-striking prisoners from Mountjoy jail. 
 14. Patrick Hennessy, IVIiltown-Malbay, County Clare, shot dead under similar 
 
 circumstances. 
 14. Thomas O'Leary, shot dead under similar circumstances. (At the coroner's 
 
 inquiry the jury returned a verdict of willful murder against police and 
 
 soldiers, named in evidence.) 
 14. Patrick Dowling, railwayman, Arklow, County Wicklow, shot dead by a 
 
 riotous party of soldiers, who broke barracks and fired indiscriminately 
 
 in the streets. 
 
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 21 
 
 1920. 
 Apr. 17. Thomas MulhoUand, Dundalk, County Louth, prominent Sinn Feiner, 
 
 was without provocation shot down in the street by a police patrol. 
 May 18. James Saimders, Limerick city, shot dead by police, who opened fire on 
 pedestrians in the public streets without warning and without provocation. 
 June 6. Michael Walsh (13^ years), Cappoquin, County Waterford, killed by inili- 
 tary motor lorry willfully driven into a group of people in the village 
 street. 
 8. Thomas Brett, Drombane, County Tipperary, mortally wounded by a 
 British officer who fired at him in the public road without warning. 
 25. Cornelius Crowley, Bantry, County Cork, a cripple bed-ridden boy, shot 
 dead in his bed by police who broke into his house. 
 July 1. Miss M. Counihane, Limerick city, fatally injured by police when escaping 
 from her home in the offices of the Republican newspaper, the Munster 
 News, into which the police at midnight had thrown bombs and petrol, 
 firing and wrecking the premises. 
 4. Richard Lumley, Rearcross, County Tipperaiy, aged 60, a half-witted man, 
 returning from a wake in the early morning, shot dead by police and mili- 
 tary without warning. 
 
 4. Michael Small, LTpperchurch, County Tipperary, shot dead without warn- 
 
 ing, by troops and police. At the inquest the British military authorities 
 refused to produce officer in charge of firing party. 
 
 5. James Dunne, Ballinatray, Courtown Harbour, County Wexford, shot dead _ 
 
 in Ferns village by a policeman with whom he refused to drink, and who 
 sought to pick a quarrel with him. 
 8. Thomas Feery (aged 70), Ballycommon, Kings County, shot dead mthout 
 warning, by military who fired into his house riddling the old man's body. 
 18. James Burke, an ex-soldier of Cork city, bayonetted in the stomach by 
 military, while halted with his hands above his head. 
 
 18. William ^IcGrath, an ex-soldier of Cork, mortally wounded during promis- 
 
 cuous firing by soldiers and police on imarmed civilians in the streets. 
 
 19. John O'Brien, aged 18, shot dead in Cork city while assisting an old lady 
 
 who was woimded during promiscuous firing in the streets by soldiers. 
 
 21. Daniel McGrath, aged 18 years, one of a social gathering at Coracunna 
 Cross, County Cork, which dispersed in terror on a shot being fired from 
 a military lorry. McGrath was shot dead when running for cover. 
 
 21. Thomas McDonnell shot dead under similar circumstances. 
 
 21. James (^ogan, Oldcastle, County Meath, a Republican policeman, escorting 
 a noted cattle stealer who had been arrested, shot dead by military on 
 failing to obey order to halt. 
 
 29. James Duggan, aged 10, Bruree, County Limerick, shot dead by fire from 
 military" motor lorries directed against pedestrians as a reprisal for an at- 
 tempted ambush of a military patrol four hours previously. 
 
 29. Thomas Harris, Bruree, County Limerick, an epileptic and confirmed 
 
 invalid, shot dead in his house by military after he had obeyed their 
 order to put his hands up. 
 
 30. James O' Sullivan, Da^ds Street, Limerick, mortally wounded in his house 
 
 as a result of police throwing bombs into and wrecking an adjoining house 
 at 2 a. m. 
 
 31. James Mulcahy, Nicker, County Limerick, shot dead by military patrol 
 
 who broke into his house. The coroner's jiuy returned a verdict that 
 "James Mulcahy was willfully and foully murdered without provocation 
 by military. " 
 Auo-. 8. William Hartnett, Emly, County Limerick, shot dead without challenge 
 or warning by police patrol. 
 10. Thomas Farrelly, aged 20, Marys Lane, Dublin, shot dead without chal- 
 lenge or warning by military at 12.30 a. m. while sitting with others 
 around the embers of a bonfire lit in celebration of the arrival of the 
 Most Re\'. Dr. Mannix. 
 
 14. Patrick Lynch (48), Hospital, County Limerick, taken from his home by 
 
 militarv and shot dead in the road. 
 
 15. Edward Paget, Limerick city, attacked without provocation in the People's 
 
 Park by police and savagely beaten. Collapsed on reaching home and 
 died following day without regaining consciousness. 
 
 16. John O'Connell, Derrygallon, Coujity Cork, shot dead by military and 
 
 police from whom he endeavored to escape when they came to arrest 
 him at his own house. 
 
22 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 
 
 1920. 
 
 Aug. 17. Andred Hayes, Tipperary town, overtaken by police on his way home and 
 shot dead without challenge or warning. 
 17. Patrick Clancy, Derrygallon, County Cork, bayoneted while in custody 
 of military, who, when he was mortally wounded, jumped on him, break- 
 ing several of his ribs. 
 20. Patrick Kennedy, Annascaul, County Kerry, shot dead by a military 
 patrol, who without challenge or warning opened fire on four young men 
 returning from a funeral. 
 
 26. John Hynes (aged 70), Shanagolden, Coimty Limerick, shot dead on his 
 
 way home by police who fired promiscuously along the streets. 
 
 27. John Buckley, Middleton, County Cork, shot dead while being conveyed 
 
 with his brother, to whom he was bound with ropes, in a covered lorry 
 under an escort of 20 armed soldiers. His brother was dangerously 
 wounded. 
 
