Class Book^^^tl-AiA w d DREYFUS: THE PRISONER OF DEVIL'S ISLAND \ CAPTAIN ALFRED DREYFUS. DREYFUS: THE PRISONER OF DEVIL'S ISLAND A Full Story of the Most Remarkable Military- Trial and Scandal of the Age BY WILLIAM HARDING Cable Editor, The Associated Press Profusely illustrated with Portraits of the Principal Actors, and Photographic Reproductions of the Places and Scenes of Dreyfus's Trial and Exile ASSOCIATED PUBLISHING COMPANY ^^ Copyright 1899, BY J. A. JONES Dedication To the Men of America Whether Jew or Gentile Who abhor Persecution Who believe in the Reign of Justice Who rejoice when the sword of Truth is drawn And will not see it sheathed Cbis Ristory Of the Sorrows and Persecutions of Captain Hlf red Dreyfus Is dedicated by the Author To whom the Atlantic Cables By Day and Night for Months and Years Have told the Marvelous Story. INTRODUCTIO:^ The case of Alfred Dreyfus is the most remarkable episode of modern times. It is an incident of its own kind, without an antecedent and with- out a parallel. Superficially it seems to be an imbroglio of what Carlyle would call " despicable personalities " ; but under the surface are playing some of the most powerful forces of human history. The fact is, that the real causes of this strange outbreak and upheaval in France are as univer- sal as the present political constitution of the world, and as old as the flight of Abraham from Ur of the Chaldees. The echo of the Dreyfus case has been heard as far as the confines of civilization. The headlines have been cried in Tokio and Buenos Ayres. The name of this Franco-Hebrew captain has been spoken and his fate discussed by the trappers of the Yenisei, by the Peruvian silver miners, by the alcaldes of Guatemala, by the priests of Thibet, and by the gam- blers of Monte Carlo. Every cabinet, every ministry, from that of Cal- cutta to that of The Hague, has felt the vibrations and weighed the conse- quences of the case of Dreyfus. Every monarch of Asia has taken time to learn at least the pronunciation of the name of the prisoner of Devil's Island. Every schoolboy from Siberia to Texas has heard something of the trial of Dreyfus, and of Zola and Esterhazy. As a result of the thousands of columns printed about this cause celebre, the ordinary mortal has floundered about in a sea of doubt and specula- tion. Unable to afford the time to follow carefully all the exciting devel- opments in the drama, the average man or woman has had to be content with getting a glimpse, now and then, of the actors on the stage, or of the doings behind the scenes. Meanwhile, both men and nations have looked forward to the time when a calming of the swiftly whirling waves might enable the interested mind to sift the true from the false in the turbulent whirlpool of news. 10 INTEODUCTION In the following pages it has been our task to attempt this work of condensation, elimination, and construction. In this work, we give all due credit to The Associated Press and its most able General Manager, Melville E. Stone, to whose effective direction the newspapers of this coun- try have been so greatly indebted in presenting to the American public such complete accounts of the famous trial at Eennes. The author of this work, from the official position which he has held, has had the invaluable opportunity to gather from the ever-flowing volume of cable intelligence all the essentials of the remarkable event which he has attempted to narrate in the following pages. It is but justice to say that no position other than that which he has held could have afforded like opportunities. The general American offices of The Associated Press have been for years the fleece of Jason, heavy with the golden sands of intelli- gence. If the volume of news sometimes flows by leaving vast deposits of sediment, the golden grains are ever in the current ; and these may be caught and molten into the rich bullion of human history. The Dreyfus case has ended. The writer of this volume has done his part to transmit a knowledge of the proceedings to the American people day by day, as the cause has unfolded itself; and now he has reviewed and recorded in these pages the whole course of the event — the conspiracy, the crime, the suffering, the ignominy, which have been brought to light in the trial hall at Eennes. This book contains the results of the author's gathering and inquiry; it also contains his interpretations and deductions. He now sends the story of the prisoner of Devil's Island to the public, with the hope that I the liberty-loving and truth-seeking people of his country may find in the I perusal as much instruction and interest as the author has found in the preparation of this volume. William Hakding. CONTENTS PAGE Introduction, .............. 