r 
 
0ass 
 Book 
 
 COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 REVISED EDIXIOlSr. 
 
 BY 
 
 JAS. wood' DAVIDSON, A. M. 
 
 
 W. J. DUFFIE, 
 
 COLUMBIA, S. C. 
 
 ^^^ ■. 
 

 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by 
 
 DUFFIE & CHAPMAN, 
 
 In the Clerk' s Office of the District Court of the United States 
 
 for tlie District of South Carolina, 
 
 COPYHTGHT, 1894, 
 BY 
 
 W. J. DUFFIE. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 In preparing this little School History 
 of South Carolina the Author has enjoyed 
 the usual assistance of those who have pre- 
 viously written on the same subject; and 
 has suffered the usual perplexities of con- 
 fused and conflicting authorities and inac- 
 curacies. 
 
 The usual authorities are Rivers, Ram- 
 say, Simms, Hewit, Logan, Carroll, John- 
 son, Moultrie, Glenn, Drayton, Archdale 
 Laudonniere, Hilton, Adair, Lawson, Dq 
 Laet, Grahame, Oldmixon, Holmes, Wecms, 
 Bancroft, and Tarleton ; besides a score of 
 others. The State-Paper Office in Lon- 
 don, too, is full of materials not yet tho- 
 roughly digested. 
 
 Besides this the Author has little to 
 say. His aim has been to give in plain 
 
IV INTRODUCTION. 
 
 language an account of such points in this 
 history as a school-boy may understand, 
 the quantity being regulated by the ne- 
 cessarily-limited space of such a volume. 
 
 In the portion that is subsequent to ail 
 the written histories — from 1859 to 1869 
 — the effort has been to present the events 
 of this eventful decade of years in narra 
 tive as little as possible t'nged with sec- 
 tional feelings — to state mere facts, free 
 from all argument and comment. 
 
 The Publishers desire to acknowledge 
 their obligation to Lossing's Field-Booh oj 
 the RevolvMon^ published by Harper and 
 Brothers, New York, for several of the 
 illustrations of the Revolutionary Period- 
 
^ (Barig fimen. ^* 
 
 - 1. - 
 
 When the white people first came from 
 Europe to America, they found Indians 
 living all over this country. It was then 
 thought that these Indians were the first 
 people that had ever lived here ; but we 
 now know that there had been some more 
 civilized, and probably whiter, people here 
 before the Indians. We know that such 
 people had been here before the Indians 
 by the ruins of foi'ts, and walls, and 
 towns, that they left; and some skulls 
 that are not Indian skulls. The Indians 
 
HISTORY OF 
 
 who were here when the whites came, 
 more than three hundred years ago, never 
 built forts, and walls, and towns, like the 
 ruins that the white people have found 
 in America. There are none of these 
 ruins in South Carolina; but in the west 
 — along the Mississippi river — there are 
 a great many of them. 
 
 -2.- 
 
 These Indians that our forefathers 
 found in South Carolina were savages — 
 rude, wild fellows, who had no books, 
 churches, cities, or laws ; fellows who did 
 very little else than fight, hunt and steal ; 
 and who wore very few clothes, and such 
 
 1. Whom did the white people find living in America 
 when they first came ? How do we know that there were 
 others here hefore the Indians ? Are there any of these 
 ruins in South Carolina ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 7 
 
 as they had were made of the skins ol 
 wild animals. They lived in huts or 
 cabins, called wigwams ; and generally a 
 whole tribe lived at one place. The wig- 
 wams were like this : 
 
 
 The collected wigwams of a tribe were 
 called a town; but their towns had no 
 regular streets, and were only a large 
 
8 HISTORY OF 
 
 number— sometimes several hundreds — 
 of poor huts, shaped as you see, like a 
 tent, all standing close together, near 
 some river or creek, and where there were 
 springs close by to get water from. When- 
 ever a tribe would get tired of one place 
 they would move their town to another 
 place ; and in this way they seldom 
 stayed many years without moving their 
 town. 
 
 -3.- 
 
 There were three great nations of In- 
 dians that lived in South Carolina — Cher- 
 o-kees', Ca-taw'-bas, and Mus-co'-gees. 
 The Muscogees are sometimes called 
 Creeks. 
 
 3. What kind of people were the Indians? What are sav- 
 ages ? How did they live ? What sort of houses ? What 
 is a town ? What kind of place did they make towns in ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 9 
 
 The Cherokees lived in the northwest 
 part of the State, upon the Sa-van'-nah 
 river; the Catawbas, in the north, and 
 the Muscogees, in the south. 
 
 These three nations were made up of 
 as many as thirty-seven different tribes; 
 but these tribes were so much mixed, and 
 moved so often, that it is now impossible 
 to say how they were arranged. Some- 
 times a tribe would die out ; or two tribes 
 join together and make one ; or a large 
 tribe separate into two or more smaller 
 ones. 
 
 -4.- 
 
 We have a great many of the names of 
 these tribes now used as the names of 
 
 3. What were the three great nations in S. C. ? Where 
 did the Cherokees live ? The Catawbas ? The Muscogees ? 
 How many tribes ? 
 
10 HISTORY OF 
 
 rivers ; and in this way we know where 
 the different tribes lived at some time. 
 The tribes often moved up or down the 
 stream that bears their name. The follow- 
 ing rivers take their names from Indian 
 tribes : — Savannah, Coo'-saw, Com'-ba-hee, 
 [cu7n/-hee], Ed'-is-to, Sto'-no, Sa-lu'-da, Cong- 
 a-ree', San-tee', Ca-taw'-ba, Wa-ter-ee', Pe- 
 dee', Wac-ca-maw', Oo-lo-noi', and En-no- 
 ree'. Besides these there are a great 
 many smaller streams that bear the names 
 of smaller tribes; or individuals, or towns. 
 
 - 5.- 
 
 The Indians were all savages, and all 
 were rude and coarse fellows ; but they 
 were not all alike. Of the thirty seven 
 tribes that lived in the limits of South 
 
 4. What riverB still keep the names of Indian tribes ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 11 
 
 Carolina, some were far better than others; 
 and some were far more intelligent than 
 others. Some of the Muscogee tribes 
 were said to be honest, industrious, sober 
 and sensible ; but the Waterees were lazy, 
 thieving, worthless rascals, who, it has 
 been said, would steal with their feet if 
 you watched their hands. The Conga- 
 rees, who lived where Columbia now is, 
 were more filthy and idle than all the 
 rest ; and when the small-pox got among 
 them they soon all died out. Whenever 
 one of them found that he had taken the 
 small-pox, he would heat himself in a large 
 oven, and then plunge into the river. 
 This treatment generally killed the patient 
 in a few days. The whole tribe of Conga- 
 rees thus died out. 
 
 5. WTiat kind of Indians were tlie Muscogees ? The W» 
 lerees ? The Congarees ? How did they treat small-pox ? 
 
12 HISTOEr OF 
 
 -6.- 
 
 The Wax-saws — a tribe of the Cataw- 
 bas — used to flatten the heads of their 
 boys, because they believed that it made 
 them better hunters. The Ya-mas-sees' , 
 who lived near the mouth of the Savan- 
 nah river, had their great town on the 
 Coo-saw-hatch'-ie rivei', — where the little 
 town of that name was afterwards built. 
 These Yamassees were perhaps the noblest 
 of the Carolina Muscogees. They were 
 certainly very brave, and had some show 
 of generosity. The Cherokees were the 
 most intelligent, perhaps, of all. Later, 
 after the whites brought books and civil- 
 ization among them, a young man of the 
 Cherokees — named Se-quo'-yah — invented 
 an alphabet of his language. 
 
 6. What Indians flattened the heads of tlieir boys? Why? 
 What was the p-eat town of the Yamassees? What of 
 these Indians ? What of the Cherokees ? Who invented 
 an alphabet? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 13 
 
 - 7.- 
 
 The greatest man in each tribe was 
 considered the chief of that tribe; and 
 these were sometimes called kings, but 
 they had no power except tb call togeth- 
 er the elders and warriors of the tribe, 
 whenever a council of war was needed. 
 The warriors were called braves. 
 
 The men got their meat by killing deers, 
 elks, buffaloes, turkeys, and other game ; 
 and the women raised corn — sometimes 
 called maize — and beans. These formed 
 their principal articles of food ; meat 
 roasted being the main thing, with which 
 they usually ate some bread, or hominy, 
 or beans. They roasted meat by putting 
 it close to the fire 
 
 7. Who was chosen chief the tribes? What power did they 
 have 5 How did they get meat ? WTiat did the women 
 do t What did Indians usually eat ? 
 
14 HISTORY OF 
 
 Before the whites came here, all the In- 
 dian axes, hatchets, arrow-heads, and that 
 kind of thing, were made out of flint 
 stones ; for tliey had no iron oi any other 
 metal. 
 
 For music they had two instruments ; 
 one was a kind of drum, and the other a 
 gourd with loose corn in it ; and they sang 
 songs. 
 
 The only money they had was called 
 wam-pum^ which was nothing but shells. 
 
 They had no laws and no courts; and 
 when one Indian killed another, the near- 
 est relative of the murdered one was ex- 
 pected to kill the murderer, and if he did 
 not do so he was considered disgraced. 
 Their's was the old Jewish law of an eye 
 for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, and a life 
 for a life. 
 
 They had no churches, and very little 
 religion; and tht-y expected when they 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 15 
 
 died to live on in the spirit-land, hunting, 
 fishing, and fighting, very much as they 
 did iu this life. 
 
 -9.- 
 
 In those old Indian times the country 
 looked difi*erent from what it does now. 
 There was no cleared land, except one 
 large field near each town, where the wo- 
 men raised their corn. All over the coun- 
 try, especially in the upper part of the 
 State, were herds of buffaloes and elks; 
 and* deer of many kinds ran wild in the 
 woods. There were immense cane-brakes 
 along most of the rivers and creeks, some- 
 times hundreds of miles long ; and in these 
 
 8. What tools did the Indians make of stone ? What kind 
 of music did they have? Money? Law and Courts? 
 Religion ? 
 
16 HISTORY OF 
 
 thickets the large wild animals mostly liv- 
 ed. In some places, also, were prairies 
 — places without trees, where the land was 
 covered with grass — such as are now in 
 Texas and in the south-west generally. 
 
 - 10, 
 
 The woodlands in the middle of the 
 State — Fairfield, Newberry and Lexington, 
 especially — in those old times, were all 
 covered with grass ; even under the thick 
 trees. In many places the wild pea-vine 
 grew as high as a horse's back; and* the 
 blossoms were very plentiful. This pea 
 was rather a stalk than a vine. It has 
 utterly disappeared from the country; 
 and so has the rich and abundant high 
 
 9. How did the country look ? What of the buflaloes and 
 elks ? Canebrakes ? Praln«»« ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 17 
 
 grass that used to carpet those wild 
 woods. , 
 
 -11.- 
 
 Columbus discovered America in the 
 year 1492 — nearly four hundred years 
 ago ; — but it was not settled by white peo- 
 ple until more than a hundred years after 
 its discovery. 
 
 At first the whole southern country was 
 considered as one place ; and this whole 
 region had several names. It was first 
 called Flor'-i-da, — which means blooming^ 
 — ^by the Spaniards. The French called 
 it generally by the same name ; but some- 
 times they called it New France. The 
 English at first called it Southern Virginia ; 
 but afterwards they named it Car-o-li'-na, 
 after their king Charles — in Latin Gar'-O' 
 
 10. What is said of the pea-vine ? 
 
 2* 
 
18 HISTORY OF 
 
 lus. These three nations — English, Span- 
 iards, and French — all claimed this south- 
 ern country as their own ; but at last the 
 English got most of it to themselves. 
 
 -12.- 
 
 The English claimed this beautiful south- 
 ern country because John CaV-ot — a dis- 
 coverer sent over to America by King 
 Henry the Seventh of England, in 1497 — 
 had visited it. 
 
 11. Who discovered America ? VHien ? What did tlie 
 Spaniards call this Southern country ? The French 1 The 
 English ? Why was it called Carolina 1 
 
 12. Why did the English claim tlus southern countijr t 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 19 
 
 -13.- 
 
 The Spaniards claimed it because Pouce 
 de Leon, \pdn^-tlid-dd-ld-dn\~\ in 1512, came 
 from Spain to Florida, and named it. 
 
 Eight years after this, Velasquez de 
 Ayllon, [yd^ldthf -hdth-dd-ail-ydn\'\ a Span- 
 iard, came over in two ships to South 
 Carolina. He ascended the Combahee 
 river; and treated the Indians kindly, un- 
 til they went aboard his ships to see all 
 the strange things there. Then, when 
 there were a great crowd of them on 
 board, he suddenly sailed away. He took 
 the poor savages to St. Do-min'-go, and 
 there sold them as slaves. Several other 
 Spaniards came over to Florida; but it 
 was many years before any of them ever 
 lived there. 
 
 13. Why did the Spaniards claim this country ? What, 
 did Ponce de Leon do ? What did Velasquez de Ayllon do ? 
 What river did he ascend ? What trick did he practice on 
 the poor Indians ? 
 
20 HISTORY OP 
 
 --14.- 
 
 The French claimed it because Veraz- 
 zani, [ve-rad-za^-nee,^ in 1523, was sent over 
 to the northern part of this southern coun- 
 try, by Francis the First of France ; but 
 he only looked at the country. 
 
 - 15. - 
 
 The first attempt to live in the part of 
 this southern country now known as South 
 Carolina — the Indians called it Chi-coMa 
 — ^was made by the French at Port Royal. 
 That was in the year 1562. These French 
 peopl , all men, were under the command 
 of Kibault, [ree-hd\'] a Frenchman. They 
 built a fort named Fort Charles, to protect 
 
 14. Why did the French claim this country t What did 
 Verazzani do ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 21 
 
 them against the Indians. This fort was 
 on Paris Island — in Port Royal harbour — 
 and Ribault went back to France, and left 
 Captain Albert, [^al-bare^^ with twenty-six 
 men in the fort. 
 
 -16.- 
 
 Captain Albert got on very well with 
 the Indians. There were several chiefs of 
 the neighboring tribes that were very kind 
 to the French. Of these the most noted 
 were Au-dus^-ta, Cou-ex'-is, and Oua-de. 
 These chiefs — they called them kings 
 sometimes — traded with the French ; 
 brought them corn, beans, and dried 
 meats ; and took as pay whatever the 
 French had to spare — knives, beads, hatch- 
 
 is. Who made tlie first attempt to live iu Carolina ? 
 Where? What did the Indians call Carolina ? What did 
 Ribault do ? Where was Fort Charles ? 
 
22 HISTORY OF 
 
 ets, and such things. Captain Albert be- 
 came harsh and cruel to his own men, so 
 that they joined against him and finally 
 killed him. 
 
 After some months of this sort of life 
 the French got tired of it — got home-sick 
 — and determined to go back to France. 
 At last they made a little ship and started 
 across the Atlantic Ocean. When they 
 got about half way, a calm came on and 
 left them there until their food gave out. 
 They had to eat one of themselves or per- 
 ish. They drew lots and the lot fell on a 
 man named La Chere, \lars]iare\l^ who was 
 eaten by his companions. Soon they 
 were taken up by an English vessel and 
 sent to their homes. 
 
 16. What of Captain Albert ? Who were the three friendly 
 chiefs? What did the colonists get from the Indians? 
 What did they give in return ? What became of this col- 
 ony t How did they get oflf ? What happened at sea ? 
 
^,,*taY «0,,, 
 
 i:^ 
 
 -17.- 
 
 After this it was more than a hundred 
 years — in 1670 — before another settle- 
 ment was made in South Carolina. This 
 was made by the English ; and they did 
 not go away, as the French had done. 
 
 It came about in this way : Eight Eng- 
 lish noblemen got a charter from Charles 
 the Second, King of England, for an im- 
 mense tract of land — more than North 
 Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia all 
 together. These noblemen were, the Earl 
 of Clarendon, the Duke of Albemarle, 
 Lord Craven, Lord Berkeley, Lord Ashley, 
 
24 HISTORY OF 
 
 Sir George Carteret, Sir William Berkeley, 
 and Sir John Colleton. 
 
 Every one of these noblemen is still re- 
 membered in the name of some place in 
 this State. 
 
 -18.- 
 
 These eight noblemen were called the 
 Lords Proprietors of the colony they 
 founded in America. They pretended to 
 wish to convert the Indians into Christ- 
 ians ; but their real object was no doubt 
 to make money. They obtained their 
 Charter in 1663 — seven years before they 
 made the actual settlement. They did 
 not mean to come to settle in America 
 
 17. When did tlie English make their first settlement? 
 To what noblemen did King Charles give a charter for 
 this southern country ? How do we yet have the names of 
 these men preserved ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 25 
 
 fchomselves ; but they got people to come 
 over and settle the country, who were to 
 pay them money for the lands. The sys- 
 tem of laws that they made for the Col- 
 ony of Carolina was called the Proprietary 
 Government. This government lasted 
 fi'om the first settlement in 1670 until 
 1719, which was 49 years. 
 
 -19.- 
 
 The Lords Proprietors got Colonel 
 William Sayle [^aZe] to come with several 
 ships and a large number of men. These 
 landed first at Port Royal, in March 1670 ; 
 but as that place did not suit them, they 
 
 18- What were these eight noblemen together called ? 
 What did they pretend to wish about the Indians ? What 
 did they really wish to do ? What was the government 
 established by them called? When was it formed ? How 
 long did it remain in force ? 
 3 
 
26 HISTORY OF 
 
 moved, in April, to a place near where 
 Charleston now is. It was on the western 
 bank of the Ashley river, two or three 
 miles above where the battery now is. 
 The Indians called the Ashley river the 
 Ke-a-waw''. At the place where they 
 stopped they built a fort and a good 
 many houses ; and the next year they 
 named the place Charles Town. 
 
 They remained there ten years. 
 
 The Spaniards, who lived then in Flor- 
 ida, sent a force, during the first year of 
 this settlement, to destroy it. They came 
 as far as Sto'-no inlet ; but found the Eng- 
 lish stronger than they expected, and so 
 gave it up and went back to Florida. 
 
 19. Who brouglit over the first large colony of men to 
 Carolina? Where did they land? When? Why did 
 they move ? To what place ? When ? What is the In- 
 dian name of the Ashley river? What did the settlers 
 name their town ? How long did they stay at that place ? 
 What did the Spaniards do? How far did they come? 
 Why did they go back ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 27 
 
 -20.- 
 
 During this period — from 1670 till 
 1680- — their numbers increased greatly. 
 More came from England than anywhere 
 else ; but there came some from Bar-ba'- 
 does — one of the West India islands, 
 where there was an English colony — some 
 from North Carolina, where earlier colo- 
 nies had settled at Cho-wan' and Cape 
 Fear ; some from Virginia, where there 
 was a very successful settlement upon the 
 James river; and a few came from the 
 north. 
 
 Colonel Sayle, who was made governor, 
 was in very feeble health, and died 
 about the end of the first year. 
 
 JA 
 
 80. During the first ten years what increase had they? 
 Where did the immigrants come from ? What other colo- 
 nies are mentioned? What is said of Governor Sayle? 
 When did he die ? 
 
28 HISTORY OF 
 
 -21 - 
 
 Upon tlie deatli of Governor Sayle — 
 early in 1671 — the Grand Council, which 
 was made up of five of the best citizens, 
 elected Colonel Joseph West to be gov- 
 ernor. 
 
 During the summer of this year our 
 settlers had their first war with the In- 
 dians. The K us-soe Indians lived near 
 Charles Town, and became very trouble- 
 some to the settlers, by stealing eveiy- 
 thing — hogs, cattle, turkeys, corn, fruits, 
 and whatever was in any way exposed— 
 from the farms. Two or three persons, 
 away from the settlement in the woods, 
 were murdered by these Kussoes. 
 
 21. Who was next governor? What occurred daring 
 the first summer? What Indians provoked the war? 
 How? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 29 
 
 -22, - 
 
 After they had stood this kind of an- 
 noyance as long as they could, the colo- 
 nists declared war against the Kussoes. 
 This was in September. A company was 
 formed in Charles Town ; and they march- 
 ed into the Indian country and captured 
 a great many prisoners. They threatened 
 to send these prisoners away to the West 
 Indies and sell them into slavery there, 
 if the Kussoes would not pay ransoms for 
 them and stop troubling the farmers. 
 The savages accepted the terms; paid 
 the ransoms ; and took back their relatives 
 and friends But it was not many months 
 before they were stealing and shooting 
 again. 
 
 22. What did tlie whites at last do? How did they 
 make the Kussoes behave ? Did the Indians stand to their 
 promises ? 
 
 / 
 
30 HISTORY OP 
 
 - 23.- 
 
 The colony were getting on very well 
 with the governor whom they had chosen 
 — Governor West ; but the Lords Pro- 
 prietors in England appointed Sir John 
 Yea-mans governor, and sent him from 
 Barbadoes, where he was living, to Charles 
 Town. In April, 1672, he was proclaim- 
 ed governor ; and Colonel West became 
 superintendent under him. 
 
 The new governor had been a planter 
 in Barbadoes ; and brought with him to 
 Carolina a number of slaves, for the pur- 
 pose of cultivating an extensive farm 
 which he got upon the Ashley river. 
 These were the first negro slaves ever in 
 Carolina. 
 
 23. How was tlie colony getting on witli Governor West ? 
 Whom did the Lords Proprietors appoint in West's place ? 
 When was Yeamans proclaimed governor? Who first 
 brought negro slaves to South Carolina ? When wis that 1 
 Where were they brought from ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 31 
 
 -24, - 
 
 Governor Yeamans was very unpopu- 
 lar with the Carolinians ; because he treat- 
 ed them harshly ; taxed them heavily ; 
 sent away in his trading ships the pro- 
 visions that were needed in the colony, 
 because prices were higher in the .West 
 Indies ; and pursued the business of trade, 
 often to the detriment of his own people, 
 trying in every possible way to make a 
 fortune for himself. He continued to be 
 governor for two years, when the Lords 
 Proprietors in England appointed Colonel 
 West again. This was in May, 1674. 
 
 24 What kind of governor did Yeamans make ? What 
 did he do to the people? What was his main ( bject ? Who 
 was appointed in his place ? When ? 
 
32 HISTOKY OP 
 
 -25. - 
 
 During this year — 1674 — the Carolina 
 province was laid off into four counties, 
 called Berkeley, Colleton, Craven, and Car- 
 teret. The first election in this province 
 for representatives by the people was 
 held the same year. There were freemen 
 enough in only two of the counties — 
 Berkeley and Colleton — to hold elections; 
 so that they were not held in the other 
 two counties until some years later. 
 
 -26- 
 
 In the year 1680 the town was moved 
 from the place where it had been for ten 
 
 25. When was the Carolina province laid off? Into how 
 many counties? What are their names ? In which coun- 
 ties were elections held ? Why not in all ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 33 
 
 years — on the west bank of the Ashley — 
 down to Oyster point, on Coop-er river, 
 near the confluence of the two rivers. 
 The Indian name for Cooper river was the 
 Wan-do. At first the town was called 
 Oyster Point Town, and some called it 
 New Charles Town ; and so it gradually 
 got the name of Charles Town ; and the 
 old place up the river ceased to be spo- 
 ken of as town at all. The new town 
 kept the name for more than a hundred 
 years — until 1782 — when it was changed 
 to its present name of Charleston. 
 
 -27.- 
 
 In 1682 Governor West became unpop- 
 
 26. When was the town moved ? To what place V What 
 did the Indians call the Cooper river ? What was the new 
 town called ? How long did it keep the name of Charles 
 Town ? What is its Dresent name ? 
 
34 HISTORY OF 
 
 ular with a part of the colony, although 
 he was an earnest and good man and an effi- 
 cient governor. Those who disliked him 
 succeeded in getting Governor Morton 
 put in his place. The reason that Gov- 
 ernor Moi-ton v\^as so popular was his 
 wealth, and the fact that if appointed he 
 would bring over ^ve hundred emigrants 
 with him. This secured his appointment. 
 
 But very soon Colonel West was a third 
 time put back into the office of governor. 
 
 After this term an Irishman named 
 Kyrle was appointed governor. 
 
 Then the traders of the colony succeed- 
 ed in getting Governor Quarry appoint- 
 ed, who was so favourable to free trade 
 and commerce that some said he encour- 
 aged the pirates with whom the sea 
 swarmed in those times. 
 
 Then Governor West, a fourth time. 
 
 Then Governor Morton, whom the peo- 
 ple hated. 
 
 27. Who was the governor after West? When? Whj 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 35 
 
 - 2 8 .- 
 
 lu 1683 there was another settlement 
 tried at Port Uoyal by Lord Card-ross 
 with about ten families of Scotch people. 
 They founded Stuart's Town, where they 
 lived three years. But they did not get 
 on well with the larger and older colony 
 at Charles Town, and there was constant 
 quarrelling. Lord Cardross claimed to 
 have equal power with Governor Moi'ton, 
 which the Charles Town colony would 
 not allow ; and the Grand Council had 
 him arrested and summoned him to ap- 
 pear before it to answer for claiming too 
 much authority. This unhappy little col- 
 ony of Scots at Port Royal was finally 
 broken up by the Indians and Spaniards, 
 who butchered and whipped as many of 
 iem as they could catch ; while the few 
 
 was Morton appointed governor ? Who was next gover 
 nor 7 Who was governor after West the third time ? Who 
 after Quarry ? Who after West the fourth time ? 
 
36 HISTORY OF 
 
 that escaped joined the colony at Charlea 
 Town. Among these settlers were the 
 Hamiltons, the Montgonieries and the 
 Dunlops. 
 
 -29. 
 
 This destruction of the Scots at Port 
 Royal took place in 1686. It was the 
 finishing part of the great Spanish inva- 
 sion of Carolina that was directed mainly 
 against Charles Town. The Spaniards 
 came from Florida with three ships full 
 of soldiers — Spaniards, Indians and Ne- 
 groes — and landed at Edisto. 
 
 Governor Morton, who had been ap- 
 
 28. When did the Scotch colony under Cardross come to 
 Port Royal? How many families? What did Cardrosa 
 claim ? What became of thia Scotch colony at last ? What 
 are some of the names of these Scotch? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. Sv 
 
 pointed the year before — 1685 — to suc- 
 ceed Governor West, prepared to meet 
 them. While the English were getting 
 ready, the Spaniards ]'ohbed the houses 
 and plantations of Governor Morton and 
 others, near Edisto, of all their valuables. 
 They took plate and other j)roperty to 
 the value of fifteen thousand dollars; 
 and carried ojff large numbers of negro 
 slaves. 
 
 Again they found the English stronger 
 than they expected; and rather than risk 
 a fight, they hastened back to Florida. 
 It was on their way back that they de- 
 stroyed the Scots of Stuart's town at Port 
 
 29. When was the Scotch settlement destroyed ? Who 
 did it ? What had the Spaniards come for ? Who was 
 governor at that time ? What did the Spaniards do on 
 Edisto island ? Why did they hasten back to Florida ? 
 
 4 
 
38 HISTORY OF 
 
 -30.- 
 
 When Governor Morton found that the 
 Spaniards had gone back to Florida, he 
 fitted out two ships with four hundred 
 men to invade Florida and chastise the 
 insolent Spaniards, who had made two in- 
 vasions of Carolina. 
 
 This was in the winter of 1686. Just 
 as the ships were ready to sail, the expedi- 
 tion was stopped by the arrival of James 
 Colleton, who had been appointed, com- 
 missioned, and sent by the Lords Pro- 
 prietors to be governor of the Carolina 
 province. 
 
 -31.- 
 
 Governor Colleton took the part of the 
 
 30. When Governor Morton found that the Spaniara 
 had gone back to Florida what did he do ? Who arrived 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 39 
 
 Lords Proprietors against the people ; and 
 there was a great deal of wrangling be- 
 tween tbe people and the governor, in 
 various ways, for several years. Govern 
 or Colleton was very harsh and disagree- 
 able to the people ; and was in favour of 
 making them pay heavy taxes and not 
 letting them take much part in making 
 their laws. At one time, when the peo- 
 ple had become very obstinate, he declar- 
 ed martial law all over the colony, al- 
 though there was no fear of any invasion. 
 He did this to worry the people into 
 doing what he wanted them to do. He 
 tried to prevent their trading with the 
 Indians also. At last — in 1690 — the 
 people banished their governor. 
 
 in time to prevent the ships from going ? Who was the 
 new governor ? 
 
 31. W^hose part did Governor Colleton take? What 
 kind of man was he ? How did he get on with the people ? 
 What did he wish to do ? What did he do to worry the 
 people ? When did they get rid of him ? 
 
40 HISTORY OP 
 
 -3 2.- 
 
 While this wrangling between Gov- 
 ernor Colleton and the people was going 
 on, one Seth Sothel came from North 
 Carolina to this colony, and claimed to 
 be above Governor Colleton, because he 
 was a Lord Proprietor, having bought the 
 share of the Earl of Clarendon. In this 
 he was partly right ; and as the people 
 wanted somebody else than they had, 
 they took his part and banished Colleton, 
 and Sothel acted as governor for awhile. 
 But he abused his power so much worse 
 than even Colleton had done, that the 
 peoplft were very soon glad to get rid of 
 him. His main aim, like a great many 
 others in those days, was to make money 
 for himself For this purpose he seized 
 ships trading with the port of Charles 
 Town, pretending that they were pirates; 
 and would liberate them only after their 
 owners had paid him immense sums of 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 41 
 
 money. He would also let off criminals 
 convicted of crimes by the courts, if they 
 would pay him money. 
 
 The result of this course of conduct was 
 that he got rich veiy f\ist ; and the peo- 
 ple turned him out of his office. 
 
 -33. - 
 
 The Lords Proprietors next sent over 
 Philip Ludwell to be governor. He had 
 been living in the Virginia colony. 
 
 About this time — 1691 — men began to 
 call the Charles Town colony by the 
 name of South Carolina ; although it was 
 many years later than this that any regu- 
 lar division of the two Carolinas was 
 made. 
 
 o2. Wlio came in to Carolina claiming to be governor 
 over Colleton ? How did Sothel succeed as governor ♦ 
 What was his main object? How did he make money ? 
 4* 
 
42 HISTORY OF 
 
 During Governor Ludwell's term of of- 
 fice, there came from France a colony of 
 Frenchmen, called Hu'-gue-nots, who set- 
 tled in Craven County — near the middle 
 of the State. Governor Ludwell tried to 
 get these people the right to send mem- 
 bers to the legislature — then called par. 
 liament — but the English people were 
 violently opposed to this. The English 
 did not wish any body else except Eng- 
 lishmen to enjoy the same rights and 
 privileges as they did ; neither the Scotch 
 at Port Royal, nor the Swedes upon the 
 Savannah, nor the Irish in Fairfield, nor 
 the French either in Abbeville or on 
 Goose Creek, nor the Dutch at their 
 Jamestown. All these were ultimately 
 admitted to equal rights, but none at 
 first, and none without the same dogged 
 opposition by the English. The English 
 maintained for many years that marriages 
 
 83. Who succeeded Sotbel as governor ? When ? When 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 43 
 
 perfoi'med by French ministers were not 
 legal. 
 
 -34. - 
 
 In 1693, Thomas Smith became govern- 
 or — a very rich man, able and experienc- 
 ed in colonial life, having lived in the 
 colony almost from the first. But he 
 found the people hard to suit, and the 
 Lords Proprietors disposed to be severe ; 
 so that, after one year of trouble, he ask- 
 ed the Lords Proprietors to appoint some- 
 body else in his place. During Governor 
 Smith's term of office the greatest trouble 
 arose from the French settlers on Goose 
 Creek, as was the case under the preced- 
 
 did pc?ople begin to call this colony by the name of South 
 Carolina ? Who were the Huguenots ? Where did they 
 come from ? How did the English treat them ? Did the 
 English like any others to enjoy equal rights with them ? 
 
44 HISTORY OF 
 
 ing governor. A still greater number of 
 these French protestants — the Huguenots 
 — came over to Carolina in his time. 
 They were driven out of France by a 
 change in the law there called the Revoca- 
 tion of the Edict of Nantes \jiants ]. This 
 Edict, which gave some little liberty to 
 the protestants in France, had been re- 
 voked by the king — Louis [ZcwV] the 
 Fourteenth — in 1685 ; and from that time 
 for several years vast numbers of them 
 came over to Carolina to live. 
 
 - 35.- 
 
 "When Governor Smith withdrew, John 
 Archdale was sent over to be governor. 
 
 34. Who was next governor? When? What kind of 
 man was Governor Smith? What troubles arose in Gov. 
 ernor Smith's term of office? Wliat event increased the 
 number of French immigrants ? When was the Edict of 
 Nantes revoked ? By whom ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 45 
 
 He was a pious Quaker and a good man ; 
 and did more, probably, than any other 
 one man for the prosperity and peace of 
 the colony. His name is one of the few 
 that we find in those rude old times 
 against which there is no ugly charge of 
 wickedness or even weakness. He was 
 just to all alike — the English, the French, 
 the Indians, and the Negroes. But he 
 soon became tired of the place ; and next 
 year — in 1696 — he gave up his office, and 
 was succeeded by Joseph Blake, who was 
 then governor for four years. 
 