 28. George Walker, Queenstown, County Cork, a wounded and crippled ex- 
 
 soldier unable to raise his hands rapidly enough when called upon by 
 military, was promptly shot and after falling was bayoneted. 
 Sept. 5. Patrick Hegarty, Ballyvourney, County Cork, shot dead when machine-gun 
 fire was opened from an apparently deserted military motor lorry which 
 was being viewed on the roadside by a crowd of young people. 
 5. Michael Lynch, Ballyvourney, Coimty Cork, shot dead when cycling past 
 an apparently deserted military motor lorry from which machine-gun fire 
 was opened on a crowd of young people who were viewing it by the road- 
 side. 
 
 8. John Mulvey, Galway city, shot dead by a policeman who opened fire 
 
 promiscuously and without warning at Galway railway station. 
 
 9. James Quirke, Galway city, shot dead in the street by policemen who 
 
 dragged him from his house at midnight. 
 
 11. Patrick Gill, Drumsna, County Leitrim, fired upon by a military sentry 
 while walking on the public road with his sister and a lady friend. Was 
 bayoneted in the stomach after falling. No challenge to halt was heard. 
 
 14. James Connolly (aged 70), Kinlough, County Leitrim, shot dead in his 
 own house by military who came to arrest his son. Being deaf he did not 
 hear an order to put up his hands. 
 
 16. Joseph Athy, Oranmore, County Galway, when driving to his home with 
 three companions was fired on without challenge or warning by police 
 and mortally wounded. 
 
 20. J. Ilealy (aged 18), Abbeyfeale, County Limerick, shot dead by a police- 
 man whose salutation of "Good night" he did not answer. 
 
 20. Patrick Harnett, Abbeyfeale, County Limerick, shot dead by a policeman 
 
 whose salutation of "Good night" he did not answer. 
 
 21. James Lawless (aged 48), Balbriggan, Cotmty Dublin, married man with 
 
 eight children, dragged from his home at dead of night by police, savagely 
 assaulted and shot dead, his body being afterwards shockingly mutilated 
 with bayonet thrusts. 
 
 21. John Gibbons, Balbriggan, County Dublin, brought from his home by 
 
 police, beaten witli rifle butts for refusing to give information implicat- 
 ing others, and shot dead, liis body being afterwards mutilated. 
 
 22. John A. Lynch, county councillor, Kilmallock, County Limerick, shot 
 
 dead in bed at 3 a. m. in the Royal Exchange Hotel, Dublin City, by 
 
 English secret service officers. 
 22. Thomas Connole, Ennistvmon, County Clare, dragged from his house and 
 
 shot by police, his body being then thrown into the flames of liis house 
 
 which was fired and destroyed. 
 22. Patrick J. Linnane, Ennistymon, County Clare, taken from Iris home and 
 
 murdered by the police on refusing to give them information. 
 22. J. Salmon, Ennistymon, County Clare, shot dead in the street by police 
 
 during the ■\vi-ecking by them of the towm of Ennistvmon. 
 22. Patrick Lehane, Lahinch, County Clare, murdered by police during the 
 
 burning of the town of Lahinch. The police had pre\iously shot and 
 
 seriously wounded this boy's father for refusing to disclose the where- 
 abouts of his son. 
 26. John Gaynor, Springfield Road, Belfast, vshot dead in bed at 1.30 a. m., by 
 
 police who broke into his house. 
 26. John McFadden, 54, Springfield Road, Belfast, shot dead at 5.30 a. m. 
 
 by police who broke into his house. 
 
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 23 
 
 1920. 
 Sept. 26. Edward Trodden, Falls Road, Belfast, shot dead in his house by police who 
 
 forced an entry at 2 a. m. 
 Oct. 2. Hugh Conway, Cuilen, Count)^ Tipperary, when with others leaving a pub- 
 lic house by order of the military, was fired upon and shot dead. 
 2. John O'Hanlon, Lackagh, County Galway, shot dead in his own house by 
 
 police who told his mother they "were out to kill him." 
 6. John Clifford (aged 17), Derry City, when walking to his home with his 
 mother, was fired upon without challenge or warning by a military sentry 
 and shot dead. 
 6. Patrick Thompson, Lisnadaragh, county Westmeath, held up on the road 
 by a policeman, who shot him dead without cause or provocation. 
 10. Michael Griffin (aged 60), Cork city, being deaf and not hearing a challenge 
 to halt in the street at 2.40 p. m., was fired upon and mortally wounded 
 by military. 
 12. Prof. Carolan, Drumcondra, Dublin, mortally wounded by officers of the 
 English Army intelligence staff for refusing to give the names of two men 
 who had escaped from his house. 
 14. Patrick Carroll (aged 15), Royal Canal Terrace, Dublin, shot dead by mili- 
 tary and police who opened fire on pedestrians in Talbot Street, Dublin. 
 
 14. Joseph Corringham, Lower Gardiner Street, Dublin, shot dead by military 
 
 and police, who opened fire on pedestrians in Talbot Street, Dublin. 
 
 15. John Connolly, Bandon, county Cork, found buried near the military bar- 
 
 racks where he had been a prisoner in custody for 15 days. 
 
 15. James Lehane, Ballymakeera, county Cork, taken from the shop where he 
 
 worked by police, who shot him dead near his father's house. 
 
 16. Peter O'Carroll (aged 58), Manor Place, Dublin, shot dead in his own house 
 
 at 2 a. m. by auxiliary police on refusing to disclose the whereabouts of 
 his sons. 
 
 17. Henry O'Kelly, Parnell Square, Dublin, shot dead by military, who had 
 
 taken him into custody. 
 
 17. Michael O'Rourke, Green Street, Dublin, shot dead by military without 
 
 cause or warning when looking on at a raid in Parnell Square. 
 
