^ York. 1-d.) 357 ?7 1 AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE MORTALITY RATES OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK JOHN F. ROCHE Reprinted from Transactions of the Actuarial Society of America, No. 29 tf A yw 426 An Investigation into the Mortality rates of the City of New York. JOHN F. ROCHE. Each decennial census of Great Britain, from that of 1841 to that of 1891, has, with few exceptions, been followed by a thorough investigation into the mortality rates of the people at the time of the enumeration. Dr. Farr made the first three of these investigations, which are summed up in what are known to us as Farr's English Tables Nos. 1, 2, and 3, and which set forth the mortality rates of the English people for the years 1841-1851. The English Table No. 4 was the result of the labors of Dr. Ogle, Farr's successor, and was based upon the census returns of 187 1 and 1881, and the deaths for the ten years, 1871-1880. Dr. Tatharn constructed the English Table No. 5 from the enumera- tions of 1881 and 1891, and the deaths for the years 1881-1890. These tables show a constant decrease in the death rates and a corresponding increase in the Expectation of Life at birth, which rises from 39.91 years and 41.85 years, males and females respectively, as given in Farr's Table No. 3, to 43.66 years and 47.18, respectively, as found by Dr. Tatham. This is a gain of 2,% years for males and 5^ years for females. The last English Table shows an improvement over its predecessors in the Expectation of Life at every age from birth to 26; but at the older ages it develops a decrease in the span of life, due, it seems to me, not to any deterioration of the people, but to the continual outflow of young, strong lives from the mother country to the various colonies and to the States. It is only by such studies as these that the Executives in charge of the health of a community are enabled to keep their fingers upon the public pulse, and note the effects of every advance in medicine and surgery, and the effects of every improvement in sanitation. Including that of 1900, there have been made twelve enumerations of the people of the United States. Much data and valuable information have been gathered regarding the population and deaths, but we have thus far contented ourselves with mere guesses as to the possible trend of the death rates. 427 The vital statistics of no period have been crystalized into a mortality table. It is unfortunate that such is the case, but it is to be hoped that the Census Bureau, which has been lately made a permanent institution, will in the near future set before us a table describing the mortality rates of our people at the beginning of this, the twentieth, century. I should indeed be pleased to have the honor of constructing the American Table No. i, but such a task is far too great for the time at my disposal. I have determined, however, to lay before the Society an investigation into the mortality rates of some community large enough to give an average, and for this purpose have chosen that of the City of New York, whose vital statistics are near at hand. My request for the population figures of New York, as found by the enumeration of 1900, was met with consideration by Mr. Merriam, the Commissioner of the Census Bureau; and we are under obligations to Mr. ^ing , the Chief Statistician for Population of the same Bureau, for the figures given in Table A. In his remarks upon population, Mr.lSSg says that the people of our country are as prone as those of any other to give