189 
 fi6 T5 
 opy 2 
 
 NAPOLIS 
 
 HISTORY OF YE ANCIENT CITY 
 I AND ITS PUBLIC BUILDINGS 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
PHILLIPS LEE GOLDSBOROUGH, - Governor I 
 
 ROBERT P. GRAHAM, - - Secretary of State ' 
 
 ANNAPOLIS I 
 
 ^ I 
 
 HISTORY OF YE ANCIENT | 
 
 CITY AND ITS PUBLIC j 
 
 BUILDINGS 
 
 PUBLISHED AND DISTRIBUTED BY 
 ORDER OF THE GOVERNOR 
 
 Compiled by - HON. OSWALD TILGHMAN t 
 
 I 
 
 i». ■■■ ■■■ i». ■■■4.I1 ■ ■! ■■■ ■»■ ■»■ a 
 
 Three 
 

 t5,v transfer 
 The White House 
 
ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 History of Ye Ancient City 
 
 AND ITS 
 
 Public Buildings. 
 
 The famous Toleration Act, known as 
 the Act concerning Religion, passed by 
 the General Assembly of the Province of 
 Mar3dand at Saint Mary's in 1649, "the 
 proudest memorial of Maryland's Colon- 
 ial history," attracted to the shores of 
 the Severn river its earliest white set- 
 tlers. It was in this year that ten fami- 
 lies of Puritans from Mans'emond coun- 
 ty, Virginia, headed by Richard Bennett 
 and Edward Lloyd, having been pre- 
 sented by the Sheriff of that county for 
 seditions sectuaries, for not repairing to 
 their church and for refusing to hear 
 common prayer, sought religious tolera- 
 tion in Mar3dand. They sailed up the 
 Chesapeake Bay and established them- 
 selves on the peninsula where Annapolis 
 now stands. They called their settle- 
 ment Providence, and, in the following 
 
3^ear, 1650, sent delegates to the Assem- 
 bly at St. Mary's, which passed an Act 
 ''erecting Providence into a county by 
 the name of Ann Arundel, in honor of 
 Lady Baltimore, the wife of Cecilius 
 Calvert, with Edward Lloyd as com- 
 mander. The success of the Cromwel- 
 lian rebellion in England, about this 
 time, caused the Maryland Puritans to 
 yield obedience to Cromwell, and re- 
 nounce allegiance to Lord Baltimore. 
 The struggles between Puritan and Cav- 
 alier, then being waged in England, was 
 now to have its counterpart in Mary- 
 land, culminating in the 
 
 BATTLE OF THE SEVERN. 
 
 On Sunday, March 25th, 1655, Lord 
 Baltimore's Governor, William Stone, 
 with an army of 150 men from St. 
 Mary's, was defeated and captured by 
 the Puritans, under the command of 
 Captain William Fuller at Horn Point, 
 now Eastport, just below Annapolis. 
 Several of Stone's officers were executed 
 and for a time the Puritans were in con- 
 trol of the Colony. Three years later, 
 however, Lord Baltimore regained con- 
 
 S i.^ 
 
trol of the Government of the Province, 
 and the Puritans quietly acknowledged 
 his authority. 
 
 ANNAPOLIS IN EARLY COLONIAL 
 DAYS. 
 
 In 1694 the capital was removed from 
 St. Mary's to Ann Arundel Town, which 
 by Act of 1695, Chapter 7, was given the 
 jiame of Annapolis. A few years after 
 Annapolis became the Capital, a writer 
 describing this town, says : ' ' Colonel 
 Nicholson has done his endeavors to 
 make a town of that place. There are 
 about forty dwelling houses in it, seven 
 or eight of which can afford a good lodg- 
 ing and accommodations for strangers. 
 There are also a State House, and a free 
 school, built of brick, which makes a 
 great show among a parcel of wooden 
 houses, and the foundation of a church 
 is laid, the only brick church in Mary- 
 land.'' This church stood upon the site 
 of the present Saint Anne's Church. 
 The free school was King Williams' 
 school, built during tlie reign of William 
 and Mary, and completed in 1701, St. 
 John's College was tiie outgrowth of 
 
this school. In 1708, Annapolis was 
 granted a charter as a City, by Queen 
 Anne, on her accession to the throne of 
 England, and for whom the town had 
 previously been named when she was 
 Princess Anne. Between this period and 
 the revolution Annapolis became the 
 centre of refined and attractive society, 
 noted for its gaiety and intelligence, 
 which gained for it the title of ''The 
 Athens of America. ' ' 
 
 ANNAPOLIS DURING THE 
 REVOLUTION. 
 
 William Eddis, a noted Maryland 
 Tory during the Revolution, in a letter 
 to Governor Robert Eden, then in Eng- 
 land, written from New York July 23rd, 
 1777, gives an interesting description of 
 the defences of Annapolis at that date. 
 Eddis says, ''The temper of the leading 
 men in Maryland still continues to be 
 guided by a spirit of rancour and vio- 
 lence ; they appear confident of succeed- 
 ing in their favorite scheme of Inde- 
 pendence, but if conclusions may be 
 drawn from favorable appearances, the 
 majority of the people are disgusted 
 
 E i If h t 
 
with the conduct of their Rulers and 
 ardently wish for a restoration of legal 
 government. 
 