 E-ice was first grown in Carolina in 1696. 
 
 -36.- ' 
 
 At this time the colonists were rais- 
 
 35. Who was next governor ? What kind of man was 
 Aichdale ? When did he give up being governor ? Who 
 succeeded him ? 
 
46 HISTORY OF 
 
 ing rice and indigo in quantities large 
 enough to export a good deal of both. 
 They also sent off skins for leather and fur, 
 turpentine, and pickled meats. 
 
 The first year of Governor Blake's term 
 was noted for a great hurricane, which 
 swept in from the sea and drove the wa- 
 ters almost all over Charles Town. It 
 destroyed many houses, and some people 
 were drowned. Soon after, there was a 
 fire which swept almost all the houses 
 that the hurricane had left. Small pox 
 next spread pretty generally over the col- 
 ony and killed a good many ; and in 1698 
 yellow fever broke out in Charles Town. 
 
 36. What did tlie farmers raise in the colony ? What 
 else did they export ? What misfortune occurred to 
 Charles Town ? What, after the hurricane ? What, after 
 the fir 3 ? What, after the small pox ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 41 
 
 -37.- 
 
 In 1700, James Moore became governor. 
 In the old country, war was declared be- 
 tween England and Spain ; and Governor 
 Moore made an effort to take Florida 
 away from the Spaniards ; but he had made 
 up his mind to do that even before the 
 war was declared between the mother- 
 countries. The Spaniards at the same 
 time had joined with the Ap-a-la^-chee 
 Indians, for the purpose of destroying the 
 English colony of Carolina. Governoi 
 Moore fitted out a fleet, and raised 600 
 soldiers and Indians, and went, in 1702, to 
 take St . Augustine \^6'dnt-au-ffus-feen''] in 
 Florida, but was driven off to sea by a 
 storm, and had to let liis ships go, and 
 marcb back home afoot. But Colonel 
 Daniel was sent with a land force, at the 
 same time, who captured the city of the 
 
 37. Wlio becamo governor in 1700? What conquest 
 
48 HISTORY OF 
 
 Spaniards ; but being unable to hold it, 
 without Governor Moore's assistance^ had 
 to give it up, and march back home. 
 
 -38.- 
 
 Governor Moore soon after led an army 
 of whites and Indians against the Apala- 
 chees, who had helped the Spaniards. 
 They lived west of the Savannah river, 
 in Georgia. He killed 800 of them, burnt 
 their towns, and brought back 1400 cap- 
 tives. 
 
 In these times of the quarrels between 
 the Lords Proprietors and the people of 
 the colony, one of the most noted of the 
 champions of the people was Nicholas 
 
 did Governor Moore attempt to make ? Who commanded 
 tlie ships ? Who led the land forces ? What was the re- 
 sult? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 4U 
 
 Trott — a lawyer who gave Governors 
 Blake and Moore a great deal of trouble. 
 
 — 3^. — 
 
 It was during Governor Mopre's term 
 — in 1Y03 — that a great riot occurred in 
 Charles Town. This riot was one of the 
 effects of the wrangling between the gov- 
 ernor and the people, mentioned before. 
 In the Assembly a majority favoured the 
 people, but the governor had some strong 
 friends there. The Florida war had run 
 them into debt ; and the governor wished 
 to tax the people and thus pay the debt 
 at once. The two parties did all they 
 could to make each other angry. The 
 Assembly twice passed a bill to regulate 
 
 38. Who led the whites against the Apalachee Indians ? 
 W here did they live 1 What was the result ? Who was 
 Nicholas Trott ? 
 5 
 
60 HISTORY OF 
 
 elections in the province, and sent it to 
 the governor ; and he rejected it both 
 times. At this affront some of the mem- 
 bers of the Assembly entered their pro- 
 test and left the house ; and, after much 
 quarreling, the house adjourned. 
 
 -40.- 
 
 Then it was the riot commenced in 
 good earnest. The people of the two par- 
 ties began fighting in the streets, and 
 several were badly beaten, and much 
 property destroyed. These riots lasted 
 four or ^ve days. Drunken men with 
 clubs and pistols kept the streets in con- 
 stant alarm. 
 
 39. When did the great riot occur in Charles Town 1 
 What caused it ? How did the two parties act ? W ha/ 
 did the Assembly do ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 61 
 
 Prominent men in those riotous times, 
 besides Nicholas Trott ah-eady mentioned, 
 were Landgrave Edmund Bellinger, Cap- 
 tain William Rhett, John Ash, Thomas 
 Smith, Dearsby, Dalton, and Nary ; some 
 of which are honoured names in the State 
 yet, and some are forgotten 
 
 -41.- 
 
 The next governor was Sir Nathaniel 
 Johnson. He was, like Governor Moore, 
 strongly opposed to the people ; and he 
 made some laws that required everybody 
 that held any office to belong to the 
 church of England. This of course offend- 
 ed both the French and the Scotch, and 
 was in itself unjust ; but Governor John- 
 
 40. What occurred during the riot ? Who were aome 
 of the men prominent in those timea ? 
 
S2 HISTORY OP 
 
 son and his party did not care for that 
 injustice, and were quite ready to do any- 
 thing that would diminish the power of 
 the people. The people sent men to Eng- 
 land to complain of these wrongs to 
 Queen Anne, who was then ruler of the 
 English nation. She promised to have 
 these things made right; but never did 
 much. They had to persist in their 
 course until they righted themselves. 
 
 -42.- 
 
 In 1706, while a war was going on in 
 Europe, the French and Spanish, who 
 were at war with England, sent Le Fe- 
 boure \le-fe-hoor'^ with five ships and near 
 
 41. WLo was next governor? Was lie a friend to tbe 
 people ? What did lie do about the churcli and holding 
 oflBlce ? What did the people do ? What did Queen Anne 
 promise ? What did she do ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 53 
 
 a thousand men over to capture Charles 
 Town. There was great excitement. 
 Everybody was called to arms. They 
 raised 900 soldiers; and they were put 
 under command of Colonel William Rhett. 
 The French commander sent a messeni^er 
 to demand the surrender of the town. 
 Governor Johnson received the messen- 
 ger, who was brought in blindfolded. 
 While he was in town the soldiers were 
 so arranged and marched about as to ap- 
 pear to be about 10,000. When the mes- 
 senger demanded the surrender of the 
 town, and said that his orders allowed but 
 one hour to wait for an answer, Governor 
 Johnson replied that it did not need a 
 minute. He added : " I hold this coun- 
 try for the Queen of England. I am 
 ready to die, but not to deliver up my 
 trust. My men will shed the last drop of 
 
 43. Who commanded tlie fleet of the French and Span^ 
 ish against Charles Town ? How many soldiers were rats 
 5* 
 
54: HISTOEY OF 
 
 their blood to defend the country from 
 the invader." 
 
 -43.- 
 
 The bold speech of the governor, and 
 the appearance of so many soldiers, made 
 the enemy decide to not attack the town 
 itself. Le Feboure landed some of his 
 troops on James Island, and some on Wan- 
 do Neck; but Cap'tain Drake was sent 
 and drove off the former ; and Captain 
 Cantey captured the latter, numbering 
 about 200 men. Colonel E,hett, with his 
 little fleet, finally drove off the enemy. 
 A few days later, another French ship 
 landed some troops at Se-wee^ bay ; and 
 against these Captain Fenwicke was sent, 
 and he, aided by Colonel Rhett's ships. 
 
 ed ? What did Governor Johnwii answer to the demand 
 for the surrender of his town ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 66 
 
 captured the whole party of over 100 
 men. Thus ended this attack on Charles 
 Town. 
 
 -44, - 
 
 The successor of Governor Johnson 
 was Colonel Edward Tynte ; but he died 
 a few months after his appointment. 
 
 At the death of Governor Tynte there 
 were but three deputies in the province 
 — Gibbes, Broughton \hroo'-tun\ and Tur- 
 be-ville. Gibbes and Broughton were 
 both candidates for the governorship; 
 so that Turbeville had the casting vote. 
 He voted for Broughton ; but they ad- 
 journed without publishing the election. 
 
 43. What was the effect of Governor Johnson's bold re- 
 ply ? What did Le Feboure do ? Captain Drake ? Cap- 
 tain Cantey ? Colonel Rhett ? CaT)tain Fenwicke t 
 
56 HISTORY OF 
 
 They met again in the afternoon of the 
 same day, and held another election. 
 Turbeville this time voted for Gibbes, and 
 died before night. This second election 
 was published ; and Robert Gibbes was 
 proclaimed governor. But Broughton 
 was not satisfied about it. He raised a 
 company of soldiers and marched to 
 Charles Town to demand the office. 
 
 -45. 
 
 Gibbes ordered out the militia and had 
 the gates shut ; and there came near be- 
 ing a bloody fight about it. Broughton 
 and his men got in, and he was proclaim- 
 ed governor also. So there were for that 
 day two governors of Carolina. Friends 
 
 44. Who was nex' governor ? At the death of Governoi 
 Tynte who were the three deputies ? What did they do ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 67 
 
 interfered at leDgth, and persuaded tliem 
 to agree to send to the Lords Proprietors 
 that they might decide which should be 
 governor; and that Gibbes should con- 
 tinue to act until an answer came back 
 from England. The Lords Proprietors 
 decided that neither of them should be 
 governor 
 
 -46.- 
 
 At this time — 1708 — the colony con- 
 sisted of 9,580 persons. Of these 4,080 
 were white, 120 of these being servants; 
 1400 Indians, all slaves ; and 4,100 negroes, 
 also slaves. They could raise 950 soldiers; 
 and had these arranged in two regiments 
 of eight companies each. 
 
 45. Wliat steps did Gibbes take? What did the two 
 governors agree upon ? What was the result ? 
 
5% HISTORY OF 
 
 The farmers raised in their fields rice, 
 peas, and corn ; and they made pitch, tar, 
 barrel staves and shingles, a little silk, 
 candles of tallow and of myrtle-berry, 
 butter, and leather. They also sent to 
 Europe beef and pork. They traded with 
 the Indians a great deal, and got from 
 them raw- hides and the skins of the deer, 
 beaver, otter, raccoon, and wild cat, which 
 they sold in England. Trading with the 
 Indians was a regular business, like ped- 
 dling or keeping a store. 
 
 -47. - 
 
 The Indian trader would set out for the 
 
 46. How many people were now in the colony ? Whites ? 
 Servants ? Indians ? Negroes ? Soldiers ? How were 
 these last arranged ? What did farmers produce ? What 
 did they make besides ? What did they get in trade from 
 the Indians ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 69 
 
 country where the Indians lived, accom- 
 panied by half-a-dozen Indians or labour- 
 ers, who would cany his goods — such as 
 cotton and woolen cloths, red and blue 
 flannel, beads, axes, hoes, guns, powder, 
 shot, bullets, lead, and rum. These carri- 
 ers w^ould bring back on his return the 
 skins he would buy from the Indians with 
 the goods. He would thus travel some- 
 times several hundred miles on horses, 
 but sometimes on foot; and would be 
 gone from the town two or three months 
 at a time. Sometimes these traders 
 would only engage the skins ; and the In- 
 dians themselves would deliver them in 
 town. In this latter case the trader trav- 
 elled without his attendants. 
 
 47. What did tlie Indian trader take to the Indians 1 
 How did he carry them? What did he get in return! 
 Eovf ong did it take to make a trip ? 
 
60 HISTORY OF 
 
 -48.- 
 
 When the Lords Proprietors decided 
 that neither Gibbes nor Broughton was 
 governor, they appointed Charles Craven, 
 He was the best of the many governors 
 since West. His term was from 1711 till 
 1716 ; and during that time there were 
 three Indian wars. When the people 
 had to fight Indians, they had to stop 
 their wrangling among themselves ; so 
 that an internal peace was secured by 
 means of outside wars. The wise and 
 just policy of Governor Craven also add- 
 ed to this agreement among the people. 
 
 48. WTio succeeded Governor Tynte ? What sort of a 
 man was Governor Craven? What occurred during hia 
 term of office ? What good effect came of these wars ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 6(i 
 
 -49.- 
 
 In the fall of 1711, John Lawson, sur- 
 veyor-general of the two Carolina colonies, 
 was killed by the Tus-ca-ro'-ra Indians, 
 while he was surveying for the whites 
 some lands near the Neuse \^nuce^ river in 
 North Carolina. The Tuscaroras claimed 
 these lands as theirs. When they had 
 done the murder, knowing that the whites 
 would punish them for it, they determin- 
 ed to be beforehand with them ; and so 
 the Indians agreed upon a general mas- 
 sacre of the white men of both colonies. 
 
 In secret they made ready ; and wliile 
 they were promising the whites to punish 
 the murderers themselves, they were get- 
 ting ready to murder everybody 
 
 49. WTiom did the Tuscaroras murder in 1711 ? What 
 came of it ? Where s the Neuse river ? 
 6 
 
62 HISTORY OP 
 
 -50.- 
 
 On tlie night of the 22d of Septem 
 ber they began their bloody work, by 
 rushing over the country along the Neuse 
 river, and butchering the sleeping people. 
 They killed men, women, and children, in 
 one night, to the number of 130. The 
 whites sent to South Carolina for help. 
 Colonel John Barnwell was sent with a 
 mixed army of a few whites and a large 
 number of friendly Indians — Cherokees, 
 Yamassees, Creeks, Catawbas, Win-yaws, 
 and E-saws' — foi* the Indians were always 
 ready for a fight where there was any 
 chance of plunder ; and they were usually 
 as ready to fight against Indians as against 
 whites. 
 
 5C. When did the Indian war commence? How? 
 Wherf, ? How many whites were butchered the fiist 
 night ? Who was sent from South Carolina ? What force 
 had he ? What Indians helped the whites ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 63 
 
 -51.- 
 
 Colonel Barnwell had a good deal of 
 fighting, against small bodies of the Tiis 
 caroras, whom he met at several places; 
 and he always drove them back, killing 
 some and capturing large numbers. At 
 length he came to their strong-hold, 
 where they had built a wooden wall — a 
 new thing with the Indians — around their 
 largest town, in which were 600 warriors. 
 Here, after fighting several days, the Tus- 
 caroras offered to make peace ; and Colo- 
 nel Barnwell agreed to it, although many 
 people thought he ought not to have done 
 so. Afer the treaty was made, some oi 
 Barnwell's soldiers — probably some of his 
 friendly Indians — kept on killing the Tus- 
 caroras, whenever they could find one 
 alone. For these murders the commander 
 
 51. How did Colonel Barnwell succeed against tlie Tusca- 
 roras ? How did the war end ? Wliat unfortunate occur- 
 
64 HISTORY 0> 
 
 was much blamed, althougli it is probable 
 that he could not have prevented it even 
 if he had tried. Colonel Barnwell was 
 wounded. His army returned to Charles 
 Town in July, 1712. 
 
 -52.- 
 
 In consequence of the bad treatment oi 
 the Tuscaroras by Colonel Barnwell's sol- 
 diers, another war arose during the winter 
 of 1712. It commenced as before with a 
 massacre of the whites in North Carolina. 
 Again South Carolina was called upon for 
 help, and they sent Colonel Moore— a son 
 of the former governor — with a force of 
 40 white soldiers and 800 friendly Indians. 
 He found the Tuscaroras fortified on Taw 
 
 rence took place after the treaty ? When did the army r©> 
 turn to Charles Town ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 65 
 
 river. In a few hours he took the fort, 
 killing 200 and capturing 800 of the ene- 
 my — more than his whole army. These 
 800 prisoners were claimed by the friend 
 ly Indians under his command, who re- 
 ceived them, and sold them into slavery 
 when thev came back to Charles Town. 
 Colonel Moore received the thanks of 
 the Assembly, and a reward of $500 in 
 addition to his pay. 
 
 - 53.- 
 
 For the next few years there was com- 
 parative peace with the Indians ; but this 
 could not last long. In April, 1715, an- 
 other war, greater than the other two, 
 
 53. What caused the new Tuscarora war ? When did it 
 commence ? Where ? How ? Who commanded this ex- 
 pedition against the Tuscaroras? What was the result? 
 How many prisoners ? What was done with them ? What 
 honours did Colonel Moore receive from the Assembly ? 
 6* 
 
66 HISTORY OP 
 
 commenced. This was the Yamassee war. 
 Here the braves were better warriors 
 than those of the Tuscaroras. 
 
 The Spaniards who lived at St. Augus- 
 tine, in Florida, had always been the 
 bitter enemies of the English, as we have 
 seen. In all the quarrels between the 
 English of Carolina and the Spaniards ol 
 Florida, these Yamassees, who lived near 
 Port Royal, had rjp to this time been 
 friends of the English, and fought side by 
 side with them in the first Tuscarora war. 
 But after that time they began to change, 
 without letting the English know it. The 
 Yamassee chiefs began to go to St. Augus- 
 tine, and to have Talks with the Spanish 
 governor there ; and the Yamassee tra- 
 ders traded more than before with the 
 Florida whites. But the Carolinians con- 
 tinued to trust them. 
 
 53. How long did peace last ? When was the next In- 
 dian war ? With what tribe ? When did the change in the 
 conduct of the Yamassees begin ? What did they begin 
 to do? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 67 
 
 -54. - 
 
 Early in April, 1715, an Indian, named 
 Sa-nu-te, told a Mrs. Fraser, who lived in 
 the country, for whom he had formed a 
 sincere friendship, that the Indians were 
 going soon to murder all the English. Al- 
 though they hardly believed him, the Fra- 
 sers moved into Charles Town for safety, 
 but they did not spread the alarm ; so that 
 the whites were taken by surprise when 
 the slaughter actually began, as it soon 
 did. The Yamassees were urged by the 
 Spaniards to kill all the English in the 
 whole country ; and they agreed to do 
 this, although they had been sworn friends 
 to the English for many years. 
 
 54. How was tlie purpose of the Yamassees first found 
 ut? Why did these Indians undertake to kill aW the 
 
 English i 
 
68 HISTORY OF 
 
 - 5 5. - 
 
 The Yamassees did not attempt this 
 work alone. They got the Muscogees and 
 Apahachees, on the south ; the Con-ga- 
 rees, the Catawbas, and the Cherokees, on 
 the west and northwest ; and the Tuscaro- 
 ras on the north, — all to join them. In- 
 deed, every tribe from Florida on the 
 south, to Cape Fear on the north, joined 
 the Yamassees in this bloody work. The 
 southern Indians numbered about 6000 
 braves, armed generally with bows, scalp- 
 ing-knives and hatchets; while the Tusca- 
 roras sent about 1000 ; and many others 
 came from the north and northwest. 
 There were probably 10,000 Indians in all 
 engaged in this war ; against which force 
 the Carolinians could muster but 1200 men 
 able to fight. This was one white man 
 against eight Indians. 
 
 55. Who joined tlie Yamassees in this war ? How many 
 oraves from the south Y From the northwest ? From the 
 north ? How many in all ? How many soldiers did the 
 whites raise ? Wh&t was the odds against the whites ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 69 
 
 -56.- 
 
 The butchery commenced at Po-co-tal'- 
 i-go, at day-break on the 15th of April, 
 1715 ; and in a few hours between 90 and 
 100 persons in that neighborhood were 
 murdered and scalped. One man — Cap- 
 tain Seaman Burroughs — after being 
 wounded in two places, swam a mile and 
 ran several miles to give the alarm. He 
 reached Port Koyal in time to give the 
 alarm. The Port Royal people generally, 
 about 300 in number, got aboard a vessel 
 and sailed round to Charles Town. These 
 were saved. The few families that were 
 left about Port Eoyal were mostly mur- 
 dered. 
 
 56. At what hour did this massacre begin ? V^^hat date ? 
 Where ? How many were killed in a few hours ? Who 
 gave warning to the Port Royal folks ? How did he get 
 there? What did the Port Royal people do? What be- 
 came of those that were left? 
 
70 HISTORY OF 
 
 -57- 
 
 At the time of this butchery at Pocotal- 
 igo, Governor Craven, who was a good as 
 well as brave and able man, was on his way 
 with a company of cavalry to visit the 
 Yamassees and to see them about their 
 troubles, and to settle them if possible. 
 When he heard of the massacre at Poco 
 taligo, he halted and collected a company 
 of 240 men in Colleton county : and with 
 these marched directly to the Combahee 
 river, near Pocotaligo. Early next morn 
 ing 500 Yamassee warriors attacked him ; 
 but he was on the look out for that, and 
 repulsed them with slaughter. He 
 thought it best, however, to return at once 
 to Charles Town. About the same time 
 Colonel Mackey went with some troops 
 from Charles Town to the Yamassee town 
 
 57. WTiat did Governor Craven do ? Where did he re- 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 71 
 
 — Coo-saw-hatch'-ie — which he took driv- 
 ing the Indians southward. 
 
 - 58- 
 
 From the north, 400 Indians marched to- 
 wards Goose Creek — above Charles Town. 
 Captain Thomas Barker was sent up with 
 a company of soldiers against them. He 
 was led into an ambush, where he was him- 
 self killed, and his company routed. An- 
 other company of 70 whites and 40 ne- 
 groes in a fort at Goose Creek were butch- 
 ered by the Indians. Captain Chicken, 
 however, with the Goose Creek militia, 
 defeated these Indians and drove them 
 back. Governor Craven ordered the wo- 
 
 cruit his company ? How did the fight come about ? What 
 was the result ? What did Colonel Mackey do ? 
 
72 HISTORY OF 
 
 men ana children to be guarded safely in 
 Charles Town ; and he, with all the men 
 that he could gather and arm, took the 
 field against the Indians. He drove ;he 
 Yamassees and their confederates — the 
 Muscogees and Apalachees — back to the 
 Sal-ke-hatcV-ie rivei* ; and after hard and 
 persistent fighting finally drove them be- 
 yond the Savannah river. They went ul- 
 timately to Florida, and are probably the 
 ancestors of the Sem^-i-noles. 
 
 Four hundred whites were killed in 
 this war. Among the men who won dis- 
 tinction were, besides Governor Craven, 
 Lieutenant-General James Moore, Colonels 
 John Barnwell and Alexander Mackey, 
 and Captain Chicken. 
 
 58. How many Indians from tlie north attacked Goose 
 Creek? What did Captain Barker do? What butchery 
 occurred there? Wliat did Captain Chicken do? What 
 course did Governor Craven pursue ? Where did he drive 
 the enemy to ? WTiere did they finally go ? How many 
 whites were killed in this war ? Who won distinction ? 
 
SOrJTH CAROLINA. 73 
 
 -"59.- 
 
 When Governor Craven left the colony, 
 Robert Johnson was appointed in his place. 
 It was during Governor Johnson's term 
 that this province was first regularly called 
 South Carolina, although many years be- 
 fore it had been frequently mentioned 
 so. Governor Johnson ruled two years, 
 during which the difficulties between 
 the people and the Lords Proprie- 
 tors became — as soon as they got through 
 with fighting the Indians — worse than ev- 
 er before. The people began to demand 
 that they should be allowed to have part 
 in their own government ; and the Lords 
 Proprietors became more arrogant and 
 offensive in their commands. The people 
 had become very much more powerful; 
 
 , 50. Who succeeded Governor Craven? Wlien waa the 
 fi ame South Carolina first regularly apjalied to this prov 
 7 
 
74 HISTORY OF 
 
 and the Lords Proprietors seemed not to 
 be aware of that important fact. 
 
 -60.- 
 
 Colonel Rhett and Judge Trott, who 
 have been mentioned before, were with 
 Governor Johnson in favour of the Lords 
 Proprietors, and against the people. But 
 the people were steadily increasing in num- 
 bers, wealth, intelligence, influence, and 
 boldness ; and finally called a convention 
 in defiance of the governor's authority. 
 This convention turned out Governor 
 Johnson and elected James Moore to be 
 governor. He was proclaimed governor 
 on the 21st of December, ' 1719. He was 
 a son of a former governor, and was the 
 
 ince ? How did tlie people and the Lords Proprietoio get 
 on after the Yamassee war ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 76 
 
 same that so distinguished himself in the 
 second Tuscarora war of 1712 — an able 
 man, and a favourite with the people. 
 
 Thus practically ended the Proprietary 
 Government of South Carolina. The po- 
 litical and popular revolution was com- 
 plete at that time ; but it was ten years 
 before the Lords Proprietors gave up to 
 the king of Great Britian. 
 
 CO. How did Colonel Rhett and Judge Trott stand in tlie 
 quarrels between tlie people and tlie Lords Proprietors ? 
 How did the people at last get rid of Governor Johnson ? 
 Whom did they elect to be governor ? When was he pro- 
 claimed ? How long was it after this that the Lords Pro 
 prietors gave up their claims and their charter ? 
 
70 HISTORY OF 
 
 ^,^K^ eOVEB^,^^^ 
 
 -•-• 
 
 - 61 - 
 
 The new government of South Carolina 
 was called the Royal Government, because 
 it was under tlie king of Great Britain. 
 The king — at this time George the First — • 
 took complete control of the colony, when 
 the Lords Proprietors gave up their char- 
 ter, which the people forced them to do. 
 This government lasted from 1719, when 
 it was established, (practically, though not 
 in law until 1729) until 1776, when the 
 Revolutionary War separated the United 
 States from Great Britain — a period of 57 
 years. The governors were appointed by 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 77 
 
 the king. There were a Council, appoint- 
 ed by the king ; and an Assembly, elected 
 by the people. Everybody was satisfied ; 
 for both parties — the king and the people 
 of the colony — had a part in making the 
 laws by which they were governed. 
 
 - 62.- 
 
 The colony had increased greatly by 
 this time. In 1724 — just 54 years since 
 the colony landed — there were 14,000 
 people in the province. They were prin- 
 cipally English ; but also Irish, Scotch, 
 French, Dutch, and individuals of several 
 
 61. What was tlie new government called ? Who was 
 then kiug of Great Britain ? When was the Royal Gov- 
 ernment established? How long did it last? How did 
 both the king and the people take part in making the 
 laws ? Did the new government please the people ? 
 7* 
 
78 HISTOKY OF 
 
 other peoples. The settlement extended 
 about thirty miles from Charles Town ; 
 and beyond that distance very few ever 
 went, except the Indian traders, who went 
 into the wilds among the Indians every- 
 where. 
 
 63.- 
 
 Governor Moore, who was elected by 
 the convention of the people in 1719, 
 continued to be governor until Francis 
 Nicholson, the first royal governor, was 
 appointed by the king, which was in 1721. 
 
 Governor Nicholson governed well, and 
 continued in office for four years. His 
 successor was Arthur Middleton, who had 
 
 62. What was the number of people in the colony in 
 1724? What sort of people were they? How far did the 
 colony extend from Charles Town ? Who went beyond 
 that extent ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 79 
 
 formerly been on the side of the people 
 against the Lords Proprietors. He was 
 accordingly popular with the colonists, 
 and of course high in the king's favour 
 also. He was appointed in 1725 and 
 served ^ve years. 
 
 -6 4.- 
 
 It was during Governor Middleton's 
 term of office that the Old French War 
 began. In this war most of the Indians 
 in America were in some way or other in- 
 volved in the contest between Great Brit- 
 ain and France ; but the events of this 
 war did not fall within the limits of South 
 
 63. How long did Governor Moore continue in office 1 
 Who was next governor? When? How long? Who 
 succeeded Governor Nicholson ? What of Governor Mid- 
 dleton? How long was his term of office? 
 
80 HISTORY OP 
 
 Carolina, and do not form part of her his- 
 tory. 
 
 In August, 1728, Charles Town was 
 nearly destroyed by another hurricane. 
 The waters of the bay were swept over 
 the town, so that the people had to get 
 into the upper stories of their houses to 
 keep from drowning. Twenty-three ships 
 were driven upon the land and destroyed. 
 Then again followed the yellow fever, of 
 which hundreds of people died, and every- 
 body that possibly could do so went into 
 the country. The farmers were afraid to 
 go into the town ; so that there was almost 
 a famine at the same time with the pesti- 
 lence. ^ 
 
 64. When did the Old French War begin? What oc 
 emred at Charles Town in 1728 ? How many ships were 
 blown ashore? What again followed the hurricane? 
 What did the people do ? What produced nearly a famine ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 81 
 
 -65. - 
 
 In the year 1730, — the last of Governor 
 Middleton's term, — a famous treaty of 
 peace was made with the Cherokees. Sir 
 Alexander Gumming, with a large number 
 of men, went to the town of Ke-o-we6, 
 which was near the mountains. The town 
 was situated on the Keowee river, five 
 miles above the present town of Pickens 
 in Pickens county ; and there are some 
 signs of the Indian town yet to be seen. 
 Gumming and his party found the Chero- 
 kees very willing to make the proposed 
 perpetual peace. Indians always were 
 ready to talk peace, but equally ready to 
 break it, if they wanted war. 
 
 65. When was the great peace with the Cherokees 
 made ? Who went on the part of the Carolinians ? To 
 what place did they go? Where was Keowee town ? Wero 
 the Indians disposed to make a long peace ? 
 
82 HISTORY OF 
 
 - 66. - 
 
 It was agreed that six of the Cherokee 
 warriors should go with the Englishmen to 
 ratify the treaty of perpetual peace before 
 the king of Great Britain. They went. 
 The king — at this time, George the Se 
 cond — received them with great kindness ; 
 ratified the treaty ; and, after a great 
 many speeches had been made to them 
 and about them, they came back very 
 much pleased with the English king. In 
 their speech to the king they said :— " We 
 love the great king. We look upon him 
 as the sun. He is our father. We are 
 his children. Though you are white and 
 we are red, our hearts and hands are join- 
 ed together. We shall die in this way of 
 thinking. We shall tell our people what 
 we have seen. Our children from genera- 
 tion to generation will remember it. In 
 war we shall be one with you. Your ene- 
 mies shall be ours. Your people and ours 
 Bhall be one. We shall live together. Your 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 83 
 
 white people may build their houses be- 
 side us. We shall not hurt them, for we 
 are children of one father." The speaker 
 here laid down a bunch of eagle feathers, 
 and added : — " These stand for our words. 
 They are the same to us as letteis in a 
 book to you. To your beloved men we 
 deliver these feathers. They stand for all 
 that we have said." 
 
 This perpetual peace lasted — not exact- 
 ly forever^ as both parties agreed, but 
 for — twenty years. 
 
 -67.- 
 
 The same year of the Cherokee treaty 
 -1730 — Robert Johnson — he that was 
 
 66. How did tlie king receive tlie six Clierokees ? WLat 
 did the Indian orator say about peace ? What did he give 
 to the English ? What did eagle feathers mean with the 
 Cherokees ? How long did the perpetual peace last \ 
 
84 HISTORY OF 
 
 turned out by fhe people as Proprietary 
 Governor in 1719 — was appointed gov- 
 ernor. He governed five years with 
 great favour and success. 
 
 In this term a colony of Swiss, under 
 one Pury, came to Carolina and formed a 
 settlement near the mouth of the Savan- 
 nah river at a place which they named 
 Piirysburg, after their leader. 
 
 A colony of Irish came to Williams- 
 burg about the same time 
 
 -68. 
 
 In the year 1735 Governor Johnson 
 was succeeded by Thomas Broughton 
 
 67. Who was appointed governor in 1730? What had 
 he been before ? What Swiss colony came over in Gover- 
 nor Johnson's term? Under whom? What town did 
 they build? Where is it? Where did an Irish colony 
 come to t 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 85 
 
 — him that had the contest with Gibbeg 
 30 years before. 
 
 In 1737, upon the death of Broughton, 
 Samuel Horsely was made governor. He 
 was in England when he was appointed, 
 and died before he left that country. 
 
 The same year William Bull — a native 
 of the province, and in favour with the 
 people — was appointed governor. He 
 was cordially received by the people, but 
 had a very troublesome term of office. 
 There were now over 50,000 inhabitants 
 in South Carolina, and of these at least 
 three-fourths — 37,500 — were negro slaves. 
 It was an insurrection or rising of these 
 slaves that caused a great disturbance in 
 the province during Governor Bull's term 
 of office. 
 
 68. Who succeeded Johnson as governor? Who was 
 next ? When did he die ? Who was next governor ? How 
 many people were then in the colony ? How many of 
 these were negroes ? What caused trouble at this time t 
 
86 HISTOKY OJT 
 
 - 89 - 
 
 The negro-rising came about in this 
 way. The Spaniards, having failed to de- 
 stroy the English colony through the Ya- 
 massee and other Indians, next tried to 
 stir up the negroes to carry out their pur- 
 pose. The Spaniards succeeded in mak- 
 ing these slaves dissatisfied ; and the re- 
 sult was that, in 1740, there was a great 
 rising or insurrection of the slaves in 
 South Carolina. It commenced along the 
 Stono river — near Charles Town — where 
 the negroes elected one Cato to be their 
 captain. Cato marched from Stono south- 
 west, gathering negroes as he went, and 
 butchering the whites — men, women, and 
 children. A company of whites was im- 
 mediately formed at Willtown church, 
 made up of the men who were that day 
 at church. They always, in those early 
 
 69. Who urged the negroes to rise ? Where did the in- 
 (Urrection begin ? Who was chosen captain by the n©« 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 87 
 
 times, took their guns to church. It was 
 the law to do so. 
 