their ages in round numbers, and that, notwithstanding the care taken, slight congestions in the figures appear at the quinquennial ages. The disturbances consequent upon these congestions could to a great extent be avoided if our statisticians would make the quinquennial the central age rather than one of the terminal ages of the quinquennial group. A glance at Table A shows that more boys than girls are born in New York, but that the boys seem less able than the girls to resist the ills of infancy. At about the age of 7, the girls outnumber the boys, and are in numerical excess at every age up to that of about 28. From age 29 to 56, the males are more numerous than the females; but from this latter point until the end of the table the women again outnumber the men. All in all, there were nearly 26,000 more women than men in New York in 1900. At the time of the enumeration, there were in this city 3,693 men who did not know their ages, while, contrary to all accepted tradition, there were less than half as many women, or only 1,743. who had forgotten theirs. Before using the figures of Table A, these "unknown " were distributed among their respective kinds, pro rata, beginning with the age group 15-19. 428 TABLE A. Population of the City of New York. Age Groups Males Females O — I 43'765 42,832 1—4 155-918 154,772 5—9 177-591 I77.I56 IO—I4 149.906 151,358 15—19 140,670 162,081 20 — 24 161,988 192,853 25—29 178.390 185,003 30—34 164, 7S8 153,172 35—39 146,737 133,055 40—44 H4,358 99,895 45—49 80,264 77,157 5o—54 66,231 64,680 55—59 44,878 45,450 60 — 64 33>8i4 37,141 65—69 19,934 23,577 70—74 12,981 15,737 75—79 6,236 8,272 80—84 2,570 3,76l 85—89 786 1,303 90—94 167 379 95—99 34 104 100 and over 6 16 Unknown 3,693 i,743 Total 1,705,705 i,73i,497 429 TABLE B. •Deaths tn the City of New York. Age Groups Males Females 1899 1900 1901 1899 1900 1901 O 8,505 9.2IO 8,464 6,876 7.430 7,003 I 2,382 2,588 2,460 2,112 2,298 2,229 2 I,OI4 1,114 983 927 1,033 916 3 592 689 655 628 615 593 4 o— 4 383 405 478 382 454 475 11,216 12,876 14,006 13,040 IO,925 11,830 5—9 924 1,046 1,141 89I 1,027 989 io — 14 381 431 467 407 432 437 15—19 64I 677 712 646 712 690 20 — 24 1,211 1,360 i,347 I,3H i,343 1,249 25—34 3,814 4,095 4,269 3,045 3,297 3,204 35—44 4,120 4,527 4,797 2,857 3,o8o 3,163 45—54 3,619 3,951 4,042 2,599 2,937 2,903 55—64 3,213 3,398 3,740 2,950 3,166 3,378 65—74 2,617 2,78l 2,773 2,7H 2,838 3,096 75—84 1,300 1,403 1,426 1,500 1,710 1,830 85 and over 27I 303 290 508 522 521 Total 34,987 37.978 38,044 30,356 32,894 32,676 43o The deaths, for the years 1899, 1900, and 1901, as exhibited in Table B, were taken directly from the annual reports of the City Health Department. It is probably owing to the paucity of numbers that the age groups in these reports are made to terminate with the group 75-84. There would have been added interest to our investigation if these groups had been carried forward to even that of 85-94. We should then be able to discover with greater exactness the death rates peculiar to the people of the community at the extreme old ages. As it is, we must, from age 85 to the end of the table, make use of an approximation. The census enumeration of New York was presumably made on June 1, 1900; and to obtain the deaths for a year, in which June 1 would be the center, a uniform distribution throughout the calendar year was assumed. The death rate for 1899 being somewhat low, and that for 1900 being correspondingly high, it was judged that a fair average could be obtained by grouping together the deaths