 18. Edward O'Dwyer, Ballydavid, county Tipperary, brother of Francis 
 
 O'Dwyer, dragged from his bed and shot dead beside his brother. 
 18. Francis O'Dwyer, Ballydavid, County Tipperary, dragged from his bed by 
 
 officers of the English Army intelligence staff and shot dead outside the 
 
 door in the presence of his mother and sisters. 
 18. Patrick Doyle, Balliiiagare, Castlerea, County Roscommon, taken from his 
 
 house by police and shot dead outside the door. 
 20. Michael S. Walsh, Republican member of Galway city urban council, 
 
 dragged from his house by officers of the English Army intelligence staff, 
 
 who shot him through the head and threw his dead body into the harbor. 
 22. Michael Burke, urban councillor, Athlone, County Westmeath, fired upon 
 
 in the street by constabulary without cause or challenge and mortally 
 
 wounded. 
 24. Thomas Egam Coshla, Athenry, County Galway, dragged from his house 
 
 by police and shot dead in the presence of his wife. 
 
 24. Charles Lynch (aged 70), Miltown-Malbay, County Clare, deliberately shot 
 
 dead by military who forced an entry into his house. 
 
 25. Michael Ryan, Curraghduff, County Tipperary, wliile ill in bed with 
 
 pneumonia, shot dead in the presence of his sisters by officers of the 
 English Army intelligence staff, who forced an entry into his room at 
 12.30 a. m. 
 
 25. William Gleeson, Finaghy, County Tipperary, taken from his house at 
 
 3.30 a. m. by officers of the English Army intelligence staff and shot 
 dead. 
 
 26. Daniel Lehane, aged 65, Lahinch, County Clare, shot in the throat by 
 
 police on September 22 for refusing to give information as to his son's 
 whereabouts, died of his wounds. 
 
 26. Hugh Moore, Derry City, shot dead in the public street by a military sentry 
 
 without warning or challenge. 
 
 27. James Sherlock, Skerries, County Dublin, dragged from his home 2.30 
 
 a. m. by auxiliary police and shot dead in a field 400 yards from his 
 mother 's house. 
 
24 THE STRUGGLE OF THE lEISH PEOPLE. 
 
 1920. 
 Oct. 27. Michael Scanlon, national teacher, Kilmallock, County Limerick, shot 
 
 dead in a liouse in which he had taken refuge after escaping from the 
 
 police. lie was manacled at the time. 
 Nov. 1. Mrs. Ellen Quinn (aged 25), Gort, County Galway, a woman within two 
 
 months of childbirth, was shot dead by police in a passing lorry while 
 
 standing in front of her house, with a baby of nine months in her arms. 
 
 There had been no attack on the police and no provocation whatever. 
 
 There was no other person in the vicinity. 
 3. John Conroy, Rathconnor, County Roscommon, taken from his cottage 
 
 in the early morning and shot dead by auxiliary police with blackened 
 
 faces, who held up his wife and nephews with revolvers and threatened 
 
 to shoot Mrs. Conroy if she approached her dying husband. 
 5. Thomas O'Brien, Nenagh, County Tipperary, taken from a friend's house 
 
 at midnight by auxiliary police and placed in a military motor lorry and 
 
 murdered by the police. 
 5. John O'Brien, Nenagh, County Tipperary, murdered by auxiliary police 
 
 beside Thomas O'Brien in a military motor lorry, 
 fi. William Mulcahy, Cork city, shot dead on his way home about 10 o'clock 
 
 at night by a military patrol who opened fire on him without challenge 
 
 or warning. 
 8. Miss O'Connell (aged 15), Ardfert, County Kerry, shot dead while standing 
 
 at her own door by soldiers who opened indiscriminate fire in the streets. 
 8. Michael McGuire, Ardfert, County Kerry, arrested in his own home by mili- 
 tary, piit into a motor lorry handcuffed, and shot dead outside the village. 
 8. Michael Brosnan, Labourer, Ardfert, County Kerry, who threw doAvn his 
 
 tools and ran for cover on approach of military lorries, deliberately fired 
 
 upon and shot dead. 
 8. John Cantillon, Ardfert, County Kerry, shot dead without challenge or 
 
 warning by soldiers traveling in a lorry, as he was returning from a doctor 
 
 who had treated him for wounds received during indiscriminate firing by 
 
 military in the village. 
 10. Christopher Lucy, Cork city, traced to a house in Ballingeary, County 
 
 Cork, by police who forced an entry and shot him dead. 
 10. Frank Hoffman, a young Protestant farmer. Farmers Bridge, Tralee, County 
 
 Kerry, placed against a fence and shot dead by police who suspected him 
 
 of being an Irish volunteer officer. 
 12. John Herlihy,! Ballymacelligot, County Kerry, assistant creamery manager. 
 12. P. MacMahon,! Ballymacelligot, County Kerry. 
 
 12. Thomas Walsh ^ (aged 18), Ballymacelligot, County Kerry. 
 
 13. Annie O'Neill (aged 6), Charlemont Avenue, Dublin, shot dead in the 
 
 street by military who opened fire promiscuously on some boys and 
 young men who ran away in fear when the soldiers jumped from their 
 lorries. 
 
 14. Patrick Lynch, Golden, County Tipperary, shot dead by military without 
 
 challenge or warning while walking along the road with his wife. 
 17. Michael McMahon,^ Scariff, County Clare. 
 17. John Egan,^ Scariff, County Clare. 
 17. John Connolly. 2 Whitegate, County Clare. 
 17. Michael Connolly,- Whitegate, County Clare. 
 17. Patrick Hanley (aged 17), Broad Lane, Cork city, shot dead by a party of 
 
 policemen who entered his house during the night. 
 
 17. Eugene O'Connell, Broad Street, Cork city, dragged out of bed and shot 
 
 dead in the presence of his wife by masked police who smashed their way 
 into his house at midnight. 
 
 18. James Coleman, North Mall, Cork city, called to his door in the early 
 
 hours of the morning and shot dead in the presence of his wife by police 
 who after their victim had fallen wounded fired more shots into him ' ' to 
 finieh him." 
 
 19. Thomas Clancy, Killusty, County Tipperary, deliberately shot by military 
 
 who refused to allow his brother to go for a priest and threatened to murder 
 him also. 
 
