J iiliiiiii i III! iiiiil I ill ill M,JiP 11^ II iliii. till ii II t! it It ti !!!'!;:' III! i II iljijl! liliM! Ml ll> ill I : llii'liiii;!. ! ! s '•04' .-K r^sj^j -r i V 1 \ .'1 o Glass r ^% ■■:^' :t y^cT^ '"txss an indispensable feature of the work ; consequently there has been no attempt to indulge in graces of style or PKEFATORY STATEMENT. elaboration of narrative. The object has been to present, in simple language and concise form, facts of history of interest or value to those who may choose to consult its pages. Absolute inerrancy is not claimed for every detail of the work, but no pains has been spared, and every available authority consulted, to arrive at complete accuracy of statement. In view of the important bearing which railroad enterprises have had upon the extraor- dinary development of the State within the past fifty years, considerable space lias been given to this department, especially with reference to the older lines of railroad whose history has been intimately interwoven with that of the State, and its jirogress in wealth and population. In addition to the acknowledgments made by Dr. Bateman, it is but proper that I should express my personal obligations to the late Prof. Samuel M. Inglis, State Superin- tendent of Public Instruction, and his assistant, Prof. J. II. Freeman; to ex-Senator John M. Palmer, of Springfield ; to the late Hon. Joseph Medill, editor of "The Chicago Tribune" ; to the Hon. James B. Bradwell, of "The Chicago Legal News"; to Gen. Green B. Eaum, Dr. Samuel Willard, and Dr. Garrett Newkirk, of Chicago (the latter as author of the prin- cipal portions of the article on the "Underground Railroad") ; to the Librarians of the State Historical Library, the Chicago Historical Library, and the Chicago Public Library, for special and valuable aid rendered, as well as to a large circle of correspondents in different parts of the State who have courteously responded to requests for information on special topics, and have thereby materially aided in securing whatever success may have been attained in the work. In conclusion, I cannot omit to pay this final tribute to the memory of my friend and associate. Dr. Bateman, whose death, at his home in Galesburg, elsewhere recorded, was deplored, not only by his associates in the Faculty of Knox College, his former pupils and immediate neighbors, but by a large circle of friends in all parts of the State. Although his labors as editor of this volume had been substantially finished at the time of his death (and they included the reading and revision of every line of copy at that time prepared, comprising the larger proportion of the volume as it now goes into the hands of the public), the enthusiasm, zeal and kindly appreciation of the labor of others which he brought to the discharge of his duties, have been sadly missed in the last stages of prepara- tion of the work for the press. In the estimation of many who have held his scholarship and his splendid endowments of mind and character in the highest admiration, his con- nection with the work will be its strongest commendation and the surest evidence of its merit. With myself, the most substantial satisfaction I have in dismissing the volume from my hands and submitting it to the judgment of the public, exists in the fact that, in its prepara- tion, I have been associated with such a co-laborer — one whose abilities commanded uni- versal respect, and whose genial, scholarly character and noble qualities of mind and heart won the love and confidence of all with whom he came in contact, and whom it had been my privilege to count as a friend from an early period in his long and useful career. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Abraham Lincoln {Frontispiece) 1 Annex Central Hospital for Insane, Jacksonville 84 Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children, Lincoln 237 Bateman, Newton (Portrait) 3 Board of Trade Building, Chicago , 277 "Chenu Mansion," Kaskaskia (1898), where La Fayette was entertained in 1825 .... 315 Chicago Academy of Sciences . 394 Chicago Drainage Canal 94 Chicago Historical Society Building 394 Chicago Post Office (U. S. Gov. Building) 88 Chicago Public Buildings 395 Chicago Thoroughfare.^ 89 Chicago ThoroughfartS 93 Chief Chicagou (Portrait) 246 Comparative Size of Great Canals 95 Day after Chicago Fire 92 Early Historic Scenes, Chicago 170 Early Historic Scenes, Chicago (No. 2) 171 Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 280 E.xperiment Farm, University of Illinois 12 Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — -The Vineyard 13 Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — Orchard Cultivation 13' First Illinois State House, Kaskaskia (1818) 314 Fort Dearborn from the West (1808) ' 24G Fort Dearborn from Southeast (1808) 247 Fort Dearborn (1853) 247 General John Edgar's House, Kaskasia 315 Henry de Tonty (Portrait) 346 House of Governor Bond, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315 House of Chief Ducoign, the last of the Kaskaskias (1893) 314 Home for Juvenile Female Offenders, Geneva 236 Illinois Eastern Hospital for Insane, Kankakee 85 Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Quincy 438 Illinois State Normal University, Normal 504 Illinois State Capitol (First), Kaskaskia 240 Illinois State Capitol (Second), \'andalia 240 Illinois State Capitol (Third), Springfield 240 Hliuois State Capitol (Present), Springfield 241 Illinois State Building, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 601 Illinois State Petutentiary, Joliet 30(; Illinois State Penitentiary — Cell House and Women's Prison 307 Illinois State Reformatory, Pontiac 493 8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Institution for Deaf and Dumb, Jackisonville 300 Interior of Koom, Kaskaskia Hotel (IS'.!:!) where La Fayette Banquet was held in 1825 314 Institution for the Blind, Jacksonville 301 Kaskaskia Hotel, where La Fayette was feted in 1825 (as it appeared, 1893) 314 La Salle (Portrait) 240 Library Building, University of Illinois 334 Libraiy Building — Main Floor — University of Illinois 335 Lincoln Park Vistas, Chicago 120 Map of Burned District, Chicago Fire, 1871 276 Map of Grounds, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 600 Map of Illinois FuUowiiiff Title Page Map of Illinois Piver Valley • " " " McCormick Seminary, Chicago 3G2 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 90 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 206 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicixgo 207 Natural History Ilall, University of Illinois 151 Newberry Library, Chicago 394 Northern Hospital for the Insane, Elgin 402 Old Kaskaskia, from (larrison Hill (as it appeared in 1893) 314 Old State House, Kaskaskia (1900) 315 Pierre Menard Mansion, Kaskaskia (1893) 314 Kemnant of Old Kaskaskia (as it appeared in 1898) 315 Scenes in South Park, Chicago 604 Seiby, Paul (Protrait) 5 Sheridan Road and on the Boulevards, Chicago 121 Soldiers' Widows' Home, Wilmington 439 Southern Illinois Normal, Carbondale 505 Southern Illinois Penitentiary and Asylum for Incurable Insane, Chester 492 University Hall, University of Illinois 150 L^niversity of Chicago 363 University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 540 University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 541 View from Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 281 View on Principal Street, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315 Views in Lincoln Park, Chicago 91 Views of Drainage Canal 96 Views of Drainage Canal 97 War Eagle (Portrait) 240 Western Hospital for the Insane, Watertown 403 World's Fair Buildings 005 PREFACE In arranging a meeting between the people of the future and those whose labors comprise the past and present history of McDonough County, it is hoped and confidently believed that this record of happenings, events and personalities will prove an educational force with all classes. The preparation of this History of McDonough County was undertaken, not only in the belief that it was needed, but in the further belief that, while this generation is interested in both the past and the present, it is also under obligation to the future, and that the progress of this county should be marked by a his- torical record to which future generations may refer with pride and confidence. Local history requires frequent repetition and constant addition. The work of the historian is a continuous process ; his record is one that, as the years progress, increases in volume with the deeds, the adventures and the achievements of past and present generations, and to which the future must add more remarkable chapters. Upon the soil of McDonough County, comprising an area of nearly six hundred square miles, has been enacted an integral part of the great unfolding of American independence. Here man has triumphed over the forces of nature that once seemed rude and unpromising. Its cabin builders represented a splendid hope. Its farms have demonstrated anew that agriculture is the very basis of a nation's prosperity — the salvation and independence of human life. Its modern conditions express the progress achieved in personal, social, civil, religious, industrial and commercial life. The gathering of material necessar\- to the preparation of a reliable county history involves no small amount of time and labor. Especially is this true when so many of the men and women who helped to make its early history have passed away, as is now the case in McDonough County. The gathering of facts, investi- gating and verifying statements obtained from various authorities, interviewing many of our older citizens, and finally digesting and incorporating, as a compact whole, the mass of information thus gained, and preparing the history for the press, have consumed more time than I at first anticipated. The publishers, while urging its early completion, have awaited the furnishing of my manuscript with commendable patience, believing, with me. that the greater time thus employed was conducive to a more thoroughly prepared work, and to the greater benefit of its manv patrons ; while to them much credit is due for the pecuniary outlay which they have necessarily borne, and for the great care evidently taken by them in the preparation of the work as a whole, the inserting of many portraits and illustrations executed in the highest style of the art, thereby adding to ihe intrinsic value and interest of the publication. In the preparation of the early history of the county and its various munici- palities, information has been sought from all accessible sources, including the McDonough County History published in 1878, not, however, without independent investigation and corroborative evidence where the lapse of more than a quarter of a century did not make this impossible. My sincere thanks are, therefore,, tendered herewith to all who have responded to my earnest appeals for informa- tion, and thereby aided in the accomplishment of the work in hand. Recognizing the limitations which invariably attend human effort and intelligence, it follows that perfection is never attainable in a work of this character and it is not claimed for this volume. Nevertheless, the work throughout has been conscientiously prepared, and I feel assured that it will prove of permanent value, the realization of which will increase with passing years. U/e^^i^^i^c^i/u ^(^ INDEX CHAPTER I. THE BEGINNING— DEVELOPMENT. First White X'isitors to Illinois — Explorations of Joliet and Marquette in 1673 — Conditions at the Expiration of a Century of Occupation — Brief Period of British Dominion — Transition Wrought by the George Rogers Clark Conquest — The Illinois County of \'irginia — Ordinances of 1784 and 1787 — Illinois Under Territorial Jurisdiction — State Gov- ernment Established — Boundaries — Foresight of Delegate Nathaniel Pope and its Marvelous Results — State Constitutional Conventions — A Lieutenant Governor in the Role of a Usurper — Agricultural and Mineral Resources — Banking and Railroad Interests — Manu- facturing Statistics 617-621 chapter ii. Mcdonough county organized. The Military Tract — Its Boundaries and the Territory Embraced Within its Limits — Trouble Over Land Titles — Boundaries and Area of Mc- Donough County — Growth in Land Values — Soil and Streams — First Settlers — Order of Court Organizing the County — First Elec- tions and ( )fficers Chosen — First Session of Court — Grand and Petit Jurors — The Tax Question 622-626 CHAPTER III. ANIMAL AND BIRD LIFE. Primitive Conditions of Animal Life — Timber, Gray and Prairie Wolves — .\ Wolf Hunt — Generous Bounties for Wolf Scalps — The Common Red Deer — Foxes. Squirrels and Other Smaller Animals — Reptiles — The Deadlv Rattle-snake — Numerous Species of Land and W'ater Fowl — Wild Geese. Turkeys and Prairie Chickens — The Smaller Bird Species — Feathered Songsters — The Gray and Bald Eagle, the Hawk and Other Carniverous Birds — The \'aiue of Game Birds to Early Settlers 626-629 CHAPTER IV. TOPOGRAPHY AND FLORA. Topography of the Military Tract Region — Water Courses — Timber Lands and the \'alue of their Products to the Early Settlers — Prairie Lands and Grasses — Indigenous Plants, Fruits and Folwers. . 630-631 CHAPTER V. GEOLOGY— MINERAL DEPOSITS. Geologic Conditions in McDonough County — Coal and Clay Deposits — Drift-clays in the Vicinity of Colchester — Coal Measures — The Col- chester Mines — Lime and Sandstone — Fire Clay — Tile and Fire- brick Product — Iron Ore — Building Stone 631-636 CHAPTER VI. EARLY SETTLERS— THEIR HARDSHIPS. McDonough County Pioneers and Problems They Had to Meet — Hard- ships of the Emigrants' Journey — Reminiscences of a Pioneer — Build- ing and Furnishing a Pioneer Home — Breaking the Prairie Sod — The Cold Winter and Deep Snow of 1830-31 — Sudden Freeze of 1832 — Food and Clothing Problems — Black Hawk War — Experience of a California Gold-seeker — Chills and Fever Troubles — Crops and Busi- ness Methods — "Wild-cat" Currency and Produce Prices — Average Log House and its Domestic Life — Amusements — Wages — Live-stock Prices- — Absence of Labor-saving ^Machinery — Contrast Presented bv Present Conditions 636-642 CHAPTER VII. POLITICAL. State Officers — List of Governors With Terms of Office — Lieutenant- Governors and Secretaries of State — United States Senators — Con- gressional Districts of which McDonough County Has Formed a Part — List of Representatives for Same Districts in Congress — Legisla- tive Apportionments and List of State Senators and Representatives. 642-647 CHAPTER VIII. COURT AND BAR OF McDONOUGH COUNTY. Judges Who Have Presided in McDonough Circuit Courts — Personal History of Prominent Justices — Richard M. Young, Stephen A. Douglas, Pinkney H. Walker, Chauncey L. Higbee and Others — List of State's Attorneys — Circuit Court Clerks — Sheriffs — Pres- ent Members of the County Bar — Sketch of Cyrus Walker — Other Notable Lawyers of an Early Period 648-653 CHAPTER IX. TOWNSHIP HISTORY. Township Organization in 1857 — Original List of Townships and Sub- sequent Changes — Individual Township History — Early Settlers and Date of Settlement — Characteristics of Soil and Agricultural Con- ditions — Early Marriages, Births and Deaths — Early Schools and Churches — Present Conditions and Evidence of Three-quarters of a Century's Growth 653-671 CHAPTER X. CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. City of IMacoml) — John Baker the First Settler — First Election of County Officers in 1830 — Act of the Legislature Establishing the County-seat — Present Area and Territory Embraced in City Limits — • City Iiict)rporated in 1856 — Population, Public Buildings and Business Enterprises — Some Early Documentary History — Cities of Bushnell and Colchester — Villages of Prairie City, Bardolph, Industry, Good Hope, Sciota, Blandinsville, New Philadelphia, Tennessee and Colmar — Business Concerns, Schools and Churches — Some Abandoned Villages 671-680 CHAPTER XI. RAILROADS. Primitive History of Railroad Enterprises in McDonough County — Struggle to Secure the Construction of the First Line — The Northern Cross Railroad Develops into a Part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy — Subscription of Stock \'oted by the Citizens of AIcDonough County — Some of the Early Promoters — Southern Section of the Road Completed to Macomb in 1855 — Its Influence upon the Land \'alues — Other Railroad Enterprises — The Toledo, Peoria & Western, the Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis and the Macomb & Western Lines — Sections of the County Which They Penetrate 681-863 CHAPTER XII. BANKING INSTITUTIONS. List of National. State and Private Banks in McDonough County — Date of Organization, Present Officers, etc 683-685 CHAPTER XIII. EDUCATION— SCHOOLS AND LIBRARIES. Early Schools in McDonough County — Scarcity of Competent Teachers — Days of the Log School House and the Pioneer Teacher — Early Text-books — A Teacher's Contract — Beginning of the Free School System — First Macomb School — Public Schools by Town.ship and Districts — Macomb and Bushnell City Schools — Attempts to P'ound Higher Institutions — McDonough College, Normal and Scientific Schools, and Macomb Female Seminary — Western Illinois State Normal School — Present Board of Trustees and Teaching Faculty — Sunday School Statistics — Libraries — Reminiscences of an Early Teacher 685-700 CHAPTER XIV. THE Mcdonough county press. History of McDonough County Newspapers — First Newspaper Estab- lished in 185 1 — Some News Items of that Period — The Macomb En- terprise and Macomb Journal — Other Macomb City Journals and Alen Who Have Been Identified with Their History — B. R. Hampton, the Hainlines and Others — Colchester, Bushnell, Prairie City, Blandins- ville. Good Hope, Bardolph and Industry Journals — Growth of the McDonough County Press in the Past Fifty Years ^. . . . 700-705 CHAPTER XV. MORMONISM— THE MORMON WAR. Coming of the Mormons to Illinois — Origin and Growth of the Sect — The Career of Joseph Smith — Settlement at Nauvoo — Arrogance of the Leaders and its Effect Upon the People — Gov. Ford's Account of the Arrest of Joseph and Hyrum Smith — Their Murder bv a Mob in the Hancock County Jail — The Mormon War and the Hegira to Utah — The Old Jail now the Property of the "Latter Day Saints" — William R. Hamilton's Account of the Murder of Smith and Fol- lowing Events — .\ Sermon by Brigham Young — List of the Carthage Grays and Roster of Troops from McDonough County 705-717 CHAPTER XVI. MILITARY HISTORY. McDonough County Patriotism — The Winnebago and Black Hawk Wars — Soldiers from McDonough County Who Served During the Latter — The War of the Rebellion — Causes Which Led Up to That Struggle — The Fall of Ft, Sumter and Lincoln's First Call for Volunteers — Patriotic Response of McDonough County — Military Organizations of Which McDonough County Volunteers Formed a Part — List of Officers and Privates with Battles in Which They Participated — A Reminiscence of the Surrender of Vicksburg — McDonough County "Roll of Honor" — Soldiers' Monument and its Dedication — Mexican and Spanish-American Wars 717-744 CHAPTER XVII. MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS— PUBLIC UTILITIES. Municipal Government — Macomb Village and City Charters — List of Mayors. Aldermen and Other City Officials — Public Utilities — Water Works — Fire Department — List of Officers and Members — Electric Light and Gas Plant — Present Officers — Telegraph and Telephone Service 744-;749 CHAPTER XVTTT. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. McDonough County's First Court House a Primitive Log Cabin Erected at a Cost of $69.50 — A Second Building Completed in 1834 and Serves for Over Thirty Years — It Becomes Unsafe in the Early 'Si.xties and the Present Building is Projected in 1868 — A Tie-up on the Question of Macomb's Contributit)n to the Cost — The Issue Solved by the Gen- erosity of a Macomb Business Man — Cost of the Building, Furnish- ings and Accompaniments, as Finished in 1872, $155.370 — Descrip- tion of the Building — First Jail Erected in 1833-34 — Description of the Present Jail, Completed in 1876 — County Almshouse 749-752 CHAPTER XIX. EARLY CHURCHES. Elder John Logan Preaches the First Sermon in McDonough County in 1828 — Baptist Church Founded in 1831 — Other Baptist Churches, First Members and Pastors — Church of the Disciples Second in Date of Organization — Earlv Churches of This Denomination and Their Founders — Methodist Churches, Date of Organization and Location — Presbvterian Church History — Early Members and Pastors — Cum- berland Presbyterians, Congregationalists and Later Baptist Organi- zations — Universalist and Reformed Churches — Early Catholic Organizations — United Brethren and Lutheran Churches 75-2-759 CHAPTER XX. HOSPITALS. The Marietta Phelps Hospital — Suggestion that Led to its Founding — Its existence Due to Foresight of Dr. S. C. Stremmel — Beneficent Gift of Mrs. Marietta Phelps — Present Board of Managers — St. Francis Hospital — Service Rendered by Dr. J. B. Bacon in Securing fts Establishment — Sisters of St. Francis in Charge of Nursing De- partment — Board of Management 759-7^1 CHAPTER XXI. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. Early Physicians of McDonough County — Primitive Conditions and Methods — Earlv Diseases and Remedies — Some Notable Members of the Profession — Macomb Hospitals — McDonough County Medical Society and its Founders — List of Physicians with Place of Residence. 761-762 CHAPTER XXII. INDUSTRIAL— MANUFACTURES. McDonough County .Vgricultural and Mechanical .\ssociation — First County Fair in 1855 — History of Subsequent Fairs — Street Fairs — Bushnell Fair Association — Manufacturers — Foundries and Other Metal Industries — Marble and Granite Works — Pottery and Clay Manufacturing Enterprises — Miscellaneous 763-765 CHAPTER XXIII. HOTEL HISTORY. Macomb's Historic Hotel — Site of the First Fire — Failure of ^Macomb's First Bank — The Old Randolph House and its Builder — Distinguished Men Who were its Guests — A Memorable Conference with Abraham Lincoln- — Taking of a Lincoln Portrait — Reminiscences of a Repub- lican Rally in 1858 — Other Noted Visitors — Last Slaves in McDon- ough County Sheltered There — Early and Later Day Hostelries — A Primitive Tavern — Scale of Prices — Ministers in the Liqour Trade — Flotel Chandler and the Williams House, of Macomb — Bushnell, Blandinsville, Prairie City, Sciota, Colchester, Tennessee, Industrv and Bardolpli Hotels 765-769 CHAPTER XXIV. POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS AND POETRY. Political Campaigns of Fifty Years .A.go — First Republican Campaign for President — Fremont Third in the List in McDonough County — Some Local Incidents of That Campaign — Lincoln-Douglas Debate of 1858 — The "Rail-splitter's Campaign" of i860 — Women Paraders, Brass Bands and Glee Clubs — Campaign Songs of i860, '44 and '48. . 769-773 CHAPTER XXV. SLAVERY DAYS— UNDERGROUND RAILROAD. The Black Laws of Illinois — Revolution Wrought by the Fugitive Slave Law and Kansas-Nebraska Act — The Vote for Lincoln in i860 — Days of the Underground Railroad in McDonough County and Some of its Most Active Operators — The Story of the Slave Charley — His Numerous Attempts to Rescue His Family from Slaverv Finally Prove Successful — Other Incidents of L'nderground Railroad Work — Experience of an Ex-Slave in Connection with the Public Schools — The Last Slaves on McDonough Soil and the L^nsuccessful Attempt to Return Them to Their Masters 773-779 CHAPTER XXVI. OLD SETTLERS— OLD TIME TALES. The McDonough County Pioneer Club — It has its Origin in Chance Meetings of Old Settlers — Formal Organization Takes Place in 1905 — List of Members — Story of an Indian Suicide — Alleged Treasure Yet Unfound — A Reminiscence of the Black Hawk War — How Lincoln Got His Troops Over a Fence — A Joke on Judge C. L. Higbee 780-785 CHAPTER XXVII. NOTED VISITORS AND RESIDENTS. Distinguished Men Who Have Visited McDonough County — Ulysses S. Grant, Andrew Johnson, Rutherford B. Hayes, William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt on the List — Lincohi, Douglas, Col. E. D. Baker, Lyman Trumbull, Schuyler Colfax, Tom Corvvin, Richard J. Oglesby, War Governor Richard Yates, Shelby M. Cullom and Others Who Have Addressed McDonough County Audiences — List of Noted Local Residents 785-787 CHAPTER XXVHL FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS— CLUBS. Secret and Social Organizations in McDonough County — Masonic and Kindred Orders — Knights Templar and Royal Arch-Masons — Inde- pendent Order of Odd Fellows — Knights of Pythias — Grand Army of the Republic and Woman's Relief Corps — Miscellaneous Orders — Religious, Social and Business Clubs 787-795 CHAPTER XXIX. CRIMINAL HISTORY— NOTED MURDERS. The Dye Murder Case — The McFadden Murderers Pay the Life Penalty — A Civil War ^Murder — The Edmonson Murder — The Maxwell Out- Laws and Their Numerous Crimes — Jails and Jail Escapes — Killing of a Boy Prisoner — Other Items of Local Crime History 795-805 CHAPTER XXX. BIOGRAPHICAL. Citizens of McDonough County — The Part of Biography in General Historv — Personal Sketches of Citizens of IMcDonough County — (These Sketches being arranged in alphabetical or encyclopedic order, no list of Individual Subjects is deemed necessary in this connection. 807-1055 PORTRAITS Page Adcock, Joseph T 630 Alexander, Samuel J 624 Andrews, Sarah 638 Andrews, Thomas 638 Arvin, James 633 Atherton, Amelia 638 Atherton, William B 636 Bacon, Joseph B 643 Beeley, John A 644 Bennett, George 648 Bennett, John R 650 Bennett, Mrs. John R 653 Bennett, Maria L 648 Bennett, Matilda B 648 Binnie, Andrew 656 Bolles, Edgar 658 Boyd, Isaac N 662 Brinton, Edward D 666 Brinton, Mrs. Edward D 666 Brooking, Thomas A 672 Brooking, William T 668 Brooking, Mrs. William T 670 Burpee, George W 682 Byers, Bessie 694 Byers, Earl M (i93 Campbell, J. James 700 Campbell, James M 700 Chandler, Charles V 698 Cline, Andrew J 704 Cline, Isaac 704 Cline, Martha 704 Cline, Thomas 704 Cole, Emory 713 Cole, George M 714 Cole, George W 718 Cole, James 720 Compton, William A 724 Conwell, Charles 728 Conwell, Mrs. Charles 728 Craiii, Samuel L 730 Crain, Mrs. Samuel L 730 Page Cumniings, James H 733 Eads, Albert 736 Elting, John 742 Elting, Philip E 746 Elting, Philip H 744 Flack, Charles W 764 Franklin, William J 770 Gamage, George 773 Gamage, Mrs. George 774 George, Jacob 778 George, Mrs. Jacob 778 Graham, Henry H 788 Griffith, John C 786 Group of Old Settlers 780 Hainline, William H 792 Hamilton, George W 794 Hamilton, Martha A 796 Hampton, Van L 800 Hanson, Amaziah 802 Hanson, Eliza F 804 Harlan, George T 808 Harlan, Talitha C 810 Harris, James, Jr 814 Harris, Jonas R 816 Havens, Albert 824 Havens, Catharine A 833 Havens, Henry 830 Hays, James V 828 Hays, James W 830 Head, Bigger 834 Head, Mrs. Bigger 836 Horrocks, Abraham 840 Hudson, James 844 Hungate, John H 846 Huston, George B 854 Huston, John 850 Huston, Preston 852 Tmes. Charles I 858 Irish, Benjamin F 860 Jarvis, Edward T 864 Page Johnson, Joseph N 866 Johnson, Mary E 866 Jones, Darius 870 Jones, Mrs. Darius 872 Kee, Edith E 876 Kee, Samuel 878 Kelly, John M 882 Kenner, William L '. 884 Kirk, Thomas D 888 Kirk, Mrs. Thomas D 890 Kirkpatrick, Millard T 894 Lawyer, Joseph F 896 Lawyer, Mrs. Joseph F 898 Leighty, Henry S 900 Leighty, Mrs. Henry S 902 Leighty, Mark D. and Family 904 Le Master, Benjamin E 906 Le Matty, Joseph B 908 Lentz, Francis G 910 Lindsey, .-Mbert 914 Lindsey, .\lice 914 Lipe, William M 916 Little, James M 912 Little, Mrs. James M 912 Mariner, Henry 91S Maxwell, Fred H 920 McDonald, Josiah 930 McLean, Alexander 617 Mickey, J. Ross 922 Munger, John D 924 Munger, Mrs. John D 926 Neece, Mary 932 Newland, Abraham 934 Newland, Annie 936 Oblander, John V 938 Pearson, Isaac N 940 Peasley, James O 942 Pech, Washington J 944 Phelps, Marietta 758 Pinckly, Mack M 946 Pontious, Byron 950 Pontious, Ralph W 950 Randolph, Benjamin F 954 Page Rexroat. Granville R 956 Rexroat, Mrs. Granville R 958 Rexroat, J. M. and Family 960 Roark, James 962 Scott, Joshua H 964 Seem, Josiah K 968 Seem, Mrs. JoLiah K 968 Seibert, Theodore F 970 Smith, Ulysses G 972 Staley, Mrs. N. A 976 Staley, William 974 Stire, Richard 990 Stocker, Lorenz L 980 Stremmel, Samuel C 984 Sullivan, Thomas D 988 Sweeney, Charles P. and Family 992 Terrill, David E 998 Terrill, Henry 996 Terrill Thomas 994 The Pioneer Club 782 Thomas, .Vnna W 1004 Thomas, James B 1002 Tiernan, Patrick II 1008 Tinsley. Nathaniel P 1010 Townley, Clarence S 1012 Truman, Herbert H 1020 Truman, John G 1016 Truman. Jonathan II 1014 Truman, Wright E 1018 Tunnicliff, Damon G 1024 Twyman, Henry C 1026 Upp, Nelson 1028 Walker, Cyrus 1030 Warner, Alfred 1032 Westfall, Alonzo M 1034 Westfall, Frank K 1036 Wilson, Adeline L 1040 Wilson, Hugh and Family 1042 Wilson, John O. C 1038 Wright, Charles H 1044 Yard, Thomas C 1046 Yard, Mrs. Thomas C 1048 Yetter, Fred L 1050 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Almshouse 750 Calaboose, Macomb, 1840 75O Christian Church, Macomb 756 County Jail, Macomb, 1S76 75O Court House, Carthage 706 Court House, Macomb, 1836 748 Court House, Macomb, 1872 748 Douglas School, Macomb 688 First Baptist Church, Macomb 754 First M. E. Church, Macomb 756 First National Bank, Bushnell 676 First Presbyterian Church, Macomb 756 Grant School, Macomb 688 High School, Bushnell 688 Hotel Chandler, Macomb 766 James Cole Flats. Bushnell 678 Lincoln School, Macomb 688 Logan School, Macomb 688 Log Cabin, 1835 674 Map of McDonough County 617 M. E. Church, Macomb, 1856 750 Marietta Phelps Hospital, Macomb : 758 Old Jail, Carthage 706 Old Jail, Carthage (Floor Plans) 708 Public Library, Macomb 684 Public Square. Macomb. N, E. Corner 674 Public Square, Macomb. S. E. Corner 674 Randolph House. Macomb 766 Residence of Mack M. Pinckly. Bushnell 948 Soldiers Monument. Macomb 740 St. Francis Hospital. Macomb 760 St. George's Episcop.-il Church. Macomb 756 Truman Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell 1022 Universalist Church. Macomb 754 Western Illinois Normal School. Macomb 084 West Side School, Bushnell 688 Historical Eiicj^clopedia of Illinois. ABBOTT, (Lient.-Gov.) Edward, a British officer, wlio was coniinainlant at Post Vincennes (called by the British, Fort Sackville) at the time Col. George Rogers Clark captured Kaskas- kia in 1778. Abbott's jurisdiction extended, at least nominally, over a part of the "Illinois Country. ' ' Ten days after the occupation of Kas- kaskia, Colonel Clark, having learned that Abbott had gone to the British headquai'ters at Detroit, leaving the Post without any guard except that furnished by the inhabitants of the village, took advantage of his absence to send Pierre Gibault. the Catholic Vicar-General of Illi- nois, to win over the people to the American cause, which he did so successfully that they at once took the oath of allegiance, and the Ameri- can flag was run up over the fort. Although Fort Sackville afterwards fell into the hands of the British for a time, the manner of its occupa- tion was as much of a surprise to the British as that of Kaskaskia itself, and contributed to the completeness of Clark's triumph. (See Clark, Col. George Rogers, also, Gibault, Pierre.) Gov- ernor Abbott seems to have been of a more hmuane character than the mass of British officers of liis day, as he wrote a letter to General Carleton aliout this time, protesting strongly against the employment of Indians in carrying on warfare against the colonists on the frontier, on the ground of humanity, claiming that it was a detriment to the British cause, although he was overruled by his superior officer. Colonel Hamilton, in the steps soon after taken to recap- ture Vincennes. ABINGDON, second city in size in KnoxCounty, at the junction of the Iowa Central and the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Railroads; 10 miles south of Galesburg, with which it is con- nected by electric car line; has city waterworks, electric light plant, wagon works, brick and tile works, sash, blind and swing factories, two banks, three weekly papers, public library, fine high school building and two ward schools. Hedding College, a flourishing institution, under auspices of tlie M. E. Church, is located here. Population (1900). 2.022; (est. 1904), 3,000. ACCAULT, Michael (Ak-ko), French explorer and companion of La Salle, who came to the "Illinois Country" in 1780, and accompanied Hennepin when the latter descended the Illinois Ri^•er to its mouth and then ascended the Mis- sissippi to the vicinity of the present city of St. Paul, where they were captured by Sioux. They were rescued by Grej'solon Dulhut (for whom the city of Duluth was named), and having dis- covered the Falls of St. Anthony, returned to Green Bay. (See Hennepin.) ACKERMAN, William K., Railway President and financier, was born in New York City, Jan. 29, 1832, of Knickerbocker and Revolutionary ancestry, his grandfather, Abraham D. Acker- man, having served as Captain of a company of the famous "Jersey Blues," participating with "Mad" Anthonj' Wayne in the storming of Stony Point during the Revolutionary War, while his father served as Lieutenant of Artillery in the War of 1812. After receiving a high school edu- cation in New York, Mr. Ackerman engaged in mercantile business, but in 18.52 became a clerk in the financial department of the Illinois Central Railroad. Coming to Chicago in the service of the Company in 1860, he successively filled the positions of Secretary, Auditor and Treasurer, imtil July, 1876, when he was elected Vice-Presi- dent and a year later promoted to the Presidency, voluntarily retiring from thi.s jxi-sition in August, 1883, though serving some time longer in the capacity of Vice-President. During the progress of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago (1892-93) Mr. Ackerman served as Auditor of the Exposition, and was City Comptroller of Chicago under the administration of Mayor Hopkins 10 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. (1893-95). He is an active member of tlie Chicago Historical Society, and has rendered valuable service to railroad history by tlie issue of two bro- chures on the "Early History of Illinois Rail- roads," and a "Historical Sketch of the Illinois Central Railroad." ADAMS, John, LL.D., educator and philan- thropist, was born at Canterbury, Conn., Sept. 18, 1772; graduated at Yale College in 179.5; taught for several years in his native place, in Plain- field, N. J., and at Colchester, Conn. In 1810 he became Principal of Phillips Academy at An- dover, Mass., remaining there twenty-tliree years. In addition to his educational duties lie participated in the organization of several great charitable associations which attained national importance. On retiring from Phillips Academy in 1833, he removed to Jacksonville, 111., where, four years afterward, lie became the tliird Prin- cipal of Jacksonville Female Academy, remaining six years. He then became Agent of the Ameri- can Sunday School Union, in the course of the next few years founding several liundred Sunday Schools in different parts of the State. He re- ceived the degree of LL.D. from Yale College in 1854. Died in Jacksonville, April 34, 1863. The subject of tliis sketch was fatlier of Dr. William Adams, for forty years a prominent Presbyterian clergyman of New York and for seven years (1873- 80) President of Union Theological Seminarj'. ADAMS, John McGregor, manufacturer, was born at Londonderry, N. H., March 11, 1834, the son of Rev. John R. Adams, who served as Chap- lain of the Fifth Maine and One Himdred and Twenty- first New York Volunteers during the Civil War. Mr. Adams was educated at Gorliam, Me., and Andover, Mass., after which, going to New York City, he engaged as clerk in a dry- goods house at $150 a year. He next entered the office of Clark & Jessup, hardware manufacturers, and in 1858 came to Chicago to represent the house of Morris K. Jessup & Co. He thus became associated with the late John Crerar, the firm of Jessup & Co. being finally merged into that of Crerar, Adams & Co., which, with the Adams Sc Westlake Co., have done a large bu.sine.ss in the manufacture of railway supplies. Since the death of Mr. Crerar, Mr. Adams lias been princi- pal manager of the concern's vast manufacturing business. ADAMS, (Dr.) Samuel, physician and edu- cator, was born at Brunswick, Jle. . Dec. 19, 1806, and educated at Bowdoin College, where lie graduated in both the departments of literature and of medicine. Then, having practiced as a pliysician several years, in 1838 he assumed the chair of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and Natural History in Illinois College at Jackson- ville, 111. From 1843 to 1845 he was also Pro- fessor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the Medical Department of the same institution, and, during his connection with the College, gave instruction at different times in nearly every branch embraced in the college curriculum, including the French and German languages. Of uncompromising firmness and invincible cour- age in his adherence to principle, he was a man of singular modesty, refinement and amiability in private life, winning the confidence and esteem of all with whom he came in contact, especially the students who came under his instruction. A profound and thorough scholar, he possessed a refined and exalted literary taste, which was illustrated in occasional contributions to scien- tific and literary periodicals. Among productions of liis pen on philosophic topics may be enumer- ated articles on "The Natural History of Man in his Scriptural Relations;" contributions to the "Biblical Repository" (1844); "Auguste Comte and Positivism" ("New Englander, " 1873), and "Herbert Spencer's Proposed Reconciliation be- tween Religion and Science" ("New Englander," 1875). His connection with Illinois College con- tinued until his death, April, 1877 — a period of more than thirty-eight years. A monument to his memory has been erected through the grate- ful donations of his former pupils. ADAMS, George Everett, lawyer and ex-Con- gressman, born at Keene, N. H., June 18, 1840; was educated at Harvard College, and at Dane Law School, Cambridge, Mass., graduating at the former in 1860. Early in life he settled in Chi- cago, where, after some time spent as a teacher in tlie Chicago High School, he engaged in the practice of his profession. His first post of pub- lic responsibility was that of State Senator, to which he was elected in 1880. In 1882 he was chosen, as a Republican, to represent the Fourth Illinois District in Congress, and re-elected in 1884, "86 and '88. In 1890 he was again a candi- date, but was defeated by Walter C. Newberry. He is one of the Trustees of the Newberry Lilirar}-. ADAMS, James, pioneer lawyer, was born in Hartford, Conn., Jan. 26, 1803; taken to Oswego County, N. Y., in 1809, and, in 1821, removed to Springfield, 111., being the first lawyer to locate in the future State capital. He enjoyed an ex- tensive practice for the time; in 1823 was elected a Justice of the Peace, took part in the Winne- IIISTOlilCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 11 bago and Black Hawk wars, was elected Probate Judge ill liS41, and died in office, August 11, 184;!. ADAMS COUNTY, an extreme wester!}- county of the State, situated about midway between its northern and southern extremities, and bounded on the west by the Missi-ssippi River. It was organized in 1825 and named in honor of John Quincy Adams, the name of Quincy being given to the county seat. The United States Census of 1890 places its area at 830 sq. m. and its popula- tion at 61,888. The soil of the (xxinty is fertile and well watered, the surface diversified and liilly, especially along the Mississiiipi bluffs, and its climate equable. The wealth of the county is largely derived from agriculture, although a large amount of manufacturing is carried on in Quincy. Population (1900), 67,058. ADDAMS, John Huy, legislator, was born at Sinking Springs, Berks County, Pa., July 12, 1833; educated at Trappeand Ujiper Dublin, Pa., and lejirned the trade of a miller in his youth, which he followed in later life. In 1844, Mr. Addams came to Illinois, settling at Cedarville, Stephenson County, purchased a tract of land and built a saw and grist mill on Cedar Creek. In 1854 he was elected to the State Senate from Stephenson County, serving continuously in that body by successive re-elections until 1870 — first as a Whig and afterwards as a Republican. In 1865 he established the Second National Bank of Free- port, of which he continued to be the president until his death, August 17, 1881. — Miss Jane ( Addams), philanthropist, the founder of the "Hull House," Cliicago, is a daughter of Mr. Addams. ADDISON, village, Du Page County; seat of Evangelical Lutheran College, Normal School and Orphan Asylum ; has State Bank, stores and public school. Pop. (1900), 591; (1904), 614. AD J UT ANTS-GENERAL. The office of Adju- tant-General for the State of Illinois was first created by Act of the Legislature, Feb. 2, 186.5. Previous to the War of tlie Rebellion the position was rather honorary than otherwise, its duties (except during the Black Hawk War) and its emoluments Ijeing alike unimportant. The in- cumlient was simply the Chief of the Governor's Staff. In 1801, the post became one of no small imi)ortance. Those who held the office during the Territorial period were: Elias Rector, Robert Morrison, Benjamin Stephenson and Wm. Alex- ander. After the admission of Illinois as a State up to the teginning of the Civil War, the duties (which were almost wholly nominal) were dis- charged by Wm. Alexander, 1819 21 ; Elijah C. Berry, 1821-28; James W. Berry,' 1828-39; Mose.s K. Anderson, 1839-57; Thomas S. Mather, 18.58-61. In November, 1861, Col. T. S. Mather, wlio li.-id held tlie position for three years previous, resigned to enter active service, and Judge Allen C. Fuller was appointed, remaining in office until January 1, 1865. The first appointee, under the act of 1865, was Isham N. Haynie, who held office until his death in 1869. The Legislature of 1869, taking into consideration that all the Illinois volunteers had been mustered out, and that the duties of the Adjutant-General had lieen materi- ally lessened, reduced the proportions of tlie department and curtailed the appropriation for its .support. Since the adoption of the militaty code of 1877, the Adjutant-General's office has occupied a more important and conspicuous posi- tion among the departments of the State govern- ment. The following is a list of those who have held office since General Haynie, witli the date and duration of their respective terms of office: Hubert Dilger, 1869-73; Edwin L. Higgins, 1873-75; Hiram Hilliard, 1875-81; Isaac H. Elliot, 1881-84; Joseph W. Vance, 1884-93; Albert Oren- dorff, 1893-96; C. C. Hilton, 1896-97; Jasper N. Reece, 1897 — . AGRICULTURE. Illinois ranks high as an agricultural State. A large area in the eastern portion of the State, becaiLse of the absence of timber, was called by the early settlers "the Grand Prairie." Upon and along a low ridge beginning in Jackson County and running across the State is the prolific fruit-growing district of Southern Illinois. The bottom lands extending from C^iro to the mouth of the Illinois River are of a fertility seemingly inexhaustible. The cen- tral portioii of the State is best adapted to corn, and the southern and southwestern to the culti- vation of winter wheat. Nearly three-fourths of the entire State — some 42,000 square miles — is up- land prairie, well suited to the raising of cereals. In the value of its oat crop Illinois leads all the States, that for 1891 being §31,106,674, with 3,068,- 930 acres imder cultivation. In the production of corn it ranks next to Iowa, the last census (1890) showing 7,014,330 acres under cultivation, and the value of tlie crop being estimated at §86,905,510. In wheat-rai.sing it ranked seventli, although the annual average value of the crop from 1880 to 1890 was a little less than $29,000,- 000. As a live-stock State it leads in the value of horses ($83,000,000), ranks second in the produc- tion of swine ($30,000,000), third in cattle-growing ($32,000,000), and fourtli in dairy products, the value of milch cows being estimated at $24,000,- 000. (See also Farmers' Institute.) 12 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMEXT OF. A department of the State administration which grew out of the organization of the Illinois Agri- cultural Society, incorporated by Act of the Legislatui'e in 1853. The first appropriation from the State treasury for its maintenance was 81,000 per anniun, "to be expended in the promotion of mechanical and agricultural arts." The first President was James N. Brown, of Sangamon County. Simeon Francis, also of Sangamon, was the first Recording Secretary ; John A. Kennicott of Cook, first Corresponding Secretary ; and John Williams of Sangamon, first Treasurer. Some thirty volumes of reports have been issued, cover- ing a variety of topics of vital interest to agri- culturists. The department has well equipped offices in the State House, and is charged with the conduct of State Fairs and the management of annual exhibitions of fat stock, besides the collection and dis.semination of statistical and other information relative to the State's agri- cultural interests. It receives annual reports from all County Agricultural Societies. The State Board consists of three genei'al officers (President, Secretary and Treasurer) and one representative from each Congressional district. The State appropriates some $30,000 annually for the prosecution of its work, besides which there is a considerable income from receipts at State Fairs and fat stock shows. Between §20,000 and §25,000 per annum is disbursed in premiums to competing exhibitors at the State Fairs, and some §10,000 divided among County Agricultural Societies holding fairs. AKERS, Peter, I). D., Methodist Episcopal clergyman, born of Presbj'terian parentage, in Campbell County, Va., Sept. 1, 1790; was edu- cated in the common schools, and, at the age of 16, began teaching, later pursuing a classical course in institutions of Virginia and North Carolina. Having removed to Kentucky, after a brief season spent in teaching at Mount Sterling in that State, he began the study of law and was admitted to the bar in 1817. Two years later he began the publication of a paper called "The Star," which was continued for a short time. In 1821 he was converted and joined the Methodist church, and a few months later began preaching. In 1832 he removed to Illinois, and, after a year spent in work as an evangelist, lie assumed the Presidency of McKendree College at Lebanon, remaining during 1833-34; then established a "manual labor school" near Jacksonville, which he maintained for a few years. Fi-om 1837 to 1852 was spent as stationed minister or Presiding Elder at Springfield, Quincy and Jacksonville. In the latter year he was again appointed to the Presidency of McKendree College, where he remained five years. He was then (1857) trans- ferred to the Minnesota Conference, but a year later was compelled by declining health to a.ssume a .superannuated relation. Returning to Illinois about 1865, he served as Presiding Elder of the Jacksonville and Pleasant Plains Districts, but was again compelled to accept a superannuated relation, making Jacksonville his home, where he died, Feb. 21, 1886. While President of Mc- Kendree College, he published his work on "Bil> lical Chronology," to which he had devoted many previous years of his life, and whieli gave evi- dence of great learning and vast research. Dr. Akers was a man of profound convictions, exten- sive learning and great eloquence. As a pulpit orator and logician he probably had no superior in the State during the time of his most active service in the denomination to which he belonged. AKIX, Edward C, lawyer and Attorney-Gen- eral, was born in Will County, 111., in 1852, and educated in the public schools of Joliet and at Ann Arbor, Mich. For four years he was paying and receiving teller in the First National Bank of Joliet, but was admitted to the bar in 1878 and has continued in active jjractice since. In 1887 he entered upon his political career as the Republi- can candidate for City Attorney of Joliet, and was elected by a majority of over 700 votes, although the city was usually Democratic. The follow- ing year he was the candidate of his party for State's Attorney of Will County, and was again elected, leading the State and county ticket by 800 votes — being re-elected to the same office in 1892. In 1895 he was the Republican nominee for Mayor of Joliet, and, although opposed by a citizen's ticket headed by a Republican, was elected over his Democratic competitor by a deci- sive majority. His greatest popular triumph was in 1896, when he was elected Attorney-General on the Republican State ticket by a plurality over his Democratic opponent of 132,248 and a majority over all competitors of 111,255. His legal abilities are recognized as of a very high order, while his personal popularity is indicated by his uniform success as a candidate, in the face, at times, of strong political majorities. ALBANY, a village of Whiteside County, lo- cated on the Mississijjpi River and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway (Rock Island branch). Population (1890), 611; (1900), 621. ALBION, county-seat of Edwards County, on Southern Railway, midway between St. Louis EXPERIMENT FARM (THE VINEYARD) UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. EXPERIMENT FARM (ORCHARD CULTIVATION) UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 13 anil Louisville; seat of Soutliern Collegiate In- stitute; has plant for manufacture of vitrified shale paving brick, two newspapers, creamery, flouring mills, and is important shipping point for live stock; is in a rich fruit-growing district; has avo churches and splendid public schools. Population (1900). 1,162; (est. 1904), 1,.500. ALCORN, Jaiue.'i Liink, was born near Gol- conda. 111., Nov. 4, ISlfi; early went South and held various offices in Kentucky and Mississippi, including member of the Legislature in each; was a member of the Mississippi State Conven- tions of IS,")! and 1861, and by the latter appointed a Brigadier-General in the Confederate service, but refused a commission by Jefferson Davis because his fidelity to the rebel cause was doubted. At the close of the war he was one of the first to accept the reconstruction policy ; was elected United States Senator from Mississippi in 1865, but not admitted to his seat. In 1869 he was chosen Governor as a Republican, and two years later elected United States Senator, serving until 1877. Died, Dec. 30, 1894. ALDRICH, J. Frank, Congressman, was born at Two Rivers, Wis , April 6, 18.')3, the son of William Aldrich, who afterwards became Con- gressman from Chicago ; was brought to Chicago in 1861, attended the public schools and the Chi- cago University, and graduated from the Rensse- laer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., in 1877, receiving the degree of Civil Engineer. Later he engaged in the linseed oil business in Chicago. Becoming interested in politics, he was elected a memter of the Board of County Commissioners of Cook County, serving as President of that body during the reform period of 1887; was also a memlier of the County Board of Education and Chairman of the Chicago Citizens' Committee, appointed from the various clubs and commer- cial organizations of the city, to promote the for- mation of the Chicago Sanitary District. Frona May 1, 1891, to Jan. 1, 1893, he was Commissioner of Public Works for Chicago, when he resigned his office, having been elected (Nov., 1892) a member of the Fifty-third Congress, on the Republican ticket, from the First Congressional District; was re-elected in 1894, retiring at the close of the Fifty-fourth Congress. In 1898 he was appointed to a position in connection with the office of Comptroller of the Currency at Washington. ALDRICH, William, merchant and CongTe.ss- man. was born at Greenfield. N. Y., Jan. 20, 1820. His early common school training was supple- mented by private tuition in higher branches of mathematics and in surveying, and by a term in an academy. Until he had reached the age of 26 years he was engaged in farming and teaching, but, in 1846, turned his attention to mercantile pursuits. In 1851 he removed to Wisconsin, where, in addition to merchandising, he engaged in the manufacture of furniture and woodenware, and where he also lield several important offices, being Superintendent of Schools for three years, Chairman of the County Board of Supervi.sors one year, besides serving one term in the Legisla- ture. In 1860 he removed to Chicago, where he embarked in the wholesale grocery business. In 1875 he was elected to the City Council, and, in 1876, chosen to represent his di.strict (the First) in Congress, as a Republican, being re-elected in 1878, and again in 1880. Died in Fond du Lac, Wis., Dec. 3, 1885. ALEDO, county-seat of Mercer County; is in the midst of a rich farming and bituminous coal region ; fruit-growing and stock-raising are also extensively carried on, and large quantities of these commodities are shipped here; has two newspapers and ample school facilities. Popula- tion (1890), 1,601; (1900), 2,081. ALEXANDER, John T., agriculturist and stock-grower, was born in Western Virginia, Sept. 15, 1820; removed with his father, at six years of age. to Ohio, and to Illinois in 1848. Here he bought a tract of several thou.sand acres of land on the Wabash Railroad, 10 miles east of Jacksonville, which finally developed into one of the richest stock-farms in the State. After the war he became the owner of the celebrated ".Sullivant' farm," comprising some 20,000 acres on the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad in Champaign County, to which he transferred his stock interests, and although overtaken by re- verses, left a large estate. Died, August 22, 1876. ALEX.INDER, Milton K., pioneer, was born in Elbert County, Ga., Jan. 23, 1796; emigrated with his father, in 1804, to Tennes.see, and, while still a boy, enlisted as a soldier in the War of 1812, serving under the command of General Jackson until the capture of Pensacola, when he entered upon the campaign against the Seminoles in Florida. In 1823 he removed to Edgar Count}', 111., and engaged in mercantile and agricultural pursuits at Paris; serving also as Postmaster there some twenty-five years, and as Clerk of the County Commissioners" Court from 1826 to '37. In 1826 he was commissioned by Governor Coles, Colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment, Illinois State Militia; in 1830 was Aide-de-Camp to Gov- ernor Reynolds, and, inl832, took part in the Black 14 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Hawk War as Brigadier-General of the Second Brigade, Illinois Volunteers. On the inception of the internal improvement scheme in 1837 he was elected by the Legislature a member of the first Board of Commissioners of Public Works, serving until the Board was aljolished. Died, July 7, 1856. ALEXANDER, (Dr.) William M., pioneer, came to Southern Illinois previous to the organi- zation of Union County (1818), and for some time, while practicing his profession as a physician, acted as agent of the proprietors of the town of America, which was located on the Ohio River, on the first high ground above its junction with the Mississippi. It became the first countj'-seat of Alexander County, which was organized in 1819, and named in his honor. In 1830 we find him a Representative in the Second General Assembly from Pope County, and two years later Representative from Alexander County, when he became Speaker of the House during the session of the Third General Assembly. Later, he removed to Kaskaskia, but finally went South, where he died, though the date and place of his death are unknown. ALEXANDER COUNTY, the extreme southern county of the State, being bounded on the west by the Mississipppi, and south and east by the Ohio and Caclie rivers. Its area is about 230 square miles and its population, in 1890, was 16,- .063. The first American settlers were Tennessee- ans named Bird, who occupied the delta and gave it the name of Bird's Point, wliicli, at the date of the Civil War (1861-6.')), had been transferred to the Missouri shore opposite the mouth of the Ohio. Other early settlers were Clark, Kennedy and Philips (at Mounds), Conyer and Terrel (at Amer- ica), and Humphreys (near Caledonia). In 1818 Shadrach Bond (afterwards Governor), John G. Comyges and others entered a claim for 1800 acres in the central and nortliern part of the county, and incorporated the "City and Bank of Cairo." The history of this enterprise is interesting. In 1818 (on Comyges' death) the land reverted to the Government ; but in 1835 Sidney Breese, David J. Baker and Miles A. Gilbert re-entered the for- feited bank tract and the title thereto became vested in the "Cairo City and Canal Company," which was chartered in 1837, and, by purchase, extended its holdings to 10,000 acres. The county was organized in 1819; the first county- seat being America, which was incorporated in 1830. Population (1900), 19.384. ALEXIAN BROTHERS' HOSPITAL, located at Chicago; established in 1860, and under the management of the Alexian Brothers, a monastic order of the Roman Catholic Church. It was originally opened in a small frame building, but a better edifice was erected in 1868, only to be de- stroyed in tlie great fire of 1871. The following year, tlirough the aid of private benefactions and an appropriation of §18,000 from the Chicago Re- lief and Aid Societj", a larger and better hospital was built. In 1888 an addition was made, increas- ing the accommodation to 150 beds. Only poor male patients are admitted, and these are received without reference to nationality or religion, and absolutely without charge. The present medical staff (1896) comprises fourteen physicians and sur- geons. In 1890 the close approach of an intra- mural transit line having rendered the building unfit for hospital purposes, a street railway com- pany piu-chased the site and buildings for §250,- 000 and a new location has been selected. ALEXIS, a village of Warren County, on the Rock Island & St. Louis Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 13 miles east of north from Monmouth. It has manufactures of brick, drain-tile, pottery and agricultural imple- ments; is also noted for its Clydesdale horses. Population (1880), 398; (1890), 562; (1900), 915. ALGONQUINS, a group of Indian tribes. Originally their territory extended from about latitude 37° to 53° north, and from longitude 25° east to 15° west of the meridian of Washington. Branches of the stock were found by Cartier in Canada, by Smith in Virginia, by the Piu-itans in New England and by Catholic missionaries in the great basin of the Mississippi. One of tlie prin- cipal of their five confederacies embraced the IlUnois Indians, who were found within the State by the French when the latter discovered the country in 1673. They were hereditary foes of the warlike Iroquois, by whom their territory was repeatedly invaded. Besides the Illinois, other tribes of the Algonquin family who origi- nally dwelt within the present limits of Illinois, were the Foxes, Kickapoos, Miamis, Menominees, and Sacs. Although nomadic in their mode of life, and subsisting largely on the spoils of the chase, the Algonquins were to some extent tillers of the soil and cultivated large tracts of maize. Various dialects of their language have been reduced to grammatical rules, and Eliot's Indian Bible is publislied in their tongue. The entire Algonquin stock extant is estimated at about 95.000, of wliom some 35,000 are within the United States. ALLEN, William Josliua, jurist, was born June 9, 1829, in Wilson County, Tenn. ; of Vir- ginia ancestry of Scotch-Irish descent. In early HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 15 infancr he was brougnt by his parents to South- ern lUinois, where his father, Willis Allen, be- came a Judge and member of Congress. After reading law with his father and at the Louisville Law School, young Allen was admitted to the bar, settling at Metropolis and afterward (1853) at his old home, Marion, in Williamson County. In 1855 he was apjiointed United States District Attorney for Illinois, but resigned in 1859 and re- sumed private practice as partner of John A. Logan. The same year he was elected Circuit Judge to succeed his father, who had died, but he declined a re-election. He was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 18G2 and 1869, serv- ing in both bodies on the Judicial Committee and as Chairman of the Committee on the Bill of Rights. From 1864 to 1888 he was a delegate to every National Democratic Convention, being chairman of the Illinois delegation in 1876. He has been four times a candidate for Congress, and twice elected, serving from 1863 to 1865. During this period he was an ardent opponent of the wai policy of the Government. In 187-1-75, at the solicitation of Governor Beveridge, he undertook the pro.secution of the leaders of a bloody "ven- detta" wliich had broken out among his former neighbors in Williamson County, and, by his fear- less and impartial efforts, brought the offenders to justice and assisted in restoring order. In 1886, Judge Allen removed to Springfield, and in 1887 was appointed by President Cleveland to succeed Judge Samuel H. Treat (deceased) as Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois. Died Jan. 26, 1901. ALLEN, Willis, a native of Tennes.see, who removed to Williamson County, 111., in 1829 and engaged in farming. In 1834 he was chosen Sheriff of Franklin County, in 1838 elected Rep- resentative in the Eleventh General Assembly, and, in 1844, became State Senator. In 1841, although not yet a licensed lawyer, he was chosen Prosecuting Attorney for the old Third District, and was shortly afterward admitted to the bar. He was chosen Presidential Elector in 1844, a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and served two terms in Congress (1851.55). On March 2, 1859, he was commissioned Judge of the Twenty-sixth Judicial Circuit, but died three months later. His son, William Joshua, suc- ceeded him iti the latter office. ALLERTOX, Samuel Waters, stock-dealer and capitalist, was bom of Pilgrim ancestry in Dutchess County, N. Y., May 26, 1829. His yovith was spent with his father on a farm in Yates County, N. Y., but alx)ut 1853 he engaged in the live-stock business in Central and Western New York. In 1856 he transferred his operations to Illinois, shipping stock from various points to New York City, finally locating in Chicago. He was one of the earliest projectors of the Chicago Stock-Yards, later securing control of the Pitts- burg Stock- Yards, also becoming interested in yards at Baltimore, Philadelphia, Jersey City and Omaha. Mr. Allerton is one of the foiinders and a Director of the First National Bank of Chicago, a Director and stockholder of the Chicago City Railway (the first cable line in that city), the owner of an extensive area of highly improved farming lands in Central Illinois, as also of large tracts in Nebraska and Wyoming, and of valuable and productive mining properties in the Black Hills. A zealous Republican in politics, he is a liberal supporter of the measures of that party, and, in 1893, was the unsuccessful Republican can- didate for Slayor of Chicago in opposition to Carter H. Harrison. ALLOUEZ, Claude Jean, sometimes called "The Apostle of the West," a Jesuit priest, was born in France in 1620. He reached Quebec in 1658, and later explored the country around Lakes Superior and Michigan, establishing the mission of La Pointe, near where Ashland, Wis., now stands, in 1665, and St. Xavier, near Green Bay, in 1669. He learned from the Indians the existence and direction of the upper Mississippi, and was the first to communicate the informa- tion to the authorities at Montreal, which report was the primary cause of Joliet's expedition. He succeeded Marquette in charge of the mission at Kaskaskia, on the Illinois, in 1677, where he preached to eight tribes. From that date to 1690 he labored among the aborigines of Illinois and Wisconsin. Died at Fort St. Joseph, in 1690. ALLYN, (Rev.) Robert, clergyman and edu- cator, was born at Ledyard, New London County, Conn., Jan. 25, 1817, being a direct descend- ant in the eighth generation of Captain Robert Allyn, who was one of the first settlers of New London. He grew up on a farm, receiving his early education in a country school, supple- mented by access to a small public library, from which he acquired a good degree of familiarity with standard English writers. In 1837 he entered the Wesleyan University at Middletown, Conn., where he distinguished himself as a mathematician and took a high rank as a linguist and rhetorician, graduating in 1841. He im- mediately engaged as a teacher of mathematics in the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Mass., and, in 1846, was elected principal of the school, 16 HISTOEICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIX0I5. meanwhile (lSi3) becoming a licentiate of the Proridence Conference of the Metho, 14210 ALTOX PEMTEMIART. The earUest pun- ishments imposed upon public offenders in Illi- nois were by public flogging or imprisonment for a short time in jails rudely constructed of logs, from w^hich escape was not difficult for a prisoner of nerve, strength and mental resource. The inadequacy of such places of confinement was soon perceived, but popular antipathy to any increase of taxation prevented the adoption of any other policy until 1827. A grant of 40,000 acres of saline lands was made to the State by Congress, and a considerable portion of the money received from their sale was appropriate"! to the establishment of a State penitentiary at Alton. The sum set apart proved insufficient, and, in 1S31, an additional appropriation of $10,0<» was made from the State treasury. In 1S33 the prison was ready to receive its first inmates. It was built of stone and had but twenty-fottr cells. Additions were made from time to time, but by 1S.5T the State determine"! up>jn building a new peniten- tiary, which was located at Joliet (see yortheim Penitentiary i. and, in 1860. the last convicts were transferred thither from Alton. The Alton prison was conducted on what is known as "the Aubtim plan'" — associated labor in silence by day and separate confinement by night. The manage- ment was in the hands of a "lessee," who fur- nished supplies, employed guards and exercised the general powers of a warden under the super- vision of a Commissioner appointed by the State, and who handled all the products of convict labor. HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 17 ALTOX KIOTS. (See Lovejoy. Elijah Par- rish.) ALTONA, town of Knox County, on C, B. & Q. R. R.. II) miles noi-tlieast of GalesbiUK; lias an endoweii public library, electric light system, cement sidewalks, four churches and good school system. Population (1900), 6.33. ALTON & SAMJAMOX RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Alton Railroad.) AMBOY, city in Lee County on Green River, at junction of Illinois Central and C. , B. & Q. Rail- roads, 95 miles south by west from Chicago; has artesian water with waterworks and fire protec- tion, city park, two telephone systems, electric lights, railroad repair shops, two banks, two newspapers, seven churches, graded and high schools; is on line of Northern Illinois Electric Ry. from De Kalb to Dixon ; exten-sive bridge and iron works located here. Pop. ( 1900), 1,826. AMES, Edward Raymond, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, born at Amesville, Athens Count}-, Ohio, May 30, 1806; was educated at the Ohio State University, where he joined the 31. E. Church. In 1828 he left college and became Principal of the Seminary at Lebanon, 111., which afterwards became McKendree College. Wliile there he received a license to preach, and, after holding various charges and positions in the church, in- cluding membership in the General Conference of 1840, '44 and '52, in the latter year was elected Bishop, serving until his death, which occurred in Baltimore, April 25, 1879. AXDERSOX, Galusha, clergyman and edu- cator, was born at Bergen, N. Y., March 7, 1832; graduated at Rochester University in 1854 and at the Theological Seminary there in 1856; spent ten 3'ears in Baptist pastoral work at Janesville, "Wis., and at St. Louis, and seven :is Professor in Newton Theologiaxl Institute, Mass. From 1873 to '80 he preached in Brooklyn and Chicago; was then chosen President of the old Chicago Univer- sity, remaining eight years, when lie again be- came a pastor at Salem, Mass., but soon after assumed the Presidency of Denison University, Ohio. On the organization of the new Chicago University, he accepted the chair of Homiletics and Pa.storal Theology, which he now holds AXDERSOX, (Jeorare .V., lawyer and Congress- man, was bom in Botetourt County, Va., March 11, 1853. ^^^len two years old he was brought by his parents to Hancock County, 111 He re- ceived a collegiate education, and, after studying law at Lincoln, Neb., and at Sedalia. Mo., settled at Quincy, 111., where he 1>eg;in practice in 1880. In 1884 he was elected City Attorney on the Democi^atic ticket, and re-elected in 1885 without opjiosition. The following year he was the suc- cessful candidate of his party for Congress, wliich was his last public service. Died at Quincy, Jan. 31, 1890. AXDERSOX, James C., legislator, was born in Henderson Count}', 111., August 1, 1845; raised on a farm, and after receiving a common-school education, entered Monmouth College, but left early in the Civil War to enlist in the Twentieth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in which he attained the rank of Second Lieutenant. After the war he served ten years as Sheriff of Henderson County, was elected Representative in the General Assembly in 1888, '90, "92 and '96, and served on the Republican "steering committee" during the session of 1893. He also served as Sergeant-at- Arms of the Senate for the session of 1895, and was a delegate to the Republican National Con- vention of 1896. His home is at Decorra. AXDERSOX, Stinson H., Lieutenant-Gover- nor, was born in Sumner County, Tenn., in 1800; came to Jefferson County, 111., in his youth, and, at an early age, began to devote his attention to breeding fine stock; served in the Black Hawk War as a Lieutenant in 1832, and the same year was elected to the lower branch of the Eighth General Assembly, being re elected in 1834. In 1838 he was chosen Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket with Gov. Thomas Carlin, and soon after the close of his term entered the United States Army as Captain of Dragoons, in this capacity taking part in the Seminole War in Florida. Still later he served under President Polk as United States Marshal for Illinois, and also held the position of Warden of the State Penitentiary at Alton for several years. Died, September, 1857. — William B. (.Vnderson), son of the preceding, was born at Mount Vernon, III., April 30, 1830; attended the common schools and later studied surveying, being elected Sm-veyor of Jefferson County, in 1851. He studied law and was admit- ted to the bar in 1858, but never practiced, pre- ferring the more quiet life of a farmer. In 1856 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly and re-elected in 18,58. In 1861 he entered the volunteer service as a private, was promoted through the grades of Captain and Lieutenant-Colonel to a Colonelcy, and, at the close of the war, was brevetted Brigadier-Gen- eral. In 1868 he was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket, was a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 1871, wa,s elected to the State Senate, to fill a vacancy. In 1874 he was elected to the Fort v • 18 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. fourtli Congress on tlie Democratic ticket. In 1893 General Anderson was appointed by Presi- dent Cleveland Pension Agent for Illinois, con- tinuing in that position four years, when he retired to private life. ANDRUS, RcT. Reuben, clergyman and edu- cator, was born at Rutland, Jefferson County, N. Y., Jan. 29, 1824; early came to Fulton County, 111., and spent three years (1844-47) as a student at Illinois College, Jacksonville, but graduated at McKendree College, Lebanon, in 1849; taught for a time at Greenfield, entered the Methodist ministry, and, in 1850, founded the Illi- nois Wesleyan University at Blooniington, of which he became a Professor; later re-entered the ministry and held charges at Beardstown, Decatur, Quincy, Springfield and Blooniington, meanwhile for a time being President of Illinois Conference Female College at Jacksonville, and temporary President of Quincy College. In 1867 he was transferred to the Indiana Conference and stationed at Evansville and Indianapolis; from 1872 to '75 was President of Indiana Asbury Uni- versity at Greencastle. Died at Indianapolis, Jan. 17, 1887. ANNA, a city in Union County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 36 miles from Cairo; is center of extensive fruit and vegetable-growing district, and largest shipping-point for these commodities on the Illinois Central Railroad. It has an ice plant, pottery and lime manufactories, two banks and two newspapers. The Southern '(111. ) Hos- pital for the Insane is located here. Population (1890), 2,295; (1900), 2,618; (e.st. 1904), 3,000. ANTHONY, EUlott, jurist, was born of New England Quaker ancestry at Spafford, Onondaga County, N. Y., June 10, 1827; was related on the maternal side to the Chases and Phelps (dis- tinguished lawyers) of Vermont. His early years were spent in labor on a farm, but after a course of preparatory study at Cortland Academy, in 1847 he entered the sophomore class in Hamilton College at Clinton, graduating with honors in 1850. The next year he began the study of law, at the same time giving instruction in an Acad- emy at Clinton, where he had President Cleve- land as one of his pupils. After admission to the bar at Oswego, in 1851, he removed We.st, stop- ping for a time at Sterling, 111., but the following year located in Chicago. Here he compiled "A Digest of Illinois Reports"; in 1858 was elected City Attorney, and, in 1863, became solicitor of the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now the Chicago & Northwestern). Judge Anthony served in two State Constitutional Conventions — those of 1862 and 1869-70 — being chairman of the Committee on Executive Department and mem- ber of the Committee on Judiciary in the latter. He was delegate to the National Republican Con- vention of 1880, and was the same year elected a Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, and was re-elected in 1886, retiring in 1892, after which he resumed the practice of his profession, being chiefly employed as consulting counsel. Judge Anthony was one of the founders and incorpo- rators of the Chicago Law Institute and a member of the first Board of Directors of the Chicago Public Library; also served as President of the State Bar Association (1894-95), and delivered several important historical addresses before that body. His other most important productions are volumes on "The Constitutional History of Illinois," "The Story of the Empire State" and "Sanitation and Navigation." Near the clo.se of his last term upon the bench, he spent several months in an extended tour through the princi- pal countries of Europe. His death occurred, after a protracted illness, at his home at Evans- ton, Feb. 24, 1898. ANTI-NEBRASKA EDITORIAL CONVEN- TION, a political body, which convened at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, pursuant to the suggestion of "The Morgan Journal," then a weekly paper published at Jacksonville, for the purpose of for- mulating a policy in opposition to the principles of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. Twelve editors were in attendance, as follows : Charles H. Ray of "The Chicago Tribune"; V. Y. Ralston of "The Quincy Whig"; O. P. Wharton of "The Rock Island Adverti-ser" ; T. J. Pickett of "The Peoria Republican"; George Schneider of "The Chicago Staats Zeitung" ; Charles Faxon of "The Princeton Post"; A. N. Ford of "The Lacon Ga- zette"; B. F. Shaw of "The Dixon Telegraph" ; E. C. Daugherty of "The Rockford Register" ; E. W. BlaLsdell of "The Rockford Gazette"; W. J. Usrey of "The Decatur Chronicle"; and Paul Selby of "The Jacksonville Journal. " Paul Selby was chosen Chairman and W. J. Usrey, Secre- tary. The convention adopted a platform and recommended the calling of a State convention at Blooniington on May 29, following, appointing the following State Central Committee to take the matter in charge: W. B. Ogden, Chicago; S. M. Church, Rockford; G. D. A. Parks, Joliet; T. J. Pickett, Peoria; E. A. Dudley, Quincy; William H. Herndon, Springfield; R. J. Oglesby, Deca- tur; Joseph Gillespie, Edwardsville; D. L. Phil- lips, Jonesboro; and Ira O. Wilkin.son and Gustavus Koerner for the State-at-large. Abra- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 19 ham Lincoln was present and participated in the consultations of the committees. All of these served except Messrs. Ogden, Oglesby and Koer- ner, the two former declining on account of ab- sence from the State. Ogden was succeeded by the kite Dr. John Evans, afterwards Territorial Governor of Colorado, and Oglesby by Col. Isaac C. Pugh of Decatur. (See Bloomington Conven- tion of 1S56. ) APPLE RIVER, a village of Jo Daviess County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 21 miles east-northeast from Galena. Population (1880), 626; (1890), 572; (1900). 576. APPLIXGTON, (Maj.) Zenas, soldier, was born in Broome County, N. Y., Dec. 24, 1815; in 1837 emigrated to Ogle County, 111., where he fol- lowed successively the occupations of farmer, blacksmith, carpenter and merchant, finally becoming the founder of the town of Polo. Here he became wealthy, but lost much of his property in the financial revulsion of 1857. In 1858 he was elected to the State Senate, and, during the session of 1859, was one of the members of that body appointed to investigate the "canal scrip fraud" (which see), and two years later was one of the earnest supporters of the Government in its preparation for the War of the Rebellion. The latter year he assisted in organizing the Seventh Illinois Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Major, being some time in command at Bird's Point, and later rendering important service to General Pope at New Madrid and Island No. 10. He was killed at Corinth, Mi.ss., May 8, 1862, while obeying an order to charge upon a band of rebels concealed in a wood. APPORTIONMENT, a mode of distribution of the counties of the State into Districts for the election of members of the General Assembly and of Congress, which will be treated imder separate heads: Legisl.\tive.— The first legislative apportion- ment was provided for bj' the Constitution of 1818. That instrument vested the Legislature with power to divide the State as follows; To create districts for the election of Representatives not less than twenty -seven nor more than thirty- six in number, until the population of the State should amount to 100,000; and to create sena- torial districts, in number not less than one-third nor more than one-half of the representative dis- tricts at the time of organization. The schedule appended to the first Constitution contained the first legal apportionment of Sena- tors and Representatives. The first fifteen oounties were allowed fourteen Senators and twenty-nine Representatives. Each county formed a distinct legislative district for repre- sentation in the lower house, with the number of members for each varying from one to three; while Johnson and Franklin were combined in one Senatorial district, the other counties being entitled to one Senator each. Later apportion- ments were made in 1821, '26, '31, '36, '41 and '47. Before an election was held under the last, how- ever, the Constitution of 1848 went into effect, and considerable changes were effected in this regard. The number of Senators was fixed at twenty-five and of Representatives at seventy- five, until the entire i)opulation should equal 1,000,000, when five members of the HoiLse were added and five additional members for each 500,- 000 increase in population until the whole num- ber of Representatives reached 100. Thereafter the number was neither increased nor dimin- ished, but apportioned among the several coun- ties according to the number of white inhabit- ants. Should it be found necessary, a single district might be formetl out of two or more counties. The Constitution of 1848 established fifty-four Representative and twenty-five Senatorial dis- tricts. Bj' the apportionment law of 18.54, the number of the former was increased to fifty -eight, and, in 1861, to sixty-one. The number of Sen- atorial districts remained unchanged, but their geogi'aphical limits varied under each act, while the number of members from Representative districts varied according to population. The Constitution of 1870 provided for an im- mediate reapportionment (subsequent to its adoption) by the Governor and Secretary of State upon the basis of the United States Census of 1870. Under the apportionment thus made, as prescribed by the schedule, the State was divided into twenty-five Senatorial districts (each electing two Senators) and ninety-seven Repre- sentative districts, with an aggi'egate of 177 mem- bers varying from one to ten for the several districts, according to population. This arrange- ment continued in force for only one Legislature — that chosen in 1870. In 1873 this Legislature proceeded to reappor- tion the State in accordance with the principle of "minority representation," wliich had been sub- mitted as an in'GTOS, Alfred W., clergyman, lawyer and author, was born in Iredell Coimty, N. C, September, 1810, being the son of a Whig mem- ber of Congress from that State. In 1829 he was HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 25 received on trial as a Methodist preaclier and became a circuit-rider in Indiana ; during 1832-33 served as an itinerant in Missouri, gaining much celebrity by his eloquence. In 1834 he began the study of law, and having been admitted to the bar, practiced for several years in Arkansas, wliere he was sent to the Legislatvu-o, and, in 1844, was the Whig candidate for Presidential Elec- tor. Later he removed to Texas, where he served as Judge for six years. In 1856 lie remo\ed to Madison, Wis., but a year later came to Chicago, where he attained distinction as a lawyer, dying in that city Dec. 31, ISO". He was an accom- plished scholar and gifted writer, having written mucli for "The Democratic Review" and "The Southern Literary Messenger," over the signature of "Charles Summerfield, " an', George E., lawyer and legislator, born at Madison, Ind., Feb. 4, 1851; was brought to Illinois by his parents at three years of age, and, in 1876, located at Paris, Edgar County; in 1879 was admitted to the bar and held various minor offices, including one term as State's Attorney. In 1886 he was elected as a Republican to the State Senate and re-elected four years later, but finally removed to Aurora, where he died, July 6, 1896. Mr. Bacon was a man of recognized ability, as shown by the fact that, after the death of Senator John A. Logan, he was selected by his colleagues of the Senate to pronounce the eulogy on the deceased statesman. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 31 BAGBT, John C, jurist and Congi-essman, was bom at Glasgow, Ky., Jan. 24, 1819. After pas- sing through the common schools of Barren County, Ky., he studied civil engineering at Bacon College, graduating in 1840. Later he reiid law and was admitted to the bar in 1845. In 1840 he commenced practice at Rushville, 111., confining himself exclusivelj' to professional work until nominated and elected to Congress in 1874, by the Democrats of the (old) Tenth District. In 1885 he was elected to the Circuit Bench for the Sixtli Circuit. Died, April 4, 1896. BAILEY, Joseph Mead, legislator and jurist, was born at Middleburj-, Wyoming County, N. Y., June 23, 1833, graduated from Rochester (N. Y.) University in 1854, and was admitted to the bar in tliat city in 1855. In Augiist, 1856, he removed to Freeport, 111., wliere he soon built up a profitable practice. In 1866 he was elected a Representative in the Twenty-fifth General Assembly, being re-elected in 1868. Here he was especially prominent in securing restrictive legis- lation concerning railroads. In 1876 he was chosen a Presidential Elector for his district on the Republican ticket. In 1877 he was elected a Judge of the Tliirteenth judicial district, and re-elected in 1879 and in 1885. In January, 1878, and again in June, 1879. he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court, being presiding Justice from June, 1879, to June, 1880, and from June, 1881, to June. 1882. In 1879 he received the degree of LL.D. from the Universities of Rochester and Chicago. In 1888 he was elected to the bench of the Supreme Court. Died in office. Oct. 16. 1895. BAILHACHE, John, pioneer journalist, was born in the Island of Jersey, May 8, 1787; after gaining the rudiments of an education in his mother tongue (the French), he acquired a knowl- edge of English and some proficiency in Greek and Latin in an academy near his paternal home, when he spent five years as a printer's apprentice. In 1810 he came to the United States, first locat- ing at Cambridge, Ohio, but, in 1812, purchased a half interest in "The Fredonian" at Chillicothe (then the State Capital), soon after becoming sole owner. In 1815 he purchased "The Scioto Ga- zette" and consolidated the two papers under the name of "The Scioto Gazette and Fredonian Chronicle." Here he remained until 1828, mean- time engaging temporarily in the banking busi- ness, also serving one term in the Legislature (1820), and being elected Associate Justice of the Court of Common Pleas for Ross County. In 1828 he removed to Columbus, a.ssuming charge of "The Ohio State Journal," served one term as Mayor of the city, and for three consecutive years was State Printer. Selling out "The Jour- nal" in 1836, he came west, the next year becom- ing part owner, and finally sole proprietor, of "The Telegraph" at Alton, 111., which he conducted alone or in association with various partners until 1854, when he retired, giving his attention to the book and job branch of the business. He served as Representative from Madison County in tlie Thir- teenth General Assembly (1842-44). As a man and a journalist Judge Bailhache c;ommanded the highest respect, and did much to elevate the standard of journalism in Illinois, "The Tele- graph," during the period of his connection with it, being one of the leading papers of the State. His death occurred at Alton, Sept. 3, 1857, as the result of injuries received the day previous, by being thrown from a carriage in which he was riding. — Maj. William Henry (Bailhache), son of the preceding, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio, August 14, 1826, removed with his father to Alton, 111., in 1836, was educated at Shurtleff College, and learned the printing trade in the office of "The Telegraph," imder the direction of his father, afterwards being associated with the business department. In 1855, in partnership with Edward L. Baker, he became one of the proprietors and business manager of "The State Journal" at Springfield. During the Civil War he received from President Lincoln the appoint- ment of Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, serving to its close and receiving the brevet rank of Major. After the war he returned to journal- ism and was associated at different times with "The State Journal" and "The Quincy Whig," as business manager of each, but retired in 1873; in 1881 was appointed by President Arthur, Receiver of Public Moneys at Santa Fe., X. M., remaining four years. He is now (1899) a resi- dent of San Diego, Cal., where he has been engaged in newspaper work, and, under the administration of President McKinley, has been a Special Agent of the Treasury Department. — Preston Heath (Bailhache), another son, was born in Columbus. Ohio, Feb. 21, 1835, served as a Surgeon during the Civil War, later became a Surgeon in the regular army and has held posi- tions in marine hospitals at Baltimore, Washing- ton and New York, and has visited Europe in the interest of sanitary and hospital service. At present (1899) he occupies a prominent position at the headquarters of the United States Marine Hospital Service in Washington. — Arthur Lee (Bailhache). a third son, bom at Alton, 111., April 32 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 13, 1839; at the beginning of the Civil War was employed in the State commissary service at Camp Yates and Cairo, became Adjutant of the Thirty-eighth Illinois Volunteers, and died at Pilot Knob, Mo., Jan. 9, 1863, as the result of disease and exposure in the service. BAKER, David Jewett, lawyer and United States Senator, was born at East Haddani, Conn. , Sept. 7, 1793. His family removed to New York in 1800, where he worked on a farm during boy- hood, but graduated from Hamilton College in 1816, and three years later was admitted to the bar. In 1819 he came to Illinois and began prac- tice at Kaskaskia, where he attained prominence in his profession and was made Probate Judge of Randolph County. His ojiposition to the intro- duction of slavery into the State was so aggres- sive that his life was frequently threatened. In 1830 Governor Edwards appointed him United States Senator, to fill the unexpired term of Senator McLean, but he served only one month when he was succeeded by John M. Robinson, who was elected by the Legislature. He was United States District Attorney from 1833 to 1841 (the State then constituting but one district), and thereafter resvxmed private practice. Died at Alton, August 6, 1869. — Henry Southard (Baker), son of the pre- ceding, was born at Kaskaskia, 111., Nov. 10, 1834, received his preparatory education at Shurt- leff College, Upper Alton, and, in 1843, entered Brown University, R. I., graduating therefrom in 1847; was admitted to the bar in 1849, begin- ning practice at Alton, the home of his father, Hon. David J. Baker. In 18.54 he was elected as an Anti-Nebraska candidate to the lower branch of the Nineteenth General Assembly, and, at the subsequent session of the General Assembly, was one of the five Anti -Nebraska members who.se uncompromising fidelity to Hon. Lyman Trum- bull resulted in the election of the latter to the United States Senate for the first time — the others being his colleague. Dr. George T. Allen of the House, and Hon. John M. Pahner, afterwards United States Senator, Burton C. Cook and Nor- man B. Judd in the Senate. He served as one of the Secretaries of the Republican State Convention held at Bloomington in May, 1850, was a Repub- lican Presidential Elector in 1864, and, in 1865, became Judge of the Alton City Com-t, serving until 1881. In 1876 he presided over the Repub- lican State Convention, served as delegate to the Republican National Convention of the same year and was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in opposition to William R. Morrison. Judge Baker was the orator selected to deliver the address on occasion of the unveiling of the statue of Lieut. -Gov. Pierre Menard, on the capitol grounds at Springfield, in Januarj', 1888. About 1888 he retired from practice, dying at Alton, March 5, 1897. — Edward L. (Baker), second son of David Jewett Baker, was born at Kaskaskia, 111., June 3, 1829; graduated at Shurt- leff College in 1847 ; read law with his father t%vo years, after which he entered Harvard Law School and was admitted to the bar at Spring- field in 1855. Previous to this date Mr. Baker had become associated with William H. Bailliache, in the management of "The Alton Daily Telegraph," and, in July, 1855, they purchased "The Illinois State Journal," at Springfield, of which Mr. Baker assumed the editorship, remaining until 1874. In 1869 he was appointed United States Assessor for the Eighth District, serving until the abolition of the office. In 1873 he received the appointment from President Grant of Consul to Buenos Ayres, South America, and, assuming the duties of the office in 1874, remained there for twenty-three j'ears, proving himself one of the most capable and efficient officers in the con- sular service. On the evening of the 20th of June, 1897, when Mr. Baker was about to enter a railway train already in motion at the station in the city of Buenos Ayres, he fell under the cars, receiving injuries which necessitated the ampu- tation of his right arm, finally resulting in his death in the hospital at Buenos Ayres, July 8, following. His remains were brought home at the Government expense and interred in Oak Ridge Cemetery, at Springfield, where a monu- ment has since been erected in his honor, bearing a tablet contributed by citizens of Buenos Ayres and foreign representatives in that city express- ive of their respect for his memory. — David Jewett (Baker), Jr., a third son of David Jswett Baker, Sr., was born at Kaskaskia, Nov. 30,1834; graduated from Shurtleff College in 18.54, and was admitted to the bar in 1850. In November of that year he removed to Cairo and began prac- tice. He was Mayor of that city in 1864-65, and, in 1869, was elected to the bench of the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit. The Legislature of 1873 (by Act of March 38) liaving divided the State into twenty-six circuits, he was elected Judge of the Twenty -sixth, on June 3, 1873. In August, 1878, he resigned to accept an appointment on the Supreme Bench as successor to Judge Breese, deceased, but at the close of his term on the Supreme Bench (1879), was re-elected Circuit Judge, and again in 1885. During this period he HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 33 served for several years on the Appellate Bench. In 1888 he retired from the Ciriruit Bench by- resignation and was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court for a term of nine years. Again, in 1897, he was a candidate for re-election, but was defeated by Carroll C. Boggs. Soon after retiring from tlie Supreme Bench lie removed to Chicago and engaged in general practice, in partnership with his son, John W. Baker. He fell dead almost instantly in liis office, March 13, 1899. In all. Judge Baker liad spent some thirty years almost continuously on the bench, and liad attained eminent distinction both as a law3-er and a jurist. B.\KER, Edward Dickinson, soldier and United States Senator, was born in London, Eng., Feb. 24, 1811; emigrated to Illinois while yet in his minority, first locating at Belleville, afterwards removing to Cari'oUton and finally to Sangamon County, the last of which he repre- sented in the lower house of the Tenth General Assembly, and as State Senator in the Twelfth and Thirteenth. He was elected to Congress as a Whig from the Springfield District, but resigned in December, 1846, to accept the colonelcy of the Fomth Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, in the Mexican War, and succeeded General Shields in command of the brigade, when the latter was wounded at Cerro Gordo. In 1848 he was elected to Congi'ess from the Galena District ; was also identified with the construction of the Panama Railroad; went to San Francisco in 18.52, but 'ater removed to Oregon, where he was elected to the United States Senate in 18G0. In 1861 he resigned the Senatorship to enter the Union army, commanding a brigade at the battle of Ball's Bluff, where he was killed, October 21, 1861. BAKER, Jehu, lawyer and Congressman, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Nov. 4, 1822. At an early age he removed to Illinois, making his home in Belleville, St. Cl.air County. He re- ceived his early education in the common schools and at McKendree College. Althougli he did not graduate from the latter institution, he received therefrom the honorary degree of A. M. in 18.58, and that of LL. D. in 1882. For a time he studied medicine, but abandoned it for the study of law. From 1861 to 1865 he was Master in Chancery for St. Clair Count}'. From 18C5 to 1869 he represented the Belleville District as a Republican in Congress. From ISTC to 1881 and from 1883 to 1885 he was Minister Resident in Venezuela, during the latter portion of his term of service acting also as Consul-General. Return- ing home, he was again elected to Congress (1886) from the Eighteentli District, but was defeated for reelection, in 1888, by William S. Forman, Democrat. Again, in 1896, having identified liimself witli the Free Silver Democracy and People's Part}', he was elected to Congress from the Twentieth District over Everett J. Mm-phy, tlie Republican nominee, serving until March 3, 1899. He is the author of an annotated edition of Montesquieu's "Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans." BALDWIN, Elmer, agriculturist and legisla- tor, was born in liitchfield County, Conn., March 8, 1806; at 16 years of age began teaching a coun- try school, continuing this occupation for sevei"al years during the winter months, while working on his father's farm in the summer. He then started a store at New Milford, which he man- aged for three years, when he sold out on account of his health and began farming. In 1833 he came west and purchased a considerable tract of Government land in La Salle County, where the village of Farm Ridge is now situated, removing thither with his family the following year. He served as Justice of the Peace for fourteen con- secutive terms, as Postmaster twenty years and as a member of the Board of Supervisors of La Salle County six years. In 1856 he was elected as a Republican to the House of Representatives, was re-elected to the .same office in 1866, and to the State Senate in 1872, serving two years. He was also appointed, in 1869, a member of the first Board of Public Charities, serving as President of the Board. Mr. Baldwin is author of a "His- tory of La Salle County," which contains much local and biographical history. Died, Nov. 18, 1895. BALDWIN, Tlieron, clergyman and educa- tor, was boi'n in Goshen, Conn., July 21, 1801; graduated at Yale College in 1827; after two years' study in the theological scliool there, was ordained a home missionary in 1829, becoming one of the celebrated "Yale College Band," or "Western College Society," of which lie was Cor- responding Secretary during most of his life. He was settled as a Congregationalist minister at Vandalia for two years, and was active in pro- curing the charter of Illinois College at Jackson- ville, of which he was a Trustee from its organization to his death. He served for a number of years, from 1831, as Agent of tlie Home Missionary Society for Illinois, and, in 1838, became the first Principal of Jlonticello Female Seminary, near Alton, whicli he con- ducted five years. Died at Orange, N. J., April 10, 1870. 34 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. BALLARD, Addison, merchant, was born of Quaker parentage in Warren County, Ohio, No- vember, 1823. He located at La Porte, Ind., about 1841, wliere he learned and pursued the carpenter's trade; in 1849 went to California, remaining two years, when he returned to La Porte; in 1853 removed to Chicago and embarked in the lumber trade, which he prosecuted until 1887, retiring with a competency. Mr. Ballard served several years as one of the Commissioners of Cook County, and, from 1876 to 1882, as Alder- man of the City of Chicago, and again in the latter office, 1894-96. BALTES, Peter Joseph, Roman Catholic Bishop of Alton, was born at Enslieim, Rhenish Ba- varia, April 7, 1827 ; was educated at the colleges of the Holy Cross, at Worcester, Mass. , and of St. Ignatius, at Chicago, and at Lavalle University, Montreal, and was ordained a priest in 18.53, and consecrated Bishop in 1870. His diocesan admin- istration was successful, but regarded by lii« priests as somewhat arbitrary. He wrote numer- ous pastoral letters and brochures for the guidance of clergy and laity. His most important literary work was entitled "Pastoral Instruction," first edition, N. Y. , 1873; second edition (revised and enlarged), 1880. Died at Alton, Feb. 15, 1886. BALTIMORE & OHIO SOUTHWESTERN RAILWAY. This road (constituting a part of the Baltimore & Ohio system) is made up of two principal divisions, the first extending across the State from East St. Louis to Belpre, Oliio, and the second (known as tlie Springfield Division) extend- ing from Beardstown to Shawneetown. The total mileage of the former (or main line) is 537 miles, of which 147}^ are in Illinois, and of the latter (wholly within Illinois) 228 miles. The main line (originally known as the Ohio & Mis- sissippi Railway) was chartered in Indiana in 1848, in Ohio in 1849, and in Illinois in 1851. It was constructed by two companies, the section from Cincinnati to the Indiana and Illinois State line being known as the Eastern Division, and that in Illinois as the W^estern Division, the gauge, as originally built, being six feet, but reduced in 1871 to standard. The banking firm of Page & Bacon, of St. Louis and San Francisco, were the principal financial backers of the enter- prise. The line was completed and opened for traffic. May 1, 1857. Tlie following year the road became financially embarrassed ; the Eastern Di- vision was placed in the hands of a receiver in 1860. while the Western Division was sold under foreclosure, in 1862, and reorganized as tlie Ohio & Mississippi Railway under act of the Illinois Legislature passed in Februaiy, 1861. The East- ern Division was sold in January, 1867 ; and, in November of the same year, the two divisions were consolidated under the title of the Ohio & Mississippi Railway. — The Springfield Division was the result of the consolidation, in December, 1869, of the Pana, Springfield & Northwestern and the Illinois & Southeastern Railroad — each having been chartered in 1867 — the new corpo- ration taking the name of the Springfield & Illi- nois Southeastern Railroad, under which name the road was built and opened in March, 1871. In 1873, it was placed in the hands of receivers ; in 1874 was sold under foreclosure, and, on March 1, 1875, passed into the hands of the Ohio & Mis- sissippi Railway Company. In November, 1876, the road was again placed in the hands of a receiver, but was restored to the Company in 1884. — In November, 1893, the Ohio & Mississippi was consolidated with the Baltimore & Ohio South- western Railroad, which was the successor of the Cincinnati, Washington & Baltimore Railroad, the reorganized Company taking the name of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway Com- pany. The total capitalization of the road, as organized in 1898, was §84,770,531. Several branches of the main line in Indiana and Ohio go to increase the aggregate mileage, but being wholly outside of Illinois are not taken into ac- count in this statement. BALTIMORE & OHIO & CHICAGO RAIL- ROAD, part of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Sj'stem, of which only 8.21 out of 265 miles are in Illinois. The principal object of the company's incorporation was to secure entrance for the Baltimore & Oliio into Chicago. The capital stock outstanding exceeds §1,500,000. The total capital (including stock, funded and floating debt) is $20,329,166 or .$76,728 per mile. The gross earnings for the year ending June 30, 1898, were §3,383,016 and the operating expenses §2,493,452. The income and earnings for the portion of the line in Illinois for the same period were $209,208 and the expenses §208,096. BANGS, Mark, lawyer, was born in Franklin County, Mass., Jan. 9, 1822; spent his boy- hood on a farm in Western New York, and, after a year in an institution at Rochester, came to Chicago in 1844, later spending two years in farm work and teaching in Central Illinois. Return- ing east in 1847, he engaged in teaching for two years at Springfield, Mass., then spent a year in a dry goods store at Lacon, 111., meanwhile prosecuting his legal studies, la 1851 he began practice, was elected a Judgv HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 36 of the Circuit Court in 1859 ; served one session as State Senator (1870-72) ; in 1873 was ap- pointed Circuit Judge to fill the unexpired term of Judge Richmond, deceased, and, in 187.5, was appointed by President Grant United States District Attorney for the Northern District, remaining in oflSce four years. Judge Bangs was also a member of the first Anti-Xebraska State Convention of Illinois, held at Springfield in 18.54 ; in 1863 presided over the Congressional Conven- tion %vhich nominated Owen Lovejoj' for Congress for the first time ; was one of the cliarter members of the "Union League of America,"' serving as its President, and, in 1868, was a delegate to the National Convention wliich nominated General Grant for President for the first time. After retiring from tlie ofiice of District Attorney in 1879, lie removed to Chicago, where he is still (1898) engaged in the practice of his profession. BAXKSOX, Andrew, pioneer and early legis- lator, a native of Tennes.see, settled on Silver Creek, in St. Clair County, 111., four miles south of Lebanon, about 1808 or 1810, and subsequently removed to Washington Count}'. He was a Col- onel of "Rangers" during the War of 1812, and a Captain in the Black Hawk War of 1833. In 1823 he was elected to the State Senate from Washington County, serving four years, and at the session of 1822-23 was one of those who voted against the Convention resolution which had for its object to make Illinois a slave State. He sub- sequently removed to Iowa Territory, but died, in 1853, while visiting a son-in-law in Wisconsin. BAPTISTS. The first Baptist minister to set- tle in Illinois was Elder James Smith, who located at New Design, in 1787. He was fol- lowed, about 1796-97, by Revs. David Badgley and Joseph Chance, who organized the first Baptist church within the limits of the State. Five churches, having four ministers and 111 mem- bers, formed an association in 1807. Several causes, among them a difference of views on the slavery question, resulted in the division of the denomination into factions. Of these perhaps the most numerous was the Regular (or Mission- ary) Baptists, at the head of which was Rev. John M. Peck, a resident of tlie State from 1822 until his death (1858). By 1835 the sect had grown, until it had some 250 churches, with about 7,500 members. These were under tlie ecclesiastical care of twenty-two Associations. Rev. Isaac McCoy, a Baptist Indian missionarj-, preached at Fort Dearborn on Oct. 9, 1825, and, eight years later. Rev. Allen B. Freeman organized the first Baptist society in what was then an infant set- tlement. By 1890 the number of Associations had grown to forty, with 1010 churches. 891 ministers and 88,884 members. A Baptist Theo- logical Seminary was for some time supported at Morgan Park, but, in 1895, was absorbed by the University of Chicago, becoming the divinity school of that institution. The chief organ of the denomination in Illinois is "The Standard." pub- lished at Chicago. BARBER, Uirani, was bom in Warren County, N. Y., March 24, 1835. At 11 years of age he accompanied his familj' to Wisconsin, of which State he was a resident until 1866. After gradu- ating at the State University of Wisconsin, at Madison, he studied law at the Albany Law School, and was admitted to practice. After serving one term as District Attorney of his county in Wisconsin (1861-62), and Assistant Attorney-General of the State for 1865-66, in the latter year he came to Chicago and, in 1878, was elected to Congress by the Republicans of the old Second Illinois District. His home is in Chicago, where he holds the position of Master in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County. BARDOLPH, a village of McDonough County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 7 miles northeast of Macomb; has a local paper. Population (1880), 409; (1890), 447; (1900), 387. BAR>'SBACK, (Veorge Frederick Julius, pio- neer, was born in Germany, July 25, 1781 ; came to Philadelphia in 1797, and soon after to Ken- tucky, where he became an overseer; two or three years later visited his native country, suf- fering shipwreck en route in the English Channel ; returned to Kentucky in 1802, remaining until 1809, when he removed to wiiat is now Madison (then a part of St. Clair) County, 111. ; served in the War of 1812, farmed and raised stock until 1824, when, after a second visit to Germany, he bought a plantation in St. Francois County, Mo. Subsequently becoming disgusted with slavery, he manumitted his slaves and returned to Illinois, locating on a farm near Edwardsville, where he resided until his deatli in 1869. Mr. Bamsback served as Representative in the Fourteenth Gen- eral A.ssembly (1844-46) and, after returning from Springfield, distributed his salary among the poor of Madison County. — Julius A. (Barnsback), his son, was born in St. Francois County, Mo., May 14, 1826; in 1846 became a merchant at Troy, Madison County ; was elected Sheriff in 1860 ; in 1864 entered the service as Captain of a Company in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois Volun- teers (100-days' men); also served as a member oi the Twenty-fourth General Assembly (18(55). 36 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BARNUM, William H., lawyer and ex-Judge, was born in Onondaga County, N. Y., Feb. 13, 1840. When he was but two years old his family removed to St. Clair County, 111., where he passed his boyhood and youth. His preliminar}- educa- tion was obtained at Belleville, 111., Ypsilanti, Mich. , and at the Michigan State University at Ann Arbor. After leaving the in.stitution last named at the end of the sophomore year, he taught school at Belleville, still pursuing his clas- sical studies. In 1862 he was admitted to the bar at Belleville, and soon afterward opened an office at Chester, where, for a time, he held the office of Master in Chancery. He removed to Chicago in 1807, and, in 1879, was elevated to the bench of the Cook County Circuit Court. At the expi- ration of his term he resumed private practice. BAREERE, Granville, was born in Highland County, Ohio. After attending the common schools, he acquired a higher education at Au- gusta, Ky., and Slarietta, Ohio. He was admitted to the bar in his native State, but began the prac- tice of law in Fulton County, 111., in 185(5. In 1873 he received the Republican nomination for Congress and was elected, representing his dis- trict from 1873 to 1875, at the conclusion of his term retiring to private life. Died at Canton, lU., Jan. 13, 1889. BARRINGTO]V, a village located on the north- em border of Cook County, and partly in Lake, at the intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway, 33 miles northwest of Chicago. It has banks, a local paper, and several cheese factories, being in a dairying district. Population (189U), 818; (1900), 1,163. BARROWS, John Henry, D. D., clergyman and educator, was born at Medina, Mich., July 11, 1847; graduated at Mount Olivet College in 1867, and studied theology at Yale, Union and Andover Seminaries. In 1869 he went to Kansas, where he spent two and a half years in mission- ary and educational work. He then (in 1872) accepted a call to the First Congi-egational Church at Spi'ingfleld, 111., where he remained a year, after which he gave a year to foreign travel, visiting Europe, Egypt and Palestine, during a part of the time supplying the American chapel in Paris. On his return to the United States he spent six years in pastoral work at Lawrence and East Boston, Mass., when (in November, 1881) he assumed the pastorate of the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago. Dr. Barrows achieved a world-wide celebrity by his services as Chairman of the "Parliament of Religions," a branch of the "World's Congress Auxiliary," held dm-ing the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. Later, he was appointed Professorial Lec- turer on Comparative Religions, under lectureships in connection with the University of Chicago en- dowed by Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell. One of these, established in Dr. Barrows' name, contemplated a series of lectures in India, to be delivered on alternate years with a similar course at the Uni- versity. Courses were delivered at the University in 1895-96, and, in order to carry out the purposes of the foreign lectureship. Dr. Barrows found it necessary to resign his pastorate, which he did in the spring of 1896. After spending the summer in Germany, the regular itinerary of the round- the-world tour began at London in the latter part of November, 1896, ending with his return to the United States by way of San Francisco in May, 1897. Dr. Barrows was accompanied by a party of personal friends from Chicago and elsewhere, the tour embracing visits to the princijial cities of Southern Europe, Egypt, Palestine, China and Japan, with a somewhat protracted stay in India during the winter of 1896-97. After his return to the United States he lectured at the University of Chicago and in many of the principal cities of the country, on the moral and religious condition of Oriental nations, but, in 1898, was offered the Presidency of Oberlin College, Ohio, which he accepted, entering upon his duties early in 1899. BARRY, a city in Pike County, founded in 1836. on the Wabash Railroad, 18 miles ea.'^t of Hannibal, Mo., and 30 miles .southeast of Quincy. The surrounding country is agricultural. The city contains flouring mills, porkpaoking and poultry establishments, etc. It has two local papers, two banks, three churches and a high school, besides schools of lower grade. Popula- tion (1880), 1,393; (1890). 1,354; (1900), 1,643. BARTLETT, Adolplms Clay, merchant, was born of Revolutionary ancestry at Stratford, Fulton County, N. Y. , June 23, 1844 ; was educated in the common schools and at Danville Academy and Clinton Liberal Institute, N. Y., and, coming to Chicago in 1863, entered into the employment of the hardware firm of Tuttle, Hibbard & Co. , now Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlett & Co., of which, a few years later, he became a partner, and later Vice-President of the Company. Mr. Bartlett has also been a Trustee of Beloit College, Presi- dent of the Chicago Home for the Friendless and a Director of the Chicago & Alton Railroad and the Metropolitan National Bank, besides being identified with various other business and benevo- lent associations. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 37 B.VSCOM, (Rev.) Flavel, 1). I)., clergyman, was born at Lebanon, Coun., June 8, 1804; spent liis boyhood on a farm until 17 years of age, mean- while attending the common schools; prepared for college under a private tutor, and, in 1824, entered Yale College, graduating in 1828. After a vear as Principal of tiie Acadeiu^- at New Canaan, Conn., he entered upon the study of theology at Yale, was licensed to preach in 1831 and, for the next two years, served as a tutor in tlie liter- ary department of the college. Then coming to Illinois (1833), he cast his lot with the "Yale Band," organized at Yale College a few years previous ; spent five years in missionary work in Tazewell County and two years in Northern Illi- nois as Agent of the Home Jlissionary Society, exploring new settlements, founding churches and introducing missionaries to new fields of labor. In 1839 he became pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, remaining until 1849, when he assimied the pastorship of the First Presbyterian Church at Galesbui-g, this relation continuing until IS.jG. Then, after a year's serv- ice as the Agent of the American Missionary Association of the Congregational Church, he accepted a call to the Congregational Church at Princeton, where he remained until 1869, when he took charge of the Congregational Church at Hinsdale. From 1878 he served for a consider- able period as a member of the Executive Com- mittee of the Illinois Home Jlissionary Societj-; was also prominent in educational work, being one of the founders and, for over twenty-five years, an officer of the Chicago Theological Seminary, a Trustee of Knox College and one of the founders and a Trustee of Beloit College, AVis., from which he received the degree of D. D. in 1869. Dr. Bascom died at Princeton, 111 , August 8. 1890. BATAVIA, a city in Kane County, on Fox River and branch lines of the Chicago & North- we.stern and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railro.ads, 35 miles west of Chicago; has water power and several prosperous manufacturing establishments em])loying over 1,000 operatives. The city has fine water-works supplied from an artesian well, electric lighting plant, electric street car lines with interurban connections, two weekly papers, eight churches, two public schools, and private hospital for insane women. Population (1900), 3,871; (1903, e.st.), 4.400. BATEMAX, Xewton, A. M., LL.D., educator and Editor-in-Chief of the "Historical Encyclo- pedia of Illinois," was Iwrn at Fairfield, N. J., July 27, 1822, of mixed English and Scotch an- cestry; was brought by his parents to Illinois in 1833; in his youth enjoyed only limited educa- tional advantages, but graduated from Illinois College at Jacksonville in 1843, supporting him- self during his college course wholly by his own labor. Having contemplated entering the Chris- tian ministry, he spent the following year at Lane Theological Seminary, but was compelled to withdraw on account of failing healtli, when he gave a year to travel. He then entered upon his life-work as a teacher by engaging as Principal of an English and Classical School in St. Louis, remaining there two years, when he accepted the Professorship of Mathematics in St. Charles Col- lege, at St. Charles, Mo., continuing in that position foxrr years (1847-51). Returning to Jack- sonville. 111., in the latter year, he assumed the principalship of the main public school of that city. Here he remained seven years, during four of them discharging the duties of County Super- intendent of Schools for Morgan County. In the fall of 1857 he became Principal of Jacksonville Female Academj', but the following year was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion, having been nominated for the office b}- the Republican State Convention of 1858, which put Abraham Lincoln in nomination for the United States Senate. By successive re-elections he con- tinued in this office fourteen years, serving con- tinuously from 1859 to 1875, except two years (1863-65), as the result of his defeat for re-election in 1862. He was also endorsed for the same office by the State Teachers' Association in 1856, but was not formally nominated by a State Conven- tion. During his incumbency the Illinois com- mon school system was developed and brought to the state of efficiency which it has so well main- tained. He also prepared some seven volumes of biennial reports, portions of which have been republished in five different languages of Europe, besides a volmne of "Common School Decisions," originally published by authority of the General Assembly, and of which several editions have since been issued. This volume has been recog- nized by the courts, and is still regarded as authoritative on the subjects to whicli it relates. In addition to his official duties during a part of this period, for three j'ears he served as editor of "The Illinois Teacher," and was one of a com- mittee of three which prepared the bill adopted by Congress creating tlie National Bureau of Education. Occupying a room in the old State Capitol at Springfield adjoining that iLsed as an office by Abraham Lincoln during the first candi- dacy of the latter for the Presidency, in 1860, a 38 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. close intimacy sprang up between the two men, which enabled the "School-master," as Mr. Lin- coln plaj'fully called the Doctor, to acquire an insight into the character of the future emanci- pator of a race, enjoyed by few men of that time, and of which he gave evidence by his lectures full of interesting reminiscence and eloquent appreciation of the high character of the "Martyr President." A few months after his retirement from the State Superintendency (187.5), Dr. Bate- man was offered and accepted the Presidency of Knox College at Galesburg, remaining until 1893, when he voluntarily tendered his resignation. This, after having been repeatedly urged upon the Board, was finally accepted ; but that body immediately, and by unanimous vote, appointed him President Emeritus and Professor of Mental and Moral Science, under which he continued to discharge his duties as a special lecturer as his health enabled him to do so. During his incum- bency as President of Knox College, he twice received a tender of the Presidency of Iowa State University and the Chancellorship of two other important State institutions. He also served, by appointment of successive Governors between 1877 and 1891, as a member of the State Board of Health, for four years of this period being Presi- dent of the Board. In February, 1878, Dr. Bate- man, unexpectedly and without solicitation on his part, received from President Hayes an appoint- ment as "Assay Commissioner" to examine and test the fineness and weight of United States coins, in accordance with the provisions of the act of Congress of June 22, 1874, and discharged the duties assigned at the mint in Philadelpliia. Never of a very strong physique, which was rather weakened by his privations while a stu- dent and his many years of close confinement to mental labor, towards the close of his life Dr. Bateman suffered much from a chest trouble which finally developed into "angina pectoris," or heart disease, from which, as tlie result of a most painful attack, lie died at his home in Gales- burg, Oct. 21, 1897. The event produced the most profound sorrow, not only among his associ- ates in the Faculty and among the students of Knox College, but a large number of friends throughout the State, who had known him offi- cially or personally, and had learned to admire liis many noble and beautiful traits of character. His funeral, which occurred at Galesburg on Oct. 25, called out an immense concourse of sorrowing friends. Almost the last labors per- formed by Dr. Bateman were in the revision of matter for this volume, in wliich he manifested the deepest interest from the time of his assump- tion of tlie duties of its Editor-in-Chief. At the time of his death he had the satisfaction of know- ing that his work in tliis field was practically complete. Dr. Bateman had been twice married, first in 18.50 to Miss Sarah Dayton of Jacksonville, who died in 1857, and a second time in October, 1859, to Miss Annie N. Tyler, of Massachusetts (but for some time a teacher in Jaclcsonville Female Academy), who died. May 28, 1878. — Clifford Rush (Bateman), a son of Dr. Bateman by his first marriage, was born at Jacksonville, March 7, 1854, graduated at Amherst College and later from the law department of Columbia Col- lege, New York, afterwards prosecuting his studies at Berlin, Heidelberg and Paris, finally becoming Professor of Administrative Law and Government in Columbia College — a position especially created for him. He had filled this position a little over one year wlien his career — which was one of great promise — was cut short by death, Feb. G, 1883. Three daughters of Dr. Bate- man survive — all tlie wives of clergymen. — P. S. BATES, Clara Doty, author, was born at Ann Arbor, Mich., Dec. 22, 1838; published her first book in 1868; the next year married Morgan Bates, a Chicago publisher; wrote much for juvenile periodicals, besides stories and poems, some of the most popular among the latter being "Blind Jakey" (1868) and "^sop's Fables" in verse (1873). She was the collector of a model library for children, for the World's Columbian Expo,sition, 1893. Died in Chicago, Oct. 14, 1895. BATES, Erastus Newton, soldier and State Treasurer, was born at Plainfield, Mass., Feb. 29, 1828, being descended from Pilgrims of the May- flower. When 8 years of age he was bi-ought by his father to Ohio, where the latter soon after- ward died. For several years he lived with an uncle, preparing himself for college and earning money by teaching and manual labor. He gradu- ated from Williams College, Mass., in 1853, and commenced the study of law in New York Citj', but later removed to Minnesota, where lie served as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1856 and was elected to the State Senate in 1857. In 1859 he removed to Centralia, 111., and com- menced practice there in August, 1802 ; was com- missioned Major of the Eightieth Illinois Volunteers, being successively promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and finally brevetted Brigadier-General. For fifteen months he was a prisoner of war, escaping from Libby Prison only to be recaptured and later exposed to the fire of the Union batteries at Mor- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 39 ris Island, Charleston harbor. In 18GG he was elected to the Legislature, and, in 1868, State Treasurer, being re-elected to the latter office under the new Constitution of 1870, and serving until January, 1873. Died at Minneapolis, Minn., May 29, 1898, and was buried at Spring- field. BATES, George C, lawyer and politician, was born in Canandaigua, N. Y., and removed to Michigan in 1834; in 1849 was appointed United States District Attorney for that State, but re- moved to California in 1850, where he became a member of the celebrated "Vigilance Committee" at San Francisco, and, in 1850, delivered the first Republican speech there. From 1861 to 1871, he practiced law in Chicago; the latter year was appointed District Attorney for Utah, serving two years, in 1878 removing to Denver, Colo., where he died, Feb. 11, 1886. Mr. Bates was an orator of much reputation, and was selected to express the thanks of the citizens of Chicago to Gen. B. J. Sweet, commandant of Camp Douglas, after the detection and defeat of the Camp Doug- las conspiracy in November, 1864^a duty which he performed in an address of great eloquence. At an early day he man-ied the widow of Dr. Alexander Wolcott, for a number of years previ- ous to 1830 Indian Agent at Chicago, his wife being a daughter of John Kinzie, the first white settler of Chicago. BATH, a village of Mason County, on the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railway, 8 miles south of Havana. Popu- lation (1880), 439; (1890), 384; (1900), 330. BAYLIS, a corporate village of Pike County, on the main line of the Wabash Railway, 40 miles southeast of Quincy ; has one newspaper. Popu- lation (1890), 368; (1900), 340. BATLISS, Alfred, Superintendent of Public Instruction, was born about 1846, served as a private in the First Michigan Cavalry the last two years of the Civil War, and graduated from Hillsdale College (Mich.), in 1870, supporting himself during his college course by work upfjn a farm and teaching. After serving three years as County Superintendent of Schools in La Grange County, Ind., in 1874 he came to Illinois and entered upon the vocation of a teacher in the northern part of the State. He served for some time as Superintendent of Schools for the city of Sterling, afterwards becoming Principal of the Township High School at Streator. where he was, in 1898, when he received the nomination for the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion, to which he was elected in November follow- ing by a plurality over his Democratic opponent of nearly 70.000 votes. BEARD, Thomas, pioneer and founder of the city of Beardstown, 111., was born in Granville, Washington County, N. Y., in 1795, taken to Northeastern Ohio in 1800, and, in 1818, removed to Illinois, living for a time about Edwardsville and Alton. In 1820 he went to the locality of the present city of Beardstown, and later estab- lished there the first ferry across the Illinois River. In 1827, in conjunction with Enoch March of Morgan Count}-, he entered the land on which Beardstown was platted in 1829. Died, at Beardstown, in November, 1849. BEARDSTOWN, a city in Cass County, on the Illinois River, being the intersecting point for the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railways, and the northwestern terminus of the former. It is 111 miles north of St. Louis and 90 miles south of Peoria. Thomas Beard, for whom the town was named, settled here about 1820 and soon after- wards established the first ferry across the Illi- nois River. In 1827 the land was patented by Beard and Enoch March, and the town platted, and, during the Black Hawk War of 1832, it became a principal base of supplies for the Illi- nois volunteers. The city has six churches and three schools (including a high scliool), two banks and two daily newspapers. Several branches of manufacturing are carried on here — flouring and saw mills, cooperage works, an axe-handle fac- tory, two button factories, two stave factories, one shoe factory, large machine shops, and others of less importance. The river is spanned here by a fine railroad bridge, costing some §300,000. Population (1890), 4,226; (1900), 4,827. BEAUBIEX, Jean Baptlste, the second per- manent settler on the site of Chicago, was born at Detroit in 1780, became clerk of a fur-trader oc Grand River, married an Ottawa woman for his first wife, and, in 1800, had a trading-post at Mil- waukee, which he maintained until 1818. Ho visited Chicago as early as 1804, bought a cabia tliere soon after the Fort Dearborn massacre of 1812, married the daughter of Francis La Fram- boise, a French trader, and, in 1818, becama agent of the American Fur Company, having charge of trading posts at Mackinaw and else- where. After 1823 he occupied the building known as "the factory. " ju.st outside of Fort Dear- torn, which had belonged to the Government, but removed to a farm on the Des Plaines in 1840. Out of the ownership of this building grew his claim to the right, in 1835, to enter seventy-five 40 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. acres of land belonging to the Fort Dearborn reservation. The claim was allowed by the Land Office officials and sustained by the State courts, but disallowed by the Supreme Court of the United States after long litigation. An attempt was made to revive this claim in Congress in 1878, but it was reported upon adversely by a Senate Committee of which the late Senator Thomas F. Bayard was chairman. Mr. Beaubien was evidently a man of no little prominence in his day. He led a company of Chicago citizens to the Black Hawk War in 1833, was appointed by the Governor the first Colonel of Militia for Cook County, and, in 1850, was commissioned Brigadier-General. In 1858 he removed to Nash- ville, Tenn., and died there, Jan. 5, 1863. — Mark (Beaubien), a younger brother of Gen. Beaubien, was born in Detroit in 1800, came to Chicago in 182G, and bought a log house of James Kinzie, in which he kept a hotel for some time. Later, he erected the first frame building in Chicago, which was known as the "Sauganash," and in which he kept a hotel until 1834. He also engaged in mer- chandising, but was not successful, ran the first ferry across the South Branch of the Chicago River, and served for many years as lighthouse keeper at Chicago. About 1834 the Indians trans- ferred to him a reservation of 640 acres of land on the Calumet, for which, some forty years after- wards, he received a patent which had been signed by Martin Van Buren — he having previ- ously been ignorant of its existence. He was married twice and had a family of twenty-two children. Died, at Kankakee, 111. , April 16, 1881. ^Madore B. (Beaubien), the second son of General Beaubien by his Indian wife, was born on Grand River in Michigan, July 15, 1809, joined his father in Chicago, was educated in a Baptist Mission School where Niles, Mich., now stands; was licensed as a merchant in Chicago in 1831, but failed as a business man; served as Second Lieutenant of the Naperville Company in the Black Hawk War, and later was First Lieutenant of a Chicago Company. His first wife was a white woman, from whom he separated, after- wards marrying an Indian woman. He left Illi- nois with the Pottawatomies in 1840, resided at Council Bluffs and, later, in Kansas, being for many years the official interpreter of the tribe and, for some time, one of six Commissioners employed by the Indians to look after their affairs with the United States Government. — Alexander (Beaubien), son of General Beau- bien by his white wife, was born in one of the buildings belonging to Fort Dearborn, Jan. 28, 1822. In 1840 he accompanied his father to his farm on the Des Plaines, but returned to Chicago in 1862, and for years past has been employed on the Chicago police force. 6EBB, William, Governor of Ohio, was born in Hamilton County in that State in 1802 ; taught school at North Bend, the home of William Henry Harrison, studied law and practiced at Hamilton ; served as Governor of Ohio, 1846-48; later led a Welsh colony to Tennessee, but left at the out- break of the Civil War, removing to Winnebago County, 111., where he had purchased a large body of land. He was a man of uncompromising loyalty and high principle ; served as Examiner of Pensions by appointment of President Lincoln and, in 1868, took a prominent part in the cam- paign which resulted in Grant's first election to the Presidency. Died at Rockford, Oct. 23, 1873. A daughter of Governor Bebb married Hon. John P. Reynolds, for many years the Secretary of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, and, during the World's Columbian Exposition, Director-in-Chief of the Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners. BECKER, Charles St. >'., ex-State Treasurer, was born in Germany, June 14, 1840, and brought to this country by his parents at the age of 11 years, the family .settling in St. Clair County, 111. Early in the Civil War he enlisted in the Twelfth Missouri regiment, and, at the battle of Pea Ridge, was so severely wounded that it was foimd necessary to amputate one of his legs. In 1866 he was elected Sheriff of St. Clair County, and, from 1873 to 1880, he served as clerk of the St. Clair Circuit Court. He also served several terms as a City Councilman of Belleville. In 1888 he was elected State Treasurer on the Republican ticket, serving from Jan. 14, 1889, to Jan. 12, 1891. BECKWITH, Corydon, lawyer and jurist, was born in Vermont in 1823, and educated at Provi- dence, R. I. , and Wrentham, Mass. He read law and was admitted to the bar in St. Albans, Vt., where he i^racticed for two years. In 1853 he removed to Chicago, and, in January, 1864, was appointed by Governor Yates a Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the five remaining months of the unexpired term of Judge Caton, who had resigned. On retiring from the bencli he re- sumed private practice. Died, August 18, 1890. BECKWITH, Hiram Williams, lawyer and author, was born at Danville. 111., March 5, 1S33. Mr. Beckwith's father, Dan W. Beckwith, a pio- neer settler of Eastern Illinois and one of the founders of the city of Danville, was a native of Wyalusing, Pa., where he was born about 1789, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 41 his mother being, in her girlhood, Hannah York, one of the survivors of the famous Wj-oming massacre of 1778. In 1817, tlie senior Beckwith, in company with liis brother George, descended the Ohio Kiver, afterwards ascending tlie Wabasli to wliere Terre Haute now stands, but finally locating in what is now a part of Edgar County, 111. A year later he removed to the vicinity of the present site of the city of Danville. Having been employed for a time in a surveyor's corps, he finally became a surveyor himself, and, on the organization of Vermilion County, served for a time as County Surveyor by appointment of the Governor, and was also employed by the General Government in surveying lands in the eastern part of the State, some of the Indian reservations in that section of the State being set off by him. In connection with Guy W. Smith, then Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office at Palestine, 111., he donated the ground on which the county-seat of Vermilion County was located, and it took the name of Dan- ville from his first name — "Dan." In 1830 he was elected Representative in the State Legisla- ture for the District composed of Clark, Edgar, and Vermilion Counties, then including all that section of the State between Crawford County and the Kankakee River. He died in 1835. Hiram, the subject of this sketch, thus left fatherless at less than three years of age, received only such education as was afforded in the com- mon schools of that period. Nevertheless, he began the study of law in the Danville office of Lincoln & Lamon, and was admitted to practice in 1854, abo\it the time of reaching his majority. He continued in their office and, on the removal of Lamon to Bloomington In 1839, he succeeded to the business of the firm at Danville. Mr. Lamon — who, on Mr. Lincoln's accession to the Presidency in 1861, became Marshal of the Dis- trict of Columbia — was distantly related to Mr. Beckwith by a second marriage of the mother of the latter. While engaged in the practice of his profession, 5Ir. Beckwith has been over thirty years a zealous collector of records and other material bearing upon the early history of Illinois and the Northwest, and is probably now the owner of one of the most complete and valuable collections of Americana in Illinois. He is also the author of several monographs on liistoric themes, including "The Winnebago War," "The Illinois and Indiana Indians," and "Historic Notes of the Northwest." published in the "Fer- gus Series." besides having e0IST0W> RAILROAD, (See St. Louis, Alton. & Tcrre Haute Railroad. } BELLEVILLE & SOUTHERN ILLINOIS RAILROAD, a road (laid with steel rails) run- ning frona Belleville to Duquoin, 111., 56.4 miles in length. It was chartered Feb. 15, 1857, and completed Dec. 15, 1873. At Duquoin it connects with the Illinois Central and forms a short line between St. Louis and Cairo. Oct. 1, 18G6, it was leased to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company for 999 years. The capital stock is §1,692,000 and the bonded debt §1,000,- 000. The corporate office is at Belleville. BELLMOKT, a village of Wabash County, on the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railway, 9 miles west of Mount Carmel. Population (1880), 350; (1890), 487; (1900), 624. BELT RAILWAY COMPANY OF CHICAGO, THE, a corporation chartered, Nov. 22, 1883, and the lessee of the Belt Division of the Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad (which see). Its total trackage (all of standard gauge and laid with 66- pound steel rails) is 93.26 miles, distributed as fol- lows: Auburn Junction to Chicago, Milwaukee & St. PaulJunction, 15.9 miles; branches from Pull- man Jimction to Irondale, 111., etc., 5.41 miles; second track, 14.1 miles; sidings, 57.85 miles. The co.st of construction has been §524,549; capi- tal stock, §1,200,000. It has no funded debt. The earnings for the year ending Jime 30, 1895, were §556,847, the operating expenses §378,012, and the taxes §51,009. BELVIDERE,an incorporated city, the county- seat of Boone County, situated on the Kishwau- kee River, and on two divisions of tlie Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 78 miles west-northwest of Chicago and 14 miles east of Rockford; is con- nected with the latter city by electric railroad. The city has twelve churches, five graded schools, and three banks (two national). Two daily and two semi-weekly papers are published here. Bel- videre also has very considerable manufacturing interests, including manufactories of sewing ma- chines, bicycles, automobiles, besides a large milk-condensing factory and two creameries. Population (1890), 3,807; (1900), 6,937. BEMEXT, a village in Piatt County, at inter- section of main line and Chicago Division of Wabash Railroad, 20 miles east of Decatur and 166 miles south -southwest of Chicago; in agri- cultural and stock-raising district; has three grain elevators, broom factory, water-works, elec- tric-light plant, four churches, two banks and weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 1,129; (1900), 1,484. BENJAMIN, Reuben Moore, lawyer, born at Chatham Centre, Columbia County, N. Y., June 29, 1833; was educated at Amherst College, Am- herst, Mass. ; spent one year in the law depart- ment of Harvard, another as tutor at Amherst and, in 1856, came to Bloomington, 111., where, on an examination certificate furnished by Abraham Lincoln, lie was licensed to practice. The first public office held by Mr. Benjamin was that of Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, in which he took a prominent part in shaping the provisions of the new Constitution relating to corporations. In 1873 he was chosen Count}' Judge of McLean County, by repeated re-elections holding the position until 1886, when he resumed private practice. For more than twenty }'ears he lias been connected with tlie law department of Wesleyan University at Blooming- ton, a part of the time being Dean of the Faculty ; is also the author of several volumes of legal text-books. BENNETT MEDICAL COLLEGE, an Eclectic Medical School of Chicago, incorporated by special charter and opened in the autumn of 1868. Its first sessions were held in two large rooms; its faculty consisted of seven professors, and there were thirty matriculates. More com- modious quarters were secured the following year, and a still better home after the fire of 1871, in which all the college property was destroyed. Another change of location was made in 1874. In 1890 the property then owned was sold and a new college building, in connection with a hos- pital, erected in a more quiet quarter of the city. A free dispensary is conducted by the college. The teaching faculty (1896) consists of nineteen professors, with four assistants and demonstra- tors. Women are admitted as pupils on equal terms with men. BENT, Charles, journalist, was born in Chi- cago, Dec. 8, 1844, but removed with his family, in 1856, to Morrison, Whiteside County, where, two years later, he became an apprentice to the printing business in the office of "The Whiteside Sentinel." In June, 1864, he enlisted as a soldier HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 45 in the One Hundred and Fortietli Illinois (100- days" regiment) and, on the expiration of his term of service, re-enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty -seventh Illinois, being mustered out at Savannah, Ga., in January, 1866, with the rank of Second Lieutenant. Then resuming his voca- tion as a printer, in July, 1867, he purchased the office of "The Whiteside Sentinel," in which he learned his trade, and lias since been the editor of that paper, except during 1877-79 while engaged in writing a "Historj' of Whiteside Coiuity." He is a charter member of the local Grand Army Post and served on the staff of the Department Commander ; was Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue during 1870-73, and, in 1878, was elected as a Republican to the State Senate for White- side and Carroll Counties, serving four years. Other positions held by him include the office of City Alderman, member of the State Board of Canal Commissioners (1883-85) and Commissioner of the Joliet Penitentiary (1889-93). He has also been a member of the Republican State Central Committee and served as its Chairman 1886-88. BEXTO>', county-seat of Franklin County, on 111. Cent, and Chi. & E. 111. Railroads; has electric- light plant, water-works, saddle and harness fac- tory, two banks, two flouring mills, shale brick and tile works (projected), four churches and three weekly papers. Pop. (189U), 939; (1900), 1,341. BERDAN, James, lawj'er and County Judge, was born in New York City, July 4, 1805, and educated at Columbia and Yale Colleges, gradu- ating from the latter in the class of 1824. His father, James Berdan, Sr. , came west in the fall of 1819 as one of the agents of a New York Emigration Society, and, in January, 18-0, visited the vicinity of the present site of Jacksonville, 111., but died soon after his return, in part from exposure incurred during his long and arduous winter journey. Thirteen years later (1832) his son, the subject of this sketch, came to the same region, and Jacksonville became his home for the remainder of his life. Mr. Berdan was a well- read lawyer, as well as a man of high principle and sound culture, with pure literary and social tastes. Although pos.sessing unusual capabilities, his refinement of character and dislike of osten- tation made him seek rather the association and esteem of friends than public office. In 1849 he was elected County Judge of Morgan Count}-, serving by a second election until 1857. Later he was Secretary for several years of the Tonica. & Petersburg Railroad (at that time in course of construction), .serving until it was merged into the St. Louis. Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad, now constituting a part of the Jacksonville di- vision of the Chicago & Alton Railroad; also served for many years as a Trustee of Illinois College. In the latter years of his life he was, for a considerable period, the law partner of ex-Gov- ernor and ex -Senator Richard Yates. Judge Berdan was the ardent political friend and admirer of Abraham Lincoln, as well as an inti- mate friend and frequent correspondent of the poet Longfellow, besides being the correspondent, during a long period of his life, of a number of other prominent literary men. Pierre Irving, the nephew and biographer of Washington Irving, was his brother-in-law through the marriage of a favorite sister. Judge Berdan died at Jackson- ville, August 24, 1884. BERGEN, (Rev.) John G., pioneer clergyman, was born at Hightstown, N. J., Nov. 27, 1790; studied theology, and, after two j'ears' service as tutor at Princeton and sixteen years as pastor of a Presbyterian church at Madison, N. J., in 1828 came to Springfield, 111., and assisted in the erection of the first Protestant church in the central part of the State, of which he remained pastor until 1848. Died, at Springfield, Jan. 17, 1872. BERGGRE:V, Augustus W., legislator, born in Sweden, August 17, 1840; came to the United States at 16 years of age and located at Oneida, Knox County, 111. , afterwards removing to Gales- burg; held various offices, including that of Sheriff oi Knox County (1873-81), State Senator (1881-89) — serving as President pro tern, of the Senate 1887-89, and was Warden of the State penitentiary at Joliet, 1888-91. He was for many years the very able and efficient President of the Covenant Mutual Life Association of Illinois, and is now its Treasurer. BERGIER, (Rev.) J, a secular priest, born in France, and an early missionarj- in Illinois. He labored among the Tamaroas. being in charge of the mission at Cahokia from 1700 to his death in 1710. BERRY, Orville F., lawyer and legislator, was born in McDonough County, 111., Feb. 16. 1852; early left an orphan and. after working for some time on a farm, removed to Carthage, Hancock County, where he read law and was admitted to the bar in 1877; in 1883 was elected Mayor of Carthage and twice re-elected ; was elected to the State Senate in 1888 and '92, and, in 1891, took a prominent part in securing the enactment of the compulsorj' education clause in the common school law. Mr. Berry presided over the Repub- lican State Convention of 1896, the same year was a candidate for re-election to the State Senate, 46 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. but the certificate was awarded to his Democratic competitor, who was declared elected by 164 plurality. On a contest before the Senate at the first session of the Fortieth General Assembly, the seat was awarded to Mr. Berry on the ground of illegality in the rulings of the Secretary of State affecting the vote of his opponent. BERRY, (Col.) William W., lawyer and sol- dier, was born in Kentucky, Feb. 33, 1834, and educated at Oxford, Ohio. His home being then in Covington, he studied law in Cincinnati, and, at the age of 23, began practice at Louisville, Ky., being married two years later to Miss Georgie Hewitt of Frankfort. Early in 1861 he entered the Civil War on the Union side as Major of the Louisville Legion, and subsequently served in the Army of the Cumberland, marching io the sea with Sherman and, during the period of his service, receiving four wounds. After the close of the war he was offered the position of Gov- ernor of one of the Territories, but, determining not to go further west than Illinois, declined. For three years he was located and in practice at Winchester, 111., but removed to Quiuoy in 1874, where he afterwards resided. He always took a warm interest in politics and, in local affairs, was a leader of his part}^ He was an organizer of the G. A. R. Post at Quincy and its first Com- mander, and, in 1884-85, served as Commander of the State Department of the G. A. R. He organ- ized a Young Men's Republican Club, as he believed that the yoimg minds should take an active part in politics. He was one of the com- mittee of seven appointed by the Governor to locate the Soldiers" and Sailors' Home for Illinois, and, after spending six months inspecting vari- ous sites offered, the institution was finally located at Quincy; was also Trustee of Knox College, at Galesburg, for several years. He v.'as frequently urged by his party friends to run for public office, but it was so much against his nature to ask for even one vote, that he would not consent. He died at his home in Quincy, much regretted. May 6, 1895. BESTOR, George C, legislator, born in Wash- ington City, April 11, 1811; was a.s.sistant docu- ment clerk in the House of Representatives eight years; came to Illinois in 1835 and engaged in real-estate business at Peoria; was twice ap- pointed Postmaster of that city (1843 and 1861) and three times elected Mayor ; served as finan- cial agent of the Peoria & Oquawka (now Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad), and a Director of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw ; a delegate to the Whig National Convention of 1852; a State Senator (1858-62), and an ardent friend of Abra- ham Lincoln. Died, in Washington, May 14, 1873, while prosecuting a claim against the Government for the construction of gunboats during the war. BETHALTO, a village of Madison County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 35 miles north of St. Louis. Popula- tion (1880), 638; (1890), 879; (1900), 477. BETHANY, a village of Moultrie County, on Peoria Division 111. Cent. Railroad, 18 miles south- east of Decatur ; in farming district ; has one news- paper and four churches. Poj). , mostly American born, (1890), 688; (1900), 873; (1903, est.), 900. BETTIE STUART INSTITUTE, an institu- tion for young ladies at Springfield, III., founded in 1868 by Mrs. Mary McKee Homes, who con- ducted it for some twenty years, until her death. Its report for 1898 shows a faculty of ten instruct- ors and 135 pupils. Its property is valued at §33,500. Its course of instruction embraces the preparatory and classical branches, together with music, oratory and fine arts. BEVERIDGE, James H., State Treasurer, was born in Washington Coimty, N. Y. , in 1838; served as State Treasurer, 1865-67, later acted as Secretary of the Commission which built the State Capitol. His later years were spent in superintending a large dairy farm near Sandwich, De Kalb County, where he died in Januar}% 1896. BEVERIDGE, John L., ex-Governor, was born in Greenwich, N. Y., July 6, 1834; came to Illi- nois, 1842, and, after spending some two years in Granville Academy and Rock River Seminary, went to Tennessee, where he engaged in teaching while studying law. Having been admitted to the bar, he returned to Illinois in 1851, first locat- ing at S)'camore, but three years later established himself in Chicago. During the first year of the war he assisted to raise the Eighth Regiment Illi- nois Cavalry, and was comnrissioned first as Cap- tain and still later Major; t%vo years later became Colonel of the Seventeenth Cavalry, which he commanded to the close of the war, being mustered out, February, 1866, with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war he held the office of Sheriff of Cook Coimty four years; in 1870 was elected to the State Senate, and, in the following year, Congressman-at-large to succeed General Logan, elected to the United States Senate; resigned this office in January, 1873, having been elected Lieutenant-Governor, and a few weeks later succeeded to the govern- orship by the election of Governor Oglesby to the United States Senate. In 1881 he was appointed. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 47 by President Arthur, Assistant United States Tre;i-surer for Chicago, serving until after Cleve- land's tirst election. His present home (1898), is near Los Angeles, Cal. lUEXVILLE, Jean Baptiste le Moyne, Sieur (le, was born at Montreal, Canada, Feb. 23, 1G80, and was the French Governor of Louisiana at the time the Illinois country was included in that province. He had several brothers, a number of whom i)layed important parts in the early history of the province. Bienville first visited Louisi- ana, in company with his brother Iberville, in 1698, their object being to establish a French colony near the mouth of the Mississippi. The first settlement was made at Biloxi, Dec. 6, 1699, and Sanvolle, another brother, was placed in charge. The latter was afterward made Governor of Louisiana, and, at his death (1701), he was succeeded by Bienville, who transferred the seat of government to Mobile. lu ITOl he was joined by his brother Chateaugay, who brought seven- teen settlers from Canada. Soon afterwards Iberville died, and Bienville was recalled to France in 1707, but was reinstated the following year. Finding the Indians worthless as tillers of the soil, he seriously suggested to the home gov- ernment the expediency of trading off the copper- colored aborigines for negroes from the West Indies, three Indians to be reckoned as equiva- lent to two blacks. In 1713 Cadillac was sent out as Governor, Bienville being made Lieutenant- Governor. The two quaiTeled. Cadillac was superseded by Epinay in 1717, and, in 1718, Law's first expedition arrived (see Company of the West), and brought a Governor's commission for Bienville. The latter soon after founded New Orleans, which became the seat of government for the province (which then included IlUnois), in 1723. In January, 1724. he was again summoned to France to answer charges; was removed in disgrace in 1726. but rein.stated in 1733 and given the rank of Lieutenant-General. Failing in vari- ous expeditions against the Chickasaw Indians, he was again superseded in 1743, returning to France, where he died in 1768. BI(i(iS, William, pioneer, Judge and legislator, w;us born in Maryland in 1753, enlisted in the Revolutionary army, and served as an officer under Colonel George Rogers Clark in the expe- dition for the capture of Illinois from the British in 1778. He settled in Bellefontaine (now Monroe County) soon after the close of the war. He was Sheriff of St. Clair County for many years, and later Justice of the Peace and .Tudge of the Court of Common Pleas. He also represented his county in the Territorial Legislatures of In- diana and Illinois. Died, in St. Clair County, i-n 1827. BIG(i!SVILLE, a village of Henderson County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 15 miles northeast of Burlington; lias a bank and two newspapers; considerable grain and live- stock are shipped here. Population (1880), 358; (1890), 487; (1900). 417. BIG MUDDY RIVER, a stream formed by the union of two brandies which rise in Jefferson Coimty. It runs south and southwest through Franklin and Jackson Counties, and enters the Mississippi about five miles below Grand Tower. Its length is estimated at 140 miles. BILLINGS, Albert Merritt, capitalist, was born in New Hampshire, April 19, 1814, educated in the common schools of his native State and Vermont, and, at the age of 22, became Sheriff of Windsor County, Vt., Later he was proprietor for a time of the mail stage-coach line between Concord, N. H., and Boston, but, having sold out, invested his means in the securities of the Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railwa}' and became identified with the business interests of Chicago. In the '50's he became associated with Cornelius K. Garrison in the People's Gas Company of Chi- cago, of which he served as President from 18i59 to 1888. In 1890 Sir. Billings became extensively interested in the street railway enterprises of Mr. C. B. Holmes, resulting in his becoming the pro- prietor of the street railway sj- stem at Memphis, Tenn., valued, in 1897, at §3,000.000. In early life he had been associated with Commodore Vanderbilt in the operation of the Hudson River steamboat lines of the latter. In addition to his other business enterprises, he was principal owner and, during the last twenty-five years of his life. President of the Home National and Home Savings Banks of Chicago. Died, Feb. 7, 1897, leaving an estate valued at several miUions of dollars. BILLINGS, Henry W., was bom at Conway, Mass., July 11, 1814, graduated at Amherst Col- lege at twenty years of age, and began the study of law with Judge Foote, of Cleveland, Ohio, wa.s admitted to the bar two years later and practiced there some two j-ears longer. He then removed to St. Louis, Mo., later resided for a time at Waterloo and Cairo, 111., but, in 1845, settled at Alton; was elected Mayor of that city in 1851, and the first Judge of the newly organized City Court, in 18.59, serving in this position six years. In 1869 he was elected a Delegate from JIadison County to the State Constitutional Convention of 48 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1869-70, but died before the expiration of the ses- sion, on April 19, 1870. BIRKBECK, Morris, early colonist, was born in England about 1702 or 1763, emigrated to America in 1817, and settled in Edwards County, 111. He purchased a large tract of land and in- duced a large colony of English artisans, laborers and farmers to settle upon the same, founding the town of New Albion. He was an active, un- compromising opponent of slavery, and was an important factor in defeating the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. He was appointed Secre- tary of State by Governor Coles in October, 1824, but resigned at the end of three months, a hostile Legislature having refused to confirm him. A strong writer and a frequent contributor to the press, his letters and published works attracted attention both in this country and in Europe. Principal among the latter were: "Notes on a Journey Through France" (1815); "Notes on a Journey Through America" (1818), and "Letters from Illinois" (1818). Died from drowning in 182.5, aged about 63 years. (See Slaivry and Slave Laws.) BISSELL, William H., first Republican Gov- ernor of lUinois, was born near Cooperstown, N. Y., on April 2.5, 1811, graduated in medicine at Philadelphia in 1835, and, after practicing a short time in Steuben County, N. Y., removed to Mon- roe County, 111. In 1840 he was elected a Repre- sentative in the General Assembly, where he soon attained high rank as a debater. He studied law and practiced in Belleville, St. Clair County, be- coming Prosecuting Attorney for that county in 1844. He served as Colonel of the Second Illinois Volunteers during the Mexican War, and achieved distinction at Buena Vista. He represented Illi- nois in Congress from 1849 to 1855, being first elected as an Independent Democrat. On the pas- sage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, he left the Demo- cratic party and, in 1856, was elected Governor on the Republican ticket. While in Congress he was challenged by Jefferson Davis after an inter- change of heated words respecting the relative courage of Northern and Southern soldiers, spoken in debate. Bissell accepted the challenge, naming muskets at thirty paces. Mr. Davis's friends objected, and the duel never occurred. Died in oflBce, at Springfield, 111., March 18, 1860. BLACK, John Charles, lawyer and soldier, born at Lexington, Miss., Jan. 29, 1839, at eight years of age came with his widowed mother to Illinois; while a student at Wabash College, Ind., in April, 1861, enlisted in the Union army, serv- ing gallantly and with distinction until Aug. 15, 1865, when, as Colonel of the 37th III Vol. Inf., he retired with the rank of BrevetBrigadier-General ; was admitted to tlie bar in 1857, and after practic- ing at Danville, Champaign and Urbana. in 1885 was appointed Commissioner of Pensions, serving until 1889, when he removed to Chicago ; served as Congressman-at-large(l.S93-95), and U. S. District Attorney (1895-99); Commander of the Loyal Legion and of the G. A. R. (Department of Illinois), was elected Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army at the Grand Encampment, 1903. Gen. Black received the honorary degree of A.M. from his Alma Mater and tliat of LL.D. from Knox College; in January, ld04, was appointed by President Roosevelt member of the U. S. Civil Service Commission, and chasen its President. BLACKBURN IMVERSITY, located at Car- linville, Macoupin Comity. It owes its origin to tlie efforts of Dr. Gideon Blackburn, who, having induced friends in the East to unite with him in the purchase of Illinois lands at Government price, in 1837 conveyed 16,656 acres of these lands, situated in ten different counties, in trust for the foundin.g of an institution of learning, intended jiarticularly "to qualify young men for the gospel ministry." The citizens of Carlinville donated funds wherewith to purchase eighty acres of land, near that city, as a site, which was included in the deed of trust. The enterprise lay dormant for many years, and it was not until 1857 that the institution was formally incorpo- rated, and ten years later it was little more than a high school, giving one course of instruction considered particularlj' adapted to prospective students of theology. At present (1898) there are about 110 students in attendance, a faculty of twelve instructors, and a theological, as well as preparatory and collegiate departments. The institution owns property valued at SHO.OOO, of which §50,000 is represented by real estate and $40,000 by endowment funds. BLACK HAWK, a Cliief of the Sac tribe of Indians, reputed to have been born at Kaskaskia in 1707. (It is also claimed that he was born on Rock River, as well as within the present limits of Hancock County.) Conceiving that his people had been wrongfully despoiled of lands belonging to them, in 1832 he inaugurated what is com- monly known as the Black Hawk War. His Indian name was Makabaimishekiakiak, si.gnify- ing Black Sparrow Hawk. He was ambitious, but susceptible to flattery, and while having many of the qualities of leadership, was lacking in moral force. He was always attached to British inter- ests, and unquestionably received British aid of a IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 49 substantial sort. After his defeat he was made tlie ward of Keokvik, another Chief, which liuniiliation of his pride broke his heart. He died oil a reservation set apart for luni in Iowa, in 1838, aged 71. His body is said to have been exhunied nine months after death, and his articu- lated skeleton is alleged to have been preserved in the rooms of the Burlington (la.) Historical Society until 1855, when it was destroyed by fire. (See also Black Hawk War: Appendi.r.) BLACKSTONE, Timothy B., Railway Presi- dent, was born at Branford, Conn., March 28, 1829. After receiving a common school educa- tion, supplemented by a course in a neighboring academy, at 18 he began the practical study of engineering in a corps employed by the New York & New Hampshire Railway Company, and the same year became assistant engineer on the Stockbridge & Pittsfleld Railway. While thus employed he applied himself diligently to the study of the tlieoretical science of engineering, and, on coming to Illinois in 1851, was qualified to accept and fill the position of division engineer (from Blooniington to Dixon) on the Illinois Cen- tral Railway. On the completion of the main line of that road in 1855, he was appointed Chief Engineer of the Joliet & Chicago Railroad, later becoming financially interested therein, and being chosen President of the corporation on the completion of the line. In January, 1864, the Chicago & Joliet was leased in perpetuity to the Chicago & Alton Railroad Company. Mr. Black- stone then became a Director in the latter organi- zation and, in April following, was chosen its President. This office he filled uninterruptedly until April 1,1899, when the road passed into the hands of a syndicate of other lines. He was also one of the original incorporators of the Union Stock Yards Company, and was its President from 1864 to 1868. His career as a railroad man was con- spicuous for its long service, the uninterrupted success of his management of the enterprises entrusted to his hands and his studious regard for the intere.sts of stockholders. This was illustrated by the fact tliat, for some thirty years, the Chicago & Alton Riiilroad paid dividends on its preferred and common stock, ranging from 6 to 8J^ percent per annum, and. on disixising of his stock conse- quent on the transfer of tlie line to a new corpora- tion in 1899, Mr. Blackstone rejected offers for his stock — aggregating nearly one-third of the whole — which would have netted him $1,000,000 in excess of the amount received, because he was unwilling to use his position to reap an advantage over smaller stockholders. Died, Mav 20, 1900. BLACKWELL, Robert S., lawyer, was born at Belleville, 111., in 1S23. He belonged to a prominent family in the early history of the State, his father, David Blackwell, who was also a lawyer and .settled in Belleville about 1819, having been a member of the Second General Assembly (1820) from St. Clair County, and also of the Fourth and Fifth. In April, 1823, he was appointed by Governor Coles Secretary of State, succeeding Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, after- wards a Justice of the Supreme Court, who had just received from President Monroe the appoint- ment of Receiver of Public Moneys at the Edwardsville Land Office. Mr. Blackwell served in the Secretary's office to October, 1824, during a part of the time acting as editor of'The Illinois Intelligencer," which had been removed from Kaskaskia to Vandalia, and in which he strongly opposed the policy of making Illinois a slave State. He finally died in Belleville. Robert Blackwell, a brother of David and the uncle of the subject of this sketch, was joint owner with Daniel P. Cook, of "The Illinois Herald" — after- wards "The Intelligencer" — at Kaskaskia, in 1816, and in April, 1817, succeeded Cook in the office of Territorial Auditor of Public Accounts, being himself succeeded by Elijah C. Berry, who had become his partner on "The Intelligencer," and served as Auditor until the organization of the State Government in 1818. Blackwell & Berry were chosen State Printers after the removal of the State capital to Vandalia in 1820, serving in this capacity for some years. Robert Blackwell located at Vandalia and served as a member of the House from Fayette County in the Eighth and Ninth General Assemblies (1832-36) and in the Senate, 1840-42. Robert S.— the son of David, and the j'ounger member of this somewhat famous and historic family — wliose name stands at the head of this paragraph, attended the common schools at Belleville in his boyhood, but in early manhood removed to Galena, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. He later studied law with Hon. O. H. Browning at Quincj% beginning practice at Rushville. where he was associated for a time with Judge Minshall. In 1852 he removed to Chicago, having for liis first partner Corydon Beckwith, afterwards of tlie S\ipreme Court, still later being associated with a niunber of prominent lawyers of that day. He is de- scribed by his biographers as "an able lawj-er, an eloquent advocate and a brilliant scholar." "Blackwell on Tax Titles," from his pen, has been accepted by the profession as a high authority on that branch of law. He also published a revision 50 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of the Statutes in 1858, and began an "Abstract of Decisions of the Supreme Court," which had reached tlie third or fourth volume at liis death, May 16. 1863, BLAIR, William, merchant, was born at Homer, Cortland County, N. Y., May 20, 1818, being descended through five generations of New England ancestors. After attending school in the town of Cortland, which became his father's residence, at the age of 14 he obtained employ- ment in a stove and hardware store, four years later (1836) coming to Joliet, III., to take charge of a branch store which the firm had established there. The next year he purchased the stock and continued the business on his own account. In August, 1842, he removed to Chicago, where he established the earliest and one of the most extensive wliolesale hardware concerns in that city, with which lie remained connected nearly fift}^ years. During this jjeriod he was associated with various partners, including C. B. Nelson, E. G. Hall, O. W. Belden, James H. Horton and others, besides, at times, conducting the business alone. He suffered by the fire of 1871 in common with other business men of Chicago, but promptly resumed business and, within tlie next two or three years, had erected business blocks, succes- sively, on Lake and Randolph Streets, but retired from business in 1888. He was a Director of the Merchants' National Bank of Chicago from its organization in 186.5, as also for a time of the Atlantic & Pacific Telegraph Company and the Chicago Gaslight & Coke Company, a Trustee of Lake Forest University, one of the Managers of the Presbyterian Hospital and a member of the Cliicago Historical Society. Died in Chicago, May 10, 1899. BLAKELY, David, journalist, was born in Franklin Count)-, Vt., in 1834; learned the print- er's trade and graduated from the University of Vermont in 1857. He was a member of a musical family which, under the name of "The Blakely Family," made several successful tours of the West. He engaged in journalism at Rochester, Minn., and, in 1862, was elected Secretary of State and ex-officio Superintendent of Schools, serving until 1865, when he resigned and, in partnersliip with a brother, bought "The Chicago Evening Post," with which he was connected at the time of the great fire and for some time after- ward. Later, he returned to Minnesota and became one of the proprietors and a member of the editorial staff of ' 'The St. Paul Pioneer -Press. ' ' In his later years Mr. Blakely was President of the Blakely Printing Company, of Chicago, also conducting a large printing business in New York, which was his residence. He was manager for several years of the celebrated Gilmore Band of miLsicians, and also instrumental in organizing the celebrated Sousa's Band, of which he was manager up to the time of his decease in New York, Nov. 7, 1896. BLAKEMAJf, Curtiss, sea-captain, and pioneer settler, came from New England to iladison County, 111., in 1819, and settled in what was afterwards known as tlie "Marine Settlement," of which he was cue of the founders. This settle- ment, of which the present town of Marine (first called Madison) was tlie outcome, took its name from the fact that several of the early settlers, like Captain Blakeman, were sea-faring men. Captain Blakeman became a prominent citizen and repre- sented Madison County in tlie lower branch of the Third and Fourth General Assemblies (1823 and 1824), in the former being one of the opponents of the pro-slavery amendment of the Constitution. A son of his, of the same name, was a Represent- ative in the Thirteenth, Fifteentli and Sixteenth General Assemblies from Madison County. BLAXCHARD, Jonathan, clergyman and edu cator, was born in Rockingliam, Vt., Jan. 19, 1811; graduated at Middlebury College in 1832; then, after teaching some time, spent two years in Andover Theological Seminary, finally gradu- ating in theology at Lane Seminary, Cincinnati, in 1838, where he remained nine years as pastor of the Sixth Presbyterian Church of that city. Before this time he had become interested in various reforms, and, in 1843, was sent as a delegate to the second World's Anti-Slavery Convention in London, serving as the American Vice-President of that body. In 1846 he assmned the Presidency of Knox College at Galesburg, remaining until 1858, during his connection witli that institution doing much to increase its capacity and resources. After two years spent in pastoral work, he accepted (1860) the Presidency of Wheaton College, which he continued to fill until 1882, when he was chosen President Emer- itus, remaining in this position until his death. May 14, 1892. BLAXDINSTILLE, a town in McDonough County, on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Rail- road, 26 miles southeast of Burlington, Iowa, and 64 miles west by south from Peoria. It is a ship- ping point for the grain grown in the surround- ing country, and has a grain elevatoi and steam flour and saw mills. It also has banks, two weekly newspapers and several churches. Popu- lation (I "C":') 877; (1900), 995. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 51 BLANEY, Jerome Van Zaiidt, early physician, born at Newcastle, Del., May 1, 1820; was edu- cated at Princeton and graduated in medicine at Philailelpliia when too j'oung to receive his diploma; in 1842 came west and joined Dr. Daniel Braiiiard in founding Rush Medical College at Chicago, for a time filling three chairs in that institution; also, for a time, occupied the chair of Chemistry and Natural Philosopliy in Northwest- ern Universitj'. In 1801 he was appointed Sur- geon, and afterwards Medical Director, in the armj-, and was Surgeon in-Chief on the staff of General Sheridan at the time of the battle of Winchester; after the war was delegated by the Government to pay off medical officers in the Northwest, in this capacity disbursing over $G00,- 000; finally retiring with the rank of Lieutenant- Colonel. Died. Dec. 11. 