of two years. There were taken, therefore, one-half of the deaths of the year immediately preceding, and of the year immediately succeeding, June 1, 1900. The average death rate thus derived was 21.76 per thousand for males, 18.54 per thousand for females, and 20.14 P er thousand for the entire population. The death rates per thousand of the entire population for the years 1898, 1899, 1900, and 1901, are as follows: 1898 20.26 1899 19-47 i9°° 20.57 1901 20.00 Having the population and deaths in the form described, the manner of constructing the mortality table was next considered. The method used by Milne in the formation of the Carlisle Table seemed to be the easiest of application, and the one best adapted to retaining the distinctive features of the data. It was therefore selected. The fact that Mr/ K;H » g , of the Census Bureau, gave the number living for the age 0-1, was of the greatest help in drawing the population curves at the infantile ages. The values of the ordinates of the population and death curves are set forth in Table C. 43i TABLE C. Populations and Deaths Distributed for Each Age. Age Males Females Population Deaths Population Deaths O 43-765 8,849 42,830 7,l8o I 40,495 2,501 40,650 2,230 2 39,330 1,058 39,000 978 3 38,495 654 38,020 614 4 37,600 413 37,IOO 438 5 37,000 325 36,600 315 6 36,400 25O 36,2IO 235 7 35,7IO 195 35,800 185 8 34,760 I50 34,850 I40 9 33,72° no 33,700 I05 IO 32,OIO 85 32,400 85 ii 30,700 70 30,800 70 12 29, 7OO 79 29,400 76 13 29,050 90 29,260 90 14 28,450 100 29,500 I05 *5 28,000 no 30,210 115 16 27,810 120 3I,OIO 125 17 27,900 130 32,300 135 18 28,400 145 33, 7°o 145 19 29,000 169 35, IO ° 168 20 29,900 199 36,600 207 21 31,050 234 38,200 245 22 32,450 265 39,280 275 23 34,000 295 39,700 288 24 35,IOO 320 39,350 3OO 25 36,040 350 38,680 307 26 36, I 20 37o 38,020 315 27 36,200 385 37,400 320 28 35,650 395 36, 300 327 29 34-940 405 34,870 335 30 34.3IO 415 33,32o 330 31 33,650 420 31,620 3*5 32 33.040 430 30,300 320 33 32,450 435 2.9, 460 3i5 34 31,860 445 28,690 310 43 2 TABLE C— Continued. AGE Males Females Population Deaths Population Deaths | 35 31,260 454 27,890 307 36 30.550 459 26,990 306 37 29,800 464 26,050 305 38 28,520 469 25,150 305 39 27,070 464 24,200 304 40 25,7CO 449 23,240 304 4i 24,400 440 21,940 303 42 23,120 430 20,580 302 43 2 1 , 600 420 19,200 30O 44 19,900 415 18,050 296 45 18,690 407 17,350 292 46 17.540 403 16,700 283 47 16,590 400 16,000 275 48 15,690 396 15,340 270 49 14,830 39i 14,580 27O 50 14,140 386 13,900 275 5i I3.440 380 I3,l6o 282 52 12,730 375 I2,4IO 287 53 I2,OIO 370 II,6oO 295 54 H.3CO 365 11,000 302 55 10,780 360 10,480 3IO 56 .IO,o6o 356 10,020 316 57 9,400 352 9.550 325 58 8,740 350 9,080 327 59 8,060 346 8,580 325 60 7,520 340 8.IOO 320 61 6,960 336 7,600 315 62 6,390 330 7.040 3IO 63 5,790 325 6,460 30I 64 5,240 320 5,800 298 65 4,820 3i5 5>46o 295 66 4,480 305 5.I50 293 67 4,090 300 4,820 291 6S 3,750 295 4,480 29O 69 3.390 285 4,130 287 70 3.080 275 3.78o 285 7i 2,790 265 3,42o 283 72 2,500 249 3,o6o 28o 73 2,200 229 2,710 277 74 1,920 214 2,360 275 433 TABLE C — Continued. Age Mai.ES Females Population Deaths Population Deaths 75 1,680 200 2,120 255 76 1,480 185 I,86o 230 77 1,260 170 1,630 2IO 78 1,050 l6o 1,420 I90 79 87O 145 1,240 I70 80 720 I30 1,050 152 81 580 115 880 I36 82 480 I02 730 I20 83 4OO 90 6lO no 84 85 3IO 250 80 5IO 4IO IOO 85 and over 85 and over 86 200 291 320 5i8 87 I50 250 88 no I90 89 80 I40 90 60 IOO 9i 45 90 92 30 70 93 20 60 94 15 55 95 11 45 96 8 30 97 6 15 98 5 9 99 4 5 100 3 4 101 2 3 102 