 ''Annapolis has assumed a very differ- 
 ent appearance since your Excellency 
 left it. They have formed a battery 
 from Mr. Walter Dulany 's lot round the 
 water's edge to the Granary adjoining 
 your Garden ; the cannon are mostly 18- 
 pounders, the works appear strong, and 
 I am told are so. From your wharf to 
 the hill where Callihorne lived they have 
 thrown up a covered way to communi- 
 cate with that part of the town adjacent 
 to the dock. They have another fortifi- 
 cation on Hill 's Point and a third on Mr. 
 Kerr's land, on the North side of the 
 Severn, on a high cliff called Beaumont's 
 Point. Three companies of artillery are 
 stationed at the respective forts, and in 
 spite of experience, they talk confidently 
 of making vigorous resistance in case of 
 an attack." 
 
 Governor Eden's house stood in the 
 present grounds of the U. S. Naval 
 Academy, a little above where the new 
 Armory building stands. 
 
 Nine 
 
THE STATE HOUSE. 
 
 The present State House is the third 
 one that has stood upon the same site. 
 The foundation of the first State House 
 was laid April 30, 1696, shortly after the 
 removal of the Capital from St. Mary's 
 to Annapolis. In June, 1697, as is shown 
 by Chapter 6, of the Acts of that year, 
 this building was so well advanced as to 
 be set apart for public use. The officers 
 in charge were Francis Nicholson, Gov- 
 ernor; Hon. Sir Thomas Lawrence, bar- 
 onet, Secretary ; Hon. Kenelm Chesel- 
 dyne, Commissary General. Struck by 
 lightning in 1699, and entirely consumed 
 by fire in 1704, the first State House had 
 but a brief existence. This gave Gover- 
 nor Seymour occasion to say, ''I never 
 saw a public building left entirely to 
 Providence but in Maryland." The sec- 
 ond State House was finished in 1706. It 
 was an oblong square, entered by a hall, 
 a cupola surmounting it. It was used 
 for sixty-six years, when replaced by the 
 present one in 1772. On the north side 
 of it stood an Armory, which was also 
 the ball room. This Armory appears in 
 
the small halftone picture of the present 
 State House, here reproduced, from the 
 frontispiece of Ridgely's Annals of An- 
 napolis, 1840, as it appeared in the year 
 
 1789. 
 
 David Ridgely, in his "Annals of An- 
 napolis," published in 1841, in his de- 
 scription of the State House, says: "The 
 hill on which stands this noble edifice is 
 enclosed by a neat and substantial gran- 
 ite wall, surmounted by a handsome iron 
 railing, which is entered by three gates, 
 one situated at the head of Francis 
 street and in front of the building, the 
 second to the southwest and the third to 
 the northeast of the circle." These gates 
 were securely locked at night and a cou- 
 ple of fierce watch dogs were turned 
 loose inside. 
 
 In 1769, the General Assembly appro- 
 priated the sum of 7,500 pounds sterling 
 to be applied to the building of the third 
 and present State House, and appointed 
 tlie following Building Committee : Dan- 
 iel Dulany, Thomas Johnson, John Hall, 
 William Paca, Charles Carroll, barrister, 
 Lancelot Jacques and Charles Wallace. 
 
 I 
 
 Eleven 
 
Twelve 
 
The foundation stone of this edifice was 
 laid on the 28th day of March, 1772, by 
 the last colonial Governor, Robert Eden. 
 On his striking the stone with a mallet, 
 as was the custom, tradition informs us 
 there was a severe clap of thunder from 
 a clear sky. It was thought to have been 
 an omen of the impending Revolution. 
 This omen was realized, for two years 
 later, when this building was ready for 
 occupancy, it was a revolutionary body 
 that first assembled within its walls. 
 They styled themselves the ''Association 
 of Freemen." Ninety-one deputies from 
 all the counties, upon the calling of the 
 roll, on May 31st, 1774, answered to 
 their names and organized a Convention, 
 with Matthew Tilghman, of Talbot coun- 
 ty — ' ' The Patriarch of the Colony ' ' — 
 presiding. It was a most distinguished 
 body of the colonial gentry of all Mary- 
 land, who evinced their patriotism by 
 passing a series of resolutions denying 
 the right of the British Parliament to 
 tax their American colonies without rep- 
 resentation, demanding the repeal of the 
 duty laid on tea, and offering assistance 
 
 Thirteen 
 
Fourteen 
 
to the then blockaded port of Boston. 
 They addressed a letter to the Virginia 
 Committee of Correspondence proposing 
 a Congress of delegates from all the 13 
 colonies. This Congress met in Phila- 
 delphia on September 5th, 1774, at Car- 
 penter's Hall, and Maryland was the 
 first of the colonies to elect delegates to 
 it. The Continental Congress met again 
 on May 10th, 1775, and on June 15th, 
 1775, Colonel George Washington, of 
 Virginia, was nominated by a Maryland 
 deputy, Thomas Johnson, Jr., Comman- 
 der-in-Chief of tlie Continental Forces. 
 A copy of the resolutions promulgated 
 by the Association of Freemen of Mary- 
 land, with the autograph signatnres of 
 the signers appended thereto, hangs upon 
 the wall of the Old Senate Chamber. 
 