9 CHAPTER I. [y^^lHE Cause of It All, ............ 17 CHAPTER II. Glancing Backward, . . . . . .19 CHAPTER III. What Was Found in a Waste-Basket, .21 CHAPTER IV. The Initial Passage, 25 CHAPTER V. The Plotting Begins, ............ 28 CHAPTER VI. 'The First Court-Martial, 33 CHAPTER VII. Found Guilty and Condemned, . . .36 CHAPTER VIII. The Degradation, 40 CHAPTER IX. Another Account of the Degradation, 45 CHAPTER X. The "Syndicate op Silence," 47 CHAPTER XI. Exiled to Devil's Island, .60 CHAPTER XII. Life on Devil's Island, 53 CHAPTER XIII. The Doctor's Story, 56 CHAPTER XIV. Letters of Dreyfus to his Wife, . . . 59 12 CONTENTS CHAPTER XVr' PAQE Further Expressions op the Prisoner, 63 CHAPTER XVI. J The Prisoner Hears Good News, . . 69 CHAPTER XVII. Working for the Truth, ........... 73 CHAPTER XVIII. Colonel Henry to the Rescue, .......... 77 CHAPTER XIX. i Zola to the Front, ............ 81 CHAPTER XX. M. Cavaignac and the Dreyfus Case, . . . . . . . . .85 CHAPTER XXI. Before the Court of Cassation, ......... .91 CHAPTER XXII. v' Hopes Grow Stronger, 94 CHAPTER XXIII. V Dreyfus Brought Back to France, - . . . 99 CHAPTER XXIV. How M. Lbbon Treated Dreyfus, 103 CHAPTER XXV. Dreyfus' 8 Final Appeal for Justice, ......... 107 CHAPTER XXVI. ' Opening of the Second Dreyfus Court-Martial, ...... Ill CHAPTER XXVII. The Prisoner Assists the Judges, ......... 121 CHAPTER XXVIII. General Mercier Confronted by Dreyfus, ....... 123 CHAPTER XXIX. Attempt to Murder M. Labori, .......... 132 CHAPTER XXX. Ex-President and Former War Minister Clash, ..*..- 138 CHAPTER XXXI. The Prisoner's Sufferings on Devil's Island, . . ... . • 146 CONTENTS 13 CHAPTEE XXXII. PAGE Colonel Picquart and M. Bertulus Support Dreyfus, 157 CHAPTER XXXIII. "The Plots against Dreyfus, 165 CHAPTER XXXIV. "That is a Manifest Lie!" said Dreyfus, ........ 176 CHAPTER XXXV. Dreyfus Answers his A-ccusbrs, .......... 183 CHAPTER XXXVI. ^"■Labori Resumes the Defence of Dreyfus, 190 CHAPTER XXXVII. General Gonsb Cornered by M. Labori, 198 CHAPTER XXXVm. Generals Go Down under Counsel's Eire, 205 CHAPTER XXXIX. "Expert" Bkrtillon Attacks Dreyfus, 216 CHAPTER XL. Mercieb Accuses the Dead, . 222 CHAPTER XLI. The Evidence of M. Bertillon is Ridiculed, ....... 227 CHAPTER XLII. , The " Little White Mouse " Testifies, 232 CHAPTER XLIII. Esterhazy Accused by Eour Witnesses, . . . . . . . . 240 CHAPTER XLIV. The Prisoner Breaks Down Under the Strain, ...... 245 CHAPTER XLV. More Testimony for Dreyfus, 252 l/ CHAPTER XLVI. More Testimony in Favor of Dreyfus, ........ 261 CHAPTER XLVn. Conflicting Testimony, 270 14 CONTENTS CHAPTEK XLVIII. PAGE Appeal to Emperor William and King Humbert, ...... 278 CHAPTER XLIX. M. Labori Threatens to Withdraw from the Case, ..... 289 CHAPTER L. JotTAUST Refuses to Take Evidence of the Attach]es, ..... 298 CHAPTER LI. Pleading for the Prisoner, ........... 309 ' CHAPTER LII. Again Pound Guilty, ............. 317 CHAPTER LIII. Indignation Throughout the World, ......... 334 CHAPTER LIV. Vindication, ............... 349 CHAPTER LV. V First Free Utterances of Dretpus, ......... 351 CHAPTER LVI. Explains Animosity Against Him, ......... 357 CHAPTER LVII. "The Incident is Closed," ........... 365 CHAPTER LVIII. Is the "Incident" Closed? ........... 368 CHAPTER LIX. The Hope of France, ............ 372 CHAPTER LX. What Europe Thought of the Pardon, . . . . . . . .375 CHAPTER LXI. Echoes of the Trial, ............ 379 CHAPTER LXII. Proposal to Boycott the Paris Exposition, ....... 387 CHAPTER LXIII. Dreyfus Trial Reporting, ........... 