F 35S 0^ .-^^^v^..^^^ A^ ^^M^-^ " ..V <^. \ C >: ^ - % \, '- Z///A '•' , , s 'A S- ' I) . ^- it ■b ^ .\ v I (( -/- ~^^■ xO :> ^C^O^ "V. '^^^^^^ ,^^ ^^ '^^ *o^ -> '/ i-) *^ .\ ' « ^ O i?^ \^ .^ ^^. V ■^0 ^ "■l/', ,o' s*1-'^-'r <.v %^<^. SOSoOonooooorSOooooc MAPS. ENeRAVINfiS lill BOA zap, Cljarts aiii looks,, POBLISHBD BT ENSIGN, BRIDGMAN & FANNING, 156 WIIil^IAOT ST., NEW YORK. MAPS— Mouuted. United States : 8 kinds and sizes. Europe : tlirce sizes. North America, Europe & North Atlantic Ocean, World on Mercator's Projec- tion. Canada East and West. New York State : four kinds. Mass., Conn , and R. I. Pennsylvania : two si^es. New Jersey. Ohio : four kinds and sizes. Great West: la' go. Western States : small. Michigan: township. Illinois : two sizes. Wisconsin, Iowa & Minnesota. Iowa : small. ^' New York City : four sizes. Thirty Miles around New York. Portraits of the Presidents. Last Supper of our tiord. Crucifixion ot Christ.. Resurrection of Christ. World's Standards & Costumes. / Gaide Books & Pocket Maps. U. S. Traveler's Guide. Western Traveler's Guide. Ohio : Eailroad and Township. Canada East and West. United States, Mexico, Central America and West Indies. Michigan: township. Illinois : Census for 1840 and '50. Wisconsin: " " " Missouri: " " " Iowa: " " " Minnesota : part of Wisconsin. New York State. Pennsylvania : township. Guide to N. Y, City &. Vicinity. Europe : with part of Asia & Africa. CHARTS— Large. Europe and her Sovereigns. Township Michigan. Illinois: ilhistrated. Wisconsin. Iowa & Minnesota. Pictorial New Y ork : illustrated. Mass., Conn, and R. I. Pennsylvania: illustrated. Township Ohio : illustrated. Woild's Progress. World at one View. United States at one View. Presidents of the United States. CHARTS— Small. World's Standards & Costumes. City of New York. New York and Vicinity. United States and Mexico. Map of Ireland. World at one View. Portraits of the Presidents. Tree of Liberty. Declaration of Independence. Constitution of the U. S. Housewife's Companion. Summary View of all Religions BOOKS. Book of the World. Cenotaph: Memoirs of 320, and Pol traits of lOii eminent Ameri- cans. By B. J. Lossing. Gazetteer of the United States. American LawyeT&FormBook Wedding Gift. Lives of the Presidents. Book of LOO Cities in U. S. Book of the United States. Farmer's Guide. Frugal Housewife. Family Doctor. Universal Receipt Book. Lions of New York. pW° Maps Mounted, and Job Work of all kinds pertaining to the business, promptly attended to, and well executed. mm, BRIDGMAN & FANNING'S LAKE m RIVIR GUIDl; BEING A TRAVELER'S COMPANION TO THE CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES ON THE OF THE UNITED STATES; TOGETHER WITH Descriptions of Natural Curiosities, and Thrilling Scenes in Border "Warfare. ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS AND ENORAVINaS. NEW YOEK: ENSIGN, BRIDGMAN & FANNING, 156 WILLIAM STREET. "i Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 185G, By ensign, BRIDGMAN, & FANNING, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Southern District of New York. SAVAGE & MCCREA, STEREOTYPERS, 13 Chambers Street, N. Y. kV\»1 .>i^/*» liV A^ A ♦^-'^ PREFACE One of the most interesting and grand features of our coun- try, is its immense inland seas and far-stretching rivers. Lake Superior covers an area of 32,000 square miles ; Lake Michi- gan, 17,000; Lake Huron, 20,400; Lake Erie, 7,000; Lake Ontario, 5,400 ; making an aggregate of 81,800 square miles. The Mississippi river is navigable for steamers of the largest class, 2,100 miles; the Missouri, 800; the Ohio, 1,000; to say nothing of the great number of large tributary streams. The shores of these lakes and rivers present, at short intervals, not only flourishing villages, but large cities ; the commerce of Buffalo alone amounting to not less than $80,000,000 annu- ally. How few even of the most intelligent citizens, as they pass over these lakes and rivers, are able to point out and give the name of one in a hundred of these cities and towns. The publishers of this Guide-Book, feeling how much the wants of the public demanded it, have prepared, with grea* care, the information here spread out, which, while it is bi-iCi in detail, is comprehensive in outline, and embraces not only a short description of more than 700 places, which line these waters, but also pi'esents interesting sketches of many natu- ral curiosities, battle-scenes, &c. In 1S50, the states and ter- ritories, the borders of which are washed by these lakes and rivers, contained a population of 15,765,335; now, probably, exceeding 20,000,000. The purchaser's attention is particularly called to the full- ness and accuracy of the Maps which this book contains, on which distances are noted at short intervals. We now launch our bark upon the waters, in the confident hope that what has cost us so much labor and expense, will prove an invaluable Guide to the traveler, in relieving the monotony of a route, which otherwise woijld be devoid of in- terest, over many weary miles. Prepared for popular use, it is commended to popular favor, by January 1, 1856. The Publishers. DISTANCES FE,OM ST. LOUIS TO ST. AHTHOHY'S FALLS. Names of Places. (1 '2345 Names of Places. II 2 Mississippi River... .St. Louis Venice. ........ .... Bremen .. . . Matiison Chippewa.... Columbia Blissouri River. .... Alton City Upper Alton Uandolph. . Portage lie Sioux... Grafton ........ Illinois River Jlilan Bailej''s Landing... Cape au Grey Gilead Withington Landing Hamburg Clarksvilie Lousiana City Salt River Saverton Hannibal City Boonville. Marion City Ashton ~. Quincy North Fabius River. Wyaconda River... Lagrange Tully, Warsaw Fox River. Alexand Churchville Des Mo and Keokuk Hancock, or Hamilton City Hon tabello.. ..»....» Nashville -. Montrose . ...... Nauvoo Cit3' Fort Madison Appanoose. .. .... I'ontoosuc Skunk River Burlington City Oquaka.. Bluffdale Landing Benton Landing .. Huron ver... _-....— > Jria.. ) ■chville .. — . ) Moines River, Mo. > i lo ) ! 2 Keitsburg Iowa River New Boston -. Port 'Louisa Muscatine City .. Druiy . ._.. .... . Fairport Illinois City Andalusia.... BuSalo Rock River......... Rockingham Rock Island City.... Rock Island Rock l.sland Rapids. Ilavenport City. Moline. Hampton Berlin . . Le Clare Parkliurst. ........ ... Port Byron Princeton Cordova , VVapsipinicon River.... Camanche .. Albany New York Lyons i«.. .... Fulton City Bluftville , Sahula - Savannah Portsmouth...'. Makoqueta River Bellevue Fever River Galena City. 6 miles up Fever River Tete de Marie Dubuque. .... .... .... Dunleith. ..._ Peru - Sinipee — .. — - Osceola Potosi Landing Buena Vista Frankford Turkey River — Cassville Guttenburg Mendota Clayton City Kilroy Cincinnati........ . — K 1111 VV lo E 111 W lo W lo 111 lo 111 lo lo 111 lo lo 111 111 lo 111 111 lo lo 111 lo lo 111 lo wis Wis Wis lo lo lo Wis lo VVi lo lo Wis !314 ■? 28" ISi.iO.o 3jS08 7 315 329 KxpLANATioN. — I. On which side of the river located, tance from place to place. 4. Total distance. 5. Page. 2. State situated in. 3, Dis- INDEX TO PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVES. Names of Places. Wisconsin River McGregor's Lauding ForfCrawford Prairie du Oliien } BrookviUe ) Painted Rock Lynxville Wexford Columbus -. Lansing. Upper Iowa River State Line, lo. & Wis. > Bad Axe River ) Warner's Landing Racoon River ... Hokab River..... T.ii rro?«e .- I La Crosse River ^ Black River Mountain River Holmes Landing . I Minnesota City J Sugar l^oaf Island Wazi Oju River— .... 1 2 3 4 E Wis 9 r>2f, VV lo 2 r>-2- K Wis 1 .-r2S K VV Wis lo 1 52H VV To 12 .541 K Wis V2 .i3.3 W lo S -o56 VV lo 12 o68 W lo 3 .571 W lo 9 .180 W Wis 4 384 E Wis 18 602 E Wis 2 604 VV Min 16 6^0 11j Wis r-, 625 K Wi« fi 631 E Wis 25 6.36 E W Wis Min 22 678 4 682 W Min 10 692 Names of Places. Wabasliaw ) Bufialo River ) Reed's Landing Nelson's Landing I Chippewa River - ) Maiden's Rock . Lake Pepin ? Red Wing 5 Cannon, or Laliotan Riv. Prescott 1 St. Croix River and ! Lake [ Point Douglas J Vermilion River Red Rock Kaposia St. Paul Mendota ? Minnesota River J Fort Snelling St. Anthony's Falls. .. ") St. Anthony City > Minneapolis.. ) 2 3 4 5 M in Wis 12 704 35 3S Vlin 17 721 35 Wis 2 723 35 35 Wis 22 743 35 Min 19 764 36 Vlin 4 768 36 Wis 36 Wis 26 794 36 Min 37 Min 1 795 37 Min 2 797 37 Vlin 10 807 87 Min 4 811 37 Min 6 817 38 38 Min 1 818 39 Min 39 Min 7 823 40 Min 41 From ^ew Orleans to the Gulf of Mexico. Versailles. ............ .IE ' Fort St. Leon Iw 51 I 4I||Fort St. Philip IE [La |.36l 72[ 111 I 16| 4l||MouthsoftheMiEsissippij |La !28|l00| Mississippi Eiver, from Hew Orleans to St. Louis. New Orleans Algiers, opposite N. O.. Carrolton Red Church Bonnet Quare Church... Jefferson College, and C. H Donaldsonville ) Bayou Lafourche ) St. Ann Chapel Bayou Goula Louisiana Institute..... St. Gabriel Church..... Ibbervi-Ue, P. O Plaquemine..... } Plaquemine Bayou... 5 Bayou Ibberville \ Manchac 5 Bruly Landing.... Baton Rouge ) West Baton Rouge. .. ) Port Hickory and Fon- tania Port Hudson Waterloo Bayou Sara } St. Francisville S E La « VV La 44 E La 6 44 E La 18 24 43 VV La 20 44 4.3 E La 20 64 43 VV La 16 80 45 E La 18 98 43 ■e La 2 100 45 E La 1 lo: 45 E La 5 106 43 E La 1 io- 43 W La 8 ns 45 E La 5 120 45 W La 12 132 45 E La 6 13H 4,3 46 E La 22 160 46 E La 1 161 46 W La 4 16S 46 E La 6 171 46 ■181 Point Coupee Morgan 7,a Bayou Tunica Red River Cut Off, Atchafalaya Bayou, Red River La. and Miss. State Line Clarksville Fort Adams ) Bumilo River } Homo Chitta River Union Point, P. Q Whilo, or Ellis Cliffs.. ) St. Catherine's Creek. ) Natchez ) Vidalia 5 Fairchild Creek Coles Creek Water Proof. Rodney St. ,7oseph Bruinsburg } Bayou Pierre . J Grand Gulf Big Black River Point Pleasant.... New Carthage w La 3 176 W La II 187 E La 13 ■202 w La 22 224 w La 8 232 w La 2 234 E 10 244 E Mis 2 246 E Mis 1 247 E Mis II 258 W La 6 264 E Mis 19 283 E w Mis La IS 301 E Mis 13 314 E Mis 9 323 E Mis 4 327 E Mis- 3 332 w La 7 339 E Mis 3 342 E Mis 11 333 E Mis 2 335 W La 11 366 VV La 13 379 Explanation. — ■!. On which side of the river located tance from place to place. 4. Total distance. 5. Page. 2. State situated iu. Dis- INDEX TO PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI EIVEK. Names of Places. 1 Warrenton. Vicksbuig . ...... I Walnut Hills 5 Tuscunibia Landing Yazoo River ...- Milliken's Bend „. .. Brunswick Landing Tallulali Providence Bunches Bend La. and Ark. State Line. Princeton...... Grand Lake Point Worthington Lakeport .... Greenville Columbia. Yellow Bend Landing. .. Bolivar ... ... .... Napoleon ) Arkansas River J White River, Mo. and Ark Montgomery's Point Victoria Concordia Lavonia . Delta ) Yazoo Pass ) Helena Stirling. ^ St. Francis River, Mo. > and Ark ) Peyton Austin Commerce Norfolk Miss, and Tenn. State Line Pickering Memphis ) Wolf River.. 5 Greenock Randolph ? Hatche River........ ) Fulton Osceola Ashport Forked Deer River La Mis Mis La La Mis Ark Mis Ark Mis Ark Ark Mis Ark Ark Mis Mis Ark Mis Ark Ark Ten Ten Ark Ten Ten Ark Ten Ten 3 4 19 398 10 108 477 52 481 6-2 497 52 499 62 ftlO 62 Sl.'i 62 ;il9 .'i2 n38 62 ,n47 52 .^.^5 62 ,58-2 63 Ci08 53 620 53 638 54 639 64 640 64 641 54 644 54 704 55 715 55 Names of Places. Needham's Cut-Off. Little Prairie..... Walker's Bend . .... Riddles's Point. .... . Point Pleasant..—— New Madrid Tenn. and Ky. State Line Hickman Wolf Island _.. Columbus _.. ? Baldwinville J Norfolk.™..... ......... Ohio River .-.« i Cairo > Ohio City ) New Philadelphia Commerce Thebes Cape Girardeau—..—.. Bainbridge.... .. ) Hamburg ...... ) Union Point...... ...... Big Muddy River Breesville ~. ) Wittemberg. ) Devil's Bake Oven and Grand Tower ) Fountain Blufl'........ ) Liberty Chester Kaskaskia River ? Kaskaskia ) St. Mary's Landing St. Genevieve Fort Cliartres..... Rush Tower.... Selma Herculaneum ...... .... Harrisonville Clifton Sulphur Spring.... Marimec River......... Oakville .Teflerson Barracks... — Carondolet Cabokia — -. Illinois Town ) St. Louis ........) 1 3 3 4 , £ Ten Q 909 r W Mo 22 931 : w Mo 5 936 f w Mo 15 961 . w Mo 8 969. w 31o 2 961 E 16 977 E Ky .Jl 1008 11 1019 E w Ky Mo 5 1024 w Mo 12 1036 E K ill 4 1040 w Mo w Mo 2(1 lOfiO w Mo 8 1068 E 111 2 1070 w Mo 10 1080 w Mo 111 10 1090 K 111 13 1103 E 111 3 1106 E W 111 Mo 6 U12 E 111 1 U13 E III 20 1133 E 111 6 1139 E 111 1 1140 w Mo 3 1143 w Mo 8 1161 E III 12 li63 W Mo 10 1173 w Mo 6 1178 w Mo 3 U81 E 111 1 1182 w Mo 5 1187 w Mo 3 1190 w Mo 3 1193 w Mo 5 1198 \v Mo 6 1204 w Mo 4 1208 E III 4 1212 E w III Mo 3 12 15 Ohio Kiver, from Pittsljurg to Cairo. Ohio River Pittsburg Alleghany City Birmingham.. . Manchester Sewickley Middletown. ...... Economy Baden Freedom Borough. Rl Pa 62 R L Pa Pa 64 64 R Pa 2 64 R Pa 6 7 64 L Pa 4 ]l 64 R Pa 8 19 64 R Pa 2 21 65 R Pa 3 24 66 Rochester Borough... Beaver Kiver I Beaver Borough Industry Georgetown . i Glasgow I Liverpool Wells ville Newburg . Steubenville R PS 6 29 R Pa 9 38 L Pa 6 44 R 6 50 H O 5 5.=i n 4 69 R 16 75 ExpLAKATioN. — 1. On which side of the river located. 2. State situated in. tance from place to place. 4. Total distance. 5. Page, 3. Die- INDEX TO PLACES ON THE OHIO EIVER. Names of Places, Wellsburg ) Lagrangr .. .. ) Warreiiicin Tiltonville Burlington Martinsville Bridgeport I VVheeling City 5 West Wheeling.... Bellaire Klizabellitovvu ? G rave ( ' reek ) Arohville VVoodlanil , Steinesville Clearington New aiartinsville Sisterville Wittens Grand View Newport - Little IMuskiiigum River Marietta > Muskingum River.... > H inner ) Vienna Landing Parkersburg ^ Belpre > Little Kanawlia River, } Blennerhasset Island. Hockingport > Hockbocking River... \ Belleville Murraj'sville .-.. Shade River ..„ Ravens wood Letartsville Graham Station Miners ville Nxesville Pomeroj' Middleport ) Sheffield S- Coalport ) Point Pleasnnt ) Great Kanawha River ) Gallipolis Herefords . Green Bottom Bladensburg MiUersport . Guyandotte... } Guyandotte River.... ) Proctorsville Burlington Big Sandy River, Va. and Ky ) Cattlesburg ) Coal G rove. Amanda Ironton Hanging Rock Greenupsburg ) Haverhill < 1 a 3 4 5 1 Va R b 81 bb R O 1 82 66 R o 1 S3 66 R o 7 90 66 R o :i 93 66 R o 2 95 66 67 t. Va 1 96 67 R O 4 100 67 L Va 9 109 67 69 L Va 5 114 (i9 L Va 5! 1)6 69 R O 2 118 69 R o 2 120 69 L Va U 131 69 L Va (^ 139 69 R U 1 140 69 R o 4 144 69 R u 8 152 6M R o 13 165 69 69 R (5 171 71 71 L Va 8 179 71 L Va , R 5 184 71 L Va 2 186 71 R 13 199 72 L Va 4 20.3 72 L Va fi 2(W 72 a 2 211 72 L Va 11 ■^22 72 R C) ■21 243 72 R U 3 241'. 73 R .') 25 i 73 R 4 25ft 73 R O 1 256 73 R 1 257 73 L Va 11 26S 73 R 6 273 73 L Va S 278 73 L Va 4 282 73 R 3 285 74 R o 12 297 74 L Va 13 310 74 R 1 311 74 R o 6 317 74 Ky 4 321 74 R o 5 326 74 1. Kv 2 328 74 R o .5 333 74 R o 2 335 75 R Ky 7 342 75 Names of Places. Wheelersburj Springville Portsmouth i Sciota River.,...-.... ) Alexandria Bradford Rockjiort Rockville Vanceburg .. Rome „ Conconl Manchester Aberdeen J Maysville 5 Chariton Ripley Levanna } Dover f Higginsport Augusta -. Chilo Neville - Moscow Fosterville Point Pleasant.. Motier FlagSpring New Richmond.. Palestine Honie Little Miami River Cartbage ... Columbia Jamestown — Fulton ) Cincinnati..... ' Newjiort f Covington J North Bend Great Miami River Lavvrenceburg .... Petersburg. ...... ...... Aurora Bellevue Rising Sun Bone Creek ) Hamilton ) Patriot Warsaw „. New York Florence. ...-. V-evay ) Ghent S Carrollton ] Kentucky River ', Frankfort...... | Preston.... J Madison Indianapolis Milton Hanover Landing. New London... .- Bethlehem Westport ... i!' 1 3 3 4 R o L Ky 8 y.nu R 15 365 R 3 368 R 4 372 L Ky 'i 374 K u 8 382 L Kv 2 384 R O 6 390 L Ky 7 397 R y 405 R 1) L Ky 13 418 L Ky 5 423 R () 4 42/ R () ^ L Kv '■ R U 434 L Kv 5 439 R U 5 444 R 4 448 R o 4 452 L Ky 1 453 R u 3 456 L Ky 1 457 L Ky 2 459 R u 1 46(1 R () 1 461 R o 1 46? R 10 472 L Kv 1 473 R u ] 474 L Ky 1 475 R o R n L Ky '■^ 477 L Ky R u u 491 R 3 494 R la 3 497 L Ky 2 499 R la 2 501 L Ky 7 508 R la 3 511 L Ky 13 524 R la 2 526 L Kv 10 536 R la 1 537 R la 2 539 R L la Kv 6 346 L Kv L Ky 11 556 L Ky R la la 10 566 L Ky R la 6 572 R Xa 4 576 R la 7 583 L Ky 6 589 Explanation.— 1. L, left, R, right side of the river going toward St. Louis. 2. State Eituated in. 3. Distance from place to place. 4. Totafdistance. 5. Page. 10 IXDEX TO PLACES ON THE MISSOURI BIVER. Names of Places. 1 [ 13 31 4 5 Names of Places. 1 3 Herculaneum Charleston Landing. Utica.„ , Transylvania , Jeftersonville. ....... Louisville...... Sliippensport , Fortland ., New Albany.. .., Salt River West Point Kockhaven. ...... ... Brandenburg , Maucbport. ......... New Amsterdam..... Leavenworth. . Fredonia ._ Alton Hatfield Concordia Derby. Rome Sinking Creek StepUensport -. Tobinsiiort Cloverport St. Louis Hawesville Cannelton . . . Lower Cannelton.... Troy Maxville..— Lewisport.... Rock port ... . ~. Owensboro. ....... ... Bon Harbor Scuffletown. — . 1 3 3 4 a la 4 f,m K la 9 m2 K la 5 fiOT L K-y li finq K la 6 L Ky 615 L Ky 2 fil7 L Ky 2 HIQ R ia 4 623 L Ky 15 63S L Ky 11 649 L Ky 6 655 K ia 2 657 K la « 663 R la 6 66Q R la 4 673 R la 13 6H6 R la :i 6R4 L Ky 3 m-?. R la 2 6^4 R la L Ky 8 702 L Ky K la L Ky 12 714 R la 12 726 L R Ky la 2 728 R la I 729 R la 5 734 L Ky 5 739 R la 13 752 L Kv 8 700 T- Kv 1 761 L Ky 3 764 Enterprise... Mount Prospect........ Newburg . Green River Evnnsville ? Lamasco City ) Verona Henderson West Franklin Mount Vernon Uniontown. ... Wabash River, la. & III. Raleigh... Rockaway ) Shawneetown .... J C aseyville Tradewater _... Ford's Ferry. .... ...... Cave-in-Rock ) Cookseyville ) Elizabeth Kirksville Rock Quarry Golconda ) O berry's Ferry 5 Cumberland River ) Smitbland. ...-.„.. J New Liberty Tennessee River... ? Paducah 5 Massack Metropolis City Hillerman Napoleon. ...... Caledonia Trinity. ...... ..... Cairo..... 4 5 904 907 917 927 944 946 959 961 96-2 977 993 996 1005 1009 Places on the Missouri River. Missouri River Bellefontaine Hall's Ferry St. Charles City Missouriton Washington.. . . Newport _... Griswold City Pinckney Bridgeport Herman .. . Gasconade River... Portland Smith's Landing Osage River .......... Jefferson City J Hibernia 5 Marion Moniteau.. Nashville Providence Rockport . Boonville........ Mo 98 s Mo 5 98 s Mo 12 17 98 N Mo 7 24 99 N Mo 33 57 99 S Mo 8 65 99 S Mo 5 70 99 S VI 16 86 99 N Mo 18 104 99 N Mo 1 105 99 S Mo 3 108 99 S Mo 6 114 99 N Mo 14 128 99 N Mo 12 140 99 S Mo 9 149 99 S IV Mo 8 157 100 s Mo 17 174 100 s Mo 4 178 100 N Mo 3 181 100 N Mo 2 183 100 N Mo 18 201 100 S Mo 14 215 100 Old Franklin. Arrow Rock Boonsboro ... ... Bluft'port Glasgow Chariton...... . Old .Jefferson Uoj'Iestown. Brunswick Grand River.. De Witt Miami Hill's Landing. .... ... Waverley Lexington City .. Wellington. . „. Camden Napoleon ..« ~. Sibley Richfield Liberty Landing Wayne City .— Independence — ; N Mo 2 217 3 Mo 9 226 .V Mo 3 229 M Mo 8 237 N Mo 6 243 N Mo 5 248 S Mo 8 356 s Mo 7 263 N Mo 8 271 S Mo 2 273 N Mo 2 275 S Mo 4 279 N Mo 16 295 S Mo 5 300 s Mo 20 320 s Mo 10 330 N Mo 338 S Mo 7 345 S Mo 8 353 N Mo 9 ,362 N Mo 14 376 S Mo 7 383 ExpLAKATioK.— 1. On which side of the river located. 2. State situated ia. tauce from place to place. 4. Total distance. 5. Page. 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 102 103 102 102 102 102 IM 102 102 3. Dis- INDEX TO PLACES ON LAKES ERIE, HURON, & MICH. 11 Names of Places. 1 3 3 4 51 Names of Places. 13 3 4 5 Randolph Kansas Citj'. Kansas River Wyandot Citj' Westport Landing ParkersviUe Little Platte River Fort Leavenworth Kickapoo ... Weston City Atchison Doniphan St. Joseph Kodoway River BigTarkoe River Great Nahama River.. Brownsville.. . .. 1 3 3 4 5 N Mo ti 38H 103 S Mo 4 393 103: s Kan k-. 394 103 N Mo V. 103 S Mo 6 399 103 N Mo S 407 104 N Mo I 408 104! S Kan 2S 433 104 s Kan 4 437 104 N Mo 1 438 104 N Kan U 449 104 S Neb 13 461 105 N Mo U 472 105 N Mo 42 514 105 N Mo 8 522 105 S Mo 43 5fi5 105 vv Neb 34 599 105 Otoe City Nebraska City. .... Bethlehem .„ Plattsmouth ...... Platteville Nebraska, or Platte River \ California City....^. \ Trader's Point. .' \ Belleview. ....... } Council Bluffs Omaha City............ Council Bhiffs City... ) Fort CrogUan J Fort Calhoun..... Sioux City 1 3 3 4 w Neb 17 fiifi vv Neb 34 f>50 K lo 3 653 vv Neb 28 681 K lo 5 686 W Hp\\ E lo mi F, iVTn W Neb 714 w Neb b 720 w Neb 4 724 E lo 1 725 VV Neb IP 743 E lo 1 357 1100 105 105 105 105 105 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 From Buffalo to Chicago, via the Lakes. 3 ~ " Lake Erie Buffalo Silver Creek Dunkirk...... Erie Conneaut Harbor..-. Ashtabula........ _. Fairport Painesville.......... Cleveland Cuyahoga River Ohio City........... Black River Black River, town... Vermilion River.— .. Huron.. ..... ... Sandusky City .. Marblehead Beacon.. Port Clinton Toledo City ... Erie Monroe Citi'. . Burt Huron River Gibraltar ..... Detroit City Detroit River ...... Lake St. Clair...... . St. Clair River , Cottrellville St. Clair Port Huron Lake Huron......... Lexington :::! NY NY NY Penn O O O O o o o o o o Mich Mich Mich Mich Mich Mich Mich Mich Port Sanilac Point Barques \ Saginaw Bay. ... .... i Saginaw River ( Saginaw City ...J Thunder Bay. ...... . Presque Isle Lighthouse. . Forty-Mile Point Mackinaw Lake Superior... „.... St. Mary's Strait -. Sault deSt. Marie J Lake Michigan. .......... Fox Point..". ' Bearer Islands '. Entrance to Green Bay... Green River & Pine Lake, Fox Isles Grand Traverse Bay Great Manitou Lsland Little Manitou Island Opposite Gibraltar. Kewanee Two Rivers ......! Manitowoc. ......... \ Manitowoc River ) Sheboygan City Ozaukee. ..._. „.....' . Milwaukee City Racine City.... „„ Kenosha City............ Waukegan..... Chicago City 3 3 4 5 Mich Midi Midi Mich Mich Mid: Mich Mich Mich Micl Mich Mich Mich Wis Wis Wis Wis Wis Wis Wis Wis Wis 111 111 747 765 775 786 7S8 798 822 830 850 895 920 926 945 970 994 1019 1030 1047 1083 117 117 117 119 119 119 119 119 119 119 119 121 121 121 123 123 123 123 133 133 123 123^ 123 ■ 123 123 123 123 123 124 124 125 125 125 Southern and Eastern Shores on Lake Michigan. Michigan City... New Buffalo St. Joseph's St. Joseph's River., South Haven....... Kalamazoo River.., Port Sheldon la 50 128 Mich 12 62 128 Mich Mich 25 58 87 115 12M 128 128 Mich 21 l.3fi {28 Mich 23 159 128 Grand Haven Grand River Little Point Au Sable. . Great Point Au Sable . Point Au Betsie Ent'ceGrand Traverse Bay Mackinaw Explanation.— 1. On which side of the river located, taoce from place to place. 4. Total distance. 5. Page. Mich 13 172 Midi 57 229 inich 37 266 Midi 50 316 Mich 62 878 .Mich 88 466 12s 12S 138 128 128 128 128 2. State situated in. 3. Dis- 12 INDEX TO PLACES BETWEEN BTJEFALO AND QUEBEC. From BuSklo to Quebec, via Lake Ontario, &o. Names of Places. Niagara River Fort Erie Waterloo Black Rock Grand Island Tonawanda... . .. Chippewa Niagara Falls Niagara Falls Village. Suspension Bridge Lewiston . Fort Niagara Niagara Lake Ontario .. Barlington t5ay....... State. Pge N York CWest CWest N York N York N York CWest NYork NYork NYork CWest Names of Places. Hamilton Citj' ... Toronto City Coburg _ EelleTille Kingston City St. Lawrence River.... Brockville Cornwall Montreal City Quebec City..-.. Ogdensburg Sackett's Harbor Oswego City Rochester Cit3'........ State. Pge CWest CWest CWest CWest CWest CWest CWest C East C East N York NYork NYork NYork 13.5 1.3.5 13S 137 137 137 133 138 1.33 13d 140 HO 140 140 Eailroad Eontes. PAGE. Fr»m Cincinnati to Wheeling, Va 141 " St. Louis to Cincinnati 141 " St. Louis to Columbus, O— 141 " St. Louis to Jefferson City 141 " Chicago to Cincinnati, via Toledo and Dayton ...141 " Chicago to Cincinnati, via India- napolis .... ..........141 " Chicago to Galena....- Mi " Chicago to Cairo 142 PAOB. From Chicago to St Louis ...142 " Chicago to Milwaukee 142 " Chicago to Rock Island and Dav- enport ...142 " Chicago to Buffalo 142 " Cleveland to St Louis 142 " Buffalo to Chicago 143 " Pittsburgto Cleveland 143 " Cincinnati to Lexington, Ky 143 "" Louisville to Indianapolis. ...... .141 LIST CE E^GEAVmeS. PAGE. Frontispiece View of St. Louis 16 Agricultural Scene 28 Portrait of Gen. Jackson 43 Residence of Gen. Taylor 46 Portrait of Gen. Taylor 47 Marietta College 68 Campus Martins 70 View of Cincinnati 79 Residence of Gen. Hamson 82 Portrait of Gen. Harrison 83 Portrait of Daniel Boone 86 PAGE. Mammoth Cave 93 Portrait of Commodore Perry.. 108 Map of Lake Erie 109 View of Detroit ...114 Map of Lake Huron 116 View of Mackinaw 118 Map of Lake Superior ] 20 Map of Lake Michigan 122 View of Chicago 126 Portrait of Red-Jacket 130 Niagara Falls 132 Map of Lake Ontario 136 PLACES OH TBM MISSISSIPPI. THE MISSISSIPPI RIVBR The Mississippi, or Great Eirer, is the principal stream of tlie TJnitQiJ States, and, with the Missouri, its chief afflu- ent, the longest in the world. It derives its importance from its great length, the vast and fertile regions which, with its tribu- taries, it drains, and the extent to which it is navigable. It rolls a mighty volume of water to the ocean, and bears to its destined market a vast amount of the products of one of the most fertile regions on the globe, and returns to these regions the productions and arts of other lands, which are needed for convenience and comfort. The source of the Mississippi, as ascertained by Schoolcraft in 1832, is Itasca lake, in 47° 10' north latitude, and 95° 54' west longitude, at an elevation of 1,836 feet above the level of the ocean, and 3,185 miles from the gulf of Mexico. Itasca lake is a small beautiful sheet of water, lying among hills surrounded with pines. The outlet of this lake is ten or twelve feet broad and fifteen inches deep.* Its course is then nqrthwardly and northeasterly, and it passes through Lakes Irving, Cass, and Travers, or Winnibigashish ; its course is then southeasterly and easterly, until it receives Leech Lake fork, the outlet of a considerable lake of the same name. The average descent of the Mississippi from its source to its entrance into the gulf of Mexico, is a fraction over five inches per mile. The entire country about its sources, appears to be considerably elevated table land, abounding in an im- mense number of small lakes of pure water, and fed by springs. The first considerable falls in the river are those of Peckaga- ma, 690 miles above the falls of St. Anthony, where it descends twenty feet in three hundred yards. There is no perceptible fall, but a rapid, which entirely obstructs navigation. The river is compressed to the width of eighty feet, and is precip- itated over a rugged bed of sandstone. The surrounding view * Wild Rice, an eastern branch of the Red river of the North, rises 15 miles west of Itasca lake, and, after flowing northerly, falls into Lake Winnipeg, 14 PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVEK. is wild and picturesque. An island covered with spruce and cedar divides the channel nearly in the middle, at the com- mencement of the fall. The next considerable falls are those of St. Anthony. The width of the Mississippi above the falls is half a mile ; below, it is only two hundred yards. Seven miles below the falls of St. Anthony the Minnesota enters from the west ; this is the largest tributary of the Upper Mississippi. About latitude 44^^, the St. Croix enters the Mississippi from the east ; fifteen miles below the entrance of the St. Croix, the Mississippi expands into a beautiful sheet of Avater, called Lake Pepin, thirty miles in length. At its termination, the Chippewa enters the Mississippi after a course of about two hundred miles ; in 42^, it enters tlfe Wisconsin from the cast ; near 40^, on the west side, the Des Moines en- ters, 150 yards wide. A few miles above the mouth of this river, are rapids nine miles in leng-th, forming an impediment to navigation when the water is low. In 39^, the Illinois en- ters from the east. Seventeen miles above St. Louis, the Mis- souri enters from the west, whicli is longer and discharges more water than the Mississippi, and had it been as early explored, it would probably have been regarded as the parent-stream. Above the confluence of the Missouri with the Mississippi, the latter is usually clear (except at the time of high water), but below this point it becomes exceedingly turbid, and con- tains about three tenths sedimentary matter. In latitude 38", the Kaskaskia enters from the east; be- tAveen 37° and 36° the "Belle," or beautiful Ohio, enters the stream from the northeast, and is much the largest eastern branch ; between 35° and 34°, the 8t. Erancis enters from the northwest, two hundred yards wide. White river enters on the same side in about 30°. The Arkansas, from the west, enters between 34° and 33°, 620 miles above New Orleans, and is five hundred yards wide, and su}jposed to be 2,500 miles long. The Yazoo enters on the cast side between, 33° and 32°. At 31°, the Eed river comes in from the west. Here the Mississippi carries its greatest volume of water, as immediately below this, and at intervals, it divides into sev- eral outlets, from an old bed of the river which communicates with both the Mississippi and Red rivers . The Atchafalaya dis- charges a great amount of water into the gulf of Mexico. A Jittle below Baton Eouge, on the east side, the Ibberville goes off, and passing through lakes Mauripas, Ponchartrain, and Borgne, enters the gulf of Mexico. Between Atchafalaya and New Orleans, pass off Plaquemine and Bayou Lafourche, on PLACES OX THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 15 the west side, the former joining the Atchafalaya, and the lat- ter entering the gulf of Mexico. The average width of the Mississippi below Missouri river, is about one mile ; but the large rivers which enter it greatly increase its depth. At the head of the delta, the depth is from 75 to 80 feet; at New Orleans it is 110. At the distance of 100 miles below New Orleans, by the course of the river, but 90 miles in a direct course, this majestic river enters the gulf of Mexico by sev- eral mouths, the principal of which are called the Balize, or northeast pass, in 29° 7' north latitude, and 39" 10' west lon- gitude. Draining a country of over 1,000,000 square miles in extent, it would naturally be expected that its spring floods would be vast, and in consequence of these, it overflows its banks at that season to a great extent. From the sources to the mouth of the Missouri, the flood commences in March, and doe% not subside before the last of May, at an average height of 1 5 feet. From the Missouri to the Ohio it rises 25 feet, and below the Ohio, for a great distance, 45 feet. At every flood it overspreads a country chiefly on the western side from 10 to 30 miles wide, 500 miles from its mouth. This river is extremely winding in its course, and sometimes a bend will occur of 30 miles in extent, in which the distance across the neck will not exceed 2 miles. This circumstance undoubtedly impedes the current, and thus favors navigation. The mighty volume of water often carries away a large mass of earth, with its trees from a projecting point, and frequently endangers boats. Trees are often imbedded in the mud, pro- jecting their tops, producing snags and saAvyers, as they are called, which are dangerous to navigators. The whirls or eddies which are produced by the tortuous course of the river, and its projecting points, also render navigation, to a degree, difficult and hazardous. Before the introduction of steam navigation, it required eight or ten weeks to go from New Orleans to the Illinois. The first steamboat on the western waters was built at Pittsburg, in 1811. Embankments called levees have been raised from 5 to 12 feet high, extending a great distance above and below New Orleans. By this means the river is kept within its usual limits, except in seasons of the greatest freshets. Sometimes these embankments give way, overflowing thousands of acres, causing immense loss of property. The river for 50 miles from its mouth runs nearly parallel with the gulf of Mexico, from which it is separated in some places by an embankment only three quarters of a mile across. There are no tides in the Mississippi. ■'^'"^■'i'ni-:!:i.':v:J[iiBiSi. PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 17 ST. LOUIS, Capital of St. Louis county, and port of entry, Missouri, is situated on the west bank of the Mississippi, 17 miles below the entrance of the Missouri, 818 miles below the falls of St. Anthony, and 1215 miles above New Orleans. The city is.built on two elevations. The lower terrace, as it may be termed, affords room for several business streets, lined with rows of spacious and imposing warehouses. On the upper terrace arc many public buildings and private residences. The inhabited part of the city extends several miles along the river, and from two to three miles westward. The corporate limits cover a large extent of ground which is filling up with unexampled rapidity. The public buildings comprise eveiy grade and de- scription usually found in a large city, while the elegant resi- dences seen in all directions testify to the wealth and enterprise of its citizens. Water is raised from the river by steam to a reservoir, situated on an ancient mound, whence it is distrib- uted through nearly 40 miles of pipe, into all parts of the city. In a commercial aspect, St. Louis is probably unsurpassed by any inland port in the world. The Mississippi river, with its tributaries, the Ohio and Illinois on the east, and the Mis- souri and its affluents on the west, give it a ready access to a vast extent of territory, while the Mississippi furnishes an out- let to the ocean for its accumulated productions. Immense as the commerce of this city now is, who can estimate the mil- lions on millions of capital that will here find employment, when the great states and territories of the northwest and west shall become densely peopled, and the grand network of rail- roads centring here, shall bring the iron, lead, and coal, from a thousand mines, and the agricultural products from millions of cultivated acres ? A large amount of capital is also invest- ed in various descriptions of manufactures. The literary, educational, and benevolent institutions of this city are founded on a scale commensurate with the importance of this great centre of the western valley. This town was founded in 1764, by the Erench from Cana- da, as a trading post with the Indians, but during the French and Spanish possession of it, it remained an inconsiderable village. In 1768, it was taken possession of by a company Note. — We commence our description of the cities and towns on the Mississippi at St. Louis, for the reason that this point is the grreat commer- cial centre of the Mississippi valley. We have therefore divided the map of the river into three sections : 1st. From St. Louis to the Fails of St. An- thony. 