 1 Killed by military who opened fire on a group of people, who ran in terror when the soldiers in military 
 lorries dashed up to BallymacelUsot creamery where these people were doing business. 
 
 2 Taken prisoner by poUce and butchered 10 hours later on the Bridge of Killaloe, County Clare. 
 
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 25 
 
 1920. 
 Nov. 20. Rev. Michael Griffin, B. A., Galway city, a Catholic priest called from his 
 home on the 14th of November by disguised police who pretended his 
 services were required for a dying man. His dead body was found buried 
 in a bog at Cloughskella, near Galway, vdth a bullet wound in his head. 
 20. James O'Neill,'' Limerick city. 
 20. Michael Blake, ^ limerick city. 
 
 20. Austin Cowley, journalist (aged 63), Navan, County Meath, shot dead by 
 
 a military sentry whose challenge he failed to hear. 
 
 21. Miss Jane Boyle,* "Lennox Street, Dublin. 
 
 21. Jeremiah O'Leary * (aged 10), Blessington Street, Dublin. 
 
 21. William Robinson * (aged 11), Parnell Street, Dublin. 
 
 21. J. Scott * (aged 14), Fitzroy Avenne, Dublin. 
 
 21. O'Dowd,* Buckingham Street, Dublin. 
 
 21. James Burke,'* Dundrum, County Dublin. 
 
 21. Patrick Travnor,* Clendalkin, County Dublin. 
 
 21. Thomas Ryan,* Viking Street, Dublin. 
 
 21. James Teehan,* Green Street, Dublin. 
 
 21. Michael Hogan,* Grangemockler, County Tipperary. 
 
 21. James Matthews,'' Northcumberland Road, Dublin. 
 
 21. Michael Feeney,* Gardiner's Place, Dublin. 
 
 21. Thomas Hogan,* St. James's Terrace, Dublin. 
 
 21. Daniel Carroll,* James 't Street, Dublin. 
 
 21. William Cullinane,^ aged 20, divinity student, Claregalway, County Gal- 
 way. 
 
 21. James Conlon,^ Dame Street, Dublin. 
 
 21. H. West Barnett, North Circular Road, Dublin, deliberately shot dead at 
 Mountjoy Square, Dublin, by police who were under the influence of 
 drink, and who rifled the body. 
 
 21. Thomas Lyons, Cappagh, County Mayo, shot dead by soldiers in a passing 
 liirry as he was going on a message for his father. 
 
 21. John McSwiggan, Magherafelt, County Derry, shot dead in the street by 
 
 military before he had time to put up his hands in response to a challenge. 
 
 22. Richard McKee," Finglas, County Dublin. 
 22. Peter Clancy," Gloucester Street," Dublin. 
 22. T. Conor Clune," County Clare. 
 
 22. John McCann, Rush, County Dublin, brought from his house by police and 
 riddled with bullets in a field 30 yards away. 
 
 22. Michael O'Reilly, aged 14, Capel Street, Dublin, shot dead by military who 
 
 fired ^vithout warning on a grouj) of children gathered round a lorry where 
 soldiers were raiding houses. 
 
 23. Patrick O'Donoghue,^ Cork City. 
 23. Edward Meehigan,'' Cork City. " 
 23. Patrick Trahey,^ Cork City. 
 
 23. Denis O'Connell, Kildorrery, County Cork, taken from his bed and in the 
 
 presence of his family shot dead by police. 
 
 24. Michael Moran, Carromeen, Coimty Galway, officer of the Irish Republican 
 
 Army, shot dead near Earls Island Military Barracks, Galway, by an 
 escort of police in whose hands he was an unarmed and laelpless prisoner. 
 
 25. Thomas Dojde (aged 22), Dolphins Barn, Dublin, shot dead in his own yard 
 
 by auxiliary police who raided his house and arrested his brother-in-law. 
 
 25. Denis Carey, Nenagh, County Tipperary, mortally wounded by masked 
 
 police who took him from his home during the night. 
 
 26. Mortimer Duggan, national school teacher, Broadford, County Limerick, 
 
 shot dead by police who rushed into a house where he was playing cards. 
 
 3 Returning from Dublin to Limerick after James ONeiU and Michael Blake's brother had been acquitted 
 by a court-martial of the charge of murdering a policeman, were held up near Limerick Junction by dis- 
 guised poUce and shot dead. Michael lil i :e (an ex-soldier; was murdered in mistake for his brother, 
 Patrick, the acquitted man. 
 
 < Shot dead when large forces of military opened deliberate and unprovoked fire, which was kept up for 
 10-minutes, on a crowd of several thousand spectators at a football match at Croke Park, Dublin. Michael 
 Hogan. a member of the Tipperary team, was shot at the goal post. 
 
 5 Ordered to run by miUtary after being "held up" and searched when leaving divine service in St. 
 Andrew's Cathedral, Dublin; flred upon by the military and mortally wounded. 
 
 8 Shot and bayoneted to death wliile confined as prisoners in a guardroom in Dublin Castle; abrasions and 
 wounds on bodies of McKee and Clancy showed they had been tortured before being kiUed. 
 
 ' Killed while standing on the street by a bomb thrown from a passing police lorry. 
 
26 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 
 
 1920. 
 Nov. 29. Martin Walsh (aged 62), an inmate of Clare Lunatic Asylum, not under- 
 standing a challenge to halt, wag shot dead by a military raiding party. 
 30. Sean O'CarroU, Irish teacher, Ardee, County Louth, taken from his house 
 and shot in the back by auxiliary police. He died in great agony two 
 hours later. 
 30. Patrick Tierney, Ardee, County Louth, dragged from his home by auxiliary 
 police who threw him on a rubbish heap and riddled his head with 
 bullets. 
 Dec. 1. Carl Jolinson, Norwegian sailor, mortally wounded by auxiliary police who 
 opened indiscriminstte fire on the quays in Cork city. 
 
 1. Patrick Clancy, Newtowndrangan, County Tipperary, an officer of the 
 
 Irish Republican Army, dragged fa-om a friend's house and murdered 
 on the roadway by a military party. 
 