 Fifteen 
 
Sixteen 
 
THE DOME OF THE STATE 
 HOUSE. 
 
 The interior workmanship on the dome 
 was not completed until 1793. Thomas 
 Dance, Avho executed the fresco and 
 stucco work on the interior of the dome, 
 fell from the scaffold just as he had fin- 
 ished the centre piece and was killed. 
 This old building is greatly admired for 
 its architectural proportions, its com- 
 manding site and lofty dome, but its 
 chief attractions are its historic associa- 
 tions, both local and national. Here, on 
 December 23rd, 1783, General Washing- 
 ton surrendered his commission as Com- 
 mander-in-Chief of the American Armies 
 to the Continental Congress then in ses- 
 sion in the old Senate Chamber, and lik(^ 
 the Roman General Cincinnatus, retired 
 to the peaceful pursuits of agriculture, 
 but only to be recalled as the first Presi- 
 dent of the Republic. In this chamber, 
 in 1784, the treaty of peace with Great 
 Britain was ratified and signed and seal- 
 ed in the presence of Congress. Here, 
 
 6' f vent c c n 
 
Eighteen 
 
too, in 1786, a commercial convention of 
 six States met to consider their inter- 
 state trade relations. This led to the 
 Convention of 1787, in Philadelphia, 
 Avhich framed the Constitution of the 
 United States. 
 
 Nineteen 
 
HISTORIC OLD SENATE CHAMBER 
 MUTILATED IN 1878 — RE- 
 STORED IN 1896. 
 
 Maryland and Massachusetts are the 
 only ones of the 13 original States which 
 can still boast of their original colonial 
 capitols; but from time to time, to sup- 
 ply the public needs, additions have 
 been made to both these historic build- 
 ings, which are entirely out of harmony 
 with the originals. In 1878, the Legis- 
 lature of Maryland attempted to mod- 
 ernize the whole interior of this ancient 
 State House, the old Senate Chamber, 
 hallowed by so many sacred memories 
 and historic associations, was mutilated 
 beyond recognition, the attractive gal- 
 lery and lobby beneath it were torn out, 
 the big cliimney with its immense fire 
 place was taken out, the niche behind 
 the chair of the President of the Senate 
 was concealed behind heavy curtains, 
 the recess seats in the windows removed, 
 and the window sashes, with small panes 
 
 T 10 V n t y 
 
of glass, were replaced by sashes with 
 big panes like shop windows, a desecra- 
 tion that was beyond explanation. 
 
 During the administration of Gover- 
 nor Edwin Warfieid in 1906, a commis- 
 sion appointed by him for the purpose, 
 restored this old Senate Chamber to its 
 original appearance in the minutest de- 
 tail, so that it has become ever since a 
 mecca for patriotic societies and pious 
 pilgrims, who reverence this spot made 
 sacred by its association with the immor- 
 tal AVashinorton. 
 
 T w c II t y - O n c 
 
THE OLD TREASURY BUILDING. 
 
 Within tlie circle enclosing the State 
 House stands a quaint old colonial one- 
 story brick building of modest propor- 
 tions, which invariably attracts the at- 
 tention of the visitor. It is venerable as 
 well as memorable, and is supposed to be 
 the oldest building in Annapolis. The 
 ancient tulip poplar tree standing on the 
 campus of St. John's College is the only 
 living witness of its building, more than 
 two centuries ago. It is built in the shape 
 of a Greek cross. The massive lock and 
 key and the heavy handmade iron hinges 
 on the original entrance door are objects 
 of especial interest to all visitors. It was 
 originally designed for the accommoda- 
 tion of the provincial Governor and his 
 Council, as a Council Chamber for the 
 Upper House of the Provincial Legisla- 
 ture ; the Lower House, or House of Bur- 
 gesses, at that time, holding their meet- 
 ings in the State House. It was at one 
 time used as the Provincial Court Room. 
 It was also the Colonial Treasury, and 
 
 T IV c n t y - T IV 
 
for many years the office of the State 
 Treasurer. It is now the office of the 
 State Superintendent of Public Educa- 
 tion. 
 
 ANNAPOLIS BUILT THE FIRST 
 THEATRE IN AMERICA. 
 
 Dunlop, in his history of the Ameri- 
 can Theatre, says : ' ' Annapolis has the 
 honor of having erected the first theatre, 
 the first temple to the dramatic Muse. 
 Of this fact there can be no doubt, for 
 as earl}^ as 1752 a theatre was built here 
 in which were performed some of Shake- 
 speare 's best plays." 
 
 Twenty- Three 
 
DE KALB MONUMENT. 
 