2d. From New Orleans to St. Louis. Sd. From New Orleans to the Gulf of Mexico. 2 IS PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVEK. of Spanish troops, and was held by Spain until its transfer by purchase to the United States, in 1804. The town in- creased slowly for a number of years, as in 1812 only one brick house had been erected, and in 1817 the first steamboat ascended to this place. Eour railroads already in operation, and three others projected, radiate from this point. Population: 1810,1,600; 1820,4,598; 1830,6,694; 1840, 16,469; 1850,77,860; 1856, about 160,000. Venice, Madison co.. 111., 6 miles above St. Louis, a grow- ing post village. Pop. about 400. Bremen, St. Louis co.. Mo., a small village neaiiy oppo- site Venice. Pop. about 500. Madison, Madison co.. Ill,, 8 miles above; a good land- ing-place. Pop. small. Chippe"wa, in the same co., 1 mile above ; a small thriving village. Columbia, St. Louis co., Mo., 1 mile above ; a small set- tlement. Missouri River, Mo., 1 mile above.* See description page. ALTON CITIT, Madison co., 111., 3 miles above, situated on the east bank of the Mississippi, stands among the first in commercial advan- tages on the river. It has the best landing for steamboats on the east side of the Mississippi. A flat rock, level with the surface of the ground, forms an excellent natural wharf. Bituminousi, coal, limestone, freestone, and water lime, exist in great abundance near the city. This is the terminus of the Terre Haute and Alton, the Chicago and Mississippi, and the Alton and Jacksonville railroads. Since the state penitentiary was located here, in 1833, the town has increased greatly in population and wealth. It has a number of beautiful wide streets, five handsome public squares, and a large space along the margin of the river reserved for the purpose of a public landing, promenade, and military parades. It contains a well-regulated lyceum, theological seminary, &c. It has a large inland and river trade. Several elegant public buildings adorn the city, and a spirit of enterprise is everywhere mani- fest. Considerable steamboat capital is employed here. Pop. 1840, 2,340; 1850, 3,585; 1856, about 6,500. * At or near the mouths of all the large tributaries of the Mississippi above the Ohio, are larfje Indian mounds, or conical truncated earthworks, to;jether with elongated embankments of various dimensions, isolated in po-iition, yet similar in form; indicating- that a dense papulation ^as once drawn to these points by the advantages presented for fishing. PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI KIVEK. 19 TIPPER Alton one and a half miles northeast from Alton city, a pleasant •iV ff ^iTn «Tfl,i on an plevated t)lain, where is located the Shurtleff College, foSed"n"Sf, unlertl'd irecTon of the Baptists ; volumes in the library. 3,000. Population, 1850, 1,309. Randolpli, Jersey co., 111., 12 miles above; a small settle- ment. Pop. about 150, .-, ■, Portage de Sioux, St. Charles co., 10 miles above ; once a celebrated Indian crossing-place ; now a thriving village. Pop. about 250. , • -n « Grafton, Jersey co., 111., 7 miles above ; a growmg village. Pop., 222. ILLINOIS RIVER, ILL., One mile above, a large tributary of the Mississippi, is formed bv the union of Kankakee and Des Plames, which unite at Dresden, Gnindy co., 111. Tlie Des Plaines rises m Kenosha CO Wis., running 130 miles south and southwest through a rich ao-ricultural district, until it unites with the Kankakee. The Kankakee rises in St. Joseph's co., la., running south- westerly to Kankakee co., Ill, where it receives the Iroquois 84 miles in length; from this point its course is northwest until it unites .sdth the Des Plaines. At Ottawa, m -Lasalle co.,-it receives the Pox river, of 180 miles m length, which rises in the southern part of Wisconsin. Prom this point, it takes a southwesterly course, and after receivmg several trib- utaries, enters the Mississippi, 50 miles above St. Louis. The entire course of this river is through an exceedingly fer- tile reo-ion, capable of sustaining a dense population. _ Ah-eady numerous towns and villages are springing up along its banks, and real estate is rapidly advancing in value. _ Its length, i^- cludinff its branches, is about 450 miles, and it is navigable tor steamboats to Ottawa, at the mouth of the Pox river, a dis- tance of 290 miles. ., , -n -^ Milan, Calhoun co., 111., 6 miles above. Prom its un- favorable position, being in the great bend of the river, it does not flourish ; yet a good degree of enterprise is manifest. Pop. about 175. ,r ^ .i i. Bailey's Landing, Lincoln co.. Mo., 8 miles above ; a small but rapidly improving settlement ; situation hue, and ^"cape^au Grey, in the same co., 2 miles above; a smaU villae:e. Pop. about 200. . , . , Gilead, Calhoun co.. 111., 8 miles above, situated on low ground, or a large slough; was formerly the county-seat. Pop. about 700. 20 PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIYEE. ■Withington Landing, Lincoln co.. Mo., nearly oj^posite Gilead ; a small, prosperous settlement. Hamburg, Calhoun co., 111., 9 miles above ; a flourisliing post village ; has a good trade with the interior, a good steamboat-landing, and a brisk river ti'ade. Pop., 1850, 374; 1856, about 700. Clarksville, Pike co.. Mo., 14 miles above; has a good steamboat-landing, and is pleasantly situated. Pop 7, 1853, 349. IJiOinsiana City, in the same co., 12 miles above; pleas- antly situated ; has a brisk river and inland trade, which is rapidly increasing. It contains several churches, and two weekly papers. Pop., 1850, 912; 1856, about 1,500. Salt River, Mo., 2 miles above, rises in Schuyler co., Mo., within a short distance of the Missouri line, and flowing southeast, enters the Missouri 111 miles above St. Louis, and 714 miles below St. Anthony's falls. Near its mouth, are numerous excellent mill-sites. Saverton, Kails co., Mo., 18 miles above; a pleasant, thriving village; has a good steamboat-landing. Pop., about 350. Hannibal City, Marion co., Mo., 8 ms. above ; a handsome, flourishing town, well situated for an extensive trade. The adjacent counties produce a large amount of hemp, tobacco, flour, pork, and lard, which is shipped from this point. Lime- stone and coal exist in the vicinity. A railroad has been projected from this place to St. Joseph's on the Missouri river, 235 miles in length. Pop., 1850, 2,557; present pop. about 4,590. Boonville, Adams co., 111., 8 miles below; a small steam- boat-landing, just below the head of the Snycaptee slough. Pop. about 150. Marion City, Marion co., Mo., a post village, 4 miles above ; pleasantly situated on a beautiful plain, which ex- tends back to the high bluffs. It has a good steamboat-land- ing, from which large shipments of agricultural products are sent down the river. The town was laid out several years since, but owing to its being liable to be overflowed during high water, it still remains Avith only a few scattered dwel- lings. Ashton, Adams co.. III., nearly opposite Marion city; a small, unimportant village. PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 21 QUINCY CITT, Capital of Adams co., 111., 7 miles above, situated mostly on a high bluff that rises abruptly from the river, and from which a magnificent view is had of the surrounding country. The splendid rolling prairies back from this point, are among the richest agricultural districts in the world. Immense quan- tities of produce are shipped from this port. The pork-pack- ing business is here carried on to a great extent. Quincy contains 25 churches, several banks, planing mills, academies, lumber-yards, fiouring-mills, foundries, and 1 cotton factory, besides various other manufacturing establishments. Several well-conducted ncAvspapers are published here. A handsome courthouse stands in a fine public square. Tliis is considered one of the most desirable residences in all the west. The Quincy and Chicago, and Springfield and Quincy railroads terminate here. Pop., 1850, 6,902; 1856, about 12,500. North Fabius River, Mo., rises in the south part of la., entering Missouri in Schuyler co., and, after a southeast course of 92 miles, enters the Mississippi opposite Quincy. Wyaconda River, Mo., 10 miles above, rises in the south part of Iowa, flows southwesterly 80 miles, and enters the Mississippi just above Lagrange. Lagrange, Lewis co., Mo., just above the mouth of the Wyaconda river ; a thriving post village ; has a good steam- boat-landing, and an increasing river and inland trade. Pop. about 800. Tully, in the same co., 5 miles above ; a thriving village, laid out in 1832; favorably situated in a rich agricultural dis- trict. The exports of pork and lard, and different kinds of grain, from this river port, are very considerable. Pop., 1850, 309; 1856, about 750. Warsaw, Hancock co., HI., 16 miles above; a flourish- ing river port, situated at the foot of the lower rapids, on high ground, commanding a beautiful view of the river. It has a large import and export river trade. Several plank roads centre here, and it is the terminus of the projected Lafayette and Warsaw railroad. Pop. about 4,500. Fox River, Mo., rises in Appanoose co., lo., and taking a southeasterly course of 95 miles, enters the Mississippi in Clark CO., nearly opposite Warsaw. Alexandria, in Clark co., on the north side of Fox river, near its entrance into the Mississippi; situated ou low V 22 _ PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI KITEE. ground, which is partially overflowed during high floods. Pop. small. Ciiurchville, in the same co., well situated, a short dis- tance from the mouth of the Des Moines river ; considerable capital is here employed in river craft. Pop. about 350. Des Moines River, Mo. and lo., 2 miles above Fox river, has its source in a number of small lakes, in Blue Earth co., Minnesota territory. It enters Iowa on the divi- ding lino between Dickinson and Emmet cos. ; from this point it has a southeasterly direction, until it enters the Mis- sissippi 4 miles below Keokuk. It is the dividing line be- tween Iowa and Missouri for 23 miles above its mouth. Its length is 470 miles, and it is navigable 185 miles to Fort Des Moines, in Polk co., the capital of Iowa. It flows through the centre of the state, and the richest land in the world (the delta of the Nile perhaps excepted) is found along its banks. The river afl:ords abundant water-power along its whole course. Keokuk, semi-capital of Lee co., lo., 4 miles above; a flourishing town on the right, at the southeastern point of Iowa, at the foot of the second rapids. The main body of the town is regularly laid out upon a bluff, a little back from the river. It stands upon an inexhaustible quarry of limestone- rock, which affords ample materials for building. It contains the medical department of the state university, which is well endowed, several academies and churches, a hospital, and a number of select and common schools. A portion of the im- mense water-power, at this point, is used in various manufac- tures, flouring mills, foundries, &c. The river flows over a rocky bed of limestone, called the rapids, 12 miles in length, falling in that distance 24| feet, and only in time of high water can these be passed by the large class of steamboats ; consequently numbers of large packets ply daily between this and St. Louis, while above, the smaller boats are necessarily used. A railroad is projected from this place to Dubuque, 256 miles, and when completed will add greatly to the impor- tance of this place. This is the great shipping port for a large portion of the produce of the southeast section of the state. Pop., 1850, 2,478; 1856, about 6,500. Hancock, or Hamilton City, Hancock co., 111., nearly opposite Keokuk ; a small growing settlement, well situated. Montabello, in the same co., 4 miles above, has been re- cently settled by an enterprising population. It is a healthy location. Nashville, Lee co., lo., 3 miles above; pleasantly situa- PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI HIVES. 23 ted on the west bank of the river ; has a good steamboat- landing. Pop. about 250. Montrose, in tlie same co., 6 miles above ; situated at the head of' the "lower rapids." These rapids, as befoi'e men- tioned, obstruct navigation at low water, and many of the in- liabitants of this village are employed in lightening steamboats (that is taking out part of the cargo into flat-bottomed boats) over the rapids. From this point to the mouth of the Des Moines, numerous Indian mounds of almost every shape and size exist. Pop., 1850, 484 ; 1856, about 1,000. HauvGO City, Hancock co.. 111., nearly opposite Montrose, situated on the east side of the river, on an elevated plain of great extent and beauty. The river is here two miles wide, and along its banks for a great distance there is one of the most convenient and extensive steamboat-landings on the river. In consequence of a beautiful curve in the river, it bounds the town on the northwest, west, and southwest. This site was selected by the Mormons, in 1840, as their great central point, around which the " faithful" were to congregate for the propagation of the "faith of the Latter-Day Saints." A splendid temple was here erected of polished limestone, the dimensions of which were 132 feet long by 88 feet wide, pre- senting a fine appearance from the river, as the ground on which the city is built rises gradually from the Avatcr's edge, overlooking the surrounding country. In 1848, this temple was destroyed by fire, and the Mormons were expelled from the state ; since which the city has rapidly decayed. The site of the temple, and adjacent grounds, have been purchased by a company of French socialists, who are making essential improvements in and around the city. Pop., 1848, about 16,000; 1850, 1,130. Fort Madison, capital of Lee co., lo, 11 miles above; a flourishing town, on elevated ground, commanding a fine view of the river and surrounding country. The situation of the town is one of surpassing beauty, being on ground gradu- ally rising from the river. It contains the stateprison, and elegant county buildings. For ten years past, it has made rapid progress in wealth and population. A fortification was built here in 1808, as a defence against the Indians, . who obliged the garrison to abandon it. The fort was burnt I in 1813. The exports of lumber, pork, and all kinds of -S;. grain, are large. Several manufactories are in successful operation. Pop., 1850, 1,509; 1856, 4,000. 24 PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI KIYER. Appanoose, Hancock co., 111., nearly opposite Port Madison ; a small village recently settled. Pontoosuc, in the same co., 4 miles above ; a highly prosperous village ; the surrounding country is rapidly im- proving. Pop. about 650. Skunk River, lo., rises in Webster county, Iowa, and, after a southeast coui-se of 280 miles, enters the Mississippi, on the dividing line between Des Moines and Leo counties, nearly opposite Pontoosuc. It flows through a fertile farm- ing country, has many rapids affording immense water-power, and abounds with fish. Burlington City, capital of Des Moines co., lo., 24 miles above, and 245 above St. Louis, and 566 miles below St. Paul. It is surrounded with hills, to which the ground rises by a gentle acclivity, affording many commanding situ- ations on the high grounds. It is regularly laid out, and has many fine public buildings and private residences, built of brick or stone. The seat of government was removed from this town in 1840. Pop., 1850, 2,060 ; 1856, about 8,000. Oquaka, capital of Henderson co., 111., 16 miles above; a pleasant, flourishing village, situated on the banks of the river. Being the landing-place for the county, it has an active growing trade, and large quantities of produce are shipped from this port. It has the usual county buildings, and is the terminus of the Peoria and Oquaka railroad. Pop., 1850, 577; 1856, about 1,400. BInffdale Landing, Des Moines co., lo., 2 miles above ; a small thriving settlement. Pop. about 200. Benton Landing, Henderson co., lo., 2 miles above. The thriving village of Benton is situated 2 miles from the river, and promises to become a place of considerable impor- tance. Huron, Des Moines co., lo., 4 miles above ; a small vil- lage; has an excellent landing. Pop. about 150. Keitsburg, capital of Mercer co.. 111., 9 miles above ; a growing village, and has a flourishing trade with the back country. Pop. about 450. lo^wa River, 7 miles above ; a large river, rising in the north part of Iowa, and, taking a southeast course, after re- ceiving many tributaries, enters the Mississippi by two mouths i The mouth of the main branch is nearly opposite New Boston ; and the other, " Iowa Slough," 5 miles below. It is about 330 miles long, and is na\4gable for 90 miles to Iowa city. Along its banks are found some of the most fer- PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI EIVER. 25 tile lands in the Union, and numerous villages are springing up on both sides for 150 miles from its mouth. Its waters are clear and pure, and hundreds of excellent mill-seats exist along its course. Iowa City, capital of Johnson co., and former capital of the etate, 90 miles up the Iowa river. The site of this city comprises several plateaux or terraces of great beauty, and is laid out upon a grand scale. The re- moval of the etate capital to Fort Des Moines may temporarily affect its rapid increase ; yet, standing at the head of navigation (light steamboats reach this point at all stages of water), and in the midst of a rich agricul- tural region, it is destined to become an important inland city. Pop., 1850, 2,260; 1856, about 6,000. Fort Des Moines, capital of Polk co., and capital of the state, is pleas- antly situated at the junction of the Des Moines and Raccoon rivers, 125 miles west of lowacitj'. Previous to the recent removal of the state capital hither from Iowa city, it was a flourishing village, and is now rapidly in- creasing in population and wealth. Considerable expense has been in- curred to make the river to this point navigable during high water. The Missouri and Mississippi railroad, connectiiig Council Bluffs with the Mis- sissippi at Davenport, is expected to pass through this place. New Boston, Mercer co., 111., nearly opposite the mouth of the Iowa river. This prosperous village enjoys a large in- land trade. The amount of produce shipped from this point is very large ; it has an excellent landing. Pop., 1850, 229 ; ISSej^about 750. Port Louisa, Louisa co., 7 miles above ; recently settled, but promises to become a town of considerable importance. Pop. about 300. MUSCATINE CITY, Formerly Bloomington, and capital of Muscatine co., lo., 13 miles above, and 308 miles above St. Louis, is delightfully situated on the north bank, at a bend or arm of the river, being sun'ounded by hills, to which the ground rises by a gentle acclivity, affording many commanding situations on the high grounds. It is regularly laid out, with fine wide streets, well built up with public buildings and private resi- dences, some of which are very elegant. It has advantages which indicate that it will continue to grow in extent and importance. Its prosperity is increased by the certainty of a connection with the large towns up and down the river, and also with Chicago, by means of railroads already pro- jected. It is a large shipping port for the immense amount of produce raised in the adjoining counties. It was incorpo- rated as a city in 1853. Pop., 1850, 2,540; 1856, 7,000. Drury, Rock Island co., 111., 3 miles above ; a small settle- ment and landing-place. Fairport, Muscatine co., lo., 7 miles above; an enter- prising, growing village. Pop. about 250. 26 PLACES OX THE MISSISSIPPI KIVEK. Illinois City, Eock Island co., 111. ; a small flourishing village, nearly opposite Eairport. Pop. about 150. Andalusia, Eock Island co., 111., 14 miles above; well situated for trade, having a good landing. Pop. about 200. Buffalo, Scott CO., lo., nearly opposite Andalusia ; a small settlement, which, from its favorable situation, promises to be an important river port. Pop. about 150. Rock River, 111. and Wis., 5 miles above, rises in Fond du Lac CO., Wisconsin, near Lake Winnebago, and, flowing southwesterly, enters the state of Illinois at Beliot, whence it continues through the richest portions of the West, until it enters the Mississippi, 6 miles below Eock Island city. Length of the river, about 325 miles ; navigable for small steamboats to Jefferson co., Wisconsin, 233 miles. The river passes by the large to-wns of Janesville, Beloit, Eock- ford, and Dixon, besides several of smaller note. Rockingham, Scott co., lo., 2 miles above ; a small enter- prising village. Pop. about 200. ROCK ISLAND CITIT, Capital of Eock Island co., 4 miles above, nearly opposite Davenport. This important and flourishing place has been laid out on an extensive scale, 6 miles above the junction of Eock river with the Mississippi. It is largely engaged in manufactures, and has an extensive river and inland trade. The public and many of the private buildings are creditable to the town. The splendid railroad bridge, across the Missis- sippi, connecting this city with Davenport, is a magnificent work, worthy of the West. The river at this point is divided by Eock Island. The principal channel is west of the island. The entire length of the bridge is 5,830 feet, consisting of six spans of 250 feet each. The draw-pier, which stands in the middle of the main channel, is 40 feet in height, 45 feet in diameter at its base, and 37 feet at the top. On each side of this pier is a draw of 120 feet, working on the rotary princi- ple, which will be ample space for the passage of steamboats. These draws are to be kept open, except when a train is due ; and extraordinary precautions are taken to prevent accidents. Boats in sight, on the approach of a train, have the preference. The height of the bridge is 30 feet above low water. The cost of the work was $250,000. The railroads already built, and others that will yet be made, centring here, will make this city and Davenport great central points for a large dis- trict of the surrounding country. Po., 1850, 1711; 1856, about 5,500. PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 27 Rock Island, a large island, about 3 miles long, and an average width of I5 miles; the southern extremity is nearly- opposite Rock Island city. It presents a perpendicular front of limestone of 2.5 feet above high- water mark, presenting a bold, picturesque appearance. On this point stands Eort Armstrong. Rock Island Rapids extend up the river from Eock Island city, about 15 miles, with a descent in that distance of 21 feet. In various places ledges of rocks extend nearly across the river. Government has made appropriations to improve the river at this and other points. DAVENPORT CITY", Capital of Scott co., lo., opposite Rock Island city, is delight- fully situated on the west bank of the river, on ground gradu- ally rising from the shore, presenting a fine appearance. In the rear of the town high bluiFs obstruct the view. This place is noted for the splendid scenery that surrounds it. Here is an immense water-power; but coal is so easily mined, that it is chiefly used for manufacturing purposes. The great system of railroads centring here (see Rock Island city) must soon rank this among the great cities of the west. It is now a large shipping port for several counties of the state. Pop., 1850, 1,838; 1856, 10,000. Moline, Rock Island co., 111., 3 miles above Rock Island, islargely engaged in milling and manufacturing, the " rapids" of the river affording immense water-power. Pop. about 200. Hampton, Rock Island co., 111., 8 miles above ; eligibly situated, has a good landing, and is a prosperous village. Pop. 150. Berlin, Le Clare, and Parkliurst, Scott co., lo., lying near each other, about 6 miles above, are small thriving settlements. Le Clare is at the head of the upper rapids. Port Byron, Rock Island co.. 111., 1 mile above Park- hurst ; well situated for business. Pop. about 200. Princeton, Scott co., lo., 3 miles above ; a recent settle- ment. Pop. about 150. Cordova, Rock Island co., 111., 3 miles above ; a small, growing post village of considerable promise. Pop. about 200. "Wapsipinicon River, lo., 5 miles above, rises in Mit- chell CO., near the boundary of Minnesota, and, after a south- east course of 230 miles, enters the Mississippi as the dividing line between Clinton and Scott counties. The numerous rapids are a bar to navigation, but furnish fine water-power. p 1 ft 'HplBnHi H 1 i ^^3 ii# I'll Ml, '■! 1 Hi f' if' i ij] 1 ij ij 1 r' i '^H 1 m\'''MlKHi m 1 i ■ iLLiE-;ii'i';iM 1 ' 1 II' 'i l''|i' r M^\M^MI\J^^^S^B§k \< pW'aiBMI l> 1 ! Ml^^SIU«^Hk V ''^IHI il^Ki IB 1 ll^^^^/II^^PB^^fflOlHi iiflf |il|Mii I 1 1 PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI EIVEK. 