391 Dictionary of Principal Names, Documents, etc., . . . . • 399 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Captain Alfred Dreyfus. Great Actors in the Drama : Zola, Clemenceau, Mercier, Carri6re. Colonel Picquart in the Cherche-Midi Prison. First Scene of the Tragedy : Major Da Paty de Clam dictating Trial Passages of the Bordereau to Captain Dreyfus before his arrest. The Secret Court-Martial. Opening of the Trial : Dreyfus declares his Innocence. Madame Dreyfus and Her Children. Maitre Labori. Confession of Colonel Henry to War Minister Cavaignac. lie du Diable : Dreyfus in his Cell. Court of Cassation : Assembling to hear Beaupr^'s Report in favor of Revision. Dreyfus's Outburst of Passion : "I am Innocent ! " Devil's Island : Showing Dreyfus's Hut and the Watch-Tower. Return of Dreyfus : Arrival on board the S^ax. Leaving the Train at Rablais near Rennes. Some of the Principal Personages in the Dreyfus Case. The Degradation of Dreyfus : Breaking the Sword. Dreyfus's Morning Walk on the Sfax. The Return of Dreyfus : Landing from the Sfax at Quiberon. On Board the Sfax : the Cabin occupied by Dreyfus. On Board the Sfax : The Guard at the Door of Dreyfus's Cabin. Leading Actors in the Drama: Cavaignac, Casimir-P^rier, Faure, de Freycinet, Gallifet. Leading Actors in the Drama : Henry, Deroulfede, Roget, Boisdeffre, Esterhazy. Leading Actors in the Drama: Schwarzkoppen, Panizzardi, Scheurer - Kestner, Sandherr, Billot, Du Paty de Clam. President Emile Loubet. Maitre Labori with Madame Labori and his Secretary. Madame Labori Supporting her Wounded Husband. 16 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Return of Dreyfus : En route to Rennes. Scene between General Roget and Colonel Picquart, August 18, 1899. Return of Dreyfus : First Landing on French Soil. Witnesses against Dreyfus: General Zurlinden, Casimir-Perier, Generals Billot and Mercier. Panoramic View of Devil's Island. Second Court-Martial : Remarkable scene during the Session of August 24th. The Confrontation of Captain Freystaetter and Colonel Maurel-Pries, Judges in the Trial of 1894. Arrival of Madame Dreyfus at Rennes. Frenzy of Paris : Reading the News in the Streets. Agitation in Paris : Rush on the Boulevard for Evening Papers Announcing the Verdict. The Mob Rampant in Paris. Captain Dreyfus Leaving the Court-Martial for the Military Prison. The Trial at Rennes : Military Witnesses Leavi ng the Court after Giving their Testimony. Return of Dreyfus : Driving from the Quai to Quiberon. The Altar of St. Joseph (Wrecked by the Mob, August 20, 1899). Captain Dreyfus : "That I am alive to-day I owe to my Wife." The Trial at Rennes : Colonel Jouaust Reading the Arraignment at the Bar. Funeral Cortege of Colonel Henry. M. Bertillon Demonstrates his "System." Major Forzinetti. M. Bertulus. The Trial at Rennes : Maitre Demange Addressing the Court in Behalf of Dreyfus. Military Prison at Rennes : the Entrance Gate. Military Prison at Rennes : Entrance to the Court-Room. Military Prison at Rennes : Scene in the Court- Yard. DREYFUS: THE PRISONER OF DEVIL'S ISLAND Chapter L THE CAUSE OF IT ALL If you had asked any Frenchman, after the disastrous war with Ger- many of 1870-71 (when, instead of the eagles of France swooping down upon Berlin, the eagles of Germany fluttered over Paris), the reason for this state of affairs, he would have replied most promptly : " Nous sommes trahis." ("We are betrayed.") Here we have the situation in a nutshell. France is continually being betrayed, or fancying she is being betrayed, which is about the same thing, to all intents and purposes ; for the idea, as much as the fact, keeps the people in a continual state of turmoil, almost boiling with its superheated lava. The very suggestion that a French general could be incompetent is protested against with angry derision by Frenchmen ; therefore treachery alone must be allowed to explain the military defeats and other reverses suffered by French arms and French diplomacy. - In addition to this, the feeling against the Jews which first developed in Algeria shortly after the Franco-German war, owing to the enfranchise- ment of all the Jews in that French colony, to the detriment of all other foreigners, including the Arabs, has been steadily growing ever since, and has reached such a point that the most overheated Frenchmen have actu- ally been thinking of the possibilities of a St. Bartholomew massacre, in which all sympathizers with the Jews, as well as all Jews, would be killed. The pulse of France may be said to be the army, for nearly all French- 2 18 DREYFUS: THE PRISONER OF DEVIL'S ISLAND men have to draw lots on coming of age to decide whether they are not to serve under the colors. The army permeates into every hole and comer of France. Red-tape and officialdom reign supreme. Nearly every fam- ily in France is in some way connected, or likely to be connected, with