1 3 103 3 104 2 105 1 Total 1,705,725 37>n8 i,73i,495 32,110 434 The central death rate, m x ^ for both males and females, having been derived from the data in Table C, by dividing the deaths at each age by the population at the corresponding age, this function was plotted out on cross-ruled paper, and found to run fairly well; so well, indeed, that further adjustment was deemed unnecessary for the purpose in hand. Then by means of 2 — tn x the formula /j- = — - — — - the probability of living a year, /^ was 2 -\-m x worked out for each age as far as age 84. It was noticed, in comparing the results thus obtained with Farr's No. 3 Table, that the male/^ in our table gradually decreased from 100 per cent, of the English male p x at age 24, to about 96 per cent, at age 81, where the decrease seemed to halt and the percentage evinced a tendency to remain constant. Consequently, the/^ for males in the New York Table was carried forward from 85 to the limiting age, 103, by taking 96 per cent, of the male p x in the English Table, a rough, but an effective, approximation. A closer relation was observed to exist between the p x for females in the New York and English Tables. From age 39 to 84 the p x for New York females was pretty constantly 99 per cent, of the p x for the English females, and the local table was, therefore, completed by taking 99 per cent, of the female p x in Farr's No. 3 from age 85 to the end. In our table the limiting age for females is 105. Having p x for each age, the mortality tables D and E were constructed from the arbitrary radix, 100,000 births, each. Putting these two mortality tables, D and E, side by side, it is seen that out of every one hundred girls born in New York, eighty-four attain their first birthday, whereas only eighty-one boys out of every hundred born therein have the like good fortune. With the exception of ages 4 and 14, where evident irregularities, due to lack of perfect adjustment, appear, the chances of attaining the next birthday are ever in favor of the girls. At age 44 there are but half of the 100,000 male births surviving, while it takes death 50 years to effect a similar reduction among the females. The average girl of our city can, upon opening her eyes for the first time, look forward to a span of life four years in excess of that allotted to her brother, the Expectation of Life at birth being 42.96 years for the former, and only 38.95 years for the latter. 435 TABLE D. Mortality Table. (Males.) Age /, d x P* Expectation X of Life. Years. O IOO.OCO 18,363 .81637 38.95 I 81,637 4,891 .94009 46. 59 2 76,746 2,037 •97346 4853 3 74,709 1.259 •98315 48.84 4 73.450 802 .98908 48.67 5 72,648 635 .99126 48 20 6 72,013 493 •99315 47 62 7 71,520 390 •99455 46-95 8 71,130 307 .99569 46.20 9 70,823 230 •99675 45 40 IO 70,593 188 •99734 44-55 ii 70,405 161 .99772 43.66 12 70,244 188 .99732 42.76 13 70,056 217 .99690 41.88 14 69,839 244 •99650 41 .01 15 69,595 273 . 99608 40.15 16 69,322 298 •99570 39-30 17 69,024 321 •99535 38.47 18 68,703 350 .99490 37.65 19 68,353 397 .99419 36.84 20 67,956 45i •99336 36.05 21 67,505 507 .99249 35-29 22 66,998 545 .99186 34-55 23 66,453 574 .99136 33-83 24 65,879 598 .99092 33-12 25 65,281 631 •99034 32.42 26 64,650 659 .98981 31-73 27 63,991 677 .98942 31-05 28 63,3M 698 .98898 30-38 29 62,616 721 .98848 29.71 30 61,895 745 •98797 29.05 3i 61,150 758 .98760 28.40 32 60,392 781 .98707 27-75 33 59,6n 794 .98668 27. 11 34 58,817 816 .98613 26.47 436 TABLE D— Continued. Mortality Table. (Males.) Age /* d x P* Expectation X of Life Years. 