29 Camanche, Clinton co., lo., 5 miles above ; a thriving set- tlement ; is the greatest shipping port of the county. Pop. about 350. Albany, "Whiteside co., III., 3 miles above ; a large flour- ishing post village, beautifully situated; has an extensive river trade. Pop. about 850. Ne"w "York., Clinton co., lo., 5 miles above ; a small set- tlement. Pop. about 150. Lyons, in the same co., 5 miles above, nearly opposite' Fulton city ; a thriving town ; has a good harbor, from which a large amount of produce is shipped. A railroad is project- ed from this point to Burlington, Port Des Moines, and the Missouri river, and another to Dixon and Chicago. A few years hence a large town will here be built up. Pop., 1850, 453; 1856, 800. Fulton City, Whiteside co., III., nearly opposite Lyons. This enterprising young town has all the advantages pertain- ing to Lyons. Beiiig on the great railroad route, it must continue to advance in wealth and population. It has a good landing, and is the shipping port of a large district of country. Pop. about 700. Bluffville, Carroll co., 111., 8 mile^ above; a pleasant little village, the growth of a few years; has a convenient landing. Pop. about 200. Sabiila, Jackson co., lo., 6 miles above ; a small, growing village ; has a convenient landing, from which is shipped con- siderable produce, raised in the county, and the northern part of Clinton co. Pop. about 175. Savannaii, Carroll co., III., 2 miles above. This flourish- ing river port is pleasantly situated on the east side of the river ; has an excellent landmg, from which large quantitgps of produce are shipped down the river. It is the terminus of the St. Charles and Mississippi railroad. The town is well laid out, and contains several fine public buildings and private residences. Pop., 1850, 658; 1856, about 1,100. Portsmouth, in the same co., 7 miles above; a small, pleasant village, well situated, at the junction of Apple river with the Mississippi. Pop. about 200. Makoqueta River, lo., 5 miles above, rises in Fayette CO., Iowa, and, after passing through Delaware, Jones, and Jackson counties, enters the Mississippi, 5 miles above Ports- mouth. There are several rapids, affording valuable water- power. Bellevue, capital of Jackson co., lo., 9 miles above. This 30 PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI EITER. - flourishing village is delightfully situated at the extremity of a beautiful plain, on a bluiF 35 feet above the river, ovei'look- ing the same for many miles. It has a superior landing. Its favorable position is appreciated by the inhabitants, who are making such improvements as will render it desirable both as a place of business and residence. From this port is shipped much of the products of the adjacent towns. Pop., 1850, 362 ; 1856, about 700. ' Fever or Bean River, 111., 6 miles above; a small riA^er or arm of the Mississippi, rises in Lafayette co.. Wis., near Elk Grove, and, passing into Jo-Davicss county. III., enters the Mississippi, 6 miles below Galena. It is a sluggish stream, rising and falling with the Mississippi as far as Galena, to which point it is navigable for the largest boats. Above this point it dwindles into a small stream, not navigable for any craft. GALSNA CITY, Capital of Jo-Daviess co., 436 miles above St. Louis, and 1651 above New Orleans, is advantageously situated on botli sides of Fever river, 6 miles above its entrance into the Mis- sissippi. The city is mostly built on the west side of the river, and its site, except for a few rods along the river, is a steep acclivity, the streets rising terrace-like, one above the other, presenting a fine appearance from the river. At tlie back of these terraces, 1,000 feet from the river, the surface of the land is a slight rolling prairie, until it reaches the Missis- sippi. On the east side of the river, the ground rises more gradually for 1^ miles, where the rolling prairie commences, extending many miles. Three substantial bridges are thrown atross the river at this point. Galena and Dubuque form the centre of the great lead region of the West, which occupies the northwestern portion of Illinois and southwestern corner of Wisconsin, and a strip of a few miles in width on the opposite side of the Mississippi, in Iowa, equal to a surface of 3,200 square miles. In passing over the country from Galena to Wisconsin river, the most remarkable feature noticed is the immense "lead diggings" that everywhere meet the eye ; many of these excavations are of great depth, rendering night-travelling dangerous in some sections. Cattle and horses frequently perish by falling into them. The town presents a very metallic appearance, inasmuch as its levee, for some distance, is lined with pigs of lead awaiting shipment. It is estimated that the lead mines in PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI KITER. 31 this vicinity are capable of producing 150,000,000 pounds annually for ages to come. Its trade with the surrounding country, embracing a district from thirty to a hundred miles, is very great, and is constantly increasing. It furnishes an immense amount of goods for the Upper Mississippi, em- bracing Minnesota, western Wisconsin, and northeastern Iowa. Since the completion of the Galena and Chicago rail- road, the business of and travel throiigh this point have great- ly increased. The great chain of railroads projected will soon connect it with the large towns on the Lower and Upper Mis- sissippi, and the new villages at every point of the compass. Much wealth is centred here, which is being liberally expend- ed in the erection of churches, institutions of learning, private residences, and public improvements. Pop., 1850, 6,004; 1856, about 12,000. Tete de Marie, Dubuque co., lo., 1 mile above Eever riv- er ; a settlement of a few houses. DUBUQUE CITIT, Capital of Dubuque co., lo., 18 miles above Fever river; pleasantly situated on the west bank of the Mississippi, 376 miles below the falls of St. Anthony, kit is built on a table area, or terrace, which extends along the river for several miles, teiTninating on the west by a range of high cliffs. It is regularly laid out, the streets running parallel with each other. The town is more compactly built, contains a greater proportion of elegant buildings, and a larger population, than any other town in the state. This 4;own, with Galena, is located in the midst of the great lead region, and owes its great prosperity to the vast amount of capital invested in mining and smelting. It has a large trade with the Upper Mississippi. The rapid settlements of the adjacent counties, together with the several railroads centring here, will soon make this one of the great cities of the West. It takes its name from M. Dubuque, a Fi-enchman, who obtained a com- mission from the Spanish government for mining lead. His tomb is on the summit of a bluff, 200 feet high, on the banks of the river, just below the town. Pop. about 12,500. Duuleith, Jo-Daviess co., 111., opposite Dubuque; a thriving village of recent origin. The Southern Wisconsin railroad, connecting this point with Milwaukie, terminates here. Pern, Dubuque co., lo., 8 miles above; a small village, pleasantly situated on the south side of Little Makoqueta river, at its junction with the Mississippi. Pop. about 300. 32 PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI EIVER. Binipee, Grant co., Wis., 3 miles above; a small settle- ment just below the mouth of Platte river; has a convenient landing. Osceola, in the same co., 4 miles above ; well situated for trade, the land in the vicinity being immensely fertile. Potosi Landing, in the same co., 3 miles above, at the mouth of Grant river. The principal village is If miles from the landing. The town owes most of its importance to its being in the midst of the lead lesrion, large quantities of which are shipped from this place, to which steamboats ascend during high water. It is incorporated. Pop. 4,5(10. Buena Vista, Clayton co., lo., 6 miles above ; a prosper- ous settlement. Pop. about 250. Frankfoid, in the same co., 3 miles above; a settlement near the junction of Turkey river with the Mississippi. Turkey River, lo. The north fork rises in Howard co., and, after a southeast course of 105 miles, unites with the south fork in Clayton co., 25 niiles from its mouth, and enters the Mississippi nearly opposite Cassville, Wisconsin ; whole length, 130 miles. It is not navigable, but has numerous excellent mill-sites. Cassville, Grant co.. Wis., 12 miles above Frankford ; a handsome, flourishing village, well laid out; has a brisk river trade; exports considerable lead, which is mined in the vicinity. Pop. about 400. Guttenbiirg, Clayton co., lo., 11 miles above; a thriving post village. A large population of enterprising Germans is located in this vicinity. It has a good landing for steam- boats ; lead mines are worked in this and neighboring towns to advantage. Pop. about 300. Mendota, Grant co.. Wis., 7 miles above; a growing village, settled by an industrious and energetic class of people. It is well situated for trade. Pop. about 350. Clayton City, Clayton co., lo., 8 miles above; is well situated ; has a good landing for steamboats ; great quantities of produce are shipped from this river port. Rich lead mines exist in the vicinity. Pop. about 400. Kilroy, Clayton co., lo., 2 miles above ; a small thriving village ; has a good steamboat-landing. Pop. about 200. Cincinnati, Grant co.. Wis., nearly opposite Kilroy; a small village, well situated for trade. WISCONSIN RIVER, Nine miles above ; a large river of Wisconsin. It has its rise in a small lake, " Vieux Desert," on the boundary between PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI EIVER. 33 Michigan and Wisconsin, in Marathon county. Its course is nearly south, until it reaches Portage city, Columbia county ; from this point it takes a southAvest course, and falls into the Mississippi, 4 miles below Prairie du Chien. The river is 560 yards wide at its mouth, and its entire length about 520 miles. It is navigable for small steamboats to Portage city, 212 miles. Numerous thriving villages are rising along its banks. Large quantities of lumber and produce are annually sent down the river. McGregor's Landing, Clayton co., lo., 2 miles above ; a small smlement, is the landing-place for Farmersburg. The situation is good, being the shipping port for the north- west section of the county. Pop. about 200. Fort Crawford, Crawford co., Wis., 1 mile above, and 1 mile below Prairie du Chien ; is one of the most delightful sites in the west. It is situated on a ridge or bluff half a mile from the shore, and has an uninterrupted view of the river far to the south, with a level plain in front, extending down the river for 8 miles. The view of this extended plain, with the picturesque bluffs in the distance, is one of surpassing beauty and grandeur. Prairie du Chien, capital of Crawford co., Wis., 1 mile above, and 529 miles from St. Louis, and 296 miles below the falls of St. Anthony ; is pleasantly situated on the northern edge of an extensive prairie, overlooking the river for several miles. It contains neat county buildings, several churches, and elegant private residences. It enjoys an extensive inland and river trade. Numerous Indian mounds, of all shapes, are found in the vicinity. Copper mines exist in various sec- tions of the county. Pop. about 5,500. Brookville, northeasit corner of Clayton co., lo., nearly opposite Prairie du Chien, is a small, growing village. PaintedRock, Alamakee co., lo., 12 miles above ; is cele- brated as connected with the Indian sacrifices and offerings to the Great Spirit. It can be seen from the river. LynxviUe, Crawford co., Wis., 12 miles above ; a small landing-place. Pop. about 100. Wexford, Alamakee co., lo., 3 miles above; is located upon a pleasant slope, rising from the river, and will in a few years become an important river-port. Columbus, in the same co., 12 miles above ; recently set- tled ; has a good landing, Lansing, in the same co., 3 miles above. This enter- prising village is the shipping ]i0rt of the northern part of the 3 34 PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI EIVEK. county. There is an excellent road, 30 miles in length, to Decorah, the capital of Winneshiek co., pn which there is a large amount of travel. Pop. about 300. Upper Iowa River, lo., 9 miles above; rises in Rice co., Min., and after running a southeast direction as far as De- corah, it flows in a northeast direction, until it enters the Mississippi, 4 miles below the dividing line between Iowa and Minnesota territory. Length, 188 miles. State Line between Iowa and Wisconsin. 4 miles above. Bad Axe Eiver, Bad Axe co.. Wis. ; a small river that rises in the county, and enters the Mississippi f)pposite the dividing line between Iowa and Wisconsin. Length, 45 ms. Warner's Landing, Bad Axe co.. Wis., 18 miles above, a small promising settlement. Racoon River, in the same co., 2 miles above ; a small stream, 20 miles in length. Hokah, or Root River, 16 miles above, rises in Rice CO., Min., takes an easterly course of 110 miles, and enters the Mississippi 5 miles below La Crosse. Navigable for flat- boats, 25 miles. La Crosse (Prairie La Crosse), capital of La Crosse co., Wis., 5 miles above; pleasantly situated on the west bank of the river, at the mouth of the La Crosse river, 200 miles below the falls of St. Anthony, and 96 miles above Prairie du Chien. Pop. about 800. La Crosse River, Wis., rises in Jacksdn co., and after a southwest course of 70 miles, enters the Mississippi just above La Crosse. Black River, Wis., 6 miles above, rises in Marathon co., flows in a south-southeasterly dii-ection, for 175 miles, and enters the Mississippi 102 miles above Prairie du Chien. It is navigable 60 miles for small boats. Mountain River, Wis., 25 miles above ; rises in Jackson CO. Length 45 miles. Holmes Landing, Buffalo co.. Wis., 22 miles above, a pleasant landing-place for steamboats. Pop. about 150. Minnesota City, Fillmore co., Min., nearly opposite Holmes Landing. This prosperous village is pleasantly situ- ated on the west bank of the river, on high ground, over- looking the adjacent countiy. It was settled by the Western Village Association in 1852. Sugar Loaf Island, 4 miles above ; a rocky island some 350 feet high, rising from near the centre of the river, in the dii'ect track of steamboats ; a great natural curiosity. PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 35 Wazi Oju River, 10 miles above, rises in several small lakes on the dividing line of Rice and Scott cos., and, after flowing 55. miles easterly, falls into the Mississippi 133 miles below St. Paul. Wabashaw, capital of Wabashaw co., Min., 12 miles above ; a flourishing village on the west bank of the river, overlooking it for a great distance. It has facilities for, and will no doubt soon become, a large river port. The back country is exceedingly fertile. Pop. about 600. Buffalo River, Wis., nearly opposite Wabashaw, rises in Jackson co., and flowing southwesterly, enters the Missis- sippi 107 miles below St. Paul. It has several falls, afford- ing excellent water-power. Length 70 miles. Reed's Landing, Wabashaw co., Min., 17 miles above; a small thriving settlement, well situated for trade. Pop. about 250. Nelson's Landing, Buffalo co., Wis., 2 miles above; advantageously situated on the east side of the Mississippi, immediately below the mouth of the Chippewa river. The immense quantities of lumber that pass here, from the Chip- pewa river, together with the rich agricultural country around it, must render it one of the most importants points upon the waters of the upper Mississippi. Cliippewa River, Wis., rises from several small lakes in Marathon co., near the boundary of the northern peninsula of Michigan. It has a southwesterly course of 225 miles, and falls into the Mississippi at the foot of Lake Pepin, just above Nelson's Landing. Small steamboats ascend to the principal (Chippewa) falls, 80 miles. It is 400 yards wide at its mouth. The scenery above the Mis is of the most grand description. Immense pine-forests are found along its banks ; several mills are in operation, converting them into lumber for the southern market. Maiden's Rock, Dunn co.. Wis., 22 miles above Chip- pewa ; a stupendous rock, 475 feet high, from which, tradition says, an Indian maiden cast herself headlong, after having been forbidden, by her father to marry an Indian brave of her choice. Lake Pepin is an expansion of the Mississippi, 28 miles long, and from 2 to 4 miles wide. It is studded with small islands of great - beauty. Just below the entrance of Rush river, on the east shore, and 6 miles below the head of the lake, is a lofty range of limestone, one of which is called 36 PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. "Maiden's Rock/' Several small streams or rivers entei the lake from Wisconsin and Iowa. Red Wing, capital of Goodhue co., Min., 19 miles abovo Maiden's Rock ; delightfully situated on the west bank of the river, on an extended plain, well calculated for a great city. On the western edge of the plain, magnificent bluffs crown the beauty of the landscape ; still back of these bluffs, the vast rolling prairie commences. This place is fast rising in wealth and population. The Hamline university, under the direction of the Methodists, has been chartered by the state, to be located here. Present population about 700. Cannon, or Lahotan River, 4 miles above; a small river in Min. ; rises in Goodhue co., and enters the Missis- sippi 43 miles below St. Paul. Length 45 miles. Presoott, capital of Pierce co., 26 miles above, at the con- fluence of the St. Croix with the Mississippi. Already the effects of its favorable position are beginning to be realized. The immense amount of pine lumber coming down the St. Croix, the amount of goods required in the "pineries," and the fertility of the soil around it, must all combine to make this an important river port. Pop. 700. St. Croi-x, River and Lake, an important river of Min. and Wis., rises in La Pointe and Douglas cos.. Wis., on the dividing ridge between Lake Superior and Mississippi river, and, flowing southwesterly until it reaches 46° 5' north latitude, where it takes a southerly course, forming the boun- dary line between Wisconsin and Minnesota, until it enters the Mississippi at Prescott and Point Douglas, 31 miles below the falls of St. Anthony. Along its course it receives many tributaries, enters St. Croix lake, a long and narrow body of water, and passing through it, becomes contracted again before entering the Mississippi. Its principal tributaries are the Namekagon, Shell, Snake, Everflowing, and Willow rivers. Its Avhole length is about 230 miles, and it is navigable to the St. Croix Palls, 67 miles. There are a number of vil- lages springing up along its banks, besides those named below. Hudson (formerly Willow river), capital of St. Croix co.. Wis., is pleas- antly situated, 20 miles up the St. Croix river, just below the mouth of Wil- low river. It contains the usual county buildings. This town is rapidly improving. It will soon be what its location warrants, a place of much im- portance. Pop. 900. Stillwater, capital of Washington co., Min. ; beautifully situated 7 niles above Hudson, on the east side of Lake St. Croix, on rising ground, coniEianding a fine view of the surrounding country. It contains the tounty buildings, state penitentiary, and several elegant warehouses and private residences. This is the centre of the '* pineries," and owes its pros- perity to the vast amount of lumber prepared here and shipped down the river. It is rapidly increasing in population and wealth. Pop. about 3000. PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 37 St. Croix Falls, capital of Polk co., Wis., on the St. Croix river; eligi- bly situated on tlie east bank, 40 miles above Stillwater. Considerabfe capital is here invested in tlie lumber business, whicb, together with the fer- tile lands tliat surround it, must soon render this an important town. Pop. about 151)0. Point Douglas, Washington co., Min. ; advantageously situated on a point formed by the confluence of the St. Croix with the Mississippi, 20 miles below the falls of St. Anthony. It is rapidly increasing in population, and will soon become to the St. Croix, what St. Louis is to the Missouri. The town was surveyed in 1849. Pop. about 400. Vermillion River, Min., 1 mile above, rises in Herhakah or Scott lake, Scott co., and flowing 40 miles northeasterly, enters the Mississippi 1 mile above Point Douglas. There are numerous falls which render it navigable only for a short distance. Red Rock, Ramsey co., Min., 2 miles above, on the east side of the river ; a small village named from a rock that the Indians have kept painted for a long period. The place is well situated, having an excellent landing for steamboats. Pop. about 200. Kaposia (Little Crow village), Dakota co., Min., 10 miles above, and 5 miles below St. Paul ; pleasantly situated on the west bank of the river, on a plain, which extends back to the adjacent bluffs. Pop. about 200. ^ ST. PAUL CITY, Port of entry, capital of Ramsey co., and capital of Minne- sota, is situated on the left bank of the river, 4 miles above, 14 miles below St. Anthony's falls, and 2126 miles from the gulf of Mexico. This city is beautifully situated on two terraces or bluffs; one 40 feet above high-water mark, the other 75 feet. It is nearly encircled with picturesque hills, from which issue numerous springs of the purest water. The first permanent storehouse was built in 1843. For three or four years the improvements were not rapid, but since 1848 it has grown with almost unexampled rapidity for a new country. A beautiful statehouse, 140 by 54 feet, surmounted by a splendid metallic dome, a number of beautiful and sub- stantial church edifices, a seminary, hotels, and other public buildings, have been erected. Several well-patronized news- papers are published here. This city, together with Mendota, St. Anthony, and Minneapolis, must become the great com- mercial centre of the northwest. The commerce of this town is already very great. The arrivals of steamboats average over one per day during the period of navigation. The 38 PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI RITEK. society of the city is a mixture of almost every race, from nearly all the civilized nations on the globe, all commingling and harmonizing for the purposes of gain. The Baldwin col- lege or institute is located here. Pop. 1850, 1298; 185G, about 9,500. Mendota (formerly St. Peter's), capital of Dakota co., Min., 1 mile below Fort Snelling, half a mile below the mouth of the Minnesota, and 6 miles above St. Paul, is delightfully situated on the west bank of the Mississippi, on an extended plain, stretching down the river, and Avest three quarters of a mile to the high rolling prairie. On the summit of one of these high points, stands an Indian buiying-place. The man- ner of interment is as follows : a framework or scaffold, 9 feet high, composed of four saplings 3 or 4 inches in diameter, having crotchets at the top, are inserted in the ground ; across these, other sticks and bushes of suliicient strength are laid ; the body, after having been wrapped in blankets, is then laid on this scaffold and properly secured against the action of the wind. The corpse is frequently adorned with eagle's feathers and strips of red cloth, which can be seen from a great dis- tance. After the body has remained on this platform four or five months, the remains are taken and deposited on the surface of the ground, when a covering of earth of 12 or 18 inches is thrown o^cer it, completing the ceremony- The writer endeavored to ascertain the object of thus exposing the body for a season above ground; the most satisfactory solution of which was, that the spirit lingered around the body while the flesh was decomposing. This place, on account of its being at the mouth of a great river, and in the midst of one of the most fertile districts on the globe, and especially as it is at the head of navigation of the great Mis- sissippi, must become a large commercial town. This point is within the military reservation (connected with Fort Snel- ling) of 10 miles square, and has for many years been an important depot of the American Fur Company. Large quan- tities of furs, from the far-off Northwest, are here shipped for St. Louis. From the summit of Pilot Knob, wliich lies half a mile back of Mendota, a splendid view is had of the coun- try for a great distance. Pop. about 1,000. BSOTA (Formerly St. Peter's) RIVBR, A large river of Minnesota, 630 miles in length, rises in Pern bina co., in latitude 46° north, flowing a southeasterly course, until it receives the Mankato, at the to^vn of Mankato, Col- / PLAOKS ON THE MISSISSIPPI KITER. 39 let CO., 120 miles from its mouth, when it takes a northeast com-se, until its entrance into the Mississippi, half a mile below Fort Snelling. It is navigable for steamboats 75 miles, and for keel-boats 65 miles further. It receives some 30 trib- utaries, several of which are streams of considerable magni- tude. The falls along its upper sections afford unlimited water-power. The land which this river drains, is of the richest quality, and capable of sustaining a dense population. There are a number of settlements commenced along its banks, among which are Shockopee, Hennepin co. ; Robert's Land- ing, Sibley co. ; Big Legs, in the same co. ; Travers de Sioux, Mankato Slough Agency, Pierce co. ; and Scisson Village, in Pembina co. About 27 miles southwest of the junction of the Blue-Earth river with the Minnesota, on the summit of a beautiful natural elevation, in the midst of an extensive undulating prairie, is a large artificial truncated mound, which rises 40 feet above the adjacent elevations, and occupies an area of 6 acres. Fort Snelling, Ramsey county, Min., 1 mile above, 7 miles below St. Anthony's Falls, and 2,032 miles above New Orleans. It is situated on the right side of, and at a sharp bend in, the river, on an abrupt bank, 80 feet above low water- mark, overlooking the river and adjacent country for a great distance.. The fort is enclosed by a massive wall, the only entrance being on the north side. It is unapproachable on the side facing the river, the ascent being an angle of forty- five degrees. The United States reserves a tract of land 10 miles square, for government purposes. The fort stands on the southern point of the reservation. It was erected as a protection against the Indians. From this point a prospect of surpassing beauty is presented ; on the north, a vast prairie, as level as a house-floor, extends to the falls of St. Anthony ; on the west, the high rolling prairies rise in the distance, and in moderately-elevated hills, over which the narrow trail of the Indian is distinctly seen, leading to his far-off home in the wilderness ; on the south, the beautiful Mississippi lies at your feet, which by its windings is soon lost to the view; toward the east, prairie and woodland are agreeably inter- spersed, completing the grand panorama. On one of the great swells of this prairie-sea, is seen an Indian burying- ground, above described. This is a great central rendezvous for the Sioux, Chippewa, and other tribes of Indians, where they receive their annuities from government, too often spend- ing the same for worthless ornaments, and "fire water." 40 PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI EIVER. St. Anthony's Falls, 1,020 miles from the source of the Mississippi, 825 miles above St. Louis, and 2,140 miles above the gulf of Mexico. The river here has a perpendicular fall of 18 feet, and a series of rapids below. A small island at the brow of the precipice divides the current into two parts ; the largest of which passes on the west side of the island. The rapids below the falls are filled with large fragments of rock, in the interstices of which some alluvial soil has accu- mulated, which nourishes a stinted growth of cedars. The rapids above the falls are not more than 10 feet in 300 yards, and scarcely perceptible at high water. The entire fall in three quarters of a mile is 65 feet. Without the grandeur of Niagara, the falls, when viewed from below, or from the western bank, are beautiful and sublime. The falls were dis- covered in 1680. {See Mississippi Kiver.) ST. ANTHOHir CITY Ramsey co., Min., 7 miles above Fort Snelling, and 8 miles from St. Paul, by land ; delightfully situated on the east side of the Mississippi, at the falls of St. Anthony, on an elevated prairie that rises gradually from the river, overlooking the falls and river. It is well laid-out, the streets crossing each other at right angles. In the rear of the town another terrace or plateau rises, presenting a landscape of great beauty. Situated in the midst of a rich agricultural district, and possessing the greatest water-power (Niagara excepted) in North America, it must, in time, become the great manufac- turing city of the Northwest. Already splendid mills and extensive manufactories are in successful operation. By looking at the map of the country, scarcely a doubt can exist, that this point must be to this northern region, what St. Louis is to the country washed by the Missouri river. Tourists from every section of the western continent, as well as from the old world, after visiting the points of interest in this region, acknowledge that the "tour of Europe" hardly affords equal attractions. In 1841, a, solitary half-breed's shanty alone marked the site where the city now stands. The university of Minnesota, chartered in 1851, is located here. Congress having donated two townships of land for that purpose. The citizens are manifesting a good degree of interest in erecting church edifices, and buildings appropriated for institutions of learning. A splendid obseiwatory 92 feet high, has been erect- ed by a public-spirited individual, from the summit of which an immense tract of country can be surveyed. Pop. about 4,400. PLACES OX THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 41 Minneapolis, Hennepin co., Min., opposite the city of St. Anthony, just above the falls, on land gently rising from the river to the distance of half a mile, where there is a gentle swell extending quite a distance, nearly parallel with the river, and forming fine sites for public or private buildings. Thence south, bearing east, is an unbroken prairie, extending nearly to Fort Snelling, 7 miles distant. This prairie is crossed by Minne-ha-ha creek, upon which is the inimitable Minne-ha-ha Falls, a beautiful body of water, 35 yards wide, and 65 feet fall. Visiters can walk with safety behind the slieet of water. The site of this village is one of great beauty ; from the tops of the houses a splendid panoi-ama is spread out at every point of the compass. In 1842, there was only one dilapi- diited house, occupied by a sergeant attached to t»io garrison at Fort Snelling, whose duty it was to attend to a large num- ber of beef cattle, designed for the use of the troops at the fort. The town is rapidly increasing in population and wealth. Pop. 2000. Note. — The Mississippi above the falls of St. Anthony is navigable a great distance ; a steamboat runs to Sauk Rapids, a distance of 85 miles, and thence to Little Falls, 45 miles be- yond ; these two falls are the principal obstructions to naviga- tion for the distance of 450 miles from St, Anthony. (For a more particular description of the Mississippi above St. Anthony's Falls, see Mississippi river.) The Winnebago Indians for generations have been at enmity with the Sioux, which has resulted in the death of many of their bravest warriors. The Illinois tribe almost exterminated them in 1640, They were enemies to the United States in the war of 1812, and again took up arms against the whites in the Black Hawk war, in 1832. The tribe, now about 4,000 strong, is scattered about upon the Mississippi, 75 miles above the falls of St. Anthony. FSOM NEW ORLEANS TO THE GULE OF MEXICO. VERSAILLES, St. Bernard parish, La., 5 miles below New Orleans; a landing-place, with a few houses. FonT St. Leon, Plaquemine parish, La., 11 miles below, on a sharp ano'le of the river, on the right. Fort St. Philip, on the left, and Fort Jackson, on the right, both in the same parish, 56 miles below; they stand as sentinels to guard the Father of Waters, and give obtrusive foes a warm reception. The Mouths of the Mississippi, 28 miles below, are several in number, and discharge an immense body of water into the gulf. The water is very turbid, being mixed with a large amount of vegetable and mineral sul>- stances. (See Mississippi River for further description.) 