 2. J. Begley,* Bandon, County Cork. 
 
 2. James Donoghue,* Bandon, County Cork. 
 2. James Galvin,* Bandon, County Cork. 
 
 4. Joseph Howley, Oranmore, County Galway, member of the Irish republican 
 
 army, shot dead by police who were lying in wait for him on arrival at 
 Broadstone railway station, Dublin. When Howley was shot and bleed- 
 ing to death the police by prearrangement signaled to a waiting motor 
 car and drove straight to Dublin Castle. 
 
 5. Thomas Hand, Skerries, County Dublin, taken from his bed in the dead of 
 
 night by auxiliary police and shot dead in the presence of his crippled 
 brother and two sisters. Four shot (Were fired into his head and neck. 
 5. Thomas Rooney (ex-soldier\ Ballyshannon, County Donegal, shot dead by 
 police who opened fire without warning on a crowd of people in the public 
 street. 
 
 5. Thomas Curtin, Kilrush, County Clare, shot dead by police and military who 
 
 surrounded the house in which a republican court was sitting and opened 
 fire on those who came from the courthouse on the arrival of the lorries. 
 
 6. Thomas Louglinane,^ Gort, Coimty Galway. 
 
 6. Henry Loughnane,^ Gort, Coimty Galway. 
 
 7. John 'Fleming, Cattle Market Avenue, Cork city, died in great agony as 
 
 a result of wounds received when, with two brothers and a friend, fire 
 was suddenly opened on them from a passing police lorry as they Avere 
 walking along the street at 4.30 p. m. 
 
 7. Denis Regan, aged 21, Clashflack, County Cork, arrested by military at 
 
 Bandon, County Cork, and taken under heavy escort in a military motor 
 lorry in the direction of Clonakilty, County Cork. His dead body was 
 found on the road later with a bullet wound in the back of the head. _ 
 
 8. Michael J. Murphy, Tower Street, Cork city, shot dead by auxiliary police, 
 
 who opened fire on worshippers leaving SS. Peter and Paul's Chiu'ch. 
 
 10. Wm. Owens, aged 24, Shankill, County Wicklow; military raided a club 
 
 where Owens was playing cards. He, with a number of other young men, 
 was standing with his hands up when he was shot through the brain. 
 
 11. Jeremiah Delaney, Dublin Hill, Cork city, aged 24, a member of the Irish 
 
 Republican Array, shot through the heart in the presence of his family by 
 auxiliary police who forcibly entered his house at 2.30 a. m. 
 11. James Lawlor, of Inchicore, County Dublin, an engine driver, while going 
 to his work at Lismore, County Waterford, was shot dead without chal- 
 lenge or warning by a military sentry. 
 
 14. Thomas O'Loughlin, member of the Irish Republican Army, Mullaunbrack, 
 
 County Tipperary, mortally wounded by auxiliary police as he escaped 
 from a house into which the police had forced an entrance. One of them 
 seized O'Loughlin with the words, "You are the man we want. Come 
 outside." 
 
 15. Very Rev. Canon Magner (aged 73), parish priest of Dunmanway, County 
 
 Cork, forced to his knees on the public road, questioned for a quarter of 
 an hour, and then shot dead by an auxiliary police officer. Auxiliary 
 police in two lorries were spectators of the murder but did not interfere. 
 When Canon Magner was killed they threw his body over the bank of a 
 field and drove away. 
 
 8 Shot dead by military patrol whUe walking along the road. Left aU night on the road; found following 
 morning by civilians. 
 
 3 Arrested Nov. 25 by military and police. Their mother informed some days afterwards that her sons 
 were "safe in prison." On Dec. 6 the dead bodies were found in a pond at Gort, in a shocking state of 
 mutilation, the flesh being loose and the skulls battered in. Before the bodies had been tiidden in the 
 pond an effort had been made to burn them. 
 
THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 27 
 
 1920. 
 Dec. 15. Timothy Crowley, Dunmanway, County Cork, on the same occasion ques- 
 tioned on the ]>uV>lic road for 10 minutes, beaten in the face -ndth the l)utt 
 end of revolver, and then shot dead by an auxiliary police officer. Other 
 police who were witnesses of the murder did not interfere, but helped 
 to throw the dead body over the bank of a field. 
 15. John McGowan, Frenchpark, County Roscommon, taken from his lied at 
 night and shot dead by auxiliary police in the presence of his family. 
 
 17. Michael Edmunds, Tipperary Town, taken from his bed by auxiliary police, 
 
 who forced their way into his house after midnight and shot him through 
 the lirain on the hills near by. 
 
 18. Cornelius Delaney, Dublin Hill, Cork City, aged 21, member of Irish 
 
 Republican Army, mortally wounded by being shot in the stomach and 
 shoulder by auxiliary police who forcibly entered his house at 2.30 a. m. 
 on December 11. 
 18. James Looby,^° Dualla, County Tipperary. 
 
 18. Wm. Delaney,'" Rosegreen, County Tipperary. 
 
 19. James O'Connor. Killeentierna. Killarney, County Kerry, seized on the road 
 
 and taken into a passing police lorry. After traveling some distance he 
 was pitched out and shots fired into his body. Seriously wounded, he 
 was removed to a neighboring farmer's house where later he was shot 
 dead by the police.. 
 
 19. Laurence Looby, aged 19, a brother of James Looby (see Dec. 18), taken 
 from a friend's house, which was raided by police, and shot dead outside. 
 
 19. Michael Walton," Clonhalty, County Tipperary. 
 
 19. Patrick Connors," Clonhalty. County Tipperary. 
 
 19. Laurence McDonagh. Aran Islands, shot dead by a party of police who 
 
 landed on the islands and fired indiscriminately on the islanders, kill- 
 ing two men and wounding many. There had been no crime or dis- 
 order of any kind on the Aran Islands within memory. 
 