 -70.- 
 
 The company of whites, formed thus 
 hastily at Willtown church, chose Captain 
 Bee to lead them. They left the women 
 and children in the church, and set out 
 after Captain Cato and his marauding 
 band of negroes. After going twelve 
 miles they came upon the negi'oes in their 
 camp, the most of them drinking, carous- 
 ing, and keeping a great noise, with the 
 liquor they had found in the houses that 
 they had robbed as they came. The whole 
 party was captured, after a short skir- 
 
 groes ? What did Captain Cato do ? Where was a com 
 pany of whites formed ? What was the law about carry- 
 ing guns to church in those days ? 
 
88 HISTORY OF 
 
 mish, m which Captain Cato and a few 
 others were killed. Of these captives a 
 few of the leaders were hanged after a 
 regular trial by law ; but the greater part 
 of these were pardoned 
 
 -71.- 
 
 The year 1740 was marked by two un- 
 pleasant events — an unsuccessful expedi- 
 tion against St. Augustine, and a fire that 
 burned fully a half of Charles Town. The 
 expedition against the Spaniards was sent 
 by Georgia, and was under the command 
 of its governor — O'-gle-thorpe. A regi- 
 ment of South Carolinians went with the 
 
 70. Who led the whites ? How far did they go ? How 
 did they find the negroes ? What followed ? What be- 
 came of Captain Cato ? What was done with the leaders T 
 What of the others ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA 89 
 
 expedition, under the command of Colonel 
 Vanderdussen. The army laid siege to 
 St. Augustine ; but failed to take it ; and 
 was obliged to come back home. The 
 great fire consumed 300 houses — rather 
 more than half the town — utterly ruining 
 many families, and causing besides a great 
 deal of suffering 
 
 -72.- 
 
 Governor Glenn succeeded Governor 
 Bull, in 1743 ; and continued in office 
 thirteen years — the longest of all the gub- 
 ernatorial terms. During this time the 
 colony increased rapidly, and settlements 
 
 71. What two events marked the year 1740? Who 
 commanded the Georgia expedition against St. Augustine t 
 Who commanded the South Carolina regiment ? What 
 was the result ? How much of Charles Town was burnt io 
 the great five ? What effects ? 
 8* 
 
90 HISTORY OF 
 
 extended higher and higher up the coun- 
 try towards the mountains ; and the In- 
 dians were pushed farther and farther 
 back, as the whites advanced. In 1750 
 there were settlements as far as 200 miles 
 from Charles Town. In 1747 there was 
 the coldest winter ever known in Caroli- 
 na. All the orange and lemon trees were 
 killed by the frost, and the birds died of 
 the cold. A few years after this — in 1756 
 — Patrick Calhoun, with four other fam- 
 ilies, settled in Abbeville, though he was 
 not the first settler there. 
 
 -73.- 
 
 The settlers that were flocking to Car- 
 
 72. When did Governor Glenn become governor ? How 
 long did he serve ? What was the condition of the colony 
 during Glenn's term 1 How far had the settlements ex- 
 
SOUTH CAROLIISrA. 91 
 
 olina at this period were from all parts of 
 the world — England, Ireland, Scotland, 
 France, Switzerland, and Germany, in Eu- 
 rope; and a great many came from other 
 parts of America — Pennsylvania, Virginia, 
 Maryland, and some from the noi-thern 
 colonies. Many came from gther parts of 
 America to get away from the Indian 
 wars that were almost everywhere else. 
 But Carolina enjoyed a peace with the 
 Cherokees — the most powerful nation 
 near her. A few years later, however, 
 this peace was forgotten ; and there were 
 wars enough here. 
 
 tended in 1750 ? When was the cold winter ? What ef- 
 fects followed it ? What distinguished settler moved to 
 Abbeville in 1756 ? 
 
 73, Whence came these numerous settlers inr Carolina ? 
 From what other places in America did many come ? Why 
 did some come from other parts of America ? Did thia 
 peace last long ? 
 
92 HISTORY OF 
 
 • -74.- 
 
 The severest of all tbe hurricanes was 
 at Charles Town in 1752. An east wind 
 blew the waters over the city, as it did 
 before ; people were driven to the tops of 
 their houses ; some drowned ; and the wa- 
 ters kept on rising in a way that made it 
 seem certain that everybody must be de- 
 stroyed, when suddenly and unexpectedly 
 the wind shifted. Then the waters fell 
 five feet in ten minutes after the wind 
 changed. The loss was immense; and 
 the crops in the country near and on the 
 islands were almost entirely destroyed. 
 Some lives were lost. Governor Glenn 
 himself wrote an account of all these 
 things ; that is, a general history of the 
 times during which he was governor. 
 In those days the people here raised very 
 
 74. What is said of the hurricane of 1752 ? What made 
 the winters cover the town ? What made the waters roll 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 93 
 
 little cotton, but a great deal of indigo 
 and silk. 
 
 -75, - 
 
 After Governor Glenn's term William 
 H. Lyttleton became governor. During 
 the following year — 1757 — there arose 
 another Indian war. Some Cherokees 
 had been to the north to help the 
 English fight the French ; and as they 
 were coming back home through Virginia 
 they stole some horses. Indians would do 
 that sort of thing whenever they got a 
 chance. The whites shot a few of these 
 horse thieves ; and in this way it was that 
 the war began. It was not a general war 
 
 back ? Who wrote a history of those times ? What did 
 the people raise on their farms ? 
 
94 HISTORY OF 
 
 at fii-st; but only some young warriors 
 butchered quite a number of whites ; and 
 then the old Indian counsellors went to 
 beg for peace. 
 
 -76. - 
 
 When the messengers from the Cher- 
 okees came to Governor Lyttleton to ask 
 for peace, he put them in prison. The 
 Indians, notwithstanding this injustice 
 — for it was wrong to arrest messengers 
 —made a pretended peace ; and gave 
 twenty-two Indians as hostages to be kept 
 until the young warriors that had com- 
 mitted the murders should be punished. 
 These hostages were kept in Fort George, 
 
 75. Who succeeded Governor Glenn ? When ? How did 
 the war with the Indians start? What did the young 
 braves do ? What did the old counsellors do? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 95 
 
 which was on the Savannah river towards 
 the Keowee town. But the young Indians 
 kept on murdering white folks, and the 
 old Indians kept on being sorry for it. 
 
 -77. 
 
 After awhile Captain Cot^-y-more, who 
 w^as commanding Fort George, was entic- 
 ed out of the fort by some Indians and 
 killed. In revenge for this, the soldiers 
 in the fort massacred the twenty-two 
 hostages. This act, which w^as as wrong 
 as possible, fired up the whole Cherokee 
 nation to war ; and in a few weeks down 
 
 76. How did Governor Lyttleton treat the messengers 
 from the Cherokee nation ? What kind of a peace did the 
 Indians make? How many hostages did they give up? 
 Where were these kept ? What did the yoimg Indiana 
 keep on doing ? The old ones ? 
 
96 HISTORY OF 
 
 they came from their mountains, butcher- 
 ing and scalping people everywhere they 
 could find them ; killing stock ; and burn- 
 ing houses all through the country. Peo- 
 ple fled to Charles Town by the hundreds, 
 and the country was left almost unpro- 
 tected. 
 
 -78.- 
 
 A regiment of soldiers w^as raised in 
 South Carolina as quickly as it was possi- 
 ble to do so, and Colonel Middleton was 
 put in command. The people sent for 
 help to Noi-th Carolina and Virginia. 
 Everybody made ready for war. Agam 
 At-ta-kul-la-kul-la' — an old Cherokee, who 
 
 77. How was Captain Cotymore murdered ? What did 
 the garrison in Fort George do about it *? What did that 
 make the Cherokees do ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 97 
 
 had patched up tbfe peace a few months 
 before — tried to make peace. He was a 
 very small old man, who was one of the 
 six that went to England. A treaty was 
 made ; but the Indians broke it in a few 
 days. Meanwhile, troops had been or- 
 dered from England ; and a force came 
 over under command of Colonel Mont- 
 gomery. In the spring of 1760 he set 
 out from Monck's Corner and marched 
 northward. He found the Indians in 
 their own country — on the Keowee river 
 — drove them back ; burned several of 
 their towns; but was obliged to return. 
 This left the war still open. Colonel 
 Montgomery was recalled to New York, 
 where he had been on duty before. 
 
 78. Who was put in command of the Carolina troops 
 against the Indians ? What did AttakuUakuUa do ? Wha 
 broke the treaty? When did the English troops go against 
 the Indians ? Under whose command? What resulted? 
 9 
 
93 HISTORY OF 
 
 -79.- 
 
 The Indians were now fully arous-ed. 
 The old men urged peace. Attakullakulla 
 entreated them to make peace. Sa-loo-e 
 — a hot-headed warrior of the Es-ta-toe' 
 tribe — made a fiery speech for fight. He 
 said : " I am still for war. The spirits of 
 our dead brothers call upon us for ven- 
 geance. He is a woman who will not fol- 
 low me !" This sort of thing pleased the 
 braves, whose reo:ular business in life was 
 war. And so they kept on killing, scalp- 
 ing, and robbing, worse than before. 
 And so, the Carolinians decided to carry 
 the war again into the Indian country in 
 real earnest ; and thus put a stop to this 
 sort of thing. 
 
 79. What did Attaknllakulla still urge ? What did iSalooe 
 advise ? What did the Indians resolve to do ? WTiat did 
 the Carolinians decide upon ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 99 
 
 -80. - 
 
 Another regiment came over from Eng 
 land under command of Colonel James 
 Grant — a haughty, severe, and disagree- 
 able man ; but just the man for this piece 
 of work. The case was desperate ; and 
 called for extreme measures. The Chero- 
 kees had made and violated their treaties 
 so often, that it was felt to be folly to 
 listen to their promises any more. Hav- 
 ing decided upon the course to be taken 
 with the Indians, Colonel Grant made 
 ready for his work. His forces consisted 
 of his own British regiment, which was 
 partly Scotch, Colonel Middleton's regi- 
 ment of South Carolinians, and a few 
 friendly Indians — in all about 2600 sol- 
 diers. 
 
 80. Who commanded the new British troops ? What 
 kind of man was Colonel Grant ? What made the whites 
 determine to give the Cherokees a good beating ? What 
 array had Colonel Grant ? 
 
100 HISTORY OF 
 
 -8 1.- 
 
 Colonel Grant with his army reached 
 Fort George — sometimes called, and prop- 
 erly so, Fort Prince George — on the Yth 
 of May, 1761. Here that wily little old 
 chief Attakullakulla — known generally 
 among the whites as The Little Carpen- 
 ter — came again with his petitions for 
 peace. He was now the oldest of the 
 Cherokee chiefs; and his overtures for 
 peace were noble and beautiful. He talk- 
 ed well. He told of his visit to the great 
 king. He spoke of the eternal bonds of 
 friendship ; and averred that the moon 
 might forget to rise easier than his heart 
 could forget its love for the English. 
 
 81. Wlien did Colonel Grant reach Fort George ? V^Mit 
 did Attakullakulla propose ? What was the English name 
 «f that chief? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 101 
 
 -82.- 
 
 Altbough Colonels Grant and Middle- 
 ton desired to have peace, and believed 
 that Attakullakulla did also, they did not 
 believe that the Cherokees did ; or, if they 
 then did, that they would the next 
 month or the next year. And so they de- 
 termined to push ahead. Attakullakulla 
 left in despair; and after one month's rest 
 at Fort George, Granfc moved on towards 
 the Cherokee towns, on the 7th of June. 
 In a few days they came upon the Chero- 
 kee army near the Indian town of Etch- 
 oe'. The battle lasted all day ; and re- 
 sulted in the defeat of the Indians. This 
 was perhaps the most fiercely contested 
 Indian battle ever fought in America. 
 
 83. Why did not Colonel Grant listen to Attakullakulla'a 
 proposals of peace? What did they still resolve to do? 
 When did they move on ? Where did they find the In- 
 9* 
 
102 HISTORY OF 
 
 The Indians fled towards their mountain 
 retreats. 
 
 -83. - 
 
 Grant immediately entered the Indian 
 town of Etch-oe, and reduced it to ashes. 
 He remained there thirty days, and dur- 
 ing that time burned eveiy house, hut, 
 cabin, wigwam, and shelter, owned or 
 used by these Indians anywhere within 
 reach of this place. The Cherokees were 
 driven into the mountains ; and the whole 
 country that they had occupied was laid 
 waste. Not a thing remained that either 
 fire or axe could destroy. This work of 
 destruction was so thoroughly. done that 
 Grant's name became a proverb among 
 
 dians ? What is said of this battle of Etchoe 1 Where 
 did the Indians retreat to ? 
 
SOPTH CAROLINA. 103 
 
 the Indians, and meant Destruction, Af- 
 ter that, whenever a horse or a hog 
 would destroy a patch of corn, the Indiana 
 would call him Grant. 
 
 -84.- 
 
 Then Attakullakulla came again to beg 
 for peace. Grant sent him to Governor 
 Bull in Charles Town. The little old man 
 said to Governor Bull : " I am come to see 
 what can be done for my people. They 
 are in great distress. For what has taken 
 place, forgive us. We believe in fate. 
 I believe that this has been decreed by 
 the Great Master above. He is the Father 
 
 83. Wliat did Grant do in Etclioe ? How long did he 
 Btay at that place ? What did he do over the whole coun 
 tffy ? How did the Indians remember the name of Grant T 
 
104 HISTORY OF 
 
 of red men and white. We all live in 
 one land. Let us live as one people." 
 
 Governor Bull was moved by the hu 
 mility of the Indians, and consented to 
 the peace. 
 
 -8 5- 
 
 This Indian war was fifteen years be- 
 fore the great Revolutionary War; and 
 among the men who became famous in 
 that war, there were several who served 
 in this Cherokee war with honour. Of 
 these the most prominent were Henry 
 Laurens, William Moultrie, Francis Ma 
 rion, Isaac Huger, and Andrew Pickens 
 
 84. Who came from tl^p Indians to sue for peace ? To 
 whom did he go ? W^hat did he say ? What did Govemoi 
 BuLdoT 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 105 
 
 The troubles between the people in the 
 American colonies and the king of Great 
 Britain, which resulted in the Revolution- 
 ary War, were already beginning to ap- 
 pear. 
 
 - 86.- 
 
 Tbere were no courts except in Charles 
 Town ; and that was so far removed from 
 the middle and up country, that those per- 
 sons far up the country who broke the 
 laws generally went unpunished. To 
 remedy this evil some citizens banded to- 
 gether to punish bad men without law 
 The leaders of these citizens — called Recr- 
 
 <3 
 
 85. How long was this Indian war before the war of the 
 Revolution ? Who were distiuguished in this Indian war 
 that afterwards were famous in tlie Revolutionary war ? 
 Were the troubles ahead beginning to appear, out of which 
 grew the great war ? 
 
106 HISTORY OF 
 
 ulators — were Thomas Woodward, Joseph 
 Kirkland, and Barnaby Pope. These 
 leaders had a large company to carry out 
 their regulations. For some offences, 
 such as stealing, they would whip the thief; 
 for heavier offences, they would tar-and- 
 feather the guilty one, or ride him on a 
 rail ; and in some cases very bad men 
 were beaten nearly to death. 
 
 At this time — 1766 — Lord Charles Gre- 
 ville Montague was governor. 
 
 -87.- 
 
 . This band of Regulators worked very 
 well for a good while ; and did a great 
 deal of good. But after a while these 
 
 86 VVhere were the only courts? What became the 
 effect of this in the up-country ? What were the Regula 
 tors? Who were their leaders ? How would they punish 
 stealing? Hew punish the heavier offences ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 107 
 
 Regulators became as bad as the lawless 
 men thej were punishing. Two parties 
 — Kegulators and Anti-regulators, called 
 Seovilites — were formed ; and it became 
 hard to see which was the worse. Seovil- 
 ites were so called from Scovil, an agent 
 whom the government sent up to regulate 
 the Regulators. The Regulators were ac- 
 cused of brino^in^ in horses as well as law- 
 breakers. At one time a fight was expect- 
 ed between these two bands. 
 
 After much trouble with this kind of 
 law, the governor in 1769 established three 
 courts of law in the up-countiy. These 
 were at Ninety-Six, (Cambridge,) Orange- 
 burg, and Camden. 
 
 87. How did the Regulators manage things ? What 
 were the opponents of these called ? Why did they have 
 that name 'i Where were the four courts estatlighed in 
 1709? 
 
108 HISTORY OF 
 
 -88.- 
 
 It was some years earlier than this — ^in 
 1760 — that George the Third became 
 king of Great Britain ; and at that time 
 commenced those oppressive measures 
 that finally led to the Independence of 
 the American States. George the Second 
 had been favourable to the colonies, and 
 so they had gotten on very well, until 
 George the Third became king. This 
 prosperity had made the colonies very 
 rich, and the king determined to collect 
 heavy taxes. There were many other 
 wrongs that George the Third inflicted 
 upon the colonies; but this taxing them 
 reached more of the peaple than any oth- 
 er, and did more to stir them up to oppo- 
 sition, and finally to wsCl\ than all others 
 combined. 
 
 88. When did George the Third become king? How 
 did he treat the colonies ? How had George the Second 
 treated them ? What was it that hurt the people worst of 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 109 
 
 -89.- 
 
 The British Parliament, — under the in 
 fluence of the king and his minister, Lord 
 North — after passing several oppressive 
 acts — taxing sugar, molasses, and other 
 necessaries — finally passed the famous 
 Stamp Act, on the 22d of March, 1765. 
 This Act required that all instruments of 
 writing used by commercial people — such 
 as bills of goods, notes, receipts, and 
 things of that kind — should be void and 
 not binding unless they were written up- 
 on stamped paper or stamped parchment, 
 and a heavy duty had to be paid to the 
 government on all such paper or parch- 
 ment. In this way the people of the col- 
 onies were made to pay money to the 
 king's government. 
 
 89. What was the famous Act called that caused so 
 much discontent? W^hen was it passed ? What did it re- 
 quire ? What was the effect of tliis ? 
 10 
 
110 HISTORY OF 
 
 -90.- 
 
 The Stamp Act caused the colonies in 
 America to hold a second Congress. The 
 first one had been held in 1754, to get 
 ready for the French war. The second 
 Congress was held on the Vth of October, 
 1765^ in New York city. Massachusetts 
 proposed this Congress, which was the 
 fii-st regular step taken against the Brit 
 ish government. All the colonies were 
 represented, except Virginia, North Cai'o- 
 Una, and New Hampshire, whose govern 
 ors would not permit delegates to go fronci 
 those colonies. This Congress sat four- 
 teen days, and issued three papers — a 
 Petition to the king, a Memorial to the 
 House of Lords, and a Petition to the 
 House of Commons. 
 
 90. When was tlie first Colonial Congress held ? "What 
 for? When was the second Congress held? What for? 
 Where ? What colonies were represented ? How long did 
 it sit ? What three papers did it issue ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. Ill 
 
 - 91.- 
 
 In those stirring times, the two men in 
 America most earnest against the king and 
 his government were James Otis, of Mas- 
 sachusetts, and Christopher Gadsden, of 
 South Carolina. The historian, Mr. Ban- 
 croft, of Massachusetts, speaking of those 
 times, says : " Be it remembered, that the 
 blessing of Union is due to the warm- 
 heartedness of South Carolina. She was 
 all alive, and felt at every pore ; and when 
 we count up those who, above all others, 
 contributed to the great result, we are to 
 name the inspired madman, James Otis, 
 and the great statesman, the magnanimous, 
 unwavering, faultless lover of his country, 
 Christopher Gadsden." 
 
 91. Who were tlie two most conspicuous men in those 
 times? What does Mr. Bancroft, the historian, say oi 
 them? 
 
112 HISTORY OF 
 
 -92. - 
 
 In 1766 the Stamp Act was repealed. 
 Tbere was great rejoicing over this repeal, 
 both in England and in America. Wil- 
 liam Pitt, the great British statesman, who 
 had always taken the part of the Ameri- 
 can colonies, and who got this Stamp Act 
 repealed, was praised as the saviour of 
 America. The people of Charles Town 
 erected a marble statue of him, which is 
 still there. It stands on the grounds of the 
 Orphan Asylum. It wants the left arm, 
 which was shot off by the British in 
 one of the bombardments of the city dur- 
 ing the Kevolutionary War. 
 
 92. When was the Stamp Act repealed ? What effect 
 did this repeal have in England and America ? Who was 
 the great friend of the colonies ? How did the people ol 
 Charles Town express their admiratioii of PittV Wlial 
 became of that statue ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 113 
 
 93. - 
 
 The repeal of the Stamp Act did not 
 avail much, because the Parliament pro 
 ceeded immediately to pass other acts as 
 bad as it, or worse. In 1767 other tax 
 laws were passed — glass, paper, tea, and 
 many other things that the colonists need- 
 ed, were heavily taxed. Three years later 
 — 1770 — these taxes were all repealed, ex- 
 cept that on tea; and the colonists quit 
 using tea. Then the tax on tea was made 
 very light; but still the colonists were 
 obstinate about it, and refused to let it 
 come into our markets at all. In Charles 
 Town they received the first supply of it, 
 and stored it up in damp cellars, where it 
 rotted. When another cargo arrived, 
 they threw it in the sea. This was done 
 both at George Town and Charles Town. 
 The same thing was also done at Boston, 
 
 93. What other taxes were imposed after the Stamp Act 
 was repealed ? What was done about the tax on tea t 
 10* 
 
114 HISTORY OP 
 
 in tlie north. The men who threw the 
 tea overboard were dressed up like In- 
 dians, so that nobody could tell who they 
 were. 
 
 -94. 
 
 This throwing the tea into the sea so en- 
 raged the British government that the Par- 
 liament at once enacted some very severe 
 laws for the colonies, especially for the 
 city of Boston. The people of all the 
 American colonies saw in this matter that 
 they had one common cause ; and what- 
 ever went ill with Boston must also go ill 
 with all the rest of them. Societies were 
 
 What did tlie colonists do about the tea ? At last what 
 ■was done at George Town, Charles Town, and Boston ^ 
 Why did those who threw the tea into the sea dress like 
 Indians? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 115 
 
 formed under the name of Sons of Liberty 
 all over the country, both north and south, 
 to be ready to defend the country in case 
 of need. In all these steps of hostility to 
 the British crown, South Carolina was 
 always prompt and generally leading. 
 
 9 5.- 
 
 In 1770 the British government deter 
 mined to keep soldiers in America, in or- 
 der to make the colonists obey its laws, 
 whether they wanted to do so or not. 
 This stirred up the colonists as much aa 
 the Stamp Act or the tea tax had done a 
 few years before. 
 
 94. What was the effect of this tlirowing the tea into 
 the sea upon the British Government? What laws were 
 passed in consequence ? What were the Sons of Liberty X 
 fiow did South Carolina act in tliose times ? 
 
116 giSTOEY OF 
 
 In 1771 Governor Try on, who lived at 
 Newbern and was governor of North Car- 
 olina, built him a fine house, costing 
 $75,000 ; and made that colony raise the 
 money to pay for it. The people formed 
 companies, called Regulators, to keep the 
 governor from collecting this tax. The 
 governor took some British soldiers and 
 went after these Regulators. He found 
 them encamped at Alamance Creek — in 
 Alamance County — on the 16th of May, 
 l77l ; and a skirmish ensued, in which the 
 Regulators were defeated and dispersed, 
 with a loss of 300 men. This was the first 
 actual fighting between the colonists and 
 the regular British military authorities. 
 
 95. What offensive measure did the British determine 
 on in 1770 ? What did Governor Tryon do in North Car- 
 olina ? What were the Regulators ? Where did they have 
 a fight? When ? What was the result ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 117 
 
 -96.- 
 
 The British government kept on iu 
 this same way, enacting oppressive laws 
 for the colonies, until 1774; when Mas- 
 sachusetts invited the other American 
 colonies to meet in a Congress. This was 
 called the First Continental Congress, 
 and it met on the 5th of September, 1774. 
 South Carolina sent ^ve deputies to rep- 
 resent her in the congress — Henry Mid- 
 dleton, John Rutledge, Thomas Lynch, 
 Christopher Gadsden, and Edward Rut- 
 ledge. It sat seven weeks. It issued 
 several able papers — a Bill of Rights, an 
 Address to the People of Great Britain, 
 an Address to the American Colonies, 
 and some others. It adjourned to meet 
 again on the 10th of May the next year. 
 
 96. When did Massachusetts call for a Congress ? What 
 was that Congress called ? When did it meet ? How 
 many deputies did South Carolina send ? Who were they ! 
 How long did this Congress sit ? What did it do ? When 
 did it resolve to meet again ? 
 
118 HISTORY OP 
 
 -97.- 
 
 The greater part of our people even 
 yet did not expect that there would be 
 any war with the mother country, as Eng- 
 land was called. They hoped that things 
 would soon mend. But soon they grew 
 worse. General Gage, who commanded 
 the British troops in Massachusetts, began 
 to fortify Boston ; and, on the other hand, 
 the colonies, especially Massachusetts, be- 
 gan to form companies, to collect arras, 
 to drill, and to get ready for a fight. 
 Christopher Gadsden proposed in the 
 Continental Congress to get up an army 
 and capture General Gage and his sol- 
 diers; but the colonists would not do 
 that. 
 
 97. Did our people then expect war ? Who commanded 
 the British forces in Massachusetts ? What did he begin 
 to do ? What did the colonies do in opposition ? WTiat 
 did Christopher Gadsden propose to do ? Did the Congresi 
 agree to do it 1 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. . 119 
 
 -98. - 
 
 On the 19th of April, 1775, there was a 
 skirmish at Lexington, Massachusetts, be- 
 tween some of General Gage's troops, under 
 Colonel Smith, and the militia of the place. 
 The British numbered 800 ; and the mili- 
 tia were but a hundred or so, of whom se- 
 ven were killed. Two days after this af- 
 fair — on the 21st of April — and before 
 the news could reach the south, the Gen- 
 eral Committee in Charles Town secretly 
 took possession of all the arms, ammunition 
 and military stores in that city. This 
 General Committee was a body of men 
 appointed by the Assembly of South Car- 
 olina, to take charge of the defence of the 
 colony in case of emergency. The Com- 
 mittee consisted of Charles Pinckney, 
 William Henry Drayton, Arthur Middle- 
 
 98. When did the skirmish at Lexington occur? "be- 
 tween whom ? What result ? When did the Genera] 
 
120 HISTORY OP 
 
 ton, Charles Cotesworth Piackney, Wil- 
 liam Gibbes, and Edward Weyman. 
 
 -99.- 
 
 The governor of the State — William 
 Bull — as an officer of the British govern- 
 ment, offered rewards for the persons who 
 had taken the military stores. But no- 
 body would find out. Of course every 
 body in the city, including the governor, 
 knew all about it ; but nobody was either 
 willing or able to bring the parties to jus- 
 tice. 
 
 The news of the skirmish at Lexington 
 reached Charles Town on the 8th of May 
 
 Committee seize the military stores in Charles Town -^ 
 WTiat was that General Committee ? Who composed it ? 
 
 99. What did Governor Bull do towards finding out who 
 look the military stores ? Did he succeed ? Why not ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 121 
 
 — more than two weeks after the seizure 
 of the guns and military stores there. 
 
 -100. - 
 
 The second meeting of the Congress 
 — it is usually called the Second Contin- 
 ental Congress — was held in Philadelphia, 
 beginning on the 10th of May. The 
 same deputies represented South Caroli- 
 na as did the year before. This Congress 
 determined to fight ; and appointed 
 George Washington to be General and 
 "Commander in Chief of all the forces 
 raised, or to be raised, for the defence of 
 the colonies." 
 
 This was the practical separation of the 
 
 When did the news of the skirmish at Lexington reach 
 Charlestown? How long was that after the seizure of tha 
 military stores in that city ? 
 
122 HISTORY OF 
 
 Americau colonies from the mother coun* 
 try ; but it was not yet done by law. 
 
 -o- 
 
 -101.- 
 
 In South Carolina the times were get- 
 ting brisk and stormy. The news of Lex- 
 ington reached Charles Town on the 8th 
 of May. The Assembly of the State met 
 on the 1st of June ; and Henry Laurens 
 was elected president of that body. They 
 resolved at once to raise two regiments of 
 infantry and one of cavalry. The infan- 
 try regiments were put under the com- 
 mand of Christopher Gadsden and Wil- 
 liam Moultrie. 
 
 Francis Marion, who became so famous, 
 
 100. When did the second Continental Congress meet ? 
 Where ? Who represented South Carolina ? What did 
 this Congress resolve to do ? Who was made General and 
 Commander-in-Chief? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 123 
 
 later in the war, was a captain in one of 
 these regiments. So also was Peter Hor- 
 ry, who fought with Marion, and after- 
 wards wrote a biography of him. 
 
 -102.- 
 
 Governor Bull was too good a friend to 
 the colonists to suit the king ; and accord- 
 ingly Lord William Campbell was sent 
 over to be governor. He arrived in 
 Charles Town on the 18th of June. The 
 trouble was fully under way. The battle 
 of Bunker's Hill, near Boston, was fought 
 the day before the new governor of South 
 Carolina reached his post. 
 
 101. Wlaen did the Assembly of South Carolina meet ? 
 Who was made president? What did they resolve to do ? 
 Who were the colonels of these two infantry regiments t 
 What command had Marion and Hovey there ? 
 
124: HISTORY OF 
 
 During the rest of this year there was 
 some fighting in the north; .and some in 
 Canada. The British brought over this 
 year 40,000 soldiers to subdue America, 
 many of whom were German hirelings. 
 Sir William Howe was Commander in 
 Chief of the British forces; and had his 
 headquarters in Boston. 
 
 -103.- 
 
 While the people on the sea-board were 
 ready for the war, those of the interior 
 and mountain districts were not. In the 
 up-country there were some loyalists — 
 usually called tories — who gave the rev- 
 
 103. Why was Governor Bull removed ? Who succeed- 
 ed him ? When did Governor Campbell arrive in Charles 
 Toysan ? Where was there fighting during this year ? How 
 many soldiers did the British bring to America? Who 
 commanded them ? Where were his headquarters ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 125 
 
 olutionists a great deal of trouble. The 
 revolutionists, or those who were in favour 
 of fighting for their liberty, were some- 
 times called wMgs. Of the tories there 
 was Captain Moses Kirkland, who had 
 command of some guns and ammunition 
 belonging to the State at Ninety-Six. He 
 gave up these to Major Kobertson, who 
 was a declared tory before. These two 
 — Kiiidaud and Robertson — together 
 with Fletchall, Hobert and Patrick Cun- 
 ningham, Brown, and many others of less 
 note, did a great deal, during the first 
 year or two of the war, against the cause 
 of liberty, in South Carolina. During 
 1775 there was a brisk little fight with 
 these tories at Savage's plantation, near 
 Ninety-Six, which is in Abbeville district. 
 
 103. \\Tiere v/^ere the people readiest for the war ? How 
 was the up-country ? Who were called tories ? Who 
 were whigs ? Who were some of the most distinguished 
 tories of that time ? Where was there a skirmish with the 
 tories in 1775? 
 
 11* 
 
126 HISTORY OF 
 
 -104.- 
 
 Governor Campbell did all lie could to 
 stir up those loyalists or tories ; and sent 
 his agents all over the State, to help the 
 cause of the king. 
 
 The State Assembly also sent William 
 Henry Drayton and the Reverend Wil- 
 liam Tennent to the up-country, to induce 
 the people there to join the State against 
 the king. 
 
 These two classes of the people called 
 each other hard names. The loyalists 
 called the whigs rebels ; while the latter 
 called the loyalists tories. 
 
 104. What did Governor Campbell do ? Whom did the 
 Assembly send to the up-country ? What for ? What did 
 the loyalists call the whigs ? What did the whigs call the 
 oyalistfl ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 127 
 
 -105.- 
 
 On the 24tli of March, ]776, the new 
 Plan of Government was submitted to the 
 Assembly of South Carolina, and adopted. 
 This act changed South .Carolina from a 
 :.olony to a State. 
 
 John Eutledge was chosen President 
 — as the new governor was called — and 
 Henry Laurens Vice President. Other 
 officers were chosen at the the same time ; 
 and also a Legislative Council, consisting 
 of thirteen members, of whom only three 
 were from the up-co.untry. 
 
 This was the first regular State govern- 
 ment formed by any of the American col- 
 onies. 
 
 105. When was tlie new Plan of Government adopted ? 
 Wlio was chosen President ? Who, Vice President ? How 
 many members composed the Legislative Council ? Which 
 was the first regular State government formed in America 1 
 
128 HISTORY OF 
 
 ,,..K«™««,,,^^^^ 
 
 - 106. - 
 
 There were, at the time when this colo- 
 ny became a State, about 60,000 whites 
 living here ; so that 10,000 soldiers was 
 the most that the State, could possibly 
 raise when she entered upon the wai 
 against Great Britain. 
 
 The thirteen colonies had not yet uni- 
 ted into a single government. They were 
 soon to do so, however. 
 