42 PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. FROM NEW ORLEANS TO ST. LOUIS. NEW ORLEANS CITY, Familiarly termed the " Crescent city," from its form bending parallel with the Mississippi, port of entry and commercial metropolis of the southwestern states, and in 1850 the sixth in population in the United States, is situated on the north bank of the river, 100 miles from its entrance into the gulf of Mexico. Its position and appearance are singularly dilFerent from those of any other American city. The ground as it recedes from the river, descends by a gentle inclination, causing the houses when viewed irom a point not much above the level of high water, to seem to rise immediately from it. A levee, or dike, forms a margin between the city and river, and protects the former from the latter. It is built 200 feet wide, and extends 4 miles, presenting a most animated scene of commercial pr9s- perity. The inhabitants of New Orleans are of many descrip- tions. Except New York, no city includes so many Americans from so many different states ; while the number of blacks, French and Spanish Creoles, and foreigners, from every nation, is still greater. These representatives of many nations are drawn to New Orleans by its geographical and commercial relations to the West Indies, South America, Mexico, and the southern parts of North America. The Creole citizens are descendants of the French, Spanish, and Germans, who originally founded and peopled the city, and constitute a large proportion of the population. The position of New Orleans, with regard to the interior of the United States, is still more important. Situated near the mouth of the great river of the American continent, with its immense confluents, Missouri, Ohio, Red, Illinois, Arkansas, &c., al- most the whole trade of those streams and their numerous tributaries flows to it as a vast receiving and distributing reservoir; hence the exports of New Orleans are exceeded by those of no other American city, New York excepted. The great staples of the southern and western states, sugar, cotton, wheat, flour, corn, beef, pork, and lead, are the prin- ipal articles shipped from this port. The harbor is deep and ?(pacious ; ships of the lai-gest class, and steamboats of every description, here congregate, enlivening the scene as they move from point to point. From the city to the bar near the gulf of Mexico, the river has an average depth of 75 feet, affording good anchorage for miles along the wharves. The ^^,^^^;^2^>4^^:^cJ^^^^y^'«>3n^ 44 PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. bed of the river and its banks toward the mouth are gradiiallj rising;, owing to the sediment that is continually settling to the bottom. In 1722, there were 2.5 feet of water on the bar, and, in 1855, there were only 9 feet. The present mouth of the river is three miles beyond the mouth in 1725. The city is gradually extending toward Lake Ponchartrain, on the north, which communicates with the Mississippi, by a canal, the Bayou St. John, and a railroad 6 miles long, and with the gulf of Mexico by Lake Borgne, and intermediate pas- sages. The Mexican Gulf railroad connects with Proctors- viiie, 27 miles distant. From the commercial advantages which New Orleans enjoys, it is apparent that its progress is almost unlimited, and the necessary result of the settlement of the vast region of the western valley. It contains a greaJ; number of churches, hospitals, charitable institutions, banks, the university of Louisiana, a branch mint, and many flourish- ing academies and schools. The city is abundantly supplied with water, elevated from the Mississippi into a reservoir, and thence distributed through the city. New Orleans Avas named in honor of the duke of Orleans, regent of France during the minority of Louis XV. Pop., in 1763, 3,190; 1810, 17,242; 1820, 27,176; 1830, 46,310; 1840, 102,193; 1850, 116,375; 1853, 145,346. The bavtle of New Orleans is among the most remarlvable on record, on account of the number engaged, and the small number that were slain on the part of ibe victors. In the latter part of December, 1814, General Jack- sBon tiad concentrated his troops (about 3,000 in number, and mostly militia) ■within a line of entrenchments cast up four miles below the city, where they were twice cannonaded by the British, without much effect. Finally, on the morning of the 8th January, 1815, Packenham advanced with his whole force, numbering more Ihau 12,000 men, to make a general assault. Reinforced by about 3,000 militia, chiefly Kentuckians, Jackson had now 6,000 marksmen concealed behind his intrenchments, or stationed at bat- teries on his extended line. When the British approached within reach of these batteries, the Americans opened a terrible cannonade, yet the enemy continued to advance until within range of the American rifles. Volley after volley then poured a deadly storm of lead upon the invaders. The British column soon wavered. General Packenham fell, and the entire army fled in disorder, leaving 700 dead, and more than a thousand wounded, on the field. The fugitives hastened to their encampments, January 9th, and finally to their ships (January 18th), and escaped. The Americans were so safely intrenched, that they lost only seven men killed, and six wounded, in this victorious battle. Algiers, St. Bernard parish. La., opposite New Orleans ; a tlmving village ; has several manufacturing establishments, and a number of extensive shipyards. Carrolton, Jefferson parish. La., on the left bank of the river, 6 miles above New Orleans, with which it is connected by a railroad, is a delightful place of residence for merchants doing business in the city. During the warm season it is the PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVEK. 45 favoi'ite resort of multitudes of pleasure-seekers . Its extensive flower-gardenfj are peculiarly beautiful and attractive. Pop., 1850, 1,313. Red Church, St. Charles parish, 18 miles above. Bonnet Quare Church, St. John Baptist parish, 20 miles above. Jefferson College, St. James parish, La., 20 miles above, is pleasantly situated on the east side of the river. Donaidsonville, capital of Ascension parish, La., 16 miles above, at the mouth of the Bayou Lafourche ; formerly the capital of the state ; has a good landing for steamboats, and considerable trade. Bayou Lafourche, Ibberville parish. It leaves tlie Mis- sissippi just above Donaidsonville, and, after passing through Assumption, Lafourche, and Jnterior parishes, unites with the gulf of Mexico, east of Timbalier bay. St. Ann Chapel, Ascension parish. La., 18 miles above. Bayou Goula, in the same parish, 2 miles above. Louisiana Institute, Ascension parish, La., 1 mile above ; pleasantly situated, overlooking the river. St. Gabriel Church, Ibberville parish. La., 5 miles above. Ibberville P. O., in the same parish, 1 mile above. Plaquemine, in the same parish, 8 miles above ; pleas- antly situated on the west bank of the river, just below the egress of Plaquemine Bayou. It exports large quantities of cotton, and has a superior steamboat-landing. Plaquemine Bayou, just above the village of the same name ; an outlet of the river. The water of the river only flows into it Avhen that river approaches its extreme height ; it is then navigable for large boats for a few miles. Bayou Ibberville, 5 miles above, 25 miles in length; navigable only during high water. Manchac, East Baton Rouge parish. La., just above Bayou Ibberville ; a landing-place contairiing a few houses. Bruly Landing, West Baton Rouge parish, La., 12 miles above. BATON ROUGE CITY, Capital of E. Baton Rouge parish, and capital of the state, 6 miles above ; mostly situated on a bluff or plain elevated 40 feet above high water ; the business portion is mostly on one street along the river, at the foot of the bluff. The seat of government was removed to this place in 1847. Since that time the business and population have greatly increased. The .i 4B PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. State penitentiaiy is located here. A splendid statehouse and other public buildings adorn the town. This is considered one of the most salubrious locations on the river below Cairo. Its river trade is quite extensive. Pop. 1850, 3,905. .^■""^^'^^t^^^--^!^* Late Residence of General Taylor. "West Baton Rouge, in the parish of the same name, ou the opposite side of the river ; a suburb of the capital. Pop. 300. Port Hickory and Fontaiiia, East Feliciana parish, La., 22 miles above ; a small steamboat landing-place. Port Hudson, in the same parish, 1 mile above, adjoining Port Hickory, is pleasantly situated ; has an active river trade. The sugar cane is extensively cultivated in the vicinity. Cotton and sugar in large quantities are shipped from this port. The Clinton and Port Hudson Railroad, 24 miles in length, terminates here. The white cliifs on which the village is built, present a fine appearance from the river. "Waterloo, Point Coupee parish. La., 4 miles above ; a small pleasant settlement, just above the head of False river. (False river re-enters the Miss., after a circuit of 8 miles.) Pop. 1850, 238. Bayou Sara village, West Feliciana parish, La., 6 miles above ; a flourishing village. The surrounding country pro- ' \ 48 PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI PwITEE. duces a great amount of cotton which is shipped from this point. A bayou of the same name unites with the Missis- sippi at this place. St. Francisville, capital of West Feliciana parish, La., 1 mile up the Bayou Sara, pleasantly situated on the south side of the bayou, on an ele- vated bluff, which extends along the stream for some distance. It has a landing from which large quantities of corn and other agricultural products are shipped to New Orleans, Point Coupee, capital of Point Coupee parish, La., 5 miles above Bayou Sara. It has the usual county buildings, and is the residence of wealthy planters owning plantations in the interior. Here commences the " Levee" which extends below New Orleans. Many of the inhabitants are of French descent. • Morganza, Point Coupee parish. La,, 1 1 miles above ; a small settlement, with a good steamboat-landing, in a sharp bend of the river. Bayou Tunica, West Peliciana Parish, La., 15 miles above, is navigable for 10 miles during high water. Red River Cut-Off, 22 miles above ; a large bend in the river ; formerly boats could not pass this cut, but were obliged to keep the usual course of the river; recently the cut-ofF channel has been deepened, so as to allow the largest boats to pass. Atchafalaya Bayou, La., 8 miles above ; a large strea'qi, navigable for a short distance. RED RIVER, Two miles above, the first great .tributary of the Mississippi above its mouth, rises at the base of the Rocky mountains, near Santa Fe. It is formed by several head branches, and receives several tributaries, the largest of Avhich are Blue river and False Washitta. A greater part of its course is through prairie of rich soil, which colors its waters ; hence the origin of its name. About 100 miles above Natchitoches, com- mences what is termed the "Raft," which consists of a swampy expansion of the river, to the width of 25 miles, and has a length of 60 miles. The river divides into a great num- ber of channels, many of which are shallow, and these chan- nels have been obstructed by fallen trees, brought down by the floods from above. In some places the raft covers the whole river, and the grass and willows grow on the alluvial soil collected on it. In 1834-5, at great expense, the raft was mostly removed by the general government, but another has since been formed. Boats pass this point at high-water, by leaving the river above the raft, in a channel PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 49 which flows into a lake, and following the outlet of this lake until it joins the river below the raft. Were it not for this raft, tlie river would be navigable for 800 miles. Below the raft, and 4 miles above Naichitoches, the whole volume of the river is again united, but soon divides into many channels, and fills an immense number of bayous and lakes that lie parallel to it. Its whole length is 1700 miles, and its course js generally southeast. It enters the Mississippi 57 miles below Natchez. Alexandria. Rapides parish, La., 165 miles above the month of the river, and 399 miles above New Orleans. The town is pleasantly situated, and eujoys a good river trade. Pop. about 700. Natchitoches, capital of Natchitoches parish, La., 98 miles above Alex- andrirt. It is pleasantly situated on the west side of the river, at the foot of a bluff. Its river trade is somew^hat extensive. It has good county buildin>>B. and some fine private residences. Pop. 1850, 1261. Shreveport, capital of Caddo parish. La., 140 miles above Natchitoches; a flourishing villai^e on the west bank of the river. This is a great ship- pmg port for cotton, from 50,000 to 75,000 bales of which are shipped an- nually. There is no land in the south better adapted to the growth of cot- ton, than is found in this vicinity. Railroads will soon connect this point with Vicksburg, Mississippi, and Austin, Texas. Pop. 1850, 1728. Jefferson, capital of Cass co., Texas, 53 miles above Shreveport, not situated on the Red river, but is pleasantly located on Big Cypress bayou, 5 miles above its entrance into Perry lake, which discliarges itself into Lake Sodo, and connects with the Red river just above Shreveport. Thin id the head of navigation for large steamboats, and is the shipping port for the county. Cotton and wheat are the principal products of this section of the state. Pop. 1800. Louisiana and Mississippi State Line. 10 miles above Hed river. Clarksville, Wilkinson co., Miss., 2 miles above; a small unimportant settlement. Pop. about 125. Fort Adams, in the same county, 1 mile above ; a pleas- ant village ; the landing-place for the county, and exports large quantities of cotton. Buffalo River, in the same co. ; a small stream that rises in the county, and unites with the Mississippi at Fort Adams. Homo Chitta River and Bayou, Miss., 11 miles above ; rises in Copiah co., and flowing 75 miles southwest, unites with the Mississippi on the boundary between Adams and Wilkinson cos. ; navigable for 28 miles. Union Point, P. O., Concordia parish. La., 6 miles above ; a settlement of a few houses. Whilo, or Ellis Cliffs, Adams co., Miss., 19 miles above, a short distance below the mouth of St. Catherine's creek. These cliffs consist of a ridge of bluffs, from 50 to 75 feet in height, extending along the east bank of the river for 3 miles. From this point to the gulf of Mexico very few bluffs are found, but nearly a dead level exists for the entire distance. 4 50 PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI KIVER. ^ St. Catherine's Creek, in the same co., a small stream that unites with the river a short distance above Ellis Cliffs. NATCHEZ CITY, Capital of Adams co., Miss., 18 miles above; delightfully situated on the east bank of the river, principally on a splen- did bluff, elevated 180 feet above the level of the river, 301 miles above New Orleans, by the course of the river, and 739 miles below the mouth of the Ohio. A part of the town is built on the margin of the river. The city is laid out in the form of a parallelogram, Avith streets intersecting each other at right angles. Some of the houses are elegant, but they arc mostly of wood. Almost every house has a piazza and bal- cony, and many of them have gardens, ornamented with shrubbery and fruit trees. Most of the shipments of cotton are made from the lower part of the town, called, " Natchez under the hill." Some of the richest cotton lands of the south, are found in this vicinity. From 80,000 to 130,000 bales of cotton are exported from this point annually. A good degree of public spirit exists among the citizens, which manifests itself in the maintenance of several flourishing seminaries of learning, highly creditable to the south. Plant- ers from a great distance send their sons and daughters to these institutions, to obtain an education. This is the terminus of the Natchez and Jackson railroad. Other railroads are projected, uniting this point with St. Francisville and Mobile. Pop. 1853, 4,632.* Vidalia, capital of Concordia parish. La., nearly opposite Natchez ; a pleasant village, having a good landing. While this region was in the possession of Spain, it was called the port of Concordia. Pop. about 200. Pairchild Creek, Jefferson co., Miss., 13 miles above. Coles Creek, in the same co., 9 miles above. "Water Proof, Tensas parish. La., 4 miles above ; a small settlement, well situated for trade. Rodiiey, Jefferson co.. Miss., 5 miles above ; a pleasant village, enjoying a good river trade. Pop. about 750. * The Natchez Indians, once a powerful tribe, occupied a considerable district of country on the eastern side of the Mississippi. It extended northerly from the river, along the valley of Pearl river, to the upper waters of the Chickasaw. They became jealous of the French on their first ap- pearance upon the Mississippi, and, finally, they conspired with others to drive the intruders from their country. The French fell upon, and almost annihilated the nation in 1730. They never recovered from the shock, and, after maintaining^ a feeble nationality for more than a century, they have become merged mto the Creek Confederacy. PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 51 St. Joseph, capital of Tensas parish, La., 7 miles above ; a growing village. Pop. about 350. Bruinsburg, Claiborne co., Miss., 2 miles above ; a small settlement, with a good landing, from which considerable pro- duce is shipped. Bayou Pierre, rises in Hind co.. Miss., and flowing past Fort Gibson, enters the Mississippi just above Bruinsburg. Navigable for 25 miles. Grand Gulf, Claiborne co., Miss., 11 miles above, situ- ated on a remarkably acute bend in the river. It has a good river trade and several steam mills, and exports large quan- tities of cotton. It is the residence of many wealthy planters. Pop. about 900. Big Black River, Miss., 2 miles above, rises in the northern centre of Miss., in Choctaw co., and, flowing in a southwesterly direction for 210 miles, on the dividing line between Warren and Claiborne cos., enters the Mississippi 355 miles above New Oiieans ; navigable for small boats 75 miles. Point Pleasant, Tensas parish. La., 11 miles above; a small unimportant steamboat-landing. Ne'w Carthage, Madison parish, La., 13 miles above, at the mouth of the Roundaway river ; the landing-place of sup plies for the adjacent plantations. "Warrenton, Warren co.. Miss., 19 miles above; a thri- ving village. Pop. about 300. VICKSBURG CITY-, And port of entry, capital of Warren co.. Miss., 10 miles above , advantageously situated on the east side of the river, 408 miles above New Orleans, and 632 miles below the mouth of the Ohio, and though of recent origin, has become a large flourishing place. The town is situated on the shelving de- clivity of high hills, and the houses are scattered in groups on the terraces, just below the Walnut hills, that extend along the river, and are 300 feet high, presenting a grand appearance from the river. This city has a large inland trade, and ex- ports more than 140,000 bales of cotton annually. It is the terminus of the Vicksburg, Jackson, and Alabama Central, and Vicksburg, Shreveport, and Texas railroads. These roads, when completed, and others to be continued westerly, will add much to the importance of this river port. Pop. 1850, 3,678. "Walnut Hills, in the same co., commencing near Vicks- burg, and extending for 2| miles, around a sharp angle of the 52 PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. river. They range from 300 to 400 feet high, and are promi- nent landmarks on the lower Mississippi. Tuscumbia Landing, Madison parish, La., 10 miles above ; a small settlement. The lands in this vicinity yield large crops of cotton. Yazoo River, Miss., 2 miles above, is formed by the junction of Tallahatche and Yalabusha rivers in Carroll co., and flowing through a' fertile soil, southwesterly for the dis- tance of 280 miles, enters the Mississippi 12 miles above Vicksburg. It is navigable for 130 miles, and bears to market a vast amount of cotton. Milliken's Bend, Jladison parish, La., 21 miles above. Several valuable plantations are situated adjoining this point* Bruns-wick Landing, Warren oo.. Miss., 11 miles above; a landing-place for plantation stores. Tallulah, capital of Issaquena co., Misg., 25 miles above; a place of little importance, except as county-seat. Pop. about 350. Providence, capital of Carroll parish. La., 4 miles above ; pleasantly located, and enjoys considerable trade with the interior towns. Pop. about 450. Lake Providence, a short distance west of Providence, consists of an ancient bed of the Mississippi river, which has talien a different course ;' and in the north and south part, the entrance from the river is entirely closed. Its outlet to the south forms Tensas river. The lake at present is 7 mOes long. Bunches Bend, in the same parish, 16 miles above ; a large bend of 18 miles circuit. There is sufficient depth of water in the direct channel for the largest boats to pass. Louisiana and Arkansas State Line, 2 miles above. Princeton, capital of Washington co.. Miss., 11 miles above ; a thriving village, enjoying a brisk trade with the back countiy. It exports considerable cotton. Pop. about 450. Grand Lake, Chicot co.. Ark., 5 miles above ; a pleasant steamboat landing-place for large quantities of plantation stores. Point "Worthington, Washington co., Miss., 4 miles above ; a fine steamboat-landing, surrounded by a fine settle- ment of wealthy planters. Lakeport, Chicot co., Ark., 19 miles above; a settlement of a few houses. Greenville, capital of Washington co., Miss., 9 miles above ; a small village, having little business aside from the law transactions of the county. Pop. about 300. Colujubia, a post village, capital of Chicot co.. Ark., 8 PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI KIYEE. 53 miles above ; well laid-out ; has a good landing, from which a large amount of cotton is shipped Pop. about 450. Yellow Bend Landing, Chicot co., Ark., 27 miles above, at a sharp bend in the river. The low wet lands in the vicinity are not very productive. Bolivar (Court House), capital of Bolivar co., Miss., 26 miles above ; owing to the lowness of the adjacent lands, this place has little business aside from that pertaining to the county. Farther in the interior, the soil is very fertile. Napoleon, capital of Desha co.. Ark., 12 miles above; favorably situated below, and near the mouth of the Arkansas river. It has an active river trade, exporting largis quantities of cotton. The trade with the interior is very considerable. The United States government has erected a substantial ma- rine hospital. From its favorable position at the mouth of a great river, it will continue to increase in population and wealth. Pop. 1850, 239; 1856, about 900. •^ Arkansas River, Ark. ; a large river of the west, and, next to Missouri, the largest tributary of the Mississippi. It rises in the rocky mountains, its extreme source interlocking with that of the Del Norte, near the boundaries between Utah, Nebraska, and New Mexico, in latitude 42° north. It has a general southeasterly course, except about 100 miles east of Eort\ Smith, where it has an easterly course, and runs through the central part of Arkansas. After an entire course of 2225 miles, it enters the Mississippi in latitude 33° 40' north, just above Napoleon, 620 miles above New Orleans, and 420 miles below the mouth of the Ohio. Unobstructed by rocks, shoals, and rapids, it is navigable during most of the year, for large steamboats, for the distance of 950 miles, and for " Flats," 350 miles farther. The countrj- watered by this river in its upper parts is sterile, but for 1000 miles from its mouth it is fertile, and on its alluvial border it is rich. The surface drained by this river, and its tributaries, is estimated at 175,000 square miles. Near Little Eock an abundance of stone coal is found. There are several growing towns situated along the banks of this river ; the most important are named below. Arkansas Post (post of Arkansas^ capital of Arkansas co., pleasantly situated on a high bluff of sterile lanci, and has extensive flats in the rear, inundated at certain seasons of the year by White river. It is situated 50 miles from the mouth of the river, was settled by the French in 1685, and long occupied as a depot by the Western Fur Company. Pop. about 600. Pine Bluff, capital of Jefl'erson co., Arkansas, 240 miles from the mouth of the Arkansas river; a thriving village, situated in the midst of the cotton- growing region ; has a good landing. Pop. about 650. 5'i PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. Little Rock, capital of Pulaski co., and capital of Arkansas ; pleasantly situated on the south hank of ihe river, on a high rocky bluff from 150 to VOO feet al)ove the river at high water, and is the first place where rocks occur above its mouth. It is regularly laid out, and contains some elegant buildings, among which are the etatehouse, U. S. arsenal, etate penitentiary, masonic and oddfellow's hall, and several church edifices. There are sev- eral superior slate quarries in the vicinity, and excellent granite and good clay for brick, exist a short distance from the town. The town is gradually advancing in population and wealth. Pop., 186(1, 2.160 ; 1856, 3,800. Clarksville, capital of Johnson co., Ark., is a thriving village, pleas- antlj'^ situated on the north bank of the river. It contains the county build- ings and U. S. land-office. Pop. about 400. Van Buren, capital of Crawford co., Ark., 4 miles east qf Indian terri- tory, and 186 miles above Little Rock ; delightfully situated on the northern bank of the river. Besides its active river business, it has a large trade with merchants living far in the interior. The town contains 1 cotton-mill, 1 large flouring-mill, several church edifices, and the county buildings. Pop. about 2,000. Fort Smith, capital of Sebastian co., Ark., a thriving village on the south side of Arkansas river, a short distance from the western boundary of the state, and 4 miles west of Van Buren. The U. S. have a garrison at this point. A brisk trade with the adjacent Indian tribes has added much to the wealth of the place. Pop. about 1,800. Note. — Tlie country bej'^ond this point along the river for a great dis- tance, is owned by the Cherokee and Choctaw Indians ; consequently Fort Smith is the last town on the Arkansas of anynote. ^Wliite River, 18 miles above the mouth of the Arkansas, rises in a ridge called the Oztirk mountains, in the northwest part of Arkansas. Heceivinj^ a number of tributaries, it enters Missouri, in Barry county, and, flowing 110 miles, again enters Arkansas, in Carroll county, and after receiving Black, Red, and several smaller rivers, it enters the Missis- sippi, in Desha county, 18 miles above the mouth of the Arkansas. About 7 miles from its mouth, it is connected, through an inundated forest, by a bayou, with the Arkansas river. This river has a general southeast course, is very cir- cuitous, and boatable for 400 miles, to Batesville, Indepen- dence county. Its entire length is 850 miles, and most of its course is tlu'ough a fertile agricultural, and rich mineral region. Montgomery's Point, Desha co., Ark.., 1 mile above ; a landing-place for plantation stores ; has a few houses, and exports considerable cotton. Victoria, Bolivar co., Miss., 1 mile above; a small unim- portant steamboat-landing. Concordia, Bolivar co.. Miss., 1 mile above; landing- place for goods situated at the northwest corner of the county. Lavonia, Desha co.. Ark., 3 miles above; a settlement of a few houses. Horse-Shoe Bend, Koahomaco., Miss. ; a large bend in the river, in the form of a horse-shoe. About one half of the river only takes this route, allowing a direct channel for the largest boats. At the eastern extremity of this bend, there is a small settlement and a landing, called Port Royal. PLACES ;)N THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 55 Delta, capital of Koahoma co., Miss., 60 miles above Laronia, at the entrance of the Yazoo into the Mississippi. A small village. Pop. about 200. Yazoo Pass or Bayou, Tunica river, and Moon or Horse-shoe lake ; a large sluggish stream, extending a consid- erable distance from the river, and navigable for cotton boats ; it enters the river just above Delta. Helena, capital of Philips co., Ark., 11 miles above. Be- sides the county buildings, it has some fine private residences. It is gradually recovering from the effects of a devastating fire that visited this place in 1852. Pop., 1850, 614. Stirling,, in the same co., 10 miles above; a small post village, at the mouth of the St. Francis river. St. Francis River, Mo. and Ark. ; rises in St. Francis co,, Mo., and, flowing south, enters Arkansas, and after receiving several tributaries, enters the Mississippi just above Stirling. It is 340 miles long, and navigable during high water for 180 miles. It passes through many swamps and lakes, yet its waters are remarkably clear, and abound with fine fish. Peyton, Tunica co.. Miss., 15 miles above; a pleasant, thriving settlement. Pop. about 150. Austin, capital of Tunica co.. Miss., 13 miles above; a village of some 25 houses ; considerable produce is shipped from this point. Conmierce, Tunica co., Miss., 17 miles above; a small settlement, situated on a sharp bend in the river; a large amount of plantation stores are landed here. Horfolk, De Soto co., Miss., 11 miles above; situated at the foot of the first Cod Island ; an unimportant landing-place. Mississippi and Tennessee State Line, 4 miles above. Pickering, Shelby co., Tenn., 11 miles above, and 2 miles below Memphis. It contains a number of warehouses and dwellings, and is quite a shipping-port for cotton. MEMPHIS CITY, And port of entry, Shelby co., Tenn., 2 miles above. This is the largest town in West Tennessee, beautifully situated on the fourth Chickasaw bluff, on the eastern bank of the river, 798 miles above New Orleans, and 417 miles below the mouth of the Ohio. The splendid plateau on which the city is built, is elevated 35 feet above high Avater, and its base is washed by the river for the distance of 2| miles. This bluff rests on a bed of limestone, which rises gradually from the river, forming a superior landing. It is not only one of the 56 PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI KIVER. most pleasantly-situated toAviis on the river, but is the most prosperous, and has the greatest inland and river trade of any point on the river from St. Louis to New Orleans. It has greatly increased in population and wealth within the last ten years. Memphis, from its being the great shipping port for cotton for a great distance along the river ; from the fact that the largest ships can ascend to its wharves ; from the enter- prise of its citizens in commercial and mechanical pursuits ; from its being the tenninus of the Memphis and Charleston railroad ; and from the establishment in it of a national naval depot, is destined to become a large city. Already, her blocks of splendid warehouses, extensive ship-yards, churches, banks, college,' academy, and other public and private buildings ; her flouring-mills, manufactories of cotton, &c.; and her news- paper publishing offices, are a sure indication of her growing prosperity. Pop., 1850, 8,841 ; 1856, about 14,000. Wolf River rises in Tippah co.. Miss., and bears a north- easterly course until it enters Tennessee ; thence it flows north- west and west, entering the Mississippi at Memphis. Length, 130 miles ; navigable only for a short distance. Greenock, Crittenden co.. Ark., 22 miles above ; a pleas- ant landing-place for plantation stores. Randolpb, Tipton co., Tenn., 45 miles above ; a settle- ment of a few houses, situated just above the Chickasaw bluffs, which rise abruptly from the river. Hatclie River, Tenn., rises in Tippah co., Mississippi, and, passing into Tennessee, enters the Mississippi a short distance above Randolph. Pulton, Lauderdale co., Tenn., 12 miles above; a small settlement, situated on elevated ground ; has a good landing for steamboats. Pop., about 150. Osceola, capital of Mississippi co.. Ark., 11 miles above; a place of little note, except as county-seat. Asliport, Lauderdale co., Tenn., 10 miles above; a thri- ving village, having a brisk river trade. Pop. about 350. Forked Deer River, Tenn., 2 miles above; rises in McNairy co., and, flowing northwest until it unites with the north fork in Dyer co., whence it has a southwest course till it enters 1;he Mississippi, in Lauderdale county ; navigable to Jackson, Madison co., 110 miles. Needham's Cut-Off, Tenn., and mouth of the Obion river, 9 miles above. The Obion river is about 165 miles in length, and navigable for small boats 40 miles from its mouth. PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI KIVBR. 