 20. John Phelan, Ballyroan, County Queens, shot dead by auxiliary pohce- 
 
 men after he had wounded and disarmed one of the party who entered 
 his father-in-law's house at 4 a. m., and demanded money. 
 
 21. J. Hynan, Emly, County Limerick, arrested by police and shot dead a 
 
 few hours afterwards while in custody. 
 , 22. Michael McNamara, Doonbeg, County Clare, shot dead at Kilrush, County 
 Clare, while a prisoner in police custody. 
 
 22. W J. Shanahan, West Clare, shot dead while a prisoner in Ennis Jail, 
 
 County Clare. 
 
 23. Mrs. M. Ryan, Bridge Street, Callan, Coimty Kilkenny, mortally wounded 
 
 by being shot at by police. Residents of Callan were ordered by police 
 to remain indoors and keep their houses closed while the funeral of a police- 
 man (who was killed in mistake by an English patrol) was passing 
 through the town, \^'hen the funeral had passed her door Mrs. Ryan 
 opened it to let out a customer. She was fired on and mortally wounded. 
 Mrs. Ryan was within two weeks of her confinement. 
 
 23. Andrew i\Ioynihan, Rathmore, County Kerry, shot dead on the roadside 
 by English forces without provocation or warning. 
 
 25. John Leen,'- Ballymacelligot. County Kerry. 
 
 25. Maurice Reidy,'- I3allymacelligot, County Kerry. 
 
 26. James Hickey. Knocknagoshel, County Kerry, assistant in a drapery 
 
 establishment in Tipperary Town, shot dead while in custody in Tip- 
 perary military barracks. 
 
 26. Edward Moloney,'^ Bruff, County Limerick. 
 
 26. Martin Conway, '^ Bruff, County Limerick. 
 
 10 Arrested by military and after 4 days in custody taken as hostage with a motor patrol of military who 
 were searching the countryside. After the return of the patrol Looby and Delaney were shot dead "in the 
 lorries. 
 
 11 Shot dead by military and pohce who questioned them on the road. 
 
 12 Shot dead in the house of Mrs. Byrne, Ballydwyer, County Kerry, by Auxiliary pohce who burst Ln 
 the door and afterwards set the house on fire. 
 
 13 Moloney, Sheehan, Ward, and Quinlan shot dead by police who at midnight raided a dance at Caher- 
 guillane House, Brufl, County Limerick. Conwny was wounded but crawled four miles from the house 
 and hid himself in a bog. The police, accompanied by a bloodhound, tracked liim down. Conwav shot 
 the bloodhound and was then murdered by the police. 
 
28 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 
 
 1920. 
 Dec. 26. Daniel Sheehan,''' Bruff, County Limerick. 
 26. Henry Ward.' ^ Bruff, County Limerick. 
 26. .TohnQuinlan,'^ Bruff, County Limerick (American citizen). 
 26. Patrick O'Brien, Aherlow, County Tipperary, shot dead by military on the 
 
 roadside as he was assisting a Mend named Denis O'Brien who had been 
 
 fired on and wounded by a military sentry without challenge or warning. 
 28. Michael Smith, Beleek, County Armagh, shot dead in his home by special 
 
 constabulary who raided his house. 
 28. Timothy B. Madigan, Shanagolden, County Limerick, a member of the 
 
 Irish "Republican Army, shot dead by a party of police who met him on 
 
 the road. 
 
 28. Joseph O'Doherty, aged 16, Garvagh, County Derry, shot dead by police 
 
 who opened fire on a party of dancers in a school. In a subsequent search 
 of the place, no arms, ammunition, or seditious literature were found. 
 O'Doherty did not belong to any political organization and was not a 
 member of the Irish Republican Army. 
 
 29. William Slattery, Emly, County Limerick, shot dead at Rosborough, by a 
 
 police guard who were conveying him handcuffed from his uncle's house 
 at Emly, where he had been" arrested, to Tipperary military barracks. 
 29. Richard Leonard, Ballybrook, County Limerick, taken from his sister's 
 house in the early morning and shot dead by police. 
 1921. 
 Jan. 1. David Tobin,'^ Ballingarry, County Limerick. 
 
 1. Thomas Murphy,'* Ballingarry, County Limerick. 
 
 1. John Lawler, clerical student^ Listowel, County Kerry, beaten to death by 
 
 police who without provocation set upon him in the street. 
 1. Michael MacAuliffe, Dysart, Lixnaw, County Kerry, shot dead by police 
 
 who opened fire without warning on a party of mourners at a funeral. 
 3. Jehr. Casey, Derryfinane, County Cork, with some other boys who were 
 
 on the road, ran on the approach of military lorries and was shot dead. 
 3. P. Kennedy, Moneygall, King's County, fatally wounded by police, who 
 
 opened fire on mourners at a funeral. 
 5. Finbarr Darcy, Riverstown, County Cork, arrested by military in the 
 Imperial Hotel, Cork, at 1 a. m., and afterwards shot dead while a prisoner 
 in the hands of the military. 
 5. John MacSwiney, aged 15, AUensbridge, County Cork, ran away on the 
 approach of a military lorry who fired upon and mortally wounded him 
 in the stomach. 
 
 5. N. D. Prendergast, MacCurtain Street, Fermoy, County Cork, dead body 
 
 found on Caryville Island, river Blackwater. Had not been seen alive 
 since December 2, 1920, when arrested by auxiliary police in a house in 
 Fermoy. 
 
 6. Patrick Durr, Tubberkeigh, County Roscommon, taken from his home at 
 
 midnight by auxiliary police and shot dead. 
 9. Felix Mallin, aged 17, Ballinaliss, County Armagh, fired at without warn- 
 ing by police and mortally wounded. 
 
 10. James Farrell, ex-soldier, of the English Army, Pender Street, Dublin, 
 
 shot dead by auxiliary police, who fired indiscriminately in the streets. 
 