 106. How many wliites lived in this State when the Rev- 
 olutionary War began? How many soldiers could the 
 State turnish? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 129 
 
 -107.- 
 
 la June, 1776, the fii'st attack was made 
 on Charles Town. General Clinton, in 
 command of 2,500 British soldiei s, reached 
 that city by sea on the 4th of June. His 
 object was to capture it at once ; but the 
 State had gathered 6,000 men about the 
 city ; and these were ready for a fight. 
 There were a good many places fortified ; 
 but the principal one was Fort Sullivan. 
 
 This was situated on the western point of 
 Sullivan's Island, six miles from the city. 
 The fort had been hastily built of Palmet- 
 to logs and sand ; and was under command 
 of Colonel Moultrie, who had with him 26 
 cannon and 435 men. 
 
 Colonel Thompson with a regiment waa 
 
130 HISTORY or 
 
 stationed at the eastern end of Sullivan's 
 Island ; but the main fight was at Colonel 
 Moultrie's Palmetto fort. 
 
 -108.- 
 
 When it was known — in May, 1'776 — 
 that Clinton was to attack Charles Town, 
 General Charles Lee was sent to meet that 
 invasion. He brought with him some 
 Virginia and North Carolina troops. 
 When he reached Charles Town he in- 
 spected the defences. He examined Moul- 
 
 107. When did General Clinton reach Charles Town to 
 reduce it ? What force did he have ? How many soldiers 
 had the State gathered about the city ? Where was the 
 main fort ? Who commanded it ? How many cannon and 
 men did he have ? Where was Colonel Thompson sta- 
 tioned ? Where was the main fight ? 
 
 108. Who was sent south to meet the invasion under 
 Clinton ? What troops did Lee bring with him ? What 
 did he think of Moultrie's fort ? Why did he decide to 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 13) 
 
 trie's fort on Sullivan's Island, and said 
 that it would prove a mere slaughter-pen 
 to its brave defenders ; but when he saw 
 the determined spirit of Moultrie's men, 
 he consented to let them try. When 
 Moultrie was told that the British war- 
 ships would knock down his fort in ten 
 minutes, he replied that they would then 
 lie behind the ruins and prevent the ene- 
 my from landing. 
 
 -109.- 
 
 The naval commander of Clinton's 
 forces was Admiral Sir Peter Parker. He 
 made his attack upon Moultrie's foi*t of pal- 
 metto logs and sand, on the 28th of June. 
 The fire of the British fleet was terrific, 
 
 let them try to hold it ? What did Moultrie say when told 
 that his fort could not stand ten minutes ? 
 
132 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 but the palmetto logs did not splinter like 
 ordinary timber; so that the balls buried 
 themselves in the spongy wood, with 
 very little harm to the works. The guns 
 of the fort swept the decks of the ships 
 with slaughter- 
 
 ^.«lTfE2jJ0CEtJ«.ll.» 
 
 8orgeant Jasper putting up the flag again at Fort Sullivan. 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 133 
 
 Early in the action the flag of the fort 
 —a simple strip of blue cloth, bearing a 
 silver crescent — was shot away. It fell 
 outside of the tort. Sergeant Jasper imme- 
 diately jumped over the works, and, in 
 the hottest of the fire, got the flag, went 
 up with it, and put it back in position 
 again. The picture shows this spirited 
 feat, as seen from the inside of the fort. 
 
 -110.- 
 
 After several hours of severe fighting, 
 General Lee, seeing that the fort was 
 nearly out of ammunition, advised Moul- 
 trie to spike his guns and retire. This 
 
 109. Wlio commanded the Britisli fleet? When did he 
 attack Moultrie's fort? Why did the fort stand fire so 
 well ? Wliat effect had the fire of the fort upon the ships ? 
 What gallant act did Sergeant Jasper perform ? What was 
 ihe flag of South Carolina at that time ? 
 
134 HISTORY OF 
 
 advice the brave defender declined to 
 take ; and after waiting a short time got 
 a new supply of powder, and so went on 
 with the defence. When President Rut- 
 ledge learned that Lee desired to abandon 
 the fort, he wrote to Moultrie ; '' General 
 Lee wishes you to abandon the fort. You 
 will not, without an order from me. I 
 would sooner cut off my hand than write 
 one." 
 
 The attack and defence lasted nine 
 hours, when the enemy gave up the at- 
 tempt, and retired with a loss of 225 men. 
 The defenders lost thirty-two. 
 
 -111.- 
 
 The victory of Fort Sullivan-— or Fort 
 
 110. What did General Lee advise Moultrie to do when 
 his ammunition was nearly out ? What did Moultrie do ^ 
 
SOUTH CAROLITs'A. 135 
 
 Moult I'le, as it was after that time called, 
 from its brave defender — elated the peo- 
 ple of the State very much. 
 
 Soon after the repulse of the enemy at 
 Charles Town, Lee started in mid-summer 
 with his troops to Florida, where there 
 was need of help to the cause of freedom. 
 He got as far as the O-gee'-chee river 
 — near the Georgia line — and was recall- 
 ed to the north. 
 
 General Moore was left in command of 
 the southern troops in South Carolina. 
 
 -112.- 
 
 Six days after the battle of Fort Moul- 
 
 What did President Rutledge write to Moultrie about giv- 
 ing up the fort ? How long did the fight last ? How many 
 did the enemy lose ? How many the defenders ? 
 
 HI. What effect had the victory at Charles Town upon 
 the spirits of the South Carolinians? What move did Lee 
 make next ? What point did he reach ? Who succeeded 
 him in the command of the forces in South Carolina ? 
 
136 HISTORY OF 
 
 frie — that is to say on the 4th of July, 
 1776 — the Continental Congress in Phila- 
 delphia adopted the Declaration of In- 
 dependence. When it came up on the 
 1st of July, only nine of the thirteen col- 
 onies voted for it — New Yoi-k, Pennsyl- 
 vania, South Carolina, and Delaware, vot- 
 ing against it. But all these came into 
 the measure in the three following days; 
 so that on the 4th it passed, every colony 
 voting for it. 
 
 This point closes the separate State his- 
 tory of South Carolina ; and we enter up- 
 on the stirring period of the Kevolution- 
 ary Wai", and the history of the State as 
 one of the United States. 
 
 113. Wlien was the Declaration of Jndopendence pas^ 
 ed ? How many States were in favour of it on the firs^^ o* 
 July ? How many on the 4th ? Whic h 1 our States wer« 
 not at first in favour of it ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 187 
 
 ^^,..«X-N..,^^^^ 
 
 - 113. 
 
 After the signal repulse of the British 
 at Fort Moultrie, they did not reenter the 
 State for three years. During these thi-ee 
 years there was a great deal of fighting 
 in the north ; an account of which is to be 
 found in the history of the United States. 
 
 In January, 1778, there was another 
 destructive fire in Charles Town, said to 
 have been started by the tories, which 
 destroyed near 300 houses. 
 
 During tliis year a treaty was formed 
 
 113. How long clid tlie British keep out of South Caroli 
 12* 
 
138 HISTORY OP 
 
 between the United States and France, 
 which gave us veiy important advan- 
 tages. 
 
 -114,- 
 
 Al though the British did not send sol- 
 diers into this State for about three years, 
 still there were troubles enough without 
 that. They arose within the State. 
 There were tories and Indians enough to 
 be rather worse than an invading army. 
 
 A British officer, named John Stuart, 
 got in among the Cherokee Indians in the 
 up-country, and excited them to a war 
 against the Carolinians. The Indians, 
 
 na after tlieir repulse at Charles Town ? When did the 
 destructive fire occur in that city? How many houses 
 were burnt? Who caused the fire? What important 
 treaty was formed in 1778 ? 
 
 114. Whence came the troubles to South Carolina during 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 139 
 
 accordingly, iinited with the tories and 
 got up a formidable body of cut-throat 
 Indians, and desperate white men, not 
 less formidable than the savages. 
 
 115. 
 
 It became necessary to organize a force 
 against these desperadoes, or else they 
 would have overrun the whole country. 
 Colonel Williamson, accordingly, raised a 
 force, and had a fight with the enemy. 
 He captured a lot of prisoners, thirteen of 
 whom he found to be white men painted 
 and dressed like Cherokees, and fighting 
 among them in this disguise. These thir- 
 teen were tories, who took tiiis wav of 
 
 tliese early years of the war ? Who was John Stuart t 
 What did he do ? Who joined the Indians against the 
 Carolinians ? 
 
14:0 HISTORY OF 
 
 helping the British. When this was made 
 known, it gave rise to some bloody work; 
 for the families of these tories would kill 
 anybody that dared to tell the truth about 
 it, and of course would get killed iu re- 
 turn sometimes. 
 
 -116.- 
 
 Williamson saw that something worse 
 must be done to these Cherokees before 
 they would at all behave. Pie raised a 
 body of 1200 men, and went into the In- 
 rli ,11 country. He was twice ambuscaded 
 — lain in wait for — by the savages ; once 
 at Occ-no-ree' creek, where his little army 
 was driven back in disorder, but was rai- 
 
 ns Wlio raised a force against the Indians? What did 
 he discover in the prisoners captured ? What resulted from 
 this discovery V 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 141 
 
 lied by Colonel Samuel Hammond, order 
 was restored, and the day regained ; and 
 again at the nari'ow defile of No-e-wee^, 
 which lies between two mountains. Here 
 1200 warriors, posted on the surrounding 
 heights, lay in wait for the Carolinians; 
 and it was with the greatest difficulty that 
 they were finally dislodged and driven 
 back farther into the mountain wilds. 
 
 -117.- 
 
 The Cherokees, after their defeat at No- 
 ewee, made no general stand against 
 Williamson ; but as disaster followed dis- 
 aster with them, the great body of their 
 
 116. What did Williamson do ? How many men did be 
 march against the Indians ? What occurred at Occ-no-ree 
 creek ? Who rallied the men ? What occurred at No©' 
 wee pasa ? 
 
14.2 HISTORY OP 
 
 braves took refuge in Florida. A rem. 
 nant of them remained, which exists at 
 this time in Cherokee county, in North 
 Carolina. They now number about 2000. 
 In that day there must have been about 
 80,000. 
 
 Williamson took very much such course 
 with them as Grant had done in 1761 — 
 sixteen years before. He burnt every 
 town, village, settlement, house, stable, 
 and fence. It was at this time that the 
 Cherokees gave up to South Carolina that 
 part of the State now known as Pickens, 
 0-co''-nee, Anderson, and Greenville coun- 
 ties. 
 
 117. Where did tlie defeated braves of tlie Cherokees 
 Beek refuge ? Where do they now live ? How many are 
 there now ? How many were there then ? How did Wil- 
 liamson do ? What country did the Cherokees then cede 
 tc South Carolina ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 14J 
 
 -118.- 
 
 In 1779 the British made another at- 
 tempt to take Charles Town — or, as it was 
 at this time frequently written, Charles- 
 town — which lasted for a good while. 
 
 Kawlins Lowndes was president of 
 South Carolina at this time ; and General 
 Lincoln, of Massachusetts, was in command 
 of the continental troops in the south. 
 
 The British already held Savannah, 
 Georgia ; and from that city tried to take 
 Charles Town. General Prevost, the 
 British commander, determined to seize 
 the city of Charles Town. He sent Col- 
 onel Gardner with 200 men to Port Koy- 
 al, as a first step. 
 
 118. When did the British make their second attempt to 
 take Charles Town ? Who was then president of the 
 State ? Who was in command of the southern troops ? 
 How did the British proceed against the city ? Who waji 
 gent to Port Royal ? With how many men ? 
 
144 HISTORY OF 
 
 - 119. - 
 
 Colonel Moultrie was sent to meet Pre- 
 vost at Port Royal ; and drove him oif 
 with a small force of militia, under Cap- 
 tains Heyward, Rutledge, and Barnwell, 
 who greatly distinguished themselves. 
 
 The provisional government was chang- 
 ed for the regular government in 1779, 
 when South Carolina became one of the 
 United States by regular legislation, the 
 thirteen separate States all agreeing upon 
 a federal constitution. John Rutledge 
 was elected first governor of this State. 
 
 Thus Charles Town was saved for a lit- 
 tle while longer. 
 
 About this time Colonel Boyd — a tory 
 of the western part of the State — gather- 
 ed several hundred tories and formed a 
 band that threatened to give much trou- 
 ble. Colonel Pickens was sent against 
 Boyd, and dispersed the band of tones in 
 a sharp fight at Kettle Creek. Boyd wa8 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 145 
 
 killed and about 100 of his men captured. 
 These prisoners were tried by jury for 
 treason, and 70 of them were found guilty 
 and condemned to death. Only five of 
 these were hanged, the others being par- 
 doned after awhile. 
 
 120.- 
 
 These successes made the southern 
 troops too confident. This over-confi- 
 dence resulted in a terrible defeat at 
 Briar Creek. General Lincoln sent Colo- 
 nel Ashe, of North Carolina, wiih 1500 
 troops, from that State principally, across 
 
 119. Who was sent to Port Royal against Prevost? 
 What did he do? What captains distinguished them- 
 aelves? When was the Union formed regularly? Who 
 was first governor ? Wliat did Captain Boyd do ? Who 
 defeated him ? Wliat was done with the prisoners ? 
 13 
 
146 HISTORY OF 
 
 to Savannah, in order to impede the ope- 
 rations of the enemy about the city of 
 Savannah. Ashe went to Briar Creek, 
 was so confident that he neglected the 
 proper picket and vidette precautions, 
 and was thus surprised by Prevost with 
 less than a thousand men, and completely 
 routed. Ashe was tried by military court 
 and cashiered. 
 
 - 121. - 
 
 When Ashe was so shamefully defeated 
 at Briar Creek, General Lincoln, with the 
 main part of the southern army, set out 
 for Augusta; and got 150 miles from the 
 mouth of the Savannah. At the same 
 
 120. What effect had these successes upon the southern 
 troops ? Who was defeated at Briar Creek ? How ? What 
 was done to Colonel Ashe for his course at that place ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 147 
 
 time Prevost, with 2,000 chosen British 
 troops, crossed from the Georgia side into 
 South Carolina, and marched for Charles 
 Town. 
 
 General — formerly Colonel — Moultrie, 
 with 1000 militia, threw himself in the 
 way of Prevost, in hopes of delaying him 
 until Lincoln might arrive with the main 
 army. The tnilitia about Charles Town 
 was put in fighting order ; breastworks 
 were thrown up across the neck ; and 
 everything done that could be to give the 
 enemy a good fight when they should 
 come. 
 
 Moultrie got to the city ahead of Pre- 
 vost; and Lincoln was hurrying on down. 
 
 131. What move did Lincoln make ? Which way did 
 Prevost march ? Who tried to delay the enemy ? What 
 did they do in Charles Town ? Who reached the city first 1 
 
148 HISTORY OF 
 
 -122.- 
 
 Ou the lOth of May, 1779, it was that 
 Prevost crossed the Ashley river; and, 
 after some skirmishing, summoned the 
 city to surrender. 
 
 Ex-President — now Governor — Rut- 
 ledge consumed a day or two in negotiations 
 about the surrender ; and made several 
 propositions, in order to gain time. At 
 last Prevost became impatient, and de- 
 manded the immediate surrender of the 
 military forces about the city. Kutledge 
 referred the demand to Moultrie, as the 
 highest military authority ; and that offi- 
 cer promptly replied : " I will save the 
 city." He felt strong, because he knew 
 that Lincoln was close behind the British. 
 Prevost soon found out this too, and at 
 once gave up the siege. 
 
 122. When did Prevost cross the Ashley, and demand the 
 surrender of the city ? VS^hat did Rutledge do ? When 
 Prevost demanded a surrender what did Rutledge do? 
 What did Moultrie say ? Why was he so bold ? Wliat 
 coarse did Prevost take ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 149 
 
 -123.- 
 
 Prevost recrossed the Ashley and re- 
 tired to the adjacent islands. He took 
 position at Stono — about thirty miles 
 from Charles Town — and Lincoln deter- 
 mined to dislodge him. He made his 
 attack on the 20th of June, and the 
 fight was obstinate and long ; but he fail- 
 ed to drive Prevost away, and had to re- 
 turn to the city. 
 
 Colonel Malmedy and Lieutenant-Colo- 
 nel Henderson distinguished themselves in 
 this battle. 
 
 -124. - 
 The siege of Savannah by the French 
 
 123. Where did Prevost stop ? What did Lincoln try to 
 do ? When was the battle fought ? What was the result ? 
 What officers distinguished themselves ? 
 13* 
 
150 HISTORY OF 
 
 fleet of Count D'Estaing \des-taing^\ aid- 
 ed by some American land troops under 
 Lincoln, commenced on the 5th of Octo- 
 ber, 1779. On the 9th of May they made 
 an attempt to take the city by storm ; but 
 failed ; although both the flags of France 
 and of South Carolina were planted on 
 the ramparts of the British works. Lin- 
 coln wished to try again, but D'Estaing 
 refused, and re embarked his French 
 troops. So Lincoln was obliged to return 
 to Charles Town. 
 
 Sergeant Jasper, who had distinguish- 
 ed himself so much at the battle of Fort 
 Moultrie, was killed at Savannah. He 
 had planted his flag upon the enemy's 
 works, and it was shot down; when he 
 rushed up and caught it. He was shot at 
 that moment, and died a few hours after. 
 
 124. When did the siege of Savannah begin? By whom 
 was it made? When did they assault it ? What was the 
 result? What did Lincoln want to do? What did D'Bs- 
 taing do 1 What is said of Sergeant Jasper ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLIKA. 151 
 
 --125.- 
 
 N"ext year — 1780 — the British camo 
 again to take Charles Town. 
 
 On the 11th of February, when the en- 
 emy landed thirty miles below the city, 
 South Carolina had but six legiments, 
 amounting in all to about 800 troops 
 — barely one full regiment. 
 
 General Clinton landed on John's Is- 
 land with about 8,000 British soldiers. 
 Against these General Lincoln found it 
 difficult to rake up as many as half that 
 number to defend the city. These were 
 gathered from all quarters, and in part 
 were militia called together by Governor 
 Eutledgo in a proclamation. 
 
 Clinton took a month to get ready, 
 and this delay gave Lincoln time to pre- 
 pare for him. Then after a siege of eight 
 
 125. When did tlie British again try Charles Town? 
 Where did Clinton land? Wheu? With what force? 
 
152 HISTORY OP 
 
 weeks, the city was called on to surren- 
 der This demand was made three times, 
 and as often refused. 
 
 -126.- 
 
 The forts and breastworks of the ene- 
 my around the city were drawn closer and 
 closer, and the fire of shot and shell was 
 made hotter and heavier, until the 12 th 
 of May, when Lincoln surrendered the 
 city to the British. 
 
 Colonel Thomas Pinckney distinguished 
 himself during this siege by his gallant 
 defence of Fort Moultrie. 
 
 The sufferings of our people during this 
 siege were great; but the ill treatment of 
 
 How many troops did Lincoln gather to defend the citj 1 
 How long did Clinton take to get ready ? How Jong did 
 the siege last ? How often was its surrender demanded ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 153 
 
 the enemy made it worse after the cap- 
 ture than it had been during the siege, 
 with all its privations. 
 
 - 127.- 
 
 Now the war in South Carolina began 
 in dead earnest. 
 
 Soon after Clinton got possession of 
 Charles Town, he sent three armies into the 
 interior — one, under Lord Cornwallis, to- 
 wards Camden ; another, under Colonel 
 Cruger, towards Ninety-Six ; and the third, 
 under Colonel Brown, to Augusta. Colonel 
 Tarleton — who was so often and so de- 
 servedly called The Bloody Tarleto7i — 
 
 126. WTien did the city fall into the Lands of the ene- 
 my? What officer distinguished himself in the defence 
 of Fort Moultrie ? Did the people in the city suffer more 
 during the siege or after the capture ? 
 
154 HISTORY OF 
 
 with his cavalry were ranging at large 
 over the whole State. 
 
 -12 8.-- 
 
 General Horatio Gates was sent to take 
 command of the southern armies, in place 
 of Limjoln, who had surrendered Charles 
 Town. 
 
 When the three British armies started 
 from Charles Town for the interior, sev- 
 eral partisan leaders raised forces and pre- 
 pared to resist the invasion at every step. 
 
 These partisan leaders were, Sumter, 
 who was on the Catawba ; Marion, in the 
 
 137. What did Clinton do soon after lie got possession 
 of Charles Town ? Who commanded the army sent to- 
 wards Camden ? The one sent towards Ninety-Six ? The 
 one sent to Augusta? Where was the Bloody Tarleton 
 with his cavalry ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 155 
 
 Pedee swamps and on the Santee ; Pick- 
 ens, on the Sa-lu^-da ; and in various parts 
 of the State, changing as they all did 
 from time to time, were Hampton, the 
 two Hammonds, Williams of Ninety-Six, 
 McCall, and Liddle. There were many 
 others beside these ; and all did noble 
 service, and won honourable places in 
 history. 
 
 -129.- 
 
 At this time, when the patriots were 
 earning so much glory by their brave 
 deeds, General Williamson, of Cambridge, 
 won for himself dishonour. He was af- 
 
 128. Wlio now commanded the southern armies in the 
 Bouth ? Who were some of the most noted of the partisan 
 leaders who opposed the enemy ? Where was Sumter ? 
 Marion ? Pickens ? 
 
156 HISTORY OF 
 
 terwards called the Arnold of Carolina ; 
 because, like that traitor, he turned 
 against his country. He called together 
 all the militia under his command and ad- 
 vised them that it would be best for them 
 to consider themselves included in the 
 surrender of Charles Town. This gave 
 them an excuse for not joining the patriots 
 who were fighting for their country. 
 Williamson soon found the up-country 
 dangerous for him ; so he went to the ene- 
 my in the city. He, after all this, did the 
 State some service, by turning spy against 
 the British. 
 
 129. What is the story of Williamson of Cambridge ? 
 What did he advise his militia to do ? What did he do 
 himself? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 167 
 
 -130. - 
 
 On the 29th of May, 1780, Tarleton— 
 the bloody dragoon of the British army — 
 surprised Colonel Buford, at the Waxhaws. 
 Buford was marching to relieve Charles 
 Town with three or four hundred men ; 
 while his opponent had been sent to ar- 
 rest his march. Tarleton had at least 
 twice as many men as Buford. The fight 
 was short; and Buford and his men were 
 routed and dispersed, many of them being 
 butchered after they had surrendered. 
 This appears from the fact that five out 
 of every six of Buford's men were either 
 killed or wounded ; while Tarleton lost 
 five killed and twelve wounded. Tarle- 
 ton was very highly praised by Cornwal- 
 lis for this victory. 
 
 130. Where did Tarleton defeat Buford ? What cruelty 
 were the British guilty of? How many were killed or 
 wounded of the Americans ? How many of the British 1 
 14 
 
158 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 -131.- 
 
 During the spring of 1780, South Caro- 
 lina appeared to be pretty well conquer- 
 ed by the British ; at least they believed 
 so. and acted accordingly. But the pa- 
 triots were making ready. Tarleton ruled 
 the whole up-country by the terror of his 
 name. 
 
 General Thomas Sumter, [formerly Colonel.] 
 
 This lasted until the 12th of July, 
 when Colonel Sumter came back from 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 159 
 
 North Carolina with one or two hundred 
 men, and fell upon Captain Huck and 
 Colonel Ferguson, who were encamped 
 upon Williams's plantation, in the upper 
 part of the State, and utterly routed their 
 command. Captain Huck being among 
 the killed. In this fight Colonel Brat ton 
 and Captain McClui*e distinguished them- 
 selves ; as they had done a few weeks be- 
 fore, at Mobley's Meeting House in Fair- 
 field county. 
 
 This victory, though in itself a small 
 affair, roused the hopes of the people 
 greatly ; and Sumter soon had six hun- 
 dred determined men in his regiment. 
 
 131. What was the state of the country in the spring of 
 1780? What of Tarleton? VS^hen did Sumter return 
 from North Carolina and defeat Huck at Williams's planta- 
 tion ? What effect had this victory on the spirits of the 
 people ? 
 
160 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 -132.- 
 
 On the 30th of July, Sumter made an 
 attack upon the British post at Kocky 
 Mount, in Fairfield county ; hut failed to 
 dislodge them. He immediately moved 
 on to another post at the Hanging Rock, 
 where a large body of the enemy — both 
 British and tories — were stationed. 
 
 Haneinff Rock. 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 161 
 
 The picture represents the rock from 
 which the place took its name. This rock 
 is about twenty-fiv^e feet in diameter, and* 
 lies upon — almost hangs over — the east 
 bank of Hanging Rock creek, which flows 
 into Lynch's creek — a tributary of the 
 Pedee. The rock is about 100 feet higher 
 than the creek. Under the rock is room 
 for fifty men to find shelter in a rain. 
 
 Here Sumter fell upon the enemy with 
 his usual spirit, and utterly routed them 
 and annihilated a pet regiment known as 
 the Prince of Wales's regiment. This was 
 on the 6th of August. 
 
 133. With what success did Sumter attack Rocky Mount t 
 When ? What did he do at the Hanging Rock ? When 
 was this ? 
 
162 HISTORY OF 
 
 - 133. - 
 
 While Sumter was doing such active 
 and efficient service along the Catawba, 
 the other partisan leaders were doing 
 good service in a small way in other parts 
 of the State. Colonel Williams, of Nine- 
 ty-Six, on the 18th of August fought a 
 small battle on the En-o-ree' river, at a 
 place called Musgrove's mills. The tories, 
 under Colonel Innis, were driven away 
 from the post. 
 
 -134. 
 
 About the same time — in July — the 
 affair at Cedar Springs in Spartanburg 
 county took place. Here were collected 
 
 133. Who fought the battle of Musgrove's mills ? VHiat 
 was the result ? Whc commanded the tories ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 163 
 
 about 200 patriots under Colonel E. 
 Clarke, including the several small com- 
 mands of Liddle, Hammond, and McOall, 
 with a handfuU of Georgians. A force of 
 several hundred British and tories, led by 
 Colonel Dunlap, tried to surprise the pat- 
 riots ; but two women — Mrs. Dillard and 
 Mrs. Thomas — gave them warning ; so 
 that when the enemy came up, about an 
 hour before day light, the patriots were 
 ready for them. The fight was hand-to- 
 hand and very fierce ; and at last the to- 
 ries were routed and driven away. 
 
 -135.- 
 A continental army was then sent 
 
 134 Who were encamped at Cedar Springs ? How 
 many ? Who attacked them ? What two women gave 
 the alarm? What was the result of the figrht \ 
 
164 HISTORY OP 
 
 to South Carolina, of which General 
 Gates was in command. Gates had re- 
 cently beaten the British army of General 
 Bur-goyne' at Sar-a-to'-ga, and he came 
 south with the reputation of a great gen- 
 eral. He directed his march to Camden, 
 where he was met by Cornwallis, with 
 2,200 men. 
 
 When the American army started from 
 the north it was under command of the Ba- 
 ron De Kalb, a distinguished German who 
 had won laurels in the wars of Euiope. 
 But on the way Gates joined the army by 
 Washington's order ; and being an older 
 general than De Kalb, became command- 
 er of the army, numbering, all told, nearly 
 4,000 men. De Kalb then commanded a 
 part of the army under Gates. 
 
 135. Who commanded tlie American army that came to 
 the relief of South Carolina? What victory had Gatefl 
 won in the north? How many men had Cornwallis ? How 
 many had Gates? What distinguished German Baroc 
 was with Gates ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 165 
 
 - 1 3 6 . - 
 
 The mixed forces of Gates, although of 
 larger number, were no match for the well- 
 disciplined regulars of Cornwallis. 'ihe 
 battle came off on the 16th of August, 
 1780 ; and is called the battle of Camden. 
 Our army did not stand long; because 
 Gates put his raw militia in front, and 
 they knew nothing about fighting. The 
 militia broke, and then it became difficult 
 to keep order. Gates did little or noth- 
 ing. De Kalb fought like a tiger. He 
 was maddened to frenzy by the poor 
 fighting that the Virgiuians, the North 
 Carolinians, and the militia had done. 
 He fell, after receiving eleven wounds, of 
 which he died two days after. A mon- 
 ument erected by a grateful people per- 
 petuates his memory. 
 
 136. When was the battle of Camden fought? Between 
 what generals ? What caused the defeat of the Amen- 
 
166 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 DeKalD's Monument. 
 
 The monument is of marble, the base 
 being of granite, and the entire height is 
 about fifteen feet. There are inscriptions 
 on all four sides. It stands in front of the 
 Presbyterian church, on De Kalb street, in 
 Camden. It was erected since 1825. 
 
 tans? Who fought poorly? What of Baron de Kalb? 
 What ifl said of his monument ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 167 
 
 -137.- 
 
 Althougli De Kalb, with the continent- 
 als, or regulars, fought heroically, the de- 
 feat was utter. Gates fled on his swiftest 
 horses to Charlotte, and lost about half 
 his men and all his baggage. All the 
 glory that he brought from Saratoga van- 
 ished in his ignominious flight fi'om Cam- 
 den to Charlotte. He was a native of 
 England. 
 
 A few days after the battle of Camden, 
 in which Tarleton, the bloody dragoon, 
 took part, that officer was sent by Corn- 
 wallis to attack Sumter, who had just taken 
 a lot of prisoners at Fort Cai-ey, on the 
 Wateree river. Sumter had a great deal 
 of captured property and 300 prisoners ; 
 so that he was encumbered ; and thus 
 Tarleton had an easy victory. He routed 
 and dispersed Sumter's command, almost 
 
168 HISTORY OF 
 
 without resistance, the surprise being 
 complete. This was at Fishing Creek. 
 
 -138.- 
 
 Cornwallis went to Charlotte and made 
 that his headquarters. He sent Feignson 
 — the same that Sumter had beaten a few 
 months before at Williams's plantation — 
 to unite the tories in York and that 
 mountain country. Ferguson encamped 
 on King's Mountain, with about 1500 
 men. 
 
 Here he was attacked on the 7th of 
 October, 1780, by Colonel Campbell and 
 1000 volunteers. The victory was com- 
 plete. The Americans lost only 20 men ; 
 while the British or tory loss was 800 
 
 137. Where did Gates flee to ? What disaster befell the 
 Americans at Fishing Creek? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 169 
 
 prisoners and 500 killed and wounded. 
 The officers under Campbell, who com- 
 manded with distinction in this battle, 
 were Colonels Cleveland, Shelby, Sevier, 
 and Williams. 
 
 King's Mountain Battle Groinul. 
 
 The picture shows the valley at the fnot 
 of the hill — on the left — where the hot- 
 test of the fighting was done. The big 
 tulip tree on the right is where ten tories 
 
 15 
 
170 - HISTORY OF 
 
 were said to have been hanged. The 
 monument, by which a man is standing, 
 is to the memory of Ferguson. 
 
 -139. 
 
 Cornwallis went back to Winnsboro' 
 after Ferguson's defeat at King's Moun- 
 tain. Andrew Jackson — then a boy of 
 fourteen — shot at the British as they 
 marched through his neighbourhood, on 
 this march. 
 
 Colonel Campbell and the brave men 
 who made King's Mountain famous, were 
 soon compelled to take refuge in the moun- 
 tains. Sumter and his forces had been 
 
 138. Where did Cornwallis then go? Whom did he send 
 to unite the tories in York ? What was the force of tories 
 and British? Of Americans? Who distinguished them- 
 selves in that battle ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 171 
 
 dispersed at Fishing Creek. All the oth- 
 er partisans had been in the ill-fated army 
 of Gates, who had pushed on from Char- 
 lotte to Hillsborough. 
 
 So that again South Carolina was ap- 
 parently conquered. 
 
 General Francis Marion. 
 
 Marion alone kept a command in the 
 State ; and he kept out of Tarleton's way, 
 bid in the Santee swamps. 
 
172 HISTORY OF 
 
 It was a dark day for the State. 
 
 -140. 
 
 In a few mouths — as winter drew near 
 — there was a rally. 
 
 Marion still held the swamp of the San- 
 tee and below. Here he earned the epi- 
 thet of Swamp Fox^ by which he was 
 often known. 
 
 Sumter — known, for his boldness in 
 battle, as The Game Cock — returned to 
 the centre of the State, and rallied a com- 
 mand of volunteers. 
 
 Pickens — successor to Williams — too, 
 gathered about him a band of mountain- 
 ers, in the upper part of the State ; with 
 
 139. Where did Cornwallis go to from Charlotte? 
 Where were Campbell and his volunteers? Where were 
 Sumter and his brave followers ? Where was Marion ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 173 
 
 whom were Twi2:2:s and Clarke of Geor- 
 gia. 
 
 But Sumter was the hero of this sea 
 son. Cornwallis said that Sumter was 
 the greatest trouble the British had en- 
 countered in the State. 
 
 -141.- 
 
 Cornwallis was at Winnsboro'. Sum- 
 ter became, by the incoming of recruits, 
 bold enough to give him alarm. The 
 bold partisan hung around that region, 
 mainly on the Catawba side; frequently 
 in the neighborhood of Catawba Falls ; 
 which, as you see, is rather a cascade than 
 a regular fall. 
 
 140. At the opening of winter where was Marion ? Sam- 
 ter? Pickens and his volunteers? What did Cornwall ij 
 think of Sumter? 
 15* 
 
174 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 Catawba Falls. [From the west side of the rivti, looking toward 
 
 Lancaster.] 
 