57 Little Prairie, New Madrid co., Mo., 22 miles above; the steamboat-landing for the southern part of the county; settlement small. "Walker's Bend, in the same co., 5 miles above ; a sharp bend in the river opposite Island No. 15. Riddles's Point, in the same co, 15 miles above ; a land- ing-place for plantation stores, and for the shipment of prod- uce ; situated at a sharp angle in the river. Point Pleasant, in the same co., 8 miles above ; a small settlement, having considerable river trade. Pop. about 150. New Madrid, capital of the county of the same name, 2 miles above. The village is situated on somewhat elevated ground, at a sharp curve in the river. The soil is gradually wearing away, which is an impediment to the growth of the place. It has one of the best landings on the river. The exports of corn, cattle, and lumber, from this point, are great. Several earthquakes materially injured this place in 1811. Settled in 1792. Pop. about 500. Tennessee and Kentucky State Line, 16 miles above, at a sharp bend of the river. Hickman, formerly Mill's Point, capital of Fulton co., Ky., 31 miles above; a flourishing village, having a good landing, several large warehouses and stores, and a bank ; also an active river trade, in the shipment of produce. Pop. about 750. "Wolf Island, 11 miles above; a large island in the river, on which are the remains of Fort Jefferson, which was erected during the war of the Revolution. Extensive chalk banks exist on the Kentucky shore. Columbus, Hickman co., Ky., 3 miles above. This thri- ving village has an active trade with the interior. On the north of the village, extensive iron banks extend along the river, for the distance of a mile. Pop. about 200. B aid-win ville, Mississippi co.. Mo. ; a small pleasant set- tlement, nearly opposite Columbus. Pop. about 200. Norfolk, in the same co., 12 miles above ; a small settle- ment of some 20 houses. Ohio River, 4 miles above. See page 61. Cairo, 111. See page 97. Ohio City, Mississippi co., Mo., on the west side of the Mississippi, opposite the mouth of the Ohio. The gi-owth of the village has been much retarded by its low situation, as a part of the village is inundated during the season of the greatest flood. 58 PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVEK. New Philadelphia, Scott co., Mo., 20 miles above ; a small settlement, and landing-place for steamboats, at the foot of Power's Island. Pop. about 125. Commerce, in the same co., 8 miles above ; a village of considerable promise, with a good landing. Pop. about 150. Thebes, capital of Alexander co., 111., 2 miles above ; a small growing village. Pop. about 200. Cape Girardeau, capital of Girardeau co.. Mo., 10 miles above ; a village well situated for trade, with a good landing, from which much produce is shipped. Pop. about 400. Bainbridge, in the same co., 11 miles above ; a small un- important settlement. Pop. about 150. . Hamburg, Union co., 111., nearly opposite Bainbridge ; a pleasant village, advantageously situated ; has a good landing. Pop. about 450. Union Point, 13 miles above, in the same co. ; merely a steamboat-landing. Big Muddy River, 111., 3 miles above, rises in Jefferson CO., 111., and, flowing in a south and southwesterly direction for 75 miles, falls into the Mississippi, in Union co. The river is navigable a short distance only, by reason of several falls near its mouth. Breesville, Jackson co., 111., 6 miles above ; a small settle- ment of 20 houses ; pleasant location, and fine landing. "Wittemberg, Perry co., Mo., nearly opposite Breesville ; a small thriving settlement. Pop. about 150. Devil's Bake Oven and Grand Tower, 1 mile above. The "Bake Oven" consists of a large excavation in the rocks, once occupied by the Indians, who committed fearful depre- dations on the boatmen, as they passed up the river. The "Grand Tower" consists of high, precipitous, and craggy rocks, rising abruptly from the river, presenting a fine ap- pearance. Fountain Bluff, Jackson co.. 111., opposite Grand Tower, is a high precipitous mass of rock, extending along the river for some distance. The origin of the name is unknown. Liberty, Kandolph co., HI., 20 miles above ; a prosperous village. Pop. about 300. Chester, capital of Randolph co., 6 miles above, and 1 mile below the mouth of the Kaskaskia river ; pleasantly situ- ated on an elevated strip of bottom land at the foot of the bluffs, and is a commercial depot for the back country, and the shipping pt)rt of the county. Pop. 1850, 513; 1856, about 1000. PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVEK. 59 Kaskaskia River, HI., 1 mile above, rises in Champaign CO., 111., and after a south-southwesterly course of 300 miles, enters the Mississippi in Randolph co., 72 miles below St. Louis. It is navigable during a moderate stage of the water, to Vandalia, 15 miles. Kaskaskia, capital of Kaskaskia co., 111., situated 6 miles up the Kaskas- kia river ; a prosperous village, having a good country trade. It was set- tled by the French about the year 1683; and in 1763, when ceded to Great Britain, it^conlained 100 families. Pop. about 650. St. Mary's Landing, Perry co.. Mo., 3 miles above ; a thriving settlement of 20 houses. St. Genevieve City, capital of St. Genevieve co., 8 miles above, on Gabouise creek, a short distance from the Missis- sippi. The inhabitants are mostly French, who first settled the place. A plank road connects it with the Iron mountains, 40 miles distant. It has an active trade in lead, copper, and marble, and is quite prosperous. Pop. of toAvn, 1853, 2,258; of city, about 1,700. Fort Chartres, Randolph co.. 111., 12 miles above ; the remains of an old JFrench fort now in ruins. Rush To"wer, Jeiferson co.. Mo., 10 miles above ; a steam- boat-landing ; and contains some 20 houses. Selma, in the same co., 5 miles above ; except as a steam- boat-landing, it is of but little importance. Herculaneum, in the same co., 3 miles above, and, 34 miles below St. Louis; pleasantly situated, and the ship- ping port for the immense quantities of lead smelted in the vicinity. There are several extensive shot factories in the neighborhood. Pop. 700. Harrisonville, Monroe co., 111., 1 mile above ; a small thriving settlement. Pop. of town, 1850, 462. Clifton, Jefferson co.. Mo., 5 miles above ; a settlement of a few houses. Sulphur Springs, in the same co., 3 miles above. Marimeo River, Mo., 3 miles above, rises in Dent and Washington cos., and, after a very circuitous course, enters the Mississippi 22 miles below St. Louis. Navigable only for a short distance. Oakville, St. Louis co.. Mo., 5 miles above ; a growing village ; has a fine landing. Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis co.. Mo., 6 miles above, and 11 miles below St. Louis ; a prosperous village, and large military station. Pop. 1850, 924. Carondolet, St. Louis co., 4 miles above ; a suburb of St. \ 60 PLACES ON THE MISSISSIPPI KIVER, Louis, well situated, and rapidly increasing. Pop. 1850, 2,009. Cahokia, St. Clair co., 111., 4 miles above, and 3 miles below St. Louis ; an old French settlement, and one of the earliest in the state, having been established about 1683. At the commencement of the war of 1776, it contained 50 fami- lies, and was the seat of a large fur trade. Illinois town, in the same co., 3 miles above, opposite St. Louis ; a thriving village, and the terminus of the rail- roads connecting this point with all the cities east, northeast, and southeast of St. Louis. Pop. about 900. St. Iiouis, 3 miles above Cahokia. See page 15. Lady Wortley, in her " Travels in America," describes the appearance of the Mississippi at night, as follows :— " By night, the scene is one of start- li!;g interest and magical splendor. Hundreds of lights are glancing in different directions from the villages and towns, farms and plantations, on Ehore, and from the magnificent floating palaces of steamers, that frequently look like moving mountains of light and flame, so brilliantly are these enormous river leviathans illuminated, outside and inside. Indeed, the spectacle presented is like a dream of enchantment. Imagine steamer after steamer coursino^, sweeping, sounding, thundering on, blazing with these thousands of lights, casting long brilliant reflections on the fast rolling wa- ters beneath. There are often a number of them, one after the other, like so many comets in Indian file ; some of these are so marvellous and dazzling- ly lighted, they really look like 'Aladdin's' palace on fire, sent skurrying aiid dashing down the stream, while, perhaps, just then, all else is darknesa &iouud it. I delighted too, in seeing, as you frequently do, the twinkling lights in the numerous cottages and homesteads dotted here and there ; and you observe large wood-fires lit on the banks, looking like merry-making bonfires. These are signals for steamers to stop to take up passengers, goods, and animals." ~ Note. — Taking St. Louis as our stand-point, and looking with the mind's eye toward every point of ihe compass, We have some proper conception of the vast territorial extent of our giant republic, which is ten times aa large as that of Great Britian and France combined ; three times as large as Ihe^ whole of France, Britain, Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Holland, and Denmark together ; one and a half times as large as the Rus- eian empire in Europe, and only one-sixth less than the area covered by 60 titates and empires of Europe. The entire area is as follows : — Square Area of the Pacific slope, or of the region watered by rivers miles. falling into the Pacific 778,266 Area of the Mississippi Valley, or of the region watered by the Mississippi and Missouri, and their tributaries 1,237,311 Area of the Atlantic slope proper 637,100 Area of the Atlantic slope, including only the waters fall- ing into the Gulf of Mexico, west of the Mississippi 183,646 Area of the Atlantic slope, including only the waters fall- ing into the Gulf of Mexico, east of the Mississippi. . 146,830 967,576 Total area of the United States and territories in 1853 2,983,153 The interaal trade of the U. S. is of vast extent. Its value amounted, in 1C53 (Lake and Western River trade), to more than $500,000,000, in which about 11,000,000 of our people are directly or indirectly interested. Pop i)f the United States In 1856, 28,000,000. PLACES OH THE OHIO. THE OHIO RIVER. If we take into view the great length of this river, the im- mense population found along its banks, the richness of soil through which it flows, and the vast extent of surface that it drains, it stands the first in North America (excepting the Mississippi). It is formed by the confluence of the Alleghany from the northeast, and the Monongahela from the southeast, at Pittsburg. '^ The derivation of its name is somewhat obscure. The Wyandots gave it a name pronounced by the French 0-he-zah, which signifies great or grand to look upon ; finally, in the boat-songs of the Indians, it was pronounced Ohio. After leaving Pittsburg, it runs a short distance to the northwest, then proceeding in a direction west-southwest, dividing the states of Virginia and Kentucky on the south, from Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, on the north, enters the Mississippi at Cairo, 1,009 miles from Pittsburg, 175 miles below St. Louis, 1,000 below St. Anthony's Falls, and 1,040 miles above New Orleans, It has a descent in its whole course of 406 feet, making an average of a fraction less than 5 inches in a mile ; the current therefore is very gentle, being not over 2| to 3 miles per hour, except in high water, Avhen its velocity is frequently from 6 to 8 miles. The only consider- able falls are found at Louisville, where there is a descent of 22 feet in 2 miles. In high water boats pass the falls with safety. Around these falls a canal has been constructed, admitting the largest steamboats to pass. The width of the river varies from 300 to 1,200 yards. Opposite Cincinnati, it is 800 yards, which is about its average, until it enters the Mississippi. The Ohio contains about 120 islands, most of which are over- flowed during high water, besides numerous other sandy beds' covered with a small growth of willows. The navigation above Louisville is frequently obstructed by floating ice during the winter months, but a more serious obstruction always exists during the dry seasons, when the large boats are laid up, and only the smallest passenger-boats can ascend to Cin- cinnati and Pittsburg. Probably no river on this continent, except those entering the Pacific, experiences so great a rise 62 PLACES ON THE OHIO EIVEK. during severe rains, as the Ohio ; from low-water mark the rise is frequently 45 feet, and in a few instances it has been as high as 60 feet. Over 250,000 square miles, most of which is of the richest soil, are drained by this river. While some sections of this stream present a very monotonous appear- ance, others are interspersed with hill and mountain scenery, highly picturesque and delightful. [The Alleghany rises in Potter county, Pennsylvania, on the west side of the Alleghany mountains, flowing into Cattarau- gus county. New York, and returns into Pennsylvania ; and after a course of 320 miles, unites with the Monongahela, at Pittsburg, forming the Ohio. It is navigable for boats 255 miles to Olean, New York. From the immense forests bor- dering upon the Alleghany, a vast amount of lumber is pro- duced, giving employment to hundreds of men. This lumber finds a ready market on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Im- mense coal-fields exist betAveen the Alleghany and Monon- gahela rivers. The Monongahela is formed by the West Fork and Tyart's "Valley rivers, which rise in Randolph co., Virginia, and unite in Marion county ; and after ninning a north and northwest- erly course of 165 miles, unites with the Alleghany at Pitts- burg. It receives several tributaries, affording extensive water- power ; it is 280 yards wide at the mouth of the Cheat river, and 400 yards at Pittsburg. Boats run from Pittsburg to Brownsville, Payette county, Pennsylvania. Water-power is abundant on tliis river.] Note. — The remaining important tributaries of the Ohio will be described in the order they enter the river. PITTSBURG, Capital of Alleghany co., Penn., one of the great cities of the West, and port of entry, is situated at the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, where they form the Ohio which is here 400 yards wide. It is 357 miles west of Philadelphia, 139 southeast of Cleveland, 476 east-northeast of Cincinnati, and 225 miles northwest of Washington, It is built on a beautiful plain, between the two rivers, in the fonn of a triangle, and surrounded by hills of inexhaustible bitu- minous coal easily mined, affording fuel to carry on the vast manufacturing establishments, for which this American Bir- mingham is so justly celebrated. The city, which is com- pactly built, was first laid out in 1765, on the northeast bank of the Monongahela, after tiie plan of Philadelphia, with TLACES ON THE OHIO RIYER, 63 streets running parallel with the river, and crossed by others at right angles. The streets on the Alleghany also run par- allel with the river, and are crossed by streets at right angles ; the cross streets meet each other obliquely a few streets back of the river. At great expense, several bridges have been thrown across both the rivers, affording easy access to the adjacent villages. The commerce of this port is very exten- sive. The exports consist of iron, in pigs, castings, blooms, bars, nails, glass, hardware, cutlery, and all kinds of produce. The imports comprise most articles used for home consump- tion. Among the public buildings of Pittsburg, the court- house, of massive granite, on Grant's hill, a very commanding situation, is a splendid edifice, 165 feet long, and 100 feet broad, of the Grecian Doric order, and cost $200,000 ; tlie building of the Western University of Pennsylvania, near Grant's hill ; the museum, which contains many aboriginal curiosities ; the new customhouse, at the corner of Smithfield and Fifth streets ; the markets ; the Monongahela house ; and several other edifices, together with the numerous private man- sions, testify to the taste and enterprise of the place. The magazine of the fort, built in 1764, remained entire until very recently, Pittsburg was named after Pitt, the prime minister of England. Since its settlement in 1780, it has progressed rapidly in population, until it is now the tenth in the Union. Pop., '1810, 4,768; 1820, 7,248; 1830, 12,542; 1840,21,115; 1850, 46,601. By a recent local census, Tittsburg and its environs contained a population of 110,266. Among- the thrilling' events of Indian and civilized warfare that trans- pired during the eighteenth century, near this point, we have only room for the following sketch, taken from the events of the " Old French War." Early in 17.55, Genei-al Braddock, an Irish officer of distinction, arrived in the Chesapeake bay with two regiments of his countrymen. He had been appointed commander-in-chief of all the British forces in America; and, at Ins request, six colonial states met in convention at Alexandria, to make arrangements for a vigorous campaign. Three separate expeditions were planned, the one against Fort du-Quesne (Pittsburg) to be led by Brad- dock. On the 10th of June, 1755, this expedition stalled from Wills Creek (Cumberland). His force consisted of 2000 men, British and Provincials. Col. (General) Washington, then 23 years of age, had consented to act as Braddock's principal aid. and to him was given the command of the pro- vincials. Knowing, far better than Braddock, the perils of their march, he ventured modestly to give his advice,jtfounded on his experience (having, two years previous to this, been sent by the royal governor of Virginia to demand a cessation of the hostile movements of the French south of Lake Erie) ; but the haughty general would listen to no suggestions, especially from a provincial subordinate. This obstinacy proved his ruin. When within 10 miles of Fort du Quesne, in fancied security, at noon, July 9, on the south side of the Monongahela, a volley of bullets, and a cloud of arrows assailed the advanced guard, under Lieut. Col. Gage. They came from a thicket and ravine close by, where a thousand dusky warriors lay in ambush. Again Washington asked permission to fight according to the provincial 64 PLACES ON THE OHIO RIVER. custom, but was refused. Braddock must manoeuvre according: to European tactics, or not at all. For three hours, deadly volley after volley fell upon tiie British columns, vchile Braddock attempted to maintain order where all was confusion. The slain soon covered the ground. Every mounted offi- cer but Washingfton was killed or maimed, and, finally, the brave Braddock himself, after having several horses shot under him, was mortally wounded. (Braddock was shot by Thomas Faucett, one of the provincial soldiers; his plea was self-preservation. Braddock had issued a positive order, that none of the English should protect themselves behind trees as the French and Indians did. Faucett's brother had taken such position, and when Braddock perceived it, he struck him to the earth with his sword. Thomas, on seeing his brother fall, shot Braddock in the back, and then the provin- cials, fighting as they pleased, were saved from utter destruction.) Wash- ington remained unhurt. Under his direction the provincials rallied, while the regulars, seeing their general fall, were fleeing in great confusion. The provincials covered their retreat so gallantly, that the enemy did not follow. Washington, with the southern provincials, returned to Virginia. Dr. Craik, who was with Washington at this time, and also attended him in his last illness, says that, while in the Ohio country with him, fifteen years afterward, an old Indian chief came, as he said, " a long way" to see the Virginia colonel, at whom he firfed his rifle fifteen times during the bat- tle of the Monongahela, without hitting him. Washington was nevsr wounded in battle. Ailegliaiiy City, opposite Pittsburg, fronting the river, and the principal suburb of Pittsburg, is a place of considera- ble trade, and is largely engaged in manufactures. The West- ern Penitentiary of Pennsjdvania, erected at great expense, is located here; also the Western Theological Seminary, which occupies a commanding eminence, overlooking the surrounding country. The building is 150 feet long, the centre four stories, and the wings three stories high ; and it has a valuable library. Alleghany city has many splendid residences, and is well supplied with churches, academies and schools. Pop. 1850, 21,262. Birmingham Borough, is another important suburb of Pittsburg, lying on the south side of the Monongahela, about 1| miles from the centre of Pittsburg. It is largely engaged in the glass, iron, and pottery manufacture. Population, in- cluding East Birmingham, 1850, 5,356. Maiich8.ster, borough of Reserve township, Alleghany CO., Pa., on the right bank of the Ohio, 2 miles below Pitts- burgh. It is a place of recent growth. It is largely engaged in the manufacture of India-rubber goods, oil-cloths, ploughs, w^tgons, paper and hats. The United States Marine Hospital is located just below the village. Pop. 1850, 1,755. Se^wickly, or Sewicklyville, 5 miles below, on the right, in Alleghany co., is a thriving place, with two semi- naries. Pop. about 950. Middletown, Alleghany co., Pa., 4 miles below, a small village, possessing extensive water-power. Pop. of town 1,383. Econom.y, Beaver co., Pa., on the right, 8 miles below, and PLACES ON THE OHIO RIVBE. 65 19 from Pittsburg. This singular settlement consists of Ger- mans from Swabia (formerly under George Rapp, \Yho acted as patriarch and priest, and who died in 1847), who, after two removals, settled in this place. The Harmonists hold their property in common, have a number of mills, and are noted for their industry and frugality. The village is regularly laid out on two streets parallel to the river, and four streets crossing them at right angles. The village contains a concert hall, museum of natural curiosities and minerals, a mathtiiiatical drawing-school, and a good library. Pop. 1850, 1,390. Baden, Beaver co., Pa., 2 miles below, a small post-village, with a good landing; the Ohio and Pennsylvania railroad passes through it. Pop. 400. FreedGm Borough, Beaver co., Pa., 3 miles below, on the Ohio and Pennsylvania railroad. The village, built on rising ground, is pleasantly situated, and has a steam-boiler and boat manufactory. Pop. 1850, 524. Rochester Borough, Beaver co., Pa., 5 miles beloAv, on the left bank of Beaver river, at its. entrance into the Ohio, and on the line of the Ohio and Pennsylvania railroad ; an enterprising village. Pop. 1850, y93. Beaver River is formed by two main branches, the Ma- honing, which rises in Ohio, and the Shenang in Pennsyl- vania. It enters the Ohio river near the town of Beaver. The main river has a course of about 25 miles, and to its sources, of about 80 miles. The Pennsylvania and Ohio canal, which enters the Ohio at Beaver, with the Ohio canal at Akron, passes along the valley of this river. Beaver Borough, capital of Beaver co.. Pa., 29 miles from Pittsburg, near the mouth of the Beaver river, is de- lightfully situated on a plain 3 miles in length by 1 in breadth. The extensive water-power here enjoyed is improved by vari- ous manufacturing establishments. Pop. 1850, 2,054. Industry, Beaver co., Pa., 9 miles below; a thriving vil- lage on the right bank of the river. Pop. 350. Georgetown, Beaver co.. Pa., 6 miles below, on the left bank of the Ohio, containing an enterprising population of about 400. Glasgow, Beaver co., Pa., on the right side of the Ohio, nearly opposite Georgetown, is a new place, but from its favor- able position, promises to become an important river point. Liverpool, Columbiana co., O., 6 miles below, and 50 miles from Pittsburg, on the right side of the Ohio river, is a thriving place, intersected by the Beaver canal. It is largely '0 6G PLACES ON THE OHIO KIVEK. engaged in the earthen-ware manufacture. Population of town in 1850, 1,581. WeiLsville, Yellow Creek town, Columbiana co., O., 6 miles below, on the right, at the mouth of the Yellow Creek. It is the terminus of the Pittsburg and Cleveland railroad, which is to be extended to Wheeling. It has several steam- mills, exports a large amount of flour, and has an extensive trade with the intei'ior. Pop. 1850, 1,546. Ne^'burg, in the same co., 4 miles below; a small steam- boat-landing, with but few inhabitants. Bteubenville, capital of Jefferson co., 0., is situated on the west bank of the Ohio river, 16 miles below, and 75 miles from Pittsburg, on an elevated plain, oveiiooking, and surrounded by, a rich and beautiful country. The town was laid out in 1798, with streets crossing each other at right angles, and contains a bank, several churches, a courthouse, many elegant private residences, and several printing-offices ; and employs 1,200 hands in manufactures. This town is increasing in wealth and population, and from its favorable . position will become one of the great points of the West, when the several railroads now in progress, that intersect at this point, are completed. Pop. of the village in 1850, 6,140; of the town, 7,224. Wellsburg, capital of Brooke co., Va., 6 miles below, at the mouth of Buffalo creek; it contains a courthouse, jail, county offices, market-house, the Jefferson female sem- inary, and several manufactories ; valuable coal beds are found in the vicinity. Large quantities of flour and coal are shipped from this point. Pop. 1850, 2,468. Lagrange, Jefferson co., 0. ; a small village, nearly opposite Wellsburg. Pop., 1850, 363. "Warrenton, Wan-en T., Jefferson co., O., 1 mile below, on the Ohio, above the mouth of the Indian Short creek ; is a small yet enterprising village. Pop. 1850, 292; of the T., 1,626. Tiltonsville, in the above county, 1 mile below Warren- ton ; a small village of about 250 inhabitants. Burlington, Belmont co., 0., 7 miles below; a small thrifty village. Pop. about 250. Martinsville, Belmont co., 0., S miles above Wheeling; contains two churches, several warehouses, and about 500 inhabitants. Bridgeport, Pease T., Belmont co.,. 0., 2 miles below, 126 miles east of Columbus, opposite Wheeling, Virginia, on PLACES ON THE OHIO RIVEE. 