1874. BLATCHFORD, Eliplialet "ffickes, LL.D., son of Dr. John Blatchford, was born at Stillwater, ,N. Y., May 31, 1826; being a grandson of Samuel Blatchford, D.D., who came to New York from England, in 179.J. He prepared for college at Lan- singburg Academy. New York, and at JIarion College, Mo. , finally graduating at Illinois College, Jacksonville, in the class of 184.5. After graduat- ing, he was employed for several years in the law offices of his uncles, R. M. and E. H. Blatchford, New York. For considerations of health he re- turned to the West, and, in 1850, engaged in busi- ness for himself as a lead manufacturer in St. Louis, Mo., afterwards associating with him the late Morris Collins, under the firm name of Blatch- ford & Collins. In 18.54 a branch was established in Chicago, known as Collins & Blatchford. After a few years the firm was dissolved, Mr. Blatch- ford taking the Cliicago business, which has continued as E. W. Blatchford & Co. to the pres- ent time. While Mr. Blatchford has invariably declined political offices, he has been recognized as a staunch Republican, and the services of few men have been in more frequent request for positions of trust in connection with educational and benevolent enterprises. Among the numer- ous positions of this character which he lias been called to fill are those of Treasurer of the North- western Branch of the United States Sanitary Commission, during the Civil War, to which he devoted a large part of his time ; Tru.stee of Illi- nois College (1866-7.5); President of the Chicago Academy of Sciences; a member, and for seven- teen yeiirs president, of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago Eye and Ear Infirmary; Trustee of the Chicago Art Institute; Executor and Trustee of the late Walter L. Newberry, and, since its incorporation. President of the Board of Trustees of The Newberry Library ; Trustee of the John Crerar Library; one of the fovmders and Presi- dent of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago Manual Training School; life member of the Chicago Historical Society ; for nearly forty years President of the Board of Directors of the Chicago Theological Seminary; during his resi- dence in Chicago an officer of the New England Congregational Church; a corporate member of the American Board of Commissioners for For- eign Missions, and for fourteen years its Vice- President; a charter member of the City Missionary Society, and of the Congregational Club of Chicago; a member of the Chicago Union League, the University, the Literary and the Commercial Clubs, of which latter he has been President. Oct. 7, 18.58, Mr. Blatchford was married to Miss Mary Emily Williams, daughter of John C.Williams, of Chicago. Seven children — four sons and three daughters — have blessed this union, the eldest son, Paul, being to day one of Chicago's valued business men. Jlr. Blatchford's life has been one of ceaseless and successful activity in business, and to him Chicago owes much of its ijrosperity. In the giving of time and money for Christian, educational and benevo- lent enterprises, he has been conspicuous for his generosity, and noted for his valuable counsel and executive ability in carrying these enterprises to success. BLATCHFORD, John, D.D., was born at New- field (now Bridgeport), Conn., May 24, 1799; removed in childhood to Lansingburg, N. Y., and was educated at Cambridge Academy and Union College in that State, graduating in 1820. He finished his theological course at Princeton, N. J., in 1823, after which he ministered succes- sively to Presbyterian churches at Pittstown and Stillwater, N. Y., in 1830 accepting the pastorate of the First Congregational Church of Bridge- port, Conn. In 1836 he came to the West, spend- ing the following winter at Jacksonville, 111., and, in 1837, was installed the first pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, where he remained until compelled by failing health to resign and return to the East. In 1841 he ac- cepted the chair of Intellectual and Moral Phi- losophy at Marion College, Mo., subsequently assuming the Presidency. The institution having been purchased by the Free Masons, in 1844, he removed to West Ely, Mo., and thence, in 1847, to Quincy, 111., where he resided during the remainder of his life. His death occurred in St. Louis, April 8, 1855. The churches he served 52 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. testified strongly to Dr. Blatchford's faithful, acceptable and successful performance of liis ministerial duties. He was married in 1825 to Frances Wickas, daugliter of Eliphalet Wickes, Esq., of Jamaica, Long Island, N". Y. BLEDSOE, Albert Taylor, teacher and law- yer, was born in Frankfort, Ky., Nov. 9, 1809; graduated at West Point Military Academy in 1830, and, after two years' service at Fort Gib- son, Indian Territory, retired from tlie army in 1833. During 1833-34 he was Adjunct Professor of Mathematics and teacher of French at Kenyon College, Ohio, and, in 1835-36, Professor of Mathematics at Miami University. Then, liav- ing studied tlieology, he served for several years as rector of Episcopal churches in Ohio. In 1838 he settled at Springfield, 111., and began the prac- tice of law, remaining several years, when he removed to Washington, D. C. Later he became Professor of Mathematics, first (1848-54) in the University of Mississippi, and (1854-61) in the University of Virginia. He tlien entered the Confederate service with the rank of Colonel, but soon became Acting Assistant Secretary of War; in 1863 visited England to collect material for a work on the Constitution, which was pub- lished in 1866, when he settled at Baltimore, where he began tlie publication of "The Southern Review," wliich became the recognized organ of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Later he became a minister of the Methodist Church. He gained considerable reputation for eloquence during his residence in Illinois, and was tlie author of a number of works on religious and political subjects, the latter maintaining the right of secession; was a man of recognized ability, but lacked stability of character. Died at Alexandria, Va., Dec. 8, 1877. BLODCiETT, Henry TVilliams, jurist, was born at Amherst, Mass., in ISil. At the age of 10 years he removed with his parents to Illinois, where he attended the district schools, later returning to Amherst to spend a year at the Academy. Returning home, he spent the years 1839-43 in teaching and surveying. In 1842 he began the study of law at Chicago, being admitted to the bar in 1845, and beginning prac- tice at Waukegan, 111., where he has continued to reside. In 1853 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature from Lake Count}', as an anti-slavery candidate, and, in 18.58, to the State Senate, in the latter serving four years. He gained distinction as a railroad solicitor, being employed at different times by the Chicago & Northwestern, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, t!ie Michigan Southern and the Pittsburg & Fort Wayne Companies. Of the second named road he was one of the projectors, procuring its charter, and being identified with it in the sev- eral capacities of Attorney, Director and Presi- dent. In 1870 President Grant appointed him Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. This position lie continued to occupy for twenty -two years, resign- ing it in 1893 to accept an appointment by Presi- dent Cleveland as one of the counsel for the United States before the Beliring Sea Arbitrators at Paris, which was his last official service. BLOOMI\GDALE,a village of Du Page County, 30 miles west by north from Chicago. Population (1880), 220; (1890), 463; (1900), 235. BLOOMIiVGTON, the county-seat of McLean County, a flourisliing city and railroad center, 59 miles northeast of Springfield ; is in a rich agri- cultural and coal-mining district. Besides car shops and repair works employing some 3,000 hands, there are manufactories of stoves, fur- naces, plows, flour, etc. Nurseries are numerous in the vicinity and liorse breeding receives much attention. The city is the seat of Illinois Wes- leyan University, has fine public schools, several newspapers (two published daily), besides educa- tional and other publications. The business sec- tion suffered a disastrous fire in 1900, but has been rebuilt more substantially than before. The prin- cipal streets are paved and electric street cars con- nect with Normal (two miles distant), the site of the "State Normal University" and "Soldiers' Or- phans' Home." Pop. (1890). 20,284: (1900), 33,386. BLOOMIXGTON COSYEMION OF 1856. Althougli not formally called as such, this was the first Republican State Convention held in Illinois, out of wliich grew a permanent Repub- lican organization in tlie State. A mass conven- tion of tliose opposed to the repeal of tlie Missouri Compromise (known as an "Anti-Nebraska Convention") was held at Springfield during the week of the State Fair of 1854 (on Oct. 4 and 5), and, although it adopted a platform in harmony with tlie principles which afterwards became the foundation of the Republican party, and appointed a State Central Committee, besides putting in nomination a candidate fur State Treasurer — the onl}' State oflScer elected that year — the organi- zation was not perpetuated, the State Central Committee failing to organize. The Bloomin.gton Convention of 1856 met in accordance with a call issued by a State Central Committee appointed by tlie Convention of Anti-Nebraska editors held at Decatur on February 23, 1856. (See Anti-Keb- HISTORICAL EJsCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 53 raska Editorial Convention.) The call did not even contain the word '"Republican, " but was addressed to those opposed to the principles of the Nebraska Bill and the policy of the existing Democratic administration. The Convention met on May 29, 1800, the date designated bj' the Editorial Convention at Decatur, but was rather in the nature of a mass than a delegate conven- tion, as party organizations existed in few coun- ties of the State at that time. Consequently representation was very unequal and followed no systematic rule. Out of one hundred counties into which the State was then divided, only seventy were represented by delegates, ranging from one to twenty-five each, leaving thirty counties (embracing nearly the whole of the southern part of the State) entirely unrepre- sented. Lee County had the largest representa- tion (twenty-five), Jlorgan County (the home of Richard Yates) coming next with twenty dele- gates, while Cook County had seventeen and Sangamon had five. The whole number of delegates, as shown by the contemporaneous record, was 269. Among the leading spirits in the Convention were Abraham Lincoln, Archi- bald Williams, O. H. Browning, Richard Yates, John M. Palmer, Owen Lovejoy, Norman B. Judd, Burton C. Cook and others who afterwards became prominent in State politics. The delega- tion from Cook County included the names of John Wentworth, Grant Goodrich, George Schneider, Mark Skinner, Charles H. Ray and Charles L. Wilson. Tlie tempijrary organization was effected with Archibald Williams of Adams County in the chair, followed by the election of John M. Palmer of Macoupin, as Permanent President. The other officers were: Vice-Presi- dents — John A. Davis of Stephenson; William Ross of Pike; James McKee of Cook; John H. Bryant of Bureau; A. C. Harding of Warren; Richard Yates of Morgan; Dr. H. C. Johns of Macon; D. L. Phillips of Union; George Smith of Madison ; Thomas A. Marshall of Coles ; J. M. Ruggles of Mason ; G.D. A. Parks of Will, and John Clark of Schuyler. Secretaries — Henry S. Baker of Madison ; Charles L. Wilson of Cook ; Jolin Tillson of Adams; Washington Bushnell of La Salle, and B. J. F. Hanna of Randolph. A State ticket was put in nomination consisting of William H. Bissell for Governor (by acclama- tion); Francis A. Hoffman of Du Page County, for Lieutenant-Governor; Ozias M. Hatch of Pike, for Secretary of State; Jesse K. Dubois of Lawrence, for Auditor; James Miller of McLean, for Treasurer, and William H. Powell of Peoria, for Superintendent of Public Instruction. Hoff- man, having been found ineligible by lack of resi- dence after the date of naturalization, withdrew, and his place was subsequently filled by the nomination of John Wood of Quincy. The plat- form adopted was outspoken in its pledges of unswerving loyalty to the Union and opposition to the extension of slavery into new territory. A delegation was appointed to the National Con- vention to be held in Philadelphia on June 17, following, and a State Central Committee was named to conduct the State campaign, consisting of James C. Conkling of Sangamon County; Asaliel Gridley of McLean ; Burton C. Cook of La Salle, and Charles H. Ray and Norman B. Judd of Cook. The principal speakers of the occasion, before the convention or in popular meetings held while the members were present in Bloomington, included the names of O. H. Brown- ing, Owen Lovejoy, Abraham Lincoln, Burton C. Cook, Richard Yates, the venerable John Dixon, founder of the city bearing his name, and Governor Reeder of Pennsj'lvania, who had been Territorial Governor of Kansas bj- appointment of President Pierce, but had refused to carry out the policy of the administration for making Kansas a slave State. None of the speeches were fully reported, but that of Mr. Lincoln has been universally regarded by those who heard it as the gem of the occasion and the most brilliant of his life, foreshadowing his celebrated "house- divided-against-itself speech of June 17, 1858. John L. Scripps, editor of "The Chicago Demo- cratic Press," writing of it, at the time, to his paper, said: "Never has it been our fortune to listen to a more eloquent and masterly presenta- tion of a subject. . . . For an hour and a half he (Mr. Lincoln) held the assemblage sijellbound by the power of his argument, tlie intense irony of his invective, and the deep earnestness and fervid brilliancy of his eloquence. When he concluded, the audience sprang to their feet and cheer after cheer told how deeply tlieir hearts had been touched and their souls warmed up to a generous enthusiasm." At the election, in November following, although tlie Democratic candidate for President carried the State by a plurality of over 9,000 votes, the entire State ticket put in nomination at Bloomington was successful by majorities ranging from 3,000 to 20,000 for the several candidates. BLUE ISLAXl), a village of Cook County, on the Calumet River and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Chicago & Grand Trunk and the Illinois Central Railways, 15 miles south of 54 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Chicago. It has a high scliool, cliurches and two newspapers, besides brick, smelting and oil works. Population (1890), 2,.521 ; (1900), 6,114. BLUE ISLAND RAILROAD, a short line 3.90 miles in length, lying wholly within Illinois; capital stock $25,000; operated by the Illinois Central Railroad Company. Its funded debt (189.5) was .SIOO.OOO and its floating debt, §3,779. BLUE MOUND, a town of Macon County, on the Wabash Railway, 14 miles southeast of De- catur ;] in rich grain and live-stock region; has three grairi elevators, two banks, tile factory and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 696; (1900), 714. BLUFFS, a village of Scott County, at the junction of the Quincy and Hannibal branches of the Wabash Railway, 52 miles west of Spring- field; has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880), 162; (1890), 421; (1900), 539. BOAL, Robert, M.D., physician and legis- lator, born near Harrisburg, Pa., in 1806; was brought by his parents to Ohio when fl\ie j'ears old and educated at Cincinnati, graduating from the Ohio Medical College in 1828; settled at Lacon, 111., in 1836, practicing there until 1862, when, having been appointed Surgeon of the Board of Enrollment for that District, he re- moved to Peoria. Other public positions held by Dr. Boal have been those of Senator in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth General Assemblies (1844-48), Representative in the Nineteenth and Twentieth (18,54-58), and Trustee of the Institu- tion for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville, remaining in the latter position seventeen years under the successive administrations of Gov- ernors Bissell, Yates, Oglesby, Palmer and Bever- idge — the last five years of his service being President of the Board. He was also President of the State Medical Board in 1882. Dr. Boal continued to practice at Peoria until about 1890, when he retired, and, in 1893, returned to Lacon to reside with his daughter, the widow of the late Colonel Greenbury L. Fort, for eight years Representative in Congress from the Eighth District. BOARD OF ARBITRATION, a Bureau of the State Government, created by an act of the Legis- lature, approved August 2, 1895. It is appointed by the Executive and is composed of three mem- bers (not more than two of whom can belong to the same political partj'), one of whom must be an employer of labor and one a member of some labor organization. The term of office for the members first named was fixed at two years; after Marcli 1, 1897, it is to be three years, one member retiring annually. A compensation of SI, .500 per annum is allowed to each member of tlie Board, while the Secretary, who must also be a stenographer, receives a salary of 81,200 per annum. When a controversy arises between an individual, firm or corporation employing not less than twenty-five persons, and his or its employes, application may be made by the aggrieved party to the Board for an inquiry into the nature of the disagreement, or both parties may unite in the submission of a case. The Board is required to visit the locality, carefully investi- gate the cause of the dispute and render a deci- sion as soon as practicable, the same to be at once made public. If the application be filed by tlie employer, it must be accompanied by a stipula- tion to continue in business, and order no lock-out for the space of three weeks after its date. In like manner, complaining employes must promise to continue peacefully at work, under existing conditions, for a like period. The Board is granted power to send for persons and papers and to administer oaths to witnesses. Its decisions are binding upon applicants for six months after rendition, or until either party shall have given the other sixty days' notice in writing of his or their intention not to be bound thereby. In case the Board shall learn that a disagreement exists between emploj^es and an employer having less than twenty-five persons in his employ, and that a strike or lock-out is seriously threatened, it is made the duty of the body to put itself into communication with both employer and employes and endeavor to effect an amicable settlement between them by mediation. The absence of any provision in the law prescribing penalties for its violation leaves the observance of the law, in its present form, dependent upon the voluntary action of the parties interested. BOARD OF EQUALIZATION, a body organ- ized underact of the General Assembly, approved March 8, 1867. It first consisted of twenty-five members, one from each Senatorial District. The first Board was appointed by the Governor, holding office two years, afterwards becoming elective for a term of four years. In 1872 the law was amended, reducing the number of mem- bers to one for each Congressional District, the whole number at that time becoming nineteen, witli the Auditor as a member ex-officio, who usually presides. From 1884 to 1897 it consisted of twenty elective members, but, in 1897, it was increased to twenty-two. The Board meets annually on the second Tuesday of August. The abstracts of the property assessed for taxation in the several counties of the State are laid before HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 55 it for examination and equalization, but it may not reduce the aggregate valuation nor increase it more than one per cent. Its powers over the returns of the assessors do not extend beyond equalization of assessments between counties. The Board is required to consider the various classes of property separately, and determine such rates of addition to or deduction from the listed, or assessed, valuation of each class as it may deem equitable and just. The statutes pre- scribe rules for determining the value of all the classes of property enumerated — personal, real, railroad, telegraph, etc. The valuation of the capital stock of railroads, telegraph and other corjxirations (except newspapers) is fixed by the Board. Its consideration having been completed, the Board is required to summarize the results of its labors in a comparative table, which must be again examined, compared and perfected. Reports of each annual meeting, with the results reached, are printed at the expense of the State and distributed as are other public documents. The present Board (1897-1901) consists by dis- tricts of (1) George F. McKnight, (2) John J. McKenna, (3) Solomon Simon, (4) Andrew Mc- Ansh, (5) Albert Oberndorf, (6) Henry Severin, (7) Edward S. Taylor, (8) Theodore "s. Rogers, (9) Charles A. Works, (10) Thomas P. Pierce, (11) Samuel M. Barnes, (12) Frank P. Martin, (13) Frank K. Robeson, (14) W. O. Cadwallader, (15) J. S. Cruttenden, (16) H. D. Hirshheimer, (17) Thomas N. Leavitt, (18) Joseph F. Long, (19) Richard Cadle, (20) Charles Emerson, (21) John W. Larimer, (22) William A. Wall, besides the Auditor of Public Accounts as ex-ofiicio member — the District members being divided politically in the proportion of eighteen Republicans to four Democrats. BO.\RI) OF PUBLIC CHARITIKS, a State Bureau, created by act of the Legislature in 1869, upon the recommendation of Governor Oglesby. Tlie act creating the Board gives the Commissioners supervisory oversight of the financial and administrative conduct of all the charitable and correctional institutions of the State, with the e.xccption of the jjenitentiaries, and they are especially charged with looking after and caring for the condition of the paupers and the insane. As originally constituted the Board consisted of five male members who em- ployed a Secretary. Later provision was made for the appointment of a female Commissioner. The ofKce is not elective. The Board lias always CArefully scrutinized the accounts of the various State charitable institutions, and, under its man- agement, no charge of peculation against any official connected with the same has ever been substantiated ; there have been no scandals, and only one or two isolated charges of cruelty to inmates. Its supervision of the county jails and almshouses has been careful and conscientious, and has resulted in benefit alike to the tax-payers and the inmates. The Board, at the close of the year 1898, consisted of the following five mem- bers, their terms ending as indicated in paren- thesis: J. C. Corbus (1898), R. D. Lawrence (1899). Julia C. Lathrop (1900), W'illiam J. Cal- houn (1901). Ephraim Banning (1902). J. C. Cor- bus was President and Frederick H. Wines, Secretary. BOGARDUS, Charles, legislator, was born in Caj-uga County, N. Y., March 28, 1841, and left an orphan at six years of age ; was educated in the common schools, began working in a store at 12, and, in 1862, enlisted in the One Hundred and Fifty-first New York Infantrj', being elected First Lieutenant, and retiring from the service as Lieutenant-Colonel "for gallant and meritori- ous service" before Petersburg. While in the service he participated in some of the most important battles in Virginia, and was once wounded and once captured. In 1872 he located in Ford County, 111., where he has been a success- ful operator in real estate. He has been twice elected to the House of Representatives (1884 and '86) and three times to the State Senate (1888, '92 and '96), and has served on the most important committees in each house, and has proved him- self one of the most useful members. At the session of 189.5 he was chosen President pro tevi. of the Senate. BOGGS, Carroll C, Justice of the Supreme Comt, was born in Fairfield, Wayne County, 111., Oct. 19, 1844, and still resides in his native town; has held the offices of State's Attorney, County Judge of Wayne County, and Judge of the Circuit Court for the Seconil Judicial Circuit, being assigned also to Appellate Court duty. In June, 1897, Judge Boggs was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court to succeed Judge David J. Baker, liis term to continue until 1906. BOLTWOOD, Henry L., the son of WiUiam and Electa (Stetson) Bolt wood, was born at Am- herst, Mass., Jan. 17, 1831; fitted for college at Amherst Academy and graduated from Amherst College in IS.IS. While in college he taught school every winter, commencing on a salary of S4 per week and "boarding round" among the scholars. After graduating he taught in acad- emies at Limerick, Me., and at Pembroke and 56 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Derry, N. H., and in the high school at Law- rence, Mass. ; also served as School Commissioner for Rockingham Count3^ N. H. In 1864 lie went into the service of the Sanitary Commission in the Department of the Gulf, remaining until the close of the war ; was also ordained Chaplain of a colored regiment, but was not regularly mustered in. After the close of the war he was employed as Superintendent of Schools at Griggsville, 111., for two years, and, while there, in 1867, organ- ized the first township high school ever organized in the State, where he remained eleven years. He afterwards organized the townshiji high school at Ottawa, remaining there five years, after which, in 1883, he organized and took charge of the township high school at Evanston, where he has since been employed in his profession as a teacher. Professor Boltwood has been a member of the State Board of Education and has served as President of the State Teachers' Association. As a teacher he lias given special attention to English language and literature, and to history, being the author of an English Grammar, a High School Speller and "Topical Outlines of General History," besides many contributions to educational jour- nals. He has done a great deal of institute work, both in Illinois and Iowa, and has been known somewhat as a tariff reformer. BOND, Lester L., lawyer, was born at Raven- na, Ohio, Oct. 37, 1829; educated in the common schools and at an academy, meanwhile laboring in local factories; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1853, the following year coming to Chicago, where he has given his attention chiefly to practice in connection with patent laws. Mr. Bond served several terms in the Chicago City Council, was Republican Presidential Elector in 1868, and served two terms in the General Assem- bly— 1866-70. BOND, Shadrach, first Territorial Delegate in Congress from Illinois and first Governor of the State, was born in Maryland, and, after being liberally educated, removed to Kaskaskia while Illinois was a part of the Northwest Territory. He served as a member of the first Territorial Legislature (of Indiana Territory) and was the first Delegate from the Territory of Illinois in Congress, serving from 1812 to 1814. In the latter year he was appointed Receiver of Public Moneys ; he also held a commission as Captain in the War of 1813. On the admission of the State, in 1818, he was elected Governor, and occupied the executive chair until 1823. Died at Kaskas- kia, April 13. 1833.— Shadrach Bond, Sr., an uncle of the preceding, came to Illinois in 1781 and was elected Delegate from St. Clair County (then comprehending all Illinois) to the Territorial Legislature of Northwest Territory, in 1799, and, in 1804, to the Legislative Council of the newly organized Territory of Indiana. BOND COUXTY, a small county lying north- east from St. Louis, having an area of 380 square miles and a population 1900) of 16,078. The first American settlers located here in 1807, com- ing from the South, and building Hill's and Jones's forts for protection from the Indians. Settlement was slow, in 1816 there being scarcely twenty-five log cabins in the county. The county-seat is Greenville, where the first cabin was erected in 1815 by Geox-ge Davidson. Tlie county was organized in 1818, and named in honor of Gov. Shadrach Bond. Its original limits included the present counties of Clinton, Fayette and Montgomery. The first court was held at Perryville, and, in May, 1817, Judge Jesse B. Thomas presided over the first Circuit Court at Hill's Station. The first court house was erected at Greenville in 1833. The county contains good timber and farming lands, and at some points, coal is found near the surface. BOJfSEY, Charles Carroll, lawyer and re- former, was born in Hamilton, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1831 ; educated at Hamilton Academy and settled in Peoria, 111., in 1850, where he pursued the avocation of a teacher while studying law ; was admitted to the bar in 1853, but removed to Chi- cago in 1860, where he has since been engaged in practice; served as President of the National Law and Order League in New York in 1885, being repeatedly re-elected, and has also been President of the Illinois State Bar Association, as well as a member of the American Bar Associa- tion. Among the reforms which he has advo- cated are constitutional prohibition of special legislation ; an extension of equity practice to bankruptcy and other law proceedings ; civil serv- ice pensions; State Boards of labor and capital, etc. He has also published some treatises in book form, chiefly on legal questions, besides editing a volume of "Poems by Alfred W. Arrington, with a sketch of his Character" (1869. ) As Presi- dent of the World's Congresses Auxiliary, in 1893, Mr. Bonney contributed largely to the success of that very interesting and important feature of tlie great Columbian Exposition in Chicago. BOONE, Levi D., M. D., early physician, was born near Lexington, Ky., December, 1808 — a descendant of the celebrated Daniel Boone; re- ceived the degree of M. D. from Transylvania University and came to Edwardsville, 111., at an HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 57 early day, afterwards locating at Hillsboro and taking part intlie Black Hawk War as Captain of a cavalrj" company; came to Cliicago in 183G and engaged in the insurance business, later resuming the practice of his profession ; served several terras as Alderman and was elected Mayor in 1855 by a corabination of temperance men and Know-Nothings; acquired a large property by operations in real estate. Died, February, 1883 BOOXE COUNTY, the smallest of the "north- ern tier" of counties, having an area of only 290 square miles, and a population (1900) of 13,791. Its surface is chiefly rolling prairie, and the principal products are oats and corn. The earli- est .settlers came from New York and New Eng- land, and among them were included Medkiff, Dunham, Caswell, Cline, Towner, Doty and Whitney. Later (after the Pottawattomies had evacuated the country), came the Shattuck brothers, Maria Hollenbeck and Mrs. BuUard, Oliver Hale, Nathaniel Crosby, Dr. Wliiting. H. C. Walker, and the Neeley and Mahoney families. Boone County was cut off from Winnebago, and organized in 1837, being named in honor of Ken- tucky's pioneer. The first frame house in the county was erected by S. F. Doty and stood for fifty years in the village of Belvidere on the north side of the Kishwaukee River. The county-seat (Belvidere) was platted in 1837, and an academy built soon after. The first Protestant church was a Baptist society under the pastorate of Rev. Dr. King. BOURBOXXAIS, a viUage of Kankakee County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 5 miles north of Kankakee. Population (1890), 510; (1900). 59.5. BOUTELL, Henry Sherman, lawyer and Con- gressman, was born in Boston, Mass., March 14, 1856, graduated from the Northwestern Univer- sity at Evanston, 111., in 1874, and from Harvard in 1876; was admitted to the bar in Illinois in 1879, and to that of the .Supreme Court of the United States in 1885. In 1884 Mr. Boutell was elected to the lower branch of the Thirty-fourth General Assembly and was one of the "103" who, in the long struggle during the following session, participated in the election of Gen. Jolin A. Logan to the United States Senate for the last time. At a special election held in the Sixth Illinois District in November, 1897, he was elected Representative in Congre.ss to fill tlie vacancy caused by the sudden death of his pred- ecessor. Congressman Edward D. Cooke, and at the regular election of 1898 was re-elected to the same position, receiving a plurality of 1,116 over his Democratic competitor and a majority of 719 over all. BOUTON, Nathaniel S., manufacturer, was born in Concord, N. II., May 14, 1828; in his j'outh farmed and taught school in Connecticut, but in 18.52 came to Chicago and was employed in a foundry firm, of whicli he soon afterwards became a partner, in the manufacture of car- wheels and railway castings. Later he became associated with the American Bridge Company's works, which was sold to the Illinois Central Railroad Company in 18.57, when he bought the Union Car Works, which he operated until 1863. He then became the head of the Union Foundry Works, which having been consolidated with the Pullman Car Works in 1886, he retired, organizing the Bouton Foundry Company. Mr. Bouton is a Republican, was Commissioner of Public Works for the city of Chicago two terms before the Civil War, and served as Assistant Quartermaster in the Eightj'-eighth Illinois Infantry (Second Board of Trade Regiment) from 1^02 until after the battle of Chickamauga. BOYD, Thomas A., was born in Adams County, Pa., June 25, 1830, and graduated at Marshall College, Mercersburg, Pa., at the age of 18; studied law at Chambersburg and was admitted to the bar at Bedford in his native State, where he practiced until 18.56, when he removed to Illi- nois. In 1861 he abandoned his practice to enlist in the Seventeenth Illinois Infantry, in which he held the position of Captain. At the close of the war he returned to his home at Lewistown, and, in 1866, was elected State Senator and re-elected at the expiration of his term in 1870, serving in the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twenty- seventh General Assemblies. He was also a Republican Representative from his District in the Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth Congresses (1877-81). Dieil. at Lewistown, May 28, 1897. BRACE't'ILLE, a town in Grundy County, 61 miles by rail southwest of Chicago. Coal mining is the principal industry. The town has two banks, two churches and good public schools. Population (1890), 3,150; (1900), 1,669. BRADFORD, village of Stark County, on Buda and Rushville brancli Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway; is in excellent farming region and has large grain and live-stock trade, excel- lent high school building, fine churches, good hotels and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 773. BRADSBY, William H., pioneer and Judge, was born in Bedford County, 'Va., July 12, 1787. He removed to Illinois early in life, and was the first postmaster in Washington County (at Gov- 58 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ington), the first school-teacher and the first Circuit and County Clerk and Recorder. At the time of his death he was Probate and County Judge. Besides being Clerk of all the courts, lie was virtually County Treasurer, as he had cus- tody of all the county's money. For several years he was also Deputy United States Surveyor, and in that capacity surveyed much of the south part of the State, as far east as Wayne and Clay Counties. Died at Nashville, 111 , August 21, 1839. BRADWELL, James Bolesworth, lawyer and editor, was born at Loughborough, England, April 16, 1828, and brought to America in infancy, his parents locating in 1829 or '30 at Utica, N. Y. In 1833 they emigrated to Jacksonville, 111., but the following year removed to Wheeling, Cook County, settling on a farm, where the younger Bradwell received his first lessons in breaking prairie, splitting rails and tilling the soil. His first schooling was obtained in a country log- school-house, but, later, he attended the Wilson Academy in Chicago, where he had Judge Lo- renzo Sawyer for an instrvictor. He also took a course in Knox College at Galesburg, then a manual-labor school, supporting himself by work- ing in a wagon and plow shop, sawing wood, etc. In May, 1852, he was married to Miss Myra Colby, a teacher, with whom he went to Mem- phis, Tenn., the same year, where they engaged in teaching a select school, the subject of this sketch meanwhile devoting some attention to reading law. He was admitted to the bar there, but after a stay of less than two years in Mem- phis, returned to Chicago and began practice. In 1861 he was elected County Judge of Cook County, and re-elected four years later, but declined a re-election in 1869. The first half of his term occurring during the progress of the Civil War, he had the opportunity of rendering some vigorous decisions which won for him tlie reputation of a man of courage and inflexible independence, as well as an incormptible cham- pion of justice. In 1872 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twenty-eighth General Assembly from Cook County, and re-elected in 1874. He was again a candidate in 1882, and by many believed to have been honestly elected, though his opponent received the certificate. He made a contest for the seat, and the majority of the Committee on Elections reported in his favor ; but he was defeated through the treach- ery and suspected corruption of a professed polit- ical friend. He is the author of the law making women eligible to school offices in Illinois and allowing them to become Notaries Public, and has always been a champion for equal rights for women in the professions and as citizens. He was a Second Lieutenant of the One Hundred and Fifth Regiment, Illinois Militia, in 1848; presided over the American Woman's Suffrage Associa- tion at its organization in Cleveland ; has been President of the Chicago Press Club, of the Chi- cago Bar Association, and, for a number of years, the Historian of the latter ; one of the founders and President of the Union League Club, besides being associated with many otlier social and business organizations. At present (1899) he is editor of "The Chicago Legal News," founded by his wife thirty years ago, and with which he has been identified in a business capacity from its establishment. — Myra Colby (Bradwell), the wife of Judge Bradwell, was born at Manchester, Vt., Feb. 12, 1831 — being descended on her mother's side from the Chase family to which Bishop Philander Chase and Salmon P. Chase, the latter Secretary of the Treasury and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by appointment of Abraham Lincoln, belonged. In infancy she was brought to Portage, N. Y., where she remained until she was twelve years of age, when her family re- moved west. She attended school in Kenosha, Wis., and a seminary at Elgin, afterwards being engaged in teaching. On May 18, 18.52, she was married to Judge Bradwell, almost immediately going to Memphis, Tenn. , where, with the assist- ance of her husband, she conducted a select school for some time, also teaching in the public schools, when they returned to Chicago. In the early part of the Civil War she took a deep interest in the welfare of the soldiers in the field and their families at home, becoming President of the Soldiers' Aid Society, and was a leading spirit in the Sanitary Fairs held in Chicago in 18G3 and in 1865. After the war she commenced the study of law and, in 1868, began the publication of "The Chicago Legal News," with which slie re- mained identified until her death — also publishing biennially an edition of the session laws after each session of the General Assembly. After passing a most creditable examination, applica- tion was made for her admission to the bar in 1871, but denied in an elaborate decision rendered by Judge C. B. Lawrence of the Supreme Court of the State, on the sole ground of sex, as was also done by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1873, on the latter occasion Chief Justice Chase dissenting. She was finally admitted to the bar on March 28, 1892, and was the first lady member of the State Bar Associ- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 59 ation. Other organizations with which she was identifieJ embraced the Illinois State Press Association, the Board of Managers of the Sol- diers' Home (in war time), the "Illinois Industrial School for Girls" at Evanston, the Washingtonian Home, the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of the Woman's Committee on Jurisprudence of the World's Congress Auxiliary of 1S93. Although much before the public during the latter years of her life, she never lost the refinement and graces which belong to a true woman. Died, at her home in Chicago, Feb. 14, 1894. BRAIDWOOD, a city in Will County, incorpo- rated in 1860 ; is 58 miles from Chicago, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad; an important coal- mining point, and in the heart of a rich agricultural region. It has a bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1800). 4,641 ; (1900), 3,279. BRANSOX, Nathaniel W., lawyer, was born in Jacksonville, 111., May 29, 1837; was educated in the private and public schools of that city and at Illinois College, graduating from the Intter in 1857 ; studied law with David A. Smith, a promi- nent and able lawyer of Jacksonville, and was admitted to the bar in January, 1860, soon after establishing himself in practice at Petersburg, Menard County, where he has ever since resided. In 1867 Mr. Branson was appointed Register in Bankruptcy for the Springfield District — a po- sition which he held thirteen years. He was also elected Representative in the General Assembly in 1872, b)' re-election in 1874 serving four years in the stormy Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth General Assemblies ; was a Delegate from Illinois to the National Republican Convention of 1876, and served for several years most efficiently as a Trustee of the State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville, part of the time as President of the Board. Politically a conservative Republican, and in no sense an office-seeker, the official po- sitions which he has occupied have come to him unsought and in recognition of his fitness and capacity for the proper discharge of their duties. BRAYMAN, Mason, lawyer and soldier, was bom in Buffalo, N. Y., May 23, 1813; brought up as a farmer, became a printer and edited "The Buffalo Bulletin," 1834-35; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1836; removed west in 1837, was City Attorney of Monroe, Mich., in 1838 and became editor of "The Louisville Adver- tiser" in 1841. In 1842 he opened a law office in Springfield, 111., and the following year was appointed by Governor Ford a commissioner to adjust the Mormon troubles, in which capacitj- he rendered valuable service. In 1844-45 he was appointed to revise the statutes of the State. Later -he devoted much attention to railroad enterprises, being attorney of the Illinois Central Railroad, 1851-55; then projected the construc- tion of a railroad from Bird's Point, opposite Cairo, into Arkansas, which was partially com- pleted before the war. and almost wholly de- stroyed during that period. In 1861 he entered the service as Major of the Twenty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, taking part in a number of the early battles, including Fort Donelson and Shiloh; was promoted to a colonelcy for meritorious con- duct at the latter, and for a time served as Adjutant-General on the staff of General McCler- nand; was promoted Brigadier-General in Sep- tember, 1862, at the close of the war receiving the brevet rank of Major-General. After the close of the war he devoted considerable atten- tion to reviving his railroad enterprises in the South; edited "The Illinois State Journal," 1872 73; removed to Wisconsin and was ap- pointed Governor of Idaho in 1876, serving four years, after which he returned to Ripon, Wis. Died, in Kansas City, Feb. 27, 1895. BREESK, a village in Clinton County, on Baltimore & Ohio S. W. Railway, 39 miles east of St. Louis; has coal mines, water system, bank and weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 808, (1900), 1,571. BREESE. Sidney, statesman and jurist, was born at Whitesboro, N. Y., (according to the generally accepted authority) July 15, 1800. Owing to a certain sensitiveness about his age in his later years, it has been exceedingly difficult to secure authentic data on the subject; but his arrival at Kaskaskia in 1818, after graduating at Union College, and his admission to the bar in 1820, have induced many to believe that the date of his birth should be placed somewhat earlier. He was related to some of the most prominent families in New York, including the Livingstons and the Morses, and, after his arrival at Kaskas- kia, began the study of law with his friend Elias Kent Kane, afterwards United States Senator. Meanwhile, having served as Postmaster at Kas- kaskia, he became Assistant Secretary of State, and, in December, 1820, superintended the re- moval of the archives of that office to Vandalia, the new State capital. Liiter he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney, serving in that position from 1822 till 1827, when he became United States District Attorney for Illinois. He was the first official reporter of the Supreme Court, issuing its first volume of decisions; served as Lieutenant-Colonel of volunteers during the 60 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Black Hawk War (1832) ; in 1835 was elected to the circmt bench, and, in 1841, was advanced to the Supreme bench, serving less than two years, when he resigned to accept a seat in the United States Senate, to wliich he was elected in 1843 as the successor of Richard 51. Young, defeating Stephen A. Douglas in the first race of the latter for the office. While in the Senate (184349) he served as Chairman of the Committee on Public Lands, and was one of the first to suggest the construction of a transcontinental railway to the Pacific. He was also one of the originators and active promoters in Congress of the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad enterprise. He was Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives in 18.51 . again became Circuit Judge in 1853 and returned to the Supreme bench in 1857 and served more than one term as Chief Justice, the last being ia 1873-74. His home during most of his public life in IlUnois was at Carlyle. His death occurred at Pinckneyville, June 28, 1878. BREXTANO, Lorenzo, was born at Mannheim, in the Grand Duchj' of Baden, Germany, Nov. 14, 1813; was educated at the Universities of Heidelberg and Freiburg, receiving the degree of LL.D., and attaining high honors, both profes- sional and political. He was successively a member of the Baden Chamber of Deputies and of the Frankfort Parliament, and always a leader of the revolutionist party. In 1849 he became President of the Provisional Republican Gov- ernment of Baden, but was, before long, forced to find an asylum in the United States. He first settled in Kalamazoo County, Mich. , as a farmer, but, in 1859, removed to Chicago, where he was admitted to the Illinois bar, but soon entered the field of journalism, becoming editor and part proprietor of "The Illinois Staats Zeitung." He held various public offices, being elected to the Legislature in 1862, serving five j-ears as Presi- dent of the Chicago Board of Education, was a Republican Presidential Elector in 18G8, and United States Consul at Dresden in 1872 (a gen- eral amnesty having been granted to the participants in the revolution of 1848), and Representative in Congress from 1877 to 1879. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 17, 1891. BRIDGEPORT, a town of Lawrence County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 14 miles west of Vincennes, lud. It has a bank and one weekly paper. Population (1900), 487. BRIDGEPORT, a former suburb (now a part of the city) of Chicago, located at the junction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal with the South Branch of the Chicago River. It is now the center of the large slaughtering and packing industi-y. BRIDGEPORT & SOUTH CHICAGO BAIL- WAT. (See Chicago A Xortltern Pacific Railroad.) BRIGHTON, a village of Macoupin County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the Rock Island and St. Louis branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways; coal is mined here; has a newspaper. Population (1880), 691; (1890), 697; (1900), 660. BRIMFIELD, a town of Peoria County, on the Buda and Rushville branch of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railway, 38 miles south of Buda; coal-mining and farming are the chief "industries. It has one weekly paper and a bank. Population (ISSO), 832; (1890). 719; (1900), 077. BRISTOL, Frank Milton, clergyman, was bom in Orleans County, N. Y., Jan. 4, 1851; came to Kankakee, 111., in boyhood, and having lost his father at 12 years of age, spent the following years in various manual occupations until about nineteen years of age, when, having been con- verted, he determined to devote his life to the ministry. Tlirough the aid of a benevolent lady, he was enabled to get two years' (1870-72) instruc- tion at the Northwestern University, at Evans- ton, afterwards supporting himself by preaching at various points, meanwhile continuing his studies at the University until 1877. After com- pleting his course he served as pa.stor of some of the most prominent Methodist churches in Chi- cago, his last charge in the State being at Evans- ton. In 1897 he was transferred to Washington City, becoming pastor of the Metropolitan M. E. Church, attended by President McKinley Dr. Bristol is an author of some repute and an orator of recognized ability. BROADWELL, Norman M., lawyer, was born in Morgan County, 111., August 1, 1825; was edu- cated in the common schools and at McKendree and Illinois Colleges, but compelled by failing health to leave college without graduating ; spent some time in the book business, then began the stud}' of medicine with a view to benefiting his own health, but finally abandoned this and, about 1850, commenced the study of law in the office of Lincoln & Herndon at Springfield. Having been admitted to the bar, he practiced for a time at Pekin, but, in 1854, returned to Springfield, where he spent the remainder of his life. In 1860 he was elected as a Democrat to the House of Representatives from Sangamon County, serving in the Twenty-second General Assembly. Other offices held by him included those of County Judge (1863-65) and Mayor of the city of Spring- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 61 field, to which last position he was twice elected (1867 and again in 1869). Judge Broadwell was one of the most genial of men, popular, high- minded and honorable in all his dealings. Died, in Springfield, Feb. 28, 1893. BROOKS, John Flavel, educator, was born in Oneida County, New York, Dec. 3, 1801 ; graduated at Hamilton College, 1828; studied three years in the theological department of Yale College; was ordained to the Presbyterian min- istry in 1831, and came to Illinois in the service of the American Home Missionary Society. After preaching at CoUinsville, Belleville and other points, ilr. Brooks, who was a member of the celebrated "Yale Band," in 1837 assumed the principalship of a Teachers' Seminary at Waverly, Morgan County, but three years later removed to Springfield, where he established an academy for both sexes. Although finally compelled to abandon this, he continued teaching with some interruptions to within a few j-ears of his death, which occurred in 1S86. He was one of the Trus- tees of Illinois College from its foundation up to his death. BROSS, TVilliam, journalist, was born in Sus- sex Comity, N. J., Nov. 14, 1813, and graduated with honors from Williams College in 1838, liav- ing previously developed his physical strength by much hard work upon the Delaware and Hudson Canal, and in the lumbering trade. For five years after graduating ho was a teacher, and settled in Chicago in 1818. Tlure he first engaged in bookselling, but later embarked in joui-nalism. His first publication was "The Prairie Herald," a religious paper, which was discontinued after two years. In 1852, in connection with John L. Scripps, he founded "The Democratic Press," which was consolidated with "The Tribune"' in 1858, 5Ir. Bross retaining his connection with tlie new concern. He was always an ardent free- soiler, and a firm believer in the great future of Chicago and the Northwest. He was an enthusi- astic Republican, and, in 1856 and 1860, served as an effective campaign orator. In 1864 he was the successful nominee of his party for Lieuten- ant-Governor. This was his only offic-ial position outside of a membership in the Chicago Common Council in 1855. As a presiding officer, he was dignified j-et affable, and his impartiality was shown by the fact that no appeals were taken from his decisions. After quitting public life he devoted much time to literary pursuits, deliver- ing lectures in various parts of the country. Among his best known works are a brief "His- tory of Chicago," "History of Camp Douglas," and "Tom Quick." Died, in Chicago, Jan. 27, 1890. BROWJl', Henry, lawyer and historian, was born at Hebron, Tolland County, Conn., May 13, 1789 — the son of a commissary in the army of General Greene of Revolutionary fame; gradu- ated at Yale College, and, when of age, removed to New York, later studying law at Albany, Canaudaigua and Batavia, and being admitted to the bar about 1813, when he settled down in practice at Cooper.stown ; in 1810 was appointed Judge of Herkimer County, remaining on the bench until about 1824. He then resumed prac- tice at Cooperstown. continuing until 1830, when he removed to Chicago. The following j-ear he was elected a Justice of the Peace, serving two years, and, in 1842, became Prosecuting Attorney of Cook County. During this period he was engaged in writing a "History of Illinois," which was published in New York in 1844 This was regarded at the time as the most voluminous and best digested work on Illinois history that had as yet been published. In 1846, on assuming the Presidency of tlie Chicago Lyceum, he delivered an inaugural entitled "Chicago, Present and Future," which is still preserved as a striking prediction of Chicago's future greatness. Origi- nally a Democrat, he became a Freesoiler in 1848. Died of cholera, in Chicago, May 16, 1849. BROWN', James B., jomnalist, was born in Gilmanton, Belknap County, N. H., Sept. 1, 1833 — his father being a member of the Legisla- ture and Selectman for his town. The son was educated at Gilmanton Academy, after which he studied medicine for a time, but did not gradu- ate. In 1857 he removed West, first settling at Dunleith, Jo Daviess County, 111., where he became Principal of the public schools; in 1861 was elected County Superintendent of Schools for Jo Daviess County, removing to Galena two years later and assuming the editorship of "The Gazette" of that city. Mr. Brown aLso served as Postmaster of Galena for several years. Died, Feb. 13, 189G. BROWN, James N., agriculturist and stock- man, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 1, 1806; ciime to Sangamon County, 111., in 1833, locating at Island Grove, where he engaged e.xtensively in farming and stock-raising. He served as Representative in the General Assem- blies of 1840, '42, '46, and '52, and in the last was instrumental in securing the incorporation of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, of which he was chosen the first President, being re-elected in 1854. He was one of the most enterprising grow 62 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. ers of blooded cattle in the State and did much to introduce them in Central Illinois ; was also an earnest and influential advocate of scientific education for the agricultural classes and an efficient colaborer with Prof. J. B. Turner, of Jacksonville, in securing the enactment by Con- gress, in 1862, of the law granting lands for the endowment of Industrial Colleges, out of which grew the Illinois State University and institu- tions of like character in other States. Died, Nov. 16, 1868. BROWN, William, lawyer and jurist, was born June 1, 1819, in Cumberland, England, his par- ents emigrating to this country when he was eight years old, and settling in Western New York. He was admitted to the bar at Rochester, in October, 18-15, and at once removed to Rock- ford, 111., where he commenced practice. In 1852 he was elected State's Attorney for the Four- teenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1857, was chosen Mayor of Rockford. In 1870 lie was elected to the bench of the Circuit Court as suoces.sor to Judge Sheldon, later was promoted to the Su- preme Court, and was re-elected successively in 1873, in '79 and '85. Died, at Rockford, Jan. 1.5, 1891. BROWN, William H., lawyer and financier, was born in Connecticut, Dec. 20, 1796; spent his boyliood at Auburn, N. Y., studied law, and, in 1818, came to Illinois with Samuel D. Lock- wood (afterwards a Justice of the State Supreme Court), descending the Ohio River to Shawnee- town in a flat-boat. Mr. Brown visited Kaskas- kia and was soon after appointed Clerk of the United States District Coui-t by Judge Nathaniel Pope, removing, in 1820, to Vandalia, the new State capital, where he remained until 1835. He then removed to Chicago to accept the position of Cashier of the Chicago branch of the State Bank of Illinois, which he continued to fill for many years. He served the citj' as School Agent for thirteen years (1840-53), managing the city's school fund through a critical period with great discretion and success. He was one of the group of early patriots who successfully resisted the attemi>t to plant slavery in Illinois in 1823-24; was also one of the projectors of the Chicago & Galena Union Railroad, was President of the Chicago Historical Society for seven years and connected with many other local enterprisea. He was an ardent personal friend of President Lincoln and served as Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly (1860-62). While making a tour of Europe he died of paraly- sis at Amsterdam, June 17, 1867. BROWN COUNTY, situated in the western part of the State, with an area of 300 square miles, and a population (1890) of 11,951 ; was cut off from Schuyler and made a separate county in May, 1839, being named in honor of Gen. Jacob Brown. Among the pioneer settlers weTe the Vandeventers and Hambaughs, John and David Six, William McDaniel, Jeremiah Walker, Willis O'Neil, Harry Lester, John Ausmus and Robert H. Curry. The county -seat is Mount Sterling, a town of no little attractiveness. Other prosperous villages are Mound Station and Ripley. The chief occupation of the people is farming, althougli there is some manufacturing of lumber and a few potteries along the Illinois River. Population (1900), 11,557. BROWNE, Francis Fisher, editor and author, was born in South Halifax, Vt., Dec. 1, 1843, the son of William Goldsmith Browne, who was a teacher, editor and author of the song "A Hun- dred Years to Come." In childhood he was brought by his parents to Western Massachusetts, wliere he attended the public schools and learned the printing trade in his father's newspaper office at Chicopee, Mass. Leaving school in 1862, he enlisted in the Forty-sixth Regiment Massa- chusetts Volunteers, in which he served one year, chiefly in North Carolina and in the Army of the Potomac. On the discharge of his regi- ment he engaged in the study of law at Roches- ter, N. Y., entering the law department of the University of Michigan in 1866, but abandoning his intenton of entering the legal profession, removed to Chicago in 1867, where he engaged in journalistic and literary pursuits. Between 1869 and '74 he was editor of "The Lakeside Monthly, " when he became literary editor of "The Alliance, " but, in 1880, he established and assumed the editorship of "The Dial," a purely literary pub- lication which has gained a high reputation, and of which lie has remained in control continuously ever since, meanwhile serving as the literary adviser, for many years, of the well-known pub- lishing house of McClurg & Co. Besides his journaUstic work, Mr. Browne has contributed to the magazines and literary anthologies a num- ber of short lyrics, and is the author of "The Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln" (1886), and a volume of poems entitled, "Volunteer Grain" (1893). He also compiled and edited "Golden Poems by British and American Authors" (1881); "The Golden Treasury of Poetry and Prose" (1886), and the "Laurel Crowned"series of stand- ard poetry (1891-92). Mr. Browne was Chairman of the Committee of the Congress of Authors in HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OJ^^ ILLINOIS. 63 the World's Congress Auxiliary lield in con- nection with The Columbian Exposition in 1803. BROWNE, Thomas C., early jurist, was born in Kentucky, studied law there and, coming to Shawneetown in 1813, served in the lower branch of the Second Territorial Legislature (1814-16) and in the Council (1816-18), being the first law- yer to enter that body. In 1815 he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney and, on the admission of Illinois as a State, was promoted to the Supreme bencli, being re-elected by joint ballot of the Legislature in 1825, and serving continuously until the reorganization of the Supreme Court luider tlie Constitution of 1848, a perio•ks of the.) CAIRNES, Abraham, a native of Kentucky, in 1816 settled in that part of Crawford County, 111., which was embraced in Lawrence County on the organization of the latter in 1821. Mr. Cairnes was a member of the House for Crawford County in the Second General Assembly (1820-22), and for Lawrence County in the Third (1822-24), in the latter voting against the pro-slavery Conven- tion scheme. He removed from Lawrence County to some point on the Mississippi River in 1826, but further details of his history are un- known. CAIRO, the coimty-seat of Alexander County, and the most important river point between St. Louis and Memphis. Its first charter was ob- tained from the Territorial Legislature bj' Shad- racli Bond (afterwards Governor of Illinois), John G. Comyges and others, who incorporated the "City and Bank of Cairo. "' The company entered about 1,800 acres, but upon the death of Mr. Comy- ges, the land reverted to the Government. The forfeited tract was re-entt-red in 183.5 by Sidney Breese and others, who later transferred it to the "Cairo City and Canal Company," a corporation chartered in 1837, which, by purchase, increased its holdings to 10,000 acres. Peter Stapleton is said to have erected the first house, and John Hawley the second, within the town limits. In consideration of certain privileges, the Illinois Central Railroad has erected around the water front a substantial levee, eighty feet wide. Dur- ing the Civil War Cairo was an important base for militarj- operations. Its population, according to the census of 1900, was 12,566. (See also Alex- ander County.) CAIRO BRIDG-E, THE, one of the triumphs of modern engineering, erected by the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad Company across the Ohio River, opposite the city of Cairo. It is the longest metallic bridge across a river in the world, being thirty-three feet longer than the Tay Bridge, in Scotland. The work of construction was begun, July 1, 1887, and uninterruptedly prosecuted for twenty-seven months, being completed, Oct. 29, 1889. The first train to cross it was made up of ten locomotives coupled together. The ap- 72 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. proaches from both the Illinois and Kentucky shores consist of iron viaducts and well-braced timber trestles. The Illinois viaduct approach consists of seventeen spans of 150 feet each, and one span of 106 J-i feet. All these rest on cylin- der piers filled witli concrete, and are additionally supported by piles driven within the cylinders. The viaduct on the Kentuckj' shore is of similar general construction. The total number of spans is twenty-two — twenty-one being of 150 feet each, and one of 106^ feet. The total length of the metal work, from end to end, is 10,650 feet, including that of the bridge proper, whicli is 4.644 feet. The latter consists of nine through spans and three deck spans. The through sjjans rest on ten first-class masonry piers on pneumatic foundations. The total length of the bridge, including the timber trestles, is 20,461 feet — about BJi miles. Tour-fifths of the Illinois trestle work has been filled in with earth, while that on the southern shore has been virtually replaced by an embankment since the completion of the bridge. The bridge proper stands 104.42 feet in the clear above low water, and from the deepest foundation to the top of the highest iron work is 248,94 feet. The total cost of the work, including the filling and embankment of the trestles, has been (1895) between §3,250,000 and S3,500..000. CAIRO, TIXCENNES & CHICAGO RAIL- ROAD, a division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, extending from Danville to Cairo (361 miles), with a branch nine miles in length from St. Francisville, 111., to Vin- cennes, Ind. It was chartered as the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad in 1867, completed in 1872, placed in the hands of a recei%er in 1874, .sold under foreclosm-e in January, 1880, and for some time operated as the Cairo Division of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway. In 1889, having been surrendered by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway, it was united witli the Danville & Southwestern Railroad, reorganized as the Cairo, Vincennes & Chicago Railroad, and, in 1890, leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- cago & St. Louis Railway, of which it is known as the "Cairo Division." (See Cleveland, Cincin- nati, Chicago &• St. Louis Railway.) CAIRO & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD, (See St. Louis & Cairo Railroad and Mobile & Ohio Rail- ivay. ) CAIRO & VINCENXES RAILROAD. (See Cairo, Vince7i7ies d- Chicago Railroad.) CALDWELL, (Dr.) Georg'e, early physician and legislator (the name is spelled botli Cadwell and Caldwell in the early records), was born at Wethersfield, Conn., Feb. 21, 1773, and received his literarj' education at Hartford, and his pro- fessional at Rutland, Vt. He married a daughter of Hon. Matthew Lyon, who was a native of Ireland, and who served two terms in Congress from Vermont, four from Kentucky (1803-11), and was elected the first Delegate in Congress from Arkansas Territory, but died before taking his seat in August, 1822. Lyon was also a resi- dent for a time of St. Louis, and was a candidate for Delegate to Congress from Missouri Territory, but defeated by Edward Hemjxstead (see Hemp- stead. Edward). Dr. Caldwell descended the Ohio River in 1799 in company with Lyon's family and his brother-in-law, John IMessinger (see Messinger, John), who afterwards became a prominent citizen of St. Clair County, the party locating at Eddyville, Ky. In 1802, Caldwell and Messinger removed to Illinois, landing near old Fort Chartres, and remained some time in the American Bottom. The former finallj- located on the banks of the Mississippi a few miles above St. Loms, where he practiced his profession and held various public offices, includ- ing those of Justice of the Peace and County Judge for St. Clair County, as also for Madison County after the organization of the latter. He served as State Senator from Madison County in the First and Second General Assemblies (1818-33), and, having removed in 1820 within the limits of what is now Morgan County (but still earlier embraced in Greene), in 1823 was elected to the Senate for Greene and Pike Counties — the latter at that time embracing all the northern and northwestern part of the State, including the county of Cook. During the following ses- sion of the Legislature he was a sturdy opponent of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. His home in Morgan County was in a locality known as "Swinerton's Point," a few miles west of Jacksonville, where he died, August 1, 1836. (See Slavery and Slai^e Laws.) Dr. Caldwell (or Cadwell, as he was widely known) commanded a liigh degree of respect among early residents of Illinois. Governor Reynolds, in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," says of him: "He was moral and correct in his publio and private life, . . . was a respectable physician, and always maintained an unblemished character." CALHOUN, John, pioneer printer and editor, was born at Watertown, N. Y., April 14, 1808; learned the printing trade and practiced it in his native town, also working in a type-foundry in Albany and as a compositor in Troy. In the fall of 1833 he came to Chicago, bringing with him HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 73 an outfit for the publication of a weekly paper, and, on Nov. 20, began the issue of "The Chicago Democrat" — the first paper ever published in that city. Mr. Calhoun retained the management of the paper three years, transferring it in Novem- ber. ISoO, to John Wentworth, who conducted it imtil its absorption by "The Tribune" in July, 1801. Jlr. Calhoim afterwards served as County Treasurer, still later as Collector, and, finally, as agent of the Illinois Centra! Railroad in j^rocur- ing right of way for the construction of its lines. Died in Chicago, Feb. 30, 1859. CALHOUN, John, surveyor and politician, was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 14, 1800; removed to Springfield. 111., in 1830, served in the Black Hawk War and was soon after appointed County Surveyor. It was under Mr. Calhoun, and by his appointment, that Abraham Lincoln served for some time as Deputy Sm-veyor of Sangamon County. In 1838 Calhoun was chosen Represent- ative in the General Assembly, but was defeated in 1840, though elected Clerk of the House at the following session. He was a Democratic Presi- dential Elector in 1844, was an unsuccessful candidate for the nomination for Governor in 1846, and, for three terms (1849, '50 and '51), served as Mayor of the city of Springfield. In 1852 he was defeated by Richard Yates (after- wards Governor and United States Senator), as a candidate for Congress, but two years later was appointed by President Pierce Surveyor-General of Kansas, where he became discreditably con- spicuous by his zeal in attempting to carry out the policy of the Buchanan administration for making Kansas a slave State — especially in con- nection with the Lecompton Constitutional Con- vention, with the election of which he had much to do, and over which he presided. Died at St. Joseph, Mo., Oct 25, 1859. CALHOUN, William J., lawyer, was bom in Pittsburg, Pa., Oct. 5, 1847. After residing at various points in that State, his family removed to Ohio, where he worked on a farm until 1804, when he enlisted as a private in the Nineteenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, serving to the end of the war. He participated in a number of severe battles while with Sherman on the march against Atlanta, returning with General Thomas to Nash- ville, Tenn. During the last few months of the war he served in Texas, being mustered out at Saa Antonio in that State, though receiving his final discharge at Columbus, Ohio. After the war he entered the Poland Union Seminary, where he became the intimate personal friend of Maj. WilUam McKinley, who was elected to the Presidency in 1896. Having graduated at the seminary, he came to Areola, Douglas County, 111., and began the study of law, later taking a course in a law .school in Chicago, after which he was admitted to the bar (1875) and established himself in practice at Danville as the partner of the Hon. Joseph B. Mann. In 1882 Mr. Calhoun was elected as a Republican to the lower branch of the Thirty -third General Assembly and, during the following session, proved himself one of the ablest members of that body. In May, 1897, Mr. Calhoun was appointed by President McKinley a special envoj" to investigate the circumstances attending the death of Dr. Ricardo Ruiz, a nat- uralized citizen of the United States who had died while a prisoner in the hands of the Spaniards during the rebellion then in progress in Cuba. In 1898 he was appointed a member of the Inter- State Commerce Commission to succeed William R. Morrison, whose term had expired. CALHOUX COUNTY, situated between the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, just above their junction. It has an area of 260 square miles, with a population (1900) of 8,917; was organized in 1825 and named for John C. Calhoun. Origi- nally, the county was well timbered and the early settlers were largely engaged in lumbering, which tended to give the population more or less of a migratory character. Much of the timber has been cleared off, and the principal business in later years has been agriculture, although coal is found and mined in paying quantities along •Silver Creek. Tradition has it that the aborig- ines found the precious metals in the bed of this stream. It was originally included within the limits of the Military Tract set apart for the veterans of the War of 1812. The physical con- formation of the county's surface exhibits some peculiarities. Limestone bluffs, rising some- times to the height of 200 feet, skirt the banks of both rivers, while through the center of the county runs a ridge dividing the two watersheds. The side valleys and the top of the central ridge iare alike fertile. The bottom lands are very rich, but are liable to inundation. The county- seat and principal town is Hardin, with a popula- tion (1890) of 311. C.ILLAHAN, Ethclbert, lawyer and legislator, was born near Newark, Ohio, Dec. 17, 1829; came to Crawford County, 111., in 1849, where he farmed, taught school and edited, at different times, "The Wabash Sentinel " and "The Marshall Telegraph." He early identified himself with the Republican party, and, in 1864, was the Republican candidate for Congress in his dis- 74 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. triet ; liecame a member of the first State Board of Equalization by appointment of Governor Oglesby in 1867; served in the lower house of the General Assembly during tlie sessions of 1875, '91, '93 and '95, and, in 1893-95, on a Joint Committee to revise the State Revenue Laves. He was also Presidential Elector in 1880, and again in 1888. Mr. Callahan was admitted to the bar when past 30 years of age, and was President of the State Bar As.sociation in 1889. His home is at Robinson. CALUMET RIVER, a short stream the main body of which is formed by the union of two branches which come together at the southern boundary of the city of Chicago, and which flows into Lake Michigan a short distance north of the Indiana State line. The eastern branch, known as the Grand Calumet, flows in a westerly direc- tion from Northwestern Indiana and unites with the Little Calumet from the west, 3'/i miles from the mouth of the main stream. From the south- em limit of Chicago the general course of the stream is north between Lake Calumet and Wolf Lake, which it serves to drain. At its mouth, Calumet Harbor has been constructed, which admits of the entrance of vessels of heavy draught, and is a shipping and receiving point of importance for heavy freight for the Illinois Steel Works, the Pullman Palace Car Works and other manufacturing establish- ments in that vicinity. The river is regarded as a navigable stream, and has been dredged by the General Government to a depth of twenty feet and 300 feet wide for a distance of two miles, with a depth of sixteen feet for the remainder of the distance to the forks. The Calumet feeder for the Illinois and Michigan Canal extends from the west branch (or Little Calumet) to the canal in the vicinity of Willow Springs. The stream was known to the early French explorers as "the Calimic," and was sometimes confounded by them with the Chicago River. CALUMET RIVER RAILROAD, a short line. 4.43 miles in length, lying wholly within Cook Coimty. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company is the lessee, but the line is not operated at present (1898). Its outstanding capital stock is §68,700. It has no funded debt, but has a floating debt of §116,357, making atotal capitalization of 8185,087. This road extends from One Hundredth Street in Chicago to Hegewisch, and was chartered in 1883. (See Peimsylvania Railroad.) CAMBRIDGE, the county-seat of Henry County, about 160 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. It is situ- ated in a fertile region chiefly devoted to agriculture and stock-raising. The city is a con- siderable grain market and has some manufac- tories. Some coal is also mined. It has a public library, two newspapers, three banks, good schools, and handsome public (county) buildings. Population (1880), 1,203; (1890), United States census report, 940; (1900), 1,345. CAMERON, James, Cumberland Presbyterian minister and pioneer, was born in Kentucky in 1791, came to Illinois in 1815, and, in 1818, settled in Sangamon County. In 1829 he is said to have located where the town of New Salem (after- wards associated with the early history of Abra- ham Lincoln) was built, and of which he and James Rutledge were the founders. He is also .said to have officiated at the funeral of Ann Rutledge, with whose memory Mr. Lincoln's name has been tenderly associated by his biog- raphers. Mr. Cameron subsequently removed successively to Fulton County, 111., to Iowa and to California, dying at a ripe old age, in the latter State, about 1878. CAMP DOUGLAS, a Federal military camp established at Chicago early in the War of the Rebellion, located between Thirty -first Street and College Place, and Cottage Grove and Forest Avenues. It was ^originally designed and solely used as a camp of instruction for new recruits. Afterwards it was utilized as a place of confine- ment for Confederate prisoners of war. (For plot to liberate the latter, together with other similar prisoners in Illinois, see Camp Douglas Conspiracy. ) CAMP DOUGLAS CONSPIRACY, a plot formed in 1864 for the liberation of the Confederate prisoners of war at Chicago (in Camp Douglas), Rock Island, Alton and Springfield. It was to be but a preliminary step in the execution of a design long cherished by the Confederate Gov- ernment, viz., the seizing of the organized gov- ernments of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and the formation of a Northwestern Confederacy, through the cooperation of the "Sons of Lib- erty." (See Secret Treasonable Societies.) Three peace commissioners (Jacob Thompson, C. 0. Clay and J. P. Holcomb), who had been sent from Richmond to Canada, held frequent conferences with leaders of the treasonable organizations in the North, including Clement L. Vallandigham, Bowles, of Indiana, and one Charles Walsh, who was head of the movement in Chicago, with a large number of allies in that city and scattered throughout the States. The general management of the afl'air was entrusted to Capt. Thomas H. Hines, who had been second TII.-^TORK'AL ENfYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 75 in command to the rebel Gen. John Morgan dur- ing his raid north of the Ohio River, while Col. Vincent Marmaduke, of Missouri, and G. St. Leger Grenfell (an Englishman) were selected to carry out the military jirogram. Hines followed out his instructions with great zeal and labored indefatigably. Thomjjson's duty was to dis- seminate incendiary treasonable literature, and strengthen the timorous "Sons of Liberty" by the use of argmnent and money, both lie and his agents being lavishly supplied with the latter. There was to be a draft in July, 1804, and it was determined to arm the "Sons of Liberty" for resistance, the date of uprising being fixed for July 20. This part of the scheme, however, was finally abandoned. Captain Hines located him- self at Chicago, and personally attended to the distribution of funds and the purchase of arms. The date finally fixed for the attempt to liberate the Southern prisoners was August 2i), 1804, when the National Democratic Convention was to assemble at Chicago. On that date it was expected the city would be so crowded that the presence of the promised force of "Sons" would not excite comment. The program also included an attack on the city by water, for which pur- pose reliance was placed upon a horde of Cana- dian refugees, under Capt. John B. Castleman. There were some 20, 500 Southern prisoners in the State at this time, of whom about 8,000 were at Chicago, 0,000 at Rock Island, 7,500 at Spring- field, and 5,000 at Alton. It was estimated that there were 4,000 "Sons of Liberty" in Chicago, who would be largely reen forced. With these and the Canadian refugees the prisoners at Camp Douglas were to be liberated, and the army thus formed was to march upon Rock Island, Spring- field and Alton. But suspicions were aroused, and the Camp was reenforced by a regiment of infantry and a battery. The organization of the proixjsed assailing force was very imperfect, and the great majority of those who were to compose it were lacking in courage. Not enough of the latter reported for service to justify an attat'k, and tlie project was postponed. In the meantime a preliminary part of the plot, at least indirectly connected with the Camp Douglas conspiracy, and which contemplated the release of the rebel ofticers confined on Johnson's Island in Lake Erie, had been "nipped in tlie bud" by tlie arrest of Capt. C. H. Cole, a Confederate officer in dis- guise, on the 19th of Septemlier, just as he was on the point of putting in execution a scheme for seizing the United States steamer Michigan at Sandusky, and putting on board of it a Confeder- ate crew. November 8 was the date next .selected to carry out the Chicago scheme — the day of Presi- dent Lincoln's second election. The same pre- liminaries were arranged, except that no water attack was to be made. But Chicago was to be burned and flooded, and its banks pillaged. Detachments were designated to apply the torch, to open fire plugs, to levy arms, and to attack banks. But representatives of the United States Secret Service had been initiated into the "Sons of Liberty," and the plans of Captain Hines and his associates were well known to the authori- ties. An efficient body of detectives was put upon their track by Gen. B. J. Sweet, the com- mandant at Camp Douglas, although some of the most valuable service in running down the con- spiracy and capturing its agents, was rendered bj' Dr. T. Winslow Ayer of Chicago, a Colonel Langhorne (an ex-Confederate who had taken the oath of allegiance without the knowledge of some of the parties to the plot), and Col. J. T. Shanks, a Confederate prisoner who was known as "The Texan." Both Langhorne and Shanks were appalled at the horrible nature of the plot as it was unfolded to them, and entered with zeal into the effort to defeat it. Slianks was permitted to escape from Camp Douglas, therebj- getting in communication with the leaders of the plot who assisted to conceal him, while he faith- fully apprised General Sweet of their plans. On the night of Nov. 6 — or rather after midnight on the morning of the 7th — General Sweet caused simultaneous arrests of the leaders to be made at their hiding-places. Captain Hines was not captured, but the following conspirators were taken into custody: Captains Cantrill and Trav- erse; Charles Walsh, the Brigadier-General of the "Sons of Liberty," who was sheltering them, and in whose barn and house was found a large quantity of arms and military stores; Cols. St. Leger Grenfell, W. R. Anderson and J. T. Shanks; R. T. Semmes, Vincent Marmaduke, Charles T. Daniel and Bucknor S. Morris, the Treasurer of the order. Tliey were tried by Military Commission at Cincinnati for conspir- acy. Marmaduke and Morris were acquitted ; Anderson committed suicide during the trial; Walsh, Semmes and Daniels were sentenced to the penitentiary, and Grenfell was sentenced to be hung, although his sentence was afterward commuted to life imprisonment at the Dry Tortu- gas, where he mysteriously disappeared some years afterward, but whether he escaped or wa,s drowned in the attempt to do so has never teen known. The British Government had made 76 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. repeated attempts to secure his release, a brother of liis being a General in the British Army. Daniels managed to escape, arid was never recap- tured, while Walsh and Semmes, after under- going brief terms of imprisonment, were pardoned bj^ President Johnson. The subsequent history of Shanks, who played so prominent a part in defeating the scheme of wholesale arson, pillage and assassination, is interesting. While in prison he had been detailed for service as a clerk in one of the offices under the direction of General Sweet, and, while thus employed, made the acquaintance of a young lady member of a loyal family, whom he afterwards married. After the exposure of the contemplated uprising, the rebel agents in Canada offered a reward of §1,000 in gold for the taking of his life, and he was bitterly persecuted. The attention of Presi- dent Lincoln was called to the service rendered bj' him, and sometime during 1805 he received a commission as Captain and engaged in fighting the Indians upon the Plains. The efficiency shown by Colonel Sweet in ferreting out the con- spiracy and defeating its consummation won for him the gratitude of the people of Chicago and the whole nation, and was recognized by the Government in awarding him a commission as Brigadier-General. (See Benjamin J. Sweet, Camp Douglas and Secret Treasonable Societies. ) CAMPBELL, Alexander, legislator and Con- gressman, was born at Concord, Pa., Oct. 4, 1814. After obtaining a limited education in the com- mon schools, at an early age he secured employ- ment as a clerk in an iron manufactory. He soon rose to the position of superintendent, managing iron-works in Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Mis- souri, until 1850, when he removed to Illinois, settling at La Salle. He was twice (1853 and 1853) elected JIayor of that citj', and represented his county in the Twenty-first General Assembly (1859). He was also a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 18G3, and served one term (1875-77) as Representative in Congress, being elected as an Independent, but, in 1878, was defeated for re-election by Philip C. Hayes, Republican. Mr. Campbell was a zealous friend of Abraham Lincoln, and, in 1858, contributed liberally to the expenses of the latter in making the tour of the State during the debate with Douglas. He broke with the Republican party in 1874 on the greenback issue, which won for him the title of "Father of the Greenback." His death occurred at La Salle, August 9, 1898. CAMPBELL, Antrim, early lawyer, was born in New Jersey in 1814; came to Springfield, 111., in 1838; was appointed Master in Chancery for Sangamon County in 1849, and, in 1861, to a similar position bj' the United States District Court for that district. Died, August 11, 1868. CAMPBELL, James R., Congressman and sol- dier, was born in Hamilton County, 111., May 4, 1853, his ancestors being among the first .settlers in that section of the State; was educated at Notre Dame University, Ind. , read law and was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court in 1877 ; in 1878 purchased "The McLeansboro Times," which he has since conducted ; was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly in 1884, and again in '80, advanced to the Senate in 1888, and re-elected in '93. During his twelve years' experience in the Legislature he participated, as a Democrat, in the celebrated Logan -Morrison contest for the United States Senate, in 1885, and assisted in the election of Gen. John M. Palmer to the Senate in 1891. At the close of his last term in the Senate (1890) he was elected to Con- gress from the Twentieth District, receiving a plurality of 3,851 over Orlando Burrell, Repub- lican, who had been elected in 1894. On the second call for troops issued by the President during the Spanish-American War, Mr. Camp- bell organized a regiment which was mustered in as the Ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel and assigned to the corps of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee at Jackson- ville, Fla. Although his regiment saw no active service during the war, it was held in readiness for that purpose, and, on the occupation of Cuba in December, 1898, it became a part of the army of occupation. As Colonel Campbell remained with his regiment, he took no part in the pro- ceedings of the last term of the Fifty-fifth Con- gress, and was not a candidate for re-election in 1898. CAMPBELL, Thompson, Secretary of State and Congressman, was born in Chester County, Pa., in 1811 ; removed in childhood to the western part of the State and was educated at Jefferson College, afterwards reading law at Pittsburg. Soon after being admitted to the bar he removed to Galena, 111., where he had acquired some min- ing interests, and, in 1843, was appointed Secre- tary of State by Governor Ford, but resigned in 1846, and became a Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1847; in 1850 was elected as a Democrat to Congress from the Galena District, but defeated for re-election in 1853 by E. B. Washburne. He was then appointed by President Pierce Commissioner to look after certain land grants by the Mexican Government in California, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 77 removing to that State in 1853, but resigned this position about 1855 to engage in general practice. In 1859 }ie made an extended visit to Europe with his family, and, on Ids return, located in Chicago, the following year becoming a candidate for Presidential Elector-at-large on the Breckin- ridge ticlcet; in 18C1 returned to California, and, on the breaking out of the Civil War, became a zealous champion of the Union cause, by his speeches exerting a powerful influence upon the destiny of the State. He also served in the Cali- fornia Legislature during the war, and, in 1864, was a member of the Baltimore Convention which nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency a second time, assisting most ably in the subse- quent campaign to carry the State for the Repub- lican ticket. Died in San Francisco, Dec. G, 1868. CAMPBELL, William J., lawyer and politi- cian, was born in Philadelphia in 1850. When he was two years old liis father removed to Illinois, settling in Cook County. After passing througli the Chicago public schools, 5Ir. Camp- bell attended the University of Pennsylvanin, for two years, after which he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1875. From that date he was in active practice and attained prominence at the Chicago bar. In 1878 lie was elected State Senator, and was re-elected in 1882, serving in all eight years. At the sessions of 1881, '83 and '85 he was chosen President pro tempore of the Senate, and, on Feb. 6, 1883, he became Lieuten- ant-Governor upon the accession of Lieutenant- Governor Hamilton to the executive office to succeed Shelby M. Cullom, who had been elected United States Senator. In 1888 he represented the First Illinois District in the National Repub- lican Convention, and was the same year chosen a member of the Republican National Committee for Illinois and was re-elected in 1882. Died in Chicago, March 4, 1896. For several years immediately preceding his death, Mr. Campbell was the chief attorney of the Armour Packing Company of Chicago. CAMP POINT, a village in Adams County, at the intersection of the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy and the Wabash Railroads, 22 miles east- northeast of Quincy. It is a grain center, has one flour mill, two feed mills, one elevator, a pressed brick plant, two banks, four churches, a high school, and one newspaper. Population (1890). l,l.-)0; (1900), 1,260. CAXAL SCRIP FRAUD. During the session of the Illinois General Assembly of 1859, Gen. Jacob Fry, who, as Commissioner or Trustee, had been associated with the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal from 1837 to 1845, had his attention called to a check purporting to have been issued by the Commissioners in 1839, which, upon investigation, he became convinced was counterfeit, or had been fraudulently issued. Having communicated his conclusions to Hon. Jesse K. Dubois, the State Auditor, in charge of the work of refunding the State indebtedness, an inquiry was instituted in the office of the Fund Commissioner — a position attached to the Gov- ernor's office, but in the charge of a secretary — which developed the fact that a large amount of these evidences of indebtedness had been taken up through that office and bonds issued therefor by the State Auditor under the laws for funding the State debt. A subsequent investigation by the Finance Committee of the State Senate, ordered by vote of that body, resulted in the discovery that, in May and August, 1839, two series of canal "scrip" (or checks) had been issued by the Canal Board, to meet temporary demands in the work of construction — the sum aggregating $269,059 — of which all but S316 had been redeemed within a few years at the Chicago branch of the Illinois State Bank. The bank officers testified that this scrip (or a large part of it) had, after redemption, been held by them in the bank vaults without cancellation until settlement was had with the Canal Board, when it was packed in boxes and turned over to the Board. After hav- ing lain in the canal office for several years in this condition, and a new "Trustee" (as the officer in charge was now called) having come into the canal office in 1853, this scrip, with other papers, was repacked in a shoe-box and a trunk and placed in charge of Joel A. Matteson, then Governor, to be taken by him +0 Springfield and deposited there. Nothing further was known of these papers until October, 1854. when §300 of the scrip was presented to the Secretary of the Fund Commissioner by a Springfield banker, and bond j.ssued thereon. This was followed in lSo6 and 1857 by larger sums, until, at the time the legis- lative investigation was instituted, it was found that bonds to the amount of §223,182.66 had been issued on account of principal and interest. With the exception of the §300 first presented, it was sliown that all the scrip so funded liad been jiresented by Governor Matteson, either while in office or subsequent to his retirement, and the bonds issued therefor delivered to him — although none of the persons in whose names the issue was made were known or ever afterward discovered. The developments made by the Senate Finance Committee led to an offer from Matteson to 78 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. indemnify the State, in which he stated that he liad "unconsciously and innocently been made the insti-ument through whom a gross fraud upon the State had been attempted." He therefore gave to the State mortgages and an indemnifying bond for the sum shown to have been funded by him of this class of indebtedness, upon which tlie State, on foreclosure a few years later, secured judgment for §255,000, although the property on being sold realized only 8238,000. A further investigation by the Legislature, in 1801, revealed the fact that additional issues of bonds for similar scrip had been made amounting to §165,346, for which the State never received any compensa- tion. A search through the State House for the trunk and box placed in the hands of Governor Matteson in 1853, while the official investigation was in progress, resulted in the discovery of the trunk in a condition showing it had been opened, but the box was never found. The fraud was made the subject of a protracted investigation by the Grand Jury of Sangamon County in May, 1859, and, although the jury twice voted to indict Governor Slatteson for larceny, it as often voted to reconsider, and, on a third ballot, voted to "ignore the bill." CAXBY, Richard Sprigg', jurist, was born in Green County, Ohio, Sept. 30, 1808 ; was educated at Jliami Universitj' and admitted to the bar, afterwards serving as Prosecuting Attorney, member of the Legislature and one term (1847-49) in Congress. In 1863 he removed to Illinois, locating at Olney, was elected Judge of the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit in 1867, resuming practice at the expiration of his term in 1873. Died in Richland County, July 27, 1895. Judge Canby was a relative of Gen. Edward Richard Spriggs Canby, who was treacherously killed by the Modocs in California in 1873. CAXXO\, Joseph G.> Congressman, was born at Guilford, N. C, May 7, 1836, and removed to Illinois in early youth, locating at Danville, Ver- milion County. By profession he is a lawyer, and served as State's Attorney of Vermilion County for two terms (1861-68). Incidentally, he is conducting a large banking business at Danville. In 1872 he was elected as a Republican to the Forty-third Congress for the Fifteenth Dis- trict, and has been re-elected biennially ever since, except in 1890, when he was defeated for the Fifty-second Congress by Samuel T. Busey, his Democratic opponent. He is now (1898) serving his twelfth term as the Representative for the Twelfth Congressional iJistrict, and has been re-elected for a tliirteenth term in the Fifty- sixth Congress (1899-1901). Mr. Cannon has been an influential factor in State and National poli- tics, as shown by the fact that he has been Chair- man of the House Committee on Appropriations during the important sessions of the Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth Congresses. CANTON, a flourishing city in Fulton County, 12 miles from the Illinois River, and 28 miles southwest of Peoria. It is the commercial me- tropolis of one of the largest and richest counties in the "corn belt"; also has abundant supplies of timber and clay for manufacturing purposes. There are coal mines within the municipal limits, and various manufacturing establishments. Among the principal outputs are agricultural implements, flour, brick and tile, cigars, cigar boxes, foundry and machine-shop products, fire- arms, brooms, and marble. The city is lighted by gas and electricity, has water-works, fire de- partment, a public library, six ward schools and one high schoo'., and three newspapers. Popula- tion (1890), 5,004; (1900), 6,564. CAPPS, Jabez, pioneer, was born in London, England, Sept. 9, 1796 ; came to the United States in 1817, and to Sangamon County, 111., in 1819. For a time he taught school in what is now called Round Prairie, in the present County of Sangamon, and later in Calhoun (the original name of a part of the city of Springfield), having among his pupils a number of those who after- wards became prominent citizens of Central Illinois. In 1836, in conjunction with two part- ners, he laid out the town of Mount Pulaski, the original county-seat of Logan County, where he continued to live for the remainder of his life, and where, during its later period, he served as Postmaster some fifteen years. He also served as Recorder of Logan County four years. Died, April 1, 1896, in the 100th year of his age. CARBONDALE, a city in Jackson County, founded in 1852, .57 miles north of Cairo, and 91 miles from St. Louis. Three lines of railway center here. The chief industries are coal-min- ing, farming, stock-raising, fruit-growing and lumbering. It has- two preserving plants, eight churches, two weekly papers, and four public schools, and is the seat of the Southern Illinois Normal University. Pop. (1890), 2,382; (1900), 3,318. CARBOND.ALE & SHAWXEETOWX RAIL- ROAD, a short line 17j^ miles in length, ex- tending from Marion to Carbondale, and operated by the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company, as lessee. It was incorporated as the Murphysboro & Shawneetown Railroad in 1867; its name changed in 1869 to The Carbondale & HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 79 Shawneetown, was opened for business, Dec. 31, 1871, and leased in 1886 for 980 years to the St. Louis Southern, through wliich it passed into the hands of tlie St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Rail- road, and by lease from tlie latter, in IS'JO. became apart of the Illinois Central System (which see). CAREY, William, lawyer, was born in tlie town of Turner, JIaine, Dec. 29, 1820; studied law with General Fe.ssenden and at Yale Law School, was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of Maine in IS.jC, the Supreme Court of Illinois in 1857, and the Supreme Court of the United States, on motion of Hon. Lyman Trumbull, in 1873. Judge Carey was a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1809-70 from Jo Daviess County, and the clioice of the Republicans in that body for temporary presiding officer; was elected to the next General Assembly (the Twenty -seventh), serving as Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee through its four ses- sions; from 1873 to 1870 was United States Dis- trict Attorney for Utah, still later occupying various offices at Deadwood, Dakota, and in Reno County, Kan. The first office held by Judge Carey in Illinois (that of Superintendent of Schools for the city of Galena) was conferred upon him through the influence of John A. Raw- lins, afterwards General Grant's chief-of-staff during the war, and later Secretary of War — although at the time Mr. Rawlins and he were politically opposed. Mr. Carej'S present resi- dence is in Chicago. CARLIN, Tlioiuas, former Governor, was born of Irish ancestry in Fayette County, Ky., July 18, 1789; emigrated to Illinois in 1811, and served as a private in the War of 1812, and as a Captain in the Black Hawk War. While not highly edu- cated, he was a man of strong common sense, high moral standard, great firmness of cliaracter and unfailing courage. In 1818 he settled in Greene County, of which he was the first Sheriff; was twice elected State Senator, and was Regis- ter of the Land Oflice at Quincy, when he was elected Governor on the Democratic ticket in 1838. An uncompromising partisan, he never- theless commanded the respect and good-will of his political opponents. Died at his home in Carrollton, Feb. 14, 18.J2. CARLIN, William Passmore, soldier, nephew of Gov. Thomas Carlin, was born at Rich Woods, Greene County, 111., Nov. 24, 1829. At the age of 21 he graduated from the United States Mili- tary Academy at West Point, and, in 18.").5. was attached to the Si.\th United States Infantry as Lieutenant. After several years spent in Indian fighting, he was ordered to California, where he was promoted to a captaincy and a.ssigned to recruiting duty. On August 15, 1801, he was commissioned Colonel of the Thirty-eighth Illi- nois Volunteers. His record during the war was an exceptionally brilliant one. He defeated Gen. Jeff. Tliompson at Fredericktown, Mo., Oct. 21, 1801 ; commanded the District of Southeast Mis- souri for eighteen months ; led a brigade under Slocum in the Arkansas campaign ; served with marked distinction in Kentucky and Missis.sippi; took a prominent part in the battle of Stone River, was engaged in the TuUahoma campaign, at Chattanooga, Lookout Mountain and Mission- ary Ridge, and, on Feb. 8, 1804, was commis- sioned Major in the Sixteenth Infantry. He also took part in the Georgia campaign, aiding in tlie capture of Atlanta, and marching with Sherman to the sea. For gallant service in the assault at Jonesboro, Tenn., Sept. 1, 1804, he was made Colonel in the regular army, and, on March 13, 1805, was brevetted Brigadier-tJeneral for meritori- ous service at Bentonville, N. C, and Major- General for services during the war. Colonel Carlin was retired with the rank of Brigadier- General in 1893. His home is at Carrollton. CARLINVILLE, the countj'-seat of Macoupin County; a city and railroad junction, 57 miles northeast of St. Louis, and 38 miles southwest of Springfield. Blackburn University (which see) is located here. Three coal mines are operated, and there are brick works, tile work.s, and one newspaper. The city has gas and electric light plants and water-works. Population (1880), 8,117; (1890), 3,293; (1900), 3,502. CARLYLE, the county-seat of Clinton County, 48 miles east of St. Louis, located on tlie Kaskas- kia River and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad. The town has churches, parochial and public .scliools, water-works, lighting plant, and manufactures. It has a flourishing seminary for young ladies, three weekly papers, and a public library connected with the high school. Popula- tion (1890), 1,784; (1900), 1,874. CARMI, the county-seat of White County, on the Little Wabash River, 124 miles east of St. Louis and 38 west of Evansville, Ind. The sur- rounding country is fertile, yielding both cereals and fruit. Flouring mills and lumber manufac- turing, including the making of staves, are the chief indu.stries, though the city has brick and tile works, a plow factory and foundry. Popula- tion (1880), 2.512: (1890), 2.785; (1900), 2,939. CARPEXTER. Milton, legislator and State Treasurer ; entered upon public life in Illinois as 80 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Representative in the Ninth General Assembly (1834) from Hamilton County, serving bj- succes- sive re-elections in the Tenth, Eleventh and Twelfth. While a member of the latter (1841) he was elected by the Legislature to the office of State Treasurer, retaining this position until the adoption of the Constitution of 1848, when he was chosen his own successor by popular vote, but died a few days after the election in August, 1848. He was buried in what is now known as the "Old Hutchinson Cemetery" — a burying ground in the west part of the city of Springfield, long since abandoned — where his remains still lie (1897) in a grave unmarked by a tombstone. CARPENTER, Philo, pioneer and early drug- gist, was born of Puritan and Revolutionary ancestry in the town of Savoy, Mass., Feb. 27, 1805 ; engaged as a druggist's clerk at Troy, N. Y. , in 1828, and came to Chicago in 1832, where he established himself in the drug business, which was later extended into other lines. Soon after his arrival, he began investing in lands, which have since become immensely valuable. Mr. Carpenter was associated with the late Rev. Jeremiah Porter in the organization of the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, but, in 18.51, withdrew on account of dissatisfaction with the attitude of some of the representatives of that denomination on the subject of slaver^-, identify- ing himself with the Congregationalist Church, in wliich he had been reared. He was one of the original founders and most liberal benefactors of the Chicago Theological Seminary, to which he gave in contributions, during his life-time, or in bequests after liis death, sums aggregating not far from .?100,000. One of the Seminary build- ings was named in his honor, "Carpenter Hall." He was identified with various other organiza- tions, one of the most important being the Relief and Aid Society, which did such useful work after the fire of 1871. By a life of probitj", liber- ality and benevolence, he won the re.spect of all classes, dying, August 7, 1886, CARPENTER, (Mrs.) Sarah L. Warren, pio- neer teacher, born in Fredonia, N. Y., Sept. 1, 1813 ; at the age of 13 she began teaching at State Line, N. Y. ; in 1833 removed with her parents (Mr. and Mrs. Daniel AVarren) to Chica,go, and soon after began teaching in what was called the "Yankee settlement," now the town of Lockport, Will County. She came to Chicago the following year (1834) to take the place of assistant of Gran- ville T. Sproat in a school for boys, and is said to have been the first teacher paid out of the public funds in Chicago, though Miss Eliza Chappell (afterwards Mrs. Jeremiah Porter) began teach- ing the children about Fort Dearborn in 1833. Miss Warren married Abel E. Carpenter, whom she survived, dying at Aurora, Kane County, Jan. 10, 1897. CARPENTERSVILLE, a village of Kane County and manufacturing center, on Lake Ge- neva branch of the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- road. 6 miles north of East Elgin and about 48 miles from Chicago. Pop. (1890), 754 ; (1900). 1,003. CARR, Cl^rk E., lawyer, politician and diplo- mat, was born at Boston, Erie County, N. Y., May 20, 1836; at 13 years of age accompanied his father's family to Galesburg, 111., where he spent several years at Knox College. In 1857 he gradu- ated from the Albany Law School, but on return- ing to Illinois, soon embarked in politics, his affiliations being uniformly with the Republican party. His first office was that of Postmaster at Galesburg, to which he was appointed by Presi- dent Lincoln in 1861 and which he held for twenty-four years. He was a tried and valued assistant of Governor Yates during the War of the Rebellion, serving on the staff of the latter with the rank of Colonel. He was a delegate to the National Convention of his party at Baltimore in 1864, which renominated Lincoln, and took an active part in the campaigns of that year, as well as those of 1868 and 1872. In 1869 he purchased "The Galesburg Republican," which he edited and published for two years. In 1880 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomi- nation for Governor ; in 1884 was a delegate to the Republican National Convention, from the State- at-large, and, in 1887, a candidate for the caucus nomination for United States Senator, which was given to Charles B. Farwell. In 1888 he was defeated in the Republican State Convention as candidate for Governor by Joseph W. Fifer. In 1889 President Harri.son appointed him Minister to Denmark, which post he filled with marked ability and credit to the country until his resig- nation was accepted by President Cleveland, when he returned to his former home at Gales- burg. While in Denmark he did much to promote American trade with that country, especially in the introduction of American corn as an article of food, wliich has led to a large increase in the annual exportation of this com- modity to Scandinavian markets. CARR, Eugene A., soldier, was born in Erie County, N. Y., May 20, 1830, and graduated at West Point in 1850, entering the Mounted Rifles. Until 1861 he was stationed in the Far West, and engaged in Indian fighting, earning a First Lieu- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 81 tenancy through his gallantry. In 1801 he entered upon active service under General Lyon, in Southwest Jlissouri, taking part in the engage- ments of Dug Springs and Wilson's Creek, winning the brevet of Lieutenant-Colonel. In September, 1801, he was coninussioned Colonel of the Third Illinois Cavalry. lie served as acting Brigadier-General in Fremont's hundred-day e.xpedition, for a time commanding the Fourth Division of the Army of the Southwest. On the second day at Pea Ridge, although three times wounded, he remained on the field seven hours, and materiallj' aided in securing a victory, for his bravery being made Brigadier-General of Voliinteers. In the summer of 1803 he was promoted to the rank of Major in the Regular Army. During the Vicksburg campaign he com- manded a division, leading tlie attack at JIagnolia Church, at Port Gibson, and at Big Black River, and winning a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy in the United States Army. He also distinguished himself for a first and second a.ssault upon taking Vicksburg, and, in the autumn of 1862, com- manded the left wing of the Sixteenth Corps at Corinth. In December of that year he was transferred to the Department of Arkansas, where he gained new laurels, being brevetted Brigadier-General for gallantry at Little Rock, and Major-General for services during the war. After the close of the Civil War, he was stationed chiefly in the West, where he rendered good serv- ice in the Indian campaigns. In 1894 he was retired with the rank of Brigadier-General, and has since I'esided in New York. C.VRRIEL, Henry F., M.D., alienist, was born at Charlestowii, N. H.. and educated at Marlow Academy, N. H., and Wesleyan Seminary, Vt. ; graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, in 1857, and immedi- ately accepted the position of Assistant Physician in the New Jersey State Lunatic A.sylum, remaining until 1870. Meanwhile, however, he visited a large number of the leading hospitals and asylums of Europe. In 1870, Dr. Carriel received the appuintment of Superintendent of the Illinois Central Ilo.spital for the Insane at Jacksonville, a position which he continued to fill until 1893, when he voluntarily tendered to Governor Altgeld his resignation, to take effect July 1 of that year. — Mrs, Mary Turner (Carriel), wife of Dr. Carriel, and a daughter of Prof. Jonathan B. T\irner of Jacksonville, was elected a Trustee of the University of Illinois on the Repub- lican ticket in 1896, receiving a plurality of 148,039 over Julia Holmes Smith, her highest competitor. CARROLL COUNTY, originally a part of Jo Daviess Count)', but set apart and organized in 1839, named for Charles Carroll of CarroUton. The first settlements were in and around Savanna, Cherry Grove and Arnold's Grove. The first County Commissioners were Messrs. L. II. Bor- den, Garner Motfett and S. M. Jersey, who held their first court at Savanna. April 13, 1831). In 1843 the county-seat was changed from Savanna to Mount Carroll, where it yet remains. Town- ships were first organized in 1850, and the development of the county has steadily pro- gre.ssed since that date. The surface of the land is rolling, and at certain points decidedly pictur- esque. The land is generallj- good for farming. It is well timbered, particularly along the Mis- sissippi, Area of the county, 440 square miles; jiopulation, 18,903. Mount Carroll is a plea-sant, prosperous, wide-awake town, of about 2,000 inhabitatits, and noted for its excellent public and private schools. CARROLLTOJf, the county-seat of Greene County, situated on the west branch of the Chi- cago & Alton and the Quincy, CarroUton & St. Louis Railroads, 33 miles north-northwest of Alton, and 34 miles south by west from Jackson- ville. The town has a foundry, carriage and wagon factory, two machine shops, two flour mills, two banks, six churches, a high school, and two weekly newspapers. Population (1890), 2,258; (1900), 3,355. CARTER, Joseph N., Justice of the Supreme Court, was born in Hardin County, Ky., JIarch 13, 1843; came to Illinois in boyhood, and, after attending school at Tuscola four years, engaged in teaching until 1863, when he entered Illinois College, graduating in 1866; in 1808 gi-aduated from the Law Department of the University of Michigan, the next year establishing himself in practice at Quincy, where he has since resided. He was a member of the Thirty-first and Thirty- second General Assemblies (1878-83), and, in June, 1894, was elected to tlie seat on the Supreme Bench, which lie now occupies CARTER, Thomas Henry, United States Sena- tor, born in Scioto County, Ohio, Oct, 30, 1854; in his fifth year was brouglit to Illinois, his father locating at Pana. where he was educated in the public schools; was employed in farming, railroading and teaching several years, then studied law and was admitted to the bar. and. in 1883, removed to Helena, Mont., where he en- gaged in practice; was elected, as a Republican the last Territorial Delegate to Congress from Idaho and the first Representative from the new 82 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. state; was Commissioner of the General Land Office (1891-93), and, in 1895, was elected to the United States Senate for the term ending in 1901. In 1893 he was chosen Chairman of the Repub- lican National Committee, serving until the St. Louis Convention of 1896. CARTERVILLE, a city in Williamson County, 10 miles by rail northwest of Marion. Coal min- ing is the principal industry. It has a bank, five churches, a public school, and a vi'eekly news- paper. PopiUation (1880), 693; (1890), 969; (1900), 1,749; (1904, est.), 2,000. CARTHAGE, a city and the county-seat of Hancock County, 13 miles east of Keokuk, Iowa, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Wa- bash Railroads; lias water-works, electric lights, three banks, four trust companies, four weekly and two semi-weekly papers, and is the seat of a Lutheran College. Pop, (1890), 1,654; (1900), 2,104. CARTHAGE COLLEGE, at Carthage, Hancock County, incorporated in 1871 ; has a teaching faculty of twelve members, and reports 158 pupils — sixty-eight men and ninety women — for 1897-98. It has a library of 5,000 volumes and endowment of $33,000. Instruction is given in the classical, scientific, musical, fine arts and business depart- ments, as well as in preparatory studies. In 1898 this institution reported a property valuation of $41,000, of which §35,000 was in real estate. CARTHAGE & BURLIXGTON RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) CARTWRIGHT, James Henry, Justice of the Supreme Court, was born at Maquoketa, Iowa, Dec. 1, 1843 — the son of a frontier Methodist clergyman; was educated at Rock River Semi- nary and the University of Micliigan, graduating from the latter in 1867 ; began practice in 1870 at Oregon, Ogle County, which is still his home ; in 1888 was elected Circuit Judge to succeed Judge Eustace, deceased, and in 1891 assigned to Appel- late Court duty ; in December, 1895, was elected Justice of the Supreme Court to succeed Justice John M. Bailey, deceased, and re-elected in 1897. CARTWRIGHT, Peter, pioneer Methodist preacher, was born in Amherst County, Va., Sept. 1, 1785, and at the age of five years accom- panied his father (a Revolutionary veteran) to Logan County, Ky. The country was wild and unsettled, tliere were no schools, the nearest mill was 40 miles distant, the few residents wore homespun garments of flax or cotton ; and coffee, tea and sugar in domestic use were almost un- known. Methodist circuit riders soon invaded the district, and, at a camp meeting held at Cane Ridge in 1801, Peter received his first religious impressions. A few months later he abandoned his reckless life, sold his race liorse and abjui'ed gambling. He began preaching immediately after iiis conversion, and, in 1803, was regularly received into the ministry of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, although only 18 years old. In 1833 he removed to Illinois, locating in Sangamon County, then but sparsely settled. In 1838, and again in 1833, he was elected to the Legislature, where his homespun wit and undaunted courage stood him in good stead. For a long series of years he attended annual conferences (usually as a delegate), and was a conspicuous figure at camp-meetings. Altliough a Democrat all his life, he was an uncompromising antagonist of slavery, and rejoiced at the division of his denomination in 1844. He was also a zealous supporter of the Government during the Civil War. In 1846 he was a candidate for Congress on the Democratic ticket, but was defeated by Abraham Lincoln. He was a powerful preacher, a tireless worker, and for fifty years served as a Presiding Elder of his denomination. On the lecture platform, his quaintness and eccentricity, together with his ine.xhaustible fund of personal anecdotes, insured an interested audience. Numerous .stories are told of his physical prowess in overcoming unruly characters whom he had failed to convince by moral suasion. Inside the cliurcli he was equally fearless and outspoken, and his strong common sense did much to pro- mote the success of tlie denomination in the West. He died at his home near Pleasant Plains, Sangamon County, Sept. 25, 1873. His principal published works are "A Controversy with the Devil" (1853), "Autobiography of Peter Cart- wright" (1856), "The Backwoods Preacher" (London, 1869), and several works on Methodism. CARY, Eugrene, lawyer and insurance manager, was born at Boston, Erie County, N. Y., Feb. 30, 1835; began teaching at sixteen, meanwhile attending a select school or academy at intervals ; studied law at Sheboygan, Wis., and Buffalo, N. Y., 1855-56; served as City Attorney and later as County Judge, and, in 1861, enlisted in the First Regiment Wisconsin Volvmteers, serv- ing as a Captain in the Army of the Cmnberland, and tlie last two years as Judge- Advocate on the staff of General Rousseau. After the war lie settled at Nashville, Tenn., wliere he held the office of Judge of the First District, but in 1871 he was elected to the City Council, and, in 1883, was the High-License candidate for Mayor in opposition to Mayor Harrison, and believed by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 83 many to have been honestly elected, but counted out by the machine metliods then in vogue. CASAD, Anthony Wayne, clergyman and phy- sician, was born in Wantage Towusliip, Sussex County, N. J., May 2, 1791; died at Suinmerfield, III, Dec. 16, 18.57. His father, Rev. Thomas Casad, was a Baptist minister, who, with his wife, Abigail Tingley, was among the early settlers of Sussex Countj'. He was descended from Dutch-Huguenot ancestry, the family name being originally Cossart, the American branch having been founded by Jacques Cossiirt, who emigrated from Ley den to New York in 1G03. At the age of 19 Antliony removed to Greene County, Ohio, settling at Fairfield, near the site of the present city of Dayton, where some of his relatives were then residing. On Feb. C, 1811, he married Anna, eldest daughter of Captain Samuel Stites and Martha Martin Stites, her mother's father and grandfather having been patriot sol- diers in tlie War of the Revolution. Anthony Wayne Casad served as a volunteer from Ohio in the War of 1812, being a member of Captain Wm. Stephenson's Company. In 1818 he re- moved with his wife's father to Union Grove, St. Clair County, 111. A few years later he entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and during 1821-23 was stationed at Kaskaskia and Buffalo, removing, in 1823, to Lebanon, where he taught .school. Later he studied medi- cine and attained considei'able prominence as a practitioner, being commissioned .Surgeon of the Forty-ninth Illinois Infantry in 183.5. He was one of the founders of McKendree College and a liberal contributor to its support; was also for many years Deputy Superintendent of Schools at Lebanon, served as County Surveyor of St. Clair County, and acted as agent for Harper Brothers in the .sale of Southern Illinois lands. He was a prominent Free Mason and an influ- ential citizen. His youngest daughter, Amanda Keziah. married Rev. Colin D. James (which see). CVSEY, a village of Clark County, at the inter- section of the Vandalia Line and the Chicago & Ohio River Railroad, 3.5 miles southwest of Terre Haute. Population (1890), 844; (1900), 1,500. CASEY, Zailoc, pioneer and early Congressman, was born in (ieorgia. Marcli 17, 1790, the young- est .son of a soldier of the Revolutionary War wlio removed to Tennessee about 1800. The subject of this sketch came to Illinois in 1817. bringing with him his widowed mother, and settling in the vicinity of the present city of Mount Vernon, in Jefferson County, where he acquired great prominence as a politician and became the bead of an influential family. He began preaching at an earlj' age, and continued to do so occasionally through his political career. In 1819, lie took a prominent part in the organization of Jefferson County, serving on the first Board of County Commissioners; was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature in 1820, but was elected Representative in 1822 and re-elected two years later; in 1826 was advanced to the Senate, serv- ing until 1830, when lie was elected Lieutenant- Governor, and during his incumbency took part in the Black Hawk AVar. On JIarch 1, 1833, he resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship to accept a seat as one of the three Congressmen from Illinois, to which he had been elected a few months previous, being subsequently re-elected for four consecutive terms. In 1842 he was again a candidate, but was defeated by John A. Mi'Clernand. Other public positions held by him included those of Delegate to the Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1862, Representative in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth General Assem- blies (184S-.52), serving as Speaker in the former. He was again elected to the Senate in 1860, but died before the expiration of his term, Sept. 4. 1862. During the latter years of liis life he was active in securing the right of way for the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, the original of the Mis- sissippi division of tlie Baltimore, Ohio & South- western. He commenced life in poverty, but acquired a considerable estate, and was the donor of the ground upon which the Supreme Court building for the Southern Division at Mount Vernon was erected. — Dr. Newton R, (Casey), son of the preceding, was born in Jefferson County, 111., Jan. 27, 1826, received his pri- mary education in the local schools and at Hills- boro and Mount Vernon Academies; in 1842 entered the Ohio University at Athens in that State, remaining until 184.5, when he com- menced the study of medicine, taking a course of lectures tlie following year at the Louisville Medical Institute; soon after began practice, and, in 1847, removed to Benton, 111., returning the following year to Mount Vernon. In 1856-57 he attended a second course of lectures at the Missouri Medical College, St. Louis, tlie latter year removing to Mound City, where he filled a number of positions, including that of Mayor from 18.59 to 1804, when he declined a re-election. In 1860, Dr. Casey served as delegate from Illi- nois to the Democratic National Convention at Charleston, S. C, and, on the establishment of the United States Government Hospital at Mound City, in 1861, acted for some time as a volunteer 84 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. surgeon, later serving as Assistant Surgeon. In 1866, he was elected Representative in tlie Twenty-fifth General Assembly and re-elected in 1868, when he was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Speaker in opposition to Hon. S. M. CuUom; also again served as Representative in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly (1872-74). Since retiring from public life Dr. Casey has given his attention to the practice of his profes- sion. — Col. Thomas S. (Casey), another son, was born in Jefferson County, 111., April 6, 1833, educated in the common schools and at McKend- ree College, in due course receiving the degree of A.M. from the latter; studied law for three years, being admitted to the bar in 1854; in 1860, was elected State's Attorney for the Twelfth Judicial District; in September, 1862, was com- missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Tenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was mustered out May 16, 1863, having in the meantime taken part in the battle of Stone River and other important engagements in Western Tennessee. By this time his regiment, having been much reduced in numbers, was consolidated with the Sixtieth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. In 1864, he was again elected State's Attorney, serving until 1868; in 1870, was chosen Representative, and, in 1872, Senator for the IMount Vernon District for a term of four years. In 1879, he was elected Cir- cuit Judge and was immediately assigned to Appellate Court duty, soon after the expiration of his term, in 1885, removing to Springfield, where he died, March 1, 1891. CASS COUNTY, situated a little west of the center of the State, with an area of 360 square miles and a population (1900) of 17,222 — named for Gen. Lewis Cass. French traders are believed to liave made the locality of Beardstown their headquarters about the time of the discovery of the Illinois country. The earliest permanent white settlers came about 1820, and among them were Thomas Beard, Martin L. Lindsley, John Cetrough and Archibald Job. As early as 1821 there was a horse-mill on Indian Creek, and, in 1827, M. L. Lindsley conducted a school on the bluffs. Peter Cartwright, the noted Methodist missionary and evangelist, was one of the earliest preachers, and among the pioneers may be named Messrs. Robertson, Toplo, I\IcDonald, Downing, Davis, Shepherd, Penny, Bergen and Hopkins. Beardstown was the original county-seat, and during both the Black Hawk and Mormon troubles was a depot of supplies and rendezvous for troops. Here also Stephen A. Douglas made his fii'st political speech. The site of the town. as at present laid out, was at one time sold by Mr. Downing for twenty-five dollars. The county was set off from Morgan in 1837. The principal towns are Beardstown, Virginia, Chand- lerville, Ashland and Arenzville. The county- seat, formerly at Beardstown, was later removed to Virginia, where it now is. Beardstown was incorporated in 1837, with about 700 inhabitants. Virginia was platted in 1836, but not incorporated xmtil 1842. CASTLE, Orlando Lane, educator, was born at Jericho, Vt., July 26, 1822; graduated at Denison University, Oliio, 1846,- spent one year as tutor there, and, for several years, had charge of the public schools of Zanesville, Ohio. In 1858, he accepted the chair of Rhetoric, Oratory and Belles-Lettres in Shurtleff College, at Upper Alton, III., remaining until his death, Jan. 31, 1892. Professor Castle received the degree of LL.D. from Denison University in 1877. CATHERWOOD, Mary Hartwell, author, was born (Hartwell) in Luray, Ohio, Dec. 16, 1844; educated at the Female College, Granville, Ohio, where she graduated, in 1868, and, in 1887, was married to James S. Catherwood, with whom she resides at Hoopeston, 111. Mrs. Catherwood is the author of a number of works of fiction, which have been accorded a high rank. Among her earlier productions are "Craque-o'-Dooni" (1881), "Rocky Fork" (1882), "Old Caravan Days" (1884), "The Secrets at Ro.seladies" (1888), "The Romance of Dollard" and "The Bells of St. Anne" (1889). During the past few years she has shown a predilection for subjects connected with early Illinois history, and has published popular romances under the title of "The Story of Tonty," "The White Islander," "The Lady of Fort St. John," "Old Kaskaskia" and "The Chase of Sant Castin and other Stories of the French in the New World." CATON, John Dean, early lawyer and jm-ist, was born in Monroe County, N. Y., March 19, 1813. Left to the care of a widowed mother at an early age, his childhood was spent in poverty and manual labor. At 15 he was set to learn a trade, but an infirmity of sight compelled him to abandon it. After a brief attendance at an academj' at Utica, where he studied law between the ages of 19 and 21, in 1833 he removed to Chicago, and shortly afterward, on a visit to Pekin, was examined and licensed to practice by Judsre Stephen T. Logan. In 1834, he was elected Justice of the Peace, served as Alderman in 1837-38, and sat upon the bench of tlie Supreme Court from 1842 to 1864, when he resigned, hav- V. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 85 ing served nearly twenty-two years. During this period he more than once occupied the posi- tion of Chief Justice. Being embarrassed by the financial stringency of 1837-38, in the latter j-ear he entered a tract of land near Plainfield, and, taking his family with him, began farming. Later in life, wliile a resident of Ottawa, he became interested in the construction of telegraph lines in the West, which for a time bore his name and were ultimately incorporated in the "We.st- ern Union." laying the foundation of a large fortune. On retiring from the bench, he devoted lumself for the remainder of his life to his private affairs, to travel, and to literary labors. Among his published works are "The Antelope and Deer of America," "A Suuimer in Norway," "Miscel- lanies," and "Early Bench and Bar of Illinois." Died in Chicago, July 30, 1895. C.VTARLT, Alfred W., early lawyer and legis- lator was boi'u in Connecticut, Sept. 15, 1793; served as a soldier in the War of 1812, and, in 1823, came to Illinois, first settling at Edwards- ville, and soon afterwards at Carrollton, Greene Count}'. Here he was elected Representative in the Fifth General Assembly (1820), and again to the Twelfth (1810) ; al.so served as Senator in the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth A.ssemblies (1842-48), acting, in 1845, as one of the Commis- sionere to revise the statutes. In 1844, he was chosen a Presidential Elector, and, in 1846, was a prominent candidate for the Democratic nomi- nation for Governor, but was defeated in conven- tion by Augustus C. French, llr. Cavarly was prominent both in his profession and in the Legislature while a member of that body. In 1853, he removed to Ottawa, where he resided until his de.itli. Oct. 25, 1876. CEXTERVILLE (or Central City), a village in the coal-mining district of Grundy County, near CoalCitv. Population (1880), 673; (1900), 290. CENTRAL HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, establisheil untler act of the Legislature passed JIarch 1, 1847, and located at Jacksonville, Mor- gan County. Its founding was largely due to the philanthro|)ic efforts of Miss Dorothea L. Di.\, who addressed the people from the platform and appeared before the General Assemblj- in behalf of this class of unfortunates. Construction of the building was begun in 1848. By 1851 two wards were ready for occupancy, and the first patient was received in November of that year. The first Suijerintendent was Dr. J. M. Higgins, who served less than two years, when he was suc- ceeded bj- Dr. H. K. Jones, who had been Assist- ant Superintendent. Dr. Jones remained as Acting Superintendent for several months, when the place was filled by the appointment of Dr. Andrew McFarlaud of New Hampshire, his administration continuing until 1870, when he resigned on account of ill-health, being succeeded by Dr. Henry F. Carriel of New Jersey. Dr. Carriel tendered his resignation in 1893, and, after one or two further changes, in 1897 Dr. F. C. Winslow, who had been Assistant Superin- tendent under Dr. Carriel, was placed in charge of the institution. The original plan of construc- tion provided for a center building, five and a half stories high, and two wings with a rear extension in which were to be the chapel, kitchen and employes' quarters. Subsequently these wings were greatly enlarged, permitting an increase in the number of wards, and as the exigencies of the institution demanded, appropri- ations have been made for the erection of addi- tional buildings. Numerous detached buildings have been erected within the past few years, and the capacity of the institution greatly increased — "The Annex" admitting of the introduction of many new and valuable features in the classifica- tion and treatment of patients. The number of inmates of late years has ranged from 1,200 to 1,400. The counties fron. which patients are received in this institution embrace: Rock Island, Mercer, Henry, Bureau, Putnam, Mar- shall, Stark, Knox, Warren, Henderson, Hancock, McDonough, Fulton, Peoria, Tazewell, Logan, Mason, Menard, Cass, Schuyler, Adams, Pike, Calhoun, Brown, Scott, Morgan, Sangamon, Christian, Montgomery, Macoupin, Greene and Jersey. CENTRALIA, a city and railway center of Marion County, 250 miles south of Chicago. It forms a trade center for the famous "fruit belt" of Southern Illinois ; has a number of coal mines, a glass plant, an envelope factory, iron foundries, railroad repair shops, flour and rolling mills, and an ice plant; also has water- works and sewerage sy.stem, a fire department, two daily papers, and excellent graded scliools. Several parks afford splendid pleasure resorts. Population (1890), 4,763; (1900), 6,721; (1903, est.). 8,000. CENTRALIA & ALTAMONT RAILROAD. (See ('cntralia & Chester Rtiilroud.) CENTRALIA & CHESTER RAILROAD, a rail- way line whollj- within the State, extending from Salem, in Marion County, to Chester, on the Mississippi River (91. G miles), with a lateral branch from .Sparta to Roxborough (5 miles), and trackage facilities over the Illinois Central from the branch junction to Centralia (2.9 miles) — 86 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. total, 99.5 miles. The original line was chartered as the Centralia& Chester Railroad, in December, 1887, completed from Sparta to Coulterville in 1889, and consolidated tlie same year with the Sparta & Evansville and the Centralia & Alta- mont Railroads (projected); line completed from Centralia to Evansville early in 1894. The branch from Sparta to Rosborough was built in 1895, the section of the main line from Centralia to Salem (14.9 miles) in 1896, and that from Evansville to Chester (17.6 miles) in 1897-98. The road was placed in the hands of a receiver, June 7, 1897, and the expenditures for extension and equipment made under authority granted by the United States Court for the issue of Receiver's certificates. The total capitalization is $3,374,- 841, of which §978,000 is in stocks and $948,000 in bonds. CENTRAL MILITARY TRACT RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) CERRO GORDO, a town in Piatt County, 13 miles by rail east-northeast of Decatur. The crop of cereals in the surrounding country is suflScient to support two elevators at Cerro Gordo, which has also a flouring mill, brick and tile factories, etc. There are three churches, graded schools, a bank and two newspaper offices. Population (1890), 939; (1900), 1,008. CHADDOCK COLLEGE, an institution under the patronage of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Quincy, 111., incorporated in 1878; is coeduca- tional, has a faculty of ten instructors, and reports 127 students — 70 male and 57 female — in the classes of 1895-96. Besides the usual depart- ments in literature, science and the classics, instruction is given to classes in theology, music, the fine arts, oratory and preparatory studies. It has property valued at .§110,000, and reports an endowment fund of .$8,000. CHAMBERLIN, Thomas Crowder, geologist and educator, was born near Mattoon, 111., Sept. 25, 1845; graduated at Beloit College, Wisconsin, in 1866: took a course in Michigan University (1868-69); taught in various Wisconsin institu- tions, also discharged the duties of State Geologist, later filling the chair of Geology at Columbian University, Washington, D. C. In 1878, he was sent to Paris, in charge of the edu- cational exhibits of Wisconsin, at the Interna- tional Exposition of that year — during his visit making a special study of the Alpine glaciers. In 1887, he was elected President of the Univer- sity of Wisconsin, serving until 1892, when he became Head Professor of Geology at the Univer- sity of Chicago, where he still remains. He is also editor of the University "Journal of Geol- ogy" and President of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. Professor Chamberlin is author of a number of volumes on educational and scientific subjects, chiefly in the line of geology. He received the degree of LL.D. from the Univer- sity of Michigan, Beloit College and Columbian University, all on the same date (1887). CHAMPAIGN, a flourishing city in Champaign County, 138 miles southwest of Chicago and 83 miles northeast of Springfield ; is the intersecting point of three lines of railway and connected with the adjacent city of Urbana, the county- seat, by an electric railway. The University of Illinois, located in Urbana, is contiguous to the city. Champaign has an excellent system of water-works, well-paved streets, and is lighted by both gas and electricity. The surrounding coun- try is agricultural, but the city has manufac- tories of carriages and machines. Three papers are published here, besides a college weekly con- ducted by the students of the University. The Burnham Hospital and the Garwood Old Ladies' Home are located in Champaign. In the resi- dence portion of the city there is a handsome park, covering ten acres and containing a notable piece of bronze statuary, and several smaller parks in other sections. There are several handsome churches, and excellent schools, both public and private. Population (1890), 5,839; (1900), 9,098. CHAMPAIGN COUNTY, situated in the eastern half of the central belt of the State; area, 1,008 square miles; population (1900), 47,622. The county was organized in 1833, and named for a county In Ohio. The physical conformation is flat, and the soil rich. The county lies in the heart of what was once called the "Grand Prairie." Workable seams of bituminous coal underlie the surface, but overlying quick.sands interfere with their operation. Tlie Sangamon and Kaskaskia Rivers have their sources in this region, and several railroads cross the county. The soil is a black muck underlaid by a yellow clay. Urbana (with a population of 5,708 in 1900) is the county-seat. Other important points in the county are Champaign (9,000), Tolono (1.000), and Rantoul (1,300). Champaign and Urbana adjoin each other, and the grounds of the Illinois State University extend into each corpo- ration, being largely situated in Champaign. Large drifted masses of Niagara limestone are found, interspersed with coal measure limestone and sandstone. Alternating beds of clay, gravel and quicksand of the drift formation are found beneath the subsoil to the depth of 150 to 300 feet. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 87 CHAMPAIGN, HAVANA & WESTERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Illinoi.'! Central Hailroad.) CHANDLER, Charles, physician, was born at West Woodstock, Conn., July 2, 1800; graduated with the degree of M.D. at Castleton, Vt., and, in 1820. located in Scituate, R. I. ; in 1832, started with the intention of settling at Fort Clark (now Peoria), 111., but was stopped at Beardstown by the "Black Hawk War," finally locating on the Sangamon River, in Cass County, where, in 1848, he laid out the town of Chandlerville — Abraliam Lincoln being one of the surveyors who platted the town. Here he gained a large practice, which he was compelled, in his later years, par- tially to abandon in consequence of injuries received while prosecuting his profession, after- wards turning his attention to merchandising and encouraging the development of the locality in which he lived by promoting the construction of railroads and the building of schoolhouses and churches. Liberal and public-spirited, his influ- ence for good extended over a large region. Died, April 7, 1879. CH.VNDLER, Henry B., newspaper manager, was born at Frelighsburg, Quebec, July 12, 1830; at 18 he began teaching, and later took charge of the business department of "The Detroit Free Press"; in 1861, came to Chicago witli Wilbur F. Storey and became business manager of "The Chicago Times"; in 1870, disagreed with Storey and retired from newspaper business. Died, at Yonkers. N. Y.. Jan. 18, 1896. CHANDLERVILLE, a village in Cass County, on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad, 7 miles north by east from Virginia, laid out in 1848 by Dr. Charles Chandler, and platted by Abraham Lincoln. It has a bank, a creamery, four churches, a weekly newspaper, a flour and a saw-mill. Population (1890), 910; (1900), 940. CHAPIN, a village of Morgan County, at the intersection of the Wabash and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 10 miles west of Jacksonville. Population (1890), 450; (1900), 514. CHAPPELL, Charles H., railway manager, was born in Du Page County, 111., March 3, 1841. With an ardent passion for the railroad bu.siness, at the age of 16 he obtained a position as freight brakeman on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, being steadily promoted through the ranks of conductor, train-master and dispatcher, until, in 186.5, at the age of 24, he was appointed General Agent of the Eastern Division of tlie Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. Other railroad positions which Mr. Chappell has since held are: Superintendent of a division of the Union Pacific (1869-70) ; Assistant or Division Superintendent of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, or some of its branches (1870-74) ; General Superintendent of tlie Missouri. Kansas & Te.xas (1874-76) ; Superintendent of the Western Division of the Wabash (1877-79). In 1880, he accepted the position of Assistant General Superintendent of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, being advanced in the next three years through the grades of General Superintendent and Assistant General Manager, to that of General Manager of the entire system, which he has continued to fill for over twelve years. Quietly and without show or y draw- ing to it settlers from the interior for purposes of mutual protection. Town organization was effected on August 10, 1832, the total number of votes polled being 28. The town grew rapidly for a time, but received a set-back in the financial crisis of 18^7. During May of that year, how- ever, a charter was obtained and Chicago became a city. The total number of votes cast at that time was 70*!. The census of the city for the 1st of July of that year showed a population of 4,180. The following table shows the names and term of office of the chief city officers from 1837 to 1899: Ybab. 1837 1838 1839 1S40 18-11 1S42 lH4:i 1H45 IMfi 1M7 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1 853 18.>4 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 187-2 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877-78 1879 80 1S81-82 1883-84 1885 86 1887-88 1889-90 1891 92 1893 94 1895-96 l»y7-98 1899 — Wm. B. Ogden.. Buckner 8. Morris BenJ. W. Haymond Alexander Lloyd P. C. Sherman IliMi] W. Raymond Aiit^iistiis i.)arrett Alii: Unrr<'U.Al9on S.yhermani4) A HUM liirret t , A l9on S.Shermain 4) .loliii P Cliapiu J unit's Curl 199 .Iiiinea H. Woodworth James H. Woodworth James Oiirtias Walters- Ournee Walters, (iurnee Charles M. (Jray Ira L Millikeii Levi D. Boone Thomas Dyer John Went worth John C. Haines JohnC. Haines John Went worth Julian S. Rumsey F. C. Sherman F, G. Sherman F.C.Sherman John B. Rice JohnB. Rlee John B. Rice Joh n B. Hice John B. Rice (8) R. B. Mason R. B. Mason Jo.cph Me'd to till vacancy caused by resienatlon of Rucker. Harvey resigned and Hunt appointed to till vacancy. Cutting havin< failed to qualify. Rice, who was already In ofllce. held over. Legislature changed dateof election from April to November, the persons in olDce at beginning of 1869 remaining luofflce to Decenilier nf that year. City organi/.f'i under general Incorporation Act in 1S75, and no city election held until April. 1876. The order for a new election niniited the offlce of Mayor, yet a popular vote was taken which gave a majority to Thomas Hoyne. The Council then in oflice refuted to cariva.sH this vote, but its .successor, at Its first meeting, did so. declaring Hoyne duly elected. Colvin, the Incumbent, refused to surrender the o(h<'e, claiming the right to " hold over;" Hoyne ttien madeacontest for the olHce, which reaulteij In a decision by the Supreme Court denying the claims of both contestants when a new election was ordered by the City Council. July 12. 1876, at wnlch Monroe Heath wjls elected, serving out the term. City Attorney Kern, having resigaei Novemtwr 21, 1892, Oeo. A. Trude was appointed to serve out the remainder of the term Mayor Harrison, h'^vlng been assassinated. O''tob«r 2^. 18M. th^ City Council at its next meeting (November 6. 1893) ele''tel<*-» I. B Hwfi nn Vldwrm ui fro n 'he Rlev^ith W ird • M-^vo- a ( i«/«rifn At a special election held December 19, 1893. John P. Hoplclns was elected to fill out the une-ipired term of .Mayor UjkrrlBo.i. 92 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. The Fire of 1871.— The city steadily grew in beauty, poi)ulation and commercial importance until 1871. On Oct. 9 of that year occurred the "great fire" the story of which has passed into history. Recuperation was speedy, and the 2,100 acres burned over were rapidly being rebuilt, when, in 1874, occurred a second conflagration, although by no means so disastrous as that of 1871. The city's recuperative power was again demonstrated, and its subsequent development has been phenomenal. The subjoined statement shows its growth in population : 1837 4,179 1840 4,470 18.50 28.269 1860 . 112,162 1870 . 298,977 1880 . 503,185 1890 . 1,099,850 1900 . 1,698,575 Notwithstanding a large foreign population and a constant army of unemployed men, Chicago has witnessed only three disturbances of the peace by mobs — the railroad riots of 1877, the Anarchist disturbance of 1886, and a strike of railroad employes in 1894. Municipal Administration. — Chicago long since outgrew its special charter, and is now incorporated under the broader provisions of the law applicable to "cities of the first class," under which the city is virtually autonomous. The personnel, drill and equipment of the police and fire departments are second to none, if noi supe- rior to any, to be found in other American cities. The Chicago River, with its branches, divides the city into three principal divisions, known respec- tively as North, South and West. Each division has its statutory geographical boundaries, and each retains its own distinct townshij) organiza- tion. This system is anomalous; it has, how- ever, both assailants and defenders. Public Improvements.— Chicago has a fine system of parks and boulevards, well developed, well improved and well managed. One of the parks (Jackson in the South Division) was the site of the World's Columbian Exposition. The water supply is obtained from Lake Slichigan by means of cribs and tunnels. In this direction new and better faciUties are being constantly introduced, and the existing water system will compare favorably with that of any other Ameri- can city. Architecture. — The public and office build- ings, as well as the business blocks, are in some instances classical, but generally severely plain. Granite and other varieties of stone are used in the City Hall, Coimty Court House, the Board of Trade structure, and in a few commercial build- ings, as well as in many private residences. In tlie business part of the citj', however, steel, iron, brick and fire clay are the materials most largely employed in construction, the exterior walls being of brick. The most approved methods of fire-proof building are followed, and the "Chicago construction" has been recognized and adopted (with modifications) all over the United .States. Office buildings range from ten to sixteen, and even, as in the case of the Masonic Temple, twenty stories in height. Most of them are sumptuous as to the interior, and many of the largest will each accommodate 3,000 to 5,000 occupants, including tenants and their employes. In the residence sections wide diversity may be seen ; the chaste and the ornate stj'les being about equally popular. Among the handsome public, or semi-public buildings may be mentioned the Public Library, the Newberry Library, the Art Institute, the Armour Institute, the Academy of Sciences, the Auditorium, the Board of Trade Building, the Masonic Temple, and several of the railroad depots. Education and Libraries. — Chicago has a public school system unsurpassed for excellence in any other city in the country. According to the report of the Board of Education for 1898, the city had a total of 221 primary and grammar schools, besides fourteen high schools, employing 5,268 teachers and giving instruction to over 236,000 pupils in the course of the j'ear. The total expenditures during the year amounted to S6,785,601, of which nearly §4,500,000 was on account of teachers' salaries. The city has nearly S7, 500, 000 invested in school buildings. Besides pupils attending public schools there are about 100,000 in attendance on private and parochial schools, not reckoning students at higher institutions of learning, such as medical, law, theological, dental and pharmaceutical schools, and the great University of Chicago. Near the city are also the Northwestern and the Lake Forest Universities, the former at Evanston and the latter at Lake Forest. Besides an exten- sive Free Public Library for circulating and refer- ence purposes, maintained by public taxation, and embracing (in 1898) a total of over 235,000 volumes and nearly 50,000 pamphlets, there are the Library of the Chicago Historical Society and the Newberry and Crerar Libraries — the last two the outgrowth of posthumous donations by public-spirited and liberal citizens — all open to PAY ArTKK cniCACO FIKK CHICAGO •i'ii(u;i)r(;ni-Ai;i:s. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 93 the public for purposes of reference under certain conditions. This list does not include the exten- sive library of tlie University of Chicago and those connecteil with the Armour Institute and the public schools, intended for the use of the pupils of these various institutions CHICAGO BOARD OF TRADE, one of the leading eonmiercial exchanges of the world. It was originally organized in the spring of 1843 as a voluntary association, with a membership of eighty-two. Its primai-y object was the promo- tion of the city's commercial interests by unity of action. On Feb. 8, 1849, the Legislature enacted a general law authorizing the establish- ment of Boards of Trade, and under its provisions an incorporation was effected — a second organi- zation being effected in April, 1850. For several years the association languished, and at times its existence seemed precarious. It was, however, largel3' in.strumental in securing the introduction of the system of measuring grain by weight, which initial step opened the way for subsequent great improvements in the methods of handling, storing, inspecting and grading cereals and seeds. By the close of 1856, the association liad overcome the difficulties incident to its earlier years, and the feasibility of erecting a permanent Exchange building began to be agitated, but the project lay dormant for several years. In 1856 was adopted the first system of classification and grading of wheat, whicli, though crude, formed the founda- tion of the elaborate modern system, which has proved of such benefit to the grain-growing States of the West, and has done so much to give Chicago its commanding influence in the grain markets of the world. In 1858, the privilege of trading on the floor of the Exchange was limited to members. The same j'ear the Board began to receive and send out daily telegraphic market reports at a cost, for the first year, of S500,0()((, which was defrayed by private subscriptions. New York was the only city with which sucli communication was tlien maintained. In Febru- ary, 1859, a special charter was obtained, confer- ring more extensive powers upon the organization, and correspondingly increasing its efficiency. An important era in the Board's history was the Civil War of 1801-65. During tliis struggle its attitude wasone of undeviating loyalty and gener- ous patriotism. Hundreds of thous;inds of dollars were contributed, bj- individual members and from the treasury of the organization, for the work of recruiting and equipping regiments, in caring for the wounded on Sf)uthern battlefields, and "roviding for the families of enlisted men. In 1864, the Board waged to a successful issue a war U])on the irredeemable currency witli which the entire West was tlien flooded, and secured such action by the banks and by the railroad and express companies as compelled its replacement by United States legal-tender notes and national bank notes. In 18G.5, handsome, large (and, as then supposed, iiermanent) quarters were occu- pied in a new building erected by the Chicago Chamber of Commerce under an agreement with the Board of Trade. This structure was destroyed in the fire of October, 1871, but at once rebuilt, and made ready for re-occupancy in precisely one year after the destruction of its predecessor. Spacious and ample as these quarters were then considered, the growing membership and increa.s- ing business demonstrated their inadequacy before the close of 1877. .Steps looking to the erection of a new building were taken in 1881, and. on Maj- 1, 1885, the new edifice— then the largest and most ornate of its class in the world — was opened for occupancy. The membership of the Board for the year 1898 aggregated con- siderably in excess of 1,800. The influence of the association is felt in every quarter of the com- mercial world. CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & NORTHERN RAILROAD. (Sec Chicago, Burlington & Quincij Railrodd.) CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & QUINCY RAIL- ROAD (known as the "Burlington Route") is tlie parent organization of an extensive system which operates railroads in eleven Western and Northwestern States, furnishing connections from Chicago with Omaha, Denver, ,St. Paul and Minneapolis, St. Louis and Kansas City, Chey- enne (Wyo.), Billings (Mont. ), Deadwood (So. Dak,), and intermediate points, and having con- nections by affiliated roads with the Pacific Coast. The main line extends from Chicago to Denver (Colo.), 1,025.41 miles. The mileage of the various branches and leased proprietary lines (1898) aggregates 4,027.06 miles. The Company uses 207.23 miles in conjunction with other roads, besides subsidiary standard-gauge lines controlled through the ownership of securities amounting to 1,440 miles more. In addition to these the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy controls 179 miles of narrow-gauge road. The whole number of miles of standard-gauge road operated bj' the Burlington system, and known as the Burlington Route, on June 30, 1899, is estimated at 7,419, of which 1, ,509 is in IlUnois, all but 47 miles being owned by the Company. The system in Illinois connects many important commercial 94 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. points, including Chicago, Aurora, Galesburg, Quinoy, Peoria, Streator, Sterling, Mendota, Ful- ton, Lewistown, Rushville, Geneva, Keithsburg, Rock Island, Beardstown, Alton, etc. The entire capitalization of the line (including stock, bonds and floating debt) amounted, in 1898, to §234,884,- 600, which was equivalent to about .$33,000 per mile. The total earnings of the road in Illinois, during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1898, amounted to $8,724,997, and the total disburse- ments of the Company within the State, during the same period, to §7,469,4136. Taxes paid in 1898, 8377,968.— (History). The first section of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad was constructed under a charter granted, in 1849, to the Aurora Branch Railroad Company, the name being changed in 18.52 to the Chicago & Aurora Railroad Company. The line was completed in 1853, from the junction with the old Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, 30 miles west of Chi- cago, to Aurora, later being extended to Mendota. In 1855 the name of the Company was changed by act of the Legislature to the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy. The section between Mendota and Galesburg (80 miles) was built under a charter granted in 1851 to the Central Military Tract Railroad Company, and completed in 1854. July 9, 1856, the two companies were consolidated under the name of the former. Previous to this consolidation the Company had extended aid to the Peoria & Oquawka Railroad (from Peoria to the Mississippi River, nearly opposite Burlington, Iowa), and to tlie Northern Cross Railroad from Quincy to Galesburg, both of which were com- pleted in 1855 and operated by the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy. In 1857 the name of the Northern Cross was changed to the Quincy & Chicago Railroad. In 1860 the latter was sold under foreclosure to the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and, in 1863, the Peoria & Oquawka was acquired in the same way — the former constitut- ing the Quincy branch of the main line and the latter giving it its Burlington connection. Up to 1863, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy used the track of the Galena & Chicago Union Rail- road to enter the city of Chicago, but that year began the construction of its line from Aurora to Chicago, which was completed in 1864. In 1873 it acquired control, by perpetual lease, of the Burlington & Missouri River Road in lovra, and, in 1880, extended this line into Nebraska, now reaching Billings, Mont., with a lateral branch to Deadwood, So. Dak. Other branches in Illinois, bviilt or acquired by this corporation, include the Peoria & Hannibal ; Carthage & Bur- lington ; Quincy & Warsaw ; Ottawa, Chicago & Fox River Valley; Quincy, Alton & St. Louis, and the St. Louis, Rock Island & Chicago. The Chicago, Burlington & Northern — known as the Northern Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy — is an important part of the sy.stem, furnishing a connection between St. Louis on the south and St. Paul and Minneapolis on the north, of which more than half of the distance of 583 miles between terminal points, is in Illinois. The latter division was originally chartered, Oct. 21, 1885, and constructed from Oregon, 111., to St. Paul, Minn. (319 miles), and from Fulton to Savanna, 111. (16.72 miles), and opened, Nov. 1, 1886. It was formally incorporated into the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy line in 1899. In June of the same year the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy also acquired by purchase the Keokuk & Western Railroad from Keokuk to Van Wert, Iowa (143 miles), and the Des Moines & Kansas City Railway, from Des Moines, Iowa, to Gaines- ville, Mo. (112 miles). CHICAGO, DANVILLE & VINCENNES RAIL- ROAD. (.See Chicago & Eastern Illinois Hail- road. ) CHICAGO DRAINAGE CANAL, a channel or waterway, in course of construction (1893-99) from the Chicago River, within the limits of the city of Chicago, to Joliet Lake, in the Des Plaines River, about 13 miles above the junction of the Des Plaines with the Illinois. The primary object of the channel is the removal of the sewage of the city of Chicago and the proper drainage of the region comprised within what is called the "Sanitary District of Chicago." The feasibility of connecting the waters of Lake Michigan by way of the Des Plaines River with those of the Illinois, attracted the attention of the earliest French explorers of this region, and was com- mented upon, from time to time, by them and their successors. As early as 1808 the subject of a canal uniting Lake Michigan with the Illinois was discussed in a report on roads and canals by Albert Gallatin, then Secretary of the Treasury, and the project was touched upon in a bill relat- ing to the Erie Canal and other enterprises, intro- duced in Congress in 1811. The measure continued to receive attention in the press, in Western Territorial Legislatures and in official reports, one of the latter being a report by John C. Cal- houn, as Secretary of War, in 1819, in which it is spoken of as "valuable for military purposes." In 1832 Congress passed an act gi-anting the right of way to the State through the public lands for such an enterprise, which was followed, ^ \ ■^ '. K ■ ^ . ^ >< n V '^ ■^ r' H ! ' o •X ■y. % 7\ V O t »■ SANITARY CANAL - CHICAGO f;mMMMM MANCHESTER NORTH SEJ^ - ^ALTIC- 72J6 NORTH SEA - AMSTERDAM - SUE2 WELLAND I60 O ILLINOIS* MISSISSIPPI HENNEPIN - ILLINOISiMICHIGAN C0:\J1'ARATIVE SIZE OF NOTED CANALS. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 95 five J-ears later, by a grant of lamls for tlie pur- pose of its construction. The work was begun in 1836, and so far completed in 1848 as to admit of the passage of boats from the Chicago basin to La Salle. (See Illhiois A Michigan Canal.) Under an act passed by the Legislature in 1865, the work of deepening the canal was undertaken by the city of Chicago with a view to furnishing means to relieve the citj' of its sewage, the work being completed some time before the fire of 1871, This scheme having failed to accomplish the object designed, other measures began to be considered. Various remedies were proposed, but in all the authorities were confronted with the difficulty of providing a fund, under the provisions of the Constitution of 1870, to meet the necessary cost of construction. In the closing months of the year 1885, Hon. H. B. Hurd, who had been a member of a Board of "Drainage Commission- ers," organized in 1855, was induced to give attention to the subject. Having satisfied him- self and others that the difficulties were not insurmountable with proper action by the Legis- lature, the City Coimcil, on Jan. 27, 1886, passed a resolution authorizing tlie JIayor to appoint a Commission, to consist of "one expert engineer of reputation and experience in engineering and sanitary matters," and two consulting engineers, to constitute a "drainage and water-supply com- mission" for the purpose of investigating and reporting upon the matter of water-supply and disposition of the sewage of the city. As a resxilt of this action, Rudolph Bering, of Philadel- phia, was appointed expert engineer by Mayor Harrison, with Benezette Williams and S. G. Artingstall, of Chicago, as consulting engineers. At the succeeding session of the General Assem- bly (1887), two bills — one known as the "Hurd bill" and the other as the "Winston bill," but both drawn by Mr. Hurd, the first contemplating doing the work by general taxation and the issue of bonds, and the other by special assessment — were introduced in that bodj'. As it was found that neither of these bills could be passed at that session, a new and shorter one, which became known as the "Roche-Winston bill," was intro- duced and pas.sed near the close of the .session. A resolution was also adopted creating a com- mission, consisting of two Senators, two Repre- sentatives and Mayor Roche of Chicago, to further investigate the subject. The later act, just referred to, provided for the construction of a cut- off from the Des Plaines River, wldch would divert the flood-waters of that stream and the North Branch into Lake Michigan north of the city. Nothing was done under this act, however. At the next session (18811) the commission made a favorable report, and a new law was enacted embracing the main features of the Hurd bill, though changing the title of the organization to be formed from the "Metropolitan Town," as proposed by Mr. Hurd, to the "Sanitary Dis- trict." The act, as passed, provided for the election of a Board of nine Trustees, their powers being confined to "providing for the drainage of the district," both as to surplus water and sew- age. Much opposition to the measure had been developed during the pendency of the legislation on the subject, e.specially in the Illinois valley, on sanitary grounds, as well as fear of midsum- mer flooding of the bottom lands which are cultivated to some extent ; but this was overcome by the argument that the channel would, when the Des Plaines and Illinois Rivers were improved between Joliet and La Salle, furnish a new and enlarged waterway for the passage of vessels between the lake and the Mississippi River, and the enterprise was indorsed by conventions held at Peoria, Memphis and elsewhere, during the eighteen months preceding the passage of the act. The promi.se ultimately to furnish a flow of not less than 600,000 cubic feet per minute also excited alarm in cities situated upon the lakes, lest the taking of so large a volume of water from Lake Michigan should affect the lake-level injuriously to navigation; but these apprehen- sions were quieted by the assurance of expert engineers that the greatest reduction of the lake- level below the present minimum would not exceed three inches, and more likelj' would not produce a perceptible effect. At the general election, held Nov. 5, 1889, the "Sanitary District of Chicago" was organ- ized by an abnost unanimous popular vote — the returns showing 70,958 votes for the measure to 242 against. The District, as thus formed, embraces all of the city of Chicago north of Eighty-seventh Street, with forty- three square miles outside of the city limits but within the area to be benefited by the improvement. Though the channel is located partly in Will County, the district is wholly in Cook and bears the entire expense of construc- tion. The first election of Trustees was held at a special election, Dec. 12, 1889, the Tnistees then elected to hold their offices for five j'ears and until the following November. The second election occurred, Nov. 5, 1895, when the Board, as now constituted (1899), was chosen, viz. : William Boldenweck, Joseph C. Braden, Zina R. 96 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Carter, Bernard A. Eckhart, Alexander J. Jones, Thomas Kelly, James P. Mallette, Thomas A. Smyth and Frank Wenter. The Trustees have power to sell bonds in order to procure funds to prosecute the work and to levy taxes upon prop- erty within the district, under certain limitations as to length of time the taxes run and the rate per cent imposed. Under an amendment of the Drainage Act adopted by the Legislature in 1897, the rate of assessment upon property within the Drainage District is limited to one and one-half per cent, up to and including the year 1899. but after that date becomes one-half of one per cent. The bed of the channel, as now in process of construction, commences at Robey Street and the South Branch of the Chicago River, 5.8 miles from Lake Michigan, and extends in a south- westerly direction to the vicinity of Summit, where it intersects the Des Plaines River. From this point it follows the bed of that stream to Lockport, in Will County, where, in consequence of the sudden depression in the ground, the bed of the channel comes to the surface, and where the great controlling works are situated. This has made necessary the excavation of about thirteen miles of new channel for the river — which runs parallel with, and on the west side of, the drainage canal — besides tlie construction of about nineteen miles of levee to separate the waters of the canal from the river. The following statement of the quality of the material excavated and the dimensions of the work, is taken from a paper by Hon. H. B. Hurd, under the title, "The Cliicago Drainage Channel and Waterway," published in the sixth voUuiie of "Industrial Chicago" (1896); "Through that portion of the channel between Chicago and Summit, which is being constructed to produce a flow of 300,000 cubic feet per minute, which is supposed to be sufficient to dilute sew- age for about the present population (of Cliicago) , the width of the channel is 110 feet on' the bot- tom, with side slopes of two to one. This portion of the channel is ultimately to be enlarged to the capacity of 600,000 cubic feet per minute. The bottom of the channel, at Robej' Street, is 24.448 feet below Chicago datum. The width of the channel from Summit down to the neighborhood of Willow Springs is 203 feet on the bottom, with the same side slope. The cut through the rock, which extends from the neighborhood of Willow Springs to the point where the channel runs out of ground near Lockport, is 160 feet wide at the bottom. The entire depth of the channel is substantially the same as at Robey Street, with the addition of one foot in 40,000 feet. The rook portion of the channel is constructed to the full capacitj' of 600,(100 cubic feet per minute. From the point where the channel runs out of ground to Joliet Lake, there is a rapid fall; ove' this slope works are to be constructed to let the water down in such a manner as not to damage Joliet. " Ground was broken on the rock-cut near Lemont. on Sept. 3, 1893, and work has been in progress almost constantiv ever since. The prog- ress of the work was greatly obstructed during tlie year 1898, by difficulties encountered in secur- ing the right of way for the discharge of the waters of the canal through the city of Joliet, but these were compromised near the close of the year, and it was anticipated that the work would be prosecuted to completion during the year 1899. From Feb. 1, 1890, to Dec. 31, 1898," the net receipts of the Board for the prosecution of the work aggregated 828.3.57,707, while the net expenditures had amounted to §38, 221 864.57. Of the latter, §20,099,284.67 was charged to construc- tion account, §3,136,903.12 to "land account" (including right of way), and §1,333,093.83 to the cost of maintaining the engineering department. When finished, the cost will reach not less than §35,000,000. These figures indicate the stupen- dous character of the work, which bids fair to stand without a rival of its kind in modern engineering and in the results it is expected to achieve. CHICAGO GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY. Tlie total mileage of this line, June 30, 1898, was 1,008 miles, of which 153. .53 miles are operated and owned in Illinois. The line in this State extends west from Chicago to East Dubuque, the extreme terminal points being Chicago and Minneapolis in the Nortliwest, and Kansas City in the Southwest. It lias several brandies in Illi nois, Iowa and Minnesota, and trackage arrange- ments with several lines, the most important being with the St. Paul & Northern Pacific (10.56 miles), completing the connection between St. Paul and Minneapolis; with the Illinois Central from East Dubuque to Portage (12.33 miles), and with the Chicago & Northern Pacific from Forest Home to the Grand Central Station in Chicago. The company's own track is single, of standard gauge, laid with sixty and seventy-five-pound steel rails. Grades and curvature are light, and the equipment well maintained. The outstand- ing capital stock (1898) was §53,019,0.54; total capitalization, including stock, bonds and miscel- laneous indebtedness, §57,144,343. (History). The road was chartered, Jan. 3. 1893, under the laws of Illinois, for the purpose of reorganization of VIEWS OF KKAI.NAGE CANAL. VIEWS OF IJUAIXAGE CANAL. IIISTOlilCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 97 the Chicago, St. Paul & Kansas City Railway Company on a stock basis. During 1895, the De Kalb &' Great Western Kailroail (5.81 miles) wa.s built from De Kalb to Sj-camore as a feeder of this line. CHIC.iGO, HARLEM & HATAVIA RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago & Northern Pacific Rail- road. ) CHICAGO, H.VTAXA & WESTER\ RAIL- ROAD. (See Illinois Central Riiilroad.) CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY, organized, April 24, li^ofi, for the purposes o( (1) establishing a library and a caliinet of antiquities, relics, etc. ; (2) the collection and preservation of historical manuscripts, documents, papers and tracts; (3) the encouragement of the discovery and investi- gation of aboriginal remains, particularly in Illi- nois; (4) the collection of material illustrating the growth and settlement of Chicago. By 1871 the Society Iiad accumulated much valuable material, but the entire collection was destroyed in the great Chicago fire of that year, among the manuscripts consumed being the original draft of the emancipation proclamation by Abraham Lincoln. Tlie nucleus of a second collection was consumed by fire in 1874. Its loss in this second conflagration included many valuable manu- scripts. In 1877 a temporary building was erected, which was torn down in 1893 to make room for the erection, on tlie same lot. of a thoroughly fire-proof structure of granite, planned after the most approved modem systems. The new building was erected and dedicated under the direction of its late President, Ed- ward G. Mason, Esq., Dec. 13, 1896. The Society's third collection now embraces about twenty -five thousand volumes and nearly fifty thousand pamphlets; seventy-five portraits in oils, with other works of art : a valuable collection of manuscript documents, and a large museum of local and miscellaneous antiquities. Mr. Charles Evans is Secretary and Librarian. CHICA(iO HOMEOPATHIC MTDICAL COL- LEGE, organized in 1S7U, with a teaching faculty of nineteen and forty-five matriculates. Its first term opened October 4, of that year, in a Ie;ised building. By 1881 the college had outgrown its first quarters, and a commodious, well appointed structure was erected by the trustees, in a more desirable location. The institution was among the first to introduce a graded course of instruc- tion, extending over a period of eigliteen vears. In 1897, the matrioilatingclassnumbered over200. CHICAGO HOSPITAL FOR WOMEX A>D CHILDREN, located at Chicago, and founded in 1865 by Dr. Mary Harris Thompson. Its declared objects are; "To afford a liome for women and children among the respectable poor in need of medical and surgical aid; to treat the .same classes at home by an assistant physician; to afford a free dispensary for the same, and to train competent nurses." At the outset the hospital was fairly well sustained through pri- vate l)enefactions, and, in 1870, largely through Dr. Thompson's efforts, a college was organized for the medical eiUication of women exclusively. (See Xorthwestern University Woman's Medical School.) The hospital building was totally destroyearative penur3-. He died at Louisville, Ky., Feb. 18, 1818, and his remains, after reposing in a private cemetery near that city for half a cen- tury, were exhumed and removed to Cave Hill Cemetery in 1869. The fullest history of General Clark's expedition and his life will be found in the "Conquest of the Country Northwest of the Ohio River, 1774-1783, and Life of Gen. George Rogers Clark" (2 volumes, 1896). by the late AVilliam H. Englisli, of Indianapolis. CL.\RK, Horace S., lawj'er and politician, was born at Huntsburg, Ohio, August 12, 1840. At 106 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the age of 15, coming to Chicago, he found employment in a livery stable ; later, worked on a farm in Kane County, attending school in the ivinter. After a year spent in Iowa City attend- ing the Iowa State University, he returned to Kane County and engaged in the dairy business, later occupying liimself with various occupations in Illinois and Missouri, but finally returning to his Ohio home, where he began the study of law at Circleville. In 18G1 he enlisted in an Ohio regiment, rising from the ranks to a captaincy, but was finally compelled to leave the service in consequence of a wound received at Gettysburg. In 186.5 he settled at Jiattoon, 111., where he was admitted to the bar in 1868. In 1870 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature on the Republican ticket, but was elected State Senator in 1880, serving four years and proving liimself one of the ablest speakers on the floor. In 1888 he was chosen a delegate-at-large to the National Republican Convention, and has long been a con- spicuous figure in State politics. In 1896 he was a prominent candidate for the Republican nomi- nation for Governor. CLARK, John 31., civil engineer and merchant, was born at White Pigeon, Mich., August 1, 1836; came to Chicago witli his widowed mother in 1847, and, after five years in the Chicago schools, served for a time (1852) as a rodman on the Illi- nois Central Railroad. After a course in the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y., where he graduated in 1856, he returned to the service of the Illinois Central. In 1859 he went to Colorado, where he was one of the original founders of the city of Denver, and chief engi- neer of its first water supply companj'. In 1863 he started on a surveying expedition to Arizona, but was in Santa Fe when that place was captured by a rebel expedition from Texas; was also present soon after at the battle of Apache Canon, when the Confederates, being defeated, were driven out of the Territory. Returning to C'lii- cago in 1864, he became a member of the whole- sale leather firm of Gray, Clark & Co. The official positions held by Mr. Clark include those of Alderman (1879-81), Member of the Board of Education, Collector of Customs, to which he was appointed by President Harrison, in 1889, and President of the Chicago Civil Service Board by appointment of Mayor Swift, under an act passed by the Legislature of 1895, retiring in 1897. In 1881 he was the Republican candidate for JIayor of Chicago, but was defeated by Carter H. Harri- son. Mr. Clark is one of the Directors of the Crerar Library, named in the will of Mr. Crerar. CLARK COUNTY, one of the eastern counties of tlie State, south of the middle line and front- ing upon the Wabash River; area, 510 square miles, and poiiulation (1900), 24,033; named for Col. George Rogers Clark. Its organization was effected in 1819. Among the earliest pioneers were John Bartlett, Abraham Washburn, James Wliitlock, James B. Anderson, Stephen Archer and Uri Manly. The county-seat is Marshall, the site of which was purchased from the Govern- ment in 1833 by Gov. Joseph Duncan and Col. William B. Archer, the latter becoming sole pro- prietor in 1835, in which year the first log cabin was built. The original county-seat was Darwin, and the change to IMarshall (in 1849) was made only after a hard struggle. The soil of the county is rich, and its agricultural products varied, embracing corn (the chief staple), oats, potatoes, winter wheat, butter, sorghum, honey, maple sugar, wool and pork. Woolen, flouring and lumber mills exist, but the manufacturing interests are not extensive. Among the promi- nent towns, besides Marshall and Darwin, are Casey (population 844), Martinsville (779), West- field (510), and York (294). CLAY, Porter, clergyman and brother of the celebrated Henry Clay, was born in Virginia, March, 1779; in early life removed to Kentucky, studied law, and was, for a time, Auditor of Public Accounts in that State; in 1815, was con- verted and gave himself to the Baptist ministry, locating at Jacksonville, 111., where he spent most of his life. Died, in 18.50. CLAY CITY, a village of Clay County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 12 miles west of Olney ; has one newspaper, a bank, and is in a grain and fruit-growing region. Population (1890), 613; (1900), 907; (1903), 1,020. CLAY COUNTY, situated in the southeastern quarter of the State ; has an area of 470 square miles and a population (1900) of 19,553. It was named for Henry Clay. The first claim in the county was entered by a Mr. Elliot, in 1818, and soon after settlers began to locate homes in tlie county, although it was not organized until 1824. During the same year the pioneer settlement of Maysville was made the county-seat, but immi- gration continued inactive until 1837, when many settlers arrived, headed by Judges Apper- son and Hopkins and Messrs. Stanford and Lee, who were soon followed by the families of Coch- ran, McCuUom and Tender. The Little Wabash River and a number of small tributaries drain the county. A light-colored sandj- loam consti- tutes the greater part of the soil, although "black IIISTOmCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 107 prairie loam" appears here and there. Railroad facilities are limited, but sufficient to accommo- date the countj-'s requirements. Fruits, especially apples, are successfully cultivated. Educational advantages are fair, although largely confined to district schools and academies in larger towns. Louisville was made the county- seat in 18-1-.3, and, in 1S!)0, had a population of 637. Xenia an w:vs a Republican Representative in the Forty-third Congre.ss from the (then) Eighteenth District. He was also a member of the Repub- lican State Convention of 1880. In 1889, he liecame Pension Agent for the District of Illinois, by appointment of President Harrison, serving until 1893. In the latter part of 1898, he was ajipoiiited Superintondent of the Soldiers' ■ Orplians' Home, at Normal, but served only a few months, when he accepted the position of Governor of the new SoUliers' and Sailors' Home, at Danville. CLEVELAND, CIXCIXNATI, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. The total length of this sys- tem (1898) is 1,807.34 miles, of which 478.39 miles are operated in Illinois. That portion of the main line lying within the State extends from East St. Louis, northeast to the Indiana State line, 181 miles. The Comjiany is also the lessee of the Peoria & Eastern Railroad (132 miles), and ojier- ates, in addition, other lines, as follows: Tlie Cairo Division, extending from Tilton, on the line of the Wabash, 3 miles southwest of Dan- ville, to Cairo (259 miles)- the Chicago Division, e.