35 58,001 836 .98558 25-83 36 57,i65 852 .98509 25.20 37 56,313 870 .98455 24.58 38 55-443 904 .98369 23.96 39 54,539 927 .983OI 23-34 40 53,6i2 93i .98264 22 .74 41 52,681 941 .98213 22.13 42. 5i,74o 954 •98157 21-53 43 50,786 978 .98075 20.92 44 49,808 1,029 •97935 20.32 45 48,779 1,051 •97845 19.74 46 47,728 1,084 •97728 19. 16 47 46,644 1, in .97618 18.60 48 45,533 i,i35 •97507 18.04 49 44,398 1,156 .97396 17.49 50 43,242 1,165 .97307 16.94 51 42,077 i,i73 .97212 16.40 52 40,904 1,187 •97097 15-85 53 39,717 1,205 .96966 i5-3i 54 38,512 1,224 .96821 14.78 55 37,288 1,225 .96716 14.24 56 36,063 1,254 •96523 13-71 57 34,809 1,280 •96324 13-19 58 33,529 i,3!6 .96074 12 .67 59 32,213 i,354 •95797 12 . 17 60 30,859 1,364 •95579 11.68 61 29,495 i,390 .95286 11 .20 62 28,105 i,4i5 .94966 10.73 63 26,690 i,457 •94540 10.27 64 25,233 i,495 •94074 9-83 65 23,738 1,502 •93672 9.42 66 22,236 1,464 .93416 9.02 67 20,772 1,470 .92925 8.62 68 19,302 1,461 •9243 1 8.24 69 17,841 i,439 .91932 7.88 437 TABLE D— Continued. Mortality Table. (Males.) Age X /* d x P* Expectation of Life. Years. 70 16,402 1,402 •91453 7-52 71 15,000 1,360 • 90933 7.18 72 13,640 1.294 .90512 6.S5 73 12,346 1,227 . 9006 I 6.51 74 11,119 1. 174 .89442 6. 17 75 9.945 1,117 .88764 5-84 76 8,828 1,039 •88235 5-52 77 7.789 984 .87361 5-19 78 6,805 964 .85841 4.87 79 5.841 899 .84615 4-59 80 4.942 818 •83439 4-33 81 4,124 744 .81960 4.09 82 3,38o 649 .80791 3.88 83 2,73i 552 •79775 3-69 84 2,179 474 .78228 3-50 85 1.705 39i .77070 3-33 86 1. 3M 3i7 •75877 3-17 87 997 253 .74628 3.02 88 744 198 •73341 2.87 89 54 6 153 .72000 2.74 90 393 115 . 70642 2 .61 9i 278 86 .69224 2.48 92 192 62 .67781 2.36 93 130 44 .66292 2.25 94 86 30 . 64804 2-15 95 56 21 •63155 2.04 96 35 13 .61665 1 .96 97 22 9 .60000 1.82 98 13 5 •58473 i-73 99 8 3 •56597 1.50 100 5 3 1 . 10 101 2 1 102 1 1 438 TABLE ] E. Mortality Table. (Females ) Age l x d x P* Expectation X of Life. Years. O 100,000 15,468 •84532 42.96 I 84>532 4,5H . 94660 49-73 2 80,018 1,982 •97523 5I-50 3 78,036 1,251 •98397 51.80 4 76,785 901 .98826 51.64 5 75,884 650 •99*43 51-24 6 75.234 487 •99353 50.68 7 74,747 386 • 99484 50.01 8 74,36i 298 •99599 49.27 9 74,063 231 .99688 48.46 IO 73,832 193 •99738 47.61 ii 73,639 167 •99773 46.74 12 73*472 190 •99742 45-84 13 73,282 226 .99692 44.96 14 73- 56 259 •99645 44.10 15 72,797 277 .99620 43-25 16 72,520 292 .99598 42.41 17 72,228 301 •99583 41.58 18 71,927 309 •99571 40.76 19 71,618 342 .99522 39-93 20 71,276 402 •99436 39.12 21 70,874 453 .99361 38.34 22 70,421 492 .99302 37-58 23 69,929 505 .99278 36.84 24 69,424 527 .99241 36.11 25 68,897 545 .99209 35-38 26 68,352 565 .99174 34.66 27 67,787 578 .99148 33-94 28 67,209 603 .99103 33 2 3 29 66,606 637 • 99044 32-52 30 65,969 650 .99015 3I-83 3i 65,3*9 668 •98977 3I-I5 32 64,651 679 .98950 30.46 33 63,972 680 •98937 29.78 34 63,292 680 .98925 29.09 439 TABLE E — Conthiued. Mortality Table. (Females.) Age l* d x P* Expectation X of Life Years. 35 62,612 686 • 98905 28.4I 36 61,926 699 .98872 27.7I 37 61,227 713 .98836 27.03 33 60,514 730 .98794 26.34 39 59>784 746 •98752 25-65 40 59,038 767 .98700 24.97 4i 58,271 799 .98628 24.29 42 57,472 837 .98544 23.62 43 5 6 ,635 878 .98449 22.97 44 55,757 907 •98373 22 .32 45 54,850 915 •98331 21.68 46 53,935 907 .98319 21 .04 47 53,028 904 .98296 20.39 48 52,124 910 •98255 I9.74 49 51,214 940 .98165 I9.08 50 50,274 985 .98041 18.43 5i 49,289 1,045 .97880 17.78 52 48,244 1, 103 •97713 17. l6 53 47,i4i 1,184 .97489 16.55 54 45,957 1,245 .97292 15.96 55 44,712 1,303 .97085 15-39 56 43,409 i,348 •96895 14.84 57 42,061 1,407 •96654 14.30 58 40,654 i,438 .96462 13-78 59 39,216 i,458 .96282 13.26 60 37,758 1,463 .96126 12 .76 61 36,295 i,474 •95939 12.25 62 34,82i 1,500 .95692 n-75 63 33,32i i,5i7 •95447 11-25 64 31,804 i,593 .94991 10.77 65 30,211 1,589 •94739 10.31 66 28,622 1,583 . 