 11. John Doran, Camlough, County Armagh, a prominent Sinn Feiner, taken 
 
 from his home by auxiliary police and shot dead. 
 13. Miss Martha Nowlan, Connaught Street, Dublin, shot dead by military, 
 
 who opened fire without warning in Westmoreland Street, Dublin. 
 15. Gerald Pring, Cork City, shot dead during indiscriminate firing by police in 
 
 the streets. 
 17. Patrick Sloane.'^ 
 
 17. Joseph Tormey.'^ 
 
 18. Thomas Collins, Kilkeel, County Gal way, taken from his home at midnight 
 
 and shot dead by auxiliary police. 
 
 13 Moloney, Sheehan, AVard, and Quintan shot dead by police who at midnight raided a dance at Caher- 
 guiUane House, Bruff, County Limerick. Conway was wounded but crawled four miles from the house 
 and hid himself in a bog. The poUce, accompanied by a bloodhound, tracked him down. Conway shot 
 the bloodhound and was then murdered by the poUce. 
 
 n On running from a house in BaUylanders, County Limerick, on the approach of a military lorry, were 
 fired upon, .Murphy being shot dead and Tobin mortally wounded. 
 
 15 Two members of the Irish RepubUcau army, prisoners in Ballykinlar Camp. Shot dead by a sentry 
 who fired at them as they were conversing with comrades in an adjoining portion of the camp as they had 
 obtained permission to do. 
 
 I 
 
THE STKUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 29 
 
 1921. 
 
 Jan. 19. Thomas I>awler, Lyster Lane, Maryborough, County Queens, shot dead in 
 his own home in the pre.-ence of his family by a policeman. 
 
 22. Michael Hoade.^® Caherlistrane, County Galway. 
 
 22. James Kirwin,'^ Ballinastack, ( 'ounty Galway. 
 
 22. William Wahh,'*^ Headford, County Galway. 
 
 23. Richard Ff)ley, aged 15, Cork, shot dead by military while playing in the 
 
 street with another l)oy of 15, who was also wounded. The troops opened 
 fire without warning. 
 
 26. James Devaney, chemist, Kilruhane, County Tipperary, shot dead without 
 
 warnine: by police as he was leaving a friend's house with two comrades. 
 
 27. Michael GaiVey. Belfast, shot dead by police who entered his lodgings 
 
 during the night. 
 
 27. Francis O'Meara. Laffanbridge, County Tipperary, shot wliile in the 
 
 custody of police who had previously battered in his head with rifle butts. 
 
 28. William Egerton, Marmion, Lismore, County Waterford, shot dead while 
 
 walking to his home by constabulary who opened fire on him without 
 
 warning. 
 28. Thomas R. Blake, Limerick city, held up by English forces and shot out 
 
 of hand. 
 31. Denis Bennett, '^ aged 17, j\IalIow, railway man. 
 31. D. O'MuUane.i' Mallow, railway man. 
 31. Patrick Devitt,^" MalloM', railway man. 
 Feb. 2. Robert Dixon, aged 56, Milltown, Coiinty Wicklow, an English justice of 
 
 the peace, shot dead in his house by police who came to loot his house. 
 
 3. Michael Farelly. aged 70, Ballinalee. County Longford, shot dead in his 
 
 home by auxiliary police. His home and farm produce were then burned 
 to the ground. 
 
 4. Patrick Crowley, Kilbrittain, County Cork, shot dead by police for refusing 
 
 to assist in the destruction of his father's shop. 
 
 4. John Galvin. hotel proprietor, Listowel, County Kerry, an elderly man, 
 
 dropped dead after being compelled by police to repair roads. 
 
 5. Daniel Moloney, aged 65, Lislevane. County Cork, shot dead by English 
 
 forces as he was passing tlirough a district where raids and arrests were 
 being carried out. 
 
 6. Patrick O'Sullivan, aged 17, Broad Lane, Cork, shot dead by police who 
 
 opened fire on pedestrians in the streets. 
 
 7. Robert Browne, Ballymacelligot, County Kerry, shot dead when endeav- 
 
 oring to escape from English forces who had burned his house some time 
 previous. 
 
 7. William F'itzgerald, aged 4, upper liffey Street, Dublin, shot dead by 
 military who fired indiscriminately in a Dublin street. 
 
 7. Michael J. Kelleher, aged 14, Knocknagree, County Cork, who while play- 
 ing with other boys of his own age, ran away on the approach of military 
 lorries and was shot dead. Two other boys , aged 8 and 11 years, were 
 wounded. 
 
 9. Aid. Thomas Halpin,^^ Drogheda, County Louth. 
 
 9. John Moran,^* Drogheda, County Louth. 
 
 9. Patrick Kennedy, '^ aged 18, Corporation Buildings, Dublin. 
 
 9. James Murphy,'^ Killarney Street, Dublin. 
 11. Daniel Mahony, aged 17, Clondrohid, County Cork, shot dead for failing 
 
 to halt when called upon by police. 
 14. James Coffey,^" aged 19, Bandon, County Cork. ' 
 
 14. Timothy Coffey,^" aged 22, Bandon, County Cork. 
 
 15. Denis Quinlan, aged 50, Hollyford, County Tipperary, shot dead by police, 
 
 who fired upon worshippers lea\'ing a church. 
 20. John Geoghegan, Rural Councillor. Ogolle, Moycullen, County Galway, 
 
 taken from his bed and shot dead b}'- auxiliary police. 
 20. Cecil Donovan, 21 aged 18, Blackwater, County Limerick. 
 
 16 Taken from their homes and shot dead by police. 
 
 17 Shot dead by English forces while engaged at their work at Mallow railway station. 
 
 18 Taken from their homes at midnight by auxiUary poUce and shot dead. 
 
 1' Arrested by EngUsh forces and brought to Dublin Castle, subsequently handed over to a police escort 
 to be left at their homes. Instead of bringing them to their homes the escort brought them to an empty 
 loot in Drumcondra and murdered them. 
 