\tending from Kankakee southeast to the Indiana State line (34 miles) ; the Alton Branch, from Wann Junction, on the main Line, to Alton (4 miles). Besides these, it enjoys with the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, joint owner- ship of the Kankakee & Seneca Railroad, which it operates. The system is uniformly of standard gauge, and about 280 miles are of double track. It is laid with heavy steel rails (sixty-five, sixty- seven and eighty pounds), laid on white oak ties, and is amply ballasted witli broken stone and gravel. Extensive rejiair shops are located at JIattoon. The total capital of the entire system on June 30, 1898 — including capital stock and bonded and floating debt — was §97,149,361. The total earnings in Illinois for the year were §3,773,193, and the total exijenditures in the State $3,611,437. The taxes paid the same year were §124,196. The history of this system, so far as Illinois is concerned, begins with the consolida- tion, in 1889, of the Cincinnati. Indianapolis. St. Louis & Chicago, the Cleveland, Columbus, Cin- cinnati & Indianapolis, and the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway Companies. In 1890, certain leased lines in Illinois (elsewhere mentioned) were merged into the system. (For history of the several divisions of this system, see St. Louis, Alton d- Terre Haute, Peoria & Eastern, Cairo & Vincennes, and Kankakee d- Seneca Railroads.) CLIM.VTOL0(«Y. Extending, as it does, through six degrees of latitude, Illinois affords a great diversitj' of climate, as regards not only the range of temperature, but also the amount of rainfall. In both particulars it exhibits several points of contrast to States lying between the same parallels of latitude, but nearer the Atlan- tic. The same statement applies, as well, to all 108 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the North Central and the Western States. Warm winds from the Gulf of Mexico come up the Mississippi Valley, and impart to vegetation in the southern portion of the State, a stimulat- ing influence which is not felt upon the seaboard. On the other hand, there is no great barrier to the descent of the Arctic winds, which, in winter, sweep down toward the Gulf, depressing the temperature to a point lower than is custom- ary nearer the seaboard on the same latitude. Lake Michigan exerts no little influence upon the climate of Cliicago and other adjacent di.stricts, mitigating both summer heat and winter cold. If a comparison be instituted between Ottawa and Boston — the latter being one degree farther north, but 570 feet nearer the sea-level — the springs and summers are found to be about five degrees warmer, and the winters three degrees colder, at the former point. In comparing the East and West in respect of rainfall, it is seen that, in the former section, the same is pretty equally distributed over the four seasons, while in the latter, spring and summer may be called the wet season, and autumn and winter the dry. In the extreme West nearly three-fourths of the yearly precipitation occurs dming the growing season. This i^ a climatic condition highly favorable to the growth of grasses, etc., but detrimental to the growth of trees. Hence we find luxuriant forests near the seaboard, and, in the interior, grassy plains. Illinois occupies a geographical position where these great climatic changes begin to manifest themselves, and wliere the distinctive features of the prairie first become fully apparent. The annual precipitation of rain is greatest in the southern part of the State, but, owing to the higher temperature of that section, the evaporation is also more rapid. The distribution of the rainfall in respect of seasons is also more unequal toward the south, a fact which may account, in part at least, for the increased area of woodlands in that region. WhUe Illinois lies within the zone of southwest winds, their flow is affected by conditions some- what abnormal. The northeast trades, after entering the Gulf, are deflected by the mountains of Mexico, becoming inward breezes in TeXas, southerly winds in the Lower Jlississippi Valley, and southwesterly as they enter the Upper Valley. It is to this aerial current that the hot, moist summers are attributable. ' The north and northwest winds, which set in with the change of the season, depress the temperatirre to a point below that of the Atlantic slope, and are attended with a diminished precipitation. CLIMOX, the county-seat of De Witt County, situated 23 miles south of Bloomington, at inter- section of the Springfield and the Cliampaign- Havana Divisions with the main line of the Illinois Central Railroad ; lies in a productive agricultural region; has machine shops, flour and planing mills, brick and tile works, water works, electric lighting plant, piano-case factory, banks, three newspapers, six churches, and two public schools. Population (1890), 3,598; (1900), 4,452. CLINTON COUNTY, organized in 1824, from portions of Washington, Bond and Fayette Coun- ties, and named in honor of De Witt Clinton. It is situated directly east of St. Louis, has an area of 494 square miles, and a population (1900) of 19,824. It is drained by the Kaskaskia River and by Shoal, Crooked, Sugar and Beaver Creeks. Its geological formation is similar to that of other counties in the same section. Thick layers of limestone lie near the surface, with coal seams underlying the same at varying depths. The soil is varied, being at some points black and loamy and at others (under timber) decidedly claj'ey. The timber has been mainly cut for fuel because of the inherent difficulties attending coal-mining. Two railroads cross the county from east to west, but its trade is not important. Agriculture is the chief occupation, corn, wheat and oats being the staple products. CLOUD, Newton, clergj-man and legislator, was born in North Carolina, in 1805, and, in 1827, settled in the vicinity of Waverly, Morgan County, 111., where he pursued the vocation of a farmer, as well as a preacher of the Methodist Church. He also became prominent as a Demo- cratic politician, and served in no less than nine sessions of the General Assembly, besides the Constitutional Convention of 1847, of which he was chosen President. He was first elected Representative in the Seventh Asserablj- (1830), and afterwards served in the House during the sessions of the Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Thir- teenth, Fifteenth and Twenty-seventh, and as Senator in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth. He was also Clerk of the House in 1844-45, and, having been elected Representative two j-ears later, was chosen Speaker at the succeeding ses- sion. Although not noted for anj' specially aggressive qualities, his consistency of character won for him general respect, while his frequent elections to the Legislature prove him to have been a man of large influence. CLOWRY, Robert C, Telegraph Managar, was born in 1838 ; entered the service of the Illinois & Mississippi Telegraph Company as a messenger HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 109 boy at Joliet in 1853, became manager of the office at Lockport six montlis later, at Springfield in 1853. and chief operator at St. Louis in 1854. Between 1859 and '03, he held highly responsible positions on various Western lines, but the latter year was commissioned bj- President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and placed in charge of United States military lines with headcjuarters at Little Rock, Ark. ; was mustered out in May, 1866, and immediately appointed District Superintendent of Western Union lines in the Soutliwest. From that time his promotion was steady and rapid. In 1875 he became Assistant General Superintendent ; in 18T8, Assist- ant General Superintendent of the Central Divi- sion at Chicago; in 1880, succeeded General Stager as General Superintendent, and, in 1885, was elected Director, member of the Execu- tive Committee and Vice-President, liis terri- tory extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. COAL AND COAL-MIXIJfG. Illinois contains much the larger portion of wiiat is known as the central coal field, covering an area of about 37.000 square miles, and underl3'ing sixty coun- ties, in but forty-five of which, however, opera- tions are conducted on a commercial scale. The Illinois field contains fifteen distinct seams. Those available for commercial mining generally lie at considerable depth and are reached by shafts. The coals are all bituminous, and furnish an excellent steam-making fuel. Coke is manu- factured to a limited extent in La Salle and some of the soutliern counties, but elsewhere in the State the coal does not yield a good marketable coke. Xeitlier is it in any degree a good gas coal, although used in some localities for that l)urpose, ratlier because of its abundance than on account of its ailaptability. It is thought that, with the increase of cheap transportation facili- ties, Pittsburg coal will be brought into the State in such quantities as eventually to exclude local coal from tlie manufacture of gas. In the report of the Eleventh United States Census, the total product of the Illinois coal mines was given as 12,104,272 tons, as against 6,115,377 tons reported by the Tenth Census. The value (jf the output was estimated at $11,735,203, or §0.97 per ton at the mines. The total number of mines was stated to be 1,072, and the number of tons mined was nearly equal to the combined yield of the mines of Oliio and Indiana. The mines are divided into two classes, technically known as "regular" and "local." Of the former, there were 358, and of the latter, 714. These 358 regular mine* employed 23,934 men and boys, of whom 21,350 worked below ground, besides an office force of 389, and paid, in wages, $8,694,397. The total capital invested in these 358 mines was $17,630,351. According to the report of the State Bureau of Labor Statistics for 1898, 881 mines were operated during the year, employing 35,026 men and producing 18,599,299 tons of coal, wliicli was 1,473,459 tons less than the preceding year — the reduction being due to the strike of 1897. Five counties of the State produced more tlian 1,000,000 tons each, standing in the following order: Sangamon, 1,763,863; St. Clair, 1,600,752; Vermilion, 1,520,099; Macoupin, 1,264,926; La Salle, 1,165,490. COAL CITY, a town in Grundy County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 29 miles by rail south-southwest of Joliet. Large coal mines are operated here, and the town is an im- portant shipping point for tlieir product. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper and five churches. Pop. (1890), 1,672; (1900), 2.607; (1903), about 3,000. COBB, Emery, capitalist, was born at Dryden, Tompkins County, N. Y., August 20, 1831; at 16, began the study of telegraphy at Ithaca, later acted as operator on Western New York lines, but, in 1852, became manager of the office at Chicago, continuing until 1865, the various com- panies having meanwhile been consolidated into the Western Union. He then made an extensive tour of the world, and, although he had intro- duced the system of transmitting money by telegraph, he declined all invitations to return to the key-board. Having made large investments in lands about Kankakee, where lie now resides, he has devoted much of his time to agriculture and stock-raising; was also, for many years, a member of the State Board of Agriculture, Presi- dent of the Short-Horn Breeders' Association, and, for twenty years (1873-93), a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. He has done much to improve the city of his adoption by the erection of buildings, the con- struction of electric street-car lines and the promotion of manufactures. COBB, Silas B., pioneer and real-estate opera- tor, was l«)rn at Montpelier, Vt., Jan. 23, 1812; came to Chicago in 1833 on a schooner from Buf- falo, the voyage occupying over a month. Being without means, he engaged as a carpenter upon a building which James Kinzie, the Indian trader, was erecting; later he erected a building of his own in wliich he started a harness-shop, which he conducted succe.ssfuUy for a number of years. He has since been connected with a number 110 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of business enterprises of a public character, including banks, street and steam railways, but his largest successes have been achieved in the line of improved real estate, of which he is an exten- sive owner. He is also one of the liberal bene- factors of the University of Chicago, "Cobb Lecture Hall," on the campus of that institution, being the result of a contribution of his amount- ing to §150,000. Died in Chicago, April 5, 1900. COBDEN, a village in Union County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 42 miles north of Cairo and 15 miles south of Carbondale. Fruits and vegetables are extensively cultivated and shipped to northern markets. Tliis region is well tim- bered, and Cobden has two box factories emploj-- ing a considerable number of men; also has several churches, schools and two weekly papers. Population (1890), 994; (1900,) 1,034. COCHRAN, William Granville, legislator and jurist, was born in Ross County, Ohio, Nov. 13, 1844; brought to Moultrie County, 111., in 1849, and, at the age of 17, enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty -sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serving in the War of the Rebellion three years as a private. Returning home from the war, he resumed life as a farmer, but early in 1873 began merchandising at Lovington, continuing this business three years, when he began the study of law; in 1879, was admitted to the bar, and has since been in active practice. In 1888 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, was an unsuccessful candidate for the Senate in 1890, but was re-elected to the House in 1894, and again in 1896. At the special session of 1890, he was chosen Speaker, and was similarly honored in 1895. He is an excellent parliamen- tarian, clear-headed and just in his rulings, and an able debater. In June, 1897, he was elected for a six years' term to the Circuit bench. He is also one of the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at Normal. CODDIXG, Icliabod, clergyman and anti- slavery lecturer, was born at Bristol, N. Y., in 1811; at the age of 17 he was a popular temper- ance lecturer; while a student at Middlebury, Vt., began to lecture in opposition to slavery; after leaving college served five years as agent and lectui'er of the Anti-Slavery Society; was often exposed to mob violence, but alwaj-s retain- ing his self-control, succeeded in escaping serious injury. In 1842 he entered the Congrega- tional ministry and held pastorates at Princeton, Lockport, Joliet and elsewhere; between 1854 and "58, lectured extensively through Illinois on the Kansas-Nebraska issue, and was a power in the organization of the Republican party. Died at Baraboo, Wis., June 17, 1866. CODY, Hiram Hitchcock, lawyer and Judge; born in Oneida County, N. Y., June 11, 1824; was partially educated at Hamilton College, and, in 1843, came with his father to Kendall County, lU. In 1847, he removed to Naperville, where for six years he served as Clerk of the County Commissioners' Court. In 1851 he was admitted to the bar; in 18G1, was elected County Judge with practical unanimity , ser.ved as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1889-70, and, in 1874, was elected Judge of the Twelfth Judi- cial Circuit. His residence (1896) was at Pasa- dena. Cal. COLCHESTER, a city of McDonough County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Raih"oad, midway between Galesburg and Quincy ; is the center of a rich farming and an extensive coal- mining region, producing more than 100.000 tons of coal annually. A superior quality of potter's clay is also ininea and shi[)ped extensively to other points. The city has brick and drain-tile works, a bank, four churches, two public schools and two weekly papers. Population (1890), 1,643; (1900), 1,635. COLES, Edward, the second Governor of the State of Illinois, born in Albemarle County, Va., Dec. 15, 1786, the son of a wealthy planter, who had been a Colonel in the Revolutionary War ; was educated at Hamjjden-Sidney and William and Mary Colleges, but compelled to leave before graduation by an accident which interrupted his studies ; in 1809, became the private secretary of President Madison, remaining six years, after which he made a trip to Russia as a special mes- senger by appointment of the President. He early manifested an interest in the emancipation of the slaves of Virginia. In 1815 he made his first tour through the Northwest Territory, going as far west as St. Louis, returning three years later and visiting Kaskaskia while the Constitu- tional Convention of 1818 was in session. In April of the following year he set out from his Virginia home, accompanied by his slaves, for Illinois, traveling by wagons to Brownsville. Pa., where, taking flat-boats, he descended the river with his goods and servants to a point below Louisville, where they disembarked, journej'ing overland to Edwardsville. While descending the Ohio, he informed his slaves that they were free, and, after arriving at their destination, gave to each head of a family 160 acres of land. This generous act was, in after years, made the ground for bitter persecution by his enemies. At HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Ill Eihvardsville he entered upon the duties of Register of the Land Office, to which he haT0R1)I.V SE.MIX.VRY, an institution lo- cated at Springfield, founded in 1879; the succes- <;or of an earlier institution under the name of Illinois University. Theological, scientific and preparatory departments are maintained, al- though there is no classical course. The insti- tution is under control of the German Lutherans. The institution reports S12.j,000 worth of real property. The members of the Faculty (1898) are five in number, and there were about 171 students in attendance. CONDEE, Leander D., lawyer, was born in Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 20, 1847; brought by his parents to Coles County, 111., at the age of seven years, and received his education in the common schools and at St. Paul's Academy, Kan- kakee, taking a special course in Michigan State University and graduating from the law depart- ment of the latter in 1868. He then began prac- tice at Butler. Bate.s County, Mo., where he served three j'ears as City Attorney, but, in 1873, returned to Illinois, locating in Hyde Park (now a part of Chicago), where he .served as Citj- Attorney for four consecutive terms before its annexation to Chicago. In 1880, he was elected as a Republican to the State Senate for the Second Senatorial District, serving in the Thirtj-- second and the Thirty-third General A.ssemblies. In 1892. he was the Republican nominee for .Judge of the Superior Court of Cook County, but was defeated with the National and the State tickets of that }-ear. since when he has given his atten- tion to regular practice, maintaining a high rank in his profession. C()\(;ER, EdfTin Hurd, lawyer and diploma- tist, wiis bom in Knox County, 111., Marcli 7, 1843; graduated at Lombard University, Galesburg, in 1862, and immediately thereafter enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Second Illinois Volunteers, serving through the war and attain- ing the rank of Captain, besides being brevetted Major for gallant service. Later, he graduated from the Albany Law School and practiced for a time in Galesburg, but, in 1868, removed to Iowa, where he engaged in farming, stock-raising and banking; was twice elected County Treasurer of Dallas County, and, in 1880, State Treasurer, being re-elected in 1882; in 1886, was elected to Congress from the Des Jloines District, and twice re-elected (1888 and '90), but before the close of his last term was appointed by President Harri- son Minister to Brazil, serving until 1893. In 1896, he served as Presidential Elector for the State-at-large, and, in 1897, was re-appointed Jlinister to Brazil, but, in 1898, was transferred to China, where (1899) lie now is. He was suc- ceeded at Rio Janeiro by Charles Page Brj'an of Illinois. CONOREGATIONALISTS, THE. Two Congre- gational ministers — Rev. S. J. Mills and Rev. Daniel Smith — visited Illinois in 1814, and spent some time at Kaskaskia and Shawneetown, but left for New Orleans without organizing any churches. The first church was organizeil at Mendon, Adams County, in 1833, followeD DUMB, ILLINOIS INSTITU- TION FOR EDUCATION OF, located at Jack- sonville, established by act of the Legislature, Feb. 23, 1839, and the oldest of the State charitable institutions. Work was not begun until 1842, but one building was ready for partial occupancy in 1840 and was completed in 1849. (In 1871 this building, then known as the south wing, was declared imsiife, and was razed and rebuilt.) The center building was completed in 1852 and the north wing in 1857. Other additions and new buiUlings have been added from time to time, such as new dining halls, workshops, barns, bakery, refrigerator liouse, kitchens, a gj'mnasium, separate cot- tages for the sexes, etc. At present (1895) the institution is probably the largest, as it is un- questionably one of the best conducted, of its class in the world. The number of pupils in 1894 was 716. Among its employes are men and women of ripe culture and experience, who have been con- nected with it for more than a quarter of a century. DE.\RDORN, Luther, lawyer and legislator, was born at Plymouth, N. H., March 24, 1820, i:JO mSTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOLS. and educated in Plymouth schools and at New Hamilton Academy ; in youth removed to Dear- born County, Ind., where he taught school and served as deputy Circuit Clerk; then came to Mason County, III., and, in 1844. to Elgin. Here he was elected Sheriff and, at the expiration of his term. Circuit Clerk, later engaging in the banking business, whicli proving disastrous in 1857, he returned to Mason County and began the practice of law. He then spent some years in Minnesota, finally returning to Illinois a second time, resumed practice at Havana, served one term in the State Senate (1876-80); in 1884 became member of a law firm in Chicago, but retired in 1887 to accept the attorneyship of the Chicago & Alton Railway, retaining this position until his death, which occurred suddenly at Springfield, April 5, 1889. For the last two years of his life Mr. Dearborn's residence was at Aurora. DECATUR, the county-seat of Macon County; 39 miles east of Springfield and one mile north of the Sangamon River — also an important rail- way center. Three coal shafts are operated out- side the city. It is a center for the grain trade, having five elevators. Extensive car and repair shops are located there, and several important manufacturing industries flourish, among them three flouring mills. Decatur has paved streets, water-works, electric street railways, and excel- lent public schools, including one of the best and most noted high schools in the State. Four newspapers are published there, each issuing a dailv edition. Pop., (1890), 10,841; (1900), 20,7,'j4. DECATUR EDITORIAL COXVEXTIOX. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Conrentian.) DECATUR & EASTERN RAILWAY. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western Railwaij.) DECATUR, MATTOON & SOUTHERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur ct Eva}isville Raihray.) DECATUR, SULLIVAN & MATTOON RAIL- ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway.) DEEP SNOW, THE, an event occurring in the winter of 1830-31 and referred to by old settlers of Illinois as constituting an epoch in State his- tory. The late Dr. Julian M. Sturtevant, Presi- dent of Illinois College, in an address to the "Old Settlers" of Morgan Coimty, a few years before his death, gave the following account of it: "In the interval between Christmas, 1830, and Janu- ary, 1831, snow fell all over Central Illinois to a depth of fully three feet on a level. Then came a rain with weather so cold that it froze as it fell, forming a crust of ice over this three feet of snow, nearl}', if not quite, strong enough to bear a man, and finally over this crust there were a few inches of snow. The clouds passed away and the wind came down upon us from the north- west with extraordinary ferocity. For weeks — certainly not less than two weeks — the mercury in the thermometer tube was not, on any one morning, higlrer than twelve degrees below zero. Tills snow-fall produced constant sleighing for nine weeks."' Other contemporaneous accounts say that this storm caused great suffering among both men and beasts. The scattered settlers, u.n- able to reach the mills or produce stores, weie driven, in some cases, to great extremity for supplies ; mills were stopped bj' the freezing up of streams, while deer and other game, sinking through the crust of snow, were easily captured or perished for lack of food. Birds and domestic fowls often suffered a like fate for want of sus- tenance or from the severity of the cold. DEERE, John, manufacturer, was born at Middlebury, Vt., Feb. 7, 1804; learned the black- smith trade, which he followed until 1838, when he came west, settling at Grand Detour, in Ogle County ; ten j'ears later removed to Moline, and there founded the plow-works which bear his name and of which he was President from 1868 until his death in 1886.— Charles H. (Deere), son of the preceding, was born in Hancock. Addison County Vt., March 28, 1837; educated in the common schools and at Iowa and Knox Acad- emies, and Bell's Commercial College, Chicago; became assistant and head book-keeper, travel- ing and purchasing agent of the Deere Plow Company, and, on its incorporation, Vice-Presi- dent and General Manager, until his father's death, when he succeeded to the Presidency. He is also the founder of the Deere & Mansvu- Corn Planter Works, President of the Moline Water Power Company, besides being a Director in vai-ious other concerns and in the branch houses of Deere & Co., in Kansas City, Des Moines, Council Bluffs and San Francisco. Notwith- standing his immense business interests, Mr. Deere has found time for the discharge of public and patriotic duties, as shown by the fact that he was for years a member and Chairman of the State Bureau of Labor Statistics ; a Commissioner from Illinois to the Vienna International Exposi- tion of 1873 ; one of the State Commissioners of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893; a Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 1888, and a delegate from his District to the National Republican Convention at St. Louis, in 1896. HISTORICAL E\X"YCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 131 DEERIXG, William, manufacturer, was born lit Paris, Oxford County, Maine, April 26, 1820, completed his education at the Readlield high •school, in 1843, engaged actively in manufactur- ing, and during his time has assisted in establish- ing several large, successful business enterprises, including wliolesale and commission dry-goods houses in Portland, Maine, Boston and New York. His greatest work has been the building up of the Deering Manufactiu-ing Company, a main feature of wliich, for thirty years, has been the manu- facture of Marsh harvesters and other agricultural implements and appliances. This concern began operation in Chicago about 1870, at the present time (1899) occupying eighty acres in the north part of the city and employing some 4,000 hands. It is said to turn out a larger amount and greater variety of articles for the use of the agriculturist than any other establishment in the country, receiving its raw material from many foreign countries, including the Pliilippines, and distrib- uting its products all over the globe. Mr. Deer- ing continues to be President of the Company and a principal factor in the management of its immense business. He is liberal, public-.spirited and benevolent, and his business career has been notable for the absence of controversies with his employes. He has been, for a number of years, one of the Trustees of the Northwestern Univer- sity at Evanston, and, at the present time, is President of the Board. DE KALB, a city in De Kalb County, 58 miles west of Cliicago. Of late years it has grown rapidly, largely because of the introduction of new industrial enterprises. It contains a large wire drawing plant, barVjed wire factories, fo\in- dry, agricultural implement works, machine shop, shoe factory and several minor manufac- turing establishments. It has banks, four news- papers, electric street railway, eight miles of paved streets, nine churches and three graded schools. It is the site of the Northern State Nor- mal School. locAted in 1895. Population (1880), 1,598; (1890), 2,5T9; (1900), 5,904; (1903, est.), 8,000. DE KALB COUNTY, originally a portion of Lit Halle County, and later of Kane; was organized in 1837, and named for Baron De Kalb. the Revolutionary patriot. Its area is C50 square miles and population (in 1900), 31,756. The land is elevated and well drained, lying between Fox and Rock Rivers. Prior to 18.35 the land belonged to the Pottawatomie Indians, who maintained several villages and their own tribal government. No sooner had the alxirigines been removed than white settlers appeared in large numbers, and, in September, 1835, a convocation was held on the banks of the Kishwaukee, to adopt a tempo- rary form of government. The public lands in the county were sold at auction in Chicago in 1843. Sycamore (originally called Orange) is the county-seat, and, in 1890, had a population of 2,987. Brick buildings were first erected at Sycamore by J. S. Waterman and the brothers Mayo. In 1854, H. A. Hough estabUslied tlie first newspaper, "The Republican Sentinel." Other prosperous towns are De Kalb (population, 2,579), Cortland, Malta and Somonauk. The sur- face is generally rolling, upland prairie, with numeroas groves and wooded tracts along the principal streams. Various lines of railroatl trav- erse tlie county, which embraces one of the wealthiest rural districts in the State. DE KALB A <;REAT WESTERN RAILROAD. (See Chicago Great Western Railway.) DELAVA>',a thriving city in Tazewell Countj', on the line of the Chicago ct Alton Railroad, at the point of its intersection with the Peoria and Pekin Division of the Illinois Central Railway, 34 miles west-southwest of Bloomington and 24 miles south of Peoria. Grain is extensively grown in the adjacent territory, and much shipped from Delavan. The place supports two banks, tile and brick factory, creamery, and two weekl}' papers. It also has five churches and a graded school. Pop. (1890), 1.176, (1900), 1,304. DEMENT, Henry Dodge, ex-Secretary of State, was born at Galena, 111., in 1840 — the son of Colonel John Dement, an early and prominent citizen of the State, who held the office of State Treasurer and was a member of the Constitu- tional Conventions of 1847 and 1870. Colonel Dement having removed to Dixon about 1845, the subject of this sketch was educated there and at Mount Morris. Having enlisted in the Thirteenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry in 1861, he was elected a Second Lieutenant and soon promoted to First Lieutenant — also received from Governor Yates a complimentary commission as Captain for gal- lantry at Arkans;is Post and at Chickas;iw Bayou, where the commander of his regiment. Col. J. B. Wyman, was killed. Later he served with General Curtis in Mississippi and in the Fifteenth Army Corps in tlie siege of Vicksburg. After leaving the army he engaged in the manu- facturing business for some years at Dixon. Cap- tain Dement entered the State Legislature by election as Representative from Lee County in 1872. was re-elected in 1874 and. in 1876. was pro- moted to the Senate, serving in the Thirtieth and Thirtv-first General Assemblies. In 1880 he was 132 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. chosen Secretary of State, and re-elected in 1884, serving eiglit years. The last public position held by Captain Dement was that of Warden of the State Penitentiary at Joliet, to which he was appointed in 1891, serving two years. His present home is at Oak Park, Cook County. DEMENT, John, was born in Sumner County, .Tenn., in April, 1804. When 13 years old he accompanied his parents to Illinois, settling in Franklin County, of which he was elected Sheriff in 1826, and which he represented in the General Assemblies of 1828 and '30. He served with distinction during the Black Hawk War, having previously had experience in two Indian cam- paigns. In 1831 he was elected State Treasurer by the Legislature, but, in 1836, resigned this office to represent Fayette County in the General Assembh- and aid in the fight against the removal of the capital to Springfield. His efforts failing of .success, he removed to the northern part of the State, finallj- locating at Dixon, where he became extensively engaged in manufacturing. In 1837 President Van Buren appointed him Receiver of Public Mone}-s, but he was removed by President Harrison in 1841 ; was reappointed by Polk in 1845, only to be again removed by Taylor in 1849 and reappointed bj- Pierce in 1853. He held the office from that date until it was abolished. He was a Democratic Presidential Elector in 1844; served in three Constitutional Conventions (1847, '62, and "70), being Temporary President of the two bodies last named. He was the father of Hon. Denry D. Dement, Secretary of State of Illi- nois from 1884 to 1888. He died at his home at Dixon, Jan. 10, 1883. DENT, Thomas, lawyer, was born in Putnam County, 111., Nov. 14, 1831; in his youth was emploj'ed in the Clerk's office of Putnam County, meanwhile studying law; was admitted to the bar in 1854, and, in 1856, opened an office in Chi- cago; is still in practice and has served as President, both of the Chicago Law Institute and the State Bar Association. DES PLAINES, a village of Cook County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Wisconsin Central Railroads, 17 miles north- west from Chicago ; is a dairying region. Popu- lation (1880). 818; (1890), 986; (1900), 1,666. DES PLAINES RIVER, a branch of the Illinois River, which rises in Racine County, Wis., and, after passing through Kenosha County, in that State, and Lake County, 111., running nearly parallel to the west shore of Lake Michigan through Cook County, finally unites with the Kankakee, about 13 miles southwest of Joliet, by its confluence with the latter forming the Illinois River. Its length is about 150 miles. The Chicago Drainage Canal is constructed in the valley of the Des Plaines for a considerable por- tion of the distance between Chicago and Joliet. DEWEY, (Dr.) Richard S., physician, alienist, was born at Forest ville, N. Y., Dec. 6, 1845; after receiving his primary education took a two years' course in the literary and a three years' course in the medical department of the Michigan Univer- sity at Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in 1869. He then began practice as House Physician and Surgeon in the City Hospital at Brooklyn, N. Y., remaining for a year, after which he visited Europe inspecting hospitals and sanitary methods, meanwhile spending six months in the Prussian military service as Surgeon during the Franco-Prussian War. After the close of the war he took a brief course in the University of Berlin, when, returning to the L^nited States, he was employed for seven years as Assistant Physi- cian in the Northern Hospital for the Insane at Elgin. In 1879 he was appointed Medical Super- intendent of the Eastern Hospital for the Insane at Kankakee, remaining until the accession of John P. Altgeld to the Governorship in 1893. Dr. Dewey's reputation as a specialist in the treatment of the insane has stood among the highest of his class. DE WITT COUNTY, situated in the central portion of the State ; has an area of 405 square miles and a population (1900) of 18,972. The land was originallj- owned bj- the Kickapoos and Potta- watomies, and not until 1820 did the first perma- nent white settlers occupy this region. The first to come were Felix Jones, Prettyman Marvel, William Cottrell, Samuel Glenn, and the families of Scott, Lundy and Coaps. Previously, how- ever, the first cabin had been built on the site of the present Farmer City by Nathan Clearwater. Zion Shugest erected the earliest grist-mill and Burrell Post the first saw-mill in the county. Kentuckians and Tennesseeans were the first im- migrants, but not until the advent of settlers from Ohio did permanent improvements begin to be made. In 1835 a school house and Presbj'terian church were built at Waynesville. The county was organized in 1839, and — with its capital (Clinton) — was named after one of New York's most distinguished Governors. It lies within the great "corn belt," and is well watered by Salt Creek and its branches. Most of the surface is rolling prairie, interspersed with woodland. Several lines of railway (among them the Illinois Central) cross the county. Clinton had a popu- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. lation of 2,598 in 1390, and Farmer City, 1,3G7. Botli are railroad centers and liave considerable trade. DE WOLF, Calvin, pioneer and philanthropist, was born in Luzerne County, Pa., Feb. 18, 1815; taken early in life to Vermont, and, at 19 years Of age, commenced teaching at Orwell, in that State; spent one year at a manual labor school in Ashtabula County, Oliio, and, in 1837, came to Chicago, and soon after began teaching in Will County, still later engaging in the same vocation in Chicago. In 1839 he commenced the study of law with Messrs. Spring & Goodrich and, in 1843, was admitted to practice. In 1854 lie was elected a Justice of the Peace, retaining the position for a cjuarter of a century, winning for himself the reputation of a sagacious and incor- ruptible public officer. Mr. De Wolf was an original abolitionist and his home is said to have been one of the stations on the "underground railroad" in the days of slavery. Died Nov. 28, '99. DEXTER, Wirt, lawyer, born at Dexter, Mich., Oct. 25, 1831 ; was educated in the schools of his native State and at Cazenovia Seminary, N. Y. He was descended from a family of lawyers, his grandfather, Samuel Dexter, having been Secre- tary of War, and afterwards Secretary of the Treasury, in the cabinet of the elder Adams. Coming to Chicago at the beginning of his profes- sional career, Mr. Dexter gave considerable attention at first to his father's extensive lumber trade. He was a zealous and eloquent supporter of the Government during the Civil War, and was an active member of the Relief and Aid Society after the fire of 1871. His entire profes- sional life was spent in Chicago, for several years before his death being in the service of the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Comp;iny as its general solicitor and member of the executive committee of tlie Board of Directors. Died in Cliicago. May 20. 1S!)0. DICKEY, HuetIi Thompson, jurist, was born in New York City, May 30, 1811; graduated from Columbia College, read law and was admitted to the bar. He visited Chicago in 1830, and four years later settled there, becoming one of its most influential citizens. Upon the organization of the County Court of Cook County in 1845, Mr. Dickey was appointed its Judge. In Septem- ber, 1848, he was elected Judge of the Seventli Judicial Circuit, practically without partisan opposition, .serving until the expiration of his term in 1853. He was prominently identified with several important commercial enterprises, was one of the founders of the Chicago Library Association, and one of the first Trustees of the Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes, now Mercj' Hospital. In 1885 he left Chicago to take up his residence in his native city, New York, where he died, Juno 2, 1892. DICKEY, Theophilus Lyie, lawyer and jurist, was born in Bourbon County, Ky., Nov. 12, 1812, the grandson of a Revolutionary soldier, gradu- ated at the Miami (Oiiio) University, and re- moved to Illinois in 1834, settling at Macomb, McDonough County, where he was admitted to the bar in 1835. In 183G he moved to Rushville, where he resided three years, a part of the time editing a Whig newspaper. Later he became a resident of Ottawa, and, at the opening of the Slexican V/ar, organized a company of volun- teers, of which he was chosen Captain. In 18G1 he raised a regiment of cavalry which was mustered into service as the Fourth Illinois Cavalry, and of which he was commissioned Colonel, taking an active part in Grant's cam- paigns in the West. In 1805 lie resigned his commission and resumed the practice of his profession at Ottawa. In 1806 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congressman for the State-at-large in opposition to John A. Logan, and, in 1868, was tendered and accepted the i)osi- tion of Assistant Attorney-General of the L^nited States, resigning after eighteen months' service. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, and, in 1874, was made Corporation Counsel. In December, 1875, he was elected to the Supreme Court, vice W. K. JlcAUister, deceased; was re-elected in 1879, and died at Atlantic City, Julv 22, 1885. DISCIPLES OF CHRIST, THE, known also as the Christian Church and as "Campbellites," having been founded by Alexander Campbell. Man}' members settled in Illinois in the early 30"s, and, in tlie central portion of the State, the denomination .soon began to flourish greatlj'. Any one was admitted to membership who made what is termed a scriptural confe.ssion of faith and was baptized by immersion. Alexander Campbell was an eloquent preacher and a man of much native ability, as well as a born conver- sationalist. The sect has steadily grown in numbers and influence in the State. The United States Census of 1890 showed 641 churches in the State, with 308 ministers and an aggregate mem- bership of 01,587, having 550 Sunday schools, with 50,000 pupils in attendance. The value of the re^al property, which included 552 church edifices (with a seating capacity of 155,000) and 30 parson- ages, was §1,167,675. The denomination supports Eureka College, with an attendance of between 134 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 400 and 500 students, while its assets are valued at $150,000. Total membership in the United States, estimated at 750,000. DIXON, an incorporated city, the county-seat of Lee County. It lies on both sides of Rook River and is the point of intei'section of the Illi- nois Central and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads; is 98 miles west of Chicago. Rock River furnishes abundant water jiower and the manufacturing interests of tlie city are very ex- tensive, including large plow works, wire-cloth factory, wagon factory ; also has electric light and power plant, three shoe factories, planing mills, and a condensed milk factor^'. There are two National and one State bank, eleven churches, a hospital, and three newspapers. In schools the city particularly excels, having sev- eral graded (grammar) schools and two colleges. The Chautauqua Assembly holds its meeting here annually. Population (1890), 5,161; (1900), 7,917. BIXOX, John, pioneer — the first white settler in Lee County, 111., was born at Rye, West- chester County, N. Y., Oct. 9, 1784; at 21 removed to New York City, where he was in business some fifteen years. In 1820 he set out with liis family for the West, traveling by land to Pittsburg, and thence by flat-boat to Shawneetown. Having disembarked his horses and goods here, he pushed out towards the northwest, passing the vicinity of Springfield, and finally locating on Fancy Creek, some nine miles north of the present site of tliat city. Here he remained some five years, in that time serving as foreman of the first Sanga- mon County Grand Jury. The new county of Peoria having been established in 1825. he was offered and accepted the appointment of Circuit Clerk, removing to Fort Clark, as Peoria was then called. Later he became contractor for carrying the mail on the newly established route between Peoria and Galena. Compelled to pro- vide means of crossing Rock River, he induced a French and Indian half-breed, named Ogee, to take charge of a ferry at a point afterwards known as Ogee's Ferry. The tide of travel to the lead-mine region caused both the mail-route and the ferry to prove profitable, and, as the half- breed ferryman could not endure prosperity, Mr. Dixon was forced to buy him out, removing his family to this point in April, 1830. Here he established friendly relations with the Indians, and, during the Black Hawk War ,two years later, was enabled to render valuable service to the State. His station was for many years one of the most important points in Northern Illinois, and among the men of national reputation who were entertained at different times at his home may be named Gen. Zachary Taylor, Albert Sid ney Johnston, Gen. Winfleld Scott, Jefferson Davis, Col. Robert Anderson, Abraham Lincoln, Col. E. D. Baker and many more. He bought the land where Dixon now stands in 1835 and laid off the town ; in 1838 was elected by the Legislature a member of the Board of Public Works, and, in 1840, secured the removal of tlie land office from Galena to Dixon. Colonel Dixon was a delegate from Lee County to the Republican State Con- vention at Bloomington, in May, 1856, and, althougli then considerably over 70 years o€ age, spoke from the same stand with Abraham Lin- coln, his presence producing much enthusiasm. His death occurred, July 6, 1876. DOANE, John Wesley, merchant and banker, was born at Thompson, Windham County, Conn., March 23, 1833; was educated in the common schools, and, at 22 years of age, came to Chicago and opened a small grocery store wliich, by 1870, had become one of the most extensive concerns of its kind in the Northwest. It was swept out of existence by the fire of 1871, but was re-estab- lished and, in 1872, transferred to other [jarties, although Mr. Doane continued to conduct an importing business in many lines of goods used in the grocery trade. Having become interested in the Merchants' Loan & Trust Company, he was elected its President and has continued to act in that capacity. He is also a stockholder and a Director of the Pullman Palace Car Company, the Allen Paper Car Wheel Company and the Illinois Central Railroad, and was a leading promoter of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 — being one of those wlio guaranteed the $5,000,000 to be raised by the citizens of Chicago to assure the success of the enterprise. DOLTON STATION, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Chicago & Western Indiana, and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads, 16 miles south of Chicago ; has a carriage factory, a weekly paper, churches and a graded school. Population ( 1880) 448; (1890). 1,110; (1900), 1,229. 1)0X{t()LA, a village in Union County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 27 miles north of Cairo. Population (1880), 599; (1890), 733; (1900), 681. DOOLITTLE, James Rood, United States Senator, was born in Hampton, Washington County, N. Y., Jan 3. 1815; educated at Middle- bury and Geneva (now Hobart) Colleges, admitted to the bar in 1837 and practiced at Rochester and Warsaw, N. Y. ; was elected District Attorney of Wjoming County, N. Y.. in 1845, anfL in 1851 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 135 removed to Wisconsin ; two years later was elected Circuit Judge, but resigned in I80G, and the following year was elected as a Democratic- Republican to the United States Senate, being re-elected as a Republican in 18G3. Retiring from public life in 18G9, he afterwards resided chiefly at Racine, Wis., though practicing in the courts of Chicago. lie was President of the National Union Convention at Philadelphia in 18GG, and of the National Democratic Convention of 1873 in Baltimore, wliicli endorsed Horace Greeley for President. Died, at Edgewood, R. I., July 27, 1807. DORE, John Clark, first Superintendent of Chicago City Schools, was born at Ossii)ee, N. H., March 22, 1822; tegan teaching at 17 years of age and graduated at Dartmouth College in 1847; then taught several years and, in 1854, was offered anil accepted the position of Superintend- ent of City Schools of Chicago, but resigned two years later. Afterwards eng;iging in I)usiness, he served as Vice-Presiilent and President of the Board of Trade, President of the Com- mercial Insurance Company and of the State Savings Institution ; was a member of the State Senate, 1808-72, and has been identified with various benevolent organizations of the city of Chicago. Died in Boston, :Mass., Dec, 14. 1900. POlMiHERTY, John, lawyer and Lieutenant- Governor, was born at JIarietta, Ohio, May 6, 180G; brought by his parents, in 1808, to Cape Girardeau, 5Io. , where they remained imtil after the di-sastrous earthquakes in that region in 1811-12, when, his father having died, his mother removed to Jonesboro, 111. Here he finally read law with Col. A. P. Field, afterwards Secretary of State, being admitted to the bar in 1831 and early attaining prominence as a successful criminal lawyer. He soon became a recognized jvilitical leader, was elected as a member of the House to the Eighth General Assembly (1832) and re-elected in 1834, '3G and "40, and again in 1856, and to the Senate in 1842, serving in the latter body until the adoption of the Constitution of 1848. Originally a Democrat, he was, in 1858, the Administration (Buchanan) candidate for State Treasurer, as opposed to the Douglas wing of the party, but, in 1801, became a strong sup- porter of Abraham Lincoln. Ho served as Presi- dential Elector on the Republican ticket in 18G4 and in 1872 (the former year for the Stiite- at- large), in 18G8 was elected Lieutenant-Governor and, in 1877, to a seat on the criminal bench, .serving until June, 1879. Died, at Jonesboro, Sept. 7, 1879. DOUGLAS, John M., lawyer anil Railway President, was born at Plattsburg, Clinton County, N. Y., August 22, 1819; read law three years in his native city, then came west and settled at Galena, 111., where he was admitted to the bar in 1841 and began practice. In 1856 he removed to Chicago, and, the following year, became one of the solicitors of the Illinois Central Railroad, with which he had been associated as an attorney at Galena. Between 1861 and 1876 he was a Director of the Company over twelve years ; from 1865 to 1871 its President, and again for eighteen months in 1875-76, when he retired permanently. Mr. Douglas' contemporaries speak of him as a lawyer of great ability, as well as a capable executive officer. Died, in Chicago, March 25, 1891. DOUGLAS, Steplieu Arnold, statesman, was born at Brandon, Vt., April 23, 1813. In conse- quence of the death of his father in infancy, his early educational sidvantages were limited. When fifteen he applied himself to the cabinet- maker's trade, and, in 1830, accompanied his mother and step-father to Ontario County, N. Y. In 1833 he beg;in the study of law, but started for the West in 1833. He taught school at Win- chester, 111., reading law at night and practicing before a Justice of the Peace on Saturdays. He was soon admitted to the bar and took a deep interest in politics. In 1835 he was elected Prose- cuting Attorney for Morgan County, but a few months later resigned this office to enter the lower house of the Legislature, to which he was elected in 1836. In 1838 he was a candidate for Congress, but was defeated bj' John T. Stuart, his Whig opponent; was apjwinted Secretary of State in December, 1840, and, in Februarj', 1841, elected Judge of the Supreme Court. He was elected to Congress in 1842, '44 and '46, and, in the latter year, was chosen United States Sena- tor, taking his seat March 4, 1847, and lieing re-elected in 1853 and '59. His last canvass was rendered memorable through his joint debate, in 1858, before the i)eople of the State with Abraham Lincoln, whom he defeated before the Legisla- ture. He was a candidate for the presidential nomination before the Democratic National Conventions of 1852 and '56. In 1860, after having failed of a nomination for the Presidency at Charleston, S. C, through the operation of the "two thirds rule," he received the nomination from the adjourned convention held at Biiltimore six weeks later — though not until the delegates from nearly all the .Southern States had with- drawn, the seceding delegates afterwards nomi- 136 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. nating John C. Breckenridge. Although defeated for tlie Presidency by Lincoln, his old-time antagonist, Douglas yielded a cordial support to the incoming administration in its attitude toward the seceded States, occupying a place of honor beside Mr. Lincoln on the portico of the capitol during the inauguration ceremonies. As politician, orator and statesman, Douglas had few superiors. Quick in perception, facile in expedients, ready in resources, earnest and fearless in utterance, he was a born "leader of men." His shortness of stature, considered in relation to his extraordinary mental acumen, gained for him the sobriquet of the "Little Giant." He died in Chicago, June 3, 18G1. DOUGLAS COUNTY, lying a little east of the center of the State, embracing an area of 410 square miles and having a population (1900) of 19,097. The earliest land entry was made by Harrison Gill, of Kentucky, whose patent was signed by Andrew Jackson. Another early settler was John A. Richman, a West Virginian, who erected one of the first frame houses in the coimty in 1829. The Embarras and Kas- kaskia Rivers flow through the county, which is also crossed by the Wabash and Illinois Central Railways. Douglas County was organized in 1S57 (being set off from Coles) and named in honor of Stephen A. Douglas, then United States Senator from Illinois. After a sharp struggle Tus- cola was made the county-seat. It has been visited by several disastrous conflagrations, but is a thriving town, credited, in 1890, with a population of 1,897. Other important towns are Areola (population, 1,733), and Camargo, which was originally known as New Salem. DOWXERS GROVE, village, Du Page County, on C, B. & Q. R. R., 21 miles south- southwest from Chicago, incorporated 1873 ; has water- works, elec- tric lights, telephone system, good schools, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 960; (1900), 3,103. DOWJiIXG, Finis Ewing, ex-Congressman and lawyer, was born at Virginia, 111., August 34, 1846 ; reared on a farm and educated in the public and private schools of his native town; from 1865 was engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1880, when he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cass County, serving three successive terms; read law and was admitted to the bar in Decem- ber, 1887. In August, 1891, he became interested in "The Virginia Enquirer" (a Democratic paper), which he has since conducted; was elected Secretary of the State Senate in 1893, and, in 1894, was returned as elected to the Fifty- fourth Congress from the Sixteenth District by a plurality of forty votes over Gen. John I. Rinaker, the Republican nominee. A contest and recount of the ballots resulted, however, in awarding tlie seat to General Rinaker. In 189G Mr. Downing was the nominee of his party for Secretary of State, but was defeated with the rest of his ticket. DRAKE, Francis Marion, soldier and Governor, was born at Rushville, Schuyler County, 111., Dec. 30, 1830; early taken to Drakesville, Iowa, which his father founded ; entered mercantile life at 10 years of age ; crossed the plains to Cali- fornia in 18o2, had experience in Indian warfare and, in 1859, established liimself in business at TJnionville, Iowa; served through the Civil War, becoming Lieutenant-Colonel and retiring in 1865 with the rank of Brigadier-General by brevet. He re-entered mercantile life after the war, was admitted to the bar in 1866, subsequently engaged in railroad building and, in 1881, contrib- buted the bulk of the funds for founding Drake University; was elected Governor of Iowa in 1895, serving until January, 1898. DRAPER, Andrew Sloan, LL.D., lawyer and educator, was born in Otsego County, N. Y., June 21, 1848 — being a descendant, in the eighth generation, from the "Puritan," James Draper, who settled in Boston in 1647. In 1855 Mr. Draper's parents settled in Albany, N. Y., where he attended school, winning a scholarship in the Albany Academy in 1863, and graduating from that institution in 1866. During the next four years he was employed in teaching, part of the time as an instructor at his alma mater ; but, in 1871, graduated from the Union College Law Department, when he began practice. The rank he attained in the profession was indicated by his appointment by President Arthur, in 1884, one of the Judges of the Alabama Claims Com- mission, upon which he served until the conclu- sion of its labors in 1886. He had previously served in the New York State Senate (1880) and, in 1884, was a delegate to the Republican National Convention, also serving as Chairman of the Republican State Central Committee the same year. After his retui-n from Europe in 1886, he .served as State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion of New York until 1892, and, in 1889, and again in 1890, was President of the National Association of School Superintendents. Soon after retiring from the State Superintendency in New York, he was chosen Superintendent of Public Schools for the city of Cleveland, Ohio, remaining in that position until 1894, wlien he was elected President of the L^niversity of Illinois at Champaign, where he now is. His adminis- niSTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 137 tration has been characterized by enterprise and sagacity, and hiis tended to promote tlie popular- ity and prosperitj' of the institution. DRESSER, Charle», clergyman, was born at Ponifret, Conn., Feb. 34, 1800; graduated from Brown Universit3' in 1823, went to Virginia, where he studied theologj- and was ordained a minister of the Protestant Episcopal Church. In 1838 he removed to Springfield, and became rector of St. Paul's Episcopal Church there, retiring in 1858. On Nov. 4, 1842, Mr. Dresser performed the ceremony uniting Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd in marriage. He died, March 2.5. 186,5. DRUMMOND, Thomas, jurist, was born at Bristol Mills, Lincoln County, Maine, Oct. 16, 1809. After graduating from Bowdoin College, in 1830, he studied law at Pliiladelphia, where he was admitted to the bar in 1833. He settled at Galena, 111., in 1835, and was a member of the General Assembly in 1840-41. In 1850 he was appointed United States District Judge for the District of Illinois as successor to Judge Nathaniel Pope, and four j-ears later removed to Chicago. Upon the division of the State into two judicial districts, in 1855, he was a.ssigned to the North- ern. In 1869 he was elevated to the bench of the United States Circuit Court, and presided over the Seventh Circuit, which at tliat time included the States of Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. In 1884 — at the age of 75 — he resigned, living in retirement until his death, which occurred at Wheaton. 111., May 15, 1890. DUBOIS, Jesse Kilgore, State Auditor, was born, Jan. 14, 1811, in Lawrence County, 111., near Vincennes, Ind., where his father, Capt. Toussaint Dulxiis, had settled about 1780. The latter was a native of Canada, of French descent, and, after settling in the Northwest Territory, had been a personal friend of General Harrison, under whom he ser%-ed in the Indian wars, including the battle of Tippecanoe. The son received a partial collegiate education at Bloom- ington, Ind.. but, at 24 years of age (1834), was elected to the General As.senibly, serving in the same House with Abraham Lincoln, and being re-elected in 1836, '38, and "42. In 1841 he was appointed by President Harrison Register of the Land Office at Palestine, 111. , but soon resigned, giving his attention to mercantile pursuits until 1849, when he was appointed Receiver of Public Moneys at Palestine, but was removed by Pierce in 18.53. He was a Delegate to the first Repub- lican State Convention, at Bloomington. in 1856, and, on the recommendation of Mr. Lincoln, was nominated for Auditor of Public Accounts, renominated in 1860, and elected both times. In 1864 he was a candidate for the nomination of his party for Governor, but was defeated by General Oglesby, serving, however, on the National Executive Committee of that year, and as a delegate to the National Convention of 1868. Died, at liis home near Springfield, Nov. 32, 1870. — Fred T. (Dubois), son of the preceding, was born in Crawford County, 111., May 29, 1851; received a common-school and classical educa- tion, graduating from Yale College in 1872 ; was Secretary of the Illinois Railway and Warehouse Commission in 1875-76 ; went to Idaho Territory and engaged in business in 1880, was appointed United States Marshal there in 1882, serving until 1886; elected as a Republican Delegate to the Fiftieth and Fifty -first Congresses, and, on the admission of Idaho as a State (1890), became one of the first United States Senators, his term extending to 1897. He was Chairman of the Idaho delegation in the National Republican Convention at Minneapolis in 1892, and was a member of the National Republican Convention at St. Louis in 1896, but seceded from that body with Senator Teller of Colorado, and has since cooperated with the Populists and PVee Silver Democrats. DUCAT, Arthur Charles, soldier and civil engineer, was born in Dublin, Ireland, Feb. 24, 1830, received a liberal education and became a civil engineer. He settled in Chicago in 1851, and six years later was made Secretary and Chief Surveyor of the Board of UnderwTiters of that city. While acting in this capacity, he virtually revised the schedule system of rating fire-risks. In 1861 he raised a company of 300 engineers, sappers and miners, but neither the State nor Federal authorities would accept it. Thereupon he enlisted as a private in the Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, but his ability earned him rapid promotion. He rose through the grades of Cap- tain, Major and Lieutenant-Colonel, to tliat of Colonel, and was brevetted Brigadier-General in February, 1864. Compelled by sickness to leave the army. General Ducat returned to Cliicago, re-entering the insurance field and finally, after holding various responsible positions, engaging in general business in that line. In 1875 he was entriLsted with the task of reorganizing the State militia, which he performed with signal success. Died, at Downer's Grove. 111.. Jan. 29. l.'^96. DUELS AXB AXTI-DUELIX; L.1WS. - Al- though a majority of the population of Illinois, in Territorial days, came from Southern States where the duel was vridely regarded as the proper 138 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. mode for settling "difficulties" of a personal character, it is a curious fact that so few ' 'affairs of honor" (so-called) should have occurred on Illinois soil. The first "affair" of this sort of which either history or tradition has handed down any account, is said to have occurred between an English and a French officer at the time of the surrender of Fort Chartres to the British in 1765, and in connection with that event. The officers are said to have fought with small swords one Sunday morning near the Fort, when one of them was killed, but the name of neither the victor nor the vanquished lias come down to the present time. Gov. John Reynolds, who is the authority for the story in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," claimed to have received it in his boyhood from an aged Frenchman who represented that he had seen the combat. An affair of less doubtful authenticity has come down to us in tlie history of the Territorial period, and, althougli it was at first bloodless, it finally ended in a tragedy. This was the Jones- Bond affair, which originated at Kaskaskia in 1808. Rice Jones was the son of John Rice Jones, the first English-speaking lawyer in the "Illinois Country." The younger Jones is described as an exceptionally brilliant young man who, having studied law, located at Kaskaskia in 1806. Two years later he became a candidate for Represent- ative from Randolph County in the Legislature of Indiana Territory, of which Illinois was a part. In the course of the canvass which resulted in Jones' election, he became involved in a quarrel with Shadrach Bond, who was then a member of the Territorial Council from the same county, and afterwards became Delegate in Congress from Illinois and the first Governor of tlie State. Bond challenged Jones and the meeting took place on an island in the Mississippi between Kaskaskia and St. Genevieve. Bond's second was a Dr. James Dunlap of Kaskaskia, who appears also to have been a bitter enemy of Jones. The discharge of a pistol in the hand of Jones after the combatants had taken their places preliminary to the order to "fire," raised the question whether it wils accidental or to be regarded as Jones' fire. Dunlap maintained the latter, but Bond accepted the explanation of liis adversary that the discharge was accidental, and the generosity which he displayed led to expla- nations that averted a final exchange of shots. The feud thus started between Jones and Dunlap grew imtil it involved a large part of the com- munity. On Dec. 7, 1808, Dunlap shot down Jones in cold blood and without warning in the streets of Kaskaskia, killing him instantly. The murderer fled to Texas and was never heard of about Kaskaskia afterwards. This incident furnishes tlie basis of the most graphic chapter in Mrs. Catherwood's story of "Old Kaskaskia." Prompted by this tragical affair, no doubt, the Governor and Territorial Judges, in 1810, framed a stringent law for the suppression of dueling, in which, in case of a fatal result, all parties con- nected with the affair, as principals or seconds, were held to be guilty of murder. Governor Reynolds furnishes the record of a duel between Thomas Rector, the member of a noted family of that name at Kaskaskia, and one Joshua Barton, supposed to have occurred some- time during the War of 1812, though no exact dates are given. This affair took place on the favorite dueling ground known as "Bloody Island," opposite St. Louis, so often resorted to at a later day, by devotees of "the code" in Mis- souri. Reynolds says that "Barton fell in the conflict." The next affair of which history makes men- tion grew out of a drunken carousel at Belleville, in February, 1819, which ended in a duel between two men named Alonzo Stuart and William Bennett, and the killing of Stuart by Bennett. The managers of the affair for the principals are said to have agreed that the guns should be loaded with blank cartridges, and Stuart was let into the secret but Bennett was not. When the order to fire came, Bennett's gun proved to have been loaded with ball. Stuart fell mortally wounded, expiring almost immediately. One report says that the duel was intended as a sham, and was so understood by Bennett, who was horrified by the result. He and his two seconds were arrested for murder, but Bennett broke jail and fled to Arkansas. The seconds were tried, Daniel P. Cook conducting the prosecution and Thomas H. Benton defending, the trial resulting in their acquittal. Two years later, Bennett was appre- hended by some sort of artifice, put on his trial, convicted and executed — Judge John Reynolds (afterwards Governor) presiding and pronouncing sentence. In a footnote to "The Edwards Papers," edited by tlie late E. B. Washburne, and printed under the auspices of the Chicago Historical Society, a few years ago, Mr. Washburne relates an incident occurring in Galena about 1838, while "The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Adver- tiser" was under the charge of Sylvester M. Bartlett, who was afterwards one of the founders of "The Quincy Whig." The story, as told by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 139 Ji^ "Washburne, is as follows: "David G. Bates (a Galena business man and csiptain of a packet plying between St. Lonis and Galena) wrote a short communication for the paper reflecting on the character of John Turney, a prominent law- yer who had been a member of the House of Representatives in 1828-30, from the District composed of Pike, Adams, Fulton, Schuyler, Peoria and Jo Daviess Counties. Turney de- manded the name of the author and Bartlett gave up the name of Bates. Turney refused to take any notice of Bates and then challenged Bartlett to a duel, which was promptly accepted by Bart- lett. The second of Turney was the Hon. Joseph P. Hoge, afterward a member of Congress from the Galena District. Bartlett's second was William A. Warren, now of Bellevue, Iowa." (Warren was a prominent Union officer during the Civil War.) "The parties went out to the ground selected for the duel, in what was then Wisconsin Territory, seven miles north of Galena, and, after one ineffectual fire, the matter was compromised. Subsequently, Bartlett removed to Quincy, and was for a long time connected with the publication of 'The Quincy Whig.'"' During the session of the Twelfth General Assembly (1841), A. R. Dodge, a Democratic Representative from Peoria County, feeling him- self aggrieved by some reflections indulged by Gen. John J. Hardin (then a Wliig Representative from Morgan County) upon the Democratic party in connection with the partisan reorganization of the Supreme Court, threatened to "call out" Hardin. The affair was referred to W. L. D. Ewing and W. A. Richardson for Dodge, anvas defeated 144 HISTOEICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. by a coalition of Democrats and Independents. He died while a member of the Senate, Sept. 2, 1877. EARTHQUAKE OF 1811. A series of the most remarkable earthquakes in the history of the Mississippi Valley began on the night of November 16, 1811, continuing for several months and finally ending with the destruction of Carac- cas, Venezuela, in March following. While the center of the earlier disturbance appears to have been in the vicinity of New Madrid, in Southeast- ern Missouri, its minor effects were felt through a wide extent of country, especially in the settled portions of Illinois. Contemporaneous history states that, in the American Bottom, then the most densely settled portion of Illinois, the results were very perceptible. The walls of a brick house belonging to Jlr. Samuel Judy, a pioneer settler in the eastern edge of the bottom, near Edwardsville, Madison County, were cracked by the convulsion, the effects being seen for more than two generations. Gov. John Reynolds, then a young man of 23, living with his father's family in what was called the "Goshen Settle- ment," near Edwardsville, in his history of "My Own Times," says of it: "Our family were all sleeping in a log-cabin, and my father leaped out of bed, crying out, 'The Indians are on the house. The battle of Tippecanoe had been recently fought, and it was supposed the Indians would attack the settlements. Not one in the family knew at that time it was an earthquake. The next morning another shock made us acquainted with it. . . . The cattle came running home bellowing with fear, and all animals were terribly alarmed. Our house cracked and quivered so we were fearful it would fall to the ground. In the American Bottom many chimneys were thrown down, and the church bell at Cahokia was sounded by the agitation of the building. It is said a shock of an earthquake was felt in Kaskas- kia in 1804, but I did not perceive it." Owing to the sparseness of the population in Illinois at that time, but little is known of the effect of the con- vulsion of 1811 elsewhere, but there are numerous "sink-holes" in Union and adjacent counties, between the forks of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, which probably owe their origin to this or some similar disturbance. "On the Kaskaskia River below Athens," says Governor Reynolds in his "Pioneer History," "the water and white sand were thrown up through a fissure of the earth." EAST DUBUQUE, an incorporated city of Jo Daviess County, on the east bank of the Missis- sippi, 17 miles (by rail) northeast of Galena. It is connected with Dubuque, Iowa, by a railroad and a wagon bridge two miles in length. It has a grain elevator, a box factory, a planing mill and manufactories of cultivators and sand drills. It has also a bank, two churches, good public schools and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,037; (1890), 1,069; (1900), 1,146. EASTOX, (Col.) Rufus, pioneer, founder of the city of Alton; was born at Litchfield, Conn., May 4, 1774; studied law and practiced two years in Oneida County, N. Y. ; emigrated to St. Louis in 1804, and was commissioned by President Jefferson Judge of the Territory of Louisiana, and also became the first Postmaster of St. Louis, in 1808. From 1814 to 1818 he served as Delegate in Congress from Missouri Territory, and, on the organization of the State of Missouri (1821), was appointed Attorney-General for the State, serving until 1826. His death occurred at St. Charles, Mo., July 5, 1834. Colonel Easton's connection with Illinois history is based chiefly upon the fact that he was the founder of the present city of Alton, which he laid out, in 1817, on a tract of land of which he had obtained possession at the mouth of the Little Piasa Creek, naming the town for his son. Rev. Thomas Lippincott, prominently identified with the early history of that portion of the State, kept a store for Easton at Milton, on Wood River, about two miles from Alton, in the early " '20's." EAST ST, LOUIS, a flourishing city in St. Clair County, on the east bank of the Mississippi di- rectly opposite St. Louis; is the terminus of twenty-two railroads and several electric lines, and the leading commercial and manufacturing point in Southern Illinois. Its industries include rolling mills, steel, brass, malleable iron and glass works, grain elevators and flour mills, breweries, stockyards and packing houses. The city has eleven public and five parochial schools, one high school, and two colleges; is well sup- plied with banks and has one daily and four weekly papers. Population (1890), 15,169; (1900), 29,6.55; (1903, est.), 40,000. EASTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE EVSANE. The act for the establishment of this institution passed the General Assembly in 1877. Many cities offered inducements, by way of donations, for the location of the new hospital, but the site finally selected was a farm of 250 acres near Kan- kakee, and this was subsequently enlarged by the purchase of 327 additional acres in 1881. Work was begun in 1878 and the first patients received in December, 1879. The plan of the institution is, in many respects, unique. It comprises a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 145 general buiklinc, tliree stories high, capable of accommodatiui; 300 to 400 patients, and a number of detached buildings, technically termed cot- tages, where various classes of insane patients may be groujied and receive the particular treatment best adapted to ensure their recovery. Tlie plans were mainly worked out from suggestions by Frederick Howard Wines, LL.D., then Secretary of the Board of Public Charities, and have attracted generally favorable comment both in this country and abroad. The seventy-five build- ings occupied for the various purpases of the institution, cover a quarter-section of land laid off in regular streets, beautified with trees, plants and flowers, and presenting all the appearance of a flourishing village with numerous small parks adorned with walks and drives. The counties from which patients are received include Cook, Champaign, Coles, Cumberland, De Witt, Doug- las, Edgar, Ford, Grundy, Iroquois, Kankakee, La Salle, Livingston, Macon, McLean, Moultrie Piatt, Shelby, Vermilion and Will. The whole number of patients in 1898 was 2,200, while the emploves of all classes numbered .500. E.\STERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, an institution designed to qualify teachers for giving instruction in the public schools, located at Charleston, Coles County, under an act of the Legislature passed at the session of 1895. The act appropriated §50,000 for the erection of build- ings, to which additional appropriations were added in 1897 and 1898, of ?25,000 and .?50,000, respectively, with §56.216.72 contributed by the city of Charleston, making a total of .5181,216.73. The Vniilding was begun in 1896, the corner-stone being laid on May 27 of that year. There was delay in the progress of the work in consequence of the failure of the contractors in December, 1896, but the work was resumed in 1897 and practically completed early in 1899, with the expectation that the institution would be opened for the reception of students in September fol- lowing. EASTMAN, Zebina, anti-slavery journalist, was born at North .\mherst, Mass., Sept. 8, 1815; became a printer's apprentice at 14, but later spent a short time in an academy at Hadley. Then, after a brief exjierience as an employe in the office of "The Hartford Pearl," at the age of 18 he invested his patrimony of some §2,000 in the establishment of "Tlie Free Press" at Fayette- ville, Vt. This venture proving unsuccessful, in 1837 he came west, stopping a year or two at Ann Arbor, Mich. In 18.39 he visited Peoria by way of Chicago, working for a time on "The Peoria Regi.ster, " but .soon after joined Benjamin Lundy, who was preparing to revive his paper, "The Genius of Universal Emancipation," at Lowell, La Salle County. This scheme was partially defeated by Lundy's early death, but, after a few months' delay, Eastman, in conjunc- tion with Hooper Warren, began the publication of "The Genius of Liberty" as tlie successor of Lundy's paper, using the printing press which Warren had used in the office of "The Commer- cial Advertiser, " in Chicago, a year or so before. In 1842, at the invitation of prominent Abolitionists, the paper was removed to Chicago, where it was issued under the name of "The Western Citizen," in 185;! liecoming "The Free West," and finally, in 1856, being merged in "The Chicago Tribune." After tlie suspension of "The Free West," Mr. Eastman began the publication of "The Chicago Magazine," a literary and historical monthly, but it reached only its fifth number, when it was discontinued for want of financial "upport. In 1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln United States Consul at Bristol, England, where he remained eight ye;irs. On his return from Europe, he took up Ids residence at Elgin, later removing to Maywood, a suburb of Chicago, where he died. June 14. 1883. During the latter years of his life Mr. Eastman contributed many articles of great historical interest to the Chi- cago press. (See Lundy, Benjamin, and TT'arreji, Hooper. ) , EBERHART, Joint Frederick, educator and real-estate operator, was born in Mercer County. Pa., Jan. 21, 1829; coniinenced teaching at 16 years of age, and, in 1853, graduated from Alle- gheny College, at Meadville, soon after becoming Principal of Albright Seminary at Berlin, in the same State ; in 1855 came west by way of Chicago, locating at Dixon and engaging in editorial work ; a j'ear later established "The Northwe.stern Home and School Journal," which he published three j-ears, in the meantime establishing and conducting teachers' institutes in Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin. In 1859 he was elected Scliool Commissioner of Cook County — a position which was afterwards changed to County Superintend- ent of Schools, and which he held ten years. Mr. Eberhart was largely instrumental in the estab- lishment of the Cook County Normal School. Since retiring from office he has been engaged in the real-estate business in Chicago. ECKH.VRT, Bernard A., manufacturer and President of the Cliicago Drainage Board, was born in Alsace, France (now Germany), brought to America in infancy and reared on a farm in 146 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Vernon County, Wis. ; was educated at Milwau- kee, and, in 1868, became clerk in the office of the Eagle Milling Company of that city, afterwards serving as its Eastern agent in various seaboard cities. He finally established an extensive mill- ing business in Chicago, in which he is now engaged. In 188-1 he served as a delegate to the National Waterway Convention at St. Paul and, in 1886, was elected to the State Senate, serving four years and taking a prominent part in draft- ing the Sanitary Drainage Bill passed by the Thirty-sixth General Assembly. He has also been prominent in connection with various financial institutions, and, in 1891, was elected one of the Trustees of the Sanitary District of Chicago, was re-elected in ISO.") and chosen President of the Board for the following year, and re-elected Pres- ident in December, 1898. EDBROOKE, Willoughby J., Supervising Architect, was born at Deerfield, Lake County, 111., Sept. 3, 1843; brought up to the architectural profession by his father and under the instruc- tion of Chicago architects. During Mayor Roche's administration he held the position of Commissioner of Public Works, and, in April, 1891, was appointed Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department at Washington, in that capacity supervising the construction of Govern- ment buildings at the World's Columbian Exposi- tion. Died, in Chicago, Blarch 26, 1896. EDDY, Henry, pioneer lawyer and editor, was born in Vermont, in 1798, reared in New York, learned the printer's trade at Pittsburg, served in the War of 1813, and was wounded in the battle of Black Rock, near Buffalo ; came to Shawneetown, 111., in 1818, where he edited "The Illinois Emigrant," the earliest paper in that part of the State ; was a Presidential Elector in 1824, a Representative in the Second and Fif- teenth General Assemblies, and elected a Circuit Judge in 1835, but resigned a few weeks later. He was a Whig in politics. Usher F. Linder, in his "Reminiscences of the Early Bencli and Bar of Illinois," says of Mr. Eddy: "When he addressed the court, he elicited the most profound attention. He was a sort of walking law library. He never forgot anything that he ever knew, whether law, poetry or belles lettres." Died, June 29, 1849. EDDY, Tliomas Mears, clergyman and author, was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, Sept. 7, 1823; educated at Greensborough, Ind., and, from 1842 to 1853, was a Methodist circuit preacher in that State, becoming Agent of the American Bible Society the latter year, and Presiding Elder of the Indianapolis district until 1856, when he was appointed editor of "The Northwestern Christian Advocate," in Chicago, retiring from that position in 1868. Later, he held pastorales in Baltimore and Washington, and was chosen one of the Corresponding Secretaries of tlie Mis- sionary Society by the General Conference of 1872. Dr. Eddy was a copious writer for the press, and, besides occasional sermons, published two volumes of reminiscences and personal sketches of prominent Illinoisans in the War of the Rebellion under the title of "Patriotism of Illinois" (1865). Died, in New York City, Oct. 7, 1874. EDGAR, John, early settler at Kaskaskia, was born in Ireland and, during the American Revo- lution, served as an officer in the British navy, but married an American woman of great force of character who sympathized strongly with the patriot cause. Having become involved in the desertion of three British soldiers whom his wife had promised to assist in reaching the American camp, he was compelled to flee. After remaining for a while in the American army, during which he became the friend of General La Fayette, he sought .safety by coming west, arriving at Kas- kaskia in 1784. His property was confiscated, but his wife succeeded in saving some §12,000 from the wreck, with which she joined him two years later. He engaged in business and became an extensive land-owner, being credited, during Territorial days, with the ownership of nearly 50,000 acres situated in Randolph, Monroe, St. Clair, Madison, Clinton, Washington, Perry and Jackson Coimties, and long known as the "Edgar lands." He also purchased and rebuilt a mill near Kaskaskia which had belonged to a French- man named Paget, and became a large shipper of flour at an early day to the Southern markets. When St. Clair Coimty was organized, in 1790, he was appointed one of the Judges of the Common Pleas Court, and so appears to have continued for more than a quarter of a century. On the establisliment of a Territorial Legislature for the Northwest Territory, he was chosen, in 1799, one of the members for St. Clair County — the Legis- lature liolding its session at ChilUcothe, in the present State of Ohio, under the administration of Governor St. Clair. He was also appointed a Major-General of militia, retaining the office for many years. General and Mrs. Edgar were leaders of society at the old Territorial capital, and, on the visit of La Faj-ette to Kaskaskia in 1825, a reception was given at their house to the distinguished Frenchman, whose acquaintance HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 147 tliey had made more than forty years before. He died at Kaskaskia, in IH'S'Z. Edgar I'ounty, in the eastern jiart of the State, was named in lionor of General Edgar. He was Worsliipful Master of the first Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Slasons in Illinois, constituted at Kaskaskia in 1800. EDUAR COUNTY, one of the middle tier of counties from north to south, lying on the east- ern border of the State; was organized in 1823, and named for General Edgar, an early citizen of Kaska.skia. It contains 030 .serintendence and the cost of maintaining tlie higher institutions estab- lished, and partially or wholly supported by the State, increa.se the total expenditures by some §600.000 per annum. These higher institutions include the Illinois State Normal University at Normal, the Southern Illinois Normal at Carbon- dale and the University of Illinois at Urbana; to which were added by the Legislature, at its ses- sion of 1895, the Eastern Illinois Normal School, afterwards established at Charleston, and the Northern Illinois Normal at De Kalb. These institutions, although under supervision of the State, are partly supported by tuition fees. (See description of these institutions under their several titles.) The normal schools — as their names indicate — are primarily designed for the training of teachers, although other classes of pupils are admitted under certain conditions, including the payment of tuition. At the Uni- versity of Illinois instruction is given in the clas- sics, the sciences, agriculture and the mechanic arts. In addition to these the State supports four other institutions of an educational rather than a custodial character — viz. : the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Insti- tution for the Blind, at Jacksonville; the Asylum for the FeebleMinded at Lincoln, and the Sol- diers' Orphans' Home at Normal. Tlie estimated value of the property connected with these several institutions, in addition to the value of school property given in the preceding table, will increase the total (exclusive of permanent funds) to $47,1.53,374.95, of which §4,375,107.95 repre- sents property belonging to the institutions above mentioned. Powers and Duties op Scperixtexdents AND Other School Officers.— Each county elects a County Su|)erintendent of Schools, who.se duty it is to visit schof)ls, conduct teachers' insti- tutes, advise with teachers and school officers and instruct them in their respective duties, conduct examinations of persons desiring to become teachers, and exercise general supers' ision over school affairs within his count}'. The subordi- nate officers are Township Trustees, a Township Treasurer, and a Board of District Directors or — in place of the latter in cities and villages — Boards of Education. The two last named Boards have l)ower to emploj- teachers and, generally, to super- vise the management of schools in districts. The State Superintendent is entrusted with general supervision of the common-school system of the State, and it is his duty to advise and assist Count}' Superintendents, to visit State Charitable institutions, to issue official circulars to teachers, school oflficers and others in regard to their rights and duties under the general school code; to decide controverted questions of school law, com- ing to him by appeal from County Superintend- ents and others, and to make full and detailed reports of the operations of his office to the Governor, biennially. He is also made ex-officio a member of the Board of Trustees of the Univer- sitj' of Illinois and of the several Normal Schools, and is empowered to grant certificates of two different grades to teachers — the higher grade to be valid during the lifetime of the holder, and the lower for two years. Certificates granted by County Superintendents are also of two grades and have a tenure of one and two years, respec- tively, in the county where given. The conditions for securing a certificate of the first (or two- years') grade, require that the candidate shall be of good moral character and qualified to teach orthography, reading in English, penmanship, arithmetic, modem geography, English grammar, the elements of the natural sciences, the history of the United States, physiology and the laws of health. The second grade (or one-year) certifi- cate calls for examination in the branches just enumerated, except the natural sciences, phj'si- ology and laws of health ; l>ut teachers employed exclusively in giving instruction in music, draw- ing, penmanship or other special branches, may take examinations in these branches alone, but are restricted, in teaching, to those in which they have been examined. — County Boards are empowered to establish Count}' Normal Schools for the education of teachers for the common schools, and the management of such normal schools is placed in the hands of a County Board of Education, to consist of not less than five nor more than eight persons, of whom the Chairman of the County Board and the County Superin- tendent of Schools shall he ex-officio members. 152 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Boards of Education and Directors may establish kindergartens (when authorized to do so by vote of a majority of the voters of their districts), for children between the ages of four and six years, but the cost of supporting the same must be defrayed by a special tax. — A compulsory pro- vision of the School Law requires that each cliild, between the ages of seven and fourteen years, shall be sent to school at least sixteen weeks of each year, imless otherwise instructed in the elementary branches, or disqualified by physical or mental disability. — Under the provisions of an act, passed in 1891, women are made eligible to any office created by the general or special school laws of the State, when twenty -one years of age or upwards, and otherwise possessing the same qualifications for the office as are prescribed for men. (For list of incumbents in the office of State Superintendent, see Superintendents of Pubiic Instruction. ) EDWARDS, Arthur, D.D., clergyman, soldier and editor, was born at Norwalk, Ohio, Nov. 23, 1834; educated at Albion, Mich., and the Wes- leyan University of Ohio, graduating from the latter in 1858 ; entered the Detroit Conference of the Metliodist Episcopal Church the same year, was ordained in 1860 and, from 1861 until after the battle of Gettysburg, served as Chaplain of the First Michigan Cavalry, when he resigned to accept the colonelcy of a cavalry regiment. In 1864, he was elected assistant editor of "The Northwestern Christian Advocate"' at Chicago, and, on the retirement of Dr. Eddy in 1872, became Editor-in-chief, being re-elected every four years thereafter to the present time. He has also been a member of each General Confer- ence since 18T2. was a member of the Ecumenical Conference at London in 1881, and has held other positions of prominence within the church. EDWARDS, Cyrus, pioneer lawyer, was born in Montgomery County, Md., Jan. 17, 1793; at the age of seven accompanied his parents to Ken- tucky, where he received his primary education, and studied law ; was admitted to the bar at Kas- kaskia, 111., in 1815, Ninian Edwards (of whom he was the youngest brother) being then Territorial Governor. During the next fourteen years he resided alternately in Missouri and Kentucky, and, in 1829, took up his residence at Edwards- ville. Owing to impaired health he decided to abandon his profession and engage in general business, later becoming a resident of L'pper Alton. In 1832 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature as a Whig, and again, in 1840 and '60, the last time as a Republican ; was State Senator from 1835 to '39, and was also the Whig candidate for Governor, in 1838, in opposition to Thomas Carlin (Democrat), who was elected. He served in the Black Hawk War, was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and espe- cially interested in education and in public chari- ties, being, for thirty-five years, a Trustee of Shurtleff College, to which he was a most munificent benefactor, and which conferred on him the degree of LL.D. in 1852. Died at Upper Alton, September, 1877. EDWARDS, Ninian, Territorial Governor and United States Senator, was born in Montgomery Coimty, Md., March 17, 1775; for a time had the celebrated William Wirt as a tutor, completing his course at Dickinson College. At the age of 19 he emigrated to Kentucky, where, after squander- ing considerable money, he studied law and, step by step, rose to be Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals. In 1809 President Madison appointed him the first Territorial Governor of Illinois. This office he held until the admission of Illinois as a State in 1818, when he was elected United Sates Senator and re-elected on the completion of his first (the short) term. In 1826 he was elected Governor of the State, his successful administra- tion terminating in 1830. In 1832 he became a candidate for Congress, but was defeated by Charles Slade. He was able, magnanimous and incorruptible, although charged with aristocratic tendencies which were largely hereditarj-. Died, at his home at Belleville, on July 20, 1833, of cholera, the disease having been contracted through self-sacrificing efforts to assist sufferers from the epidemic. His demise cast a gloom over the entire State. Two valuable volumes bearing upon State history, comprising his cor- respondence with many public men of his time, have been published; the first under the title of "History of Illinois and Lifeof Ninian Edwards,"' by his son, the late Ninian Wirt Edwards, and the other "The Edwards Papers." edited by the late Elihu B. Washburne, and printed under the auspices of the Chicago Historical "Society. — N'inian Wirt (Edwards), son of Gov. Ninian Edwards, was born at Frankfort, Ky., April 15, 1809, the year his father became Territorial Governor of Illinois; spent his boyhood at Kas- kaskia, Edwardsville and Belleville, and was educated at Transylvania University, graduating in 1833. He married Elizabeth P. Todd, a sister of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln, was appointed Attor- ney-General in 1S34. but resigned in 1835, when he removed to Springfield. In 1836 he was elected to the Legislature from Sangamon HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 153 County, as the coUeag^ie of Abralvam Lincoln, being one of the celebrated "Long Nine," and was influential in securing the removal of the State capital to Springfield. He was re-elected to the House in 1838, to the State Senate in 1844. and again to the HoiLse in 1848 ; was also a mem- ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1847. Again, in 1850, he was elected to the House, but resigned on account of his change of politics from Whig to Democratic, and, in tlie election to fill the vacancy, was defeated by James C. Conk- ling. He served as Superintendent of Public Instruction by appointment of Governor Matte- son, 18.54-57, and, in 1861, was appointed by President Lincoln, Captain Commissary of Sub- sistence, which jx)sition he filled until June, 18G.5, since which time he remained in private life. He is the autlior of the "Life and Times of Ninian Edwards" (1870), whicli was prepared at the request of the State Historical Society. Died, at Springfield, Sept. 2, 1889.— Benjamin Stevenson (Edwards), lawyer and jurist, another son of Gov. Ninian Edwards, was bom at Edwardsville, 111., June 3, 1818, graduated from Yale College in 1838, and was admitted to the bar the following year. Originally a Whig, lie subsequently became a Democrat, was a Delegate to the Con- stitutional Convention of 1862, and. in 1868, was an unsucce.ssful c-andidate for Congress in opposi- tion to Shelby M. Cullom. In 1869 he was elected Circuit Judge of the .Springfield Circuit, but within eighteen months resigned the position, preferring the excitement and emoluments of private practice to the dignity and scanty salary attaching to the bench. As a lawj-er and as a citizen he was universall}' respec-ted. Died, at his home in Springfield, Feb. 4, 1886, at the time of his decease being President of the Illinois State Bar Association. EDWARDS, Richard, educator, ex-Superin- tendent of Public Instruction, was bom in Cardi- ganshire, Wales, Dec. 23, 1822; emigrated with his parents to Portage County, Ohio, and tegan life on a farm ; later graduated at the State Normal School, Bridgewater, Mass., and from the Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y., receiv- ing the degrees of Bachelor of Science and Civil Engineer; served for a time as a civil engineer on the Boston water works, then beginning a career as a teacher which continued almost unin- terruptedly for thirty-five years. During this period he was connected with the Normal School at Bridgewater; a Boys' High School at Salem, and the State Normal at the same place, coming west in 1857 to establish the Normal School at St. Louis, Mo., still later becoming Principal of the St. Louis High School, and, in 1862, accepting the Presidency of the State Normal University, at Normal, 111. It was here where Dr. Edwards, remaining fourteen years, accomplished his greatest work and left his deepest impress upon the educational system of the State by personal contact with its teachers. The iie.\t nine years were s|)ent as pastor of the First Congregational churcli at Princeton, when, after eighteen montlis in the service of Knox College as Finan- cial Agent, he was again called, in 1886, to a closer connection with the educational field by his election to the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction, sen-ing until 1891, when, having failed of a re-election, he soon after a.ssumed the Presidency of Blackburn University at Carlinville. Failing Iiealth, liowever, com- pelled his retirement a year later, when he removed to Bloomington, which is now (1898) his place of residence. EDWARDS COUNTY, situated in the south- eastern part of the State, between Ricliland and Wliite on tlie north and south, and Waliash and Wayne on the east and west, and touching the Ohio River on its southeastern border. It was separated from Gallatin County in 1814, during the Territorial period. Its territory was dimin- ished in 1824 by the carving out of Wabash County. The surface is diversified by prairie and timber, the soil fertile and well adapted to the raising of lx)th wheat and corn. The princi- pal streams, besides the Ohio, are Bonpas Creek, on the east, and tlie Little Wabash River on the west. Palmj'ra (a place no longer on the map) was the seat for holding the first county court, in 1815, John Mcintosh, Seth Gard and William Barney being the Judges. Albion, the present county-seat (population, 937), was laid out by Morris Birkbeck and George Flower (emigrants from England), in 1819, and settled largely by their countrymen, but not incorporated until 1860. The area of the county is 220 square miles, and population, in 1900, 10,345. Grayville, with a population of 2,000 in 1890, is partly in this county, though mostly in White. Edwards County was named in honor of Ninian Edwards, the Territorial Governor of Illinois. EDWARDSYILLE, the county-seat of Madison County, settled in 1812 and named in honor of Territorial Governor Ninian Edwards; is on four lines of railway and contiguous to two others, 18 miles northea.st of St. Louis. Edwardsville was the home of some of the most prominent men in the history of the State, including Governors Ed- 154 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. wards, Coles, and others. It has pressed and shale brickyards, coal mines, flour mills, machine shops, banks, electric street railway, water-works, schools, and churches. In a suburb of the city (LeClaire) is a cooperative manufactory of sani- tary supplies, using large shops and doing a large business. Edwardsville has three newspapers, one issued semi-weekly. Population (1890), 3,561 ; (1900), 4,1.57; with suburb (estimated), 5,000. EFFIN(JH.\M, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Effingham County, i) miles northeast from St. Louis and 199 southwest of Chicago; has four papers, creamery, milk condensory, and ice fac- tory. Population (1890), 3,260; (1900), 3,774. EFFIIVGHAM COUNTY, cut off from Fayette (and separately organized) in 1831 — named for Gen. Edward Effingham. It is situated in the central portion of the State, 62 miles nortlieast of St. Louis ; has an area of 490 square miles and a population(1900) of 20,465. T. M. Short, I. Fanchon and William I. Hawkins were the first County Commissioners. Effingham, the county-seat, was platted by Messrs. Alexander and Little in 1854. Messrs. Gillenwater, Hawkins and Brown were among the earliest settlers. Several lines of rail- way cross the count}'. Agriculture and sheep- raising are leading industries, wool being one of the principal products. EGtAN, William Bradshaw, M.D., pioneer phy- sican, was born in Ireland, Sept. 28, 1808; spent some time during his j-outh in the study of sur- gery in England, later attending lectures at Dub- lin. About 1828 he went to Canada, taught for a time in the schools of Quebec and Montreal and, in 1830, was licensed by the Medical Board of New Jersey and began practice at Newark in that State, later practicing in New York. In 1833 he removed to Chicago and was early recog- nized as a prominent physician ; on July 4, 1836, delivered the address at the breaking of ground for the Illinois & Michigan Canal. During the early years of his residence in Chicago, Dr. Egan was owner of the block on which the Tremont House stands, and erected a number of houses there. He was a zealous Democrat and a delegate to the first Convention of that party, held at Joliet in 1843; was elected County Recorder in 1844 and Representative in the Eighteenth Gen- eral Assembly (1853-54). Died, Oct. 37, 1860. ELBURN, a village of Kane Count}', on the Cliicago & Northwestern Railway, 8 miles west of Geneva. It has banks and a weekly news- paper Population (1890), 584; (1900), 606. ELDORADO, a town in Saline County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, the Louisville & Nashville, and the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroads; has a bank and one newspaper; district argicultural. Population, (1900), 1,445. ELDRIDGE, Hamilton Jf., lawyer and soldier, was born at South Williamstown, Mass., August, 1837 ; graduated at Williams College in the class with President Garfield, in 1856, and at Albany Law School, in 1857; soon afterward came to Chicago and began practice ; in 1862 assisted in organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, of which he was elected Lieutenant-Colonel, before the end of the year being promoted to the position of Colonel; dis- tinguished himself at Arkansas Post, Chicka- mauga and in the battles before Vicksburg, winning the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General, but, after two years' service, was compelled to retire on account of disability, being carried east on a stretcher. Subsequently he recovered suffi- ciently to resume his profession, but died in Chicago, Dec. 1, 1882, mucli regretted by a large circle of friends, with whom he was exceedingly popular. ELECTIONS. The elections of public officers in Illinois are of two general classes: (I) those conducted in accordance with United States laws, and (II) those conducted exclusively under State laws. I. To the first class belong: (1) the election of United States Senators; (2) Presidential Elect- ors, and (3 ) Representatives in Congress. 1. (United St.\tes Senators). The election of United States Senators, while an act of the State Legislature, is conducted solely under forms pre- scribed by the laws of the United States. These make it the duty of tlie Legislature, on the second Tuesday after convening at the session next pre- ceding the expiration of the term for which any Senator may have been chosen, to proceed to elect his successor in the following manner: Each House is required, on the day designated, in open session and by the viva voce vote of each member present, to name some person for United States Senator, the result of the balloting to be entered on the journals of the respective Houses. At twelve o'clock (M.) on the day following the day of election, the members of the two Houses meet in joint assembly, when the journals of both Houses are read. If it appears that the same person has received a majority of all the votes in each House, he is declared elected Senator. If, however, no one has received such majority, or if either House has failed to take proceedings as required on the preceding day, then the members HISTORICAL EXCYC'LOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 155 of tlie two Houses, in joint assembl)-, proceed to ballot for Senator by viva voce vote of members present. The person receivinj; a majority of all the votes cast— a majority of the members of both Houses being jiresent and voting — is declared elected ; otherwise the joint assembl}' is reneweil at noon each legislative day of the session, and at least one ballot taken until a Senator is chosen. When a vacancy exists in tlie Senate at tlie time of the assembling of the Legislature, the same rule prevails as to the time of holding an election to (ill it; and, if a vacancy occurs during the session, the Legislature is required to proceed to an election on the .second Tuesday after having received official notice of such vacancy. The tenure of a United States Senator for a full term is six years — the regular term beginning with a new Congress — the two Senators from each State belonging to different "cla.sses," so that their terms expire alternately at periods of two and four years from each other. — 2. (Presidenti.^l Electors). The choice of Electors of President and Vice-President is made by popular vote taken quadrennially on the Tuesday after the first Jlonday in November. The date of such election is fixed by act of Congress, being the same as that for Congressman, although the State Legislature prescribes the manner of conducting it and making returns of the same. The number of Electors chosen eipials the number of Senators and Representatives taken togetlier (in 1899 it was twentj'-four), and they are elected on a gen- eral ticket, a plurality of votes being sufficient to elect. Electors meet at the State capital on the second Monday of January after their election (Act of Congress, 1887), to cast the vote of the State. — 3. (Members of Congress). The elec- tion of Representatives in Congress is also held under United .States law, occurring biennially (on the even years) simultaneously with the gen- eral State election in November. Should Congress select a ditferent date for such election, it woulil be the duty of the Legislature to recognize it by a corresponding change in the State law relating to the election of Congressmen. The tenure of a Congressman is two years, the election being by Districts instead of a general ticket, as in the case of Presidential Electors — the term of each Representative for a fidl term beginning with a new Congress, on the 1th of March of the odd years following a general election. (See Con- f/rcwioHfi/ Aiiportionment.) n. All officers under the State Government — except Boards of Tnistees of charitable and penal institutions or tlie heads of certain departments. which are made appointive by the Governor — are elected by popular vote. Apart from county officers they consist of three classes: (1) Legisla- tive; (2) Executive; (3) Judicial — which are chosen at different times and for different periods, t. (Leoislatitre). Legislative officers consist of Senators and Representatives, chosen at elections held on the Tuesday after the first Monday of November, biennially. The regular term of a Senator (of whom there are fifty-one under the I)resent Constitution) is four years; twenty-five (tliose in Districts bearing even numbers) being cliosen on the years in which a President and Governor are elected, and the other twenty -six at the intermediate iieriod two years later. Thus, one-half of each State Senate is composed of what are called "hold-over" Senators. Representatives are elected biennially at the November election, and hold office two j'ears. The qualifications as to eligibility for a seat in the State Senate require that the incumbent sliall be 25 years of age, while 21 years renders one eligible to a seat in the House — the Constitution requiring that each shall have been a resident of the State for five years, and of the District for which he is chosen, two years next preceding his election. (See Legislative Apportionment and 3Iinority Repre- sentation.) — 2. (Executive Officers). The officers constituting the Executive Department include the Governor. Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor of Public Accounts, Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Attorney General. Each of these, except the State Treasurer, holds office four years and — with the exception of the Treasurer and Superintend- ent of Public Instruction — are elected at the general election at which Presidential Electors are clio.sen. The election of State Superintendent occurs on the intermediate (even) years, and that of State Treasurer every two years coincidently with the election of Governor and Superintendent of Public Instruction, respectivelj'. (See Execu- tire Officers.) In addition to the State officers already named, three Trustees of the University of Illinois are elected biennially at the general election in November, each holding office for six years. The.se trustees (nine in number), with the Governor, President of the State Board of -Vgriculture and the Superintendent of Public Instruction, constitute the Board of Trustees of tlie Universit}- of Illinois. — .3. (Judiciary). The •Judicial Department embraces Judges of the Supreme, Circuit and County Courts, and such other subordinate officials as may be connected with the administration of justice. For the 156 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. election of members of the Supreme Couit the State is divided into seven Districts, eacli of which elects a Justice of the Supreme Court for a term of nine years. The elections in five of these — the First, Second, Third, Sixth and Seventh — occur on the first Monday in June every ninth year from 1879, the last election having occurred in June, 1897. The elections in the other t .vo Districts occur at similar periods of nine years from 1876 and 1873, respectively — tlie last election in the Fourth District having occurred in June, 1893, and that in the Fifth in 1891.— Circuit Judges are chosen on the first Monday in June every six years, counting from 1873. Judges of the Superior Court of Cook County are elected every six years at the November election. — Clerks of the Supreme and Appellate Courts are elected at the November election for six years, the last election having occurred in 1896. Under the act of April 2, 1897. consolidating the Supreme Court into one Grand Division, the number of Supreme Court Clerks is reduced to one, although the Clerks elected in 1896 remain in ofRce and have charge of the records of their several Divisions until the expiration of their terms in 1903. The Supreme Court holds five terms annually at Spring- field, beginning, respectively, on the first Tuesday of October, December, February, April and June. (Other Officers), (a) Members of the State Board of Equalization (one for every Congres- sional District) are elective eveiy four years at the same time as Congressmen, (b) County officers (except County Commissioners not under township organization) hold office for four years and are chosen at the November election as follows: (1) At the general election at whicli the Governor is chosen — Clerk of the Circuit Court, State's Attorney, Recorder of Deeds (in counties having a population of 60,000 or over), Coroner and County Surveyor. (2) On inter- mediate years — Sheriff, County Judge, Probate Judge (in counties having a population of 70,000 and over). County Clerk, Treasurer, Superintend- ent of Schools, and Clerk of Criminal Court of Cook County, (c) In counties not under town- ship organization a Board of County Commission- ers is elected, one being chosen in Noveniber of each year, and each holding office three years, (d) Under the general law the polls open at 8 a. m., and close at 7 p. m. In cities accepting an Act of the Legislature passed in 1885, the hour of opening the polls is 6 a. m., and of closing 4 p. m. (See also Australian Ballot.) ELECTORS, QUALIFICATIONS OF. (See Suffrage.) ELGIN, an imjiortant city of Northern Illinois, in Kane County, on Fox River and the Cliicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and Chicago & Northwest- ern Railroads, besides two rural electric lines, 36 miles northwest of Chicago; has valuable water- power and over fifty manufacturing establish- ments, including the National Watch Factory and the Cook Publishing Company, both among the most extensive of their kind in the world; is also a great dairy center with extensive creameries and milk-condensing works. The quotations of its Butter and Cheese Exchange are telegraphed to all the great commercial centers and regulate the prices of these commodities throughout the country. Elgin is the seat of the Northern (Illi- nois) Hospital for the Insane, and has a handsome Government (postoffice) building, fine public library and many liandsome residences. It has had a rapid growtli in the past twenty years. Population (1890), 17,823; (1900), 22,433. ELGIN, JOLIET & EASTERN RAILWAY. The main line of this road extends west from Dyer on the Indiana State line to Joliet, thence northeast to Waukegan. The total length of the line (1898) is 192.72 miles, of which 159.93 miles are in Illi- nois. The entire capital of the company, includ- ing stock and indebtedness, amounted (1898), to §13,799,630— more than S71.000 per mile. Its total earnings in Illinois for the .same year were .$1,312.- 026, and its entire expenditure in the State, $1,156,146. The company paid in taxes, the same year, $48,876. Branch lines extend southerly from Walker Junction to Coster, where connec- tion is made with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and northwesterly from Normantown, on the main line, to Aurora. — (History). The Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Rail- way was chartered in 1887 and absorbed the Joliet, Aurora & Northern Railway, from Joliet to Aurora (21 miles), wliich had been commenced in 1886 and was completed in 1888, witli extensions from Joliet to Spaulding, 111. , and from Joliet to McCool, Ind. In January, 1891, the Company purchased all the properties and franchises of the Gardner, Coal City & Normantown and the Waukegan & Southwestern Railway Companies (formerly operated under lease). The former of these two roads was chartered in 1889 and opened in 1890. The system forms a belt line around Chicago, intersecting all railroads entering that city from every direction. Its traffic is chiefly in the transportation of freight. ELIZABETHTOWN, the county-seat of Hardin County. It stands on the north bank of the Ohio River, 44 miles above Paducah, Ky., and about HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 157 125 miles southeast of Belleville; has a brick and tile factory, large tie trade, two churches, two flouriiiK iiiills. a hank, and one newspaper. Pop- ulation (1890), 0.V2; (19U0), 608. ELKH.VRT, a town of Logan County, on the Chica{;i> & Alton Uailroad, 18 miles northeast of Springfield ; is a riuh i'arniiug section ; has a coal shaft. Population (1890), 414; (1900), 553. ELKIX, William F., pioneer and early legisla- tor, was born in Clark County, Ky., April 13, 1793; after spending several years in Ohio and Indiana, came to Sangamon County, 111., in 1825; was elected to the Si.\th, Tenth and Eleventli General Assemblies, being one of the "Long Nine" from Sangamon County and, in 18C1, was appointed bj' his former colleague (Abraham Lincoln) Register of the Land Office at Spring- field, resigning in 1872. Died, in 1878. ELLIS, Edward F. W., soldier, was born at Wilton, Maine, April 15, 1819; studied law and was admitted to the bar in Ohio ; spent three j-ears (1849-52) in California, serving in the Legislature of that State in 1851, and proving himself an earnest opponent of slavery ; returned to Ohio the nest year, and. in 18.54. removed toRockford, 111., where he embarked in the banking business. Soon after the firing on Fort Sumter, he organ- ized the Ellis Rifles, which having been attached to the Fifteenth Illinois, he was elected Lieuten- ant-Colonel of the regiment ; was in command at the battle of Shiloh, April G, 1862. and was killed while bravely leading on his men. ELLIS, (Rev.) John Millot, early home mis- sionary, was born in Keenc. N. II., July 14, 1793; came to Illinois as a home missionary of the Presbyterian Church at an early day, and served for a time as pastor of churches at Kaskaskia and Jacksonville, and was one of the influential factors in securing the location of Illinois Col- lege at the latter place. His wife also conducted, for some years, a private school for young ladies at Jacksonville, which developed into the Jack- sonville Female Academy in 1833, and is still maintained after a history of over si.xty years. Mr. Ellis was later associated with the establish- ment of Wabiish College, at Crawfordsville, Ind., finally returning to New Ilampshire, where, in 1840. he was pastor of a church at East Hanover. In 1844 he again entered the service of the Soci- ety for Promoting Collegiate and Theological Education in the West. Died. .Vugust 6, 1855. ELLSWORTH, Ephraini Elmer, soldier, first victim of the Civil War, was born at Mechanics ville, Saratoga County, N. Y., April 23, 1837. He came to Chicago at an early age, studied law. and became a patent solicitor. In 1860 he raised a regiment of Zouaves in Chicago, which became famous for the perfection of its discipline and drill, and of which he was commissioned Colonel. In 1801 he accompanied President Lincoln to Washington, going from there to New York, where he recruited and organized a Zouave regiment composed of firemen. He became its Colonel and the regiment was ordered to Alexan- dria, Va. While stationed there Colonel Ells- worth observed that a Confederate flag was flying above a hotel owned by one Jackson. Rushing to the roof, he tore it do^vn, but before he reached the street was shot and killed by Jackson, who was in turn shot by Frank H. Brownell, one of Ellsworth's men. He was the first Union soldier killed in the war. Died, May 24, 1861. ELMHURST (formerly Cottage Hill), a village of Du Page County, on the Chicago Great Western and 111. Cent. Railroads, 15 miles west of Chicago; is the seat of the Evangelical Seminary ; has elec- tric interurban line, two papers, stone quarry, electric light, water and sewerage systems, high school, and churches. Pop. (1900). 1,728. EL.WWOOl), a town of Peoria County, on the Galesburg and Peoria and Buda and Rushville branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 26 miles west-northwest of Peoria; the principal industries are coal-mining and corn and tomato canning ; has a bank and one newspaper. Population (1890), 1,548; (19U0), 1,582. EL PASO, a city in Woodford County, 17 miles north of Hloomington, 33 miles east of Peoria, at the crossing Illinois Central and Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads; in agricultural district; has two national banks, three grain elevators, two high schools, two newspapers, nine churches. Pop. (1890), 1,353; (1900), 1,441; (1903, est.), 1,600. E.MB.VRRAS RIVER, rises in Champaign County and runs southward through the counties of Douglas, Coles and Cumberland, to Newton, in Jasper County, where it turns to the southeast, passing through Lawrence County, and entering the Wabash River about seven miles below Vin- cennes. It is nearly 150 miles long. EM-MERSOX, Charles, jurist, was bom at North Haverhill, Grafton County, N. H., April 15, 1811; came to Illinois in 1833. first settling at Jackson- ville, where he spent one term in Illinois College, then studied law t:t Springfield, and, having been admitted to the bar, began jjractice at Decatur, where he spent the remainder of his life except three years (1847.50) during which he resided at Paris, Edgar County. In 1850 he was elected to 158 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Legislature, and, in 1853, to the Circuit bench, serving on the latter by re-election till 1867. The latter year lie was a candidate for Justice of the Supreme Court, but was defeated by the late Judge Pinkney H. Walker. In 1869 he was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, but died in April, 1870, while the Convention was still in session. ENFIELD, a town of White County, at the intersection of the Louisville & Nashville with the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 10 miles west of Carmi; is the seat of Southern Illi- nois College. The town also has a bank and one newspaper. Population (1880), 717; (1890), 870; (1900), 971; (1903, est.), 1,000. ENGLISH, Joseph G., banker, was born at Rising Sun, Ind., Dec. 17, 1820; lived for a time at Perrysville and La Fayette in that State, finally engaging in merchandising in the former; in IS.'jS removed to Danville, 111., where he formed a partnership with John L. Tincher in mercantile business ; later conducted a private banking busi- ness and, in 1863, established the First National Bank, of which he has been President over twenty years. He served two terms as Mayor of Dan- ville, in 1873 was elected a member of the State Board of Ecjualization, and, for more than twenty years, has been one of tlie Directors of the Chicago & Eastern Railroad. At the present time Mr. English, having practically retired from busi- ness, is speniling most of his time in the West. ENOS, Pascal Paoll, pioneer, was born at Windsor, Conn., in 1770; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1794, studied law, and, after spending some years in Vermont, where he served as High Sheriff of Wind.sor County, in September, 1815, removed West, stopping first at Cincinnati. A year later he descended the Ohio by flat-boat to Shawneetown, 111., crossed the State by land, finally locating at St. Charles, Mo., and later at St. Louis. Then, liaving purchased a tract of land in Madison Comity, 111., he remained there about two 3'ears, when, in 1823, having received from President Monroe the appointment of Receiver of the newly established Land Office at Springfield, he removed thither, making it his permanent home. He was one of the original purchasers of the land on which the city of Springfield now stands, and joined with Maj. Elijah lies, John Taylor and Thomas Cox, the other patentees, in laying out the town, to which they first gave the name of Calhoun. Mr. Enos remained in office through the administration of President John Quincy Adams, but was removed by President Jackson for political reasons, in 1829. Died, at Springfield, April, 1833.— Pascal P. (Enos), Jr., eldest son of Mr. Enos, was born in St. Charles, Mo., Nov. 38, 1816; was elected Representative in the General Assembly from Sangamon County in 1852, and served by apiwintnient of Justice McLean of the Supreme Court as Clerk of the United States Circuit Court, being reappointed by Judge David Davis, dying in office, Feb. 17, 1867. — Ziniri A. (Enos), another son, was born Sept. 29, 1821, is a citizen of Springfield — has served as County Surveyor and Alderman of the city. — Julia R., a daughter, was born in Spring- field, Dec. 20, 1833, is the widow of the late O. M. Hatch, Secretary of State(1857-65). EPLER, Cyrus, lawyer and jurist, was born at Charleston, Clark County, Ind., Nov. 12, 1835; graduated at Illinois College, Jackson- ville, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1852, being elected State's Attorney the same year; also served as a member of the General Assembly two terms (1857-61) and as Master in Chancery for Morgan County, 1867-73. In 1873 he was elected Circuit Judge for the Seventh Circuit and was re-elected successively in 1879, '85 and '91, serving four terms, and retiring in 1897. During his entire professional and official career his home has been in Jacksonville. EQUALITY, a village of Gallatin County, on the Shawneetown Division of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 11 miles west-northwest of Shawneetown. It was for a time, in early days, the county-seat of Gallatin Count}' and market for the salt manufactured in that vicinity. Some coal is mined in the neighborhood. One weekly paper is published here. Population (1880), 500; (1890), 622; (1900), 898. ERIE, a village of Whiteside County, on the Rock Island and Sterling Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 30 miles north- east of Rock Island. Population (1880), 537; (1890), .535; (1900), 768. EUREKA, the county -seat of Woodford County, incorporated in 1856, situated 19 miles east of Peoria; is in the heart of a rich stock-raising and agricultural district. The principal mechanical industry is a large canning factory. Besides having good grammar and high schools, it is also the seat of Eureka College, under the control of the Christian denomination, in connection with which are a Normal School and a Biblical Insti- tute. The town has a handsome courthouse and a jail, two weekly and one monthly paper. Eureka became the county-seat of Woodford County in 1896, the change from Metamora being HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 159 due to the central location and more convenient accessibility of the former from all parts of the county. Population (1S80), 1,185; (1890), 1,481; (1900). 1,661. El'REK.\ COLLECiE, located at Eureka, Wood- ford County, and cliartered in 185.'>, distinctively imder the care and supervision of the "Christian" or "Campbellite"' denomination. The primary aim of its founders was to jirepare young men for the ministry, wliile at the same time affording facilities for liberal culture. It was cliartered in 1855, and its growtli, while grailual, has been steady. Besides a preparatorj- department and a business school, the college maintains a collegiate department (with classical and scientific coui-ses) and a theological school, tlie latter being designed to ht young men for the ministry of the denomi- nation. Botli male and female matriculates are received. In 1896 there was a faculty of eighteen professors and assistants, and an attendance of some 325 students, nearly one-third of whom were females. Tlie total value of the institution's prof)erty is 9144,000, which includes an endow- ment of §45,000 and real estate valued at §85,000. EUSTACE, John V., lawyer and judge, was bom in Philadelphia, Sept. 9, 1S21 ; graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1839, and, in 1842, at the age of 21, was admitted to the bar, removing the same year to Dixon, 111. , where he resided until his death. In 1850 he was elected to the General Assembly and, in 1857, became Circuit Judge, serving one term; was chosen Presidential Elector in 18G4, and, in JIarch, 1878, was again elevated to the Circuit Bench, vice Judge Heaton, deceased. He was elected to the same position in 1879. and re-elected in 1885, but died in 1888, three years before the expiration of his term. EVANGELICAL SEMINARY, an institution imder tlie direction of the Lutheran denomina- tion, incorporated in 18G5 and located at Elm- hurst, Du Page Coimty, Instruction is given in the classics, theology, oratory and preparatory studies, bj- a faculty of eight teachers. The number of pupils during the school year (1895-90) was 133 — all young men. It has property valued at $59,305. EVAXS, Henry H., legislator, was born in Toronto, Can., March 9, 1836; brought by his father (who was a native of Penn.sylvania) to Aurora, 111. , where the latter finally became fore- man of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy ma- chine shops at that place. In 1863 young Evans enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Illinois Volunteers, serving until the close of the war. Since the war he lias become most widely known as a member of the General Assembly, hav- ing been elected first to the Hou.se, in 1876, and subsequently to tlie Senate every four years from 1880 to the year 1898, giving him over twenty years of ahnost continuous service. He is a large owner of real estate and has been prominently connected with financial and other business enterprises at Aurora, including the Aurora Gas and Street Railway Companies; also served with the rank of Colonel on the staffs of Governors Cullom. Hamilton, Fifer and Oglesby. EVAXS, (Rev.) Jervlce G., educator and re- former, was born in Marshall County, 111., Dec. 19, 1833; entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1854, and, in 1873, accepted the presidency of Hedding College at Abingdon, which he filled for six years. He then became President of Chaddock College at Quincy, but the following 3-ear returned to pastoral work. In 1889 he again became President of Hedding Col- lege, where (1898) he still remains. Dr. Evans is a member of the Central Illinois (M. E.) Confer- ence and a leader in the prohibition movement ; has also produced a number of volumes on reli- gious and moral questions. EVAXS, John, M.D., physician and Governor, was born at Waynesville, Oliio, of Quaker ances- try, March 9, 1814; graduated in medicine at Cincinnati and began jiractice at Ottawa, 111., but soon returned to Oliio, finally locating at Attica, Ind. Here he became prominent in the establishment of the first insane hospital in In- diana, at Indianapolis, about 1841-42, becoming a resident of that city in 1845. Three years later, having accepted a chair in Rush Medical College, in Chicago, he removed thither, also serving for a time as editor of "The Northwestern Medical and Siu-gical Journal." He served as a member of the Chicago City Council, became a successful o])erator in real estate and in the promotion of various railroad enterprises, and was one of the founders of the Northwestern University, at Evanston, serving as President of the Board of Trustees over forty years. Dr. Evans was one of the founders of the Republican part}' in Illinois, and a strong personal friend of President Lincoln, from whom, in 1802, lie received the appointment of Governor of the Territory of Colorado, con- tinuing in office until displaced by Andrew John- son in 1805. In Colorado he became a leading factor in the construction of some of the most important railroad lines in that section, including the Denver, Texivs & Gulf Road, of which he was for many years the President. He was also 160 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. prominent in connection with educational and church enterprises at Denver, which was his home after leaving Illinois. Died, in Denver, July 3, 1897. ETANSTON, a city of Cook County, situated 13 miles north of Chicago, on the Chicago, Milwau- kee & St. Paul and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. The original town was incorporated Dec. 29, 1863, and, in March, 1869, a special act was passed by the Legislature incorporating it as a city, but rejected by vote of the people. On Oct. 19, 1872, the voters of the corporate town adopted village organizations under the General Village and City Incorporation Act of the same year. Since then annexations of adjacent terri- tory to the village of Evanston have taken place as follows: In January, 1873, two small districts by petition; in April, 1874, the village of North Evanston was annexed by a majority vote of the electors of both corporations; in April, 1886, there was another annexation of a small out-lying district by petition; in February, 1892, the ques- tion of the annexation of South Evanston was submitted to the voters of both corporations and adopted. On March 29, 1892, the question of organization under a city government was sub- mitted to popular vote of the consolidated corpo- ration and decided in the affirmative, the first city election taking place xVpril 19, following. The population of the original corporation of Evanston, according to the census of 1890, was 12,072, and of South Evanston, 3,205, making the total population of the new city 15,967. Judged by the census returns of 1900, the consolidated city has had a healthy growth in the past ten years, giving it, at the end of the century, a population of 19,259. Evanston is one of the most attractive residence cities in Northern Illinois and famed for its educational advantages. Besides having an admirable system of graded and high schools, it is the seat of the academic and theological departments of the Northwestern University, the latter being known as the Garrett Biblical Institute. Tlie city has well paved streets, is lighted by both gas and electricity, and maintains its own system of water works. Prohibition is strictly enforced within the corporate limits vmder stringent municipal ordinances, and the charter of the Northwestern University forbidding the sale of intoxicants within four miles of that institution. As a consequence, it is certain to attract the most desirable class of people, whether consisting of those seeking permanent homes or simply contemplating temporary residence for the sake of educational advantages. EWING, William Lee Davidson, early lawj-er and politician, was bom in Kentucky in 1795, and came to Illinois at an early day, first settling at Shawneetown. As early as 1820 lie appears from a letter of Governor Edwards to President Mon- roe, to have been holding some Federal appoint- ment, presumably that of Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office at Vandalia, as con- temporary history shows that, in 1832, he lost a deposit of §1,000 by the robbery of the bank there. He was also Brigadier-General of the State militia at an early day. Colonel of the "Spy Battalion" during the Black Hawk War, and, as Indian Agent, superintended the removal of the Sacs and Foxes west of the Mississippi. Other posi- tions held by him included Clerk of the House of Representatives two sessions ( 1826-27 and 1828-29) ; Representative from the counties composing the Vandalia District in the Seventh General Assem- bly (1830-31), when he also became Speakerof the House; Senator from the same District in the Eighth and Ninth General Assemblies, of which he was chosen President pro tempore. While serving in tliis capacity he became ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor in consequence of the resig- nation of Lieut. -Gov. Zadoc Casey to accept a seat in Congress, in March, 1833, and, in Novem- ber, 1834, assumed tlie Governorship as successor to Governor Reynolds, who had been elected to Congress to fill a vacancy. He served only fifteen days as Governor, when he gave place to Gov. Joseph Duncan, who had been elected in due course at the previous election. A year later (December, 1835) he was chosen United States Senator to succeed Elias Kent Kane, who had died in office. Failing of a re-election to the Senatorship in 1837, he was returned to the House of Representatives from his old district in 1838, as he was again in 1840, at each session being chosen Speaker over Abraham Lincoln, who was the Whig candidate. Dropping out of the Legis- lature at the close of his term, we find him at the beginning of the next session (December, 1842) in his old place as Clerk of the House, but, before the close of the session (in March, 1843), appointed Auditor of Public Accounts as successor to James Sliields, who had resigned. While occupying the office of Auditor, Mr. Ewing died, March 25, 1846. His public career was as unique as it was remark- able, in the number and character of the official positions held by him within a period of twenty- five years. EXECUTIVE OFFICERS. (See State officers under heads of "Governor,'" "Lieutenant-Gov- ernor," etc.) mSTOiaCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 161 EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY, ILLINOIS CHARITAHLE. This iustitution is an outgrowtli of a private cliarity founded at Chicago, in 1858, by Dr. Edward L. Hohues, a distinguished Chi- cago oculist. In 1871 tlie property of the institu- tion was transferred to and accepted by the State, the title was clianged by tlie substitution of the word "Illinois" for "Chicago," and the Infirmary became a State institution. The fire of 1871 destroyed the building, and, in 1873-74, the State erected anotlier of brick, four stories in Iieiglit, at the corner of West Adams and Peoria Streets, Cliicago. The institution receives patients from all the counties of the State, the same receiving board, lodging, and medical aid, and (when neces- sary) surgical treatment, free of charge. The number of patients on Dec. 1, 1897, was 160. In 1877 a free ej'e and ear dispensary was opened under legislative authority, which is under charge of some eminent Chicago specialists. FAIRBURY, an incorporated city of Livings- ton County, situated ten miles southeast of Pon- tiac, in a fertile and thickly-settled region. Coal, sandstone, limestone, fire-clay anil a micaceous quartz are found in the neighborhood. The town has banks, grain elevators, flouring mills and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 2,140: (1890), 2,324; (1900), 2,187. FAIRFIELD, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Wayne County and a railway jiuiction, 108 miles southeast of St. Louis. The town has an extensive woolen factory and large flouring and saw mills. It also has four weekly papers and is an important fruit and grain-shipping point. Population (1880), 1,391; (1890), 1,881; (1900), 2,3.38. FAIRMOUNT, a village of Vermilion County, on the Wabash Railway, 13 miles west-.southwe.st from Danville; industrial interests chiefly agri- cultural; has brick and tile factory, a coal mine, stone quarry, three rural mail routes and one weekly paper. Population (1890). 649; (1900), 928. FALLOWS, (Rt. Rev.) Samuel, Bishop of Re- formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born at Pendleton, near Manchester, England, Dec. 13, 1835; removed with his parents to Wisconsin in 1848, and graduated from the State University there in 1859, during a part of his university course serving as pastor of a 5Iethodist Episcopal church at Madison; was next Vice-President of Gainesville University till 18G1, when he was ordained to the Methodist ministry and liecame pastor of a church at Oshkosh. The following year he was appointed Chaplain of the Thirty- second Wisconsin Volunteers, but later assisted in organizing the Fortieth Wisconsin, of which he became Colonel, in 18G5 being brevetted Briga- dier-General. On his return to civil life he became a pjustor in Milwaukee; was appointed State Superintendent of Public Instruction for Wisconsin to fill a vacancy, in 1871, and was twice re-elected. In 1874 he was elected President of the Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, 111., remaining two years; in 1875 united with the Reformetl Episcopal Church, soon after became Rector of St. Paul's Church in Chicago, and was elected a Bishop in 1876, also assuming the editorship of "The Appeal," the organ of the church. He served as Regent of the University of Wisconsin (18G4-74), and for several years has been one of the Trustees of the Illinois State Reform School at Pontiac. He is the author of two or three volumes, one of them being a "Sup- plementary Dictionary," published in 1884. Bishop Fallows has had supervision of Reformed Epi-scopal Church work in the West and North- west for several years ; has also served as Chaplain of the Grand Army of the Republic for the Department of Illinois and of the Loyal Legion, and was Chairman of the General Committee of the Educational Congress during the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. FARINA, a town of Fayette County, on the Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, 29 miles northeast of Centralia. Agriculture and fruit-growing constitute the chief business of the section; the town has one newspaper. Popula- tion (1890). 61S; (1900). 093; (1903, est.). 800. FARMER CITY, a city of De Witt County, 25 miles southeast of Bloomington, at the junction of the Springfield division of the Illinois Central and the Peoria division of the Cleveland, Cincin- nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways. It is a trading center for a rich agricultural and stock- raising district, especially noted for rearing finely bred horses. The city has banks, two news- papers, churches of four denominations and good schools, including a high school. Population (1880), 1.289; (1890), 1,367; (1900), 1,664- FARMERS' INSTITUTE, an organization created by an act, approved June 24, 1895, de- signed to encourage practical education among farmers, and to assist in developing the agricul- tural resources of the State. Its membership consists of three delegates from each county in the State, elected annually by the Farmers' Institute in such county. Its affairs are managed by a Board of Directors constituted as follows: The Superintendent of Public Instruction, the 162 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Professor of Agriculture in the University of Illi- nois, and the Presidents of the State Board of Agriculture, Dairymen's Association and Horti- cultural Society, ex-officio, with one member from each Congressional District, chosen by the dele- gates from the district at the annual meeting of the organization. Annual meetings (between Oct. 1 and March 1) are required to be held, which shall continue in .session for not less than three days. The topics for discussion are the cultivation of crops, the care and breeding of domestic animals, dairy husbandry, horticulture, farm drainage, improvement of highways and general farm management. The reports of the annual meetings are printed by the State to the number of 10,000, one-half of the edition being placed at the disposal of the Institute. Suitable quarters for tlie officers of the organization are provided in the State capitol. FARMINCiTON, a city and railroad center in Fulton County, 13 miles north of Canton and 23 miles west of Peoria. Coal is extensively mined here; there are also brick and tile factories, a foundry, one steam flour-mill, and two cigar manufactories. It is a large shipping-point for grain and live-stock. The town has two banks and two newspapers, five churches and a graded school. Population (1890), 1,37.5; (1903, est.), 3.103. FARXSWORTH, Elon John, soldier, was born at Green Oak, Livingston County, Mich., in 1837. After completing a course in the public schools, he entered the University of Micliigan, but left college at the end of his freshman year (1858) to serve in the Quartermaster's department of the army in the Utah expedition. At the expiration of his term of service he became a buffalo hunter and a carrier of mails between the haunts of civilization and the then newly-discovered mines at Pike's Peak. Returning to Illinois, he was commissioned (1861) Assistant Quartermaster of the Eighth Illinois Cavalry, of which his uncle was Colonel. (See Farnsworth, John Franklin.) He soon rose to a captaincy, distinguishing him- self in the battles of the Peninsula. In May, 1863, he was appointed aid-de-camp to General Pleasanton, and, on June 39, 1863, was made a Brigadier-General. Four daj's later he was killed, while gallantly leading a charge at Gettysburg. FARNSWORTH, John Franklin, soldier and former Congressman, was born at Eaton, Canada East, March 27, 1820; removed to Michigan in 1834, and later to Illinois, settling in Kane County, where he practiced law for many years, making his home at St. Charles. He was elected to Congress in 1856, and re-elected in 1858. In September of 1861, he was commissioned Colonel of the Eighth Illinois Cavahy Volunteers, and was brevetted Brigadier-General in November, 1862, but resigned, March 4, 1863, to take his seat in Congress to which he had been elected the November previous, by successive re-elections serving from 1863 to 1873. The latter years of his life were spent in Washington, where he died, July U, 1897. FARWELL, Charles Benjamin, merchant and United States Senator, was born at Painted Post, N. Y., July 1, 1833; removed to Illinois in 1838, and, for six years, was employed in surveying and farming. In 1844 he engaged in the real estate business and in banking, at Chicago. He was elected County Clerk in 1853, and reelected in 1857. Later he entered into commerce, becom- ing a partner with his brother, John Villiers, in the firm of J. V. Farwell & Co. He was a mem- ber of the State Board of Equalization in 1867 ; Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Cook County in 1868; and National Bank Examiner in 1869. In 1870 he was elected to Congress as a Republican, was re-elected in 1872, but was defeated in 1874, after a contest for the seat which was carried into the House at Washington. Again, in 1880, he was returned to Congress, making three fuU terms in that body. He also served for several years as Chairman of the Rej^ublican State Central Committee. After the death of Gen. John A. Logan he was (1887) elected United States Senator, his term expiring March 3, 1891. Mr. Farwell has since devoted his attention to the immense mercantile busi- ness of J. V. Farwell & Co. FARWELL, John Villiers, merchant, was born at Campbelltown, Steuben County, N. Y., July 29, 1825, the son of a farmer ; received a common- school education and, in 1838, removed with his father's family to Ogle County, 111. Here he attended Mount Morris Seminary for a time, but, in 1845, came to Chicago without capital and secured employment in the City Clerk's office, then became a book-keeper in the dry- goods establishment of Hamilton & White, and, still later, with Hamilton & Day. Having thus received his bent towards a mercantile career, he soon after entered the concern of Wadsworth & Phelps as a clerk, at a salary of §600 a year, but was admitted to a partnership in 1850, the title of the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell & Co., in 1860. About this time Marshall Field and Levi Z. Leiter became associated with the concern and received their mercantile training under the supervision of Mr. Farwell. In 1865 the title of the firm HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 163 became J. V. Farwell & Co., but. in 1891, the firm was incorporated under the name of The J. V. Farwell Comjiany, his brother, Charles B. Far- well, being a member. The subject of this sketch lias long been a prominent factor in religious circles, a leading spirit of the Young Men's Christian Association, and served as President of the Chicago Branch of the United States Christian Commi.ssion during the Civil War. Politically he is a Republican and served as Presi- dential Elector at the time of President Lincoln's second election in 18G4; also served by appoint- ment of President Grant, in 1869, on the Board of Indian Commissioners. He was a member of the syndicate which erected the Texas State Capitol, at Austin, in that State ; has been, for a nmnber of years, Vice-President and Treasurer of the J. v. Farwell Company, and President of the Colorado Consolidated Land and Water Company. He was also prominent in the organization of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of the Union League, the Chicago Historical Society and the Art Institute. FARWELL, William Washingrton, jurist, was born at Morrisville, Madison County, N. Y., Jan. 5, 1817, of old Puritan ancestry ; graduated from Hamilton College in 1837, and was admitted to the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1841. In 1848 he removed to Chicago, but the following year went to California, returning to his birthplace in 1850. In 1854 he again settled at Chicago and soon secured a prominent position at the bar. In 1871 he was elected Circuit Court Judge for Cook County, and, in 1873, reelected for a term of six years. During this period he sat chiefly upon the chancery side of the court, and, for a time, presided as Chief Justice. At the close of his second term he was a camlidate for re-election as a Republican, but was defeated with the re- mainder of the ticket. In 1880 he was chosen Professor of Equitj' Jurisprudence in the Union College of Law (now the Northwestern Univer- sity Law School), serving until June, 1893, when he resigned. Died, in Chicago, April 30, 1894. FAYETTE COUNTY, situated alwut 60 miles south of the geographical center of the State; was organized in 1821, and named for the French General La Fayette. It has an area of 720 square miles; population (1900), 28,065. The soil is fer- tile and a rich vein of bituminous coal underlies the county. Agriculture, fruit-growing and mining are the chief industries. The old, historic "Cumberland Road," the trail for all west-bound emigrants, crossed the county at an early date. Penyville was the first county -seat, but this town is now extinct. Vandalia, the present seat of count}' government (population, 2,144), stands upon a succession of hills upon the west bank of the Kaskaskia. From 1820 to 1839 it was the State Capital. Besides Vandalia the chief towns are Ramsey, noted for its railroad ties and tim- ber, and St. Elmo. FEEBLE-MINDED CHILDREN, ASYLUM FOR. This institution, originally established as a sort of appendage to the Illinois Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, was started at Jacksonville, in 1805, as an "experimental school, for the instruction of idiots and feeble-minded children." Its success having been assured, the school was placed upon an independent basis in 1871, and, in 1875, a site at Lincoln, Logan County, covering forty acres, was donated, and the erection of buildings begim. The original plan provided for a center building, with wings and a rear exten- sion, to cost §124,775. Besides a main or adminis- tration building, the institution embraces a school building and custodial hall, a hospital and industrial workshop, and, during the past j-ear, a chapel has been added. It has control of 890 acres, of which 400 are leased for farming pur- poses, the rental going to the benefit of the insti- tution. The remainder is ased for the purposes of the institution as farm land, gardens or pas- ture, about ninety acres being occupied by the institution buildings. The capacity of the insti- tution is about 700 inmates, with many applica- tions constantly on file for the admission of others for whom there is no room. FEEHAN, Patrick A., D.D., Archbishop of the Roman Catholic archdiocese of Chicago, and Metropolitan of Illinois, was born at Tipperary, Ireland, in 1829, and educated at Maynooth College. He emigrated to the United States in 1852, settling at St. Louis, and was at once appointed President of the Seminarj' of Caronde- let. Later he was made pastor of the Church of the Immaculate Conception at St. Louis, where he achieved marked distinction. In 1865 he was consecrated Bishop of Nashville, managing the affairs of the diocese with great ability. In 1880 Chicago was raised to an archiepiscopal see, with Suffragan Bishops at Alton and Peoria, and Bishop Feehan was consecrated its first Arch- bishop. His administration has been conserva- tive, yet efficient, and the archdiocese has greatly prospered under his rule. FELL, Jesse W., lawyer and real-estate opera- tor, was born in Chester County, Pa., about 1808; started west on foot in 1828, and, after spending some years at Steubenville, Ohio, came to Dela- 164 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. van, 111., in 1833, and the next year located at Bloomington, being the first lawyer in that new town. Later he became agent for school lands and the State Bank, but failed financially in 1837, and returned to practice; resided several years at Payson, Adams County, but returning to Bloomington in 1855, was instrumental in securing the location of the Chicago & Alton Railroad through that town, and was one of the founders of the towns of Clinton, Pontiac, Lex- ington and El Paso. He was an intimate personal and political friend of Abraham Lincoln, and it was to him Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated personal biography; in the campaign of 1860 he served as Secretary of the RepubUcan State Cen- tral Committee, and, in 1863, was appointed by Mr. Lincoln a Paymaster in the regular army, serving some two years. Mr. Fell was also a zeal- ous friend of the cause of industrial education, and bore an important part in securing the location of the State Normal University at Nor- mal, of which citj' he was the founder. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 25, 1887. FERGUS, Robert, early printer, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, Augu.st 4, 1815; learned the printer's trade in his native city, assisting in his youth in putting in type some of Walter Scott's productions and other works which now rank among English classics. In 1834 he came to America, finally locating in Chicago, where, with various partners, he pursued tlie business of a job printer continuousl}' some fifty years — being the veteran printer of Chicago. He was killed by being run over by a railroad train at Evanston, July 23, 1897. The establishment of which he was so long the head is continued by his sons. FERNWOOD, a suburban station on the Chi- cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 13 south of ter- minal station; annexed to City of Chicago, 1891. FERRY, Elisha Peyre, politician, born in Monroe, Mich., August 9, 1825; was educated in his native town and admitted to the bar at Fort Wayne, Ind., in 1845; removed to Waukegan, 111. , the following year, served as Postmaster and, in 1856, was candidate on the Republican ticket for Presidential Elector; was elected Mayor of Waukegan in 1859, a member of the State Con- stitutional Convention of 1862, State Bank Com- missioner in 1861-63, Assistant Adjutant-General on the staff of Governor Yates during the war, and a delegate to the Republican National Con- vention of 1864. After the war he served as direct-tax Commissioner for Tennessee; in 1869 was appointed Surveyor-General of Washington Territory and, in 1873 and '76, Territorial Gov- ernor. On the admission of Washington as a State, in 1889, he was elected the first Governor. Died, at Seattle, Wash., Oct. 14, 1895. FEYRE RIYER, a small stream which rises in Southern Wisconsin and enters the Mississippi in Jo Daviess County, six miles below Galena, which stands upon its banks. It is navigable for steam- boats between Galena and its mouth. The name originally given to it by early French explorers was "Feve" (the French name for "Bean"), which has since been corrupted into its present form. FICKLIN, Orlando B., lawyer and politician, was born in Kentucky, Dec. 16, 1808, and admitted to the bar at Mount Carmel, Wabash County, 111., in March, 1830. In 1834 he was ' elected to the lower house of the Ninth General Assembly. After serving a term as State's Attorney for Wabash County, in 1837 he removed to Charleston, Coles County, where, in 1838, and again in '42, he was elected to the Legislature, as he was for the last time in 1878. He was four times elected to Congress, serving from 1843 to '49, and from 1851 to '53; was Presidential Elector in 1856, and candidate for the same position on the Democratic ticket for the State-at- large in 1884; was also a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1856 and '60. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1863. Died, at Charleston, May 5, 1886. FIELD, Alexander Pope, early legislator and Secretarj- of State, came to Illinois about the time of its admission into the Union, locating in Union County, which he represented in the Third, Fifth and Sixth General Assemblies. In the first of these he was a prominent factor in the ejection of Representative Hansen of Pike County and the seating of Shaw in his place, which enabled the advocates of slavery to secure the passage of a resolution submitting to the people the question of calling a State Constitutional Convention. In 1828 he was appointed Secretary of State by Governor Edwards, remaining in office under Governors Reynolds and Dun- can and through half the term of Governor Carlin, though the latter attempted to secure his removal in 1838 by the appointment of John A. McClernand — the courts, however, declaring against the latter. In November, 1840, the Governor's act was made effective bj- the confirmation, by the Senate, of Stephen A. Doug- las as Secretary in place of Field. Douglas held the office only to the following February, when he resigned to take a place on the Supreme HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 165 bench and Lyman Trumbull was appointed to succeed him. Field (who had become a Whig) was appointed by President Harrison, in 1841, Secretary of Wisconsin Territory, later removed to St. Louis and finally to New Orleans, where he was at the beginning of the late war. In Decem- ber, 1803, he presented himself as a member of the Thirty-eighth Congress for Louisiana, but was refused his seat, though claindng in an elo- quent speech to have been a loyal man. Died, in New Orleans, in 1877. Mr. Field was a nephew of Judge Nathaniel Pope, for over thirty years on the bench of the United States District Court. FIELD, Eugene, journalist, luunorist and poet, was born in St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 3, 1850. Left an orphan at an early age, he was reared by a rela- tive at Amherst, Mass., and received a portion of his literary training at Monson and William.stown in that State, completing his course at the State University of Missouri. After an extended tour through Europe in 1873-73, he began his journal- istic career at St. Louis, Mo., as a reporter on "The Evening Journal," later becoming its city editor. During the next ten years he was succes- sively connecteil with newspapers at St. Joseph, Mo., St. Louis, Kansas City, and at Denver, Colo., at the last named city being managing editor of "The Tribune." In 1883 he removed to Chicago, becoming a special writer for "The Chicago News," his particular department for several years being a pungent, witty column with the caption, "Sharps and Flats." He wrote con- siderable prose fiction and much poetry, among the latter being successful translations of several of Horace's Odes. As a poet, however, he was best known through his short poems relating to childhood and home, whicli strongly appealed to the popular heart. Died, in Chicago, deeply mourned by a large circle of admirers, Nov. 4, 189.5. FIELD, Marshall, merchant and capitalist, was born in Conway. Mass., in 183.5, and grew up on a farm, receiving a common school and academic education. At the age of 17 he entered upon a mercantile career as clerk in a drj'-goods store at Pittsfield, Mass., but, in 18.")G, came to Chicago and secured employment with Messrs. Cooley, Wadsworth & Co. ; in 1860 was admitted into partnership, the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell & Co., and still later, Farwell, Field & Co. The last named firm was dissolved and that of Field, Palmer & Leiter organized in 186.5. Mr. Palmer having retired in 1867, the firm was continued under the name of Field. Leiter & Co., until 1881, wnen Mr. Leiter retired, the concern being since known as Marshall Field & Co. The growth of the business of this great establishment is shown by the fact that, whereas its sales amounted before the fire to some 812,000,000 annually, in 189.5 they aggregated .$40,000,000. Mr. Field's business career has been remarkable for its suc- cess in a city famous for its successful business men and the vastne.ss of their commercial oper- ations. He has been a generous and discrimi- nating patron of important public enterprises, some of his more conspicuous donations being the gift of a tract of land valued at §300,000 and §100,000 in cash, to the Chicago University, and §1,000,000 to the endowment of the Field Colum- bian Museum, as a sequel to the World's Colum- bian Exposition. The latter, chiefly through the munificence of Mr. Field, promises to become one of the leading institutions of its kind in the United States. Besides his mercantile interests, Mr. Field has extensive interests in various finan- cial and manufacturing enterprises, including the Pullman Palace Car Company and the Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, in each of which he is a Director. FIFER, Joseph W., born at Stanton, Va., Oct. 28, 1840; in 1857 he accompanied his father (who was a stone-ma,son) to McLean Count}', 111., and worked at tlie manufacture and laying of brick. At the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted as a private in the Thirtj'-third Illinois Infantry, and was dangerously wounded at the assault on Jack- son, Miss., in 1863. On the healing of his wound, disregarding the advice of family and friends, he rejoined his regiment. At the close of the war, when about 25 j-ears of age, he entered the Wes- leyan University at Bloomington, where, by dint of hard work and frugality, while supporting himself in part by manual labor, he secured a diploma in 1868. He at once began the study of law, and, soon after his admission, entered uix)na practice whicli subsequently proved both success- ful and lucrative. He was elected Corporation Counsel of Bloomington in 1871 and State's Attor- ney for McLean County in 1872. Jioldiug the latter office, through reelection, until 1880, when he was chosen State Senator, serving in the Thirty- second and Thirtj'-third General Assemblies. In 1888 he was nominated and elected Governor ou the Republican ticket, but, in 1892, was defeated by John P. Altgeld, the Democratic nominee, though running in advance of the national and the rest of the State ticket. FINERTY, John F., ex-Congressman and journalist, was Ixirn in Galway, Ireland, Sept. 10, 1846. His studies were mainly prosecuted IGC HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOLS. under private tutors. At the age of 16 he entereil the profession of journalism, and, in 1864, coming to America, soon after enlisted, serving for 100 days during the Civil War, in the Ninety-ninth New York Volunteers. Subsequently, liaving removed to Chicago, he was connected with "The Chicago Times" as a special correspondent from 1876 to 1881, and, in 1882, established "The Citi- zen," a weekly newspaper devoted to the Irish- American interest, which he continues to pub- lish. In 1883 he was elected, as an Independ- ent Democrat, to represent the Second Illinois District in the Forty-eighth Congress, but, run- ning as an Independent Republican for re-election in 1884, was defeated by Frank Lawler, Democrat. In 1887 he was appointed Oil Inspector of Chi- cago, and, since 1889, has held no public office, giving his attention to editorial work on his paper. FISHER, (Dr.) George, pioneer physician and legislator, was probably a native of Virginia, from which State he appears to have come to Kaskaskia previous to 1800. He became very prominent during the Territorial period; was appointed by "William Henry Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, the first Sheriff of Randolph County after its organization in 1801 ; was elected from that countj' to the Indiana Territorial House of Representatives in 180.5, and afterwards promoted to the Territorial Council ; was also Representative in the First and Third Legislatures of Illinois Territory (1812 and '16), serving as Speaker of each. He was a Dele- gate to the Constitutional Convention of 1818, but died 'on his farm near Kaskaskia in 1820. Dr. Fisher participated in the organization of the first Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in Illi- nois at Kaskaskia, in 1806, and was elected one of its officers. FISHERIES. The fisheries of lUinois center chiefly at Chicago, the catch being taken from Lake Michigan, and including salmon trout, white fish (the latter species including a lake herring), wall-eyed pike, three kinds of bass, three varieties of sucker, carp and sturgeon. The "fishing fleet" of Lake Michigan, properly so called, (according to the census of 1890) con- sisted of forty-seven steamers and one schooner, of which only one — a steamer of twenty -six tons burthen — was credited to Illinois. The same report showed a capital of 836,105 invested in land, buildings, wharves, vessels, boats and apparatus. In addition to the "fishing fleet" mentioned, nearly 1,100 sail-boats and other vari- eties of craft are employed in the industry. sailing from ports between Chicago and ilacki nac, of which, in 1890, Illinois furnished 94, or about nine per cent. All sorts of apparatus are used, but the principal are gill, fyke and pound nets, and seines. The total value of these minor Illinois craft, with their equipment, for 1890, was nearly 818,000, the catch aggregating 722,830 pounds, valued at between 824,000 and 825,000. Of this draught, the entire quantity was either sold fresh in Chicago and adjacent markets, or shipped, either in ice or frozen. The Mississippi and its tributaries yield walleyed pike, pike perch, buffalo fish, sturgeon, paddle fish, and other species available for food. FITHIAX, (iSeorge W., ex-Congressman, was born on a farm near Willow HiU, 111., July 4, 1854. His early education was obtained in the common schools, and he learned the trade of a printer at Mount Carmel. While employed at the case he found time to study law, and was admitted to the bar in 1875. In 1876 he was elected State's Attorney for Jasper County, and reelected in 1880. He was prominent in Democratic politics, and, in 1888, was elected on the ticket of that party to represent the Sixteenth IlUnois District in Congress. He was re-elected in 1890 and again in 1892, but, in 1894, was defeated by his Republican opponent. FITHIAN, (Dr.) William, pioneer physician, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1800; built the first houses in Springfield and Urbana in that State; in 1822 began the study of medicine at Urbana ; later practiced two years at Mechanics- burgh, and four years at Urbana, as partner of his preceptor; in 1830 came west, locating at Danville, Vermilion County, where he became a large land-owner; in 1832 served with the Ver- milion County militia in the Black Hawk War, and, in 1834, was elected Representative in the Ninth General Assembly, the first of which Abraham Lincoln was a member; afterwards served two terms in the State Senate from the Danville District (1838-46). Dr. Fithian was active in promoting the railroad interests of Danville, giving the right of way for railroad purposes through a large body of land belonging to him, in Vermilion County. He was also a member of various medical associations, and, during his later years, was the oldest practicing physician in the State. Died, in Danville, 111., April 5, 1890. FLAGG, Gersliom, pioneer, was born in Rich- mond, Vt., in 1792, came west in 1816, settling in Madison County, 111., in 1818, where he was known as an enterprising farmer and a prominent IIISTOiaCAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 16: and influential citizen. Originally a Whig, he became a zealous Republican on the organizatiiin of that party, ilyinp; in 1857.— Willanl Cutting' (Flafig), son of the preceding, was born in Madi- son County, 111., Sept 10, 18'J!), spent his early life on his father's farm and in the common schools; from 1844 to '50 was a pupil in the celebrated high school of Edward Wyman in St. Louis, finall)" graduating with honors at Yale College, in 18.')4. During his college course he took a number of literary prizes, and, in his senior year, serveil as one of tlie editors of "The Yale Literary Magazine." Returning to Illinois after gradu- ation, he took charge of his father's farm, engaged e.xtensively in fruit-culture and stock raising, being the first to introduce the Devon breed of aittle in Madison County in 1859. He was a member of the Republican State Central Com- mittee in 18G0 ; in 1862, by appointment of Gov. Yates, became Enrolling Officer for Madison County; served as Collector of Internal Revenue for the Twelfth District, 1804-69, and, in 1808, was elected to the State Senate for a term of four years, and, during the last session of his term (187'2), took a prominent part in the revision of the school law ; was appointed a member of tlie first Board of Trustees of the Industrial Univer- sity (now the University of Illinois) at Cham- paign, and reappointed in 1875. Mr. Flagg was also prominent in agricultural and horticultural organizations, serving as Secretary of the State Horticultural Societj' from 1801 to '69, when lie became its President. He was one of tlie oiagi- nators of the "farmers' movement," served for some time as President of "The State Farmers' Association," wrote voluminouslj', and delivered addresses in various States on agricultural and horticultural topics, and, in 1875, was elected President of the National Agricultural Congress. In his later years he was a recognized leader in the Granger movement. Died, at Mora, Madison County, III., April 5, 1878. FLEMIN"(i, Kobert K., pioneer printer, was born in Krie County, Pa., learned the printers' trade in Pittsburg, and, coming west while quite young, worked at his trade in St. Louis, finally removing to Kaskaskia, where he was placed in control of the office of "The Republican Advo- cate," which had been established in 1828, by Elias Kent Kane. The publication of "The Advocate" having been suspended, he revived it in May, 1825. under the name of "The Kaskaskia Recorder," but soon removed it to Vandalia (then the State capital), and, in 1827, began the publi- cation of "The Illinois Corrector," at Edwards- ville. Two years later he returned to Kaskaskia and resumed the publication of "The Recorder," but, in 1833, was induced to remove his otliee to Belleville, where he commenced the publication of "The St. Clair Gazette," followed by "The St. Clair Mercury," both of which had a brief exist- ence. About 1843 he returned to the newspaper business as publisher of "The Belleville Advo- cate," whicli he continued for a number of years. He died, at Belleville, in 1874, leaving two sons who have been prominently identified with the history of journalism in Southern Illinois, at Belleville and elsewhere. FLETCHER, Job, pioneer and early legislator, was born in Virginia, in 1793, removed to Sanga- mon County, 111., in 1819; was elected Represent- ative in 1826, and, in 1834, to tlie State Senate, serving in the latter body six years. He was one of the famous "Long Nine" which represented Sangamon County in the Tenth General A.s.sem- bly. Mr. Fletcher was again a member of the House in 1844-45. Died, in Sangamon Count)-, in 1872. FLORA, a city in Harter Township, Clay County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 95 miles ea.st of St. Louis, and 108 miles soutb-.southeast of Springfield ; has barrel factory, flouring mills, cold storage and ice plant, three fruit-working factories, two banks, six churches and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 1,695; (1900), 2.311 ; (1903. est.), 3.000. FLOWER, Georg'e, early English colonist, was born in Hertfordshire, England, about 1780; came to the United States in 1817. and was a.ssoci- ated with Morris Birkbeck in founding the "English Settlement'' at Albion, Edwards County, 111. Being in affluent circumstances, he built an elegant mansion and stocked an exten- sive farm witli blooded animals from England and other parts of Europe, but met witli reverses whicli dissipated his wealth. In common with Mr. Birkbeck, he was one of the determined opponents of the attempt to estalilish .slavery in Illinois in 1824. and did much to defeat that measure. He and his wife died on the same day (Jan. 15, 1802), while on a visit to a daughter at Grayville, 111. A book ^vritten by him — "History of the English Settlement in Edwards County, 111." — and published in 1882. is a valuable contri- bution to the early history of that portion of the State. — Edward Fnrdliams (Flower), son of the preceding, was born in England, Jan. 31, 1805, but came with his father to Illinois in early life; later he returned to England and spent nearly half a century at Stratford on-.V von, wliere he 168 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was four times chosen Mayor of that borough and entertained many visitors from the United States to Shakespeare's birthplace. Died, March 26, 1883. FOBES, Philena, educator, born in Onondaga County, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1811; was educated at Albany and at Cortland Seminary, Rochester, N. Y. ; in 1838 became a teacher in Monticello Female Seminary, then newly established at Godfrey, III, under Rev. Theron Baldwin, Prin- cipal. On the retirement of Mr. Baldwin in 1843, Miss Fobes succeeded to the principalship, remaining until 1866, when she retired. For some years she resided at Rochester, N. Y., and New Haven, Conn., but, in 1886, she removed to Philadelphia, where she afterwards made her home, notwithstanding her advanced age, main- taining a lively interest in educational and benevolent enterprises. Miss Fobes died at Phila- delphia, Nov. 8, 1898, and was buried at New Haven, Conn. FOLEY, Thomas, Roman Catholic Bishop, born in Baltimore. Md. , in 1833; was ordained a priest in 1846, and, two years later, was appointed Chan- cellor of the Diocese, being made Vicar-General in 1867, He was nominated Coadjutor Bishop of the Chicago Diocese in 1869 (Bisliop Duggan hav- ing become insane), and, in 1870, was consecrated Bishop. His administration of diocesan work was prudent and eminently successful. As a man and citizen he won the respect of all creeds and classes alike, the State Legislature adopting resolutions of respect and regret upon learning of his death, which occurred at Baltimore, in 1879. FORBES, Stephen Van Rensselaer, pioneer teacher, was born at Windham, Vt., July 26, 1797; in his youth acquired a knowledge of surveying, and, having removed to Newburg (now South Cleveland), Ohio, began teaching. In 1829 he came west to Chicago, and having joined a sur- veying party, went to Louisiana, returning in the following year to Chicago, which then con- tained only three white families outside of Fort Dearborn. Having been joined by his wife, he took up his abode in what was called the "sut- ler's house" connected with Fort Dearborn; was appointed one of the first Justices of the Peace, and opened the first school ever taught in Chi- cago, all but three of his pupils being either half-breeds or Indians. In 1833 he was elected, as a AVhig, the first Sheriff of Cook County; later preempted 160 acres of land where Riverside now stands, subsequently becoming owner of some 1,800 acres, much of which he sold, about 1853, to Dr. W. B. Egan at S20 per acre. In 1849, having been seized with the "gold fever," Mr. Forbes joined in the overland migration to California, but, not being successful, retui'ned two years later by way of the Isthmiis, and, hav- ing sold his possessions in Cook County, took up his abode at Newburg, Ohio, and resumed his occupation as a surveyor. About 1878 he again returned to Chicago, but survived only a short time, dying Feb. 17, 1879. FORD, Thomas, early lawyer, jurist and Gov- ernor, was born in Uniontown, Pa. , and, in boy- hood, accompanied his mother (then a widow) to Missouri, in 1804. The family soon after located in Monroe Coimty, III, Largely through the efforts and aid of his half-brother, George Forquer, he obtained a professional education, became a successful lawyer, and, early in life, entered the field of politics. He served as a Judge of the Circuit Court for the northern part of the State from 1835 to 1837, and was again commissioned a Circuit Judge for the Galena circuit in 1839; in 1841 was elevated to the bench of the State Supreme Court, but resigned the following year to accept the nomination of his party (the Democratic) for Governor. He was regarded as upright in his general policy, but he had a number of embarrassing questions to deal with during his administration, one of these being the Mormon troubles, in which he failed to receive the support of his own party. He was author of a valuable "History of Illinois," (pub- lished i3osthumously). He died, at Peoria, in greatly reduced circumstances, Nov. 3, 1850. The State Legislature of 1895 took steps to erect a monument over his grave. FORD COUNTY, lies northeast of Springfield, was organized in 1859, being cut off from Vermil- ion. It is shaped like an inverted "T," and has an area of 490 square miles; population (1900), 18,359. The first Coimty Judge was David Pat- ton, and David Davis (afterwards of the United States Supreme Court) presided over the first Circuit Court. The surface of the county is level and the soil fertile, consisting of a loam from one to five feet in depth. There is little timber, nor is there any out-cropping of stone. The county is named in honor of Governor Ford. The county- seat is Paxton, which had a population, in 1890, of 2, 187. Gibson City is a railroad center, and has a population of 1,800. FORMAN, (Col.) Ferris, lawyer and soldier, was born in Tioga County, N. Y., August 35, 1811 ; graduated at Union College in 1832. studied law and was admitted to the bar in New York in HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 169 1835, and in the United States Supreme Court in 1836; the hitter year came west and settled at Vandalia, 111., where he began practice; in 1844 was elected to the State Senate for the district composed of Fayette, Effingham, Clay and Rich- land Counties, serving two years; before the expiration of his term (1846) enlisted for the Mexican War, and was commissioned Colonel of the Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers, and. after participating in a number of the most Important engagements of the campaign, was mustered out at New Orleans, in May. 1847. Re- turning from the Me.xican War, he brought with him and presented to the State of Illinois a six-pound cannon, which had been cai>tured by Illinois troops on the battlefield of Cerro Gordo, and is now in the State Arsenal at Springfield. In 1848 Colonel Forman was chosen Presidential Elector for the State-at-large on the Democratic ticket; in 1849 went to California, where he prac- ticed his profession until 1853, meanwhile serving as Postmaster of Sacramento City by appointment of President Pierce, and later as Secretary of State during the administration of Gov. John B. Weller (18.