94468 9-85 67 27,039 1,584 .94140 9.40 68 25,455 i,596 •93730 8-95 69 23,859 1,602 .93284 8.52 44° TABLE E— Continued. Mortality Table. (Females.) Age X I* d x P* Expectation of Life. Years. 70 22,257 1,617 92734 8. IO 71 20,640 1,640 92054 7.69 72 19,000 1,662 91250 7-3i 73 17.338 1,686 90276 6.96 74 15-652 1,723 88989 6.66 75 I3.929 1,580 88654 6.42 76 12,349 1,438 88354 6.18 77 10,911 i,32i 87897 5-93 78 9,59o 1,203 87459 5.68 79 8,387 1,076 87170 5-42 80 7,3" 987 86501 5H 81 6,324 907 85654 4.87 82 5.417 823 84810 4.60 83 4,594 760 83458 4-33 84 3,834 685 82143 4.09 85 3,H9 602 80868 3-87 86 2,547 5i8 79676 3-67 87 2,029 438 78434 3-48 88 i,59i 364 77142 3-30 89 1,227 297 75796 3-13 90 930 238 74422 2.97 9i 692 187 72990 2.81 92 505 144 71513 2.67 93 361 108 70012 2-54 94 253 80 68490 2.41 95 173 57 66900 2 29 96 116 40 65260 2. 16 97 76 28 63643 2.04 98 48 18 61810 1 .94 99 30 12 60406 1 .80 100 18 7 •58438 1 .67 101 11 5 •57071 102 6 3 •54551 103 3 2 104 1 1 441 A comparison of the above mortality tables with Farr's No. 3, brings out the fact that the English infants are sturdier than ours, for two more of each sex, out of every one hundred born, reach their first birthday, namely, eighty-three boys and eighty- six girls. Our youths, and young men and women, however, seem to have a firmer hold on life than do their cousins, as the/^ of the New York males is greater at each age from 4 to 24, and the female p x from 3 to 39, than are the corresponding^ in the English Table. The number of British males at birth is not reduced to one-half until age 45, one year later in life than is the case in the New York Table. And the English females at birth are reduced to one-half at age 47, three years earlier than in our local Table for females. The Expectation of Life for the average English boy is, at birth, 39.91 years; it is 38.95 years, or about one year less, for the New York boy. The corresponding span of life for the British girl is 41.85 years, while it is about one year more, or 42.96 years for the average girl in this city. The following table gives the Expectation of Life at each age according to the English Table No. 3, and the New York Table: 44 2 TABLE F. "Expectation of Life according to the Following Tables: Age English No. 3 New York City Males Females Males Females Years. Years Years. Years. o 39-91 4I.85 38.95 42.96 I 46.65 47-31 4659 49-73 2 48.83 49.40 48.53 51-50 3 49.61 5C.20 48.84 51.80 4 49.81 50.43 48.67 51.64 5 49.71 50.33 48.20 51.24 6 49-39 50.00 47.62 50.68 7 48.92 49-53 46.95 50.01 8 48.37 48.98 46.2O 49.27 9 47-74 48.35 45-40 48.46 IO 4705 47.67 44-55 47.61 ii 46.31 46.95 43.66 46.74 12 45-54 46.20 42.76 45-84 13 44.76 45.44 41.88 44.96 14 43-97 44.66 41.01 44.10 *5 43-18 43-90 40.15 43-25 16 42.40 43-14 39-3o 42.41 17 41.64 42.40 38.47 41.58 18 40.90 41.67 37 65 40.76 19 40.17 40.97 36.84 39-93 20 39.48 40.29 36.05 39.12 21 38.80 3963 35-29 38.34 22 38.13 38.98 34-55 37.58 23 37-46 38-33 33-83 36.84 24 36.79 37.68 33-12 36.11 25 36.12 37- 04 32.42 35-38 26 35-44 36.39 31.73 34-66 27 34-77 35-75 31-05 33-94 28 34.10 35- 10 30-38 33-23 29 33-43 3446 29.71 32.52 30 32.76 33-8i 29.05 31.83 3 1 32.09 33-17 28.40 31-15 32 3I-42 32.53 27-75 30.46 33 30-74 31.88 27.1 1 29.78 34 30.07 31-23 26.47 29.09 443 TABLE F— Continued. Expectation of Life. Agb ENGLISH NO. New York City Males Females Males Females Years. Years. Years. Years. 