 Tarleton, having failed to catch Marion 
 in his swamps below, set about tlie task 
 of capturing Sumter But this, too, was a 
 hard job, as he soon found. He sent 
 Major Wemyss to surprise The Game 
 Cock; but the result was that Wemyss 
 with his C(;inmand was surprised, defeat- 
 
 141. Where was Cornwallis? What did Sumter do? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 175 
 
 ed, cut to pieces, and driven off in confu 
 sion. 
 
 - 142. - 
 
 Tarleton himself then went to drive 
 Sumter out of the State, capture him, or 
 annihilate his command. 
 
 Sumter was getting ready for him. 
 Companies and battalions were coming to 
 join him from the northern part of the 
 State— Clarke, Twiggs, and Chandler, all 
 Georgians, were with him ; so were Brat- 
 ton, Thomas, McCall, Winn, and Ham- 
 mond, of South Carolina. Cherokee Ford, 
 on Broad river, was a neighbourhood 
 where these parties frequently resorted. 
 
 Where did lie stay ? Whom did Tarleton send to capture 
 Sumter ? What was the result ? 
 
176 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 I ' 
 
 Mountain Gorge, near Cherokee Ford. 
 
 Sumter moved to Blackstocks — a ford 
 on Tyger river — in the extreme western 
 part of Union county. 
 
 Tarleton marched in hot haste as usual, 
 and on the 20th of November, 1780, came 
 to Sumter's position. His ai-tillery being 
 some miles behind, he wanted to let it 
 catch up; and while thus waiting Sumter 
 dashed in upon him and fought with his 
 usual impetuosity and bravery. The bat- 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 177 
 
 tie lasted several hours, and resulted in 
 the defeat of Tarleton, who left 200 men 
 upon the field. 
 
 -143.- 
 
 Sumter was badly wounded in the bat- 
 tle of Blackstocks ; and Twiggs, of Geor- 
 gia, succeeded to the command of this 
 victorious little army. Sumter was not 
 able to take the field again for a few 
 months; and in that few months many 
 changes occurred. The southern regular 
 army had been well-nigh ruined by the de- 
 feat of Gates at Camden. Gates still held 
 command, but was in Hillsborough, North 
 Carolina; and his army consisted of a dis- 
 spirited collection of about 1000 soldiers^ 
 
 143. Who fought with Sumter when Tarleton went af- 
 ter him ? Where was the battle fought ? When ? What 
 was Tarleton's loss ? What was the result ? 
 
178 HISTORY OP 
 
 and the same number of militia. The 
 last feat of Gates was to send Colonel 
 William Washington to take Camden, 
 which was guarded by a militia tory colo- 
 nel, named Kugely. 
 
 -144.- 
 
 Colonel Washington did not have 
 enough men to take the place by storm ; 
 and so resorted to stratagem. He painted 
 a pine log to look like a cannon, and 
 mounted it on a pair of wagon wheels. 
 This he rolled up in sight of the fort at 
 Camden, and demanded the surrender of 
 the place. Kugely, who was an ambitious 
 man, and then an aspirant for the office of 
 
 143. What happened to Sumter at Blackstocks? Who 
 took command of his forces ? Where was Gates ? How 
 much armv did he have ? What was his last feat ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 179 
 
 brigadier-general in the Bi-itish army, 
 hated to suri-en4er; but was afraid that 
 the wagon-wheels and pine log, which 
 looked so much like a cannon, would 
 force him to do so even if he made a fight, 
 he surrendered. This was on the 4th of 
 December, 1780. 
 
 Rugely was never made a brigadier- 
 general 
 
 -145.- 
 
 General Gates made a failure in the 
 south. So, another general was sent to 
 take his place. This was General Na- 
 thaniel Greene, a Rhode Island man, who 
 was born a Quaker. The Quakers are op- 
 
 144. What trick did Washington resort to to make 
 Rugely surrender? Did it succeed? When waa this? 
 Was Rugely ever promoted ? 
 
180 HISTORY OF 
 
 posed to all wars; but Greene gave up 
 his church, and became one of the best 
 warriors of those times 
 
 He commenced his work at Charlotte, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 The southern army, when it came un- 
 der his command, numbered 970 conti- 
 nental or regular soldiers and l,113militia. 
 This was the 3d of December, 1780. 
 
 Green went to Cheraw; and sent Gen- 
 eral Morgan to Ninety-Six. 
 
 Cornwallis sent his bloody dragoon 
 — Tarleton — after Morgan. 
 
 Morgan met Tarleton at Cowpens, in 
 the upper part of Spartanburg county. 
 
 145. Who superseded General Gates ? Who was Greene ? 
 Where did he begin ? When ? How many soldiers did he 
 find in the southern army? Where did Greene go? Where 
 did he send Morgan ? Whom did Cornwallis send afttf/ 
 Morgan ? Where did tliey meet? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 181 
 
 -146.- 
 
 Cowpens is about forty miles west of 
 King's Mountain, and near the North 
 Carolina line. 
 
 Morgan met Tarleton there on the 17th 
 of January, 1781. On each side there 
 were a thousand good soldiers. Tarleton 
 made the attack ; and charge after charge 
 of the most gallant kind was made, but in 
 vain. Morgan's men had confidence in 
 their leader, fought like Spartans, and 
 had the advantage of position. It was 
 one of the best fought battles of the war ; 
 and was one that did more to give confi- 
 dence to the southern people than any 
 other ever fought within the limits of this 
 State. It was the turning point of the 
 revolution in South Carolina. Tarleton's 
 name was broken by his defeat. He lost 
 fully two-thirds of his men, 500 being 
 taken prisoners. 
 
 Colonel Pickens and Washington were 
 
 16 
 
182 HISTORY Of 
 
 in this glorious battle ; so also were Colo- 
 nel Howard and Major McDowal. 
 
 -147.- 
 
 Morgan immediately crossed Broad riv- 
 er, and then the Catawba, to join Greene 
 at Cheraw; and before Cornwallis got 
 ready to pursue him, a freshet swelled the 
 latter river, so that he could not cross for 
 many days. When the waters fell, Corn- 
 wallis crossed the Catawba in pursuit of 
 Morgan ; his passage being contested by 
 General Davidson, whom Greene had 
 sent to impede the British army as much 
 as possible. 
 
 146, When was the battle of Cowpens fought? How 
 many on each side ? What of the importance of this hat- 
 tie ? How great was Tarleton's loss ? Who were present ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 183 
 
 Greene retired northward to Virginia ; 
 and having recruited his army there, he 
 returned and met Cornwallis at Guilford 
 court-house in North Carolina. The Brit- 
 ish were the victors in that battle, al- 
 though Greene had 4,500 men — more 
 than twice the number of Cornwallis's — 
 but the British loss was much heavier 
 than the American. 
 
 Cornwallis went to Virginia; and 
 Greene returned to South Carolina, taking 
 position at Camden. 
 
 -148.- 
 
 Marion made an ineffectual effort to 
 take Georgetown. 
 
 147. What did Morgan do immediately after the battle 
 of Cowpens? What prevented Cornwallis's pursuit? 
 Where did Greene and Cornwallis meet? Who won! 
 What were the respective numbers? Where did Cora 
 wallis go ? Where did Greene take position ? 
 
184 HISTORY OF 
 
 Sumter, though still feeble from hia 
 wound, took the field again ; and made an 
 attempt to take a little fort at Granby-^ 
 close to Columbia, a mile below on the 
 opposite side of the Congaree river — but 
 Rawdon was sent after him from the post 
 at Camden, which Greene had held but a 
 little while ; and Sumter had to move on. 
 He went down and crossed the Santee 
 river ; and there tried to take Fort Wat- 
 son ; but Rawdon drove him away again. 
 As Sumter was passing near Camden a 
 few weeks later, he was attacked by Ma- 
 jor Fraser ; but repelled the attack with 
 loss to the enemy. 
 
 148. What of Marion's atten^pt on Georgetown ? What 
 did Sumter do at Granby ? Who drove him oflf ? What 
 did he do at Fort Watson ? What occurred near Camden 1 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 185 
 
 - 149.- 
 
 During this period of mixed adventure 
 — of defeats, dash, and victories — Marion, 
 with his famous Brigade, was as active as 
 the busiest ; and did effective and brilliant 
 service in the eastern part of the State. 
 Among these exploits was the reduction 
 of Fort Watson — the place from which 
 Rawdon had driven Sumter a short time 
 before. 
 
 Besides the partisans just mentioned, 
 there were also Huger, Horry, and Hai'- 
 den — all noble and brave men, and all do- 
 ing honourable service in the cause of in- 
 dependence. 
 
 149. What did Marion do about this time ? What other 
 names are mentioned with honour for services during thli 
 ipring? 
 
186 HISTORY OP 
 
 -150.- 
 
 At the time Greene went to Camden, 
 that place was held by Rawdon. Greene 
 encamped on Hobkirk's Hill, where he 
 was attacked by the British general and 
 driven from the position. This battle was 
 fought on the 25th of April, 1781; and 
 the loss was about equal on both sides. 
 
 But the tide of fortune was turning to- 
 wards the Americans. 
 
 Rawdon soon found it too hot for him 
 at Camden, on account of the partisan 
 leaders all around him. For safety he re- 
 treated to Nelson's Ferry ; and soon after 
 to Charles Town. 
 
 Then, in rapid succession, the following 
 posts fell into the hands of the Ameri- 
 cans — Fort Watson, captured by Marion ; 
 Fort Motte and Fort Granby, by Colonel 
 Lee of Marion's brigade ; Nelson's Ferry, 
 abandoned without an attack by Rawdon, 
 as already stated ; and Grangeburg, by 
 Sumter. 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 187 
 
 All these during May, 1781. 
 The enemy soon re-captured Orange- 
 burg. 
 
 -151,- 
 
 The capture of some of these posts was 
 attended with circumstances that are 
 worthy of note. Fort Motte, for example, 
 was reduced by the noble sacrifice of her 
 property by Mrs. Motte. The fort had 
 been built around Mrs. Motte's house, 
 which was near the Congaree river, in 
 Orangeburg county. The family were 
 driven out, and were living in the neigh- 
 bourhood. Lee's men had built a mound 
 
 150. How did the battle of Hobkirk's Hill occur? What 
 was the result ? What two posts did Rawdon abandon? 
 What fort did Marion take ? What two forts did Ck)lonel 
 Lee take? What post did Sumter take? When were 
 thebe captures made ? Which one was soon re-captured ? 
 
188 HISTORY OF 
 
 of earth, which is still to be seen there, 
 from which the riflemen could command 
 the inside of the fort ; but the house pro- 
 tected the enemy still. It was necessaiy 
 to burn the house. Mrs. Motte got a bow 
 with arrows from a negro boy, and gave 
 it to Lee ; and with this they threw fire, 
 fastened to the arrows, upon the house, 
 and set it afire. The British surrendered, 
 rather than be roasted. As soon as the 
 enemy surrendered, Lee's men put out the 
 fire, and the house stood some years after 
 that. Another house stands there now ; 
 as shown in this picture : — ■ 
 
 Mrs. Motte's House (as it is now.) 
 
 151. How did Lee at last take Fort Motte ? Wbb th« 
 house consumed ? 
 
SOUfH CAROLINA. 189 
 
 -152- 
 
 Colonel Cruger — a northern tory — held 
 the fort at Ninety-Six, with a garrison of 
 600 men — all tories. Greene laid siege 
 to the fort, commencing on the 23d of 
 May, 1781. His engineer in this siege 
 was the famous Polish exile — Kos-ci-us^-ko 
 — who was a safe engineer, but veiy 
 slow. 
 
 On the 18th of June, Grreene decided 
 to storm the fort, because he learned that 
 Rawdon was coming with an army to re- 
 lieve it. The assault was made. It was 
 gallant, but bloody and unsucessful. 
 Rawdon arrived soon after ; but in a few 
 weeks he returned to Charles Town, and 
 all the British forces went back with him. 
 
 152. What officer commanded the fort at Ninety-Six ? 
 What force had he ? When did Greene lay siege to the 
 fort ? When did he storm it ? Why did he storm it 1 
 
190 HISTORY OF 
 
 Thus was the fort at Ninety-Six given up 
 by the enemy. 
 
 153.- 
 
 When he left Ninety-Six, Greene, after 
 some skirmishing about Orangeburg, went 
 to the High Hills of Santee, to spend the 
 sickly season of mid-summer — to recruit 
 his exhausted and suffering army, and to 
 feed his broken-down horses. 
 
 The people of the State wei'e much dis- 
 couraged, although the enemy were being 
 driven towards the coast. Everybody 
 was getting worn out with the war ; and 
 it was hard to keep farmers in the array, 
 when their families were suffering for 
 
 What was the result ? Who arrived with reenforceinents ? 
 What did Rawdon do ? 
 153. Where did Greene retire after leaving Ninety Six l 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 191 
 
 food at home. They said anything would 
 be better than an eternal war. 
 
 - 154 - 
 
 During this year — 1781 — there was a 
 great deal of pai'tisan warfare in this 
 State. The leaders already mentioned — 
 Sumter, Marion, and Pickens — were aided 
 or followed by a host of local and native 
 partisan officers as gallant and daring as 
 any in history ; such as, the two Hamp- 
 tons, the two Hammonds, the two Hori-ys, 
 Lacy, Mahan, Taylor, Middleton, Polk, 
 Niel, Hill, Winn, Bratton, Brandon, Bax- 
 ter, Postell, James, McCottry, Mowzon, 
 Vanderhorst, Giles, Davie, Harden, and 
 many others. 
 
 For what purpose? How were the people all over ihe 
 State beginning to feel about the war . 
 
192 HISTORY OP 
 
 These officers, aud thousands of men aa 
 brave as they, fought hundreds of bril- 
 liant skirmishes in all parts of the State. 
 Almost every creek, hill, and valley in the 
 State is the scene of some dashing affair. 
 These men harassed the flanks of the 
 marching enemy ; hung upon his move- 
 ments ; cut off his supplies ; captured his 
 guards ; and in a hundred different ways 
 did more to dispirit and subdue the proud 
 British army than a large and regularly 
 organized army would have done. 
 
 -155. 
 
 General Greene, as soon as the hot sum- 
 mer was past, determined to capture 
 
 154. WTio were noted leaders in the partisan warfare in 
 1781 ? Who were other officers of distinction ? How did 
 these partisans harass the enemr ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 193 
 
 Orangeburg again, with the general object 
 of penning the British in upon the coast. 
 
 Colonel Stewart commanded the British 
 garrison at Orangeburg. 
 
 After a good deal of manceuvring and 
 marching to get good positions, the two 
 armies — Greene's and Stewart's — number- 
 ing about 2,000 each, came to battle at 
 Eutaw Springs, on the Santee river, near 
 the northern boundary line of Charleston 
 county, on tlie 8tli of September, 1781. 
 
194 HISTOEY OF 
 
 The picture is of the lower of the two 
 springs. It is very large to be called a 
 spring at all. The trees are cypress, and 
 most of them have long moss hanging 
 among the boughs. 
 
 Greene, aided by all the partisan lead- 
 ers — Pickens, Marion, Sumter, Hampton, 
 and their heroic subordinates — made the 
 attack ; and drove the enemy from the 
 field, and away from their camps. The 
 victors, too sure of their victory, fell to 
 plundering the enemy's camps ; and thus 
 gave the enemy time to rally and renew 
 the attack, which was done with spirit 
 and success. Greene's soldiers were not 
 expecting such a thing, weie in disorder, 
 straggling from their companies, gather- 
 ing up plunder from the well-stored camps, 
 and some of them drunk. The effect was 
 
 165. What did Greene now resolve to do ? Who com; 
 manded the enemy at Orangeburg ? Where did they come 
 to "battle ? How many soldiers had each ? How did the 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 195 
 
 disastrous. Greene was driven pell-mell 
 from the field of his just-won victory. 
 
 At night, however, Stewart made a 
 hasty retreat to Charles Town. 
 
 -156. ~ 
 
 Soon after this — the early autumn ol 
 1781 — the British were driven in from the 
 whole country to the city of Charles 
 Town. 
 
 A few weeks later, however, Stewart 
 moved again out from the city and took 
 position at Eutaw. 
 
 Greene was again upon the Pligh Hills 
 of San tee. 
 
 The partisan leaders were out this au- 
 tumn in their best style. 
 
 battle begin? How did it end? What did Stewart do 
 that night ? 
 
196 HISTORr OF 
 
 Opposed to Sumter, in the central part 
 of the State, was General Cunningham — a 
 tory — in command of a force of mounted 
 loyalists or tories. They had almost daily 
 fights of some sort ; and many and bloody 
 were the hand-to-hand encounters between 
 the officers and men of these two com- 
 mands. 
 
 - 157.- 
 
 About this time — autumn of 1781 — a 
 ruffian tory captain, named William Cun- 
 ningham — knowUvin those days as Bloody 
 Bill^ or The Bloody Scout — left Charles 
 Town with a troop of between 200 and 
 300 men as reckless and unprincipled as 
 
 156. When were the British first hemmed into the city? 
 Where, a few weeks later, did Stewart take position? 
 Where was Greene ? What of the partisan leaders ? What 
 «s said of Sumter and the tory Cunningliam ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 197 
 
 himself. Their real object was plunder 
 and revenge. They traversed some hun- 
 dred miles of the State, laying waste e\erj 
 thing. They gave no quarter, but mur- 
 dered all the men they could catch, hew- 
 ed down boys with their broadswords, 
 and treated women with the most shocking 
 brutality. 
 
 At Cloud's Creek and Edge Hill they 
 butchered all the prisoners they took 
 — 40 or 50 at each place — and thus 
 spread terror throughout the State. But 
 these things awakened so lively a feeling 
 of revenge all over the country, that it 
 soon became too hot to hold these out- 
 laws. Everybody united against them. 
 They had to return to the city for safety ; 
 and there the atrocities of Bloody Bill 
 were repudiated by the British General 
 Leslie, and even by General Cunninghara 
 himself, though a tory too, and a distant 
 
 157. Wlio was Bloody Bill ? WTien did he start on Ma 
 17* 
 
198 HISTORY OF 
 
 relative of the Bloody Scout. When the 
 war was over, this William Cunningham 
 moved to England, and lived there. 
 
 -158. 
 
 The war was drawing near its close. 
 After a dark season of despondency, hope 
 was beginning to dawn. 
 
 The news of Washington's great vic- 
 tory over Cornwallis, and the capture 
 of the latter with his whole army of 
 7,500 soldiers at Yorktown in Vir- 
 ginia, which occurred on the 19th of 
 October, 1781, reached Carolina in a very 
 few days. The news spread universal ex- 
 ultation and hope to the Americans, and 
 
 plundering expedition ? AVhat occurred at Cloud's Creek ? 
 At Edge Hill ? V^liat did the British officers.tl.iiLk of theae 
 things ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLIN"A. 199 
 
 universal alarm and despair to the British 
 and tories. 
 
 - 159. - 
 
 On the 18th of November, 1781, Greene 
 left the High Hills again, having about 
 1,000 men. His general purpose was to 
 manoeuvre the enemy back again into 
 Charles Town. He succeeded in doing 
 this by a series of rapid and brilliant 
 movements, such as that of Colonel 
 Hampton upon Dorchester, which by its 
 boldness produced a panic among the 
 British forces thereabout, and they shrank 
 lower down the streams; until finally they 
 took refuge in the city. 
 
 158. What effect had the news of ^Washington's victory 
 at Yorktown upon the south ? How many prisoners did he 
 capture ? When was that battle fought ? 
 
200 HISTORY OF 
 
 The British forces in the city were at 
 this time commanded by General Leslie, 
 who had superseded Stewart. 
 
 - 160. - 
 
 As soon as the British were hemmed in 
 the city, and the State at large was in 
 possession of the civil authorities, Gover- 
 nor E-utledge convened the legislature. It 
 met in January, 1782, at Jacksonborough 
 — a little village on the Edisto river, 
 about 20 miles from the ocean, and 35 
 miles from the city of Charles Town. 
 
 General Greene took position with his 
 army six miles further down the river, so 
 as to keep the enemy off. 
 
 159. When did Greene leave the High Hills the second 
 time ? For what purpose ? How did he succeed ? Who 
 made the brilliant dash at Dorchester ? Who was the 
 British commandart in Charles Town ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 201 
 
 The British had a garrison of 500 
 troops on John's Island. Greene sent 
 Laurens and Lee, who drove the British, 
 under Colonel Craig, into Charles Town. 
 
 - 161. - 
 
 Thus the legislature was rendered more 
 secure from interruption ; and that body 
 went to work vigourously. They passed 
 laws taking away their property from 
 some of the tories — this is called conjisca- 
 tion — making some pay fines ; and banish- 
 ing some from the State. They passed a 
 bill giving General Greene 10,000 gui- 
 
 160. Wlien the enemy were hemmed in in Cliarles ToAm 
 what did Governor Rutledge do ? Wlien did the legisla- 
 ture meet ? Where ? How far from the ocean ? How far 
 from the city ? Wliere did Greene take position ? Whom 
 did he send to drive the enemy from John's island ? How 
 many were there ? Under what commander ? 
 
202 HISTORY OF 
 
 neas — more than $50,000 in gold — -for his 
 services in the war. Geoi'gia and North 
 Carolina afterwards paid him money for 
 the same thing. 
 
 162.- 
 
 During this year — 1782 — John Mat- 
 thews was elected governor. The office 
 was first offered to Christopher Gadsden ; 
 bat he declined the honour on account of 
 his great age — he was 58 years old — and 
 his feeble health. 
 
 When Cornwallis was captured at York- 
 town (19th October, 1'781), Washington 
 sent General Wayne, with a small part of 
 his northern army, to help Greene in South 
 
 161. What did the legislature do to some of the tones in 
 the State ? What is confiscation ? How were others pun- 
 ished? And others? How much did they pay GeneraJ 
 Greene ? What other States also paid him afterwards ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 203 
 
 Carolina. Wayne went into Georgia and 
 so plied the British there that they gave 
 up Savannah, and sent the soldiers that 
 had been there to Charles Town 
 
 - 163. - 
 
 It was during this year that Marion's 
 famous Brigade was surprised, while Ma- 
 rion was in the legislature, and his officers, 
 Horry and Mahan, quarreling about which 
 should command the brigade during Ma- 
 rion's absence. A dashing British officer 
 — Colonel Thompson — with a strong de- 
 tachment of infantry, artillery, and caval- 
 
 163. Who was elected governor in 1783 ? To whom had 
 the office been offered before ? Why did Gadsden decline ? 
 Whom did Washington send to help Greene in South Car- 
 olina ? Where did he go ? What did the enemy do at Sa- 
 vannah ? 
 
204 HISTOBY OP 
 
 ry, fell upon Marion's veteran command, 
 and dispersed it, killing some, and captur- 
 ing some. 
 
 When Marion returned to the army 
 from the legislature, he reorganized his 
 brigade, and did with it some brilliant 
 service afterwards before the war closed. 
 
 -164.- 
 
 The troops in Greene's army were in 
 the greatest want at this time. He him- 
 self wrote to the President of Congress in 
 these words : — *' We have 300 men with- 
 out arms, and more than 1,000 so naked 
 for want of clothing, that they can only 
 
 163. What happened to Marion's brigade, when he was 
 away at the legislature? Why did Horry and Mahan 
 quarrel ? Who commanded the enemy ? What did Ma 
 rior do when he returned ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 206 
 
 be put on duty in cases of desperate ne- 
 cessity. Men in this situation, without 
 pay or spirits, it is difficult to tell what 
 charm keeps them together." 
 
 - 165.- 
 
 Under these circumstances, the British 
 m Charles Town, having failed to beat 
 them in the field, tried to buy over the 
 soldiers in Greene's army. Eighteen men 
 are known to have been bought in this 
 way — seventeen soldiers of the Pennsylva- 
 nia Line, and one — named Gornell — of 
 the Maryland Line. For a price they 
 agreed to betray the cause of indepen- 
 dence. Gornell was hanged, but the oth- 
 
 164. In what coodition were Greene's soldiers? How 
 many were without arms ? How many too ragged to do 
 regular duty ? 
 
 18 
 
206 HISTORY OF 
 
 ers escaped. These eighteen were all 
 that could be bought with British gold 
 — all of that entire army, who had fought 
 so bravely on hundreds of battle-fields, and 
 many of whom were then ahnost naked, 
 and frequently suffering for want of food. 
 
 -166.- 
 
 In these last days of the war General 
 Leslie, who commanded the British in 
 Charles Town, sent an agent to the Scotch 
 settlers — who were never much in favour 
 of the revolution — to excite them to take 
 up arms against the State. This agent 
 was caught by Marion and executed ; but 
 
 165. After failing to beat the Americans in tlie field, 
 wliat did the British try ? How many were bought over ? 
 How many Pennsylvanians ? How many Marylanders t 
 Who was he ? What became of him ? Of the others ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 207 
 
 not until he had induced a tory in the Pe- 
 dee country — one Major Gainey — to raise 
 a battalion of tories, with whom he took 
 the field. Marion marched against him 
 immediately ; but Gainey's men were not 
 anxious for a fight, especially as the Brit- 
 ish themselves seemed ready to leave the 
 country ; and so they readily accepted any 
 conditions that Marion offered. They sur- 
 rendei-ed, and went home ; glad of the 
 chance. Thus this matter ended. 
 
 -167.- 
 
 General Leslie did very little after this, 
 except to send a foraging party of British, 
 under Major McCall, along the rivers be- 
 
 166. Whom did Leslie send to tamper with the Scotch in 
 the Pedee country ? What became of him ? Who raised 
 a tory battalion ? What became of it ? 
 
208 HISTORY OF 
 
 tween Charles Town and Savannah. Gen- 
 eral Gist was sent by Greene against this 
 party , and they had some lively skir- 
 mishing about the Che'-haw, Combahee, 
 Coo^-saw, and Coo-saw-hatch'-ie rivers, but 
 no important fight. Colonel Laurens, of 
 this State, was killed in one of these af- 
 fairs near Chehaw Point. 
 
 -168. 
 
 The last man killed in the Revolution- 
 ary War was Captain Wilmot, who had 
 command of a picket post on the Stono. 
 His object was to watch the enemy on 
 John's island ; but impatient for action, he 
 
 167. Whom did Leslie send on a foraging expedition to- 
 wards Savannah ? Along wliat rivers did he operate ! 
 Wliom did Greene send after McCall ? What djd they do 1 
 Who was killed near Chehaw Point ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 209 
 
 would frequently cross the Stono and sur- 
 prise the enemy in a small way. On one 
 of these incursions into John's island, in 
 company with the famous Kos-ci-us^-ko, 
 he fell into an ambuscade and was killed. 
 Kosciusko, it will be remembered, was 
 the celebrated Polish patriot who came 
 over to help us in America. He had been 
 with Greene at Ninety-Six. 
 
 -169- 
 
 All the fighting was now over — late in 
 1782 — and it only remained for the Brit- 
 ish to evacuate Charles Town. 
 
 Leslie gave notice to Greene that he 
 would leave on his ships the next day, 
 
 168. Who was tlie last man killed in the war? Where 
 was he on picket ? How was he killed ? What famous 
 man was with him ? Wlio was Kosciusko? 
 
 18* 
 
210 HISTORY OF 
 
 which was Saturday, the 14th day of De- 
 cember, 1782. Greene had his soldiers all 
 ready*; and they marched in, two hundred 
 yards behind the retiring British. This 
 was the distance that had been agreed 
 upon. 
 
 A more touching and tender scene has 
 rarely been witnessed, than this return of 
 the southern soldiers into Charles Town, 
 where many of them lived, and all had 
 friends or relatives there that were dear. 
 
 -170 - 
 
 Hundreds of the hired soldiers of the 
 enemy deserted from their army when it 
 left the city. They hid themselves in cel- 
 
 169. When did Leslie leave Charles Town ? How did 
 the soldiers march in ? How did the British travel away 
 from the State ? Why was the return of our soldiers a 
 touching scene ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 211 
 
 lars, chimneys, attics, and all sorts of odd 
 places, all over the city ; and when the 
 ships were gone they came out of their 
 hiding-places again. Many of these be- 
 came citizens of the State, and lived here 
 the rest of their lives, and left families 
 when they died. 
 
 -171.- 
 
 Great Britain decided to give up the 
 effort to hold the American colonies ; and 
 concluded — since they could not help it — 
 to let them govern themselves. 
 
 The American Congress, acting for all 
 the colonies, sent five commissioners to 
 Paris, to meet commissioners whom the 
 king — George the Third — had sent there 
 
 170. Did all the British soldiers go when the enemy Itfti 
 Where did they hide ? What did they do afterwards ? 
 
212 HISTORY OP 
 
 to meet them. They met and agreed to 
 make peace. This agreement was made 
 into a formal treaty on the 3d of Septem- 
 ber, 1783. 
 
 And thus the American colonies became 
 free, after seven years' hard fighting for it. 
 The Declaration of Independence was 
 made on the 4th of July 1776, which was 
 seven years and a few months before the 
 final peace. 
 
 171. Why did tlie king agree to let the American colo 
 nies he free ? Where did the commissioners meet ? When 
 did they finally setlle the treaty of peace ? How long nad 
 the war heea ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 213 
 
 
 -172,- 
 
 When peace returned, everybody went 
 to improving his fortune, and thus to im- 
 proving the State. 
 
 At this time John Matthews was still 
 governor. 
 
 In 1783, the city of Charles Town waa 
 incorporated by the legislature, and then 
 first received the legal name of Charles- 
 ton, having been called Charles Town 
 — sometimes written in one word, Charles* 
 
 173. What did everybody do when peace returned ? Who 
 was governor ? When was the name of CharJos Town 
 
214 HISTORY OF 
 
 town — a little more than a hundred 
 
 years. 
 
 -173.-- 
 
 In 1785, William MoultAe— he that de- 
 fended Fort Sullivan so bravely, that it 
 has ever since been called Fort Moultrie 
 — was elected governor. The governor 
 holds his office Ibr two years. 
 
 During Moultrie's term of office, Colum- 
 bia — then only a house or two in the 
 woods — was fixed upon as the seat of the 
 State government, or capital of the State. 
 They chose this place because it is near 
 the middle of the State. There was the 
 old town of Granby, where there had 
 been a fort and a fight or two, a mile low- 
 
 changed to Charleston? How long had it been bo called 1 
 [103 years.] 
 
SOUTH CAKOLINA. 215 
 
 er down the Congaree river, on the west- 
 ern side ; but the place was not so suit 
 able for a large town ; and so they decid- 
 ed to make a new town on the eastern 
 bank, and call it Columbia, which should 
 be the capital. 
 
 -174. 
 
 In 1787 the General Assembly or Leg- 
 islature of South Carolina forbade the in- 
 troduction of any more negro slaves into 
 this State, under penalty of forfeiture of 
 the slaves, and fine of J6100, which is 
 about $500. This was done twenty years 
 
 173. Who became governor in 1785? What had he 
 done before ? What event occurred during his term of of- 
 fice V Why did they move the seat of government away 
 from Charleston? What town was close by the present 
 city of Columbia? Which side of the Congaree river la 
 Columbia ? 
 
216 HISTOKY OF 
 
 earlier than the action of the United 
 States Congress, and that of the govern- 
 ment of Great Britain against the slave- 
 trade. 
 
 This same year — 1787 — Thomas Pinck- 
 ney was elected governor. 
 
 In 1788, on the 23d of May, this State 
 ratified the present constitution of the 
 United States. It was the seventh of the 
 original thirteen States that ratified it. 
 
 -175.- 
 
 In 1789 Charles Pinckney became gov- 
 ernor. In this year the State records and 
 
 174 When did South Carolina forbid further importa- 
 tion of negro slaves into the State ? How long was this be- 
 fore Congress and Great Britain passed laws against the 
 slave trade? When was Thomas Pinckney elected gover- 
 nor ? When did South Carolina ratify the present constitu 
 lion of the United States. 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 217 
 
 government papers were carried from 
 Charleston to Columoia; and in January 
 of the next year — 1790 — the first session 
 of the legislature at the new capital was 
 held. That legislature sat half a year ; 
 and on the 3d of June ratified the regular 
 State constitution — the constitution that 
 remained in force until the year 1868, a 
 term of 78 years. 
 
 At this time — 1790 — the population of 
 this State was 250,000, more than half ot 
 them being white. 
 
 - 176.- 
 
 During the next eight years — until 
 1800 — there were four governors : — Ar- 
 
 175. Who became governor in 1789? What other event 
 occurred the same year? When was the first session of the 
 legislature held in Columbia ? When was the regular con- 
 stitution of the State ratified ? How long did that consti 
 19 
 
218 HISTOKY OF 
 
 noldus Vanderhorst, William Moultrie 
 (2d term), Charles Pinckney (2d term) 
 and Edward Rutledge. 
 
 In 1791, General Washington, President 
 of the United States, made a tour through 
 the south, during which he spent several 
 days in Charleston, and created a great 
 deal of enthusiasm. 
 
 The next year, Charleston was ravaged 
 by yellow fever for four months. 
 
 In 1795, Marion, the shrewdest of the 
 partisan leaders, died at his residence in 
 St. John's parish, at the age of 68 years. 
 
 tution remain in force ? How many years was that ? What 
 was the population of the State in 1790 ? What part of 
 these were white? 
 