67 the national road, along which it extends about half a mile. It has a number of warehouses and mills, and is a place of considerable trade. Pop,, 1850, 150; 1856, 350. WHEELING CITT, Port of entry and capital of Ohio co., Va., 1 mile below , is finely situated on the east bank of the Ohio river, and on both sides of Wheeling creek, 95 miles below Pittsburg, and 383 miles above Cincinnati. The national road passing through this city, has long given notoriety to the place ; but Fince tlie construction of the several railroads that connect this point with Baltimore, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Cincin- nati, and St. Louis, it has become one of the great centres of, and gates to, the Great West and South. The city extends 1| miles along the river, and is the largest place in Western Virginia. It was laid out in 1793, has received ten additions, and now contains nearly 2,000 lots. Zane's island lies in the Ohio river, immediately in front of the town, contains 350 acres, and is connected by a bridge with the city. A large number of steamboats are owned here, which, with many others constantly amving and departing, render it a lively and enterprising river port. The Ohio river is here crossed by one of the most beautiful wire-suspension bridges in the world, the span being 1,010 feet. The height of the tower is 153 feet above low-Avater mark, and 60 feet above the abut- ments. The bridge is supported by 12 wire cables, 4 inches in diameter; total cost, $200,000. Wheeling is largely engaged in the manufacture of iron, nails, glassware, cotton goods, paper, flour, woollens, silks, &c., &c. The city con- tains the usual county buildings, several churches, academies, and banks, with a large number of elegant private residences. Pop., 1850, 11,435. West Wheeling, Pultney, Belmont co., 0., 1 mile below; a small village of considerable entei-prise. Pop., 1850, 438. Bellaire, Belmont co., 0., 4 miles below; a small thiiving village near the river. EHziabethtown, capital of Marshall co., Va., 9 miles be- low ; situated on Grave creek, at its entrance into the Ohio, 14 miles below Wheeling. The village is considerably elevated, and contains the usual county buildings, eeveral chui'ches, &c. Here are very extensive ancient tumuli scat- tered over a large plain ; consisting of one main mound, 106 feet high and 400 yards in circumference, surrounded by a PLACES ON THE OHIO EIVER. 69 ditch, and encompassed by otlier similar smaller mounds. Pop., 1850, 496. Grave Creek, Marshall co., Va., in connection with Eliza- bethtown, forms the county seat ; the Big and Little Grave creeks enter the Ohio at this place. Archville, Marshall co., Va., 5 miles below ; a thriving set- tlement. Pop. small. "Woodland, in the same co., 2 miles below ; an unimpor- tant village. Steinesville and Powhattan Point, York town, Bel- mont CO., 0., 2 miles below; are small villages. Population united, 361. Clearington, Salem town, Monroe co., 0., 2 miles below; a thriving village, at the mouth of Sunfish creek. Pop., 1850, 341. New Martin.=»\alle, "VVetsel co., Va., 11 miles below, at the mouth of the Fishing creek ; has a number of public build- ings, and about 350 inhabitants. Bisterville, Tyler co., Va., 8 miles below ; is a flourish- ing village, has a good landing, with an active trade with the interior; iron and coal are found in the neighborhood. Pop. about 1,200. "Wittens, Monroe co., 0., 1 mile below; a small post- office settlement. Grand View, Washington co., 0., 4 miles below; has a good landing and a fair trade. Pop. of town, 1,154. Newport, in the same co., 8 miles below ; pleasantly situ- ated, presenting the appearance of much enterprise. Pop. of town, 1850, 1,425. Little Muskingum River, 0., 13 miles below. Marietta, capital of Washington co., 0., 6 miles below, situated on both sides of the Muskingum river, at its entrance into the Ohio ; it is regularly laid out with wide streets, and compactly and neatly built ; it has the usual county buildings, a lyceum, market-house, and female academy. The Marietta collegiate institute, founded in 1832, has an efficient faculty, and a good libraiy. This is the oldest to'^vn in the state, having been founded in 1788, and named in honor of Marie Antoi- nette, the beautiful but unfortunate Queen of France. Many ancient mounds are found in the vicinity. Several of the public buildings arc handsome specimens of architecture, and quite ornamental to the place. Considerable capital is here employed in manufactures. Pop., 1850, 3,175. Soon after the settlement of Marietta commenced, the people began to build a stockade fort, and named it Campus Martius. It was completed In PLACES ON THE OHIO EIVEE. 71 the winter of 1791. The wall formed a parallelogrHm, the sides of which were one hundred and eifjlity feet lonfr. At each corner was o strong block-house, twenty feet square. Within were a number of dweliin';- houses, which with the fort, were constructed of wood, whip-sawed into timber, four inches thick, and laid up as lofi--houses are. Muskingum. River, ()., one of the largest rivers which nin wholly within tlie state, is formed by two main branches, Tuscarawas and White Woman's rivers, which unite at Cos- hocton. The Tuscarawas rises in Medina county, near the Cuyahoga river, and a portage between them formerly gave the name of Portage town and county. The Muskingum is navigable to Coshocton, 100 miles. It is obstructed by falls at Zanesville, where there is a canal, with a dam and locks, affording a great water-power. There is a slack-water navigation from Zanesville to Dresden, Avhere a side-cut 2^ miles, connects the Muskingum river with the Ohio canal. The river runs through a rich agricultural country, and, at its mouth, is 225 yards wide. Hanner, Washington co., 0., is situated on the Muskin- gum river, at its mouth, opposite Marietta. The waters of the Muskingum are used for driving mills and other manu- factories. It occupies the site of Fort Harmer, the first forti- fication erected by the Americans in the state of Ohio, and named from its first commander. Pop. about 1,700. Vienna Landing, Va., a small village, 8 miles below the mouth of the Muskingum river, contains about 200 inhabit- ants. Pai'kersburg, capital of Wood co., Va., 5 miles below, is situated on the north side of Little Kanawha river, at its junction with the Ohio river, opposite Belpre in Ohio. It is pleasantly located aiid well built. The Northwestern rail- road, a branch of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, terminates here. The village has the usual county buildings and several churches, and is a place of considerable enterprise and trade. Pop., 1850, 1,218. Belpre, Belpre town, Washington co., 0., nearly opposite Parkersburg, is a small village, in a good agricultural region. Pop. of town, 1850, 1,622. Little Kanawha River, Va., a small river, entering the Ohio at Belpre. Blennerliasset Island, 2 miles below Belpre ; a beauti- ful island in the Ohio river, celebrated as the scene of the noted Burr conspiracy. Here, in 1798, Herman Blennerhas- set commenced and perfected improvements, rendering his island home almost an earthly paradise, when Aaron Burr, in 1805, made his acquaintance and destroyed his earthly all. 72 PLACES ON THE OPIIO KIVEK. Ohio, as well as the whole western country, became agita- ted by the alleged conspiracy of Burr to fomi a separate gov- ernment in the Mississippi valley, detached from the eastern Union. The arrest of Burr put an end to this alarm. What may have been the real design of Burr, in endeavoring to raise an army in the west, it is not possible to determine. Ostensibly it was to seize on New Orleans, and to invade Mexico ; but it is generally believed that it was his intention to sever the Union. Blenncrhasset, a man of wealth and in- fluence, was a victim to his scheme. Burr was tried for treason in 1807, and acquitted for want of positive proof. One of the greatest specimens of forensic eloquence on record, is found in Wirt's celebrated speech on the trial of Burr and Blenncrhasset. Hockingport, Troy town, Athens co., 0., 13 miles below Blenncrhasset island, on the north side of the Hockhocking river, at its junction with the Ohio river, is a small enterprising village of 300 inhabitants. Pop. of town, 1850, 1,221. Hockhocking River, rises in Fairfield county, in the southeast central part of the state of Ohio, and, flowing in a southeasterly direction, enters the Ohio river at Hockingport. Excepting the lower falls and mill-dams, it is boatablc for 70 miles. It aflbrds excellent mill-sites, having a fall near its source of 40 feet perpendicularly. The river flows through a rich country, and a great variety of Indian mounds are found along its banks. Belleville, Wood co., Va. ; a small settlement, 4 miles below Hockingport ; has a good landing, and about 200 in- habitants. Events of great historic interest took place in and around this point, in connection with the Indians, from 1785 to 1800. Murraysville, Wood co., Va., 6 miles below, is a small, unimportant village, of about 225 inhabitants. Shade River (formerly Devil's Hole), Olive town, Meigs CO., 0., a small settlement, situated at the mouth of the Shade river, 2 miles below. Pop. of town, 1853, 924. Ravenswood, Jackson co., Va., 11 miles below Mun-ays- ville; an enterprising village at the mouth of Sand creek, well situated in the midst of a rich agricultural region. Boat- building is here carried on to some extent, and a large busi- ness is transacted with the surrounding country. Pop. of village about 300. ^ Letartsville, Letart town, Meigs co., 0., 21 miles below, is a small village, well situated. Pop. of village about 200 j town, 1850, 966. PLACES OK THE OHIO RIVER. 73 GrSLham Station, Sutton town, Meigs co., O., 3 miles below; a village of recent origin, having a good landing. Pop. of village about 150; of town, 1850, 1,596. Minersville, 5 miles below, in the same town, is well situ- ated. Pop. about 175. Nyesville, Salisbury town, Meigs co., 0., 4 miles below, is a small enterprising settlement of some 20 houses. Pomeroy, in the same township, 1 mile below, capital of Meigs CO., O., is built on a narrow strip of land lying between the river and a range of hills. The villages of Middleport, Minersville, Carrolton, Coalport, and Nyesville, extending along the river several miles, may be considered as suburbs of Pomeroy. It is indebted to the vast coal-beds and salt- springs in the vicinity, for its rapid growth. Pop. 1850, 1,638. Middleport, Sheffield, and Coalport, 1 mile below, are thriving settlements adjoining Pomeroy, and rapidly in- creasing. Point Pleasant, capital of Mason co., Va., 11 miles be- low, situated on the east side of the Ohio river, at the mouth Great Kanawha river. This place has a good river and in- terior trade. Pop. about 350. Great "Ksniciwh.^ Hiver, rises in N. C, and, running north and northwest, falls into the Ohio at Point Pleasant, 273 miles below Pittsburg, and 204 miles above Cincinnati. About 100 miles from its mouth, are the Great Falls, where the river descends 50 feet; on its banks, 66 miles from its mouth, are Kanawha salt-works, where the river is 1 50 yards Made. The salt region extends 15 miles on the river, and the salt noAV manufectured amounts to 2,000,000 bushels annually. The salt water is obtained by boring through a formation of rock from 300 to 800 feet deep. The bituminous coal, which abounds in the vicinity, is used for evaporating the water. Gallipolis, capital of Gallia co., 0., 5 miles below Point Pleasant, is pleasantly situated on the Avest bank of the Ohio river. Besides the usual county buildings, it has a number of public edifices, and many elegant private residences. Near the academy is a semi-globular mound 20 rods in circumfer- ence at its base, a monument of early times. The village was organized in 1810. Herefords, Mason co., Va., 5 miles below ; a settlement of a few houses. Green Bottom, Cabell co., Va., 4 miles below; a good landing-place. Pop. about 150. 74 PLACES ON THE OHIO RIVER. Bladensburg, Ohio town, Gallia co., O., 3 miles below; a small recent settlement, having a good landing. Pop. of town, 1850, 504. Millei'sport, l\omc to\Ani, Lawrence co., 0., 12 miles be- low; a small thriving village. Fop. of town, 1850, 1,334. Guyandotte, Cnbell co., Va., 13 miles below, is a thri- ving ])ost-vill:igc on the Ohio river, at the entrance of Guyan- dotte river, on the point of land between these rivers. This being the most southern point that the river reaches in Vir- ginia, it is an important place of steamboat debarkation, and the terminus of a turnpike extending to the various Avatering- places in Virginia. Top. about 1,200. Guyandotte River, Va., rises in Logan co., and flows north, northwest, and enters the Ohio below Barbersvillo. Length about 110 miles. Little Guyandotte river enters tho Ohio between the above and Gnat Kanawha rivers. Proctorsville, Union town, Lawrence co., O., a small set- tlement, 1 mile below Guyautlotte, is yet in its infancy. Pop. of town, 1850, 1,318. Biiiiingtou, Fayette town, capital of Lawrence co., 0., 6 miles below, at the southern extremity of the state ; is largely engaged in manufactures and the iron business, and has con- siderable trade, with the surrounding .country. Pop. of town, 1850, 534. Big Sandy River, Va. and Ky., rises in Fayette co., Va., separating the states of Virginia and Kentucky for 175 miles, \iutil it enters the Ohio river, 4 miles below Burlington, at Cattlesburg, a small settlement. It receives several tribu- taries, and is navigable, for small boats, for 50 miles from its mouth, where it is 150 yards wide. Cattlesburg, Greenup co., Ky., a thriving settlement, sit- uated just below the mouth of the Big ISandy river. Cocd Grove, Upper Ironton town, Ijawrencc co., 0., 5 miles below, is a small settlement and rapidly improving. Amanda, Greenup co., Ky., 2 miles below, is in the midst of the iron district, and has a good steamboat-landing. Ironton, Upper Ironton town, La\ATence co., O., 5 miles below. This place was laid-out by the Ohio L"on and Coal Company, in 1849, and is the terminus of the Iron railroad. The village is pleasantly situated on high bottom-land, above high-water mark, having high blutl's in the rear. It has many elegant private residences, and owes its rapid growth to the inexhaustible beds of coal and iron existing in the vicinity. Pop. about 1,800. PLACES ON THE OHIO RIVER. 75 Hanging Rock, Iron Rock ancl Upper Ironton T., Lawrence co., O., 2 miles below. There are several blast- furnaces, rolling-mills, and other manufactories in successful operation. The village is rapidly advancing in population and wealth. Pop. about 1000. Greenupsburg, capital of Greenup co., Ky., at the mouth of the Little Sandy river 7 miles below, is an import- ant point, having a good trade Avith the interior of Virginia, Besides the county buildings, it has a number of elegant private edifices. Pop. about 600. Haverhill, Sciota co., 0., nearly opposite Greenupsbiirg, is a small landing-place of recent growth, and favorably situated. Wheelersbnrgh, Sciota co., 0., 8 miles below, is a thri- ving village, shipping considerable produce. Pop. 1850, 504. Springville, Greenup co., Ky., opposite Portsmouth, is pleasantly situated, having several foundries and other man- ufactories. Pop. about 300. Portsmouth, Wayne town, cap. of Sciota co., 0., 15 miles below, beautifully situated, just above the mouth of the Sciota, at the terminus of the Ohio and Erie canal, 112 miles above Cincinnati, and 309 miles from Cleveland by canal. The village presents a beautiful appearance from the river, is com- pactly built, and being surrounded by a fextile region, together with the vast beds of coal, iron, and building-stone in the vicinity, it commands an exten^sive trade, and is in a highly prosperous condition. Pop. 1850, 4,011. Sciota River, 0., is the second in magnitude of those flowing wholly within the state. It rises in Harden co., and flowing through Marion and Delaware cos, into Franklin co., it receives, just above Columbus, from the north. Whetstone, or Olentagny river, and then flows nearly south to its junction with the Ohio, at Poi-tsmouth, where it is 150 yards wide. It is about 180 miles long, and is navigable 130 miles to the mouth of the Little Sciota. Alexandria, Washington town, Sciota co., 0., 3 miles be- low Portsmouth ; a small village, well situated, having a good landing. Pop. about 325. Bradford, Sciota co., 0., 4 miles below, a small settlement. Pop. about 250. Rockport, Lewis co.. Ivy,, 2 miles below, a small and growing village. Rockville, Nile town, Adams co., 0., 8 miles below, a small village of 150 inhabitants. 76 PLACES ON THE OHIO KIVER. Vanceburg, Lewis co.. Ky., 2 miles below; well situated, having a quarry of slate and limestone in the vicinity. A fine material for stone-ware is found here. Pop. 2.50. Home, Greene town, Adams co., 0., 6 miles below; large quantities of jDroduce are shipped from this point. Iron ore is found in the vicinit3^ Pop. about 150. Concord, Lev/is co., Ky., 7 miles below ; a small flourish- ing village. Pop. about 250. Manchester, Spring town, Adams co., 0., 8 miles beloAv; a thriving village, having several mills and factories. Pop. 700. Aberdeen, Huntington town. Brown co., 0., nearly oppo- site Maysville, Ky., is well situated. The citizens arc noted for their enterprise and hospitality. Pop. 1850, 808. MA'TSVILIiS CITT, Marion co., Ky., 13 miles below Manchester, and 59 miles above Cincinnati. It was formerly called Limestone, from Limestone Creek, which here enters the Ohio river. It is delightfully situated on the south side of the river, on a nar- row bottom betAveen the river and the hills which rise in the rear. The principal streets cross each other ^t right angles. It has a profitable trade with the interior, and is adorned with elegant county buildings, cit^^-hall, &c. The place is well supplied with churches, seminaries, public and private schools, and newspapers. Here are the following manufacturing estab- lishments, which turn out a large amount in value, annually : steam-engine, cotton and bagging factories, rope-walks, iron foundries, coach, wagon and plough manufactories, saw and flour mills. Incorporated in 1833. Pop. 1850, 3,840. Chariton, Mason co., Ky., 5 miles below ; a small settle- ment well situated. Ripley, Union town. Brown co., 0., 4 miles below, is hand- somely situated on a narrow strip of land, which is confined between the river and a ridge of hills back of the town. The town contains several mills and two seminaries, and is a place of much enterprise. Pop. 1850, 1,780. Levanna, in the same town, 2 miles below, well situated for trade. Pop. 1850, 175. Dover, Mason co., Ky., opposite Levanna, has a good landing, from which large quantities of hemp and tobacco are exported, and is a place of much enterprise. Pop. about 750. Higginsport, Lewis town. Brown co., O., 5 miles below, at the mouth of White Oak creek, is a flourishing village, and" has a number of .flour mills. Pop. 1850, 535. ^^ PLACES ON THE OHIO ElVER. 7V Augusta, Bracken co., Ky., 5 miles below. The town presents a beautiful appearance from the river, has a good landing, and is the most important town in the county. There are at this place several extensive tobacco warehouses, flour mills, and tanneries. Augusta college is located here. Pop. 1850, 1,126. Chilo, Franklin town, Clermont co., 0., 5 miles below, a small promising village, and was called Mechanicsburg until 1820. Pop. about 200. Neville, "Washington town, Clermont co., 0., 4 miles below, is well situated, having considerable trade, with an enter- prising population of about 450. Moscow, in the same town, 4 miles below, has a good landing-place, is well situated, and rapidly improving. Pop. about 375. Posterville, Bracken co., Ky., 1 mile below; an incon- siderable settlement. Point Pleasant, Monroe town, Clei-mont co., 3 miles be- low; a small flourishing village. Pop. of village about 350, of town, in 1853, 1,897. Metier, Pendleton co., Ky., 1 mile below; a small post- village. Flag Spring, Campbell co., Ky., 2 miles below ; a thri- ving post-village. New Richmond, Ohio town, Clermont co., 0., 1 mile be- low, and just above the Twelve Mile creek ; the most populous and flourishing village in the county, well situated for trade. Pop. of village about 1,300; of town, in 1853, 4,479. Palestine, in the same town, 1 mile below, a small enter- prising place. Brickmaking is here largely carried on. The village is regularly laid out, and has a population of about 325. Home, in the same town, 1 mile below, a small landing- place. Little Miami River, 0., 10 miles below, rises in the western central part of the state, and flowing in a southwest- erly direction, about 120 miles, enters the Ohio river 6 miles above Cincinnati. To the tourist and geologist this river presents many attractions. ^ Carthage, Campbell co., Ky., 1 mile below ; a small pros- perous village, V Columbia, Columbia town, Hamilton co., O., 1 mile below ; a thriving village. It was the second place settled in Ohio, founded in 1798. The lumber trade is largely carried on at this point. Pop. of village about 1,200 ; of to\ra, 2,413. 78 PLACES ON THE OHIO RIVER. JamestQ-wn, Campbell co., Ky., 1 mile below, a suburb of Cincinnati; is pleasantly situated, and rapidly improving. Merchants doing business in Cincinnati reside here. The village is connected with Cincinnati by a steam-ferry. Pop. of village about 1,200. Fulton, 2 miles below, in Hamilton co., 0., above, and adjoining Cincinnati, is well situated. High hills rise back of the village, a few hundred yards distant, which contain im- mense beds of limestone suitable for building. Steamboat building is here carried on to a great extent. It has several churches and steam-mills, &c. Pop. about 4,500. CINCINNATI CITY, The metropolis of Ohio, and " Queen City of the West," a port of entry, and capital of Hamilton co., 0., is the most populous city of the western states, the largest inland city in the Union, and fifth in size and importance among the cities of the United States. It is built on an elevated plain, on the north bank of the Ohio, 540 feet above tide-water at Albany, N. Y., and 25 feet below the level of Lake Erie. The shore of the Ohio here forms a good landing for boats at all seasons of the year, the landing being paved to low- water mark. The descent from the upper part of the city to low-water mark on the Ohio, is 108 feet. The city is near the eastern extremity of a pleasant valley, about 12 miles in circumference, skirted on the north by a circular ridge of hills, the summits of which are 300 feet high, and present a picturesque appearance. The ground on which the city stands consists of two plains, the rear one elevated 60 feet above the front, though the as- cent, by grading, is reduced to a gradual slope. The view of the city is beautiful from the hills in the rear; but, as approached by water, it is neither extensive nor commanding. Excepting on the margin of the river, it is regularly laid out, streets and alleys crossing each other a*t right angles. The streets running east and west, parallel with the river, are de- nominated. First, Second, Third, &c., while those running north and south are named after the native trees, as Walnut, Syca- more, &c. Main sti-eet extends from the landing on the river, directly north to the northern boundary of the city. The central portion of the city is compactly built with substantial ;, houses and stores ; but upon the outer parts, the houses arei irregularly scattered. The streets are well paved, and exten.4 sively shaded by trees. The city abounds with expensive.' stately public buildings, adding much to the appearance of iiiiill ijiitiiiiifiiijiii 1 lll^^^^l^^^iM^^ iii ill i II 'J Ijir Miiijllil i lilili liililiiliw 'If II , ji ta^^^^ „, ,,,„,.,» liii Ui|i l!ii!ii|'f!ii!f I 80 PLACES ON THE OHIO RIVER, y tlie place. The courthouse on Main street is 56 by 60 feet, and 120 feet higli to the top of the dome. The edifice of Cincinnati college, on Walnut street, occupied in part by the Chamber of Commerce and Mercantile Library, is 138 feet long by 100 feet wide, with a marble front, in the Doric style. The college Avas founded in 1819, and has medical and law de- partments. The episcopal church at the corner of Seventh and Plum streets ; the first presbyterian church, corner of Fourth and Main streets ; the Roman catholic cathedral, cor- ner of Eiglith and Plum streets ; the Melodcon ; the Athc- neum; and scA'cral other buildings, are good specimens of architectural symmetry and beauty. And last, though not least, is the great astronomical observatory at Cincinnati, not only one of the glories and wonders of the Great West, but a substantial monument to the genius and enterprise of the republic. But while Ave claim this great Avork as a part of the intellectual treasure of our common country, AA^e must not forget that its origin and completion, and all the vast benefits which its existence must confer, are the result of private en- terprise, directed by the genius and perseverance of Pi'ofessor O. M. Mitchel, of Cincinnati college. The edifice is of stone, and situated on Mount Adams, 500 feet above Ioav Av^ater, commanding a splendid vicAV of the city and surrounding country. The corner stone of the pier Avhich AA^as to sustain the great refracting telescope, AA^as laid by John Quiucy Adams, with appropriate ceremonies, NoA^ 9, 1843. Tliis AA'as Mr. Adams' last great oration. Cincinnati can boast, not only of wealth and^ public spirit, but her benevolent and literary insti- tutions rank among the first in the country. Lane Theologi- cal Seminary, under the direction of the presbj'terians, is Avell endoAA'Cd, and in a prosperous condition, as is also the theo- logical school under the direction of the baptists. The luna- tic asylum, commercial hospital, AAddow's home, asylum for aged females, house of refuge, hotel for invalids, and female assistance society, are well sustained, and alle\'iate a A^ast amount of human sufi"ering. Ciixcinnati is an extensive man- ufacturing city, notAA^ithstanding the AA-aters of the Ohio can not be used for manufacturing purposes, OAAdng to the great and sudden rise and fall of the riAxr ; this disadA^antage is more than balanced by the cheapness of fuel, food, and iron, and, indeed, almost every raAA' material used in manufacturing. Over 200 steam-engines are used in the A-arious manufactories ; among AA^hich are bi-ass and iron foundries, rolling-mills, ma- cliine shops, lard, oil, flour and paper-mills, and manufac- PLACES ON THE OHIO RIVER. 81 torics for cotton, tobacco, fanning implements, edge tools, and nearly every article of domestic mauufactm'e. This city is the gre«t centre of the pork tirade, and the exports of pork, lard, flour, corn, and every agricultural production are im- mense. It has increased with almost unexampled rapidity. SuiTounded by the richest agricultural region in the Avorld ; in the vicinity of immense mineral wealth; washed by the noble river at her feet ; and the terminus of numerous rail- roads — she must become a vast mart of commerce, equalled by few cities in North America. The city is supplied with water raised from the Ohio, by steam-power, into a spacious limestone reservoir, which holds 5,000,000 gallons. Cincinnati (origi- nally called Losanteville) was first settled December 25, 1788, on the site of Fort Washington; in 1789, some emigrants from New England and New Jersey settled here. In 1819, the city was incorporated. In 1795, it contained a population of 500; in 1800, 750; in 1810, 2,540; in 1820, 9,642; in 1830, 24,831; in 1840, 46,338; in 1850, 115,425; in 1853, 160,394. NEWPORT CITlf Capital of Campbell co., Ky., a flourishing and rapidly im- proving town, opposite Cincinnati, immediately above the mouth of the Licking river, which separates it from Coving- ton. It is pleasantly situated on a moderately-elevated plain, overlooking Cincinnati. It has a number of steam and rolling mills, foundries, and other manufactories, in operation. The city contains a United States arsenal, many elegant public and private buildings ; and its ample ferries render it a favor- ite residence of merchants, and others, doing business in Cin- cinati, to which it is considerably indebted for its rapid growth in population and wealth. The subject of education is re- ceiving particular attention. Pop., 1853, 5,895. Licking River, Ky., rises in the eastern part of the state, among the Cumberland mountains, and after running a north- west course, 225 miles, enters the Ohio opposite Cincinnati. It is navigable for small boats to Falmouth, 60 miles from its mouth. Its principal affluents are the South Licking river, and Slate creek. COVINGTON CITY, Kenton co., Ky., at the lower side of the mouth of the Lick- ing river, opposite Cincinnati, of which, from the arrange- ment of the streets, it appears like a continuation. Newport lies on the opposite side of the Licking river. It is pleasantly 6 82 PLACES ON THE OHIO RIVER. situated on an elevated plain of several miles in extent, most of wliich lies above high-water mark. Connected with Cin- cinnati by steam-ferries, it may be called one of its subm'bs. This is the terminus of the Covington and Lexington railroad, 44 miles long. Here are manufactories of hemp, cotton, silk, &c. ; a ropewalk, a rolling-mill, and establishments for pack- ing pork and beef. The city enjoys a large retail and con- siderable wholesale trade with the interior. Pop., in 1850, 9,408; 1855, about 15,000 Late Residence of General Harrison, North Bend, Miami town, Hamilton co., O., 14 miles below Cincinnati. It derives its interest from having been the residence of General Hai-rison. The family mansion stands upon a slightly elevated plain, commanding a delightful view of the river. It is a plain, unpretending edifice, worthy of an unostentatious republican, as its proprietor was. The tomb of the ex-president is situated about one fourth of a mile south of the family mansion, upon a hill 100 feet above the river ; it is built of brick ; no inscription is to be found on it. It can be distinctly seen from the river. (rj^ ^ //a-z^^cM^ 84 PLACES ON THE OHIO EIVER. Great Miami Kiirer, 0., 3 miles below, one of the largest tributaries of the Ohio, rises in Hardin co., and, after a course of 150 miles, enters the Ohio, near the boundary line be- tween Ohio and Indiana. The most important affluents are the Mad and White rivers. Its current is rapid, but it is navigable for a distance of 90 miles. It is 150 yards wide at its mouth, and furnishes extensive water-power. Lawi'eiiceburg City, cap. of Dearborn co., la., 3 miles beloAv, at the entrance of the Whitewater canal into the Ohio. It has the courthouse, several extensive flour-mills, and other buildings of minor importance. The immense water- power possessed here, promises to make this point a large manufacturing and shipping port. Petersburg, Boone co., Ky., 2 miles below ; has an active trade, and a good landing. It occupies the site of an exten- sive Indian burying-ground. Pop. about 400. Aurora, Dearborn co., la., 2 miles below; pleasantly sit- uated in the midst of a rich agricultural district. A large and enterprising company of emigrants from Germany have set- tled here. It is a place of considerable trade, and rapidly in- creasing in population and wealth. Fop. of town in 1850, 1,9.54. Bellevue, Boone co., Ky, 7 miles below, is a thriving set- tlement, having a good landing and considerable trade with the surrounding country. Pop. about 200. Rising Sun, capital of Ohio co., la., 3 miles below, is pleasantly situated on a high bank overlooking the Ohio. It has an active trade, and is rapidly improving. There are several cotton and other factories, carrying on a profitable business. Besides the county buildings, it is well supplied with churches, academies and schools. Pop., 1850, 1,674. Big Bone Creek, Boone cd., Ky., 13 miles below. Near this point, at the Big Lick springs, the bones of the great mastodon were found. These animals were attracted hither by the saline waters, and probably perished in deadly combat. Hamilton, Boone co., Ky., a small village, situated just above the mouth of the Big Bone creek. Pop. 250. Patriot, Switzerland co., la., 2 miles below; a post- vil- lage, well situated for trade; has a good landing. Po^d. about 750. "Warsaw, capital of Gallatin co., Ky., 10 miles below; it has a flour-mill, and a number of tobacco factories, and is well supplied with church edifices, and other public buildings. Pop. about 1 300. PLACES ON THE OHIO EIYEK. 