 There stands upon Capitol Hill, on 
 the southeast side of the historic old 
 State House in the ancient city of An- 
 napolis, a beautiful bronze statue, of 
 heroic size, of a Brigadier in the armies 
 of France and a Major General in the 
 American Army of the Revolution, the 
 Baron de Kalb, who fell mortally wound- 
 ed in the Battle of Camden, South Caro- 
 lina, on the 16th of August, 1780, Avhile 
 leading the remnant of the Maryland 
 line and a few Delaware troops against 
 a superior force commanded by Lord 
 Cornwallis. The General is shown as 
 stepping forward, leading a charge on 
 foot, with his sword waved aloft, while 
 tlie head is turned in the direction of the 
 confused Continentals, in the act of an 
 impassioned call to rally to his support. 
 The moment chosen is a historically 
 great one, and the sculptor has rendered 
 it well. The statute is the work of 
 Ephraim Keyser, a young Maryland art- 
 ist, and was erected by the United States 
 Government, in accordance with a reso- 
 lution of Congress passed in 1780, a few 
 
 T to c n t y - F u r 
 
days after de Kalb's death, August 16, 
 1886, one hundred and five years later, 
 this statute was unveiled. 
 
 BURNING OF THE BRIG PEGGY 
 STEWART. 
 
 Tile tlirowing overboard of a lot of tea 
 in Boston harbor by a band of masked 
 men has been heralded in every History 
 of the United States as one of the most 
 heroic acts that led up to the American 
 Revolution, but it fades into insignifi- 
 canee when compared with the burning 
 of the Peggy Stewart on Oct. 19, 1774, in 
 tlie liarbor of Annapolis, the first overt 
 act of the Maryland Colonists against 
 the King. This vessel had arrived in 
 Annapolis a few days prior to this event 
 from Lo7idon, having on board an assort- 
 ed cargo of merchandise, among which 
 were seventeen packages of tea, some- 
 thing over a ton in weight, the odious 
 duty upon which had been paid by her 
 owner, Mr. Stewart. A band of liberty- 
 loving patriots from the western section 
 of Anne Arundel county, later known as 
 the Hills of Howard, headed by Dr. 
 (Miarles Alexander AVarfield, hearing of 
 
the arrival of this Brig, with tea on 
 board, rode on horseback to Annapolis 
 with the avowed purpose of burning this 
 vessel and cargo. These brave men, in- 
 stead of wearing masks, each wore a 
 printed label on his hat band bearing the 
 motto, ''Liberty and Independence or 
 Death in Pursuit of it." Major War- 
 field at the head of his troopers, in broad 
 daylight, waited on Mr. Anthony Stew- 
 art and addressing him said, "We have 
 come to offer you the choice of two pro- 
 positions, you must either go with us and 
 fire your own vessel, or hang by the hal- 
 ter at your own door. Stewart was at 
 first bold and defiant. By way of intimi- 
 dation a gallows was erected, when, be- 
 lieving they were about to carry their 
 threats into execution, Stewart took a 
 burning chunk of wood from his open 
 fire place in his house and with his own 
 hand set fire to his ship and watched 
 its total destruction, together with its 
 entire cargo. Exactly seven years there- 
 after, to a day, American Independence 
 was assured by the surrender of the 
 army of Cornwallis at Yorktown. 
 
 Tivcnty-Six 
 
MARYLAND STATE FLAG. 
 
 The flag of the State bears the es- 
 cutcheon of the great seal — the Calvert 
 and Crossland arms quartered. The de- 
 vice seems to have been adopted by com- 
 mon consent, as there was no formal 
 adoption of any design as the official flag 
 of the State until 1904. To Mr. James 
 W. Thomas, of Cumberland, Md., the 
 author of ' ' Chronicles of Colonial Mary- 
 land, ' ' is due the credit of the passage of 
 the Act of 1904. Chapter 48, 'Ho formal- 
 ly adopt and legalize the Maryland 
 flag." 
 
 That the Colony had a distinct flag or 
 standard we know. The first recorded 
 instance of the use of a Maryland flag 
 occurs in Leonard Calvert's report of 
 the reduction of Kent Island (February, 
 1638), in which he says that he and his 
 force marched with Baltimore's banner 
 displayed. At the Battle of the Severn, 
 in 1655, where the supporters of the pro- 
 prietary government, under William 
 Stone, the Governor, were defeated by 
 the Puritan party under Captain Will- 
 iam Fuller, Stone's forces marched un- 
 
 Tivcnty-Scvcn 
 
der the flag of Maryland, borne by Will- 
 iam Nugent, ' SStandard-bearer of the 
 Province," while Fuller's party display- 
 ed the Flag of the Commonwealth, 
 charged with the crosses of St. George 
 and St. Andrew. It is also said that a 
 Maryland flag was carried by the Mary- 
 landers who accompanied Braddock's 
 expedition against Fort DuQuesne 
 (Pittsburgh), in 1755. 
 