^8-60); in 1801 officiated, by appoint- ment of the California Legislature, as Commis- sioner on the part of the State in fixing the boundary between California and the Territory of Utah. After the discharge of this duty, he was offered the colonelcy of the Fourth California Volunteer Infantry, which he accepted, serving about twenty months, when he resigned. In 1866 he resumed his residence at Vandalia, and served as a Delegate for Fayette and Effingham Counties in the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, also for several years thereafter held the office of State's Attorney for Fayette County. Later he returned to California, and, at the latest date, was a resident of Stockton, in that State. PORMAX, William S., ex-Congressman, was born at Natchez, Miss., Jan. 20, 1847. When he was four years old, his father's family removed to Illinois, settling in Washington County, where he has lived ever since. By profession he is a lawyer, and he takes a deep interest in politics, local. State and National. He represented his Senatorial District in the State Senate in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem- blies, and, in 1888, was elected, as a Democrat, to represent the Eighteenth IllinoLs District in the Fifty-first Congress, being re-elected in 1890, and again in '92, but was defeated in 1894 for renomi- nation by John J. Higgins, who was defeated at the election of the same year by Everett J. Mur- phy. In 1896 Mr. Forman was candidate of the "Gold Democracy" for Governor of Illinois, receiving 8, 100 votes. FORQUER, George, early State officer, was born near Brownsville, Pa., in 1791— was the son of a Revolutionary soldier, and older half-brother of Gov. Thomas Ford. He settled, with his mother (then a widow), at New Design, III., in 1804. After learning, and, for several years, following the carpenter's trade at St. Louis, he returned to Illinois and purchased the tract whereon Waterloo now stands. Subsequently he projected the town of Bridgewater, on the Mis- sissippi. For a time he was a partner in trade of Daniel P. Cook. Being unsuccessful in business, he took up the study of law, in which he attained marked success. In 1824 he was elected to repre- sent Monroe County in the House of Represent- atives, but resigned in January of the following year to accept the position of Secretary of State, to which he was appointed by Governor Coles, as successor to Morris Birkbeck, whom the Senate had refused to confirm. One ground for the friendship between him and Coles, no doubt, was the fact that they had been united in their opposition to the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. In 1828 he was a candidate for Congress, but was defeated by Joseph Duncan, afterwards Governor. At the close of the year he resigned the office of Secretary of State, but, a few weeks later (January, 1829), he was elected by the Legislature Attorney-General. This position he held until January, 1833, when he resigned, hav- ing, as it appears, at the previous election, been chosen State Senator from Sangamon County, serving in the Eighth and Ninth General Assem- blies. Before the close of his term as Senator (1835), he received the appointment of Register of the Land Office at Springfield, which appears to have been the last office held by him, as he died, at Cincinnati, in 1837. Mr. Forquer was a man of recognized ability and influence, an elo- quent orator and capable writer, but, in common with some of the ablest lawyers of that time, seems to have been much embarrassed by the smallness of his income, in spite of his ability and the fact that he was almost continually in office. FORREST, a village in Livingston County, at the intersection of the Toledo, Peoria & Western and the Wabash Railways, 75 miles east of Peoria and 16 miles southeast of Pontiac. Considerable grain is shipped from this point to the Chicago market. The village has several churches and a gradedschooL Population (1880), 375; (1900), 952. 170 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. FORREST, Joseph K. C, journalist, was bom in Cork, Ireland, Nov. 36, 1830 ; came to Chicago in 1840, soon after securing employment as a writer on "The Evening Journal," and, later on, "The Gem of the Prairies," the predecessor of "The Tribune," being associated with the latter at the date of its establishment, in June, 1847. During the early years of his residence in Chi- cago, Mr. Forre.st spent some time as a teacher. On retiring from "The Tribune," he became the associate of John Wentworth in the management of "The Chicago Democrat," a relation which was broken up by the consolidation of the latter with "The Tribune," in 1861. He then became the Springfield correspondent of "The Tribune," also holding a position on the staff of Governor Yates, and still later represented "The St. Louis Democrat" and "Chicago Times," as Washington correspondent; assisted in foirnding "The Chicago Republican" (now "Inter Ocean"), in 186.5, and, some years later, became a leading writer upon the same. He served one term as Clerk of the city of Chicago, but, in his later years, and up to the period of his death, was a leading contributor to the columns of "The Chicago Evening News" over the signatures of "An Old Timer" and "Now or Never." Died, in Chicago, June 33, 1896. FORRESTON, a village in Ogle County, the terminus of tlie Chicago and Iowa branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and point of intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways; 107 miles west by north from Chicago, and 13 miles south of Freeport ; founded in 1854, incorporated by special charter in 1868, and, under the general law, in 1888. Farming and stock-raising are the principal industries. The village has a bank, water-works, electric light plant, creamery, vil- lage hall, seven churches, a graded school, and a newspaper. Population (1890), 1,118; (1900), 1,047. FORSYTHE, Albert P., ex-Congressman, was born at New Richmond, Ohio, May 34, 1830; received his early education in the common schools, and at Asbury University. He was reared upon a farm and followed farming as his life-work. During the War of the Rebellion he served in the Union army as Lieutenant. In politics he early became an ardent Nationalist, and was chosen President of the Illinois State Grange of the Patrons of Industry, in December, 1875, and again in January, 1878. In 1878 he was elected to Congress as a Nationalist, but, in 1880, though receiving the nominations of the com- bined Republican and Greenback parties, was defeated by Samuel W. Moulton, Democrat. FORT, Greenbnry L., soldier and Congress- man, was born in Ohio, Oct. 17, 1835, and, in 1834, removed with his parents to Illinois. In 1850 he was elected Sheriff of Putnam County ; in 1853, Clerk of the Circuit Court, and, having mean- while been admitted to the bar at Lacon, became County Judge in 1857, serving until 1861. In April of the latter year he enlisted under the first call for troops, by re-enlistments serving till March 24, 1866, Beginning as Quartermaster of his regiment, he served as Chief Quartermaster of the Fifteenth Army Corps on the "March to the Sea," and was mustered out with the rank of Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General. On his return from the field, he was elected to the State Senate, serving in the Twenty-fifth and Twenty- sixth General Assemblies, and, from 1873 to 1881, as Representative in Congi-ess. He died, at Lacon, June 13, 1883. FORT CHARTRES, a strong fortification erected by the French in 1718, on the American Bottom, 16 miles northwest from Kaskaskia. The soil on wliich it stood was alluvial, and the limestone of which its walls were built was quarried from an adjacent bluff. In form it was an irregular quadrangle, surrounded on three sides by a wall two feet two inches thick, and on the fourtli by a ravine, which, during the spring- time, was full of water. During the period of French ascendency in Illinois, Fort Chartres was the seat of government. About four miles east soon sprang up the village of Prairie du Rocher (or Rock Prairie). (See Prairie du Rocher.) At the outbreak of the French and Indian War (1756), the original fortification was repaired and virtually rebuilt. Its cost at that time is esti- mated to have amounted to 1,000,000 French crowns. After the occupation of Illinois by the British, Fort Chartres still remained the seat of government until 1773, when one side of the fortification was washed away by a freshet, and headquarters were transferred to Kaskaskia. The first common law court ever held in the Mis- sissippi Valley was established here, in 1768, by the order of Colonel Wilkins of the English army. The ruins of the old fort, situated in the northwest corner of Randolph Count}', once con- stituted an object of no little interest to anti- quarians, but the site has disappeared during the past generation by the encroachments of the Mississippi. FORT DE.VRBORN, the name of a United States military post, established at the mouth of the Chicago River in 1803 or 1804, on a tract of land six miles square conveyed by the Indians in KAIM.V IllSrnllir SCK.VKS, ClllCACO. KAKLV IllSTtiKIC SCENES. CHICAGO. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 171 the treaty of Greenville, concluded by General Wayne in 1795. It originally consisted of two block houses located at opposite angles (north- west and southea-st) of a strong wooden stockade, with the UoniniaiiJant's (juarters on the east side of the quadrangle, soldiers' barracks on the south, officers' barracks on the west, and magazine, contractor's (sutler's) store and general store- house on the north — all the buildings being con- structed of logs, and all, e.xcept the block-houses, being entirely within the enclosure. Its arma- ment consisted of three light pieces of artillery. Its builder and first commander was Capt. Joliii Whistler, a native of Ireland who had surrendered with Burgoyne, at Saratoga,, N. Y., and who subsequently became an .\merican citizen, and ser\-ed with distinction througliout the War of 1812. He was succeeded, in 1810, by Capt. Nathan Heald. As early as 1806 the Indians around the fort manifested signs of disquietude, Tecumseh, a few years later, lieading an open armed revolt. In 1810 a council of Pottawato- mies, Ottawas and Chippewas was held at St. Joseph, Mich., at which it was decided not to join the confederacy proposed by Chief Tecumseh. In 1811 hostilities were precipitated by an attack upon the United States troops under Gen. William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe. In April, 1812, hostile bands of Winnebagos appeared in the vicinity of Fort Dearborn, terrifying the settlers by their atrocities. Many of the whites sought refuge within the stockade. AVithin two months after the declaration of war against England, in 1812, orders were issued for the evacuation of Fort Dearborn and the transfer of the garrison to Detroit. The garrison at that time numbered about TO, including officers, a large number of the troops being ill. Almost simultaneously with the order for evacuation appeared bands of Indians clamoring for a dis- tribution of the goods, to which they claimed they were entitled under treaty stipulations. Knowing that he had but about forty men able to fight and that his march would be .sadly hindered by the care of about a dozen women and twenty children, the commandant hesitated. The Pottawatomies, through whose country he would have to pass, had always been friendly, and he waited. Within si.x days a force of ."iOO or 600 savage warriors had assembled around the fort. Among the leaders were the Pottawatomie chiefs. Black Partridge, Winnemeg and Topenebe. Of these, Winnemeg was friendlj-. It was he who had brought General Hull's orders to evacuate. and, as the crisis grew more and more dangerous. he offei-ed sound advice. He urged instantaneous departure before the Indians liad time to agree upon a line of action. But Captain Heald decided to distribute the stores among the sav- ages, and thereby secure from them a friendly escort to Fort Wayne. To this the aborigines readily assented, believing that thereby all the whisky and ammunition whicli they knew to be within the enclosure, would fall into their hands. Meanwhile Capt. William Wells, Indian Agent at Fort Wayne, had arrived at Fort Dearborn with a friendly force of Miamis to act as an escort. He convinced Captain Heald that it would be the height of folly to give the Indians liquor and gun- powder. Accordingly the commandant emptied the former into the lake and destroyed the latter. This was the signal for war. Black Partridge claimed he could no longer restrain his young braves, and at a council of the aborigines it was resolved to massacre the garrison and settlers. On the fifteenth of August the gates of the fort were opened and the evacuation began. A band of Pottawatomies accompanied the whites under the guise of a friendly escort. They .soon deserted and, within a mile and a half from the fort, began the sickening scene of carnage known as the "Fort Dearborn Massacre." Nearly 500 Indians participated, their loss being less than twenty. The Miami escort fled at the first exchange of shots. With but four exceptions tlie wounded white prisoners were dispatched with s;ivage ferocity and promptitude. Those not wounded were scattered among various tribes. The next day the fort with its stockade was burned. In 1816 (after the treaty of St. Louis) the fort was rebuilt upon a more elaborate scale. The second Fort Dearborn contained, besides bar- racks and officers' quarters, a magazine and provision-store, was enclosed by a square stock- ade, and protected by bastions at two of its angles. It was again evacuated in 1823 and re-garrisoned in 1828. The troops were once more withdrawn in 1831, to return the following year during the Black Hawk War. The final evacuation occurred in 1836. FORT <;.\(iE, situated on the e;istern bluffs of the Kaskaskia River, opposite the village of Kas- kaskia. It was erected and occupied by the British in 1772. It was built of heavy, square timbers and oblong in shape, its dimensions being 290x251 feet. On the night of July 4, 1778, it was captured by a detachment of American troops commanded by Col. George Rogers Clark, whc? held a commission from Virginia. The soldiers, with Simon Kenton at their head, were secretly 172 HISTOEICxVL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. admitted to the fort by a Pennsylvanian who happened to be within, and the commandant, Rocheblave, was surprised in bed, while sleeping with his wife by his side. FOKT JEFFERSON. I. A fort erected by Col. George Rogers Clark, under instructions from tlie Governor of Virginia, at the Iron Banks on the east bank of the Mississippi, below the mouth of the Ohio River. He promised lands to all adult, able-bodied white males who would emi- grate thither and settle, either with or without their families. Many accepted the offer, and a considerable colony was established there. Toward the close of the Revolutionary War, Vir- ginia being unable longer to sustain the garrison, the colony was scattered, many families going to Kaskaskia. II. A fort in the Miami valley, erected by Governor St. Clair and General Butler, in October, 1791. Within thirty miles of the post St. Clair's army, which had been badly weakened through desertions, was cut to pieces by the enemy, and the fortification was aban- doned. FORT MASSAC, an early French fortification, erected about 1711 on the Ohio River, 40 miles from its mouth, in what is now Massac County. It was the first fortification (except Fort St. Louis) in the "Illinois Country," antedating Fort Chartres by several years. The origin of the name is uncertain. The best authorities are of the opinion that it was so called in honor of the engineer who superintended its construction ; by others it has been traced to tlie name of the French Minister of Marine ; others assert that it is a corruption of the word "Massacre," a name given to the locality because of the massacre there of a large number of French soldiers by the Indians. The Virginians sometimes spoke of it as the "Cherokee fort."' It was garrisoned by the French until after the evacuation of the country under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. It later became a sort of depot for American settlers, a few families constantly residing within and around the fortification. At a very early day a military road was laid out from the fort to Kaskaskia, the trees alongside being utilized as milestones, the nunaber of miles being cut witli irons and painted red. After the close of the Revolutionary War, the United States Govern- ment strengthened and garrisoned the fort by way of defense against inroads by the Spaniards. AVith the cession of Louisiana to the United States, in 1803, the fort was evacuated and never re-garrisoned. According to the "American State Papers," during the period of the French occupation, it was both a Jesuit missionary station and a trading post. FORT SACKYILLE, a British fortification, erected in 17G9, on the Wabash River a short distance below Vincennes. It was a stockade, with bastions and a few pieces of cannon. In 1778 it fell into the hands of the Americans, and was for a time commanded by Captain Helm, with a garrison of a few Americans and Illinois French. In December, 1778, Helm and one private alone occupied the fort and surrendered to Hamilton, British Governor of Detroit, who led a force into the country around Vincennes. FORT SHERIUAX, United States Military Post, in Lake County, on the Milwaukee Division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 24 miles north of Chicago. (Highwood village adjacent onthesouth.) Population (1890), 4.51; (1900), l,."i75. FORT ST. LOUIS, a French fortification on a rock (widely known as "Starved Rock"), which consists of an isolated cliff on the south side of the Illinois River nearly opposite Utica, in La Salle County. Its height is between 130 and 140 feet, and its nearly round summit contains an area of about three-fourths of an acre. The side facing the river is nearly perpendicular and, in natural advantages, it is well-nigh impregnable. Here, in the fall of 1682, La Salle and Tonty began the erection of a fort, consisting of earth- works, palisades, store-houses and a block house, which also served as a dwelling and trading post. A windlass drew water from the river, and two small brass cannon, mounted on a jjarapet. com- prised the armament. It was solemnlj- dedicated by Father Membre, and soon became a gathering place for the surrounding tribes, especially the IlUnois. But Frontenac having been succeeded as Governor of New France by De la Barre, who was unfriendly to La Salle, the latter was dis- placed as Commandant at Fort St. Louis, while plots were laid to seciure his downfall by cutting off his supplies and inciting the Iroquois to attack him. La Salle left the fort in 1683, to return to France, and, in 1703, it was abandoned as a military post, though it continued to be a trad- ing post until 1718, when it was raided by the Indians and burned. (See La Salle. ) FORT WAY>E & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway.) FORT WAYXE & ILLINOIS RAILROAD. (See New York. Chicago <& St. Louis Railway.) FORTIFICATIONS, PREHISTORIC. Closely related in interest to the works of the mound- builders in Illinois — though, probably, owing their origin to another era and an entirely different HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 173 race — are tliose works wliich bear evidence of having been constructed for purposes of defense at some period anterior to the arrival of white men in the country. While tliere are no works in Illinois so elaborate in construction as those to which have been given the names of "Fort Ancient" on the Maumee in Ohio, "Fort Azatlan" on the Wabash in Indiana, and "Fort Aztalan" on Rock River in Southern Wisconsin, tliere are a number whose form of construction shows that they must liave been intended for warlike pur- poses, and that they were formidable of their kind and for the period in which they were con- structed. It is a somewhat curious fact that, while La Salle County is the seat of the first fortification constructed by the French in Illinois that can be siiid to have had a sort of permanent character ( see Fort St. Louis and Starved Rock), it is also the site of a larger number of prehistoric fortifications, whose remains are in such a state of preservation as to be clearly discernible, than any other section of the State of equal area. One of the most formidable of these fortifications is on the east side of Fox River, opposite the mouth of Indian Creek and some six miles northeast of Ottawa. This occupies a position of decided natural strength, and is surrounded by three lines of circumvallation. showing evidence of consider- able engineering skill. From the size of the trees within this work and other evidences, its age has been estimated at not less than 1,200 j-ears. On the present site of the town of Marseilles, at the rapids of the Illinois, seven miles east of Ottawa, another work of considerable strength existed. It is also said that the American Fur Company had an earthwork here for the protection of its trading station, erected about 1816 or "18, and consequently belonging to the present century. Besides Fort St. Louis on Starved Rock, the out- line of another fort, or outwork, whose era has not been positively determined, about half a mile south of the former, has been traced in recent times. De Baugis, sent by Governor La Barre, of Canada, to succeed Tonty at Fort St. Louis, is said to have erected a fort on Buffalo Rock, on the opposite side of the river from Fort St. Louis, which belonged practically to the same era as the latter. — There are two points in Southern Illinois where the alwrigines had constructed fortifica- tions to which the name "Stone Fort" has been given. One of these is a hill overlooking the Saline River in the southern part of Saline County, where there is a wall or breastwork five feet in height enclosing an area of less than an acre in extent. The other is on the west side of Lusk's Creek, in Pope County, wliere a breast- work has been constructed by loosely piling up the stones across a ridge, or tongue of land, with vertical sides and surrounded by a bend of tlie creek. Water is easily obtainable from the creek below the fortified ridge. — The remains of an old Indian fortification were found by early .settlers of McLean County, at a point called "Old Town Timber," about 1823 to 1835. It was believed then that it had been occupied by the Indians during the War of 1812. The story of the Indians was, that it was burned by General Ilarrison in 1812; though this is improbable in view of the absence of any historical mention of the fact. Judge H. W. Beckwith, who examined its site in 1880, is of the opinion that its history goes back as far as 17.52, and that it was erected by the Indians as a defense against the French at Kas- kaskia. There was also a tradition that there had been a French mission at this point. — One of the most interesting stories of early fortifications in the State, is that of Dr. V. A. Boyer, an old citizen of Chicago, in a paper contributed to the Chicago Historical Society. Although the work alluded to by him was evidently constructed after the arrival of the French in the country, the exact period to which it belongs is in doubt. According to Dr. Boyer, it was on an elevated ridge of timber land in Palos Township, in the western part of Cook County. He says: "I first saw it in 1833, and since then have visited it in company with other 'per.sons, some of whom are still living. I feel sure that it was not built dur- ing the Sac War from its appearance. ... It seems probable that it was the work of French traders or explorers, as there were trees a century old growing in its environs. It was evidently the work of an enlightened people, skilled in the science of warfare. ... As a strategic point it most completely commanded the surrounding country and tlie crossing of the swamp or 'Sag'." Is it improbable that this was the fort occupied by Colonel Durantye in 1G95? The remains of a small fort, supposed to have been a French trad- ing post, were found by the pioneer settlers of Lake County, where the pre.'ient city of Waukegan stands, giving to that place its first name of "Little Fort." This structure was seen in 1825 bj' Col. William S. Hamilton (a son of Alexander Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury), who liad served in the session of the General Assembly of that year as a Representative from Sangamon County, and was then on his way to Green Bay, and the remains of the pickets or palisades were visible as late as 1835. While the date of its 174 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. erection is unknown, it probably belonged to the latter part of the eighteenth century. There is also a tradition that a fort or trading post, erected by a Frenchman named Garay (or Guarie) stood on the North Branch of the Chicago River prior to the erection of the first Fort Dearborn in 1803. FOSS, Georjre Edmund, lawyer and Congress- man, was born in Franklin County, Vt., July 2, 1863; graduated from Harvard University, in 1885; attended the Columbia Law School and School of Political Science in New York City, finally graduating from the Union College of Law in Chicago, in 1889, when he was admitted to the bar and began practice. He never held any political office until elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress (1894), from the Seventh Illinois District, receiving a majority of more than 8,000 votes over his Democratic and Populist competitors. In 1896 he was again the candidate of his party, and was re-elected by a majority of over 20,000, as he was a third time, in 1898, by more than 12,000 majority. In the Fifty-fifth Congress Mr. Foss was a member of the Committees on Naval Affairs and Expenditures in the Department of Agriculture. FOSTER, (Dr.) John Herbert, physician and educator, was born of Quaker ancestry at Hills- borough, N. H., March 8, 1796. His early years were spent on his father's farm, but at the age of 16 he entered an acadeni}' at Meriden, N. H., and, three years later, began teaching with an older brother at Schoharie, N. Y. Having .spent some sixteen years teaching and practicing medicine at various places in his native State, in 1832 he came west, first locating in Morgan County, 111. While there he took part in the Black Hawk War, serving as a Surgeon. Before the close of the year he was compelled to come to Chicago to look after the estate of a brother who was an officer in the army and had been killed by an insubordinate soldier at Green Baj'. Having thus fallen heir to a considerable amount of real estate, which, in subsequent years, largely appreciated in value, he became identified with early Chicago and ultimately one of the largest real-estate o\\Tiers of his time in the city. He was an active promoter of education during this period, serving on both City and State Boards. His death occurred. May 18, 18T4, in consequence of injuries sustained by being thrown from a vehicle in whicli he was riding nine days previous. FOSTER, John Wells, author and scientist, was born at Brimfield, Mass., in 1815, and edu- cated at Wesleyan University, Conn ; later studied law and was admitted to the bar in Ohio, but soon turned his attention to scientific pursuits, being employed for several years in the geological survey of Ohio, during which he investigated the coal-beds of the State. Having incidentally devoted considerable attention to the study of metallurgy, he was employed about 1844 by mining capitalists to make the first systematic survey of the Lake Superior copper region, upon which, in conjunction with J. D. Whitney, he made a report which was published in two vol- umes in 1850-51. Returning to Slassachusetts, he participated in the organization of the "American Party" there, though we find him soon after breaking with it on the slavery question. In 1855 he was a candidate for Congress in the Springfield (Mass.) District, but was beaten by a small majority. In 1858 he removed to Chicago and, for some time, was Land Commissioner of the Illinois Central Railroad. The latter years of his life were devoted chiefly to arcliEeological researches and writings, also serving for some years as Professor of Natural History in the (old) Universitj" of Chicago. His works include "The Mississippi Valley ; its Physical Geography, Min- eral Resources," etc. (Chicago, 1869) ; "Mineral Wealth and Railroad Development," (New York, 1872) ; "Prehistoric Races of the United States," (Chicago, 1873), be.sides contributions to numer- ous scientific periodicals. He was a member of several scientific associations and, in 1869, Presi- dent of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science. He died in Hyde Park, now a part of Cliicago, June 29, 1873. FOUKE, Philip B., lawyer and Congressman, was born at Kaskaskia, 111., Jan. 23, 1818; was chiefly self-educated and began his career as a clerk, afterwards acting as a civil engineer; about 1841-42 was associated with the publication of "The Belleville Advocate," later studied law. and, after being admitted to the bar, served as Prosecuting Attorney, being re-elected to that oflice in 1856. Previous to this, however, he had been elected to the lower branch of the Seven- teenth General Assembly (18.50), and, in 1858, was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-sixth Congress and re-elected two years later. While still in Congress he assisted in organizing the Thirtieth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel, but resigned on account of ill- health soon after the battle of Shiloh. After leaving the army he removed to New Orleans, where he was appointed Public Adminis- trator and practiced law for some time. He then took up the prosecution of the cotton-claims against the Mexican Government, in which he HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 175 was engaged some seven years, finally removing to Washington City and making several trips to Europe in the interest of these suits. He won his cases, but died soon after a decision in his favor, largely in consequence of overtaxing his brain in their prosecution. His death occurred in Washington, Oct. S, 1876, when he was buried in the Congres-sional CVnietery, President (irant and a nuniljer of Senators and Congressmen acting as pall-bearers at his funeral. FOWLER, Charles Henry, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, born in Burford, Conn., August 11, 1S37; was partially educated at Rock River Seminary, Mount Jlorris, finally graduating at Genesee College. X. Y.. in 1859. He then began the study of law in Chicago, but, changing his purpose, entered Garrett Biblical Institute, at lOvaiiston, graduating in IStil. Having been ailmitted to the Rock Kiver Methodist Episcopal Conference he wasapjwinted successively to Chicago churclies till 1872 ; then became President of the North- western University, holding this office four years, when he was elected to the editorship of "Tlie Christian Advocate" of New York. In 1884 he was elected and ordained Bishop. His residence is in San Francisco, his labors as Bishop being devoted largely to tlie Pacific States. FOX RIVER (of Illinois)— called Pishtaka by the Indians — ri.ses in Waukesha County, Wis., and, after running southward through Kenoslia and Racine Counties in that State, passes into Illinois. It intersects McHenry and Kane Coun- ties and runs southward to the city of Aurora, below which pt)int it flows southwestward, until it empties into the Illinois River at Ottawa. Its length is estimated at 220 miles. The chief towns on its banks are Elgin. Aurora and Ottawa. It affords abundant water power. FOXES, an Indian tribe. (See Sacs and Foxes. ) FRANCIS, Simeon, pioneer journalist, was born at Wetliersfield, Conn., May 14, 1796, learned the printer's traile at New Haven, and. in connection with a partner, published a paper at Buffalo, N. Y'. In consequence of the excitement growing out of the abduction of Morgan in 1828, (l)eing a Mason) he was compelled to susjjend, and, coming to Illinois in the fall of 1831. com- menced the publication of "The Sangamo" (now "The Illinois State") "Jovirnal" at Springfield, continuing his connection therewith until 1855, when he sold out to Messrs. BaiUiache & Baker. Abraham Lincoln was his close friend and often wrote editorials for his pajier. Mr. Francis was active in the organization of the State Agricul- tural Society (1853), serving as its Recording Secretary for several years. In 1859 he moved to Portland, Ore., where he published "The Oregon Farmer," and served as President of the Oregon State Agricultural Society; in 1861 was ap- pointed by President Lincoln, Paymaster in the regular army, serving until 1870, when he retired on half-i)ay. Died, at Portland. Ore., Oct. 25, 1872. — Allen (Francis), brother of the preceding, was born at Wetliersfield, Conn., April 14, 1815; in 1834, joined his brother at Springfield, 111., and became a partner in the publication of "The Journal" until its sale, in 1855. In 1861 he was appointed United States Consul at Victoria, B. C, serving until 1871. when he engaged in the fur trade. Later he was United States Consul at Port Stanley, Can., dying there, about 1887. — Josiali (Francis), cousin of the preceding, born at WethovsfieUl, Conn., Jan. 17, 1804; was early connected with "The Springfield Journal"; in 1836 engaged in merchandising at Athens, Menard County ; returning to Springfield, was elected to the Legislature in 1840, and served one term as Mayor of Springfield. Died in 1867. FRAXKLIX, a village of Morgan County, on the Jacksonville & ,St. Louis Railroad, 12 miles southeast of .Jacksonville. The place has a news- paper and two banks; the surrounding country is agricultural. Population (18S0), 316; (1890), 578; (1900), 687. FRANKLIN COUNTY, located in the south- central part of the State; was organized in 1818, and has an area of 430 square miles. Population (1900). 19.675. The county is well timbered and is drained by the Big Muddy River. The soil is fertile and the products include cereals, potatoes, sorghum, wool, pork and fruit. The county-seat is Benton, with a population (1890) of 939. The county contains no large towns, although large, well-cultivated farms are numerous. The earli- est white settlers came from Kentucky and Ten- nessee, and the hereditarj' traditions of generous, southwestern hospitality are preserved among the residents of to day. FRANKLIN (;ROVE, a town of Lee County, on Council Bluffs Division of the Chicago & North- western Railway, 88 miles west of Chicago. Grain, poultry, and live-stock are shipped from here. It has banks, water-works, high school, and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 736; (1900), 681. FRA/IER, Robert, a native of Kentucky, who came to Southern Illinois at an early daj' and served as State Senator from Edwards County, in the Second and Third General Assemblies, in the 176 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. latter being an opponent of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. He was a farmer by occu- pation and, at tlie time he was a member of the Legislature, resided in what afterwards became Wabash County. Subsequently he removed to Edwards County, near Albion, where he died. "Frazier's Prairie," in Edwards County, was named for him. FREEBURG, a village of St. Clair County, on the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, 8 miles southeast of Belleville. Population (1880), 1,038; (1890), 848; (1900), 1,314. FREEMAN, Normaii L., lawyer and Supreme Court Reporter, was born in Caledonia, Living- ston County, N. Y., May 9, 1823; in 1831 accom- panied his widowed mother to Ann Arbor, Mich., removing six years afterward to Detroit ; was edu- cated at Cleveland and Ohio University, taught school at Lexington, Ky., while studying law, and was admitted to the bar in 1846 ; removed to Shawneetown, 111., in 18,51, was admitted to the Illinois bar and practiced some eight years. He then began farming in Marion County, Mo. , but, in 1862, returned to Shawneetown and, in 1863, was appointed Reporter of Decisions by the Supreme Court of Illinois, serving until his death, which occurred at Springfield near the beginning of his sixth term in ofKce, August 23, 1894. FREE MASONS, the oldest secret fraternity in the State — known as the "Ancient Order of Free and Accepted Masons" — the first Lodge being instituted at Kaskaskia, June, 3, 1806, with Gen. John Edgar, Worshipful Master; Michael Jones, Senior Warden; James Galbraith, Junior War- den ; William Arundel, Secretary ; Robert Robin- son, Senior Deacon. These are names of persons who were, without exception, prominent in the early history of Illinois. A Grand Lodge was organized at Vandalia in 1823, with Gov. Shad- rach Bond as first Grand Master, but the organi- zation of the Grand Lodge, as it now exists, took place at Jacksonville in 1840. The number of Lodges constituting the Grand Lodge of Illinois in 1840 was six, with 157 members; the number of Lodges within the same jurisdiction in 1895 was 713, with a membership of 50,727, of which 47,335 resided in Illinois. The dues for 1895 were $37,834.50; the contributions to members, their widows and orphans, 825,038.41; to non- Biembers, $6,306.38, and to the Illinois Masonic Orphans' Home, $1,315.80. — Apollo Commandery No. 1 of Kniglits Templar — the pioneer organi- zation of its kind in this or any neighboring State — was organized in Chicago, May 30, 1845, and the Grand Commandery of the order in Illi- nois in 1857, with James V. Z. Blaney, Grand Commander. In 1895 it was made up of sixty- five subordinate commanderies, with a total membership of 9,355, and dues amounting to §7,754.75. The principal officers in 1895-96 were Henry Hunter Montgomery, Grand Commander; John Henry Witbeck, Grand Treasurer, and Gil- bert W. Barnard, Grand Recorder. — The Spring- field Chapter of Roj-al Arch-Masons was organized in Springfield, Sept. 17, 1841, and the Royal Arch Chapter of the State at Jacksonville, April 9, 1850, the nine existing Chapters being formally chartered Oct. 14, of the same year. The number of subordinate Chapters, in 1895, was 186, with a total membership of 16,414. — The Grand Council of Royal and Select Masters, in 1894, embraced 32 subordinate Councils, with a membership of 3,318. FREEPORT, a city and railway center, the county-seat of Stephenson County, 131 miles west of Chicago; has good water-power from the Peca- tonica River, with several manufacturing estab- lishments, the output including carriages, wagon-wheels, wind-mills, coffee-mills, organs, piano-.stooIs, leather, mineral paint, foundry pro- ducts, chicken incubators and vinegar. The Illi- nois Central Railroad has shops here and tlie city has a Government postoffice building. Popula- tion (1890), 10,189; (1900), 13,238. FREEPORT COLLEGE, an institution at Free- port, 111., incorporated in 1895; is co-educational ; had a faculty of six instructors in 1896, with 116 pupils. FREER, Lemuel Covell Paine, early lawyer, was born in Dutchess County, N. Y., Sept. 18, 1815; came to Chicago in 1836, .studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1840; was a zealous anti-slavery man and an active supporter of the Government during the War of the Rebellion; for many years was President of the Board of Trustees of Rush Medical College. Died, in Chicago, April 14, 1892. FRENCH, Augustus C, ninth Governor of Illinois (1846-.52), was born in New Hampshire, August 3, 1808. After coming to Illinois, he became a resident of Crawford County, and a lawyer by profession. He was a member of the Tenth and Eleventh General Assemblies, and Receiver, for a time, of the Land Office at Pales- tine. He served as Presidential Elector in 1844, was elected to the office of Governor as a Demo- crat in 1846 by a majority of nearly 17,000 over two competitors, and was the unanimous choice of his party for a second term in 1848. His adminis- IIISTOKJCAL KNCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 177 tration was free from snandals. He was appointed Bank Commissioner by Governor Slatteson, and later accepted tlie chair of Law in McKendree College at Lebanon. In 1858 lie was the nominee of tlie Douglas wing of the Democratic party for State Superintendent of Public Instruction. ex-Gfov. John Rej-nolds being the candidate of the Buchanan branch of the partj*. Both were defeated. His last public service was as a mem- ber from St. Clair County of the Constitutional Convention of 1862. Died, at Lebanon, Sept. 4, 1864. FRENCH AM) I>DI.V\ WAR. The first premonition of this struggle in the West was given in 1698, wlien two English vessels entered the mouth of the Jlississij)])!, to take possession of the French Territory of Louisiana, wliich tlien included what afterward became the State of Illinois. This expedition, however, returned without result. Great Britain was anxious to have a colorable pretext for attempting to evict the French, and began negotiation of treaties witli the Indian tribes as early as 1734, expecting thereby to fortify her original claim, which was based on the right of jjrior discovery. The numerous sliiftings of tlie political kaleidoscope in Europe prevented any further steps in this direc- tion on the part of England until 1748 49, when the Ohio Land Company received a royal grant of 500,000 acres along the Ohio River, vi-ith exclu- sive trading privileges. The Company proceeded to explore and survey and, about 1753, established a trading post on Loramie Creek, 47 miles north of Dayton. The French foresaw that hostilities were ])robable, and advanced their posts as far east as the Allegheny River. Complaints by the Ohio Company induced an ineffectu;il remon- strance on the part of Virginia. Among the araha.s.sadors sent to the Frencli by the Governor of Virginia was George Wasliington, who thus, in early manhood, became identilied with Illinois history. His report was of such a nature as to induce the erection of counter fortifications by the British, one of which (at tlie junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers) was seized and occupied by tlie French before its completion. Then ensued a series of engagements which, while not involving large forces of men, were fraught with grave consequences, and in which the French were generally successful. In 1755 occurred "Braddock's defeat" in an expedition to recover Fort Duquesne (where Pittsburg now stands), which had been captured by the French the previous year, and the Government of Great Britain determined to redouble its efforts. The final result was the termination of French domi- nation in the Ohio Valley. Later came the down- fall of French ascendency in Canada as the result of the battle of Quebec; but the vanquished j-et lioped to be able to retain Louisiana and Illinois. But France was forced to indemnify Spain for the loss of Florida, which it did Vj}- the ce.ssion of all of Louisiana Ij-ing west of the Mississippi (includ- ing the city of New Orleans), and this virtually ended French hopes in Illinois. The last military post in North America to be garrisoned by French troops was Fort Chartres, in Illinois Territory, where St. Ange remained in command until its evacuation was demanded by the English. FRENCH OOVEKXORS OF ILLINOIS. French Governors began to be ap|)oiuted by the Company of the Indies (which see) in 1723, the "Illinois Country" having previously been treated as a dejiendency of Canada. The first Governor ( or "commandant") was Pierre Duque de Boisbriant, who was commandant for only three years, when lie was summoned to New Orleans (1725) to suc- ceed de Bienville as Governor of Louisiana. Capt. dii Tisne was in command for a short time after his departure, but was succeeded by another Captain in the royal army, whose name is vari- ously spelled de Liette, de Lielte, De Siette and Delietto. He was followed in turn by St. Ange (the father of St. Ange de Bellerive), who died in 1743. In 1733 the Company of tlie Indies surren- dered its charter to the crown, and the Governors of the Illinois Country were thereafter appointed directly by royal authority. Under the earlier (lovernors justice had been administered under the civil law; with the change in the method of appointment the code known as the "Common Law of Paris" came into effect, although not rigidly enforced becau.se found in many particu- lars to be ill-suited to the needs of a new country. The first of the Royal Governors was Pierre d' Artaguiette, who was appointed in 1734, but was captured while engaged in an expedition against the Chickasaws, in 173C, and burned at the stake. (See D' Artaguiette.) He was followed bj' Alphonse de la Buissoniere, who was succeeded, in 1740, by Capt. Benoi.st de St. Claire. In 1743 he gave way to the Chevalier Bertel or Berthet, but was reinstated about 1748. The last of the French Governors of the "Illinois Country" was Louis St. Ange de Bellerive, who retired to St. Louis, after turning over the command to Cap- tain Stirling, the English officer .sent to supersede him, in 1765. (St. Ange de Bellerive died, Dec. 27, 1774.) The administration of the French commandants, while firm, was usually conserva- 178 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tive and benevolent. Local self-government was encouraged as far as practicable, and, while the Governors' power over commerce was virtually unrestricted, they interfered but little with the ordinary life of the people. FREW, Calvin Hamill, lawyer and State Sena- tor, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, educated at Finley (Ohio) High School, Beaver (Pa.) Academy and Vermilion Institute at Hayesville, Ohio. ; in 1863 was Principal of the High School at Kalida, Ohio, where he began the study of law, which he continued the next two years with Messrs. Strain & Kidder, at Monmouth, 111., meanwhile acting as Principal of a high school at Young America ; in 1805 removed to Paxton, Ford Count}', which has since been his home, and the same year was admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Illi- nois. Mr. Frew served as Assistant Superintend- ent of Schools for Ford County (18G.J-G8) ; in 1868 was elected Representative in the Twenty-sixth General Assembly, re-elected in 1870, and again in '78. While practicing law he has been con- nected with some of the most important cases before the courts in that section of the State, and his fidelity and skill in their management are testified by members of the bar, as well as Judges upon the bench. Of late years he has devoted his attention to breeding trotting hor-ses, with a view to the improvement of his health but not with the intention of permanently abandoning his profession. FR¥, Jacob, pioneer and soldier, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Sept. 20, 1799; learned the trade of a carpenter and came to Illinois in 1819, working first at Alton, but, in 1820, took up his residence near the present town of Carrollton, in which he built the first house. Greene County was not organized until two years later, and this border settlement was, at that time, the extreme northern white settlement in Illinois. He served as Constable and Deputy Sheriff (simultaneously) for six years, and was then elected Sheriff, being five times re-elected. He served through the Black Hawk War (first as Lieutenant-Colonel and afterwards as Colonel), having in his regiment Abraham Lincoln, O. H. Browning, John Wood (afterwards Governor) and Robert Anderson, of Fort Sumter fame. In 1837 he was appointed Commissioner of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and re-appointed in 1839 and '41, later becoming Acting Commissioner, with authority to settle up the business of the former commission, which was that year legislated out of office. He was afterwards appointed Canal Trustee by Governor Ford, and, in 1847, retired from connection with canal management. In 1850 he went to Cali- fornia, where he engaged in mining and trade for three years, meanwhile serving one term in the State Senate. In 1857 he was appointed Col- lector of the Port at Chicago by President Buch- anan, but was removed in 1859 because of his friendship for Senator Douglas. In 1860 he returned to Greene County ; in 1861, in spite of his advanced age, was commissioned Colonel of the Sixty-first Illinois Volunteers, and later partici- pated in numerous engagements (among them the battle of Shiloh), was captured by Forrest, and ultimately compelled to resign because of im- paired health and failing eyesight, finally becom- ing totally blind. He died, June 27, 1881, and was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery, near .Spring- field. Two of Colonel Fry's sons achieved dis- tinction during the Civil War. — James Barnet (Fry), son of the preceding, was born at Car- rollton, 111., Feb. 22, 1827; graduated at West Point Military Academy, in 1847, and was assigned to artillery service ; after a short experi- ence as Assistant Instructor, joined his regiment, the Third United States Artillerj', in Mexico, remaining there through 1847-48. Later, he was employed on frontier and garrison duty, and again as Instructor in 1853-54, and as Adjutant of the Academy during 1854-59; became Assistant Adjutant-General, March 16, 1861, then served as Chief of Staff to General McDowell and General Buell (1861-62), taking part in the battles of Bull Run, Shiloh and Corinth, and in the campaign in Kentucky ; was made Provost-Marshal-Oeneral of the United States, in March, 1863, and con- ducted the drafts of that year, receiving the rank of Brigadier-General, April 21, 1864. He con- tinued in this office until August 30, 1866, during which time he put in the army 1,120,621 men, arrested 76,.563 de-serters, collected .526,366,316.78 and made an exact enrollment of the National forces. After the war he served as Adjutant- General with the rank of Colonel, till June 1, 1881, when he was retired at his own request. Besides his various official reports, he published a "Sketch of the Adjutant-General's Department, United States Army, from 1775 to 1875," and "His- tory and Legal Effects of Brevets in the Armies of Great Britain and the United States, from their origin in 1692 to the Present Time," (1877). Died, in Newport, R. I., July 11, 1894.— WiUiam M. (Fry), another son, was Provost Marshal of the North Illinois District during the Civil War, and rendered valuable service to the Government. FULLER, Allen Curtis, lawyer, jurist and Adjutant-General, was born in Farmington, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 179 Conn., Sept. 24, 1832; studied law at Warsaw, N. Y., was admitted to practice, in 1846 came to Belvidere, Boone County, 111., and, after practic- ing there some years, was elected Circuit Judj^e in 1801. A few months afterward lie was induceii to accept the office of Adjutant-Ceneral by appointment of Governor Yates, entering upon the duties of the office in November, 1801. At first it was understood that his acceptance w;is onl}' temporary, so that he did not formally resign his place upon the bench until July, 1802. He continued to discharge the duties of Adjutant- General until January, 1805, when, having been elected Eejiresentative in the General Assembly, he was succeeded in the AdjutantGenerarsoflice bj- General Isliam N. Ilaynie. He served as Speaker of the House during the following ses- sion, and as State Senator from 1867 to 1873 — in the Twentj-fifth, Twentj- -sixth and Twenty- seventh General A.ssemblies. He was also elected a Republican Presidential Elector in 1860, and again in 1876. Since retiring from office, General Fuller has devoted his attention to the practice of his profession and looking after a large private business at Belvidere. FULLER, Charles E., lawyer and legislator. was born at Flora, Boone County, 111., March 31, 1849 ; attended the district school until 13 years of age, and, between 1861 and '67, served as clerk in stores at Belvidere and Cherry Valley. He then spent a couple of years in the book business in Iowa, when i,lS(!<)) he began the study of law with Hon. Jesse S. Ilildrup, at Belvidere, and was admitted to the bar in 1870. Since then Mr. Fuller has practiced his profession at Belvi- dere. was Corporation Attorney for that city in 1875-76, tlie latter year being elected State's Attorney for Boone County. From 1879 to 1891 he served continuously in the Legislature, first as State Senator in the Thirty-first and Thirty- second General As.semblies, then as a member of the Hou.se for tliree .sessions, in 1888 being returned to the Senate, where he served the next two sessions. Mr. Fuller established a high reputation in the Legislature as a debater, and was the candidate of his party (the Republican) for Speaker of the House in 1885. He was also a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1884. Mr. Fuller was elected Judge of the Circuit Court for the Seventeenth Circuit at the judicial election of June, 1897. FULLER, Melville Weston, eighth Cliief Jus- tice of the United States Supreme Court, was born at Augusta. Maine, Feb. 11, 1833, graduated from Bowdoin College in 1853, was admitted to the bar in 1855, and became City Attorney of his native city, but resigned and removed to Chicago the following year. Through his mother's family he traces his descent back to the Pilgrims of the Mayflower. His literary and legal attain- ments are of a high order. In politics he has always been a strong Democrat. He served as a Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1862 and as a member of the Legislature in 1863, after that time devoting his attention to the practice of his profession in Chicago. In 1888 President Cleveland appointed him Chief Justice of the .Supreme Court, since which time he has resided at Washington, although still claiming a residence in Chicago, where he has considerable property interests. FULLERTON, Alexander N., pioneer settler and lawyer, born in Chester, Vt., in 1804, was educated at Middlebury College and Litchfield Law School, and, coming to Chicago in 1833, finally engaged in real-estate and mercantile business, in which he was very successful. His name has been given to one of the avenues of Chicago, as well as associated with one of the prominent business blocks. He was one of the original members of the Second Presbyterian Church of that city. Died, Sept. 29, 1880. FULTON, a city and railway center in White- side County, 135 miles west of Chicago, located on the Mississippi River and the Chicago & Northwestern, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Chicago, Milwaukee & ,St. Paul Railways. It was formerly the terminus of a line of .steamers which annually brought millions of bushels of grain down the Mis.sissippi from Minnesota, Wi.soonsin and Illinois, returning with merchandise, agricultural implements, etc., but this river trade gradually died out, having been usurped by the various railroads. Fulton has extensive factories for the making of stoves, besides some important lumber industries. The Northern Illinois College is located here. Popu- lation (1890), 2,099; (1900), 2.68.5. FULTOX COUNTY, situated west of and bor- dering on the Illinois River; was originally a part of Pike County, but separately organized in 1823 — named for Robert Fulton. It has an area of 870 sijuare miles with a population (1900) of 46.301. The soil is rich, well watered and wooded. Drain- age is effected by the Illinois and Spoon Rivers (the former constituting its eastern boundary) anil by Copperas Creek. Lewistown tecame the county-seat immediately after county organi- zation, and so remains to the present time (1899). The surface of the county at a distance from the 180 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. river is generally flat, although along the Illinois there are bluffs rising to the height of 125 feet. The soil is rich, and underlying it are rich, work- able seams of coal. A thin seam of cannel coal has been mined near Avon, with a contiguous vein of fire-clay. Some of the earliest settlers were Messrs. Craig and Savage, who, in 1818, built a saw mill on Otter Creek; Ossian M. Ross and Stephen Dewey, who laid off Lewistown on his own land in 1823. The first hotel in tlie entire military tract was opened at Lewistown by Tru- man Phelps, in 1827. A flat-boat ferry across the Illinois was established at Havana, in 1823. The principal towns are Can ton(pop.6,.564), Lewistown (2,166), Farmington (1,37.'")), and Vermont (1,1.58). FULTON COUNTY NARROW-GAUiiE RAIL- WAY, a line extending from the west bank of the Illinois River, opposite Havana, to Galesburg, 61 miles. It is a single-track, narrow-gauge (3-foot) road, although the excavations and embankments are being widened to accommodate a track of standard gauge. The grades are few, and, as a rule, are light, althougli, in one instance, the gradient is eighty-four feet to the mile. There are more than 19 miles of curves, the maxi- mum being sixteen degrees. The rails are of iron, thirty-five pounds to the yard, road not ballasted. Capital stock outstanding (1895). $636,794; bonded debt, §484,000: miscellaneous obligations, §462,362; total capitalization, §1,583,- 156. The line from Havana to Fairview (31 miles) was chartered in 1878 and opened in 1880 and the extension from Fairview to Galesburg chartered in 1881 and opened in 1882. FUNK, Isaac, pioneer, was born in Clark County, Ky., Nov. 17, 1797; grew up with meager educational advantages and, in 1823, came to Illi- nois, finally settling at what afterwards became known as Funk's Grove in McLean County. Here, with no other capital than industry, per- severance, and integrity, Mr. Funk began laying the foundation of one of the most ample fortunes ever acquired in Illinois outside the domain of trade or speculation. By agriculture and dealing in live-stock, he became the possessor of a large area of the finest farming lands in the State, which he brought to a high state of cultivation, leaving an estate valued at his death at not less than §2,000,000. Mr. Funk served three sessions in the General Assembly, first as Representative in the Twelfth (1840-42), and as Senator in the Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth (1862-66), dying before the close of his last term, Jan. 29, 1865. Originally a Whig in politics, he became a Repub- lican on the organization of that party, and gave a liberal and patriotic support to the Government during the war for the preservation of the Union. During the session of the Twenty-third General Assembly, in February, 1863, he delivered a speech in the Senate in indignant condemnation of the policy of the anti-war factionists, which, although couched in homely language, aroused the enthusiasm of the friends of the Government throughout the State and won for its author a prominent place in State history. — Benjamin F. (Funk), son of the preceding, was born in Funk"s Grove Township, McLean County, 111., Oct. 17, 1838. After leaving the district schools, he entered the Wesleyan University at Blooming- ton, but suspended his studies to enter the army in 1862, enlisting as a private in the Sixty-eighth Illinois Volunteers. After five months" service he was honorably discharged, and re-entered the University, completing a three-years' course. For three years after graduation he followed farming as an avocation, and, in 1869, took up his residence at Bloomington. In 1871 he was chosen Mayor, and served seven consecutive terms. He was a delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1888, and was the suc- cessful candidate of that party, in 1892, for Repre- sentative in Congress from the Fourteenth Illinois District. — Lafayette (Funk), another son of Isaac Funk, was a Representative from McLean County in the Thirty-third General Assembly and Sena- tor in the Thirty-fourtli and Thirty-fifth. Other sons who have occupied seats in the same body include George W., Representative in the Twenty- seventh, and Duncan M., Representative in the Fortieth and Fort3'-first Assemblies The Funk family have been conspicuous in the affairs of McLean County for a generation, and its mem- bers have occupied many other positions of im- portance and influence, besides those named, under the State, County and municipal governments. GAGE, Lyman J., Secretary of the Treasury, was born in De Ruyter, Madifson County, N. Y., June 28, 1836 ; received a common school educa- tion in his native county, and, on the removal of his parents, in 1848, to Rome, N. Y., enjoyed the advantages of instruction in an academy. At the age of 17 he entered the employment of the Oneida Central Bank as office-boy and general utility clerk, but, two years afterwards, came to Chicago, first securing employment in a planing mill, and, in 1858, obtaining a position as book- keeper of the Merchants' Loan and Trust Com- pany, at a salary of §500 a j-ear. By 1861 he had been advanced to the position of cashier of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 181 concern, but. in 18G8. he accepted the casliiersliip of the First National Hank of Chicago, of wliich he became the Vice- President in 1881 and, in 1891, the President. Mr. Gage was also one of the prominent factors in securing the location of the World's Fair at Chicago, becoming one of the guarantors of the .$10. DUO, 000 jjromised to be raised by the city of Chicago, and being finally chosen the first President of the Exposition Company. He also presided over the bankers' section of the World's Congress Au.xiliary in 1893, and, for a number of years, was President of the Civic Feder- ation of Chicago. On the assumption of the Presidency by President McKinley, in JIarch, 1897, Mr. Gage was selected for the position of Secretary of the Treasury, which he has con- tinued to occupy up to the present time (1899). GALATIA, a village of Saline County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 40 miles southeast of Duquoin ; has a bank ; leailing indvistry is coal- mining. I'opulation 0890), .519; (1900), (U-,>. GALE, George Washington, D.D., LL.D., clergyman and educator, was born in Dutchess County, N. Y., Dec. 3, 1789. Left an orphan at eight years of age, he fell to the care of older sisters who inherited the vigorous character of their father, which they instilled into the son. He graduated at Union College in 1814. and, hav- ing taken a course in the Theological Seminary at Princeton, in 1S16 was licensed by the Hudson Presbytery and assumed the charge of building up new churches in Jefferson County, N. Y., serving also for six years as pastor of the Presby- terian church at Adams. Here his labors were attended by a revival in which Charles G. Fin- ney, the eloquent evangelist, and other eminent men were converts. Having resigned his charge at Adams on account of illnes.s, he spent the winter of 1823-2-t in Virginia, where his views were enlarged by contact with a new class of people. Later, removing to Oneida County, N. Y., by his marriage with Harriet Selden he acquired a considerable property, insuring an income which enabled him to extend the field of his labors. The result was the establishment of the Oneida Institute, a manual labor school, at Whitesboro, with which he remained from 1827 to 1834, and out of which grew Lane Seminary and Oberlin and Knox Colleges. In 1835 he con- ceived the idea of establishing a colony and an institution of learning in the West, and a com- mittee representing a party of proposed colonists was appointed to make a selection of a site, which resulted, in the following year, in the choice of a location in Knox County, 111., including the site of the present city of Galesburg, which was named in honor of Mr. Gale, as the head of the enterprise. Here, in 1837, were taken the first practical steps in carrying out plans which had been previously matured in New York, for the establishment of an institution which first received the name of Knox Manual Labor Col- lege. The manual labor feature having been finally discarded, the institution took the name of Knox College in 1857. Sir. Gale was the lead- ing promoter of the enterprise, by a liberal dona- tion of lands contributing to its first endowment, and, for nearly a quarter of a century, being intimately identified with its history. From 1840 to '42 he served in the capacity of acting Professor of Ancient Languages, and, for fifteen years thereafter, as Professor of Moral Philosophy and Rhetoric. Died, at Galesburg, Sept. 31, 1861. — William Selden (Gale), oldest son of the preced- ing, was born in Jefferson County. N. Y., Feb. 15, 1822, came with his father to Gale.sburg, 111., in 1836, and was educated there. Having read law with the Hon. James Knox, he was admitted to the bar in 1845, but practiced only a few years, as he began to turn his attention to measures for the development of the country. One of these was the Central Military Tract Railroad (now the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy), of which he was the most active promoter and a Director. He was also a member of the Board of .Supervisors of Knox County, from the adoption of township organization in 1853 to 1895, with the exception of four years, and, during the long controversy which resulted in the location of the county-seat at Galesburg, was the leader of the Galesburg party, and subsequently took a prominent part in the erection of ])ublic buildings there. Other positions held by him incluile the office of Post- master of the city of Galesburg, 1849 53; member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1863, and Representative in the Twenty-sixth General Assembly (1870-72); Presidential Elector in 1872; Delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1880; City Alderman, 1872-82 and 1891-95; member of the Commission appointed by Gov- ernor Oglesby in 1885 to revise the State Revenue Laws; by appointment of President Harrison, Superintendent of the Galesburg Government Building, and a long term Trustee of the Illinois Hospital for the Insane at Rock Island, by appointment of Governor Altgeld. He has also been a frequent representative of his party (the Republican) in State and District Conven- tions, and, .since 1.861. has been an active and leading member of the Board of Trustees of 183 niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Knox College. Mr. Gale was married, Oct. fi, 1845, to Miss Caroline Ferris, granddaughter of the financial representative of the Galesburg Colony of 1836, and has had eight children, of whom four are living. Died Sep. 1, 1000. GALENAj'the county -seat of Jo Daviess County, a city and port of entry, 150 miles in a direct line west by northwest of Claicago; is located on Galena River, about i^ miles above its junction with the Mississippi, and is an intersecting point for the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the North- western, and the Illinois Central Railroads, with connections by stub with the Chicago Great Western. It is built partially in a valley and partially on the bluffs which overlook the river, the Galena River being made navigable for ves- sels of deep draught by a system of lockage. The vicinity abounds in rich mines of sulphide of lead (galena), from which the city takes its name. Galena is adorned by handsome public and priv- ate buildings and a beautiful park, in which stands a fine bronze statue of General Grant, and a symmetrical monument dedicated to the sol- diers and sailors of Jo Daviess County who lost their lives during the Civil War. Its industries include a furniture factory, a table factor}-, two foundries, a tub factory and a carriage factory. Zinc ore is now being produced in and near the city in large quantities, and its mining interests will become vast at no distant day. It owns an electric light plant, and water is furnished from an artesian well 1,700 feet deep. Galena was one of the earliest towns in Northern Illinois to be settled, its mines having been worked in the lat- ter part of the seventeenth century. Many men of distinction in State and National aiTairs came from Galena, among whom were Gen. U. S. Grant, Gen. John A. Rawlins, Gen. John E. Smith, Gen. John C. Smith, Gen. A. L. Chetlain, Gen. John O. Duer, Gen. W. R. Rowley. Gen. E. D. Baker, Hon. E. B. Washburne, Secretary of State under Grant, Hon. Thompson Campbell, Secretary of State of Illinois, and Judge Drum- mond. Population (1890), 5.635; (1900), 5,005. GALENA & CHICAGO UNION RAILROAD. (See Chicago dt Xorthwcstern Raihirnj.) GALESBURGj the countj'-seat of Knox County and an important educational center. The first settlers were emigrants from the East, a large pro- portion of them being members of a colony organ- ized by Rev. George W. Gale, of Whitesboro, N. Y., in whose honor the original village was named. It is situated in the heart of a rich agricultural district 58 miles northwest of Peoria, 99 miles northeast of Quincy and 163 miles south- we.st of Chicago; is an important railway center, being at the junction of the main line with two branch lines of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroads. It was incorporated as a village in 1841, and as a city by special charter in 1857. There are beauti- ful parks and the residence streets are well shaded, while 25 miles of street are paved with vitrified brick. The city owns a system of water- works receiving its supply from artesian wells and artificial lakes, has an efficient and well- equipped paid fire-department, an electric street car sy.stem with three suburban lines, gas and electric lighting systems, steam-heating plant, etc. It also has a number of flourishing mechan- ical industries, including two iron foundries, agri- cultural implement works, flouring mills, carriage and wagon works and a broom factory, besides other industrial enterprises of minor importance. The manufacture of vitrified paving brick is quite extensively carried on at plants near the city limits, the city itself being the shipping-point as well as the point of administrative control. The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company has shops and stockyards here, while considerable coal is mined in the vicinity. The public buildings include a courthouse. Govern- ment postoffice building, an opera house, nine- teen churches, ten public schools with a high school and free kindergarten, and a handsome public library building erected at a cost of §100,- 000, of which one-half was contributed by Mr. Carnegie. Galesburg enjoys its chief distinction as the seat of a large number of high class liter- ary in.stitutions. including Knox College (non- sectarian), Lombard University (Universalist), and Corpus ChrLsti Lyceum and University, and St. Josepli's Academy (both Roman Catholic). Three interurban electric railroad lines connect Galesburg with neighboring towns. Pop. (1890), 15,264; (1900), 18,607. GALLATIN COUNTY, one of three counties organized in Illinois Territorj' in 1812 — the others being Madison and Johnson. Previous to that date the Territory had consisted of only two coun- ties, St. Clair and Randolph. The new county was named in honor of Albert Gallatin, then Secretary of the Treasury. It is situated on the Ohio and Wabash Rivers, in the extreme south- eastern part of the State, and has an area of 349 square miles; population (1900) 5,836. The first cabin erected by an American settler was the home of Michael Sprinkle, who settled at Shaw- neetown in 1800. The place early became an important trading post and distributing point. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 183 A ferry across the Wabash was established in 1803, by Alexander Wilson, whose descendants conducted it for more than seventy-five j'ears. Although Stephen Rector made a Government survey as early as 1807, the public lands were not placed on the market until 1818. Shawneetown, the count^'-seat. is the most important town, having a population of some 2,300. Bituminous coal is found in large quantities, and mining is an important industry. The prosperity of the county has been much retarded by floods, particu- larly at Shawneetown and Equality. At the former point the difference between high and low water mark in the Ohio River has been as much as fifty-two feet. GALLOWAY, Andrew Jackson, civil engineer, was born of Scotch ancestry in Butler County, Pa., Dec. 21, 18U-, came with his father to Cory- don, Ind. , in 1830, took a course in Hanover Col- lege, graduating as a civil engineer in 1837 ; then came to Mount Carmel, White County, 111., with a view to employment on projected Illinois rail- roads, but engaged in teaching for a year, having among his pupils a number who have since been prominent in State affairs. Later, he obtained employment as an assistant engineer, serving for a time under William Gooding, Chief Engineer of the Illinois & Michigan Canal ; was also Assistant Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the State Senate in 1840-41, and held the same position in the House in 1816-47, and again in 1848-49, in the meantime having located a farm in La Salle County, where the present city of Streator stands. In 1849 he was appointed Secretary of the Canal Trustees, and, in 1801, became assistant engineer on the Illinois Central Railroad, later superin- tending its construction, and finally being trans- ferred to the land department, but retiring in 1855 to engage in real-estate business in Chicago, dealing largely in railroad lands. 5Ir. Galloway was elected a County Commissioner for Cook County, and has since been connected with many measures of local importance. GALTA, a town in Henry County, 45 miles southeast of Rock Island and 48 miles north- northwest of Peoria: the point of intersection of the Rock Island & Peoria and the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railways. It stands at the summit of the dividing ridge between the Missis- sippi and the Illinois Rivers, and is a manufac- turing and coal-mining town. It has eight churches, three banks, good schools, and two weekly newspaiiers. The surrounding country is agricultural and wealthy, and is rich in coal. Population (1890), 3,409; (1900), 2,683. (•.VKDN'ER, a village in Garfield Township, Grundy County, on the Chicago ' RAILWAY. (See Elgin, Joliet <£■ Eauteni Hail way. ) GARY, Joseph Easton, lawyer and jurist, was born of Puritan ancestry, at Potsdam, St. Law- rence County, X. Y., July 9, 1821. His early educational advantages were such as were fur- nished by district schools and a village academy, and, until he was 32 years old, he worked at the carpenter's bench. In 1843 he removed to St. Louis, Mo., where he studied law. After admis- sion to the bar, he practiced for five years in Southwest Missouri, thence going to Las Vegas, N. M., in 1849, and to San Francisco, Cal., in 1853. In 18.56 he settled in Chicago, where he has since resided. After seven j'ears of active practice he was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of Cook Coimty, where he has sat for thirty years, being four times nominated by both political parties, and his last re-election — for a term of six years, occurring in 1893. He pre- sided at the trial of the Chicago anarchists in 1886 — one of the causes celebres of Illinois. Some of liis rulings therein were sharply criticised, but he was uphold by the courts of aj^pellate jurisdic- tion, and liis connection with tlie case has given him world-wide fame. In November, 1888, the Supreme Court of Illinois transferred him to the bench of the Appellate Court, of which tribunal he has been three times Chief Justice. GASSETTE, Xorman Theodore, real-estate operator, wasbornatTownsend.Vt., April31, 1839, canie to Chicago at ten years of age, and, after spending a year at Shurtleff College, took a prepar- atory collegiate course at the At water Institute, Rochester, N. Y. In June, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the Nineteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, rising in the second j'ear to the rank of First Lieutenant, and, at the battle of Chicka- mauga, by gallantry displayed while serving as an Aid-de-Camp, winning a recommendation for a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy. The war over, he served one term as Clerk of the Circuit Court and Recorder, but later engaged in the real- estate and loan business as the head of the exten- sive firm of Norman T. Cassette & Co. He was t. 184 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. Republican in politics, active in Grand Army circles and prominent as a Mason, holding the position of Eminent Grand Commander of Knights Templar of Illinois on occasion of the Triennial Conclave in Washington in 1889. He also had charge, as President of the Masonic Fraternity Temple Association of Chicago, for some time prior to his decease, of the erection of the Masonic Temple of Chicago. Died, in Chi- cago, March 20, 1891. GATE WOOD, William Jefferson, early lawyer, was born in Warren County, Ky., came to Franklin County, 111., in boyhood, removed to Shawneetown in 1823, where he taught school two or three years while studying law; was admitted to the bar in 1828, and served in five General Assemblies — as Representative in 1830-33, and as Senator, 1834-42. He is described as a man of fine education and brilliant talents. Died, Jan. 8, 1842. GAULT, John C, railway manager, was born at Hooksett. N. H., May 1, 1829; in 1850 entered the local freight office of the Manchester & Law- rence Railroad, later becoming General Freight Agent of the Vermont Central. Coming to Chi- cago in 1859, he successively filled the positions of Superintendent of Transportation on the Galena & Chicago Union, and (after the consoli- dation of the latter with the Chicago & North- western), that of Division Superintendent, General Freight Agent and Assistant General Manager; Assistant General Manager of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul; General Mana- ger of the Wabash (1879-83); Arbitrator for the trunk lines (1888-85), and General Manager of the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific (1885-90), when he retired. Died, in Chicago, August 29, 1891. GENERAL ASSEMBLIES. The following is a list of the General Assemblies which have met since the admission of Illinois as a State up to 1898 — from the First to the Fortieth inclusive — with the more important acts passed by each and the duration of their respective sessions: First General, Assembly held two sessions, the first convening at Kaskaskia, the State Capi- tal, Oct. 5, and adjourning Oct. 13, 1818. The second met, Jan. 4, 1819, continuing to March 31. Lieut-Gov. Pierre Menard presided over the Sen- ate, consisting of thirteen members, while John Messinger was chosen Speaker of the House, containing twenty-seven members. The most important business transacted at the first session was the election of two United States Senators — Ninian Edwards and Jesse B. Thomas, Sr.— and the filling of minor State and judicial offices. At the second session a code of laws was enacted, copied chiefly from the Virginia and Kentucky statutes, including the law concerning "negroes and mulattoes, " which long remained on the statute book. An act was also passed appointing Commissioners to select a site for a new State Capital, which resulted in its location at Van- dalia. The sessions were held in a stone building with gambrel-roof pierced by dormer-windows, the Senate occupying the lower floor and the House the upper. The length of the first session was nine days, and of the second eightj'-seven — total, ninety-six days. Second General Assembly convened at Van- dalia, Dec. 4, 1820. It consisted of fourteen Senators and twenty -nine Representatives. Jolin McLean, of Gallatin Coxinty, was chosen Speaker of the House. A leading topic of discussion was the incorporation of a State Bank. Monej' was scarce and there was a strong popular demand for an increase of circulating medium. To appease this clamor, no less than to relieve traders and agriculturists, this General Assembly estab- lished a State Bank (see State Bank), despite the earnest protest of McLean and the executive veto. A stay-lav? was also enacted at this session for the benefit of the debtor class. The number of members of the next Legislature was fixed at eighteen Senators and thirty -six Representatives — this provision remaining in force until 1831. The session ended Feb. 15, having lasted seventy- four days. Third General Assembly convened, Dec. 3, 1822. Lieutenant-Governor Hubbard presided in the Senate, while in the organization of the lower house, William M. Alexander was chosen Speaker. Governor Coles, in his inaugural, called attention to the existence of slavery in Illinois despite the Ordinance of 1787, and urged the adoption of repressive measures. Both branches of the Legislature being pro-slavery in sympathy, the Governor's address provoked bitter and determined opposition. On Jan. 9, 1823, Jesse B. Thomas was re-elected United States Senator, defeating John Reynolds, Leonard White and Samuel D. Lockwood. After electing Mr. Thomas and choosing State officers, the General Assembly proceeded to discuss the major- it}' and minority reports of the committee to , which had been referred the Governor's address. The minority report recommended tlie abolition of slavery, while that of the majority favored the adoption of a resolution calling a convention to amend the Constitution, the avowed object HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 185 being to make Illinois a slave State. The latter reptirt was adopted, but the pro-slavery party in the House lacked one vote of the number neces- sary to carry the resolution by the constitutional two-thirds majority. What followed has always been regarded as a blot upon the record of the Third General Assemblj'. Nicholas Hansen, who had been awarded the seat from Pike County at the beginning of the session after a contest brought by his opponent, John Shaw, was un- seated after the adoption of a resolution to recon.sider the vote by which he had been several weeks before declared elected. Shaw having thus been seated, the resolution was carried by the necessary twenty-four votes. Jlr. Hansen, although previously regarded as a pro-slavery man, had voted with the minority when the resolution was first put upon its passage. Hence followed his deprivation of his seat. The triumph of the friends of the convention was celebrated by what Gov. John Reynolds (himself a conven- tionist) characterized as "a wild and indecorous procession by torchlight and liquor." (See SlavetT/ and Slave Latrs.) The session adjourned Feb. 18, having continued seventy -nine days. Fourth General Assembly. This body held two sessions, the first being convened, Nov. 15, 1824, by proclamation of the Executive, some three weeks before the date for the regular session, in order to correct a defect in the law relative to counting the returns for Presidential Electors. Thomas Mather was elected Speaker of the House, while Lieutenant-Governor Hub- bard presided in the Senate. Having amended the law concerning the election returns for Presi- deiitial Electors, the Assembly proceeded to the election of two United States Senators — one to fill' the unexpired term of ex-Senator Edwards (resigned) and the other for the full term begin- ning March 4, 1825. John McLean was chosen for the first and Elias Kent Kane for the second. Five circuit judgeships were created, and it was provided that the bench of the Supreme Court should consist of four Judges, and that semi- annual sessions of that tribunal should be held at the State capital. (See Judicial Department.) The regular session came to an end, Jan. 18, 1825, but at its own request, the Lieutenant-Governor and acting Governor Hubbard re-convened the body in special session on Jan. 2, 1826, to enact a new apportionment law under the census of 1825. A sine die adjournment was taken, Jan. 28, 1826. One of the imjxjrtant acts of the regular session of 1825 was the adoption of the first free-school law in Illinois, the measure having been intro- duced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards Governor of the State. This Legislature was in session a total of ninety-two days, of which sixty-five were during the first session and twenty-seven during the second. Fifth General Assembly convened, Dec. 4, 1826, Lieutenant-Governor Kinney presiding in the Senate and John McLean in the House. At the request of the Governor an investigation into the management of the bank at Edwardsville was had, resulting, however, in the exoneration of its officers. The circuit judgeships created by the preceding Legislature were abrogated and their incumbents legislated out of oflioe. The State was divided into four circuits, one Justice of the Supreme Court being assigned to each. (See Judicial Department.) This General Assembly also elected a State Treasurer to succeed Abner Field, James Hall being chosen on the ninth ballot. The Supreme Court Judges, as directed by the preceding Legislature, presented a well digested report on the revision of the laws, which was adopted without material alteration. One of the important measures enacted at this se.ssion was an act establishing a State penitentiary, the funds for its erection being obtained by the sale of saline lands in Gallatin County. (See Alton Penitentiary; also Salt Manufacture.) The session ended Feb. 19 — having continued seventy -eight days. Sixth Gener.\l Assembly convened, Dec. 1, 1828. The Jackson Democrats had a large major- ity in both houses. John McLean was, for the third time, elected Speaker of the House, and, later in the session, was elected United States Senator by a unanimous vote. A Secretary of State, Treasurer and Attorney-General were also appointed or elected. The most important legis- lation of the session was as follows : Authorizing the sale of school lands and the borrowing of the proceeds from the school fund for the ordinary governmental expenses; providing for a return to the viva voce method of voting; creating a fifth judicial circuit and appointing a Judge therefor ; providing for the appointment of Com- missioners to determine upon the route of the IlUnois & Micliigan Canal, to sell lands and com- mence its construction. The Assembly adjourned, Jan. 23, 1829, having been in session fifty-four days. Seventh General Assembly met, Dec. 6, 1830. The newly-electeil Lieutenant-Governor, Zadoc Casey, and William L. D. Ewing presided over the two houses, respectively. John Rey- nolds was Governor, and, the majority of the Senate being made up of his political adversaries. 186 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. experienced no little difficulty in securing the confirmation of his nominees. Two United States Senators were elected: Elias K. Kane being chosen to succeed himself and John M. Robinson to serve the unexpired term of John McLean, deceased. The United States census of 1830 gave Illinois three Representatives in Con- gress instead of one, and this General Assembly passed a re-apportionment law accordingly. The number of State Senators was increased to twenty-six, and of members of the lower house to fifty-five. The criminal code was amended by the substitution of imprisonment in the peni- tentiary as a penalty in lieu of the stocks and public flogging. This Legislature also authorized the borrowing of 8100,000 to redeem the notes of the State Bank which were to mature the follow- ing year. The Assembly adjourned, Feb. 16, 1831, the session having lasted seventy-three daj-s. Eighth General Assembly. The session began Dec. 3, 1833, and ended March 2, 1833. William L. D. Ewing was chosen President pro tempore of the Senate, and succeeded Zadoc Casey as Lieutenant-Governor, the latter having been elected a Representative in Congress. Alexander M. Jenkins presided over the House aa Speaker. This Legislature enacted the first gen- eral incorporation laws of Illinois, their provisions being applicable to towns and public libraries. It also incorporated several railroad companie.s, — one line from Lake Michigan to the Illinois River (projected as a substitute for the canal), one from Peru to Cairo, and another to cross the State, running through Springfield. Other char- ters were granted for shorter lines, but the incor- porators generally failed to organize under them. A notable inci dent in connection with this session wastheattempt to impeach Theophilus W. Smith, a Justice of the Supreme Court. This was the first and last trial of this character in the State's his- tory, between 1818 and 1899. Failing to secure a conviction in the Senate (where the vote stood twelve for conviction and ten for acquittal, with four Senators excused from voting), the House attempted to remove him by address, but in this the Senate refused to concur. The first mechan- ics" lien law was enacted by this Legislature, as also a law relating to the "right of way" fov "public roads, canals, or other public works.'' The length of the session was ninety days. Ninth General Assembly. This Legislature held two sessions. The first began Dec. 1, 1834, and lasted to Feb. 13, 1835. Lieutenant-Governor Jenkins presided in the Senate and James Semple was elected Speaker of the House without oppo- sition. On Dec. 20, John M. Robinson was re- elected United States Senator Abraham Lincoln was among the new members, but took no con- spicuous part in the discussions of tlie body. The principal public laws passed at this session were: Providing for the borrowing of §500,000 to be used in the construction of the Illinois & Michi- gan Canal and the appointment of a Board of Commissioners to supervise its expenditure; incorporating the Bank of the State of Illinois; and authorizing a loan of $12,000 by Cook County, at 10 per cent interest per annum from the county school fund, for the erection of a court house in that county. The second session of this Assembly convened, Dec. 7, 18 j5, adjourning. Jan. 18, 1836. A new canal act was passed, enlarging the Commissioners' powers and pledging the faith of the State for the repayment of money bor- rowed to aid in its construction. A new appor- tionment law was also passed providing for the election of forty-one Senators and ninety-one Representatives, and W. L. D. Ewing was elected United States Senator, to succeed EUas K. Kane, deceased. The length of the first session was seventy-five days, and of the second forty-three days — total, 118. Tenth General Assembly, like its predeces- sor, held two sessions. The first convened Dec. 5, 1836, and adjourned March 6, 1837. The Whigs controlled the Senate by a large majority, and elected William H. Davidson, of White County, President, to succeed Alexander M. Jenkins, who had resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship. (See Jenkins, Alexander 31.) James Semple was re-elected Speaker of the House, which was fully two-thirds Democratic. This Legislature was remarkable for the number of its members who afterwards attained National prominence. Lincoln and Douglas sat in the lower house, both voting for the same candidate for Speaker — New- ton Cloud, an independent Democrat. Besides these, the rolls of this Assembly included the names of a future Governor, six future United States Senators, eight Congressmen, three Illinois Supreme Court Judges, seven State officers, and a Cabinet officer. The two absorbing topics for legislative discussion and action were the system of internal improvements and the removal of the State capital. (See Internal Improvement Policy and State Capitals. ) Tlie friends of Springfield finally effected such a combination that that city was selected as the seat of the State government, while the Internal Improvement Act was passed over the veto of Governor Duncan. A second session of this Legislature met on the call of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 187 Governor, July 10, 1837, and adjourneil July '-3. An act legalizing the suspension of State banks was adopted, but the recommendation of the Gov- ernor for the repeal of the internal improvement legislation was ignored. The length of the first session was ninety-two days and of the second thirteen— total 105. Eleventh Gener.\l Assembly. This body held both a regular and a special session. The former met Dec. 3, 1838, and adjourned March 4, 1839. The Whigs were in a majority in botli houses, and controlled tlie organization of the Senate. In the House, however, their candidate for Speaker — Abraham Lincoln — failing to secure his full party vote, was defeated by W. L. D. Ewing. At this session §800,000 more was appro- priated for the "improvement of water-ways and the construction of railroads, " all efforts to put au end to. or even curtail, furtlier expenditures on account of internal improvements meeting with defeat. An apjiropriation (the first) was made for a library for the Supreme Court; the Illinois Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb wiis established, and the further issuance of bank notes of a smaller denomination tlian $■> was prohibited. By this time the State debt had increa-sed to over §13,000 000, and both the people and the Governor were becoming apprehensive as to ultimate results of this prodigal outlay. A crisis appeared imminent, and the Governor, on Dec. 9, 1839, convened the Legislature in special session to consider the situation. (This was the first session ever held at Springfield ; and, the new State House not being completed, the Senate, the House and the Supreme Court found accommo- dation in three of the principal churcli edifices.) The stniggle for a cliange of State policy at this session was long and hard fought, no heed being given to party lines. Tlie outcome was the vir- tual abrogation of the entire internal improve- ment system. Provision was made for the calling in and desti^uction of all unsold bonds and the speedy adjustment of all unsettled accounts of the old Board of Public Works, which was legis- lated out of oflice. Tlie special session adjourned Feb. 3, 1840. Length of regular session ninet}-- two days, of the special, fifty-seven — total, 149. Twelfth Gener.\l Assembly. This Legisla- ture was strongly Democratic in both branches. It first convened, by executive proclamation, Nov. 23, 1840, the object being to provide for pay- ment of interest on the public debt. In reference to this matter the following enactments were made: Authorizing the hypothecation of .§300,000 internal improvement bonds, to meet the interest due Jan. 1, 1841 ; directing the issue of bonds to be sold in the open market aiui the proceeds applied toward discharging all amounts due on interest account for which no other provision was made : levying a special tax of ten cents on the §100 to meet the interest on the last mentioned class of bonds, as it matured. For the comple- tion of the Northern Cross Railroad (from Spring- field to Jack.sonville) anotlier appropriation of §100,000 was mae following subjects: the separate property rights of married women ; the encouragement of mining and the support of public schools ; the payment of certain evidences of State indebtedness; protection of the purity of the ballot-box, and a resolution submitting to the people the question of the calling of a Convention to amend the Constitution. Joint resolutions were passed relative to tlie death of Governor Bissell ; to the appointment of Commissioners to attend a Peace Conference in Washington, and referring to federal relations. The latter deprecated amendments to the United States Constitution, but expressed a willingness to unite with any States which might consider themselves aggrieved, in petitioning Congress to call a convention for the consideration of such amendments, at the same time pledging the entire resources of Illi- nois to the National Government for the preser- vation of the Union and the enforcement of the laws. The regular session ended Feb. 22, having lasted forty-seven days. — Immediately following President Lincoln's first call for volunteers to suppress the rebellion. Governor Yates recon- vened the General Assembly in special session to consider and adopt methods to aid and support the Federal authority in preserving the Union and protecting the rights and property of the people. The two houses assembled on April 23. On April 35 Senator Douglas addressed the members on the issues of the day, in response to an invitation con- veyed in a joint resolution. The special session closed May 3, 1861, and not a few of the legislators promptly volunteered in the Union army. Length of the regular session, forty-seven days; of the special, eleven — total fifty-eight. TwENTY-THiRD GENERAL ASSEMBLY was Com- posed of twenty-five Senators and eighty-eight Representatives. It convened Jan. 5, 1863, and was Democratic in both branches. The presiding ofiicer of the Senate was Lieutenant-Governor IIISTOrJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 191 Hoffman; Samuel A. Buckmaster was elected Speaker of the House by a vote of fifty-three to twenty-five. On Jan. 12, William A. Richardson was elected United States Senator to succeed S. A. Douglas, deceased, the Republican nominee being Governor Yates, who received thirty-eiglit votes out of a total of 103 cast. Much of the time of the session was devoted to angrj- discussion of the policy of the National Government in the prosecution of the war. The views of the oppos- ing parties were expressed in majority and minor- ity reports from the Committee on Federal Relations — the former condemning and the latter upholding the Federal administration. The majority report was adopted in the House on Feb. 12, by a vote of fifty-two to twenty-eight, and the resolutions which it embodied were at once sent to the Senate for concurrence. Before they could be acted upon in that body a Demo- cratic Senator — J. 31. Rodgers, of Clinton County — died. This left the Senate politically- tied, a Republican presiding officer having the deciding vote. Consequently no action was taken at the time, and, on Feb. 14, the Legislature adjourned till June 2. Immediately upon re-assembling, joint resolutions relating to a sine die adjourn- ment were introduced in both houses. A disagree- ment regarding the date of such adjournment ensued, when Governor Yates, exercising the power conferred upon him by the Constitution in such cases, sent in a message (June 10, 1863) proroguing the General Assembly until "the Saturday next preceding the first Monday in January, 1865." The members of the Republican minority at once left the hall. The members of the majority convened and adjourned from day to day until June 24. when, having adopted an address to the {leojile setting forth their grievance and denouncing the State e.\ecutive, they took a recess until the Tuesday after the first Monday of January, 1864. Tlie action of the Governor, hav- ing been submitted to the Supreme Court, was sustained, and no further session of this General Assembly was held. Owing to the prominence of political issues, no important legislation was effected at this session, even the ordinary appro- priations for the State institutions failing. This caused much embarrassment to the State Govern- ment in meeting current expenses, but banks and capitaUsts came to its aid, and no important interest was permitted to suffer. Tlie total length of the session was fifty days — forty-one days before the recess and nine daj-s after. Twenty-fourth Gexer.\l Assembly convened Jan. 3, 1865, and remained in session fortv-six days. It consisted of twenty-rive Senators and eighty-five Representatives. The Republicans had a majority in both liouses. Lieutenant-Gov- ernor Bross presided over the Senate, and Allen C. Fuller, of Boone Count}-, was chosen Speaker of the House, over Ambrose M. Miller, Democrat, the vote standing 48 to 23. Governor Yates, in his valedictory message, reported that, notwith- standing the heavy expenditure attendant upon the enlistment and maintenance of troops, etc., the State debt had been reduced §987,786 in four years. On Jan. 4, 1865, Governor Yates was elected to the United States Senate, receiving sixty-four votes to forty tliree cast for James C. Robinson. Governor Oglesby was inaugurated Jan. 16. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified by this Legisla- ture, and sundry special appropriations made. Among the latter was one of §3,0(10 toward the State's proportion for the establishment of a National Cemetery at Gettysburg; $25,000 for the purchase of the land on which is the tomb of the deceased Senator Douglas; besides sums for establisliing a home for Soldiers' Orphans and an experimental school for the training of idiots and feeble-minded children. The first act for the registry of legal voters was passed at this session. Twenty-fifth Gener.\l Assembly. This body held one regular and two special sessions. It first convened and organized on Jan. 7, 1867. Lieutenant-Governor Bross presided over the upper, and Franklin Corwin, of La Salle County, over the lower house. The Governor (Oglesby), in his message, reported a reduction of §2,607,938 in the State debt during the two years preceding, and recommended various appropriations for pub- lic purposes. He also urged the calling of a Con- vention to amend the Constitution. On Jan. 15, Lyman Trumbull was chosen United States Sena- tor, the complimentary Democratic vote being given to T. Lyle Dickey, who received thirty- three votes out of 109. The regular session lasted fifty-three days, adjourning Feb. 28. The Four- teenth Amendment to the United States Constitu- tion was ratified and important legislation enacted relative to State taxation and the regulation of public warehou.ses : a State Board of Eciualization of Assessments was established, and the office of Attorney-General created. (Under this law Robert G. IngersoU was the first appointee.) Provision was made for the erection of a new St.ate House, to establish a Reform School for Juvenile Offenders, and for the support of other State institutions. The first special session con- 192 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. vened on June 11, 1867, having been summoned to consider questions relating to internal revenue. The lessee of the penitentiary having siurendered his lease without notice, the Governor found it necessary to make immediate provision for the management of that institution. Not having included this matter in his original call, no ne- cessity then existing, he at once summoned a second special session, before the adjournment of the first. This convened on June U, remained in session until June 28, and adopted what is substantially the present penitentiary law of the State. This General Assembly was in session seventy-one days — fifty-three at the regular, three at the first special session and fifteen at the second. Twenty-sixth General Assembly convened Jan. 4, 1869. The Republicans had a majority in each house. The newly elected Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, John Dougherty, presided in the Senate, and Franklin Corvvin. of Peru, was again chosen Speaker of the House. Gpvernor Oglesby sub- mitted his final message at the opening of the session, showing a total reduction in the State debt during his term of §4,743,821. Governor John M. Palmer was inaugurated Jan. 11. The most important acts passed by this Legislature were the following: Calling the Constitutional Convention of 1869; ratifying the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ; granting well behaved convicts a reduction in their terms of imprisonment ; for the prevention of cruelty to animals ; providing for the regula- tion of freights and fares on railroads; estab- lishing the Southern Normal University; pro- viding for the erection of the Northern Insane Hospital; and establishing a Board of Com- missioners of Public Charities. The celebrated "Lake Front Bill," especially affecting the interests of the city of Chicago, occupied a great deal of time during this session, and though finally passed over the Governor's veto, was repealed in 1873. This session was inter- rupted by a recess which extended from March .12 to April 13. The Legislature re-assem- bled April 14, and adjourned, sine die, April 20, having been in actual .session seventy-foiu- days. Twenty-seventh General Assembly had four sessions, one regular, two special and one adjourned. The first convened Jan. 4, 1871, and adjourned on April 17, having lasted 104 days, when a recess was taken to Nov. 15 following. The body was made up of fifty Senators and 177 Representatives. The Republicans again con- trolled both houses, electing William M. Smith, Speaker (over William R. Morrison, Democrat), while Lieutenant-Governor Dougherty presided in the Senate. The latter occupied the Hall of Rep- resentatives in the old State Capitol, while the House held its sessions in a new church edifice erected by the Second Presbyterian Church. John A. Logan was elected United States Sena- tor, defeating Thomas J. Turner (Democrat) by a vote, on joint ballot, of 131 to 89. This was the first Illinois Legislature to meet after the adoption of the Constitution of 1870, and its time was mainly devoted to framing, discu.ssing and pass- ing laws required by the changes in the organic law of the State. The first special session opened on May 24 and closed on June 22, 1871, continu- ing thirty days. It was convened by Governor Palmer to make additional appropriations for the necessary expenses of the State Government and for the continuance of work on the new State House. The purpose of the Governor in sum- moning the second special session %vas to provide financial relief for the city of Chicago after the great fire of Oct. 9-11, 1871. Members were sum- moned by special telegrams and were in their seats Oct. 13, continuing in session to Oct. 24 — twelve days. Governor Palmer had already suggested a plan by which the State might aid the stricken city without doing violence to either the spirit or letter of the new Con- stitution, which expressly prohibited special legislation. Chicago had advanced §2,500,000 toward the completion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, under the pledge of the State that this outlay should be made good. The Legislature voted an appropriation sufficient to pay both principal and interest of this loan, amounting, in round numbers, to about §3,000,000. The ad- journed se.ssion opened on Nov. 15, 1871, and came to an end on April 9, 1872 — having continued 147 daj's. It was entirely devoted to considering and adopting legislation germane to the new Consti- tution. The total length of all sessions of this General Assembly was 293 days. Twenty-eighth General Assembly convened Jan. 8, 1873. It was composed of fiftj'-one Sena- tors and 153 Representatives; the upper house standing thirty-three Republicans to eighteen Democrats, and the lower, eighty-six Republicans to sixty-seven Democrats. The Senate chose John Early, of Winnebago, President pro temj^ore, and Shelby M. CuUom was elected Speaker of the House. Governor Oglesby was inaugurated Jan. 13, but, eight days later, was elected to the United States Senate, being succeeded in the Governor- ship by Lieut. -Gov. John L. Beveridge. An niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 193 appropriation of §1,000,000 was made for carrying on the work on the new capitol and various other acts of a public character passed, tlie most impor- tant being an amendment of tlie railroad law of the previous session. On May (i, the Legislature adjourned until Jan. 8, 1874. The purpose of the recftss was to enable a Commission on the Revision of the Laws to complete a report. The work was duly completed and nearly all the titles reported by the Commissioners were adopted at the adjourned session. An adjournment, sine die, was taken March 31, 1874 — the two sessions having lasted, respectively, 119 and 83 days- total 203, Twenty-ninth General Assembly convened Jan 6, 1875. While the Republicans had a plu- rality in both houses, they were defeated in an effort to secure their organization through a fusion of Democrats and Independents. A. A. Glenn (Democrat) was elected President pro tem- pore of the Senate (becoming acting Lieutenant- Governor), and Elijah M. Haines was chosen presiding officer of the lower house. The leaders on both sides of the Chamber were aggressive, and the session, as a whole, was one of the most turbulent and disorderly in the history of the State. Little legislation of vital importance (outside of regular appropriation bills) was enacted. This Legislature adjourned, April 1.5, having been in session 100 days. Thirtieth General Assembly convened Jan. 3; 1877, and adjourned, sine die, on May 24. The Democrats and Independents in the Senate united in securing control of that body, although the House was Republican. Fawcett Plimib, of La Salle (Dounty, was. chosen President pro tempore of the upper, and James Shaw Speaker of tlie lower, house. The inauguration of State officers took place Jan. 8. Shelby M. CuUom becoming Governor and Andrew Shuman, Lieutenant-CJov- ernor. This was one of the most exciting years in American political historj- Both of the domi- nant parties claimed to have elected the President, and the respective votes in the Electoral College were so close as to excite grave apprehension in many minds. It was also the year for the choice of a Senator by the Illinois Legislature, and the attention of the entire country was directed toward this State. Gen. John M. Palmer was the nominee of the Democratic caucus and John A. Logan of the Republicans. On the twenty- fourth ballot the name of General Logan was withdrawn, most of the Republican vote going to Charlas B. Lawrence, and the Democrats going over to David Davis, who, although an original Republican and friend of Lincoln, and Justice of the Supreme Court by appointment of Mr.Lin- coln, had become an Independent Democrat. On the fortieth ballot (taken Jan. 25). Judge Davis received 101 votes, to 94 for Judge I^awrenx (Republican) and five scattering, thus securing Davis' election. Not many acts of vital impor- tance were passed by this Legislature. Appellate Courts were established and new judicial districts created; the original jurisdiction of county courts was enlarged; better safeguards were tlirown about miners; measures looking at once to tlie supervision and protection of railroads were passed, as well as various laws relating chiefly to tlie police administration of the State and of municipalities. The length of the session was 142 days. Thirty-first General Assembly convened Jan. 8, 1879, with a Republican majority in each house. Andrew Shuman, the newly elected Lieu- tenant-Governor, presided in the Senate, and William A. James of Lake County was chosen Speaker of the House. John M. Hamilton of McLean County (afterwards Governor), was chosen President pro tempore of the Senate. John A. Logan was elected United .States Senator on Jan. 21, the complimentary Democratic vote being given to Gen. John C. Black. Various laws of public importance were enacted by this Legislature, among them b(nng one creating the Bureau of Labor Statistics; the first oleomargar- ine l.'ivv; a drainage and levee act; a l.aw for the reorganization of the militia; an act for the regulation of pawnbrokers; a law limiting the pardoning power, and various laws looking toward the supervision and control of railways. The session lasted 144 days, and the Assembly adjourned, sine die. May 31, 1879. Thirty SECOND General Assembly convened Jan. 5. 1S81, the IJppublicans having a majority in both branches. Lieutenant-Governor H.amil- ton presided in the Senate, William J. Camptell of Cook County being elected Presitlent pro tem- pore. Horace H. Thomas, also of Cook, was chosen Speaker of the House. Besides the rou- tine legislation, the most important measures enacted by this Assembly were laws to prevent the spread of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle: regulating the sale of firearms: providing more .stringent penalties for tlie adulteration of food, drink or medicine; regulating the practice of pharmacy and dentistry; amending the revenue and school laws; and requiring annual statements from official custodians of jiublic moneys. The Legislature adjourned Slay 30, after having been 19-t HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in session 146 days, but was called together again in special session by the Governor on March 23, 1882, to pass new Legislative and Congressional Apportionment Laws, and for the consideration of other subjects. The special session lasted forty-four days, adjourning Jlay 5 — both sessions occupying a total, of 190 days. Thikty-third General Assembly convened Jan. 2, 1883, with the Republicans again in the majority in both houses. William J. Campbell was re-elected President pro tempore of the Senate, but not until the sixty-first ballot, six Republicans refusing to be bound by the nomina- tion of a caucus held prior to their arrival at Springfield. Loren C. Collins,' also of Cook, was elected Speaker of the House. The compliment- ary Democratic vote was given to Thomas M. Shaw in the Senate, and to Austin O. Sexton in the House. Governor Cullom, the Republican caucus nominee, was elected United States Senator, Jan. 16, receiving a majority in each branch of the General Assembly. The celebrated "Harper High-License Bill," and the first "Compulsory School Law"" were passed at this session, the other acts being of ordinary character. The Legislature adjourned June 18, having been in session 168 days. Thirty-fourth General Assembly convened Jan. 7, 1885. The Senate was Republican by a majority of one, there being twenty -six members of that party, twenty-four Democrats and one greenback Democrat. William J. Campbell, of Cook Count}', was for the third time chosen President pro tempore. The House stood seventy- six Republicans and seventy-six Democrats, witli one member — Elijah M. Haines of Lake County — calUng himself an "Independent. " The contest for the Speakership continued until Jan. 29, when, neither party being able to elect its nomi- nee, the Democrats took up Haines as a candidate and placed liim in the chair, with Haines' assist- ance, filling the minor ofiices with their own men. After the inauguration of Governor Oglesby, Jan. 30, the first business was the elec- tion of a United States Senator. The balloting proceeded until May 18, when John A. Logan re- ceived 103 votes to ninety-six for Lambert Tree and five scattering. Three members — one RepubUcan and two Democrats — had died since the opening of the session ; and it was through the election of a Republican in place of one of the deceased Democrats, that the Republicans succeeded in electing their candidate. Tlie .session was a stormy one througliout. the Speaker being, much of the time, at odds with the House, and an unsuccessful effort was made to depose him. Charges of bribery against certain members were preferred and investigated, but no definite result was reached. Among the important measures passed by tliis Legislature were the following: A joint resolution providing for submission of an amendment to the Constitution prohibiting con- tract labor in penal institutions; providing by resolution for the appointment of a non-partisan Commission of twelve to draft a new revenue code ; the Crawford primary election law ; an act amending the code of criminal procedure ; estab- lishing a Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, subse- quently located at Quincy ; creating a Live-Stock Commission and appropriating §531,712 for the completion of the State House. The Assembly adjourned, sine die, June 26, 1885, after a session of 171 days. Thirty-fifth General Assembly convened Jan. 5, 1887. The Republicans had a majority of twelve in the Senate and three in the House. For President pro tempore of the Senate, August W. Berggren was chosen; for Speaker of the House, Dr. William F. Calhoun, of De Witt County. The death of General Logan, which had occurred Dec. 26, 1886, was officially an- nounced by Governor Oglesby^ and, on Jan. 18, Charles B. Farwell was elected to succeed him as United States Senator. William R. Morrison and Benjamin W. Goodhue were the candidates of the Democratic and Labor parties, respectively. Some of the most important laws passed by this General Assembly were the following; Amend- ing the law relating to the spread of contagious diseases among cattle, etc. ; the Chase bill to prohibit book-making and pool-selling; regulat- ing trust companies; making the Trustees of the University of Illinois elective; inhibiting aliens from holding real estate, and forbidding the marriage of first cousins. An act virtually creating a new State banking system was also passed, subject to ratification by popular vote. Other acts, having more particular reference to Chicago and Cook County, were: a law making cities and counties responsible for three-fourths of the damage resulting from mobs and riots ; the Merritt conspiracy law; the Gibbs Jury Commis- sion law, and an act for the suppression of bucket-shop gambling. The session ended June 15, 1887. having continued 162 days. Thirty-sixth General Assembly convened Jan. 7, 1889, in its first (or regular) session, the Republicans being largely in the majority. The Senate elected Theodore S. Chapman of Jersey County, President pro tempore, and the House HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 195 Asa C Mattliews of Pike County, Speaker. Mr. Matthews was appointed First Comptroller of the Treasury by President Harrison, on May 9 (see Matthews, Ana C. ), and resigned the Speakership on the following day. He was succeeded by James H. Miller of Stark County. Shelby M. CuUoni was re-elected to the United States Senate on January 22. the Democrats again voting for ex-Gov. John M. Palmer. The "Sanitarj' Drain- age District Law," designed for the benefit of the city of Chicago, was enacted at this session ; an asylum for insane criminals was established at Chester; the annexation of cities, towns, villages, etc., under certain conditions, was authorized; more stringent legislation was enacted relative to the circulation of obscene literature ; a new com- pulsory education law was pa.ssed, and the em- ployment on public works of aliens who had not declared their intention of becoming citizens was prohibited. This session ended, Slay 28. A special session was convened by Governor Fifer on July 24, 1890. to frame and adopt legislation rendered necessary by the Act of Congress locat- ing the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. Mr. Miller liaving died in the interim, William G. Cochran, of Moultrie County, was chosen Speaker of the House. The special session concluded Aug. 1, 1890, having enacted the following meas- ures; An Act granting the use of all State lands, (submerged or other) in or adjacent to Chicago, to the World's Columbian E.xpositiou for a period to extend one year after the closing of the Exposi- tion ; authorizing the Chicago Boards of Park Commissioners to grant the use of the public parks, or any part thereof, to promote the objects of such Exposition ; a joint resolution providing for the submission to the people of a Constitu- tional Amendment granting to the city of Chicago the power (provided a majority of the qualified voters desired it) to issue bonds to an amount not exceeding .$.'),()00,000, the same to bear interest and the proceeds of tjieir sale to be turned over to the Exposition 5Ianagers to be devoted to the use and for the benefit of the Exposition. (See also World's Columbian E^'j^osition.) The total length of the two sessions was I.jO days. Thirty-seventh General Assembly convened Jan. 7, 1891, and adjourned June 12 following. Lieut. -Gov. Ray presided in the Senate, Milton W. Matthews (Republican), of Urbana, being elected President pro tem. The Democrats had control in the Hou.se and elected Clayton E. Crafts, of Cook County, Speaker. The most exciting feature of the session was the election of a United States Senator to succeed Charles B. Farwell. Neither of the two leading parties had a majority on joint ballot, the balance of power being held by three "Independent" members of the House, who had been elected as represent- atives of the Farmers' Mutual Benevolent Alli- ance. Richard J. Oglesby was the caucus nominee of the Republicans and John M. Palmer of the Democrats. For a time the Independents stood as a unit for A. J. Streeter, but later two of the three voted for ex-Governor Pahiier, finally, on March 11, securing his election on the 154th ballot in joint session. Meanwhile, the Repub- licans had cast tentative ballots for ALson J. Streeter and Cicero J. Lindley, in hope of draw- ing the Independents to their support, but without effective result. The final ballot stood — Palmer, 103; Lindley, 101, Streeter 1. Of 1,296 bills intro- duced in both Houses at this session, only 151 became laws, the most important being: The Australian ballot law, and acts regulating build- ing and loan associations ; prohibiting the employ- ment of children under thirteen at manual labor ; fixing the legal rate of interest at seven per cent ; prohibiting the "truck system" of paying em- ployes, and granting the right of suffrage to women in the election of school oflScers. An amendment of the State Constitution permitting the submission of two Constitutional Amend- ments to the people at the same time, was sub- mitted by this Legislature and ratified at the election of 1892. The session covered a period of l.")* days. Thirty-eighth General Assembly. This bod)- convened Jan. 4, 1893. The Democrats were in the ascendency in both houses, having a majority of seven in the Senate and of three in the lower house. Joseph R. Gill, the Lieutenant- Governor, was ex-oflficio President of the Senate, and John W. Coppinger, of Alton, was chosen President pro tem. Clayton E. Crafts of Cook County was again chosen Speaker of the House. The inauguration of the new .State ofl^icers took place on the afternoon of Tuesdaj-, Jan. 10. This Legislature was in session 1G4 days, adjourning June 10, 1893. Not very much legislation of a general character was enacted. New Congres- sional and Legislative apportionments were passed, the former dividing the State into twent)'- two districts; an Insurance Department was created; a naval militia was established; the scope of the juvenile reformatory was enlarged and the compulsory education law was amended. Thirty-ninth General Assembly. This Legislature held two sessions — a regular and a special. The former opened Jan. 9, 1895, and 19G HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. closed June 14, following. The political com- plexion of the Senate was — Republicans, thirty- three; Democrats, eighteen; of the House, ninety-two Republicans and sixty-one Democrats. John Meyer, of Cook County, was elected Speaker of the House, and Charles Bogardus of Piatt County, President pro tern, of the Senate. Acts were passed making appropriations for improve- ment of the State Fair Grounds at Springfield; authorizing the establishment of a Western Hos- pital for the Insane (5100,000) ; appropriating $100,000 for a Western Hospital for the Insane; $65,000 for an A.syluni for Incurable Insane; §50,- 000, each, for two additional Normal Schools — one in Northern and the other in Eastern Illinois; $35,000 for a Soldiers' Widows' Home— all being new institutions — besides §15,000 for a State exhibition at the Atlanta Exposition; §65.000 to mark, by monuments, the position of Illinois troops on the battlefields of Chickamauga, Look- out Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Other acts passed fixed the salaries of members of the Gen- eral Assembly at $1,000 each for each regular session; accepted the custody of the Lincoln monument at Springfield, authorized provision for the retirement and pensioning of teachers in public schools, and authorized the adoption of civil service rules for cities. The special session convened, pursuant to a call by the Governor, on June 25, 1895, took a recess, June 28 to July 9, re-assembled on the latter date, and adjourned, sine die, August 2. Outside of routine legisla- tion, no laws were passed except one providing additional necessary revenue for State pm-poses and one creating a State Board of Arbitration. The regular session continued 157 days and the special twenty-nine — total 186. Fortieth General Assembly met in regular session at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1897, and adjourned, sine die, June 4. The Republicans had a major- ity in both branches, the House standing eighty- eight Republicans to sixty -three Democrats and two Populists, and the Senate, thirty-nine Repub- licans to eleven Democrats and one Populist, giving the Republicans a majority on joint ballot of fifty votes. Both houses were promptly organ- ized by the election of Republican officers, Edward C. Curtis of Kankakee County being chosen Speaker of the House, and Hendrick V. Fisher, of Henry County, President pro tem. of the Sen- ate. Governor Tanner and the other Republican State officers were formally inaugurated on Jan. 11, and, on Jan. 20, William E. Mason (Republican) was chosen United States Senator to succeed John M. Palmer, receiving in joint session 125 votes to seventy -seven for John P. Altgeld (Democrat) . Among the principal laws enacted at this session were the following: An act concerning aliens and to regulate the right to hold real estate, and prescribing the terms and conditions for the conveyance of the same; empowering the Commissioners who were ap- pointed at the previous session to ascertain and mark the positions occupied by Illinois Volunteers in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Moun- tain and Missionary Ridge, to exjiend the remain- ing appropriations in their hands for the erection of monuments on the battle-grounds ; authorizing the appointment of a similar Commission to ascertain and mark the positions held by Illinois troops in the battle of Shiloh ; to reimburse the University of Illinois for the loss of funds result- ing from the Spaulding defalcation and affirming the liability of the State for "the endowment fund of the University, amounting to $456,712.91, and for so much in addition as may be received in future from the sale of lands' ' ; authorizing the adoption of the "Torrens land-title system" in the conveyance and registration of land titles by vote of the people in any county ; the consoUda- tion of the three Supreme Court Districts of the State into one and locating the Court at Spring- field; creating a State Board of Pardons, and prescribing the manner of applying for pardons and commutations. An act of this session, which produced much agitation and led to a great deal of discussion in the press and elsewhere, was the street railroad law empowering the City Council, or other corporate authority of any city, to grant franchises to street railway companies extending to fifty years. This act was repealed by the General Assembly of 1899 before any street rail- way corporation had secured a franchise under it. A special session was called by Governor Tanner to meet Dec. 7, 1897, the proclamation naming five topics for legislative action. The session continued to Feb. 24, 1898, only two of the meas- ures named by the Governor in his call being affirmatively acted upon. These included: (1) an elaborate act prescribing the manner of conduct- ing primary elections of delegates to nominating conventions, and (2) a new revenue law regulat- ing the manner of assessing and collecting taxes. One provision of the latter law limits the valuation of property for assessment purposes to one-fifth its cash value. The length of the regular session was 150 days, and that of the special session eighty days — total, 230 days. GEJfESEO, a city in Henry County, about two miles south of the Green River. It is on the Chi- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 197 cago, Rook Island & Pacific Railway, 23 miles east of Rock Island and 75 miles west of Ottawa. It is in the heart of a grain-growing region, and has two large grain elevators. Manufacturing is also carried on to a considerable extent here, furniture, wagons and farming implements con- stituting the chief output. Geneseo has eleven churches, a graded and a high school, a col- legiate institute, two banks, and two newspapers, one issuing a daily edition. Population (1890), 3,183; (1900), 3,356. GENEVA, a city and railway junction on Fox River, and the county -seat of Kane County; 35 miles west of Chicago. It has a fine courthouse, completed in 1892 at a cost of S25U.000, and numerous handsome churches and school build- ings. A State Reformatory for juvenile female offenders has been located here. There is an ex- cellent water-power, operating six manufac- tories, including extensive glucose wcrk.s. The town has a bank, creamery, water-works, gas and electric light plant, and two weeklj- news- papers. The surrounding country is devoted to agriculture and dairy farming. Population (1880), 1,239; (1890), 1,692; (1900), 2,446. GENOA, a village of De Kalb County, on Omaha Division of the Chi., Mil. & St. Paul, the 111. Cent, and Chi. & N. W. Railroads, 59 miles west of Chicago. Dairying is a leading industry; has two banks, shoe and telephone factories, and two newspapers. Population (1890). 634; (1900), 1,140. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. The geological structure of Illinois embraces a representation, more or less complete, of the whole paleonic series of formations, from the calciferous group of the Lower Silurian to the top of the coal meas- ures. In addition to these older rocks there is a limited area in the extreme southern end of the State covered with Tertiary deposits. Over- spreading these formations are beds of more recent age, comprising sands, clays and gravel, varying in thickness from ten to more than two hundred feet. These superficial deposits may be divided into Alluvium, Loess and Drift, and con- stitute the Quaternary system of modern geolo- gists. Lower Silurian System.— Under this heading maybe noted three distinct groups; the Calcifer- ous, the Trenton and the Cincinnati. The first mentioned group comprises the St. Peter's Sand- stone and the Lower Magnesian Limestone. The former outcrops only at a single locality, in La Salle County, extending about two miles along the valley of the Illinois River in the vicinity of Utica. The thickness of the strata appearing above the surface is about 80 feet, thin bands of Magnesian limestone alternating with layers of Calciferous sandstone. Many of the layers con- tain good hydraulic rock, which is utilized in the manufacture of cement. The entire thickness of the rock below the surface has not been ascer- tained, but is estimated at about 400 feet. The St. Peter's Sandstone outcrops in the valley of the Illinois, constituting the main portion of the bluffs from Utica to a point beyond Ottawa, and forms the "bed rock" in most of the northern townships of La Salle County. It also outcrops on the Rock River in the vicinity of Oregon City, and forms a conspicuous bluff on the Mississippi in Calhoun County. Its maximum thickness in the State may be estimated at about 200 feet. It is too incoherent in its texture to be valuable as a building stone, though some of the upper strata in Lee County have been utilized for caps and sills. It affords, however, a fine quality of sand for the manufacture of glass. The Trenton group, which immediately overlies the St. Peter's Sandstone, consists of three divisions. The low- est is a brown Magnesian Limestone, or Dolomite, usually found in regular beds, or strata, varying from four inches to two feet in thickness. The aggregate thickness varies from twenty feet, in the northern portion of the State, to sixty or seventy feet at the bluff in Calhoun County. At the quarries in La Salle County, it abounds in fossils, including a large Lituites and several specimens of Orthoceras, Maclurea, etc. The middle division of the Trenton group consists of light gray, compact limestones in the southern and western parts of the State, and of light blue, thin-bedded, shaly limestone in the northern por- tions. The upper division is the well-known Galena limestone, the lead-bearing rock of the Northwest. It is a buff colored, porous Dolomite, sometimes arenaceous and unevenly textured, giving origin to a ferruginous, sandy clay when decomposed. The lead ores occur in crevices, caverns and horizontal seams. These crevices were probably formed by shrinkage of the strata from crystallization or by some disturbing force from beneath, and have been enlarged by decomposi- tion of the exposed surface. Fossils belonging to a lower order of marine animal than the coral are found in this rock, as are also marine shells, corals and crustaceans. Although this limestone crops out over a considerable portion of the terri- tory between the Mississippi and the Rock River, the productive lead mines are chiefly confined to Jo Daviess and Stephenson Counties. All the divisions of the Trenton group afford good build- 108 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ing material, some of the rock being susceptible of a high polish and making a handsome, durable marble. About seventy feet are exposed near Thebes, in Alexander County. All through the Southwest this stone is known as Cape Girardeau marble, from its being extensively quarried at Cape Girardeau, Mo. The Cincinnati group immediately succeeds the Trenton in the ascend- ing scale, and forms the uppermost member of the Lower Silurian system. It usually consists of argillaceous and sandy shales, although, in the northwest portion of the State, Magnesian lime- stone is found with the shales. Tlie prevailing colors of the beds are light blue and drab, weathering to a light ashen gray. This group is found well exposed in the vicinity of Thebes, Alexander County, furnishing a durable building stone extensively used for foundation walls. Fossils are found in profusion in all the beds, many fine specimens, in a perfect state of preser- vation, having been exhumed. Upper Silurian System. — The Niagara group in Northern Illinois consists of brown, gray and buff magnesian limestones, sometimes evenly bedded, as at JoUet and Athens, and sometimes concretionary and brecciated, as at Bridgeport and Port Byron. Near Chicago the cells and pockets of this rock are filled with petroleum, but it has been ascertained that only the thirty upper feet of the rock contain bituminous matter. The quarries in Will and Jersey Counties furnish fine building and flagging stone. The rock is of a light gray color, changing to buff on exposure. In Pike and Calhoun Counties, also, there are out- croppings of this rock and quarries are numerous. It is usualh' evenly bedded, the strata varj'ing in thickness from two inches to two feet, and break- ing evenly. Its aggregate thickness in Western and Northern Illinois ranges from fifty to 150 feet. In Union and Alexander Counties, in the southern part of the State, the Upper Silurian series consists chiefly of thin bedded gray or buff-colored limestone, silicious and cherty, flinty material largely preponderating over the lime- stone. Fossils are not abundant in this formation, although the quarries at Bridgeport, in Cook County, have afforded casts of nearly 100 species of marine organisms, the calcareous portion hav- ing been washed away. Devon'ian System. — This system is represented in Illinois by three well marked divisions, cor- responding to the Oriskany sandstone, the Onon- daga limestone and the Hamilton and Corniferous beds of New York. To these the late Professor Worthen, for many years State Geologist, added, although with some hesitancj', the black shale formation of Illinois. Although tliese comprise an aggregate thickness of over 500 feet, their exposure is limited to a few isolated outcroppings along the bluffs of the Illinois, Mississippi and Rock Rivers. The lower division, called "Clear Creek Limestone," is about 250 feet thick, and is only found in the extreme southern end of the State. It consists of chert, or impure flint, and thin-bedded silico-magnesian limestones, rather compact in texture, and of buff or light gray to nearly white colors. When decomposed by atmospheric influences, it forms a fine white clay, resembling common chalk in appearance. Some of the cherty beds resemble burr stones in poros- ity, and good mill-stones are made therefrom in Union County. Some of the stone is bluish-gray, or mottled and crystalline, capable of receiving a high polish, and making an elegant and durable building stone. The Onondaga group comprises some sixty feet of quartzose sandstone and striped silicious shales. The structure of the rock is almost identical with that of St. Peter's Sandstone. In the vicinity of its outcrop in Union County are found fine beds of potter's clay, also variegated in color. The rock strata are about twenty feet thick, evenly bedded and of a coarse, granular structure, which renders the stone valuable for heavy masonry. The group has not been found north of Jackson County. Large quantities of characteristic fossils abound. The rooks composing the Hamilton group are the most valuable of all the divisions of the Devonian system, and the outcrops can be identified only by their fossils. In Union and Jackson Counties it is found from eighty to 100 feet in thickne.ss, two beds of bluish gray, fetid limestone being sepa- rated by about twenty feet of calcareous shales. The limestones are highly bituminous. In Jersey and Calhoun Counties the group is only six to ten feet thick, and consists of a hard, silicious limestone, passing at some points into a quartzose sandstone, and at others becoming argillaceous, as at Grafton. The most northern outcrop is in Rock Island County, where the rock is concretion- arj' in structure and is utilized for building pur- poses and in the manufacture of quicklime. Fossils are numerous, among them being a few fragments of fishes, which are the oldest remains of vertebrate animals yet found in the State. The black shale probably attains its maximtun development in Union County, where it ranges from fifty to seventy-five feet in thickness. Its lower portion is a fine, black, laminated slate, sometimes closely resembling the bituminous HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 199 shales associated with tlie coal seams, wliieli cir- cumstance has led to tl>e fruitless expenditure of much time and monej'. The bituminous portion of the mass, on distillation, yields an oil closely resembling petroleum. Crystals of iron pyrites are abundant in the argillaceous portion of the group, which does noi. extend north of the coun- ties of Calhoun, Jersey and Pike. Lower Carboniferous System. — This is di- visible into five groups, as follows: The Kinder- hook group, the Burlington limestone, and the Keokuk, St. Louis and Chester groups. Its greatest development is in the southern jiortion of the State, wliere it has a thickness of 1,400 or 1,500 feet. It thins out to the northward so rapidly that, in the vicinity of the Lower Rapids on tlie Mississippi, it is onlj' 300 feet thick, while it wholly disappears below Rock Island. The Kinder- hook group is variable in its lithological charac- ter, consisting of argillaceous and sandy shales, with thin beds of compac^t and oolitic limestone, passing locally into calcareous shales or impure limestone. The entire formation is mainly a mechanical sediment, with but a very small por- tion of organic matter. The Burlington lime- stone, on the other hand, is compo.sed almost entirely of the fossilized remains of organic beings, with barely enough sedimentary material to act as a cement. Its maximum thickness scarcely exceeds 200 feet, and its principal out- crops are in the counties of Jersey, Greene, Scott, Calhoun, Pike, Adams, Warren and Henderson. The rock is usually a liglit gray, buff or brown limestone, either coarsely granular or crystalline in structure. The Keokuk group immediately succeeds the Burlington in the a.scending order, with no well defined line of demarcation, the chief points of difference between the two being in color and in the character of fossils found. At the ui)per part of this group is found a bed of calcareo-argillaceous shale, containing a great variety of geodes, which furnish beautiful cabinet specimens of crystallized quartz, chalcedony, dolomite and iron pj-rites. In Jersey and Monroe Counties a bed of hydraulic limestone, adapted to the manufacture of cement, is found at the top of this formation. The St. Louis group is partly a fine-grained or semi-crj-stallized bluisli-gray limestone, and partlj' concretionary, as around Alton. In the extreme southern part of the State the rock is highly bituminous and susceptible of receiving a high polish, being used as a black marble. Beds of magnesian limestone are found here and there, which furnish a good stone for foundation walls. In Hardin County, the rock is traversed by veins of fluor spar, carrying galena and zinc blonde. The Chester group is only found in the southern part of the State, thinning out from a thickness of eight hundred feet in Jackson and Randolph Counties, to about twenty feet at Alton. It consists of hard, gray, crystalline, argillaceous lime.stones, alternating with sandy ami argillaceous sliales and sandstones, which locally replace each other. A few species of true carboniferous flora are found in the are- naceous shales and sandstones of this group, the earliest traces of pre-historic land plants found in the State. Outcrops extend in a narrow belt from the southern part of Hardin County to the southern line of St. Clair County, passing around the southwest border of the coal field. Upper Carboniferous System.— This includes the Conglomerate, or "'Mill Stone Grit" of Euro- pean authors, and the true coal measures. In the southern portion of the State its greatest thick- ness is about 1,200 feet. It becomes thinner toward the north, scarcely exceeding 400 or 500 feet in the vicinity of La Salle. The word "con- glomerate"' designates a thick bed of sandstone that lies at the base of the coal measures, and appears to have resulted from the culmination of tlie arenaceous sedimentary accunudations. It consists of massive quartzose sandstone, some- times nearly white, but more frequently stained red or brown by the ferruginous matter which it contains, and is frequently composed in part of rounded quartz pebbles, from the size of a pea to several inches in diameter. When highly ferruginous, the oxide of iron cements the .sand into a hard crust on the surface of the rock, which successfully resists the de- nuding influence of the atmosphere, so that the rock forms towering cliffs on the banks of the stream along which are its outcrops. Its thickness varies from 200 feet in the southern part of the State to twenty-five feet in the northern. It has afforded a few species of fossil plants, but no animal remains. The coal measures of Illinois are at least 1,000 feet thick and cover nearly three-fourths of its entire area. The strata are horizontal, the dip rarely exceeding six to ten feet to the mile. The formation is made up of sand.stone, sh.iles, thin beds of limestone, coal, and its associated fire clays. The thickness of the workable beds is from six to twenty-four inches in the upper measures, and from two to five feet in the lower measures. The fire clays, on which the coal seams usually rest, probably represent the ancient soil on which grew the trees and plants from which the coal is formed. 200 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. When pure, these clays are valuable for the manufacture of fire brick, tile and common pottery. Illinois coal is wholly of the bitumi- nous variety, the metamorphic conditions vrhich resulted in the production of anthracite coal in Pennsylvania not having extended to this State. Fossils, both vegetable and animal, abound in the coal measures. Tertiary System. — This system is represented only in the southern end of the State, where cer- tain deposits of stratified sands, shales and con- glomerate are found, which appear to mark the northern boundary of the great Tertiary forma- tion of the Gulf States. Potter's clay, lignite and silicious woods are found in the formation. Quaternary System. — This system embraces all tlie superficial material, including sands, clay, gravel and soil which ov«r.spreads the older for- mations in all portions of the State. It gives origin to the soil from which the agricultural wealth of Illinois is derived. It may be properly separated into four divisions: Post-tertiary sands. Drift, Loess and Alluvium. The first- named occupies the lowest position in the series, and consists of stratified beds of yellow sand and blue clay, of variable thickness, overlaid by a black or deep brown, loamy soil, in which are found leaves, branches and trunks of trees in a good state of preservation. Next above lie the drift deposits, consisting of blue, yellow and brown clays, containing gravel and boulders of various sizes, the latter the water-worn frag- ments of rocks, many of which have been washed down from the northern shores of the great lakes. This drift formation varies in thickness from twenty to 120 feet, and its accumulations are probably due to the combined influence of water currents and moving ice. The subsoil over a large part of the northern and central portions of the State is composed of fine brown clay. Prof. Desquereux (Illinois Geological Sur- vey, Vol. I. ) accounts for tlie origin of this clay and of the black prairie soil above it, by attribut- ing it to the growth and decomposition of a peculiar vegetation. The Loess is a fine mechan- ical sediment that appears to have accumulated in some body of fresh water. It consists of marly sands and clays, of a thickness varying from five to sixty feet. Its greatest development is along the bluffs of the principal rivers. The fossils found in this formation consist chiefly of the bones and teeth of extinct mammalia, such as the mam- moth, mastodon, etc. Stone implements of primeval man are also discovered. The term alluvium is usually restricted to the deposits forming the bottom lands of the rivers and smaller streams. They consist of irregularly stratified sand, clay and loam, which are fre- quently found in alternate layers, and contain more or less organic matter from decomposed animal and vegetable substances. "When sufii- ciently elevated, they constitute the richest and most productive farming lands in the State. GEORGETOWN, a village of Vermilion County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 10 miles south of Danville. It has a bank, telegraph and express office and a news- paper. Population (1890), 662; (lyOO), 988. GERMAN EVANGELICAL SCHOOL, located at Addison, Du Page County ; incorporated in 1852 ; has a faculty of three instructors and reports 187 pupils for 1897-98, with a property valuation of §9,600. GERMANTOWN, a village of Vermilion County, and suburb of Danville; is the center of a coal- mining district. Population (1880), 540; (1890), 1,178; (1900), 1,782. GEST, William H., lawyer and ex-Congress- man, was born at Jacksonville, 111., Jan. 7, 1838. When but four years old his parents removed to Rock Island, where he has since resided. He graduated from Williams College in 1860, was admitted to the bar in 1862, and has always been actively engage4 in practice. In 1886 he was elected to Congress by the Republicans of the Eleventh Illinois District, and was re-elected in 1888, but in 1890 was defeated by Benjamin T. Cable, Democrat. GIBAULT, Pierre, a French priest, supposed to have been born at New Madrid in what is now Southeastern Jlissoirri, early in the eighteenth century; was Vicar-General at Kaskaskia, with ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the churches at Cahokia, St. Genevieve and adjacent points, at the time of the capture of Kaskaskia by Col. George Rogers Clark in 1778, and rendered Clark important aid in conciliating the French citizens of Illinois. He also made a visit to Vincennes and induced the people there to take the oath of allegi- ance to the new government. He even advanced means to aid Clark's destitute troops, but beyond a formal vote of thanks by the Virginia Legisla- ture, he does not appear to have received any recompense. Governor St. Clair, in a report to Thomas Jefferson, then Secretary of State, dwelt impressively upon the value of Father Gibault's services and sacrifices, and Judge Law said of him, "Next to Clark and (Francis) Vigo, the United States are indebted more to Father Gibault for the accession of the States comprised HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 201 in what was the original Northwest Territory than to any other man." The date and place of his death are unknown. GIBSON CITY, a town in Ford County, situ- ated on tlie Lake Erie & Western Railroad, 34 miles east of Blooinington, and at the intersec- tion of the Wabash Railroad and the Springfield Division of tlie Illinois Central. The principal mechanical industries are iron works, canning works, a shoe factory, and a tile factory. It has two banks, two newspapers, nine churches and an academy. A college is projected. Popula- tion (1890). 1.803; (1900). 2,0.54; (1903, est), 3,165. GILL, Joseph B., Lieutenant-Governor (1893- 97), was born on a farm near Marion. Williamson County, 111., Feb. 17, 1863. In 1868 his father settled at Murphysboro, where Mr. Gill still makes his home. His academic education was received at the school of the Christian Brothers, in St. Louis, and at the Southern Illinois Normal University, Carbondale. In 1886 he graduated from the Law Department of the Michigan State University, at Ann Arbor. Returning home he purcha.sed an interest in "The Murphysboro Inde- pendent," which paper he conducted and edited up to January. 1893. In 1888 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature and re-elected in 1890. As a legislator he was prominent as a champion of the labor interest. In 1892 he was nominated and elected Lieutenant-Governor on the Democratic ticket, serving from January, 1893, to "97. GILLESPIE, a village of Macoupin County, on the CIevelan'G, James, pioneer, was bom about 1767, and, in 1832, was residing at Bristol, Ontario County, N. Y. , when he removeil to Cook County, 111., settling in what was later called "Gooding's Grove," now a part of Will County. The Grove was also called the "Yankee Settlement," from the Eastern origin of the principal settlers. Sir. Gooding was accompanied, or .soon after joined, by three sons — James, Jr., William and Jasper — and a nephew, Charles Gooding, all of whom became prominent citizens. The senior Gooding died in 1849, at the age of 82 years. — William ((Jooding), civil engineer, son of the preceding, was born at Bristol. Ontario County, N. Y., April 1, 1803; educated in the common schools and by private tuition, after which he divided his time chiefly between teaching and working on the farm of his father, James Gooding. Having devoted considerable attention to surveying and civil engineering, he obtained employment in 1826 on the Welland Canal, where he remained three years. He then engaged in mercantile pursuits at Lock- port, X. Y., but sold out at the end of the first year and went to Ohio to engage in his profession. 204 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Being unsuccessful in this, he accepted employ- ment for a time as a rodman, but later secured a position as Assistant Engineer on the Ohio Canal. After a brief visit to his father's in 1832, he returned to Ohio and engaged in business there for a short time, but the following year joined his father, who had previously settled in a portion of what is now Will County, but then Cook, mak- ing the trip by the first mail steamer around the lakes. He at first settled at "Gooding's Grove" and engaged in farming. In 1836 he was ap- pointed Assistant Engineer on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, but, in 1842, became Chief Engi- neer, continuing in that position until the com- pletion of the canal in 18-18, when he became Secretary of the Canal Board. Died, at Lockport, "Will County, in May, 1878. GOODRICH, Grant, lawyer and jurist, was born in Milton, Saratoga, County, N. Y., August 7, 1811; grew up in Western New York, studied law and came to Chicago in 1834, becoming one of the most prominent and reputable members of his profession, as well as a leader in many of the movements for the educational, moral and reli- gious advancement of the community. He was one of the founders of the First Methodist Epis- copal Church of Chicago, an active member of the Union Defense Committee during the war, an incorporator and lifelong Trustee of the North- western University, and President of the Board of Trustees of Garrett Biblical Institute, besides being identified with many organizations of a strictly benevolent character. In 18.j9 Judge Goodrich was elected a Judge of the newly organ- ized Superior Court, but, at the end of his term, resumed the practice of his profession. Died, March 15, 1889. GORE, David, ex-State Auditor, was born in Trigg County, Ky., Aprils, 1827; came with his parents to Madison County, 111. , in 1834, and served in the Mexican War as a Quartermaster, afterwards locating in Macoupin County, where he has been extensively engaged in farming. In 1874 he was an unsuccessful Greenback-Labor candidate for State Treasurer, in 1884 was elected to the State Senate from the Macoupin-Morgan District, and, in 1892, nominated and elected, as a Democrat, Auditor of Public Accounts, serving until 1897. For some sixteen years he was a member of the State Board of Agriculture, the last two years of that period being its President. His home is at Carlinville. GOTIDT, Calvin, early printer and physician, was born in Ohio, June 2, 1814; removed with his parents, in childhood, to Indianapolis, and in 1832 to Vandalia, 111., where he worked in the State printing office and bindery. In the fall of 1833 the family removed to Jacksonville, and the following year he entered Illinois College, being for a time a college-mate of Richard Yates, after- wards Governor. Here he continued his vocation as a printer, working for a time on "Peck's Gazetteer of Illinois" and "Goudy's Almanac," of which his father was publisher. In association with a brother while in Jacksonville, he began the publication of "The Common School Advo- cate," the pioneer publication of its kind in the Northwest, which was continued for about a year. Later he studied medicine with Drs. Henry and Merriman in Springfield, finally graduating at the St. Louis Medical College and, in 1844. began practice at Taylorville ; in 1847 was elected Probate Judge of Christian County for a term of four years; in 1851 engaged in mercantile busi- ness, which he continued nineteen years. In 1856 he was elected to the lower hotise of the General Assembly and, in the session of the following year, was a leading supporter of the act estab- lishing the State Normal School at Normal, still later serving for some sixteen years on the State Board of Education. Died, at Taylorville, in 1877. Dr. Goudy was an older brother of the late William C. Goudy of Chicago. GOUDT, William C, lawyer, was born in Indiana, May 15, 1824 ; came to Illinois, with his father, first to Vandalia and afterwards to Jack- sonville, previous to 1833, where the latter began the publication of "The Farmer's Almanac" — a well-known publication of that time. At Jack- sonville yoimg Goudy entered Illinois College, graduating in 1845, when he began the study of law with Judge Stephen T. Logan, of Springfield ; was admitted to the bar in 1847, and the next year began practice at Lewistown, Fulton County; served as State's Attorney (1852-55) and as State Senator (1856-60); at the close of his term re- moved to Chicago, where he became prominent as a corporation and railroad lawyer, in 1886 be- coming General Solicitor of the Chicago & North- western Railroad. During President Cleveland's first term, Mr. Goudy was believed to exert a large influence with the administration, and was credited with having been largely instrumental in securing the appointment of his partner, Mel- ville W. Fuller, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Died, April 27, 1893. GRAFF, Joseph V., lawyer and Congressman, was born at Terre Haute, Ind., July 1, 1854; after graduating from the Terre Haute high-school, spent one year in Wabash College at Crawfords- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 205 ville, but did not graduate ; studied law and was admitted to the bar at Delavan, III., in 1879: in 1893 was a delegate to the Republican National Convention at Minneapolis, but, with the excep- tion of President of the Board of Education, never held any public office until elected to Con- gress from the Fourteenth Illinois District, as a Republican, in November, 1894. Mr. Graff was a successful candidate for re-election in 1896, and again in '98. GRAFTOX, a town in Jersey County, situated on the Mi.ssissippi one and a half miles below the mouth of the Illinois River. The bluffs are high and fine river views are obtainable. A fine quality of fossiliferous limestone is quarried liere and exported by the river. The town has a bank, three churches and a graded school. Pop- ulation (1880), 807, (1890), 927; (1900), 988. ORAIN INSPECTION, a mode of regulating the grain-trade in accordance with State law, and under the general supervision of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission. The principal exec- utive officer of the department is tlie Chief Inspector of Grain, the expenses of whose adminis- tration are borne by fees. The chief business of the inspection department is transacted in Chi- cago, where the principal offices are located. (See Railroad arid X\'arehouse Commission.) GRAMMAR, John, pioneer and early legislator, came to Southern Illinois at a very early date and served as a member of the Third Territorial Council for .Johnson County (181618); was a citizen of Union County when it was organized in 1818, and served as State Senator from that county in the Third and Fourth General Assem- blies (1822-26), and again in the Seventh and Eighth General Assemblies (1830-34), for the Dis- trict composed of Union, Johnson and Alexander Counties. He is described as having been very illiterate, but a man of much shrewdness and con.siderable influence. GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC, a fra- ternal, charitable and patriotic association, limited to men who served in the Union army or navy during the Civil War, and received hon- orable discharge. Its founder was Dr. B. F. Stephenson, wlio served as Surgeon of the Four- teenth Illinois Infantry. In this task lie had the cooperation of Rev. William J. Rutledge, Chaplain of the same regiment. Col. John M. Snyder, Dr. James Hamilton, Maj. Robert M. Woods, Maj. Robert Allen, Col. Martin Flood, Col. Daniel Grass, Col. Edward Prince, Capt. John S. Phelps, Capt. John A. Lightfoot, Col. B. F. Smith, Maj. A. A. North, Capt. Henry E. Howe, and Col. B. F. Hawkes, all Illinois veter- ans. Numerous conferences were held at Spring- field, in this State, a ritual was prepared, and the first post was chartered at Decatur, 111., April 6. 1866. The charter members were Col. I. C. Pugh, George R. Steele, J. W. Routh, Joseph Prior, J. H. Nale, J. T. Bishop, G. H. Dunning, B. F. Sibley, M. F. Kanan, C. Reibsame, I. N. Coltrin, and Aquila Toland. All but one of these had served in Illinois regiments. At first, the work of organization proceeded slowly, the ex-soldiers generally being somewhat doubtful of the result of the project; but, before July 12, 1866, the date fixed for the assembling of a State Convention to form the Department of Illinois, thirty-nine posts had been chartered, and, by 1869, there were 330 reported in Illinois. By October, 1866, Depart- ments had been formed in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota, and posts established in Ohio, Missouri, Kentucky, Arkansas, Massa- chussetts. New York, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia, and the first National Encampment was held at Indianapolis, November 20 of that year. In 1894 there were 7,500 posts, located in every State and Territory of the Union, with a membership of 450,000. The scheme of organization provides for precinct. State and National bodies. The first are known as posts, each having a number, to which the name of some battle or locality, or of some deceased soldier may be prefixed ; the -second (State organizations) are known as Departments; and the supreme power of the Order is vested in the National En- campment, which meets annually. As has been .said, the G. A. R. had its inception in Illinois. The aim and dream of Dr. Stephenson and his associates was to create a grand organization of veterans which, through its cohesion, no less tlian its incisiveness. should constitute a potential fac- tor in the inculcation and development of patriot- ism as well as mutual support. While he died sorrowing that he had not seen the fruition of his hopes, the present has witnessed the fullest realization of his dream. (See Stei)heiison. B. /•'. ) The constitution of the order expressly prohibits any attempt to use the organization for partisan purposes, or even the discussion, at any meeting, of partisan questions. Its aims are to foster and strengthen fraternal feelings among members; to assist comrades needing help or protection and aid comrades' widows and orphans, and to incul- cate unswerving loyalty. The "Woman's Relief Corps" is an auxiliary organization, originating at Portland, Maine, in 1869. The following is a list of Illinois Department Commanders, cluonolog- 206 HISTORICAL. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ically arranged: B. F. Stephenson (Provisional, 1866), John M. Palmer (1866-68), Thomas O. Osborne (1869-70), Charles E. Lippincott (1871), Hubert Dilger (1872), Guy T. Gould (1873), Hiram Hilliard (1874-76), Joseph S. Reynolds (1877), T. B. Coulter (1878), Edgar D, Swain (1879-80), J, W. Burst (1881), Thomas G. Lawler (1882), S. A. Harper (1883), L. T. Dickason (188-i), William W. Berry (1885), Philip Sidney Post (1886), A. C. Sweetser (1887), James A. Sexton (1888), James S. Martin (1889), "William L. Distin (1890), Horace S. Clark (1891), Edwin Harlan (1892), Edward A. Blodgett (1893), H. H. McDowell (1894), W. H. Powell (1895), William G. Cochran (1896), A. L. Schimpff (1897), John C. Black (1898), John B. Inman (1899). The fol- lowing lUinoisans have held the position of Com- mander-in-Chief: S. A. Hurl but, (two terms) 1866-67; John A. Logan, (three terms) 1868-70; Thomas G. Lawler, 1894; James A. Sexton, 1898. GRAND PRAIRIE SEMINARY, a co-educa- tional institution at Onarga, Iroquois County, in- corporated in 1863 ; liad a faculty of eleven teach- ers in 1897-98, with 285 pujjils— 145 male and 140 female. It reports an endowment of §10,000 and property valued at $55,000. Besides the usual classical and scientific departments, instruction is given in music, oratory, fine arts and prepara- tory studies. GRAND TOWER, a town in Jackson County, situated on the Mississippi River, 27 miles south- west of Carbondale ; the western terminus of the Grand Tower & Carbondale Railroad. It received its name from a high, rocky island, lying in the river opposite the village. It has four churches, a weekly newspaper, and two blast furnaces for iron. Population (1890), 624; (1900), 881. . GRAND TOWER & CAPE GIRARDEAU RAILROAD. (See Chicago cfc Texas Railroad. ) GRAND TOWER & CARBONDALE RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago & Texas Railroad.) GRANGER, Flavcl K., lawyer, farmer and legislator, was born in Wayne County, N. Y., May 16, 1833, educated in public scliools at Sodus in the same State, and settled at Waukegan, 111., in 1853. Here, having studied law, he was admitted to the bar in 1855, removing to McHenry County the same year, and soon after engaging in the live-stock and wool business. In 1872 he was elected as a Republican Representative in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, being succes- sively re-elected to the Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth and Thirty-first, and being chosen Temporary Speaker of the Twent5'-ninth and Thirtieth. He is now a member of the State Senate for the Eighth District, having been elected in 1896. His home is at West McHenry. GR.iNT, Alexander Fraeser, early lawyer and jurist, was born at Inverness, Scotland, in 1804; came to Illinois at an early day and located at Shawneetown, where he studied law with Henry Eddy, the pioneer lawj'er and editor of that place. Mr. Grant is described as a man of marked ability, as were many of the early settlers of that region. In February, 1835, he was elected by the General Assembly Judge for the Third Circuit, as succes- sor to his preceptor, Mr. Eddy, but served only a few months, dj-ing at Vandalia the same year. GRANT, Ulysses Simpson, (originally Hiram Ulysses) , Lieutenant - General and President, was born at Point Pleasant, Clermont County, Ohio, April 27, 1822 ; graduated from West Point Military Academy, in 1843, and served through the Mexican War. After a short resi- dence at St. Louis, he became a resident of Galena in 1860. His war-record is a glorious part of the Nation's history. Entering the service of the State as a clerk in the office of the Quartermaster- General at Springfield, soon after the breaking out of the war in 1861, and still later serving as a drill master at Camp Yates, in June following he was commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of the T%venty-first Illinois Volunteers, which he immediately led into the field in the State of Missouri ; was soon after promoted to a Brigadier- Generalship and became a full Major-General of Volunteers on the fall of Forts Donelson and Henry, in February following. His successes at Fort Gibson, Raymond, Champion Hill, and Big Black River, ending with the capture of Vicks- burg, were the leading victories of the Union armies in 1863. His successful defense of Chat- tanooga was also one of his victories in the West in the same year. Commissioned a Major-General of the Regular Army after the fall of Vicksburg, he became Lieutenant-General in 1864, and, in March of that year, assumed command of all the Nortliern armies. Taking personal command of the Army of the Potomac, he directed the cam- paign against Richmond, wliich resulted in the final evacuation and downfall of the Confederate capital and the surrender of General Lee at Appomattox on April 8, 1865. In July, 1866, he was made General — the office being created for him. He also served as Secretary of War, ad interim, under President Johnson, from Au- gust, 1867, to January, 1868. In 1868 he was elected President of the United States and re- elected in 1872. His administration may not have been free from mistakes, but it was charao- ■/. X = X i; v: -f- :3 o = 3 = o = -2 o - HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 207 terizeil by patriotism and integrity of purpose. During 1877-79 he made a tour of tlie world, being received everywliere with the highest Iionors. In 1880 his friends made an unsuccessful effort to secure his renomiuation as a Presidential candi- date on the Republican ticket. Died, at Mount McGregor, N. Y., July 23, 1885. His chief literary work was his "Memoirs" (two volumes, 1885-86), wliich was very extensively sold. GRAPE CREEK, a surburban mining village in VermiUou County, on the Big Vermilion River and the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, six miles south of Danville. The chief industry is coal mining, which is extensively carried on. Population flSOn). 778; (1900), 010 GRATIOT, Charles, of Huguenot parentage, born at Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1752. After receiving a mercantile training in the counting house of an uncle in London, he emigrated to Canada, entering the employ of anotlier imcle at Montreal. He first came to the "Illinois Coun- try" in 1775, as an Indian trader, remaining one year. In 1777 he returned and formed a partner- ship with David McRae and John Kay, two young Scotchmen from Montreal. He established depots at Cahokia and Kaskaskia. Upon the arrival of Col. George Rogers Clark, in 1778, he rendered that commander material financial assistance, becoming personal!}' responsible for the supplies needed by tlie penniless American army. "When the transfer of sovereignty took place at St. Louis, on March 10, 1804. and Louisiana Territory became a part of the United States, it was from the balcony of his house that the first American flag was unfurled in Upper Louisiana. In recom- pense for his liberal expenditure, lie was promised 30.000 acres of land near the present site of Louisville, but this he never received. Died, at St. Louis, April 21, 1817. GRAVIER, Father Jacques, a Jesuit mission- ary, born in France, but at what date cannot be stated with certainty. After some years spent in Canada he was sent by his ecclesiastical superiors to the Illinois Mission (1688), succeeding Allouez as Superior two years later, and being made Vicar-General in 1691. He labored among the Mianiis, Peorias and Kaskaskias — liis most nunier- ous conversions being among the latter tribe — as also among the Cahokias, Osages, Tamaroas and Missouris. It is said to liave been largely through his influence that the Illinois were induced to settle at Kaskaskia instead of going soutli. In 1705 he received a severe wound during an attack by the Illinois Indians, incited, if not actually led, by one of their medicine men. It is said that he visited Paris for treatment, but failed to find a cure. Accounts of his death vary as to time and place, but all agree that it resulted from tlie wound above mentioned. Some of his biographers assert that lie died at sea; others that ho returned from France, yet suffering from the Indian poison, to Louisiana in February, 1708, and died near Mobile, Ala., the same year. GRAY, Eli.sha, electrician and inventor, was born at Barnesville, Ohio, August 2, 1835; after serving as an apprentice at various trades, took a course at Oberlin College, devoting especial attenti^m to the physical sciences, meanwhile supporting himself by manual labor. In 1865 he began his career as an electrician and, in 1867, received his first patent; devised a method of transmitting telephone signals, and, in 1875, suc- ceeded in transmitting four messages simultane- ously on one wire to New York and Boston, a year later accomplishing the same with eight messages to New York and Philadelphia. Pro- fessor Gray has invented a telegraph switch, a repeater, enunciator and type-writing telegraph. From 1869 to '73 he was employed in the manu- facture of telegraph apparatus at Cleveland and Chicago, but has since been electrician of the Western Electric Company of Chicago. His latest invention, the "telautograph" — for reproducing by telegraph the handwriting of the sender of a telegram — attracted great interest at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. He is author of "Telegraphy and Telejihony" and "Experimental Researches in Electro-Harmonic Telegraph}' and Telephony." GRAY, William C, Ph.D., editor, was born in Butler County, Ohio, in 1830; graduated from the Farmers' (now Belmont) College in 1850, read law and began secular editorial work in 1853, being connected, in the next fourteen years, with "The Tiflin Tribune," "Cleveland Herald" and "Newark American.'" Then, after several years spent in general publishing business in Cincinnati,-after the great fire of 1871 he came to Chicago, to take charge of "The Interior," the organ of the Prasbyterian Chiu-ch, which he has since conducted. The success of the paper under his management affords the best evidence of his practical good sense. He liolds the degree of Ph.D., received from Wooster University in 1881. GR.WVILLE, a city situated on the border of White and Edwards Counties, lying chiefly in tlie former, on the Wabash River, 35 miles north- west of Evansville, Ind., 16 miles northeast o( Carmi, and forty miles southwest of Vincennes. It is located in the heart of a heavily timbered 208 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. region and is an important hard-wood market. Valuable coal deposits exist. The industries in- clude flour, saw and planing mills, stave factories and creamery. The city has an electric light and water plant, two banks, eight churches, and two weekly papers. Population ^1900), 1,948. GRAYYILLE & MATTOON KAILROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway. ) GREATHOUSE, Lncien, soldier, was born at Carlinville, 111., in 1843; graduated at Illinois "Wesleyan University, Bloomington, and studied law ; enlisted as a private at the beginning of the War of the Kebellion and rose to the j^ank of Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Volunteers; bore a conspicuoxis part in the movements of the Army of the Tennessee ; was killed in battle near Atlanta, Ga.. June 21, 1864. GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD (of 1843 and '49). (See Illinois Central Railroad.) GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD (2). (See Wabash Railway. ) GREEN RIVER, rises in Lee County, and, after draining part of Birreau County, flows west- ward through Henry County, and enters Rock River about 10 miles east by south from Rock Island. It is nearly 120 miles long. GREEN, William H., State Senator and Judge, was born at Danville, Ky., Dec. 8, 1830. In 1847 he accompanied his father's family to Illinois, and, for three years following, taught school, at the same time reading law. He was admitted to the bar in 1853 and began practice at Mount Vernon, removing to Metropolis the next year, and to Cairo in 1863. In 1808 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, was re-elected in 1860 and, two years later, was elected to the State Senate for four years. In December, 1865, he was elected Judge of the Third Judicial Circuit, to fill the imexpired term of Judge Mulkey, retiring with the expiration of nis term in 1867. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Conventions of 1800, '64, '68, '80, '84 and '88, besides being for many years a member of the State Central Committee of that party, and also, for four terms, a member of the State Board of Education, of which he has been for several years the President. He is at present (1899) engaged in the practice of his profession at Cairo. GREENE, Henry Sacheveral, attorney, was born in the North of Ireland, July, 1833, brought to Canada at five years of age, and from nine com- pelled to support himself, sometimes as a clerk and at others setting type in a printing office. After spending some time in Western New York, in 1853 he commenced the study of law at Dan- ville, Ind.. %vith Hugh Crea, now of Decatur, 111. ; four years later settled at Clinton, DeWitt County, where he taught and studied law with Lawrence Weldon, now of the Coui't of Claims, Washington. In 1859 he was admitted to the bar at Springfield, on the motion of Abraham Lin- coln, and was associated in practice, for a time, with Hon. CUfton H. Moore of Clinton; later served as Prosecuting Attorney and one term (1867-69) as Representative in the General Assem- bly. At the close of his term in the Legislature he removed to Springfield, forming a law partner- ship with Milton Hay and David T. Littler, under the firm name of Hay, Greene & Littler, still later becoming the head of the firm of Greene & Humphrey. From the date of his removal to Springfield, for some thirty years his chief employ- ment was as a corporation lawyer, for the most part in the service of the Chicago & Alton and the Wabash Railways. His death occurred at his home in Springfield, after a protracted illness, Feb. 25, 1899. Of recognized ability, thoroughly devoted to his profession, high minded and honor- able in all his dealings, he commanded respect wherever he was known. GREENE, William G., pioneer, was born in Tennessee in 1812; came to Illinois in 1822 with his father (Bowling Greene), who settled in the vicinity of New Salem, now in Menard County. The younger Greene was an intimate friend and fellow-student, at Illinois College, of Richard Yates (afterwards Governor), and also an early friend and admirer of Abraham Lincoln, under whom he held an appointment in Utah for some years. He died at Tallula, Menard County, in 1894. GREENFIELD, a city in the eastern part of Greene County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Quincy, CarroUton & St. Louis Railways, 12 miles east of CarroUton and 55 miles north of St. Louis ; is an agricultural, coal-mining and stock-raising region. The city has several churches, public schools, a seminary, electric light plant, steam flouring mill, and one weekly paper. It is an important shipping point for cattle, horses, swine, corn, grain and produce. Population (1890), 1,131; (1900), 1,085. GREENE COUNTY, cut off from Madison and separately organized in 1821 ; has an area of 544 square miles; population (1900), 23,402; named for Gen. Nathaniel Greene, a Revolutionary sol- dier. The soil and climate are varied and adapted to a diversity of products, wheat and fruit being among the principal. Building stone and clay HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 209 are abundant. Probably the first EnRlisli-speak- ing settlers were Daviil Stockton and James Whiteside, who located south of Macoupin Creek in June, 1817. Samuel Thomas and others (among them Gen. Jacob Fry) followed soon afterward. The Indians were numerous and aggressive, and had destroyed not a few of the monuments of the Government surveys, erected some years before. Immigration of the whites, however, was rapid, and it was not long before the nucleus of a village was established at Car- rollton, where General Fry erected the first house and made the first coffin needed in the settle- ment. This town, the county-seat and most important place in the county, was laid off by Thomas Carlin in 1821. Other flourishing towns are Whitehall (population, 1,961), and Roodhouse (an important railroad center) with a population of 2,360. GKEENIJP, village of Cumberland County, at intersection of the Vandalia. Line and Evansville branch III. Cent. Ry. ; in farming and fruit- growing region; has powder mill, bank, broom factory, five churches, public library and good schools. Population (1890), 858; (1900). 1,085. GREENVIEW, a village in Menard County, on the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 22 miles north-northwest of Springfield and 36 miles northeast of Jacksonville. It has a coal mine, bank, two weekly papers, seven churches, and a graded and high school. Popu- lation (1890). 1.106; (1900), 1,019; (1903), 1,245. GREENVILLE, an incorporated city, the county-seat of Bond County, on the East Fork of Big Shoal Creek and the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad, 50 miles east-northeast of St. Louis; is in a rich agricultural and coal-min- ing region. Corn and wheat are raised exten- sively in the .surrounding country, and there are extensive coal mines adjacent to the city. The leading manufacturing product is in the line of wagons. It is the Beat of Greenville College (a coeducational institution) ; has several banks and three weekly newspapers. Population (1890), 1,868; (1900). 2,504. GREENVILLE, TREATY OF, a treaty negoti- ated by Gen. Anthony Wayne with a number of Indian tribes (see Indian Treaties), at Green- ville, after his victory over the savages at the battle of Maumee Rapids, in August, 1795. This was the first treaty relating to Illinois lands in which a number of tribes united The lands con- veyed within the present limits of the State of Illinois were as follows: A tract six miles square at the mouth of the Chicago River; another, twelve miles Sfiuare, near the mouth of the Illinois River; another, six miles wiuare, around the old fort at Peoria ; the post of Fort Massac; the 150,000 acres set apart as bounty lands for the army of Gen. George Rogers Clark, and "the lands at all other places in the pos.ses- sion of the French people and other white set- tlers among them, the Indian title to which has been thus extinguished. " On the other hand, the United States relinquished all claim to all other Indian lands north of the Ohio, east of tne Mis- sissippi and south of the great lakes. The cash consideration paid by the Government was $210,000. GREGG, David L., lawyer and Secretary of State, emigrated from Albany, N. Y., and began the practice of law at Joliet, 111., where, in 1839, he also edited "The Juliet Courier," the first paper established in Will County. From 1842 to 1846, he represented Will, Du Page and Iroquois Counties in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Gen- eral Assemblies; later removed to Chicago, after which he served for a time as United States Dis- trict Attorney; in 1847 was chosen one of the Delegates from Cook County to the State Consti- tutional Convention of that year, and served as Secretary of State from 1850 to 1853, as successor to Horace S. Cooley, who died in office the former year. In the Democratic State Convention of 1852. Mr. Gregg was a leading candidate for the nomination for Governor, though finally defeated by Joel A. Matteson; served as Presidential Elector for that year, and, in 1853, was appointed by President Pierce Commissioner to the Sandwich Islands, still later for a time acting as the minis- ter or adviser of King Kamehamaha IV, wlio died in 1863. Returning to California he was ap- pointed by President Lincoln Receiver of Public Moneys at Carson City, Nev., where he died, Dec. 23, 1868. GRE(JORY, John Milton, clergyman and edu- cator, was born at Sand Lake, Rensselaer Co., N. Y., July 6. 1822; graduated from Union Col- lege in 1846 and, after devoting two years to the study of law, studied theology and entered the Baptist ministry. After a brief pastorate in the East he came West, becoming Principal of a classical school at Detroit. His ability as an educator was soon recognized, and. in 18.58, he was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction in Michigan, but declined a re-elec- tion in 1863. In 18.54. he as-sisted in founding "The Michigan Journal of Education." of which he was editor-in-chief. In 1863 he accepted the Presidency of Kalamazoo College, and four years 210 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later was called to that of the newly founded University of Illinois, at Champaign, where he remained until 1880. He was United States Commissioner to the Vienna Exposition in 1873, Illinois State Commissioner to the Paris Exposi- tion of 1878, also serving as one of the judges in the educational department of the Philadelphia Centennial of 1876. From 1883 to "85 he was a member of the United States Civil Service Com- mission. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Madison University (Hamilton. N. Y.) in 1866. While State Superintendent he published a "Compend of School Laws" of Michi- gan, besides numerous addresses on educational subjects. Other works of his are "Handbook of History" and "Map of Time" (Chicago, 1860) ; "A New Political Economy" (Cincinnati, 1882); and "Seven Laws of Teaching" (Cliicago, 1883). While holding a chair as Professor Emeritus of Political Economy in the University of Illinois during the latter years of his life, he resided in Washington, D. C, where he died, Oct. 20, 1898. By his special request he was buried on the grounds of the University at Champaign. GRESHAM, Walter Quinton, soldier, jurist and statesman, was born near Lanesville, Harri- son County, Ind., March 17, 1833. Two years at a seminary at Corydon, followed by one year at Bloommgton University, completed his early education, which was commenced at the common schools. He read law at Corydon, and was admitted to the bar in 1853. In 1860 he was elected to the Indiana Legislature, but resigned to become Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty- eighth Indiana Volunteers, and was almost immediately commissioned Colonel of the Fifty- third Regiment. After the fall of Vicksburg he was promoted to a Brigadier-Generalship, and was brevetted Major-General on March 13, 1805. At Atlanta he was severely wounded, and disabled from service for a year. After the war he re- sumed practice at New Albany, Ind. His polit- ical career began in 1856, when he stumped his county for Fremont. From that time until 1893 he was always prominently identified with the Republican party. In 1866 he was an unsuccess- ful Republican candidate for Congress, and, in 1867-08, was the financial agent of his State (Indiana) in New York. In 1869 President Grant appointed him Judge of the United States Dis- trict Court for Indiana. In 1883 he resigned this position to accept the portfolio of Postmaster-Gen- eral in the Cabinet of President Arthur. In July, 1884, upon the death of Secretary Folger, he was made Secretary of the Treasury. In Oct. 1884, he was appointed United Stat&s Judge of the Seventh Judicial Circuit, and thereafter made his home in Chicago. He was an earnest advo- cate of the renomination of Grant in that year, but subsequently took no active personal part in politics. In 1888 he was the substantially unani- mous choice of Illinois Republicans for the Presi- dency, but was defeated in convention. In 1893 he was tendered the Populist nomination for President, but declined. In 1893 President Cleve- land offered him the portfolio of Secretary of State, which he accepted, dying in office at Washington, D. C, May 28, 1895. GREUSEL, Nicholas, soldier, was born in Ger- many, July 4, 1817, the son of a soldier of Murat; came to New York in 1833 and to Detroit, Mich., in 1835 ; served as a Captain of the First Michigan Volunteers in the Mexican War; in 1857, came to Chicago and was employed on tlie Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, until the firing on Fort Sumter, when he promptly enrolled himself as a private in a company organized at Aurora, of which he was elected Captain and attached to the Seventh Illinois (three-months' men), later being advanced to tlie rank of JIajor. Re-enlisting for three years, he was commissioned Lieutenant- Colonel, but, in August following, was commis- sioned Colonel of the Thirty -sixth Illinois; took part in the battles of Pea Ridge and Perryville and the campaign against Corinth ; compelled to resign on accoxmt of failing health, in February, 1863, he removed to Mount Pleasant, Iowa, whence he returned to Aurora in 1893. Died at Aurora, April 35. 1890. (iRIDLEY, Asahel, lawyer and banker, was born at Cazenovia, N. Y., April 31, 1810; was educated at Pompey Academy and, at the age of 21, came to Illinois, locating at Bloomington and engaging in the mercantile business, which he carried on quite extensively some eight years. He served as First Lieutenant of a cavalry com- pany during the Black Hawk War of 1833, and soon after was elected a Brigadier-General of militia, thereby acquiring the title of "General." In 1840 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twelfth General Assembly, and soon after began to turn his attention to the study of law, subse- quently forming a partnership with Col. J. H. Wickizer, which continued for a number of years. Having been elected to the State Senate in 1850, he took a conspicuous part in the two succeeding sessions of the General Assembly in securing the location of the Chicago & Alton and the Illinois Central Railroads by way of Bloomington; was also, at a later period, a leading promoter of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 211 Indiana, Bloomington & Western and other lines. In 1858 he joined J. Y. Scaninion and J. II. Burch of Chicago, in the establishment of the McLean County Bank at Bloomington, of which he became President and ultimately sole proprietor ; also be- came proprietor, in ISO", of the Bloomington Gas- Light & Coke Company, which he managed some twenty-five years. Originall}' a Whig, he identi- fied himself with the Republican cause in 1856, serving upon the State Central Committee during the campaign of that year, but, in 1872, took part in the Liberal Republican movement, serv- ing as a delegate to the Cincinnati Convention, where he was a zealous supporter of David Davis for the Presidency. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 20, 1881. GRIER, (Col.) David Perkins, soldier and mer- chant, was born near Wilkesbarre, Pa., in 1837; received a common school education and, in 1852, came to Peoria, 111., where he engaged in the grain business, subsequently, in partnersliip with his brother, erecting the first grain-elevator in Peoria, with three or four at other points. Early in the war he recruited a company of which he was elected Captain, but, as the State quota was already full, it was not accepted in Illinois, but was mustered in. in June, as a part of the Eighth Missouri Volunteers. With this organi- zation he took part in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelsou, the battle of Shiloh and the siege and capture of Corinth. In Augu.st, 1862, he was ordered to report to Governor Yates at Spring- field, and, on his arrival, was presented with a commission as Colonel of the Seventy-seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, of wliich he retained command up to the siege of Vicksburg. During that siege he commanded a brigade and, in sub- sequent operations in Louisiana, was in command of the Second Brigade. Fourth Division of the Thirteenth Army Corps. Later he had command of all the troops on Dauphin Island, and took a conspicuous part in the capture of Fort Morgan and Mobile, as well as other operations in Ala- bama. He subsequently had command of a division until his muster-out, July 10, 1865, with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war. General Grier resumed his business as a grain merchant at Peoria, but. in 1879. removed to East St. Louis, where he had charge of the erection and management of the L^nion Elevator tliere — was also Vice-President and Director of the St. Louis Merchants' Exchange. Died, April 22, 1891. GRIERSOJf, Benjamin H., soldier, was born in Pittsburg, Pa., July 8, 1826; removed in boyhood to Trumbull County, Ohio, and, about 1850, to Jacksonville, 111., where he was engaged for a time in teaching music, later embarking in the grain and produce business at Meredosia. He enlisted promptly at the beginning of the Civil War, becoming Aid-de-camp to General Prentiss at Cairo during tlie three-months' service, later being commissioned Major of the Sixth Illinois Cavalry. From this time his promotion was rapid. He was commissioned Colonel of the same regiment in March, 1862, and was commander of a brigade in December following. He was promi- nent in nearly all the cavalry skirmishes between Memphis and the Tennessee river, and, in April and May, 1863, led the famous raid from La Grange, Tenn., through the States of Mississippi and Louisiana to Baton Rouge in the latter— for the first time penetrating the heart of the Con- federacy and causing consternation among the rebel leaders, while materially aiding General Grant's movement against Vicksburg. This dem- onstration was generally regarded as one of the most brilliant events of the war, and attracted the attention of tlie whole country. In recog- nition of this service he was, on June 3, 1863, made a Brigadier-General, and May 27, 1865, a full Major-General of Volunteers. Soon after the close of the war he entered the regular army as Colonel of the Tenth United States Cavalry and was successively brevetted Brigadier- and Major- General for bravery shown in a raid in Arkansas during December, 1864. His subsequent service was in the West and Soutlnvest conducting cam- paigns against the Indians, in the meanwhile being in command at Santa Fe, San Antonio and elsewliere. On the promotion of General Miles to a Major-Generalship following the death of Maj.-Gen. George Crook in Chicago, March 19, 1890, General Grierson, who had been the senior Colonel for some years, was promoted Brigadier- General and retired with that rank in July fol- lowing. His home is at Jacksonville. GRIGGS, Samuel Chapman, publi.sher, was born in Tolland, Conn., July 20, 1819; began business as a bookseller at Hamilton, N. Y., but removed to Chicago, where he established the largest bookselling trade in the Northwest. Mr. Griggs was a heavy loser by the fire of 1871, and the following j'ear, having sold out to his part- ners, established himself in the publishing busi- ness, which he conducted until 1896, when he retired. The class of books published by him include many educational and classical, with others of a high order of merit. Died in Chi- cago, April 5, 1897. 212 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. GRIGGSVILLE, a city in Pike County, on the Wabash Railroad, 4 miles west of the Illinois River, and 50 miles east of Quincy. Flour, camp stoves, and brooms are manufactured here. The city has churolies, graded schools, a public library, fair grounds, opera house, and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 1,400; (1900), 1,404. GRIMSUAW, Jackson, lawyer and politician, was bom in Philadelphia, Nov. 22, 1830, of Anglo- Irish and Revolutionary ancestry. He was par- tially educated at Bristol College, Pa., and began the study of law with his father, who was a lawyer and an author of repute. His professional studies were interrupted for a few years, during which he was employed at surveying and civil engineering, but he was admitted to the bar at Harrisburg, in 1843. The same year he settled at Pittsfield, 111., where he formed a partnership with his brother, "William A. Grimshaw. In 1857 he removed to Quincy, where he resided for the remainder of his life. He was a member of the first Republican Convention, at Bloomington, in 1856, and was twice an unsuccessful candidate for Congress (1856 and '58) in a strongly Democratic District. He was a warm personal friend and trusted coun- sellor of Governor Yates, on whose staff he served as Colonel. During 1861 the latter sent Mr. Grinoshaw to Washington with dispatches an- nouncing the capture of Jefferson Barracks, Mo. On arriving at Annapolis, learning that the rail- roads had been torn up by rebel sympathizers, he walked from that city to the capital, and was summoned into the presence of the President and General Scott with his feet protruding from his boots. In 1865 Mr. Lincoln appointed him Col- lector of Internal Revenue for the Quincy Dis- trict, which office he held until 1869. Died, at Quincy, Dec. 13, 1875. GKIMSHAW, William A., early lawyer, was born in Philadelphia and admitted to the bar in his native city at the age of 19 ; in 1833 came to Pike County, 111., where he continued to prac- tice imtil his death. He served in the State Con- stitutional Convention of 1847, and had the credit of preparing the article in the second Constitution prohibiting dueling. In 1864 he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention which nominated Mr. Lincoln for President a second time ; also served as Presidential Elector in 1880. He was, for a time, one of the Trustees of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson- ville, and, from 1877 to 1882, a member of the State Board of Public Charities, being for a time Presi- dent of the Board. Died, at Pittsfield, Jan. 7, 1895. GRIJfNELL, Julius S., lawyer and ei-Judge, was bom in St. Lawrence County, N. Y., in 1842, of New England parents, who were of French descent. He graduated from Middlebury College in 1866, and, two years later, was admitted to the bar at Ogdensburg, N. Y. In 1870 he removed to Chicago, where he soon attained a prominent position at the bar; was elected City Attorney in 1879, and re-elected in 1881 and 1883. In 1884 he was elected State's Attorney for Cook County, in which capacity he successfully conducted some of the most celebrated criminal prosecutions in the history of Illinois. Among these may be mentioned the cases against Joseph T. Mackin and William J. Gallagher, growing out of an election conspiracy in Chicago in 1884; the conviction of a number of Cook County Commis- sioners for accepting bribes in 1885, and the con- viction of seven anarchistic leaders charged with complicity in the Haymarket riot and massacre in Chicago, in May, 1886 — the latter trial being held in 1887. The same year (1887) he was elected to the Circuit bench of Cook County, but resigned his seat in 1890 to become counsel for the Chicago City Railway. Died, in Chicago, June 8, 1898. GROSS, Jacob, ex-State Treasurer and banker, was born in Germany, Feb. 11, 1840; having lost his father by death at 13, came to the United States two years later, spent a year in Chicago schools, learned the trade of a tinsmith and clerked in a store until August, 1862, when he enlisted in the Eighty-Second Illinois Volunteers (the second "Hecker Regiment") ; afterwards par- ticipated in some of the most important battles of the war, including Chancellorsville, Gettys- burg, Lookout Mountain, Resaca and others. At Dallas, Ga. , he had his right leg badly shattered by a bullet-wound above the knee, four successive amputations being found necessary in order to save his life. Having been discharged from the service in February, 1865, he took a course in a commercial college, became deputy clerk of the Police Court, served three terms as Collector of the West Town of Cliicago, and an equal number of terms (12 years) as Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and, in 1884, was elected State Treasurer. Since retiring from the latter office, Mr. Gross has been engaged in the banking busi- ness, being President, for several years, of the Commercial Bank of Chicago. GROSS, William L., lawyer, was born in Her- kimer County, N. Y., Feb. 31, 1839, came with his father to Illinois in 1844, was admitted to the bar at Springfield in 1863, but almost immediately HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 213 entered the service of the Government, and, a year later, was appointed by President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and, under command of General Stager, assigned to the Department of the Ohio as Military Superintend- ent of Telegraphs. At the close of the war he was transferred to the Department of the Gulf, taking control of military telegraphs in that Department with headquarters at New Orleans, remaining until August, 1860, meanwhile being brevetted Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. For the next two years he occupied various positions in the civil telegraph service, but, in 1868, resumed the practice of law at Springfield, in conjunction with liis brother (Eugene L. ) issuing the first volume of "Gross' Statutes of Illinois," followed in subsequent years by two additional volumes, besides an Index to all the Laws of the State. In 1878 he was elected as a Republican to the General Assembly from Sangamon County, and, in 1884, was appointed by Governor Hamilton Circuit Judge to succeed Judge C. S. Zane, who had been appointed Chief Justice of Utah. Upon the organi- zation of the Illinois State Bar Association, Judge Gross became its first Secretary, serving until 1883, when he was elected President, again serv- ing as Secretary and Treasurer in 1893-94. GROSSCUP, Peter Stenger, jurist, born in Ashland, Ohio, Feb. 15, 1852; was educated in the local schools and Wittenberg College, graduating from the latter in 1872 ; read law in Boston, Mass. , and settled down to practice in his native town, in 1874. He was a candidate for Congress in a Democratic District before he was 25 years old, but, being a Republican, was defeated. Two years later, being thrown by a reapportionment into the same district with William McKinley, he put that gentleman in nomination for the seat in Congress to which he was elected. He re- moved to Chicago in 1883, and, for several years, was the partner of the late Leonard Swett; in December, 1892, was appointed bj' President Harrison Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois as suc- cessor to Judge Henry W. Blodgett. On the death of Judge Showalter, in December, 1898, Judge Grosscup was appointed his successor as Judge of the L'nited States Circuit Court for the Seventh Judicial District. Although one of the youngest incumbents upon the bench of the United States Court, Judge Grosscup has given ample evidence of his ability as a jurist, besides proving himself in harmony with the progressive spirit of the time on questions of national and intemationai interest. GRUNDY COUNTY, situated in the northeast- ern quarter of the State, having an area of 440 square miles and a population (1900) of 24,136. Tlie surface is mainly rolling prairie, beneath whicli is a continuous coal seam, three feet thick. Building stone is abundant (particularly near Morris), and there are considerable beds of pot- ter's clay. The county is crossed by the Illinois River and the Illinois & Michigan Canal, also by the Rock Island and the Chicago & Alton Railways. The chief occupation of the people is agriculture, although there are several manufacturing estab- lishments. The first white settler of whom any record has been preserved, was W^illiam Marquis, who arrived at the mouth of the Slazon in a "prairie schooner" in 1828. Other pioneers were Colonel Sayers, W. A. Holloway, Alex- ander K. Owen, John Taylor, James McCartney and Joab Chappell. The first public land sale was made in 1835, and, in 1841, the county was organized out of a part of La Salle, and named after Felix Grundy, the eminent Tennesseean. The first pollbook showed 148 voters. Morris was chosen the county-seat and has so re- mained. Its present population is 3,653. Another prosperous town is Gardner, with 1,100 inhab- itants. GULLIVER, John Putnam, D.D., LL.D., clergyman and educator, was born in Boston, Mass., May 12, 1819; graduated at Yale College, in 1840, and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1845, meanwhile serving two years as Principal of Randolph Academy. From 1845 to 1865 he was pastor of a church at Norwich, Conn., in 1865-68, of the New England Church, of Chicago, and, 1868-72, President of Knox College at Gales- burg, 111. The latter year he became pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in Binghamton, N. Y., remaining until 1878, when he was elected Professor of the "Relations of Christianity and Secular Science" at Andover, holding this posi- tion actively until 1891, and then, as Profe.ssor Emeritus, until his death, Jan. 25, 1894. He was a member of the Corporation of Yale College and had been honored with the degrees of D. D. and LL.D. Gl'RLEY, William F. E., State Geologist, was born at Oswego, N. Y., June 5, 1854; brought by his parents to Danville, 111., in 1864, and educated in the public schools of that city and Cornell University, N. Y. ; served as city engineer of Danville in 1885-87, and again in 1891-93. In July of the latter year he was appointed by Gov- ernor Altgeld State Geologist as successor to Prof. Joshua LindahL 214 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. HACKER, John S., pioneer and soldier of the Mexican War, was born at Owensburg, Ky., November, 1797; in early life removed to Mis- souri, where he was employed in the stock and produce trade with New Orleans. Having married in 1817, he settled at Jonesboro, Union County, 111., where he kept a tavern for a number of years, and was also engaged some thirty years in mercantile business. It is said that he was unable to read until taught after marriage by his wife, who appears to have been a woman of intelligence and many graces. In 1824 he was elected Representative in the Fourth General Assembly and. in 1834, to the State Senate, serv- ing by re-election in 1838 until 1842, and being a supporter of the internal improvement scheme. In 1837 he voted for the removal of the State capital from Vandalia to Springfield, and, though differing from Abraham Lincoln politically, was one of his warm personal friends. He served in the War of 1812 as a private in the Missouri militia, and, in the Mexican War, as Captain of a company in the Second Regiment, Illinois Volun- teers—Col. W. H. Bissell's. By service on the staff of Governor Duncan, he had already obtained the title of Colonel. He received the nomination for Lieutenant-Governor from the first formal State Convention of the Democratic party in December, 1837, but the head of the ticket (Col. J. W. Stephenson) having withdrawn on account of charges connected with his administration of the Land Office at Dixon, Colonel Hacker also declined, and a new ticket was put in the field headed by Col. Thomas L. Carlin, which was elected in 1838. In 1849 Colonel Hacker made the overland journey to California, but returning with impaired health in 1852, located in Cairo, where he held the position of Surveyor of the Port for three years, when he was removed by President Buchanan on account of his friendship for Senator Douglas. He also served, from 1854 to '56, as Secretary of the Senate Committee on Territories under the Chairmanship of Senator Douglas, and, in 1856, as Assistant Doorkeeper of the House of Representatives in Washington. In 1857 he returned to Jonesboro and spent the remainder of his life in practical retirement, dying at the home of his daughter, in Anna, May 18, 1878. HADLET, William F. L., lawyer and Con- gressman, was born near Collinsville, 111., June 15, 1847; grew up on a farm, receiving his educa- tion in the common schools and at McKendree College, where he graduated in 1867. In 1871 lie graduated from the Law Department of the University of Michigan, and established him self in the practice of his profession at Edwardsville. He was elected to the State Sen- ate from Madison County in 1886, serving four years, and was nominated for a second term, but declined; was a delegate-at-large to the Repub- lican National Convention of 1888, and, in 1895, was nominated and elected, in the Eighteenth District, as a Republican, to the Fifty-fourth Con- gress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Hon. Frederick Remann, who had been elected in 1894, but died before taking his seat. Mr. Hadley was a candidate for re-election in 1896, but was prevented by protracted illness from making a canvass, and suffered a defeat. He is a son-in-law of the late Edward M. West, long a prominent business man of Edwards- ville, and since his retirement from Congress, has devoted his attention to his profession and the banking business. HAHNEMANN HOSPITAL, a homeopathic hos- pital located in Chicago. It was first opened with twenty beds, in November, 1870, in a block of wooden buildings, the use of which was given rent free by Mr. J. Young Scammon, and was known as the Scammon Hospital. After the fire of October, 1871, Mr. Scammon deeded the prop- erty to the Trustees of the Hahnemann Medical College, and the hospital was placed on the list of public charities. It also received a donation of $10,000 from the Relief and Aid Society, besides numerous private benefactions. In April, 1873, at the suggestion of Mr. Scammon, the name of the institution was changed to the Hahnemann Hospital, by which designation it has since been known. In 1893 the corner-stone of a new hospital was laid and the building com- pleted in 1894. It is seven stories in height, with a capacity for 225 beds, and is equipped with all the improved appliances and facilities for the care and protection of the sick. It has also about sixty private rooms for paying patients. HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE, located in Chicago, chartered in 1834-35, but not organ- ized until 1860, when temporary quarters were secured over a drug-store, and the first college term opened, with a teaching faculty numbering nine professors, besides clinical lecturers, demon- strators, etc. In 1866-67 the institution moved into larger quarters and, in 1870, the corner-stone of a new college building was laid. The six suc- ceeding years were marked by internal dis.sen- sion, ten of the professors withdrawing to establish a rival school. The faculty was cur- tailed in numbers and re-organized. In August, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 215 1892, the comer-stone of a second bailding was laid witli appropriate Masonic ceremonies, tlie new struct uro occupying tlie site of the old, but being larger, better arranged and better equipped. Women were admitted as students in 187071 and co-education of the sexes has ever since continued an established feature of the institution. For more than thirty-five years a free dispensary has been in operation in connection with the college. HAINES, John Charles, Mayor of Chicago and legislator, was born in Oneida County, N. Y., May 26, 1818; came to Chicago in 1835, and, for the next eleven years, was employed in various pursuits; served three terms (1848-54) in the City Council; was twice elected Water Commissioner (1853 and "56), and, in 1858, was chosen Mayor, serving two terms. lie also served as Delegate from Cook County in the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1869-70, and, in 1874, was elected to the State Senate from the First District, serving in the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth General Assem- blies. At the session of 1877 he received sixty- nine votes for the seat in the United States Senate to which Judge David Davis was after- wards elected. Mr. Haines was a member of the Chicago Historical Society, was interested in the old Chicago West Division Railway and President of the Savings Institute. During his later years he was a resident of Waukegan, dying there, July 4, 1896. —Elijah Middlebrook (Haines), brother of the preceding, lawyer, politician and legislator, was born in Oneida County, N. Y., April 21, 1822 ; came to Illinois in boyhood, locat- ing first at Chicago, but, a year later, went to Lake County, where he resided imtil his death. His education, rudimentary, classical and profes- sional, was self-acquired. He began to occupy and cultivate a farm for himself before attaining his majority; studied law, and, in 1851, was admitted to the bar, beginning practice at Wau- kegan; in 1860 opened an office in Chicago, still, however, making his home at Waukegan. In 1855 he published a compilation of the Illinois township laws, followed by a "Treatise on the Powers and Duties of Justices of the Peace. " He made similar compilations of the township laws of Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Missouri. By nature Mr. Haines was an agitator, and his career as a politician both checkered and iinicpie. Originally a Democrat, he abandoned that or- ganization upon the formation of the Republican party, and was elected by the latter to the Legis- lature from Lake County in 1858, '60 and "62. In 1867 became into prominence as an antimonopo- Ust, and on this issue was elected to the Consti- tutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1870 he was again chosen to the Legislature as an "independ- ent," and, as such, re-elected in '74. '82, '84, '86 and '88, receiving the support, however, of the Demo- crats in a District normally Republican. He served as Speaker during the sessions of 1875 and '85, the party strength in each of these Assemblies being so equalh' divided that he either held, or was able to control, the balance of power. He was an adroit parliamentarian, but his decisions were the cause of much severe criticism, being regarded by both Democrats and Republicans as often arbitrary and unjust. The two sessions over which he presided were among the stormiest in the State's history. Died, at Waukegan, April 25, 1889. HALE, Albert, pioneer clergyman, was born at Glastonbury, Conn., Nov. 29, 1799; after some years spent as a clerk in a country store at Wethersfield, completed a course in the theolog- ical department of Yale College, later serving as a home missionary, in Georgia; came to Illinois in 1831, doing home missionary work in Bond County, and, in 1833, was sent to Chicago, where his open candor, benignity and blameless conduct enabled him to exert a powerful influence over the drunken aborigines who constituted a large and menacing class of the population of what was then a frontier town. In 1839 he assumed the pastorate of the Second Presbyterian Church in Springfield, continuing that connection until 1865. From that time until his death, his life was largely devoted to missionary work among the extremely poor and the pariahs of society. Among these he wielded a large influence and ahvajs commanded genuine respect from all denominations. His forte was love rather than argument, and in this lay the secret of his suc- cess. Died, in Springfield, Jan. 30, 1891. HALE, (Dr.) Ediviu M., pliysiciau, was born in Newport, N. H.. in 1829, commenced the study of medicine in 1848 and, in 1850, entered the Cleveland Homeopathic College, at the end of the session locating at Jonesville, Mich. From 1855 he laboreil in the interest of a representation of liomeopathy in the University of Michigan. When this was finally accomplished, he was offered the chair of Materia ileilica and Thera- peutics, but was compelled to decline in conse- quence of having been elected to the same position in the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago. In 1876 he made a visit to Europe, and, on his return, severed his connection witli the Hahne- mann and accepted a similar position in the Chi- cago Homeopathic College, where he remained 216 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. five years when he retired with the rank of Pro- fessor Emeritus. Dr. Hale was the author of several Tolumes held in high esteem by members of the profession, and maintained a high reputa- tion for professional skill and benevolence of character. He was a member of the Chicago Academy of Sciences and an honorary member of various home and foreign associations. Died, in Chicago, Jan. 18, 1899. HALL, (CoL) Cyrus, soldier, was born in Fay- ette County, 111., August 29, 1823— the son of a pioneer who came to Illinois about the time of its admission as a State. He served as Second Lieutenant in the Third Illinois Volunteers (Col. Foreman's regiment), during the Mexican War. and, in 1860, removed to Slielbyville to engage in hotel-keeping. The Civil War coming on, he raised the first company for the war in Shelby County, which was attached to the Fourteenth Illinois (Col. John M. Palmer's regiment); was promptly promoted from Captain to Major and finally to Lieutenant-Colonel, on the promotion of Palmer to Brigadier-General, succeeding to command of the regiment. The Fourteenth Regiment having been finally consolidated with the Fifteenth, Lieutenant-Colonel Hall was transferred, with the rank of Colonel, to the command of the One Hundred and Forty-fourth Illinois, which he resigned in March, 1864, was brevetted Brigadier-General for gallant and meritorious service in the field, in March, 1865, and mustered out Sept. 16, 1865. Returning to Shelbyville, he engaged in the furniture trade, later was appointed Postmaster, serving some ten years and until his death, Sept. 6. 1878. HALL, James, legislator, jurist, State Treasurer and author, was born in Philadelphia, August 19, 1793; after serving in the War of 1812 and spending some time with Com. Stephen Decatur in the Mediterranean, in 1815, he studied law, beginning practice at Shawneetown, in 1820. He at once assumed prominence as a citizen, was appointed State's Attorney in 1821, and elevated to the bench of the Circuit Court in 1825. He was legislated out of office two years later and resumed private practice, making his home at Vandalia, where he was associated with Robert Blackwell in the publication of "The Illinois Intelligencer." The same year (1827) he was elected by the Legislature State Treasurer, con- tinuing in office four years. Later he removed to Cincinnati, where he died, July 5. 1868. He con- ducted "The Western Monthly Magazine," the first periodical published in Illinois. Among his published volumes may be mentioned "Tales of the Border," "Notes on the Western States," "Sketches of the West," "Romance of Western History," and "History of the Indian Tribes." HAMER, Thomas, soldier and legislator, was born in Union County, Pa., June 1, 1818; came to Illinois in 1846 and began business as a mer- chant at Vermont, Fulton County; in 1862 assisted in recruiting the Eighty-fourth Illinois Volunteers and was elected Lieutenant-Colonel; was wounded in the battle of Stone River, re- turned to duty after partial recovery, but was finally compelled to retire on account of disabil- ity. Returning home he resumed business, but retired in 1878 ; was elected Representative in the General Assembly in 1886 and to the Senate in 1888, and re-elected to the latter in 1892, making ten years of continuous service. HAMILTON, a city in Hancock County, on the Mississippi River opposite Keokuk, Iowa ; at junc- tion of the Toledo, Peoria & Western and Keokuk branch of the Wabash Railway. Its position at the foot of the lower rapids insures abundant water power for manufacturing purposes. An iron railroad and wagon bridge connects the Illi- nois city with Keokuk. It has two banks, elec- tric lights, one newspaper, six churches, a high school, and an apiary. The surrounding country is a farming and fruit district. A sanitarium is located here. Population (1890), 1,301; (1900), 1,344. HAMILTON, John B., M.D, LL.D., surgeon, was born of a pioneer family in Jersey County, 111., Dec. 1, 1847, his grandfather. Thomas M. Hamilton, having removed from Ohio in 1818 to Monroe County, 111., where the father of the sub- ject of this sketch was born. The latter (Elder Benjamin B. Hamilton) was for fifty years a Baptist preacher, chiefly in Greene County, and, from 1862 to '65, Chaplain of the Sixty-first Illi- nois Volunteers. Young Hamilton, having re- ceived his literary education at home and with a classical teacher at Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1863 began the study of medicine, and the following year attempted to enlist as a soldier, but was rejected on account of being a minor. In 1869 he graduated from Rush Medical College in Chicago, and, for the next five years, was engaged in gen- eral practice. Then, having passed an examina- tion before an Army Examining Board, he was appointed Assistant Surgeon in the regular army with the rank of First Lieutenant, serving suc- cessively at Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis ; Fort Colville, Washington, and in the Marine Hospital at Boston ; in 1879 became Supervising Surgeon- General as successor to Gen. John M. Woodworth HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 217 and, during the yellow-fever epidemic in the South, a few years later, rendered efficient service in checking tlie spread of the disease by taking charge of the camp of refugees from Jacksonville and other stricken points. Resigning the position of Surgeon-General in 1891, he took charge of the Marine Hospital at Chica,go and became Pro- fessor of Surgery in Rush Medical College, besides holding other allied positions; was also editor of "The Journal of the American Medical Associ- ation." In 1896 he resigned his position in the Medical Department of the United States Army, in 1897 was appointed Superintendent for the Northern Hospital for the Insane at Elgin, but died, Dec. 24, 1898. HAMILTON, John L., farmer and legislator, was born at Newry, Ireland, Nov. 9, 1829; emi- grated to Jersey County, 111., in 1851, where he began life working on a farm. Later, he followed the occupation of a farmer in Mason and Macou- pin Counties, finally locating, in 1864, in Iroquois County, which has since been his home. After filling various local offices, in 1875 he was elected County Treasurer of Iroquois County as a Repub- lican, and twice re-elected (1877 and '79), also, in 1880, being Chairman of the Republican County Central Committee. In 1884 he was elected to the House of Representatives, being one of the "103" who stood by General Logan in the mem- orable Senatorial contest of 1885 ; was re-elected in 1886, and again returned to the same body in 1890 and '98. HAMILTON. John Marshall, lawyer and ex- Governor, was born in Union County, Ohio, May 28, 1847; when 7 years of age, was brought to Illinois by his father, who settled on a farm in Marshall County. In 1864 (at the age of 17) he enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty-first Illi- nois Volunteers — a 100-day regiment. After being mvistered out, he matriculated at the Wes- leyan (Ohio) University, from which he gradu- ated in 1868. For a year he tauglit school at Henry, and later became Profe.ssor of Languages at the Wesleyan (111.) University at Blooming- ton. He was admitted to the bar in 1870, and has been a successful practitioner at the bar. In 1876 he was elected State Senator from McLean County, and, in 1880, Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket with Gov. Shelby M. Cullom. On Feb. 6, 1883, he was inaugurated Governor, to succeed Governor Cullom, who had been chosen United States Senator. In 1884 he was a candidate for the gtibernatorial nomination before the Repub- lican State Convention at Peoria, but that Imdy selected ex-Gov. and ex-Senator Richard J. Oglesby to head the State ticket. Since then Governor Hamilton has been a prominent practi- tioner at the Chicago bar. HAMILTON, Richard Jones, pioneer lawyer, was born near Danville. Kj"., August 21, 1799; studied law and. about 1820, came to Jonesboro, Union County, 111., in company with Abner Field, afterwards State Treasurer ; in 1821 was appointed cashier of the newly established Branch State Bank at Brownsville, Jackson County, but, in 1831, removed to Chicago, Governor Reynolds having appointed him the first Probate Judge of Cook County. At the same time he also held the offices of Circuit and County Clerk, Recorder and Commissioner of School lands — the sale of the Chicago school section being made under his administration. He was a Colonel of State militia and, in 1832, took an active part in raising volun- ters for defense during the Black Hawk War; also was a candidate for the colonelcy of the Fifth Regiment for the Mexican War (1847), but was defeated by Colonel Newby. In 1856 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Lieu- tenant-Governor on the Democratic ticket. Died, Dec. 26, 1860. HAMILTON, William Stephen, pioneer — son of Alexander Hamilton, first United States Secre- tary of the Treasury — was born in New York City, August 4, 1797; spent three years (1814-17), at West Point ; came west and located at an early day at Springfield, 111. ; was a deputy surveyor of public lands, elected Representative from Sanga- mon County, in the Fourth General Assembly (1824-26); in 1827 removed to the Lead Mine region and engaged in mining at "Hamilton's Diggings" (now Wiota) in southwest Wisconsin, and occasionally practiced law at Galena ; was a member of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature of 1842-43, emigrated to California in 1849, and died in Sacramento, Oct. 9, 1850, where, some twenty years later, a monument was erected to his memory. Colonel Hamilton was an aid-de- camp of Governor Coles, who sent him forward to meet General La Fayette on his way from New Orleans, on occasion of La Fayette's visit to Illi- nois in 1825. HAMILTON COUNTY, situated in the south- eastern part of the State; has an area of 440 square miles, and population (1900) of 20,197 — named for Alexander Hamilton. It was organ- ized in 1821, with McLeansboro as the county- seat. The surface of the county is rolling and the fertile soil well watered and drained by numerous creeks, flowing east and south into the Wabash, which constitutes its southeastern 218 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. botindary. Coal crops out at various points in the southwestern portion. Originally Hamilton County was a dense forest, and timber is still abundant and saw-mills numerous. Among the hard woods found are black and wliite oak, black walnut, ash and hickory. The softer woods are in unusual variety. Corn and tobacco are the principal crops, although considerable fruit is cultivated, besides oats, winter wheat and pota- toes. Sorghum is also extensively produced. Among the pioneer settlers was a Mr. Auxier (for whom a water course was named), in 1815; Adam Crouch, the Biggerstaffs and T. Stelle, in 1818, and W. T. Golson and Louis Baxter, in 1821. The most important town is McLeansboro, whose population in 1890 was 1,3.5.5. HAMMOND, Charles Goodrich, Railway Mana- ger, was born at Bolton, Conn., June 4, 1804, spent his youth in Chenango County, N. Y., where he became Principal of the Whitesboro Seminary (in which he was partially educated), and entered mercantile life at Canandaigua; in 1834 removed to Michigan, where he held various offices, including member of the Legisla- ture and Auditor; in 18.52 completed the con- struction of the Michigan Central Railroad (the first Une from the East) to Chicago, and took up his residence in that city. In 1855 he became Superintendent of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, but soon resigned to take a trip to Europe for the benefit of his health. Returning from Europe in 1869, he accepted the Superintendency of the Union Pacific Railroad, but was compelled to resign by failing health, later becoming Vice-President of the Pullman Palace Car Company. He was Treasurer of the Chicago Relief & Aid Society after the fire of 1871, and one of the founders of the Chicago Theological Seminary (Congregational); also President, for several years, of the Chicago Home for the Friend- less. Died, April 15, 1884. HAMPSHIRE, a village of Kane County, on the Omaha Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 51 miles west-northwest from Chicago. There are brick and tile works, a large canning factory, pickle factory, and machine shop ; dairy and stock interests are large. The place has a bank, electric lights and water-works, and a weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 096; (1900), TOO. HANCOCK COUNTY, on the western border of the State, bounded on the west by the Mississippi River; was organized in 1825 and named for John Hancock ; has an area of 709 square miles ; popu- lation (1900), 33,215. Its early settlers were chiefly from the Middle and Southern States, among them being I. J. Waggen, for nearly sixty years a resident of Montebello Township. Black Hawk, the famous Indian Chief, is reputed to have been born within the limits of Camp Creek Township, in this county. Fort Edwards was erected on the present site of Warsaw, soon after the War of 1812, but was shortly afterwards evac- uated. Abraham Lincoln, a cousin of the Presi- dent of that name, was one of the early settlers. Among the earliest were John Day, Abraham Brewer, Jacob Compton, D. F. Parker, the Dixons, Mendenhalls, Logans, and Luther Whitney. James White, George Y. Cutler and Henry Nich- ols were the first Commissioners. In 1839 the Mormons crossed the Missis.sippi, after being expelled from Missouri, and founded the city of Nauvoo in this county. (See Mormoyis, Nauvoo.) Carthage and Appanoose were surveyed and laid out in 1835 and 1830. A ferry across the Missis- sippi was established at Montebello (near the present site of Hamilton) in 1829, and another, two years later, near the site of old Fort Edwards. The county is crossed by six lines of railway, has a fine public school system, numerous thriving towns, and is among the wealthy counties of the State. HANDY, Moses Purnell, journalist, was born at Warsaw, Mo., April 14, 1847; before he was one year old was taken back to Maryland, his parents' native State. He was educated at Ports- mouth, Va., and was a student at the Virginia Collegiate Institute at the breaking out of the Civil War, when he joined the Confederate army at the age of seventeen. When the war ended Handy found himself penniless. He was school- teacher and book-canvasser by turns, meantime writing some for a New York paper. Later he became a clerk in the office of "The Christian Observer" in Richmond. In 1867, by some clever reporting for "The Richmond Dispatch," he was able to secure a regular position on the local staff of that paper, quickly gaining a reputation as a successful reporter, and, in 1.809, becoming city editor. From this time until 1887 his promotion was rapid, being employed at different times upon many of the most prominent and influential papers in the East, including "The New York Tribune," "Richmond Enquirer," and, in Phila- delphia, upon "The Times," "The Press" and "Dailj' News." In 1893, at the request of Director- General Davis of the World's Columbian Exposi- tion, Mr. Handy accepted the position of Chief of the Department of Publicity and Promotion, pre- ferring this to the Consul-Generalship to Egypt, tendered him about the same time by President HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 219 Harrison. Later, as a member of the National Commission to Europe, he did much to arouse the interest of foreign countries in the Exposition. For some time after the World's Fair, he was associate editor of "The Chicago Tiines-Herald." In 1897, having beou appointed by President Mclvinley United States Commissioner to the Paris Exposition of 1900, he visited Paris. Upon his return to this country he found himself in very poor health, and went South in a vain attempt to regain his lost strength and vigor, but died, at Augusta, Ga., Jan. 8, 1898. HANKS, Dennis, pioneer, born in Hardin County, Ky., Maj- l^, 1799; was a cousin of the mother of Abraham Lincoln and, although ten years the senior of the latter, was his intimate friend in boyhood. Being of a sportive disposi- tion, he often led the future President in boyish pranks. About 1818, he joined the Lincoln house- hold in Spencer County, Ind., and finally married Sarah Johnston, the step-sister of Mr. Lincoln, the families removing to Macon County, 111., together, in 1830. A year or so later, Mr. Hanks removed to Coles Count}', where he remained until some three years before his death, when he went to reside with a daughter at Paris, Edgar County. It has been claimed that he first taught the youthful Abraham to read and write, and this has secured for him the title of Mr. Lincoln's teacher. He has also been credited with having once saved Lincoln from death by drowning while crossing a swollen stream. Austin Gollaher, a school- and play-mate of Lincoln's, has also made the same claim for himself — the two stories pre- sumably referring to the same event After the riot at Charleston, 111., in March, 1863, in which several persons were killed, Hanks made a visit to President Lincoln in Washington in the inter- est of some of the arrested rioters, and, although they were not immediately released, the fact that they were ordered returned to Charleston for trial and finally escaped punisliment, has been attributed to Hanks' influence with the President. He died at Paris, Edgar County, Oct. 31. 1892, in the 94th year of his age, as the result of injuries received from being run over by a buggy while returning from an Emancipation-Day celebra- tion, near that city, on the 22d day of September previous. HANKS, John, pioneer, a cousin of the mother of Abraham Lincoln, was born near Bardstown, Ky., Feb. 9, 1802; joined the Lincolns in Spencer County, Ind., in 1822, and made his home with them two years; engaged in flat boating, making numerous trips to New Orleans, in one of them being accompanied by Abraham Lincoln, then about 19 years of age, who then had his feelings aroused against slavery by his first sight of a slave-mart. In 1828 Mr. Hanks removed to Macon County, 111., locating about four miles west of Decatur, and it was partly through his influence that the Lincolns were induced to emi- grate to the same locality in 1830. Hanks had cut enough logs to build the Lincolns a house when they arrived, and these were hauled by Abraham Lincoln to the site of the house, which was erected on the north bank of the Sangamon River, near the present site of Harristown. Dur- ing the following summer he and Abraham Lin- coln worked together splitting rails to fence a portion of the land taken up by the elder Lincoln — some of these rails being the ones displayed during the campaign of 1860. In 1831 Hanks and Lincoln worked together in the construction of a flat-boat on the Sangamon River, near Spring- field, for a man named Off utt, which Lincoln took to New Orleans — Hanks only going as far as St. Louis, when he returned home. In 1832, Hanks served as a soldier of the Mexican War in the company commanded by Capt. I. C. Pugh, afterwanls Colonel of the Forty-first Illinois Volunteer Infantry during the Civil War. He followed the occupation of a farmer until 18,50, when he went to California, where he spent three years, returning in 18.'J3. In 1861 he enlLsted as a soldier in the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteer Infantry (afterwards commanded by General Grant), but being already 59 years of age, was placed by Grant in charge of the baggage-train, in which capacity he remained two years, serving in Missouri, Tennessee, Arkansas, Kentucky, Alabama and Mississijipi. While Grant was with the regiment. Hanks had charge of the staff team. Being disabled by rheumatism, he was finally discharged at Winchester, Tenn. He made three trips to California after the war. Died, July 1, 1891. HANMHAL & NAPLES RAILROAD. (See Wabaxh R, His business- life in Illinois was devoted to farming and salt- manufacture. H.'D, a city in the southeastern part of Madison County, founded in 1886 and located on the Vandalia line, 32 miles east of St. Louis. Its manufacturing industries include a milk-con- densing plant, creamer}', flour and planing mills, breweries, embroidery works, etc. It contains several churches and schools, a Roman Catholic Seminary, a hospital, and has three newspapers — one German. The early settlers were Germans of the most thrift}' and enterprising classes. The surro\inding country is agricultural. Popu- lation (18.si)). 1,900; (1890), 1,8.57; (1900, decennial censas). 1,970. HIGHLAND PARK, an incorporated city of I.Ake County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 23 miles north-northwest of Chicago. It has a salubrious site on a blutf 100 feet above ■ Lake Michigan, and is a favorite residence and healtli resort. It lias a large hotel, several clnirches, a military academy, and a weekly paper. Two Waukegan jiapers issue editions here. Population (1890), 2,163; (1900), 2,806. HILDRUP, Jesse S., la\vyer and legislator, was bom in Middletown, Conn., March 14, 1833 ; at 15 removed to the State of New York and after- wards to Harrisburg, Pa. ; in 1860 came to Belvi- dere, 111., where he began the practice of law, also serving as Corporation Trustee and Township Supervisor, and, during the latter years of the war, as Deputy Provost Marshal. His first im- portant elective office was that of Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1870, but he was elected Representative in the General As.sem- bly the same year, and again in 1873. While in the House he took a prominent part in the legis- lation which resulted in the organization of the Railroad and Warehouse Board. Mr. Hildrup was also a Republican Presidential Elector in 1868, and United States Marshal for the Northern District of Illinois from 1877 to 1881. During the last few years much of his time has been spent in California for the benefit of the health of some members of his family. HILL, Charles Augustus, ex-Congressman, was born at Truxton, Cortland County, N. Y., August 2.3, 1833. He acquired his early education by dint of hard labor, and much privation. In 1854 he removed to Illinois, settling in Will County, where, for several years, he taught school, as he had done while in New York. Meanwhile he read law, his last instructor being Hon. H. C. Newcomb, of Indianapolis, where he was admitted to the bar. He returned to Will County in 1860, and, in 1862, enlisted in the Eighth Illinois Cavalry, participating in the battle of Antietam. Later he was commissioned First Lieutenant in the First United Statee Regi- ment of Colored Troops, with which he remained until the close of the war, rising to the rank of Captain. In 1865 he returned to Joliet and to tlie practice of his profession. In 1868 he was elected State's Attorney for the district comprising Will and Grundy Counties, but declined a renomina- tion. In 1888 he was the successful Republican candidate for Congress from the Eighth Illinois District, but wiis defeated for re-election in 1890 by Lewis Steward, Democrat. HILLSKORO, an incorporated city, the oount}'- seat of Montgomery' County, on the CleveLind, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 67 miles northeast of St. Louis. Its manufactures are flour, brick and tile, carriages and hame«e. 234 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. furniture and woolen goods. It has a high school, banks and two weekly newspapers. The surrounding region is agricultural, though con- siderable coal is mined in the vicinity. Popula- tion (1880), 2,858; (1800), 2,.500; (1900), 1,937. HINCKLEY, a village of De Kalb County, on the Rochelle Division of tlie Chicago, Burlington & Qulncy Railroad, 18 miles west of Aurora; in rich agricultural and dairying region ; has grain elevators, brick and tile works, water system and electric light plant. Pep. (1890), 496; (1900), 587. HIXRICHSEX, William H., ex-Secretary of State and ex-Congressman, was born at Franklin, Morgan County, 111., May 27, 1850; educated at the University of Illinois, spent four years in the office of his father, who was stock-agent of the Wabash Railroad, and six years (1874-80) as Deputy Sheriff of Morgan County; then went into the newspaper business, editing the Jackson- ville "Evening Courier," until 1880, after which he was connected with "Tlie Quincy Herald," to 1890, when he returned to Jacksonville and re- sumed liis place on ' 'The Courier. ' " He was Clerk of the House of Representatives in 1891, and elected Secretary of State in 1892, serving until January, 1897. Mr. Hinrichsen has been a mem- ber of the Democratic State Central Committee since 1890, and was Chairman of that body dur- ing 1894-96. In 1896 Mr. Hinrichsen was the nominee of his party for Congress in the Six- teenth District and was elected by over 6,000 majority, but failed to secure a renomination in 1898. HINSDALE, a village in Du Page County and popular residence suburb, on the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, 17 miles west-south- west of Chicago. It has four churches, a gi-aded school, an academy, electric light plant, water- works, sewerage system, and two weekly news- papers. Population (1890), 1,584; (1900), 2,578. HITCHCOCK, Charles, lawyer, was born at Hanson, Plymouth County, Mass., April 4, 1827; studied at Dartmouth College and at Harvard Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1854, soon afterward establishing himself for the prac- tice of his profession in Chicago. In 18G9 Mr. Hitchcock was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, which was the only important pub- lic office that he held, though his capacity was recognized by his election to the Presidency of that body. Died, May 6, 1881. HITCHCOCK, Luke, clergyman, was born April 13, 1813, at Lebanon, N. Y, , entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1884, and, after supplying various charges in that State during the next five years, in 1839 came to Chicago, becoming one of the most influential factors in the Methodist denomination in Noithern Illinois. Between that date and 1860 lie was identified, as regular pastor or Pre- siding Elder, with churches at Dixon, Ottawa, Belvidere, Rockford, Mount Morris, St. Charles and Chicago (the old Clark Street church), with two years' service (1841-43) as agent of Rock River Seminary at Mount Morris — his itinerant labors being interrupted at two or three periods by ill-health, compelling him to assume a super- annuated relation. From 1852 to '80, inclusive, he was a delegate every four years to the General Conference. In 1860 he was appointed Agent of the Western Book Concern, and, as the junior representative, was placed in charge of the depository at Chicago — in 1868 becoming the Senior Agent, and so remaining until 1880. His subsequent service included two terms as Presid- ing Elder for the Dixon and Chicago Districts; the position of Superintendent of the Chicago Home Missionary and Church Extension Society ; Superintendent of the Wesley Hoispital (which he assisted to organize), his last position being that of Corresponding Secretary of the Superannu- ates' Relief Association. He was also influential in securing the establishment of a church paper in Chicago and the founding of the Northwestern University and Garrett Biblical Institute. Died, while on a visit to a daughter at East Orange, N. J., Nov. 12, 1898. HITT, Daniel F., civil engineer and soldier, was born in Bourbon County, Ky., June 13, 1810 — the son of a Methodist preacher who freed his slaves and removed to Urbana, Ohio, in 1814. In 1829 the son began the study of engineering and, removing to Illinois the following year, was ap- pointed Assistant Engineer on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, later being employed in survey- ing some sixteen years. Being stationed at Prairie du Chien at the time of the Black Hawk War (1832), he was attached to the Stephenson Rangers for a j'ear, but at the end of that period resumed surveying and, having settled in La Salle County, became the first Surveyor of that county. In 1861 he joined Colonel Cushman, of Ottawa, in the organization of the Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, was mustered into the service in Slarch, 1862, and commissioned its Lieutenant- Colonel. The regiment took part in various battles, including those of Shiloh, Corinth and La Grange, Term. In the latter Colonel Hitt received an injury by being thrown from his horse which compelled his resignation and from HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 235 which he never fully recovered. Returning to Ottawa, he continued to reside there until his death, May 11, 1899. Colonel Hitt was father of Andrew J. Hitt, General Superintendent of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and uncle of Congressman Robert R. Hitt of Mount Morris. Originally a Democrat, he allied himself with the Republican party on the breaking out of the Civil War. He was a thirty second degree Mason and prominent in Grand Army circles. HITT, Isaac R., real-estate operator, was born at Boonsboro, Md., June 2, 1828; in 1845 entered the freshman class at Asbury University, Ind., graduating in 1849. Then, removing to Ottawa, III., he was engaged for a time in farming, but, in 18,'52, entered into the forwarding anil com- mission business at La Salle. Having meanwhile devoted some attention to real-estate law, in IS.")!! he began buying and selling real estate while continuing his farming operations, adding thereto coal-mining. In May, 1856, he was a delegate from La Salle County to the State Convention at Bloomington wliich resulted in the organization of the Republican party in Illinois. Removing to Chicago in 1860, he engaged in the real-estate business there; in 1862 was appointed on a com- mittee of citizens to look after the interests of woundeil Illinois soldiers after the battle of Fort Donelson, in that capacity visiting hospitals at Cairo, Evansville, Paducah and Nashville. Dur- ing the war he engaged to some extent in tlie business of prosecuting soldiers' claims. Mr. Hitt has been a member of botli the Chicago and the National Academy of Sciences, and, in 1869, was appointed by Governor Palmer on the Com- mission to laj' out the park system of Chicago. Since 1871 he has resided at Evanston, where he aided in the erection of the Woman's College in connection with the Northwestern University. In 1876 he was appointed by the Governor agent to prosecute the claims of the State for swamp lands within its limits, and has given much of his attention to that business since. HITT, Robert Roberts, Congressman, was born at Urbana, Ohio, Jan. 16, 18.34. AVlien he was three years old his parents removed to Illinois, settling in Ogle County. His education wag acquired at Rock River Seminary (now Mount Morris College), and at De Pauw University, Ind. In 1858 3Ir. Hitt was one of the reporters who reported the celebrated debate of that year between Lincoln and Douglas. From December, 1874. until March, '81, he was connected with the United States embassy at Paris, serving as First Secretary of Legation and Charge d' Affaires ad interim. He was Assistant Secretary of State in 1881, but resigned the post in 1882, having been elected to Congress from the Sixth Illinois Dis- trict to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of R. M. A. Hawk. By eight successive re-elec- tions he has represented the District continuously since, his career being conspicuous for long serv- ice. In that time he has taken an important part in the deliberations of the House, -serving as Chairman of many important committees, not- ably that on Foreign Affairs, of which he has been Chairman for several terms, and for which his diplomatic experience well qualifies him. In 1898 he was appointed by President JIcKinley a member of the Committee to visit Hawaii and report upon a form of government for that por- tion of the newly acquired national domain. Mr. Hitt was strongly supported as a candidate for the United States Senate in 1895, and favorably considered for the position of Minister to Eng- land after the retirement of Secretary Day in 1898. HOBART, Horace R., was born in Wisconsin in 18.39 : graduated at Beloit College and, after a brief experience in newspaper work, enlisted, in 1861, in the First Wisconsin Cavalry and was assigned to duty as Battalion Quartermaster. Being wounded at Helena, Ark., he was com- pelled to resign, but afterwards served as Deputy Provost Marshal of the Second Wisconsin Dis- trict. In 1866 he reentered newspaper work as reporter on "The Chicago Tribune," and later was associated, as city editor, with "The Chicago Evening Post"' and "Evening Mail"; later was editor of "The Jacksonville Daily Journal" and "The Cliicago Morning Courier," also being, for some years from 1869, Western Manager of the American Press Association. In 1876, Mr. Hobart became one of the editors of "The Railway Age" (Cliicago), with which he remained until the close of the ye.ar 1898, when he retired to give his attention to real-estate matters. HOFFMAX, Francis A., Lieutenant-Governor (1861-65), was born at Ilerford. Prussia, in 1822, and emigrated to America in 1839, reaching Chica- go the same year. There he became a boot-black in a leading hotel, but within a month was teaching a small German scliool at Dunkley's Grove (now Addison), Du Page County, and later officiating as a Lutheran minister. In 1847 he represented that county in the River and Harbor Convention at Chicago. In 1852 he removed to Cliicago, and, the following year, entered the City Council. Later, he embarked in the real-estate business, and, in 1854, opened a banking house, but was 236 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. forced to assign in 1861. He early became a recognized anti-slavery leader and a contributor to the German press, and, in 1850, was nominated for Lieutenant-Governor on the first Republican State ticket with William H. Bissell, but was found ineligible by reason of his short residence in the United States, and withdrew, giving place to John Wood of Quincy. In 1860 he was again nominated, and liaving in the meantime become eligible, was elected. In 1864 he was a Repub- lican candidate for Presidential Elector, and assisted in Mr. Lincoln's second election. He was at one time Foreign Land Commissioner for the Illinois Central Railroad, and acted as Consul at Chicago for several German States. For a number of years past Mr. Hoffman has been editor of an agricultural paper in Southern Wisconsin. HOGAX, Jolin, clergyman and early politician, was born in the city of Mallow, County of Cork, Ireland, Jan. 2, 1805; brought in childhood to Baltimore, Md., and having been left an orphan at eight years of age, learned the trade of a shoe- maker. In 1826 he became an itinerant Metlio- dist preacher, and, coming west the same year, preaclied at various points in Indiana, Illinois and Missouri. In 1830 he was married to Miss Mary Mitchell West, of Belleville, 111., and soon after, having retired from the itinerancy, engaged in mercantile business at Edwardsville and Alton. In 1836 he was elected Representative in the Tenth General Assembly from Madison County, two years later was appointed a Commissioner of Public Works and, being re-elected in 1840, was made President of the Board ; in 1841 was ap- pointed by President Harrison Register of the Land Office at Dixon, where he remained until 1845. During the anti-slavery excitement which attended the assassination of Elijah P. Lovejoy in 1837, he was a resident of Alton and was re- garded by the friends of Lovejoy as favoring the pro-slavery faction. After retiring from the Land Office at Dixon, he removed to St. Louis, where he engaged in the wholesale grocery busi- ness. In his early political life he was a Whig, but later co-operated with tl\e Democratic party ; in 1857 he was appointed by President Buchanan Postmaster of the city of St. Louis, serving until the accession of Lincoln in 1861 ; in 1864 was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth Con- gress, serving two years. He was also a delegate to the National Union (Democratic) Convention at Philadelphia in 1866. After his retirement from the Methodist itinerancy he continued to officiate as a "local" preacher and was esteemed a speaker of unusual eloquence and ability. His death occurred, Feb. 5, 1893. He is author of sev- eral volumes, including "The Resources of Mis- souri," "Commerce and Manufactures of St. Louis," and a "History of Methodism." HOGE, Joseph P., Congressman, was born in Ohio early in the century and came to Galena, 111. , in 1836, where he attained prominence as a lawyer. In 1842 he was elected Representative in Congress, as claimed at the time by the aid of the Mormon vote at Nauvoo, serving one term. ■ In 1853 he went to San Francisco, Cal., and be- came a Judge in that State, dying a few years since at the age of over 80 years. He is repre- sented to have been a man of much ability and a graceful and eloquent orator. Mr. Hoge was a son-in-law of Thomas C. Browne, one of the Jus- tices of the first Supreme Court of Illinois who lield office until 1848. HOLUSTER, (Dr.) John Hamilton, physi- cian, was born at Riga, N. Y., in 1824; was brought to Romeo, Mich., by his parents in in- fancy, but his father having died, at the age of 17 went to Rochester, N. Y., to be educated, finally graduating in medicine at Berkshire College, Mass., in 1847, and beginning practice at Otisco, Mich. Two years later he removed to Grand Rapids and, in 1855, to Chicago, where he held, for a time, the position of demonstrator of anat- omy in Rush Medical College, and, in 1856, be- came one of the founders of the Chicago Medical College, in whicli he has held various chairs. He also served as Surgeon of Mercy Hospital and was, for twenty years. Clinical Professor in the same institution; was President of the State Medical Society, and, for twenty years, its Treas- urer. Other positions held by him have been those of Trustee of the American Medical Associ- ation and editor of its journal. President of the Young Men's Christian Association and of the Chicago Congregational Club. He has also been prominent in Sunday School and church work in connection with the Armour Mission, with which he has been associated for many years. HOME FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS, (FE- MALE). The establishment of this institution was authorized by act of June 22, 1893, which appropriated §73,000 towards its erection and maintenance, not more than §15,000 to be ex- pended for a site. (See also State Ouardians for Girh.) It is designed to receive girls between the ages of 10 and 16 committed thereto by any court of record upon conviction of a misdemeanor, the term of commitment not to be less than one year, or to exceed minority. Justices of the X eg o a o o 5i Z Kg s 3 1^ a a B '5 P5 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 337 Peace, however, may send girls for a term not less than three months. The act of incorporation provides for a commutation of sentence to be earned by good conduct and a prolongation of the sentence by bad behavior. The Trustees are empowered, in their discretion, either to appren- tice the girLs or to adopt them out during tlieir minority. Temiwrarj" quarters were furnished for the Home during the first two years of its existence in Chicago, but permanent buildings for the institution have been erected on the banks of Fox River, near Geneva, in Kane County. HOMER, a village in Champaign County, on the Wabash Railway, 20 miles west-.southwest from Danville and about 18 miles east-southeast from Champaign. It supports a carriage factory; also has two banks, several churches, a seminary, an opera liouse, and one weekly paper. The region is cliiefly agricultural. Population (1880), 934; (1890), 917; (1900), 1,080. HOMESTEAD LAWS. In general such laws have been defined to be "legislation enacted to secure, to some extent, the enjoj-ment of a home and shelter for a family or individual by exempt- ing, under certain conditions, the residence occu- pied b}' the family or individual, from liability to be sold for the payment of the debts of its owner, and by restricting his rights of free alienation." In Illinois, this exemption extends to the farm and dwelling thereon of every houseliolder hav- ing a family, and occupied as a. residence, whether owned or possessed under a lease, to the value of 51,000. The exemption continues after death, for the benefit of decedent's %vife or hus- band occupying the homestead, and also of the children, if any, until the youngest attain the age of 21 years. Husband and wife must join in releasing the exemption, but the property is always liable for improvements thereon. — In 1862 Congress passed an act known as the "Homestead Law" for the protection of the rights of settlers on public lands under certain restrictions as to active occupancy, under which most of that class of lands since taken for settlement have been purchased. HOMEWOOD, a village of Cook County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 23 miles south of Chi- cago. Population, (1900), 3,52. HOOLEV, Richard M., theatrical manager, was born in Ireland, .Vpril 13, 1822; at the age of 18 entered the theater as a musician and, four years later, came to America, soon after forming an association with E. P. Chri.sty, the originator of negro minstrelsy entertainments which went under his name. In 1848 Mr. Hooley conducted a company of minstrels through the principal towns of England, Scotland and Ireland, and to some of the cliief cities on the continent; re- turned to America five years later, and subse- quently managed houses in San Francisco, Philadelphia, Brooklyn and New York, finally locating in Chicago in 1809, where he remained the rest of his life, — his theater becoming one of the most widely known and popular in the citj'. Died, Sept. 8, 1893. HOOPESTON, a prosperous city in Vermilion County, at the intersection of the Chicago it East- ern Illinois and the Lake Erie & Western Rail- roads, 99 miles south of Chicago. It has grain elevators, a nail factory, brick and tile works, carriage and machme shops, and two large can- ning factories, besides two banks and one daily and three weekly new.spapers, several churches, a high school and a business college. Population (1890), 1,911: (1900), 3,823; (1904), about 4,500. HOPKINS, Albert J., Congressman, was born in De Kalb County, III., August 15, 1846. After graduating from Hillsdale College, Mich., in 1870, he studied law and began practice at Aurora. He rapidly attained prominence at the bar, and, in 1872, was elected State's Attorney for Kane County, serving in that capacity for four years. He is an ardent Republican and high in the party's councils, having been Chairman of the State Central Committee from 1878 to 1880, and a Presidential Elector on the Blaine & Logan ticket in 1884. The same year he was elected to the Forty -ninth Congress from the Fifth District (now the Eighth) and has been continuously re- elected ever since, receiving a clear majority in 1898 of more than 18,000 votes over two competi- tors. At present (1898) he is Chairman of the Select House Committee on Census and a member of the Committees on Ways and Means, and Jler- chant Marine and Fisheries. In 1896 he was strongly supported for the Republican nomina- tion for (Jovernor. HOUGHTON, Horace Hoi-kiner, pioneer printer and journalist, was born at Springfield, Vt., Oct. 26, 1800, spent his youth on a farm, and at eight- een began learning the printer's trade in the office of "The Woodstock Overseer" ; on arriving at his majority became a journeyman printer and, in 1828, went to New York, spending some time in the emploj-inent of the Harper Brothers. After a brief season spent in Boston, lie took charge of "The Statesman" at Castleton, Vt., but, in 1834, again went to New York, tjiking with him a device for throwing the printed sheet off the press, which was afterwards adopted on the 238 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Adams and Hoe printing presses. His next move was to Marietta, Oliio, in 1834, thence by way of Cincinnati and Louisville to St. Louis, working for a time in the office of the old "St. Louis Republican." He soon after went to Galena and engaged in lead-mining, but later became associated with Sylvester M. Bartlett in the management of "The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Advertiser," finally becoming sole proprietor. In 1843 he sold out the paper, but resumed his connection with it the following year, remaining imtil 1863, when he finally sold out. He afterwards spent some time on the Pacific slope, was for a time American Consul to the Sandwich Islands, but finally returned to Galena and, during the later years of his life, was Postmaster there, dying April 30, 18T9. HOVET, Charles Edward, educator, soldier and lawyer, was born in Orange County, Vt., April 26, 1837 ; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1852, and became successively Principal of high schools at Farmington, Mass., and Peoria, 111. Later, he assisted in organizing the Illinois State Normal School at Normal, of which he was President from 1857 to 1861 — being also President of the State Teachers' Association (1856), mem- ber of the State Board of Education, and, for some years, editor of "The Illinois Teacher." In Au- gust, 1861, he assisted in organizing, and was com- missioned Colonel of, the Thirty-third Illinois Volunteers, known as the "Normal" or "School- Masters' Regiment,"' from the fact that it was composed largely of teachers and j^oung men from the State colleges. In 1862 he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General and, a few months later, to brevet Major-General for gallant and meritorious conduct. Leaving the military service in May, 1863, he engaged in the practice of law in Washington, D. C. Died, in Washing- ton, Nov. 17, 1897. HOWLAND, George, educator and author, was born (of Pilgrim ancestry) at Conway, Mass., July 30, 1824. After graduating from Amherst College in 1850, he devoted two years to teaching in the public schools, and three years to a tutor- ship in his Alma Mater, giving instruction in Latin, Greek and French. He began the study of law, but, after a year's reading, he abandoned it, removing to Chicago, where he became Assist- ant Principal of the city's one high school, in 1858. He became its Principal in 1860, and, in 1880, was elected Superintendent of Chicago City Schools. This position he filled until August, 1891, when he resigned. He also served as Trus- tee of Amherst College for several years, and as a member of the Illinois State Board of Education, being President of that body in 1883. As an author he was of some note; his work being chiefly on educational lines. He published a translation of the .lEneid adapted to the use of schools, besides translations of some of Horace's Odes and portions of the Iliad and Odyssey. He was also the author of an English grammar. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 21, 1892. HOYXE, PhiHp A., lawyer and United States Commissioner, was born in New York City, Nov. 20, 1824; came to Chicago in 1841, and, after spending eleven years alternately in Galena and Chicago, finally located permanently in Chicago, in 1852 ; in 1853 was elected Clerk of the Record- er's Court of Chicago, retaining the position five years; was admitted to the bar in March, 1856, and appointed United States Commissioner the same year, remaining in office until his death, Nov. 3, 1894. Mr. Hoyne was an officer of the Chicago Pioneers and one of the founders of the Union League Club. HUBBARD, Gnrdon Saltonstall, pioneer and Indian trader, was born at Windsor, Vt., August 22, 1802. His early youth was passed in Canada, chiefly in the employ of the American Fur Com- pany. In 1818 he first visited Fort Dearborn, and for nine years traveled back and forth in the interest of his employers. In 1827, having em- barked in business on his own account, he estab- lished several trading posts in Illinois, becoming a resident of Chicago in 1832. From this time forward he became identified with the history and development of the State. He served with distinction during the Black Hawk and Winne- bago Wars, was enterprising and public-spirited, and did much to promote the early development of Chicago. He was elected to the Legislature from Vermilion County in 1832, and, in 1835, was appointed by Governor Duncan one of the Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Died, at Chicago, Sept. 14, 1886. From the time he became a citizen of Chicago, for fifty years, no man was more active or public-spirited in promoting its commercial development and general prosperity. He was identified with almost every branch of business upon which its growth as a commercial city depended, from that of an early Indian trader to that of a real-estate operator, being manager of one of the largest pack- ing houses of his time, as well as promoter of early railroad enterprises. A zealous Republican, he was one of the most earnest supporters of Abraham Lincoln in the campaign of 1860, was prominently identified with every local measure UISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 239 for the maintenance of the Union cause, and, for a )"ear, lielJ a commission as Captain in the Eighty-eighth Regiment Illinois Vohmteers. known asthe "Second Board of Trade Regiment." HUGHITT, Marvin, Railway President, was born, August, 18:57, and, in 180C, began his rail- road experience on the Chicago & Alton Railway as Superintendent of Telegraph and Train-de- spatcher. In 1802 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Company in a similar capacity, still later occupying the positions of Assistant Superintendent and General Superintendent, re- maining in the latter from 1865 to 1870, when he resigned to become Assistant General Manager of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul. In 1872 he became associated with the Chicago it North- western Railroad, in connection with -which he has held the positions of Superintendent, General Manager, Second Vice-President and President — the last of which (1899) he still occupies. HULETT, Alta M., lawyer, was born near Eockford, 111., June 4, 1854; early learned teleg- raph}' and became a successful operator, but sub- sequently engaged in teaching and the study of law. In 1872, having passed the required exami- nation, she applied for admission to the bar, but was rejected on account of sex. She then, in conjunction with Mrs. Bradwell and others, interested herself in securing the passage of an act by the Legislature giving women the right that had been denied her, wliich having been accomplished, she went to Chicago, was admitted to the bar and began practice. Died, in Cali- fornia, March 27, 1877. HUXT, Daniel D., legislator, was born in ■Wyoming County, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1835, came to De Kalb County. 111., in 1857, and has since been engaged in hotel, mercantile and fanning busi- ness. He was elected as a Republican Represent- ative in the Thirty-fifth General A.ssembly in 1886, and re elected in 1888. Two years later he was elected to the State Senate, re-elected in 1894, and again in 1898 — giving him a continuous service in one or the other branch of the General Assembly of sixteen years. During the session of 1895, Senator Hunt was especially active in the legislation which resulted in the location of the Northern Illinois Normal Institute at De Kalb. HUNT, Gporg-p, lawyer and ex-Attorney-Gen- eral, was born in Knox Count}-, Ohio, in 1841; having lost both parents in childhood, came, with an uncle, to Edgar County, 111., in 185.5. In July, 1861, at the age of 20, he enlisted in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry, re-enlisting as a veteran in 1864, and rising from the ranks to a captaincy. After the close of the war, he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and, locating at Paris, Edgar County, soon acquired a large practice. He was elected State Senator on the Republican ticket in 1874, and re-elected in 1878 and "82. In 1^84 he received his first nomination for Attorney-Gen- eral, was renominated in 1888. and elected both times, serving eight years. Among the im- portant questions with which General Hunt had to deal during his two terms were the celebrated "anarchist cases" of 1887 and of l.syo-92. In the former the condemiied Chicago anarcliists applied through their counsel to the Supreme Court of the United States, for a writ of error to the Su- preme Court of Illinois to compel the latter to grant them a new trial, which was refused. The case, on the part of the State, was conducted by General Hunt, while Gen. B. F. Butler of Massa- chusetts, John Randolph Tucker of Virginia, Roger A. Pryor of New York, and Messrs. W. P. Black and Solomon of Chicago appeared for the plaintiffs. Again, in 1890, Fielden and Schwab, who had been condemned to life imprisonment, attempted to secure their release — the former by an application similar to that of 1887, and the latter by appeal from a decision of Judge Gresham of the United States Circuit Court refusing a writ of habeas corpus. The final hearing of these cases was had before the Supreme Court of the United States in January, 1892, General Butler again appearing as leading counsel for the plaintiffs — but with the same result as in 1887. General Hunt's management of these cases won for Mm much deserved commendation both at home and abroad. HUXTER, AndreiT J., was born in Greencastle, Ind., Dec. 17, 1831, and removed in infancy by his parents, to Edgar County, this State. His early education was received in the common schools and at Edgar Academy. He commenced his business life as a civil engineer, but, after three years spent in that profession, began the study of law and was admitted to the bar. He has since been actively engaged in practice at Paris, Edgar County. From 18G4 to 1868 he repre- sented that county in the State Senate, and, in 1870, led the Democratic forlorn hope in the Fif- teenth Congressional District against General Jesse H. Moore, and rendered a like service to his party in 1882, when Joseph G. Cannon was his Republican antagonist. In 1886 he was elected Judge of the Edgar County Court, and, in 1890, was re-elected, but resigned this office in 1892, having been elected Congressman for the State- 240 niSTOrtlCAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. at-large on the Democratic ticket. He was a can- didate for Congress from tlie Nineteenth District again in 1896, and was again elected, receiving a majority of 1,200 over Hon. Benson Wood, bis Republican opponent and immediate predecessor. HUNTER, (Gen.) David, soldier, was born in Washington, D. C, July 31, 1802; graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1822, and assigned to the Fifth Infantry with the rank of Second Lieutenant, becoming First Lieutenant in 1828 and Captain of Dragoons in 1833. During this period he twice crossed the plains to the Rocky Mountains, but, in 1836, resigned his com- mission and engaged in business in Chicago, Re-entering the service as Paymaster in 1842, he was Chief Paymaster of General Wool's command in the Mexican War, and was afterwards stationed at New Orleans, AVashington, Detroit, St. Louis and on the frontier. He was a personal friend of President Lincoln, whom he accompanied when the latter set out for Washington in February, 1861, but was disabled at Buffalo, having his collar-bone dislocated by the crowd. He was appointed Colonel of the Sixth United States Cavalry, May 14, 1861, three days later commis- sioned Brigadier-General and, in August, made Major-General. In the Manassas campaign he commanded the main column of McDowell's army and was severely wounded at Bull Run; served under Fremont in Missouri and succeeded him in command in November, 1861, remaining until March, 1862. Being transferred to the Department of the South in May following, he issued an order declaring the persons held as slaves in Georgia, Florida and South Carolina free, which order was revoked by President Lin- coln ten days later. On account of the steps taken by him for the organization of colored troops, Jefferson Davis issued an order declaring him. in case of capture, subject to execution as a felon. In May, 1864, he was placed in com- mand of the Department of the West, and, in 1865, served on various courts-martial, being President of the commission that tried Mr. Lin- coln's assassins; was brevetted Major-General in March, 1865, retired from active service July, 1866. and died in Washington, Feb. 2, 1886. Gen- eral Hunter married a daughter of John Kinzie, the first permanent citizen of Chicago. HURD, Harvey B., lawyer, was born in Fair- field County, Conn. , Feb. 24, 1827. At the age of 15 he walked to Bridgeport, where he began life as oflice-boy in "The Bridgeport Standard," a journal of pronounced Whig proclivities. In 1844 he came to Illinois, entering Jubilee College, but, after a brief attendance, came to Chicago in 1846. There he found temporary employment as a compositor, later commencing the study of law, and being admitted to the bar in 1848. A portion of the present city of Evanston is built upon a 248-acre tract owned and subdivided by Mr. Hurd and his partner. Always in sympathy with the old school and most radical type of Abolitionists, he took a deep interest in the Kan- sas-Missouri troubles of 1856, and became a mem- ber of the "National Kansas Committee" appointed by the Buffalo (N. Y.) Convention, of which body he was a member. He was chosen Secretary of the executive committee, and it is not too much to say that, largely through his earnest and poorly requited labors, Kansas was finally admitted into the Union as a free State. It was mainly through his efforts that seed for planting was gratuitously distributed among the free-soil settlers. In 1869 he was appointed a member of the Commission to revise the statutes of Illinois, a large part of the work devolving upon him in consequence of the withdrawal of his colleagues. The revision was completed in 1874, in conjunction with a Joint Committee of Revision of both Houses appointed by the Legis- lature of 1873. While no statutory revision has been ordered by subsequent Legislatures, Mr. Hurd has carried on the same character of work on independent lines, issuing new editions of the statutes from time to time, which are regarded as standard works by the bar. In 1875 he was nominated by the Republican party for a seat on the Supreme bench, but was defeated by the late Judge T. Lyle Dickey. For several years he filled a chair in the faculty of the Union College of Law. His home is in Evanston. HURLBUT, Stephen A., soldier, Congressman and Foreign Minister, was born at Charleston, S. C, Nov. 29, 1815, received a thorough liberal education, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. Soon afterwards he removed to Illinois, making his home at Belvidere. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, in 1848 was an unsuccessful candidate for Presidential Elector on the Whig ticket, but, on the organization of the Republican party in 1856, promptly identified himself with that party and was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly as a Republican in 1858 and again in 1860. During the War of the Rebellion he served with distinc- tion from May, 1861, to July, 1865. He entered the service as Brigadier-General, commanding the Fourth Division of Grant's army at Pittsburg Landing ; was made a Major-General in Septem- 4 t ^.Jffi^H B ■ STATE CAPITOL. h ^ k' *. — ^^ f i W 1' L^t-3ta 3 4M| . . t - ■ -^™l fJfT-r^^-'S'J ' , ^i ,7.S1 & ■HHHBi ■» r 1 ^.JisiHi .... -1 i i 1 ^^f/M ^m "^ 3l€rt I i^^H : '«'» --r'^Tfc ^ iiiiiii T[» y ■ i as Es mem M Ml M 5' 1. ^yH 1 te^s m^ -^ . L HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 241 ber, 1862, and later assigned to the command of the Sixteenth Army Corps, at Memphis, and sub- sequently to the command of the Department of the Gulf (1864-65). After the close of the war he served another term in the General Assembly (1867), was chosen Presidential Elector for the Stateat-large in 1868, and, in 1869, was appointed by President Grant Minister Resident to the United States of Colombia, serving until 1872. The latter year he was elected Representative to Congress, and re-elected two years later. In 1876 he was a candidate for re-election as an independent Republican, but was defeated by William Lathrop, the regular nominee. In 1881 he was appointed Minister Resident to Peru, and died at Lima, March 27, 1882. HUTCHIN'S, Thomas, was born in Monmouth, N. J., in 1730, died in Pittsburg, Pa., April 28, 1789. He was the first Government Surveyor, fre- quently called the "Geographer"; was also an officer of the Sixtieth Roj'al (British) regiment, and assistant engineer under Bouquet. At the outbreak of the Revolution, while stationed at Fort Chartres, he resigned his commission be- cause of his sympathy with the patriots. Three years later he was charged with being in treason- able correspondence with Franklin, and im- prisoned in the Tower of London. He is said to liave devised the present system of CJovernment surveys in this country, and his services in carry- ing it into effect were certainly of great value. He was the author of several valuable works, the best known being a "Topographical Description of Virginia " HUTSON VILLE, a village of Crawford County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, and the Wabash River, 34 miles south of Paris. The district is agricultural. The town has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 582; (1900), 743. ILLINOIS. (general history.) Illinois is the twenty-first State of the Federal Union in the order of its admission, the twentieth in present area and the third in point of popula- tion. A concise history of the region, of which it constituted the central portion at an early period, will be found in the following pages: The greater part of the territory now comprised within the State of Illinois was known and at- tracted eager attention from the nations of the old world — especially in France, German}' and England — before the close of the third quarter of the seventeenth century. More than one hun- dred years before the struggle for American Inde- pendence began, or the geographical division known as the "Territory of the Northwest" had an existence; before the names of Kentucky, Tennessee, Vermont or Ohio had been heard of, and while the early settlers of New England and Virginia were still struggling for a foothold among the Indian tribes on the Atlantic coast, the "Illinois Country" occupied a place on the maps of North America as distinct and definite as New York or Pennsylvania. And from that time forward, until it assumed its position in the Union with the rank of a State, no other .section has been the theater of more momentous and stirring events or has contributed more material, affording interest and instruction to the archaeol- ogist, the ethnologist and the historian, than that portion of the American Continent now known as the "State of Illinois." The "Illinois Country." — What was known to the early French explorers and their followers and descendants, for the ninety years which intervened between the discoveries of Joliet and La Salle, down to the surrender of this region to the EngUsh, as the "Illinois Country," is de- scribed with great clearness and definiteness by Capt. Philip Pittman, an English engineer who made the first survey of the Mississippi River soon after the transfer of the French possessions east of the Mississippi to the British, and who published the result of his observations in London in 1770. In this report, which is evidently a work of the highest authenticity, and is the more valuable because %vritten at a transition period when it was of the first importance to preserve and hand down the facts of early French history to the new occupants of the soil, the boundaries of the "Illinois Country" are defined as follows: "The Country of the Illinois is bounded by the Missis.sippi on the west, by the river Illinois on the north, by the Ouabache and Miamis on the ea,st and the Ohio on the .south." From this it would appear that the country lying between the Illinois and the Mississippi Rivers to the west and northwest of the former, was not considered a part of the "Illinois Country," and 242 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. this agrees generally with the records of the early French explorers, except that they regarded the region which comprehends the site of the present city of Chicago — the importance of which appears to have been appreciated from the first as a connecting link between the Lakes and the upper tributaries of the rivers falUng into the Gulf of Mexico— as belonging thereto Origin of the Name. — The "Country" appears to have derived its name from Inini, a word of Algonquin origin, signifying "the men," eu- phemized by the French into Illini with the suffix ois, signifying "tribe." The root of the term, applied both to the country and the Indians occupying it, has been still further defined as "a perfect man" (Haines on "Indian Names"), and the derivative has been used by the French chroniclers in various forms though always with the same signification — a signification of which the earliest claimants of the appellation, as well as their successors of a different race, have not failed to be duly proud. Boundaries and Area.— It is this region which gave the name to the State of which it constituted so large and important a part. Its boundaries, so far as the Wabash and the Ohio Rivers (as well as the Mississippi from the mouth of the Ohio to the mouth of the Illinois) are con- cerned, are identical with those given to the "Illinois Country" by Pittman. The State is bounded on the north by Wisconsin ; on the east by Lake Michigan, the State of Indiana and the Wabash River; southeast by the Ohio, flowing between it and the State of Kentucky ; and west and southwest by the Mississippi, which sepa- rates it from the States of Iowa and Missouri. A peculiarity of the Act of Congress defining the boundaries of the State, is the fact that, while the jurisdiction of IlUnois extends to the middle of Lake Michigan and also of the channels of the Wabash and the Mississippi, it stops at the north bank of the Ohio River; this seems to have been a sort of concession on the part of the framers of the Act to our proud neighbors of the "Dark and Bloody Ground." Geographically, the State lies between the parallels of 36° 59' and 42° 30' north latitude, and the meridian of 10° 30' and 14° of longitude west from the city of Washington. From its extreme southern Umit at the mouth of the Ohio to the Wisconsin boundary on the north, its estimated length is 385 miles, with an extreme breadth, from the Indiana State line to the Mis- sissippi River at a point between Quincy and Warsaw, of 218 miles. Owing to the tortuous course of its river and lake boundaries, which comprise about three-fourths of the whole, its physical outline is extremely irregular. Between the limits described, it has an estimated area of 56,650 square miles, of which 650 square miles is water — the latter being chiefly in Lake Michigan. This area is more than one and one-half times that of all New England (Maine being excepted), and is greater than that of any other State east of the Mississippi, except Michigan, Georgia and Florida — Wisconsin lacking only a few hundred square miles of the same. When these figures are taken into account some idea may be formed of the magnificence of the domain comprised within the limits of the State of Illinois — a domain larger in extent than that of England, more than one-fourth of that of all France and nearly half that of the British Islands, including Scotland and Ireland. The possibilities of such a country, possessing a soil unequaled in fertility, in proportion to its area, by any other State of the Union and with re- sources in agriculture, manufactures and com- merce unsurpassed in any country on the face of the globe, transcend all human conception. Streams and N.4.vigation. — Lying between the Mississippi and its chief eastern tributary, the Ohio, with the Wabash on the east, and inter- sected from northeast to southwest by the Illinois and its numerous affluents, and with no moun- tainous region within its limits, Illinois is at once one of the best watered, as well as one of the most level States in the Union. Besides the Sanga- mon, Kankakee, Fox and Des Plaines Rivers, chief tributaries of the Illinois, and the Kaskaskia draining the region between the Illinois and the Wabash, Rock River, in tlie northwestern portion of the State, is most important on account of its valuable water-power. All of these streams were regarded as navigable for some sort of craft, dur- ing at least a portion of the year, in the early history of the country, and with the magnificent Mississippi along the whole western border, gave to Illinois a larger extent of navigable waters than that of any other single State. Although practical navigation, apart from the lake and by natural water courses, is now limited to the Mis- sissippi, Illinois and Ohio — making an aggregate of about 1,000 miles — the importance of the smaller streams, when the people were dependent almost wholly upon some means of water com- munication for the transportation of heavy com- modities as well as for travel, could not be over-estimated, and it is not without its effect upon the productiveness of the soil, now that water transportation has given place to railroads. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 243 The whole number of streams shown upon the best maps exceeds 280. Topography. — In physical conformation the surface of tlie State presents the aspect of an inclined plane with a moderate descent in the general direction of the streams toward the south and southwest. Cairo, at the extreme southern end of the State and the point of lowest depres- sion, has an elevation above sea-level of about 800 feet, while the altitude of Lake Michigan at Chicago is 583 feet. The greatest elevation i.s reached near Scale's Mound in the northwestern part of the State — 1,357 feet — while a spur from the Ozark Mountains of Missouri, projected across the southern part of the State, rises in Jack.son and Union Counties to a height of over 900 feet. The eastern end of this spur, in the northeast corner of Pope County, reaches an elevation of 1,046 feet. South of this ridge, the surface of the country between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers was originally covered with dense forests. These included some of the most valuable species of timber for lumber manufacture, such as the different varieties of oak, walnut, poplar, ash, sugar-maple and cypress, besides elm, linden, hickory, honey-locust, pecan, hack-berry, cotton- wood, sycamore, sassafras, black-gum and beecli. The native fruits included the persimmon, wild plum, grape and pawpaw, with various kini:ai;i'.i)i;.\ iikim ■riii; wkst. isos. ^xv^ WAij i:ac;m:. CHIEF CIIICAGOU. FORT DEARBORN 21), I.\ ]S.-,3. vnOM TIIK SOUTHWEST. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 247 days of its greatest prosperity, was not less than 20,000. Tonty retained his headquarters at Fort St. Louis for eighteen years, during which he made extensive excursions throughout the West. The proprietorship of the fort was granted to him in 1690, but, in 1703, it was ordered by the Governor of Canada to be discontinued on the plea that the charter had been violated. It con- tinued to be used as a trading pose, however, as late as 1718, when it was raided by the- Indians and burned. (See La Salle; Tonty; Hennepin, and Stan-ed Rock. ) Other explorers who were the contemporaries or early successors of Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, Tonty, Hennepin and their companions in the Northwest, and many of whom are known to have visited the "Illinois Country, " and probably all of whom did so, were Daniel Greysolon du Lhut (called by La Salle, du Luth), a cousin of Tonty, who was the first to reach the Mississippi directly from Lake Suj)erior, and from whom the city of Duluth has been named ; Henry Joutel, a towns- man of La Salle, who was one of the survivors of the ill-fated Matagorda Bay colony; Pierre Le Sueur, the discoverer of the Minnesota River, and Baron la Hontan, who made a tour through Illinois in 1688-89, of which he published an account in 1703. Chicago River early became a prominent point in the estimation of the French explorers and was a favorite line of travel in reaching the Illi- nois by way of the Des Plaines, though probably sometimes confounded with other streams about the head of the lake. The Calumet and Grand Calumet, allowing easy portage to the Des Plaines, were also used, while the St. Joseph, from which portage was had into the Kankakee, seems to have been a part of the route first used by La Salle. Aborigines and Early Missions.— When the early French explorers arrived in the "Illinois Country" they found it occupied by a number of tribes of Indians, the most numerous being the "Illinois," which consisted of several families or bands that spread themselves over the country on both sides of the Illinois River, extending even west of the Mississij>pi ; the Piankeshaws on the east, extending beyond the present western boundary of Indiana, and the Miamis in the northeast, with whom a weaker tribe called the Weas were allied. The Illinois confederation included the Kaska-skias. Peorias. Cahokias, Taniaroas and Mitchigamies — the la.st being the tribe from which Lake Michigan took its name. (See Illinois Indians. ) There seems to have been a general drift of some of the stronger tribes toward the soutli and east about this time, as Allouez represents that he found the Miamis and their neighbors, the Mascoutins, about Green Bay when he arrived there in 1670. At the same time, there is evidence that the Pottawatomies were located along the southern shore of Lake Superior and about the Sault Ste. Marie (now known as "The Soo"). though witliin the next fifty years they had advanced southward along the western shore of Lake Michigan until they reached where Chicago now stands. Other tribes from the north were the Kickapoos, Sacs and Foxes, and Winnebagoes, while the Shawnees were a branch of a stronger tribe from the south- east. Charlevoix, who wrote an account of his visit to the "Illinois Country" in 1721, says: "Fifty years ago the Miamis were settled on the southern extremity of Lake Michigan, in a place called Chicago from the name of a small river which runs into the lake, the source of which is not far distant from that of the River Illinois." It does not follow necessarily that this was the Chicago River of to-day, as the name appears to have been applied somewhat indefinitely, by the early explorers, both to a region of country between the head of the lake and the Illinois River, and to more than one stream emptying into tlie lake in that vicinity. It has been con- jectured that the river meant by Charlevoix was the Calumet, as his description would apply as well to tliat as to the Chicago, and there is other evidence that the Miamis, who were found about the mouth of the St. Joseph River during the eighteenth century, occupied a portion of Southern Michigan and Northern Indiana, ex- tending as far east as the Scioto River in Ohio. From the first, the Illinois seem to have con- ceived a strong liking for the French, and being pressed by the Iroquois on the east, the Sacs and Foxes, Pottawatomies and Kickapoos on the north and the Sioux on the west, by the begin- ning of the eighteenth centurj' we find them, much reduced in numbers, gathered about the French settlements near the mouth of the Kas- kaskia (or Okaw) River, in tlie western part of the present counties of Randolph, Monroe and St. Clair. In spite of the zealous efforts of the mis- sionaries, the contact of these tribes with the whites was attended with the usual results — demoralization, degradation and gradual extermi- nation. The latter result was hastened by the frequent attacks to which they were exposed from their more warlike enemies, so that by the latter part of the eighteenth century, they were 348 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. reduced to a few hundred dissolute and depraved survivors of a once vigorous and warlike race. During the early part of the French occupation, there arose a chief named Chicagou (from whom the city of Chicago received its name) who ap- pears, like Red Jacket, Tecumseh and Logan, to have been a man of unusual intelligence and vigor of character, and to have exercised great influence with his people. In 1~'25 he was sent to Paris, where he received the attentions due to a foreign potentate, and, on his return, was given a command in an expedition against the Chicka- saws, who had been making incursions from the south. Such was the general distribution of the Indians in the northern and central portions of the State, within the first fifty years after the arrival of the French. At a later period the Kickapoos ad- vanced farther south and occupied a considerable share of the central portion of the State, and even extended to the mouth of the Wabash. The southern part was roamed over by bands from beyond the Ohio and the Mississippi, including the Cherokees and Chickasaws, and the Arkansas tribes, some of whom were very powerful and ranged over a vast extent of country. The earliest civilized dwellings in Illinois, after the forts erected for purposes of defense, were undoubtedly the posts of the fur-traders and the missionary stations. Fort Miami, the first mili- tary post, established by La Salle in the winter of 1679-80, was at the mouth of the St. Joseph River within the boundaries of what is now the State of Michigan. Fort Creve-Coeur, partially erected a few months later on the east side of the Illinois a few miles below where the city of Peoria now stands, was never occupied. Mr. Charles Ballance, the historian of Peoria, locates this fort at the present village of Wesley, in Tazewell County, nearly opposite Lower Peoria. Fort St. Louis, built by Tonty on the summit of "Starved Rock," in the fall and winter of 1682, was the second erected in the "Illinois Coxmtry," but the first occupied. It has been claimed that Marquette established a mission among the Kas- kaskias, opposite "The Rock," on occasion of his first visit, in September, 1673, and that he re- newed it in the spring of 167.5, when he visited it for the last time. It is doubtful if this mission was more than a season of preaching to the natives, celebrating mass, administering baptism, etc. ; at least the story of an established mission has been denied. That this devoted and zealous propagandist regarded it as a mission, however, is evident from his own journal. He gave to it the name of the "Mission of the Immaculate Conception," and, although he was compelled by failing health to abandon it almost immediately, it is claimed that it was renewed in 1677 by Father AUouez, who had been active in founding missions in the Lake Superior region, and that it was maintained until the arrival of La Salle in 1680. The hostility of La Salle to the Jesuits led to AUouez' withdrawal, but he subsequently returned and was succeeded in 1688 by Father Gravier, whose labors extended from Mackinaw to Biloxi on the Gulf of Mexico. There is evidence that a mission had been established among the Miamis as early as 1698, under the name "Chicago," as it is mentioned by St. Cosme in the report of his visit in 1699-1700. This, for the reasons already given showing the indefinite use made of the name Chicago as applied to streams about the head of Lake Michi- gan, probably referred to some other locality in the vicinity, and not to the site of the present city of Chicago. Even at an earlier date there appears, from a statement in Tonty 's Memoirs, to have been a fort at Chicago — probably about the same locality as the mission. Speaking of his return from Canada to the "Illinois Country" in 1685, he says; "I embarked for the Illinois Oct. 30, 1685, but being stopped by tha ice, I was obliged to leave my canoe and proceed by land. After going 120 leagues, I arrived at Fort Chicagou, where M. de la Durantaye com- manded." According to the best authorities it was during the year 1700 that a mission and permanent settle- ment was established by Father Jacques Pinet among the Tamaroas at a village called Cahokia (or "Sainte Famille de Caoquias"), a few miles south of the present site of the city of East St. Louis. This was the first permanent settlement by Europeans in Illinois, as that at Kaskaskia on the Illinois was broken up the same year. A few months after the establishment of the mission at Cahokia (which received the name of "St. Sulpice"), but during the same year, the Kaskaskias, having abandoned their village on the upper Illinois, were induced to settle near the mouth of the river which bears their name, and the mission and village — the latter afterward becoming the first capital of the Territory and State of Illinois — came into being. This identity of names has led to some confusion in determin- ing the date and place of the first permanent settlement in Illinois, the date of Marquette's first arrival at Kaskaskia on the Illinois being given by some authors as that of the settlement HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 249 at Kaskaskia on the Mississippi, twenty-seven years later. Period of French Occupation.— As may be readily inferred from the methods of French colonization, the first permanent settlements gathered about the missions at Cahokia and Kas- kaskia, or rather were parts of them. At later periods, but during the French occupation of the country, other villages were established, the most important being St. Philip and Prairie du Rocher; all of these being located in the fertile valley now known as the "American Bottom,"' between the older towns of Cahokia and Kaskas- kia. There were several Indian villages in the vicinity of the French settlements, and this became, for a time, the most populous locality in the Mississippi Valley and the center of an active trade carried on with the settlements near the mouth of the Mississippi. Large quantities of the products of the country, such as flour, bacon, pork, tallow, lumber, lead, peltries, and even wine, were transported in keel-boats or batteaus to New Orleans; rice, manufactured tobacco, cotton goods and such other fabrics as the simple wants of the people required, being brought back in return. These toats went in convoys of seven to twelve in number for mutual protection, three months being required to make a trip, of which two were made annually — one in the spring and the other in the autumn. The French possessions in North America went under the general name of "New France, " but their boundaries were never clearly defined, though an attempt was made to do so through Commission- ers who met at Paris, in 17.52. They were under- stood by the French to include the valley of the St. Lawrence, with Labrador and Nova Scotia, to the northern Iwundaries of the British colonies; the region of the Great Lakes; and the Valley of the Mississippi from the headwaters of the Ohio westward to the Pacific Ocean and south to the Gulf of Mexico. While these claims were con- tested by England on the east and Spain on the southwest, they comprehended the very heart of the North American continent, a region unsur- passed in fertility and natural resources and now the home of more than half of the entire population of the American Republic. That the French should have reluctantly j-ielded up so magnificent a domain is natural. And yet they did this by the treaty of 1763, sur- rendering the region east of the Mississippi (except a comparatively small district near the mouth of that stream) to England, and the remainder to Spain — an evidence of the straits to which they had been reduced by a long series of devastating wars. (See French and Indian ll'ars. ) In 1712 Antoine Crozat, under royal letters- patent, obtained from Louis XIV. of France a monopoly of the commerce, with control of the country, "from the edge of the sea (Gulf of Mexico) as far as the Illinois."' This grant hav- ing been surrendered a few years later, was re- newed in 1717 to the "Company of the West," of which the celebrated John Law was the head, and under it jurisdiction was exercised over the trade of Illinois. On September 27 of the same year (1717), the "Illinois Country," which had been a dependency of Canada, was incorporated with Louisiana and became part of that province. Law's company received enlarged powers under the name of the "East Indies Company," and although it went out of existence in 1721 with the opprobrious title of the "South Sea Bubble," leaving in its wake hundreds of ruined private fortunes in France and England, it did much to stimulate the population and development of the Mississippi Valley. During its existence (in 1718) New Orleans was founded and Fort Chartres erected, being named after the Due de Chartres, son of the Regent of France. Pierre Duque Bois- briant was the first commandant of Illinois and superintended the erection of the fort. (See Fort Chartres. ) One of the privileges granted to Law's com- pany was the importation of slaves ; and under it, in 1721, Pliilip F. Renault brought to the country five hundred slaves, besides two hundred artisans, mechanics and laborers. Two years later he received a large grant of land, and founded the village of St. Philip, a few miles north of Fort Chartres. Thus Illinois became slave territory before a white settlement of any sort existed in what afterward became the slave State of Mi.s.souri. During 1721 the country under control of the East Indies Company was divided into nine civil and military districts, each presided over by a commandant and a judge, with a superior coun- cil at New Orleans. Of these, Illinois, the largest and, next to New Orleans, the most populous, was the seventh. It embraced over one-half the present State, with the country west of the Mis- ssisippi, between the Arkansas and the -ISd degree of latitude, to the Rocky Mountains, and included the present States of Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas and parts of Arkansas and Colorado. In 1732, the Indies Company surrendered its charter, and Louisiana, including the District of Illinois, 850 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was afterwards governed by officers appointed directly by the crown. (See French. Governors.) As early as September, 1699, an attempt was made by an expedition fitted out by the English Government, under command of Captains Barr and Clements, to take possession of the country about the mouth of the Mississippi on tlie ground of prior discovery; but they found the French under Bienville already in possession at Biloxi, and they sailed away without making any further effort to carry the scheme into effect. Mean- while, in the early part of the next century, the English were successful in attaching to their interests the Iroquois, who were the deadly foes of the French, and held possession of Western New York and the region around the headwaters of the Ohio Rivei; extending their incursions against the Indian allies of the French as far west as Illinois. The real struggle for territory be- tween the English and French began with the formation of the Ohio Land Company in 1748-49, and the grant to it by the English Government of half a million acres of land along the Ohio River, with the exclusive right of trading with the Indian tribes in that region. Out of this grew the establishment, in the next two years, of trading posts and forts on the Miami and IMaumee in Western Ohio, followed by the protracted French and Indian War, which was prosecuted with varied fortunes until the final defeat of the French at Quebec, on the thirteenth of Septem- ber, 17.')9, which broke their power on the Ameri- can continent. Among those who took part in this struggle, was a contingent from the French garrison of Fort Chartres. Neyon de Villiers, commandant of the fort, was one of these, being the only survivor of seven brothers who partici- pated in the defense of Canada. Still hopeful of saving Louisiana and Illinois, he departed with a few followers for New Orleans, but the treaty of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763, destroyed all hope, for by its terms Canada, and all other territory east of the Mississippi as far south as the northern boundary of Florida, was surrendered to Great Britain, while the remainder, including the vast territory between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, was given up to Spain. Thus the "Illinois Country" fell into the hands of the British, although the actual transfer of Fort Chartres and the country dependent upon it did not take place until Oct. 10, 176.5, when its veteran commandant, St. Ange — who had come from Vincennes to assume command on the retirement of Villiers, and who held it faithfully for the conqueror — surrendered it to Capt. Thomas Stirling as the representative of the Eng- lish Government. It is worth}- of note that this was the last place on the North American con- tinent to lower the French flag. British Occupation. — The delay of the British in taking possession of the "Illinois Country," after the defeat of the French at Quebec and the surrender of their possessions in America by the treaty of 1763, was due to its isolated position and the difficulty of reaching it with sufficient force to establish the British authority. The first attempt was made in the spring of 1764, when Maj. Arthur Loftus, starting from Pensa- cola, attempted to ascend the Mississippi with a force of four hundred regulars, but, being met by a superior Indian force, was compelled to retreat. In August of the same year, Capt. Thomas Morris was dispatched from Western Pennsylvania with a small force "to take posses- sion of the Illinois Country." This expedition got as far as Fort Miami on the Maumee, when its progress was arrested, and its commander nar- rowly escaped death. The next attempt was made in 176.5, when Maj. George Croghan, a Dep- uty Superintendent of Indian affairs whose name has been made historical by the celebrated speech of the Indian Chief Logan, was detailed from Fort Pitt, to visit Illinois. Croghan being detained, Lieut. Alexander Frazer, who was to accompany him, proceeded alone. Frazer reached Kaskas- kia, but met with so rough a reception from both the French and Indians, that he thought it advisable to leave in disguise, and escaped by descending the Mississippi to New Orleans. Croghan started on his journey on the fifteenth of May, proceeding down the Ohio, accompanied by a partj' of friendly Indians, but having been captured near the mouth of the Wabash, he finally returned to Detroit without reaching his destination. The first British official to reach Fort Chartres was Capt. Thomas Stirling. De- scending the Ohio with a force of one hundred men, he reached Fort Chartres, Oct. 10, 1765, and received the surrender of the fort from the faith- ful and courteous St. Ange. It is estimated that at least one-third of the French citizens, includ- ing the more wealthy, left rather than become British subjects. Those about i'ort Chartres left almost in a body. Some joined the French colonies on the lower Mississippi, while others, crossing the river, settled in St. Genevieve, then in Spanish territory. Much the larger number followed St. Ange to St. Louis, which had been established as a trading post by Pierre La Clede, during the previous year, and which now received HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 251 what, in these later days, would be called a great "boom." Captain Stirling was relieved of his command at Fort Chartres, Dec. 4, by Maj. Robert Farmer. Other British Commandants at Fort Chartres were Col. Edward Cole, Col. John Reed, Colonel AVilkins, Capt. Hugh Lord and Francois de Ras- tel, Chevalier de Rocheblave. The last had been an officer in the French army, and, having resided at Kaskaskia, transferred his allegiance on occu- pation of tlie country by the British. He was the last official representative of the British Govern- ment in Illinois. The total population of the French villages in Illinois, at the time of their transfer to England, has been estimated at about 1,600, of which 700 were about Kaskaskia and 450 in the vicinity of Cahokia. Captain Pittman estimated the popu- lation of all the French villages in Illinois and on the Wabash, at the time of his vi.sit in 1770, at about 2,000. Of St. Louis — or "Paincourt," as it was called — Captain Pittman said: "There are about fort}' private houses and as many families." Most of these, if not all, had emigrated from the French villages. In fact, although nominally in Spanish territory, it was essentially a French town, protected, as Pittman said, by "a French garrison" consisting of "a Captain-Commandant, two Lieutenants, a Fort Major, one Sergeant. one Corporal and twenty men." Action of Continental Congress. — The first official notice taken of the "Illinois Country" by the Continental Congress, was the adoption by that body, July 13, 1775, of an act creating three Indian Departments — a Northern, Middle and Southern. Illinois was assigned to the second, with Benjamin Franklin and James WiLson, of Pennsylvania, and Patrick Henry, of Virginia, as Commissioners. In April, 1776, Col. George Morgan, who had been a trader at Kaskaskia, was appointed agent and successor to these Commis- sioners, with headquarters at Fort Pitt. The promulgation of the Declaration of Independence, on the Fourth of July, 1776, and the events im- mediately preceding and following that event, directed attention to the colonies on the Atlantic coast; yet the frontiersmen of Virginia were watching an opportunity to deliver a blow to the Government of King George in a quarter where it was least expected, and where it was destined to have an immense influence upon the future of the new nation, as well as that of the American continent. CoL. George Rogers Clark's Expedition. — During the year 1777, Col. George Rogers Clark, a native of Virginia, then scarcely twenty-five years of age, having conceived a plan of seizing the settlements in the Mississippi Valley, sent trusty spies to learn the sentiments of the people and the condition of affairs at Kaskaskia. The report brought to him gave him encouragement, and, in December of the same year, he laid before Gov. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, his plans for the reduction of the posts in Illinois. These were approved, and, on Jan. 2, 1778, Clark received authority to recruit seven companies of fifty men each for three months' service, and Governor Henry gave him §6,000 for expenses. Proceeding to Fort Pitt, he succeeded in recruiting three companies, who were directed to rendezvous at Corn Island, opposite the present city of Louis- ville. It has been claimed that, in order to deceive the British as to his real destination, Clark authorized the announcement that the object of the expedition was to protect the settle- ments in Kentucky from the Indians. At Corn Island another company was organized, making four in all, under the command of Captains Bow- man, Montgomery, Helm and Harrod, and having embarked on keel-boats, they passed the Falls of the Ohio, June 24. Reaching the island at the mouth of the Tennessee on the 28th, he was met by a party of eight American hunters, who had left Kaskaskia a few days before, and who, join- ing his command, rendered good service as guides. He disembarked his force at the mouth of a small creek one mile above Fort Massac. June 29, and, directing his course across the country, on the evening of the sixth da}' (July 4, 1778) arrived within three miles of Kaskaskia. The surprise of tlie unsuspecting citizens of Kas- kaskia and its small garrison was complete. His force having, under cover of darkness, been ferried across the Kaskaskia River, about a mile above the town, one detachment surrounded the town, while the other seized the fort, capturing Rocheblave and his little command without fir- ing a gun. Tlie famous Indian fighter and hunter, Simon Kenton, led the way to the fort. This is supposed to have been what Captain Pitt- man called the "Jesuits' house," which had been sold by the French Government after the country was ceded to England, the Jesuit order having been suppressed. A wooden fort, erected in 1736, and known afterward by the British as Fort Gage, had stood on the bluff opposite the town, but, according to Pittman, this was burnt in 1766, and there is no evidence that it was ever rebuilt. Clark's expedition was thus far a complete suc- cess. Rocheblave, proving recalcitrant, was 252 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. placed in irons and sent as a prisoner of war to Williamsburg, while his slaves were confiscated, the proceeds of their sale being divided among Clark's troops. The inhabitants were easily conciliated, and Cahokia having been captured without bloodshed, Clark turned his attention to Vincennes. Through the influence of Pierre Gibault — the Vicar-General in charge at Kaskas- kia — the people of Vincennes were induced to swear allegiance to the United States, and, although the place was afterward captured by a British force from Detroit, it was, on Feb. 24, 1779, recaptured by Colonel Clark, together with a body of prisoners but little smaller than the attacking force, and §50,000 worth of prop- erty. (See Clark, Col. George Rogers. ) Under Government of Virginia.— Seldom in the history of the world have such important results been achieved by such insignificant instru- mentalities and with so little sacrifice of life, as in this almost bloodless campaign of the youthful conqueror of Illinois. Having been won largely through Virginia enterprise and valor and by material aid furnished through Governor Henry, the Virginia House of Delegates, in October, 1778, proceeded to assert the jurisdiction of that commonwealth over the settlements of tlje North- west, by organizing all the country west and north of the Ohio River into a county to be called "Illinois," (see Illinois County), and empowering the Governor to appoint a "County-Lieutenant or Commandant-in-Chief" to exercise civil author- ity during the pleasure of the appointing power. Thus "Illinois County" was older than the States of Ohio or Indiana, while Patrick Henry, the elo- quent orator of the Revolution, became ex-oflScio its first Governor. Col. John Todd, a citizen of Kentucky, was appointed "County-Lieutenant," Dec. 12, 1778, entering upon his duties in May following. The militia was organized, Deputy-Commandants for Kaskaskia and Cahokia appointed, and the first election of civil oflScers ever had in Illinois, was held under Colonel Todd's direction. His record-book, now in posses- sion of the Chicago Historical Society, shows that he was accustomed to exercise powers scarcely inferior to those of a State Executive. (See Todd, Col. John.) In 1782 one "Thimothe Demunbrunt" sub- scribed himself as "Lt. comd'g par interim, etc." — but the origin of his authority is not clearly understood. He assumed to act as Commandant until the arrival of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, first Territorial Governor of the Northwest Territory, in 1790. After the close of the Revolution, courts ceased to be held and civil affairs fell into great disorder. "In effect, there was neither law nor order in the 'Illinois Country' for the seven years from 1783 to 1790." During the progress of the Revolution, there were the usual rumors and alarms in the "Illinois Country" peculiar to frontier life in time of war. The country, however, was singularly exempt from any serious calamity such as a general massacre. One reason for this was the friendly relations which had existed between the French and their Indian neighbors previous to the con- quest, and which the new masters, after the cap- ture of Kaskaskia, took pains to perpetuate. Several movements were projected by the British and tlieir Indian allies about Detroit and in Can- ada, but they were kept so busy elsewhere that they had little time to put their plans into execu- tion. One of these was a proposed movement from Pensacola against the Spanish posts on the lower Mississippi, to punish Spain for having engaged in the war of 1779, but the promptness with which the Spanish Governor of New Orleans proceeded to capture Fort Manchac, Baton Rouge and Natchez from their British possessors, con- vinced the latter that this was a "game at which two could play." In ignorance of these results, an expedition, 750 strong, composed largely of Indians, fitted out at Mackinaw under command of Capt. Patrick St. Clair, started in the early part of May, 1780, toco-operate with the expedition on the lower Mississippi, but intending to deal a destructive blow to the Illinois villages and the Spanish towns of St. Louis and St. Genevieve on the way. This expedition reached St. Louis, May 26, but Col. George Rogers Clark, having arrived at Cahokia with a small force twenty-four hours earlier, prepared to co-operate with the Spaniards on the western shore of the Mississippi, and the invading force confined their depredations to kill- ing seven or eight villagers, and then beat a hasty retreat in the direction they had come. These were the last expeditions organized to regain the "Country of the Illinois" or capture Spanish posts on the Mississippi. Expeditions Ag.unst Fort St. Joseph. — An expedition of a different sort is worthy of mention in this connection, as it originated in Illinois. This consisted of a company of seventeen men, led by one Thomas Brady, a citizen of Cahokia, who, marching across the country, in the month of October, 1780, after the retreat of Sinclair, from St. Louis, succeeded in surprising and cap- turing Fort St. Joseph about where La Salle had erected Fort Miami, near the mouth of the St. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 253 Joseph River, a hundred years before. Brady and his party captured a few British prisoners, and a large quantity of goods. On their return, while encamped on the Calumet, the}- were attacked by a band of Pottawatomies. and all were killed, wounded or taken prisoners except Brady and two others, who escaped. Early in January, 1781, a party consisting of sixtyfiTe whites, organized from St. Louis and Cahokia, with some 200 Indians, and headed by Don Eugenio Pourre, a Spaniard, started on a second expedition against Fort St. Joseph. By silencing the Indians, whom they met on their way, with promises of plunder, they were able to reach the fort without discovery, captured it and. raising the Spanish Hag, formally took po.ssession in the name of the King of .Spain. After retaining pos- session for a few days, the party returned to St. Louis, but in negotiating the treaty of peace at Paris, in 1783, this incident was made the basis of a claim put forth by Spain to ownership of the "Illinois Country" "by right of conquest." The Territori.\l Pekiod. — At the very outset of its existence, the new Government of the United States was confronted with an embarrass- ing question which deeply affected the interests of the territory of which Illinois formed a part. This was the claim of certain States to lands lying between their western boundaries and the Mississippi River, then the western boundary of the Republic. These claims were based either upon the terms of their original charters or upon the cession of lands by the Indians, and it was under a claim of the former character, as well as by right of conquest, that Virginia assumed to ex- ercise authority over the "Illinois Country" after its capture by the Clark expedition. This con- struction was opposed by the States which, from their geographical position or other cause, had no claim to lands beyond their own boundaries, and the controversy was waged with considerable bitterness for several years, proving a formidable obstacle to the ratification of the Articles of Con- federation. As early as 1779 the subject received the attention of Congress in the adoption of a resolution requesting the States having such claims to "forbear settling or issuing warrants for unappropriated lands or granting the same during the continuance of the present (Revolu- tionary) "War." In the following year. New York authorized her Delegates in Congress to limit its boundaries in such manner as they might think expedient, and to cede to the Government its claim to western lands. The case was further com- plicated by the claims of certain land companies which had been previously organized. New York filed her cession to the Ijeneral Government of lands claimed by her in October, 1782, followed by Virginia nearly a year later, and by Slassa- chusetts and Connecticut in 178,5 and 1786. Other States followed somewhat tardily, Georgia being the last, in 1802. The only claims of this charac- ter affecting lands in Illinois were those of Vir- ginia covering the southern part of the State, and Connecticut and Massachusetts applying to the northern portion. It was from the splendid domain north and west of the Ohio thus acquired from Virginia and other States, that the North- west Territory was finally organized. Ordinance of 1787. — The first step was taken in the passage by Congress, in 1784; of a resolution providing for the temporary government of the Western Territory, and this was followed three years later by the enactment of the celebrated Ordinance of 1787. While this latter document contained numerous provisions which marked a new departure in the science of free government — as, for instance, that declaring that "religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged" — its crowning feature was the sixth article, as follows; "There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." Although there has been considerable contro- versy as to the authorship of the above and other provisions of this immortal document, it is worthy of note that substantially the same lan- guage was introduced in the resolutions of 1784, by a Delegate from a slave State — Thomas Jefler- son, of Virginia— though not, at that time, adopted. Jefferson was not a member of the Congress of 1787 (being then Minister to France), and could have had nothing directly to do with the later Ordinance; yet it is evident that the principle which he had advocated finally received the approval of eight out of the thirteen States, — all that were represented in that Congress — includ- ing the slave States of Virginia, Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. (See Ordinance of 17S7.) NuuTHWEST Territory Oroanized.— Under the Ordinance of 1787, organizing the Northwest Territory, Gen. Arthur St. Clair, who had been a soldier of the Revolution, was appointed the first Governor on Feb. 1, 1788, with Winthrop Sargent, Secretary, and Samuel Holden Parsons, 254 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. James Mitchell Varnum and John Cleves Symmes, Judges. All these were reappointed by President Washington in 1789. The new Terri- torial Government was organized at Marietta, a settlement on the Ohio, July 15, 1788, but it was nearly two years later before Governor St. Clair visited Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia, March 5, 1790. The County of St. Clair (named after him) was organized at this time, embracing all the settlements between the Wabash and the Missis- sippi. (See St. Clair County.) He found the inhabitants generally in a deplorable condition, neglected by the Government, the courts of jus- tice practically abolished and many of the citizens sadly in need of the obligations due them from the Government for supplies furnished to Colonel Clark twelve years before. After a stay of three months, the Governor returned east. In 1795, Judge Turner held the first court in St. Clair County, at Cahokia, as the county-seat, although both Cahokia and Kaskaskia had been named as county-seats by Governor St. Clair. Out of the disposition of the local authorities to retain the official records at Cahokia, and consequent dis- agreement over the county-seat question, at least in part, grew the order of 1795 organizing the second county (Randolph), and Kaskaskia became its county-seat. In 1796 Governor St. Clair paid a second visit to Illinois, accompanied by Judge Symmes, who held court at both county-seats. On Nov. 4, 1791, occurred the defeat of Gov- ernor St. Clair, in the western part of the present State of Ohio, by a force of Indians under com- mand of Little Turtle, in which the whites sus- tained a heavy loss of both men and property — an event which had an unfavorable effect upon conditions throughout the Northwest Territory generally. St. Clair, having resigned his com- mand of the army, was succeeded by Gen. Anthony Wayne, who, in a vigorous campaign, overwhelmed the Indians with defeat. This resulted in the treaty with the Western tribes at Greenville, August 3, 1795, which was the begin- ning of a period of comparative peace with the Indians all over the Western Country. (See Wayne, (Oen.) Anthony.) First Territorial Legislation.— In 1798, the Territory having gained the requisite population, an election of members of a Legislative Council and House of Representatives was held in accord- ance with the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787. This was the first Territorial Legislature organized in the history of the Republic. It met at Cincin- nati, Feb. 4, 1799, Shadrach Bond being the Delegate from St. Clair County and John Edgar from Randolph. Gen. William Henry Harrison, who had succeeded Sargent as Secretary of the Territory, June 26, 1798, was elected Delegate to Congress, receiving a majority of one vote over Arthur St. Clair, Jr. , son of the Governor. Ohio and Indiana Territories. — By act of Congress, May 7, 1800, the Northwest Territory was divided into Ohio and Indiana Territories ; the latter embracing the region west of the pres- ent State of Ohio, and having its capital at "Saint Vincent" (Vincennes). May 13, WilUam Henry Harrison, who had been the first Delegate in Con- gress from the Northwest Territory, was ap- pointed Governor of Indiana Territory, which at first consisted of three counties: Knox, St. Clair and Randolph — the two latter being within the boundaries of the present State of Illinois. Their aggregate population at this time was estimated at less than 5,000. During his administration Governor Harrison concluded thirteen treaties with the Indians, of which six related to the ces- sion of lands in Illinois. The first treaty relating to lands in Illinois was that of Greenville, con- cluded by General Wayne in 1795. By this the Government acquired six miles square at the mouth of the Chicago River ; twelve miles square at the mouth of the Illinois ; six miles square at the old Peoria fort ; the post of Fort Massac ; and 150,000 acres assigned to General Clark and his soldiers, besides all other lands "in possession of the French people and all other white settlers among them, the Indian title to which had been thus extinguished." (See Indian Treaties; also, Greenville, Treaty of. ) During the year 1803, the treaty with France for the purchase of Louisiana and West Florida was concluded, and on March 26, 1804, an act was passed by Congress attaching all that portion of Louisiana lying north of the thirty-third parallel of latitude and west of the Mississippi to Indiana Territory for governmental purposes. Tliis in- cluded the present States of Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, the two Dakotas and parts of Colorado, Wyoming and Mon- tana. This arrangement continued only until tlie following March, when Louisiana was placed under a separate Territorial organization. For four years Indiana Territory was governed under laws framed by the Governor and Judges, but, the population having increased to the re- quired number, an election was held, Sept. 11, 1804, on the proposition to advance the gov- ernment to the "second grade" by the election of a Territorial Legislature. The smallness of the vote indicated the indifference of the people on HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 255 the subject Out of 400 votes cast, the proposition received a majority of 138. The two Illinois counties cast a total of 142 votes, of which St. Clair furnished 81 and Randolph 61. The former gave a majority of 37 against the measure and tlie latter 19 in its favor, showing a net negative majority of 18. The adoption of the proposition was due, therefore, to tlie affirmative vote in the other counties. There were in the Territory at this time six counties; one of these (Wayue) was in Michigan, which was set off, in 1805, as a sep- arate Territory. At the election of Delegates to a Territorial Legislature, held Jan. 3, 180.5, Shad- rach Bond, Sr., and William Biggs were elected for St. Clair County and George Fisher for Ran- dolph. Bond having meanwhile become a mem- ber of the Legislative Council, Shadrach Bond, Jr., was chosen his successor. The Legislature convened at Vincennes, Feb. 7, 180.5, but only to recommend a list of persons from whom it was the duty of Congress to select a Legislative Council. In addition to Bond, Pierre Menard was chosen for Randolph and John Hay for St. Clair. Illinois Territory Organized. — The Illinois counties were represented in two regular and one special session of the Territorial Legislature dur- ing the time they were a part of Indiana Terri- tory. By act of Congress, which became a law Feb. 3, 1809, the Territory was divided, the west- ern part being named Illinois. At this point the history of Illinois, as a sepa- rate political division, begins. While its bounda- ries in all other directions were as now, on the north it extended to the Canada line. From what has already been said, it appears that the earliest wliite settlements were established by French Canadians, chiefly at Kaskaskia, Cahokia and the other villages in the southern part of the American Bottom. At the time of Clark's in- vasion, there were not known to have been more than two Americans among these people, except sucli hunters and trappers as paid them occasional visits. One of the earliest American settlers in Southern Illinois was Capt. Nathan Hull, who c^me from Massachusetts and settled at an early day on the Ohio, near where Golconda now stands, afterward removing to the vicinity of Kiiskaskia, where he died in 1806. In 1781, a company of immigrants, consisting (with one or two exceptions) of members of Clark's command in 1778, arrived with their families from Mary- land and Virginia and established themseh^es on the American Bottom. The "New Design" set- tlement, on the boundary line between St. Clair and Monroe Counties, and the first distinctively American colony in the "Illinois Country," was established by this party. Some of its members afterward became prominent in the history of the Territory and tlie State. William Biggs, a mem- ber of tlie first Territorial Legislature, with others, settled in or near Kaskaskia about 1788, and William Arundel, the first American mer- chant at Cahokia, came there from Peoria during the same year. Gen. John Edgar, for many years a leading citizen and merchant at the capital, arrived at Kaskaskia in 1784, and William Mor- rison, Ka.skaskia's principal merchant, came from Philadelphia as early as 1790, followed some years afterward by several brothers. James Lemen came before the beginning of the present cen- tury, and was the founder of a large and influ- ential family in the vicinity of Shiloh, St. Clair County, and Rev. David Badgley headed a colony of 154 from Virginia, who arrived in 1797. Among other prominent arrivals of this period were John Rice Jones, Pierre Menard (first Lieutenant-Governor of the State), Shadrach Bond, Jr. (first Governor), John Hay, John Messinger, William Kinney, Capt. Joseph Ogle; and of a later date, Nathaniel Pope (afterward Secretary of the Territory, Delegate to Congress, Justice of the United States Court and father of the late JIaj.-Gen. John Pope), Elias Kent Kane (first Secretarj- of State and afterward United States Senator), Daniel P. Cook (first Attorney- General and second Representative in Congress), George Forquer (at one time Secretary of State), and Dr. George Fisher — all prominent in Terri- torial or State history. (See biographical sketches of these early settlers under their re- spective names. ) Tlie government of the new Territory was organized by the appointment of Ninian Ed- wards, Governor; Nathaniel Pope, Secretary, and Alexander Stuart, Obadiah Jones and Jesse B. Thomas, Territorial Judges. (See Edwards, Ninian.) Stuart having been transferred to Missouri, Stanley Griswold was appointed in his stead. Governor Edwards arrived at Kas- kaskia, the capital, in June, 1809. At that time the two counties of St. Clair and Randolpli comprised the settled portion of the Territory, with a white population estimated at about 9,000. The Governor and Judges immediately proceeded to formulate a code of laws, and the appoint- ments made by Secretary Pope, who had preceded the Governor in his arrival in the Territory, were confirmed. Benjamin H. Doyle was the first Attorney-General, but he resigned in a few 256 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. months, when the place was offered to John J. Crittenden — the well-known United States Sen- ator from Kentucky at the beginning of the Civil War — but by him declined. Thomas T. Crittenden was then appointed. An incident of the year 1811 was the battle of Tippecanoe, resulting in the defeat of Tecumseh, the great chief of the Shawnees, by Gen. William Henry Harrison. Four companies of mounted rangers were raised in Illinois this year under direction of Col. William Russell, of Kentucky, who built Camp Russell near Edwardsville the following year. They were commanded by Cap- tains Samuel Whiteside, William B. Whiteside, James B. Moore and Jacob Short. The memo- rable earthquake which had its center about New Madrid, Mo., occurred in December of this year, and was quite violent in some portions of Southern Illinois. (See Earthquake of IS 11.) War of 1813. — During the following year the second war with England began, but no serious outbreak occurred in Illinois until August, 1812, when the massacre at Fort Dearborn, where Chicago now stands, took place. This had long been a favorite trading post of the Indians, at first under French occupation and afterward under the Americans. Sometime during 1803-04, a fort had been built near the mouth of Chicago River on the south side, on land acquired from the Indians by the treaty of Greenville in 1795. (See Fort Dearborn.) In the spring of 1812 some alarm had been caused by outrages committed by Indians in the vicinity, and in the early part of August, Capt. Nathan Heald, commanding the garrison of less than seventy-five men, received instructions from General Hull, in command at Detroit, to evacuate the fort, disposing of the public property as he might see fit. Friendly Indians advised Heald either to make prepara- tions for a vigorous defense, or evacuate at once. Instead of this, he notified the Indians of his in- tention to retire and divide the stores among them, with the conditions subsequently agreed upon in council, that his garrison should be afforded an escort and safe passage to Fort Wayne. On the 14th of August he proceeded to distribute the bulk of the goods as promised, but the ammunition, guns and liquors were de- stroyed. This he justified on the ground that a bad use would be made of them, while the Indians construed it as a violation of the agree- ment. The tragedy which followed, is thus de- scribed in Moses' "History of Illinois:" "Black Partridge, a Pottawatomie Chief, who had been on terms of friendship with the whites, appeared before Captain Heald and informed him plainly that his young men intended to imbrue their hands in the blood of the whites; that he was no longer able to restrain them, and, surrendering a medal he had worn in token of amity, closed by saying: 'I will not wear a token of peace while I am compelled to act as an enemy. ' In the meantime the Indians were riot- ing upon the provisions, and becoming so aggres- sive in their bearing that it was resolved to march out the next day. The fatal fifteenth arrived. To each soldier was distributed twenty-five rounds of reserved ammunition. The baggage and ambulance wagons were laden, and the gar- rison slowly wended its way outside the protect- ing walls of the fort — the Indian escort of 500 following in the rear. What next occurred in this disastrous movement is narrated by Captain Heald in his report, as follows: 'The situation of the country rendered it neces.sary for us to take the beach, with the lake on our left, and a high sand bank on our right at about three hundred j'ards distance. We had proceeded about a mile and a half, when it was discovered (by Captain W'ells) that the Indians were prepared to attack us from behind the bank. I immediately marched up with the company to the top of the bank, when the action commenced; after firing one round, we charged, and the Indians gave way in front and joined those on our flanks. In about fif- teen minutes they got possession of all our horses, provisions and baggage of every description, and finding the Miamis (who had come from Fort Wayne with Captain Wells to act as an escort) did not assist us, I drew off the few men I had left and took possession of a small elevation in the open prairie out of shot of the bank, or any other cover. The Indians did not follow me but assembled in a body on top of the bank, and after some consultation among themselves, made signs for me to approach them. I advanced toward them alone, and was met by one of the Potta- watomie chiefs called Black Bird, with an inter- preter. After shaking hands, he requested me to surrender, promising to spare tlie lives of all the prisoners. On a few moments' consideration I concluded it would be most prudent to comply with this request, although I did not put entire confidence in his promise. The troops had made a brave defense, but what could so small a force do against such overwhelming numbers? It was evident with over half their number dead upon the field, or wounded, further resistance would be hopeless. Twenty-six regulars and twelve militia, with two women and twelve children, were killed. Among the slain were Captain Wells, Dr. Van Voorhis and Ensign George Ronan. (Captain Wells, when young, had been captured by Indians and had married among them.) He (Wells) was familiar with all the wiles, stratagems, as well as the vindictiveness of the Indian character, and when the conflict began, he said to his niece (Mrs. Heald), by whose side he was standing, 'We have not the slightest chance for life ; we must part to meet no more in this world. God bless you." With these words he dashed forward into the thickest of the fight. He refused to be taken prisoner, knowing what his fate would be, when a young I HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 257 red-skin cut him down with his tomahawk, juni|>t'd upon liis body, cut out Ids lieart and ate a portion of it with sjivage deliglit. "The prisoners taken were Captain Heald and wife, botli wounded. Lieutenant Hehn, also wounded, and wife, witli twenty-five non-com- missioned officers and privates, and eleven women and children. The loss of the Indians was fifteen killed. Mr. Kinzie's family had been entrusted to the care of .some friendly Indians and were not with the retiring garrison. The Indians engaged in this outrage were principally Pottawatomies, with a few Chippewas, Ottawas, Winnebagoes, and Kickapoos. Fort Dearborn was plundered and burned on the next morning." (See Fort Dearborn; also War of IS 12. ) Thus ended the most bloody tragedy that ever occurred on the soil of Illinois with Americans as victims. The place where this affair occurred, as described by Captain Heald, was on the lake shore about the foot of Eighteenth Street in the present city of Chicago. After the destruction of the fort, the site of the present city of Chicago remained unoccupied until 1816, when the fort was rebuilt. At that time the bones of the vic- tims of the massacre of 1812 still lay bleaching ujion the sands near the lake shore, but they were gathered up a few years Liter and buried. The new fort continued to be occupied somewhat irregularly until 18137, when it was finally aban- doned, there being no longer any reason for maintaining it as a defense against the Indians. Other Events of the W.\r.— The part played by Illinois in the War of 1812, consisted chiefly in looking after the large Indian population within and near its borders. Two expeditions were undertaken to Peoria Lake in the Fall of 1812; the first of these, under the direction of Governor Edwards, burned two Kickapoo vil- lages, one of them being that of "Hlack Part- ridge," who had befriended the whites at Fort Deartorn. A few weeks later Capt. Thomas E. Craig, at the head of a company of militia, made a descent upon the ancient French village of Peoria, on the pretext that the inhabitants liad har- bored hostile Indians and fired on his boats. He burned a part of the town and, taking tlie peojile as prisoners down the river, put them ashore below Alton, in the beginning of winter. Both these affairs were severely censured. There were expeditions against the Indians on the Illinois and Upper Mississippi in 1813 and 1814. In the latter j'ear, Illinois troops took part with credit in two engagements at Rock Island — the last of these being in co-operation with regu- lars, under command of Maj. Zacliary Taylorj*, afterwards President, against a force of Indians supported by the British. Fort Clark at Peoria was erected in 1813, and Fort Edwards at War- saw, opposite the mouth of the Des Moines, at the close of the campaign of 1814. A council with the Indians, conducted by Governors Edwards of Illinois and Clarke of Missouri, and Auguste Chouteau, a merchant of St. Louis, as Government Commissioners, on the Missis.sippi just below Alton, in July, ISl.'i, concluded a treaty of peace with the principal Northwestern tribes, thus ending the war. First Territorial Leoislature.— By act of Congress, adopted May 21, 1812, the Territory of Illinois was raised to the second grade— i. e., em- powered to elect a Territorial Legislature. In September, three additional counties— Madison, Gallatin and Johnson— were organized, making five in all. and. in October, an election for the choice of five members of the Council and seven Representatives was held, resulting as follows: Councilmen— Pierre Menard of Randolph County ; William Biggs of St. Clair; Samuel Judy of Madison; Thomas Ferguson of Johnson, and Benjamin Talbot of Gallatin. Representatives- George Fisher of Randolph ; Joshua Oglesby and Jacob Short of St. Clair; William Jones of Madi- son; Philip Trammel and Alexander Wilson of Gallatin, and John Grammar of Johnson. The Legislature met at Kaskaskia, Nov. 25, the Coun- cil organizing with Pierre Menard as President and John Thomas, Secretary; and the House, with George Fisher as Speaker and William C. Greenup, Clerk. Shadrach Bond was elected the first Delegate to Congress. A second Legislature was elected in 1814, con- vening at Kaskaskia. Nov. 14. Menard was con- tinued President of the Council during the whole Territorial period; while George Fisher was Speaker of each House, except the Second. The county of Edwards was organized in 1814, and White in 1815. Other counties organized under the Territorial Government were Jackson, Mon- roe, Crawford and Pope in 1816; Bond in 1817, and Franklin, Union and Washington in 1818, making fifteen in all. Of these all but the three last-named were organized previous to the pas.sage by Congress of the enabling act author- izing the Territory of Illinois to organize a State government. In 1816 the Bank of Illinois was established at Shawneetown, with branches at Edwardsville and Kaskaskia. Early Towns.- Besides the French villages in the American Bottom, there is said to have been a French and Indian village on the west bank of Peoria Lake, as early as 1711. This site appears to have been abandoned about 1775 and a new 258 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. village establislied on the present site of Peoria soon after, which was maintained until 1812, when it was broken up by Captain Craig. Other early towns were Shawneetown, laid out in 1808; Belleville, established as the county-seat of St. Clair County, in 1814; Edwardsville, founded in 1815; Upper Alton, in 1816, and Alton, in 1818. Carmi, Fairfield, Waterloo, Golconda, Lawrence- ville. Mount Carmel and Vienna also belonged to this period; while Jacksonville, Springfield and Galena were settled a few years later. Chicago is mentioned in "Beck's Gazetteer" of 1823, as "a village of Pike County." Admission as a State. — The preliminary steps for the admission of Illinois as a State, were taken in the passage of an Enabling A ct by Congress, April 13, 1818. An important incident in this connection was the amendment of the act, mak- ing the parallel of 42 30' from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River the northern boundary, in,stead of a line extending from tlie southern extremity of the Lake. This was obtained through the influence of Hon. Nathaniel Pope, then Delegate from Illinois, and by it the State secured a strip of country fifty-one miles in w'idth, from the Lake to the Mississippi, embrac- ing what have since become fourteen of the most populous counties of the State, including the city of Chicago. The political, material and moral results which have followed this important act, have been tlie subject of much interesting dis- cussion and cannot be easily over-estimated. (See Northern Boundary Question; also Pope, Nathaniel. ) Another measure of great importance, which Jlr. Pope secured, was a modification of the provision of the Enabling Act requiring the appropriation of five per cent of the proceeds from the sale of pub- lic lands within the State, to the construction of roads and canals. The amendment which he secured authorizes the application of two-fifths of this fund to the making of roads leading to the State, but requires "the residue to be appropri- ated by the Legislature of the State for the encouragement of learning, of which one-sixth part shall be exclusively bestowed on a college or university." This was the beginning of that system of liberal encouragement of education by the General Government, which has been at- tended with such beneficent results in the younger States, and has reflected so much honor upon the Nation. (See Education; Bailroads, and Illinois <& Michigan Canal. ) The Enabling Act required as a precedent con- dition that a census of the Territory, to be taken that year, should show a population of 40,000. Such a result was shown, but it is now confessed that the number was greatly exaggerated, the true population, as afterwards given, being 34,020. According to the decennial census of 1820, the population of the State at that time was 55,162. If there was any short-coming in this respect in 1818, the State has fully compensated for it by its unexampled growth in later j-ears. An election of Delegates to a Convention to frame a State Constitution was held July 6 to 8, 1818 (extending through three days), tiiirty-three Delegates being chosen from the fifteen counties of the State. The Convention met at Kaskaskia, August 3, and organized by the election of Jesse B. Thomas, President, and William C. Greenup, Secretary, closing its labors. August 36. The Constitution, which was modeled largely upon the Constitutions of Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana, was not submitted to a vote of the people. (See Constitutional Coni'entions, especiallj' Conven- tion of ISIS.) Objection was made to its accept- ance by Congress on the ground that the population of the Territory was insufiicient and that the prohibition of slavery was not as ex- plicit as required by the Ordinance of 1787; but these arguments were overcome and the docu- ment accepted by a vote of 117 yeas to 34 nays. The only oflicers whose election was provided for by popular vote, were the Governor, Lieutenant- Governor, Sheriffs, Coroners and County Commis- sioners. The Secretary of State, State Treasurer, Auditor of Public Accounts, Public Printer and Supreme and Circuit Judges were all appointive either by the Governor or General Assembly. The elective franchise was granted to all white male inhabitants, above the age of 21 years, who had resided in the State six months. The first State election was held Sept. 17, 1818, resulting in the choice of Shadrach Bond for Governor, and Pierre Menard, Lieutenant- Governor. The Legislature, chosen at the same time, consisted of thirteen Senators and twenty- seven Representatives. It commenced its session at Kaskaskia, Oct. 5, 1818, and adjourned after a session of ten days, awaiting the formal admis- sion of the State, which took place Dec. 3. A second session of the same Legislature was held, extending from Jan. 4 to March 31, 1819. Risdon Moore was Speaker of the first House. The other State officers elected at the first ses- sion were Elijah C. Berry, Auditor ; John Thomas, Treasurer, and Daniel P. Cook, Attorney-General. Elias Kent Kane, having been appointed Secre- tary of State by the Governor, was confirmed by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 259 the Senate. Ex-Governor Edwards and Jesse B. Tliouias were elected United States Senators, the former drawing tlie sliort term and serving one year, when lie was re-elected. Thomas served two terms, retiring in 1S29. The first Supreme Court consisted of Joseph Phillips, Chief Justice, with Thomas C. Browne, William P. Foster and John Reynolds, Associate Justices. Foster, who was a mere adventurer without an}" legal knowl- edge, left the State in a few months and was succeeded by "William "Wilson. (See State Officers, United States Senators, and Judieiartj.) Menard, who served as Lieutenant-Governor four years, was a noteworthy man. A native of Canada and of French descent, he came to Kas- kaskia in 1790, at the age of 24 years, and engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was hos- pitable, frank, liberal and enterprising. The fol- lowing story related of him illustrates a pleas- ant feature of his character: "At one time there was a scarcity of salt in the country, and Menard held the only supply outside of St. Louis. A nimiber of his neighbors called upon him for what they wanted ; he declined to let them know whether he could supply them or not, but told them to come to his store on a certain day, when he would inform them. They came at the time appointed, and were seated. Menard passed around among them and inquired of each, 'You got money?' Some said they had and some that they had not, but would pay as soon as they killed their hogs. Those who had money he directed to range themselves on one side of the room and those who had none, on the other. Of course, those who had the means expected to get the salt and the others looked very much dis- tressed and crestfallen. Menard then spoke up in his brusque way, and said, 'You men who got de money, can go to St. Louis for your salt. Dese poor men who got no money shall have my salt, by gar.' Such was the man — noble hearted and large-minded, if unpolished and uncouth." (See il/fward, Pierre.) Removal of the Capital to Va.ndallv.