85 ITevz York, Switzerland co., la., 1 mile below ; a small post-village, with a thriving population of about 250. Florence, in the same county, 2 miles below, is a small village of 150 inhabitants. Vevay, capital of Switzerland co., la., 6 miles below, one of the pleasantest sites on the Ohio ; settled by emigrants from Switzerland. The vine has been extensively and suc- cessfully cultivated in this place and vicinity. The superior landing, and the fertility of the adjoining county, render it a place of active business. Pop. about 2,000. Ghent, Carroll co., Ky., nearly opposite Vevay, is well sit- uated in a growing district. The village is pleasant and healthy. Pop. about 450. Carrollton (formerly Pout William), capital of Carroll eo., Ky., 11 miles below, at the mouth of the Kentucky river. It has the county buildings, several churches, and a number of factories; also, a thriving trade. Pop. about 1,100. - Kentucky River, Ky., from which the state derives its name, rises by three principal branches in the Cumberland mountains, denominated the north, middle, and south forks, which unite in Estell county. From this point it pursues a north-northwest course, until it enters the Ohio river at Car- rollton. The distance from the mouth to the forks is 260 miles by the course of the river. Steamboats of 300 tons ply between this place and Cincinnati. The navigation of this river has been improved by locks, constructed at great ex- pense. Immense beds of coal and iron ore are found along its branches, Frankfort, capital of Kentucky, is situated on a circular bend on tlie north side of the Kentucky river, 60 miles from its mouth. The river here winds through deep limestone banks, which afford a level site for the town. Frankfort is a well-l)uilt villag-e, with neat and solid dwellings of brick or white marble. Am.ong the public buildings are a splendid statehouse, pen- itentiary, courthouse, several churches, academies, and banking-houses. It is the centre of an active trade, which is much increased by railroads leading to Lexington and Louisville. A chain bridge connects the town with South Frankfort. Pop. 1850, 4,372 ; 1856, about 6,500. Daniel Boone.— Few men of such humble pretensions occupy so large a space in history as Daniel Boone. His heroism as an explorer, pioneer, settler, and patriotic defender of the soil he had won by his courage in the path of the discoverer, partakes so largely of the spirit of chivalry, and true romance, that we incontinently look upon him with a sentiment of hero- worship. Fie was born in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, in 1734. While yet a boy, his family settled near the banks of the ya<3kin, in North Caro- lina. It wa* about 20 years later than this when Boone first penetrated the great wilderness valley of the Mississippi, in company with others, on a long hunt of about three years. He had made himself acquainted with the hardships of border life, and, in 1773, in company with other families, he Btarted with his own, to make a settlement on the Xain-tvit-ee river. The liustile Indians compelled them to fall back, and Boone resided for two 9^cr^A PLACES ON THE OHIO KIVER. 87 years on the Clerich river, when he went forward and planted Boories- borough, in Madison county, Kentucky ; soon after which a few other families joined him. His wife and daughters were the first white women ever seen upon the banks of the Kentucky river. He became a great annoyance to the Indians ; and while at the Blue Licks, on the Licking river, in February, 1778, engaged with others in making salt, he was cap- tured by some of the Shawnees, and taken to Chillicothe. The Indians became attached to him, and he was adopted into a family as a son. A ransom of $500 was oftered for him, but the Indians refused it. He at length escaped (in .July following his capture), when he ascertained that a large body of Indians were preparing to march against Boonesborough. They attacked that station three times, and were repulsed. He returned to Kentucky in 1780, with his family, and assisted Colonel Clarke in his operations against the Indians in the Illinois country. In his old age, Con- gress donated two thousand acres of land to Daniel Boone, and he was thus made comparatively happy. The brave old hero died in Missouri, in 1820, at the age of almost 90 years. Preston, Carroll co., Ky., is a small village opposite Car- rolton, from Avhicli it is divided by the Kentucky river. Pop. about 250. MADISOH CITY", And capital of Jefferson co., la., 10 miles below, and 89 miles below Cincinnati ; pleasantly situated on the north shore of the river, at an elevation which secures it from the highest floods. It is regularly laid out with broad streets, paved or macada- mized. The county buildings, together with other public edifices, are an ornament to the city. In the rear of the town, are hills 250 feet high which afford a beautiful prospect. A Jarge amount of capital is employed in steamboats, that ply to the different towns on the Oliio and Mississippi rivers, the navigation being usually unobstructed during the winter. The Madison and Indianapolis railroad, of 159 miles in length, terminates here. The city contains manufactories of cotton, wool, iron, machinery, &c. The pork-packing and oil busi- ness is extensively carried on here, and a large amount of produce is shipped from this port. Pop., 1853, 8,112; of North Madison village, 992 : total, 9,104. Indianapolis City, capital of Indiana, 86 miles northwest from this point, is beautifully situated on the west fork of White river, which is navigable to this place during hi^h water. It is surrounded with one of the most fertile plains in the Union. The town was originally laid out a mile square, with streets generally crossing each other at right angles, ex- cepting four diagonal streets, which converge to a circular area in the cen- tre of the city. In the centre of this area is an Indian mound, on which stands the governor's mansion. Most of the public buildings are erected on Washington street. Among them are a splendid stotehouse, 180 by 80 feet, courthouse, masonic hall, state lunatic hospital, central medical college of Indiana, together with several banking houses, hotels, churches, and academies. Considerable capital is here invested in flour-mills, foun- dries, steam-engines, paper, and other manufactories. Several important railroads centre here, viz.: Madison and Indianapolis; Lafayette, Terre- Haute, and Indianapolis ; Indiana Central ; Indianapolis and Bellefontalne ; Peru and Indianapolis ; and Lawrenceburg and Upper Mississippi. Pop., 1840, 2,684; 1850, 8,091; 1856, about 14,000. 88 PLACES ON THE OHIO EIVER. Milton, Trimble co., Ky., nearly opposite Madison, is a small post-village; has a good landing. Pop. about 250. Hanover Xianding, South Hanover village, Hanover town, Jefferson co., la., 6 miles below. "Hanover college" is located here. A plank-road connects this point with Mad- ison. Pop., 1850, 447. Ne^w London, Jefferson co., la., 4 miles below ; a small post-village recently settled ; large quantities of produce are shipped from this point. Pop. about 200. Bethlehem, Clarke co., la., 7 miles below ; is a well-situ- ated and promising village. Pop. of town, 1850, 872. Westport, Oldham co., Ky., 6 miles below; an enter- prising place, formerly the county-seat. Pop. about 600. Herculaneum, Clark co., la., 4 miles below; is a pleas- ant landing-place. Pop. 200. Chaiie.ston Landing, in the same co., 9 miles below; Charleston, 1| miles west, is the capital of Clarke co., la., and is a thriving village. Pop. of town, 1853, 3,902. Utica, in the same co., 5 miles below, and 8 miles above Louisville, is well situated, and has an enterprising popula- tion of about 500. Transylvania, Jefferson co., Ky., 2 miles below; a small settlement of about 15 houses. Jeffersonville, Giark co., la., 6 miles beloAV, nearly opposite Louisville. It is delightfully situated on a high bank on the north side of the Ohio, just above the rapids. There is a good landing here, caused by an eddy in the river, which is nearly one mile wide at this point, and descends 22 feet in 2^ miles, producing a rapid current; in high water steamboats pass over the rapids (see Ohio river). Jefferson railroad, 106 miles long, connects this town with Indianapolis. Indiana penitentiary is located here. Jeffersonville has a large trade with the surrounding country, and is rapidly pro- gressing in wealth and population. Pop., 1850, 3,902. LOUISVILLE CITY", Port of entiy, capital of Jefferson co., Ky., situated on the south bank of the Ohio river, at the head of the rapids, 615 miles beloAv Pittsburg, and 1,434 miles above New Orleans. It is built on a gentle acclivity, 75 feet above low- water mark, regularly laid out on a slightly undulating plain, with ten streets running parallel with the river, intersected at right angles with thirty cross streets. The city is supplied with pure water, and lighted with gas. Louisville is the seat of PLACES ON THE OHIO KIVEK. 89 most of the commercial and manufacturing business of the state and contiguous teri-itory. The following are among the most extensive manufactories : foundries, machine shops, steam-bagging factories, rope-walks, cotton and woollen fac- tories, flouring-mills, mills for the manufacture of hydraulic cement, tobacco factories, breweries, glassworks, agricultural implement manufactories, and many others of less note. These establishments employ several millions of dollars in capital, pi'oducing remunerative profits. The exports of tobacco, corn, pork, lard, &c., are very great. Louisville is mainly indebted for her existence to the interruption of navi- gation in the Ohio, at this point, occasioned by the falls. The imports of the city are about $25,000,000 annually, and constantly increasing. The various public buildings, some of which are elegant specimens of architectural taste, add much to the fine appearance of the city ; among them are the city-hall, courthouse, university of Louisville, schools of medicine and law connected with the university, banks, churches, oiphan asylum, &c. There are several literary and scientific institutions of a high order established here. This place is appropriately classed among the great prosperous and rapidly improving cities of the West. Pop., 1788, 30; 1800,800; 1810,1,357; 1820,4,012; 1830,10,336; 1840, 21,210; 1850, 43,194; 1856, about 55,000. Shippensport, in the same co., 2 miles below, at the ter- minus of the Louisville canal; is a small village and land- ing. Pop. about 250. Portland, in the same co., 2 miles below, is an enter- prising village, having considerable trade. Pop. about 900. New Albany City, capital of Ployd co., la., 4 miles be- low Louisville, is a flourishing city, pleasantly situated, and regularly laid out, the streets 80 feet wide, crossing each other at right angles. This is the terminus of the great lines of railroad, extending to the north and northwestern cities, and being surrounded by a rich agricultural district, is a port of considerable trade. The place was laid out in 1813. It has several shipyards and other mechanical establishments. Pop., in 1850, 8,181. Salt River, Ky., 15 miles below, rises in Mercer co., and, flowing north into Anderson co., turns west, and enters the Ohio at West Point. It is 200 yards wide at its mouth, and boatable for 150 miles ; 15 miles from its mouth it receives, on the south side, a large branch, called the Rolling fork, which last receives, in Nelson county, a branch called Beechy 90 PLACES ON THE OHIO KIVEK. fork. These streams water some of the most fertile portions of the state. The river derives its name from the numerous salt-licks along its banks. West-Point, Hardin co., Ky., just below the mouth of Salt river, is an enterprising village, and has a good landing. Boat-building is carried on somewhat extensively hero. Pop. about 350. Rockhaven, Meade co., Ky., 11 miles below; a small post-village. Brandenburg, capital of Meade co., Ky., 6 miles below; built on a commanding eminence, overlooking the Ohio river, and pleasantly situated with a thriving population, of about 800. Mauchport, Harrison co., la., 2 miles below, is a small village of recent growth, but has the elements of prosperity. Pop. about 200. "Nev^ Amsterdam, in the same co., 6 miles below, is well situated, and has considerable trade. Pop. about 250. Leavenworth, capital of Crawford co., la., 6 miles below, is situated on a high bluff at the Horse-Shoe bend. It has good county buildings, and is a shipping port for large quan- tities of agricultural products. Pop. about 850. Fredonia, 4 miles below, in the same co., was the county- seat until 1843 ; has a good landing, and is flourishing. Pop. about 400. Alton, in the same co., 13 miles below, just below the mouth of the Little river ; a small village, well situated, and improving. Pop. about 250. Hatfield, Perry co., la , 3 miles below, a small post-vil- lage. Pop. about 250. Concordia, Meade co., Ky., 3 miles below, a thriving Til- lage. Pop. small. Derby, Perry county, la,, 2 miles below, a small post- vil- lage, pleasantly situated. Pop. about 200. Rome, capital of Perry co., la., 8 miles below, well situa- ted; is a thriving town, with the usual county buildings. Settled in 1812. Pop. about 800. Sinking Creek, Ky., a large stream, affording abundant water-power for several flour-mills along its banks; length 75 miles. Stephensport, Breckem-idge co., Ky., just below the mouth of the Sinking creek ; has a good landing, and makes extensive shipments of tobacco, &c. Pop. about 400. PLACES ON THE- OHIO KIVER. 91 Tcbineport, Perry co., la., 12 miles below; a prosperous village, well situated. Pop. about 200. , Cioverport, Breckenridge co., Ky., nearly opposite Tobinsport, at the mouth of Clover creek, is a growing town, having a good trade with the interior. The White Sulphur springs are near this place. Pop. about 900. St. Louis, Perry co., la., 12 miles below, is the com- mencement of a village, Avith a good landing. Pop. about 150. Hawesville, capital of Hancock co., Ky., 2 miles below, at the mouth of Lead creek, is a flourishing village, having an active trade with the interior, and supplying the steam- boats with coal that is mined in the neighborhood. Pop. about 800. Cannelton, Perry co., la., just below, and nearly opposite Hawesville, is rapidly increasing in population. A large cotton-factory employs many operatives, and the Cannel Coal Company are successfully engaged in mining a superior qual- ity of coal found in the Adcinity. Pop. about 3,500. Lovrer Cannelton, 1 mile below, in the same co., has laid the foundation of a thriving village. Pop., about 350. Troy, Perry co., la., 5 miles below, at the mouth of Anderson's creek, is a small prosperous village, settled in 1810. Pop. about 800. Maxville, Spencer co., la., just across Anderson's creek; a small, prosperous settlement. Pop. about 225. Lewisport, Hancock co., Ky., 5 ms. below, near the mouth of Blackford's creek; pleasantly situated. Pop. about 450. Rockport, capital of Spencer co., la., 13 miles below, de- lightfully situated on a commanding eminence, overlooking the Ohio river. The foundation of the village is composed of an immense quarry of sandstone. From this point large quantities of agricultural products are shipped. Pop., 1850, 412. Owensboro, capital of Davis co., Ky., 8 miles below, is pleasantly situated in the midst of a fertile district; has a good landing, and a large river and inland trade. It contains the county buildings, and many pleasant private residences. Pop. about 2,000. Bon Harbor, in the same co., 1 mile below ; cotton and woollen manufactories have recently been erected here. Im- mense coal-bedsj exist near the village, which are profitably mined. Large quantities of agricultural products are shipped from this excellent landing-place. Pop. about 450. 92 PLACES OK THE OHIO RIVER Sciiifletcwn, Henderson co., Ky., 3 miles below; a small thiiiving village. Enterprise, Spencer co., la., 4 miles below; a small flomishing village, with a good landing. Pop. about 250. Mount Prospect, Vanderburg co., la., 6 miles below; a thriving village ; has a good landing. Ne'wbur^, in the same co., 12 miles below; a flomishing village, surrounded by a beautiful agricultural district ; has a good landing, and considerable trade ; energy and taste char- acterize its inhabitants. Pop. about 650, Green River, Ky., 8 miles below, one of the important rivers of the West, rises in Lincoln co., and taking a west course for about 325 miles, enters the Ohio in Henderson co. It is navigable for boats, by means of locks and dams, to Greensburg, in Gi'cene co., a distance of 210 miles. It flows through a rich agricultural district, conveying to market more than $1,000,000 annually of the productions of the ground. The river passes the celebrated " Mammoth cave," in Edmondson co., 96 miles from Nashville, and 98 miles from Louisville. This is one of the wonders of the New World. It is some 12 miles in extent, with a great number of avenues and intricate windings. During the late war with Great Britain, a large number of men Avere constantly em- ployed in lixiviating the earth of this cave to obtain the salt- petre it contained, for the purpose of converting it into gun- powder. Stalactites of immense size, formed by the drop- pings from the limestone roofs, point downward, and stalag- mites of ponderous size stud the floors of these immense chambers. Evansville, port of entry, and capital of Vanderburg co., la., 8 miles below, is situated on an elevated bank, overlook- ing the Ohio river. It is connected by a railroad, 51 miles in length, with Vincennes, where it intersects other railroads leading to the eastern, northern, and western cities. The Wabash and Erie canal, 467 miles in length, from this point to Toledo, Ohio, is the longest in the Union. Pop., 1850, 3,235. Lamasco City, in the same co., below, and adjoining Evansville, is a village of rapid growth. Pop., 1850, 1,441. Verona, in the same co., 7 miles below, is a thriving vil- lage, well situated. Pop. about 300. Henderson, capital of Henderson co., Ky., 3 miles below; this flourishing village is beautifully situated, having a good river and inland trade. It has the county buildings, a num- 94 PLACES ON THE OHIO EIVER. ber of churches, large warehouses, tobacco factories, &c. Pop., 1850, 1775. West Franklin, Poesy co., la., 13 miles below; a thii- ving post-village; has a good landing. Pop. about 250. Mount Vernon, capital of Poesy co., la., 12 miles be- low, pleasantly situated on a high bank on a north bend in the river, and commands a view of the river for 15 miles. The town is in a highly prosperous condition. Pop., 1850, 1,120. Uniontcwn, Union co., Ky., 12 miles below. The vil- lage has some elegant buildings, showing a good degree of enterprise ; and large quantities of the agricultural prod ucts of the western portions of the state are shipped from thia port. Pop. 450. Wabash River, la. and 111., 8 miles below; rises in Mer- cer CO., 0., and flowing into Indiana, pursues a northwest course to Huntington county, where it approaches the junc- tion of St. Joseph's river, with the St. Mary's to form Mau- mee river, receiving Little river from the northeast at this point. It then crosses the state in a west-southvvcst direction, receiving, on the south side, Salamanic and ISIissisenawa rivers, and on the north side, Eel and Tippecanoe rivers ; and a little below Terre Haute, it becomes the boundary between Indiana and Illinois to its entrance into the Ohio, 152 miles above the Mississippi. It is the largest tributary of the Ohio on the north side, being about 575 miles in length, 320 miles of which are navigable fOr steamboats in high v/ater. The Wabash and Erie canal follows this river from Huntington to Terre Haute. Events of great historic interest in connection with the Indian wars, are associated with this river. Raleigh, Union co., Ky., 9 miles below ; a small post-vil- lage of about 200 inhabitants. Rocka'way, Union co., Ky, a small enterprising settle- ment nearly opposite Shawneetown. Sha'wneeto'wn, capital of Gallatin co.. 111., 7 miles below Wabash river, is situated on the northwest bank of the Ohio. The bank of the river has a gradual ascent, affording a fine view of the adjacent country. The town derives its name from a tribe of Indians, who once occupied this site. Large quantities of farming produce are shipped here, and a good inland and river trade is prosecuted. It was laid out in 1814. Pop., 1850, 1,764. Caseyville, Union co., Ky., 10 miles below, is a small village of about 250 inhabitants. PLACES ON THE OHIO RIVEK. 95 Tradevwater, Crittenden co., Ky., 1 mile below ; a small landing-place. Ford's Ferry, Crittenden co., Ky., 2 miles below, near the mouth of Tradewater creek; a small settlement. Pop. about 150. Cave-in-Rock, Hardin co.. 111., 10 miles below. The place is named after a remarkable cave, standing near the water's edge, which contains large chambers hung with s|:alactites, and is one of the curiosities of the Great West, well repaying the cost of a visit to it. Cookseyville, Crittenden co., Ky., nearly opposite Cave- in-Eock ; a small settlement. Elizabeth, Hardin co., 111., 8 miles belov,^; a pleasantly- located village. Pop. about 200. Earksville, Livingston co., Ky., 3 miles below; a settle- ment of a few houses. Rock Quarry, Pope co., 111., 10 miles below; a landing- place, and small village. Pop. about 150. Golconda, capital of Pope county, 10 miles below; a flourishing village, well situated ; has good county-buildings, and a good river trade. Pop. about 450. Oberry's Ferry, Ky., at Golconda. Cumberland River, 1 7 miles below, a large river of Ky. and Tenn. ; rises in Cumberland mountains, near the boundary between Virginia and Kentucky, and, pursuing a west-south- west course, enters the 'state of Tennessee. After an exten- sive sweep to the south, it turns northwesterly and northerly, entering and crossing Kentucky, and enters the Ohio 15 miles above the mouth of the Tennessee river, and 48 miles above the mouth of the Ohio at Smithland. It is about 650 miles long, draining a temtory of 18,000 square miles, and is navigable for steamboats 200 miles to Nashville, and for flat-boats 250 miles further. At certain seasons of high water, vessels of 400 tons may descend the river, 400 miles to the Ohio. The elevation of its sources above its mouth exceeds 1,000 feet. In size it is the second tributary of the Oliio, being inferior only to the Tennessee. Nashville is on the south side, near the extreme part of its southern bend ; below Nashville, it is deep and narrow. Smithland, Livingston co., Ky., just below the mouth of Cumberland river, a village having considerable trade with the interior. Pop. about 350. New Liberty, Pope co.. 111., 2 miles below; a small landing-place. Pop. about 150. % PLACES ON THE OHIO RIVEE. Tennessee River, 13 miles below, runs chiefly in the state of Tennessee, and is the largest tributary of the Ohio. Its soi^rccs are Clyneh and Holston rivers, which rise in the Alleghany mountains in Virginia. Its other head branches are Nola^hucky, French, Broad, Tellico, and Richland. The Holston and Clyneh, of which the others are branches, unite 4.5 miles southwest of Knoxville, forming the Tennessee proper, which then pursues a southwest direction across the state, and enters Alabama, where it pursues a westerly course for 175 miles, and then turns north and crosses the state of Tennessee and the western part of Kentucky, and enters the Ohio 50 miles above Cairo. The whole descent of the river from its sources to its mouth is nearly 2,000 feet, and its whole length is about 1,300 miles. It drains a sur- face of 42,000 square miles. The greatest obstruction to navigation is the Muscle Shoals, in Alabama. Florence, at the foot of these rapids on the north side, is 260 miles from its mouth, and to this distance steamboats can ascend during higli water. A canal has been made around these shoals, 36 miles in length. Above these rapids it is also navigable for steamboats as far as Knoxville, 450 miles. The navigable parts of the river are connected bj- a railroad. At the distance of 260 miles above Florence, occurs the such or icldrl, in which the river passes a large projecting rock on the north side, causing a sudden bend in the river, which produces a whirl. The current of the river is somewhat rapid, and but for the invention of steam would be of little benefit, except to navi- gate down stream. Paducah, capital of M'Cracken co., Ky., just below the mouth of the Tennessee river, is an important shipping-port for the vast amount of agricultural products which are brought down that river. The many large warehouses which are con- stantly receiving and discharging every article grown in the interior, together with the business-like appearance of the crowded wharves, reminds the stranger of the large cities on the seaboard. Pop., 1850, 2,428. Massack, McCracken co., Ky., 2 miles below; a small post-village, on high ground, laaving a fine prospect. A fort called Fort Massack formerly existed here. Pop. about 175. Metropolis City, capital of Massac co.. 111., 1 mile below, is a place of active business, well situated, and rapidly im- proving. Two newspapers are printed here. Pop. 1853, 636. Hillemiars., in the same co., 15 miles below; a small land- ing-place. Pop. about 150. PLACES OX THE OHIO RIVER. 97 Napoleon, Pulaski co., 111., 16 miles below; a small tliri- ving village. Pop. about 175. Caledonia, in the same co., 3 miles below ; an enterpri- sing village, with a good landing. Pop. about 250. Trinity, Alexander co., 111., at the mouth of the Cash river, 9 miles below, is a small landing-place. Pop. about 100. Cairo, Alexander, co.. 111., 4 miles below, situated on the point of land formed by the junction of the Ohio and Mis- sissippi rivers. The situation is important, but the ground is low and liable to be overflowed. A levee has been con- structed here by a company, at an expense of $750,000. The Illinois Central railroad, connecting this place with Galena and Chicago, commences here, and the Mobile and Chicago railroad is expected to cross the river at this point. Had there been land sufficiently elevated to escape injury from the high floods that annually occur at this point, it is supposed tliat this would become one of the great cities of the West. Pop. 1853, 242. Illinois Central Railroad. On the 20th of September, 1850, Congress passed an act, granting to the state of Illinois, 2.595,000 acres of the paWic lands, to aid in the construction of a line of railroad throughout the state. On the 10th of February, 1851, the legislature passed an act to incorporate the " Illinois Central Railroad Company," granting to them the lands donated by Congress for the purposes of a road. On the 28th of February, 1854. the legislature limited the capital to $17,000,000. The road commences at Dunlieth, on the Mississippi, opposite Dubuque, passes south to Galena, 16 miles, thence easterly 50 miles, after which it takes a southerly course, in almost a straight line, to Cairo. A branch of the road leaves the main line 118 miles above Cairo for Chicago, 250 miles distant. The entire length of the road is 453 miles. Its principal connections are, at Sandoval, 115 miles from Cairo, the Ohio and Mississippi railroad connects with St. Louis to the west, and Cincinnati on the east; at Decatur, 204 miles from Cairo, it con- nects with the Great Western road for Springfield, Jacksonville, and Naples ; at Bloomington, 248 miles from Cairo, with the Chicago and Mississippi railroad; at Lasalle, with the Rock Island railroad, for Rock Island and Davenport; at Mendota with the Central Military Tract railroad for Gales- burg, Burlington, and Quincy; at Dixon with 'the Air Line railroad; at Freeport with the Galena and Chicago railroad; and at Chicago with the Michigan Central, and the Michigan Southern, and Northern Indiana rail- roads. The lands owned by the company are divided into four classes and prices, established as follows: — 1. Lands of special value, as coal fields, quarries of stone, minerals, &c., or from peculiarity of location, as being near towns or villages. Minimum valuation $20 per acre. 2. Lands of superior agricultural qualities and location. Minimum valua- tion $15 per acre. 3. Lands of high agricultural qualities. Minimum valuation $8 per acre. 4. Lands of the lowest agricultural qualities, within fifteen miles of the road or branches, but all capable of cultivation. Minimun valuation $5 per acre. PLACES OK THE MISSOURI. THE MISSOURI RITER, " Ku Keo, Mud eiver/' is probably the longest tributary stream in the world. It rises on the summit of the Rocky mountains, in 49° 30' north latitude, and 110° 30' west longi- tude. The spring sources of the Missouri, and those of the Columbia, which flows west to the Pacific, are not more than one mile apart. At the distance of 460 miles from its source, it passes through what is called the " Gates" in the Rocky mountains, the view of which is exceedingly grand and pic- turesque ; for a distance of 6 miles the rocks rise nearly per- pendicularly from the water's edge, to the height of more than 1000 feet; "the river is compressed to the width of 150 yards, and rushes impetuously through this mighty chasm ; 120 miles below this are the great falls, the river descending 350 feet in 18 miles by a succession of rapids. The greatest fall is 87 feet, and the next is 57 feet. The river at this point is 350 yards wide, and these falls, next to Niagara, are, probably, the grandest in the world. The Missouri enters the Missis- sippi 2894 miles from its source, 17 miles above St. Louis, and 1332 above the gulf of Mexico. There are but few obstructions to the navigation for 1550 miles from its mouth. Through the greater part of its course, the Missouri is a rapid and turbid stream. The fertile land on its margin and on those of its tributaries is not very broad, and back of this are rolling and level prairies of vast extent. The river is half a mile wide at its entrance into the Mississippi, but through a greater part of its course it is much wider. It receives nu- merous tributaries, the most important of Avhich are the Yellow Stone river, 650 yards wide at its mouth; Chienne river, 450 yards wide at its mouth ; "Wliite river, 275 yards wide ; Big Sioux river, Platte river, Kansas river. Grand and Osage rivers. The entire extent of area drained by the Missouri and its tributaries, is estimated at 600,000 square miles. Bellefontaiiie, St. Louis co., 5 miles above the mouth of the Missouri ; a small pleasant village on the right. Hall's Perry, in the same co., well situated 12 miles above; has a good landing. PLACES OJf THE MISSOURI EIVER. 