 The Maryland Flag, like the great 
 seal, was evidently designed and adopt- 
 ed by Cecil ins, Lord Baltimore, and 
 sent out by him with the Colony, as it 
 was unfurled and officially used a few 
 days after taking formal possession of 
 the Province, when Governor Calvert, to 
 more forcibly impress the natives, order- 
 ed the ''Colors to be brought on shore" 
 and a military parade. While there does 
 not seem to be any distinct record of the 
 design of the colonial flag of Maryland, 
 it is believed to have been the same as 
 the one now in use. Maryland is also 
 as unique in her State flag as she is in 
 lier Great Seal, in that it, too, is strictly 
 of ]i era! die design, and is an exact repro- 
 
 T w V n t y - E i (j h t 
 
duction of the shield or escutcheon upon 
 the reverse of the Great Seal of the Pro- 
 vince. Apart from its historic interest, 
 the Maryland Flag, as may be seen from 
 the accompanying illustration, possesses 
 marked symmetry and beauty. The 
 parallel and diagonal lines of the Cal- 
 vert quarterings being in singular har- 
 mony with the crosses and transposed 
 colors of tliose of the Crossland arms. 
 The combination, too, of the colors of the 
 former — gold and black — while in 
 brilliant contrast with those of the latter 
 quarterings — silver and red — are both 
 effective and pleasing. Silver being a 
 white metal, the white color is substi- 
 tuted for silver in Maryland flags made 
 of bunting or silk, and is so provided for 
 in the Act of 1904, Chapter 48. When 
 painted on panels or printed in colors, 
 however, the rich heraldic colors, gold 
 and black, silver and gules (blood red), 
 should be adhered to. This flag appear- 
 ed for the first time printed in the four 
 purely heraldic colors in the Maryland 
 Manual of 1906, edited by Oswald Tilgh- 
 iiuiii. Secretary of State. 
 
 T IV c n t y - N i n c 
 
THE GREAT SEAL OF MARYLAND. 
 
 The Great Seal and Flag of Maryland 
 are so intimately connected the one with 
 the other that their history is insepar- 
 able. The flag of the State bears the 
 escutcheon of the Great Seal — the Cal- 
 vert and Crossland arms quartered. 
 Maryland is unique in her Great Seal, 
 and presents a marked contrast with 
 those of the other States of the Ameri- 
 can Union, in that it consists of Ar- 
 morial bearings of a strictly heraldic 
 character, while the others bear '^ em- 
 blems indicative of agriculture and com- 
 merce, plenty and prosperity, or kindred 
 subjects represented in a more or less 
 pictorial or allegorical manner." 
 
 The first Great Seal brought over by 
 Governor Leonard Calvert, in 1643, was 
 ''Treacherously and violently taken 
 away by Richard Ingle, or his accom- 
 plices, in or about February A. D., 1644, 
 and hath ever since been so disposed of 
 it cannot be recovered." In 1648, Bal- 
 timore sent to the Province, through 
 Governor William Stone, a second Great 
 Seal cut in silver. The escutcheon bore 
 
 Thirty 
 
the Calvert and Crossland arms quar- 
 tered. The first and fourth quarters 
 consisted of ' ' six pales ' ' or vertical bars, 
 alternately gold and black with a bend 
 dexter counter charged — that is, a 
 diagonal stripe on which colors are re- 
 versed — being the Calvert arms; the 
 second and third quarters consisted of a 
 quartered field of red and silver charged 
 with a Greek, or equal-limbed cross, 
 classified as ' ' Bottony ' ' — its arms ter- 
 minating in trefoils — and also counter- 
 charged, that is, with the colorings re- 
 versed, red being on the silver ground 
 and silver on the red — the latter quar- 
 terings being from the Crossland, Balti- 
 more 's maternal arms — Alicia Cross- 
 land having been the mother of the first 
 Baron of Baltimore, George Calvert. 
 These quarterings were surmounted by 
 an earl's coronet and full-faced helmet, 
 which indicated his rank in America as 
 that of a Count Palatine — his rank in 
 England being that of a Baron only — a 
 distinction which no other American 
 Colonial charter conferred. On tli(' hel- 
 
 T h i r t y - n e 
 
met rested the Calvert crest, a ducal 
 crown, with two half bannerets, one gold 
 and one black. The escutcheon was 
 supported on one side by the figure of a 
 farmer, and the other by that of a fish- 
 erman — symbols of each his two estates, 
 Maryland and Avalon. Below them was 
 a scroll bearing the Calvert motto : 
 
 Patti maschii Parole Femine' 
 
 man- 
 
 ly deeds, womanl}^ words, or more strict- 
 ly, deeds are males, words, females. Be- 
 hind the escutclieons and coronets was 
 engraved an ermined-lined mantle, and 
 surrounding all, on a border encircling 
 the seal, was the legend: ''Scuto Bouse 
 Voluntatis tuse Coronasti Nos" — -with 
 favor wilt thou compass us as with a 
 shield. The heraldic terms used in de- 
 scribing the colors in the Calvert arms 
 are Or and Sable, meaning gold and 
 black; Or has been so frequently misin- 
 terpreted as an abbreviation of Orange, 
 that orange and black have been errone- 
 ously adopted as the colonial colors of 
 Maryland by the leading institutions of 
 learning in the State. This error has, 
 
furthermore, been perpetuated by the 
 State itself, for the two circular car- 
 toons, depicting in colors both sides of 
 the Great Seal, which have hung on the 
 walls of the State House for the past 
 thirty-five years, and which Governor 
 John Lee Carroll in his message to the 
 Legislature of Januaiy 7, 1880, states, 
 are the work of Robert Goodloe Harper 
 Pennington, although artistically exe- 
 cuted, has the Calvert colors on the 
 escutcheon or shield, orange and black, 
 instead of gold and black, and the Cross- 
 land colors red and white, instead of red 
 and silver. 
 