35 29.40 3C-59 25-83 28.41 36 28 73 29.94 25.20 27.71 37 28.06 29.29 24.58 27.03 33 27-39 28.64 23.96 26.34 39 26.72 27.99 23-34 25-65 40 26.06 27-34 22.74 24.97 4i 25-39 26.69 22.13 24.29 42 24-73 26.03 21-53 23.62 43 24.07 25.38 20.92 22.97 44 2341 24.72 20 32 22.32 45 22.76 24.06 J 9-74 21.68 46 22.11 23.40 19.16 21.04 47 21.46 22.74 18.60 20.39 48 20.82 22.08 18.04 19.74 49 20. 17 21.42 17.49 19.08 50 19-54 20.75 16.94 18.43 5i 18.90 20.09 16.40 17.78 52 18.28 19.42 15.85 17.16 53 17.67 18.75 15-31 16.55 54 17.06 18.08 14.78 15.96 55 16.45 17-43 14.24 15-39 56 15.86 16.79 13-71 14.84 57 15.26 16. 17 13- J 9 14.30 58 14.68 15-55 12.67 I3-78 59 14.10 14.94 12.17 13.26 60 13-53 14-34 11.68 12.76 61 12.96 13-75 11.20 12.25 62 12.41 13-17 10.73 "•75 63 11.87 12.60 10.27 11.25 64 n-34 12.05 9.83 10.77 65 10.82 11. 51 9.42 10.31 66 10.32 10.98 9.02 9-85 67 9-83 10.47 8.62 9.40 68 9 36 9-97 8.24 8.95 69 8.90 9 48 7.88 8.52 444 TABLE F— Continued. Expectation of Life. Age English No. 3 New Yokk City Males Females Males Females Years. Years. Years. Years. 70 8-45 9.O2 7-5^ 8.IO 7 1 8.O3 8-57 7.18 7.69 72 7.62 8.13 6.85 7-3i 73 7.22 7.7I 6.51 6.96 74 6.85 7-31 6. 17 6.66 75 6.49 6-93 5-84 6.42 76 6.15 6.56 5-52 6.18 77 5-82 6.21 5-19 5-93 78 5-5i 5.88 4.87 5-68 79 5-2i 5.56 4 59 5-42 80 4-93 5.26 4-33 5-14 81 4.66 4.98 4.09 4.87 82 4.41 4.71 3.88 4.60 83 4.17 4-45 3- 69 4.33 84 3-95 4.21 3-50 4.09 85 3-73 3-98 3-33 3-87 86 3-53 3-76 3- 17 3-67 87 3-34 3- 56 3.02 3.48 88 3.16 3-36 2.87 3-30 89 3.00 3-i8 2 74 3-13 90 2.84 3.01 2.61 2.97 9i 2.69 2.85 2.48 2.81 92 2-55 2.70 2.36 2.67 93 2.41 2-55 2.25 2-54 94 2.29 2.42 2.15 2.41 95 2.17 2.29 2.04 2.29 96 2.06 2. 17 1.96 2. 16 97 1-95 2.06 1.82 2.04 98 1.85 1.96 173 1.94 99 1.76 1.86 1.50 1.80 100 1.68 1.76 1. 10 1.67 445 At first glance, it may seem surprising that the mortality rates of this great American city should appear so favorable, when put alongside of those based upon the statistics of an entire country. But we should bear in mind that the English Table No. 3 was constructed from data gathered in 1841-1851, more than fifty years ago. Since then great advances have been made in medicine, surgery, and sanitation. The death rates of our city are much lower now than they were a generation ago, but we are unable to accurately measure the improvement for lack of previous investigations. Much has been done to educate our people in hygiene and to better the sanitary conditions of their surroundings, but very much more remains undone. During the year 1900 there were 718 deaths in New York from typhoid fever. Properly filtered drinking water would reduce the deaths from this disease to a few sporadic cases imported from the country districts. Of the 70,872 deaths that took place in this city during 1900, 9,630, or 13.6 per cent., an average of twenty-seven deaths a day, were caused by consumption. There is no reason why this scourge can not be stamped out as completely as smallpox has been, from which latter disease there were but twelve deaths in New York during the year 1900. We, on this side of the Atlantic, are but beginning to talk of taking measures to eradicate the "great white plague," while in some places on the continent of Europe they have fixed the year, about a quarter of a century hence, in which the deaths from consumption will be zero. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 013 737 912