99 St. Cliarles City, capital of St. Charles co., Mo,, 7 miles above ; it has an elevated and handsome situation on the north bank of the river, and is the first high land on the river above its mouth. The shore is here rocky, and the allu- vial land commences at the lower end of the town. It has the county buildings, and a college under the direction of the methodists. Immense quarries of lime and sand stone and coals are found in the vicinit3^ Pop. 1850, 1,498; 1856, about 4,000. Missouriton, St. Charles co.. Mo., 33 miles above; a small thriving village. "Washington, Franklin co., Mo., 8 miles above ; a pleasant growing village, the principal shipping port of the county. Pop. about 300. Newport, Franklin co.. Mo., 5 miles above, a thriving village ; was formerly the county-seat. Pop. about 350. Griswold City, in the same co., 16 miles above, situated on high ground, has an enterprising population of about 250. Pinckney, Warren co.. Mo., 18 miles above, well situated for trade ; is the shipping port of the county. Bridgeport, in the same co., 1 mile above. This village promises to be of considerable importance ; has an active trade with the back country. Herman, capital of Gasconade co., Mo., 3 miles above; settled principally by enterprising German farmers. It is rapidly increasing in population and wealth ; two newspapers are published here. Pop. 1850, 943. Gasconade River,* Mo., 6 miles above ; rises in the southern part of the state, in Wright co. ; after a northeast- erly course of 220 miles, and receiving the tributaries of Big Piney Fork, Robidoux, and s^eral smaller streams, it enters the Missouri in Gasconade coimty. It is navigable for steam- boats, in high water, for 50 miles, and immense quantities of pine lumber are floated down the river. Portland, Galway co.. Mo., 14 miles above, pleasantly situated on an elevated bank of the river, is rapidly growing, and enjoys considerable trade ; has several stores and ware- houses. Pop. about 450. Smith's Landing, in the same co., 12 miles above, is the commencement of a village, with encouraging prospects. Osage River, Mo., 9 miles above, on the left, rises in the Shawnee country (Kansas), by several heads, and, after flow- * November 1, 1855, a frig-htful railroad catastrophe, involving; the loss of about 20 lives, occurred at this point, on the opening of the Pacific railroad to Jefferson City, caused by the falling of the bridge over the river. 100 PLACES ON THE MIS^SOTJKI RIVER. ing 200 miles, enters Missouri in Vernon and Cass cos., whence it takes a north-northeasterly direction, and, after receiving the Sac river, and several others of less note, enters the Missouri on the dividing line betvreen Cole and Osage cos., 10 miles below Jefferson City. Its whole course is about 550 miles, 225 of which are navigable during high- water. It passes through a rich agricultural region, carrying to market a large amount of produce. JEFFERSON CITY, Capital of Cole co., find capital of Missouri, 8 miles above, is delightfully situated near the central part of the state, on an elevated bank, overlooking the river, and commanding a delightful view of the adjacent hills on the opposite side of the river. It contains the statehouse, governor's house, state peni- tentiary, and other public buildings. It has a good river and inland trade, and is gradually and substantially rising in wealth and importance. A railroad connects this town with St. Louis. Several newspapers are published here. Pop. 1850, 3,721. Hibernia, Callaway co.. Mo., a thriving post-village, op- posite Jefferson City. Marion, in the same co., 17 miles above, is well situated on high ground. Pop. about 350. Moniteau, Moniteau co., 4 miles above; a prosperous settlement, with a good steamboat-landing. Nashville, Boone co.. Mo., 3 miles above, is a new, thri- A'ing village, well situated. Pop. about 300. Providence, in the same co., 2 miles above ; has a good landing, and is the shipping point for the lower part of the county. It is the nearest point on the river to Columbia, the county town. Roolieport, in the same co., 18 miles above, situated just below the mouth of the Manitou creek, is a place of consid- erable trade, having a good landing. A bed of stone coal exists in the vicinity. Booneville, capital of Cooper co., Mo., 14 miles above; a flourishing commercial town, well situated to command the trade of the northern central part of the state. It is sur- rounded by a rich agricultural region, the soil of which is well adapted to the cultivation of the grape. It is favored with pure water, and is ranked among the healthiest places of the West. Lead, iron, coal, and marble, are found in the vicinity. It exports cattle and provisions. Pop., 1850, 2 326; 1856, about 5,500. ' \ rLAC2S ON THE MISSOURI KIVER. 101 Old Franklin, Howard co., Mo., 2 miles above, a small landing-place of a few houses. Pop. about 150. Arro"w Rock, Saline co., Mo., 9 miles above ; pleasantly- situated, and is the landing-place for Marshall, the, county- seat. Pop. about 200. Boonesboro', Howard co.. Mo., 3 miles above, a small thriving post-village, Avell situated for trade. Pop. about 250. Bliiffport, in the same co., 8 miles above, a new village and landing-place. Pop. about 200. Glasgo^w, Howard co.. Mo., 6 miles above, one of the most flourishing villages on the river, is situated on the north bank of the river, having an elevated position, and has an active river and inland trade. Large quantities of the agri- cultural products of the county are shipped from this point. Pop. about 1,400. Chariton, Chariton co.. Mo., 5 miles above, a pleasant thri- ving village, half a mile from the Missouri river, near the Chariton river; it exports considerable produce. Old Jefferson, Saline co,. Mo., 8 miles above, a village of recent founding, well situated for business. Doylestown, in the same co., 7 miles above, a pleasant settlement, containing some twenty houses. Bruns-wick, Chariton co.. Mo., 8 miles above, 1 mile from the river, a prosperous village ; its trade is very considerable. Pop. of town, 1850, 1,214; of village, 1850, 36*3. Grand River, Mo., 2 miles above, rises in the south part of Iowa, by two heads, one of which enters the state in Gen- try county, the other in Mercer and Hanison counties ; they unite in Livingston county. Its course is southeasterly till it unites with the Missouri river, on the line between Carroll and Charitoa counties. It is navigable for a short distance; whole length, 220 miles. De "Witt, Carroll co., Mo., 2 miles above, a good landing- place, from which considerable produce is shipped down the river. Miami, Saline co., Mo., 4 miles above, a new settlement of a few houses. Hill's Landing, in the same co., 16 miles above, a new village of but little trade, the back country being sparsely settled. _ "Waverley, Lafayette co., Mo., 5 miles above, pleasantly situated on an elevated bank overlooking the river ; an impor- tant point on the river. Pop. about 750. 102 PLACES OX THE MISSOURI RIVEK. LEXINGTON CITY, Capital of Lafayette co., Mo., 20 miles above, one of the most important places of Western Missouri, is delightfully- situated on the south bank of the river, overlooking the sur- rounding country. The pure air and water render this one of the pleasantest and healthiest points on the river. Large coal-beds have been opened in the vicinity. The large com- panies, en route for California, here and at Independence, pur- chase the surplus agricultural products of this region, as well as horses and mules, for their long and perilous journey. The city is well provided with churches, and other public buildings. Here are located a landoffice, a bank, and several newspapers ; and the place is gradually but healthfully increasing in wealth and population. Pop., 1850, 1818; 1856, about 5,000. "Wellington, in the same co., 10 miles above, a small pleasant village. Pop. about 200. Camden, Ray co.. Mo., 8 miles above, pleasantly situated at a sharp bend in the river ; has an active trade. Pop. about 700. Napoleon, Jackson co.. Mo., 7 miles above ; the town is situated on the south bank of the river, on high ground, and commands considerable trade. Sibley, Jackson co.. Mo., 8 miles above, a pleasant land- ing-place. Pop. about 200. Richfield, Clay co.. Mo., 9 miles above, is well situated for trade, on an acute angle in the river. Liberty Landing, Clay co.. Mo., 14 miles above, a small village, the landing-j^lace for Liberty, capital of Clay county. Liberty is rapidly increasing in wealth. It has a handsome brick courthouse and several churches, and is surrounded by a highly-productive farming district. Stone-coal and lime- stone abound in the vicinity. Pop., 1850, 659; 1856, about 2,300. Wayne City, Jackson co.. Mo., 7 miles above, pleasant- ly-situated, is the landing-place of Independence, which is 5 miles south of this point. Independence, capital of Jackson co., Mo., a hig^hly prosperous town. Bituated 5 miles south of the Missouri river. Here the Jlormone attempted to establish themselves, but the opposition of the inhabitants obliged them to remove. This place enjoys considerable Indian trade, but is rendered important as being the great rendezvous of overland emigration and travel to Santa Fe, Utah, and the Pacific, and a point through which the Pacific railroad will probably pass. Situated in the midst of a fertile district, which produces large quantities of provisions, it is enabled to supply the immense demand for these articles, caused by the constant throng of emigrants seek- ing a home or temporary residence in the region toward the great Pacific PLACES ON THE MISSOURI BIVER. 103 Horses, mules, cattle, and all descriptions of merchandise, find here a ready market at good prices. It is connected with the river by a railroad. It has the usual county buildings, several churches, public houses, newspapers, &c. Pop. about 4,500. Randolph, Clay co., Mo., 6 miles above Wayne city ; a small thriving village, well situated for trade. Kansas City, Jackson co.. Mo,, 4 miles above, and 15 miles west of Independence, is pleasantly situated on the south bank of the river, half a mile below the mouth of the Kansas. It has a commodious landing, and an active trade, both by the river and with the interior. It contains several churches, and other public building. Pop. about 2,000. Council Grove, Kan., 140 miles west-southwest from Kansas city; a celebrated stopping-place for travellers from Independence to Santa Fe. It contains several trading-houses, a missionary station, and carpenters and blacksmith-shops, Kansas River, half a mile above Kansas City, is a large tributary of the Missouri river. It rises in Kansas territory, 40 miles northeast of Pike's Peak, on the Rocky mountains, and, flowing easterly, falls into the Missouri 15| miles above Independence, near the point where it enters the state of Missouri. Estimated length, 1,050 miles, some 700 of which are navigable during a high stage of the water. It is 300 yards wide at its mouth. It receives a large number of trib- utaries, the most important of which are the Republican fork, 700 miles in length. Grand Saline fork, 250 miles, and Solo- mon fork, 250 miles. There are a number of villages springing up along the banks of the Kan- sas, some of which are important points, and will soon become flourishing cities and towns. Lawrence City, Kansas, beautifully situated on the south side of Kan- sas river, on high ground. There is a high prairie ridge immediately in the rear of the town. The city is laid out one mile square, and the streets running east and west, are named after the revolutionary leaders and sagee, while those running north and south are named after various states, on both sides of Mason and Dixon's line. In 1853, it had not a single house or in- habitant ; now it numbers from 100 to 200 dwellings, most of them log- cabins, though a few of them are large frame buildings. There are several substantial stores and warehouses along the margin of the river. Excellent building stone is found in the vicinity, which is in good demand, as sawmills are scarce in this region. From its favorable position, this infant city must become an important shipping point. Bristol, Douglas, and Tecumseh, along the rivers, above Lawrence City, are favorable points, and no doubt will soon become large towns. Wyandot City, Kan., a beautiful settlement, half a mile above the entrance of the Kanzas into the Missouri ; its posi- tion being one of much importance, it will probably become a large commercial town. Westport Landing, Jackson co., Mo., 5 miles above; it is a new settlement, has a commanding position, and is the landing-place for Westport City. 104 PLACES ON THE MISSOURI RIVER. Westport City, Jackson co., Mo., a short distance south of Westport Landing-, is a flourishing town on the road from Independence lo Santa Fe and California. It is among- the largest towns in this region, and is rapidly- advancing in population. jPop. about 1,800. Parkersville, Platte co., Mo., 8 miles above, and 1 mile below the entrance of Little Platte river into the Missouri ; a villaa^e of recent growth, well calculated for extensive trade. Popy 1850, 309. Little Platte River, Mo., 1 inile above, rises in the southern part of Iowa, and enters the state in Nodoway co. ; then flowing southerly, and receiving several tributaries, it enters the Missouri river in Platte county. Length 200 miles. Platte City, capital of Platte co., Mo., situated on the east side of the river of the same name, 12 miles from its mouth, and 6 miles east of Fort Leavenworth, has an advantageous position and a good trade with the adjacent countrj'. Pop., 1850, 411. Fort Leavenv/orth, Kan., 25 miles above ; the oldest and laost important militaiy post on the Missouri river, having been established in 1827. It is situated on a high bluff, 140 feet above the river at high water, and commands a splendid view of the surrounding country. The government reservation of 9 miles square is well calculated for the purposes to which it is appropriated. The buildings are tastefully and substan- tially built of stone, three stories high, and present quite a formidable appearance. Several companies of United States troops are usually stationed here. Kickapoo, Kan., 4 miles above, is beautifully situated on the west side of the river ; a substantial trading house is here erected, and it is the seat of a mission for the Kickapoo In- dians. It is well calculated for a large river port, having an excellent landing for steamboats, and elevated building sites. "Weston City, Platte co., Mo., 1 mile above. This beau- tiful town is delightfully situated on the west side of the river, overlooking the surrounding country. It has a heavy and prosperous trade with Salt Lake City, as well as the numerous companies of California emigrants that here purchase cattle and provisions for their long journey. This town furnishes to Port Leavenworth the private and governmental supplies, which are very considerable. A railroad has been chartered, extending from Weston to the Hannibal and St. Joseph rail- road, and one from St. Joseph, via Weston and Parkville, to Kansas City. A company has been formed to construct a railroad from this point to St. Louis. The first settlement was made in 1838. Pop. of the town, 1850, 1,628; of the city in 1856 about 4,000. Atcliison, Kan., 11 miles above ; a pleasant village, finely PLACES ON THE MISSOURI RIVJ3K. 105 Bituated on the west bank of the river, just above the mouth of Independence creek. It is of recent settlement and prom- ises to become an important river port. Doniplian, Neb., 12 miles aboA^e. This village, recently settled, bids fair to become a prosperous town. The land ad- joining the settlement on the west, and along the river, is very fertile. It has a good landing. ST. JOSEPH, Capital of Buchanan co.. Mo., 11 miles above, on an acute angle in the river, and 315 miles above Jefferson City. This is a point of much commercial importance. It is the most populous, and probably enjoj'^s a greater amount of trade than any other town on the river above Jefferson City. It con- tains superior county buildings, churches, several flour and saw mills, two newspapers, bagging factories, &c., &c. Large quantities of wheat, hemp and tobacco, are exported from this point. A railroad from this town to Hannibal, on the Missis- sippi, has been projected. Pop. about 6,000. Nodo"way River, 42 miles above, rises in the southern part of Iowa, and passing into Missouri, forms the dividing line between Atchison and Nodoway, and Holt and Andrew cos., and enters the Missouri on the northern bend, 1 mile below little Tarkoe creek. Big Tarkoe River, Mo., 8 miles above ; a rapid stream 35 miles in length. Oregon, capital of Holt co,, two and a half miles from the Missouri river, and up Big Tarkoe river; anew, prosperous village, situated in the midst of a rich agricultural district. Pop. about 450. Great Nahama River, 43 miles above; 40 miles in length. Brownsville, Neb., 34 miles above, situated on the west bank of "the Missouri, on high ground, at a sharp bend in the river. Otoe City, Neb., 17 miles above; a growing settlement, nearly opposite Missouri and Iowa state line. Nebraska City, Neb., 34 miles alcove ; this infant town is well located, and promises to become an important point on the upper Missouri. Bethlehem, Mills co., lo., 3 miles above ; a new enter- prising village, with a superior landing. Plattsmouth, Neb., 28 miles above ; a new settlement of twenty-five houses Platteville, Mills co., lo., 5 miles above, situated on an eminence overlooking the river ; well situated for trade. 106 PLACES ON THE MISSOURI RIVEE. Nebraska, or Platte River, 13 miles above ; a large river of Nebraska, and one of the largest tributaries of the Mis- souri ; it rises by two branches in the Rocky mountains, which unite 475 miles from their source, and, after an easterly course of about 1500 miles in the whole, unites with the Missouri 21 miles below Council Bluffs. Its principal tributaries are the Ellchorn and Loup Eork. It is from three quarters to 2^ miles broad, and so shallow that, excepting at high-water, it can be forded at almost any point. It has a large number of islands covered with cotton-wood, willow, and shrubs ; and the shifting sands in its bed effectually prevent navigation, except near its mouth. Eor the distance of 200 miles from its mouth, it flows through a. fertile country, which is settling by emigrants from the eastern arid middle states. California City, Mills co., lo., a small settlement nearly opposite the mouth of Nebraska river. Trader's Point, Pottawattomie co., lo., 15 miles above; a new settlement of some twenty houses. Belleview, Neb., nearly opposite Trader's Point, a small village. Council Bluffs, Neb., situated on the west bank of the Missouri, 6 miles above, and 727 miles from its mouth, and the highest point to which steamboats can ascend ; celebrated as the place where a great Indian council was once held. Omaha City, Neb., 4 m. above Council Bluffs. This town has recently been laid out and settled by enterprising men, and from its favorable position, promises to become a large city. The session of the 1st judicial district court of Nebraska was held here in October, 1855. Council Bluffs City, capital of Pottawattomie co., lo., 1 mile above Omaha city ; a flourishing- place, well situated, a short distance from the east bank of the Missouri, on a beautiful, extended plain. A portion of the emigrants for Salt Lake and the Pacific, here fjrocure their outfit. This is the largest town in western Missouri, and is rapidly increasing in wealth. It has a number of elegant stores, several churches, and many elegant pri- vate buildings. Pop. about 6,000. Fort Croghan, in the same co., near Council Bluffs City. Fort Calhoun, Neb., 18 miles above. Sioux City, "Woodbury co., lo., 357 miles above, a new settlement at the confluence of the Big Sioux river with the Missouri. This is the last place of any note on the Missouri. It is favorably situated on a high bank, and in a few years doubtless will become an important town. Note — From this point to the sources of the Missouri, the distance is about 1.760 miles, and when Young America plants cities and towns along: these waters, we, or our successors, will chronicle them for the benefit of whom it may concern. PLACES on Lakes ERIE, HIJROIT, & MICHIGAN, From Buffalo to Chicago. LAKE BRIE, One of the five great lakes of North America, drained hy the St. Lawrence, is situated north of New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, and constitutes a part of the boundary between the United States and Canada. It is 255 miles long, and its ex- treme breadth is 58 miles. It receives the waters of Superior, Michigan, and Huron lakes, through Detroit river, and dis- chai-ges its waters through Niagara river, into Lake Ontario. Its surface is elevated 565 feet above tide-water in the Hudson river at Albany. The greatest depth yet ascertained is 270 feet. Near the shores it is shallow, and its navigation is for several months in the winter prevented by its being frozen. The commerce of this lake has been greatly increased by the construction of numerous railroads and canals, connecting its various ports with the interior and tide-water. The shipping of the several American ports on this lake, is about 160,000 tons, of which about one half is employed in steam navigation. The commerce of the port of Buffalo is about $100,000,000 annually. The amount of travel and business, which the railroads and canals conduct to it, is very great, and constant- ly increasing. Violent storms, as severe as any experienced on the Atlantic, often visit this lake, destroying life and property. Perry's Victory on Lake Erie. — In the autumn of 1812, Commodore Chauncey had fitted out a small naval armament at Sackett's Harbor, to dispute the mastery on Lake Ontario with several British armed vessels then afloat. And during the summer of 1813, Commodore Perry had fitted out on Lake Erie an American squadron of nine vessels, mounting- 54 guns, to co-operate with the army of the west. The British had also prepared a small squadron of 6 vessels, carrying 63 guns, commanded by Commo- dore Barclay. The hostile fleets met near the western extremity of Lake Erie, on the morning of the 10th September, 1818, and a battle ensued. The brave Perry managed with the skill of an old admiral. At 4 P. M. every British vessel had surrendered to him, and before sunset he had sent a messenger to General Harrison, with this famous despatch: "We have met the enemy, and they are ours." Soon after the commencement of the action. Perry's flag-ship became an unmanageable wreck, having all her crew, except four or five, killed or wounded. Perry then left her in an open boat, and hoisted his flag on the Niagara. With this vessel he passed through the enemy's line, pouring broadsides right and left, at half pistol- shot distance. The remainder of the squadron followed, with a fair wind, and the victory was soon decided. The carnage was very great in propor- tion to the numbers engaged. The Americans lost 27 killed and 93 108 PLACES ON LAKES ERIE, HURON, AND MICHIGAN. e • (8) Chicago to Cairo. Illinois Central R. -K. Calumet _.- Thornton. _- ....... Mattison Monee.. ............ Manteeno Kankakee -. Chebanse Ashkum..... Onarga Loda...... Pera " — Rantoul .~.. Urbana........ Tolono Pesotum »~ Okaw Mattoon. Neoga. — Intersection Effingham Edge wood . Farina Tonti .~.... Ondia ....»» Centralia Ashley.. . ».. .... _ Tamaroa. Desoto ... Carbondale.^._ ». Makanda .lonesboro...... . Ullin -... Villa Ridge Cairo (9) Chicago to St. Louis. Via Springfield. Junction.... ] 6 Bremen [10 16 Mokena 14 30 Joliet 110 40 Wilmington Dwight.. .... _. Pontiac. .... .... .... . Lexington . . „. Blooraington Atlanta...... Lincoln . Elkhart Sangamon Springfield....... .... Chatham.... Auburn Girard Carlinville Shipman Brighton .-.. Monticello. .... Alton. St. Louis (by S. Boat) (10) Chicago to Mil WAUKEE. Chittenden Evanston. ... Wynetka. _. .. Glencoe™-. Highland Park., Rockland Waukegau State Line.....^ Kenosha Racine — ...... County Line._ Oak Creek Milwaukee (11) Chicago to Rock Island & Davenport. Joliet (see No. 9). Morns..... Seneca...... Marseilles........ Ottawa Utica Lasalle... Peru...... Trenton Bureau ...... Pond Creek Sheffield ~ A nna wan _.. ■»_ ■ Genesee.. ... Colona .- Moline Rock Island ~. r)AVBNFOST ..« ... (12) Chicago to Buf- falo. Via Detroit and Canada. Calumet....... ...... 13 Lake Station... 21 34 Michigan City..._. . 21 55 New Buffalo 9 64 Niles 27 91 Decatur 24 115 Kalamazoo Battle Creek Marshall........... Parma ..._..... Jackson..... .... .. Chelsea ._.. Ann Arbor........ Ypsilanti..... Wayne............ Dearborn. ....... .. Detroit _... Windsor (Canada) Rochester Chatham.... Thamesville Ekfrid London. ......... Woodstock , Paris Brantford.„. .... Caledonia Dunville Port Colborne. ... Ridgeway Fort Erie_...... Buffalo..... ..... 139 162 175 196 207 228 245 252 265 273 283 283 302 339 343 372 393 421 440 447 464 484 503 513 521 524 (13) Cleveland to St. Louis. Via Belief ontaine, Indiana- polis, and Terre-Haute, 7 Rockport...... Olmstead Columbia Grafton Lagrang e ..... . Wellington.... Rochester New London. . . Greenwich..... Salem Shelby Crestline...... Galion. ........ Caledonia...... Marion Mount Victory, Rushsylvania.. Bellefontaine .. Peraberton..... Sidney......... Versailles....... Union Winchester..... Smithfield Yorktown...... Anderson...... Fortville. ...... Laneville...... Indianapolis... Bridgeport...... Plainfield Belleville Morrisville. .... Fillmore Putnamville... Croys Creek... Cloverland..... 15 18 25 39 36 41 47 54 60 67 74 79 91 100 122 131 140 156 163 181 198 208 222 334 246 262 273 383 291 395 301 307 315 324 334 345 GREAT RAILROA.D ROUTES THROUGH THE WEST. 143 10 9 10 9 5 13 23 14 22 21 19 10 18 26 R'i'i Sandford Rf)4 --• 374 383 Midway 388 40! Cochran's Grove 424 438 Audubon.... — HillBboro...— Gillespie. -™ — Bunker Hill — Boat) 460 481 500 510 528 Si. Lotus (by S 553 (14) Buffalo To Chi- cago. Via Cleveland and Toledo. Evans Centre _~. Dunkirk .—. . Portland „„ .... . Westfield - Quiucy. «_. State Line North East. Erie, Pa Springfield...-— . Conneaut.. ....... Ashtabula Geneva. ~.. .. Perry........ ..... Painesville. ...~.. . Willoughby Euclid Cleveland. „.. Grafton Oberlin Wakemaa Norwalk. ~-. Bellevue. — Clyde Freemoat Washington. __.... 7 272 Stoney Ridge- 10 282 Toledo 13 295 Sylvania 11 .306 Palmyra 16 322 Adrian 6 328 Clayton 11 339 Hudson.—.— 6 345 Hillsdale 16 361 Jonesville ..» 4 365 Quincy 12 377 Coldwater— 6 383 Bronson..— U 394 Burr Oak 7 401 White Pigeon 18 419 iWiddleburg 5 424 Elkhart ^ 15 439 South Bend _ 1 4 453 Rolling Prairie _. 20 473 Laporte 7 480 Calumet 17 497 Pine Station 19 516 Junction .,..— 15 531 Chicloo .~.. 7 53d (15) From Pittsburg to Cleveland. Hayesville. „_ Sewickly... „_ ...... Economy Remington... _. .„. Freedom „ ....... Rochester. ™ Bayard Moultrie .... .n. ,. Winchester..... .... . Alliance _~. . >... .._ Lima. ...... . »_. Atwater _.«. Rootstown »._. .... Ravenna Earlville.. Hudson. ».u..m..^. Macedonia.. .,««.... 7 75 Bedford ..„ 5 80 Newburg... .... .._.. 6 86 Cleveland. .. .... 8 94 (16) From Cincinnati TO Lexington, Ky. I De Coursey......... . 6 7 CulbertsoQ — 2 9 Ryland ».. 5 14 Canton... .-_ 2 16 Benton-.^ .^o. 3 19 Mullen's .._....,...» 4 23 Butler 6 29 Falmouth' 10 39 Callensville ™ 9 48 Robertson....—.. 8 56 Cynthiana _— . 11 67 Paris _... 14 81 Lexington 13 94 (17) Louisville to In- dianapolis. Jeffersonville.—. ... Memphis _.. — ... Summit ».. .. Vienna Retreat — Farmington. . ....... Seymour .... — . .. - Jonesville . ...... Bannersville. .. Way nes V ille Columbus . . . — . . Taylorsville. ........ Edinburg.. Franklin.™ - Greenwood -. Southport... iNDIANAPOLia ....... 16 24 28 39 48 50 57 61 62 67 74 79 90 100 104 111 HIHTS TO STEAMBOAT TEAVELEES. Be WAKE OF Gamblers. — These gentry com- pose a formidable and well-organized army on the Western waters. Apparently strangers to each other, they meet on most of the steamboats, and lay their plans with consummate generalship ; and, while the battles are often noiseless, the slain are many. Gambling, as practised here, is simply stealing; there is no chance about it. Marked cards, loaded dice, fraudulent faro-boxes, and the like, contrived expressly that the dealer or banker may win whenever he chooses, are the stock in trade of these gentlemen swindlers. During the long trips of these boats, hundreds resolve just to be a spectator, or at most to play only for pastime, but after a while they are induced to play for a trifle, or something to drink. At first, they are allowed to win, bu-t soon the scales are turned, and before the trip is closed, the victim loses the last dollar. As you value health, reputation, peace of mind, and the respect of those who know you, never be drawn into association witl gamblers. Eartli has no parallel for their villany, and ruin no other agents so swiftly and certainly effectual. Great care should be taken in usine- the waters of the western rivers too freely at first, as those <'f the Ohio and Mississippi contain a large amount of vegetable matter, and those of the Missouri are strongly impregnated with clayey and other sub stances, frequently producing- severe illness when used by the unacclimated. i^: '^.<^' \ '^ ^: ;V\^ ^^ .A^' s^'-^. % <^ "f^ ^ S^^ "^o \^ ^. •^' ^ .'\ > iiM^A^lAifiiBr'!' 1 iifilii 111 f llil^MittiM OHIO BIVCB. imSSISSIFFI BIVEH. Mississr 1 niVEB. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS J' 014 542 746 Vt' '"