 Thirty-Three 
 
THE OBVERSE OP THE GREAT 
 SEAL. 
 
 As displayed in the other circular car- 
 toon, represents Baron Baltimore as a 
 Knight in full armor, with drawn sword 
 and helmet decorated with feathers. He 
 is mounted on a richly caparisoned 
 charger, in full gallop, adorned with his 
 paternal coat of arms, below which are 
 engraved a strip of seashore, grass and 
 flowers; around the whole is an inscrip- 
 tion containing his name and titles, ' ' Ce- 
 cilius Absolutus Dominus Terr^e Marias 
 et Avaloniae Baro de Baltemore." 
 
 The Great Seal of the State, or Nation, 
 stands as her symbol of honor, and the 
 signet by which her official acts are au- 
 thenticated and accredited. In colonial 
 Maryland to every deed granting lands 
 by the Proprietary, wlio held the fee 
 therein, to the colonist settlers, was sus- 
 pended by a piece of linen tape, a large 
 wax seal, with the impression of both the 
 obverse and the reverse of the Great Seal 
 thereon. Upon the accession of William 
 
and Mary to the throne of England, 
 Maryland became a Royal Province and 
 the Church of England became the es- 
 tablished church of the Province. Dur- 
 ing the sway of the Royal Governors, 
 from 1692 to 1715 other seals came into 
 use, but upon the restoration to Lord 
 Baltimore in 1716 of the Province, ^'The 
 Greater Seal at Arms" was again used. 
 The convention of 1776 adopted the 
 Great Seal of the Province as the Great 
 Seal of the State, until a new one could 
 be devised. Later, notably in 1794, and 
 in 1817, many changes were made in it, 
 but in 1876 a joint resolution of the 
 Llaryland Legislature was passed restor- 
 ing the seal to the exact description 
 given of it in Lord Baltimore's Commis- 
 sion to Governor Stone on August 12, 
 1648. 
 
 T hir t y - F iv e 
 
THE LAND OFFICE BUILDING. 
 
 In 1858, in order to relieve the crowd- 
 ed condition of the State House, and to 
 provide a safe place for the archives of 
 the State, a large two-story brick build- 
 ing was erected at the foot of the State 
 House circle directly opposite the west 
 end of Maryland avenue for the Com- 
 missioner of the Land Office, who is the 
 custodian of the land records, the chan- 
 cery and will records and other archives. 
 In addition to the valuable papers pre- 
 served in the Land Office, there are 
 many maps and relics of colonial times 
 of more than ordinary interest. This 
 building was torn down in 1906. 
 
 THE COURT OF APPEALS 
 BUILDING. 
 
 This liandsome fire proof building, 
 coQipleted in 1906, stands on the west 
 side of the Capitol. The rooms on the 
 first floor are occupied by the offices of 
 the Land Commissioner, the State Treas- 
 urer, the State Tax Commissioner and 
 the Commander of the State Fishery 
 Force. The rooms on the second floor 
 
 Thirty-Sidp 
 
by the Court of Appeals and the State 
 Library. Over the landing of the mas- 
 sive marble stairway in this building is a 
 handsome stained glass w^indow, by Tif- 
 fany & Co. of New York, depicting both 
 the obverse and reverse of the Great Seal 
 of Maryland under the proprietary gov- 
 ernment of the Lords Baltimore. 
 
 THE EXECUTIVE MANSION. 
 
 The handsome home of the Governors 
 of Maryland, with its ample grounds, is 
 a credit to the State. The State having 
 sold to the United States Government, 
 in 1866, the old Executive Mansion that 
 stood within the present Naval Acad- 
 emy grounds, built this mansion during 
 the administration of Governor Thomas 
 Swann. It has cost the State about 
 .^250.000. 
 
 THE TANEY STATUE. 
 
 Immediately in front of the entrance 
 to the State House stands the bronze 
 statue of Roger Brooke Taney (March 
 17, 1777 — October 12, 1864), Chief 
 Justice of the United States from 1836 
 to 1864. This is the work of William 
 
 Thirty-Seven 
 
Henry Rinehart, a Maryland sculptor, 
 and was unveiled on March 17, 1874, the 
 anniversary of Taney's birth. Of this 
 work Severn Teackle Wallis, in his mag- 
 nificent address, said : ' ' The artist has 
 chosen to present us his illustrious sub- 
 ject in his robes of office, as we saw him 
 when he sat in judgment. The statue is 
 heroic, but with that exception the traits 
 of nature are not altered or disguised. 
 The weight of years that bent that ven- 
 erable form has not been lightened, and 
 the lines of care, and suffering, and 
 thought, are as life traced them. The 
 figure has been treated by the artist in 
 the spirit of that noble and absolute sim- 
 plicity which is the type of the highest 
 order of greatness, and is, therefore, its 
 grandest, though its most difficult, ex- 
 pression in art." 
 
 OLD COLONIAL CANNON. 
 