 176. Who were the four governors between 1792 and 
 1800 ? When did Washington visit the south ? How wap 
 he received in Charleston ? What occurred in Charleston 
 In 1792? When did Marion die? Where? At what 
 a«e? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 219 
 
 -177.- 
 
 While Rutledge was governor, the State 
 was resurveyed, and divided into 24 dis- 
 tricts, counties, and parishes. 
 
 Three years later, another division was 
 made, into 28 districts, several of the 
 lower ones being subdivided into parishes. 
 
 Many years after this, Pendleton district 
 was divided into Pickens and Anderson ; 
 thus making the number 29. 
 
 Still later, Sumter district was divided 
 into Sumter and Clarendon ; thus making 
 the number 30. And 30 continued to be 
 the number of districts until the name 
 district was changed to county, in 1868 — 
 under the next constitution. 
 
 177. Into liow many districts was ttie State divided while 
 Rutledge was governor? Three years later? Into what 
 two wag Pendleton divided ? Sumter ? How long did 30 
 continue to be the number of tlie districts ? 
 
220 HISTOKY OP 
 
 -178.- 
 
 From 1800 to 1810 there were five gov« 
 ernors: — John Drayton, James B. Rich- 
 ardson, Paul Hamilton, Charles Pinckney 
 (3d term), and John Drayton, (2d term.) 
 
 In 1801, the South Carolina College 
 was established at Columbia. 
 
 Governor Richardson, of Sumter, 
 elected in 1802, was the first man ever 
 elected to that office who was not a resi- 
 dent of the city of Charleston. 
 
 In 1804, another destructive hurricane 
 visited Charleston, in September, 
 
 - 179. - 
 From 1810 until 1820 the five gover- 
 
 178. Who were the five governors from 1800 until 1810? 
 When was the South Carolina College established ? Who 
 was the first man from the interior of the State, elected 
 governor ? What occurred to Charleston in 1804 ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 221 
 
 tiors were: — Henry Middleton, Joseph 
 Allston, David E. Williams, Andrew 
 Pickens, and John Geddes. 
 
 In 1810 the population of the State 
 ^as 413,000, the whites a little in the ma- 
 jority. 
 
 In 1811, the free school system was 
 adopted. 
 
 During Governor Allston's term — in 
 1812 — the boundary line between South 
 Carolina and North Carolina was run and 
 finally fixed. 
 
 -180.- 
 
 The war of 1812, as it is sometimes 
 
 179. Who were the five governors from 1810 until 1820 ? 
 What was the population of the State in 1810 ? What wa« 
 the proportion of whites and blacks ? Wlien was the free 
 school system established ? What boundary line was set- 
 tled in 1813 ? 
 
 19* 
 
222 HISTORY OP 
 
 called, between the United States and 
 Great Britain, was declared on the 19th 
 of June of that year. It lasted about two 
 years. It was called The Late War for 
 many years, until other wars came that 
 were later. There were no great battles 
 fought in this State during this war ; but 
 there was a good deal of skirmishing, for 
 the British several times landed to get 
 provisions and slaves. The ports of 
 Charleston, Beaufort \^hu^ -fort] and 
 Georgtown, were sometimes blockaded 
 by their ships. In August, 1813, the ene- 
 my made a descent upon De-wees' island, 
 and landed at Hilton Head; but only 
 plundered some plantations, and departed 
 very soon. 
 
 180. When did the Late War begin ? How long did it 
 last? Were any important battles fought in this State? 
 Which ports were sometimes blockaded ? What island 
 did they make a descent upon in 1813 ? Where did they 
 land ? What did they do ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 223 
 
 -181-- ^ 
 
 The end of the war came during the 
 term of Governor Williams. The treaty 
 of peace between the two countries was 
 concluded at Ghent \_gent\ on the 24th 
 of December, 1814. 
 
 Although there was not much fight- 
 ing in this State during this war, still 
 there were several Carolinians who won 
 distinction for services; among whom 
 were Hampton, Hayne, Hamilton, and 
 Laval. Besides, the hero of the war 
 — General Andrew Jackson — who won 
 the great victory at New Oileans, was a 
 native of the State. He had done some 
 service as a youth of seventeen, during 
 the last days of the Revolutionary War 
 — when Cornwallis passed through the 
 Waxhaws in 1780. 
 
 181. When was peace concluded? Where? Who oj 
 the Carolinians distinguished themselves in this wart 
 What other hero was a native of this State. 
 
224 HISTORY OP 
 
 -182.- 
 
 From 1820 to 1830, the five governors 
 were Thomas Bennett, John Lyde Wil- 
 son, Eichard I. Manning, John Taylor 
 and Stephen D. Miller. 
 
 The term of Governor Bennett was 
 made memorable by the great insurrec- 
 tion of the slaves in Charleston. The 
 leader of this rising was Denmark Vesey 
 [den' -mark va'-zay'] — a mulatto, who had 
 figured in the butcheries of St. Domin'-go, 
 a few years before this. Vesey seems to 
 have had some visionary scheme for libe- 
 rating all the southern slaves by a general 
 rising. Some of the negroes in Charles- 
 ton told the whites, and thus the massacre 
 was prevented. Vesey and thirty-four 
 other leaders were hanged ; a like num- 
 ber were banished, or transported ; and 
 
 182. Who were tlie five governors between 1820 and 
 1830 ? Wliat made Governor Bennett's term famous 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 225 
 
 mauy others were tried but acquitted. 
 Four white foreigners were convicted of 
 taking part with the shxves. ' 
 
 - 183.- 
 
 lu 1823, the Medical College of South 
 Carolina was established, in Charleston. 
 
 In 1825, La Fayette — the French pa- 
 triot who had helped us in the Revolu- 
 tionary War — visited this State ; and was 
 received with great enthusiasm. Every- 
 body called to see him. Speeches of wel- 
 come were made to him. Committees at- 
 tended him everywhere. He was honour- 
 ed, feasted, and visited, to a degree that 
 
 Who led the rising ? How was it stopped ? What became 
 of Vesey ? How many leaders were hanged ? How many 
 were transported ? What of others 1 How many white 
 foreigners took part with these negroes ? 
 
226 
 
 HISTORY OP 
 
 few men have ever been in tlie State ; per 
 haps none other. 
 
 183. What institution was established in 1833 ? What 
 famous man visited the state in 1825 ? How was he receir 
 edt 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 227 
 
 -184.- 
 
 Between 1830 and 1840, the ^ve gover 
 nors were : — James Hamilton, Robert Y. 
 Hayne, George McDuffie, Pierce Moore 
 Butler, and Patrick Noble. 
 
 This was a very important decade. 
 
 The term of Governor Hamilton — from 
 1830 to 1832 — was one of the most excit- 
 ing terms in the history of South Carolina. 
 This excitement arose out of the move- 
 ment known as Nullification. 
 
 To understand what this was, we must 
 glance at the two great political parties in 
 the United States — the States' Rights Par- 
 ty and the Federal Party. 
 
 184. Who were the five governors between 1830 and 
 1840 ? Which was the most exciting term of all ? What 
 made it so ? What two parties existed then in the United 
 States? 
 
228 HISTORY OF 
 
 -185--- 
 
 The Congress of the United States pass- 
 ed an Act imposing certain duties or taxes 
 — known as the TariiF Act — on all the 
 States, which Act South Carolina did not 
 think Congress had a right to pass. The 
 people who took sides with Congress were 
 called the Federal Party, and those who 
 took sides with South Carolina were called 
 the States' Eights Party. Mr. Webster, of 
 Massachusetts, was the leader of the for- 
 mer, and Mr. Hayne, of South Carolioa, 
 the leader of the latter. 
 
 There were two of these Tariff Acts — 
 in 1828 and 1832. 
 
 The legislature of this State, in Decem- 
 ber, 1830, passed an Act, declaring that 
 the first Tariff Act should not be the law 
 in South Ciirolina. 
 
 185. How did there come to be two parties in the coun- 
 try ? What were these parties called ? Who were the 
 leaders ? When were the two Tariff Ac ts dated ? When 
 did this State first op|X)se the general government ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 229 
 
 - 186. - 
 
 It was the Tariff Act of 1832 that pro- 
 duced the liveliest indignation in South 
 Carolina. 
 
 A convention was called in this State, 
 which sat in Novembei', 1832, at Colum- 
 bia ; and pronounced both the Tariff Acts 
 to be unconstitutional, and not binding 
 upon this State. This declaring or making 
 a law of no effect is known as Nullifica- 
 tion ; because to nullify means to make 
 null or of no effect. 
 
 The President of the United States — 
 Andrew Jackson — in December, 1832, is- 
 sued his famous Proclamation against the 
 nullifiers. 
 
 The Governor of South Carolina — Rob- 
 ert Y. Hayne, who had just come from 
 Congress, and was recently elected gover- 
 nor — issued a counter-proclamation against 
 
 186. How did the Tariff Act of 1832 suit the people of 
 tiiis State ? WTiat was done ? Where did the convenUon 
 20 
 
230 HISTORY OF 
 
 the President's proclamation, and asserting 
 the sovereignty of the State. 
 
 -187.- 
 
 Both sides made ready for war; but 
 there was no war, because Congress so 
 modified the Tariff Acts as to partly sat- 
 isfy the people of this State. 
 
 The Convention of South Carolina then 
 repealed its ordinance of Nullification, on 
 the nth of March, 1833. 
 
 Thus a threatened war was averted. 
 
 In this great issue all the leading men 
 of the State took part, some on one side 
 and some on the other. 
 
 On the side of States' Rights and for 
 
 meet ? Wlien ? What did tlie convention declare of the 
 Tariff Acts? What did the President do? What did 
 Governor Hayne do \ 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 231 
 
 South Carolina ao:ainst the General Gov- 
 ernment were such men as Calhoun, Mc- 
 Duffie, Hayne, Hamilton, Trumbull, Pres- 
 ton, Harper, Hammond, Cooper, Rhett, 
 and others. 
 
 On the other side — of the Federal Par- 
 ty, that is — were Legar6, [?e-^^6'], Peti- 
 gru, Poinsett, Huger, [u-je^^, Grimke, Lee, 
 Drayton, Johnson, Memminger, Perry, 
 Cunningham, Richardson, and others. 
 
 -188,- 
 
 The question between these two parties 
 was, in case Congress should pass a law 
 contrary to the constitution of the United 
 
 187. Wh/ was there no war ? When did the convention 
 of South Carolina repeal the Ordinance of Nullification ? 
 What prominent men were on the side of States' Rights T 
 Who on the other ? 
 
232 HISTORY OF 
 
 States, whether the individual States had 
 the right to nullify such law or not. 
 
 The States' Rights Party held that each 
 State had that right, while the Federal 
 Party held that the Supreme Court of the 
 United States alone had the right to nul- 
 lify a law of Congress. The former held 
 that each State was sovereign, while the 
 latter held that Congress had higher pow- 
 ers than the State. 
 
 The States' Rights advocates in South 
 Carolina were then divided into two fjic- 
 tions — one holding that a State in the 
 Union had the power to nullify a law of 
 Congress; while the other faction held, that 
 a State had the I'ight to secede, but not 
 to nullify laws while in the union. 
 
 188. What did the States' Rights Party hold ? Wliat 
 did the other side hold ? How was the States' Rights Party 
 divided ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 233 
 
 -189. - 
 
 Governor McDnffie was celebrated for 
 his eloquence. He was distinguished 
 among men who were famous for brilliant 
 powers of language and argument ; such 
 men as Hayne, Pi'eston, Calhoun, and 
 Legar^ — all eloquent, but each different 
 from the others. 
 
 Governor Butler was afterwards — in 
 1847 — distinguished in the Mexican war ; 
 and was killed there. 
 
 Governor Noble was the first governor 
 of this State that died in office. Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor Hennegan served out the 
 term. 
 
 It was during this term — in 1839 — that 
 the subject of farming received unusual 
 attention. A State ALgricultural Society 
 
 189. For what was McDuffie celebrated ? Who else were 
 noted for the same? What of Butler afterwards? What 
 of Noble ? Who served out Ms term ? What subject re- 
 20* 
 
234: HISTOKY OF 
 
 was first formed at that time, which has 
 been of immense benefit to the people. 
 
 -190. 
 
 From 1840 to 1850 the five governors 
 were John P. Richardson, James H. Ham- 
 mond, William Aiken, David Johnson, 
 and Whitmarsh B. Seabrook. 
 
 During Richardson's term occurred the 
 death of Robert Y. Hayne, who has been 
 frequently mentioned already. He was 
 one of the greatest orators of the United 
 States, and was eminent as a statesman. 
 His most famous speech was the one he 
 delivered in Congress against Mr. Web- 
 ster. 
 
 In 1843 occurred the death of Hugh S. 
 
 ceived great attention in 1839? What society was then 
 formed ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 235 
 
 Leerare — one of the best classical scholars 
 that this State ever had. He was awhile 
 in Congress. 
 
 Governor Johnson's term was noted as 
 the time of the Mexican War, which was 
 in 1846 and 1847. 
 
 -191.- 
 
 The Mexican war arose between the 
 United States and Mexico about some dis- 
 puted lands. It lasted about two years ; 
 and added fame to the army of the United 
 States, no part of which bore itself with 
 greater gallantry than the Palmetto Regi- 
 ment — the reofiment that South Carolina 
 
 190. Who were the five governors between 1840 and 
 1850? Whose death occurred during Richardson's term! 
 Who was Hayne ? Whose death occurred in 1843 ? Whai 
 bvent signalised Johnson's term ? 
 
236 HISTORY OF 
 
 sent. This regiment fought in the battle 
 of Vera Cruz, [ya^ -rah croos'\ Contreras, 
 \con-tra'ras\ Churubuseo \clioo-rii-boos'- 
 ho], and Chapultepec, [chdh-pool-ta-pelcf] ; 
 and was the first to plant its flag upon the 
 walls of the city of Mexico. In this cam- 
 paign the State lost Colonel — formerly 
 Governor — Butler, who commanded the 
 Palmetto Regiment. He was killed lead- 
 ing his men in battle. 
 
 -192.- 
 
 The five governors between 1850 and 
 1860 were John H. Means, John L. Man* 
 
 191. What caused the war with Mexico ? How long did 
 it last ? What effect upon the fame of the country's arms 1 
 What regiment did this State send? What battles did 
 they take part in ? What distinguished man of this State 
 was killed ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 237 
 
 ning, James H. Adams, Robert F. W. All 
 stoii, and William H. Gist. 
 
 Iq 1850 died John C. Callioun— the 
 greatest statesman, perhaps, that America 
 has produced. He rose to eminence dur- 
 ing the Nullification times, a1tid was the 
 great champion of the States' Kights Par- 
 ty, standing in some respects more prom- 
 inent than even Hayne, who was the ac- 
 knowledged leader of the party in his 
 day. As a logician Calhoun had few if 
 any equals; while as an orator he was less 
 than Preston, Hayne, or McDuffie. He 
 has left several able books on government, 
 and many speeches. 
 
 192. Who were the five governors between 1850 and 
 1860? Whose death occurred in 1850? What was Cal- 
 houn greatest in ? Who surpassed him as an orator ! 
 What works has he left ? 
 
238 HISTOEY OP 
 
 - 193. - 
 
 Governor Adams is noted as the only 
 governor that ever recommended the re- 
 opening of the African slave trade, which, 
 was closed by the legislature of this State 
 in 1787 — sixty-seven years before. His 
 recommendation was not adopted ; and in- 
 deed was favoured by very few if any men 
 of mark at that time. 
 
 Governor AUston was noted as one of 
 the best of scientific agriculturists ; and his 
 example and influence did much to ad- 
 vance the interests of scientific agriculture. 
 
 -194.- 
 In 1860, Francis W. Pickens was elect- 
 
 193. Wliat was the recommendation of Adams? Was 
 It adopted ? What was AUston noted for ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 239 
 
 ed governor. The stormy feelings which 
 led to secession were then at their height. 
 A convention of the State had already 
 been called, and public sentiment had ta- 
 ken a fixed form. These stormy feelings 
 had arisen, as had those in 1832, which 
 led to nullification, out of certain acts of 
 the Congress of the United States, which 
 the people of the south in general, but 
 especially of South Carolina, felt to be un- 
 just ; unjust, because they bore unequally 
 upon different States — harder upon the 
 southern States than upon the northern. 
 
 - 195. - 
 The cause of secession, which was the 
 
 194. Who was elected governor in 1800 V What was 
 the state of public feeling at that time ? What made the 
 feelings stormy ? When had anything like it arisen be- 
 fore? 
 
240 HISTOEY OF 
 
 cause of the war, was very mucli the same 
 thing that caused nullification, in 1832. 
 Congress kept passing laws which ft had 
 no right to pass, according to the constitu- 
 tion ; and the time came when those who 
 believed in the right of a State to with- 
 draw from the Union — almost every man 
 in the south — determined to do so rather 
 than allow this to go on any longer. A 
 few thought it was too soon, but very few, 
 if any, doubted the right to secede. The 
 event was hastened by a real difference in 
 character between the people in the north 
 and those in the south, and this difference 
 made them dislike each other. This dis- 
 like was embittered by a growing disposi- 
 tion on the part of the north, when they 
 got the majority in Congress, to annoy 
 and injure the south, by meddling with the 
 institution of slavery, which was express- 
 ly exempt by the constitution of the Unit- 
 ed States from all such meddling. 
 
 Prominent among the leaders of seces- 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 241 
 
 sion were Rhett, Magrath, Chesnut, Pick- 
 ens, Keitt, Gregg, Adams, Preston, Ja- 
 meson, Means, Barnwell, and a score of oth- 
 ei*s, perhaps equally prominent. 
 
 195. What was the cause of the wai ? What was tlie 
 cause of secession ? What did most men think about the 
 right to secede? What did some think about the time for 
 it ? What hastened the event ? Who were some of the 
 prominent men in the d&yg of secesaion ? 
 
 21 
 
242 FTSTOKY OF 
 
 ^^^aOFSEc^,^^ 
 
 "ir 
 
 • •• 
 
 -196.- 
 
 Whatever may have been the causes 
 that brought the State to that decision, 
 South Carolina did decide to withdraw 
 from the union of the States. She had a 
 right to do this, that is, if the States' 
 Rights Party of the south was correct in 
 its doctrine. In 1832, this party was 
 divided ; some believing that a State had 
 a right while in the union to nullify an 
 act of Congress, whereas others held 
 that no State had that right, but that any 
 State had a right to withdraw from the 
 union as from a compact. In 1860, there 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 243 
 
 was no such division, because the question 
 was not about nullifying, but about seced- 
 ing; and all held that any State had the 
 right to secede. Many doubted the expe- 
 diency, and thought that it would be im- 
 prudent to secede ; but of that party — and 
 nine-tenths of the citizens were of that par- 
 ty — none doubted the right to secede. 
 
 - 197. - 
 
 The convention of the State, that had 
 been called before the election of Govern- 
 or Pickens, met in Columbia on the 18th 
 of December. The place of meeting was 
 the Baptist church on Plain street. The 
 body organized, and took the sense of the 
 
 196. What did the State decide upon doing ? What had 
 divided the States' Rights Party in 1832? Why was it 
 united in 1860 ? What did the State do ? 
 
244 HISTORY OP 
 
 members in a vote on a resolution that 
 the State secede. The resolution passed 
 unanimously. The presence of small-pox 
 at the capital induced the convention to 
 move to Charleston ; and there, on the 
 20th of December, 1860, the Ordinance of 
 Secession was passed. By this act South 
 Carolina ceased to be a State in the union, 
 and became again a separate and sovereign 
 State, as she was before ratifying the con- 
 stitution, seventy-two years previous. 
 
 -198. - 
 
 About three weeks after the secession 
 of South Carolina — on the 9th of Janu- 
 
 197. When did the convention meet ? Where ? In what 
 building? What resolution did it pass in Columbia ? Why 
 did it move to Charleston ? When was the Ordinance ol 
 Secession passed ? What was the effect of it ? How long 
 had the State been in the Union ? 
 
SOQTH CAROLINA. 245 
 
 aiy, 1861 — Mississippi seceded. Two 
 days later — on the 11th of January — both 
 Alabama and Florida followed the exam- 
 ple. Then followed the other southern 
 States — Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Vir- 
 ginia, Arkansas, [ar-lca'nf 'Sas\ North Caro- 
 lina, and Tennessee, in that order, the last 
 being on the 8th of June, 1861. 
 
 - 199.- 
 
 As soon as the State seceded, Governor 
 Pickens tried to get possession of all the 
 forts at Charleston ; but Major Anderson, 
 who was in command of the United States 
 garrison, at that time in Fort Moultrie, on 
 the night of the 29th of December, 1860, 
 
 198. How long after the secession of South Carolina did 
 Mississippi secede? When did Alabama and Florida se 
 code? What other States followed? When did the last 
 one of these — Tennessee — secede? 
 21* 
 
246 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 moved his command of less than a hun- 
 dred men into Fort Sumter, the strongest 
 fort in the harbour. Volunteer troops 
 were at once raised all over the State to 
 take Fort Sumter out of the hands of Ma- 
 jor Anderson. These State troops were 
 under the command of General Beaure- 
 gard, [ho-re-gar'']^ and occupied all the 
 points around Fort Sumter. 
 
 [View at Fort Moultne.j 
 
 This view is of the southeastern angle 
 of Fort Moultrie. The house, on the left, 
 is where the old Fort Sullivan was. In 
 the distance — just to the right of that — ia 
 
 199. What did Governor Pickens try to do? What mov« 
 did Majgr Anderson make ? When ? What was done to 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 247 
 
 seen Fort Sumter, but very small, on ac- 
 count of the distance. 
 
 200. 
 
 During tlie investment of Fort Sumter, 
 the United States authorities sent the Star 
 of the West — a light ocean steamer — with 
 supplies for Anderson. This vessel tried 
 to pass the investing batteries, and was 
 fired into by a battery on Morris island. 
 This was the first shot of the war ; and 
 was fired from an unprotected earth- work 
 thrown up and manned by a detachment 
 of cadets of the South Carolina Military 
 Academy, under Major P. F. Stevens. The 
 vessel fell back, and did not again attempt 
 to reach Fort Sumter. This was on the 
 
 get him out of Fort Sumter? Who commanded the State 
 troops ? 
 
±48 HISTORY OF 
 
 9 til of January, 1861. It does not follow 
 from this that South Carolina Vas the ag- 
 gressor ; for the aggressor is not the one 
 that deals the first blow, but the one that 
 makes a blow necessary. 
 
 The siege lasted until after a demand 
 for the surrender, on the 11th of April. 
 Beauregard opened fire upon the fort on 
 Friday, the 12th. The bombardment last- 
 ed about thirty hours, when Anderson 
 surrendered — on the 13th. The Union 
 troops were allowed to leave on the gov- 
 ernment ships. The evacuation took place 
 on the 14th. There was not a man killed 
 on either side. 
 
 200. What did the Star of the West attempt ? What oc- 
 curred ? When was the first gun fired ? When did Beau- 
 regard demand the surrender of the fort? How long did 
 he bombard it ? When did it surrender ? When was it 
 evacuated ? How many were killed on each side t 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 249 
 
 -201.- 
 
 From this time — the fall of Fort Sum- 
 ter — South Carolina went vigourously to 
 work to raise troops to defend the new 
 government formed in the south, known 
 as The Confederate States of America, 
 against the threatened invasion of the 
 United States. 
 
 The war was transferred to Virginia, 
 where much of the fighting between the 
 [Jnited States and the Confederate States, 
 for the four years following the formation 
 of a southern government, was done. 
 
 The provisional confederate government 
 had been formed in February, at Mont- 
 gomery, Alabama; and this State then be- 
 came a member of the Confederate States. 
 The regular government was inaugurated 
 a year later — on the 2 2d of February, 
 
 201. What did this State set about doing? Wliere was 
 the war transferred to? Where was the provisional gov- 
 
250 HisTORr OP 
 
 1862 — at Richmond, Virginia; Jefferson 
 Davis being President. 
 
 -202.- 
 
 rhe operations of the armies of the Con- 
 federacy in the field belong to the history 
 of the general government, and not to 
 that of South Carolina. 
 
 During the years 1861 and 1862-;— cov- 
 ering nearly the term of Governor Pick- 
 ens — the principal battles in Virginia, in 
 which the troops of this State took part 
 were Manassas \ma-nas^'<sa] or Bull Kun, 
 and Dranesville in 1861 ; and Seven Pines 
 Mechanicksville, Cold Harbour, Savage's 
 Station, Fraser's Farm, Malvern Hill, Ce- 
 
 emment formed ? When ? Where, the regular ? When 1 
 Who was President ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 251 
 
 dar Mountain, Second Manassas, Ox Hill, 
 Boonsboro or South Mountain, Harper's 
 Ferrj, Sharpsburg, and Fredricksburg, in 
 1862. In the west was fought the battle 
 of Shiloh, in which some troops of this 
 State were engaged. 
 
 203- 
 
 In South Carolina, the only military op- 
 eration of importance was the capture of 
 Hilton Head by the Union forces. This 
 took place on Thursday, the 7th of No- 
 vember, 1861. The entrance of the har- 
 bour of Beaufort — Hilton Head and Bay 
 Point being the two points at the mouth 
 of the harbour — was defended by General 
 
 202. What were the principal battles in Virginia during 
 1861, in which South Carolina troops were engaged ? Dur 
 Ing 186^? What battle in the west ? 
 
252 HISTORY OF 
 
 Ripley witli a feeble force of volunteers. 
 Both points were abandoned after a bom- 
 bardment of 4j hours from the attacking 
 fleet. The federal troops held this point 
 until the end of the war. 
 
 204. - 
 
 In December, 1862, Milledge L. Bon- 
 ham, who had already done gallant ser- 
 vice in the field in Virginia, was elected 
 governor. 
 
 The war progressed during his term of 
 office, as it was doing at the time of his 
 election — the main points of field-service 
 being in Virginia, and in the west. The 
 ports of this State, in common with those 
 
 203. What military operation occurred within the State ? 
 What date ? What were the two forts defending the har- 
 bour ? Who commanded the defence ? How long did the 
 federal troops hold this place ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA 253 
 
 of the southern States, were blockaded by 
 the Federal navy. Trade with Europe 
 was thus almost entirely cut off from the 
 south, both imports and exports. The 
 people suffered extreme privation. Food, 
 cloths, and other necessaries were scarce. 
 Men were in the army, and farms were 
 neglected. No goods could come into the 
 country on account of the blockade. 
 Confederate money became of less and 
 less value; until in November, 1864, a 
 barrel of flour would sell for $350 and a 
 bushel of corn for $55, of Confederate 
 money. At this time, one dollar in gold 
 was worth $28 in Confederate money. 
 These prices all continued to rise until the 
 end of the war. 
 
 204. Wlien was Governor Bonham elected ? Wliere waa 
 the main fighting ? What was the condition of the peo- 
 ple? What was & barrel of flour worth in November, 
 1864 ? A bushel of corn ? A dollar in golr> ' Did these 
 prices rise or fall ? 
 22 
 
254 HISTORY OF 
 
 -205.- 
 
 During these two years — 1863 and 
 1864 — there was no fighting in South Car- 
 olina, except the operations by the block- 
 ading forces against Charleston and its 
 defences. 
 
 But the new year of 1863 was signal- 
 ized by an event that requires a mention 
 here. The President of the United States 
 — Abraham Lincoln — issued a proclama- 
 tion, declaring all the slaves in the south 
 free. This is known as the Emancipation 
 Proclamation. The President knew this 
 to be contrary to the constitution of the 
 United States, which left slavery to be 
 regulated by the States themselves ; but 
 he said it was necessary in order to make 
 the Southern States return to the Union. 
 The Congress of the United States sup- 
 ported the President in his proclamation ; 
 and so it became the law in the south, but 
 not until two years later, when the war 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 256 
 
 was over. During these two years the 
 negroes continued to live as slaves under 
 the Confederate government. 
 
 -206.- 
 
 On the 7th of April, 1863, the block- 
 ading squadron, re-inforced with the 
 strongest war vessels for the reduction of 
 Fojt Sumter and capture of the city of 
 Charleston, opened fire upon the fort. 
 
 This was almost two years after the fort 
 had been taken by the State forces — 13th 
 April, 1861 — from Major Anderson. On the 
 present occasion the attack was made by 
 a strong naval force of the United States, 
 
 205. Where was the only fighting in this State during 
 1863 and 1864 ? What was done by President Lincoln on 
 new year's day of 1863 ? Why did he do this ? When did 
 the negroes really become free ? 
 
256 HISTORY OF 
 
 under command of Admiral Dablgren ; 
 and was mainly directed against Fort 
 Sumter, which was successfully defended 
 by Colonel Alfred Khett. 
 
 On the 10th of July, another attack, 
 by land and sea combined, was begun up- 
 on the harbour defences. The land for- 
 ces, under General Gilmore, secretly for- 
 tified Folly Island, crossed the inlet to 
 Morris Island ; and from this point Fort 
 Wagner and Fort Gregg, held by the Con- 
 fedei'ates, upon the end of Morris Island 
 nearest Fort Sumter, were assailed. 
 These forts, after an investment of nearly 
 two months, were evacuated, and immedi- 
 ately occupied by Gilmore's troops on the 
 7th of September. 
 
 306. When was tlie first attack on Fort Sumter ? Who 
 commanded the attack ? Who defended? When was the sec- 
 ond attack commenced ? Who commanded the land forces? 
 Where did he begin his attack? How did he proceed? 
 When were Forts Wagner and Gregg evacuated ? When 
 were they occupied by the Federals ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 257 
 
 -207,- 
 
 Rut me-anwhile — ou the 21st of August 
 — the enemy opened fire upon the city of 
 Charleston, in the hope of thus forcing the 
 Confederates to give up Fort Sumter. 
 This firing was opened upon the cit}^, with- 
 out timely notice for the removal of wo- 
 men and children, and when it could ef- 
 fect notliing but the death of non-combat- 
 ants and the destruction of private pro- 
 perty ; because the outer defences had 
 not yet been captured. The bombard- 
 ment of the city continued with some vari- 
 ations of more or less firing for more than 
 twenty-two months ; that is, until the city 
 and the forts were abandoned by the Con- 
 feilerates, in 1865. The fire upon Fort 
 Sumter, too, was kept up almost inces- 
 santly for the same period, from both fleet 
 and land batteries. 
 
 207. WLen did the bombardment of the city begin? 
 22* 
 
268 HISTORY OF 
 
 The fall of these defences and some- 
 thing of their heroic defenders will be 
 mentioned among the events of 1865. 
 
 208.- 
 
 During Governor Bonham's term of of- 
 fice, the war was waged between the 
 northern and southern governments with- 
 out interruption, the theatres of the fight- 
 ing being the same as previously — mainly 
 Virginia and the west. 
 
 In Virginia, the South Carolina troops 
 took honourable part in the battles of 
 Chancellorsville, The Wilderness, Spott- 
 sylvania Courthouse, Winchester, Hatch- 
 er's Run, and Appommattox ; in Pennsyl- 
 
 Was there due notice given ? Why was it wrong at tlmt 
 time ? How long did it last ? How long did the bomba.^1- 
 ment of Fort Sumter last ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 259 
 
 vania, Gettysburg ; in North Carolina, 
 Bentonsville and Fort Fisher ; and in the 
 west, Lookout Mountain, Chick-a-mau''-ga, 
 Atlanta, Knoxville, and Franklin. Be- 
 sides these, there were probably a hun- 
 dred other actions of greater or less note 
 in which they took a like part. 
 
 -209.- 
 
 In December, 1864, A. G. Magrath [ma- 
 graiv'^ was elected governor ; and never did 
 a governor take his seat in stormier times, 
 or under more inauspicious circumstances 
 The south — and with it of counse South 
 Carolina — was nearly exhausted by war. 
 Already evidences of collapse were visible 
 
 208. Where was the war continued ? In what battles in 
 Virginia did South Carolina troops take part ? In North 
 Carolina ? In the west ? 
 
260 HISTORY OF 
 
 everywhere— in Virginia, ia the west, and 
 at home. Only the most hopeful could 
 see any way to a successful issue of the 
 war on the part of the south ; and yet 
 none expected it to end so suddenly. 
 
 -210. - 
 
 On the 21st of December, 1864, Gen- 
 eral Sherman, with a large army, took 
 possession of Savannah, Georgia. His 
 march was towards this State. The feel- 
 ing here was that his army would show 
 no mercy to South Carolina; and the 
 event proved that the feeling was well 
 founded. 
 
 Early in the new year — 1865 — Sher- 
 n an crossed the Savannah and marched 
 
 209. When was Governor Magratli elected ? What was 
 the state of the country at that time ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 261 
 
 upon Columbia. General Har-dee' was in 
 command at Charleston with a small force ; 
 and at Columbia there were no troops. 
 
 -211.- 
 
 When Sherman reached the line of rail- 
 road connecting Charleston with the inte- 
 rior, it became impossible to hold the 
 city; and accordingly Hardee withdrew 
 his troops from all the forts in the har- 
 bour, destroyed the government shipping, 
 and abandoned the city. This was on the 
 18th of February, 1865. He marched to 
 join General Johnston's army, which was 
 then in North Carolina. 
 