— At the second session of the General Assembly, five Commissioners were appointed to select a new site for the State Capital. "What is now the city of Vandalia was selected, and, in December, 1820, the entire archives of the State were re- moved to the new capital, being transported in one small wagon, at a cost of $25.00, under the supervision of the late Sidney Breese, who after- wards became United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme Court. (See State Capitals. ) Purine the session of the Second General Assembly, which met at Vandalia, Dec. 4, 1820, a bill was passed establishing a State Bank at Vandalia, with branches at Shawneetown, Edwardsville and Brownsville. John McLean, who had been the first Representative in Con- gress, was Speaker of the House at this session. He was twice elected to the United States Senate, though he served only about two years, dying in ISIiO. (See State Bank.) Inthoductiox op the Slavery Question. — The second State election, which occurred in August, 1822, proved the beginning of a turbu- lent period through the introduction of some exciting questions into State politics. There were four candidates for gubernatorial honors in the field: Chief-Justice Phillips, of the Supreme Court, supported by the friends of Governor Bond; Associate- Justice Browne, of the same court, supported by the friends of Governor Edwards; Gen. James B. Moore, a noted Indian fighter and the candidate of the "Old Rangers," and Edward Coles. The latter was a native of Virginia, who had served as private secretary of President Monroe, and had been employed as a special messenger to Russia. He had made two visits to Illinois, the first in 1815 and the second in 1818. The Convention to form a State Constitu- tion being in session at the date of the latter visit, he took a deep interest in the discussion of the slavery questiou and exerted his influence in securing the adoption of the prohibitory article in the organic law. On April 1, 1819, he started from his home in Virginia to remove to Edwards- ville, 111., taking with him his ten slaves. The journey from Brownsville, Pa., was made in two flat-boats to a point below Louisville, where he disembarked, traveling by land to Edwards- ville. While descending the Ohio River he sur- prised his slaves by announcing that they were free. The scene, as described by him.self, was most dramatic. Having declined to avail them- selves of the privilege of leaving him, he took them with him to his destination, where he eventually gave each head of a family IGO acres of land. -Vrrived at Edwardsville, he assumed the position of Register of the Land Office, to which he had been appointed by President Mon- roe, before leaving Virginia. The act of Coles with reference to his slaves established his reputation as an opponent of slavery, and it was in this attitude that he stood as a candidate for Governor — both Phillips and Browne being friendly to "the institution," which had had a virtual e.xistence in the "Illinois Country" from the time Renault brought 500 260 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. slaves to the vicinity of Kaskaskia, one hun- dred years before. Although the Constitution declared that "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall hereafter be introduced into the State," this had not been effectual in eliminating it. In fact, while this language was construed, so long as it remained in the Constitution, as prohibiting legislation authorizing the admission of slaves from without, it was not regarded as inimical to the institution as it already existed ; and, as the population came largely from the slave States, there had been a rapidly growing sentiment in favor of removing the inhibitory clause. Although the pro-slavery party was divided between two candidates for Governor, it had hardly contemplated the possibility of defeat, and it was consequently a surprise when the returns showed that Coles was elected, receiv- ing 3,854 votes to 2,687 for Phillips, 2,443 for Browne and 622 for Moore — Coles' plurality being 167 in a total of 8,606. Coles thus became Governor on less than one-third of the popular vote. Daniel P. Cook, who had made the race for Congress at the same election against McLean, as an avowed opponent of slavery, was successful by a majority of 876. (See Coles, Edward; also Cook, Daniel Pope. ) The real struggle was now to occur in the Legis- lature, which met Dec. 2, 1823. The House organized with William M. Alexander as Speaker, while the Senate elected Thomas Lippincott (afterwards a prominent Presbyterian minister and the father of the late Gen. Charles E. Lippin- cott), Secretary, and Henry S. Dodge, Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk. The other State officers appointed by the Governor, or elected by the Legislature, were Samuel D. Lockwood, Secretary of State; Elijah C. Berry, Auditor; Abner Field, Treasurer, and James Turney, Attorney General. Lockwood had served nearly two years previously as Attorney-General, but remained in the office of Secretary of State only three months, when he resigned to accept the position of Receiver for the Land Office. (See Lockwood, Samuel Drake.) The slavery question came up in the Legisla- ture on the reference to a special committee of a portion of the Governor's message, calling atten- tion to the continued existence of slavery in spite of the ordinance of 1787, and recommending that steps be taken for its extinction. Majority and minority reports were submitted, the former claiming the right of the State to amend its Con- stitution and thereby make such disposition of the slaves as it saw proper. Out of this grew a resolution submitting to the electors at the next election a proposition for a convention to revise the Constitution. This passed the Senate by the necessary two-thirds vote, and, having come up in the House (Feb. 11, 1823), it failed by a single vote — Nicholas Hansen, a Representative from Pike County, whose seat had been unsuccessfully contested by John Shaw at the beginning of the session, being one of those vbting in the negative. The next day, without further investigation, the majority proceeded to reconsider its action in seating Hansen two and a half months previ- ously, and Shaw was seated in his place; though, in order to do this, some crooked work was nec- essary to evade the rules. Shaw being seated, the submission resolution was then passed. No more exciting campaign was ever had in Illinois. Of five papers then published in the State, "The Edwardsville Spectator," edited by Hooper Warren, opposed the measure, being finally rein- forced by "The Illinois Intelligencer," which had been removed to Vandalia; "The Illinois Gaz- ette," at Shawneetown, published articles on both sides of the question, though rather favoring the anti-slavery cause, while "The Republican Advocate," at Kaskaskia, the organ of Senator Elias Kent Kane, and "The Republican," at Edwardsville, under direction of Judge Theophi- lus W. Smith, Emanuel J. West and Judge Samuel McRoberts (afterwards United States Senator), favored the Convention. The latter paper was established for the especial purpose of supporting the Convention scheme and was promptly discontinued on the defeat of the meas- ure. (See Newspapers, Early.) Among other supporters of the Convention proposition were Senator Jesse B. Thomas, John McLean, Richard M. Young, Judges Phillips, Browne and Reynolds, of the Supreme Court, and many more; while among the leading champions of the opposition, were Judge Lockwood, George Forquer (after- ward Secretary of State), Morris Birkbeck, George Churchill, Thomas Mather and Rev. Thomas Lip- pincott. Daniel P Cook, then Representative in Congress, was the leading champion of freedom on the stump, while Governor Coles contributed the salary of his entire term ($4,000), as well as his influence, to the support of the cause. Gov- ernor Edwards (then in the Senate) was the owner of slaves and occupied a non-committal position. The election was held August 2, 1824, resulting in 4,972 votes for a Convention, to 6,640 against it, defeating the proposition by a majority of 1,668. Considering the size of tlie aggregate vote (11,612), the result was a decisive one. By it Illinois escaped the greatest danger it ever en- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 261 countered previous to the War of the Rebellion. (See Slavery o.nd Slave Laws. ) At the same election Cook was re-elected to Congress by 3,016 majority over Shadrach Bond. The vote for Presiilent was divided between John Quiney Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay and "William H. Crawford— Adams receiving a plurality, but much below a majority. The Elect- oral College failing to elect a President, the decision of the question passed into the hands of the Congressional House of Representatives, when Adams was elected, receiving the vote of Illinois through its only Representative, Mr. Cook. During the remainder of his term. Governor Coles was made the victim of much vexatious litigation at the hands of his enemies, a verdict being rendered against him in the sum of $2,000 for bringing his emancipated negroes into the State, in violation of the law of 1819. The Legis- lature having passed an act releasing him from the penalty, it was declared unconstitutional by a malicious Circuit Judge, though his decision was promptly reversed by the Supreme Court. Having lived a few years on his farm near Edwardsville, in 1832 he removed to Philadelphia, where he spent the remainder of his days, his death occurring there, July 7, 1868. In the face of opprobrium and defamation, and sometimes in danger of mob violence, Governor Coles per- formed a service to the State which has scarcely yet been fully recognized. {See Coles. Edward.) A ridiculous incident of the closing year of Coles' administration was the attempt of Lieut. - Gov. Frederick Adolphus Hubbard, after having tasted the sweets of executive power during the Governor's temporary absence from the State, to usurp the po.sition after the Governor's return. The ambitious aspirations of the would-be usurper were suppressed by the Supreme Court. An interesting event of the year 1825, was the visit of General La Fayette to Kaskaskia. He was welcomed in an address by Governor Coles, and the event was made the occasion of much festivity by the French citizens of the ancient capital. {See La Fayette, Visit of .) The first State House at Vandalia having been destroyed by fire, Dec. 9, 1823, a new one was erected during the following year at a cost of $12,381.50, toward which the people of Vandalia contributed S5,000. Edwards' Administr.vtion. — The State elec- tion of 1826 resulted in again calling Ninian Edwards to the gubernatorial chair, which he had filled during nearly tlie whole of the exist- ence of Illinois as a Territory. Elected one of the first United States Senators, and re-elected for a second term in 1819, he had resigned thisoflJice in 1824 to accept the position of Minister to Mexico, b5' appointment of President Monroe. Having become involved in a controversy with William H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury, he resigned the Mexican mission, and, after a period of retirement to private life for the first time after he came to Illinois, he appealed to the people of the State for endorsement, with the result stated. His administration was unevent- ful except for the "Winnebago War," which caused considerable commotion on the frontier, without resulting in much bloodshed. Governor Edwards was a fine specimen of the "old school gentleman" of that period — dignified and polished in his manners, courtly and precise in his address, proud and ambitious, with a tendency to the despotic in his bearing in consequence of having been reared in a slave State and his long connec- tion with the executive office. His early educa- tion liad been under the direction of the celebrated William Wirt, between whom and himself a close friendship existed. He was wealthy for the time, being an extensive land- owner as well as slave-holder and the proprietor of stores and mills, which were managed by agents, but he lost heavily by bad debts. He was for many years a close friend of Hooper Warren, the pioneer printer, furnishing the material with which the latter published his papers at Spring- field and Galena. At the expiration of his term of office near the close of 1830, he retired to his home at Belleville, where, after making an un- successful campaign for Congress in 1832, in which he was defeated by Charles Slade, he died of cholera, July 20, 1833. (See Edwards, Xinian.) William Kinney, of Belleville, who was a can- didate for Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket opposed to Edwards, was elected over Samuel M. Thompson. In 1830, Kinney became a candidate for Governor but was defeated by John Reynolds, known as the "Old Ranger." One of the argu- ments used against Kinney in this campaign was that, in the Legislature of 1823, he was one of three members wlio voted against the Illinois & Michigan Canal, on the ground that "it (the canal) would make an opening for the Yankees to come to the country." During Edwards' administration the first steps were taken towards the erection of a State peni- tentiary at Alton, funds therefor being secured by the sale of a portion of the saline lands in Gal- latin County. (See Alton Penitentiary.) The first 2G2 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Commissioners having charge of its construction were Shadrach Bond, William P. McKee and Dr. Gershom Jayne — the last-named the father of Dr. William Jayne of Springfield, and father-in- law of the late Senator Lyman Trumbull. Governor Reynolds — Black Hawk War. — The election of 1830 resulted in the choice of John Reynolds for Governor over William Kinney, by a majority of 3.899, in a total vote of 49,051, while Zadoc Casey, the candidate on the Kinney ticket, was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See Reynolds, John.) The most important event of Reynolds' admin- istration was the "Black-Hawk War." Eight thousand militia were called out during this war to reinforce 1,500 regular troops, the final result being the driving of 400 Indians west of the Mis- sissippi. Rock Island, which had been the favor- ite rallying point of the Indians for generations, was the central point at the beginning of tliis war. It is impossible to give the details of this complicated struggle, which was protracted through two campaigns (1831 and 1832), though there was no fighting worth speaking of except in the last, and no serious loss to the whites in that, except the surprise and defeat of Stillman's command. Beardstown was the base of opera- tions in each of these campaigns, and that city has probably never witnessed such scenes of bu.stle and excitement since. The Indian village at Rock Island was destroyed, and the fugitives, after being pursued tlirough Northern Illinois and Southwestern Wisconsin without being allowed to surrender, were driven beyond the Mississippi in a famishing condition and with spirits completely liroken. Galena, at that time the emporium of the "Lead Mine Region," and the largest town in the State north of Springfield, was the center of great excitement, as the war was waged in the region surrounding it. (See Black Hawk Tl'ac. ) Although cool judges have not regarded this campaign as reflecting honor upon either the prowess or the magnanimity of the whites, it was remarkable for the number of those connected with it whose names afterwards became famous in the history of the State and the Nation. Among them were two who after- wards became Presidents of the United States — Col. Zachary Taylor of the regular army, and Abraham Lincoln, a Captain in the State militia — besides Jefferson Davis, then a Lieutenant in the regular army and afterwards head of the Southern Confederacy; three subsequent Gov- ernors — Duncan, Carlin and Ford — besides Gov- ernor Reynolds, who at that time occupied the gubernatorial chair; James Semple, afterwards United States Senator; John T. Stuart. Lincoln's law preceptor and partner, and later a Member of Congress, to say nothing of many others, who, in after years, occupied prominent positions as mem- bers of Congress, the Legislature or otherwise. Among the latter were Gen. John J. Hardin; the late Joseph Gillespie, of Edwardsville; Col. John Dement; William Thomas of Jackson- ville; Lieut. -Col. Jacob Fry; Henry Dodge and others. LTnder the census of 1830, Illinois became entitled to three Representatives in Congress instead of one, by whom it had been represented from the date of its admission as a State. Lieu- tenant-Governor Casey, having been elected to the Twenty-third Congress for the Second Dis- trict under the new apportionment, on March 1, 1833, tendered his resignation of the Lieutenant- Governorship, and was succeeded by William L. D. Ewing, Temporary President of the Senate. (See ApjJortionment, Congressional; Casey , Zadoc, and Representatives in Congress.) Within two weeks of the close of his term (Nov. 17, 1834), Governor Reynolds followed tlie example of his associate in office by resigning the Governorship to accept the seat in Congress for the First (or Southern) District, which had been rendered vacant by the death of Hon. Charles Slade, the incumbent in office, in July previous. This opened the way for a new promotion of acting Lieutenant-Governor Ewing, who thus had the distinction of occupying the gubernatorial office for the brief space of two weeks. (See Reyiiolds, John, and Slade, Charles. ) Ewing probably held a greater variety of offices under the State, than any other man who ever lived in it. Repeatedly elected to each branch of the General Assembly, he more than once filled the chair of Speaker of the House and President of the Senate; served as Acting Lieu- tenant-Governor and Governor by virtue of the resignation of his superiors; was United States Senator from 1835 to 1837; still later became Clerk of the House where he had presided as Speaker, finally, in 1843, being elected Auditor of Public Accounts, and dying in that office three years later. In less than twenty years, he held eight or ten different offices, including the high- est in the State. (See Ewing, William Lee David- sort.) Duncan's Administration. — Joseph Duncan, who had served the State as its only Represent- ative in three Congresses, was elected Governor, August, 1834, over four competitors — William HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 2G3 Kinney, Robert K. MoLauglilin, James Evans and W. B. Archer. {See Duncan, Josepli.) His administration was made memorable by the large number of distinguished men who either entered public life at this period or gained additional prominence by their connection with public affairs. Among these were Abraham Lin- coln and Stephen A. Douglas; Col. E. D. Kaker, who afterward and at different times represented Illinois and Oregon in the councils of the Nation, and who fell at Ball's Bluff in 1802; Orville H. Browning, a prospective United States Senator and future cabinet officer; Lieut.-Gov. John Dougherty; Gen. James Shields, Col. John J. Ilardin, Archibald Williams, Cyrus and Ninian W. Edwards; Dr. John Logan, father of Gen. John A. Logan ; Stephen T. Logan, and many more. During this administration was begun that gigantic scheme of "internal improvements," wliich proved so disastrous to the financial inter- ests of the State. The estimated cost of the various works undertaken, was over §11,000,000, and though little of substantial value was real- ized, yet, iu 18.')3, the debt (principal and inter- est) thereby incurred (including that of the canal), aggregated nearly S1T,0(K),000. The col- lapse of the scheme was, no doubt, hastened by the unexpected suspension of specie payments by the l)anks all over the country, which followed soon after its adoption. (See Internal Improve- ment Policy; also State Debt.) C.\PITAL Removed to Springfield. — At the session of the General Assembly of 1836-37, an act was passed removing the State capital to Spring- field, and an appropriation of §.'50,000 was made to erect a building ; to this amount the city of Spring- field added a like sum, besides donating a site. In securing the passage of these acts, the famous "Ix)ngNine," consisting of A. G. Herndon and Job Fletcher, in the Senate; and Abraham Lin- coln, Ninian W. Edwards, John Dawson, Andrew McCormick, Dan Stone, William F. Elkin and Robert L. Wilson, in the House — all Representa- tives from Sangamon County — played a leading part. The Murder of Lovejoy.— An event occurred near the close of Governor Duncan's term, which left a stain upon the locality, but for which liis administration had no direct responsibility; to- wit, the murder of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, by a pro-slavery mob at Alton. Lovejoy was a native of Maine, who, coming to St. Louis in 1827, had been employed upon various papers, the last being "The St. Louia Observer." The outspoken hostility of tliis paper to slavery aroused a bitter local opi)osition which led to its removal to Alton, wliere the first number of "The Alton Observer'' was issued, Sept. 8, 1836, though not until one press and a considerable portion of the material had been destroyed by a mob. On tlie night of August 21, 1837, there was a second destruction of the material, when a third press having been procured, it was taken from tlie warehou.se and tlirown into the Mississippi. A fourth press was ordered, and, pending its arrival, Lovejo5' appeared before a public meet- ing of his opponents and, in an impassioned address, maintained his right to freedom of speech, declaring in conclusion: "If the civil authorities refuse to protect me, I must look to God; and if I die, I have determined to make my grave in Alton." These words proved prophetic. Tlie new press was stored in tlie warehouse of Godfrey, Gillman & Co., on the night of Nov. 6, 1837. A guard of si.xty volunteers remained about the building the next day, but when night came all but nineteen retired to their homes. During the night a mob attacked the building, when a shot from the inside killed Lyman Bishop. An attempt was then made by tho rioters to fire the warehouse b}' sending a man to tlie roof. To dislodge the incendiar}-, Lovejoy, witli two others, emerged from tlie building, wlien two or three men in concealment fired upon him, the shots taking effect in a vital part of his bod}', causing his death almost instantly. H& was buried the following daj' without an inquest. Several of the attacking party and the defenders of the building were tried for riot and acquitted — the former probably on account of popular sympatliy with the crime, and the latter because they were guiltless of any crime except that of defending private property and attempting to preserve the law. The act of firing the fatal shots has been charged upon two men — a Dr. Jennings and his comrade. Dr. Beall. The former, it is said, was afterwards cut to pieces in a bar-room fight in Vicksburg, Miss., while the latter, having been captured by Comanche Indians in Texas, was burned alive. On the other hand, Lovejoy has been honored as a martyr and the sentiments for which he died have triumphed. (See Lovejoy, Elijah Parish; also Alton Riots.) Carlin Succeeds to the Governorship. — Duncan was succeeded by Gov. Thomas Carlin. who was chosen at the election of 1838 over Cyrus Edwards (a younger brother of Gov. Ninian Edwards), who was the Whig candidate. 264 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. The successful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor was Stinson H. Anderson of Jefferson County. (See Carlin, (Gov.) Thomas; Andeison, Stinson H.) Among the members of the Legislature chosen at this time we find the names of Orville H. Browning, Robert Blackwell, George Churchill, William G. Gatewood, Ebenezer Peck (of Cook County), William A. Richardson, Newton Cloud, Jnsse K. Dubois, O. B. Ficklin, Vital Jarrot, John Logan, William F. Thornton and Archibald Williams — all men of prominence in the subse- quent history of the State. This was the last Legislature that assembled at Vandalia, Spring- field becoming the capital, July 4, 1839. The corner-stone of the first State capitol at Spring- field was laid with imposing ceremonies, July 4, 1837, Col. E. D. Baker delivering an eloquent address. Its estimated cost was §130,000, but S:i40,000 was expended upon it before its com- pletion. An incident of this campaign was the election to Congress, after a bitter struggle, of John T. Stuart over Stephen A. Douglas from the Third District, by a majority of fourteen votes. Stuart was re-elected in 1840, but in 1842 he was suc- ceeded, under a new apportionment, by Col. John J. Hardin, while Douglas, elected from the Quincy District, then entered the National Coun- cils for the first time. Field-McClernand Contest. — An exciting event connected with Carlin's administration was the attempt to remove Alexander P. Field from the office of Secretary of State, which he had held since 1828. Under the Constitution of 1818, this office was filled by nomination by the Gov- ernor "with the advice and consent of the Senate." Carlin nominated John A. McCler- nand to supersede Field, but the Senate refused to confirm the nomination. After adjournment of the Legislature, McClernand attempted to obtain possession of the office by writ of quo warranto. The Judge of a Circuit Court decided the case in his favor, but this decision was overruled by the Supreme Court. A special session having been called, in November, 1840, Stephen A. Douglas, then of Morgan County, was nominated and con- firmed Secretary of State, but held tlie position only a few months, wlieu he resigned to accept a place on the Supreme bench, being succeeded as Secretary by Lyman Trumbull. Supreme Court Revolutionized. — Certain decisions of some of the lower courts about this time, bearing upon the suffrage of aliens, excited the apprehension of the Democrats, who had heretofore been in political control of the State, and a movement was started in the Legislature to reorganize the Supreme Court, a majority of whom were W^higs. The Democrats were not unanimous in favor of the measure, but, after a bitter struggle, it was adopted, receiving a bare majority of one in the House. Under this act five additional Judges were elected, viz. : Thomas Ford, Sidney Breese, Walter B. Scales, Samuel H. Treat and Stephen A. Douglas — all Demo- crats. Mr. Ford, one of the new Judges, and afterwards Governor, has characterized this step as "a confessedly violent and somewhat revolu- tionary measure, which could never have suc- ceeded except in times of great party excite- ment." The great Whig mass-meeting at Springfield, in June, 1840, was an incident of the political campaign of that year. No such popular assem- blage had ever been seen in the State before. It is estimated that 20,000 people — nearly five per cent of the entire population of the State — were present, including a large delegation from Chi- cago who marched overland, under command of the late Maj.-Gen. David Hunter, bearing with them many devices so popular in that memorable campaign. Ford Elected Governor. — Judge Thomas Ford became the Democratic candidate for Gov- ernor in 1842, taking the place on the ticket of Col. Adam W. Snyder, who had died after nomi- nation. Ford was elected by more than 8,000 majority over ex-Governor Duncan, the Whig candidate. John Moore, of McLean County (who had been a member of the Legislature for several terms and was afterwards State Treasurer), was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See Ford, Thomas; Snyder, Ada7n W., and Moore, John.) Embarrassing Questions. — The failure of the State and the Shawneetown banks, near the close of Carlin's administration, had produced a condi- tion of business depression that was felt all over the State. At the beginning of Ford's adminis- tration, the State debt was estimated at §15,657,- 950 — within about one million of the highest point it ever reached — while the total population was a little over half a million. In addition to these drawbacks, the Mormon question became a source of embarrassment. This people, after having been driven from Missouri, settled at Nauvoo, in Hancock County ; they increased rapidly in numbers, and, by the arrogant course of their leaders and their odious doctrines — especially with reference to "celestial marriage," and their assumptions of authority — aroused the bitter hostility of neighboring communities not HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 265 of their faith. The popular indignation became greatly intensified by the course of unscrupulous politicians and the granting to the Mormons, by the Legislature, of certain charters and special privileges. Various charges were made against the obnoxious sect, including rioting, kidnap- ing, robbery, counterfeiting, etc., and the Gov- ernor called out the militia of the neighboring counties to preserve the peace. Joseph Smith — the founder of the sect — with his brother Hyrum and three others, were induced to surrender to the authorities at Carthage, on the 23d of June, 1844, under promise of protection of their per- sons. Then the charge was changed to treason and they were thrown into jail, a guard of eight men being placed about the building. A con- siderable portion of the militia had disbanded and returned home, while others were openly hostile to the prisoners. On June 27 a band of 1.50 disguised men attacked the jail, finding little opposition among those set to guard it. In the assault which followed both of the Smiths were killed, while John Taylor, another of the prisoners, was wounded. The trial of the murderers was a farce and they were acquitted. A state of virtual war continued for a year, in which Governor Ford's authority was openly defied or treated with contempt by those whom he had called upon to preserve the peace. In the fall of 1845 the Mormons agreed to leave the State, and tlie following spring the pilgrim- age to Salt Lake began. Gen. John J. Hardin, who afterward feU at Buena Vista, was twice called on by Governor Ford to head parties of militia to restore order, while Gen. Mason Bray- man conducted the negotiations which resulted in the promise of removal. The great body of the refugees spent the following winter at Coun- cil Bluffs, Iowa, arriving at Salt Lake in June following. Another considerable body entered the service of the Government to obtain safe con- duct and sustenance across the plains. While the conduct of the Mormons during their stay at Xauvoo was, no doubt, very irritating and often lawless, it is equally true that the dis- ordered condition of affairs was taken advantage of by unscrupulous demagogues for dishonest purposes, and this episode has left a stigma upon the name of more than one over-zealous anti- Mormon hero. (See Mormons: Smith, Joseph.) Though Governor Ford's integrity and ability in certain directions have not been questioned, his administration was not a successful one, largely on account of the conditions which pre- vailed at the time and the embarrassments which he met from his own party. (See Ford, Tliomas.) Mexican War. — A still more tragic chapter - opened during the last year of Ford's administra- tion, in the beginning of the war with Mexico. Three regiments of twelve months' volunteers, called for by the General Government from the State of Illinois, were furnished with alacrity, and many more men offered thoir services than could be accepted. The names of their respective commanders — Cols. John J. Hardin, William H. Bissell and Ferris Forman — have been accorded a high place in the annals of the State and the Nation. Hardin was of an honorable Kentucky family: he had achieved distinction at the bar and served in the State Legislature and in Con- gress, and his death on the battlefield of Buena Vista was universally deplored. (See Hardin, John J.) Bissell afterward served with distinc- tion in Congress and was the first Republican Governor of Illinois, elected in 1806. Edward D. Baker, then a Whig member of Congress, re- ceived authority to raise an additional regiment, and laid the foundation of a reputation as broad as the Nation. Two other regiments were raised in the State "for the war" during the next year, led respectivelj' by Col. Edward W. B. Newby and James Collins, beside four independent companies of mounted volunteers. The whole number of volunteers furnished by Illinois in tliis conflict was 6,123, of whom 86 were killed, and 182 wounded, 12 dying of their wounds. Their loss in killed was greater than that of any other State, and the number of wounded only exceeded by those from South Carolina and Pennsylvania. Among other lUinoisans who participated in this struggle, were Thomas L. Harris, William A. Richardson, J. L. D. Morri.son, Murray F. Tuley and Charles C. P. Holden, while still others, either in the ranks or in subordinate positions, received the "baptism of fire" which prepared them to win distinction as commanders of corps, divisions, brigades and regiments during the War of the Rebellion, including such names as John A. Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, Benjamin M. Prentiss. James D. Morgan. W. H. L. Wallp^g (who fell at Pittsburg Landing), Stej^ign„f^„^ Hicks, Michael K. Lawler. Leonar4| l^r-Po^a Isham N. Haynie, TheophiIus„|^yi^) Piplc^x,,; Dudley Wickersham. Isaac C. f^^iii Tljt^im9,,|J[([ Flynn, J. P. Post, NathaijJBj|.?^'e^.!>V. il?. ^wjsia son, and others. (S§«,-1(p4:ifl(j»,j^f,'flr.,). i,.M,iwRp.si French's A DM»^9TnAT!«?^T>l4S§APB(EpRJiif,ifa?i,o —Except for> filift ,»fc«P)^,Ti«lWC^,,in,^)r|^iV, portA9Wflf.t}wi>tf4enTi?W»nw!iir)lffilTbaipfl ^fe 2C6 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. styled "regulators" in Pope and Massac Counties — the administration of Augustus C. French, which began with the close of the year 1846, was a quiet one. French was elected at the previous August election by a vote of 58,700 to 36,775 for Tliomas M. Kilpatrick, the Whig candidate, and 5,113 for Ricliard Eels, the Free-Soil (or Aboli- tion) candidate. The Whigs lield their first State Convention this year for the nomination of a State ticket, xueeting at Peoria. At the same election Abraham Lincoln was elected to Con- gress, defeating Peter Cartwright, the famous pioneer Methodist preacher, wlio was the Demo- cratic candidate. At the session of the Legisla- ture which followed, Stephen A. Douglas was elected to the United States Senate as successor to James Semple. New Convention Movement. — Governor French was a native of New Hampshire, born August 2, 1808; he had practiced his profession as a lawyer in Crawford County, had been a member of the Tenth and Eleventh General Assemblies and Receiver of the Land Office at Palestine. The State had now begun to recover from the depression caused by the reverses of 1837 and subsequent years, and for some time its growth in popvilation had been satisfactory. The old Constitution, however, had been felt to be a hampering influence, especially in dealing with the State debt, and, as early as 1843, the question of a State Convention to frame a new Constitu- tion had been submitted to popular vote, but was defeated by the narrow margin of 1,039 votes. The Legislature of 1844-45 adopted a resolution for resubmission, and at the election of 1846 it was approved by the people by a majority of 35,326 in a total vote of 81,352. The State then contained ninety-nine counties, with an aggregate population of 663,150. The assessed valuation of property one year later was $92,206,493, while the State debt was §16,661,795 — or more than eighteen per cent of the entire assessed value of the property of the State. Constitutional Convention of 1847. —The election of members of a State Convention to form a second Constitution for the State of Illi- nois, was held April 19, 1847. Of one hundred and sixty-two members chosen, ninety-two were Democrats, leaving seventy members to all shades of the opposition. The Convention assembled at Springfield, June 7, 1847; it was organized by the election of Newton Cloud, Per- manent President, and concluded its labors after a session of nearly three months, adjourning August 31. The Constitution was submitted to a vote of the people, March 6, 1848, and was rati- fied by 59,887 votes in its favor to 15,859 against. A special article prohibiting free persons of color from settling in the State was adopted by 49,060 votes for, to 20,883 against it; and another, pro- viding for a two-mill tax, by 41,017 for, to 30,586 against. The Constitution went into effect April 1, 1848. (See Constitutions; also Constitutional Convention of 1S47.) The provision imposing a special two-mill tax, to be applied to the payment of the State in- debtedness, was the means of restoring the State credit, while that prohibiting the immigration of free persons of color, though in accordance with the spirit of the times, brought upon the State much opprobrium and was repudiated with emphasis during the War of the Rebellion. The demand for retrenchment, caused by the financial depression following the wild legislation of 1837, led to the adoption of many radical pro- visions in the new Constitution, some of which were afterward found to be serious errors open- ing the way for grave abuses. Among these was the practical limitation of the biennial ses- sions of the General Assembly to forty-two days, while the per diem of members was fixed at two dollars. Tlie salaries of State officers were also fixed at what would now be recognized as an absurdly low figure, that of Governor being §1,500; Supreme Court Judges, §1,200 each; Cir- cuit Judges, §1,000; State Auditor, §1,000; Secre- tary of State, and State Treasurer, §800 each. Among less objectionable provisions were those restricting the right of suffrage to white male citizens above the age of 21 years, which excluded (except as to residents of the State at the time of the adoption of the Constitution) a class of unnaturalized foreigners who had exercised the privilege as "inhabitants" under the Constitu- tion of 1818; providing for the election of all State, judicial and county officers by popular vote; prohibiting the State from incurring in- debtedness in excess of §50,000 without a special vote of the people, or granting the credit of the State in aid of any individual association or cor- poration; fixing the date of the State election on the Tuesday after the first Monday in Novem- ber in every fourth year, instead of the first- Monday in August, as had been the rule under the old Constitution. The tenure of office of all State officers was fixed at four years, except that of State Treasurer, which was made two years, and the Governor alone was made ineligible to immediate re-election. The number of members of the General Assembly was fixed at twenty-five HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 267 in the Senate and seventy-five in the House, subject to a certain specified ratio of in- crease when the population should exceed 1,000,000. As the Constitution of 1818 had been modeled upon the form then most popular in the Southern States — especially with reference to the large number of officers made appointive by the Gov- ernor, or elective by the Legislature — so the new Constitution was, in some of its features, more in harmony with those of other Northern States, and indicated the growing influence of New Eng- land sentiment. This was especially the case with reference to the section providing for a sys- tem of township organization in the several counties of the State at the pleasure of a majority of the voters of each county. Elections of 1848. — Besides the election for the ratification of the State Constitution, three other State elections were held in 1848, viz.: (1) for the election of State officers in August ; (2) an election of Judges in September, and (3) the Presidential election in November. At the first of these. Governor French, whose first term had been cut short two j'ears by the adoption of the new Constitution, was re-elected for a second term, practically without opposition,, the vote against him being divided between Pierre Menard and Dr. C. V. Dyer. French thus became his own successor, being the first Illinois Governor to be re-elected, and, though two years of his first term had been cut off by the adoption of the Constitution, he served in the gubernatorial office six years. The other State officers elected, were William JIcMurtry, of Knox, Lieutenant- Governor; UoraceS. Cooley, of Adams, Secretary of State; Thomas II. Campbell, of Randolph, Auditor; and Milton Carpenter, of Hamilton, State Trea-surer — all Democrats, and all but McMurtry being their own succe.ssors. At the Presidential election in November, the electoral vote was given to Lewis Cass, the Democratic candidate, who received .50,300 votes, to .53,047 for Taylor, the Whig candidate, and 1.5.774 for Martin Van Buren. the candidate of the Free Democracy or Free-Soil party. Thus, for the first time in tlie history of the State after 1824, the Democratic candidate for President failed to receive an absolute majority of the popular vote, being in a minority of 12,.52I, while having a plurality over the Whig candidate of 3,2.53. The only noteworthy results in the election of Con- gressmen this year were the election of Col. E. D. Baker (Whig), from the Galena District, and that of Maj. Thomas L. Harris (Democrat), from the Springfield District. Both Baker and Harris had been soldiers in the Jlexican War, which probably accounted for their election in Districts usually opposed to them politicallj'. The other five Congressmen elected from the State at the same time — including John Wentwortli, then chosen for a fourth term from the Chicago Dis- trict — were Democrats. The Judges elected to the Supreme bench vrere Lyman Trumbull, from the Southern Division ; Samuel H. Treat, from the Central, and John Dean Caton, from the Northern — all Democrats. A leading event of this session was the election of a United States Senator in place of Sidney Breese. Gen. James Shields, who had been severely wounded on the battle-field of Cerro Gordo; Sidney Breese, who had been the L^nited States Senator for six years, and John A. Mc- Clernand, then a member of Congress, were arrayed against each other before the Democratic caucus. After a bitter contest. Shields was declared the choice of his party anerintendent of Public Instruction in 1878 — Republican, Democratic, Greenback and Pro- hibition. The Republicans were successful. Gen. John C. Smith being elected Trea.surer, and James P. Slade, Superintendent, by pluralities averaging about 35,000. The same i)arty also elected eleven out of nineteen members of Con- gress, and, for the first time in six years, secured a majority in each branch of tlie General Assem- bly. At the ses.sion of this Legislature, in Janu- ary following, John A. Logan was elected to the United States Senate as successor to Gen. R. J. Oglesby, who.se term expired in March following. Col. William A. James, of Lake County, served as Speaker of the House at this session. (See Smith, John Corson; Slade, James P.; alsoThirty- fir.it General A.sseinbly. ) Campaign of 1880. — The political campaign of 1880 is memorable for the determined struggle made by the friends of General Grant to secure his nomination for the Presidency for a third term. The Republican State Convention, begin- ning at Springfield, Hay 19, lasted three days, ending in instructions in favor of General Grant by a vote of 309 to 285. These were nuUiiled, however, by the action of the National Conven- tion two weeks later. Governor CuUom waa nominated for re-election; John M. Hamilton for Lieutenant-tiovernor; Henry D. Dement for Sec- retary of State ; Charles P. Swigert for Auditor ; Edward Rutz (for a third term) for Treasurer, and James McCartney for Attorney-General. (See Dement, Henry D.; Swigert, Charles P.; Rutz, Edward, and McCartney, James.) Ex-Sena- tor Trumbull headed the Democratic ticket as its candidate for Governor, with General L. B. Par- sons for Lieutenant-Governor. The Repul)lican National Convention met in Chicago, June 2. After thirty-six ballots, in which 30G delegates stood unwaveringly by Gen- eral Grant, James A. Garfield, of Ohio, was nominated, with Chester A. Arthur, of New York, for Vice-President. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock was the Democratic candidate and Gen. James B. Weaver, the Greenback nominee. In Illinois, 622,156 votes were cast, Garfield receiv- ing a plurality of 40,716. The entire Republican State ticket was elected by nearly the same plu- ralities, and the Republicans again had decisive majorities in both branches of the Legislature. No startling events occurred during Governor Cullom's second term. The State continued to increase in wealth, population and prosperity, and the lieavy debt, by which it liad been bur- dened thirty years before, was practically "wiped out." Election of 1882.— At the election of 1883, Gen. John C. Smith, who had been elected State Treasurer in 1878, was re-elected for a second term, over Alfred OrendorlT, while Charles T. Strattan, the Republican candidate for State Superintendent of Public Instruction, was de- feated by Henrj- Raab. The Republicans again ha 2,639,891 1880 (4) 3.077,S7l 1890 (3t 382fi,;«l 1900 (3) 4,821,550 Note.— Fignres in parenthesis indicate the rank of the State in order of population. ILLINOIS CITIES Having a Population of 10,000 and Over {1900). Name. Population. Chicago 1,698,755 Peoria 56.100 Quincy. 36,252 SpringHeld 34.159 Rock ford 31 ,051 Joliet 29,353 EastSt Louis 29.655 Aurora 24.147 Bloomi ngton 23.286 Elgin 22,433 Decalur 20.754 Rock Island 19.498 Evauslon 19,259 Name. Populati Galesburg 18, Belleville 1 Mollne 1 Dan vi He 16 Jacksonville 15 Alton 14 Streator 14 Kankakee 13, Freeport 13 Cairo 1 Ottawa 10, LaSttUe.. 10, on. ,607 ,481 ,248 .354 .078 :io .079 ,595 258 ,566 .588 ,446 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 286 INDEX. This Index relates exclusively to mattPr embraced In the article under the title "Illinois." Subjects of general State history will be fouud treated at leutftb. under topical heads, iu the body of the Encyclopedia. Admis<;lonof Illinois aa a State, 258. AltKGld, John p.. adniinistratlou as Gov- ernor. 27y-S0: defeated for re-election, ilsl. Anderson. Stinson H..2t>4. Anti-Nebrasiift Editorial Convention. iSfi. Anti-slavery contest of IM22-24: defeat of a convention scheme. 2*10. Baker, Col, K. I)., 2tV.i. orator at laying the corner-stone of State capiiol, 2tU. Baternan, Newton, Stale Sui'erinteudent of Public Instruction. 270. -71. 27.5. BeveridKP. John L.. Congressman and Lieutenant-Ouvernor; becomes Governor by resignnlloii of Governor Ogle3by,276. Birkhpck, Morris. 200. Blssell, William II., Colonel In Mexican War, 265; Governor, 2(3y; death, 270. Black Hawk War. 2t)-.:. Blodg.Ht. IltMiry W.. Free Soil member of the Legislature. 26S. niiiuniington Convention fl8.56l.269. B'llshrlant. first French Commandant, 249. lioiid, Shftdrach, 255; iJelegateiu Congress, -i7; first Governor, 258. Breese. l3ldney,259. Hruwne. Thoma-s C, 260. Browning. Orville H., !n Bloom Ington Convention. 269; U. 8. Senator. 273. Cahokla, lirst French sertiomeut at, 252. Camp l>oui;lfts conspiracy, 273. Canal Scrip Fraud. 270. Carlin, Tliomas, elected Governor, 263, Casey. Zadoe, elected to Congress; re- signs the Lieutenant-Governorship, 262. Charlevuix visits Illinois, 247 Chicago and Calnnu-t Rivers. Importance of in estimation of early explorers, 247. Chicago election frauds, 278. Chicago, lire of 1871. 27G. Chlcagou, Indian Chief for whom Chicago was named. 244. Clark, Col, George Rogers, expedition to Illinois; cnjitureof Ka.Hkn.skia. 251. Coles, }'>I\var_>veriiur,2oy; his election, 2t)0: persocuteil bv his enemies, 261. Constilutinrml Convention of 1S1.4. 2.53. Coiistitiillonal C'nivention of 1847,266. Coiisiilutioriiil CdMverttlon of J.St.2. i^2. Constitutional Convention of 1870,2^5. Cook, Daniel P.. 25o; Attorney-General, 258; elected to Congress, 260-61. Craig. Capt. Thomas, expedition against Indians at Peuriu, 257. Cullom.shelljy M.. Speaker of General As- sembly, 270; elected Governor. 276; fea- tures of his administration: re-elected, 277; elected to U. S. .senate. 27S. Davis. David. United States Senator, 277. Douglas, Stephen A.. 26:(- Justice Supreme Court. 264, U S.Senator, 2(;6; debates with Lincoln. 268-70: re-elected U. S. Sen- ator. 270; death, 272. Duncan. Joseph, Governor: character of his adniinistratlon. 262-03. Eiifly towns. 258. Eftrrhqnakeof 1811.256. Kdwiird."*, Ninlan, Governor Illinois Terri- tory, 255. elected U. s. SenaHir. 259; elected Governor; administration and deaHi,2r.l. Ewing, William L. D.. becomes acting Governor; occupant of many olhces, 262, Explorers, earl V Frencli, 244-5. Fanvell, Churles B..27y Field- -McClernaud contest, 2fi1. Fifer. Joseph W.. elected Governor. 279, Fisher. Dr Georire. Speaker of Territorial llouseof UepresentHtivea, 2.57. Ford, Tliomiis. Governor: embarrassing questions of his administration. 264. Port Chartres, surrendered to British. 250. Fort Ihorn nia.s.sacre, 2oti-o7. FortGoKe burned. 251. Fort .MusMiir. starting point on the Ohio of Clark's expedition. 2-51. Fort St, Louis, 246; raided and burned by Indians. 247 Franklin, Benjamin. Indian Commissioner for Illinois in 1775.2-51. French, Augustus C. Governor. 265-7. French and Indian War, 25U. French occupation; settlement about Kas- kaskla and (*ahokia, 249. French villages, population of in 1765,251. Glbauit. Pierre, 252. Grant. Ulys.ses S,, arrival at Springfield; Colonel of Twenty-tirst Illinois Volun- teers. 271 : elected President. 275. Oresham, WailerQ.. supported by IlUnoia Kt'puhlicans for tlie Presidency .'279, Hamilton, John M.. Lieutenant-Governor, 277; succeeds (iov. tUillom, 278. Ilanson-Shaw oonteht, 2.5, admitted as a State. 258 niinois .t .Michlk-;in Cjtnal.2fil. Illinois Ct- iilral H:iiIro;id. 'Ji7-r a second term, 273; a.ss ass i nation and funeral, 274. Lincoln-Doughus debates, 270. Lockwood, Samuel D,, Attornej'-General; Secretary of State; oj>poneiit of pro- slavery convention scheme. 260, Logan. Gen, John A., prominent Union soldier, 272; C'ongressman-at-large.274-75; elected United States Senator. 276; Re- publican nominee for VIce-Preaident; third election as Senator, 278. '* I»ng Nine. "263. Louisiana united with Illinois, 254. Lovejoy. Elijah P. murdered at Alton, 263. .Macalister and Stebbins Ixjiids. 27U. Marquette. Father Jac5. Menard, Pierre. 2W; President of Terri- torial Council, 2-57; elected Llouteuaut- Governor, 258; anecdote Of, 269. Mexican War. 263. Morgan, Col. George, Indian Agent at Kaa- kaskia In 1776.251. Mormon War. 2»i4-65. New Design Settlement, 255. New France, 244. 249, Nlcolet. Jean. French explorer, 244-5. North we.st Territory organized; Gen. Ar- thur St. Clair appointed Governor, 253; first Territorial Legislature; separated Into Territories of Ohio and Indiana. 254. Oglesl)y. Richard J.. BoldUr In CIvi! War. 271; elecl»*d Governor, 274; second elec- tion; cho.sen U. s. Senator, 276; third election to governorship, 278, Ordinance of 1787.253. " Paincourt " (early name for St- Louis) settled by French from Illinois, 251. Palmer, John M., member of Peace Con- ference of 1861, 271; elected Governor; prominent events of his administration, ■.;76; unsuc<'eKafnl Democratic candidate for Governor; eU-cted t*. S. Senator, 279; candidate for President. 282. Peace Conference of 1861.271. Peace conventions of l«6:i, 273. Perrot. Nicholas, explorer, 245. Pittman, Capt. Philip, defines the bounda- ries of the •■Illinois Country." 241. Pope, Nathaniel, Secretary of IIIinoIsTer- ritory, 255; Delegate in Congress; serv- ice infixing northern boundary, 258. Prairies, origin of, 243. Ranilolph County organized. 251. Renault, Philip F. first importer of Afri- can slaves to Illinois. 2l;>. Repuhlicaii.stiiteC»Mivenlion of 1856.269. Reyiiokls, John, elected Governor; resigns to take Beat In Congress. 262; Speaker of Illinois House of Representatives. 268. Richardson, William A., candidate for Governor, 270; U.S. Senator, 272. Rocheblave, Chevalier de, hist British Commandatit In Illinois, 251; sent as a prisoner of war to Williamsburg, 252, Shawneetown Bank, 257. Shawneetown fiood, 283. Shields, Gen. Jani«vi.263; elected U. S. Sen- ator, 267; d. leated for re-election. 269. Southern 1 inspi lul for Insane burned, 280, .Spiinish-.Vmeruitn War. 2kL Si)rinKfield, thlnl State capital. 263; erec- tion of new State capltol at, authorizeu, 275; Stale Bank. 259. St. Clair. Arthur, fii-st Governor of North- west Territory, 253; visits Illinois, 254. St. Clair County organized. 254. tatedeht reaches its maximum. 263. State Fair permanently located, 281. Streams and navigation, 242. supreme Court revolutionized. 264. Tanner, John R., State Treasurer, 278; elected Governor. 281-2. Thomas. Jesse B.. 255; President of Con- stitutional Convention of 1SI8. 258; elected United States Senator, 259. Todd. Col . John. County-Lieutenant of Illi- nois County, 252. Tonty. Henry do(see LaSalIe>. Treaty with Indians near .\lton. 257. Trumbull. Lynuin. Secretary of State. 264; elect t.*d United siittes senator. 2'i9-70; Democratic candidate for Governor. 277. Vandalia. thesecond Stale capital, 25'.i. War of 1812, 256; expeditions to Peoria Lake. 257. W'ar of the Rebellion; some prominent Illinois actors; numlter of troops fur- nisbixlby Illinois: Important battles par- ticipated 111, 271 72; some olficers who fell;, Grierson riUd. 272. Warren, Hooper, editor Edwardsvllle .SiM?ciaior. 2(R). Wayne, Gen Anthony. 254, Whig nuLSs-nieeting at .Springfield. 264. Wllmot Proviso, action of Ilhnoii Leglsla- ttire upOIS ASn MISSISSIPPI CANAL (gener- ally known as "Hennepin Canal"), a projected navigable water-way in course of construction (1899) by the (Jeneral Government, designed to connect the Upper Illinois with the Mississippi River. Its object is to furnish a continuous navigable water-channel from Lake Slichigan, at or near Chicago, by way of the Illinois & Michi- gan Canal (or tlie Sanitary Drainage Canal) and the Illinois River, to the Mississippi at the mouth of Rock River, and finally to the Gulf of Mexico. The Route. —The canal, at its eastern end, leaves the Illinois River one and three-fourths miles above the city of Hennepin, where the river makes the great bend to the south. Ascend- ing the Bureau Creek valley, the route passes over the dividing ridge between the Illinois River and tlie Mississippi to Rock River at the mouth of Green River; thence bj- slack-water down Rock River, and around the lower rapids in that stream at Jlilan, to tlie Mississippi. The esti- mated length of the main cliannel between its eastern and western termini is seventy-five miles — the distance having been reduced by changes in the route after the first survej'. To tliis is to be added a "feeder" extending from the vicinity of Sheffield, on the summit-level (twenty-eight miles west of the starting point on the Illinois), north to Rock Falls on Rock River opposite the city of Sterling in Whiteside Comity, for the purpose of obtaining an adequate supply of water for the main canal on its higliest level. Tlie length of this feeder is twenty-nine miles and, as its dimensions are the same as those of the main channel, it will be navigable for vessels of the same class as the latter. A dam to be constructed at Sterling, to turn water into the feeder, will furnish slack-water navigation on Rock River to Dixon, practically lengthening the entire route to that extent. History. — The subject of such a work began to be actively agitated as early as 1871, and, under authority of various acts of Congress, preliminary surveys began to be made by Government engi- neers tliat year. In 1890 detailed i>laus and esti- mates, based upon these preliminary surveys, were submitted to Congress in accordance with the river and harbor act of August, 1888. Tliis rejxirt became the basis of an appropriation in tlie river and harbor act of Sept. 19, 1890, for carrying the work into practical execution. Actual work was begun on the western end of the canal in July, 1892, and at the eastern end in the spring of 1894. Since then it has lieen prosecuted as continuously as the appropriations made by Congress from year to year would permit. Ac- cording to the report of Major Marshall, Chief of 288 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Engineers in charge of the work, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1898, the construction of the canal around the lower rapids of Rock River (four and one-half miles), with three locks, three swing bridges, two dams, besides various build- ings, was completed and that portion of the canal opened to navigation on April 17. 1895. In the early part of 1899, the bulk of the excavation and masonry on the eastern section was practi- cally completed, the feeder line under contract, and five out of the eighteen bridges required to be constructed in place; and it was estimated that the wliole line, with locks, bridges, culverts and aqueducts, will be completed within two years, at the farthest, by 1902. DiMENsio.Ns, Methods of Construction, Cost. ETC. — As already stated, the length of the main line is seventy-five miles, of which twenty-eight miles (the eastern section) is east of the junction of the feeder, and forty-seven miles (the western section) west of that point — making, with the twenty-nine miles of feeder, a total of one hun- dred and four miles, or seven miles longer than the Illinois & Michigan Canal. The rise from the Illinois River datum to the summit-level on the eastern section is accomplished by twenty-one locks with a lift of six to fourteen feet each, to reach an altitude of 196 feet; while the descent of ninety-three feet to the low-water level of the Mississippi on the western end is accomplished through ten locks, varying from six to fourteen feet each. The width of the canal, at the water surface, is eighty feet, with a dejith belojv tlie surface-line of seven feet. The banks are rip- rapped with stone the entire length of the canal. The locks are one hundred and seventy feet long, between the quoins, by thirty-five feet in width, admitting the passage of vessels of one hundred and forty feet in length and thirty-two feet beam and each capable of carrying six hundred tons of freight. The bulk of the masonry employed in the con- struction of locks, as well as abutments for bridges and aqueducts, is solid concrete manufac- tured in place, while the lock-gates and aque- ducts proper are of steel — the use of these materials resulting in a large saving in the first cost as to the former, and securing greater solid- ity and permanence in all. The concrete work, already completed, is found to have withstood the effects of ice even more successfully than natural stone. The smaller culverts are of iron piping and the framework of all the bridges of steel. The earlier estimates placed the entire cost of construction of the canal, locks, bridges, build- ings, etc., at 55,068,000 for the main channel and 81,858,000 for the Rock River feeder— a total of $6,926,000. This has been reduced, however, by changes in the route and unexpected saving in the material employed for masonrj^ work. The total expenditure, as shown by ofBcial reports, up to June 30, 1898, was §1,748,905.13. The amount expended up to March 1, 1899, approxi- mated §2, .500, 000, while the amount necessary to complete the work (exclusive of an unexpended balance) was estimated, in round numbers, at $3,500,000. The completion of this work, it is estimated, will result in a saving of over 400 miles in water transportation between Chicago and the western terminus of the canal. In order to make the canal available to its full capacity between lake points and the Mississippi, tlie enlargement of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, both as to width and depth of channel, will be an indispensable necessity ; and it is anticipated that an effort will be made to secure action in this direction by the Illinois Legislature at its next session. Another expedient likelj' to receive strong support will be, to induce the General Government to accept the tender of the Illinois & Michigan Canal and, by the enlargement of the latter through its whole length — or, from Lockport to the Illinois River at La Salle, with the utilization of the Chicago Drainage Canal — furnish a national water-way between the lakes and the Gulf of Mexico of sufficient capacity to accommodate steamers and other vessels of at least 600 tons burthen. ILLINOIS BAND, THE, an association consist- ing of seven young men, then students in Yale College, who, in the winter of 1828-39, entered into a mutual compact to de%-ote their lives to the promotion of Christian education in the West, especially in Illinois. It was composed of Theron Baldwin, John P. 'Brooks, Mason Grosvenor, Elislia Jenney, William Kirby, Julian M. Sturte- vant and Asa Turner. All of tliese came to Illi- nois at an early day, and one of the first results of their efforts was the founding of Illinois Col- lege at Jacksonville, in 1829, with which all became associated as members of the first Board of Trustees, several of them so remaining to the close of their lives, while most of them were con- nected with the institution for a considerable period, either as members of the faculty or finan- cial agents — Br. Sturtevant having been Presi- dent for thirty-two years and an instructor or professor fifty-six years. (See Baldwin, Tlieron; Brooks, John F.; and Sturtevant, Julian M.) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 289 ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD, a corpo- ration controlling tlio principal line of railroad extending through the entire length of the State from north to soutli, besides numerous side branches acquired by lease during the past few years. The main lines are made up of three gen- eral divisions, extending from Chicago to Cairo, 111. (364.73 miles); from Ceiitralia to Dubuque, Iowa, (340.77 miles), and from Cairo to New Orleans, La. (547.79 miles) — making a total of 1,253.29 miles of main line, of which 705.5 miles are in Illinois. Besides this the company con- trols, through lease and stock ownership, a large number of lateral branches which are operated by the company, making the total mileage officially reported up to June 30, 1898, 3,130.21 miles. — (History.) The Illinois Central Railroad is not only one of the lines earliest projected in the liistory of the State, but has been most inti- mately connected with its development. The project of a road starting from the mouth of the Ohio and extending northward through the State is said to have been suggested by Lieut. -Gov. Alexander M. Jenkins as early as 1832; was advocated by the late Judge Sidney Breeso and others in 1835 under the name of the Wabash & Mississippi Railroad, ami took the form of a charter granted by the Legislature in Januarj', 1836, to the first "Illinois Central Railroad Com- pany," to construct a road from Cairo to a point near the southern terminus of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Nothing was done under this act, although an organization was effected, with Governor Jenkins as President of the Company. The Company surrendered its charter the next year and the work was undertaken by the State, tinder the internal improvement act of 1837, and considerable money expended without complet- ing any portion of the line. The State having abandoned the enterprise, the Legislature, in 1843, incorporated the "Great Western Railway Company" under what came to be known as tho "Holbrook cliarter," to be organized under tho auspices of the Cairo City & Canal Company, the line to connect the termini named in the charter of 1836, via Vandalia, Shelbyville, Decatur and Bloomington. Considerable money was expended under this charter, but the scheme again failed of completion, and the act was repealed in 1845. A charter under the same name, with some modification a.s to organization, was renewed in 1849. — In January, 1850, Senator Douglas introduced a bill in the United States Senate making a grant to the State of Illinois of alternate sections of land along the line of a proposed road extending from Cairo to Duluth in the northwest corner of the State, with a brancli to Chicago, which bill passed'the Senate in May of the same year and the House in September, and became the basis of the Illinois Central Rail- road Company as it exists today. Previous to the passage of this act. however, the Cairo City & Canal Company had been induced to execute a full surrender to the State of its riglits and privi- leges under the "Holbrook charter." Tliis was followed in February, 1851, by the act of the Legislature incorporating the Illinois Central Railroad Company, and assigning thereto (under specified conditions) the grant of lands received from the General Government. This grant covered alternate sections within six miles of the line, or the equivalent thereof (when such lands were not vacant), to be placed on lands within fifteen miles of the line. The number of acres thus assigned to the Company was 2,595,000, (about 3.840 acres per mile), which were con- veyed to Trustees as security for the performance of the work. An engineering party, organized at Chicago, May 21. 1851, began the pr«lim- inary survey of the Chicago branch, and before the end of the year the whole line was surveyed and staked out The first contract for grading was let on March 15, 1852. being for that portion between Chicago and Kensington (then known as Calumet). 14 miles. This was opened for trafl5c, May 24, 1852, and over it the Michigan Central, which had been in course of construction from»the east, obtained trackage rights to enter Chicago. Later, contracts were let for other sections, some of them in June, and the last on Oct. 14, 1852. In May, 1853, the section from La Salle to Bloomington (61 miles) was com- pleted and opened for business, a temporary bridge being constructed over the Illinois near La Salle, and cars hauled to the top of the bluff with cliains and cable by means of a stationary engine. In July, 18.54, the Chicago Division was put in operation to Urbana, 128 miles; the main line from Cairo to I^a Salle (301 miles), completed Jan. 8, 1855, and the line from La Salle to Duluth (now East Dubuque), 146.73 miles, on June 12, 1855_the entire road (705.5 miles) being com- pleted, Sept. 27. 1856.— (Financial Statement.) The share capital of the road was originally fixed at $17,000,000, but previous to 1869 it liad been increased to §25,500,000, and during 1873-74 to 529.000,000. The present capitalization (1898) is §163,352,593, of which §52,500,000 is in stock, §.52,680,925 in bonds, and §51,367.000 in miscel- laneous obligations. The total cost of the road 290 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in Illinois, as shown by a report made in 1889, was $3,5,110,609. By the terms of its charter the corporation is exempt from taxation, but in lieu thereof is required to pay into the State treasury, seniiannuall3', seven per cent upon the gross earnings of the line in Illinois. The sum thus paid into the State treasury from Oct. 31, 18.55, when the first payment of §29,751.59 was made, up to and including Oct. 31, 1898, aggregated $17,315,193.24. The last payment (October, 1898), amounted to §334,527.01. The largest payment in the history of the road was that of October, 1893, amounting, for the preceding six months, to $4.50,170 34. The net income of the main Une in Illinois, for the year ending June 30, 1898, was $12,299,021, and the total expenditures within the State §12,831,161.— (Leased Lines) The first addition to the Illinois Central System was made in 1867 in the acquisition, by lease, of the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, extending from Dubuque to Sioux Falls, Iowa. Since then it has extended its Iowa connections, by the construction of new lines and the acquisition or extension of others. The most important addition to the line outside of the State of Illinois was an arrangement effected, in 1872, with the New Orleans, Jackson & Great Nortliern, and the Mississippi Central Rail- roads — with which it previously had traffic con- nections — giving it control of a line from Jackson, Tenn., to New Orleans, La. At first, connection was had between the Illinois Central at Cairo and the Southern Divisions of the system, by means of transfer steamers, but subsequently the gap was filled in and the through line opened to traffic in December, 1873. In 1874 the New Orleans, Jackson & Great Northern and the Mississippi Central roads were consolidated under the title of the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, but the new corporation defaulted on its interest in 1876. The Illinois Central, which was the owner of a majority of the bonds of the constitu- ent lines which went to make up the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, then acquired ownership of the whole line by foreclosure pro- ceedings in 1877, and it was reorganized, on Jan. 1, 1878, under the name of the Chicago, St. Louis & New Orleans Railroad, and placed in charge of one of the Vice-Presidents of the Illinois Central Company. — (Illinois Branches.) The more im- portant branches of the Illinois Central witliin the State include: (1) The Springfield Division from Chicago to Springfield (111.47 miles), chartered in 1867, and opened in 1871 as the Gilman, Clinton & Springfield Railroad ; passed into the hands of a receiver in 1873, sold under foreclosure in 1876, and leased, in 1878, for fifty years, to the Illinois Central Railroad; (2) The Rantoul Division from Leroy to the Indiana State line (66.21 miles in Illinois), chartered in 1876 as the Havana, Ran- toul & Eastern Railroad, built as a narrow-gauge line and operated in 1881 ; afterwards changed to standard-gauge, and controlled by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific until May, 1884, when it passed into the hands of a receiver ; in December of the same year taken in charge by the bondholders ; in 1885 again placed in the hands of a receiver, and, in October, 1886, sold to the niinois Central: (3) The Chicago, Havana & Western Railroad, from Havana to Champaign, with a branch from White- heath to Decatur (total, 131.62 miles), constructed as the western extension of the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western, and opened in 1873; sold under foreclosure in 1879 and organized as the Champaign, Havana & Western; in 1880 pur- chased by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific; in 1884 taken possession of by the mortgage trustees and, in September, 1886, sold under foreclosure to the Illinois Central Railroad: (4) The Freeport Division, from Chicago by way of Freeport to Madison, Wis. (140 miles in Illinois), constructed under a charter granted to the Chicago, Madison & Northern Railroad (which see), opened for traffic in 1888, and transferred to the Illinois Central Railroad Company in January, 1889: (5) The Kankakee & Southwestern (131.26 miles), constructed from Kankakee to Bloomington under the charters of the Kankakee & Western and tlie Kankakee & Southwestern Railroads; acquired by the Illinois Central in 1878, begun in 1880, and extended to Bloomington in 1883 : and (6) The St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute (which see under its old name). Other Illinois branch lines of less importance embrace the Blue Island ; the Chicago & Texas; the Mound City ; the South Chicago; the St. Louis, Belleville & Southern, and the St. Charles Air-Line, which furnishes an entrance to the City of Chicago over an ele- vated track. The total length of these IlUnois branches in 1898 was 919.72 miles, with the main lines making the total mileage of the company within the State 1,624.22 miles. For several years up to 1895 the Illinois Central had a connection with St. Louis over the line of the Terre Haute & Indianapolis from Effingham, but this is now secured by way of the Springfield Division and the main line to Pana, whence its trains pass over the old Indianapolis & St. Louis — now the Cleve- land, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. Between June 30, 1897 and April 30, 1898, branch lines in the Southern States (chiefly in Kentucky HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 291 and Tennessee), to the extent of 670 miles, were added to the Illinois Central Sj'steni. The Cairo Bridge, constructed across the Ohio River near its mouth, at a cost of .$3,000,000. for the jjurpose of connecting the Northern and Southern Divi.sions of the Illinois Central System, and one of the most stupendous structures of its kind in the worlil, belongs wholly to the Illinois Central Railroad Company. (See Cairo Bridge.) ILLI.NOIS COLLEGE, an institution of learn- ing at Jacksonville, 111., which was the first to graduate a collegiate class in the history of the State. It had its origin in a movement inaugu- rated about 1827 or 1828 to secure the location, at some point in Illinois, of a seminary or college which would give the youth of the State the opportimity of aciiuiring a higher education. .Some of the most influential factors in this move- ment were already citizens of Jacksonville, or contemplated becoming such. In January, 1828, the outline of a plan for such an institution was drawn up by Rev. John M. Ellis, a home missionary of the Presbyterian Church, and Hon. Samuel D. Lockwood. then a Justice of the Sujjreme Court of the State, as a V)asis for soliciting subscriptions for the organization of a stock-company to carry the enterprise into execution. The plan, as then proposed, contemplated provision for a depart- ment of female education, at least until a separate institution could be furnished — %vhich, if not a forerunner of the co-educational system now so much in vogue, at least foreshadowed the estab- lishment of the Jacksonville Female Seminary, which soon followed the founding of the college. A few months after these preliminary steps were taken, Mr. Ellis was brought into communication with a group of j'oung men at Yale College (see "Illinois Band") who had entered into a com- pact to devote their lives to the cause of educa- tional and missionary work in the West, and out of the union of these two forces, soon afterwards effected, grew Illinois College. The organization of the "Illinois'" or "Yale Band," was formally consummated in February. 182!). and before the close of the year a fund of .$10,000 for the jiurpose of laying the foundation of the proposed institu- tion in Illinois had been pledged by friends of education in the East, a beginning had teen made in the erection of buildings on the present site of Illinois College at Jack.sonville, and, in Decem- ber of the same year, the work of instruction of a preparatory class had teen tegun by Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant. who had taken the place of "avant- courier" of the movement. A year later (\n^\) Rev. Edward Beecher, the oldest son of the inde- fatigable Lyman Beecher, and brother of Henry Ward — already then well known as a leader in the ranks of those opposed to slavery — had be- come identified with the new eiiterpri.se and a.ssumed the position of its first President. Such was the j)rejudice again.st "Yankees " in Illinois at that time, and the jealousy of theological influ- ence in education, that it was not until 1830 that the friends of the institution were able to secure a charter from the Legislature. An ineffectual attempt had been made in 1830, and when it was finally granted, it was in the form of an "omni- bus bill" including three other institutions, but with restrictions as to the amount of real estate that might be held, and prohibiting the organiza- tion of theological dei)artments, both of which were subsequently repealed. (See Early Col- leges.) The same year the college graduated its first class, consisting of two memters — Richard Yates, afterwards War Governor and United States Senator, and Rev. Jonathan Spillman, the composer of "Sweet Afton." Limited as w.asthis first output of alumni, it was politically and morally strong. In 1843 a medical department was established, but it was abandoned five years later for want of adeqiiate support. Dr. Beecher retired from the Presidency in 18-14, when he was succeeded by Dr. Sturtevant, who continued in that capacity until 1876 (thirty-two years), when he became Professor Emeritus, remaining until 1885 — his connection with the institution cover- ing a period of fifty -six years. Others who have occupied the position of President include Rufus C. Crampton (acting), 1876-82; Rev. Edward A. Tanner, 1882-92; and Dr. John E. Bradley, the incumbent from 1892 to 1899. Among the earli- est and influential friends of the institution, besides Judge Lockwood already mentioned, may be enumerated such names as Gov. Joseph Dun- can, Thomas Mather. Winthrop S. Oilman, Frederick Collins and William H. Brown (of Chicago), all of whom were members of the early Board of Trustees. It was found necessary to maintain a preparatory department for many years to fit pupils for the college cla.sses proper, and, in 1860, Wliipple Academy was established and provided with a separate building for this purpose. The standard of admission to the col- lege course has been gradually advanced, keeping abreast, in this respect, of other .\merican col- leges. At present the institution has a faculty of 1.5 memters and an endowment of some §1.50.000, with a library (1898) numbering over 15,000 vol- umes and property valued at ?360.000. Degrees are conferred in both classical and scientific 292 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. courses in tlie college proper. The list of alumni embraces some 750 names, including many who have been prominent in State and National affairs. ILLINOIS COUNTY, the name given to the first civil organization of tlie territorj' northwest of tlie Oliio River, after its conquest by Col. George Rogers Clark in 1778. This was done by act of the Virginia House of Delegates, passed in October of the same year, which, among other things, provided as follows: "The citizens of the commonwealth of Virginia, who are already set- tled, or shall hereafter settle, on the western side of the Oliio, shall be included in a distinct county which shall be called Illinois County; and the Governor of this commonwealth, with the advice of the Council, may appoint a County-Lieutenant or Commandantin-chief of the county during pleasure, who shall take the oath of fidelity to this commonwealth and the oath of office accord- ing to tlie form of their own religion. And all civil offices to which the inhabitants have been accustomed, necessary for the preservation of the peace and the administration of justice, shall be chosen by a majority of the citizens of their re- spective districts, to be convened for that purpose by the County-Lieutenant or Commandant, or his deputy, and shall be commissioned by said County-Lieutenant." As the Commonwealth of Virginia, by virtue of Colonel Clark's conquest, then claimed jurisdiction over the entire region west of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi, Illinois County nominally embraced the territory comprised within the limits of the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon- sin, though the settlements were limited to the vicinity of Kaskaskia, Vincennes (in the present State of Indiana) and Detroit. Col. John Todd, of Kentucky, was appointed by Gov. Patrick Henry, the first Lieutenant-Commandant under this act, holding office two years. Out of Illinois County were subsequently organized the follow- ing counties by "order" of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, after his assumption of the duties of Governor, following the passage, by Congress, of the Ordi- nance of 1787, creating the Northwest Territory, VIZ. : Name Washington Hamiltou Knox Kaiidolph County-Seat Marietta Cincinnati t Caholcia i Prairie du Rocher ( Kasliaslvia Post St. Viucennea Kaskaslcia Date op Organization July 27. 1788 Jan. 4. 1790 April 27, 1790 June 20. 1790 Oct. 5, 1795 Washington, originallj' comprising the State of Ohio, was reduced, on the organization of Hamil- ton County, to the eastern portion, Hamilton County embracing the west, with Cincinnati (originally called "Losantiville, " near old Fort Wasliington) as the county seat. St. Clair, the third county orgamzed out of this territory, at first had virtually tliree county -seats, but divi- sions and jealousies among the people and officials in reference to the place of deposit for the records, resulted in the issue, five years later, of an order creating the new county of Randolph, the second in the "Illinois Country" — these (Sf. Clair and Randolph) constituting the two counties into which it was divided at the date of organization of Illinois Territory. Out of these events grew the title of "Mother of Counties" given to Illinois County as the original of all the counties in the five States northwest of tlie Ohio, while St. Clair County inherited the title as to the State of Illinois. (See Illinois; also St. Clair, Arthur, and Todd, (Col) John.) ILLINOIS FARMERS' RAILROAD. (See Jacksonville d' St. Lonis Railway.) ILLINOIS FEMALE COLLEGE, a flourishing institution for the education of women, located at Jacksonville and incorporated in 1847. While essentially unsectarian in teaching, it is con- trolled by the Jlethodist Episcopal denomination. Its first charter was granted to the "Illinois Con- ference Female Academy" in 1847, but four years later the charter was amended and the name changed to the present cognomen. The cost of building and meager support in early years brought on bankruptcj'. The friends of the insti- tution rallied to its support, however, and the purchasers at the foreclosure sale (all of whom were friends of Methodist education) donated the property to what was technically a new institu- tion. A second charter was obtained from the State in 1863, and the restrictions imposed upon the grant were such as to prevent alienation of title, by either conveyance or mortgage. While the college has only a small endowment fund (§2,000) it owns §60,000 worth of real property, besides §9,000 invested in apparatus and library. Preparatory and collegiate departments are main- tained, both classical and scientific courses being established in the latter. Instruction is also given in fine arts, elocution and music. The faculty (1898) numbers 15, and there are about 170 students. ILLINOIS FEMALE REFORM SCHOOL. (See Home for Female Offenders.) . ILLINOIS INDIANS, a confederation belong- ing to the Algonquin family and embracing five tribes, viz. : the Cahokias, Kaskaskias, Mitcha- gamies, Peorias and Tamaroas. They early ocou- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 293 pied Illinois, with adjacent portions of Iowa, Wisconsin and Missouri. Tlie name is derived from mini, "man," the Indian plural "ek" being clianged by tlie French to "ois." Tliey were intensely warlike, being almost constantly in conflict with the Winnebagoes, the Iroquois, Sioux and other tribes. Tliej' were migratory and depended for subsistence largeh- on the sum- mer and winter hunts. They dwelt in rudely constructed cabins, each accommodating about eight families. They were always faithful allies of the French, whom they heartily welcomed in 1C73. French missionaries labored earnestly among them — notably Fathers Marquette, AUouez and Gravier — who reduced their language to grammatical rules. Their most distinguished Chief was Chicagou, who was sent to France, where he was welcomed with the honors accorded to a foreign prince. In their wars with the Foxes, from 1712 to 1719, they suffered severely, their numliers being reduced to 3,000 souls. The assassination of Pontiac by a Kaskaskian in 1765, was avenged by the lake tribes in a war of ex- termination. After taking part with the Miamis in a war against the United States, they partici- pated in the treaties of (ireenville and Vincennes, and were gradually removed farther and farther toward the AVest, the small remnant of about 175 being at present (ISSKi) on the Quapaw reservation in Indian Territory. (See also Cahokias: Foxes; Iroquois; Kaskaskitis; Mitchagamies; Peorias; Tnmaroas: and Winnebagoes.) ILLINOIS IXSTITUTIOX FOR THE EDU- CATION OF THE BLIND, located at Jackson- ville. The institution had its incei)tion in a school for the blind, opened in that town in 1847, by Samuel Bacon, who was himself blind. The State Institution was created l)y act of the Legis- lature, i)assed Jan. 13, 1849, which was introduced by Richard Yates, then a Representative, and was first opened in a rented house, early in 1850, under the temporary supervision of Mr. Bacon. .Soon afterward twenty-two acres of ground were purchased in the eastern part of the city and the erection of permanent buildings commenced. By Januar)-, 18.')4, they were ready for use, but fif- teen years later were destroyed by fire. Work on a new building was beg\in without unnecessary delay and the same was completed by 1874. Numerous additions of wings and shops have since been made, and the institution, in its build- ings and appointments, is now one of the most complete in the country. Instruction (as far as practicable) is given in rudimentary English branches, and in such mechanical trades antl avocations as may best qualify the inmates to be- come self-supporting upon their return to active life. ILLINOIS MASONIC ORPHANS' HOME, an institution established in the city of Chicago under the auspices of the Masonic Fraternity of Illinois, for the purpose of furnishing a homo for the destitute children of decea.sed members of the Order. The total receipts of the institution, dur- ing the year 189."), were $-'9,204.98, and the expenditures, §27,2,'J8.70. The number of bene- ficiaries in the Home, Dec. 31, 1895, was 61. The Institution owns real estate valued at §75,000. ILLINOIS MIDLAND RAILROAD. (See Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad.) ILLINOIS RIVER, the most important stream within the State ; has a length of about 500 miles, of which about 245 are navigable. It is formed by the junction of the Kankakee and Des Plaines Rivers at a point in Grundy County, some 45 miles southwest of Chicago. Its course is west, then southwest, and finally south, until it empties into the Mississippi about 20 miles north of the mouth of the Missouri. The Illinois & Michigan Canal connects its waters with Lake Michigan. Manjuette and Joliet ascended the stream in 1673 and were probably its first white visitants. Later (1679-82) it was explored by La Salle, Tonty, Hennepin .and others. ILLINOIS RIVER RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria <& St. Louis Railruad of Illinois.) ILLINOIS SANITARY COMMISSION, a vol- untary organization formed pursuant to a sug- gestion of Governor Yates, shortly after the battle of Fort Donelson (1862). Its object was the relief of soldiers in actual service, whether on the march, in camp, or in liospitals. State Agents were appointed for the distribution of relief, for which purpose large sums were collected and dis- tributed. The work of the Commission was later formally recognized by the Legislature in the enactment of a law authorizing the Governor to appoint "Militarj- State Agents," who sliould receive compensation from the State treasury. Many of these "agents" were selected from the ranks of the workers in the Sanitary Commission, and a great impetus was therebj- imparted to its voluntary work. Auxiliarj' associations were formed all over the State, and funds were readily obtained, a considerable proportion of which was derived from ".Sanitary Fairs." ILLINOIS SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE AND MANUAL TRAINING FOR BOYS, an institution for the training of dependent boys, organized under the act of March 28, 1895, which was in 294 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. effect a re-enactment of the statute approved in 1883 and amended in 1885. Its legally defined object is to provide a home and proper training for such boys as may be committed to its charge. Commitments are made by the County Courts of Cook and contiguous counties. The school is located at Glenwood, in the county of Cook, and was first opened for the reception of inmates in 1888. Its revenues are derived, in part, from voluntary contributions, and in part from pay- ments by the counties sending boys to the institu- tion, which payments are fixed by law at ten dollars per month for each boy, during the time he is actually an inmate. In 1898 nearly one-half of the entire income came from the former source, but the surplus remaining in the treasury at the end of any fiscal year is never large. The school is under the inspectional control of the State Commissioners of Public Charities, as though it were an institution founded and main- tained by the State. The educational curriculum closely follows that of the ordinary grammar schools, pupils being trained in eight grades, sub- stantially along the lines established in the public schools. In addition, a military drill is taught, with a view to developing physical strength, command of limbs, and a graceful, manly car- riage. Since the Home was organized there have been received (down to 1899), 2,333 boys. The industrial training given the inmates is both agricultural and mechanical, — the institution owning a good, fairly-sized farm, and operating well equipped industrial shops for the education of pupils. A fair proportion of the boys devote themselves to learning trades, and not a few develop into excellent workmen. One of the purposes of the school is to secure homes for ihose thought likely to prove creditable members of respectable households. During the eleven years of its existence nearly 2,200 boys have been placed in homes, and usually with the most satisfactory results. The legal safeguards thrown around the ward are of a comprehensive and binding sort, so far as regards the parties who take the children for either adoption or apprenticeship — the welfare of the ward alwa3's being the object primarily aimed at. Adoption is preferred to institutional life by the administration, and the result usually justifies their judgment. Many of the ptipils are returned to their families or friends, after a mild course of correctional treat- ment. The system of government adopted is analogous to that of the "cottage plan" employed in many reformatory institutions throughout the country. An "administration building" stands in the center of a group of structures, each of which has its own individual name; — Clancy Hall, Wallace, Plymouth, Beecher, Pope,Windsor, Lincoln, Suunyside and Sheridan. While never a suppliant for benefactions, the Home has always attracted the attention of philanthropists who are interested in the care of society's waifs. The average annual number of inmates is about 275. ILLINOIS WESLEYAJf UMVERSITY, the leading educational institution of the Methodist Church in Illinois, south of Chicago; incorpo- rated in 1853 and located at Bloomington. It is co-educational, has a faculty of 34 instructors, and reports 1,106 students in 1896 — 458 male and 648 female. Besides the usual literary and scien- tific departments, instruction is given in theology, music and oratory. It also has preparatory and business courses. It has a library of 6,000 vol- umes and reports funds and endowment aggre- gating §187,999, and property to the value of .$380,999. ILLINOIS & INDIANA RAILROAD. (See Indiana. Decatur d- ]]'estern Railiray.) ILLINOIS & SOUTHEASTERN RAILROAD. (See Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad.) ILLINOIS & SOUTHERN IOWA RAILROAD. (See Wahash Railroad.) ILLINOIS & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD & COAL COMPANY. (See Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis (consolidated) Railroad.) ILLINOIS & WISCONSIN RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Northwestern Railivay.) ILLIOPOLIS, a village in Sangamon County, on the Wabash Railway, 20 miles east of Spring- field. It occupies a position nearh' in the geo- graphical center of the State and is in tlie heart of what is generally termed the corn belt of Cen- tral Illinois. It has banks, several cliurches, a graded school and three newspapers. Population (1880), 686; (1890), 689; (1900), 744. INDIAN MOUNDS. (See Mound-Builders, Works of The.) INDIAN TREATIES. The various treaties made by the General Government with the Indians, which affected Illinois, may be summa- rized as follows : Treaty of Greenville, August 3, 1795 — ceded 11,808,409 acres of land for the sum of $210,000; negotiated by Gen. Anthony Waj'ne with the Delawares, Ottawas, Miamis, Wyandots, Shawnees, Pottawatomies, Chippewas, Kaskas- kias, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws and Eel River Indians: First Treaty of Fort Wayne, June 7, 1803— ceded 2,038,400 acres in consideration of $4,000; negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Delawares, Kickapoos, Miamis, Pottawato- HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 295 mies, and Shawnees: First Treaty of Vincennes, August 13, 1803— ceded K.91 1,850 acres for §12,000; negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Caho- kias, Kaskaskias and Mitchagamies. First Treaty of St. Louis, Nov. 3, 1804— ceded 14,803,530 acres in consideration of §23,234; negotiated by Gov- ernor Harrison with the Sacs and Foxes; Seconil Treaty of Vincennes, Dec. 30, 1805— ceded 2,G76, 1,50 acres for §4, 100 ; negotiated by Governor Harrison witli the Piankesliaws: Second Treaty of Fort Wayne, Sept. 30, 1809 — ceded 3,900,000 acres; negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Dela- wares. Eel River, Miamis, Pottawatomies and Weas: Third Treaty of Vincennes, Dec. 9, 1809 —ceded 138,240 acres for §37,000; negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Kickapoos: Second Treaty of St. Louis, Aug. 24, ISlC— ceded 1,418.400 acres in consideration of §12,000; negotiated by Governor Edwards, William Clark and A. Chou- teau with the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawato- mies: Treaty of Edwardsville, Sept. 30, 1818— ceded 6,865,280 acres for .$6,400; negotiated by Governor Edwards and A. Chouteau with the Illinois and Peorias: Treaty of St. Mary's, Oct. 2, 1818— ceded 11,000,000 acres for §33,000; nego- tiated by Gen. Lewis Ca.ss and others with the Weas: Treaty of Fort Harrison, Aug. 30, 1819— negotiated by Benjamin Parke with the Kicka- poos of the Vermilion, ceding 3.173,130 acres for §23,000: Treaty of St. Joseph, Sept. 20, 1828— ceded 990,720 acres in consideration of §189,795; negotiated by Lewis Cass and Pierre Menard with the Pottawatomies : Treaty of Prairie du Chien, Jan. 2, 1830— ceded 4,160,000 acres for §390,601; negotiated by Pierre Jlenard and others with the Cliippewas, Ottawas and Pottawatomies: First Treaty of Chicago, Oct. 20, 1832— ceded 1,536,000 acres for §460,348; negotiated with the Pottawatomies of the Prairie: Treaty of Tippecanoe, Oct. 27, 1832— by it the Pottawato- mies of Indiana ceded 737,000 acres, in consider- ation of §400,121 : Second Treaty of Chicago, Sept. 26, 1833 — by it the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pot- tawatomies ceded 5,104,960 acres for §7,624,289: Treaties of Fort Armstrong and Prairie du Chien, negotiated 1829 and "33— by wliich the Winne- bagoes ceded 10,346,000 acres in exchange for $5,195,2.52: Second Treaty of St. Louis, Oct. 27, 1832 — the Kaskaskias and Peorias ceding 1,900 acres in consideration of $155,780. (See also Greenville, Trnitij of.) IXDI AX TRIBES. {Be» Algonquim: Illinois Indians; Kaskaakias; Kickapoo.i; jVinnu'.s; Oiita- gamie.i; Piankesliaws; Pottawatomies; Sacs and Foxes; Weas; Winnebagoes.) INDIANA, BLOOMINGTOX & WESTERN RAILWAY. (See Peoria & Eastern Railroad.) INDIANA, DECATUR i WESTERN RAIL- WAY. The entire length of line is 1.52.5 miles, of which 75.75 miles (with yard-tracks and sidings amounting to 8 86 miles) lie within Illinois. It extends from Decatur almost due east to the Indiana State line, and has a single track of standard gauge, with a right of way of 100 feet The rails are of .steel, well adapted to the traffic, and the ballasting is of gravel, earth and cinders. The bridges (chiefly of wood) are of standard design and well maintained. The amount of capital stock outstanding (1898) is §1,824,000, or 11,998 per mile; total capitalization (including stock and all indebtedness) 3,733,983. The total earnings and income in Illinois, §240.8.50. (His- tory.) The first organization of this road em- braced two companies — the Indiana & Illinois and the Illinois & Indiana— which were consolidated, in 1853, under the name of the Indiana & Illinois Central Railroad Company. In 1875 the latter was sold under foreclosure and organized as the Indianapolis, Decatur & Springfield Railway Company, at which time the section from Decatur to Montezuma, Ind., was opened. It was com- pleted to Indianapolis in 1880. In 1883 it was leased to the Indiana, Bloomington & Western Railroad Company, and operated to 1885, when it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1887 and reorganized under the name of the Indianapolis, Decatur & West- ern. Again, in 1889, default was made and the property, after being operated by trustees, was sold in 1894 to two companies called the Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway Company (in Indi- ana) and the Decatur & Eastern Railway Com- pany (in Illinois). These were consolidated in July, 1895, under the present name (Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway Company). In December, 1895, the entire capital stock was purchased by the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway Company, and the line is now operated as a part of that system. INDIANA, ILLINOIS & IOWA RAILROAD. This line extends from Streator Junction 1.8 nules south of Streator, on the line of the .Streator Division of the Wabash Railroad, easterly to the Indiana State Line. The total length of the line is 151.78 miles, of which 69.61 miles are in Illi- nois. Between Streator Junction and Streator, the line is owned by the Wabash Company, but this company pays rental for trackage facilities. Alx)ut 75 per cent of the ties are of wliite-oak, the remainder being of cedar ; the rails are 5&-lb. 296 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS steel, and the ballasting is of broken stone, gravel, sand, cinders and earth. A policy of permanent improvements has been adopted, and is being carried forward. The principal traffic is the transportation of freiglit. The outstanding capi- tal stock (Jime 30, 1898) was S3..597,800; bonded debt, $1,800,000; total capitalization, §5,517,739; total earnings and income in Illinois for 1898, S413,9G7; total expenditures in the State, §303,- 3'14. — (History.) ThLs road was chartered Dec. 37, 1881, and organized by the consolidation of three roads of the same name (Indiana, Illinois & Iowa, respectively), opened to Momence, 111., in 1883. and through its entire length, Sept. 15, 1883. INDIANA & ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAIL- ROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western Rail- way. ) INDIANA & ILLINOIS RAILROAD. (See Indiana. Decatur & ^Vestern Railway.) INDIANA k ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL- ROAD. (See St. Lotiis, Indianapolis AL IMPROVEMENT POLICY, a name given to a scheme or plan of internal im- provement adopted by the Tenth General A.ssera- bly (1837), in compliance with a general wish of the people voiced at manj' public gatherings. It contemplated the construction of an extensive system of i)ublic works, chiefly in lines of rail- road which were not demanded by the commerce or business of the State at the time, but which, it was believed, would induce immigration and materially aid in the development of the State's latent resources. The plan adopted provided for the construction of such works by the State, and contemplated State ownership and management of all the lines of traflic thus constructed. The bill passed the Legislature in February, 1837, but was disapproved by the Executive and the Council of Revision, on the ground that such enterprises might be mure successfullj' under- taken and conducted bj- individuals or private corporations. It was, however, subsequently passed over the veto and became a law, the dis- astrous effects of whose enactment were felt for many years. The total amount appropriated by the act was $10,200,000, of which §^100,000 was devoted to the improvement of waterways; S250,- 000 to the improvement of the "(Jreat Western Mail Route"; §9,3.50.000 to the construction of railroads, and $200,000 was given outright to counties not favored by the location of railroads or other improvements witliin their borders. In addition, the sale of $1,000,000 worth of canal lands and the issuance of $500,000 in canal bonds were authorized, the proceeds to be used in the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, S.")00,000 of this amount to be expended in 1838. Work began at once. Routes were survej'ed and contracts for construction let, and an era of reck- less speculation began. Large sums were rapidly expended and nearly $6,500,000 quickly added to the State debt. The system was soon demon- strated to be a failure and was abandoned for lack of funds, some of the "improvements" already made being sold to private jxirties at a heavy loss. This scheme furnished the basis of the State debt under which Illinois labored for many years, and which, at its maximum, reached nearly $17,000,000. (See Macallister & Stebbins Bonds; State Debt; Tenth General Assembly; Eleventh General Ansembly.) INUNDATIONS, KEMARKABLE. The most remarkable freshets (or floods) in Illinois history have been those occurring in the Mi-ssissippi River; though, of course, the smaller tributaries of that stream have been subject to similar con- ditions. Probably the best account of earl}' floods has been furnislied by Gov. John Reynolds in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," — he having been a witness of a number of them. The first of which any historical record has been pre- served, occurred in 1770. At that time the only white settlements within the present limits of tbe State were in the American Bottom in the vicinity of Kaskaskia, and there the most serious results were jiroduced. Governor Rej'nolds says the flood of that year (1770) made considerable encroachments on the east bank of the river adjacent to Fort Chartres, which had originally been erected by the French in 1718 at a distance of three-quarters of a mile from the main channel. The stream continued to advance in this direction until 1772, when the whole bottom was again inundated, and the west wall of the fort, having been undermined, fell into the river. The next extraordinary freshet was in 1784, when the American Bottom was again submerged and the residents of Kaskaskia and the neighboring villages were forced to seek a refuge on the bluffs — some of the people of Cahokia being driven to St. Louis, then a small French village on Spanish soil. The most remarkable flood of the present century occurred in May and June, 1844, as the result of extraordinary rains preceded by heavy winter snows in the Rocky Mountains and rapid spring thaws. At this time the American Bot- tom, opposite St. Louis, was inundated from bluff to bluff, and large steamers passed over the sub- 398 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. merged lands, gathering up cattle and other kinds of property and rescuing the imperiled owners. Some of the villages affected by this flood — as Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and Kaskaskia — ha%e never fully recovered from the disaster. Another considerable flood occurred in 1826, but it was inferior to those of 1784 and 1844. A notable flood occurred in 1851, when the Mississippi, though not so high opposite St. Louis as in 1844, is said to have been several feet higher at Quincy than in the previous year — the difference being due to the fact that the larger portion of the flood of 1844 came from the Missouri River, its effects being most noticeable below the mouth of that stream. Again, in 1868, a flood did con- siderable damage on the Upper Mississippi, reach- ing the highest point since 1851. Floods of a more or less serious character also occurred in 1876, 1880 and again in 1893. Although not so high as some of those previously named, the loss was pro- portionately greater owing to the larger area of improved lands. The flood of 1893 did a great dfeal of damage at East St. Louis to buildings and railroads, and in the destruction of other classes of property. — Floods in the Ohio River have been frequent and very disastrous, especially in the upper portions of that stream — usually resulting from sudden thaws and ice-gorges in the early spring. With one exception, the highest flood in the Ohio, during the present century, was that of February, 1833, when the water at Cincinnati reached an altitude of sixty-four feet three inches. The recorded altitudes of others of more recent occurrence have been as follows: Dec. 17, 1847 — sixty - three feet seven inches ; 1862— fifty-seven feet four inches; 1882— fifty- eight feet seven inches. The highest point reached at New Albany, Ind. , in 1883, was seventy-three feet — or four feet higher than the flood of 1832. The greatest altitude reached in historic times, at Cincinnati, was in 1884 — the re- corded height being three-quarters of an inch in excess of seventy-one feet. Owing to the smaller area of cultivated lands and other improvements in the Ohio River bottoms within the State of Illinois, the loss has been comparatively smaller than on the Mississippi, althougli Cairo has suf- fered from both streams. The most serious dis- asters in Illinois territory from overflow of the Ohio, occurred in connection with the flood of 1883, at Shawneetown, when, out of six hiindred houses, all but twenty-eight were flooded to the second story and water ran to a depth of fifteen feet in the main street. A levee, which had been constructed for the protection of the city at great expense, was almost entirely destroj'ed, and an appropriation of §60,000 was made by the Legis- lature to indemnify the corporation. On April 3, 1898, the Ohio River broke through the levee at Shawneetown, inundating the whole city and causing the loss of twenty-five lives. Much suffering was caused among the people driven from their homes and deprived of the means of subsistence, and it was found necessary to send them tents from Springfield and supplies of food by the State Government and by private contri- butions from the various cities of the State. The inundation continued for some two or three weeks. — .Some destructive floods have occurred in the Chicago River — the most remarkable, since the settlement of the city of Chicago, being that of March 12, 1849. This was the result of an ice- gorge in the Des Plaines River, turning the waters of that stream across "the divide" into Mud Lake, and thence, by way of the South Branch, into the Chicago River. The accumula- tion of waters in the latter broke up the ice, which, forming into packs and gorges, deluged the region between the two rivers. "VMien the superabundant mass of waters and ice in the Chi- cago River began to flow towards the lake, it bore before it not only the accumulated pack-ice, but the vessels which had been tied up at the wliarves and other points along the banks for the winter. A contemporaneous history of the event says that there were scattered along the stream at the time, four steamers, six propellers, two sloops, twenty- four brigs and fifty-seven canal boats. Tliose in the upper part of the stream, being hemmed in by surrounding ice, soon became a part of the moving mass; chains and hawsers were snapped as if they had been whip-cord, and the whole borne lakeward in indescribable confusion. The bridges at Madison, Randolph and Wells Streets gave way in succession before the immense mass, adding, as it moved along, to the general wreck by falling spars, crushed keels and crashing bridge timbers. "Opposite Kinzie wliarf," says the record, "the I'iver was choked with sailing- craft of every description, piled together in inex- tricable confusion." While those vessels near the mouth of the river escaped into the lake with comparatively little damage, a large number of those higher up the stream were caught in the gorge and either badly injured or totally wrecked. The loss to the city, from the destruction of bridges, was estimated at §20,000, and to vessels at §88,000 — a large sum for that time. The wreck of bridges compelled a return to the primitive system of ferries or extemporized bridges made HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 299 of boats, to furnish means of comnnunication between the several divisions of the city — a con- dition of affairs which lasted for several months. — Floods about the same time did considerable damage on the Illinois, Fox and Rock Rivers, their waters being higher than in 1838 or 1833, which were memorable Hood years on these in- terior streams. On the former, the village of Peru was partially destroyed, wliile the bridges on Rock River were all swept away. A flood in the Illinois River, in the spring of 1855, resulted in serious damage to bridges and other property in the vicinity of Ottawa, and there were extensive inundations of the bottom lands along that stream in 18.59 and subsequent j-ears. — In Febru- ary, 1857, a second flood in the Chicago River, similar to that of 1849, cau.se\ MOUXTAIX, CHESTER & EASTERN RAILROAD. (.See Wabash, Chester <& Western Railroad.) IROQUOIS COUXTY, a large county on the eastern border of the State; area, 1,120 square miles; population (1900), 38,014. In 1830 two pioneer settlements mere made almost simultane- ously, — one at Bunkum (now Concord) and the other at Milford. Among those taking up homes at the former were Gurdon S. Hul)bard, Benja- min Fry, and Messrs. Cartwright, Thomas, New- comb, and Miller. At Milford located Robert Hill, Samuel Rush, Messrs. Miles, Pickell and Parker, besides the Cox, Bloore and Stanley families. Iroquois County was set off from Ver- milion and organized in 1833. — named from the Iroquois Indians, or Iroquois River, which flows through it. The Kickapoos and Pottawatomies did not remove west of the Mi.s9issippi until 1830-37, but were always friendly. The seat of government was first lo<-ated at Montgomery, whence it was removed to Jliddleport, and finally to Watseka. The county is well timbered and the soil underlaid by both coal and building stone. Clay suitable for brick making and the manufacture of crockery is also found. The Iroquois River and tlie Sugar. Spring and Beaver Creeks thorouglily drain the county. An abun- dance of pure, cold water ma\' be found any wliere by boring to tlie depth of from thirty to eighty feet, a fact which encourages grazing and the manufacture of dairy products. The soil is rich, and well adapted to fruit growing. The prin- cipal towns are Oilman (population 1,112), Wat- seka (2,017), and Milford (9.57). IR0\ Fou ukai anh ihwu;. .iaiksow ii.li:. AAA, ,'% A A A A A A A .A A Main Building and Girls' Cottage. INSTITUTION FOR THE BLIND, JACKSONVILLE. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 301 regarded as more distinctively New England in the character of its population than any other town in Southern Illinois. Pop. (1900), ir,,0'S. JACKSONVILLE FEMALE ACADEMY, an institution for tlie education of young ladies, at Jacksonville, the oldest of its class in the State. The initial steps for its organization were taken in 1830, the year after tlieestablislinient of Illinois College. It may besaid to havobeeu an olfslioot of the latter, these two constituting the originals of that remarkable group of educational and State Institutions wliich now exist in that city. Instruction began to be given in the Academy in May. 18;13, under the principalship of Miss Sarah C. Crocker, and, in ISSH, it was formally incorpo- rated by act of the Legislature, being the first educational institution to receive a charter from that body; though Illinois, McKendree and Shurtleff Colleges were incorporated at a later period of the same session. Among its founders appear the names of Gov. Joseph Duncan, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant (for fifty years the President or a Professor of Illi- nois College), John P. Wilkinson, Rev. John M. Ellis, David B. Aj'ers and Dr. Ero Chandler, all of whom, except the last, were prominently identified with the early history of Illinois Col- lege. The list of the alumnaj embraces over five hundred names. The Illinois Conservatory of Music (founded in 1871) and a School of Fine Arts are attached to tlie Academy, all being under the management of Prof. E. F. Bullard, A. JI. JA( KSOWILLE, LOUISVILLE & ST. LOUIS KAILWAT. (See Jacksonville & St. Louis Rail- way. ) JACKSONVILLE, XOR TH WES T ER X ic SOUTHEASTERN RAILROAD. (See Jackson- ville & St. Louis Railway.) J.VCKSOXVILLE k ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. Originally chartered as the Illinois Farmers' Rail- road, and constructed from Jacksonville to Waverly in 1870; later changed to the Jacksonville, Northwestern & Southeastern and track extended to Virden (31 miles) ; in 1879 passed into the hands of a new company under the title of the Jacksonville Southeastern, and was extended as follows: to Litchfield (1880), 23 miles; to Smith- boro (1882). 29 miles; to Centralia (1883), 29 miles — total. 112 miles. In 1887 a section between Centralia and Driver's (lOVi miles) was con- structed by tlie Jacksonville Southeastern, and operated under lease by the successor to tliat line, but, in 1893, was separated from it under the name of the Louisville & St. Louis Railway. By the use of five miles of trackage on the Louis- ville & Nashville Railroad, connection was obtained between Driver's and Mount Vernon. Tlie .same year (1887) the Jacksonville Southeast- ern ol)tained control of the Litchfield, CarroUton & Western Railroad, from Litclifield to Colvmibi- ana on the Illinois River, and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis, embracing lines from Peoria to St. Louis, via Springfield and Jacksonville. The Jacksonville Southeastern was reorganized in 1890 under the name of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railway, and, in 1893, was placed in the hands of a receiver. The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Divisions were subsequently separated from the Jacksonville line and placed in charge of a separate receiver. Foreclosure proceedings began in 1894 and, during 1890, the road was sold under foreclosure and reorganized under its pres- ent title. (See Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Rail- road of Illinois.) The capital stock of the Jacksonville & St. Louis Railway (June 80, 1897) was $1,. WO, 000; funded debt, §2,300.000— total, §3,800.000. JAMES, Colin D., clergyman, was born in Ran- dolph County, now in West Virginia, Jan. 1.5, 1808 ; died at Bonita, Kan., Jan. 30, 1888. He was the son of Rev. Dr. William B. James, a pioneer preacher in the Ohio Valley, who removed to Ohio in 1812, settling first in Jefferson County in that State, and later (18U) at Mansfield. Subse- quently the family took up its residence at Helfs Prairie in Vigo (now Vermilion) County, Ind. Before 18.30 Colin D. James came to Illinois, and, in 1834, became a minister of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, remaining in active ministerial work until 1871, after which he accepted a super- annuated relation. During his connection with the church in Ilhnois he served as station preacher or Presiding Elder at the following points: Rock Island (1834); Plattevillo (1836); Apple River (1837); Paris (1838, '42 and '43); Eugene (1839); Georgetown (1S40); Shelbyville (1841); Grafton (1844 and '4.')); Sparta District (1845-47) ; Lebanon Di-strict (1848-49) ; Alton District (1850) ; Bloom- ington District (1851-52); and later at Jackson- ville, Winchester, Greenfield, Island Grove, Oldtown, Ileyworth, Normal, Atlanta, McLean and Shirley. During 1861-62 he acted as agent for the Illinois Female College at Jacksonville, and, in 1871, for the erection of a Metho- dist church at Normal. He was twice married. Ilis tir.st wife (Eliza A. Plasters of Living- ston) died in 1849. The following year he mar- ried Amanda K. Casad, daughter of Dr. Anthony W. Casad. He removed from Normal to Evans- ton in 1876, and from the latter place to 302 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Kansas in 1879. Of his surviving children, Edmund J. is (1898) Professor in the University of Chicago; John N. is in charge of the mag- netic laboratory in the National Observatory at Washington, D. C. ; Benjamin B. is Professor in the State Normal School at St. Cloud. Minn., and George F. is instructor in the Cambridge Preparatory School of Cliicago. JAMES, Edmund Janes, was born, May 21, 1855, at Jacksonville, Morgan County, 111., the fourth son of Rev. Colin Dew James of the Illi- nois Conference, grandson on his mother's side of Rev. Dr. Anthony Wayne Casad and great- grandson of Samuel Stites (all of whose sketches appear elsewhere in this volume) ; was educated in the Model Department of the Illinois State Normal School at Bloomington (Normal), from which he graduated in June, 1873, and entered the Northwestern University, at Evanston, 111., in November of the same year. On May 1, 1874, he was appointed Recorder on the United States Lake Survey, where he continued during one season engaged in work on the lower part of Lake Ontario and the upper St. Lawrence. He entered Harvard College, Nov. 3, 1874, but went to Europe in August, 1875, entering the University of Halle, Oct. 16, 1875, where he graduated, August 4, 1877, with the degrees of A.M. and Ph.D. On his return to the United States he was elected Principal of the Public High School in Evanston, 111., Jan. 1, 1878, but resigned in June, 1879, to accept a position in the Illinois State Normal School at Bloomington as Professor of Latin and Greek, and Principal of the High School Department in connection with the Model School. Resigning this position at Christmas time, 1882, he went to Europe for study ; accepted a position in the University of Pennsylvania as Professor of Public Administration, in Septem- ber, 1883, where he remained for over thirteen years. While here he was, for a time. Secretary of the Graduate Faculty and organized the in- struction in this Department. He was also Director of the Wharton School of Finance and Economy, the first attempt to organize a college course in the field of commerce and industry. During this time he officiated as editor of "The Political Economy and Public Law Series" issued by the University of Pennsylvania. Resigning his position in the University of Pennsylvania on Feb. 1, 1896, he accepted that of Professor of Pub- lic Administration and Director of the University Extension Division in the University of Chicago, where he has since continued. Professor James has been identified with the progress of economic- studies in the United States since the early eighties. He was one of the organizers and one of the first Vice-Presidents of the American Economic Association. On Dec. 14, 1889, he founded the American Academy of Political and Social Science with headquarters at Philadelphia, became its first President, and has continued such to the present time. He was also, for some years, editor of its publications. The Academy has now become the largest Association in the world devoted to the cultivation of economic and social subjects. He was one of the originators of, and one of the most frequent contributors to, "Lalor's Cyclopaedia of Political Science"; was also the pioneer in the movement to introduce into the United States the scheme of public instruction known as University Extension; was the first President of the American Society for the Exten- sion of University Teaching, under whose auspices the first effective extension work was done in this country, and has been Director of the Extension Division in the University of Chicago since Febru- ary, 1896. He has been especially identified with the development of higher commercial education in the United States. From his position as Director of the Wharton School of Finance and Economy he has affected the course of instruc- tion in this Department in a most marked way. He was invited by the American Bankers' Association, in the year 1892, to make a careful study of the subject of Commercial Education in Europe, and his report to this association on the Education of Business Men in Europe, republished by the University of Chicago in the year 1898, has become a standard authority on this subject. Owing largely to his efforts, departments similar to the Wharton School of Finance and Economy have been established under the title of College of Commerce, College of Commerce and Politics, and Collegiate Course in Commerce, in the Uni- versities of California and Chicago, and Columbia University. He has been identified with the progress of college education in general, espe- ciallj' in its relation to secondary and elementary education, and was one of the early advocates of the establishment of departments of education in our colleges and universities, the policy of which is now adopted by nearly all the leading institu- tions. He was, for a time. State Examiner of High Schools in Illinois, and was founder of "The Illinois School Journal," long one of the most influential educational periodicals in the State, now changed in name to "School and Home." He has been especially active in the establish- ment of public kindergartens in different cities. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 303 and haa been repeatedly offered the headship of important institutions, among them being the University of Iowa, the University of Illinois, and the University of Cincinnati. He has served as Vice-President of the National Municipal League; of the American Association for tlie Advancement of Science, and the American Economic Association, and of the Board of Trus- tees of the Illinois State Historical Library; is a member of the American Philosophical Society, of tiie Pennsylvania Historical Society, of the National Council of Education, and of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He was a member of the Committee of Thirteen of the National Teachers' Association on college entrance requirements; is a member of various patriotic and historical societies, including the Sons of the American Revolution, the Society of the Colonial "Wars, the Holland and the Huguenot Society. He is the author of more than one hun- dred papers and monographs on various economic, educational, legal and administrative subjects. Professor James was married, August 22, 1879, to Anna Jlargarethe Lange, of Halle, Prussia, daughter of the Rev. 'Wilhelm Roderich Lange, and granddaughter of the famous Professor Ger- lach of the LTniversity of Halle. JAMESON, John Alexander, lawyer and jur- ist, was born at Irasburgh, Vt., Jan. 25, 1824; graduated from the University of Vermont in 1846. After several years spent in teaching, he began the study of law, and graduated from the Dane Law Scliool (of Harvard College) in 1853. Coming west the same year he located at Free- port, 111., but removed to Chicago in 1856. In 1865 he was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of Chicago, remaining in office until 1883. During a portion of this period he acted as lec- turer in the Union College of Law at Chicago, and as editor of "The American Law Register." His literary labors were unceasing, his most notable work being entitled "Constitutional Con- ventions; their History, Power and Modes of Proceeding." He was also a fine classical scholar, speaking and reading German, French, Spanish and Italian, and was deeply interested in charitable and reformatory work. Died, sud- denly, in Chicago, June 16, 1890. JARROT, Nicholas, early French settler of St. Clair County, was liorn in France, received a liberal education and. on account of the disturbed condition there in the latter part of the last cen- tury, left his native country about IT'JO. After spending some time at Baltimore and New Orleans, he arrived at Cahokia, 111., in 1794, and became a permanent settler there. He early be- came a Major of militia and engaged in trade with the Indians, frequently visiting Prairie du Chien, St. Anthony's Falls (now Minneapolis) and the Illinois River in his trading expeditions, and, on one or two occasions, incurring great risk of life from hostile savages. He acquired a large property, esi)ecially in lands, built mills and erected one of the earliest and finest brick houses in that part of the country. He also served as Justice of the Peace and Judge of the County Court of St. Clair County. Died, in 1823.— Vital (Jarrot), son of the preceding, inherited a large landed fortune from his father, and was an enterprising and public-spirited citizen of St. Clair County during the last generation. He served as Representative from St. Clair County in the Eleventh, Twentieth, Twenty-first and Twenty-second General Assemblies, in the first being an associate of Abraham Lincoln and always his firm friend and admirer. At the organization of the Twenty-second General Assembly (1857), he received the support of the Republican members for Speaker of the House in opposition to Col. W. R. Jlorrison, who was elected. He .sacrificed a large share of his prop- erty in a public-spirited effort to build up a rolling mill at East St. Louis, being reduced thereby from affluence to poverty. President Lincoln appointed him an Indian Agent, which took him to the Black Hills region, where he died, some years after, from toil and exposure, at the age of 73 years. JASPER COUNTY, in the eastern part of Southern Illinois, having an area of 506 square miles, and a population (in lyOO) of 20, 100. It was organized in 1831 and named for Sergeant Jasper of Revolutionary fame. The county was placed un- der township organization in 1S60. The first Board of County Commissioners consisted of B. Rey- nolds, W, Richards and George Mattingley. The Embarras River crosses the county. The general surface is level, although gently undulating in some portions. Manufacturing is carried on in a small way; but the people are principally inter- ested in agriculture, the chief products consisting of wheat, potatoes, sorghum, fruit and tobacco. Wool-growing is an important industry. Newton is the county-seat, with a population (in 1890) of 1,128. JATNE, (Dr.) Gershom, early physician, was born in Orange County, N.Y., October, 1791; served as Surgeon in the War of 1812, and came to Illinois in 1819, settling in Springfield in 1821; was one of the Commissioners appointed to construct the 304 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. first State Penitentiary (1827),- and one of the first Commissioners of tiie Illinois & Micliigan Canal. His oldest daughter (Julia Maria) became the wife of Senator Trumbull. Dr. Jayne died at Springfield, in 18G7.— Dr. William (Jayne), son of the preceding, was bom in Springfield, IlL, Oct. 8, 1826; educated by private tutors and at Illinois College, being a member of the class of 1847, later receiving the degree of A.M. He was one of the founders of the Phi Alpha Society while in that institution ; graduated from the Medical Depart- ment of Missouri State University; in 1860 was elected State Senator for Sangamon County, and, the following year, was appointed by President Lincoln Governor of the Territory of Dakota, later serving as Delegate in Congress from that Territory. In 1869 he was appointed Pension Agent for Illinois, also served for four terms as Mayor of his native city, and is now Vice-Presi- dent of the First National Bank, Springfield. JEFFERSON COUNTY, a south-central county, cut off from Edwards and White Counties, in 1819, when it was separately organized, being named in honor of Thomas Jefferson. Its area is 680 square miles, and its population (1900), 28,133. The Big Muddy River, with one or two tributa- ries, flows through the county in a southerly direc- tion. Along the banks of streams a variety of hardwood timber is found. The railroad facilities are advantageous. The surface is level and the soil rich. Cereals and fruit are easily produced. A fine bed of limestone (seven to fifteen feet thick) crosses the middle of the county. It has been quarried and found well adapted to building purposes. The county possesses an abundance of running water, much of which is slightly im- pregnated with salt. The upper coal measure underlies the entire county, but the seam is scarcely more than two feet thick at any point. The chief industry is agriculture, though lumber is manufactured to some extent. Mount Vernon, the county-seat, was incorporated as a city in 1872. Its population in 1890 was 3,233. It has several manufactories and is the seat of the Appellate Court for the Southern Judicial District of the State. JEFFERY, Edward Turner, Railway President and Manager, born in Liverpool, Eng., April 6, 1843, his father being an engineer in tlie British navy ; about 1850 came with his widowed mother to Wheeling, Va , and, in 18.56, to Chicago, where he secured employment as office-boy in the machinery department of the Illinois Central Railroad. Here he finally became an apprentice and, passing through various grades of the me- chanical department, in May, 1877, became General Superintendent of the Road, and, in 1885, General Manager of the entire line. In 1889 he withdrew from the Illinois Central and, for several years past, has been President and General Manager of the Denver & Rio Grande Railway, with head- quarters at Denver, Colo. Mr. Jeffery's career as a railway man has been one of the most conspicu- ous and successful in the history of American railroads JENKINS, Alexander M., Lieutenant-Governor (1834-36), came to Illinois in his j'outh and located in Jackson County, being for a time a resident of Brownsville, the first county-seat of Jackson County, where he was engaged in trade. Later he studied law and became eminent in his pro- fession in Southern Illinois. In 1830 Mr. Jenkins was elected Representative in the Seventh General Assembly, was re-elected in 1832, serving during his second term as Speaker of the House, and took part the latter year in the Black Hawk War as Captain of a compan)-. In 1834 Jlr. Jenkins was elected Lieutenant-Governor at the same time with Governor Duncan, though on an opposing ticket, but resigned, in 1836, to become President of the first Illinois Central Railroad Company, which was chartered that year. The charter of the road was surrendered in 1837, when the State had in contemplation the policy of building a system of roads at its own cost For a time he was Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office at Edwardsville, and, in 1847, was elected to the State Constitutional Convention of that year. Other positions held by him included that of Jus- tice of the Circuit Court for the Third Judicial Circuit, to which he was elected in 1859, and re-elected in 1861, but died in office, February 13, 1864. Mr. Jenkins was an uncle of Gen, John A. Logan, who read law with him after his return from the Jlexican War. JENNEY, William Le Baron, engineer and arcliitect, born at Fairhaven, Mass., Sept. 25, 1832; was educated at Phillips Academy, An- dover, graduating in 1849; at 17 took a trip around the world, and, after a year spent in the Scientific Department of Harvard College, took a course in the Ecole Centrale des Artes et Manu- factures in Paris, graduating in 18.56. He then served for a year as engineer on the Tehuantepec Railroad, and, in 1861, was made an Aid on the staff of General Grant, being transferred the next year to the staff of General Sherman, with whom he remained three years, participating in many of the most important battles of the war in the West. Later, he was engaged in the preparation HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 305 of maps of General Sherman's campaigns, which were iniblislieci in tlie "Memoirs" of the latter. In 18G8 he located in Cliicago, and has since given his attention almost solely to architecture, the result being seen in some of Chicago's most noteworthy buil-dings. JERSEY COUNTY, situated in the western portion of the middle division of the State, bordering on the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. Originally a part of Greene County, it was sepa- rately organized in 18.39, with an area of 360 square miles. There were a few settlers in the county as early as 1816-17. Jersey ville, the county-seat, was platted in 1834, a majority of the early resi- dents being natives of, or at least emigrants from. New Jersey. The mild climate, added to the character of the soil, is especially adapted to fruit-growing and stock-raising The census of 1900 gave the population of the county as 14,612 and of Jersey ville, 3,517. Grafton, near the junction of the Mississippi with the Illinois, had a population of 927. The last mentioned town is noted for its stone quarries, which employ a number of men. JERSETVILLE, a city and county -seat of Jer- sey County, the point of junction of the Chicago & Alton and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railways, 19 miles north of Alton and 45 miles north of St. Couis, Mo. The city is in an agri cultural district, but has manufactories of flour, plows, carriages and wagons, shoe factory and watch-making machinery. It contains a hand- some court liouse, completed in 1894, nine churches, a graded public school, besides a sep- arate school for colored cliildren, a convent, library, telephone system, electric lights, artesian wells, and three paper.s. Population (1890), 3,207; (1900), 3,517; (1903, est), 4,117. JO D.iYIESS COUXTY, situated in the north- west corner of the State ; lias an area of 063 square miles; population (1900), 24,533. It was first explored b}' Le Seuer, who reported the discovery of lead in 1700. Another Frenchman (Bouthil- lier) was the first permanent white settler, locat- ing on the site of the present city of Galena in 1820. About the same time came several Ameri- can families; a trading post was established, and the hamlet was known as Fredericks' Point, so called after one of the pioneers. In 1822 the Government reserved from settlement a tract 10 miles square along the Mississippi, with a view of controlling the mining interest. In 1823 mining privileges were granted upon a royalty of one- sixth, and the first smelting furnace was erected the same year. Immigration increased rapidly and, inside of three years, the "Point" had a popu- lation of 150, and a post-office was established with a fortnightly mail to and from Vandalia, then the State capital. In 1827 county organiza- tion was effected, the county being named in honor of Gen. Joseph Hamilton Daviess, who was killed in the Battle of Tippecanoe. The original tract, however, has been subdivided until it now constitutes nine counties. The settlers took an active part in both the Winnebago and Black Hawk Wars. In 1846-47 the mineral lands were placed on the market by the Government, and quickly taken by corporations and individuals. The scenery is varied, and the soil (particularly in the east) well suited to the cultivation of grain. The county is well wooded and well watered, and thoroughly drained by the Fever and Apple Rivers. The name Galena was given to the county-seat (originally, as has been said, Fredericks' Point) by Lieutenant Thomas, Gov- ernment Surveyor, in 1827, in which year it was platted. Its general appearance is picturesque. Its early growth was extraordinary, but later (particularlj' after the growth of Chicago) it received a set-back. In 1841 it claimed 2,000 population and was incorporated; in 1870 it had about 7,000 population, and, in 1900, 5,005. The names of Grant, Rawlins and E. B. Washburne are associated with its history. Other important towns in the county are Warren (population 1,327), East Dubuque (1,146) and Elizabeth (659). JOHNSON, Caleb C, lawyer and legislator, was born in AVhiteside County, 111., May 23, 1844. educated in the common schools and at the Military Academy at Fulton, 111. ; served during the Civil War in the Sixty-ninth and One Hun- dred and Fortieth Regiments Illinois Volunteers; in 1877 was admitted to the bar and, two j-ears later, began practice. He has served upon the Board of Township Supervisors of Whiteside County; in 1884 was elected to the House of Representatives of the Thirty-fourth General Assembly, was re-elected in 1886, and again in 1896. He also held the position of Deputy Col- lector of Internal Revenue for his District during the first Cleveland administration, and was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention of 1888. JOHNSON, (Rev.) Herrick, clergyman and educator, was born near Fonda, N. Y. , Sept. 21, 1832; graduated at Hamilton College, 1857, and at Auburn Theological Seminary, 1860 ; held Pres- b3'terian pastorates in Troy, Pittsburg and Phila- delphia; in 1874 became Professor of Homiletics and Pastoral Theology in Auburn Theological 306 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Seminary, and, in 1880, accepted a pastorate in Cliicago, also becoming Lecturer on Sacred Rhet- oric in McCormick Theological Seminary. In 1883 he resigned his pastorate, devoting his atten- tion thereafter to the duties of his professorship. He was Moderator of the Presbyterian General Assembly at Springfield, in 1882, and has served as President, for many years, of the Presbyterian Church Board of Aid for Colleges, and of the Board of Trustees of Lake Forest University. Besides many periodical articles, he has published several volumes on religious subjects. JOHXSOX, Hosmer A., M.D., LL.D., physi- cian, was born near Buffalo, N Y., Oct. 6, 1822; at twelve removed to a farm in Lapeer County, Mich. In spite of limited school privileges, at eighteen he secured a teachers' certificate, and, by teaching in the winter and attending an academy in the summer, prepared for coUege, entering the University of Michigan in 1846 and graduating in 1849. In 1850 he became a student of medicine at Rush Medical College in Chicago, graduating in 1853, and the same j-ear becoming Secretary of the Cook County Medical Society, and, the year following, associate editor of "The Illinois Medical and Surgical Journal." For three years he was a member of the faculty of Rush, but, in 1858, resigned to become one of the founders of a new medical school, which has now become a part of Northwestern University. During the Civil War, Dr. Johnson was Chair- man of the State Board of Medical Examiners; later serving upon the Board of Health of Chi- cago, and upon the National Board of Health. He was also attending physician of Cook County Hospital and consulting physician of the Chicago Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. At the time of the great fire of 1871, he was one of the Direct- ors of the Chicago Relief and Aid Society. His connections with local. State and National Soci- eties and organizations (medical, scientific, social and otherwise) were very numerous. He trav- eled' extensively, both in this country and in Europe, during his visits to the latter devoting much time to the study of foreign sanitary con- ditions, and making further attainments in medi- cine and surgery. In 1883 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Northwestern Uni- versity. During liis later years. Dr. Johnson was engaged almost wholly in consultations. Died, Feb. 20, 1891. JOHXSON COTJ]VTT, lies in the southern por- tion of the State, and is one of the smallest counties, having an area of only 340 square miles, and a population (1900) of 15,067— named for Col. Richard M. Johnson. Its organization dates back to 1812. A dividing ridge (forming a sort of water shed) extends from east to west, the waters of the Cache and Bay Rivers running south, and those of the Big Muddy and Saline toward the north. A minor coal seam of variable thickness (perhaps a spur from the regular coal- measures) crops out here and there. Sandstone and limestone are abundant, and, under cliffs along the bluffs, saltpeter has been obtained in small quantities. Weak copperas springs are numerous. The soil is rich, the principal crops being wheat, corn and tobacco. Cotton is raised for home consumption and fruit-culture receives some attention. Vienna is the county-seat, with a population, in 1890, of 828. JOHJfSTOJT, \oah, pioneer and banker, was born in Hardy County, Va. , Dec. 20, 1799, and, at the age of 12 years, emigrated with his father to Woodford County, Ky. In 1824 he removed to Indiana, and, a few years later, to Jefferson County, 111., where he began farming. He sub- sequently engaged in merchandising, but proving unfortunate, turned his attention to politics, serving first as County Commissioner and then as County Clerk. In 1838 he was elected to the State Senate for the counties of Hamilton and Jefferson, serving four years ; was Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the Senate during the session of 1844-45, and, in 1840, elected Representative in the Fifteenth General Assembly. The following year he was made Paymaster in the United States Army, serving through the Mexican War; in 1852 served with Abraham Lincoln and Judge Hugh T. Dickey of Chicago, on a Commission appointed to investigate claims against the State for the construction of the Illinois & Michican Canal, and, in 1854, was appointed Clerk of the Supreme Court for the Third Division, being elected to the same position in 1861. Other posi- tions held by him included those of Deputy United States Marshal under the administration of Presi- dent Polk, Commissioner to superintend the con- struction of the Supreme Court Building at Moimt Vernon, and Postmaster of that city. He was also elected Representative again in 1866. The later years of his life were spent as President of the Slount Vernon National Bank. Died, No- vember, 1891, in his 93d year. JOLIET, the county-seat of Will County, situ- ated in the Des Plaines River Valley, 36 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Illinois & Micliigan Canal, and the intersecting point of five lines of railway. A good quality of calcareous building stone underlies the entire region, and is exten- 05 a X z HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 307 sively quarried. Oravel. sand, and clay are also easily obtained in considerable ([uantities. Within twenty miles are productive coal mines. Tlie Northern Illinois Penitentiary and a female penal institute stand just outside tlie city limits on the north. Joliet is an important manufac- turing center, the census of 1900 crediting the city with 455 establishments, having §15.453,196 capital, employing 6,523 hands, paying §3,957,529 wages and §17,891,M;?(i for raw material, turning out an annual product valued at §27, 705, 104. The leading industries are the manufacture of foundry and machine-shop products, engines, agricultural implements, pig-iron, Bessemer steel, steel bridges, rods, tin cans, wallpaper, matches, beer, saddles, paint, furniture, pianos, and stoves, besides quarrying and stone cutting. The Chi- cago Drainage Canal supplies valuable water- power. The city has many handsome public buildings and private residences, among the former being four high schools. Government postoffice building, two public libraries, antl two public hospitals. It also has two public and two school parks. Population (1880). 11,057; (1890), 23,254, (including .suburbs), 34,473; (1900), 29,353. JOLIET, AURORA & NORTHERN RAIL- WAY. (See Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway.) JOLIET, Louis, a French explorer, born at Quebec, Canada, Sept. 21, 1645, educated at the Jesuits' College, and earlj' engaged in the fur- trade. In 1609 he was sent to investigate the copper mines on Lake Superior, but his most important service began in 1673, when Frontenac commissioned him to explore. Starting from the missionary station of St. Ignace, with Father Marquette, he went up the Fox River within the present State of Wisconsin and down the WLs- consin to the Mississippi, which he descended as far as the mouth of the Arkansas* He was the first to discover that the Mississippi flows to the Gulf rather than to the Pacific. He returned to Green Bay via the Illinois River, and (as believed) the sites of the present cities of Joliet and Chicago. Although later appointed royal hydrographer and given the island of Anticosti, he never revisited the Mississippi. Some historians assert that this was largely due to the influential jeal- ousy of La Salle. Died, in Canada, in Mav, 1700. JOLIET & BLUE ISLAND RAILWAY, con- stituting a part of and operated by the Calumet & Blue Island— a belt line, 21 miles in length, of standard gauge and laid with 60-lb. steel rails. The company provides terminal facilities at Joliet, although originally projected to merely run from that city to a connection with the Calumet & Blue Island Railway. The capital stock author- ized and paid in is $100,000. The company's general ofl^ices are in Chicago. JOLIET & NORTHERN INDIANA RAIL- ROAD, a road running from Lake, Ind., to Joliet, 111., 45 miles (of which 29 miles are in Illinois), and leased in perpetuity, from Sept. 7, 1854 (the date of completion), to the Michigan Central Rail- road Company, which owns nearly all its stock. Its capital stock is §300,000, and its funded debt, .$80,000. Other forms of indebtedness svi-ell the total amount of capital invested (1895) to §1,- 143,201. Total earnings and income in Illinois in 1894, §89,017; total expenditures, §62,370. (See Michigan Central Railroad.) JONES, Alfred M., politician and legislator, was born in New Hampsliire, Feb. 5, 1837, brought to McHenry County, 111., at 10 years of age, and, at 16, began life in the pineries and engaged in rafting on the Mississippi. Then, after two winters in school at Rockford, and a short season in teaching, ha spent a year in the book and jewelry business at Warren, Jo Daviess County. The following year (1858) he made a trip to Pike's Peak, but meeting disappointment in his expec- tations in regard to mining, returned almost immediately. The next few years were spent in various occupations, including law and real estate business, until 1872, when lie was elected to the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, y.nd re-elected two years later. Other positions successivelj' held bj- him were those of Commis- sioner of the Joliet Penitentiary, Collector of Internal Revenue for the Sterling District, and United States Marshal for the Northern District of Illinois. He was, for fourteen years, a member of the Republican State Central Committee, dur- ing twelve years of that period being its chair- man. Since 1885, Mr. Jones has been manager of the Bethesda Mineral Springs at Waukesha, Wis., but has found time to make his mark in Wisconsin politics also. JONES, John Rice, first English lawyer in Illi- nois, was born in Wales, Feb. 11, 1759; educated at Oxford in medicine and law, and, after prac- ticing the latter in London for a short time, came to America in 1784, spending two years in Phila- delphia, where he made the acquaintance of Dr. Benjamin Rush and Benjamin Franklin; in 1786, having reached the Falls of the Ohio, he joined Col. George Rogers Clark's expedition against the Indians on the Wabash. This having partially failed through the discontent and desertion of the troops, he remained at Vincennes four years, part of the time as Commissary- 308 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. General of the garrison there. In 1790 he went to Kaskaskia, but eleven years later returned to Vin- cennes, being commissioned the same year by Gov. William Henry Harrison, Attorney-General of Indiana Territory, and, in 180.5, becoming a member of tlie first Legislative Council. He was Secretary of the convention at Vincennes, in December, 1802, which memorialized Congress to suspend, for ten years, the article in tlie Ordi- nance of 1787 forbidding slavery in the Northwest Territory. In 1808 he removed a second time to Kaskaskia, remaining two years, when he located within the present limits of the State of Missouri (then the Territory of Louisiana), residing suc- cessively at St. Genevieve, St. Louis and Potosi, at the latter place acquiring large interests in mineral lands. He became prominent in Mis- souri politics, served as a member of the Conven- tion whicli framed the first State Constitution, was a prominent candidate for United States Senator before the first Legislature, and finally elected by the same a Justice of the Supreme Court, dying in office at St. Louis, Feb. 1, 1824. He appears to have enjoyed an extensive practice among the early residents, as shown by the fact that, the year of his return to Kaskaskia, he paid taxes on more than 16,000 acres of land in Monroe County, to say nothing of his possessions about Vincennes and his subsequent acquisitions in Missouri. He also prepared the first revision of laws for Indiana Territory when Illinois com- posed a part of it. — Rice (Jones), son of tlie pre- ceding by a first marriage, was born in Wales, Sept. 28, 1781; came to America with his par- ents, and was educated at Transylvania University and the University of Pennsylvania, taking a medical degree at the latter, but later studying law at Litchfield, Conn., and locating at Kaskas- kia in 180G. Described as a young man of brilliant talents, he took a prominent part in politics and, at a special election held in September, 1808, was elected to the Indiana Territorial Legislature, by the party known as "Divisionists" — i. e., in favor of the division of the Territory — which proved successful in the organization of Illinois Territory the following year. Bitterness engendered in this contest led to a challenge from Sliadrach Bond (afterwards first Governor of the State)^ which Jones accepted; but the affair was ami- cably adjusted on the field without an excliauge of shots. One Dr. James Dunlap, who had been Bond's second, expressed dissatisfaction with tlie settlement; a bitter factional fight was main- tained between the friends of the respective parties, ending in the assassination of Jones, who was shot by Dunlap on the street in Kaskaskia, Dec. 7, 1808 — Jones dying in a few minutes, while Dunlap fled, ending his days in Texas. — Gen. John Rice (Jones), Jr., another son, was born at Kaskaskia, Jan. 8, 1792, served under Capt. Henry Dodge in the War of 1812, and, in 1831, went to Texas, where he bore a conspicuous part in securing the independence of that State from Mexico, dying tliere in 1845 — the year of its annexation to the United States. — George Wallace (Jones), fourth son of John Rice Jones (1st), was born at Vincennes, Indiana Territory, April 12, 1804; graduated at Transylvania Uni- versity, in 1825; served as Clerk of the United States District Court in Missouri in 1826, and as Aid to Gen. Dodge in the Black Hawk War ; in 1834 was elected Delegate in Congress from Michigan Territory (then including the present States of Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa), later serving two terms as Delegate from Iowa Terri- tory, and, on its admission as a State, being elected one of the first United States Senators and re- elected in 1852; in 1859, was appointed by Presi- dent Buchanan Minister to Bogota, Colombia^ but recalled in 1861 on account of a letter to Jefferson Davis expressing sympathy with the cause of the South, and was imprisoned for two months in Fort Lafayette. In 1838 he was the sec- ond of Senator Cilley in the famous Cilley-Graves duel near Washington, which resulted in the deatli of the former. After his retirement from office, General Jones' residence was at Dubuque, Iowa, where he died, July 32, 189G, in the 93d year of his age. JOXES, Michae' , early politician, was a Penn- sylvanian by birth, who came to Illinois in Terri- torial days, and, as early as 1809, was Register of the Land Office at Kaskaskia; afterwards removed to > Sliawneetown and represented Gallatin County as a Delegate to the Constitu- tional Convention of 1818 and as Senator in the first four General Assemblies, and also as Repre- sentative in the Eighth. He was a candidate for United- States Senator in 1819, but was defeated by Governor Edwards, and was a Presidential Elector in 1820. He is represented to have been a man of considerable ability but of bitter passions, a supporter of the scheme for a pro-slavery con- stitution and a bitter opponent of Governor Edwards. ■ JOXES, J. Russell, capitalist, was born at Conneaut, Ashtabula County, Ohio, Feb. 17, 1823; after spending two years as clerk in a store in his native town, came to Chicago in 1838; spent the next two years at Rockton, when he accepted a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 309 clerkship in a leading mercantile establishment at Galena, finally being advanced to a partner- ship, which was dissolved in 1856. In 1860 ho was elected, as a Republican, Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly, and, in March following, was appointed by President Lincoln United States Marshal for the Northern District of Illinois. In 1809, by appointment of President Grant, he became Minister to Belgium, lemaining in office until 1875, when he resigned and returned to Chicago. Subsequontl}- he declined the position of Secretary of the Interior, but was appointed Collector of the Port of Chi- cago, from which he retired in 1888. Mt. Jones served as member of the National Republican Committee for Illinois in 1808. In 180.3 he organ- ized the West Division Street Railway, laying the foundation of an ample fortune. JONES, William, pioneer merchant, was born at Charlemont, Mass., Oct. 22, 1789, but spent his boyhood and early manhood in New York State, ultimatel}' locating at Buffalo, where he engaged in business as a grocer, and also held various public positions. In 1831 he made a tour of observation westward by way of Detroit, finally reaching Fort Dearborn, which he again visited in 1833 and in "33, making small investments each time in real estate, which afterwards appreciated immensely in value. In 1834, in partnership with Byram King of Buffalo, Mr. Jones engaged in the stove and hardware business, founding in Chicago the firm of Jones & King, and the next year brought his family. While he never held any important public office, he was one of the most prominent of those earlj- residents of Chicago^ through whose enterprise and public spirit the city was made to prosper. lie held the office of Justice of the Peace, served in the City Council, was one of the founders of the city fire depart- ment, served for twelve years (1810-52) on the Board of School Inspectors (for a considerable time as its President), and contributed liberally to the cause of education, including gifts of $.')0,000 to the old Chicago University, of which he was a Trustee and, for some time. President of its E.vecutive Committee. Died, Jan. 18. 1808. — Fernando (Jones), son of the preceding, was born at Forestville, Chautauqua County, N. Y., Slay 26, 1820, having, for some time in his boj-hood, Millard Fillmore (afterwards President) as his teacher at Buffalo, and, still later, Reuben E. Fen- ton (afterwards Governor and a United States Senator) as classmate. After coming to Chicago, in 1835, he was employed for some time as a clerk In Government offices and by the Trustees of the Illinois & Michigan Canal; spent a season at Canandaigua Academy, N. Y. ; edited a periodical at Jackson, Mich., for a year or two, but finally coining to Chicago, opened an abstract and title office, in which he was engaged at the time of the fire of 1871, and which, l)y consolidation with two other firms, became the foundation of the Title Guarantee and Trust Company, which still plays an important part in the real-estate business of Chicago. Mr. Jones has hehl various public posi- tions, including that of Trustee of the Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville, and has for years been a Trustee of the University of Chicago.-Kiler Kent (Jones), another son, was one of the found- ers of "The Gem of the Prairies" newspaper, out of which grew "The Chicago Tribune"; was for many years a citizen of Quincj-, 111., and promi- nent member of the Republican State Central Committee, and, for a time, one of the publishers of "The Prairie Farmer." Died, in Quincy, August 20, 1886. JON'ESBORO, the county -.seat of Union County, situated about a mile west of the line of the Illi- nois Central Railroad. It is some 30 miles north of Cairo, with which it is connected by tlie Mobile it Ohio R. R. It stands in the center of a fertile territory, largely devoted to fruit-growing, and is an important shipping-point for fruit and early vegetables; has a silica mill, pickle factory and a bank. There are also four churches; and one weekly newspaper, as welPas a graded school. Population (1900). 1.130. JOSLTN, Merritt L., lawyer, was born in Livingston County, N. Y., in 1827, came to Illi- nois in 1839, his father settling in McHenry County, where the son, on arriving at manhood, engaged in the practice of the law. The latter became prominent in political circles and, in 1856, was a Buchanan Presidential Elector. On the breaking out of the war ho allied himself with the Republican party ; served as a Captain in the Thirty-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, in 1864, was elected to the Twenty-fourth General .\ssembly from McHenry County, later serving as Senator during the sessions of the Thirtieth and Thirty-first As.semblies (1876-80). After the death of President Garfield, he was appointed by President Arthur Assistant Secre- tary of the Interior, serving to the close of the administration. Returning to his home at ^Vood- stock. 111., he resumed the practice of his profes- sion, and,^ince 1889, has discharged the duties of Master in Chancery for McHenry County. JOUETT, Charles, Chicago's first lawyer, was born in Virginia in 1772, studied law at Charlottes- 310 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ■ville in that State; in 1803 was appointed by President Jeflferson Indian Agent at Detroit and, in 1805, acted as Commissioner in conducting a treaty with the Wyandottes, Ottawas and otlier Indians of Northwestern Ohio and Michigan at Mauinee City, Ohio. In the fall of the latter year he was appointed Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, serving there until the year before the Fort Dear- born Massacre. Removing to Mercer County, Ky., in 1811, he was elected to a Judgeship there, but, in 1815, was reappointed bj- President Madi- son Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, remaining until 1818, when he again returned to Kentucky. In 1819 he was appointed to a United States Judgeship in the newly organized Territory of Arkansas, but remained only a few months, when he resumed his residence in Kentucky, dying there, May 28, 1834. JOURNALISM. (See Neivspa2}ers, Early.) Jl'DD, Xorman Buel, lawyer, legislator, For- eign Minister, was born at Rome, N. Y., Jan. 10, 1815, where he read law and was admitted to the bar. In 1836 he removed to Chicago and com- menced practice in the (then) frontier settle- ment, lie early rose to a position of prominence and influence in public affairs, holding various municipal offices and being a member of the State Senate from 1844 to 1860 continuously. In 1860 he was a Delegate-at- large to the Republican National Convention, and, in 1861, President Lin- coln appointed him Minister Plenipotentiary to Prussia, where he represented this country for four years. He was a warm personal friend of Lincoln, and accompanied him on his memorable journey from Springfield to Washington in 1861. In 1870 he was elected to the Forty-first Congress. Died, at Chicago, Nov. 10, 1878. JUDD, S. Corning, lawyer and politician, born in Onondaga County, N. Y., July 31, 1827; was educated at Aurora Academy, taught for a time in Canada and was admitted to the bar in New York in 1848; edited "The Syracuse Daily Star" in 1849, and, in 1850, accepted a position in the Interior Department in Washington. Later, he resumed his place upon "The Star," but, in 1854, removed to Lewistown, Fulton County, 111., and began practice with his brother-in-law, the late W. C. Goudy. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, entering into partnership with William Fitzhugh White- house, son of Bishop Whitehouse, and became prominent in connection with some ecclesiastical trials which followed. In 1860 he was a Demo- cratic candidate for Presidential Elector and, during the war, was a determined opponent of the war policy of the Government, as such mak- ing an unsuccessful campaign for Lieutenant- Crovernor in 1864. In 1885 he was appointed Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving until 1889. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 22, 1895. JUDICIAL SYSTEM, THE. The Constitution of 1818 vested the judicial power of the State in one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as the Legislature might establish. The former consisted of one Chief Justice and three Associ- ates, appointed by joint ballot of the Legislature ; but, until 1825, when a new act went into effect, they were required to perform circuit duties in the several counties, while exercising appellate jurisdiction in their united capacity. In 1824 the Legislature divided the State into five circuits, appointing one Circuit Judge for each, but, two years later, these were legislated out of office, and circuit court duty again devolved upon the Supreme Judges, the State being divided into four circuits. In 1829 a new act authorized the appointment of one Circuit Judge, who was assigned to duty in the territory northwest of the Illinois River, the Supreme Justices continuing to perform circuit duty in the four other circuits. This arrangement continued until 1835, when the State was divided into six judicial circuits, and, five additional Circuit Judges having been elected, the Supreme Judges were again relieved from circuit court service. After this no mate- rial changes occurred except in the increase of the number of circuits until 1841, the whole number then being nine. At this time political reasons led to an entire reorganization of the courts. An act passed Feb. 10, 1841, repealed all laws author- izing the election of Circuit Judges, and provided for the appointment of five additional Associate Judges of the Supreme Court, making nine in all ; and, for a third time, circuit duties devolved upon the Supreme Court Judges, the State being divided at the same time into nine circuits. By the adoption of the Constitution of 1848 the judiciary system underwent an entire change, all judicial officers being made elective by the people. The Constitution provided for a Supreme Court, consisting of three judges. Circuit Courts, County Courts, and courts to be held by Justices of the Peace. In addition to these, the Legisla- ture had the power to create inferior civil and criminal courts in cities, but only upon a \inifonn plan. For the election of Supreme Judges, the State was divided into three Grand Judicial Divi- sions. The Legislature might, however, if it saw fit, provide for the election of all three Judges on a general ticket, to be voted throughout the State-at-large ; but this power was never exer- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 311 cised. Appeals lay from the Circuit Courts to the Supreme Court for the particular division in which the county might be located, although, by unanimous consent of all parties in interest, an appeal might be transferred to another district. Nine Circuit Courts were established, but the number might be increased at the discretion of the General Assemb.ly. Availing itself of its constitutional power and providing for the needs of a rapidly growing community, the Legislature gradually increased the number of circuits to thirty. The term of office for Supreme Court Judges was nine, and, for Circuit Judges, six years. Vacancies were to be filled by popular election, unless the unexpired term of the deceased or retiring incumbent was less than one year, in which case the Governor was authorized to appoint. Circuit Courts were vested with appellate jurisdiction from inferior tribunals, and each was required to hold at least two terms annually in each county, as might be fixed by statute. ■^he Constitution of 1870, without changing the mode of election or term of office, made several changes adapted to altered conditions. As regards the Supreme Court, the three Grand Divisions were retained, but the number of Judges was increased to seven, chosen from a like number of districts, but sitting together to con- stitute a full court, of which four members con- stitute a quorum. A Chief Justice is chosen by the Court, and is usually one of the Judges nearing the expiration of his term. The minor officers include a Reporter of Decisions, and one Clerk in each Division. By an act pa.ssed in 1897, the three Supreme Court Divisions were consoli- dated in one, the Court being required to hold its sittings in Springfield, and hereafter only one Clerk will be elected instead of three as hereto- fore. The salaries of Justices of the Supreme Court are fixed by law at .?5,000 each. The State was divided in 1873 into twenty-seven circuits (Cook County being a circuit by itself), and one or more terms of the circuit court are required to be held each year in each county in the State. The jurisilietion of the Circuit Courts is both original and appellate, and includes mat- ters civil and criminal, in law and in equit}'. The Judges are elected by districts, and hold office for six years. In 1877 the State was divided into thirteen judicial circuits (exclusive of Cook County), but without reducing the number of Judges (twenty-six) already in office, and the election of one additional Judge (to serve two years) was ordered in each district, thus increas- ing the number of Judges to thirty-nine. Again in 1897 the Legislature passed an act increasing the number of judicial circuits, exclusive of Cook County, to seventeen, while the number of Judges in each circuit remained the same, so that the whole number of Judges elected that year outside of Cook County was fifty-one. The siUaries of Circuit Judges are §3,500 per year, except in Cook County, where they are 57,000. The Constitution also provided for the organiza- tion of Appellate Courts after the year 187-1, hav- ing imiform jurisdiction in districts created for that purpose. These courts are a connecting link between the Circuit and the Supreme Courts, and greatly relieve the crowded calendar of the latter. In 1877 the Legislature established four of these tribunals: one for the County of Cook; one to include all the Northern Grand Division except Cook Count}'; the third to embrace the Central Grand Division, and the fourth the South- ern. Each Appellate Court is held by three Cir- cuit Court Judges, named by the Judges of the Supreme Court, each assignment covering three j'ears, and no Judge either allowed to receive extra compensation or sit in review of his own rulings or decisions. Two terms are held in each District every year, and these courts have no original jurisdiction. Cook County. — The judicial sy.stem of Cook County is different from that of the rest of the State. The Constitution of 1870 made the county an independent district, and e.\empted it from being subject to any subsequent redistricting. The bench of the Circuit Court in Cook County, at first fixed at five Judges, lias been increased under the Constitution to fourteen, who receive additional compensation from the county treas- ury. The Legislature has the constitutional right to increase the number of Judges according to population. In 1849 the Legislature estab- lished the Cook County Court of Common Pleas. Later, this became the Superior Court of Cook County, which now (1898) consists of thirteen Judges. For this court there exists the same constitutional provision relative to an increase of Judges as in the case of the Circuit Court of Cook County. JUDY, Jacob, pioneer, a native of Switzer- land, who, having come to the United States at an early day, remained some years in JIaryland, when, in 178G, he started west, spending two years near Louisville, Ky., finally arriving at Kaskaskia, 111., in 1788. In 1792 he removed to New Design, in Monroe County, and, in 1800, located within the present limits of Madison 312 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. County, where he died in 1807. — Samuel (Judy), son of the preceding, born August 19, 1773, was brought by his father to Illinois in 1788, and after- wards became prominent in political affairs and famous as an Indian fighter. On the organization of Madison County he became one of the first County Commissioners, serving manj' years. He also commanded a body of "Rangers" in the Indian campaigns during the War of 1812, gain- ing the title of Colonel, and served as a member from Madison County in the Second Territorial Council (181415). Previous to 1811 he built the first brick house within the limits of Madison County, which still stood, not many years since, a few miles from Edwardsville. Colonel Judy died in 1838.— Jacob (Judy), eldest son of Samuel, was Register of the Land Ofiice at Edwardsville, 1845-49.— Thomas (Judy), younger son of Samuel, was born, Dec. 19, 1804, and represented Madison County in the Eighteenth General Assembly (1853-54). His death occurred Oct. 4, 1880. JTJDT, James William, soldier, was born in Clark County, Ky., May 8, 1823 — his ancestors on his father's side being from Switzerland, and those on his mother's from Scotland ; grew up on a farm and, in 1853, removed to ilenard Count}', HI., where he has since resided. In August, 1863, he enlisted as a private soldier, was elected Cap- tain of his company, and, on its incorjjoration as part of the One Hundred and Fourteenth Regi- ment Illinois Volunteers at Camp Butler, was chosen Colonel by acclamation. The One Hun- dred and Fourteenth, as part of the Fifteenth Army Corjis under command of that brilliant soldier, Gen. Wm. T. Sherman, was attached to the Army of the Tennessee, and took part in the entire siege of Vicksburg, from Jlay, 1SG3, to the surrender on the 3d of July following. It aLso participated in the siege of Jackson, Miss., and numerous other engagements. After one year's service. Colonel Judy was compelled to resign by domestic affliction, having lost two children by death within eight days of each other, while others of his family were dangerously ill. On his retirement from the armj-, he became deeply interested in thorough-bred cattle, and is now the most noted stock auctioneer in the United States — having, in the past thirty years, sold more thorough-bred cattle than any other man living — his operations extending from Canada to Cali- fornia, and from Minnesota to Texas. Colonel Judy was elected a member of the State Board of Agriculture in 1874, and so remained continu- ously until 1896 — except two years — also serving as President of the Board from 1894 to 1896. He bore a conspicuous part in securing the location of the State Fair at Springfield in 1894, and tlie improvements there made under his administra- tion have not been paralleled in any other State. Originally, and up to 185G, an old-line Whig, Colonel Judy has since been an ardent Repub- lican ; and though active in political campaigns, has never held a political office nor desired one, being content with the discharge of his duty as a patriotic private citizen. KA\A\, Michael F., soldier and legislator, was born in Essex County, N. Y., in November, 1837, at twenty years of age removed to Macon County, 111., and engaged in farming. During the Civil War he enlisted in the Forty-first Illinois Volun- teers (Col. I. C. Pugh's regiment), serving nearly four years and retiring with the rank of Captain. After the war he served six years as JIayor of the city of Decatur. In 1894 he was elected State Senator, serving in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assemblies. Captain Kanan was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, and a member of the fir.st Post of the order ever established — that at Decatur. KAXE, a village of Greene County, on the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railway, 40 miles south of Jacksonville. It has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 408; (1890), 551; (1900), 588. KA>'E, Elias Kent, early United States Sena- tor, is said byLanman's "Dictionary of Congress'' to have been born in New York, June 7, 1796. The late Gen. Geo. W. Smith, of Chicago, a rela- tive of Senator Kane's by marriage, in a paper read before the Illinois State Bar Associatior (1895), rejecting other statements assigning the date of the Illinois Senator's birth to various years from 1786 to 1796, expresses the opinion, based on family letters, that he was really born in 1794. He was educated at Yale College, gradu- ating in 1813, read law in New York, and emi- grated to Tennessee in 1813 or early in 1814, but, before the close of the latter j'ear, removed to Illi- nois, settling at Kaskaskia. His abilities were recognized Ijy his appointment, early in 1818, as Judge of the eastern circuit under the Territorial Government. Before the close of the same j'ear he served as a member of the first State Consti- tutional Convention, and was appointed by Gov- ernor Bond the first Secretary of State under the new State Government, but resigned on the accession of Governor Coles in 1822. Two years later he was elected to the General Assembly as Representative from Randolph County, but HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 313 resigned before the close of tlie year to accept a seat in the United States Senate, to which he was elected in 1824, and reelected in 1830. Before the expiration of his second term (Dec. 12, 1835), having reached the age of a little more than 40 years, he died in Washington, deeply mourned by his fellow-members of Congress and by his constituents. Senator Kane was a cousin of the distinguished Cliancellor Kent of New York, through his mother's family, while, on his father's side, he was a relative of the celebrated Arctic explorer, Elisha Kent Kane. KANE COUNTY, one of the wealthiest and most progressive counties in the State, situated in the northeastern quarter. It has an area of 540 square miles, and population (1900) of 7S,792; was named for Senator Elias Kent Kane. Tim- ber and water are abundant, Fo.x River flowing through tlie county from north to south. Immi- gration began in 1833, and received a new impetus in 1835, when the Pottawatomies were removed west of tlie Slississippi. A school was established in 1834, and a church organized in 1835. County organization was effected in June, 1836, and the public lands came on the market in 1842. The Civil War record of tlie county is more than creditable, the number of volunteers exceeding the assessed quota. Farming, grazing, manufac- turing and dairy industries chiefly engage the attention of tlie people. The countj' has many flourishing cities and towns. Geneva is the county- seat. (See Aurora, Dundee, Eldora, Elgin, Geneva and St. Charles.) KANGLET, a village of La Salle County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, three miles northwest of Streator. There are several coal shafts liere. Population (1900), 1.004. EANK.VKEE, a city anb. C, isfli. KINGM.VN, Martin, was born at Deer Creek, Tazewell County, 111., April 1, 1844; attended school at Washington, 111., then taught two or three years, and, in June, 1862, enlisted in the Eighty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serv- ing three years without the loss of a day — a part of the time on detached service in charge of an ambulance corps and, later, as Assistant Quarter- niijster. Returning from the war with the rank of First Lieutenant, in August, 180.'), he went to Peoria, where he engaged in business and has re- mained ever since. He is now connected with the following business concerns: Kingman & Co., manufacturers and dealers in farm macliinery, buggies, wagons, etc. ; The Kingman Plow Com- pany, Bank of Illinois, Peoria Cordage Company, Peoria General Electric Company, and National Hotel Company, besides various outside enter- prises — all large concerns in each of which he is a large stockholder and a Director. Mr. Kingman was Canal Commissioner for six years — this being liis only connection with politics. During 1898 he was also chosen Lieutenant-Colonel of the Peoria Provisional Regiment organized for the Si)anish- American War. His career in connection with the industrial development of Peoria has been especially conspicuous and successful. KIXKADE (or Kiniead), William, a native of Tennessee, settled in what is now Lawrence County, in 1817, and was elected to the State Senate in 1822, but appears to have served only one session, as he was succeeded in the Fourth General .\.sseml)ly by James Bird. Although a Tenne.sseean bj' birth, he was one of the most aggressive opponents of the scheme for making Illinois a slave State, being the only man who made a speech against the pro-slavery convention resolution, though this was cut short by the determination of the pro-conventionists to permit no debate. Mr. Kinkade was appointed Post- master at Lawrenceville by Presiilent John Quincy Adams, and held the position for many 3'ears. He died in 184G. KIXML'XDV, a city in Marion County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 229 miles south of Chicago and 24 miles northeast of Centralia. Agriculture, stock-raising, fruit-growing and coal-rtiming are the principal industries of the surrounding countrj'. Kinmundy has flouring mills and brick-making plants, with other manufacturing establishments of minor impor- tance. There are five churches, a bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,096; (1890), 1.04.'5; (1900), 1,221. KINXEY, William, Lieutenant-Governor of Illinois from 1N2() to ISoO ; was born in Kentuckj' in 1781 and came to Illinois early in life, finally settling in St. Clair County. Of limited educa- tional advantages, lie was taught to read by his wife after marriage. He became a Baptist preacher, was a good stump-orator; served two sessions in the State Senate (the First and Third), was a candidate for Governor in 1834, but was defeated by Joseph Duncan; in 1838 was elected by the Legislature a member of the Board of Public AVorks, tecoming its President. Died in 1843.— William C. (Kinney), son of the preced- ing, was born in Illinois, served as a member of 318 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Constitutional Convention of 1847 and as Representative in tlae Nineteentli General Assem- bly (1855), and, in 1857, was appointed by Gov- ernor Bissell Adjutant-General of the State, dying in oflice the following year. KISZIE, John, Indian-trader and earliest citi- zen of Chicago, was born in Quebec, Canada, in 1763. His father was a Scotchman named McKenzie, but the son dropped the prefix "Mc," and the name soon came to be spelled "Kinzie" — an orthography recognized by the family. Dur- ing his early childhood his father died, and his mother gave him a stepfather by the name of William Forsythe. When ten years old he left home and, for three years, devoted himself to learning the jeweler's trade at Quebec. Fasci- nated by stories of adventure in the West, he removed thither and became an Indian-trader. In 1804 he established a trading post at what is now the site of Chicago, being the first solitary white settler. Later he established other posts on the Rock, Illinois and Kankakee Rivers. He was twice married, and the father of a numerous family. His daughter Maria married Gen. David Hunter, and his daughter-in-law, Mrs. John H. Kinzie, achieved literary distinction as the authoress of "Wau Bun," etc. (N. Y. 1850.) Died in Chicago, Jan. 6, 1828.