 On the northeast front of the old State 
 House, mounted on a granite pedestal, is 
 an old colonial iron cannon, being one of 
 five guns which furnislied the armament 
 of the Ark and the Dove, the two pin- 
 naces which brought over from England 
 
 T h i r t y - E i <j h t 
 
the first Maryland pilgrims who landed 
 at old Saint Mary's March 25th, 1634. 
 When the colonial capitol was removed 
 from St. Mary's to Annapolis, in 1694, 
 these cannons were left to protect the 
 fort there. The site of this fort was on 
 a steep bluff, which, long prior to the 
 American revolution, by the erosions of 
 time, had gradually crumbled and wash- 
 ed away, leaving these old cannons, that 
 had toppled into the St. Mary's river, 
 partially covered with sand and barna- 
 cU^s to be corroded by the salt water. It 
 is a most interesting relic of the Mary- 
 land pilgrims. 
 
 HISTORICAL PAINTINGS IN 
 STATE HOUSE. 
 
 The most striking of these historical 
 paintings hangs over the landing of the 
 stairway in the annex to the Capitol. It 
 represents General Washington resign- 
 ing liis military commission as Com- 
 mander-in-Chief of the American Ar- 
 mies, to tlie Continental Congress, then 
 in session in the old Senate Chamber, on 
 December 23. 1783. It was painted by 
 Edwin White, of New York, and was 
 
 T h ir t y - N i n c 
 
finished in 1859. It cost $6,000. The 
 oldest historical painting in the State 
 House was painted by Charles Willson 
 Peale in 1785, pursuant to a resolution 
 of November 20, 1781, in commemora- 
 tion of the Surrender of the Army of 
 Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, Va., Oc- 
 tober 19th, 1781. It contains life-size 
 portraits of General Washington, the 
 Marquis de Lafayette, and Col. Tench 
 Tilghman, Washington 's confidential 
 secretary and Aide-de-Camp, of whom 
 he said : ' ' He left as fair a reputation 
 as ever belonged to a human character. ' ' 
 In the Executive Chamber hangs a 
 portrait of George Calvert, the first Lord 
 Baltimore, 1582-1632, who secured the 
 charter of Maryland. Dying before this 
 charter had passed the seal, the colony 
 was established under his son, Cecilius 
 Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, in 1634. 
 The portrait is a copy from the original 
 by Daniel Mytens, a celebrated Dutch 
 painter, who probably painted it be- 
 tween 1623 and 1630, the period of his 
 residence in England. It was presented 
 to the State by John W. Garrett in 1882, 
 
 Forty 
 
who employed an artist named Vintner 
 to copy it from the original, then in the 
 possession of Earl Verulam, Glaston- 
 bury, England. The artist, Frank B. 
 Mayer, said of this portrait : ' ' The head 
 expresses refinement, intellect, and pa- 
 tient endurance, revealing a life of noble 
 endeavor clouded by disappointment 
 and wounded sensibility ; the pose is dig- 
 nified and the details of the costume 
 carefully elaborated. ' ' 
 
 Planting of the colony of Maryland 
 and the burning of the Peggy Stewart 
 are two historical paintings of interest- 
 ing subjects by a Maryland artist, Frank 
 B. Mayer. The celebrated Maryland 
 portrait painter, Charles Willson Peale, 
 1741-1827, painted for the City of An- 
 napolis portraits of the following early 
 Governors of Maryland : Thomas John- 
 sou, William Paca, George Plater, Will- 
 iam Smallwood, Samuel Sprigg, John H. 
 Stone and John Eager Howard, in ex- 
 change for a full length portrait of Ce- 
 eilius Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, 
 supposed to be the work of Van Dyck. 
 This latter is now in the Pennsvlvania 
 
 /'' u r t 1/ - O n c 
 
Academy of Fine Arts, having been de- 
 posited there by Titian Peale in 1877. 
 C. W. Peale also painted the full length 
 allegorical portrait of William Pitt, Earl 
 of Chatham. Mr. Peale describes this 
 portrait as follows: 
 
 ''Mr. Pitt is here represented in a 
 Roman dress, in the action of an orator, 
 extending his right arm, and points to 
 the figure of Liberty, and holding a 
 scroll in his left hand, on which is writ- 
 ten, 'Magna Charta'; before him an al- 
 tar with a civic crown on it and a flame 
 rising, designate his zeal in the cause of 
 Liberty. The altar is ornamented with 
 the bust of Hampden and Sidney, and 
 wreaths of oak leaves embrace them. In 
 the background is a piece of elegant 
 architecture, Whitehall, in front of which 
 King Charles I. was beheaded." 
 
 Mr. Peale states that he sold this por- 
 trait to the State of Maryland for 200 
 pounds. 
 