 20 Taken from their father's home at 2 a. m. and shot dead by nolice. 
 
 21 Failing to obey an order to halt by English forces were firod upon and shot dead. 
 
30 THE STRUGGLE OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 
 
 1921. 
 Feb. 20. Aidan Donovan. ^^ aged 14, Blackwater, County Limerick. 
 
 20. Robert McElligott, Listowel, County Kerry, failed to respond to a call to 
 
 halt and was shot dead by English forces near Tralee, County Kerry. 
 22. Mary Harley, aged 26, Mountcharles, Coimty Donegal, found shot dead in 
 
 her uncle's yard after English forces had burned and wrecked many 
 
 houses in the town. 
 27. James Taylor, Glencor, Killorglin. County Kerry, shot dead by English 
 
 forces on making a dash for liberty after being arrested. 
 27. .Joseph Stapleton, Borrisoleigh, County Tipperary, died from wounds 
 
 received without provocation during a raid on his house by English forces. 
 27. William Kelly, Kickham Street, Thurles, County Tipperary. with a num- 
 ber of other youths ran on the approach of English forces and Avas shot 
 
 dead. 
 27. John Conlon, Lissycasey, County Clare, shot dead by English forces as he 
 
 was leaving church after mass. 
 
 27. P. Cronin, aged 18, Dingle district. County Kerry, deliberately shot dead 
 
 by military, who fired at him as he was assisting a friend to launch a boat. 
 
 28. Michael Heeney, Malinbeg, Glen Columbkille, County Donegal, shot dead 
 
 near his own house by military, who came to raid his house. 
 
 OFFICIAL MILITARY MURDERS. 
 
 During tliis period also the British Government, whose authority has been re- 
 pudiated by the people of Ireland, and which maintains its forc-es as an alien invading 
 army on "active service" on Irish soil, condemned to death and executed, in defiance 
 of the rules of civilized warfare, the following Irishmen for the ''crime" of levying 
 war against the British forces Avhich seek to destroy the national independence of their 
 country or for that of being in possession of firearms with which they might defend 
 the right of their coimtry to that national independence: 
 
 1920. 
 Nov. 1. Kevin Barry, aged 18, medical student, Dublin. Hanged in Mountjoy 
 jail. He was one of seven members of the Irish republican army armed 
 with revolvers, who attacked eight English soldiers warmed with rifles; 
 one of these soldiers was killed in the encounter and Kevin Barry was 
 hanged for "murder." 
 1921. 
 Feb. 1. Cornelius Murphy, Rathmore, County Kerry, shot in Cork jail for being in 
 possession of firearms. 
 28. John Allen, Bank Place, Tipperary, shot in Cork jail for being in possession- 
 
 of firearms. 
 28. Daniel O'Callaghan,^^ Dripsey, County Cork. 
 28. Thomas O'Brien, ^^ Dripsey, County Cork. 
 28. John Lyons, Aghabullogue, County Cork. 
 28. Timothy McCarthv,22 Fornaught, County Cork. 
 28. Patrick O'Mahony,^^ Berrings, County Cork. 
 
 Appendix E. 
 
 copy of leiter from president de valera to each member of the coalition in 
 the english house of common's, on february 12,1921. 
 
 To- , M. p., 
 
 House of Commons, London: 
 
 Lest on a plea of ignorance you should disclaim responsibility for what is being 
 done here in your name, speaking for the elected representatives of the people of 
 Ireland. I now bring directly to your notice the following facts: 
 
 The troops in Ireland employecl by your Government are not only waging an unjust 
 war upon our people, but are carrying on that war in a manner contrary to all rules of 
 ciA-ilized warfare. In defiance of these rules your forces are guilty of: 
 
 1. The torturing of prisoners. 
 
 2. The assassination of men and boys in their homes, on the streets, and in prison^ 
 
 21 Failing to obey an order to halt by English forces were fired upon and shot dead. 
 
 22 Shot in Cork jail for levying war against the British forces. 
 
THE STRUGGLE OF THE lEISH PEOPLE. 31 
 
 3. The murdering of women, of cliildreu, and of clergymen. 
 
 4. The outraging of women and girls. 
 
 5. The flogging and maltreatment of groiips of civilians taken in the villages and 
 countryside.s. 
 
 6. The issuing and enforcing of " crawUng " and siich like humiliating and degrading 
 orders. 
 
 7. The taking of men from their work and forcing them to do military duty, or work 
 at military labor as slave gangs. 
 
 8. The burning and looting of factories, creameries, shops, and dwelling houses, thtj 
 destruction of farmsteads and farm produce, and the killing and maiming of live stock. 
 
 In order to help you realize the situation, it is necessary to restate this fact; 
 
 The Irish people are a free people. They acknowledge no right to dominion over 
 them on tlie part of the British executive, the British legislature, or the British people. 
 They are engaged in a lawful effort to defend a sacred right which you are invading. 
 Abandoning justice and reason, the only ground on which it is possible for civilized 
 peoples to come to an understanding, you are seeking to crush that lawful effort by a 
 blind barbaric violence. 
 
 Although you have put your troops on "active service" in Ireland, although you 
 have sought to justify many of the \Tle deeds committed as "acts of war," and although 
 you are armed with the most deadly modern machinery of war and i)rotected by every 
 means known to technical skill, you now seek to purchase immunity from defensive 
 action on our part by making the possession of firearms an offense for which Irishmen 
 may, if arrested, be shot, and for which one has been shot;^^ and by carrying Irish 
 citizens as "hostages" in your military expeditions against our people. The orders 
 to your troops are to shoot these hostages should the unit with which they are traveling 
 be attacked. Already, under the specious pretense that they were trying to escape, 
 many Irish prisoners have been brutally murdered by your troops. Now, representa- 
 tive Irish citizens are to be murdered similarly on the ground, pretended or true, that 
 the party with which they are moving is attacked . 
 
 These things are done because it is your will they should be done. If you willed 
 otherwise, they would cease. 
 
 It is you and not your troops who are primarily responsible. 
 
 Eamon de Valera. 
 
 February 12, 1921. 
 
 " Several other Irishmen have been shot for the possession of firearms since this letter was written. 
 
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