— John Harris (Kinzie), son of the preceding, was born at Sand- wich, Canada, July 7, 1803, brought by his par- ents to Chicago, and taken to Detroit after the massacre of 1812, but returned to Chicago in 1816. Two years later his father placed him at Mackinac Agency of the American Fur Com- pany, and, in 1824, he was transferred to Prairie du Chien. The following year he was Sub- Agent of Indian affairs at Fort Winnebago, where he witnessed several important Indian treaties. In 1830 he went to Connecticut, where he was married, and, in 1833, took up his permanent resi- dence in Chicago, forming a partnership with Gen. David Hunter, his brother-in-law, in the forwarding business. In 1841 he was appointea Registrar of Public Lands by President Harrison, but was removed by Tyler. In 1848 he was appointed Canal Collector, and, in 1849, President Taylor commissioned him Receiver of Public Moneys. In 1861 he was commissioned Pay- master in thearmyby President Lincoln, which ofSce he held until his death, which occurred on a railroad train near Pittsburg, Pa., June 21, 1865. KIRBY, Edward P., lawyer and legislator, was born in Putnam County, 111., Oct. 28, 1834— the son of Rev. William Kirby, one of the found- ers and early professors of Illinois College at Jacksonville; graduated at Illinois College in 1854, then taught several years at St. Louis and Jacksonville; was admitted to the bar in 1864, and, in 1873, was elected Count}' Judge of Morgan County as a Republican; was Representative in the General Assembly from Morgan County (1891-93) ; also served for several years as Trustee of the Central Hospital for the Insane and. for a long period, as Trustee and Treasurer of Illinois College. , KIRK, (Gen.) Edward >'., soldier, was born of Quaker parentage in Jefferson County, Ohio, Feb. 29, 1828; graduated at the Friends' Academy, at Mount Pleasant in the same State, and, after teaching for a time, began the study of law, completing it at Baltimore, Md., where he was admitted to the bar in 1853. A year later he removed to Sterling, 111., where he continued in his profession until after the battle of the first Bull Run, when he raised a regiment. The quota of the State being already full, this was not im- mediately accepted; but, after some delay, was mustered in in September, 1861, as the Thirty- fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, with the subject of this sketch as Colonel. In the field he soon proved himself a brave and dashing oflScer; at the battle of Shiloh, though wounded through the shoulder, he refused to leave the field. After remaining with the army several days, inflam- matory fever set in, necessitating his removal to the hospital at Louisville, where he lay between life and death for some time. Having partially recovered, in August, 1862, he set out to rejoin his regiment, but was stopped en route by an order assigning him to command at Louisville. In November following he was commissioned Brigadier-General for "heroic action, gallantry and ability" displayed on the field. In the last daj-s of December, 1862, he had sufficiently re- covered to take part in the series of engagements at Stone River, where he was again wounded, this time fatally. He was taken to his home in Illinois, and, although he survived several months, the career of one of the most brilliant and promising soldiers of the war was cut short by his death, July 21, 1863. KIRKLAND, Joseph, journalist and author, was born at Geneva, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1830 — the son of Prof. William Kirkland of Hamilton College; was brought by his parents to 5Iichigan in 1835, where he remained until 1856, when he came to the city of Chicago. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry (three- months' men), was elected Second Lieutenant, but later became Aid-de-Camp op the staff of ITISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 319 General Mi'Clellan. serving tliere and on tlie stall of General Fitz-Jolin Porter until the retirement of the latter, meanwhile taking part in the Pen- insular campaign and in the battle of Antietam. Retiuniug to Chicago he gave attention to some coalmining property near Danville, but later studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1880. A few years later he produced his first novel, and, from 1890, devoted his attention solely to literarj' pursuits, for several years being liter- ary editor of "The Chicago Tr-bune."' His works — several of which first appeared as serials in the magazines — include "Zury, the Meanest Man in Spring County" (1885); "The MoVeys" (1887); "The Captain of Co. K." (1889), besides the "His- tory of the Chicago Massacre of 1812," and "The Story of Chicago" — the latter in two volumes. At the time of his death he had just concluded, in collaboration with Hon. John Jloses, the work of editing a two-volume "History of Chicago," pub- lished by Messrs. Munsell & Co. (1895). Died, in Chicago, April 29, 1894.— Elizabeth Stansbury (Kirkland), sister of the preceding — teacher and author — was born at Geneva,N. Y. .came to Chicago in 1807 and, five years later, established a select schcx)l for young ladies, out of which grew what is known as the "Kirkland Social Settlement," which was continued until her death, July 30, 1896. She was the author of a number of vol- umes of decided merit, written with the especial object of giving entertainment and iu.struction to the young — including "Six Little Cooks," "Dora's Housekeeping," "Speech and Manners," a Child's "Historj- of France," a "History of England," "History of English Literature," etc. At her death she left a "History of Italy" ready for the hands of the pul)lisliers. KIRKPATRICK, John, pioneer Methodist preacher, was born in Georgia, whence he emi- grated in 1803; located at Springfield, 111., at an early day, where he built the first horse-mill in that vicinity ; in 1829 removed to Adams County, and finally to Ottumwa, Iowa, where he died in 1815. Mr. Kirkpatrick is believed to have been the first local Methodist preacher licetised in Illinois. Having inherited three slaves (a woman and two boys) while in Adams County, he brought them to Illinois and gave them their freedom. The boys were bound to a man in Quincy to learn a trade, but mysteriously disappeared — presumably having been kidnaped with the connivance of the man in whose charge they had been placed. KIRKWOOD, a city in Warren County, once known as "Young America," situated about six miles southwest of Monmouth, on the Chicago, Burlington i\: Quincy Kailroad ; is a stock-ship- ping point and in an agricultural region. The town has two banks, five churches, and two weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 949; (1900), 1,008. KISHWAUKEE RIVER, rises in McHenry County, runs west through Boone, and enters Rock River in Winnebago County, eight miles below Rockford. It is 75 miles long. An afflu- ent called the South Kishwaukee River runs north-northeast and northwest through De Kalb County, and enters the Kiskwaukee in Winne- bago County, about eight miles southeast of Rockford. KITCHELL, Wickliff, lawyer and Attorney- General of Illinois, was born in New Jersey, May 21, 1789. Feb. 29, 1812, he was married, at Newark, N. J., to Miss Elizabeth Ross, and the same year emigrated west, passing down the Ohio on a flat-boat from Pittsburg, Pa., and settled near Cincinnati In 1814 he became a resident of Southern Indiana, where he was elected sheriff, studied law and was admitted to the bar, finally becom- ing a successful practitioner. In 1817 he removed to Palestine, Crawford County, 111., where, in 1820, he was elected Representative in the Second General Assembly, and was also a member of the State Senate from 1828 to 1832. In 1838 he re- moved to Hillsboro, Montgomery County, was appointed Attorney-General in 1839, serving until near the close of the following year, when he resigned to take his seat as Representative in the Twelfth General Assembly. Between 1840 and 1854 he was a resident of Fort Madison, Iowa, but the latter year returned to Hillsboro. During his early political career Mr. Kitchell had been a Democrat : but, on the passage of the Kansas- Neb- raska act. became an earnest Republican. Pub- lic-spirited and progressive, he was in advance of his time on many public questions. Died, Jan. 2, 1869.— Alfred (kitchell), son of the preceding, lawyer and Judge, born at Palestine, 111., March 29, 1820 ; was educated at Indiana State Univer- sity and Hillslwro Academy, admitted to the bar in 1841, and, the following year, commenced practice at Olney; was elected State's Attorney in 1843, through repeated re-elections holding the office ten years; was a member of the Constitu- tional Convention of 1847 and, in 1849, was elected Judge of Richland County ; later assisted in establishing the first newspaper published in Olney, and in organizing the Republican party there in 1856; in 1859 was elected Judge of the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit, serving one term. He was also influential in procuring a charter for 320 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, and in the con- struction of tlie line, being an original corporator and subsequently a Director of the Company. Later he removed to Galesburg, where he died, Nov. 11, 1876.— Edward (Kitchell), another son, was born at Palestine, 111., Dec. 21, 1829; was educated at Hillsboro Academy until 1846, when he removed with his father's family to Fort Madison, Iowa, but later returned to Hillsboro to continue his .studies ; in 1852 made the trip across the plains to California to engage in gold mining, but the following year went to Walla Walla, Washington Territory, where he opened a law office; in 18.54 returned to Illinois, locating at Olney, Richland County, forming a partnership with Horace Hayward, a relative, in the practice of law. Here, having taken position against the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became, in 1856, the editor of the first Republican news- paper published in that part of Illinois known as "Egypt," with his brother, Judge Alfred Kitchell, being one of the original thirty-nine Republicans in Richland County. In 1862 he assisted in organizing the Ninety-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteers at Centralia, which, in the following year having been mounted, became a part of the famous "Wilder Brigade." At first he was com- missioned Lieutenant-Colonel, but succeeded to tlie command of the regiment after the wounding of Colonel Funkhouser at Chickamauga in Sep- tember, 1863; was finally promoted to the colo- nelcy in July, 1865, and mustered out with the rank of Brigadier-General by brevet. Resuming the practice of his profession at Olney, he was, in 1866, the Republican candidate for Congress in a district strongly Democratic; also served as Collector of Internal Revenue for a short time and, in 1868, was Presidential Elector for the same District. Died, at Olney, July 11, 1869. — John WicklifT (Kitchell), youngest son of Wick- lifl' Kitchell, was born at Palestine, Crawford County, 111., May 30, 1835, educated at Hillsboro, read law at Fort Madison, Iowa, and admitted to the bar in that State. At the age of 19 years he served as Assistant Clerk of the House of Repre- sentatives at Springfield, and was Reading Clerk of the same body at the session of 1861. Previous to the latter date he had edited "The Montgomery County Herald," and later, "The Charleston Courier." Resigning his position as Reading Clerk in 1861, he enlisted under the first call of President Lincoln in the Ninth Illinois Volun- teers, served as Adjutant of the regiment and afterwards as Captain of his company. At the expiration of his term of enlistment he established "The Union Monitor" at Hillsboro, which he con- ducted until drafted into the service in 1864, serving until the close of the war. In 1866 he removed to Pana (his present residence), resum- ing practice there ; was a candidate for the State Senate the same year, and, in ISTO, was the Republican nominee for Congress in that District. KNICKERBOCKER, Joshua C, lawyer, was born in Gallatin, Columbia County, N. Y., Sept. 26, 1827; brought by his father to Alden, McHenry County, 111., in 1844, and educated in the com- mon schools of that place; removed to Chicago in 1860, studied law and was admitted to practice in 1862 ; served on the Board of Supervisors and in the City Council and, in 1868, was elected Repre- sentative in the General Assembly, serving one term. He was also a member of tlie State Board of Education from 1875 to '77, and the latter year was elected Probate Judge for Cook County, serving until his death, Jan. 5, 1890. KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS, a secret semi mill tary and benevolent association founded in the City of Washington, D. C, Feb. 19. 1864, Justus H. Rathbone (who died Dec. 9, 1889) being its recognized founder. The order was established in Illinois, May 4, 1869, by the organization of "Welcome Lodge, No. 1," in the city of Chicago. On July 1, 1869, this Lodge had nineteen mem- bers. At the close of the year four additional Lodges had been instituted, having an aggregate membership of 245. Early in the following year, on petition of these five Lodges, approved by the Grand Chancellor, a Grand Lodge of the Order for the State of Illinois was instituted in Chicago, with a membership of twenty-nine Past Chancel- lors as representatives of the five subordinate Lodges — the total membership of these Lodges at that date being 382. December 31, 1870, the total membership in Illinois had increased to 850. June 30, 1895, the total number of Lodges in the State was 525, and the membership 38.441. The assets belonging to the Lodges in Illinois, on Jan. 1, 1894, amounted to §418,151.77. KNOWLTON, Dexter A., pioneer and banker, was born in Fairfield, Herkimer County, N. Y., March 3, 1812, taken to Chautauqua County in infancy and passed his childhood and youth on a farm. Having determined on a mercantile ca- reer, he entered an academy at Fredonia, paying his own waj-; in 1838 started on a peddling tour for the West, and, in the following year, settled at Freeport, 111., where he opened a general store; in 1843 began investments in real estate, finally laying off sundry additions to the city of Free- port, from which he realized large profits. He HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 321 was also prominently connected with the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad and, in 1850, became a Director of the Company, remaining in office some twelve years. In 1852 he was the Free-Soil candidate for Governor of Illinois, but a few years later became e.vtensively interested in the Con- gress & Empire Spring Company at Saratoga, X. Y. ; then, after a four years' residence in Brooklyn, returned to Freeport in 18T0, where he engaged in banking business, dying in that city, March 10, 1870. KXOX, Joseph, lawyer, was born at Blanford, Mass., Jan. 11, 1805; studied law with his brother. Gen. Alanson Knox, in his native town, was admitted to the bar in 1828, subsequently removing to Worcester, in the same State, where he began the practice of his profession. In 1837 he removed west, locating at Stephenson, now Rock Island, 111., where he continued in practice for twenty-three years. During the greater part of that time he was associated with Hon. John "W. Drury, under the firm name of Knox & Drurj-, gaining a wide reputation as a lawyer throughout Northern Illinois. Among tlie important cases in which he took part during his residence in Rock Island was the prosecution of the murderers of Colonel Davenport in 1845. In 1852 he served as a Democratic Presidential Elector, but in the next campaign identified himself with the Republican party as a supporter of John C. Fremont for the Presidency. In 18G0 he removed to Chicago and, two j-ears later, was appointed State's Attorney by Governor Yates, remaining in oflTice until suc- ceeded by his partner, Charles H. Reed. After coming to Chicago he was identified with a num- ber of notable cases. His death occurred, August 6, 1881. KXOX COLLEGE, a non-sectarian institution for the higher education of the youth of both sexes, located at Galesburg, Knox County. It was founded in 1837, fully organized in 1841, and graduated its first class in 1846. The number of graduates from that date until 1894, aggregated 867. In 1893 it had 603 students in attendance, and a faculty of 20 professors. Its library con- tains about 6,000 volumes. Its endowment amounts to §300,000 and its buildings are valued at §150,000. Dr. Ne^vton Bateman was at its head for more than twenty years, and. on his res- ignation (1893), John H. Finley, Ph.D., became its President, but resigned in 1899. KNOX COFNTY, a wealthy interior county west of the Illinois River, having an area of 720 6, was the visit to the State by Ihe Maniuis do La Fayette, who had been the ally of the American people during their struggle for independence. The distin- guished Frenchman having arrived in the coun- try during the latter part of 1824, the General Assembly in se.ssion at Vandalia, in December of that year, adopted an addre.ss inviting him to visit Illinois. This was communicated to La Fayette by Gov. Edward Coles, who had met the General in Europe seven years before. Governor Coles' letter and the address of the General Assembly were answered with an acceptance by La Fayette from Washington, under date of Jan. 16, 1825. Tlie approach of the latter was made by way of Xew Orleans, the steamer Natchez (by which General La Fayette ascended the Mis- sissippi) arriving at the old French village of Carondelet, below St. Louis, on the 28th of April. Col. AViUiam S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander Hamilton, and at that time a Representative in the General Assembly from Sangamon County, as well as an Aid-de-Camp on the staflf of Gov- ernor Coles, was dispatched from the home of the latter at Edwardsville, to meet the distinguished visitor, which he ditl at St. Louis. On Saturday, April 30, the boat bearine General La Fayette, with a large delegation of prominent citizens of Missouri, left St. Louis, arriving at Kaskaskia, where a receijtion awaited him at the elegant residence of Gen. John Edgar, Governor Coles delivering an address of welcome. Tlie presence of a number of old soldiers, who had fought under La Fayette at Brandj-wine and Yorktown, consti- tuted an interesting feature of the occasion. This was followed b)- a banquet at the tavern kei)t by Colonel Sweet, and a closing reception at the house of William Morri.son, Sr., a member of tlie cele- brated family of tliat name, and one of the lead- ing merchants of Kaskaskia. Among those participating in the reception ceremonies, who were then, or afterwards became, prominent factors in State history, appear the names of Gen. John Edgar, ex-Governor Bond, Judge Nathaniel Pope, Elias Kent Kane, ex-Lieutenant-Governor Menard, Col. Thomas Mather and Sidney Breese, a future United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme Court. The boat left Kaskaskia at midnight for Nashville, Tenn., Governor Coles accompanying the partji- and returning with it to Shawneetown, where an imjjosing reception was given and an address of welcome delivered by Judge James Hall, on May 14, 1825. A few hours later General La Fayette left on his way up the Ohio. L.AF.VYETTE, IJI.OOMIXGTON & MISSIS- SIPPI n.VILKO.VI*. (See Lahc Erie & Western Railroad.) LAFLIX, Matthew, manufacturer, was born at .Southwick, Hampden County, Mass., Dec. 16, 1803; in his youth was clerk for a time in the store of Laflin & Loomis, powder manufacturers, at Lee, Mas.s., later becoming a partner in the Canton Powder 3Iill.s. About 1832 he engaged in the manufacture of axes at Saugerties, N. Y., which proving a failure, he again engaged in powder manufacture, and, in 1837, came to Chi- cago, where he finally established a factory — his firm, in 1840, becoming Laflin & Smith, and, later, Laflin, Smith & Co. Becoming largely interested in real estate, he devoted his atten- tion chiefly to that business after 1849, with great success, not only in Chicago but else- where, having done much for the develop- ment of Waukesha, Wis., where he erected one of the principal hotels — the "Fountain Spring House"' — also being one of the original stock- holders of the Elgin Watch Company. Mr. Laflin was a zealous supporter of the Government during the war for the preservation of the Union, and, before his death, made a donation of §75,- 000 for a building for the Chicago Academy of Sciences, wliicli was erected in the western part of Lincoln Park. Died, in Chicago, May 20, 1897. L.\ (iiR.V\(JE, a village in Cook County, and one of the handsomest suburbs of Chicago, from w-hich it is distant 15 miles, south-southwest, on the Chicago, Burlington & Qulncy Railroad. The streets are broad and shaded and there are many handsome residences. The village is lighted by electricity, and has public water-works, .seven churches, a high school and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 531; (1890), 2.314; (1900), .3,969. L.V HAHPE, a city in Hancock County, on the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway, 70 miles west by south from Peoria and 20 miles south-south- east of Burlington, Iowa. Brick, tile and cigars constitute the manufactured output. La Harpe has two banks, five churches, a graded and a high school, a seminary, and two newspapers. Population (1880), 958; (1890), 1,113; (1900), 1,591. 320 niSTOPJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. LAKE COUNTY, in the extreme northeast corner of the State, having an area o£ 490 square miles, and a population (1900) of 34,504. It was cut ofif from McHenry County and separately organized in 1839. Pioneer settlers began to arrive in 1839, locating chiefly along the Des Plaines River. The Indians vacated the region the following year. The first County Commission- ers (E. E. Hunter, "William Brown and E. C. Berrey) located the county-seat at Libertyville, but, in 1841, it was removed to Little Fort, now Waukegan. The county derives its name from the fact that some forty small lakes are found within its limits. The surface is undulating and about equally divided between sand, prairie and second-growth timber. At Waukegan there are several maufacturing establishments, and the Glen Flora medicinal spring attracts many in- valids. Highland Park and Lake Forest are resi- dence towns of great beauty situated on the lake blufif, populated largely by the families of Chicago business men. LAKE ERIE & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. (See Lal:e Erie & Western Railroad.) LAKE ERIE & WESTERX RAILROAD. Of the 710.61 miles which constitute the entire length of this line, only 118.6 are within Illinois. This portion extends from the junction of the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway, on the east side of the Illinois River opposite Peoria, to the Indi- ana State line. It is a single-track road of standard gauge. About one-sixth of the line in Illinois is level, the grade nowhere exceeding 40 feet to the mile. The track is of 56 and 60-pound steel rails, and lightly ballasted. The total capital of the road (1898)— including §23,680,000 capital stock, $10,875,000 bonded debt and a float- ing debt of §1,479,809— was §36,034,809, or §50,- 708 per mile. The total earnings and income in Illinois for 1898 were §559,743, and the total expenditures for the same period, §437,713.— (History.) The main line of the Illinois Division of the Lake Erie & Western Railroad was acquired by consolidation, in 1880, of the Lafayette, Bloom- ington & Mississippi Railroad (81 miles in length), which had been opened in 1871, with certain Ohio and Indiana lines. In May, 1885, the line thus formed was consolidated, without change of name, with the Lake Erie & Mississippi Railroad, organ- ized to build an extension of the Lake Erie & Western from Bloomington to Peoria (43 miles). The road was sold under foreclosure in 1886, and the pre.sent company organized, Feb. 9, 1887. LAKE FOREST, a city in Lake County, on Lake Michigan and Chicago & Northwestern Rail- way, 28 miles north by west from Chicago. It is the seat of Lake Forest University; has four schools, five churches, one bank, gas and electric light system, electric car line, water system, fire department and hospital. Population (1890), 1,203; (1900), 2,215; (1904, est), 2,800. LAKE FOREST UMVERSITY, an institution of learning comprising six distinct schools, viz. ; Lake Forest Academy, Ferry Hall Seminary, Lake Forest College, Rush Medical College, Chi- cago College of Dental Surgery, and the Chicago College of Law. The three first named are located at Lake Forest, while the three profes- sional schools are in the city of Chicago. The college charter was granted in 1857, but the institution was not opened until nineteen years later, and the professional schools, which were originally independent, were not associated until 1887. In 1894 there were 316 undergraduates at Lake Forest, in charge of forty instructors. Dur- ing the same year there were in attendance at the professional scliools, 1,557 students, making a total enrollment in the University of 1,873. While the institution is affiliated with the Pres- byterian denomination, the Board of Trustees is self-perpetuating. The Academy and Seminary are preparatory schools for the two sexes, re- spectively. Lake Forest College is co-educational and organized upon the elective plan, having seventeen departments, a certain number of studies being required for graduation, and work upon a major subject being required for three years. The schools at Lake Forest occupy fifteen buildings, standing within a campus of .sixty-five acres. LAKE MICHIGAJf, one of the chain of five great northern lakes, and the largest lake lying wholly within the United States. It lies between the parallels of 41° 35' and 46° North latitude, its length being about 335 miles. Its width varies from 50 to 88 miles, its greatest breadth being opposite Milwaukee. Its surface is nearly 600 feet above the sea-level and its maximum depth is estimated at 840 feet. It has an area of about 20,000 square miles. It forms the eastern bound- ary of Wisconsin, the western boundary of the lower peninsula of Michigan and a part of the northern boundary of Illinois and Indiana. Its waters find their outlet into Lake Huron through the straits of 5Iackinaw, at its northeast extrem- ity, and are connected with Lake Superior by the Sault Ste. Marie River. It contains few islands, and these mainly in its northern part, the largest being some fifteen miles long. The principal rivers which empty into this lake are the Fox, mSTOKR'AL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 327 Mpnominoe, Manistee. Muskegon, Kalamazoo, Grand ami St. Joseph. Chicago, Milwaukee, Racine and Manitowoc are the chief cities on its banks. L.VKE SHORE A: MICHKiAX SOITHERN RAILWAY. The main line e.xtends from liulfalo, N. Y., to Chicago, 111., a distance of 539 miles, with various branches of leased and proprietary lines located in the States of Michigan, New York and Oliio, making the mileage of lines oper.ated 1.41.'>.63 miles, of which SCS.!.? are owned by the company— only 14 miles being in Illinois. Tlie total earnings and income in Illinois, in 1.S98, were §453,940, and the expenditures for the .same period, §360,971. — (History.) The company was formed in 1869, from the consolidation of the Michigan Southern & Northern Indiana, the Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabula, and the Buffalo & Erie Railroad Companies. The propri- etary roads have been acquired since the consoli- dation. LAMB, James L., pioneer merchant, was lx)rn in Connellsville, Pa., Nov. 7, 1800; at 13 years of age went to Cincinnati to serve as clerk in the store of a distant relative, came to Kaskaskia, 111., in 1820, and soon after engaged in mercantile business with Thomas Mather, who had come to Illinois two years earlier. Later, the firm estab- lished a store at Chester and shipped the first barrels of pork from Illinois to the New Orleans market. In 1831 Mr. Lamb located in Springfield, afterwards carrying on merchandising and pork- packing extensively ; also established an iron foundry, which continued in operation until a few- years ago. Died, Pec. 3, 1873. LAMIt, Marthil J. R. >'., magazine editor and historian, was born (Martha Joan Reade Nash) at Plainfield, Mass., August 13, 1829, received a thorough education and, after her marriage in 18.52 to Charles A. Lamb, resided for eight j-ears in Chicago, 111., where she was one of the prin- cipal founders of the Home for the Friendless and Half Orphan Asylum, and Secretary of the Sanitary Fair of 1863. In 1866 she removed to New York and gave her after life to literary work, from 1883 until her death being editor of "The Magazine of American History." besides furnish- ing numerous papers on historical and other sub- jects; also publishing some sixteen volumes, one of her most important works being a "History o' New York City," in two volumes. She was a member of nearly thirty historical and other learned societies. Died, Jan. 2, 1893. LAHBORX, Josiah, early lawyer and Attor- ney-General; born in Washington County, Ky., and educated at Transylvania University; wa-s Attorney General of the State by appointment of Goi-ernor Carlin, 1840-43, at that tiu'e being a resident of Jacksonville. He is described by his contemporaries as an able and brilliant man, but of convivial habits and unscrupulous to such a degree that his name was mixed up with a num- ber of official scandals. Separated from his family, lie died of delirium tremens, at White- hall, Greene County. LAMOILLE, a village of Bureau County, on the Mendota-Fulton branch of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railway, 9 miles northwest of Men- dota; in rich farming and stock-raising region; has a bank, three churches, fine school-building, and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 016; (1900), 576. LAMOJf, Ward Hill, lawyer, was born at Mill Creek, Frederick County, W. Va., Jan. 6, 1828; received a common school education and was engaged in teaching for a time ; also began the study of medicine, but relin(iuished it for the law. About 1847-48 he located at Danville, III, suUsequently read law with the late Judge Oliver L. Davis, attending lectures at the Louisville Law School, where he had Gen. John A. Logan for a class-mate. On admission to the bar, he became the Danville partner of Abraham Lincoln — the partnership being in existence as early as 1852. In 1859 he removed to Bloomington, and, in the Presidential campaign of 1800, was a zeal- ous supporter of Mr. Lincoln. In February, 1861, he was cho.sen by Mr. Lincoln to accompany him to Washington, making the perilous night jour- ney through Baltimore in Mr. Lincoln's company. Being a man of undoubted courage, as well as almost giant stature, he soon received the ap- pointment of Marshal of the District of Colunibia, and, in the first weeks of the new administration, made a confidential visit to Colonel Anderson, then in command at Fort Sumter, to secure accurate information as to the situation there. In May, 1861, he obtained authority to raise a regiment, of which he was commissioned Colonel, remaining in the field to December, when he returned to the discharge of his duties as Marshal at Washington, but was absent from Washington on the night of the assassination — April 14, 186,5. Resigning his office after this event, he entered into partnership for the practice of law with the late Jeremiah S. Black of Pennsylvania. Some years later he published the first volume of a pro- posed Life of Lincoln, using material which he obtained from Mr. Lincoln's Springfield partner. William H. Herndon, but the second volume was never issued. His death occurred at Martins- 328 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. burg, W. Va., not far from his birthplace, Slay 7, 1893. Colonel Lamon married a daughter of Judge Stephen T. Logan, of Springfield. LANARK, a city in Carroll County, 19 miles by rail southwest of Freeport, and 7 miles east of Mount Carroll The surrounding country is largely devoted to grain-growing, and Lanark has two elevators and is an important shipping- point. Manufacturing of various descriptions is carried on. The city has two banks (one Na- tional and one State), eight churches, a graded and high school, and a weekly newspaper. Popu- lation (1880), 1,198; (1890), l,"29o; (1900), 1,306. LANDES, Silas Z., ex-Congressman, was born in Augusta County, Va., May 1-5, 1843. In early youth he removed to Illinois, and was admitted to the bar of this State in August, 1863, and has been in active practice at Mount Carmel since 1864. In 1873 he was elected State's Attorney for Wabash County, was re-elected in 1876, and again in 1880. He represented the Sixteenth Illi- nois District in Congress from 188.J to 1889, being elected on the Democratic ticket. LANDRIGAX, John, farmer and legislator, was born in County Tipperary, Ireland, in 1832, and brought to America at one year of age, his parents stopping for a time in New Jersey. Ilis early life was spent at Lafayette, Ind. After completing his education in the seminary there, he engaged in railroad and canal contracting. Coming to Illinois in 18.58, he purchased a farm near Albion, Edwards Count}", where he has since resided. He has been twice elected as a Democrat to the House of Representatives (1868 and '74) and twice to the State Senate (1870 and '96), and has been, for over twenty years, a member of the State Agricultural Society— for four years of that time being President of the Board, and some sixteen years Vice-Presi- dent. LANE, Albert Orannis, educator, was born in Cook County, 111., March 15, 1841, and educated in the public schools, graduating with the first class from the Chicago High School in 1858. He immediately entered upon the business of teach- ing as Principal, but, in 1869, was elected Super- intendent of Schools for Cook County. After three years' service as cashier of a bank, he was elected County Superintendent, a second time, in 1877, and regularly every four years thereafter until 1890. In 1891 he was chosen Superintend- ent of Schools for the city of Chicago, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Superin- tendent Howland — a position which he continued to fill until the appointment of E. B. Andrews, Superintendent, when he became First Assistant Superintendent. LA>'E, Edward, ex-Congressman, was born in Cleveland. Ohio, March 27, 1842, and became a resident of Illinois at the age of 16. After receiv- ing an academic education he studied law and was admitted to the Illinois bar in February, 1865. Since then he has been a successful prac- titioner at Hillsboro. From 1869 to 1873 he served as County Judge. In 1886 he was the successful Democratic candidate for Congress from the Seventeenth Illinois District and re-elected for three successive terms, but was defeated by Frederick Remann (Republican) in 1894, and again by W. F. L. Hadley, at a special election, in 1895, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Mr. Remann. LANPHIER, Charles H., journalist, was born at Alexandria, Va., April 14, 1820; from 4 years of age lived in Washington City ; in 18:J6 entered the office as an apprentice of "The State Regis- ter" at Vandalia, 111., (then owned by his brother- in-law, William Walters). Later, the paper was removed to Springfield, and Walters, having enlisted for the Mexican war in 1846. died at St. Louis, en route to the field. Lanphier, having thus succeeded to the management, and, finally, to the proprietorship of the paper, was elected public printer at the next session of the Legisla- ture, and, in 1847, took into partnership George Walker, who acted as editor until 1858. Mr. Lan- phier continued the publication of the paper until 1863, and then sold out. During the war he was one of the State Board of Army Auditors appointed by Governor Yates ; was elected Circuit Clerk in 1864 and re-elected in 1868, and, in 1872, was Democratic candidate for County Treasurer but defeated with the rest of his party. LARCOM, Lucy, author and teacher, born at Beverly, Mass., in 1826; attended a grammar school and worked in a cotton mill at Lowell, becoming one of the most popular contributors to "The Lowell Offering," a magazine conducted by the factory girls, thereby winning the acquaint- ance and friendship of the poet Whittier, In 1846 she came to Illinois and. for three years, was a student at Monticello Female Seminary, near Alton, meanwhile teaching at intervals in the \ 'cinity. Returning to Massachusetts she taught for six years; in 18(j5 established "Our Young Folks, " of which she was editor until 1874. Her books, both poetical and prose, have taken a high rank for their elevated literary and moral tone. Died, in Boston, April 17, 1893. HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 329 LARNED, Edward Channing, lawyer, was born in I'roviileiiee, K. 1., July 14, l^'iO; graduated at Uruwn Universitj' in 1840; was Professor of Mathe- matics one year in Kemper College, Wis., then studied law and, in 1S47, came to Chicago. He was an earnest opponent of slavery and gained considerable deserved celebrity by a speech which he delivered in 1851, in opposition to the fugitive slave law. He was a warm friend of Abraham Lincoln and, in 18G0, made speeches in his support ; was an active member of the Union Defense Committee of Chicago during the war, and, in 1861, was appointed by Mr. Lincoln United States District Attorney of the Northern District of Illinois, but compelled to resign by failing health. Being absent in Europe at the time of the fire of 1871, he returned immediately and devoted his attention to the work of the Relief and Aid Society. Making a second visit to Europe in 1872-73, he wrote many letters for the press, also doing much otlier literary work in spite of declining health. Died at Lake Forest, ni., September, 1884. L.\ SALLE, a city in La Salle County, 99 miles southwest of Chicago, situated on the Illinois River at southern terminus of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and at intersection of three trunk lines of railroads. Bituminous coal abounds and is extensively mined ; zinc smelting and the manufacture of glass and hydraulic and Portland cement are leading industries: also has a targe ice trade with the South annually. It is connected with ad.iacent towns by electric rail- ways, and with Peoria by daily river packets. Population (1890), 9,855; (1900), io,446. LA SALLE, Reni Robert Cavelier, Sieur de, a famous e.xplorer, born at Rouen, France, in 104;5; entered the Jesuit order, but conceiving that he had mistaken liis vocation, came to America in 1G6G. He obtained a grant of land about the Lachine Rapids of the St. Lawrence, above Montreal. It was jirobably his intention to settle there as a grand seigneur ; but, becoming interested in stories told him by some Seneca Indians, he started two years later in quest of a great waterway, which ho believed led to the South Sea (Pacific Ocean) and afforded a short route to China. He passed through Lake Ontario, and is believed to have discovered the Ohio. The claim that he readied the Illinois River at this time has been questioned. Having revisited France in 1677 he was given a patent of nobility and extensive land-grants in Canada. In 1679 he visited the Northwest and explored the great lakes, finally reaching the head of Lake Michi- gan and erecting a fort near the mouth of the St. Joseph River. From there ho made a portage to the Illinois, which he descended early in 1680 to Lake I'eoria, where he began the erection of a fort to which, in consequence of the misfortunes attending the expedition, was given the name of Creve-Coeur. Returning from here to Canada for supplies, in the following fall he again appeared in Illinois, but found his fort at Lake Peoria a ruin and his followers, whom he had left there, gone. Compelled again to return to Canada, in the latter [lart of 1681 he set out on his third expedition to Illinois, and making the portage by way of the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers, reached "Starved Rock," near the present city of Ottawa, where his lieutenant, Tonty, had already begun the erection of a fort. In 1683, accom- panied by Tonty, he descended the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, reaching the Gulf of Mexico on April 9. He gave the region the name of Louisi- ana. In 168.'? he again returned to France and was commissioned to found a colony at the mouth of the Jlissi.ssippi, which he unsuccessfully attempted to do in 1684, the expedition finally landing about Matagorda Bay in Texas. After other fruitless attempts (death and desertions having seriously reduced the number of his colo- ni.sts). while attempting to reach Canada, he was murdered by his companions near Trinity River in the present State of Texas, March 19, 1687. Another theory regarding La Salle's ill-starred Texas expedition is, that he intended to establish a colony west of the Mississippi, with a view to contesting with the Spaniards for the possession of that region, but that the French government failed to give him the support which had been promi.sed, leaving him to his fate. LA SALLE COUMV, one of the wealthiest counties in the northeastern section, being second in size and in population in the State It was organized in 1831, and has an area of 1,152 square miles; population (1900), 87,776. The history of this region dates back to 1675, when Marquette established a mission at an Jndian village on the Illinois River about where Utica now stands, eight miles west of Ottawa. La Salle (for whom the county is named) erected a fort here in 1682, which was. for many years, the headquarters for French missionaries and traders. Later, the Illinois Indians were well-nigh exterminated by starvation, at the same point, which has be- come famous in Western historj- as "Starved Rock." The surface of the county is undulat- ing and slojies toward the Illinois River. The soil is rich, and timber abounds on the bluffs and 330 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. along the streams. Water is easily procured. Four beds of coal underlie the entire county, and good building stone is quarried at a depth of 150 to 200 feet. Excellent hydraulic cement is made from the calciferous deposit, Utica being espe- cially noted for this industry. The First Ameri- can settlers came about the time of Captain Long's survey of a canal route (1816). The lUinois & Michigan Canal was located by a joint corps of State and National engineers in 1830. (See Illi- nois &• Michigau Canal.) During the Black Hawk War. La Salle County was a prominent base of military operations. LATHROP, William, lawyer and Congress- man, was born in Genesee County, N. Y., April 17, 1825. His early education was acquired in the common schools. Later he read law and was admitted to the bar, commencing practice in 1851, making his home in Central New York until his removal to Illinois. In 1856 he represented the Rockford District in the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1876, was elected, as a Republican, to represent the (then) Fourth Illi- nois District in Congress. LA VANTUM, the name given, in the latter part of the seventeenth century, to the principal village of the Illinois Indians, situated on the Illinois River, near the present town of Utica, in La Salle County. (See Starved Roek.) LAWLER, Frank, was born at Rochester, N. Y., June 25, 1842, His first active occupation was as a news-agent on railroads, which business he followed for three years. He learned the trade of a shipcalker, and was elected to the Presidency of the Ship-Carpenters' and Ship- Calkers' Association. While yet a young man he settled in Chicago and, in 1869, was appointed to a clerical position in the postoffice in that city ; later, served as a letter-carrier, and as a member of the City Council (1876-84). In 1884 he was elected to Congress from the Second District, which he represented in that body for three suc- cessive terms. While serving his last year in Congress (1890) he was an vmsuccessful candidate on the Democratic ticket for Slieriflf of Cook County; in 1893 was an unsuccessful applicant for the Chicago postmastership, was defeated as an Independent-Democrat for Congress in 1894, but, in 1895, was elected Alderman for the Nine- teenth Ward of the city of Chicago. Died, Jan. 17, 1896. LAWLER, (Gen.) Micliael K., soldier, was born m County Kildare, Ireland, Nov. 16, 1814, brought to the United States in 1816, and, in 1819, to Gallatin County, 111., where his father began farming. The younger Lawler early evinced a military taste by organizing a military company in 1842, of which he served as Captain three or four years. In 1846 he organized a company for the Mexican War, which was attached to the Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel Forman's), and, at the end of its term of enlistment, raised a company of cavalry, with which he served to the end of the war — in all, seeing two and a half years' service. He then resumed the peaceful life of a farmer; but, on the breaking out of the rebellion, again gave proof of his patri- otism by recruiting the Eighteenth Illinois Volun- teer Infantry — the first regiment organized in the Eigliteenth Congressional District — of which he was commissioned Colonel, entering into the three years' service in May, 1861. His regiment took part in most of the early engagements in Western Kentucky and Tennessee, including the capture of Fort Donelson, where it lost heavily, Colonel Lawler himself' being severely wounded. Later, he was in command, for some time, at Jackson, Tenn., and, in November, 1862, was com- missioned Brigadier-General "for gallant and meritorious service." He was also an active participant in the operations against Vicksburg. and was thanked on the field by General Grant for liis service at the battle of Big Black, pro- nounced by Charles A. Dana (then Assistant Secretary of War) "one of the most splendid exploits of the war. " After the fall of Vicksburg he took part in t lie siege of Jackson, Miss., and in the campaigns on the Teche and Red River, and in Texas, also being in command, for six months, at Baton Rouge, La. In March, 1865, he was brevetted Major-General, and mustered out, January, 1866, after a service of four years and seven months. He then returned to his Gallatin County farm, where he died. July 26, 1882. LAWLER, Tliomas G., soldier and Com- mander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, was born in Liverpool, Eng., April 7, 1844; was brought to Illinois by his parents in childhood, and, at IT j-ears of age, enlisted in the Nineteenth Illinois Volunteers, serv- ing first as a private, then as Sergeant, later being elected First Lieutenant, and (although not mustered in, for two months) during the Atlanta campaign being in command of his com- pany, and placed on the roll of honor by order of General Rosecrans. He participated in every battle in which his regiment was engaged, and. at the battle of Missionary Ridge, was the first man of his command over the enemy's works. .\fter the war he became prominent as an officer HISTOKKAL EXCVrLOPKDIA OF ILLINOIS. 331 of the Illinois National Guard, organizing the Rockford RiHes, in 1ST6, and serving as Colonel of the Thiril Regiment for seven j'ears; was ap- pointed Postmaster at Rockford by President Hayes, but removed by Cleveland in 1885; re- appointed by Harrison and again displaced on the acce.ssion of Cleveland. He was one of the organizers of G. L. Nevius Post. G. A. R., of which he served as Commander twenty-six years; in 1882 was elected Department Commander for the State of Illinois and, in 1894, Commander-in- Chief, serving one year. L.4.WREXCE, Charles B., jurist, was born at Vergennes, Vt., Dec. 17, 1820. After two years spent at Middlebury College, he entered the junior class at Union College, graduating from the latter in 1811. He devoted two years to teaching in .\laliama, and began reading law at Cincinnati in 1843, completing his studies at St. Louis, where he was admitted to the bar and began practice in 1844. The following year he removed to Quincy, 111., where he was a promi- nent practitioner for ten years. The years 1806-58 he spent in foreign travel, with the pri- mary object of restoring his impaired health. On his return homo he began farming in Warren County, with the .same end in view. In 1861 he accepted a iiominatit)n to the Circuit Court bench and was elected without opposition. Before the expiration of his term, in 1804, he was elected a Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court for the Northern Grand Division, and, in 1870, became Chief Justice. At this time his home was at Galesburg. Failing of a re-election in 1873, he removed to Chicago, and at once became one of the leaders of the Cook County bar. Although persistently urged by personal and political friends, to permit his name to be used in connec- tion with a vacancj- on the bench of the United States Supreme Court, he stead fastlj' declined. In 1877 he received the votes of the Republicans in the State Legislature for United States Senator against David Davis, who was elected. Died, at Decatur. Ala.. April 0. 1883. L.VWREXCE COUNTY, one of the eastern counties in the "southern tier," originally a ])art of Edwards, but separated from the latter in 1821, and named for Commodore Lawrence. In 1900 its area was HOO square miles, and its popu- lation. 16.523. The first English speuking settlers seem to have emigrated from the colony at Vin- cennes, Ind. St. Francisville, in the southeast- em portion, and .\llison prairie, in the northeast, were favored by the .\merican pioneers. Settle- ment was more or less desultory until after the War of 1812. Game was abundant and the soil productive. About a dozen negro families found homes, in 1819, near Lawrenceville, and a Shaker colony was established about Charlottesville the same year. Among the best remembered pio- neers are the families of Lautermann, Chubb. Kincaid, Buchanan and Laus — the latter having come from South Carolina. Toussaint Dubois, a Frenchman and father of Jesse K. Dulxjis, State -Vuditor (18.")7-64), was a large land proprietor at an early day, and his house was first utilized as a court house. The county is richer in historic associations than in populous towns. Lawrence- ville. the county-seat, was credited with 865 inhabitants by the census of 1890. St. Francis- ville and Sumner are flourishing towns. LAWRE.VCEVILLE, the county-seat of Law- rence County, is situated on the Embarras River, at the intersection of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 9 miles west of Vincennes, Ind., and 139 miles east of St. Louis. It has a t!ourthouse, four cburches, a graded school and two weekly newspapers. Population (1890), 865; (1900). 1,300; (1903, est.), 1,600. L.VWSOX, Victor P., journalist and newspaper pro])rietor. was born in Ciiieago, of Scamlinavian parentage. Sept 9, 18.50. .Vfter graduating at the Chic.'igo High School, he prosecuted his studies at Phillips Academy, Andover. Mass.. and at Harvard University. In August, 1876. he pur- chased an interest in "The Chicago Daily News." being for some time a partner of Melville E. Stone, but became sole proprietor in 1888, pub- lishing morning and evening editions. He reduced the price of the morning edition to one cent, and changed its name to "The Chicago Record." He has alwaj's taken a deep interest in the cause of popular efational Convention at Charle.ston, S. C, and at Baltimore. During the last four years of his life he wrote a series of articles under the title of "Reminiscences of the Early Bench and Bar of Illinois," which was pub- lished in book form in 1876. Died in Chicago, June 5, 1876. LINECiAIi, David T., legislator, was born in Ohio, Feb. 12, 1830; came to Spencer County, Ind., in 1840, and to Wayne County, III., in 18.')8, afterward locating at Cairo, where he served as Postmaster during the Civil War; was a Repub- lican Presidential Elector in 1872, but afterwards became a Democrat, and served as such in the lower branch of the General Assembly (1880-86). Died at Cairo, Feb. 2. 1886. LIPPINCOTT, Charles E., .State Auditor, was horn at Edwardsville, 111.. Jan. 26, 182.5; attended Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not graduate; in 1849 graduated from the St. Louis Medical College, and began the practice of medi- cine at Chandlerville, Cass County. In 18.52 he went to California, remaining there five years, taking an active part in the anti-slavery contest, and serving as State Senator (1853-5.5). In 1857, having returned to Illinois, he resumed practice at Chandlerville. and, in 1861, under authority of Governor Yates, recruited a company which was attached to the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry as Companj- K. and of which he was commissioned Captain, having declined the lieutenant-colo- nelcy. Within twelve months he became Colonel, and, on Sept. 16, 1865, was mustered out as brevet Brigadier-General. In 1866 he reluctantly con- sented to leail the Republican forlorn hope as a candidate for Congress in the (then) Ninth Con- gressional District, largely reducing the Demo- cratic majority. In 1867 he was elected Secretary of the State Senate, and the same year chosen Doorkeeper of the House of Representatives at Washington. In 1868 he was elected State Audi- tor, and re-elected in 1872; also ser\-ed as Perma- nent President of the Republican State Conven- tion of 1878. On the establishment of the Illinois Soldiers" and Sailors' Home at Quincy. he became its first Superintendent, assuming his duties in March, 1887. but died Sept. 13, following, as a result of injuries received from a runaway team while driving through the grounds of the institu- tion a few days previous. — Emily Webster Chandler (Lippincott), wife of the preceding, was born March 13, 1833, at Chandlerville. Cass County, III., the daughter of Dr. Charles Chand- ler, a prominent physician widely known in that •section of the State ; was educated at JacksonvilU- Female Academy, and married, Dec. 25, 1851, to Dr. (afterwards General) Charles E. Lippincott. Soon after the death of her husband, in Septem- ber, 1887, Mrs. Lippincott, who had already endeared herself by her acts of kindne.ss to the veterans in the Soldiers' and Sailors" Home, was appointed Matron of the institution, serving imtil her death. May 31, 1895. The respect in which she was held by the old soldiers, to whose com- fort and necessities she had ministered in hos- pital and elsewhere, was shown in a most touching manner at the time of her death, and on the removal of her remains to be laid by the side of her husband, in Oak Ridge Cemeterv at Spring- field. LIPPINCOTT, (Rev.) Thomas, early clergy- man, was born in Salem, N. J., in 1791; in 1817 started west, arriving in St. Louis in February, 1818; the same year established him.self in mer- cantile business at Milton, then a place of some importance near Alton. This place proving unhealthy, ho subsequently removed to Edwards- ville, where he was for a time employed as clerk in the Land Office. He afterwards served as Secretary of the Senate (1822-23). That he was a man of education and high intelligence, as well as a strong opponent of slaveiy, is shown by his writings, in conjunction with Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, George Churchill and others, in oppo- sition to the scheme for securing the adoption of a pro-slavery Constitution in Illinois in 1824. In 1825 he purchased from Hooper Warren "The Edwardsville Spectator," which he edited for a year or more, but soon after entered the ministry of the Presbyterian Churcli and became an influ- ential factor in building up that denomination in Illinois, He was also partly instrumental in securing the location of Illinois College at Jack- sonville. He died at Pana, 111., April 13, 1869. Gen. Charles E. Lippincott, State Auditor (1869-77). was a son of the subject of this sketch. LIQUOR LAWS. In the early histon,- of the State, the question of the regulation of the sale of intoxicants was virtually relegated to the control of the local authorities, who granted license, col- lected fees, and fixed the tariff of charges. As early as 1851. however, the General Assembly, with a view to mitigating what it was felt had 340 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. become a growing evil, enacted a law popularly known as the "quart law," which, it was hoped, •would do away with the indiscriminate sale of li(£Uor by the glass. The law failed to meet the expectation of its framers and supporters, and, in 18.55, a prohibitory law was submitted to the elect- ors, which was rejected at the polls. Since that date a general license .system has prevailed, excejit in certain towns and cities where prohibitory ordinances were adopted. The regulations gov- erning the traffic, therefore, have been widely variant in different localities. The Legislature, however, has always possessed the same constitu- tional power to regulate the sale of intoxicants, as aconite, henbane, strychnine, or other poisons. In 1879 the Woman's Christian Temperance Union began the agitation of the license question from a new standpoint. In March of that year, a delegation of Illinois women, headed by Sliss Frances K. Willard, presented to the Legislature a monster petition, signed by 80,000 voters and 100,000 women, praying for the amendment of the State Constitution, so as to give females above the age of 21 the right to vote upon the granting of licenses in the localities of their residences. Miss Willard and Jlrs. J. Ellen Foster, of Iowa, addressed the House in its favor, and Miss Willard spoke to the Senate on the same lines. The measure was defeated in the House by a vote of fifty-five to fifty-three, and the Senate took no action. In 1881 the same bill was introduced anew, but again failed of passage. Nevertheless, persistent agitation was not without its results. In 1883 the Legislature enacted what is generally termed the "High License Law," by the provi- sions of which a minimum license of S.500 per annum was imposed for the sale of alcoholic drinks, and §150 for malt liquors, with the authority on the part of municipalities to impose a still higher rate by ordinance. This measm-e was made largely a partisan issue, the Repub- licans voting almost solidly for it, and the Demo- crats almost solidly opposing it. The bill was promptly signed by Governor Hamilton. The liquor laws of Illinois, tlierefore, at the present time are based upon local option, high license and local supervision. The criminal code of the State contains the customary provisions respecting the sale of stimulants to minors and other prohibited parties, or at forbidden times, but, in the larger cities, many of the provisions of the State law are rendered practically inoperative by the municipal ordinances, or absolutely nullified by the indiflierence or studied neglect of the local officials. LITCHFIELD, the principal city of Montgom- ery County, at the intersection of Ciucinuati, Chicago & St. Louis, the Wabash and tlie Illinois Central, with three other short-liae railways, 43 miles south of Springfield and 47 miles northeast of St. Louis. The surrounding country is fer- tile, undulating prairie, in wliicli are found coal, oil and natural gas. A coal mine is operated within the corporate limits. Grain is extensively raised, and Litchfield has several elevators, flour- ing mills, a can factory, briquette works, etc. The output of the manufacturing establishments also includes foundry and machine shop prod- ucts, brick and tile, brooms, ginger ale and cider. The city is lighted bj' both gas and electricity. and has a Holly water-works system, a public library and public parks, two banks, twelve churclies. high and graded schools, and an Ursu- line convent, a Catholic hospital, and two monthly, two weekly, and two daily periodicals. Population (1890), 5,811; (1900), 5,918; (190:3, est ). 7,000. LITCHFIELD, C.VRROLLTON & WESTERN RAILRO.ID, a line which extends from Colum- biana, on the Illinois River, to Barnett, 111., 51.5 miles; is of standard gauge, the track being laid with fift3'-six pound steel rails. It was opened for business, in three different sections, from 1883 to 1887, and for three years was operated in con- nection with the Jacksonville Southeastern Railway. In May, 1890, the latter was sold under foreclosure, and, in November, 1893, the Litch- field, CarroUton & Western reverted to the former owners. Six months later it passed into the hands of a receiver, by whom (up to 1898) it has since been operated. The general offices are at Carlinville. LITTLE, George, merchant and banker, was born in Columbia, Pa., in 1808; came to Rush- ville, 111., in 1836, embarking in the mercantile business, which he prosecuted sixty years. In 1865 he established the Bank of Rushville, of which he was President, in these two branches of business amassing a large fortune. Died, March 5, 1896. LITTLE YERMILIOX RIVER rises in Ver- milion County, 111., and flows eastwardly into Indiana, emptying into the Wabash in Vermilion County, Ind. LITTLE WABASH RIVER, rises in EflSngham and Cumberland Counties, flows east and south through Clay, Wayne and White, and enters the Wabash River about 8 miles above the mouth of the latter. Its estimated length is about 180 miles. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 341 LITTLER, David T., lawyer and State Senator, was born at Clifton, Greene County, Oliio, Feb. 7, 1836; was educated in the common schools in his native State and, at twenty-one, removed to Lincoln, III., where he worked at the carpenter's trade for two years, meanwhile studying law. He was adtuitted to tlie bar in 1860, soon after was elected a Justi('e of the Peace, and later appointed Master in Chancery. la 1866 he was appointed by President Johnson Collector of Internal Revenue for the Eighth District, but resigned in 186S, removing to Springfield the same year, wliere he entered into partnership with the late Henry S. Greene, Milton Hay being admitted to the firm soon after, the partnership continuing until 1881. In 1882 Mr. Littler was elected Representative in the Thirty-fourth General Assembly from Sangamon County', was re-elected in 1886, and returned to the Senate in 1894, serv- ing in the latter body four years. In both Houses Mr. Littler took a specially prominent part in legislation on the revenue question. LIVERMORE, Mary Ashton, reformer and phi- lanthropist, was born (Mary Ashton Rice) in Boston, Mass., Dec. 19, 1821; taught for a time in a female seminary in Charlestown, and spent two years as a governess in Southern Virginia; later married Rev. Daniel P. Livermore, a Ui.iver.salist minister, who held pastorates at various places in Massachu-setts and at Quincy, 111., becoming editor of "The New Covenant" at Chicago, in 1857. During tliis time Mrs. Livermore wrote much for denominational papers and in assisting her husband; in 1862 was appointed an agent, and traveled e.xtensively in the interest of the United States Sanitary Commission, visiting hospitals and camps in the Jli.ssissipju Valley; also took a prominent part in the great Xorth- western Sanitary Fair at Chicago in 1863. Of late years she has labored and lectured exten- sively in the interest of woman suffrage and tem- perance, besides being the author of several volumes, one of the.se being "Pen Pictures of Chicago" (1S6.")). Her home is in Boston. LIYINGSTOX COUXTY, situated about mid- way between Chicago and Springfield. The sur- face is rolling toward the east, but is level in the west; area, 1.026 square miles; population (1900), 42,035, named for Edward Livingston. It was organized in 1837, the first Commissioners being Robert Breckenridge, Jonathan Mt)on and Daniel Rockwof)d. Pontiac was .selected as the county- seat, the proprietors donating ample lands and $3,000 in cash tor the erection of public buildings. Vermilion River and Indian Creek are the prin- cipal streams. Coal underlies the entire county, and shafts are in successful operation at various points. It is one of the chief agricultural coun- ties of the State, the yield of oats and corn being large. Stock-raising is also extensively carried on. The development of the county really dates from the opening of the Chicago & Alton Rail- road in 1854, since wliich date it has been crossed by numerous other lines. Pontiac, tlie county- seat, is situated on the Vermilion, is a railroad center and the site of the State Reform School. Its population in 1890 was 2,784. Dwight has attained a wide reputation as the seat of the parent "Keeley" Institute for the cure of the liquor lialiit. LOCKPORT, a village in Will County, laid out in 1837 and incorporate. LOl ISyiLLE & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See JacksdiiviIhA- St. Louis Hditway.) LOVEJOY, Elijah Parish, minister and anti- slaverj' journalist, was born at Albion, Maine, Nov. 9, 1802 — the son of a Congregational minis- ter. He graduated at Waterville College in 1826, came west and taught school in .St. Louis in 1827, and became editor of a Whig paper there in 1829. Later, he studied theology at Princeton • and was licensed as a Presbyterian minister in 1833. Returning to St. Louis, he .started' •'The Observer""— a religious weekly, which condemned slave-holding. Threats of violence from the pro-slavery party induced him to remove his paper, presses, etc., to Alton, in July, 1830. Three times within twelve months his plant was de- stroyed by a mob. A fourth press having been procured, a number of his friends agreed to pro- tect it from destruction in the warehouse where it was stored. On the evening of Nov. 7, 1837, a mob, Iiaving assembled about the building, sent one of their number to thi- roof to set it on fire. Lovejoy, witli two of his friends, stepped outside to reconnoiter, when he was shot down by parties in ambush, breathing his last a few minutes later. His death did much to strengthen the anti-slavery sentiment north of Mason and Dixon"s line. His party regarded him as a martyr, and his death was made the text for many impa.ssioned and effective appeals in oppo- sition to an institution which employed moboc- racy and murder in its efforts to suppress free discussion. (See Alton Riots.) LOVEJOY, Owen, clergyman and Congressman,' was born at Albion, Slaine, Jan. G, 1811. Being the son of a clergyman of small means, he was thrown upon his own resources, but secured a collegiate education, graduating at Bowdoin College. In 1836 he removed to Alton, 111., join- ing his brother, Elijah Parish Lovejoy, who was conducting an anti-slavery and religious journal there, and whose assassin;ition bj' a pro-slavery mob he witnessed the following year. (See Alton liiots and Elijah P. Lovejoy.) This tragedy induced him to devote his life to a crusade against slavery. Having previously begun the stud}' of thoolog}-, he was ordained to the minis- try and officiated for several years as pastor of a Congregational chirrch at Princeton. In 1.847 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Constitu- tional Convention on the '"Liberty"" ticket, but, in 18.54, was elected to the Legislature upon that issue, and earnestly supported Abraham Lincoln for United States Senator. L^pon his election to the Legislature he resigned his pastorate at Princeton, his congregaticm presenting him with a solid silver service in token of their esteem. In 18,56 he was elected a Representative in Congress by a majority of 7,000, and was re-elected for three successive terms. As an orator he had few equals in the State, while his courage in the support of his principles was indomitable. In the campaigns of 1856, "58 and "60 he rendered valuable service to the Republican party, as he 346 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. did later in upholding the cause of the Union in Congress. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., March 35, 1864. LOVIJftiTOX, a village of Moultrie County, on the Terre Haute-Peoria brancli of tlie Vaudalia Line and the Bement & Altamont Division of the Wabash Railway, 23 miles southeast of Decatur. The town has two banks, a newspaper, water- works, electric lights, telephones and volunteer fire department. Pop. tl890), 767; (1900), 815. LUDLAM, (l>r.) Reuben, physician and author, was born at Camden, N. J., Oct. 11, 1831, the son of Dr. Jacob Watson Ludlam, an eminent phy- sician who, in his later years, became a resident of Evanston, 111. The younger Ludlam, having taken a course in an academy at Bridgeton, N. J., at sixteen years of age entered upon the study of medicine with his father, followed by a course of lectures at the University of Pennsyl- vania, where he graduated, in 1852. Having removed to Chicago the follovi-ing year, he soon after began an investigation of the homoeopathic system of medicine, which resulted in its adop- tion, and, a few years later, had acquired such prominence that, in 1859, he was appointed Pro- fessor of Physiology and Pathology in the newly established Hahnemann Medical College in the city of Chicago, with which he continued to be connected for nearly forty years. Besides serving as Secretary of the institution at its inception, he had, as early as 1854, taken a position as one of the editors of "The Chicago Homceopath, " later being editorially associated with "The North American Journal of Homoeopathy,'' published in New York City, and "The United States Medical and Surgical Journal' of Chicago. He also served as President of numerous medical associ- ations, and, in 1877, was appointed by Governor CuUom a member of the State Board of Health, serving, by two subsequent reappointments, for a period of fifteen years. In addition to his labors as a lecturer and practitioner. Dr. Ludlam was one of the most prolific authors on professional lines in the city of Chicago, besides numerous monographs on special topics, having produced a "Course of Clinical Lectures on Diphtheria" (1863) ; "Clinical and Didactic Lectures on the Diseases of Women" (1871), and a translation from the French of "Lectures on Clinical Medi- cine" (1880). The second work mentioned is recognized as a valuable text-book, and has passed through seven or eight editions. A few years after his first connection with the Hahne- mann Medical College, Dr. Ludlam became Pro- fessor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and, on the death of President C. S. Smith, was chosen President of the institution. Died suddenly from .heart disea.se, while preparing to perform a surgi- cal operation on a patient in the Hahnemann Medical College, April 29, 1899. LUXDY, Benjamin, early anti-slavery journal- ist, was born in New Jersey of Quaker par- entage ; at 19 worked as a saddler at Wheeling, Va. , whei"e he first gained a practical knowledge of the institution of slavery; later carried on liusiness at Mount Pleasant and St. Clairsville, O., where, in 1815, he organized an anti-slavery association under the name of the "Union Humane Society," also contributing anti-slavery articles to "The Philanthropist," a paper pub- lished at Mount Pleasant. Removing to St. Louis, in 1819, he took a deep interest in the con- test over the admission of Missouri as a slave State. Again at Mount Pleasant, in 1831, he began the issue of "The Genius of Universal Emancipation, "' a monthly, which he soon removed to Jonesbor- ough, Tenn., and finallj' to Baltimore in 1834. when it became a weekly. Mr. Lundy's trend towards colonization is shown in the fact that he made two visits (1825 and 1839) to Hayti, with a view to promoting the colonization of emanci- pated slaves in that island. Visiting the East in 1838, he made the acqiiaintance of William Lloyd Garrison, who became a convert to his views and a firm ally. The following winter he was as- saulted b}' a slave-dealer in Baltimore and nearly killed ; soon after removed his paper to Washing- ton and, later, to Philadelphia, where it took the name of "The National Enquirer," being finally merged into "The Pennsj'lvania Freeman." In 1838 his property was burned by the pro-slavery mob which fired Pennsylvania Hall, and, in the following winter, he removed to Lowell, La Salle Co., 111., with a view to reviving his paper there, but the design was frustrated by his early death, which occurred August 33, 1839. The paper, however, was revived bj- Zebina Eastman under the name of "Tlie Genius of Liberty," but was re- moved to Chicago, in 1843, and issued under the name of "The Westei'n Citizen." (See Eastman, Zebina.) LtJNT, Orrington, capitalist and philanthro- pist, was born in Bowdoinham, Maine, Dec. 24, 1815; came to Chicago in 1843, and engaged in the grain commission business, becoming a mem- ber of the Board of Trade at its organization. Later, he became interested in real e.state oper- ations, fire and life insurance and in railway enterprises, being one of the early promoters of the Chicago & Galena Union, now a part of the HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 347 Chicago & Northwestern PJailroad. He also took an active part in municipal aflFairs, and, during the War, was an eflicieut member of tlio "War Finance Committee." A liberal patron of all moral and benevolent enterprises, as shown by his cooperation with the "Relief and Aid Soci- ety" after the tire of 1871, and his generous bene- factions to the Young Men's Christian Association and feeble churches, his most eflicient service was rendered to the cause of education as repre- sented in the Northwestern University, of which he was a Trustee from its organization, and much of the time an executive officer. To his noble benefaction the institution owes its splendid library building, erected some years ago at a cost of $100,000. In tlie future history of Clii- cago, Mr. Lunfs name will stand beside that of J. Young Scammou, Walter L. Newberry, John Crerar, and others of its most liberal benefactors. Died, at his home in Evanston, April .'5, 189". LIJSK, John T., pioneer, was born in South Carolina, Nov. 7, 1784; brought to Kentucky in 1791 by his father {James Lusk), who established a ferry across the Ohio, opposite the present town of Golconda, in Pope County, 111. Lusk's Creek, which empties into the Ohio in that vicinity, took its name from this family. In 180.5 the sub- ject of this sketch came to Madison Count}', 111., and settled near Edwardsville. During the War of 1812-14 he was engaged in the service as a "Ranger.'" When Edwardsville began its growth, he moved into the town and erected a house of hewn logs, a story and a half high and containing three rooms, which became the lirst hotel in the town and a place of considerable historical note. Mr. Lusk held, at different periods, the positions of Deputy Circuit Clerk, County Clerk, Recorder and Postmaster, dying, Dec. 22. 18.'57. LUTHERAXS, The. While this sect in Illi- nois, as elsewhere, is divided into many branches, it is a unit in accepting the Bible as the only in- faUible rule of faith, in the use of Lutlier"s small Catechism in instruction of the young, in the practice of infant baptism and confirmation at an early age, and in acceptance of the Augsburg Confession. Services are conducted, in various sections of tlie country, in not less than twelve different languages. The number of Lutheran ministers in Illinois exceeds 400, who preach in the English, German, Danish, Swedish, Fin- nish and Hungarian tongues. The churches over which they preside recognize allegiance to eight distinct ecclesiastical Ixjdies, denomi- nated synods, as follows: The Northern, South- ern, Central and Wartburg Synods of the (ieneral Synod; the Illinois-Missouri District of the Sy nodical Conference; the Synod for the Norwegian Evangelical Church ; the Swedish- Augustana, and the Indiana Syuoil of tho General Council. To illustrate the large proportion of the foreign element in this denomination, reference may be made to the fact that, of sixty-three Lutheran churches in Chicago, only four use the English language. Of the remainder, thirty- seven make use of the German, ten Swedish, nine Norwegian and three Danish. The whole num- ber of oomnninicants in the State, in 1892, was estimated at 90,000. The General Synod sustains a German Theological Seminary in Chicago. (See al.so Rcliyioits Deuotuinations. LYONS, a village of Cook County, 12 miles southwest of Chicago. Population (1880), 486; (1890), 733;. (1900), 951 MACALTSTER & STEBB1>S BONDS, the name given to a class of State indebtedness incurred in the year 1841, through the hypothe- cation, by ,Iohn D.Whiteside (then Fund Com- missioner of the State of Illinois), with Messrs. Macalister & Stebbins, brokers of New York City, of 804 interest-bearing bonds of §1,000 each, payable in 186,5, upon which the said Macalister & Stebbins advanced to the State §261, ,500.83. This was done with the vmderstanding that the lirm would make further advances sufficient to increase the aggregate to forty per cent of the face value of the bonds, but upon which no further advances were actually made. In addi- tion to these, there were deposited with the same firm, within the next few months, with a like understanding, internal improvement bonds and State scrip amounting to §109,21.5.44 — making the aggregate of State securities in their hands §913,- 215.44, vipon which the State had received only the amount already named — being 28.64 per cent of tho face value of such indebtedness. Attempts having been made by tho holders of these bonds (with whom they had been hypothecated by Macalister & Stebbins), to secure settlement on their par face value, the matter became the sub- ject of repeated legislative acts, the most impor- tant of which were pas-sed in 1847 and 1849 — both reciting, in their respective preambles, the history of the transaction. The last of these provided for the issue to Macalister Sc Stebbins of new bonds, payable in 1865, for the amount of princi- pal and interest of the sum actually advanced and found to be due, conditioned upon the sur- render, by them, of the original bonds and other 348 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. evidences of indebtedness received by them in 1841. This tlie actual holders refused to accept, and brought the case before the Supreme Court in an effort to compel the Governor (who was then ex-offlcio Fund Commissioner) to recognize the full face of their claim. This the Supreme Court refused to do, on the ground that, the executive being a co-ordinate branch of the Gov- ernment, they had no authority over his official acts. In 1859 a partial refunding of these bonds, to the amount of §114,000, was obtained from Governor Bissell, who, being an invalid, was probably but imperfectly acquainted with their history and previous legislation on the subject. Eepresentations made to him led to a suspension of the proceeding, and, as the bonds were not transferable except on the books of the Funding Agency in the office of the State Auditor, they were treated as illegal and void, and were ulti- mately surrendered by the holders on the basis originally fixed, without loss to the State. In 1865 an additional act was passed requiring the presentation, for payment, of the portion of the original bonds still outstanding, on pain of for- feiture, and this was finally done. MACK, Alonzo MS'., legislator, was born at More- town, Vt., in 1823; at 16 years of age settled at Kalamazoo, Mich. , later began the study of medi- cine and graduated at Laporte, Ind., in 1844. Then, having removed to Kankakee, 111., he adopted the practice of law ; in 1858 was elected Representative, and, in 1860 and "64, to the Senate, serving through five continuous sessions (185808). In 1863 he assisted in organizing the Seventy-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel, but resigned, in January following, to take his seat in the Senate. Colonel Mack, who was a zealous friend of Governor Yates, was one of the leading spirits in the establishment of "The Chicago Repub- lican, " in Jlay, 1865, and was its business mana- ger the first year of its publication, but disagreeing with the editor, Charles A. Dana, both finally retired. Colonel Mack then resumed the practice of law in Chicago, dying there, Jan. 4, 1871. MACKI\AW, the first county-seat of Tazewell County, at intersection of two railroad lines, 18 miles southeast of Peoria. The district is agri- cultural and stock-raising. There are manufacto- ries of farm implements, pressed brick, harness, wagons and carriages, also a State bank and a weekly paper. Population (1890), ,545: (1900). 8.59. MAC MILLAX, Thomas C, Clerk of United States District Court, was born at Stranraer, Scotland, Oct. 4, 1850; came with his parents, in 1857, to Chicago, where he graduated from the High School and spent some time in the Chicago University; in 1873 became a reporter on "The Chicago Inter Ocean;" two years later accom- panied an exploring expedition to the Black Hills and, in 1875-76, represented that paper with General Crook in the campaign against the Sioui After an extended tour in Europe, he assumed charge of the "Curiosity Shop" department of "The Inter Ocean," served on the Cook County Board of Education and as a Director of the Chi cago Public Library, besides eight years in the General Assembly — 1885-89 in the House and 1889- 93 in the Senate. In January, 1896, Mr. MacMillan was appointed Clerk of the United States District Court at Chicago. He has been a Trustee of Illi- nois College since 1886, and, in 1885, received the honorary degree of A.M. from that institution. MACOMB, the county-seat of MoDonough County, situated on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 59 miles northeast of Quiney, 39 miles southwest of Galesburg. The principal manufactures are sewer-pipes, drain-tile, pot- tery, and school-desk castings. The city lias interurban electric car line, banks, nine churches, high school and four newspapers; is the seat of Western Illinois State Normal School, and West- ern Preparatory School and Business College. Population (1890). 4,053; (1900). 0,375. MACON, a village in Macon County, on the Illi- nois Central Railroad, 10 miles south by west of Decatur. Macon County is one of the most fer- tile in tlie corn belt, and the city is an important shipping-point for corn. It has wagon and cigar factories, four churches, a graded school, and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 819 ; (1900), 705. MACON COUNTY, situated near the geograph- ical center of the State. The censios of 1900 gave its area as 580 square miles, and its population, 44,003. It was organized in 1829, and named for Nathaniel Macon, a revolutionary soldier and statesman. The surface is chiefly level prairie, although in parts there is a fair growth of timber. The county is well drained by the Sangamon River and its tributaries. The soil is that high grade of fertility which one might expect in the corn belt of the central portion of the State. Besides corn, oats, rye and barley are extensively cultivated, while potatoes, sorghum and wool are among the products. Decatur is the county-seat and principal city in the heart of a rich agricul- tural region. Maroa, in the northern part of the county, enjoys considerable local trade. MACODPlJf COUNTY, a south-central county, with an area of 864 square miles and a population HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 349 of 42,356 in 1900. Tlie word Macoupin is of Indian derivation, signifying 'white potato." The county, originally a part of JIadison, and later of Greene, was separately organized in 1S29, under the supervision of Seth Hodges, William Wilcox and Theodonis Davis. The first court house (of logs) was erected in 1830. It contained but two rooms, and in pleasant weather juries were wont to retire to a convenient grove to deliberate upon their findings. The surface of the county is level, with narrow belts of timber following the course of the streams. The soil is fertile, and both corn and wheat are extensively raised While agriculture is the cliief inrn in Washington Countj', N. Y. , Jan. 3. 1823; graduated at Union College, Schenectady, in 1847, and tlien studied law with Hon. Martin I. Townsend, of Troy, being admitted to the bar in 1850. The same year he removed to Galena, 111. ; during his first winter tliere, edited "The Galena Gazette," and the following spring formed a jjartnership with John M. Douglas, afterwards (Jeneral Solicitor and President of the Illinois Central Railroad, whicli ended with tlie removal of the latter to Chicago, when Mr McClellan succeeded him as local attorney of the road at Galena. In 1804 Mr. McClellan became President of the Bank of Galena — later the "National Bank of Galena"— remaining for over twenty years. He is also largely interested in local manufac- tories and financial institutions elewhere. He served as a Republican Representative in the Twenty -second General Assembly (1861-62). and as Senator (1876-80), and maintained a high rank as a sagacious and judicious legislator. Liberal, public-spirited and patriotic, his name has been prominently connected with all movements for tlie improvement of his locality and the advance- ment of tlie interests of tlie State. McCLERN.\>'D, John Alexander, a volunteer officer in the Civil War and prominent Demo- cratic politician, was born in Bre^'kenridge County, Ky., Jlay 30, 1812, brought to Shawnee- town in 1816. was admitted to the bar in 1832. and engaged in journalism for a time. He served in the Black Hawk War, and was elected to the Legi.slature in 1830. and again in 1840 and '42. The latter year he was elected to Congress, serv- 360 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ing four consecutive terms, but declining a renomination, being about to remove to Jackson- ville, where he resided from 1851 to 1850. Twice (18-10 and '53) he was a Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket. In 1856 he removed to Springfield, and, in 1859, re-entered Congress as Representative of the Springfield District; was re-elected in 1860, but resigned in 1861 to accept a commission as Brigadier-General of Volunteers from President Lincoln, being promoted Major- General early in 1863. He participated in the battles of Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh and before Vicksburg, and was in command at the capture of Arkansas Post, but was severely criti- cised for some of his acts during the Vicksburg campaign and relieved of his command by Gen- eral Grant. Having finally been restored by order of President Lincoln, he participated in the campaign in Louisiana and Texas, but resigned his commission in 1864. General McClernand presided over the Democratic National Conven- tion of 1876, and, in 1886, was appointed by Presi- dent Cleveland one of the members of the Utah Commission, serving through President Harri- son's administration. He was also elected Circuit Judge in 1870, as successor to Hon. B. S. Edwards, who had resigned. Died Sept. 30, 1900. McCLURti, Alexander C, soldier and pub- lisher, was born in Philadelphia but grew up in Pittsburg, where his father was an iron manu- facturer. He graduated at Jliami University. Oxford, Ohio., and, after studying law for a time with Chief Justice Lowrie of Pennsylvania, came to Chicago in 1859, and entered the bookstore of S. C. Griggs & Co., as a junior clerk. Early in 1861 he enlisted as a private in tlie War of the Rebellion, but the quota of three-months' men being already full, his services were not accepted. In August, 1863, he became a member of the "Crosby Guards," afterwards incorporated in the Eiglity -eighth Illinois Infantry (Second Board of Trade Regiment), and was unanimously elected Captain of Company H. After the battle of Perr3'ville, he was detailed as Judge Advocate at Nashville, and, in the following year, offered the position of Assistant Adjutant-General on the staff of General McCook, afterwards serving in a similar capacity on the staffs of Generals Tliomas, Sheridan and Baird. He took part in the defense of Cliattanooga and, at the battle of Missionary Ridge, had two horses shot under him ; was also with the Fourteenth Army Corps in the Atlanta campaign, and, at the request of Gen. Jefl'. C. Davis, was promoted to the rank of Colonel and brevetted Brigadier-General — later, being pre- sented with a sword bearing tlie names of the principal battles in whicli he was engaged, besides being especially complimented in letters by Generals Sherman, Thomas, Baird, Mitchell, Davis and others. He was invited to enter the regular army at the close of the war, but pre- ferred to return to private life, and resumed his former position with S. C. Griggs & Co., soon after becoming a junior partner in the concern, of which he has since become tlie chief. In the various mutations through which tliis extensive firm has gone. General McClurg has been a lead- ing factor until now (and since 1887) he stands at the head of the most extensive publishing firm west of New York. McCONiVEL, Murray, pioneer and lawyer, was born in Orange County, N. Y., Sept. 5, 1798, and educated in the common schools; left home at 14 years of age and, after a year at Louisville, spent several years flat-boating, trading and hunting in the West, during this period visiting Arkansas, Texas and Kansas, finally settling on a farm near Herculaneum, Mo. In 1833 he located in Scott (then a part of Morgan) County, 111., but when the town of Jacksonville was laid out, became a citizen of that place. During the Black Hawk War (July and August, 1833), he served on the staff of Gen. J. D. Henry with the rank of Major ; in 1837 was appointed by Governor Dun- can a member of the Board of Public Works for the First Judicial District, in this capacity having charge of the construction of the railroad between Meredosia and Springfield (then known as the Northern Cross Railroad) — the first public rail- road built in the State, and the only one con- structed during the "internal improvement" era following 1837. He also held a commission from Governor French as Major-General of State Mi- litia, in 1855 was appointed by President Pierce Fifth Auditor of the Treasury Department, but retired in 1859. In 1833, on his return from tlie Black Hawk War, he was elected a Repre- sentative in the State Legislature from Morgan County, and, in 1864, was elected to the State Senate for the District composed of Morgan, Menard, Cass, Schuyler and Brown Counties, serving until 1868. Though previously a Demo- crat and a delegate to the Democratic National Convention of 1860, he was an earnest supporter of the war policy of the Government, and was one of four Democratic Senators, in the General Assembly of 1865, who voted for the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment of the National Constitution, prohibiting slavery in the United States. His death occurred by assassination, by IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 361 some unknown person, in liis office at Jackson- ville. Feb. 9, lyua.— John Ludliim (McConnel), son of the preceding, was born in Jacksonville, 111., Nov. 11, 18-l>. stndieil law and graiiiiated at Transylvania Law School; in 1846 enlisted as a private in the Mexican War, became First Lieu- tenant and was promoted Captain after the battle of Buena Vista, where he was twice wounded. After the war he returned to Jacksonville and wrote several books illustrative of Western life and character, which were pul)lished between 1850 and 1853. At the time of his death— Jan. 17. 1862 — he was engaged in the preparation of a "History of Early Explorations in America," hav- ing special reference to the labors of the early Roman Catholic missionaries. McCONNELL, (Gen). John, soldier, was born in Madison County, N. Y., Dec. 5, 1824, and came with his parents to Illinois when about sixteen years of age. His father (James McConnell) was a native of Ireland, who came to the United States shortly before tlie War of 1812, and, after remaining in New York until 1840, came to San- gamon County, 111., locating a few miles south of Springfield, where he engaged extensively in sheep-raising. He was an enterprising and pro- gressive agriculturist, and was one of the founders of the State Agricultur.al Society, being President of the Convention of 18.52 which resulted in its organization. His death took place, Jan. 7, 1867. The subject of this sketch was engaged with his father and brothers in the farming and stock business until 1861, when he raised a company for the Third Illinois Cavalry, of which he was elected Captain, was later promoted Major, serv- ing until March, 1863, during that time taking part in some of the important battles of the war in Southwest Missouri, including Pea Ridge, and was highly complimented by his commander. Gen. G. M. Dodge, for bravery. Some three months after leaving the Third Cavalry, he was commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, and, in March, 1865. was commissioned Brevet Brigadier-General, his com- mission being signed by President Lincoln on April 14, 1863, the morning preceding the night of his assassination. During the latter part of his service. General McConnell was on 'TY, organized under an act i)assed, Jan. 2.5, 182G, and attached, for judicial purposes, to Schuyler County until 1830. Its present area is 580 stjuare miles — named in honor of Commodore lIcDonough. The first settlement in the county was at Industry, on the site of which William Carter (the pioneer of the county) built a cabin in 1826. James and John Vance and William Job settled in the vicinity in the following ye.'vr. Out of this settlement grew Blandinsville. William Pennington located on Spring Creek in IS2S, and, in 1831, James M. Cami)l)ell erected the first frame house on the site of the present city of Macomb. The first sermon, preached by a Protestant minister in the county, was delivered in the Job settlement V)y Rev. John Logan, a Baptist. Among the early officers were John Huston, County Treasurer; AVilliam South wanl. Sheriff; Peter Hale, Coro- ner, and Jesse Bartlett, Surveyor. The first term of the Circuit Court was held in 1830, and presided over by Hon. Richard M. Young. The first railway to cross the county was the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (1857). Since then other lines have penetrated it, and there are numerous railroad centers and shipping points of consider- able importance. Population (1880), 2.j,037; (1890), 27,467; (1900), 28,412. MoDOrCJALL, James Alexander, lawyer and United States Senator, was born in Bethlehem. Albany County, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1817; educated at the Albany grammar school, studied law and settled in Pike County, 111., in 1837; was Attor- ney-General of Illinois four }-ears (1843-47); then engaged in engineering and, in 1849, organized and led an exploring expedition to tlie Rio del Norte, Gila and Colorado Rivers, finally settling at San Francisco and engaging in the practice of law. In 18.j0 he was elected Attornej" -General of California, served several terms in the State Legislature, and, in 18.52, was chosen, as a Demo- crat, to Congress, but declined a re-election; in 1860 was elected L'nited States Senator from Cali- fornia, serving as a War Democrat until 1867. At the expiration of his senatorial term he retired to Albany, N. Y., where he died, Sept. 3, 1867. Though somewhat irregular in habits, he was. at times, a brilliant and effective speaker, and, dur- ing the War of the Rebellion, rendered valuable aid to the Union cause. McFARLAXD, Andrew, M.D., alienist, was lx)m in Concord, N. H., July M, 1817, graduated at Jefferson Medical College. Philadelphia, in 1841, and, after being engaged in general practice for a few vears. was invited to as.sume the man- agement of the New Hampshire Asylum for the Insane at Concord. Here he remained some eight years, during which he acquired consider- able reputation in the treatment of nervous and mental disorders. In 18-54 he was offered and accepted the position of Medical Superintendent of the Illinois State (now Central) Hosjjital for the Insane at Jacksonville, entering vipon his duties in June of that year, and continuing his connection with that institution for a ]>eriod of more than sixteen years. Having resigned his position in the State Hospital in June, 1870, he soon after established the Oaklawn Retreat, at Jacksonville, a private institution for the treat- ment of insane patients, which he conducted with a great degree of success, and with which he was a.ssociated during the remainder of his life, dying, Nov, 22, 1891. Dr. McFarland"s serv- ices were in freiiuent reijuest as a medical expert in ca.ses before the courts, invariabl}-, however, on the side of the defense. The last case in which he appeared as a witness was at the trial of Charles F. (luiteau. the assassin of President Garfield, wliom he believed to be insane. McG.iHEY, David, settled in Crawford County, 111., in 1817, and served as Representative from that County in the Third and Fourth General .Assemblies (1822-26), and as Senator in the Eighth and Ninth (1832-36). Although a native of Tennessee. Mr. McGahey was a strong opponent of slavery, and, at the session of 1822, was one of tliose who voted against the pro-slavery Constitu- tion resolution. He continued to reside in Law- rence County until his death in 1851. — James D. (McGahey), a son of the preceding, was elected to the Ninth General Assembly from Crawford County, in 1834, but died during his term of service. McGAXX, Lawrence Edward, ex-Congressman, was born in Ireland, Feb. 2, 1852. His father having died in 1884, the following year his mother emigrated to the United States, settling at Milford, Mass., where he attended the public schools. In 1865 he came to Chicago, and. for fourteen years, found employment as a shoe- maker. In 1879 he entered the municipal service as a clerk, and, on Jan. 1. 1885, was appointed City Superintendent of Streets, resigning in May, 1891. He was elected in 1892, as a Democrat, to represent the Second Illinois District in the Fifty -second Congress, and re-elected to the Fifty- third. In 1894 he was a candidate for re election and received a certificate of election hj' a small majority over Hugh R. Belknap (Republican). An« investigation having shown his defeat, he 364 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. magnanimously surrendered his seat to his com- petitor without a contest. He has large business interests in Chicago, especially in street railroad property, being President of an important elec- tric Une. McHEXRY, a village in McHenry County, situ- ated on the Fox River and the Chicago & North- western Railway. The river is here navigable for steamboats of light draft, which ply between the town and Fox Lake, a favorite resort for sports- men. The town has bottling works, a creamerv, marble and granite works, cigar factory, flour mills, brewery, bank, four churches, and one weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 979; (1900), 1 013. McHENRY, William, legislator and soldier of the Black Hawk War, came from Kentucky to Illinois in 1809, locating in White County, and afterwards became prominent as a legislator and soldier in the War of 1812, and in the Black Hawk War of 1833, serving in the latter as Slajor of the "Spy Battalion" and participating in the battle of Bad Axe. He also served as ReiJresent- ative in the First, Fourth, Fifth and Ninth Gen- eral As.semblies, and as Senator in the Sixth and Seventh. While serving his last term in the House (1835), he died and was buried at Vandalia, then the State capital. McHenry County — organ- ized by act of the Legislature, passed at a second session during the winter of 1835-36 — was named in his honor McHENRY COUJiTY, lies in the northern por- tion of the State, bounded on the north by Wis- consin — named for Gen. William McHenry. Its area is 624 square miles. With what is now the County of Lake, it was erected into a county in 1836, the county-seat being at McHenry. Three years later the eastern part was set off as the County of Lake, and the county-seat of McHenry County removed to Woodstock, the geograph- ical center. The soil is well watered by living springs and is highly productive. Hardwood groves are numerous. Fruits and berries are extensively cultivated, but the herbage is espe- cially adapted to dairying, Kentucky blue grass being indigenous. Large quantities of milk are daily shipped to Chicago, and the annual pro- duction of butter and cheese reaches into the millions of pounds. The geological formations comprise the drift and the Cincinnati and Niagara groups of rocks. Near Fox River are found gravel ridges. Vegetable remains and logs of wood have teen found at various depths in the drift deposits ; in one instance a cedar log, seven inches in diameter, having been discovered forty- two feet below the surface. Peat is found every- where, although the most extensive deposits are in the northern half of the county, where they exist in sloughs covering several thousands of acres. Several lines of raihoad cross the county, and every important village is a railway station. Woodstock, Marengo, and Harvard are the prin- cipal towns. Population OS80), 24,908; (1890), 26.114; (1900), 29,759. McINTOSH. (Capt.) Alexander, was born in Fulton County, N. Y., in 1822; at 19 years of age entered an academy at Galway Center, remaining three years; in 1845 removed to Joliet, 111., and, two years later, started "The Joliet True Democrat," but sold out the next year, and, in 1S49, went to California. Returning in 1852, he bought back "The True Democrat," which he edited until 1857, meanwhile (1856) having been elected Clerk of the Circuit Court and Recorder of Will County. In 1863 he was appointed by President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quarter- master, serving under General Sherman in 1864 and in the "March to the Sea," and, after the war, being for a time Post Quartermaster at Mobile. Having resigned in 1866, he engaged in mercantile business at Wilmington, Will County ; but, in 1869, bought "The Wilmington Independ- ent," which he published until 1873. The next year he returned to Joliet, and, a few months after, became political editor of "The Joliet Republican," and was subsequently connected, in a similar capacity, with other papers, including "The Phoenix" and "The Sun" of the same city. Died, in Joliet. Feb. 2. 1899. McKENDREE, William, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, was bom in Virginia, in 1757, enlisted as a private in the War of the Revolution, but later served as Adjutant and in the commissary depart- ment. He was converted at 30 years of age, and the next year began preaching in his native State, being advanced to the position of Presiding Elder; in 1800 was transferred to the West, Ilh- nois falling within his District. Here he remained until his elevation to the episcopacy in 1808. McKendree College, at Lebanon, received its name from him, together with a donation of 480 acres of land. Died, near Nashville, Tenn. , March 5, 1835. McKE>'DREE COLLEGE, one of the earliest of Illinois colleges, located at Lebanon and incorpo- rated in 1835. Its founding was suggested by Rev. Peter Cartwright, and it may be said to have had its inception at the Methodist Episcopal Conference held at Mount Carmel, in September, 1827. The first funds for its establishment were subscribed by citizens of Lebanon, who contrib- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 365 uted from their scanty means, §l,n85. Instruc- tion began, Nov. 24. 1S28, under Kev. Edward Ames, afterwards a Bishop of the Methodist Epis- copal L'lmrch. In 1830 Bishop McKendree made a donation of land to the infant institution, and the scliool uiis named in his honor. It cannot be said to liave become really a college until 1836, and its first class graduated in 1841. University powers were granted it by an amendment to its charter in 1839. At present the departments are as follows; Preparatory, business, classical, scientific, law, music and oratorj-. The institu- tion owns property to the value of §90,000. includ- ing an endowment of $25,000, and has about 200 students, of both sexes, and a faculty of ten instructors. (See Colleges. Early.) McLaren, William Edward, Episcopal Bishop, was born at Geneva, N. Y., Dec. 13, 1831; gradu- ated at Washington and Jefferson College (Wash- ington, Pa.) in 1851. and, after six years spent in teaching and in journalistic work, entered Alle- gheny Theological Seminary, graduating and entering the Presbyterian ministry in 1860. For three years he was a missionary at Bogota. South America, and later in charge of churclies at Peoria, 111., and Detroit, Mich. Having entered the Protestant Episcopal Church, he was made a deacon in July, 1872, and ordained priest the fol- lowing October, immediately thereafter assuming the pastorate of Trinity Church, Cleveland, Ohio. In July, 1875, he was elected Bishop of the Prot- estant Episcopal Diocese of Illinois, which then included the whole State. Subsequently, the dioceses of Quincy and Springfield were erected therefrom. Bishop McLaren remaining at the head of the Chicago See. During his ei)iscopate, church work has been active and effective, and the Western Theological Seminary in Chicago has been founded. His published works include numerous sermons, addresses and poems, besides a volume entitled "Catholic Dogma the Antidote to Doubt" (New York. 1884). Mclaughlin, Robert K., early lawyer and State Treasurer, was born in Virginia, Oct. 25, 1779; before attaining his majority went to Ken- tucky, and. alK)Ut ISi.j, removed to Illinois, set- tling finally at Belleville, where he entered upon the practice of law. The first public position held by him seems to liave been that of Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of both Houses of the Third (or last) Territorial Legislature (1810-18). In August, 1819, he entered upon the duties of State Treasurer, as successor to John Thomas, wlio liad l>een Treasurer during the whole Territorial period, serving until January, 1823. Becoming a citizen of Vandalia, by the removal thither of the State capital a few months later, he continued to reside tliere the remainder of his life. He subse- quently represented the Fayette District as Representative in the Fifth General jVssembly, and as Senator in the Sixth, Seventh and Tenth, and, in 1837, became Register of the Land Office at Vandalia. serving uutil 1845. Although an uncle of Gen. Joseph Duncan, he became a can- didate for Governor against the latter, in 1834, standing third on the list. He married a Miss Bond, a niece of Gov. Shadrach Bond, under whose administration he served as State Treasurer. Died, at Vandalia, May 29, 1862. McLEAN, a village of McLean County, on the Chicago it Alton Railway, 14 miles southwest of Bloomington, in a farming, dairying and stock- growing district; has one weekly pajjer. Popu- lation (1890), 500; (1900), 532. McLEAX, John, early United States Senator, was born in North Carolina in 1791, brought by his father to Kentucky wlien four years old, and. at 23, was admitted to the bar and removed to Illinois, settling at Shawneetown in 1815. Pos- sessing oratorical gifts of a high order and an almost magnetic power over men, coupled with strong common sense, a keen sense of humor and, great command of language, he soon attained prominence at the bar and as a popular speaker. In 1818 he was elected the first Representative in Congress from the new State, defeating Daniel P. Cook, but served only a few months, being de- feated by Cook at the next election. He was three times elected to the Legislature, serving once as Speaker. In 1824 he was chosen United States Senator to succeed Governor Edwards (wlio had resigned), serving one year. In 1828 he was elected for a second time by a unanimous vote, but lived to serve only one session, dying at Shawneetown, Oct. 4, 1830. In testimony of the public appreciation of the loss which the State liad sustained b)' his death, McLean County was named in his honor. McLEAX COUNTY, the largest county of the State, having an area of 1166 square miles, is central as to the region north of the latitude of St. Louis and about midway between that city and Chicago — was named for John McLean, an early United States Senator. The early immi- grants were largely from Ohio, although Ken- tucky and New Y'ork were well represented. The county was organized in 1830, the population at that time being about 1,200. The greater portion of the surface is high, undulating prairie, with occasional groves and belts of timber. On the 366 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. creek bottoms are found black walnut, sycamore, buckeye, black ash and elm, while the sandy ridges are covered with scrub oak and black-jack. The soil is extremely fertile (generally a rich, brown loam), and the entire county is underlaid with coal. The chief occupations are stock-rais- ing, coal-mining, agriculture and manufactures. Sugar and Mackinaw Creeks, with their tribu- taries, afford thorough drainage. Sand and gravel beds are numerous, but vary greatly in depth. At Chenoa one has been found, in boring for coal, thirty feet thick, overlaid by forty-five feet of the clay common to this formation. Tlie upper seam of coal in the Bloomington shafts is No. 6 of the general section, and the lower. No. 4; the latter averaging four feet in thickness. The principal towns are Bloomington (the county- seat). Normal, Lexington, LeRoy and Chenoa. Population (1890), 63,036; (1900). '67,843. McLEANSBORO, a city and the county-seat of Hamilton County, upon a branch of the Louis- ville & Nashville Railroad, 103 miles east south- east of St. Louis and about 48 miles southeast of Centralia. The people are enterprising and pro- gressive, the city is up-to-date and prosperous, supporting three banks and six churches. Two weekly newspapers are jiublished liere. Popula- tion (1880), 1,341; (1890), 1,355; (1900), 1,758. McMULLIN, James C, Railway Manager, was born at Watertown, N. Y., Feb. 13, 1836; began work as Freight and Ticket Agent of the Great Western Railroad (now Wabash), at Decatur, 111., May, 1857. remaining until 1860, when he accepted the position of Freight Agent of the Chicago & Alton at Springfield. Here he re- mained until Jan. 1, 1863, when he was trans- ferred in a similar capacity to Cliicago; in September, 1864, became Superintendent of the Northern Division of the Chicago & Alton, after- wards successively filling the positions of Assist- ant General Superintendent (1867), General Superintendent (1868-78) and General Manager (1878-83). The latter year he was elected Vice- President, remaining in office some ten years, when ill-health compelled his retirement. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 30, 1896. McMURTRY, William, Lieutenant-Governor, was born in Mercer County, Ky., Feb 20. 1801; removed from Kentucky to Crawford Coxinty, Ind., and, in 1829, came to Knox County, 111., settling in Henderson Township. He was elected Representative in the Tenth General Assembly (1836), and to the Senate in 1842. serving in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth General Assemblies. In 1848 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor on the same ticket with Gov. A. C. French, being the first to hold the office under the Constitution adopted that year. In 1862 he assisted in raising the One Hundred and Second Regiment Illinois Volunteers, and, althougli advanced in years, was elected Colonel, but a few weeks later was compelled to accept a discharge on account of failing health. Died, April 10, 1875. MeNEELET, Tiiompson W., lawyer and ex-Con- gressman, was born in Jacksonville, 111., Oct. 5, 1835, and graduated at Lombard University, Galesburg, at the age of 21. The following year he was licensed to practice, but continued to pur- sue his professional studies, attending the Law Universit}- at Louisville, Ky., from which insti- tution he graduated in 1859. He was a member of the Con.stitutional Convention of 1862, and chairman of the Democratic State Central Com- mittee in 1878. From 1869 to 1873 he represented his District in Congress, resuming his practice at Petersburg, Menard County, after his retire- ment. McXULTA, John, soldier and ex-Congressman, was born in New York City, Nov. 9, 1837, received an academic education, was admitted to the bar, and settled at Bloomington, in this State, while yet a young man. On May 3, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the Union army, and served until August 9, 1865, rising, successively, to the rank of Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel, Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General. From 1869 to 1873 he was a member of the lower house of the General Assembly from McLean County, and, in 1873, was elected to the Forty-third Congress, as a Repub- lican. General SIcNulta has been prominent in the councils of the Republican party, standing second on the ballot for a candidate for Governor, in the State Convention of 1888, and serving as Permanent President of the State Convention of 1890. In 1896 he was one of the most earnest advocates of the nomination of Mr. McKinley for President. Some of his most important work, within the past few years, has been performed in connection with receiverships of certain railway und other corporations, especially that of the Wabash, St. Lotus & Pacific Railroad, from 1884 to 1890. He is now (1898) Receiver of the National Bank of Illinois, Chicago. Died Feb. 22, 1900. McPHERSOX, Simeon J., clergyman, de- scended from the Clan McPherson of Scotland. was born at Mumford, Monroe County, N. Y., Jan. 19, 1850 ; prepared for college at Leroy and Fulton, and graduated at Princeton, N. J., in 1874. Then, after a year's service as teacher of mathematics at his Alma Mater, he entered the Theological HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 36: Seminary there, and graduated from that depart- ment in 1879, liaving in the meantime traveled througli Europe, Egypt and Palestine. He was licensed to preach by the Rochester Presbytery in 1877, and spent three years (1879-82) in pas- toral labor at East Orange, N. J. ; when he ac- cepted a call to the Second Presbyterian Church of Chicago, remaining until the early part of 1899, when he tendered liis resignation to accept the position of Director of the Lawrenceville Prepar- atory Academy of Princeton College, N. J. McROBERTS, Josiah, jurist, was born in Monroe County, 111., June 12, 1820; graduated from St. Mary's College (Mo.) in 1839; studied law at Danville, III., with his brother Samuel, and, in 1842, entered the law department of Transylvania University, graduating in 1844. after which he at once began practice. In 1846 he was elected to tlie State Senate for the Cham- paign and Vermilion District, at the e.xpiration of his term removing to Joliet. In 1852 he was apjwinted by Governor Matteson Trustee of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, which office he held for four years. In 18G6 he was appointed Circuit Court Judge by Governor Oglesby, to fill a va- cancy, and was re-elected in 18C7, "73, '79, and '8.5, but died a few months after his last election. McROBERTS, Samuel, United States Sena- tor, was born in Monroe County, 111., Feb. 20, 1799; graduated from Transylvania University in 1819; in 1821, was elected the first Circuit Clerk of his native county, and, in 1825, appointed Circuit Judge, which office he held for three years. In 18'28 he was elected State Senator, representing the district comprising Monroe, Clinton and Washington Counties. Later he was appointed United States District Attorney by President Jack.son. but soon resigned to become Receiver of Public Moneys at Danville, by appointment of President Van Buren, and, in 1839. Solicitor of the General Land Office at ■Washington. Resigning the latter office in the fall of 1841, at the next session of the Illinois Legislature he was elected United States Senator to succeed John M. Robinson, deceased. Died, at Cincinnati. Ohio, March 22, 1843, being suc- ceeded by James Semple. McTICKER, James Hubert, actor and theat- rical manager, was born in New York City, Feb. 14, 1822; thrown upon his own resources by the death of his father in infancy and the necessity of assisting to support liis widowed mother, he early engaged in various occupations, until, at the age of 15, he became an apprentice in the office of "The St. Louis Republican," three years later becoming a journeyman printer. He first appeared on the stage in the St. Cliarles Theater, New Orleans, in 1843; two years later was prin- cipal comedian in Rice's Theater, Chicago, re- maining until 1852, when he made a tour of the country, appearing in Yankee characters. About 1855 he made a tour of England and, on his return, commenced building his first Chicago theater, which was opened, Nov. 3, 1857, and was conducted with varied fortune until burned down in the great fire of 1871. Rebuilt and remodeled from time to time, it burned down a second time in .Vugust, 1890, the losses from these several fires having imposed upon Mr. McVicker a heavy burden. Although an excellent comedian, Mr. McVicker did not appear on the stage after 1882, from that date giving his attention entirely to management. He enjoyed in an eminent degree the respect and confidence, not only of the profession, but of the general public. Died in Chicago, March 7, 1896. McWILLIAMS, David, banker, Dwight, 111., was born in Belmont County, Ohio, Jan. 14, 1834; was brought to IlHnois in infancy and grew up on a farm until 14 years of age, when he entered the office of the Pittsfield (Pike County) "Free Press" as an apprentice. In 1849 he engaged in the lumber trade with liis father, the management of wliich devolved upon him a few years later. In the early 50's he was, for a time, a student in Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not graduate; in 1855 removed to Dwight, Livingston County, then a new town on the line of the Chi- cago & Alton Railroad, which had been completed to that point a few months previous. Here he erected the first store building in the town, and put in a •?2, 000 stock of goods on borrowed capi- tal, remaining in the mercantile business for eighteen j-ears, and retaining an interest in the establishment seven years longer. In the mean- time, while engaged in merchandising, he began a banking business, which was enlarged on his retirement from the former, receiving his entire attention. The profits derived from his banking business were invested in farm lands until he became one of the largest land-owners in Living- ston County. Mr. McWilliams is one of the original members of the first Methodist Episcopal Church organized at Dwight, and has served as a lay delegate to several General Conferences of that denomination, as well as a delegate to the Ecumenical Council in London in 1881 ; has also been a liberal contributor to the support of vari- ous literary and theological institutions of the church, and has served for many years as a Trus- 368 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tee of the Northwestern University at Evanston. In politics he is a zealous Republican, and has repeatedly served as a delegate to the State Con- ventions of that party, including the Bloomington Convention of 185C, and was a candidate for Presidential Elector for the Ninth District on the Blaine ticket in 1884. He has made several ex- tended tours to Europe and other foreign coun- tries, the last including a trip to Egypt and the Holy Land, during 1898-99. MECHANICSBURG, a village of Sangamon County, near the Wabash Railway, 13 miles east of Springfield. Population (1880), 396; (1890), 426; (1900), 476. MEDILL, Joseph, editor and newspaper pub- lisher, was born, April 6, 1823, in the vicinity (now a part of the city) of St. John, N. B., of Scotch- Irish parentage, but remotely of Huguenot descent. At nine years of age he accompanied his parents to Stark County, Ohio, where he enjoyed such educational advantages as belonged to that region and period. He entered an acad- emy with a view to preparing for college, but his family having suffered from a fire, he was com- pelled to turn his attention to business; studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1846, and began practice at New Philadelphia, in Tuscarawas County. Here he caught the spirit of journalism by frequent visits to the oflSce of a local paper, learned to set type and to work a hand-press. In 1849 he bought a paper at Coshocton, of which he assumed editorial charge, employing his brothers as assistants in various capacities. The name of this paper was "The Coshocton Whig," which he soon changed to "The Republican," in which he dealt vigorous blows at political and other abuses, which several times brought upon him assaults from his political opponents — that being the style of political argument in those days. Two j'ears later, having sold out "The Repub- lican," he established "The Daily Forest City" at Cleveland — a Whig paper with free-soil proclivi- ties. The following year "The Forest City" was consolidated with "The Free-Democrat," a Free- Soil paper under the editorship of John C. Vaughan, a South Carolina Abolitionist, the new paper taking the name of "The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill, with the co-operation of Mr. Vaughan, then went to work to secure the consolidation of the elements opposed to slavery in one compact organization. In this he was aided by the introduction of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in Congress, in December, 1853, and. before its passage in May following, Mr. Medill had begun to agitate the question of a union of all opposed to that measure in a new party under the name "Republican." During the winter of 1854-.55 he received a call from Gen. J. D. Web- ster, at that time part owner of "The Ci.icago Tribune," which resulted in his visiting Cl icago a few months later, and his purchase of an inter- est in the paper, his connection with the concern dating from June 18, 185.5. He was almost immediately joined by Dr. Charles H. Ray, who had been editor of "The Galena Jeffersonian," and, still later, by J. C. Vaughan and Alfred Cowles. who had been associated with him on "The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill assumed the position of managing editor, and, on the retirement of Dr. Raj', in 1863, became editor-in- chief until 1866, when he gave place to Horace White, now of "The New York Evening Po.st." During the Civil War period he was a zealous supporter of President Lincoln's emancipation policy, and served, for a time, as President of the "Loyal League," which proved such an influ- ential factor in upholding the hands of the Gov- ernment during the darkest period of the rebellion. In 1869 Mr. Medill was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, and, in tliat body, was the leading advocate of the principle of "minority representation" in the election of Representatives, as it was finally incorporated in the Constitution. In 1871 he was appointed by President Grant a member of the first Civil Service Commission, representing a principle to which he ever remained thoroughlj' committed. A few weeks after the great fire of the same year, he was elected Mayor of the city of Chicago. The financial condition of the city at the time, and other questions in issue, involved great diffi- culties and responsibilities, which he met in a way to command general approval. During his administration the Chicago Public Library was established, Mr. Medill delivering the address at its opening, Jan. 1, 1873. Near the close of his term as Maj'or, he resigned the office and spent the following year in Europe. Almost simultane- ously with his return from his European trip, he secured a controlling interest in "The Tribune," resuming control of the paper, Nov. 9, 1874, which, as editor-in-chief, he retained for the remainder of his life of nearly twenty -five 3'ears. The growth of the paper in business and influence, from the beginning of his connection with it, was one of the marvels of journalism, making it easily one of the most successful newspaper ventures in the United States, if not in the world. Early in December. 1898, Mr. Medill went to San Antonio, Texas, hoping to receive relief in that HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 'M'.t mild climate from a chronic disease which Inui been trouhling him for years, but died in that city, March 16, 1899, within three weeks of liav- ing reached his Ttitli birthday. The conspicuous feafiires of his cliaracter were a strong individu- ality and indomitable perseverance, which led liim never to accept defeat. A few weeks previ- ous to his death, facts were develojied going to show that, in 1881, lie was offered, by President (iarfield, tlie position of Postmaster-General, which was declined, when he was tendered the choice of any position in the Cabinet except two which had been previously promised; also, that he was offered a position in President Harrison's Cabinet, in 188!). MEDILL, (Maj.) William II., soldier, was Ixirn at Massillon, Ohio, Nov. 5, 1835; in 18,")5, came to Chicago and was associated with "The Prairie Farmer." Subseriuently lie was editor of "The Stark County (Ohio) Republican," but again returning to Chicago, at the beginning of the war, was emjiloyed on "Tlie Tribune," of which his brother (Hon. Joseph Medill) was editor. After a few months' sei-vice in Barker's Dragoons (a short-time organization), in Septem- ber, 1801, lie joined the Eighth Illinois Cavalry (Colonel Farnsworth's), and, declining an election iis Major, was chosen Senior Captain. The regi- ment .soon joined the Army of the Potomac. By the promotion of his superior officers Captain Medill was finally advanced to the command, and, during the Peninsular campaign of 1863, led his troops on a reconnoissance within twelve miles of Richmond. At the battle of Gettysburg he had command of a portion of his regiment, acquit- ting himself with great credit. A few days after, while attacking a party of rebels who were attempting to build a bridge across the Potomac at Williamsburg, he received a fatal wound through the lungs, dying at Frederick City. July 16. 18G3. MEEKER, Moses, pioneer, was born in New- ark, N. J., June 17, 1790; removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1817. engaging in the manufacture of white lead until 1822, when he headed a pioneer expedition to the frontier settlement at Galena, 111., to enter upon the business of smelting lead- ore. He served as Captain of a company in the Black Hawk War, later removing to Iowa County, Wis., where he built the first smelting works in that Territory, served in the Territorial Legislature (1840-43) and in the first Constitu- tional Convention (1846). A "History of the Elarly I^ead Regions," by him, appears in the sixth volume of "The Wisconsin Historical Soci- ety Collections." Died, at ShuUsburg, Wis., July 7, 1865. MELROSE, a suburb of Chicago, 11 miles west of the initial station of the Chicago & North- western Railroad, upon which it is located. It has two or three churches, some manufacturing establishments and one weekly paper. Popula- tion (1890), 1,0.50; (1900). 2..592. MEMBRE, Zenobins, French missionary, was born in France in 1645; accompanied La Salle on his expedition to Illinois in 1079, and remained at Fort Creve-Cceur with Henry de Tonty ; descended the Mississippi with La Salle in 1682; returned to Fiance and wrote a history of the expedition, and, in 1684, accompanied La Salle on his final expedition; is supposed to have landed with La Salle in Texas, and there to have been massacred by the natives in 1687. (See La Salle and Tonty.) MEX.\RD, Pierre, French pioneer and first Lieutenant-Governor, was born at St. Antoine, Can., Oct. 7, 1766; settled at Ka.skaskia, in 1790, and engaged in trade. Becoming interested in politics, he wiis elected to the Territorial Council of Indiana, and later to the Legislative Council of Illinois Territorj-, being presiding officer of the latter until the admission of Illinois as a State. He was, for several years. Government Agent, and in this capacity negotiated several important treaties with the Indians, of whose characteris- tics he seemed to have an intuitive perception. He was of a nervous temperament, impulsive and generous. In 1818 he was elected the first Lieu- tenant-Governor of the new State. His term of office having expired, he retired to private life and the care of his extensive business. He died at Kaskaskia. in June, 1844, leaving what was then considered a large estate. Among his as.sets. however, were found a large number of promis- sory notes, which he had endorsed for personal friends, besides many uncollectable accounts from poor people, to whom he had sold goods through pure generosity. Menard County was named for him, and a .statue in his honor stands in the capitol grounds at Springfield, erected by the son of his old partner — Charles Pierre Chou- teau, of St. Louis. MEXARD COUXTT, near the geographical center of the State, and originally a part of Sangamon, but separately organized in 1839, the Provisional Commissioners being Joseph Wat- kins, William Engle and George W. Simpson. Thp county was named in honor of Pierre Menard, who settled at Kaskaskia prior to the Territorial organization of Illinois. (See Menard. Pierre.) Cotton was an important crop until 1830, when 370 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. agriculture underwent a change. Stock-raising is now extensively carried on. Three fine veins of bituminous coal underlie the county. Among early American settlers may be mentioned the Clarys, Matthew Rogers, Amor Batterton, Solo- mon Pruitt and William Gideon. The names of Meadows. Montgomery, Green, Boyer and Grant are also familiar to early settlers. The county furnished a company of eighty -six volunteers for the Mexican War. The county-seat is at Peters- burg. The area of the county is 320 square miles, and its population, under the last census, 14,336. In 1829 was laid out the town of Salem, now extinct, but for some years the home of Abraham Lincoln, who was once its Postmaster, and who marched thence to the Black Hawk War as Captain of a company. MENDON, a town of Adams County, on the Burlington & Quincy Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 15 miles northeast of Quincy ; has a bank and a newspaper ; is sur- rounded by a farming and stock-raising district. Population (1880), 652; (1890). 640; (1900), G2T. MEXDOTA, a city in La Salle County founded ill ly."):! at the junction of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy with its Rochelle and Fulton branches and the Illinois Central Railway, 80 miles south- west of Chicago. It has eight churches, three graded and two high schools, and a public li brary Wartburg Seminary (Lutheran, opened in 18.53) is located here. The chief industrial plants are two iron foundries, machine shops, plow works and a brewery. The city has three banks and four weekly newspapers. The sur- rounding country is agricultural and the city has considerable local trade. Population (1890), 3,542; (1900), 3,736. MERCEE COUNTY, a western county, with an area of 555 s(iuare miles and a population (1900) of 20,945— named for Gen. Hugh Mercer. The Mississippi forms the western boundary, and along this river the earliest American settlements were made. William Dennison, a Pennsylvanian, settled in New Boston Township in 1838, and, before the expiration of a half dozen years, the Vannattas, Keith, Jackson, Wilson, Farlow, Bridges, Perry and Fleharty had arrived. Mer- cer County was separated from Warren, and specially organized in 1825. The soil is a rich, black loam, admirably adapted to the cultivation of cereals. A good quality of building stone is found at various points. Aledo is the county- seat. The county lies on the outskirts of the Illinois coal fields and mining was commenced in 1845. MERCY HOSPITAL, located in Chicago, and the first permanent hospital In the State — char- tered in 1847 or 1848 as the "Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes." No steps were taken toward organization until 1850, when, with a scant}' fund scarcely exceeding §150, twelve beds were secured and placed on one floor of a board ing house, whose proprietress was engaged as nurse and stewardess. Drs. N. S. Davis and Daniel Brainard were, respectively, the first phj-sician and surgeon in charge. In 1851 the hospital was given in charge of the Sisters o\" Mercy, who at once enlarged and improved the accommodations, and, in 1853, changed its name to Mercy Hospital. Three or four years later, a removal was made to a building previously occu- pied as an orphan asylum. Being the only pub- lic hospital in the cit}', its wards were constantly overcrowded, and, in 1869, a more capacious and better arranged building was erected. This edifice it has continued to occupy, although many additions and imjirovements have been, and are still being, made. The Sisters of Mercy own the gromids and buildings, and manage the nursing and all the domestic and financial affairs of the institution. The present medical staff (1896) consists of thirteen physicians and surgeons, besides three internes, or resident practitioners. MEREDOSIA, a town in Morgan County, on the east bank of the Illinois River and on the Wabash Railway, some 58 miles west of Spring- field; is a grain shipping point and fishing and hunting resort It was the first Illinois River point to be connected with the State capital by railroad in 1838. Population (1890), 631 ; (1900), 700. MERRIAM, (CoL) Jonathan, .soldier, legisla- tor and farmer, was born in Vermont, Nov. 1, 1834; was brought to Springfield, HI., when two years old, living afterwards at Alton, his parents finally locating, in 1841, in Tazewell County, where he now resides — when not officially em- ployed — pursuing the occupation of a farmer. He was educated at Wesleyan University, Blooming- ton, and at McKendree College; entered the Union army in 1862, being commissioned Lieu- tenant-Colonel of the One Hundred and Seven- teenth Illinois Infantry, and serving to the close of the war. During the Civil War period he was one of the founders of the "Union League of America," which proved so influential a factoi in sustaining the war policy of the Government. He was also a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70; an unsuccessful Repub- lican nominee for Congress in 1870; served as Collector of Internal Revenue for the Springfield HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 371 District from 1873 to 'S3, was a Representative ia the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assem- blies, and, in 1897, was appointed, by President McKinley, Pension .Vfjent for tlie State of Illinois, with headtjuarters in Chicago. Thoroughly pa- triotic and of incorruptible integrity, he has won the respect and conKdence of all in every public position he has been called to fill. MERRILL, Stephen Mason, Methodist Episco- pal Bishop, was born in Jefferson County, Ohio. Sept. 10. 182.5, entered the Ohio Conference of the jrethodist Episcopal Church, in 18G4. as a travel- ing preacher, and, four years later, became editor of '"The Western Cliristian Advocate." at Cin- cinnati. He was ordaineil Bishop at Brooklyn in 1872, and, after two years spent in Minnesota, removed to Chicago, where he still resides. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Ohio Wesleyan University, in 1868, and that of LL.D. by the Northwestern University, in 1886. He has published "Christian Biiptism" (Cincinnati, 1876); "Xew Testament Idea of Hell" (1878); "Second Coming of Christ" (1879); "Aspects of Christian Experience"' (1882); "Digest of Metho- dist Law" (188.5); and "Outlines of Thought on Probation" (1S86). MERRITT, John W., journalist, was born in New York City, July 4, 1806; studied law and practiced, for a time, with the colebrateeen furnished them by the Frenchmen. The breach thus caused was never closed. Having become possessed of guns 374 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. themselves, the Miamis were able, not only to hold their own, but also to extend their hunting grounds as far eastward as the Scioto, alternately warring with the French, Britisli and Americans, (ieneral Harrison says o^ them that, ten years before the treaty of Greenville, they could have brought upon the field a body of 3,000 "of the finest light troops in the world," but lacking in discipline and enterprise. Border warfare and smallpox, however, had, by that date (179,'i), greatly reduced their numerical strength. The main seat of the Miamis was at Fort Wayne, whose residents, because of their superior num- bers and intelligence, dominated all other bands except the Piankeshaws. The physical and moral deterioration of the tribe began immedi- ately after the treaty of Greenville. Little by little, they ceded their lands to the United States, the money received therefor being chiefly squan- dered in debauchery. Decimated by vice and disease, the remnants of this once powerful abo- riginal nation gradually drifted westward across the Mississippi, whence their valorous sires had emigrated two centuries before. The small rem- nant of the band finally settled in Indian Terri- tory, but they have made comparatively little progress toward civilization. (See also Piauke- shaics; Weas. ) MICHAEL REESE HOSPITAL, located in Chicago, under care of the association known as the United Hebrew Charities. Previous to 1871 this association maintained a small hospital for the care of some of its beneficiaries, but it was destroyed in the conflagration of that jear, and no immediate effort to rebuild was made. In 1880, however, Michael Reese, a Jewish gentleman who had accumulated a large fortune in Cali- fornia, bequeathed 897,000 to the organization. With this sum, considerably increased by addi- tions from other sources, an imposing building was erected, well arranged and thoroughly equipped for hospital purposes. The institution thus founded was named after its principal bene- factor. Patients are received without discrimi- nation as to race or religion, and more than half those admitted are charity patients. The present medical staff consists of thirteen surgeons and physicians, several of whom are eminent specialists. MICHIGAN CENTRAL RAILROAD. The main line of this road extends from Chicago to Detroit, 370 miles, with trackage facilities from Kensington, 14 miles, over the line of the Illinois Central, to its terminus in Chicago. Branch lines (leased, proprietary and operated) in Canada, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois swell the total mileage to 1,(543.56 miles— (History.) The company was chartered in 1846, and purchased from the State of Michigan the line from Detroit to Kalamazoo. 144 miles, of which construction had been begun in 1836. The road was completed to Michigan City in 1850, and, in May, 1852, reached Kensington, 111. As at present constituted, the road (with its auxiliaries) forms an integral part of what is popularly known as the "Vanderbilt System." Only 35 miles of the entire line are operated in Illinois, of which 29 belong to the Joliet & Northern Indiana branch (which see). The outstanding capital stock (1898) was S18,- 738,000 and the funded debt, .519,101,000. Earn- ings in Illinois the same year, 8484,002; total operating expenses, 8540,905; taxes, 824,250. MICHIGAN, LAKE. (See Lake Michigan.) MIHALOTZY, Geza, soldier, a native of Hun- gary and compatriot of Kossuth in the Magyar struggle; came to Chicago in 1848, in 1861 enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-fom-th Illinois Volunteers (first "Hecker regiment"), and, on the resignation of Colonel Hecker, a few weeks later, was promoted to the Colonelcy. A trained soldier, he served with gallantry and distinction, but was fatally wounded at Buzzard's Roost, Feb. 24, 1864, dying at Chattanooga, March 11, 1864. MILAN, a town of Rock Island Count}', on the Rock Island & Peoria Railway, six miles south of Rook Island. It is located on Rock River, has several mills, a bank and a newspaper. Popula- tion (1880). 845; (1890). 693; (1900), 719. MILBURN, (Rev.) William Henry, clergy- man, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 26, 1826. At the age of five years he almost totall.y lost sight in both eyes, as the result of an accident, and subsequent malpractice in their treatment. For a time he was able to decipher letters wnth difficulty, and thus learned to read. In the face of such obstacles he carried on his studies until 13 years of age, when he accompanied his father's family to Jacksonville, 111., and, five years later, became an itinerant Methodist preacher. For a time he rode a circuit covering 200 miles, preach- ing, on an average, ten times a week, for §100 per year. In 1845, while on a Mississippi steamboat, he publicly rebuked a number of Congressmen, who were his fellow passengers, for intemperance and gaming. This resulted in his being made Chaplain of the House of Representatives. From 1848 to 1850 he was pastor of a church at Mont- gomery, Ala., during which time he was tried for heresy, and later became pastor of a "Free Church." Again, in 1853, he was chosen Chap- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 375 lain of Congress. While in Europe, in 1859, he took orders in the Episcopal Churcli, but returned to Methodism in 1S71. He has since been twice Cliaplain of the House (1885 and "87) and three times (18 miles east of the Mi.s.sissippi River; at point of inter.section of two lines of the Chicago, Burlington it Quincy and tlie Iowa Central Rail- ways. The Santa Fe enters Monmouth on the Iowa Central lines. The surrounding couutry is agricultural and coal yielding. The city has manufactories of agricultural implements, sewer- pipe, pottery, paving brii'k. and cigars. Mon- mouth College (United Presbyterian) was chartered in 1857. and the library of this institu- tion, with that of Warren County (also located at Jlonmouth) aggregates iiO.OOO volume.s. There are three national banks, two daily, three weekly and two other periodical publications. An ap- propriation was made by the Fifty-fifth Congress for the erection of a Government building at Monmouth Population (1890). 5.936; (1900V 7,460. MONMOl'TH COLLEGE, an educational insti- tution, controlled by the United Presbyterian denomination, but non-sectarian; located at Mon- mouth. It was founded in 1850, its first cla,ss graduating in 1858. Its Presidents have been Drs. D. A. Wallace (18.5G-78) and J. B. McMichael. the latter occupying the position from 1878 vrutil 1897. In 1896 the faculty consisted of fifteen iii'^tructors and the number of students was 289.' The college campus covers ten acres, tastefully laid out. The institution confers four degrees — A.B., B.S., M.B., and B.L. For the conferring of the firet three, four years' study is required; for the degree of B. L., three years. MONROE, George D., State Senator, was born in .lelferson County, N. Y., Sept. 24, 1844, and came with liis parents to Illinois iji 1849. His father having been elected Sheriff of Will County in 1804. he became a resident of Joliet, serving as a deputy in his father's ofiice. In 1865 he engaged in merchandising as the partner of his father, which was e.xchanged, some fifteen years later, for the wholesale grocery trade, and, finally, for the real-estate and mortgage-loan business, in which he is .still emidoyed. He ha.s also been extensively engaged in the stone business s<.>me twenty years, being a large stockholder in the Western Stone Company and Vice-President of the (X)ncern. In 1894 Mr. Jlonroe was elected, as a Republican, to the State Senate from the Twenty-fifth District, serving in the Thirty ninth and Fortieth General Assemblies, and proving himself one of the most influential nieml)ers of that body. MOXROE COUMY, situated in the soutliwest part of the State, bordering on the Mississi])pi — named for President Monroe. Its area is al)out 380 scpiare miles. It was organized in 1816 and included within its boundaries several of the French villages which constituted, for many years, a center of civilization in the West. American .settlers, however, began to locate in the district as early as 1781. The county has a diversified surface and is heavily timl)ered. The soil is fertile, embracing both upland and river bottom. .Xgriculturc and the manufacture and shipping of lumber constitute leading occupations of the citizens. Waterloo is the county-seat. Population (1890), 12 948; (1900), 13.847. M0NT(;0ME1{Y COl'XTY, an interior county, situated northeast of St. Louis and south of Springfield; area 702 sipiare miles, population (190W), 30.836— derives its name from Gen. Richard Montgomery. The earliest settlements by Ameri- cans were toward the close of ISUi, county organi- zation being effected ti\e years later. The entire population, at that time, .scarcely exceeded 10l> families. The surface is undulating, well watered and timbered. The seat of county government is located at Hillsboro. Litchfield is an important town. Here are situated car-shops and some manufacturing establishments. ConspicuoiLs in the county's history as i>ioneers were Harris Reavis. Henry Pyatt. .luhii Levi, Aaron Casey 382 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. John Tillson. Hiram Rountree, the Wrights (Joseph and Charles), the Hills (Johu and Henry), WilUam Mc David and John Russell. MONTICELLO, a city and the county-seat of Piatt County, on the Sangamon River, midway between Chicago and St. Louis, on the Kankakee and Bloomington Division of the Illinois Central, and the Chicago and St. Louis Division of the Wabash Railways. It lies within the ' 'corn belt, " and stock-raising is extensively carried on in the surrounding country. Among the city industries are a foundry and machine shops, steam flour and planing mills, broom, cigar and harness-making, and patent fence and tile works. The citj' is lighted by electricity, has several elevators, an excellent water system, numerous churches and good schools, with banks and three weekly papers. Population (1890), l,G4:i; (1900), 1,983. MONTICELLO FEMALE SExMIXARY, the second institution established in Illinois for the higher education of women — Jacksonville Female Seminary being the first. It was founded through the munificence of Capt. Benjamin Godfrey, who donated fifteen acres for a site, at Godfrey, Madison Coimty, and gave $53,000 toward erecting and equipping the buildings. The institution was opened on April 11, 1838, with sixteen young lady pupils. Rev. Theron Baldwin, one of the celebrated "Yale Band," being the first Principal. In 1845 he was suc- ceeded by Miss Philena Fobes, and she, in turn, by Miss Harriet N. Haskell, in 1866, who still remains in charge. In Noveiuber, 1883, the seminary building, with its contents, was burned ; but the institution continued its sessions in tem- porary quarters until the erection of a new build- ing, which was soon accomplished through the generosity of alumntv and friends of female edu- cation throughout tlie country. The new struc- ture is of stone, three stories in height, and thoroughly modern. Tlie average number of pupils is 150, with fourteen instructors, and the standard of the institution is of a high character. MOORE, Clifton H., lawyer and financier.: was born at Kirtland, Lake County, Ohio, Oct. 26, 1817; after a brief season spent in two academies and one term in the Western Reserve Teachers' Seminary, at Kirtland, in 1839 he came west and engaged in teaching at Pekin, 111., while giving his leisure to the study of law. He spent the next year at Tremont as Deputy County and Circuit Clerk, was admitted to the bar at Spring- field in 1841, and located soon after at Clinton. DeWitt County, which has since been his home. In partnership with the late Judge David Davis, of Bloomington, Mr, Moore, a few years later, began operating extensively in Illinois lands, and is now one of the largest land proprietors in the State, besides being interested in a number of manufacturing ventures and a local bank. The only official position of importance he has held is that of Delegate to the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1869-70, He is an enthusi- astic collector of State historical and art treasures, of which he possesses one of the most valuable private collections in Illinois. MOORE, Henry, pioneer lawyer, came to Chi- cago from Concord, Mass., in 1834, and was almost immediately admitted to the bar, also acting for a time as a clerk in the office of Col. Richard J. Hamilton, who held pretty much all the county offices on the organization of Cook County. Mr. Moore was one of the original Trustees of Rush Medical College, and obtained from the Legislature the first chajter for a gas company in Chicago. In 1838 he went to Ha- vana, Cuba, for the benefit of his failing health, but subsequently returned to Concord, Mass., where he died some j'ears afterward. MOORE, Jame.s, i)ioneer, was born in the State of Maryland in 1750 ; was married in his native State, about 1773, to Miss Catherine Biggs, later removing to Virginia. In 1777 he came to the Illinois Country as a spy, preliminary to the con- templated expedition of Col, George Rogers Clark, which captured Kaskaskia in July, 1778. After the Clark expedition (in which he served as Captain, by appointment of Gov. Patrick Henry), he returned to Virginia, where he remained until 1781, when he organized a party of emigrants, which he accompanied to Illinois, spending the winter at Kaskaskia. The following year they located at a point in the northern part of Monroe Coimty, which afterwards received the name of Bellefontaine. After his arrival in Illinois, he organized a company of '"Minute Men," of whicli he was chosen Captain. He was a man of prominence and influence among the early settlers, but died in 1788. A numerous and influential family of his descendants have grown up in Southern Illinois. — John (Moore), son of the preceding, was born in JIaryland in 1773, and brought by his father to Illinois eight years later. He married a sister of Gen. John D. Whiteside, who afterwards became State Treasurer, and also served as Fund Commissioner of the State of Illi- nois under the internal improvement system. Moore was an offlcer of the State Militia, and served in a company of rangers during the War of 1812; was also the first County Treasurer of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 383 Monroe County. Died, July 4. IMIW.— James B. (Moore), the third son of Capt. J.iines lloore, was born in 1780, and brought to Illinois by his par- ents: in his early manhood he followed the bvisiness of keel-boating on the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, visiting New Orleans, Pittsburg and other points ; became a prominent Indian fighter during the War of 1812. and was commissioned Captain by Governor Edwards and authorized to raise a company of mounted rangers; also served as Sherilf of Monroe County, by appoint- ment of Governor Edwarils, in Territorial days; was Presidential Elector in 1820, and State Sena- tor for Madison County in 1836-40. dying in the latter year. — Enoch (Moore), fourth son of Capt. James Moore, the pioneer, was born in the old blockhouse at Belief ontaine in 1782, being the first child born of American parents in Illinois; served as a "ranger" in the company of his brother, James B. ; occupied the oni<-e of Clerk of the Circuit Court, and afterwards that of Judge of Probate of Monroe County during the Terri- torial period ; wiis Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1818, and served as Representative from Monroe County in the Second General Assembly, later filling various county offices for some twenty years. He died in 1848. MOORE, Jesse H., clergyman, soldier and Con- gressman, born near Lebanon, St. Clair County, 111., April 22, 1817, and graduated from McKen- dree College in 1842. For thirteen years he was a teacher, during portions of this period being successively at the head of three literary insti- tutions in the West. In 1849 he was ordained a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but resigned pastorate duties in 18(52, to take part in the War for the Union, organizing the One Hun- dred and Fifteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel, also serving as brigiide commander during the last year of the war, and being brevetted Brigadier-General at its close. After the war he re-entered the ministry. but, in 1868, while Presiding Elder of the Decatur District, he was elected to the Forty-first Con- gress as a Republican, being re-elected in 1870; afterwards served as Pension Agent at Spring- field, and. in 1881, was appointed United States Consul at Callao, Peru, dying in office, in that city, July 11. 1883. MOOKE, John, Lieutenant Governor (1842-46) ; was born in Lincolnshire, Eng.. Sept. 8, 1793; came to America and settled in Illinois in 1830, spending most of his life as a resident of Bloom- ington. In 1838 he was elected to the lower branch of the Eleventh General Assembly from the McLean District, and, in 1840, to the Senate, but before the clo.se of his term, in 1842, was elected Lieutenant-Governor with (jov. Thomas Ford. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he took a conspicuous part in recruiting the Fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's), of which he was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel, serving gallantly throughout the struggle. In 1848 he was appointed State Treasurer, as succes- sor of Milton Carpenter, who died in office. In 18.50 he was elected to the same office. aii. 4.273. MORRIS, Buckner Smith, early lawyer born at Augusta, Ky., August 19. 1800; was admitted to the bar in 1827, and. for seven years thereafter continued to reside in Kentucky, serving two terms in the Legislature of that State. In 1834 he removed to Chicago, took an active part in the incorporation of the city, and was elected its second Mayor in 1838. In 1840 he was a Whig candidate for Presidential Elector. Abraham Lincoln running on the same ticket, and. in 18.52, was defeated as the Whig candidate for Secretary of State. He wiis elected a Judge of the Seventh Circuit in 1851, but declined a re- nomination in 1855. In 1856 he accepted the American (or Know-Nothing) nomination for Governor, and, in 18C0, that of the Bell-Everett party for the same oflTice. He was vehemently opposed to the election of either Lincoln or 386 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Bieckeniidge to the Presidency, believing that civil war would result in either event. A shadow was thrown across his life, in 1804, by his arre.st and trial for alleged complicity in a rebel jilot to burn and pillage Chicago and liberate the prisoners of war held at Camp Douglas. The trial, however, which was held at Cincinnati, resulted in his acquittal. Died, in Kentucky, Dec. 18, 1879. Those who knew Judge Morris, in his early life in the city of Chicago, describe him as a man of genial and kindly disposition, in spite of his opposition to the abolition of slavery — a fact which, no doubt, liad much to do with liis acquittal of the charge of complicity with the Camp Douglas conspiracy, as the evidence of his being in communication with the leading con- spirators appears to have been conclusive. (See Camp Duiujlaa Conspiracy.) MORRIS, Freeman P., lawyer and politician, was born in Cook County, 111., March 19, 1854, labored on a farm and attended the district school in his youth, but completed his education in Chicago, graduating from the Union College of Law, and was admitted to practice in 1874, when he located at Watseka, Iroquois County. In 1884 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the House of Representatives from the Iroquois Dis- trict, and has since been re-elected in 1888, '94, "96, being one of the most influential members of his party in that body. In 1893 he was appointed by Governor Altgeld Aid-de-Camp, with the rank of Colonel, on his personal staff, but resigned in 1896. MORRIS, Isaac Newton, lawyer and Congress- man, was born at Bethel, Clermont County, Ohio, Jan. 22, 1812; educated at Miami Univer- sity, admitted to the bar in 1835, and the next year removed to Quincj-. 111. ; was a member and President of the Board of Canal Commissioners (1842-43), served in the Fifteenth General Assem- bly (1846-48) ; was elected to Congress as a Demo- crat in 1856, and again in 1858, but opposed the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton Con- stitution ; in 1868 supported General Grant — who had been his friend in boyhood — for President, and, in 1870, was appointed a member of the Union Pacific Railroad Commission. Died, Oct. 29, 1879. MORRISON, a city, the county -seat of White- side County, founded in 1855; is a station on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 124 miles west of Chicago. Agriculture, dairying and stock-raising are the principal pursuits in the surrounding region. The city has good water- works, sewerage, electric lighting and several manufactories, including carriage and refriger ator works; also has numerous churches, a large graded school, a public library and adequate banking facilities, and two weekly papers. Greenhouses for cultivation of vegetables for winter market are carried on. Pop. (1900), 2,308. MORRISON, Isaac L., lawyer and legislator, born in Barren County, Ky., in 1826; was edu- cated in the common schools and the Masonic Seminary of his native State; admitted to the bar, and came to Illinois in 1851, locating at Jacksonville, where he has become a leader of the bar and of the Republican party, which he assisted to organize as a member of its first State Convention at Bloomington, in 1850. He was also a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1804, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency a second time. Mr. Morrison was three times elected to the lower house of the General Assembly (1876, '78 and "82), and, by his clear judgment and incisive powers as a pubUc speaker, took a high rank as a leader in that body. Of late years, he has given his attention solely to the practice of his profession in Jacksonville. MORRISON, James Lowery Donaldson, poli- tician, lawyer and Congressman, was born at Kas- kaskia. 111., April 12, 1816; at the age of 16 was appointed a midshipman in the United States Navy, but leaving the service in 1836, read law with Judge Nathaniel Pope, and was admitted to the bar, practicing at Belleville. He was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly from St. Clair County, in 1844, and to the State Senate in 1848, and again in "54. In 1852 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Lieutenant-Gov- ernorship on the Whig ticket, but. on the disso- lution of that party, allied himself with the Democracy, and was, for many years, its leader in Southern Illinois. In 1855 he was elected to Con- gress to fill the vacancy caused by the resigna- tion of Lyman Trumbull, who had been elected to the United States Senate. In 1860 he was a can- didate before the Democratic State Convention for the nomination for Governor, but was defeated by James C. Allen. After that year he took no prominent part in public affairs. At the outbreak of the Mexican War lie was among the first to raise a company of volunteers, and was commis- sioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Second Regiment (Colonel Bissell's). For gallant services at Buena Vista, the Legislature presented him with a sword. He took a prominent part in the incor- poration of railroads, and, it is claimed, drafted and introduced in the Legislature the charter of IIISTORK'AL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 387 the Illinois Central Railroad in 1851. Died, at St. Louis. Mo.. Au.itust 14, 1SS8. MORRISON, William, pioneer mercliant, came from Philadelphia. Pa., to Ka.skaskia. Ill . in IT'JO, as representative of the mercantile house of Bryant & Morrison, of Philadelphia, and finally established an extensive trade throughout the Mississippi Vallej', supplying merchants at St. Louis. St. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau and New Mailrid. He is also said to have sent an agent with a stock of goods across tlie plains, with a view to opening up traile with the Mexicans at Santa Fe, about 1804. but was defrauded by the agent, who appropriated the goods to his own benetit without accounting to his employer. He became the principal merchant in the Terri- tory, doing a thriving business in early days, when Kaskaskia was the principal supply point for merchants throughout the valley. He is de- scribeii as a public-spirited, enterprising man, to wlioni was due the chief part of the credit for securing construction of a bridge across the Kas- kaskia River at the town of that name. He died at Kaskaskia in 1837, and was buried in the ceme- tery there. — Robert (Morrison), a brother of the preceding, came to Kaskaskia in 1793, was appointed Clerk of the Common Pleas Court in 1801. retaining the position for many years, l)esides holding other local offices. He was the father of Col. James L. D. Morrison, politician and soldier of the Jlexican War. wliose sketch is given elsewhere. — Joseph (Morri.son), the oldest sop of William Morrison, went to Ohio, residing there several years, but finally returned to Prairie du Rocher, where he died in 184."). — James, another son, went to Wisconsin ; William located at Belleville, dying there in 1843; while Lewis? another son, settled at Covington, Washington County. 111., where he practiced medicine up to 1851 : then engaged in mercantile business at Chester, clying there in ISHfi. MORRISON, William Ralls, ex-Congressman. Interstate Commerce Commissioner, was born. Sept. 14, 1825, in Monroe County, 111., and edu- cated at SIcKendree College : served as a private in the Mexican War, at its close studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 18.55: in 1852 was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Monroe County, but resigned before the close of his term, accepting the office of Representative in the State Legislature, to which he wa-s elected in 1854; was re-elected in 185(>. and again in 18.58, serving as Speaker of the Ho\ise during the se.ssion of 1859. In 1861 he assisted in organizing the Forty-ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers and was commis- sioned Colonel. The regiment was mustered in. Dec. 31, 1861. and took part in the battle of Fort DoneLson in February following, where he was severely wounded. While yet in the service, in 1863, he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, when he resigned his commission, but was de- feated for re-election, in 1864, by Jehu Baker, as he was again in 1806. In 1870 he was again elected to the General Assembly, and. two years later (1872), returned to Congress from the Belle- ville District, after which be served in that body, by successive re-elections, nine terms and imtil 1887, lieing for several terms Chairman of the House Waj's and Means Committee and promi- nent in the tariff legislation of that period. In March, 1887, President Cleveland appointed him a member of the first Inter-State Commerce Com- mission for a period of five years: at the close of his term he was reappointed, by President Harri- son, for a full term of six ye;irs, serving a part of the time as President of the Board, and retiring from office in 1898. MORHISONVILLK. a town in Cliristian County, situated on the Wabash Railway, 40 miles southwest of Decatur and 20 miles nortli- northeK.st of Litchfield Grain is extensivelj' raised in the surrounding region, and Morrison- ville, with its elevators and mill, is an ijnportant shipping-point. It has brick and tile works, electric lights, two barLks, five churches, graded and high schools, and a weekly paper. Popula- tion (1890). .844; ,1900y 934; (1903, est), 1,200. MORTOX, a village of Tazewell County, at the intersection of the Atchison, Topeka it Santa Fe. and the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroads, 10 miles southeast of Peoria; has factories, a bank and a newspaper. Population (1890), 657; (1900), 894. MORTOX, Joseph, pioneer farmer and legisla- tor, was born in Virginia. August 1, 1801 ; came to Madison County, 111., in 1819. and the follow- ing year to Morgan County, when he engaged in farming in the vicinity of Jacksonville. He served as a member of the House in the Tenth and Fifteenth General Assemblies, and as Senator in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth. He was a Democrat in politics, but, on questions of State and local policy, was non-partisan, faithfully representing the interests of his constituents. Died, at his home near Jacksonville. March 2. 1881. MOSES, Adolph, lawyer, was born in Speyer, Germany. Feb. 27, 1837, and, until fifteen years of age, was educated in the public and Latin schools of his native coiintry ; in the latter part of 1852, came to America, locating in New Orleans, and, for some years, being a law student 388 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in Louisiana University, under the preceptorship of Randall Hunt and other eminent lawyers of that State. In the early days of the Civil War he espoused the cause of the Confederacy, serving some two years as an ofKcer of the Twenty first Louisiana Regiment. Coming north at the expi- ration of this period, lie resided for a time in Quincy, 111., but, in 1809, removed to Chicago, where he took a place in the front rank at the bar. and where he has resided ever since. Although in sympathy with the general princi- jiles of the Democratic party. Judge Moses is an independent voter, as shown by the fact that he voted for General Grant for President in 1868, and supported the leading measures of the Repub- lican party in 1896. He is the editor and pub lisher of "The National Corporation Reporter," established in 1890, and which is devoted to the interests of business corporations. MOSES, John, lawyer and author, was born at Niagara Falls, Canada, Sept. 18, 1825; came to Illinois in 18.37, his famih' locating first at Naples, Scott County. He pursued the vocation of a teacher for a time, studied law, was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court for Scott County in 1856, and served as County Judge from 1857 to 1861. The latter year he became the private secretary of Governor Yates, serving until 1863, during that period assisting in the organization of sevent^"- seven regiments of Illinois Volunteers. While serving in this capacity, in company with Gov- ernor Yates, he attended the famous confei-ence of loyal Governors, held at Altoona, Pa., in Sep- tember, 1862, and afterwards accompanietl the Governors in their call upon President Lincoln, a few days after the issue of the preliminary proc- lamation of emancipation. Having received the appointment, from President Lincoln, of Assessor of Internal Revenue for tlie Tenth Illinois Dis- trict, he resigned the position of private secretary to Governor Yates. In 1874 he was chosen Representative in the Twenty-ninth General Assembly for the District composed of Scott, Pike and Calhoun Counties ; served as a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Phila- delphia, in 1872, and as Secretary of the Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commissioners for three years (1880-83). He was then appointed Special Agent of the Treasury Department, and assigned to duty in connection with the customs revenue at Chicago. In 1887 he was chosen Sec- retary of the Chicago Historical Societj', serving until 1893. While connected with the Chicago Historical Library he brought out the most com- plete History of Illinois yet published, in two \olumes. and also, in connection with the late Major Kirkland, edited a History of Chicago in two large volumes. Other literary work done by Judge Moses, includes "Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln" and "Richard Yates, the War Governor of Illinois, " in the form of lectures or addresses. Died in Chicago, July 3, 1898. MOULTON, Saiimel W., lawyer and Congress- man, was born at Wenham, Mass., Jan. 20, 1822, where he was educated in the public schools. After spending some years in the South, he removed to Illinois (1845), where he studied law, and was admitted to the bar, commencing prac- tice at Shelbyville. From 1852 to 1859 he was a member of the lower house of the General Assem- bly; in 1857, was a Presidential Elector on the Buchanan ticket, and was President of the State Board of Education from 1859 to 1876. In 1864 he was elected, as a Republican, Representative in Congress for the State-at-large, being elected again, as a Democrat, from the Shelbyville Dis- trict, in 1880 and '82. During the past few years (including the campaign of 1896) Mr. Moulton has acted in ccxlperation with the Republican party. MOULTRIE COUJfTY, a comparatively small county in the eastern section of the middle tier of tlie State — named for a revolutionary hero. Area, 340 square miles, and population (by the census of lyOO), 15.224. Moultrie was one of tlie early "stamping grounds" of the Kickapoos, wlio were always friendlj- to English-speaking settlers. The earliest immigrants were from the Southwest, but arrivals from Northern States soou followed. County organization was effected in 1843, both Shelby and Macon Counties surrendering a portion of territory. A vein of good bituminous coal underlies the county, but agriculture is the more important industry. Sullivan is the county -seat, selected in 1845. In 1890 its population was about 1,700. Hon. Richard J. Oglesby (former Gover- nor, Senator and a Major-General in the Civil War) began the ]iractice of taw liere. MOUND-BUILDERS, WORKS OF THE. One of the most conclusive evidences that the Mis- sissippi Valley was once occupied by a people different in customs, character and civilization from the Indians found occupying the soil when the first white explorers visited it. is the exist- ence of certain artificial mounds and earthworks, of the origin and purposes of which the Indians seemed to have no knowledge or tradition. These works extend throughout the valley from the Allegheny to the Rocky Mountains, being much more numerous, however, in some portions than HISTORTfAL P:NCYCLOPEDrA OF ILLINOIS. :?89 in others, and also varying s^reatly in form. This fact, with the remains found in some of them, lias been regarded as evidence that the purposes of their construction were widely variant. They have couseifuently been classified by archaeolo- gists as sepulchral, religious, or defensive, wliile some seem to have hail a purpose of which writers on the subject are unable to form any .siitisfactory conception, and whiiOi are, therefore, still regarded as an unsolved mystery. Some of the most elaborate of these works are found along the eastern border of the Mississippi Valley, especially in Ohio ; and the fact that they appear to belong to the defensive class, has led to the conclusion that this region was occupied by a race practically homogeneous, and that these works were designed to prevent the encroachment of hostile races from beyond the AUeghenies. Illi- nois being in the center of the valley, compara- tively few of these defensive works are fouiul here, those of this character which do exist being referred to a different era and race. (See Forti- fications. Pnkistoric.) While these works are numerous in some portions of Illinois, their form and structure give evidence that they were erected by a peaceful people, however bloody may have been some of the rites performed on those designed for a religious purpose. Their numbers also imply a dense population. This is esjjecially true of that portion of the American Bottom opposite the city of St. Louis, which is the seat of the most remarkable group of earth works of this character on the continent. The central, or princi[)al structure of this group, is known, locally, as the great "Cahokia Mound," being situated near the creek of that name which empties into the Mississippi just lielow the city of East St. Louis. It is also called "Monks" Mound," from the fact that it was occupied early in tlie present century by a community of Monks of La Trappe. a portion of whom succumbed to the malarial influences of the climate, while the survivors returned to the original seat of their order. This mound, from its form and com- manding size, has been supposed to belong to the class called "temple mounds, "and has been de- scribed as "the monarch of all similar .structures" and the "best representative of its class in North America." The late William McAdams, of Alton, who sur\'e3-ed tliLs group some years since, in his "Records of Ancient Riices." gives the fol- lowing description of this principal structure : "In the center of a great ma.ss of mounds and earth works there stands a mighty pyramid whose ba.se covers nearly sixteen acres of ground. It is not exactly square, being a parallelogram a little longer north and south than east and west. Some thirty feet above the base, on the south side, is an apron or terrace, on which now grows an orchard of considerable size. This terrace is approached from the plain by a graded roadway. Thirty feet above this terrace, and on the west side, is another nnicli smaller, on which are now growing some forest trees. The top, which con- tains an acre and a half, is divided into two nearly equal parts, the northern part being four or five feet the higher. . . . On the north, east and south, the .structure still retains its straight side, that probably has changed but little since the settlement of the coimtry by white men, but remains in appearance to-day the same as centuries ago. The west side of the pyramid, however, has its base somewhat serrated and seamed by ravines, evidently made by rainstorms and the elements. From the second terrace a well, eighty feet in depth, penetrates the base of the structure, which is plainly seen to be almost wholly composed of the black, sticky soil of the surrounding plain. It is not an oval or conical mound or hill, but a pyramid with straight sides." The approximate height of this mound is ninety feet. When first seen by white men, this was surmounted by a small conical mound some ten feet in height, from which human remains and various relics were taken while being leveled for the site of a house. Messrs. Squier and Davis, in their report on "Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley," published by the Smithsonian Institute (18-48), estimate the contents of the structure at 20,000,000 cubic feet. A Mr. Breckenridge, who visited these mounds in 1811 and published a description of them, esti- mates that the construction of this principal mound must have required the work of thousands of laborers and years of time. The upper terrace, at the time of his visit, was occupied by the Trappists as a kitchen garden, and the top of the structure was sown in wheat. He also found numerous fragments of flint and eiirthern ves- sels, and concludes that "a populous citj- once existed here, similar to those of Mexico described by the first conijuerors. The mounds were sites of temples or monuments to great men." Accord- ing to Mr. McAdams, there are seventy-two mounds of considerable size within two miles of the main structure, the group extending to the mouth of the Cahokia and embracing over one hundred in all. Most of these are square, rang- ing from twenty to fifty feet in height, a few are oval and one or two conical. Scattered among 390 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the mounds are also a number of small lakes, evidently of artificial origin. From the fact that there were a number of conspicuous mounds on the Missouri side of the river, on the present site of the city of St. Louis and its environs, it is believed that they all belonged to the same system and had a common purpose; the Cahokia Mound, from its superior size, being the center of the group — and probably used for sacrificial purposes. The wliole number of these structures in the American Bottom, whose outlines were still visible a few years ago, was estimated by Dr. J. W. Foster at nearly two hundred, and the presence of so large a number in close proximity, has been accepted as evidence of a large population in the immediate vicinity. Mr. MciVdams reports the finding of numerous specimens of pottery and artificial ornaments and implements in the Cahokia mounds and in caves and mounds between Alton and the mouth of the Illinois River, as well as on the latter some twenty-five miles from its mouth. Among the relics found in the Illinois River mounds was a burial vase, and Mr. McAdams says that, in thirty years, he has unearthed more than a thousand of these, many of which closely resemble those found in the moumls of Europe. Dr. Foster also makes mention of an ancient cemetery near Chester, in which "each grave, when explored, is found to contain a cist enclos- ing a skeleton, for the most part far gone in decay. These cists are built up and covered with slabs of limestone, which here abound." — Another noteworthy group of mounds — though far inferior to the Cahokia group — exists near Hutsonville in Crawford County. As described in the State Geological Survey, this group consists of fifty- five elevations, irregularly dispersed over an area of 1,000 by 1,400 to 1,500 feet, and varying from fourteen to fifty feet in diameter, the larger ones having a height of five to eight feet. From their form and arrangement these are believed to have been mounds of habitation. In the southern por- tion of this group are four mounds of peculiar construction and larger size, each surrounded by a low ridge or earthwork, with openings facing towards each other, indicating that they were defense-works. The location of this group — a few miles from a prehistoric fortification at Merom, on the Indiana side of the Wabash, to which the name of "Fort Azatlan" has been given — induces the belief that the two gi-oups, like those in the American Bottom and at St. Louis, were parts of the same system. — Professor Engelman, in the part of tlie State Geological Survey devoted to Massac County, alludes to a remarkable group of earthworks in the Black Bend of the Ohio, as an "extensive" system of "fortifications and mounds which probably belong to the same class as those in the Missis- sippi Bottom opposite St. Louis and at other points farther up the Ohio." In the report of Government survey by Dan W. Beckwith, in 1834, mention is made of a very large mound on the Kankakee River, near the mouth of Rock Creek, now a part of Kankakee County. This had a base diameter of about 100 feet, with a height of twenty feet, and contained the remains of a large number of Indians killed in a celebrated battle, in which the Illinois and Chippewas, and the Delawares and Shawnees took part. Near by were two other mounds, said to contain the remains of the chiefs of the two parties. In this case, mounds of prehistoric origin had probably been utilized as burial places by the aborigines at a comparatively recent period. Related to the Kankakee mounds, in location if not in period of construction, is a group of nineteen in number on the site of the present city of Morris, in Grundy Count}'. Within a circuit of three miles of Ottawa it has been estimated that there were 3,000 mounds — though many of these are believed to have been of Indian origin. Indeed, the whole Illinois Valley is full of these silent monuments of a prehistoric age, but they are not generally of the conspicuous character of those found in the vicinity of St. Louis and attributed to the Mound Builders. — A very large and numerous group of these monuments exists along the bluffs of the Mississippi River, in the western part of Rock Island and Mercer ' Counties, chietiy between Drury's Landing and New Boston. Mr. J. E. Stevenson, in "The American Antiquarian," a few years ago, estimated that there were 3.500 of these within a circuit of fifty miles, located in groups of two or three to 100, varying in diameter from fifteen to 150 feet, with an elevation of two to fifteen feet. There are also numerous burial and sacrificial mounds in the vicinity of Chilli- cothe, on the Illinois River, in the northeastern part of Peoria County. — There are but few speci- mens of the animal or efKgy mounds, of which .so many exist in Wisconsin, to be found in Illinois; and the fact that these are found chiefly on Rock River, leaves no doubt of a common origin with the Wisconsin groups. The most remarkable of these is the celebrated "Turtle Jlound," within the present limits of the city of Rockford — though some regard it as having more resemblance to an alligator. This figure, which is maintained in a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF TLLTXOIS 391 good state of preservation b.v the citizens, lias an extreme length of about 150 feet, by fifty in width at the front legs and thirty-nine at the hind legs, and an elevation equal to the height of a man. There are some smaller mounds in the vicinity, and .some bird effigies on Rock River some six miles below Rockford. There is also an animal efii>;y near the village of Hanover, in Jo Daviess County, with a considerable group of round mounds and embankments in the immedi- ate vicinity, besides a smaller elVigy of a similar character on the north side of the Pecatonica in Stephenson County, some ten miles east of Free- port. The Rock River region seems to have been a favorite field for the operations of the mound- builders, as shown by the number and variety of these structures, extending from Sterling, in Whiteside County, to the Wisconsin State line. A large number of these were to be found in the vicinity of the Kishwaukee River in the .south- eastern part of Winnebago County. The famous prehistoric fortilication on Rock River, just beyond the Wisconsin boundary — which seems to liave been a sort of counterpart of the ancient Fort Azatlan on the Indiana side of the Wabash — appears to have had a close relation to the works of the mound-builders on the same stream in Illinois. MOl'XDCITY, the county-.seat of Pulaski County, on the Ohio River, seven miles north of Cairo; is on a branch line of the Illinois Central and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad. The chief industries are lumber- ing and shipbuilding; also has furniture, canning and other factories. One of the United States National Cemeteries is located here. The town has a bank and two weekly j)apers. Population (IMn). 