 Frederick, Sixth Lord Baltimore, 
 1731-1771. This painting is by an un- 
 known hand, and it is even doubtful if 
 it be a portrait of Frederick, as the name 
 
 F o r t 1/ - T IV 
 
was not attached to the frame until 
 1885. This portrait was originally the 
 property of the City of Annapolis, and, 
 with several others, was turned over to 
 the State for safekeeping during the 
 Civil War. Ridgely, in his ''Annals of 
 Annapolis," speaks of a full-length por- 
 trait of Charles, Third Lord Baltimore, 
 as being in possession of the city at that 
 time (1841), and had another portrait 
 been on the walls of the old Assembly 
 Room, so careful a man would surely 
 have mentioned it. Further, the bayonet 
 scars, left by the Pennsylvania troops, 
 show, conclusively, that this portrait was 
 removed to save it from destruction, and 
 there is no record of any other picture 
 answering Ridgely 's description. The 
 features of this portrait are entirely un- 
 like those of the engraving of Frederick 
 ill Vol. V of Walpole's Royal and Noble 
 Authors. 
 
 THE SIGNERS. 
 
 Hanging on the walls of the spacious 
 Rotunda of the old State House, two on 
 either side, are the full-length portraits 
 
 F r t y - T h r e e 
 
of Maryland's four signers of the Dec- 
 laration of Independence, viz. : 
 
 Charles Carroll of Carrollton — Dele- 
 gate to the Continental Congress, 1776 ; 
 United States Senator 1789-1792; born 
 in Annapolis in 1737 ; died in 1832, aged 
 ninety-five. This portrait was painted 
 by order of the General Assembly of 
 1832, by Thomas Sully, a pupil of Ben- 
 jamin West. 
 
 William Paca— Born 1740 ; died 1799 ; 
 delegate to Continental Congress 1774- 
 1779 ; third Governor, 1782-1785 ; paint- 
 ed by John B. Bordle}^ By joint resolu- 
 tion No. 89, of the General Assembly of 
 1834, the Governor was authorized to 
 order full-length portraits of the signers, 
 Paca, Chase and Stone. Resolution No. 
 44, of 1835, shows that the work was 
 done by John B. Bordley and authorizes 
 the purchase of frames for these por- 
 traits. 
 
 Thomas Stone — Delegate to the Con- 
 tinental Congress 1775-1779 and 1784- 
 1785 ; born 1743 ; died 1787, aged forty- 
 four years. 
 
 Samuel Chase — Delegate to the Con- 
 
tinental Congress 1774-1778; Associate 
 Justice of the United States 1784-1785 ; 
 Supreme Court 1796-1804; born 1741; 
 died 1811, aged seventy years. 
 
 THE OLDEST STAR-SPANGLED 
 BANNER. 
 
 In the Flag Room in the old State 
 House is the only Star-Spangled Banner 
 in existence known to have been carried 
 in battle during the War for Indepen- 
 dence. 
 
 This flag was carried by the Maryland 
 troops during the War of the American 
 Revolution, and is thought to be the old- 
 est United States flag in existence made 
 in accordance with the Act of Congress, 
 June 14, 1777. 
 
 It is positively known to have been 
 carried as the Regimental Flag of the 
 Third Maryland Regiment, under Col. 
 John Eager Howard, at the battle of 
 Cowpens, S. C, in January, 1778, in 
 which battle it was carried by William 
 Bachelor. Bachelor was wounded in this 
 l)attle and sent to liis liome in Baltimore, 
 bringing with him the flag. 
 
After the death of Bachelor, which oc- 
 curred March 28, 1781, the flag remained 
 in his family, and when the British in- 
 vaded Maryland in 1814, this flag was 
 again carried, at the Battle of North 
 Point, by Bachelor's son, William, a 
 member of the Twenty-seventh Regiment 
 of Maryland Militia. 
 
 This William Bachelor carried the 
 flag in all the parades of the Twenty-sev- 
 enth Regiment up to about 1840, when 
 the regiment organization expired. Be- 
 ing a member of the Old Defenders As- 
 sociation, he carried the flag in all pa- 
 rades and functions of the association as 
 long as he was able to take part, and 
 died in 1885, at the age of ninety-nine. 
 
 The flag remained in the possession of 
 his family until 1894, when it was pre- 
 sented to the Society of the War of 1812, 
 the successor of the Old Defenders As- 
 sociation, and by that society preserved 
 until presented to the State of Mary- 
 land, at Annapolis, October 19, 1907. 
 
 Forty-Six 
 
THE UNITED STATES NAVAL 
 ACADEMY. 
 
 The Hon. George Bancroft, while Sec- 
 retary of the Navy, under President 
 James K. Polk, signalized his adminis- 
 tration by the establishment of the 
 United States Naval Academy at An- 
 napolis, upon the site of an abandoned 
 army post known as Port Severn. An- 
 napolis was chosen as the most suitable 
 location for such an institution, and 
 academic routine began Oct. 10th, 1845. 
 
 Captain Franklin Buchanan, of Mary- 
 land, was its first Superintendent. Dur- 
 ing the Civil War, 1861- '65, he was an 
 admiral in command of the Confederate 
 Navy. Since 1900 the U. S. Government 
 lias expended ten millions of dollars in 
 the erection of magnificent buildings for 
 the accommodation and education of 
 young men for officers of the United 
 States Navy. Annapolis can now boast 
 of the finest and best technical naval 
 school in the world. 
 
 forty-Seven 
 
PRESS OF 
 
 TIIR ADVERTISER-REPrjil. ICAN 
 
 ANNAPOLIS^ MD. 
 
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