the army. Consequently when the feeling against the Jews spread to the army, the paths of the Jewish soldiers and officers were far from being strewn with roses. It is unnecessary to dwell further upon the reasons which led to this antipathy in France against the Jews. It is not a question of religion, though religion has had something to do with the state of affairs existing. The average Frenchman, however, cares little or nothing for any man's religion, though there are many good Catholics in France, and some of them have taken part in the popular crusade against the Jews. But it seems to be that a sort of feeling of envy, or jealousy of the growing wealth of the Jews in general, coupled with complaints against their so- called aggressiveness and prominence in commercial life, grows stronger and stronger. Eventually a number of Anti-Semitic newspapers appeared, principal among them being the Libre Parole (Free Speech), edited by M. Drumont, a Catholic, which added considerable fuel to the flames. /The alliance, or understanding arrived at between France and Russia also served to add to the bitterness against the Jews. In Russia the Jews are despised and oppressed, and therefore Frenchmen, after the under- standing with Russia, fancied it was but natural, in view of the "alliance," to heap red-hot coals on the heads of the Jews in France. And so the feeling in France against the Jews grew stronger day bj day and began to express itself in violence. GLANCING BACKWARD 19 Chapter II. GLANCING BACKWARD Here it is necessary to take a glance at the political situation just previous to the outbreak of the famous Dreyfus case. In November, 1893, soon after the reassembling of Parliament, a crisis in the Ministry arose on account of objections to the Ministerial programme of the pre- mier, M. Dupuy, who was desirous of conciliating the Moderates, and on account of the abuse of three Eadical members of the Cabinet, MM. Viette, Peytral, and Carriere. M. Dupuy was unable to conciliate, and it was agreed that the three Ministers should leave the Cabinet. But the discord in the Ministry leaked out, and owing to the failure of the Government support- ers to carry a vote of confidence in the Ministry, M. Dupuy and his col- leagues resigned November 26th, and M. Casimir-P^rier formed a Cabinet, being succeeded as President of the Chamber of Deputies by M. Dupuy. An extraordinary scene occurred in the Chamber of Deputies on De- cember 10, 1893. An Anarchist named Vaillant flung a^iomb, filled with nails, among the members of the Chamber of Deputies, more or less seri- ously injuring forty-seven persons. Vaillant was promptly captured, tried, condemned, and executed. The affair served still further to inflame the public mind. - The next day, M. Casimir-P^rier managed to pass through the Chamber of Deputies four bills, modifying the Press Law, the Criminal-Conspiracy Law, and the Explosive Law, and formed a fund for the preservation of order and the prevention of such outrages as the one which had so startled the world. Soon afterward, M. Cl^menceau, a popular leader, began the publica- tion of a series of " revelations " tending to show the unpreparedness of the Toulon Arsenal in case of war and the general unsatisfactory condition of the Navy of France, which did not tend to calm the public mind. The Government appointed a Commission to inquire into the alleged misman- 20 DREYFUS: THE PRISONER OF DEVIL'S ISLAND agement in the Navy Department, and a resolution of confidence in the Ministry was passed by a large majority. This was in January, 1894. Early in March, 1894, there was an exciting debate in the Chamber of Deputies over a slight incident which occurred at St. Denis, where the mayor, a Socialist, prohibited a display in the streets of any religious symbol or emblem. The Minister of Public Works, M. SpuUer, declared this was imprudent and tyrannical, and he announced that a new spirit would animate the Government in its treatment of matters at issue be- tween the laity and the clergy, namely the spirit of tolerance. The Eadi- cals were furious at such a suggestion, and a resolution, violently hostile to the clergy, was proposed by M. Brisson. The Government, however, triumphed, and for some time this " new spirit " was in evidence, and was by some people interpreted as further concessions to the Jews, thus arous- ing more ill-feeling against