 210. When did General Sherman take Savannah ? Which 
 way was he marching ? What did the people of this State 
 expect ? When did Sherman enter this State ? Upon what 
 two points did he march ? Who commanded at Charles- 
 ton ? What troops were at Columbia ? 
 
262 HISTOKY OF 
 
 Thus Fort Sumter, after one of the most 
 gallant defences recorded in history, was 
 abandoned, on account of the movements 
 of the enemy's army in the interior of the 
 State. Let us now glance back over that 
 defence. 
 
 -212- 
 
 The siege of Fort Sumter, as already 
 stated, began on the 10th of July, 1863, and 
 ended the 18th of February, 1865 — last- 
 ing nineteen months and eight days. Col. 
 Rhett retained command of the fort until 
 it was reduced almost to ruins, by the 
 combined fire of the fleet and of the land 
 batteries of the enemy. The walls facing 
 
 211. When was Charleston evacuated ? Where did 
 Hardee go ? What caused the abandonment of Fort Sum- 
 ter after so gallant a defence ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 263 
 
 the sea and Morris Island were battered 
 down, and every effective gun was dis- 
 mounted. Many prominent officers urged 
 the necessity of evacuating the fort, as its 
 condition was such as to render it useless 
 in operating against the enemy ; and as, in 
 their opinion, the attempt to hold it would 
 end not only in failure, but in the sacrifice 
 of the garrison. But it was important to 
 prevent the enemy from obtaining a foot- 
 hold so near the city, where their shells 
 could be used against it with great effect. 
 At one time the evacuation of the fort was 
 determined on; but other councils pre- 
 vailed. 
 
 212. WTien did the siege of Fort Sumter begin ? End t 
 How long did it last ? How long did Col. Rhett remain in 
 command ? What did many prominent officers advise \ 
 What was decided on ? 
 
264 HISTORY OF 
 
 -213.- 
 
 Artilleiy was no longer required for 
 the defence, and Colonel Rhett and his 
 command, who had held the fort so gal- 
 lantly, were withdrawn and sent where 
 their services were more needed. 
 
 The command was then intrusted to 
 Major Stephen Elliott, of this State, al- 
 ready distinguished for energy and dar- 
 ing. The garrison consisted of a small 
 body of infantry. 
 
 Soon after Elliott took command, a for- 
 midable attack was made on the fort, by 
 a strong detachment from the fleet. They 
 approached in boats under cover of night, 
 and reached the fort before they were 
 discovered. They mounted the ruined 
 walls and were met by Elliott and his men 
 with brickbats and such other fragmenta- 
 ry missiles as the ruins furnished. 
 
 213. Who was put in command of Sumter when Rhett 
 was withdrawn? How did Elliott meet the attack made 
 by night ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 265 
 
 -214. ~ 
 
 The attacking pauty were driven back 
 with heavy loss, including many prisoners. 
 No attempt was made after this to take 
 the fort by assault, but the bombardment 
 was kept up at irregular intervals and 
 sometimes with great severity. 
 
 Elliott had assumed the command of 
 the fort under circumstances of peculiar 
 danger and difficulty — when the besieged 
 were depressed and the besiegers elated by 
 what seemed to be the certainty of its cap- 
 ture. He retained the command for near- 
 ly a year, during the most trying period 
 of the siege, and the manner in which he 
 conducted the defence attracted the ad- 
 miration of the civilized world. The 
 Confedei-ate government showed its ap- 
 preciation of his conduct by promotion, 
 and transfer to a larger command in Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 He was succeeded in command of the 
 
 23 
 
266 HISTOKY OF 
 
 fort by Captain John Mitchell, a sou of 
 the distinguished Irish exile and patriot of 
 the same name. 
 
 -215. 
 
 Mitchell was killed soon after, with a 
 frac^nient of a shell thrown from the ene- 
 my's batteries on Morris Island. His suc- 
 cessor was Captain Thomas A. Huguenin, 
 of South Carolina, a gallant and efficient of- 
 ficer, who remained in command of the 
 fort until it and the other fortifications of 
 the harbour were evacuated, in consequence 
 of Sherman's movements in the interior of 
 the State. The defence of this post which, 
 though not the most important, was the 
 most memorable event of the war in South 
 Carolina, and was marked not only by the 
 
 214. Were there any later assaults upon the fort ? How 
 long did Elliott command the fort ? Who succeeded him 1 
 
- SOUTH CAROLINA. 267 
 
 courage and endurance of the officers and 
 men, but by many acts of heroism and 
 personal daring. 
 
 Much of the credit for the successful 
 defence, is due to Major John Johnson, of 
 South Carolina, an officer of the Corps of 
 Engineers, whose duties called forth the 
 display of high courage and capacity in 
 repairing under a heavy fire, and with 
 limited resources, the injuries constantly 
 done to the works. 
 
 We return now to Sherman and his in- 
 vading army. 
 
 - 216. - 
 
 Sherman, with the main portion of his 
 
 215. Wliat became of Mitchell ? VTlio succeeded to the 
 command? How long did Huguenin command? By what 
 were the defence marked ? To whom is much of the credit 
 of this defence due ? 
 
268 HISTORY OF 
 
 army, readied Columbia on Friday, the 
 17th of February, 1865. He arrived op- 
 posite the city, on the western bank of the 
 Congaree, two days earlier. There were 
 no troops to oppose him ; but the bridges 
 had been burnt, and he was thus delayed 
 by the necessity of putting pontoons — 
 military bridges — across the rivers. There 
 appeared no necessity for his entering the 
 city at all; but he determined to occupy 
 it with three entire corps — about 45,000 
 men — of his army, on Friday morning, 
 the l7th. During that night — beginning 
 about dark — the greater part of the city 
 was destroyed by fire. 
 
 Sherman moved on northward, leaving^ 
 Columbia on Monday, the 20th of Febru- 
 ary ; and passed into North Carolina, there 
 to operate against General Johnston of 
 the Confederate army. 
 
 216 When did Sherman reach Columbia? How long 
 had he been at the river ? Why did he not enter at once 1 
 What time of day did he enter on Friday ? What time 
 was the city burned ? Where did Sherman ^o'' 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 269 
 
 -217.- 
 
 The course of Sherman and his army — 
 from Sister's Ferry, wliere they crossed 
 the Savannah river into South Carolina, 
 until they crossed the northern boundary 
 line — all the way through the State, was 
 marked by unexampled severity. Not 
 only Columbia, but Purysburg, Barnwell, 
 Orangeburg, Winnsborough, and sev- 
 eral other towns, were partly burned 
 down. Thousands of the finest country 
 residences were consumed. The belt of 
 country through which this army passed 
 v^as left a waste — houses, fencing, bridges, 
 and railroads, all destroyed. This kind 
 of warfare had not been seen in South 
 Carolina since 1761, when Colonel Grant 
 carried desolation into the country of the 
 Cherokees ; unless it was when Tarleton, 
 
 217. What was the character of Sherman's warfare? 
 What towns besides Columbia were partly burned ? How 
 
270 HISTORY OF 
 
 the Bloody Dragoon, flourished here in 
 1780. 
 
 -218. - 
 
 This march of Sherman through the 
 State was the last military movement in 
 South Carolina. The Union forces held 
 every point that they cared to occupy. 
 
 The War of Secession was now near 
 its end. 
 
 The Confederate army of Lee in Vir- 
 ginia surrendered to Grant at Ap-po-mat'- 
 tox Courthouse, on the 9th of April, 1865. 
 
 On the 25th of the same month the 
 Confederate army of Johnston, in North 
 Carolina, surrendered to Sherman. This 
 closed the war east of the Mississippi river. 
 
 did he treat the country through which he passed ? When 
 before had this State seen such war ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 271 
 
 A montli later — on the 26th of May — 
 Kirby Smith surrendered the last Confed- 
 erate army in the trans-Mississippi region. 
 
 This closed the War of Secession. 
 
 -219. - 
 
 The war that closed in 1865 — the war 
 of secession — was waged by the south in 
 behalf of the principle of States' rights. 
 That is, the south believed that each State 
 had a right to withdraw from the Union 
 when it chose to do so, regarding the 
 union as a kind of partnership among 
 sovereign powers for mutual benefits. The 
 north denied that right ; and regarded 
 the general government as higher than the 
 State governments, and entitled to control 
 
 218. When did Lee surrender in Virginia? Johnston in 
 North Carolina ? Kirby Smith beyond the Mississippi ? 
 
272 HISTORY OF 
 
 them in all things. The south decided to 
 test the question practically, by seceding 
 and trying to defend itself; and South 
 Carolina led the way, and took her chances 
 with the south. 
 
 -220.- 
 
 To wards carrying on this war, the State 
 raised 45,000 soldiers for the Confederate 
 army, and 20,000 reserves, to fight at 
 home — in all 65,000 fighting men; while 
 the voting population of the State was 
 but about 40,000. 
 
 Anions: the South Carolinians who 
 served with distinction in this war, were, 
 
 219. In behalf of what principle was the war of seces 
 eion fought? What is meant by States' rights ? What 
 did the people at the north believe about States' righte 1 
 VV hat State led the movement ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 273 
 
 Maxcy Gregg, (killed), Wade Hampton, 
 Anderson, Lee, Butler, Jenkins, (killed,) 
 and Kershaw. 
 
 220. How many soldiers did this State raise for the Con- 
 federate army ? How many reserves ? What are reserves ? 
 How many voters were thc>re in the State ? Who were 
 some of the many who distinguished themselves in the 
 
274 HISTORY OF 
 
 ^^^CE THE W^^ 
 
 • • — 
 
 -221.- 
 
 When the war was thus brought to a 
 close, by the success of the United States 
 forces over those of the Confederate States, 
 the President of the United States — then 
 Andrew Johnson — assumed the right of 
 appointing a provisional governor for 
 South Carolina. He appointed Benja- 
 min F. Perry to be provisional governor, 
 who served in that capacity with much 
 ability and favour, until a successor was 
 elected by the white po* dilation of the 
 State. This election was oiuered by the 
 President through Governor Perry, and 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 275 
 
 held on the 18th of October, 1865. It 
 resulted in the election of James L. Orr, 
 who had previously held important posi- 
 tions, among which was the speakership of 
 the House of Representatives in the Uni- 
 ted States Congress. 
 
 -222.- 
 
 A few weeks after the inauguration of 
 Governor Orr, the South Carolina College 
 — established in 1801 — was changed in 
 form to another kind of institution, and 
 called the University of South Carolina. 
 This was in December, 1865. 
 
 In September, 1866, the legislature 
 
 331. Wliom did President Johnson appoint Provisional 
 Governor ? How long did he serve ? Who was elected to 
 Bucceed him ? What position had Governor Orr previously 
 held? 
 
276 HISTORY OF 
 
 passed an act establishing a State peniten- 
 tiary. It was located at Columbia ; and 
 is now in successful operation, but the 
 buildings are not yet [1869] completed. 
 
 -223.- 
 
 Governor Orr continued in office, 
 through a term of great trial and difficul- 
 ty, until his successor was inaugurated, on 
 the 9th of July, 1868. No governor of 
 the State ever had a more difficult and 
 embarrassing task to perform. There 
 were, in fact, two governments in South 
 Carolina during this period — one, the 
 civil government, of which Governor Orr 
 was the executive ; and another, the mil- 
 
 222. When was tlie South Carolina College established ? 
 When was it changed to a university ? When was the 
 State penitentiary established ? Where was it located ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 277 
 
 itary, instituted and regulated by the 
 President and Congress of the United 
 States. The executive officer of the mil- 
 itary rule was at first General Sickles, 
 and afterwards General Can by. There 
 were at the same time both civil and mil- 
 itary courts; and the administration of 
 justice was thus rendered embarrassed, un- 
 certain, and unequal. All these things 
 conspired to make Governor Orr's term a 
 trying one. 
 
 -224.- 
 
 Not withstanding all these draw-backs, 
 Governor Orr's administration was as suc- 
 
 228. How long did Governor Orr serve 1 What otlier 
 government was there at the same time ? What made this 
 term a hard one to manage ? What sorts of courts were 
 there ? What effect had the war had on the i>eople V 
 24 
 
278 HISTORY OF 
 
 cessful, perhaps, as was possible under the 
 circumstances. 
 
 Under what are known as the Recon- 
 struction Acts of Congress, General Canbj, 
 who represented the General Government 
 in this State at that time, ordered a con- 
 vention to be held on the 14th of Janu- 
 ary, 1868. This body is known as the 
 Constitutional Convention, and met in 
 Charleston. At the election of members 
 to this convention, very few — not one in a 
 hundred — of the white people voted at all. 
 The reason they did not vote was, because 
 they did not believe that the Reconstruc- 
 tion Acts of Congress were lawful ; and, 
 although they were opposed to a conven- 
 tion, they did not vote, because these acts 
 of Congress were so arranged as to put 
 the whole power in the hands of the ne 
 groes, who had formerly been slaves. 
 
 224. What was the success of Governor Orr's adminis- 
 tration? When was the Constitutional Convention to 
 
SOUTH OAROLIIJ^A. 279 
 
 and who were more numerous than the 
 whites. 
 
 -225- 
 
 This Constitutional Convention, thus 
 elected by the negroes, consisted of more 
 than half negroes, many of them from the 
 north. It remained in session from the 
 14th of January, 1868, exactly two 
 months ; and produced a constitution 
 which was first approved by Congress, 
 and then submitted to the people of the 
 State for ratification. In this vote, all 
 the negroes voted for the new constitu- 
 tion, and most of the whites voted against 
 it; although there were a good many 
 whites who did not wish to vote, and a 
 
 meet? Where ? Who ordered it ? Did the white peopla 
 vote? Why not? 
 
280 HISTOEY OF 
 
 great many who were not allowed by the 
 Acts of Congress to vote. The vote was 
 70,758 for the new constitution, and 27,288 
 against it. So the new constitution was 
 adopted; and is now [1869] the one in 
 force here. 
 
 This new constitution changed the name 
 of districts to counties ; and divided Pick- 
 ens into two — Pickens and 0-co^-nee. 
 There are now (1886) thirty-four counties 
 in the State. 
 
 -226.- 
 
 Under the new constitution, a governor 
 
 225. Of wliom did the Constitutional Convention con- 
 sist ? How long did it sit ? What was then done with the 
 new constitution ? Who voted for it ? Who against it ? 
 How many for it ? How many against it ? What changes 
 in the districts did this new constitution make? How 
 many counties are there now ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 281 
 
 and a full set of State officers were elect- 
 ed. In these elections, the negroes had 
 one set of candidates, some of whom were 
 white men (mostly northerners), and the 
 whites another. Of course the former 
 were all elected, the negroes being more 
 numerous in the State than the white 
 people. 
 
 General Robert K. Scott, of Ohio, (a 
 white man, although elected by the ne- 
 groes), was chosen governor. He was in- 
 augurated on the 9th of July, 1868. The 
 term of this office is, as heretofore, two 
 years. 
 
 -227. - 
 
 At the same time with the State officers 
 
 S26. What officers were elected under the new constitu- 
 tion? Who became governor? Where was he from? 
 When was he inaugurated ? How long is his term of office t 
 24* 
 
282 HISTORY OF 
 
 there was elected a legislature or general 
 assembly. The members of this body 
 were more than half (81 to 69) coloured 
 men — negroes, mulattoes, and quadroons 
 — many of whom were imperfectly edu- 
 cated, and some could not even write their 
 names. Many of these coloured members, 
 as well as of the whites, were from the 
 north. 
 
 The general assembly held its first ses- 
 sion — a special session — from the 6th of 
 July till the 26th of September, 1868. 
 
 The first regular session of the general 
 assembly was held from the 24th of No- 
 vember, 1868, till the 24th of March, 
 1869 — just four months. This session, as 
 had been part of the special session, was 
 held in the buildings of the University of 
 South Carolina ; the senate occupying the 
 library, and the house the chapel. 
 
 227. When was the legislature elected ? How was that 
 body composed — how many negroes and how many whites t 
 When was the special session held ? When the first regu- 
 lar session ? Where ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 283 
 
 -228.- 
 
 This new government ratified the Four- 
 teenth Amendment to the Constitution ol 
 the -United States, giving citizenship to the 
 freedmen. The mihtary government under 
 General Canby, and the civil government 
 under Governor Orr, were both ended by the 
 new one under Governor Scott. The State 
 was thus declared to be reconstructed or re- 
 stored to the Union ; and its Senators and 
 Representatives in Congress were allowed to 
 take their seats. They all belonged to the 
 Republican party. The better class — the 
 educated and well-informed — of our people 
 were thus ruled and represented in Congress 
 by the lower classes, who were ignorant and 
 degraded. The negroes were uneducated 
 and their white leaders were for the most 
 part adventurers without characters. 
 
 228. Tell how the State became reconstructed. What was 
 the character of her Representatives ? 
 
284 HISTOKY OF 
 
 -229.- 
 
 The Mongrel Legislature passed Acts to 
 *' suppress insurrection and rebellion," when 
 nothing of the kind existed. Under these 
 Acts the Governor organized the freedmen 
 into mihtia companies all over the State ; 
 and the Republican Congress furnished 
 10,000 guns with ammunition for them. 
 The whites were not allowed to form military 
 companies. These freedmen companies cost 
 the State about $400,000. A land commis- 
 sion was created for the pretended purpose 
 of furnishing land to the poor, but really to 
 please the freedmen, in order to get their 
 votes ; and by October 1870, they had spent 
 $750,000 ; but very few persons got any land. 
 The money was mostly stolen by the State 
 Officers. 
 
 These and similar acts created a oreat 
 deal of bitter feeling among the whites. 
 Deeds of violence by both whites and freed- 
 men were frequent ; and the State govern- 
 ment did nothing to restore peace and quiet, 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 285 
 
 except to call on the President of the United 
 States for soldiers, whom he seemed always 
 willing to send^ 
 
 -230.- 
 
 In 1870, Governor Scott was reelected by 
 a majorky of 33,500. Those that voted for 
 him — Republicans, including the freedmen 
 — were called Radicals, while the Democrats 
 or whites Avere known as Conservatives. 
 The Legislature then elected was made up 
 almost entirely of Radicals. 
 
 At this time — when the freedmen were 
 organized in companies and armed ; when 
 they and bad men of both races were thus 
 
 229. What steps were taken by the State Government to 
 arm the Militia? Give the cost of the scheme to the State. 
 Tell about the Land Commission and its cost. Effects of these 
 acts on the people of the State. What part did the President 
 take in State affairs ? 
 
286 HISTORY OF 
 
 H 
 
 encouraged to be insolent and violent ; when 
 the State government seemed ready to protect 
 all such persons, and only such, as would 
 "vote to keep the Eadicals in power — at 
 this time there arose secret societies among 
 the Conservatives, for mutual protection 
 against the lawlessness of the party in power. 
 These societies were called Ku-Klux Klans ; 
 and though at first for self-protection from 
 wrong, some abuses arose ; and they were 
 charged by the Kadicals with gross outrages 
 upon the freedmen. 
 
 -231.- 
 
 Governor Scott sent to Washington for 
 help. President Grant, under authority of 
 Congress, put the nine counties of York, 
 
 230. Give the result of the elections in 1870? Tell what 
 you can about the cause and history of the Ku-Klux Klans. 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 287 
 
 Spartanburg, Union, Chester, Laurens, New- 
 berry, Fairfield, Lancaster, and Chesterfield, 
 under martial law ; that is, he declared that 
 persons might be arrested without a writ and 
 without being told the charges against them 
 or who made the charges. The Governor 
 offered a reward of $200 for every person 
 arrested with proofs to convict. Major Mer- 
 rill was sent with United States soldiers into 
 the State, and they arrested more than 600 
 citizens in a few months, many of them on 
 vague charges. Ignorant and malicious 
 witnesses could be readily found to prove 
 anything, so that many innocent men were 
 convicted by subornation. Numbers were 
 sent by the United States Courts to the pen- 
 itentary at Albany, iNew York. The usual 
 charge was, that the prisoner was a member 
 of the Ku-Klux Klan and had committed 
 assaults upon some freedman. 
 
 231. What steps were taken by the State and Federal Gov- 
 ernments against the Ku-Klux? How were the trials con- 
 ducted? Result? 
 
288 HISTOKY OF 
 
 -232.- 
 
 The freedman militia were allowed to dis- 
 band, having cost immense sums of money 
 and done nothing but incite strife. Eadical 
 misrule and extravagance went on until the 
 taxes were too heavy for the people to bear, 
 when a Taxpayers' Convention was called. 
 It met in May, 1871, W. D. Porter presid- 
 ing. The State debt was said to be about 
 $7,600,000. The next winter, the Eadical 
 Legislature appointed a committee to invest- 
 igate the charges of fraud, and this commit- 
 tee reported the State debt as being not less 
 than $29,000,000, of which $6,000,000 had 
 been issued contrary to law. 
 
 -233.- 
 
 According to the United States census of 
 1 870, the population of this State was 705,- 
 
 232. What became of the Militia? Tell about the Tax- 
 payers' Convention, and the amount of the Public Debt. 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 289 
 
 606—289,667 whites; 415,814 freedmen; 
 124 Indians ; and 1 Chinese. The State 
 census of 1875 showed the population to be 
 923,447—350,721 whites; and 572,726 
 freedmen. The property in the State, which 
 in 1860 was valued at |550,000,000, had 
 faUen in 1870 to $150,000,000. Of this loss 
 about $200,000,000 was the value of the 
 slaves set free. 
 
 -234.- 
 
 In 1871, Aiken county was formed of parts 
 of Edgefield, Lexington, Orangeburg, and 
 Barnwell counties; the county seat being 
 Aiken. About this time the mining of 
 phosphates from the river-beds near Charles- 
 ton — discovered in 1867 — began to be im- 
 
 233. Give the population of the State in 1870 and in 1875. 
 Show how much, and why the value of property had diminished 
 since 1860. 
 
290 HISTORY or 
 
 portant. These phosphates are the remains 
 of animals, principally fish, of gigantic size, 
 that lived ages ago. The supply seems in- 
 exhaustible. The miners pay the State a 
 royalty on what they dig up out of the 
 streams, and sell the rocks to mills, by which 
 they are made into fertilizers. Miners of 
 land deposits pay no royalty. 
 
 -235.- 
 
 In 1872, the Radicals elected Franklin J. 
 Moses, Jr., to be Governor. He was elected 
 by a majority of 33,000, and enjoys the dis- 
 tinction of being the worst Governor ever 
 elected in South Carolina. Bribery became 
 common. The taxes were about twenty 
 times as heavy as they had been before the 
 
 234. What new county was formed ? When and where ? 
 Where were phosphates found ? What are they, and for what 
 used? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 291 
 
 war, and yet in April, 1873, the treasury was 
 empty and the State's credit ruined. An 
 attempt was made to levy two taxes in one 
 year, but the people would not stand that. 
 In 1^73 the State University was opened 
 to both races. 
 
 -2 3 6.- 
 
 Again the taxpayers called a Convention 
 to protest against Radical extravagance and 
 extortion. It met the 17th of February, 
 1871:, and sat four days. It appointed one 
 committee to appeal to Congress for redress; 
 another to examine the affairs of the State; 
 another to publish an address to the people 
 of the State: and another to organize Tax- 
 unions in every county for self-protection 
 against extortion and fraud. The commit- 
 
 235. Describe the state of affairs under the administration 
 of Moses. What change was made in the University? 
 
292 HISTORY OF 
 
 tee to appeal to Congress was received coldly 
 by President Grant and the Eepublican 
 Congress, both being in sympathy with the 
 Radicals ; but public attention to the wrongs 
 imposed upon the State was aroused all over 
 the United States, and a check was given to 
 Radical misrule in South Carolina. 
 
 -237.- 
 
 In 1874, Daniel H. Chamberlain was 
 elected by the Radicals to succeed Moses. 
 His majority was 1 1,000. The Conserva- 
 tives elected more legislators than they had 
 done before, but the Radicals still had a 
 large majority. They elected Ex- Governor 
 Moses and WilUam J. Whipper, a negro, 
 both notoriously bad men, to be Circuit 
 
 236. Tell about the second Tax-payers' Convention. What 
 committees were appointed ? How was the visiting commit- 
 tee received ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 293 
 
 Judges. These elections were so monstrous 
 that the Governor refused to issue commis- 
 sions to them ; and he thus gained some 
 favor with the Conservatives, but afterwards 
 lost it all. 
 
 -238,- 
 
 In 1876 a riot occurred at Hamburg, 
 growing out of the insubordination of some 
 freedman militia, in which one white man 
 and several freedmen were killed. The 
 Governor wrote a public letter blaming the 
 whites for the riot, while the facts showed 
 the freedmen to be in the wrong. 
 
 This and similar acts, unjust and unfriendly 
 to the Conservatives, made Governor Cham 
 
 237. Who was next Governor? Did the Conservatives 
 make gains ? Who were elected Judges ? Did they take 
 their seats ? What did the Governor do ? 
 
294 HISTORY OF 
 
 berlain almost as unpopular with them as 
 Moses had been. He was nominated by the 
 Radicals for Governor the next term, and the 
 Conservatives nominated against hiai Wade 
 Hampton, who had always been a prominent 
 citizen, and had won great renown in the War 
 of Secession. Our people had suffered so 
 much from the misrule of the Radicals, that 
 the Conservatives were determined to put 
 the government into the hands of honest and 
 competent men. The Radicals were equally 
 bent on holding on to power, and they were 
 encouraged by the President and Congress 
 of the United States. Party feeling ran so 
 high that riots occurred at several places; 
 notably at Cainhoy, at Ellenton, and in 
 C.harleston. Governor Chamberlain called 
 on the United States for soldiers to help him 
 keep the peace, stating that the State authori- 
 
 238. Tell about the Hamburg Riot, and the Governor's let- 
 ter. Effect on the Conservatives. Who was Wade Hamp- 
 ton? Describe the campaign. Where did riots occur? Whj 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA 295 
 
 ties were unable to keep order. This state- 
 ment was denied by all the Judges in the 
 State except one ; but President Grant pre- 
 ferred to believe Chamberlain, and immedi- 
 ately sent hundreds of troops into the State 
 to help the Eadicals. The election was held 
 on the 7th of November, 1876. The returns 
 showed Hampton to have 1,135 majority; 
 but the Eadicals, who had the election ma- 
 chinery in their hands, threw out the votes 
 of Edgefield and of Laurens counties for 
 alleged frauds, and thus claimed the majority. 
 They put the soldiers into the State-house to 
 keep the Conservative Legislators of Edge- 
 field and Laurens from taking their seats. 
 Then the Conservatives all together withdrew 
 to Carolina Hall and organized a House of 
 Eepresentatives, of which W. H. Wallace 
 was elected Speaker. 
 
 ■were troops sent for? Was the Governor's statement ap- 
 proved by the Judges ? What did President Grant do ? Re- 
 sult of elections. Disputes. 
 
296 HISTOKY OF 
 
 -239.- 
 
 Things remained in this unsettled way 
 until the 5th of March, 1877, when Presi- 
 dent Grant went out of office and Mr. Hayes 
 was declared President of the United States. 
 President Hayes ordered the soldiers to be 
 withdrawn from the State-house, and then 
 Chamberlain with his followers also with- 
 drew, and most of them left the State. 
 
 The Conservatives — or Democrats, as they 
 had been and were afterwards called — took 
 possession on the 16th of April, 1877. In 
 the election of Governor Hampton, many oi 
 the better-informed freedmen voted for him, 
 because they were beginning to see that the 
 Kadicals were governing badly. 
 
 239. When and how was the contest settled ? When did 
 the Democrats come into power? Did any Freedmen vote foi 
 Hampton ? 
 
SOUTH CAKOLINA, 297 
 
 -240.- 
 
 Governor Hampton^s term of office — 1876 
 to 1878 — was one of unexampled activity 
 and prosperity. From the chaos of Radical 
 misrule, the State passed into law and order. 
 Business revived. Credit was restored. Jus- 
 tice resumed sway in the courts. The two 
 races became more friendly to each other. 
 
 The State debt was found to be about 
 $6,000,000. Part had been repudiated for 
 fraud, and part compromised at half its value 
 by the Hepublicans. 
 
 Heavy taxes under Scott, Moses, and 
 Chamberlain, had so exhausted private means 
 that almost everybody was poor. But, now 
 that honest government was restored, every- 
 body went to work cheerfully and hopefully. 
 
 240. Tell about Hampton s Aaministration. Its effects on 
 law, on business, good feeling. What was the State debt? 
 Were the people rich ? 
 
298 HISTORY OP 
 
 -241.- 
 
 Governor Hampton's administiation was 
 so successful that he and all the State officers 
 with him were reelected in 1878 without 
 opposition. 
 
 In 1878, Hampton county was formed 
 from the upper portion of Beaufort, and its 
 county seat was fixed at Hampton. 
 
 In 1879, Governor Hampton was elected 
 to the United States Senate, and he gave up 
 the office of Governor to become a Senator. 
 Lieutenant-Governor William D. Simpson, 
 who had been elected to that office in 1876 
 and 1878, became Governor. 
 
 In 1880, Governor Simpson was elected 
 Chief Justice, and thereupon the duties of 
 Governor devolved upon Hon. Thomas B. 
 Jeter, the President of the State Senate. 
 
 241. Result of the election of 1878. What new county waa 
 formed? What happened in 1879? In 1880? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 299 
 
 -242.- 
 
 In 1880, there was great political excite- 
 ment in the State again, on account of the 
 election of a President of the United States. 
 Johnson Hagood, a Democrat, was elected 
 Governor. The Republicans alleged fraud. 
 As the United States and the State elections 
 were held together, the Federal Supervisors 
 of elections and Deputy Marshals, who were 
 Kepublicans, claimed the right to oversee 
 and direct the elections. The State author- 
 ities denied this claim. The Federal Deputy 
 Marshals arrested a large number of the 
 Democratic election managers ; and this 
 seemed to be done to influence voters. Some 
 of the arrested persons — who were charged 
 with mismanagement of the elections — were 
 tried in the United States Courts, but none 
 were found guilty. 
 
 242. Describe the candidates and campaign of 1880, 
 Row were Elections managed? Wtiat was tlie cause ot the. 
 
800 HISTOEY OF 
 
 The United States census of 1880 showed 
 a population of 995,577 in South Carolina 
 —391,105 whites; 604,332 freedmen; 131 
 Indians ; and 9 Chinese. There were 93,- 
 000 farms in the State, which produced 
 yearly about $42,000,000. About 2,000,000 
 tons of phosphate rock had been mined since 
 1867. 
 
 During Governor Hagood's term, much 
 attention was given to agriculture, fence laws, 
 the credit system, education, and practical 
 matters generally. 
 
 In 1881, a law was passed requiring 
 owners of stock to fence in the animals. Be- 
 fore that, the crops had to be fenced in. 
 
 In 1882, graded schools were establkhed 
 in several towns. Winnsboro had led the 
 way in 1878, followed by Chester. 
 
 trials? Their result? Give details of Census as to popula- 
 tion — as to industries. What questions were discussed? 
 What laws passed. 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 801 
 
 -243.- 
 
 The South Carolina College, whicli it will 
 be remembered was founded in 1801, and 
 changed to the University of South Carolina 
 in 1866, was opened to youths of both colors 
 in 1873, and this in effect closed it to the 
 whites. It went from bad to worse until the 
 government came again into the hands of the 
 Democrats, and they closed the institution 
 in 1877. In 1878, the University was re- 
 organized into two branches, the South Car- 
 olina College in Columbia for whites, and 
 Claflin University for freedmen. Claflin 
 University had previously been founded 
 ty private enterprise for the freedmen, and 
 now came under the joint control of the 
 State and the private trustees. The South 
 Carolina College was not yet re-opened. In 
 1880 a College of Agriculture and Mechanics 
 was established in Columbia. Two years 
 later, additional professors were elected, and 
 the name of South Carolina College was re- 
 adopted. At the same time the State Mill- 
 
302 HISTORY OF 
 
 tary Academy or " Citadel," in Charleston, 
 was re-opened and made a part of the Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 -244.- 
 
 In 1882, Hugh S. Thompson was elected 
 Governor by the Democrats. He had been 
 State Superintendent of Education for three 
 terms. The general prosperity that had be- 
 gun with the election of Hampton in 1876 
 continued, and while all material interests 
 were steadily advanced, special attention was 
 paid to education. 
 
 In 1882, Charleston county was divided, 
 the city of Charleston, the islands, and a 
 narrow strip of the mainland retaining the 
 
 243. Tell about the South Carolina College and the Univer- 
 sity. Its different reorganizations and its three branches. 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 303 
 
 old name, and the rest being called Berkeley 
 county, with the court house at Mount Pleas- 
 ant, making 34 counties in the State. 
 
 In 1883, there were 26 cotton factories in 
 operation or building in the State. 
 
 -245.- 
 
 In 1884, Governor Thompson and the 
 other State officers with him, were reelected 
 without opposition, as Governor Hampton 
 had been in 1878. 
 
 In 1885, there were about 1600 miles of 
 railroad in the State, and some new lines 
 were building. 
 