them. After gaining further victories over the Socialists and Radicals, M. Casimir-P^rier fell from office on account of an adverse vote in the Cham- ber of Deputies over an interpellation regarding leave of absence being given to the railroad employees, who are government servants, to attend a congress of the Eailroad Workmen's Federation. M. Dupuy formed a new Cabinet on May 28, 1894, his place as Presi- dent of the Chamber of Deputies being taken by M. Casimir-P^rier. For a time the political sea was smooth. But France and the world at large, on June 24th, was plunged into excitement and indignation by the cowardly assassination of President Sadi-Carnot, at Lyons, whither he had gone to open an exhibition. He was stabbed to death by Caserio Santo, an Italian anarchist, who claimed he was inspired to commit the deed by a desire to avenge his fellow anarchists who had been previously executed in France. M. Casimir-P^rier was elected June 27th, to succeed M. Carnot. He obtained 451 votes out of the total of 851 votes cast, M. Dupuy receiving 97 votes. The Dupuy Ministry resigned on the election of the new President, but the Cabinet was asked to remain in office. A biU was introduced into the Chamber by the Government, giving the law more extended powers against anarchists and restricting the press from publishing full reports of the trials of anarchists, much to the disgust of many of the irreconcilables. DREYFUS: THE PRISONER Of DEVIL'S ISLAND A Full Story of the Most Remarkahle Militaiy Trial and Scandal ot the Age BY WILLIAM HARDING Cable Editor, The Associated Press Profusely illustrated with Portraits of the Principal Actors, and Photographic Reproductions of the Places and Scenes oi Drevtus's Trial and J'.xile ASSOCIATED PUBLISHING COMPANY / Copvrlvht law. {Title 17 U.S. Coc?^) WHAT WAS FOUND IN A WASTE-BASKET 21 Chapter IIL "\J7HAT WAS FOUND IN A WASTE-BASKET Tins was about the state of affairs in I'rnnce when, in September, 1894, there was brought to tlic Intelligence Department of tlie French War Office a mysterious document, torn into pieces, which was said to have lieen stolen from a waste-basket at tlie German lunbassy, where, at that time, Colonel von Schwartzkoppen was the military attache. This document was carefully pasted or pieced together by members of the In- telligence Department, and was shown to the Minister of War, General Mercier; the Chief of the Headquarters Staff, General de Boisdeffrc; and the Assistant Chief of the Headquarters Staff, General Gonse. Colonel Sandherr was then Chief of tlic Intelligence Department of the War Office, and among his assistants was Lieutenant-Colonel Henry. Tlie former soon died, the latter committed suicide after confessing a for- gery. On the Headquarters Staff were three officers, Lieutenant-Colonel ricquart, Lieutenant-Colonel Du Paty de Clam, and Captain Dreyfus, a dew. This finding of the pieces of pnpcr in the waste-paper basket led to the great scandal of the century, which began at that tiiue, and which is not yet ended. This document has since been known as the hordcrcajc, or pihc dc conviction, and it was this which sent an unfortunate man to five years of torture, and which may yet have the most serious consequences for France. When pieced together, the hn7-clcrcrnc read : " Without news indicating that you wish to see me, I am sending you, nevertheless, sir, some interesting information : "1. A note on the hydraulic brake of the 120 gun and on the way in which this piece behaved. "2. A note on the covering of troops (frovpcs rJc convcrivrc) . Some modifications will be entailed by the new plan. 22 13EEYFUS: THE PRISONER OF DEVIL'S ISLAND " ?t. A note on a modiiication in artillery formations. " 4. A nuto relative to Madagascar. " 5. 