 In July, 1886, Governor Thompson re- 
 signed the office, and accepted an appoint- 
 ment as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury 
 
 244. Tell about the next Governor. Prosperity and edu- 
 ; cation. The new county. Cotton factories. 
 
f504: HISTORY OF 
 
 under President Cleveland, and Lieutenant- 
 Governor Sheppard became Governor. 
 
 The property in the State was assessed 
 this year at about $160,000,000. 
 
 On the 31st of August and several days 
 following, the State was ^vasited by the sever- 
 est earthquake ever known on the Atlantic 
 slope. In Charleston the greatest damage 
 was done. Nearly fifty persons were killed, 
 and property destroyed, to the amount oi 
 about $6,000,000. 
 
 The same year John Peter Richardson 
 was elected Governor. His father in 1840, 
 and an uncle of his in 1802, held the same 
 office. 
 
 245. Give the events of 1884 and 1885. What happened in 
 1886? Tell about the great earthquake. Who was chosen 
 Governor in 1886? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 3()5 
 
 -246.- 
 
 By this time the Republican Party had 
 ceased to try to gain control of the State, and 
 the President of the United States was a 
 Democrat ; so that the fear of Republicanism 
 was no longer strong enough to make the 
 Democrats willing to sink all differences. 
 They began to discuss matters of State policy 
 and to form parties among themselves. They 
 differed about taking a State census in order 
 to re-apportion the members of the House of 
 Representatives among the different Coun- 
 ties at the end of every ten years, as required 
 by the Constitution. The Legislature re- 
 fused to appropriate the large sum needed 
 for the purpose, and none was taken in 1885. 
 Public opinion was divided as to taking one 
 in a subsequent year ; but it was finally de- 
 termined to make the re-apportionment ac- 
 cording to the United States Census to be 
 taken in 1890. 
 
 246. Why did the Democrats cease to fear Republicanism? 
 On what points did they differ ? Wliat is a royalty? What 
 
306 HISTORY OF 
 
 The expense of trying criminals was very 
 great, and there was a difference of opinion 
 as to how it could be lessened. The cost of 
 maintaining county government was another 
 cause of trouble. Some also claimed that 
 the farmers did not have a full share of 
 power in the government, that the State was 
 governed by a few persons who managed to 
 get all the offices for themselves and their 
 friends, and that the offices were too many 
 and the salaries too large. All these charges 
 were as earnestly denied by others. It was 
 demanded that there should be a separate 
 Agricultural College instead of an Agricul- 
 tural Course in the South Carolina College; 
 that the Board of Agriculture should be re- 
 organized, and that instead of allowing a few 
 companies to enjoy the right of digging 
 phosphate rock in the rivers the State should 
 permit every citizen to dig that would pay 
 the tax or royalty required. In 1886 there 
 was a meeting of farmers, called the Farmers' 
 
 was the Farmers' Movement? What did its opponents claim ? 
 
SOUTH CAROONA. 30*^ 
 
 Movement, to press these demands, and other 
 meetings were held the following year. 
 
 On the other hand, it was claimed by 
 many that the existing plan of the College, 
 the Board of Agriculture and the phosphate 
 mining was the best and cheapest, and they 
 opposed the demands. 
 
 -247.- 
 
 During 1887 discussion continued, espec- 
 ially about a separate Agricultural College. 
 That winter the I^egislature passed an act 
 enlarging the South Carolina College in 
 Columbia into a University with several 
 colleges, among them an Agricultural and 
 Mechanical College. It believed that the 
 best and cheapest way of giving education 
 w^as by putting all the colleges together. 
 The University prospered, but the advocates 
 of a separate college were not satisfied. 
 
 The Board of Agriculture was re-organ- 
 
808 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 ized, but leaders of the Farmers' Movement 
 were not placed on it. 
 
 In 1886 Superintendent D. B. Johnson, 
 with the co-operation of the city School 
 Board of Columbia, organized the Winthrop 
 Training School for the purpose of training 
 teachers for the city schools and the pub- 
 lic schools of the State. So successful was 
 this institution that in 1887 he and others 
 induced the Legislature to recognize it, and 
 to give a beneficiary scholarship in it to 
 one young woman from each county. In 
 1891 this college was merged with the In- 
 dustrial College for women, and Ptock Hill 
 was selected as its location. The College is 
 named in honor of Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, 
 of Massachusetts, President of the Peabody 
 Board, which has given substantial aid to 
 Normal training in South Carolina. 
 
 In addition to this provision for the train- 
 ing of female teachers, the Legislature pro- 
 vided a Normal Department for males in tlie 
 State University. 
 
 247. What was done about the College? What provision 
 ■was made for training female teachers? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 309 
 
 - 2 4 8 . - 
 
 In 1888 Governor Richardson and the 
 State officers were re-nominated, although 
 their opponents had gained strength. There 
 was no opposition at the general election, 
 and a light vote was cast. 
 
 Florence County was formed by the Leg- 
 islature this year. 
 
 In A]3ril, 1888, Mr. Thomas G. Clem son, 
 a son-in-law of John C. Calhoun, died leav- 
 ing nearly a hundred thousand dollars and 
 Mr. Calhoun's residence at Fort Hill, in 
 Oconee County, to the State for an Agri- 
 cultural College. This renewed the strug- 
 gle, and in the end the Legislature reduced 
 the University in Columbia to a College, as 
 before, and established an Agricultural and 
 Mechanical College at Fort Hill, calling it 
 Clemson College. Handsome buildings 
 were erected, and the College opened suc- 
 cessfully on the 6th of July, 1893. 
 
 248. Who were elected in 1888? What new County was 
 formed ? Tell about Mr. Clemson's will ? Where is Clemson 
 College? 
 
310 HISTORY OF 
 
 -249.- 
 
 For several years an organization of farm- 
 ers, called the Farmers' Alliance, had been 
 in existence. It began in Texas and spread 
 into other States. In 1888 it entered South 
 Carolina, and by the end of the year a State 
 Alliance and numerous sub- Alliances had 
 been formed. The order spread rapidly ov^er 
 the United States, and tended still further to 
 unite the farmt^rs. Its Constitution declared 
 it to be non-partisan, and it made demands 
 of both political parties. It influenced elec- 
 tions in many parts of the Union, its effect 
 being especially marked in South Carolina. 
 It differed from the Farmers' Movement, but 
 most of the members of the one were mem- 
 bers of the other. 
 
 -250.- 
 
 In 1890 the campaign for the Democratic 
 nominations began early. A convention of 
 
 249. What was the Farmers' Alliance? What influence 
 did it exert ? Was it the Farmers' Movement ? 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 311 
 
 the Farmers' Movement met in March and 
 suggested B. E,. TiHman for Governor, sub- 
 ject to the decision of the Democratic Party. 
 There was no organized opposition, but John 
 Bratton and J. H. Earle were also candi- 
 dates for Governor. Speeches were made 
 all over the State. A Democratic Conven- 
 tion was called to decide whether the nom- 
 inations should be made by a direct vote of 
 the people (called a primary) or as before by 
 a Convention. The Convention met in Aug- 
 ust and decided that another Convention 
 should be held in September to nominate. 
 It also adopted another party Constitution. 
 Some of the members protested against this, 
 and when the September Convention nomi- 
 nated B. R. Tillman and a full State ticket, 
 a convention of people who refused to be 
 bound by its act met and chose an opposi- 
 tion ticket headed by A. C. Haskell. At 
 the regular election in November, B. R. Till- 
 
 250. Tell about the campaign of 1890. How many Con- 
 ventions were held that year? What did each do? Who 
 was elected Governor? With whom did the Legislature 
 sympathize ? 
 
312 HISTORY OF 
 
 man and those that were nominated with 
 him were elected by a large majority. The 
 Legislature chosen at the same time was in 
 sympathy with the FarmxCrs' Movement, and 
 passed a number of acts demanded by it. 
 
 -251.- 
 
 In the spring of 1892 the opponents of 
 Governor Tillman met in convention and 
 put forth a ticket headed by Ex-Governor 
 Sheppard for the Democratic nomination. 
 Governor Tillman and the 8tate officers were 
 candidates for re-nomination. It was agreed 
 that both parties would be bound not to op- 
 pose the nominees of the Democratic Con- 
 vention. After a heated canvass all over the 
 State, Governor Tillman's supporters secured 
 a majority in the Convention, and he and 
 
 251. Tell about the Campaign of 1892. Who were the candi- 
 dates for nomination? Was there a contest at the regular 
 election? What is a Prohibitionist? On what question did 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 3^3 
 
 his ticket were re-nominated, and were 
 elected without opposition. 
 
 Another point of difference has long been 
 whether the State should prohibit the sale 
 of liquor. Those that held this view were 
 called Prohibitionists. At the primary for 
 delegates to the State Convention voters were 
 allowed to vote on this question. There was 
 a light vote, but the Prohibitionists secured 
 a majority. Accordingly a Prohibition bill 
 was introduced into the Legislature. At the 
 last moment a substitute was passed, not 
 entirely forbidding the sale of liquor, but 
 giving power to the State to provide a Dis- 
 pensary in Columbia, from which liquors 
 were shipped to dispensaries in each county 
 where the people desire them, to be sold 
 by public officers under very strict rules. 
 All profits from the sales are to be divided 
 among the State, county and city or town 
 treasuries. This act went into effect on 
 the 1st of July, 1893. 
 
 the Democrats vote at the Primary? " What sort of bill did 
 the J^egislature pass? What is a Dispensary ? 
 
314 HISTORY OF 
 
 -252.- 
 
 In 1890 a United States Census showed 
 that there were m South Carolina 462,008 
 whites and 689,141 freedmen, a total of 
 1,151,149, not counting a few Indians and 
 Chinese. 
 
 In the decade ending 1892, improvements 
 in educational facilities have been marked. 
 Graded schools have spread over the State. 
 Several colleges for women have been opened 
 by private enterprise, and the State has 
 located a Normal and Industrial College for 
 women at Rock Hill. 
 
 Factories have so increased that one-third 
 of the cotton crop of South Carolina is now 
 spun or woven in the State. Phosphate 
 mills produce large quantities of fertilizers. 
 Cotton seed has become a most valuable 
 crop. It furnishes oil, meal and huUs for 
 food and for other uses. 
 
 While little money can be made from 
 raising the staple crops on a small scale, the 
 soil and climate of the State allow the great- 
 est diversity of production, so that a liwng 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 3I5 
 
 can be made at home. As industry is more 
 diversified, the State will become more and 
 more prosperous. 
 
 Between the first of November, 1886, and 
 the 30th of June, 1892, about 785 miles of 
 railroads were constructed, making a total 
 for the whole State of 2,539 miles. Not 
 many parts of the State are now without 
 fairly good railroad facilities. 
 
 The longest new lines are the Charleston, 
 Cincinnati and Chicago (or "Three C's"), 
 extending from Camden to Blacksburg, and 
 the North Carolina line ; the Georgia, Caro- 
 lina and Northern passing through the State 
 from Lancaster County to Abbeville 
 County ; the Charleston, Sumter and North- 
 ern from Pregnall's to the North Carolina 
 line, and the South Bound from Columbia to 
 Savannah. 
 
 252. Give the population of South Carolina in 1890. What 
 improvements have been made in education? Tell about the 
 progress of the State. By how many routes can one go by 
 rail from Savannah to Columbia? Columbia to Greenville ? 
 Your home to Charleston, etc.? Study table of railroads. 
 
316 HISTORY OP 
 
 Population of South Carolina at Decennial Periods. 
 
 
 White. 
 
 Free 
 Colored. 
 
 Slaves. 
 
 Aggre- 
 gate. 
 
 Rank. 
 
 1790. 
 
 140,178 
 
 1,801 
 
 107,094 
 
 249,073 
 
 7 
 
 1800. 
 
 196,255 
 
 3,185 
 
 146,151 
 
 345,591 
 
 6 
 
 1810. 
 
 214,196 
 
 4,554 
 
 196,865 
 
 415,115 
 
 6 
 
 1820. 
 
 237,440 
 
 6,826 
 
 258,475 
 
 502,741 
 
 8 
 
 1880. 
 
 257,863 
 
 7,921 
 
 315,401 
 
 581,185 
 
 9 
 
 1840. 
 
 259,084 
 
 8,276 
 
 827,038 
 
 594,398 
 
 11 
 
 1850. 
 
 274,563 
 
 8,960 
 
 884,984 
 
 668,507 
 
 14 
 
 1860. 
 
 291,300 
 
 9,914 
 
 402,406 
 
 703,708 
 
 18 
 
 1870. 
 
 289,667 
 
 415,814 
 
 ... 
 
 705,606 
 
 22 
 
 1880. 
 
 891,105 
 
 604,472* 
 
 • • . 
 
 995,577 
 
 21 
 
 1890. 
 
 455,865 
 
 689,141 
 
 . . . 
 
 1,151,149 
 
 
 * Including 131 Indians and 9 Chinese. 
 
 Population of the State by Counties in 1890. 
 
 County. 
 
 White. 
 
 Col'd. 
 
 Total. 
 
 County. 
 
 White. 
 
 CoVd 
 
 Total. 
 
 Abbeville .. 
 
 Aiken 
 
 Anderson . . . 
 Barnwell . . . 
 
 Beaufort 
 
 Berkeley.... 
 Charleston. . 
 
 Chester 
 
 Chesterfield 
 Clarendon . . 
 
 Colleton 
 
 Darlington. . 
 Edgefield. .. 
 
 Fairfield 
 
 Florence. ... 
 Georgetown 
 Greenville. . 
 Hampton. . . 
 
 15,050 
 13,618 
 25,093 
 14,119 
 
 2,482 
 
 7,503 
 21,607 
 
 8,377 
 10,959 
 
 6,963 
 13,953 
 11,710 
 17,301 
 
 7,029 
 10,392 
 
 3.980 
 27,306 
 
 6,795 
 
 31,712 
 18,061 
 18,428 
 30,419 
 31,424 
 47.741 
 35,139 
 18,178 
 7,480 
 16,246 
 26,261 
 17,385 
 31,919 
 21,460 
 14,556 
 16,804 
 16,794 
 13,717 
 
 46,854 
 31,822 
 43,696 
 44,6131 
 34,119: 
 55,428 
 59,903 
 26,660 
 18,468 
 23,233 ' 
 40,293! 
 29,134 
 49,259 
 28,599 
 25,027 
 20,857 
 4J,310 
 20,544 
 
 Horry 
 
 Kershaw . . . 
 Lancaster . . 
 Laurens .... 
 Lexington , , 
 
 Marion 
 
 Marlboro . . . 
 Newberry. . . 
 
 Oconee 
 
 Orangeburg 
 
 Pickens 
 
 Richland. . . 
 Spartanburg 
 
 ,Sinnter 
 
 Union 
 
 Williainsb'g 
 York 
 
 13,693 
 
 8,493 
 
 10,394 
 
 13,110 
 
 13,741 
 
 14,486 
 
 9,055 
 
 8,896 
 
 13,52-1 
 
 15,547 
 
 12,246 
 
 11,586 
 
 36,723 
 
 11,733 
 
 10,927 
 
 9,316 
 
 18,158 
 
 5,550 
 13,811 
 10,350 
 18,441 
 
 8,412 
 15,457 
 14,438 
 17.468 
 
 6,009 
 33,739 
 
 4,136 
 24,888 
 18.528 
 31,792 
 14,390 
 18,422 
 20,58(; 
 
 19,256 
 22,361 
 20,761 
 31,610 
 22,181 
 29,976 
 23,500 
 26,434 
 18,687 
 49,393 
 16,389 
 36,821 
 65,385 
 43,605 
 25,363 
 27,777 
 38,831 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Total 1 455,865 
 
 689.141 
 
 1,151,149 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 317 
 
 LIST OF RAILROADS IN OPERATION NOV. 1, 1886, WITH TERMINAL 
 POINTS (WHEN NOT INDICATED BY NAME), AND LENGTH IN MILES. 
 
 Asheville and Spartanburg K. R., 70 miles (23.5 in 
 S. C). Ashley River R. R., (N. E. R. R. and Cli. & 
 S. R. R.) 4 miles. Atlanta & Charlotte Airline Ry. 
 269 miles (12^5 in S. C). Augusta & Knoxville R. R. (Au- 
 gusta and Greenwood), 68 miles (51 in S. C). Barn- 
 well Ry. (Blackville and Barnwell), 9 miles. Central 
 R. R. of S. C. (Sumter and Lane's), 40 miles, Charles- 
 ton & Savannah Ry., 105.75 miles (93.75 in S. C). 
 Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta R.R.,191 miles (178.5 
 in S. C). Cheraw & Chester R. R. (Narrow Gauge, 
 Chester and Lancaster), 28.6 miles. Cheraw «& Dar- 
 lington R. R., 40 miles. Cheraw & Salisbury R. R., 25 
 miles (11 in S. C; Cheraw and Wadesboro, N. C). 
 Chester & Lenoir (Narrow Gauge), 109.3 miles (37 in 
 S. C). Columbia & Greenville, Ky., 196.2 miles (Colum- 
 bia, Greenville, Abbeville and Walhalla). Eutawville 
 R. R., 34 miles (Pregnall and Elloree). Georgetown & 
 Lane's R. R., 36 miles. Greeenville & Laurens R. R., 
 36.3 miles. Greenwood, Laurens & Spartanburg R. R., 
 66 miles. Laurens Ry.,29.9 miles (Helena and Lau- 
 rens). North-eastern R. R. 102 miles (Charleston and 
 Florence). Port Royal & Augusta Ry. , 112 miles (108.3 
 in S. C). Savannah Valley R. R., 57 miles (McCor- 
 mick and Anderson). South Carolina Ry., 246 miles 
 (245inS.C. ; Charleston, Columbia, Camden, Augusta). 
 S. C. Pacific Ry., 10.5 miles (Bennettsville and N. C. 
 Line). Spartanburg, Union & Columbia R. R., 68 
 miles (Alston and Spartanburg). Wilmington, Colum- 
 bia & Augusta R. R. 192 miles (124 in S. C. ; Wilming- 
 ton, N. C, and Columbia). Total, 1754.5 miles in S. C. 
 
 Between the first of Nov. ]88(), and June 30th, 1892, 
 about 785 miles of railroad were constructed, making a 
 total for the State of 2,539 miles. (See section 252.) 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Acts, Reconstruction 278 
 
 After the Eevolution 213 
 
 Agricultural Society, State.... 233 
 
 Aiken county formed 2b9 
 
 Alamance Creek, Battle of 116 
 
 Ambuscade at Occnoree Creek. 140 
 Ambuscade at Noewee defile.. 141 
 Amendment, Fourteenth..... 283 
 
 America discovered 17 
 
 " settled 17 
 
 Anti-Regulators 107 
 
 Arnold of Carolina 1.56 
 
 Ashe's defeat at Briar Creek . . . 146 
 
 Attack on Charles Town 129 
 
 Attakullakulla 96 
 
 Attakullakulla's speech 103 
 
 Bancroft quoted Ill 
 
 Battle of the Waxhaws 157 
 
 " Williams's plantation. . .159 
 
 " Eocky Mount 160 
 
 " Hanging Rock 160 
 
 " Musgrove's Mills 162 
 
 " Cedar Springs 162 
 
 " Camden 165 
 
 " Fishing Creek 167 
 
 " King's Mountain 168 
 
 «* Catawaba Falls 174 
 
 •• Cherokee Ford 175 
 
 " Blackstocks 176 
 
 " the. Cowpens 180 
 
 " Hobkirk'sHill 186 
 
 '' Eutaw Springs 193 
 
 Battles in 1861 and 1862 250 
 
 " in 1863 and 1864 258 
 
 " in Mexico 236 
 
 Berkeley county formed 303 
 
 Blackstocks, Battle of 176 
 
 Blockade of Southern ports 252 
 
 Bloody Bill Cunningham 196 
 
 Bloody Scout 196 
 
 Bou ndary line betwee a the Car- 
 olinas established 221 
 
 Boyd, the tory 141 
 
 Campaign of 1876 293 
 
 Calhoun's death 237 
 
 Camden, Battle of 165 
 
 " Capture of, by Washing- 
 ton 178 
 
 Carolina, French names of 17 
 
 " English " 17 
 
 " Spanish " 17 
 
 " Indian " 20 
 
 " settled first 20 
 
 " " permanently. 25 
 •' Division of, into coun- 
 ties 32 
 
 *• Invasion by the 
 
 French 52 
 
 Catawba Falls, Battle of 174 
 
 Cato, the Negro leader 86 
 
 Cedar Springs, Rattle of 162 
 
 Charleston, Name given to 213 
 
 " Yellow fever in 218 
 
 " Fire opened upon. .257 
 
 " Siegeof 262 
 
 " Evacuated in 1865.261 
 
 Census of 1870— 1875 288 
 
 " 18S0 300 
 
 Chamberlain, D. H 292 
 
 Charles Town, Old, begun 26 
 
 " settled 32 
 
 " riots 49 
 
 •' Clinton's attack 
 
 on 129 
 
 " taken 152 
 
 " evacuated 209 
 
 " becomes Charles- 
 ton 213 
 
 Charter of Carolina 24 
 
 Cherokee treaty with Great 
 
 Britain 82 
 
 " war of 1757 93 
 
 " \*ar of 1760 97 
 
 " country. Destruction 2 
 of 10 
 
 818 
 
INDEX. 
 
 319 
 
 Cherokee \rar. Men distinguish 
 
 ed in 104 
 
 " now— 1869 142 
 
 " Ford, Battle of 175 
 
 Chiefs, Indian 13 
 
 Citadel... 302 
 
 ClatliQ University 301 
 
 Cloud's Creek, Butchery at 197 
 
 Coldest winter 90 
 
 College of S. C 301 
 
 " of Agriculture and Me- 
 chanics 301 
 
 College, the S. C, established.. 220 
 " Medical, of S. C, estab- 
 lished 225 
 
 '• The y. C. changed to a 
 
 University 275 
 
 Columbia made the capital 214 
 
 " reached by Sherman. 268 
 " destroyed by Federal 
 
 troops 268 
 
 Confederate Slates 249 
 
 Confiscation 201 
 
 Congresses, Colonial 110 
 
 Congress, Second Colonial 110 
 
 " First Continenta 1— 
 
 1774 117 
 
 " Second Continental 
 
 —1775 121 
 
 Constitutional Convention 278 
 
 Constitution of the U.S. ratified2!6 
 " vote on, in 1808.. 280 
 
 Convention, Constitutional 278 
 
 " Nullification 230 
 
 " Secession 239-243 
 
 Cornwallis 153 
 
 Cotton factories 303 
 
 Counter Proclamation of Hayue229 
 
 Courts in Charles Town 105 
 
 " four in the up-countryl07 
 
 Cowpens, Battle of 180 
 
 Cunuiugham the Bloody Scoutl96 
 
 Declaration ot Independence.. 136 
 
 De Kalb 104 
 
 Denmark Ve.sey. ... 224 
 
 Deserters from the British... .211 
 
 Discoverers of America 18 
 
 Divisions of the State into dis- 
 tricts, counties, and parishes.219 
 
 Division of Pickens county 280 
 
 Doiciieslcr, Hampton's dash 
 upon 199 
 
 Early Times 5 
 
 Eartliquakc 304 
 
 Edge Hill, Butchery at 197 
 
 Emancipation Proclamation ..254 
 Eutaw Springs, Battle of 193 
 
 Farming, Attention directed to233 
 P'ederal TTroops collected. .287, 295 
 
 Federal I'ariy 227 
 
 Fence law 300 
 
 Fire iu Charles Town 88 
 
 Fishing Creek, Battle of 167 
 
 Florida, Invasion of 47, 88 
 
 Fort Sullivan, Battle of 129 
 
 " Moultrie 135 
 
 " Motte taken 186 
 
 " Granby taken 186 
 
 " Sumter taken 246 
 
 Fort Sumter invested 247 
 
 " First siege of 248 
 
 '• First surrender of 248 
 
 '* Federal attack on 255 
 
 Free-school system adopted. . . .221 
 
 French invasion of Carolina... 52 
 
 Gainey's movement 207 
 
 Game Cock, The 172 
 
 General Committee in Charles 
 
 Town 119 
 
 Ghent, Treatv of 223 
 
 Gornell .205 
 
 Governor, Provisional, in 1865.274 
 
 Graded Schools 300 
 
 (xrant, U. S 296 
 
 Grant's war in 1761 99 
 
 Greene quoted 204 
 
 Hagood, Johnson 299, 300 
 
 Hampton, Wade. .294, 296, 297, 298 
 
 Hanging Rock, Battle of 160 
 
 Havne and Webster 228 
 
 Hayes, K. B 296 
 
 Hay ue's death 234 
 
 Historians of S. C 3 
 
 Hobkirk's Hill, Battle of 186 
 
 Hostages massacred 195 
 
 Huguenots 42 
 
 Hurricane at Charles Town '92 46 
 " at Charleston 220 
 
 Immigrants to Carolina 91 
 
 Independence, Declaration of. .136 
 
 Indian nations. Three 8 
 
 " tribes, Thirty-seven... 9 
 
 " chiefs 13 
 
 " war, first — Kussoes 28 
 
 " traders 58 
 
 Indians in early times 5 
 
320 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Indians, DifiFerent characters. . 11 
 
 " sold into slavery 19 
 
 Introduction 3 
 
 Irish colony 84 
 
 Jackson, Andrew 170 
 
 atN.0 223 
 
 Jackson's Proclamation 239 
 
 Jasper at Fort Sullivan., 133 
 
 " Death of 150 
 
 Jeter, Thos. B 298 
 
 King's Mountain, Battle of 168 
 
 Kosciusko 189, 2(I9 
 
 Ku-Klux Klans 286 
 
 Ku-Klux trials 287 
 
 Lafayette's visit to S. C 225 
 
 Land Commission 284 
 
 Last man killed in the Revolu- 
 tion 208 
 
 Late War, The— 1812 222 
 
 Law, Indian 14 
 
 Leaders in Nullification 230 
 
 " in Secession 240 
 
 Legare's death 234 
 
 Legislature, at Jacksonville. . .200 
 
 " Negroes in 282.... 
 
 '• Special session ..282 
 
 r " First regular session. 282 
 
 Lexington, Skirmish at — 1775. .121 
 
 Lords Proprietors 23 
 
 Loyalists 124 
 
 Marion 1 54 
 
 Marion's failure at Georgetownl84 
 Marion's capture of Fort Wat- 
 son 185 
 
 Marion's Brigade surprised 203 
 
 " death , 218 
 
 Martial Law 287 
 
 Massachusetts and S. C Ill 
 
 Mexican War .235 
 
 Mexico, Battles in 236 
 
 Militia Freedmeu 284 
 
 Military Academy S. C 301 
 
 Money, IihUhu 14 
 
 " Cou federate, in 1864... 235 
 
 Moses, F. J. Jr., 290 
 
 Moses and U'hipper 292 
 
 Motte's house 187 
 
 Musgrove's Mills, Battle of 162 
 
 Music, Indian 14 
 
 Negro slaves first introduced 
 into Carolina 30 
 
 Negro rising in Charleston — 
 1740 86 
 
 Negro rising in Charleston— 
 
 1821 224 
 
 Negroes in General Assembly. .282 
 
 Ninety-six, Siege of 189 
 
 Nullification 227 
 
 " Convention 230 
 
 " Leaders in....... 230 
 
 Old French War 79 
 
 Orangeburg taken 186 
 
 Ordinance of Secession 244 
 
 Palmetto Regiment 235 
 
 Partisan leaders in 1781 191 
 
 Party, Federal 227 
 
 Party, States' Rights 227 
 
 Party leaders in Nullification 230 
 Peace Commissioners to Paris. .21 1 
 Penitentiary established ......275 
 
 Phosphates found 289 
 
 Pickens ..155 
 
 Pitt 112 
 
 Pocotaligo butchery 69 
 
 Population in 1708 , 57 
 
 1724 77 
 
 1737 85 
 
 " 1775 128 
 
 " 1790 217 
 
 «' 1810 221 
 
 " 1869 283 
 
 " at Decennial Per- 
 iods 305 
 
 " of the State by 
 
 counties 305 
 
 Port Royal settlement 35 
 
 President of S. C 127 
 
 Prevost's invasion of S. C 143 
 
 " attack on Charles Townl48 
 
 Proclamation of Jackson. 229' 
 
 '* Counter, of Hayne. .229 , 
 
 " Emancipation 254 
 
 Productions in 1708 : 58 
 
 Proprietary Government 23 
 
 " end "of.. 75 
 Public Debt 288,297 
 
 Railroads 303 
 
 " List of, operating Nov. 
 
 1st, 1836 306 
 
 Rebels 126 
 
 Reconstruction Acts 278 
 
INDEX. 
 
 321 
 
 Revolutionary War.-. . ... ..... .137: 
 
 Rice first grown in Carolina. . . 45- 
 
 Richardson, J. P 304 
 
 Riots in Charles Town 49, 56" 
 
 Riots, Cainhoy, Chaileston, El- 
 len ton : 2&4 
 
 Riot, Hamburg 293 
 
 Rivers with Indian names. ... 10 
 
 Rocky Mount, Battle of. 160 
 
 Royal Government 76 
 
 St. Augustine, Siege of. .v, .... 86 
 
 Savages .....i 9 
 
 Savannah, Siege of 150 
 
 ,.Scott, R. K... 285 
 
 ' Sco vilites .' 107 
 
 Secession Convention 239 
 
 " Causes of 239 
 
 " Leaders in 240 
 
 " The War of 242 
 
 " Ordinance of 244 
 
 " of other States 244 
 
 " End of the War of. . . 270 
 
 Separate State Government 128 
 
 Sherman enters S. C 260 
 
 " towns in S.C. destroyed by 269 
 
 Sheppard, J. C 304 
 
 Siege of Savannah 150 
 
 " Ninety-Six 189 
 
 Simpson, W. D 298 
 
 Since the War 274 
 
 Slavery, Indians sold into 19 
 
 " introduced into the State. 30 
 
 Slave-Trade abolished 215 
 
 " advocated 238 
 
 Slaves first brought to Carolina 30 
 
 Small-pox 46 
 
 Soldiers raised by S. C. for Confed- 
 erate service 272 
 
 Sons of Liberty 115 
 
 •jSouth Carolina name first used 41 
 Isouth Carolina, Name regularly 
 
 J used 73 
 
 'Spanish invasion of Carolina 26, 36 
 Speech of the Cherokee dele- 
 gates 82, 83 
 
 Speech of Salooe 98 
 
 " AttakuUakuUa 10 i 
 
 Stamp Act 109 
 
 Star of the West 247 
 
 States' Rights Party 227 
 
 etatueof Pitt .' 112 
 
 Suroler. . . i .'. '. f. . I'. ."; 154 
 
 Sumter's failure at Granby 184 
 
 " " at Fort Watson. 184 
 
 SwalHp Fox, The 172 
 
 Swiss Colony 84 
 
 Tariff Act. 228 
 
 Tarleton, The Bloody 153 
 
 Tax Acts 109, 113 
 
 Tax-payers' Convention. . . .288, 29t' 
 
 Tea and taxes 113 
 
 Thompson, H. S 302,303 
 
 Tories 124 
 
 Traitors bought 205^ 
 
 Treaty, The great Cherokee 82 
 
 Troops raised for Revolutionary 
 
 War 122 
 
 Troops raised for Confederate ser- 
 vice 272 
 
 Tryon's Palace 116 
 
 U. S. trials 287 
 
 University of S. C 291, 301 
 
 Vesey, Denmark 224 
 
 Vote on the Constitution in 1868 280 
 
 Wallace House 295 
 
 Wampum— Indian money.... 14 
 
 War with the Yamassees 66 
 
 " The Late— 1812 222 
 
 " with Mexico 235 
 
 " of Secession 242 
 
 " " ended 270 
 
 " " Distinguished in. 27S 
 
 Wars with the Tuscaroras 61 
 
 Washington's visit to the South218 
 
 Waxhaws, Battle of 157 
 
 Webster and Hay ne 228 
 
 Whigs 125 
 
 Wigwams 7 
 
 Wild animals 15 
 
 Williams' Plantation. Battle ofl59 
 
 Yamassee War, Men noted in . 72 
 Yellow Fever in Charles Town 80 
 Yellow Fever in Charleston.... 218 
 Yorktown, Victory at 198 
 
322 
 
 ^'jfyy^. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTAL INDEX. 
 
 
 Sec. 
 
 State Politics Discussed . . .246 
 
 Farmers' Movement. .......... 246 
 
 Phosphate Rock 246 
 
 University of South Carolina. .247 
 Winthrop Training School. . . .247 
 
 Board of Agriculture. . . . ^. 246-247 
 
 Richardson, J. P.. ....... ... . . .248 
 
 Florence County.,...;....... .248 
 
 plemson College 248 
 
 Farmers' Alliance ■=>■...,=..'... .'.'249 
 
 Campaign of 1890 . . :. ■. .'i . . . . . .250 
 
 " . .'M892. .."..........251 
 
 Dispensary- System :. . ........ .25^ 
 
 Census of 1890 .;....., .-... 252 
 
 Railroads built from Nov, 1, 
 
 1886, to June 30, 1892 . . . . . . . .252 
 
 Tillman, B. R. ....... . .:. . .250-251 
 
 Winthrop Normal and Indus- .1. 
 
 trial College , .... . .247' 
 
 Cy 
 
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