1'Iil; project t\)r a Firing Manual for licld-artillery, March 14, 1894. "This last document is extremely difllcvdt to procure, and I can only have it at my disposal for a very few days. The Minister of War has sent a limited number of copies to tiie several corps, and these corps are re- sponsible fur it ; each oliicer is to send his copy back after the mananivres. If, therefore, you will take from it what interests you, and hold it after- ward at my disposal, I will take it, unless you should desire that I should have it copied in cxtnnso and then send }ou the copy. I am about to go to the Manoeuvres." For some time after the discovery of tlie bordereau, the matter was kept secret and certain investigations were made. Gradually rumors of the discovery of treason by the War Ollice oilicials became current, and the words '' Nuiis tioimiifs trahls I " began to be heard outside of otticial circles. Finally, M. Drumont, editor of the Lihre Parole, is said to have ob- tained th(i jirst authentic details of the affair through a letter, addressed to M. I'apillaud, of his staff, that a traitor had been found among the oilicers of the (Jencral StaJf at the Ministry of War, and, it was added, the traitor was a Jew. The writer of this anonymous letter intimated that if a search was made among " the Droyfuses, the Meyers, and the Levys," the traitor couhl lie identitied. Later, during the latter part of October, 1894, M. Fapillaud received another letter, apparently from the same source, saying the mime of the traitor was Captain Alfred Drey- fus, of the Fourteenth Eegiment of Artillery, and adding that the traitor had been conliued in the Cherche-Midi prison since October 15th. The letter contained the words : " People say he is travelling, but they lie, because they would like to smother the business. All Israel is astir. Tout a vans, Henry." The stall" of the Libre J'tcrule were then alive to the importance of the story, and gradually many of the facts in the case leaked out. The pris- oner, it appeared, was accused of having sold important documents relat- ing to the national defence to the agents of a foreign power, Germany. He was arrested on October 15th, by Lieutenant-Colonel Du I*aty de Clam, WHAT WAS FOUXD IN A WASTK-BASKET 2r The following IS a rcHluccd facsimile of a vorlum n[ Uie famous /..r. dcrcau : ^^.^nx_ ^..^-jf-T^ dl/^->^ /^^^Tp-^-^-— HEDUCED FACSIMIti: OF A FORTION OF THE "BORnERLAU" C^-p\^^ 2i DREYFUS: THE PRISONER OF DEVIL'S ISLAND acting under the orders of General Mercier, the Minister of War, had been imprisoned in tlie Cherche-Midi Prison, and the most extraordinary pre- cautions had Leun taken to keep tlio affair secret, even from Dreyfus's own family. Madame Dreyfus, his wife, it developed later, was fright- ened into silence by I)u Paty de Clam. France, naturally, became greatly excited, and those w^ho had been the most bitter in their denunciations of the Jews found ample material for " I-told-you-so " statements. All kinds of sensational reports were circu- lated. Some rumors had it that tlie whole country had been betrayed, from first to last, army and nav}', and tliat France was almost at the mercy of her enemies. People even went so far as to declare that war with Ger- many was imminent. The recall of the German Ambassador was openly demanded, and all kinds of pressure was brouglit to bear on the Govern- ment to clear up the mystery without delay and let the public know the whole truth. Put, the authorities maintained an air of mystery; the dark- est hints were dropped, the name of Russia began to be bandied about, and the War Ministry was said to have in its possession secrets which, if divulged, would practically cause the upheaval of Europe. THE IKITIAL PASSAGE 25 Chapter IV. THE INITIAL PASSAGE When tho outburst of public feeling could u^ longer be ^vithstoofl, the Government made up its mind to let the world know something nbout what was going on, and, at a Cabinet Council, November 1, 1894, the Minister of War, General Mcrcier, formally announced his intention of or- dering proceedings against Captain Alfred Preyfus, of the Fourteenth lleg- iment of Artillery, attached to the General Staff, for disclosing secret War Office documents to foreigners. A despatch from Paris to the London r/v^/rs, announcing this fact, added : "Although tlie arrest of Captain Dreyfus has made a great sensation, every one feels that the honor of the Lrench army will ]iot be impugned if one solitary ofhcer should be convicted of treachery." The developments of tho case showed this correspondent to be some- what hi error; for it is impossible to imagine a darker showhig of dishon- orable transactions among Frencli officers than has since been disclosed. Dreyfus, a name which must now go down to all future ages as that of the central figure of the greatest trial of this age, was born in LSoO, at Miilhausen, Alsace, one of the provinces given up to Germany by Franco as a result of tlie outcome of the war of 1.S70-71. FL's parents were AL satian Jcavs of good standing an