2..>5n; (1900), 2,70.); (1903. est.), 3.500. MorX'T r.ViniEL, acity and the county-seat of Wahash Count}'; is the point of junction of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago A- St. Louis and the Southern Railroads, 133 miles northeast of Cairo, and 24 miles southwest of Vincennes, Ind. ; situated on the Wabash River, which sup- plies good water-power for saw mills, flouring mills, and some other manufactures. The town has railroad shops and two daily newspapers. Agriculture and lumbering are the principal pursuits of the people of the surro\mding district. Population (Ix'.iii). 3.370; (1900), 4,311. MOl'XT CARROLL, the county-seat of Carroll County, an incorporated city, founded in 1843: is 128 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Farming, stock-raising and mining are the principal indus- ' tries. It has live churches, excellent schools, good libraries, two daily anil two semi-weekly new.spapers. Pop. (1«90), 1.830; (1900), 1,90,5. MOUNT CARROLL SEMINARY, a young ladies" seminary, located at Mount Carroll, Carroll County; incorporated in 1852; had a faculty of thirteen members in 1896, with 120 pupils, prop- erty valued at .SIOO.OOO, and a library of 5,000 volumes MOUNT MORRIS, a town in Ogle County, situ- ated on the t'liicago it Iowa Division of the Chi- cago. Burlington ct Quincy Raihoad. 108 miles west by north from Chicago, and 24 miles south- west of Rockford; is the seat of Mount Morris College and flourishing public school ; has hand- some stone and brick buildings, three churches and two newspapers. Population (1900), 1,048. MOUNT OLIVE, a village of Macoupin County, on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis and the Wabash Railways, 68 miles southwest of Decatur; in a rich agricultural and coal-mining region. Population (1,880), 709; (1890), 1,986 :( 1900), 2, 93.5. MOUNT PULASKI, a village and railroad junc- tion in Logan County, 21 miles northwest of Decatur and 24 miles northeast of Springtielil. Agriculture, coal-mining and .stock-raising are leading industries. It is also an important ship- ping point for grain, and contains several elevators and flouring mills. Population (1880), 1,125; (1890), 1.3.57; (I'.IOO), 1,043. MOUNT STERLING, a city, the county-.seat of Brown County, midway between Quincy and Jacksonville, on the Wabash Riilwaj'. It is sur- rounded by a rich farming country, and has ex- tensive deposits of claj' and coal. It contains six churches and four schools (two large public, and two parochial). The town is lighted by elec- tricity and has public water-works. Wagons, brick, tile and earthenware are manufactured iiere. and three weekly newspapers are pub- lished. Population (1880), 1,445; (1890), 1,655; (1900). 1.900. MOUNT VERXON, a city and county -seat of Jefferson County, on three trunk lines of railroad, 77 miles east-soutlieast of St. Louis; is the center of a rich agricultural and coul region; has many flourishing manufactories, including car-works, a plow factory, flouring mills, pres.sed brick fac- tory, canning factory, and is an important ship- ping-point for grain, vegetables and fruits. The Appellate Court for the Soutliern Grand Division is held here, and the city has nine churches, fine school buildings, a Carnegie library, two banks heating plant, two daily and three weekly papers Population (1890), 3,233; (lUOO). 5.216. \ 392 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. MOUM VERNOX k (iR A YVILLE RAILROAD. (See Peuna, Decatur <£■ Ef<.tii.-'EW BR1(;HT0X, a village of St. Clair County and suburb of East St. Louis. Population (1890), 8fiH. NEW BURXSIDE, a village of Johnson County, on the Cairo Division of the Cleveland, Cincin- nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 53 miles northeast of Cairo. Population (1880), 050; (1890), .WG; (1900), 4GS. NEW I)(>UGL.4S,a village in Madison County, on the Toledo, St. Louis A: Western Railroad; in farming and fruit-growing region ; has coal mine, flour mill and newspaper. Population (1900), 409. NEWELL, John, Railway President, v.-as born at West Newbury, Mass., March 31, 1830, being directly descended from "Pilgrim" stock. At the age of 10 he entered the emplo^'ment of the Cheshire Railroad in New Hampshire. Eighteen months later he was appointed an assistant engi- neer on the Vermont Central Railroad, and placed in charge of the construction of a 10-mile section of the line. His promotion was rapid, and, in 181)0, he accepted a responsible position on the Champlain & St. Lawrence Railroad. From 1850 to 1850 he was engaged in making surveys for roads in Kentucky and New York, and, during the latter year, held the position of engineer of the Cairo City Company, of Cairo, 111. In 1857 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Rail- road Companj-, as Division Engineer, where his remarkable success attracted the attention of the owners of tiie old Winona & St. Peter Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern system), who tendered him the presidency. Tliis he accepted, but, in 1804, was made President of the Cleveland & Toledo Railroad. Four years later, he accepted the position of General Superin- tendent anJ Chief Engineer of the New York Central Railroad, but resigned, in 1809, to become Vice-President of the Illinois Central Railroad. In 1871 lie was elevated to the presidency, but retired in September, 1874, to accept the position of General Manager of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, of which he was elected President, in May, 1883, and continued in office until the time of his death, which occurred at Youngstown, Ohio, August 25, 1894. NEWH.\LL, (Dr.) Horatio, early physician and newspaper publisher, came from St. Louis, Mo., to Galena, 111., in 1827, and engaged in min- ing and smelting, but abandoned this business, the following year, for the practice of his profes- sion; soon afterward became interested in the publication of "The Miners' Journal," and still later in "Tlie Galena Advertiser," wnth which Hooper Warren and Dr. Philleo were associated. 396 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA ' OF ILLINOIS. In 1830 he became a Surgeon in the United States Army, and was stationed at Fort Winnebago, but retired from the service, in 1833, and returned to Galena. When the Black Hawk War broke out he volunteered his services, and, by order of General Scott, was placed in charge of a military hospital at Galena, of which he had control until the close of the war. The difficulties of the posi- tion were increased by the appearance of the Asiatic cholera among the troops, but he seems to have discharged his duties with satisfaction to the military authorities. He enjoyed a wide reputation for professional ability, and had an extensive practice. Died, Sept. 19, 1870. >'EW5I.\.N, a village of Douglas County, on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway, .'52 miles east of Decatur; has a bank, a newspaper, can- ning factor}', broom factory, electric lights, and large trade in agricultural products and live- stock. Population (1890), 990; (1900), 1,166. NEWSPAPERS, EARLY. The first newspaper published in tlie Northwest Territory, of which the pre.seut State of Illinois, at the time, com- posed a part, was "TheCentinel of the Northwest Territory," established at Cincinnati by William Maxwell, the first issue appearing in November, 1793. This was also the first newspaper published west of the Allegheny Mountains. In 1796 it was sold to Edmund Freeman and assumed the name of "Freeman's Journal." Nathaniel Willis (grandfather of N. P. Willis, the poet) estab- lished "The Scioto Gazette," at Chillicothe, in 1790. "The Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette" was the third paper in Northwest Territory (also within the limits of Ohio), founded in 1799. Willis's paper became the organ of the Terri- torial Government on the removal of the capital to Chillicothe, in 1800. The first newspaper in Indiana Territory' (then including Illinois) was established by Elihu Stout at Vincennes, beginning publication, July 4, 1804. It took the name of "The Western Sun and Gen- eral Advertiser," but is now known as "The Western Sun.'' having had a continuous exist- ence for ninety-five years. The first newspaper published in Illinois Terri- tory was "The Illinois Herald," but, owing to the absence of early files and other specific records, the date of its establishment has been involved in some doubt. Its founder was Matthew Dun- can (a brother of Joseph Duncan, who was after- wards a member of Congress and Governor of the State from 1834 to 1838), and its place of pub- lication Kaskaskia. at that time the Territorial capital. Duncan, who was a native of Kentucky, brovfght a press and a primitive printer's outfit with him from that State. Gov. John Reynolds, who came as a boy to the "Illiuois Country " in 1800, while it was still a part of the "Northwest Territory," in his "Pioneer HLstory of lUinois," has fixed the date of the first issue of this paper in 1809, the same year in which Illinois was severed from Indiana Territory and placed under a separate Territorial Government. There is good reason, however, for believing that the Governor was mistaken in this statement. If Duncan brought his press to Illinois in 1809 — which is probable — it does not seem to have been employed at once in the publication of a news- paper, as Hooper Warren (the founder of the third paper established in Illiuois) says it "was for years only used for the public printing." The earliest issue of "The Illinois Herald" known to be in existence, is No. 32 of 'Vol. II, and bears date, April 18, 1816. Calculating from these data, if the paper was issued continuously from its establishment, the date of the first issue would have been Sept. 6, 1814. Corroborative evidence of this is found in the fact that "The Missouri Gazette," the original of the old "Missouri Repub- lican" (now "The St. Louis Republic"), which was established in 1808, makes no mention of the Kaskaskia paper before 1814, although communi- cation between Kaskaskia and St. Louis was most intimate, and these two were, for several years, the only papers published west of Vin- cennes, Ind. In August, 1817, "The Herald" was sold to Daniel P. Cook and Robert Blackwell, and the name of the paper was changed to "The Illinois Intelligencer." Cook— who had previously been Auditor of Public Accounts for the Territory, and afterwards became a Territorial Circuit Judge, the first Attorney-General under the new State Government, and. for eight jears. served as the only Representative in Congress from Illinois — for a time officiated as editor of "The Intelli- gencer," while Blackwell (who had succeeded to the Auditorship) had charge of tlie publication. The size of the paper, which had been four pages of three wide columns to the page, was increased, by the new publishers, to four columns to the page. On the removal of tlie State capital to Vandalia. in 1820, "The Intelligencer" was removed thither also, and continued under its later name, afterwards becoming, after a change of management, an opponent of the scheme for the calling of a State Convention to revise the State Constitution with a view to making Illinois a slave State. (See Slavery and Slave Lau's.) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 397 The second paper established on Illinois soil was "The Sliawiiee Chief," which began publica- tion at Shawneetowu, Sept. 5, 1818, with Henry Eddy — who afterwarils became a prominent law- yer of Southern Illinois — as its editor. The name of "The Chief" was soon afterwards changed to "The Illinois Emigrant,'' and some years later, became "The Shawneetowu Gazette." Among others who were associated with the Shawnee- towu paper, in early days, was James Hall, after- wards a Circuit Judge and State Treasurer, and, without doubt, the most prolific and popular ■writer of his day in Illinois. Later, he estab- lished "The Illinois Magazine" at Vandalia, sub- sequently removed to Cincinnati, and issued under the name of "The Western Monthly Magazine." He was also a frequent contributor to other maga- zines of that period, and autlior of several vol- umes, including "Legends of the West" and "Border Tales." During the contest over the slavery question, in 1823-34, "The Gazette" rendered valuable service to the anti-slavery party by the publication of articles in opposition to the Convention sclieme, from the pen of Morris Birkbeck and others. The third Illinois paper— and, in 1823-34, the strongest and most influential opponent of the scheme for establishing slavery in Illinois — was "The Ed wardsville Spectator," wliich began pub- lication at Edwardsville, Madison Count}', Jlay 23, 1819. Hooper Warren was the publisher and responsible editor, though he received valuable aid from the pens of Governor Coles, George Churchill, Rev. Thomas Lippiueott, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Morris Birkbeck and others. (See Warreti, Hooper.) Warren sold "The Spectator" to Rev. Thomas Lippincott in 183.5, and was afterwards associated with papers at Springliclil, Galena, Chicago and elsewhere. The agitation of the slavery question (in part, at least) led to the establishment of two new papers in 1822. The first of these was "The Republican Advocate," which began publication at Kaskaskia, in April of that year, under the management of Elias Kent Kane, then an aspir- ant to the United States Senatorship. After his election to tliat office in 1824, "The Advocate" passed into the hands of Robert K. Fleming, wlio, after a period of suspension, established "The Kaskaskia Recorder," but, a yejir or two later, removed to Vandalia. "The Star of the West" was established at Edwardsville, as an opponent of Warren's "Spectator," the first issue making its appearance, Sept. 14, 1822, with Theophilus W. Smith, afterwards a Justice of the Supreme Court, as its reputed editor. A few months later it passed into new hands, and, in August, 1823, assumed the name of "The Illinois Republican." Both "The Republican Advocate" and "The Illinois Republican" were zealous organs of the pro slavery party. Witli tlie settlement of the slavery question in Illinois, by the election of 1824, Illinois journal- ism may be said to have entered upon a new era. At the clo.se of this fir.st period there were only five papers published in the State — all established within a period of ten years; and one of these ("The Illinois Republican," at Edwardsville) promptly ceased publication on the settlement of the slavery question in opposition to tlie views which it had advocated. The next period of fif- teen years (1835 40) was prolific in the establish- ment of new newspaper ventures, as might be expected from the rapid increase of the State in population, and the development in the art of printing during the same period. "The Western Sun," established at Belleville (according to one report, in December, 1825, and according to another, in the winter of 1827-28) by Dr. Joseph Green, appears to have been the first paper pub- lished in St. Clair County. This was followed by "The Pioneer," begun, April 25, 1829, at Rock Spring. St. Clair County, with the indomitable Dr. Jolm M. Peck, author of "Peck's Gazetteer," as its editor. It was removed in 1836 to Upper Alton, when it took the name of "The Western Pioneer and Baptist Banner." Previous to this, however. Hooper Warren, having come into pos- session of the material upon whicli he had printed "The Edwardsville Spectator," removed it to Springfield, and, in the winter of 1826-27, began the publication of the first paper at the present State capital, which he named "The Sangamo Gazette." It had but a brief existence. During 1830, George Forquer, then Attorney-General of the State, in conjunction with his half-brother, Thomas Ford (afterwards Governor) , was engaged in the publication of a paper called "The Cour- ier," at Springfield, which was continued onlj- a short time. The earliest paper nortli of Spring- field appears to have been "The Hennepin Jour- nal," which began publication, Sept. 15, l.'<27. "The Sangamo Journal" — now "The Illinois State Journal," and the oldest laper of continu- ous existence in the State — was established at Springfield by Simeon and Josiah Francis (cous- ins from Connecticut), the first issue bearing date, Nov. 10, 1831. Before the close of the same year James G. Edwards, afterwards the founder of "The Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye," began the 398 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOrEDIA OF ILLINOIS. publication of "The Illinois Patriot" at Jackson- ville. Another papei', established the same }-ear, was "The Gazette" at Yandalia, then the State capital. (See Forquer, George; Ford, Tlwmas; Francis. Sime07i.) At this early date the development of the lead mines about Galena had made that place a center of great business activity. On July 8, 1828, James Jones commenced the issue of "The Miners' Journal, "the first paper at Galena. Jones died of cholera in 1833, and his paper passed into other liands. July 20, 1829. "Tlie Galena Adver- tiser and Upper Missi.ssippi Herald" began pub- lication, with Drs. Horatio Newhall and Addison Philleo as editors, and Hooper Warren as pub- lisher, but appears to have been discontinued before the expiration of its first year. "The Galenian" was established as a Democratic paper by Philleo, in May, 1832, but ceased publication in September, 1836. "The Nortliwestern Gazette and Galena Advertiser," founded in November, 1834, by Loring and Bartlett (the last named afterwards one of the founders of "The Quincy Whig"), has had a continuous existence, being now known as "The Galena Advertiser." Benja- min Mills, one of the most brilliant lawj^ers of his time, was editor of this paper during a part of the first year of its publication. Robert K. Fleming, who has already been mentioned as the successor of Elias Kent Kane in the publication of "The Republican Ad vocate, ' ' at Kaskaskia, later published a paper for a short time at Vandalia, but, in 1827, removed his establishment to Edwardsville, where he began the publication of "The Corrector. " The latter was continued a little over a year, when it was suspended. He then resumed the publication of "The Recorder" at Kaskaskia. In' December, 1833, he removed to Belleville and began the pub- lication of "The St. Clair Gazette," which after- wards passed, through various changes of owners, under the names of "The St. Clair Mercury" and "Representative and Gazette." This was suc- ceeded, in 1839, by "The Belleville Advocate," which has been published continuously to the present time. Samuel S. Brooks (the father of Austin Brooks, afterwards of "The Quincy Herald") at differ- ent times published papers at various points in the State. His first enterprise was "The Crisis" at Edwardsville, which he changed to "The Illinois Advocate," and, at the close of his first year, sold out to Judge John York Sawyer, who united it with "Tlie Western Plowboy," which he had established a few months previous. "The Advocate" was removed to Vandalia. and, on the death of the owner (wlio had been appointed State Printer), was consoli- dated with "The Illinois Register," which had been established in 1836. The new paper took the name of "The Illinois Register and People's Advocate," in 1839 was removed to Springfield, and is now known as "The Illinois State Regis- ter." Other papers established between 1830 and 1840 include: "The Vandalia Whig" (1831); "The Alton Spectator," the first paper published in Alton (January, 1834) ; "The Chicago Demo- crat," by John Calhoun (Nov. 26, 1833); "The Beardstown Clironicle and Illinois Bounty Land Advertiser," by Francis A. Arenz (July 29, 1833); "The Alton American" (1833); "The White County News," at Carmi (1833); "The Danville Enquirer" (1833); "The Illinois Champion," at Peoria (1834); "The Mount Carmel Sentinel and Wabash Advocate" (1834); "The Illinois State Gazette and Jacksonville News," at Jacksonville (1835); "The Illinois Argus and Bounty Land Register," at Quincy (183.5); "The Rushville Journal and Military Tract Advertiser" (1835); "The Alton Telegraph" (1836); "The Alton Observer" (1836); "The Carthaginian," at Car- thage (1836) ; "The Bloomington Observer" (1887) ; "The Backwoodsman,"' founded by Prof. John Russell, at Grafton, and the first paper published in Greene County (1837); "The Quincy Whig" (1838) ; "The Illinois Statesman," at Paris, Edgar County (1838); "The Peoria Register" (1838). The second paper to be established in Chicago was "The Chicago American," whose initial number was issued, June 8, 1835, with Thomas O. Davis as proprietor and editor. In July, 1837, it passed into the hands of William Stuart & Co., and, on April 9, 1839, its publishers began the issue of the first daily ever published in Cliicago. "The Chicago Express" succeeded "The Ameri- can" in 1842, and, in 1844, became the forerunner of "The Chicago Journal." Tlie third Chicago paper was "The Commercial Advertiser," founded by Hooper Warren, in 1836. It lived only about a j'ear. Zebina Eastman, who was afterwards associated with Warren, and became one of the most influential journalistic opponents of slavery, arrived in the State in 1839, and, in the latter part of that year, was associated with the celebrated Abolitionist, Benjamin Lundy, in the preliminary steps for the issue of "The Genius of Univer.sal Emancipation," projected by Lundy at Lowell, in La Salle County. Lundy 's untimely death, in August, 1839, however, pre- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 399 vented him from seeing; tlie consummation of his plan, although Eastman lived to carry it out in part. A paper whose career, although extending onlj- a little over one year, marked an era in Illi- nois journalism, was "The Alton Observer," its history closing -with the assassination of its editor. Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, on the night of Nov. 8, 1837, while unsuccessfully attempting to protect his press from destruction, for the fourth time, by a pro-slavery mob. Humiliating as was this crime to every law-abiding lllinoisan, it undoubtedly strengthened the cause of free speech and assisted in hastening the downfall of the institution in whose behalf it was committed. That the development in the field of journal- ism, within the past sixty }'ears, has more than kept pace with the growth in population, is shown bj- the fact that there is not a county in the State without its newspaper, while every town of a few hundred population has either one or more. According to statistics for 1898, there were GO.'i cities and towns in the State having periodical publications of some sort, making a total of 1,709, of which 174 were issued daily, 34 semi-weekl}', 1,205 weekly, 28 semi-monthly, 238 monthly, and the remainder at various periods ranging from tri-weekly to eight times a year. >'K>VTO.\, the county-seat of Jasper County, situated on the Embarras River, at the intersec- tion of subsidiary lines of the Illinois Central Railroad from Peoria and Effingham ; is an in- corixirated city, was settled in 1828, and made the county-seat in 1836. Agriculture, coal-mining and dairy farming are the principal pursuits in the surrounding region. The city has water- power, which is utilized to some extent in manu- facturing, but most of its factories are operated by steam. Among these establishments are flour and saw mills, and grain elevators. There are a half-dozen churches, a good public school .system, including parochial school and high school, besides two banks and three weekly papers. Population (1890), 1.428; (1900), 1.030. NEW YORK, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS RAIL- WAY (Mckfl riate), a line .522.47 miles in length, of which (1898) only 9.96 miles are operated in Illinois. It owns no track in Illinois, but iLses the track of the Chicago & State Line Railroad (9 96 miles in length), of which it has financial control, to enter the city of Chicago. The total capitalization of the New Y'ork, Chicago & St. Louis, in 1898, is §.50, 222, 568, of which $19,425,000 is in bonds. — (History.) The New Y'ork, Chi- cago & St. Louis Riiilroad was incorporated under the laws of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois in 1881, construction begun immediately, and the road put in operation in 1882. In 1885 it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold wider foreclosure in 1887, and reorganized bj' the consolidation of various east- ern lines with the Fort Wayne & Illinois Railroad, forming the line under its present name. The road between Buffalo, N. Y., and the west line of Indiana is owned by the Company, but, for its line in Illinois, it uses the track of the Chicago & State Line Railroad, of which it is the lessee, as well as the owner of its capital stock. The main line of the "Nickel Plate"' is controlled by the Lake Shore & Slichigan Southern Railwaj', which owns more than half of both the preferred and common stock. NI ANTIC, a town in Macon County, on the Wabash Railwaj', 27 miles east of Springfield. Agriculture is the leading industry. The town has three elevators, three churches, school, coal mine, a newspaper and a bank. Pop. (1900), 654. NICOLAY, John (ieorge, aiithor, was born in Essingen, Bavaria, Feb. 26, 1832; at 6 years of age was brought to the United States, lived for a time in Cincinnati, attending the public schools there, and then came to Illinois ; at 16 entered the office of "The Pike County Free Press" at Pitts- field, and, while still in his minority, became editor and proprietor of the paper. In 1857 he became Assistant Secretary of State under O. M. Hatch, the first Republican Secretary, but during Mr. Lincoln's candidacy for President, in 1860, aided him as private secretary, also acting as a correspondent of "The St. Louis Democrat." After the election he was formally selected bj' Mr. Lincoln as his private secretary, accompany- ing him to Washington and remaining until Mr. Lincoln's assassination. In 1865 he was appointed United States Consul at Paris, remaining until 1809; on his return for some time edited "The Chicago Republican"; was also Marshal of the United States Supreme Court in Washington from 1872 to 1887. Mr. Nicolay is author, in col- laboration with John Hay, of "Abraham Lincoln: A History," first published serially in "The Cen- turj' Magazine," and later is,sued in ten volumes; of "The Outbreak of the Rebellion" in "Cam- paigns of the Civil War," Ijesides numerous maga- zine articles. He lives in Wa,shington, D. C. NICOLET, Jean, early French explorer, came from Cherbourg, France, in 1618, and, for several years, lived among the Algonquins, whose lan- guage he learned and for whom he acted as interpreter. On July 4. 1634, he discovered Lake Michigan, then called the "Lake of the Illinois," 400 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and visited the Chippewas, Menominees and Winnebagoes, in the region about Green Bay, among whom he was received kindly. From the Mascoutins, on the Fox River (of Wisconsin), he learned of the Illinois Indians, some of whose northern villages he also visited. He subse- quently returned to Quebec, where he was drowned, in October, 1643. He was probably the first Caucasian to visit Wisconsin and Illinois. NILES, Nathaniel, lawyer, editor and soldier, born at Plainfield, Otsego County, N. Y., Feb. 4, 1817; attended an academy at Albany, from 1830 to '34, was licensed to practice law and removed west in 1837, residing successively at Delphi and Frankfort, Ind., and at Owensburg, Ky., until 1842, when he settled in Belleville, 111. In 1840 he was commissioned a First Lieutenant in the Second Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel Bissell's) for the Mexican War, but, after the battle of Buena Vista, was promoted by General Wool to the captaincy of an independent com- pany of Texas foot. He was elected Chief Clerk of the House of Representatives at the session of 1849, and the same year was chosen County Judge of St. Clair County, serving until 1861. With the e.\ception of brief periods from 18.51 to '59, he was editor and part owner of "The Belle- ville Advocate," a paper originally Democratic, but which became Republican on the organiza- tion of the Republican party. In 1861 he was appointed Colonel of the Fifty-fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but the completion of its organization having been delayed, he resigned, and, the following year, was commissioned Colo- nel of the One Hundred and Thirtieth, serving until May, 1864, when he resigned — in March, 1865, receiving the compliment of a brevet Briga- dier-Generalship. During the winter of 1862 63 he was in command at Memphis, but later took part in the Vicksburg campaign, and in the cam- paigns on Red River and Bayou Teohe. After the war he served as Representative in the General Assembly from St. Clair County (1865-66) ; as Trustee of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville; on the Commission for building the State Penitentiary at Joliet, and as Commissioner (by appointment of Governor Oglesby) for locating the Soldiers' Orphans' Home. His later years have been spent chiefly in the practice of his profession, with occasional excursions into journalism. Originally an anti- slavery Democrat, he became one of the founders of the Republican party in Southern Illinois. NIXOJf, William Penn, journalist, Collector of 'Customs, was born in Wayne County, Ind., of North Carolina and Quaker ancestry, early in 1833. In 18,j3 he graduated from Farmers' (now Belmont) College, near Cincinnati, Ohio. After devoting two years to teaching, he entered the law department of the University or Pennsyl- vania (18.55), graduating in 1859. For nine years thereafter he practiced law at Cincinnati, during which period he was thrice elected to the Ohio Legislature. In 1868 he embarked in journalism, he and his older brother. Dr. O. W. Nixon, with a few friends, founding "The Cincinnati Chron- icle." A few years later "The Times" was pur- chased, and the two papers were consolidated under the name of "The Times-Chronicle." In May, 1873, having disposed of his interests in Cincinnati, he assumed the business manage- ment of "The Chicago Inter Ocean," then a new venture and struggling for a foothold. In 1875 he and his brother, Dr. O. W. Nixon, secured a controlling interest in the paper, when the former assumed the position of editor-in-chief, which he continued to occupy until 1897, when he was appointed Collector of Customs for the City of Chicago — a position which he now holds. JfOKOMIS, a city of Montgomery County, on the "Big Four" main line and " "Frisco" Rail- roads, 81 miles east by north from St. Louis and 53 miles west of Mattoon; in important grain- growing and hay-producing section; has water- works, electric lights, three flour mills, two machine sliops, wagon factory, creamery, seven churches, high school, two banks and three papers; is noted fof sliipments of poultry, butter and eggs. Population (1890), 1,305; (1900), 1,371. NORM.iL, a city in McLean County, 3 miles north of Bloomington and 134 .southwe.st of Chi- cago; at intersecting point of the Chicago & Alton and the Illinois Central Railroads. It lies in a rich coal and agricultural region, and has extensive fruit-tree nurseries, two canning fac- tories, one bank, hospital, and four periodicals. It is the seat of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, founded in 1869, and the Illinois State Normal University, founded in 1857; has city and rural mail delivery. Pop. (1890). 3,4.59; (1900). 3,795. NORMAL UNIVERSITIES. (See Southern Illinois Normal University; State Normal Uni- versity. ) NORTH ALTON, a village of Madison County and suburb of the city of Alton. Population (1880), 838; (1890), 763; (1900), 904. NORTHCOTT, William A., Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, was born in Murf reesboro, Tenn. , Jan. 28, 1854 — the son of Gen. R. S. Northcott, whoso loyalty to the Union, at the beginning of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 401 Rebellion, compelled liim to leave his Southern home and seek safety for himself and familj- in the North. He went to West Virginia, was com- missioned Colonel of a regiment and served through the war, being for some nine months a prisoner in Libby Prison. After acquiring his literary education in the public schools, the younger Xorthcott spent some time in the Naval Academj' at Annapolis, Md., after which ho was engaged in teaching. Meanwhile, he was prepar- ing for the practice of law and was admitti^d to the bar in 1877, two years later coming to Green- ville, Bond County, IlL, which has since been his home. In 1880. by appointment of President Hayes, he served as Supervisor of the Census for the Seventh District; in 1882 was elected State's Attorney for Bond County and re-elected suc- cessively in '84 and '88 ; in 1890 was appointed on the Board of Visitors to tlie United States Naval Academy, and, by selection of the Board, delivered the annual address to the graduating class of that year. In 1892 he was the Repub- lican nominee for Congress for the Eighteenth Dis- trict, but was defeated in the general landslide of that year. In 189G he was more fortunate, being elected Lieutenant-Governor bj- the vote of the State, receiving a plurality of over 137,000 over his Democratic opponent- NORTH PEORIA, formerly a suburban village in Peoria County. 2 miles nortli of the city of Peoria; annexed to the citv of Peoria in 1900. NORTHERN BOUNDARY QUESTION, THE. The Ordinance of 1787, making the first spetufic provision, by Congress, for the government of the country lying northwest of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi (known as the Northwest Territory), provided, among other tilings (Art. v.. Ordinance 1787), that "there shall be formed in the said Territory not less than three nor more than live States." It then proceeds to fix the boundaries of the proposed States, on the assump- tion that there shall be tliree in number, adding thereto the following proviso: "Provided, how- ever, and it is further understood and declared, that the bounSAIVE, an institution for the treatment of the insane, created by Act of the Legislature, approved, April 16, 1869. The Commissioners appointed by Gov- ernor Palmer to fix its location consisted of August Adams, B. F. Shaw, W. R. Brown, M. L. Joslyn, D. S. Hammond and William Adams. After considering many offers and examining numerous sites, the Commissioners finally selected the Chisholm farm, consisting of about 155 acres, \V2 miles from Elgin, on the west side of Fox River, and overlooking that stream, as a site — this having been tendered as a donation by the citizens of Elgin. Plans were adopted in the latter part of 1869, the system of construction chosen conforming, in the main, to that of the United States Hospital for tlie Insane at Wash- ington, D. C. By January, 1872, the north wing and rear building were so far advanced as to per- mit the reception of sixty patients. The center building was ready for occupancy in April, 1873, and the south wing before the end of the follow- ing year. The total expenditures previous to 1876 had exceeded §637,000, and since that date liberal appropriations have been made for addi- tions, repairs and improvements, including the ffl z m^ a -J r% ' r; \u • Sa „ i m S a; HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 403 addition of between 300 and 100 acres to the lands connected with the institution The first Board of Trustees consisted of Charles X. Ilolden, Oliver Everett and Henry W. Sherman, with Dr. E. A. Kilbourne as the first Superintendent, and Dr. Ricliard A. Dewey (afterwards Superintend- ent of the Eastern Hospital at Kankakee) as his Assistant. Dr. Kilbourne remained at the head of the institution until his death, Feb. 27, 1800, covering a period of nineteen years. Dr. Kil- bourne was succeeded by Dr. Henry J. Brooks, and he, by Dr. Loewy, in June, 1893, and the latter by Dr. John B. Hamilton (former Super- vising Surgeon of the United States Marine Hos- pital Service) in 1897. Dr. Hamilton died in December, 1898. (See Hamilton, John B.) The total value of State property, June 30, 1894, was $883,74.5.60, of which ?701,330 was in land and buildings. Under tlie terms of the law estab- lishing the hospital, provision is made for the care therein of the incurably insane, so that it is both a hospital and an asylum. The whole num- ber of patients under treatment, for the two years preceding June 30, 1894, was 1,797, the number of inmates, on Dec. 1, 1897, 1,0.54, and the average daily attendance for treatment, for the year 1896, 1,296. The following counties comprise the dis- trict dependent upon the Elgin Hospital : Boone, Carroll, Cook. DeKalb, Jo Daviess, Kane, Ken- dall, Lake, Stephenson, Whiteside and AVinne- bago. NORTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, an institution, incorporated in 1SS4. at Dixon, Lee County. 111., for the purpose of giving instruction in branches related to the art of teaching. Its last report claims a total of 1,639 pupils, of whom 885 were men and 744 women, receiving instruc- tion from thirty -six teachers. The total value of property w;is estimated at more tlian .?200,000, of which §160,000 was in real estate and .$4."),000 in apparatus. Attendance on the institution has been affected by the establishment, under act of the Legislature of 1895, of the Northern State Normal School at DeKalb (which see). NORTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, an insti- tution for the confinement of criminals of the State, located at Joliet, Will Count)-. The site was purchased by the State in 1857, and com- prises some seventy-two acres. Its erection was found necessjiry because of the inadequacy of the first penitentiary, at Alton. (See Alton Peni- tentiary.) The original plan contemplated a cell-hou.se containing 1,000 cells, which, it was thought, would meet the public necessities for many years to come. Its estimated cost waS 55,50,000; but, within ten years, there had been e.xpeuded upon tlie institution the sum of .$934,- 000, and its capacity was taxe IMYERSITT WOMAN'S MEDICAL SCHOOL, an institution for the pro fessional education of women, located in Chicago. Its first corporate name was the "Woman's Hospital Medical College of Chicago," and it was in close connection with the Chicago Hospital for ATomen and Children. Later, it severed its connection with the hospital and took the name of the "Woman's Medical College of Chicago." Co-education of the sexes, in medicine and surgery, was experimentally tried from 1808 to 1870, but the experiment proved repugnant to the male students, who unanimously signed a protest against the continuance of the system. The result was the establishment of a separate school for women in 1^70. with a faculty <>f six- teen professors. Tlie requirements for graduation were fixed art four years of medical study, includ- ing three annual graded college terms of six montlis each. The first term opened in the autumn of 1870, with an attendance of twenty students. The original location of the school was in the "North Division" of Chicago, in tem- porary quarters. After the fire of 1871 a removal was efl'ected to the "W'est Division," where (in 1878-79) a modest, but well arranged building was erected. A larger structure was built in 1884, and, in 1S9I, the institution became a part of the Northwestern University. The college, in all its departments, is organized along the lines of the best medical schools of the country. In 1896 there were twenty-four professorships, all capably filled, and among the faculty are some of the best known specialists in the country. XOUTOS, Jesse 0., lawyer. Congressman and Judge, was born at Bennington, Vt., April ■.^.'5, 1812, and graduated from Williams College in 183.5. He .settled at Joliet in 1839, and soon became prominent in the affairs of Will County. His first public office was that of City Attorney, after which he served as County Judge (1846-50). Meanwhile, he was chosen a Delegate to the Con- stitutional Convention of 1847. In 18.50 he was elected to the Legislature, and, in 1852, to Con- gress, as a Whig. His vigorous opposition to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise resulted in his re-election as a Representative in 1854. At the expiration of his second term (1857) he was chosen Judge of the eleventh circuit, to fill the unexpired term of Judge Randall, resigned. He was once more elected to Congress in 1863, but disagreed with his party as to the legal status of the States lately in rebellion. President Johnson appointed him United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois, which office he filled until 18G9. Immediateh' upon his retirement he began private practice at Chicago, where he died, August 3. 187.5. NORWOOD PARK, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad (Wis- consin Division), 11 miles northwest of Chicago. Incor[>orated in City of Chicago, 1893. NOrES, George Clement, clergj-man, was born at LandalT, N. H., August 4, 1833, brought by his parents to Pike County, 111., in 1.844, and. at the age of IG, determined to devote his life to the ministry : in 1851, entered Illinois College at Jack- sonville, graduating with first honors in the class of 1855. In the following autumn he entered Union Theological Seminary in New York, and, having graduated in 1858. was ordained the .same year, and installed pa.stor of the First Presb}-- terian Church at Laporte, Ind. Here he remained 40G HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ten years, when he accepted a call to the First Presbyterian Church of Evanston, 111., then a small organization which developed, during the twenty years of his pastorate, into one of the strongest and most influential cliurches in Evans- ton. For a number of years Dr. ISToyes was an editorial writer and weekly correspondent of "The New York Evangelist," over the signature of "Clement." He was also, for several years, an active and very efficient member of the Board of Trustees of Knox College. The liberal bent of his mind was illustrated in the fact that he acted as counsel for Prof. David Swing, during the cele- brated trial of the latter for heresy before the Chicago Presbytery — his argument on that occasion winning encomiums from all classes of people. His death took place at Evanston, Jan. 14, 1889, as the result of an attack of pneumonia, and was deeply deplored, not only by his own church and denomination, but by the whole com- munity. Some two weeks after it occurred a union meeting was held in one of the churches at Evanston, at which addresses in commemoration of his services were delivered by some dozen ministers of that village and of Chicago, while various social and literary organizations and the press bore testimony to his high character. He was a member of the Literary Society of Cliicago, and, during the last 3'ear of his life, served as its President. Dr. Noyes was married, in 1858, to a daughter of David A. Smith, Esq., an honored citizen and able lawyer of Jacksonville. OAKLAND, a city of Coles County on the Van- dalia Line and the Toledo. St. Louis & Western Railroad, 15 miles northeast of Charleston; is in grain center and broom-corn belt; the town has two banks and one daily and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 995;(1900), 1,198. OAK PARK, a village of Cook County, and popular residence suburb of Chicago, 9 miles west of the initial station of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, on which it is located ; is also upon the line of the Wisconsin Central Rail- road. Tlie place has numerous churches, pros- perous schools, a public librar}-, telegraph and express oflHces. banks and two local papers. Population (1880), 1,888; (1890), 4,771. OBERLT, John H., journalist and Civil Serv- ice Commissioner, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Dec. 6, 1837; spent part of his boyhood in Allegheny County, Pa., but, in 18.33, began learn- ing the printer's trade in the office of "The Woos- ter (Ohio) Republican, " completing it at Memphis, Tenn , and becoming a journeyman printer in 1857. He worked in various ofi&ces, including the Wooster paper, where he also began the study of law, but, in 1860, became part proprietor of "Tlie Bulletin" job office at Memphis, in which he had been emploj-ed as an apprentice, and, later, as foreman. Having been notified to leave Memphis on account of his LTnion principles after the beginning of the Civil War, he returned to Wooster, Ohio, and conducted various papers there during the next four years, but, in 1865, came to Cairo, 111., where he served for a time as foreman of "The Cairo Democrat," three years later establishing "The Cairo Bulletin." Although the latter paper was burned out a few months later, it was immediately re-established. In 1872 he was elected Representative in the Twenty -eiglith General Assembly, and, in 1877, was appointed by Governor Cullom the Democratic member of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, serving four years, meanwhile (in 1880) being the Demo- cratic candidate for Secretary of State. Other positions held by him included Mayor of the city of Cairo (1869) ; President of the National Typo- graphical Union at Chicago (1865), and at Mem- phis (18G6); delegate to the Democratic National Convention at Baltimore (1872), and Chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee (1883-84). After retiring from the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, he united in founding "The Bloomington (111.) Bulletin," of which he was editor some three years. During President Cleveland's administration he was appointed a member of the Civil Service Commission, being later transferred to the Commissionership of Indian Affairs. He was subsequently connected in an editorial capacity with "The Washington Post," "The Richmond (Va.) State," "The Con- cord (N. H.) People and Patriot" and "The Wash- ington Times." While engaged in an attempt to reorganize "The People and Patriot," he died at Concord, N. H., April 15, 1899. ODD FELLOWS. "Western Star" Lodge, No. 1, I. O. O. F. , was instituted at Alton, June 11, 1836. In 1838 the Grand Lodge of Illinois was instituted at the same place, and reorganized, at Springfield, in 1842. S. C. Pierce was the first Grand Master, and Samuel L. Miller, Grand Sec- retary. Wildey Encampment, No. 1, was organ- ized at Alton in 1838, and the Grand Encampment, at Peoria, in 1850, with Charles H. Constable Grand Patriarcli. In 1850 the subordinate branches of the Order numbered seventy-six, with 3,291 members, and 825,392.87 revenue. In 1895 the Lodges numbered 838, the membership 50,544, with $475,252.18 revenue, of which $185,018.40 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 407 ■was expended for relief. Tlie Encampment branch, in 1895. embraced 179 organization.s with a membersliip of 6,812 and §23,80.5.25 revenue, of which .?6,T81.40 was paid out for relief. Tlie Rebekah brancli, for tlie same year, comprised 422 Lodges, with 22.000 members and $43,21.5.65 revenue, of which S3. 122. 79 was for relief. The total sum distributed for relief by the several organizations (1895) was .$144, 972..59. The Order was especially liberal in its benefactions to the sufferers by the Chicago fire of 1871, an appeal to its members calling forth a generous response throughout the United States. (See Odd Fellows' Orphans' Home.) ODD FELLOWS' ORPHANS' HOME, a benevo lent institution, incorporated in 1889, erected at Lincoln, 111., under the auspices of the Daughters of Rebekah (see Odd Fellowt!). and dedicated August 19, 1892. The building is four stories in height, has a capacit}' for the accommodation of fifty children, and cost §36, .524. 76, exclusive of forty acres of land valued at §8,000. ODELL, a village of Livingston County, and station on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 82 miles south-southwest of Chicago. It is in a grain and stock-raising region. Population (1880), 908; (1890), 800; (1900), 1,000. ODIN, a village of Marion County, at the cross- ing of the Chicago branch of the Illinois Central and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- ways, 244 miles south by west from Chicago; in fruit belt; has coal-mine, two fruit evaporators, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,180. 0'F.VLL(»N,a village of St. Clair County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18 miles east of St. Louis; has interurban railway, electric liglits, waterworks, factories, coal-mine, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,267. OGDEX, William Butler, capitalist and Rail- way President, born at Walton, X. Y. , June 15. 1805. He was a member of the New York Legis- lature in 1834, and, the following year, removed to Chicago, where he established a land and trust agency. He took an active part in the various enterprises centering around Chicago, and. on the incorporation of the city, was elected its first Slayor. He was prominentlj^ identified with the construction of the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, and, in 1847, became its President. While visiting Europe in 1853, he made a careful study of the canals of Holland, which convinced him of the desirability of widening and deepen- ing the Illinois & Michigan Canal and of con- structing a ship canal across the southern peninsula of Michigan. In 1855 he became Presi- dent of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railroad, and effected its consolidation with the Galena & Chicago Union. Out of this consoli- dation sprang the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- way Company, of which he was elected President. In 1850 he presided over the National Pacific Railroad Convention, and, upon the formation of the Union Pacific Rjiilroad Company, he became its President. He was largely connected with the inception of the Northern Pacific line, in the success of which he was a firm believer. He also controlled various other interests of public importance, arpong them the great lumbering establishments at Peshtigo, Wis., and, at the time of his death, was the owner of what was probably the largest plant of that description in the world. His benefactions were numerous, among the recipients being the Rush Medical College, of which he was President; the Theological Semi- nary of the Northwest, the Chicago Historical Society, the Academy of Sciences, the University of Chicago, the Astronomical Society, and many other educational and benevolent institutions and organizations in the Northwest. Died, in New York City, August 3, 1877. (See Cliicago & Aorfli instcrn Ra ilroad. ) 0(i!LE, Joseph, pioneer, was born in Virginia in 1741, came to Illinois in 1785, settling in the American Bottom within the present County of Monroe, but afterwards removed to St. Clair County, about the site of the present town of O'Fallon, 8 miles north of Belleville; was selected by his neighlx)rs to serve as Captain in their skirmishes with the Indians. Died, at his home in St. Clair County, in February, 1821. Captain Ogle had the reputation of being the earliest con- vert to Methodism in Illinois. Ogle County, in Northern Illinois, was named in his honor — Jacob (Ogle), son of the preceding, also a native of Virginia, was born about 1772, came to Illinois with his father in 1785, and was a "Ranger" in the War of 1812. He served as a Representative from St. Clair County in the Third General Assembly (1822). and again in the Seventh (1830), in the former being an opponent of the pro-slavery convention scheme. Beyond two terms in the Legislature he .seems to have held no public office except that of Justice of the Peace. Like his father, he was a zealous Metho- dist and highly respected. Died, in 1844, aged 72 years. OGLE COUNTY, next to the "northern tier" of counties of the State and originally a part of Jo Daviess. It was separately organized in 1837, and Lee County was carved from its territorj- in 408 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1839. In 1900 its area was 780 square miles, and its population 29,129. Before the Black Hawk War immigration was slow, and life primitive. Peoria was the nearest food market. New grain was "ground" on a grater, and old pounded ■with an extemporized pestle in a wooden mortar. Rock River flows across the county from north- east to southwest. A little oak timber grows along its hanks, but, generallj- speaking, the sur- face is undulating prairie, with soil of a rich loam. Sandstone is in ample supply, and all the limestones aboimd. An extensive peat-bed has been discovered on the Killbuck Creek. Oregon, the county-seat, has fine water-power. Tlie other principal towns are Rochelle, Polo, Forreston and Mount Morris. OGLESBY, Richard James, Governor and United States Senator, was born in Oldham County, Ky., July 35, 1824; left an orphan at the age of 8 years ; in 1836 accompanied an uncle to Decatur, 111., where, until 1844, he worked at farming, carpentering and rope-making, devoting his leisure hours to the study of law. In 1845 he was admitted to the bar and began practice at Sullivan, in Moultrie County. In 1846 he was commissioned a Lieutenant in the Fourth Regi- ment, Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's regi- ment), and served through the Mexican War, taking part in the siege of Vera Cruz and the battle of Cerro Gordo. In 1847 be pursued a course of study at the Louisville Law School, graduating in 1848. He was a "forty-niner" in California, but returned to Decatur in 1851. In 1858 he made an unsuccessful campaign for Con- gress in the Decatur District. In 1860 he was elected to the State Senate, but early in 1861 resigned his seat to accept the colonelcy of the Eighth Illinois Volunteers. Through gallantry (notably at Forts Henry and Donelson and at Corinth) he rose to be Major-General, being se- verely wounded in the last-named battle. He resigned his commission on account of disability, in May, 1864, and the following November was elected Governor, as a Republican. In 1872 he was re-elected Governor, but, two weeks after his inauguration, resigned to accept a seat in the United States Senate, to which he was elected by the Legislature of 1873. In 1884 he was elected Governor for the third time — being the only man in the history of the State who (up to the present time — 1899) has been thus honored. After the expiration of his last term as Governor, he devoted his attention to his private affairs at his home at Elkhart, in Logan Count}', where he died, April 24, 1899, deeply mourned by personal and political friends in all parts of the Union, who admired his strict integrity and sterling patriotism. OHIO, INDIANA & WESTERN R.ULWAY. (See Peoria «£■ Eastern Railroad.) OHIO RIVER, an affluent of the Mississippi, formed by the union of the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers, at Pittsburg, Pa. At this point it becomes a navigable stream about 400 yards wide, with an elevation of about 700 feet above sea-level. The beauty of the scenery along its banks secured for it, from the early French explorers (of whom La Salle was one), the name of "La Belle Riviere." Its general course is to the southwest, but with many sinuosities, form- ing the southern boundary of the States of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and the western and north- ern boundary of West Virginia and Kentucky, until it enters the Mississippi at Cairo, in latitude 37° N., and about 1,200 miles above the mouth of the latter stream. The area which it drains is computed to be 214,000 square miles. Its mouth is 268 feet above the level of the sea. The current is remarkably gentle and uniform, except near Louisville, where there is a descent of twenty- two feet within two miles, which is evaded by means of a canal around the falls. Large steam- boats can navigate its whole length, except in low stages of water and when closed by ice in winter. Its largest affluents are the Tennessee, the Cum- berland, the Kentucky, the Great Kanawha and tlie Green Rivers, from the south, and the Wa- bash, the Miami, Scioto and Muskingum from the north. The principal cities on its banks are Pitts- burg, Wheeling, Cincinnati, Louisville, Evans- ville. New Albany, Madison and Cairo. It is crossed by bridges at Wheeling, Cincinnati and Cairo. The surface of the Ohio is subject to a variation of forty-two to fifty-one feet between high and low water. Its length is 975 miles, and its widtli varies from 400 to 1,000 yards. (See Iniiiidiitions, Remarkable.) OHIO & MISSISSIPPI RAILWAY. (See Bal- timore & Ohio SoutJuresteDi Railroad.) OLNEY, an incorporated city and tlie county- seat of Richland County, 31 miles west of Vin- cennes, Ind., and 117 miles east of St. Louis, Mo., at the junction of tlie Baltimore & Ohio South- western and the Peoria Division of the Illinois Central and the Ohio River Division of the Cin- cinnati. Hamilton & Dayton Railroad; is in the center of the fruit belt and an important shipping point for farm produce and live-stock ; has flour mills, a furniture factory and railroad repair shops, banks, a public library, churches and five HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 409 newspapers, one issuing daily and anotlier semi- weekly editions. Population (1890), 8,831 ; (1900). 4,260. OMELVENY, John, pioneer and head of a numerous family which became prominent in Southern Illinois; was a native of Ireland who came to America about 1798 or 1799. After resid- ing in Kentuclvy a few years, he removed to Illi- nois, locating in what afterwards became Pope Count)-, whither his oldest son, Samuel, had preceded him about 1797 or 1798. The latter for a time followed the occupation of flat-boating, carrying produce to New Orleans. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1818 from Pope County, being the colleague of Hamlet Ferguson. A year later he removed to Randolph County, where he served as a member of the County Court, but, in 1820-22, wo find him a member of the Second General Asseml)Iy from Union County, having successfully contested the seat of Samuel Alexander, who had received the certificate of election. Ho died in 1828.— Edward (Omelveny), another member of this family, and grandson of the elder John Omelveny, represented Monroe County in the Fifteenth General Assem- bly (1846-48), and was Presidential Elector in 1853, but died sometime during the Civil War. — Harvey K. S. (Omelveny), the fifth son of Wil- liam Omelveny and grandson of John, was born in Todd County, Ky., in 1823, came to Southern Illinois, in 1852, and engaged in the practice of law, being for a time the partner of Senator Thomas E. Merritt, at Salem. Early in 1858 he was elected a Justice of the Circuit Court to succeed Judge Breese, who had been promoted to the Supreme Court, but resigned in 1861. He gained considerable notoriety by his intense hostility to the policy of the Government during the Civil War, was a Delegate to the Constitu- tional Convention of 1862, and was named as a member of the Peace Commission proposed to be appointed by the General Assemblj-, in 1863, to secure terms of peace with the Southern Con- federacy. He was also a leading spirit in the peace meeting held at Peoria, in August, 1863. In 1869 Mr. Omelveny removed to Los Angeles, Cal. , which has since been his home, and where he has carried on a lucrative law practice. OXAKGA, a town in Iroquois County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 85 miles south by west from Chicago, and 43 miles north by east from Champaign. It is a manufacturing town, flour, wagons, wire-fencing, stoves and tile being among the products. It has a bank, eight churches, a graded school, a commercial college. and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,061; (1890), 994; (1900), 1.270. ONEID.\, a city in Knox County, on the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 12 miles northeast of Galesburg; has wagon, pump and furniture factories, two banks, electric liglits, several churches, a graded scliool, and a weeklj' paper. The surrounding country is rich prairie, where coal is mined about twenty feet below the surface. Pop. (1890), 699; (1900), 785. ()(JUAWKA, the county seat of Henderson County, situated on the Mississippi River, about 15 miles above Burlington, Iowa, and 32 miles west of Galesburg. It is in a farming region, but has some manufactories. The town has five churches, a graded school, a bank and three newspapers. Population (1900). 1.010. ORDINANCE OF 1787. This is the name given to the first organic act. passed by Congress, for the government of the territory northwest of the Ohio River, comprising the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. The first step in this direction was taken in the appointment, by Congress, on March 1, 1784, of a committee, of which Thomas Jefferson was Chair- man, to prepare a plan for the temporary govern- ment of the region whicli liad been acquired, by the capture of Kaskaskia, by Col. George Rogers Clark, nearly six years previous. The necessity for some step of this sort had grown all the more urgent, in consequence of the recognition of the right of the United States to this region by the Treaty of Paris of 1783, and the surrender, by Vir- ginia, of the title she had maintained thereto on account of Clark's conquest under her auspices — a right which she had exercised by furnishing whatever semblance of government so far existed northwest of the Ohio. The report submitted from Jefferson's committee proposed the division of the Territoiy into seven States, to which was added the proviso that, after the year 1800, "there shall be neither slaverj- nor involuntarj' servitude in any of said States, otherwise than in punish- ment of crime whereof the partj' shall have been duly convicted." This reiwrt failed of adoption, however, Congress contenting itself with the pas-sage of a resolution providing for future organization of this territory into States by the people — the measures necessary for temporary government being left to fut\ire Congressional action. While the postponement, in the reso- lution as introduced by Jefferson, of the inhi- bition of slavery to the year 1800, has been criticised, its introduction was significant, as coming from a representative from a slave State, 410 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and being the first proposition in Congress look- ing to restriction, of anj' character, on the subject of slavery. Congress having taken no further step under the resolution adopted in 1784, the condition of the country (thus left practically without a responsible government, while increas- ing in population) became constantly more deplorable. An appeal from the people about Kaskaskia for some better form of government, in 1786, aided by the influence of the newly organized "Ohio Company," who desired to en- courage emigration to the lands which they were planning to secure from tlie General Government, at last brought about the desired result, in the passage of the famous "Ordinance," on the 13th day of July, 1787. While making provision for a mode of temporary self-government by the people, its most striking features are to be found in the six "articles" — a sort of "Bill of Rights" — with which the document closes. These assert; (1) the right of freedom of worship and religious opinion; (2) the right to the benefit of habeas corjius and trial by jury; to proportionate repre- sentation, and to protection in liberty and prop- erty; (3) that "religion, morality and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged"; (4) that the States, formed within the territory referred to, "shall forever remain a part of this confeder- acy of the United States of America, subject to the Articles of Confederation and to such alter- ations therein as shall be constitutionally made" ; (5) prescribe the boundaries of the States to be formed therein and the conditions of their admis- sion into the Union ; and (6 — and most significant of all) repeat the prohibition regarding the introduction of slavery into the Northwest Terri- tory, as proposed by Jefferson, but without any qualification as to time. There has been consider- able controversy regarding the authorship of this portion of the Ordinance, into which it is not necessary to enter here. While it has been char- acterized as a second and advanced Declaration of Independence — and probably no single act of Congress was ever fraught with more important and far-reaching results — it seems remarkable that a majority of the States supporting it and securing its adoption, were then, and long con- tinued to be, slave States. OREGON, the county-seat of Ogle County, situated on Rock River and the Minneapolis Branch of the Chicago, Burlington &Quincy Rail- road, 100 miles west from Chicago. The sur- rounding region is agricultural; the town has water power and manufactures flour, pianos, steel tanks, street sprinklers, and iron castings. It has two banks, water-works supplied by flowing artesian wells, cereal miU, and two weekly news- papers ; has also obtained some repute as a summer resort. Pop.(1880), 1,088; (1890), 1,566; (1900),!,. 577. ORION, a village of Henry County, at the inter- section of the Rock Island Division of the Chicago Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railways, 19 miles southeast of Rock Island. Pop. (1890), 634; (1900), 584. OSBOR>', William Henry, Railway President, was born at Salem, Mass., Dec. 21, 1820. After receiving a high school education in his native town, he entered the counting room of the East India house of Peele, Hubbell & Co. ; was subse- quently sent to represent the firm at Manila, finally engaging in business on liis own account, during which he traveled extensively in Europe. Returning to the United States in 1853, he took up his residence in New York, and, having mar- ried the daughter of Jonathan Sturges, one of the original incorporators and promoters of the Illi- nois Central Railroad, he soon after became asso- ciated with that enterprise. In August, 1854, he was chosen a Director of the Company, and, on Dec. 1, 1855, became its third President, serving in the latter position nearly ten years (until July 11, 1865), and, as a Director, until 1877 — in all, twenty-two years. After retiring from his con- nection with the Illinois Central Raih-oad, Mr. Osborn gave his attention largely to enterprises of an educational and benevolent character in aid of the unfortunate classes in the State of New York. OSBORN, Thomas 0., soldier and diplomatist, was born in Licking County, Ohio, August 11, 1832; graduated from the Ohio University at Athens, in 1854; studied law at Crawfordsville, Ind., with Gen. Lew Wallace, was admitted to the bar and began practice in Chicago. Early in the war for the Union he joined the "Yates Phalan,x, " which, after some delay on account of the quota being full, was mustered into the serv- ice, in August, 1861, as the Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, the subject of this sketch being com- missioned its Lieutenant-Colonel. His promotion to the colonelcy soon followed, the regiment being sent east to guard the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, where it met the celebrated Stonewall Jackson, and took part in many important en- gagements, including the battles of Winchester, Bermuda Hundreds, and Drurj-'s Blnff, besides the sieges of Charleston and Petersburg. At Bermuda Hundreds Colonel Osborn was severely HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 411 wounded, losing the use of his right arm. He bore a conspicuous part in the operations about Richmond which resulted in the capture of the rebel capital, his services being recognized by promotion to the brevet rank of JIajor-General. At the close of the war he returned to the prac- tice of law in Chicago, but, in 1874, was ajjpoiuted Consul-Genoral and Jlinister-Resident to the Argentine Republic, remaining in that position until June, 1885, when ho resigned, resuming his residence in Chicago. OSWEGO, a village in Kendall County, on the Aurora and Streator branch of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railway, 6 miles south of Aurora. Population (1890), 641; (1000), 018. OTTAWA, the county-seat and principal city of La Salle County, being incorporated as a vil- lage in 1838, and, as a city, in 1853. It is located at the confluence of the Illinois and Fox Rivers and on tlie Illinois & Michigan Canal. It is the intersecting point of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway and the Streator branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, 98 miles east of Rock Island and S3 miles west-southwest of Chi- cago. The surrounding region alxninds in coal. Sand of a superior quality for the matuifacture of glass is found in tlie vicinity and the place has extensive glass works. Other manufactured products are brick, drain-tile, sewer-pipe, tile- roofing, pottery, pianos, organs, cigars, wagons and carriages, agricultural implements, hay carriers, hay presses, sash, doors, blinds, cabinet work, saddlery and harness anil pumps. The city has some handsome public buildings including the Appellate (formerly Supreme) Court House for tlie Northern Division. It also has several pulilic parks, one of wliicli (South Park) contains a medicinal spring. Tliere are a dozen cliurches and numerous public school buildings, including a high school. The city is lighted by gas and electricity, has electric street railways, good sewerage, and water-works supplied from over 150 artesian wells and numerous natural springs. It lijis one private and two national banks, five librarie.s. and eight weekly newspapers (three German), of wliich four issue daily editions. Pop. (1890), 9,9S5; (1900), 10,.588. OTTAWA, CHICA(;0 & FOX RIVER VALLEY R.VILRO.VD. (See Cliicayo, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) Ol'TAG-VMIES, a name given, by the French, to the Indian tribe known as the Foxes. (See Sacs and Foxex. ) OWEN, Thomas J. A'., early legislator and Indian Agent, was born in Kentucky, April 5, 1801 ; came to Illinois at an early duj', and, in 1830, was elected to the Seventh General Assem- bly from Randolph County; the following year was appointed Indian Agent at Chicago, as suc- cessor to Dr. Alexander Woh^ott, who had died in the latter part of 1830. Mr. Owen served as Indian Agent until 1833; was a member of the first Board of Town Trustees of the village of Chi- cago, Commissioner of School Lands, and one of the Government Commissioners who conducted the treaty with the Pottawatomie and other tribes of Indians at Chicago, in September, 1833. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 15, 1835. P.\DDOCK, Gains, pioneer, a native of Massa- chusetts, was born in 17.58; at the age of 17 he entered the Colonial Army, .serving until the close of the Revolutionary War, and being in Washington's command at the crossing of the Delaware. After the war he removed to Ver- mont; but, in 1815, went to Cincinnati, and, a year later, to St. Charles, Mo. Then, after hav- ing spent about a year at St. Louis, in 1818 lie located in ^ladison County, 111., at a point after- wards known as "Paddock's Grove," and which became one of tlie most prosperous agricultural sections of Southern Illinois. Died, in 1831. PAI\E, ((ien.) Eleazer A., soldier, was born in Parkman, Geauga County, Ohio, Sept. 10, 1815; graduated at 'VJ'est Point Military Academy, in 1839, and was assigned to the First Infantry, serving in the Florida War (1839-40), but resigned, Oct. 11, 1840. He then studied law and practi('ed at Painesville, Ohio, (1843-48), and at :Monmoutli, 111., (1848-61), meanwhile serving in the lower branch of the Eigliteenth CJeneral A.ssembly (18.)'2-53). Before leaving Ohio, he had been Deputy United States Marshal and Lieutenant- Colonel of the State Militia, and, in Illinois, became Brigadier-General of Militia (1845-48). lie was appointed Colonel of the Ninth Illinois in April, 1861, and served through the war. being promoted Brigadier-General in September, 1861. Tlie first duty performed by his regiment, after this date, was the occupation of Paducah, Ky., where he was in command. Later, it took part in the capture of Forts Henry and DoneLson, the battles of Shiloh, New Madrid and Corinth, and also in the various engagements in Northern Georgia and in the "march to the sea." From November, 1862, to May, 1864, General Paine was guarding railroad lines in Central Tennessee, and, during a part of 1864. in command of tlie Western District of Kentucky. He resigned, April a, 1865, and died in Jersey City, Dec. 16, 412 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1883. A sturdy Union man, he performed liis duty as a soldier with great zeal and efficiency. PALATINE, a village of Cook County, on the Wisconsin Division of the Chicago & Northwest- ern Railroad, 26 miles northwest from Chicago. There are flour and planing mills here ; dairying and farming are leading industries of the sur- rounding country. Population (1880), 731; (1890), 891; (1!M)0), 1,030. PALESTINE, a town in Crawford County, about 2 miles from the Wabash River, 7 miles east of Robinson, and 35 miles .southwest of Terre Haute, on the Illinois Central Railway ; has five churches, a graded school, a bank, weekly newspaper, flour mill, cold storage plant, canning factory, garment factory, and municipal light and power plant. Pop. (1890), 732; (1900), 979. PALMER, Frank W., journalist, ex-Congress- man and Public Printer, was born at JIanchester, Dearborn County, Ind., Oct. 11, 1827; learned the printer's trade at Jamestown, N. Y., afterwards edited "The Jamesto\vn Journal," and served two terms in the New York Legislature ; in 1808 removed to Dubuque, Iowa, and edited "The Dubuque Times." was elected to Congress in 1860, and again in 1868 and 1872, meanwhile having purchased "The Des Moines Register," which he edited for several years. In 1873 he removed to Chicago and became editor of "The Inter Ocean," remaining two years; in 1877 waj appointed Post- master of the city of Chicago, serving eight years. Shortly after the accession of President Harrison, in 1889, he was appointed Public Printer, continu- ing in office until the accession of President Cleve- land in 1893, when he returned to newspaper work, but resumed his old place at the head of the Government Printing Bureau after the inaugura- tion of President JIcKinley in 1897. PALMER, John McAuley, lawyer, soldier and United States Senator, was born in Scott Countj', Ky., Sept. 13, 1817; removed with his father to Madison County, 111., in 1831, and, four years later, entered Shurtleff College, at Upper Alton, as a student ; later taught and studied law, being admitted to the bar in 1839. In 1843 he was elected Probate Judge of JIacoupin County, also served in the State Constitutional Convention of 1847 ; after discharging the duties of Probate and County Judge, was elected to the State Senate, to fill a vacancy, in 1852, and re-elected in 1854, as an Anti-Nebraska Democrat, casting his vote for Lyman Trumbull for United States Senator in 1855, but resigned his seat in 1856 ; was President of the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloomington in the latter year, and appointed a delegate to the National Convention at Philadel- phia ; was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in 1859, and chosen a Presidential Elector on t!ie Republican ticket in 1860; served as a member of the National Peace Conference of 1861 ; entered tlie army as Colonel of the Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry ; was promoted Briga- dier General, in November, 1861, taking part in the campaign in Tennessee up to Chickamauga, as.suming the command of the Fourteenth Army Corps with the rank of Major-General, but was relieved at his own request before Atlanta. In 1865 he was assigned, by President Lincoln, to command of the Military Department of Ken- tucky, but, in September, 1866, retired from the service, and, in 1867, became a citizen of Spring- field. The following year he was elected Gov- ernor, as a Republican, but, in 1872, supported Horace Greeley for President, and has since co- operated with the Democratic party. He was three times the unsuccessful candidate of his party for United States Senator, and was their nominee for Governor in 1888, but defeated. In 1890 he was nominated for United States Senator by the Democratic State Convention and elected in joint session of the Legislature, March 11, 1891, receiving on the 154th ballot 101 Democratic and two Farmers" Mutual Alliance votes. He became an important factor in the campaign of 1896 as candidate of the "Sound Money" Democracy for President, although receiving no electoral votes, proving his devotion to principle. His last years were occupied in preparation of a volume of personal recollections, which was completed, under the title of "The Story of an Earnest Life,'' a few weeks before his death, which occurred at his home in Springfield, September 35, 1900. P.\LMER, Potter, merchant and capitalist, was born in Albany County, N. Y., in 1825; received an English education and became a junior clerk in a country store at Durham, Greene County, in that State, three years later being placed in charge of the business, and finally engaging in business on his own account. Com- ing to Chicago in 1852, he embarked in the dry- goods bvisiness on Lake Street, establishing the house which afterwards became Field, Leiter & Co. (now Marshall Field & Co.), from which here- tired, in 1865, with the basis of an ample fortune, which has since been immensely increased by fortunate operations in real estate. Mr. Palmer was Second Vice-President of the first Board of Local Directors of the World's Columliian Expo- sition in 1891. — Mrs, Bertha M. Honore (Palmer). wife of the preceding, is the daughter of H. H. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 413 Honore. formerly a prominent real-estate owner and operator of Chicago. She is a native of Louisville, Ky., where her girlhood was chiefly spent, though she was educated at a convent near Baltimore, Md. Later she came with her family to Chicago, and. in 1870, was married to Potter Palmer. Mrs. Pahuer has been a recognized leader in many social and benevolent movements, but won the highest praise by her ability and administrative skill, exhibited as President of the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Colum- bian Exposition of 1893. PALMYRA, a village of Macoupin County, on the Springfield Division of the St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul Railway, 33 miles southwest from Springfield ; has some local manufactories, a bank anil a newspaper. Population (1900), 813. P.iX.A, an important railway center and prin- cipal city of Christian County, situated in the southeastern part of the County, and at the inter- secting point of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- ern, the Illinois Central and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads, 35 miles south bj' west from Decatur, and 42 miles southeast of Springfield. It is an important ship- ping-point for grain and has two elevators. Its mechanical establishments include two flouring mills, a foundry, two machine shoi)S and two planing mills. The surrounding region is rich in coal, which is extensively mined. Pana has banks, several churches, graded schools, and three papers issuing daily and weekly editions. Population (1890), 5,077; {1900). .5,.'530. PA\A, SPKINUFIELD A NORTHWESTERN RAILROAD. (See Baltimore & Ohio South- irentern Railroad.) PARIS, a handsome and flourishing city, the county-seiit of Edgar County. It is an important railway center, situated on the "Big Four" and the Vandalia Line, 160 miles south of Chicago, and 170 miles ea.st-northeast of St. Louis; is in the heart of a wealthy and populous agricidtural region, and has a prosjierous traile. Its industries include foundries, three elevators, flour, saw and planing mills, glass, broom, and corn product factories. The city ha-s three banks, three daily and four weekly newspapers, a court house, ten churches, and graded schools. Pop. (1890), 4,996; (1900), 6,10.5. PARIS & DECATUR RAILROAD. (See Tcrre Haute A- I'i'oria Ho it mud ) PARIS & TERRE HAITE RAILROAD. (See Terre Haute A- Peoria Railroad.) PARKS, (iarion D. A., lawyer, was born at Bristol, Ontario County, N. Y., Sept. 17, 1817; went to Xew York City in 1838, where he com- pleted his legal studies and was admitted to the bar, removing to Lockport, 111., in 1842. Here he successively edited a paper, served as Master in Chancery and in an engineering corps on the Illinois & Michigan Canal; was elected County Judge in 1849, removed to Joliet, and, for a time, acted as an attorney of the Chicago & Rock Island, the Michigan Central and the Chicago & Alton Railroads; was also a Trustee of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson- ville; was elected Representative in 18.52, became a Republican and served on the first Republican State Central Committee (1856); the same year veas elected to the State Senate, and was a Commissioner of the State Penitentiary in 1864. In 1872 Mr. Parks joined in the Liberal-Repub- lican movement, was defeated for Congress, and afterwards acted with the Democratic party. Died, Dec. 28, 1895. PARKS, LaiTSon A., journalist, was born at Mecklenburg, N. C, April 15, 1813; learned the printing trade at Charlotte, in that State ; came to St. Louis in 1833, and, in 1836, assisted in estab- lishing "The Alton Telegraph," but sold his interest a few years later. Then, having offi- ciated as pastor of Presbj'terian churches for some years, in 1854 he again became associated with "The Telegraph," acting as its editor. Died at Alton. March ;!1, 1875. PARK RIDUE, a suburban village on the Wis- consin Division of the Chicago & Nortliwestern Railroad, 13 miles northwest of Chicago. Popu- lation (1880), 457; (1890), 987; (1900), 1,340. PARTRIDGE, Charles Addison, journalist and Assistant Adjutant-General of the Grand Array of the Republic, was born in AVestford, Chittenden County, Vt., Dec. 8, 1843; came with his parents to Lake Count}-, 111., in 1844, and spent his boy- hood on a farm, receiving his education in the district school, with four terms in a high school at Burlington, Wis. At 16 he taught a winter district school near his boyhood home, and at 18 enlisted in what became Company C of the Ninety-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, being mustered into the service as Eighth Corporal at Rockford. His regiment becoming attached to the Army of the Cumberland, he participated with it in the battles of Chickamauga and the Atlanta campaign, as well as those of Franklin and Nashville, and has taken a just pride in the fact that he never fell out on the march, took medicine from a doctor or was absent from his regiment during its term of service, except for four months while recovering from a gun-shot 414 UISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. wound received a>, Chickamauga. He was pro- moted successively to Sergeant, Sergeant-Major, and commissioned Second Lieutenant of his old company, of which his faiher was First Lieuten- ant for six months and until forced to resign on account of impaired health. Receiving his final discharge, June 28, 1865, he returned to the farm, "where he remained until 1869, in the meantime being married to Miss Jennie E. Earle, in 1866, and teaching school one winter. In 1869 he was elected County Treasurer of Lake County on the Republican ticket, and re-elected in 1871 ; in January of the latter year, purchased an interest in "The Waukegan Gazette," with which he remained associated some fifteen years, at first as the partner of Rev. A. K. Fox, and later of his younger brother, H. E. Partridge. In 1877 he was appointed, by President Hayes, Postmaster at Waukegan, serving four years; in 1886 was elected to the Legislature, serving (by successive elections) as Representative in the Thirty-fifth, Thirty-sixth and Thirty -seventh General Assem- blies, being frequently called upon to occupy the Speaker's chair, and, especially during the long Senatorial contest of 1891, being recognized as a leader of the Republican minority. In 1888 he was called to the service of the Republican State Central Committee (of which he had previously been a member), as assistant to the veteran Secre- tary, the late Daniel Shepard, remaining until the death of his chief, when he succeeded to the secretaryship. During the Presidential campaign of 1892 he was associated with the late William J. Campbell, then the Illinois member of the Republican National Committee, and was en- trusted by him with man}- important and confi- dential missions. Without solicitation on his part, in 1894 he was again called to assume the secretaryship of the Republican State Central Committee, and bore a conspicuous and influ- ential part in winning the brilliant success achieved by the party in the campaign of that year. From 1893 to 1895 he served as Mayor of Waukegan; in 1896 became Assistant Adjutant- General of the Grand Army of the Republic for the Department of Illinois — a position which he held in 1S89 under Commander James S. Martin, and to which he has been re-appointed b}- succes- sive Department Commanders up to the present time. Mr. Partridge's service in the various public positions held by him, has given him an acquaintance extending to every county in the State. PATOKA, a village of Marion County, on the Western branch of the Illinois Central Railway, 15 miles south of Vandalia. There are flour and saw mills here ; the surrounding country is agri- cultiu-al. Population (1890), CiOi; (1900), 040. PATTERSON, Robert Wilson, 1).D., LL.D., clergyman, was born in Blount County, Tenn., Jan. 21, 1814; came to Bond County, 111., with his parents in 1822, his father dying two years later ; at IS liad had only nine months' schooling, but graduated at Illinois College in 1837 ; spent a year at Lane Theological Seminary, another as tutor in Illinois College, and then, after two years more at Lane Seminary and preaching in Chicago and at Monroe, Mich., in 1842 established the Second Presbyterian Church of Chicago, of which he remained the pastor over thirty years. In 1850 he received a call to the chair of Didactic Theology at Lane Seminary, as successor to Dr. Lyman Beecher, but it was declined, as was a similar call ten years later. Resigning his pastor- ship in 1873, he was. for several years. Professor of Christian Evidences and Ethics in the Theological Seminary of the Northwest ; in 1876-78 served as President of Lake Forest University (of which he was one of the founders), and, in 1880-83, as lecturer in Lane Theological Seminary. He received the degree of D.D. from Hamilton Col- lege, N. Y., in 1854, that of LL.D. from Lake Forest University, and was Moderator of the Presbyterian General Assembly (X. S.)at Wil- mington, Del., in 1859. Died, at Evanston, 111., Feb. 24, 1894. PAVEY, Charles W., soldier and ex-State Auditor, was born in Highland County, Oluo, Nov. 8, 1835 ; removed to Illinois in 1859, settling in the vicinity of Mount Vernon, and, for a time, followed the occupation of a farmer and stock- raiser. In August, 1862, he enlisted in the Eighti- eth Illinois Volunteers for the Civil War, and became First Lieutenant of Company E. He was severelv wounded at the battle of Sand Mountain and, having been captured, was confined in Libby Prison, at Salisbury, N. C, and at Danville, Va., for a period of nearly two years, enduring great hardship and suffering. Having been exchanged, he served to the close of the war as Assistant Inspector-General on the Staff of Gen- eral Rousseau, in Tennessee. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1880, which nominated General Garfield for the Presi- dency, and was one of the famous "306" who stood by General Grant in that struggle. In 1882 he was appointed by President Arthur Collector of Internal Revenue for the Southern District, and, in 1888, was nominated and elected State Auditor on the Republican ticket, but was de- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 415 feated for re-election in tlio "land-slide" of 1892. General Pavey luis been prominent in "G. A. R. " councils, and held the position of Junior Vice- Commander for the Department of Illinois in 1878, and that of Senior Vice-Commander in 1879. He also served as Brigadier-General of the National Guard, for Southern Illinois, during the railroad strike of 1877. In 1897 he received from President McKinley the appointment of Special Agent of the Treasury Department. His home is at Mount Vernon. Jelferson County. PAWNEE, a village of Sangamon County, at the eastern terminus of the Aulmrn it Pawnee Railroad, 10 miles south of .Springfield. The town has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1900), 595; (1903, est.), 1,000. PAW>'EE RAILROAD, a short line in Sanga- mon County, extending from Pawnee to .\uburn (9 miles), where it forms a junction with tlie Chicago & Alton Railroad. The company was organized and procured a charter in December, 1888, and the road completed the following j-ear. The cost was ?101,77-1. Capital stock authorized, $100,000; funded debt (1895), $50,000. PAW PAW, a village of Lee County, at the junction of two branches of the Chicago, Bur- lington A- Quinry Railway, 8 miles northwest of Earlville. The town is in a farming region, but has a bank and one weekly paper. Population (1890), liX>: (1900), 765. PAXTOX, the county-seat of Ford County, is situated at the intersection of the Chicago Divi- sion of the Illinois Central and the Lake Erie & Western R^iilroads, 103 miles south by west from Chicago, and 49 miles east of Bloomington. It contains a court house, two schools, water-works, electric light and water-heating system, two banks, nine churclies, and one daily newspaper. It is an important slii])ping-point for the farm products of the surrounding territory, which is a rich agricultural region. Besides brick and tile works and Hour mills, factories for the manu- facture of carriages, buggies, hardware, cigars, brooms, and plows are located here. Pop. (1890), 2,187; (1900), 3.036. PAYSON, a village" in Adams County, 15 miles southeast of t^uincy ; the nearest railroad station being Fall Creek, on the Quincy and Louisiana Division of the Chicago, Burlington ct (^uincy Railway; has one newspaper. Population (1900), 465. PAYSON, Lewis IJ., lawyer and ex-Congress- man, was born at Providence, R. I., Sept. 17, 1840; came to Illinois at the age of 12, and, after passing through the common schools, attended Lombard L'niversity, at Galesburg, for two years. He was admitted to the bar at Ottawa in 1862, and, in 1865, took up his residence at Pontiac. From 1869 to 1873 he was Judge of the Livingston County Court, and, from 1881 to 1891, represented his District in Congress, being elected as a Republican, but, in 1890, was defeated by his Democratic opponent, Herman W. Snow. Since retiring from Congress he ha.s practiced his pro- fession in Washington, 1). C. PEAUODY, Sellni Hobart, educator, was born in Rockingham County, Vt., August 20, 1829; after reaching 13 j-ears of age, spent a year in a Boston Latin School, then engaged in various occupations, including teaching, until 1848, when he entered the University of Vermont, graduat- ing third in his class in 1852 ; was appointed Pro- fessor of Mathematics and Engineering in the Polytechnic College at Philadelpliia, in 1854, remaining three years, when he spent five years in Wisconsin, the last three as Superintendent of Schools at Racine. From 1865 to 1871 he was teacher of physical science in Chicago High School, also conducting night schools for work- ing men ; in 1871 became Professor of Physics and Engineering in Massachusetts Agricultural Col- lege, but returned to the Chicago High School in 1874; in 1876 took charge of the Chicago Acad- emy of Sciences, and, in 1878, entered the Illinois Industrial University (now University of Illinois), at Champaign, first as Profes.sor of Mechanical Engineering, in 1880 becoming President, but resigning in 1891. During the World's Colum- bian Exposition at Chicago, Professor Peabody was Chief of the Department of Liberal Arts, and, on the expiration of his service there, a.ssumed the position of Curator of the newly organized Chicago Academj- of Sciences, from wliicli he retired some two years later. PE.VRL, a village of Pike County, on the Kan- sas City branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 14 miles west of Roodhouse. Population (1890), 928; (I'.IOO), 722. PEARSON, Isaac Jf ., ex-Secretary of State, was born at Centre ville. Pa., July 27, 1842; removed to Macomb, McDonough County, 111., in 1858, and has ever since resided there. In 1872 he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and re-elected in 1876. Later he engaged in real-estate and banking business. He was a member of the lower house in the Thirty-third, and of the Senate in the Tliirty-fifth, General Assembly, but before the expiration of his term in the latter, was elected Secretary of State, on the Republican ticket, in 1888. In 1892 he was a candidate for re-election, 416 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. but was defeated, although, next to Governor Fifer, he received the largest vote cast for any candidate for a political office on the Republican State ticket. PEARSON, John M., ex-Railway and Ware- house Commissioner, born at Newburyport, Mass., in 1832— the son of a ship-carpenter; was educated in his native State and came to Illinois in 1849. locating at the city of Alton, where he was afterwards engaged in the manufacture of agricultural implements. In 1873 he was ap- pointed a member of the first Railway and Ware- house Commission, serving four years; in 1878 was elected Representative in the Thirty-first General Assembly from Madison County, and was re-elected, successively, in 1880 and "83. He was appointed a member of the first Board of Live-Stock Commissioners in 1885, serving until 1893, for a considerable portion of the time as President of the Board. Jlr. Pearson is a life- long Republican and prominent member of the ]\Iasonic fraternity. His present home is at Godfrey. PEARSONS, Daniel K., M.D., real-estate oper- ator and capitalist, was born at Bradfordton, Vt. , April 14, 1820 ; began teaching at 16 years of age, and, at 21, entered Dartmouth College, taking a two years' course. He then studied medicine, and, after practicing a short time in his native State, removed to Chicopee, Mass., where he remained from 1843 to 1857. The latter year he came to Ogle County, 111., and began operating in real estate, finally adding to this a loan busi- ness for Eastern parties, but discontinued this line in 1877. He owns extensive tracts of timber lands in Michigan, is a Director in the Chicago City Railway Company and American Exchange Bank, besides being interested in other financial institutions. He has been one of the most liberal supporters of the Chicago Historical Society, and a princely contributor to various benevolent and educational institutions, his gifts to colleges, in different parts of the country, aggregating over a million dollars. PECATOMCA, a town in Pecatonica Township, Winnebago County, on the Pecatonica River. It is on the Chicago & Nortliwestern Railway, mid- way beween Freeport and Rockford, being 14 miles from each. It contains a carriage factory, machine shop, condensed milk factory, a bank, six churches, a graded school, and a weekly news- paper. Pop. (1890), 1,059; (1900), 1,045. PECATONICA RITER, a stream formed by the confluence of two branches, both of wliich rise in Iowa County, Wis. They unite a little north of the Illinois State line, whence the river runs southeast to Freeport, then east and northeast, until it enters Rock River at Rockton. From the headwaters of either branch to the mouth of the river is about 50 miles. PECK, Ebenezer, early lawyer, was born in Portland, Maine, May 22, 1805; received an aca- demical education, studied law and was admitted to the bar in Canada in 1827. He was twice elected to the Provincial Parliament and made King's Counsel in 1833; came to Illinois in 1835, settling in Chicago; served in the State Senate (1838-40), and in the House (1840-42 and 1858-60); was also Clerk of the Supreme Court (1841-45), Reporter of Supreme Court decisions (1849-63), and member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Mr. Peck was an intimate personal friend of Abraham Lincoln, by wliom he was appointed a member of the Court of Claims, at Washington, serving until 1875. Died, May 25, 1881. PECK, Ferdinand Wythe, lawyer and finan- cier, was born in Chicago, July 15, 1848 — the son of Philip F. W. Peck, a pioneer and early mer- chant of the metropolis of Illinois ; was educated in the public schools, the Chicago University and Union College of Law, graduating from both of the last named institutions, and being admitted to the bar in 1869. For a time he engaged in practice, but his father having died in 1871, the responsibility of caring for a large estate devolved upon him and has since occupied his time, though he has given much attention to the amelioration of the condition of the poor of his native city, and works of practical benevo- lence and public interest. He is one of the founders of the Illinois Humane Society, has been President and a member of the Board of Control of the Chicago Athenaeum, member of the Board of Education, President of the Chicago Union League, and was an influential factor in securing the success of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, in 1893, serving as First Vice-Presi- dent of the Chicago Board of Directors, Chair- man of the Finance Committee, and member of the Board of Reference and Control. Of late j-ears, Jlr. Peck has been connected with several important building enterprises of a semi-public character, which have added to the reputation of Chicago, including the Auditorium, Stock Ex- change Building and others in which he is a leading stockholder, and in the erection of which he has been a chief promoter. In 1898 he was appointed, by President McKinley, the L^nited States Commissioner to the International Expo- HISTOraCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ■ 417 sition at Paris of 1900, as successor to the late JIaj. il. P. Hatiily, and the success which has followed his discharge of tlie duties of that pt)sition, has demonstrated the fitness of his selection. PECK, George H., railway attorney, born in Steuben County, N. Y., in 1843; was early taken to Wisconsin, wliere he assisted in clearing* his father's farm: at 16 became a country school- teacher to aid iu freeing the s;imo farm from debt; enlisted at 19 iu the First Wisconsin Heavy Artillery, later becoming a Captain in the Thirty- first Wisconsin Infantry, with which lie joined iu "Sherman's March to the Sea." Returning home at the close of the war, he began the study of law at Janesville, spending six j-ears there as a student. Clerk of the Circuit Court and in prac- tice. From there he went to Kansas and. between 1871 and '74. practiced his profession at Independ- ence, when he was appointed bj' President Grant United States District Attorney for the Kansas District, but resigned this position, in 1879, to return to general practice. In 1881 he became General Solicitor of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, removing to Chicago in 1893. In 189.5 he resigned his position with the Atcliison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad to accept a similar position with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company, which (1898) he still holds. Mr. Peck is recognized as one of the most gifted orators in the West, and, in 1897, was chosen to deliver the principal address at the un- veiling of the Logan equestrian statue in Lake Front Park, Chicago; has al.so officiated as orator on a number of other important public occasions, always acquitting himself with distinction. PECK, John Mason, D.D., clergyman and edu- cator, w;is born iu Litchfield. Conn., Oct. 31, 1789; removed to (ireeue County, N. Y., in 1811, where he united with the Baptist Church, the same year entering on pastoral work, while prosecuting his studies and supporting himself by teaching. In 1814 he became pastor of a church at Ameiiiu, N. Y., and, in 1817, was sent west as a mission- ary, arriving in St. Louis in the latter part of the same year. During the next nine years he trav- eled extensively through Missouri and Illinois, as an itinerant preacher and teacher, finally locating at Rock Spring, St. Clair County, where, in 1826, he establisheil the Rock Spring Seminary for the education of teachers and ministers. Out of this grew Shurtleff College, founded at UpjKjr Alton in 183.5. in securing the endowment of whidi Dr. Peck traveled many thoiLsands of miles and col- lected $20,000, and of which he served as Trustee for many yeiirs. Up to 1843 he devoted much time to aiding in the establishment of a theolog- ical institution at Covington, Kj-., and. for two years following, was Corresponding Secretary and Financial Agent of the American Bairtist Publi- cation Society, with headquarters iu Philadelphia. Returning to the West, he served as pastor of sev- eral important churches in Missouri, Illinois and Kentucky. A man of indomitable will, unflag- ging industry and thoroughly upright in conduct, for a period of a quarter of a century, in the early liistorj' of the State, probably no man exerted a larger influence for good and the advancement of the cause of education, among the pioneer citi- zens of all classes, than Dr. Peck. Though giving his attention so constantly to preaching and teaching, he found time to write much, not only for the various publications with which he was, from time to time, connected, but also for other periodicals, besides publishing "A Guide for Emi- grants" (1831), of which a new edition appeared in 1836, and a "Gazetteer of Illinois" (Jackson- ville, 1834, and Boston, 1837), which continue to be valued for the information they contain of the condition of the covintry at that time. He was an industrious collector of historical records in the form of newspapers and pamphlets, wliich were unfortunately destroyed by fire a few years before his death. In 1852 he received the degree of D.D. from Harvard Universit}'. Died, at Rock Spring. St. Clair County, March 15, 1858. PECK, Philip F. W',, pioneer merchant, was born in Providence, R. I., in 1809, the son of a wholesale merchant who had lost his fortune by indorsing for a friend. After some years spent in a mercantile house in Xew York, lie came to Chicago on a prospecting tour, in 1830; the fol- lowing year brought a stock of goods to the embrj-o emporium of the Northwest — then a small backwoods liamlet — and, by trade and fortunate investments in real estate, laid the foundation of what afterwards became a large fortune. Ha died. Oct. 23. 1871, as the result of an accident occurring about the time of the great fire of two weeks previous, from which he was a heavy sufferer pecuniarily. Three of his sons, Walter L., Clarence I. and Ferdinand W. Peck, are among Chicago's most substantial citizens. PEKI\, a flourishing city, the coanty-seat of Tazewell County, and an important railway cen- ter, located on the Illinois River, 10 miles south of Peoria and .56 miles north of Springfield. Agriculture and coal-mining are the chief occu- pations in the surA)unding country, but the city itself is an important grain market with large 418 IIISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. general shipping interests. It has several dis- tilleries, besides grain elevators, malt-houses, brick and tile works, lumber yards, planing mills, marble works, plow and wagon works, and a factory for corn products. Its banking facilities are adequate, and its religious and educational advantages are excellent. The city has a public library, park, .steam-lieating plant, three daily and four weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 0,347; (19UU), 8,420. PEKIN, LINCOLN & DECATUR RAILROAD. (See Peoria, Deciitur & EransriUc Haihcay.) PELL, (Gilbert T., Representative in the Third Illinois General Assembly (1822) from Edwards County, and an opponent of the resolution for a State Convention adopted by the Legislature at that session, designed to open the door for the admission of slavery. Mr. Pell was a son-in-law of Morris Birkbeck, who was one of the leaders in opposition to the Convention scheme, and very naturally sympathized with his father-in-law. He was elected to the Legislature, for a second term, in 1828, but subsequently left the State, dying elsewhere, when his widow removed to Australia. PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. As to oper- ations of this corporation in Illinois, see Calumet River; Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago; South Chicago & Southern, and Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways. The whole num- ber of miles owned, leased and operated by the Pennsylvania System, in 1898, was 1,987.31, of which only 61.34 miles were in Illinois. It owns, however, a controlling interest in the stock of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway (which see). PEORIA, the second largest city of the State and the county-seat of Peoria County, is 160 miles southwest of Chicago, and at the foot of an expan- sion of the Illinois River known as Peoria Lake. The site of the town occupies an elevated plateau, having a water frontage of four miles and extend- ing back to a bluff, which rises 230 feet above the river level and about 120 feet above the highest point of the main site. It was settled in 1778 or '79, although, as generally believed, the French missionaries had a station there in 1711. There was certainly a settlement there as early as 172."j, when Renault received a grant of lands at Pimi- teoui, facing tlie lake then bearing the same name as the village. From that date until 1812, the place was continuously occupied as a French village, and is said to have been the most impor- tant point for trading in the Jlississippi Valley. The original village was situated about a mile and a half above the foot of the lake ; but later, the pres- ent site was occupied, at first receiving the name of "'La Ville de Maillet," froma French Canadian who resided in Peoria, from 170.5 to 1801 (the time of his death), and who commanded a company of volunteers in the Revolutionary War. The popu- lation of the old town removed to the new site, and the present name was given to the jilace by American settlers, from the Peoria Indians, who were the occupants of the country when it was first discovered, but who had followed their cog- nate tribes of the Illinois family to Cahokia and Kaskaskia, about a century before American occupation of this region. In 1812 the town is estimated to have contained about seventy dwell- ings, with a population of between 200 and 300, made up largely of French traders, hunters and voyageurs, with a considerable admixture of half-breeds and Indians, and a few Americans. Among the latter were Thomas Forsyth, Indian Agent and confidential adviser of Governor Edwards; Michael La Croix, son-in- law of Julian Dubuque, founder of the city of Dubuque ; Antoine Le Claire, founder of Daven- port, and for whom Le Claire, Iowa, is named; William Arundel, afterwards Recorder of St. Clair County, and Isaac Darnielle, the second law- yer in Illinois. — In November, 1812, about half the town was burned, by order of Capt. Thomas E. Craig, who had been directed, by Governor Edwards, to proceed up the river in boats with materials to build a fort at Peoria. At the same time, the Governor himself was at the head of a force marching against Black Partridge's vil- lage, which he destroyed.' Edwards had no com- munication with Craig, who appears to have acted solely on his own responsibility. That the latter's action was utterh- unjustifiable, there can now be little doubt. He alleged, by way of excuse, that his boats had been fired upon from tlie shore, at night, by Indians or others, who were harbored by the citizens. The testimony of the French, however, is to the effect that it was an unprovoked and cowardly assault, insti- gated by wine which the soldiers had stolen from the cellars of the inhabitants. The bulk of those who remained after the fire were taken by Craig to a point below Alton and put ashore. This occurred in the beginning of winter, and the people, being left in a destitute condition, were subjected to great suffering. A Congressional investigation followed, and the French, having satisfactorily established the fact that they were not liostile, were restored to their possessions. — In 1813 a fort, designed for permanent occupancy, HISTORICAL KNCYCLOFEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 419 was erected and named Fort Clark, in lionor of Col. George Rogers Clark. It had one (if not two) blockhouses, with magazines and quarters for officers and men. It was fmallj' evacuated in 1H18, and was soon afterwards burned by the Indians. Although a trading post had been maintained here, at intervals, after the affair of IHVi, there was no attempt made to rebuild the town until 1819, when Americans began to arrive. — In 18'.24 a post of the American Fur Com- pany was established here liy John IlaniHn, the company liaving already liad. for five years, a station at Wesley City, three miles farther down the river. Hamlin also traded in pork and other products, and was the first to introduce keel- boats on tlie Illinois River. Bj- transferring his cargo to lighter draft boats, when necessarj-, he made the trip from Peoria to Chicago entirely by water, going from the Des Plaines to Mud Lake, and thence to the South Branch of the Cliicago River, without unloading. In 18;i4 the town Iiad but seven frame houses and twenty-one log cabins. It was incorporated as a town in 1835 (Rudolphus Rouse being the first President), and, as the City of Peoria, ten years later (Wm. Hale being the first Jlajor). — Peoria is an important railway and business center, eleven railroad lines concentrating here. It presents many attractive features, such as handsome residences, tine views of river, blulT and valley scenery, with an elab- orate .system of parks and drives. An excellent school system is liberally supported, and its public buildings (national, county and city) are fine and costly. Its churches are elegant and well attended, the leading denominations being Methodist Episcopal, Congregational, Presby- terian. Bapti.st, Protestant and Reformed Episco- pal, Lutheran, Evangelical and Roman Catholic. It is the .seat of Bradley Polytechnic Institute, a young an. Of this line the Cleveland. Cincinnati, Cliioago & St. Louis Railroad Company is the lessee. Its total length is 350>; miles, 132 of which lie in Illinois — 123 being owned by tlie Company. Tliat por- tion within this State extends east from Pekin to the Indiana .State line, in addition to which tlie Company has traclvage facilities over the line of tlie Peoria & Pekin Union Railway (9 miles) to Peoria. The gauge is standard. The track is single, laid with sixty and sixty-seven-pound steel rails and ballasted almost wholly with gravel. The capital stock is SIO.OOO.OOO. In 189.') it had a bonded debt of 813,003,000 and a floating debt of §1,201,130, making a total capitalization of §24,864,130.— (HlSTOUY.) The original of this corporation was the Danville, Urbana, Blooming- ton & Pekin Railroad, which was consolidated, in July. 1809, witli the Indianapolis, Crawfords- ville & Danville Railroad — the new corporation taking tlie name of the Indianapolis, Blmiming- ton & Western — and was ojiened to Pekin the same j'ear. In 1874 it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1879, and reorganized as the Indiana, Bloomington & Western Railway Company. The next change occurred in 1881, when it was consolidated with an Ohio corporation (the Ohio, Indiana & Pacific Railroad), again undergoing a sUglit cliange of name in its reorganization as the Indiana, Bloom- ington & Western Railroad Company. In 1886 it again got into linancial straits, was placed in charge of a receiver and sold to a reorganization committee, and, in January, 1887, took the name of the Ohio. Indiana & Western Railway Com- pany. The final reorganization, under its present name, took place in February, 1890. when it was leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, by which it is operated. (See Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago ulation (1880), 964; (1890), 1,298; (1900), 3,357. PITTSBl'RG, CINnWATI. CHICAGO & ST. LOriS KAILUO.VO. one of the Pennsyl- vania Coiii|i.any"s lines, operating 1.403 miles of road, of whicl) 1,090 miles are owned and the remainder leased — length of line in Illinois, 28 miles. The Company is the outgrowth of a con- solidation, in 1890, of the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway with the Chicago, St. Louis & Pittsburg, the Cincinnati & Richmond and the JefTersonville. Madison & Indianapolis Railroads. The Pennsylvania Railroad Companj' controls the entire line through ownership of stock. Capital stock outstanding, in 1898, $47,791,601; *2t; HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. funded debt, $48,433,000; floating debt, $2,214,703 —total capital $98,500,584. — (History.) The Chicago, St. Louis & Pittsburg Railroad, em- bracing the Illinois division of this line, was made up of various corporations organized under the laws of Illinois and Indiana. One of its compo- nent parts was the Chicago & Great Eastern Railway, organized, in 1865. by consolidation of the Galena & Illinois River Railroad (chartered in 1857), the Chicago & Great Eastern Railway of Indiana, the Cincinnati & Chicago Air-Line (organized 1860), and the Cincinnati, Logans- port & Chicago Railway. In 1869, the consoli- dated line was leased to the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway Company, and operated under the name of the Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central lietween Bradford, Ohio, and Chicago, from 18G9 until its consolidation, under the present name, in 1890. (See Pennsylvania Railroad.) PITTSBURO, FORT WAYNE & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Pittsburg. Fort Wayne <£- Chi- cago Paihray.) PITTSBURG, FORT WAYNE & CHICAGO RAILWAY. The total length of this line is nearly 470 miles, but only a little over 16 miles are within Illinois. It was operated by the Penn- sylvania Railroad Compan}' as lessee. The entire capitalization in 1898 was $52,549,990; and the earnings in Illinois, $472,228. — (History.) The Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway is the result of the consolidation, August 1, 1856, of the Ohio & Pennsylvania, the Ohio & Indiana and the Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad Companies, under the name of the Pittsburg. Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad. The road was opened through its entire length, Jan. 1, 1859; was sold under foreclosure in 1861 ; reorganized under its present title, in 1862. and leased to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, for 999 years, from July 1, 1869. (See Pennsylvania Pailroad.) PITTSFIELD, the county -seat of Pike County, situated on the Hannibal it Naples branch of the Wabash Railway, about 40 miles southeast of Quiucy, and about the same distance soutli of we.st from Jacksonville. Its public buildings include a handsome court house and graded and high school buildings. The city has an electric light plant, city water-works, a flour mill, a National and a State bank, nine churches, and four weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 3,295; (1900), 2,293. PLAINFIELD, a village of Will County, on the Elgin. Joliet & Eastern Railroad and an interur- ban electric line. 8 miles northwest of Joliet: is in a dairying section; has a bank and one news- paper. Pop. (1890), 852; (1900), 920. PLANO, a city in Kendall County, situated near the Fox River, and on the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincj' Railroad, 14 miles west-southwest of Aurora. There are manufactories of agri- cultural implements and bed.steads. The city has banks, several churches, graded and high schools, and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,825; (1900), 1,634; (1903, est.). 2,250. PLEASANT PLAINS, a village of Sangamon County, on Springfield Division Baltimore & Ohio S. W. Railroad, 16 miles northwest of Spring- field; in rich farming region; has coal-shaft, bank, five churches, college and two newspapers. Population (1890), 518; (1900). 575. PLEASANTS, George Washington, jurist, was born in Harrodsbur.g, Ky., Nov. 24. 1823; received a classical education at Williams College. Mass. graduating in 1842; -studied law in New York City, and was admitted to the bar at Rochester, N. Y'., in 1845, establishing himself in practice at Williamstown, Mass., where he remained until 1849. In 1851 he removed to Washington, D. C, and, after residing there two years, came to Illi- nois, locating at Rock Island, which has since been his home. In 1861 he was elected, as a Republican, to the State Constitutional Conven- tion which met at Springfield in January follow- ing, and, in 1867, was chosen Judge for the Sixth (now Tenth) Judicial Circuit, having served by successive re-elections until June, 1897, retiring at the close of his fifth term— a record for length of service seldom paralleled in the judicial his- tory of the State. The last twenty years of this period were spent on the Appellate bench. For several years past Judge Pleasants has been a sufferer from failing eyesight, but has been faith- ful in attendance on his judicial duties. As a judicial officer and a man, his reputation stands among the highest. PLLTMB, Ralph, soldier and ex-Congressman, was born in Chautauqua County, N. Y'., March 29, 1816. After leaving school he became a mer- chant's clerk, and was himself a merchant for eighteen years. From New Y'ork he removed to Ohio, where he was elected a member of the Legislature in 1855, later coming to Illinois. During the Civil War he served four years in the Union army as Captain and Quartermaster, being brevetted Lieutenant Colonel at its close. He made his home at Streator, where he was elected Mayor (1881-1883). There he engaged in coal- mining and has been connected with several important enterprises. From 1885 to 1889 he HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 427 represented the Eighth Illinois District in Con- gress, after wliich he retired to private life. PLY.MOl'TH, a village of Hancock County, on the Cliiea};i). Burlington & Quincy Rjvihvay. 41 miles nortlieast of Quincy ; is trade center of rich farming district; has two banks, electric lights, water-works, and one paper. Pop. (1900), 8.)4. POIME BE S.VIBLE, Jean Baptiste, a negro and Indian-trader, reputed to have been the first settler on the present site of the city of Chicago. He is said to have been a native of San Domingo, but is described by his contemporaries as "well educated and handsome,"" though dissipated. He appears to have been at the present site of Chi- cago as early .as 1794, his house being located on the north sitlo near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River, where he carried on a considerable trade with the Indians. About 1796 he is said to have sold out to a French trader named Le Mai, and jt)ined a countryman of his, named Glamorgan, at Peoria, where he died soon after. Glamorgan, who was the reputed owner of a large Spanish land-grant in the vicin- ity of St. Ixiuis, is said to have been a.ssociated with Point de Saible in trade among the Peorias, before the latter came to Chicago. POLO, a city in Ogle County, at intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Burling- ton & Northern Railways, 23 miles south of Free- port and 12 miles north of Dixon. The surrounding region is devoted to agriculture and stock-raising, and Polo is a shipping point for large quantities of cattle and hogs. Agricultural im])lements (including harvesters) and buggies are manufactured here. The citj' has banks, one weekly ami one semi weekly paper, seven churches, a graded public and high school, and a public library. Pop. (1890), 1,728; (1900), 1,869. PONTI.VC, an Ottawa chief, born on the Ottawa River, in Canada, about 1720. While yet a young man he became ,the principal Chief of the allied Ottawas, Ojibwaysand Pottawatomies. He was always a firm ally of the French, to whose interests he was devotedly attachetl, defending them at Detroit against an attack of the Northern tribes, and (it is generally believed) leading the Ottawas in the defeat of Uraddock. He reluctantly acijuiesced in the issue of the French and Indian War. although at first strongly disposed to dispute the progre.ss of Major Rogers, the British officer sent to take possession of the western forts. In 1762 he dispatched emissaries to a large numl)er of tribes, whom he desired to unite in a league for the extermination of the English. His proposals were favorably received, and tlnis was organized what is commonly spoken of a.s the "Conspiracy of Pontiac."' He himself undertook to lead an assault upon Detroit. The garrisf)!!, however, was apprised of his inten- tion, and made preparations accordingly. Pontiac thereupon laid siege to the fort, but was unable to prevent the ingress of provisions, the Canadian settlers furnishing supplies to both besieged and besiegers with absolute impartiality. Finally a boat-load of ammunition and supplies was landed at Detroit from Lake Erie, and the English made an unsucce.ssfid sortie on July 31, 1703. After a desultory warfare, lasting for nearly three months, the Indians withdrew into Indiana, where Pontiac tried in vain to organize another movement. Although Detroit had not been taken, the Indians captured Forts Sandusky, St. Joseph, 5Iiami, Ouiatanon. LeBoeuf and Venango, besides the posts of Mackinaw and Presque Isle. The garrisons at all the.se points were massacred and innumerable outrages perpetrated elsewhere. Additional British troops were sent west, and the Indians finally brought under control. Pontiac was present at Oswego when a treaty was signed with Sir William Johnson, but remained implacable. His end was tragic. Broken in lieart, but still proud in spirit and relentless in purpose, he applied to the former (and last) French Governor of Illinois, the younger St. Ange, who wivs then at St. Louis, for co-operation .■ino. the Head Chief of the Illinois, in a council held on the Des Plaines River, near the present site of Joliet. So well convinced, it is said, was Pierre Chouteau, the St. Louis Indian trader, of the truth of this last story, that he caused a monument, which he had erected over the grave of the false Pontiac, to be removed. Out of the nnirder of Pontiac, whether occurring at Cahokia or Joliet. it is generally agreed, resulted the extermination of the Illinois and the tragedy of "Starved Rock."" (See Starved Hock. ) rONTI.VC, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Livingston County. It stands on the bank of the Vemillion River, and is also a point 428 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of intersection of the Chicago & Alton, tlie Wabasli and the Illinois Central Railroads. It is iiS miles north-northeast from Bloomington and 93 miles south-southwest of Chicago. The sur- rounding region is devoted to agriculture, stock- raising and coal-mining. Pontiac has four banks and four weekly newspapers (two issuing daily editions), numerous cluirclies and good schools. Various kinds of manufacturing are conducted, among the principal establishments being flour- ing mills, three slioe factories, straw paper and candy factories and a foundiy. The State Re- formatory for Juvenile Offenders is located here. Pop. (1890). 2,784; (1900), 4,266. POOL, Orval, merchant and banker, was born in Union County, Ky., near Shawueetcwn, 111., Feb. 17, 1809, but lived in Shawneetown from seven years of age; in boyhood learned the saddler's trade, but, in IS-IS, engaged in the dry-goods business, J. McKee Peeples and Thomas S. Ridg- way becoming his partners in 1846. In 1850 he retired from the dry-goods trade and became an extensive dealer in produce, pork and tobacco. In 1871 he established the Gallatin County National Bank, of which he was the first Presi- dent. Died, June 30, 1871. POOLE, William Frederick, bibliographer, librarian and historical writer, was born at Salem, Slass. , Dec. 34, 1821, graduated from Yale College in 1849, and, at the close of his sophomore year, was appointed assistant librarian of his col- lege society, which owned a library of 10,000 vol- umes. Here he prepared and published the first edition of his now famous "Index to Periodical Literature." A second and enlarged addition was published in 1853, and secured for its author wide fame, in both America and Europe. In 1852 he was made Librarian of the Boston Mercantile Library, and, from 1856 to 1869, had charge of the Boston Athenfeum, then one of the largest li- braries in the United States, which he relinquished to engage in expert library work. He organized libraries in several New England cities and towns, at the United States Naval Academy, and the Cincinnati Public Library, finally becoming Librarian of the latter institution. In October, 1873, he assumed charge of the Chicago Public Library, then being organized, and, in 1887, became Librarian of the Newberry Library, organizing this institution and remaining at its head until his death, which occurred, March 1, 1894. The degree of LL.D. was conferred on him V)y the Northwestern University in 1882. Dr. Poole took a prominent part in the organization of library associations, and was one of the Vice- Presidents of the International Conference of Librarians, held in London in 1871. His advice was much sought in relation to library architec- ture and management. He wrote much on topics connected with his profession and on historical subjects, frequently contributing to "The North American Review." In 1874-75 he edited a liter- ary paper at Chicago, called "'The Owl," and was later a constant contributor to "T)ie Dial." He was President of the American Historical Society and member of State Historical Societies and of other kindred associations. POPE, Nathaniel, first Territorial Secretary of Illinois, Delegate in Congress and jurist, was born at Louisville, Ky., in 1774; graduated with high honor from Traiisylvania University, at Lexing- ton, Ky., read law with his brother. Senator John Pope, and, in 1804, emigrated to New Orleans, later living, for a time, at Ste. Genevieve, Mo. In 1808 he became a i-esident of Kaskaskia and, the next year, was appointed the first Territorial Secretary of Illinois. His native judgment was strong and profound and his intellect quick and far-reaching, while both were thoroughly trained and disciplined by study. In 1816 he was elected a Territorial Delegate to Congress, and proved himself, not only devoted to the interests of his constituents, but also a shrewd tactician. He was largely instrumental in seciu-ing the passage of the act authorizing the formation of a State government, and it was mainly through his efforts that the northern boundary of Illinois was fixed at lat. 43° 30' north, instead of the southern bend of Lake Michigan. Upon the admission of Illinois into the Union, he was made United States Judge of the District, which then embraced the entire State. This office he filled with dig- nity, impartiality and acceptability until his death, at the hon>e of his daughter, Mrs. Lu- cretia Yeatman, in St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 33, 1850. Pope County was named in his honor. — Gen. John (Pope), son of the preceding, was born in Louis- ville, Ky., March 16, 1833; graduated at the United States Military Academy, 1843, and appointed brevet Second Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers; served in Florida (1843-44), on the northeast boundary survey, and in the Mexican War (1846-47), being promoted First Lieutenant for bravery at Monterey and Captain at Buena Vista. In 1849 he conducted an exploring expe- dition in Minnesota, was in charge of topograph- ical engineering service in New Mexico (1851-53). and of the survey of a route for the Union Pacific Railway (1853-59), meanwhile experimenting on the feasibilitv of artesian wells on the "Staked niSTOIlIf-AL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 429 Plains" in Northwestern Texas. lie wiis a zeal- ous friend of Abraham Lincoln in the political cainp;iiKn of IISOO, and was court-niartialod for criticising the policy of President Buchanan, in a jKipor read beft)re a literary society in Cincinnati, (he proceedings being finally dropped on the recommendation of the (then) Secretary of War, Joseph Holt. In 18G1 he was one of the odicers detailed by the War Department to conduct Mr. Lincoln to the capital, and, in May following, was made Urigadier-General of Volunteers and assigned to command in Missouri, where lie per- formed valuable service in protecting railroad communications and driving out guerrillas, gain- ing an important victory over Sterling Price at Blackwater, in December of that year; in 1863 had command of the land forces co-operating with Admiral Foote, in the expedition against New Madrid and Island No. 10, resulting in the capture of that stronghold with 6,500 prisoners, 125 cannon and 7,000 small arms, thereby win- ning a Major-deneral's commission. L;iter, hav- ing participated in the operations against Corinth, he was transferred to command of the Army of Virginia, and soon' after commissioned Briga- dier-General in the regular army. Here, being forced to meet a greatly superior force under General I..ee, he was subjected to reverses which led to his falling back on Washington and a request to be relieved of his command. For fail- ure to give him proper support. Gen. Fitzjohn Porter was tried by court-martial, and. having been convicted, was cashiered and declared for- ever disqualified from holding any oflSce of trust or profit under the United States Government — although this verdict was finally set aside and Porter restored to the army as Colonel, by act of Congress, in August, 1886. General Pope's sub- sequent service was performed chiefly against the Indians in the Northwest, until 1805, when he took command of the military division of Mis- souri, and, in June following, of the Department of the Missouri, including all the Northwestern States and Territories, from which he was relieved early in 18C6. Later, he held command, under the Reconstruction Acts, in Georgia, Ala- bamaand Florida (1867-68); the Department of the Lakes (18GS-70) ; Department of the Mis.souri (1870- 84) ; and Department of the Pacific, from 1884 to his retirement, March Hi. 1886. General Pope published "Explorations from the Red River to the Rio Grande'' and "Campaigns in Virginia" (1863). Died, at Sandusky, Ohio. Sept 23, 1892. POPE COUNTY, lies on the southern border of the State, and contains an area of al)out 'MVl stpiare miles — named in honor of Judge Nathaniel Pope. It was erected in 1810 (two years before the admission of Illinois as a State) from parts of tiallatin and Johnson Counties. The county-seat was first located at Sandsville, but later changed to Golconda. Robert Lacy, Benoni Lee and Thomas Ferguson were the first CommLssioners ; Hamlet Ferguson was chosen Sheriff; John Scott, Recorder ; Thomas C. Browne, Prosecuting-Attor- ney, and Samuel Omelveney, Treasurer. The highest land in Southern Illinois is in the north- eastern part of this county, reaching an elevation of l,04(i feet. The bluffs along the Ohio River are bold in outline, and the ridges are surmounted by a thick growth of timber, notablj' oak and hick- ory. Portions of the bottom lands are submerged, at times, during a part of the year and are covered with cypress timber. The remains of Indian mounds and fortifications are found, and some interesting relics have been exliumed. Sand- stone is quarried in abundance, and coal is found here and there. Mineral springs (with copperas as the chief ingredient) are numerous. Iron is found in limited quantities, among the rocks toward the south, while spar and kaolin clay are found in the north. The chief agricultural products are potatoes, corn and tobacco. Popu- lation (18i)0), 14,010; (1900), 1.3,.'385. PORT BYROX, a village of Rock Island County, on tlie Mi.ssissippi River and the Chicago. Mil- waukee i^- St. Paul Railway, 16 miles above Rock Islanil; has lime kilns, grain elevator, two banks, academy, public schools, and a newspaper. Pop. (1900). 732. The (Illinois) Western Hospital for the Insane is located at Watertown, t.velve miles below Port Byron. PORTER, (Rev.) Jeremiah, pioneer clergy- man, was born at Hadley, Mass., in 1804; gradu- ated from Williams College in 1825. and studied theology at both Andover and Princeton semi- naries, graduating from the latter in 1831. The same year he made the (then) long and perilous journey to Fort Brady, a military post at the Sault Ste. Marie, where he began his work as a missionary. In 1833 he came to Chicago, where he remained for two years, organizing the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, with a member- ship of twenty-six persons. Afterwards he had pastoral charge of churches at Peoria and Farm- ington. Wliile in Chicago he was married to Miss Eliza Chappell. one of the earliest teachers in Chicago. From 1840 to '58 he was located at Green Bay, Wis., accepting a call from a Chicago Church in the year last named. In 1861 he was conunissioned Chaplain in the volunteer service 430 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. by Governor Yates, and mustered out in 1865. The next five years were divided between labors at Brownsville, Tex., in the service of the Sani- tary Commission, and a pastorate at Prairie du Chien. In 1870 he was commissioned Chaplain in the regular army, remaining in the service (with occasional leaves of absence) until 1882, when he was retired from active service on account of advanced age. His closing years were spent at the homes of his children in Detroit and Beloit; died at the latter city, July 25, 1893, at the age of 89 years. POSEY, (Gen.) Thomas, Continental and Revolutionary soldier, was born in Virginia, July 9, 1750 ; in 1774 took part in Lord Dunmore's expe- dition against the Indians, and, later, in various engagements of the Revolutionarj' War, being part of the time imder the immediate command of Washington; was with General Wayne in the assault on Stony Point and present at Cornwallis' surrender at Yorktown ; also served, after the war, with Wayne as a Brigadier-General in the North- west Territory. Removing to Kentucky, he served in the State Senate, for a time being presiding officer and acting Lieutenant-Governor ; later (1812), was elected United States Senator from Louisiana, and, from 1813 to "16, served as Territorial Governor of Indiana Died, at the home of his son-in-law, Joseph M. Street, at Shawneetown, 111. , March 18, 1818, where he lies buried. At the time of his death General Posey was serving as Indian Agent. POST, Joel S., lawyer and soldier of the Mexi- can War; was born in Ontario (now Wayne) County, N. Y., April 27, 1816; in 1828 removed with his father to Washtenaw County, Mich., remaining there until 1839, when he came to Macon County, 111. The following year, he com- menced the study of law with Judge Charles Emmerson, of Decatur, and was admitted to the bar in 1841. In 1846 he enlisted in the Mexican War, and served as Quartermaster of the Fourth Regiment (Col. E. D. Baker's) ; in 1856 was elected to the State Senate, and. at the following session, was a leading supporter of the measures which resulted in the establishment of the State Nor- mal School at Bloomington. Capt. Post's later years were spent at Decatur, where he died, June 7, 1886. POST, Philip Sidney, soldier and Congress- man, was born at Florida, Orange County, N. Y., March 19, 1833 ; at the age of 22 graduated from Union College, studied law at Poughkeepsie Law School, and, removing to Illinois, was admitted to the bar in 1856 At the outbreak of the Civil War lie enlisted, and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Fiftj'-ninth Illinois Volunteers. He was a gallant, fearless soldier, and was re- peatedly promoted for bravery and meritorious service, until he attained the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. He participated in many important battles and was severely wounded at Pea Ridge and Nashville. In 1865 he was in com- mand in Western Texas. After the close of the war he entered the diplomatic service, being appointed Consul-Geueral to Austria-Hungary in 1874, but resigned in 1879, and returned to his home in Galesburg. From 1882 to 1886 he was a member of the Republican State Central Com- mittee, and, during 1886, was Commander of the Department of Illinois, G. A. R. He was elected to Congress from the Tenth District on the Repub- lican ticket in 1886, serving continuously by re- election until his death, which occurred in Washington, Jan. 6, 1895. POST, Truman Marcellus, D.D., clergyman, was born at 5Iiddlebury. Vt., June 3, 1810; gradu- ated at Middlebury College in 1829, was Principal of Castleton Academy for a year, and a tutor at Sliddlebury two years, meanwhile studying law. After a winter spent in AVashiugton, listening to the orators of the time in Congress and before the Supreme Court, including Clay, Webster, Wirt and their contemporaries, he went west in 1833, first visiting St. Louis, but finally settling at Jacksonville, 111., where he was admitted to the bar, but soon after accepted the Professorship of Classical Languages in Illinois College, and later that of History; then began the study of theology, was ordained in 1840, and assumed the pastorship of the Congregational Church in Jack- sonville. In 1847 he was called to the pastorate of the Third Presbyterian Church of St. Louis, and, in 1851, to the First Congregational Church, of which the former furnished the nucleus. For a year or two after removing to St. Louis, he continued his lectures on history at Illinois Col- lege for a sliort period each year ; also held the professorship of Ancient and Slodern History in Washington University, in St. Louis; in 1873-75 was Southworth lecturer on Congregationalism in Andover Theological Seminary and, for sev- eral years, Professor of Ecclesiastical History in Chicago Theological Seminary. His splendid diction and his noble style of oratory caused him to be much sought after as a public lecturer or platform speaker at college commencements, while his purity of life and refinement of charac- ter attracted to him all with %vhom he came in personal contact. He received the degree of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 431 D.D. from Middlebury College iu 1855; was a fre- quent contributor to "The Biblical Repository" and otlier religious publications, ami, besides numerous addresses, sermons and pamplilets, he was the author of a volume entitled "The Skep- tical Era in Jlodern History" (New York, 185G). Ue resigned liis pastorate in January, 18S2, but continued to be a frequent speaker, eitlier in the pulpit or on the lecture platform, nearly to the period of his death, which occurred iu St. Louis, Dec. 31, 1886. For a quarter of a centurj- he was one of the Trustees of Jlonticello Female Semi- nary, at Godfrey, 111., being, for a considerable portion of the time, President of the Board. POTT.VW.VTOMIES, THE, an Indian tribe, one of the three subdivi.sions of the Ojib%vas (or Ojibbeways), who, in turn, constituted a numer- ous family of the Algonquins. The other branches were the Ottawa and the Chippewas. The latter, however, retained the family name, and hence some writers have regarded the "Ojib- beways" and the "Chipjiewas" as essentially identical. This interchanging of names has been a prolific source of error. Inherently, the dis- tinction was analogous to that existing between genus and species, although a confusion of nomenclature lias naturally resulted in errors more or less serious. Tiieso three tribes early .separated, the Pottawatomies going soxith from Green Bay along the western shore of Lake Michigan. The meaning of the name is, "we are making a fir«," and the word is a translation into the Pottawatomie language of the name first given to the tribe by the Miamis. These Indians were tall, fierce and haughty, and the tribe was divideil into four branches, or clans, called by names which signify, respectively, the golden carp, the tortoise, the crab and the frog. Accord- ing to the "Jesuit Relations," the Pottawatomies were first met by the French, on the north of Lake Uuron, in 1039-40. More than a quarter of a century later (1C66) Father AUouez speaks of them as dwellers on the shores of Lake Michigan. The s;ime Father described them a-s idolatrous and iwlygamous, yet as possessing a rude civility and as being kindly disposed toward the French. This friendship continued unbroken until the expulsion of the latter from the Northwest. About 1678 they spread southward from Green Bay to the head of Lake Michigan, a portion of the tribe settling in Illinois as far south as the Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, crowding the Winnebagoes and the Sacs and Foxes on the west, and advancing, on the east, into the country of the Miamis as far as the Wabash and the Mauraee. They fought on tlie side of the French in the French and Indian War, and later took part in the conspiracy of Pontiac to capture and reduce the British |)osts, and were so influenced by Tecumseh and the Prophet that a considerable number of their warri- ors fought against General Harrison at Tippe- canoe. During the War of 1813 they actively supported the British. Thej' were also prominent at the Chicago massacre. Schoolcraft says of them, "They were foremost at all treaties where lands were to be ceded, clamoring for the lion's share of all presents and annuities, particularly where these last were the price paid for the sale of other lands than their own." The Pottawato- :nies were parties to the treaties at Chicago in 183i and 1833. and were among the last of the tribes to remove beyond the Mississippi, their final emigration not taking place until 1838. In 1846 the sciittered fragments of this tribe coalesced with those of the Chippewas and Ottawas, and formed the Pottawatomie nation. They ceded all their land.s, wherever located, to the United States, for §850,000, agreeing to accept 576,000 acres in Kansas in lieu of 587,000 of this amount. Through the rapacity and trespasses of white settlers, tliis reservation was soon dismembered, and the lands passed into other hands. In 1807, under an ena- bling act of Congress, 1,400 of the nation (then estimated at 2,500) became citizens. Their pres- ent location is in the southeastern part of Okla- homa. POWELL, John Wesley, Ph.D., LL.I)., geolo- gist and anthropologist, was born at Mount Morris N. Y., March 24, 1834, the son of a Methodist itinerant preacher, passing his early life at vari- ous places in Ohio, Wisconsin and Illinois; studied for a time in Elinois College (Jacksonville), and subsequently in Wheaton College, but, in 1854, began a special course at Oberlin, Ohio, teaching at intervals in public schools. Having a predi- lection for the natural sciences, he spent much time in making collections, which he placed in various Illinois institutions. Entering the army in 1861 as a private of the Twentieth Illinois Volunteers, he later became a Captain of the Second Illinois Artillery, being finally promoted Major. He lost his right arm at the battle of Shiloh, but returned to his regiment as soon as sufficiently recovered, and continued in active service to the close of the war. In 1805 he became Professor of Geologj- and Curator of the 5Iuseum in Illinois Wesleyan L^niversity at Bloomington, but resigned to accept a similar position in the State Normal University. In 1867 he began his 432 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. greatest work in connection with science by leading a class of pupils to the mountains of Colorado for the study of geology, which he fol- lowed, a year later, by a more thorough survey of the cafion of the Colorado River than had ever before been attempted. This led to provision by Congress, in 1870, for a topographical and geo- logical survey of the Colorado and its tributaries, which was appropriately jilaced under his direc- tion. Later, he was placed in charge of the Bureau of Ethnology in connection with the Smithsonian Institute, and, again in 1881, was assigned to the directorship of the United States Geological Survey, later becoming Director of the Bureau of Ethnology, in connection witli the Smithsonian Institute in Washington City, where (1899) he still remains. In 1886 ?.Iajor Powell received the degree of Ph.D. from Heidel- berg University, and that of LL.D. from Har- vard the same j'ear. He is also a member of the leading scientific associations of the country, while his reports and addresses fill numerous volumes issued by the Government. POWELL, William Henry, soldier and manu- factm'er, was born in South Wales, May 10, 1825; came to America in 1830, was educated in the common schools of Tennessee, and (1856-61) was manager of a manufacturing company at Iron- ton, Ohio; in 1861, became Captain of a West Virginia cavalry company, and was advanced through the grades of Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel ; was wounded while leading a charge at Wytheville, Va., left on the field, captured and confined in Libby Prison six months. After ex- change he led a cavalry division in the Army of the Shenandoah ; was made Brigadier-General in October, 1864; after the war settled in West Vir- ginia, and was a Republican Presidential Elector in 1868. He is now at the head of a nail mill and foundry in Belleville, and was Commander of the Grand Armj' of tlie Republic for the Department of Illinois during 1895-96. PRAIRIE CITY, a village in McDonough County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 23 miles southwest from Galesburg and 17 miles northeast of Macomb; Im.s a carriage factory, flour mill, elevators, lumber and stock yards, a nurser}-, a bank, four churches and two weekly papers. Pop (1890), 812; (1900), 818. PRAIRIE DU PONT, (in English, Bridge Prairie), an early French settlement, one mile south of Cahokia. It was commenced about 1760, located on the banks of a creek, on which was the first mill, operated by water-power, in that section, having been erected by missionaries from St. Sulpice, in 1754. In 1765 the village contained fourteen families. In 1844 it was inundated and nearly destroyed. PRAIRIE du ROCHER, (in English, Prairie of the Rock), an early French village in what is now Monroe County, which began to spring up near Fort Chartres (see Fort Chartres), and by 1722 had grown to be a considerable settlement. It stood at the foot of the Mississippi bluffs, about four miles northeast of the fort. Like other French villages in Illinois, it had its church and priest, its common field and commons. JMany of the houses were picturesque cottages built of limestone. The ancient village is now extinct; yet, near the outlet of a creek which runs through the bluff, may be seen the vestiges of a water mill, said to have been erected by the Jesuits during the daj'S of French occupation. PRENTICE, William S., Methodist Episcopal clergj-man, was born in St Clair County, 111., in 1819; licensed as a Methodist preacher in 1849, and filled pastorates at Paris, Danville, Carlin- ville, Springfield, Jacksonville and other places — the latter part of his life, serving as Presiding Elder ; was a delegate to the Genei'al Conference of 1860, and regularly re-elected from 1873 to the end of his life. During the latter part of his life his home was in Springfield. Died, June 28, 1887. PRENTISS, Benjamin Mayberry, soldier, was born at Belleville. Wood County, Va., Nov. 23, 1819; in 1835 accompanied his parents to Mis- souri, and, in 1841, removed to Quincy, 111., where he learned a trade, afterwards embarking in the commission business. In 1844-45 he was Lieuten- ant of a company sent against the Mormons at Nauvoo, later serving as Captain of Volunteers in the Jlexican War. In 1860 he was an unsuccess- ful Republican candidate for Congress; at the outbreak of the Civil War tendered his services to Governor Yates, and was commissioned Colonel of the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, was almost immediately promoted to Brigadier-General and placed in command at Cairo, so continuing until relieved by General Grant, in September, 1861. At the battle of Shiloh, in April following, he was captured with most of his command, after a most vigorous fight with a superior rebel force, but, in 1862, was exchanged and brevetted Major- General of Volunteers. He was a member of the court-martial that tried Gen. Fitzjohn Porter, and, as commander at Helena, Ark. , defeated the Confederate Generals Holmes and Price on July 3, 1863. He resigned his commission, Oct. 38. 1863. In 1869 he was appointed by President Grant Pension Agent at Quincy, serving four IIlST()i;i( Al. ENCYCLOPEDIA UK ILLINOIS. 433 years. At present (1898) (leneral Prentiss' resi- dence is at Betliany, 5Io., where he served as Postmaster, diirinf; the administration of Presi- dent Benjamin Harrison, and was reappointed by Presi.lent MfKinley. Died Feb. 8, 1901. PRESIDEMIAL ELECTORS. (See Elections.) PRESBYTEKIAN H()SPIT.\L, located at Chi- cago, was organized in l^H:i by a number of wealthy and liberal Presbyterians, "for the pur- pose of affording medical and surgical aid to sick and disabled persons, and to provide them, while inmates of the hospital, with the ministrations of the gospel, agreeably to the doctrines and forms of the Presbyterian Church " Rush Med- ical College offered a jMirtion of its ground as a site (see Jiusli Medical College), and through generous subscriptions, a well-planned Ijuilding was erected, capable of accommodating about ~!)^> patients. A corridor connects the college and hospital buildings. The medical staff comprises eighteen of Chicago's best known phj-sicians and surgeons. PRESBTTERIAXS, THE. The first Presby- terian societj- in Illinois was organized by Rev. James McGready, of Kentucky, in 1810, at Sharon, White County. Revs. Samuel J. Mills and Daniel Smith, also Presbyterians, had visited the State in 1814, as representatives of the Massa- chusetts Missionary Society, but had formed no society. The members of the Sharon church were almost all immigrants from the South, and were largely of Scotch-Irish extraction. Two other churches were established in 1819 — one at Shoal Creek, Bond County, and the other at Edwardsville. In 182."> there were but three Presbyterian ministers in Illinois — Revs. Stephen Bliss, John Brich and B. F. Spilman. Ten years later there were 80 churches, with a membership of 2,.500 and GO ministers. In 1880 the number of churches had increased to 487; but, in 1890, (as shown by the United States census) there were less. In the latter year there were 40.j ministers and 52,94.5 members. The Synod of Illinois is the highest ecclesiastical court of the denomination in the State, and, under its jurisdiction, the church maintains two seminaries; one (the Mc- Connick) at Chicago, and the other (the Black- burn Universit)-) at Carlinville. The organ of the denomination is "Tlie Interior," founded by Cyrus 11. McCormick, and published weekly at Chicago, with William C. Gray as editor. The Illinois Synod embraced witliin its jurisdiction (1895) eleven Presbyteries, to which were attached 483 churches. 464 ministers and a membership of 63,247. (See also Religious Denominations.) ■ PRICKETT, Abraham, pioneer merchant, was Viorn near Lexington, Ky. , came to Madison Count}-, III., in 1808; was employed for a time in the drug business in St. Louis, then opened a -store at Edwardsville, where, in 1813, he received from the first County Court of Mailison County, a license to retail merchandise. In 1818. he served as one of the three Delegates from Bladison County to the Convention which framed the first State Constitution, and, the same j-ear, was elected a Representative in the First General Assembly; was also Postmaster of the town of Edwardsville for a number of j-ears. In 182,5 he removed to Adams County and laid out an addi- tion to the city of Quincy; was al.so engaged there in trade with the Indians. In 1836, while engaged on a Government contract for the re- moval of snags and other obstructions to the navi- gation of Red River, he died at Natchitoches. La. — (icorge W. (Prickett) a son of the preceding, and afterwards a citizen of Chicago, is said to have been the first white child born in Edwards- ville.— Isaac (Prickett). a brother of Abraham, came to St. Louis in 181.5, and to Edwardsville in 1818, where he was engaged in mercantile busi- ne.ss with his brother and, later, on his own account. He held the offices of Postmaster, Pub- lic Administrator, Quartermaster-General of State Militia, Inspector of the State Penitentiary, and, from 1838 to "42, was Receiver of Public Moneys at Edwardsville, dying in 1844. PRICKETT, David, pioneer lawyer, was born in Franklin County, Ga.. Sept. 21. 1800; in early childhood was taken by his parents to Kentucky and from there to Edwardsville, 111. lie gradu- ated from Transylvania University, and, in 1821, began the practice of law ; was the first Supreme Court Reporter of Illinois, Judge of the Madison County Probate Court, Representative in the General Assembly (1826 28), Aid-de-Camp to General Whiteside in the Black Hawk War, State's Attorney for Springfield Judicial Circuit (1837), Treasurer of the Board of Canal Commis- sioners (1840), Director of the State Bank of Illi- nois (1842), Clerk of the House of Representatives for ten sessions and Assistant Clerk of the same at the time of his death, March 1, 1847. PRINCE, David, physician and surgeon, was born in Brooklyne, Windham County, Conn., June 21, 1816; removed with his parents to Canandaigua, N. Y.. and was educated in the ucari- vate practice and pursue his work as an autlior. His first work, having already run through three editions, was followed by "Puterbaugh'.s Chan- cery Pleading and Practice," the first edition of which appeared in 1874, and "Michigan Chancery Practice," which appeared in 1881. In 1880 he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Republi- can ticket. Died, Sept. 25, 1892. Leslio I). (Puterbaugh), a son of Judge Puterbaugh, is Ju GEXERAL), The existing railroad system of Illinois had its inception in the mania for internal improvement whicli swept over the country in 1836-37, tlie basis of tlie plan adopted in Illinois (as in the Eastern States) being that tlie State should construct, maintain, own and operate an elaborate system. Lines were to be constructed from Cairo to (Jalena, from Alton to Mount Carmel, from Peoria to Warsaw, from Alton to the Central Raih-oad, from Belleville to Mount Carmel. from BloomiuKton to Mack- inaw Town, and from Meredosia to Springfield. The experiment proved extremely unfortunate to the financial interests of the State, and laid the foundation of an immense debt under which it staggered for many years. The Northern Cross Railroad, extending from Meredosia to Spring- field, was the only one so far completed as to be in operation. It was sold, in 1847, to Nicholas H. Ridgely. of Springfield for 521,100, he being the highest bidder. This line formed a nucleus of the existing Wabash system. The first road to be operated by private parties (outside of a prim- itive tramway in St. Clair County, designed for the transportat ion of coal to St. Louis) was the Galena & Chicago Union, chartered in 1836. This was the second line completed in tlie State, and the first to run from Chicago. The subsenuent development of the railway system of Illinois was at first gradual, then steady and finally rapid. A succinct description of the various lines now in operation in the State may be found vmder appropriate headings. At present Illinois leads all the States of the Union in the extent of railways in operation, the total mileage (1897) of main track being 10,785.43 — or 19 miles for each 100 scpiarc miles of territory and 25 miles for each 10,000 inhabitants — estimating the jjopulation (1898) at four and a (niarter millions. Every one of the 103 counties of tlie State is traversed by at least one railroatl except tliree — Calhoun, Hardin and Pope. The entire capitalization of the 111 companies doing business in the State in 1896, (including capital stock, funded debt and current liabilities), was §2.609. 104. 142— c.iual to §07..'").")0 jjer mile. In \>^'M, fifteen owned and ten leased lines paid dividends of from four to eight per cent on common, and from four to ten ])er cent on preferred, stock — the total amount thus pjiid aggreg-ating S2.">,321,7.")2. The total earnings and income, in Illinois, of all lines operated in the State, aggregated $77,508,537, while the total exi)enditure within the State was .?71, 463,367. Of the .58,263,860 tons of freight carried, 11,611,- 7ns were of agricultural products and 17,179,366 mineral products. The number of passengers (earning revenue) carried during the year, was 83,281,655. The total number of railroad em- ployes (of all classes) was 61,200. The entire amount of taxes paid by railroad companies for the year was §3,846,379. From 1836, when the first special charter was granted for the con- struction of a railroad in Illinois, until 18G9 — after which all corporations of this character came under the general incorporation laws of the State in accordance with the Constitution of 1870 — 293 special charters for tlie construction of raib-oads were granted bj- the Legislature, besides numerous amendments of charters already in existence. (For the history of important indi- vidual lines see each road under its corporate name. ) RALSTOX, Virgil Toim^, editor and soldier, was born, July 16, 1828, at Vanceburg, Ky. ; was a student in Illinois College one year (1846-47), after which he studied law in (^uincy and prac- ticed for a time ; also resided some time in Cali- fornia; 1855-57 was one of the editors of "The Quincy Wliig,"' and represented that paper in the Editorial Convention at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) In 1861, he was commissioned a Captain in the Six- teenth Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned on account of ill-health; later, enli.sted in an Iowa regiment, but died in hospital at St. Louis, from wounrn in Lebancm. Pa., Sept. 4, 1828, and graduated in medicine at the University of Penn- sylvania, in 1849. The following year he removed to Iowa, settling at Burlington. He was an active member of the Iowa Slate Medical Society, and, in 18.51, prepared and published a "Report on the Medical and Economic Botany of Iowa," and, later, made a collection of ichthyologic remains of the Upper Mississippi and Mis.souri for Professor Agassiz. Froixi 18.57 to 1800 he filled the chair of Materia Medica and Medical Botany at Rush Medical College, Chicago, occupying the .same position in 1859 in the Chicago College of Pharmacy, of which he was one of the organ- izers. During the Civil War he served, until 1864, as Assistant Medical Director, first in the Army of the Potomac, and later in Louisiana, being brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at the close of the struggle. Returning to Chicago, he aided in reorganizing the city's health service, and. in 18t)7, was appointed a member of the new Board of Health and Sanitary Inspector, serving until 1876. The latter year he was chosen President of the American Public Health Association, and, in 1877, a member of the newly created State Board of Health of Illinois, and elected its first President. Later, he became Secretary, and con- tinued in that office during his connection with the Board. In 1878-T9 he devoted much attention to the yellow-fever epidemic, and was instru- mental in the formation of the Sanitary Council of the .Mississipjii, and in securing the adoption of a system of river inspection by the National Boiird of Health. He was a member of many scientific bodies, and the author of numerous monographs and printed ad. Died. Jan. 25, 1881. RAYiMOM), a village of Montgomery County, on the St. Louis Division of tlie Wabash Railway, ■50 miles southwest of Decatur; lias electric lights, some manufactures and a weekly paper. Con- siderable coal is mined here and grain and fruit grown in the surrounding country. Population (1880), .543; (1890), S41 ; (1900), 906. RAYMOXD, (Rev.) Minor, D.I)., clergyman and educator, was born in New York City, August 29, 1811, being descended from a family of Huguenots (known by the name of "Rai- monde"), who were e.\pcUed from France on account of their religion. In his youth he learned the trade of a shoemaker with his father, at Rensselaerville, N. Y. He united with the Methodist Episcopal Church at the age of 17, later taking a course in the Wesleyan Academj' at Wilbraham, Mas.s., where he afterwards became a teacher. In 1838 he joined the New England Conference and, three years later, began pastoral work at Worcester, subsequently occu- pying pulpits in Boston and Westfield. In 1848, on the resignation of Dr. Robert AUyn (after- wards President of McKendree College and of the Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbon- dale), Dr. Raymond succeeded to the principalshij) of the .Academy at Wilbraham, remaining there until 1864, when he was elected to the chair of systematic theology in the Garrett Biblical Insti- tute at Evanston, 111., his connection with the latter institution continuing until 189.5, when he resigned. For some three years of this period he served as pastor of the First Methodist Church at Evanston. His death occvirred, Nov. 25, 1897. REAVIS, Logran I'riah, journalist, was born in the Sangiimon Bottom, Ma.son County, 111., March 26, 1831 ; in 1855 entered tiie office of "The Beardstown Gazette," later purchased an interest in the pajier and continued its publication under the name of "The Central lUinoian." until 1857. when he sold out and went to Neliraska. Return- ing, in 1860, lie repurchased his old paper and conducted it until 1866, when he sold out for the last time. The remainder of his life was devoted chiefly to advocating the removal of the National Capital to St. Louis, which he did by lectures and the publication of i«iniphlets and books on the subject; also published a "Life of Horace (Jreeley,"' another of General Harney, and two or three other volumes. Died in St. Louis, April 25, 1881). RECTOR, the name of a prt)minent and influ- ential family who lived at Kaskaskia in Terri- torial days. According to (Jovernor Reynolds, who has left the most detailed account of them in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," they con.si.sted of nine brotliers and four daughters, all of whom were born in Fauquier County. Va., some of them emigrating to Ohio, while others came to Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia in 1806. Reynolds describes them as passionate and impulsive, but possessed of a high standard of integrity and a chivalrous and patriotic sjjirit. — William, the oldest brother, and regarded as the head of the family, became a Deputy Surveyor soon after coming to Illinois, and took part in the Indian campaigns between 1812 and 1814. In 1816 he was appointed Surveyor-General of Illinois, Mis- souri and Arkansas, and afterwards removed to St. Louis. — Steplien, another of the brothers, was a Lieutenant in Ca])tain Moore's Company of Rangers in the War of 1812. while Charles commanded one of the two regiments organized by Governor Edwards, in 1812. for the expedition against the Indians at tlie head of Peoria Lake. — Xelson, still another brother, served in the same e.xpedition on the stalT of Governor Edwards. Stephen, alreadj- mentioned, was a member of the expedition sent to strengthen Prairie du Chien in 1814, and showed great cour- age in a fight with the Indians at Rock Island. During the same year Nelson Rector and Captain Samuel Whiteside joined Col. Zachary Taylor (afterwards President) in an exj^ditiou on the L'pper Mississippi, in which they came in contlict with the British and Indians at Rock Islan'D, William Patrick, soldier, capitalist, and coal operator, was born in County Leitrim. Ireland, Feb. 10. 1840, brought to Lowell, Mass.. in boyhood, and graduated from the high school there at 17; taught for a time near New York City and later in Maryland, where he began a course of classical study. The Civil War coming on, he enlisted in the Fourteenth Regiment New York Volunteers, serving most of the time as a non-commissioned officer, and participating in the battles of the second Bull Run. Malvern Hill, 44(; mSTOrjCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Autietam. Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. After the war lie came to Chicago and secured employment in a railway surveyor's office, later acting as foreman of the Northwestern freight depot, and finalh' embarking in the coal business, which was conducted with such success that he became the owner of some of the most valuable mining properties in the country. Meanwhile lie has taken a deep interest in the welfare of miners and other classes of laborers, and has sought to promote arbitration and conciliation between employers and employed, as a means of averting disastrous strikes. He was especially active during the long strike of 1S97, in efforts to bring about an \jiiderstanding between the miners and the operators. For several years he held a commission as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Illinois National Guard until compelled, by the demands of his private business, to tender his resignation. REPRESENTATIVES IX CONGRESS. The foUowinf^ table presents tlie names, residence. Districts represented, politics (except as to earlier ones>, and length of term or ti^rms of service of Illinois Representatives in the lower House of ('onRress, from tlie orcanizatiou of Illinois as a Territory down to tlie present time; (D. Democrat; W, Whig; K, Kepublican; G-B, Greenback; P, Fopulist). Shadriich Bond Benjamin iStepbensun Natbaiiiel Pope John McLean , Daniel P. Cook Joseph Duncan Joseph Duncan William L. May.D Charles Shulf John Reynul.is. D John Keynol.Js, D Zadoc Casey. D Ailam W. Snvder. D John T. StuaVt, W Jolm T. Stuart, O.P Kobert Smith. D John A. McClernand, D .. John A. McClernaud, D .. Orlando B. Ficklin, D Orlando B. Fickliu, D John Wentworth, D John Wentvvorth, D John Wentworth. R Stephen A. Douglas, D Whhani A. Kichardson, D. William A. Richardson, D. Joseph P. llvtiti, D — John J. Hardin, W .. Edward D . Baker, W Edward D. Baker, W John Henry. W Thomas J. Turner, D Abraham Lincoln, W , William H. Bisseii, D , William H.Bissell,D Timothy K. Young. D Thomas L. Harris, D Thomas L. Harris, D Willis Allen. D Willis Allen.D Richard S. Maloney, l> Thompson C.ampbell, D..., Richard Yates. >V Richard Yates. W E. B. Washburne, K E. B. Washburne, R Residknck. Jesse O. Norton, R Jesse O. Norton, B James Knox, R James C. Allen, J) James C. Allen, D Jamea H. Woodworth. R. Jacob C. Davis, D Lyman Trumbull, B J. L. D. Morrison, D Samuels. MarshaU.D. ... Samuels. MarshaU.D Samuel S. MarshaU.D. ... John F. Farnsworth. li ... John F. Farnsworth, R ... Owf n Lovejoy , R Owen Lovejoy. R William Kellogg, R Isaac N. Morris, D Charles D. Hodges. D Aaron Shaw, D Kaskaskia Edwards ville... Kaskaskia Shawneetowii... Kaskaskia Jacksontfe Morgan Cos Jacksonville Springfield Belleville Belleville Belleville Mt. Vernon Belleville Springfield Springtield Alton Shawneelown Springheld Charleston Charleston Chicago Chicago Chicago Quincy Rushville and Quincy Quincy Galena Jacksonville Springfield Galena Jacksonville Freeport Springheld Belleville Belleville Marshall Petersburg Petersburg Marion Marion Beividere Galena Jacksonville Jackson vi lie Galena Galena Territory. Territory. Territory. State [State Stale Third Third First First First Second .. . First Third Eighth ... First Second ... Sixtn Third Third Fourth... Second First Fifth Filth Sixth Sixth Seventh . . Seventh . . SLxth Seventh . . Sixth Seventh... First Eighth.... Third. ... Seventh . . Sixth .... Second.... Ninth Fourth.... Sixth Seventh... Sixth First Third Joliet Joliet Kuoxville Palestine Palestine Chicago Quincy Belleville Belleville McLeansboro. . . McLeanshoi'o .. McLeansboro .. . Chicago St. Charles .... Princeton Princeton Canton Quincy Carrollton Lawrenceville. . Third Sixth , Fourth Seventh State-at-large Second Fifth Eighth Eighth , Ninth Eleventh Nineteenth ... Second Second Third Fifth Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh isi4-n; . ISKJ-IS. 1818-19. 18iy-*27 . 18'27-a3. 1834 -:J9.. 1833-34.. 1834-37.. I8.'iy-43 . 1833-43.. 1S37-39.. Elected Governor; resigned. To succeed Duncan. Died; term completed by Reynolds. One and one-half terms. 1839-43.. 1863-65 . 1843-49., 1843-51.. 1859-62,. 1843-49 . 18.71-53., 1843-51 1853-55 18(;5-67 1S43-47 1847-56 1861-63 1843-45 1843-^5 1845-46 , 1849-51 Feb. to Mar.. 1847 1847-49 , 1847-49 1849-53 , 1853-55 1849-51 1849-51 1855-68 1851-53 185;J-o5 1851-53 Resigned, Dec, '46; succeeded by John Henry. Served Baker's unexpired term. 1851-53. . 1851-53.. 1853-65., 1853-63. . 1863-69.. 1853-57 1863-65 1S53-.57, 1853-67 1863-65 1855-57 1856-57 1855 1855-57 1855-59 1865-73 1873-75 Ifs57-61 1863-73 1857-63 1863-65 1857-63 1857-61 Jan. to Mar., 1859. 1857-59 Made Rec'r of Pub. Moneys. Made Rec'r of Pub. Moneys. Elected U. S. Senator, 1824 and '29. Resigned, Dec, '61 ; succeeded by A. L. Knapp. El'd U.S. Sen,.Apr.,'47;suc.by\V.A.Richardsou Res'd.Aug., '56 ; term tilled by Jacob C. Davis. Died, Nov.24, 'oS; sue. by Chas. D. Hodges. , Resignd, March y. 'ii'J to accept Fiench mis- ; sion; term filled by H. C. Burchard. To hll unexpired term of Richardson. Chosen U. S. Senator; resigned. Filled TrumbulTa unexpired term. Died, Mar.. '64; term filled by E.C.IngersoU. Filled unexpired term of Thoa. L. Harris. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 447 Aaron Shiiw. 1> Junit^ C Kohiiisuii, v.. iHiuvs C Kiibliisoii, v.. Junu-sC Uoblnsuii. 1).. Jniiit'sC Kol)in8on, D., Philip B. Fouke. U.. Jul) II A. I>t>i|riill, R John A. Locilli, D Kksidbn'CIC Lawrencevllle ., Marshtkll Marshall Sprhik'lleld Sprilm'lielll BiMlevilli- Bvlitoll Curbundule Isnm- N Arnold, R Ismu- N. AriuiUl. H Willnini J. Allen, U Willl:ini.I. Allen, 1) A. I.. Knapp. 1) A. L. Ivnapp. D Charles -M. Harris, It Kboii C. I nKersol i, R J.ilin 11. Kden. I) J.ilm 11. IMen. D JdIiii It. Kdeil. D Lewis \V Riia.1, D Wllliain R. Morrison, l>... William It, Mornsoii. I> .. William It. .Morrison, D... S. W .Moullon, R S. W. .Moullon, D S. W. Monlton. D Abiier C. Uardlnt:, R B irtoii C. Ooolv, R II. I". II. Brounvell.R Shelby M. Cullom, R Antboiiv Thornton, D Jeliu Baker. R Jehu Baker. It Jehu Baker, P A. J. ICuvkendall. R Norman B. Jndd, R Albert (i. Burr, D Green B. Ratlin, It Horatio C. Burchard, R.. HoralioO. Burchard, P.. John n. llawley, R John B Hawley, R Je-se It. Moore, R Thomas W. McNeeley, 1) John IS. Hay. R John .\I. t'rebs. V John L. Beverid^e, R Charles B. Karwell. R ... Charles B. Farwoll, R — Charles B. Farwell, R... Brad. N. Stevens. R Heiir.v Snapp. It ridward V. Rice, D John B. Riee.R B. () Caullield. U Jasper D. Ward, It Stephen A. Ilurlbnt, It... Franklin Corwin, It Greenbury L., Fort. R Oranville'Barriere. R William U. Rav. R Robert M. Kiiapp, I) Roliert M. Kiiapp. D J.ibn MrXulla.lt J'»seph G. Cannon, R Joseph G. Cannon, It Joseph ii. Cannon, It. Joseph G. Cannon, R James .S. Martin. R. Isaae clemeius. R Carter II. Harrison, }t John V. Le M.ivnc, D T.J. Henderson, R T. J. Henderson, R Alexander Campbell, Q.B. RIehard H. Whlluig. B John C. Miicbv, L> Scott WIke, b .Scotl Wlke. D William M. Springer. I). . William .M. Springer. D. Adlal K, .Stevenson. D Adlal E. Stevenson. D William A, J Sparks. D .. William llarl/ell.D .. . William B. Anderson, D . William Al.lrlch, R Carter II Harrison, D ... Ijorenz Hrentaiio. R — ... William I.alhrop. R Philip C Haves, R Thomo-s A Boyd. B Heiilaiiiln F Marsh, R. .. Sixteenth,. Seventh .,, Eleventh. . Eighth .... Twelfth... Eighth.... Ninth State-at-large Second Chicago (Chicago Marion .Marlon , Jersey vllle Jersey ville Oqiiawka Peoria Sullivan Sullivan Sullivan Lewistown Waterloo Waterloo Waterloo Shelby ville Shelbyville Shelbyville .Monmouth Ottawa Charleston Sprin(?lield slielbvville Belleville Belleville Belleville Vienna Chicago . 'CarroUton . I Metropolis ...i .. . j Freeport . Freeport .iRockLsland . I Rock Island .Decatur . I Petersburg j Belleville . Carmi . Kvaiiston . Chicago .Chicago .'Chicago . Princeton . Joliet . llillsboro . Chicago .Chicago iFirst Chicago Second . Belvldere Fourth Peru Seventh . l.acon Eighth .Canton Ninth . liushville Tenth .Jersey ville Eleventh . Jerseyvllle Eleventh . Hloomlnglon Thirteenth... Tuscola and Donville. Fourteenth ... . Danville Firteenth . Danville Fir,eenth . ... . Danville .Twelfth . Salem |Sl.ttcenth.... . Carbondale lElghtecnth ... . Chicago iS.^S""'' . Chicago . Princelon&Gonoaeo. . Princeton La Salle . Peoria . Rushvlllc Pittslleld . Wtlslleld . Sprliiglteld . Sprlnglield . Blooiiilnglon . Bloonilngton . Carlyle , , , . ., .Cheater Eighteenth. iMt. Vernon Nineteenth... IChlcago F'"'-j,- .IChlcago 'SS^I" .IChlcago iThlrd.. . Rock ford Fourth. IMorrls Seventh . Lewlsion [Ninth 'Warsaw iTenlh First Ninth Thirteenth Fifth Tenth Fourth Fifth Seventh Fifteenth Seventeenth.. Ninth Twelfth Seventeenth.. Eighteenth... State-at-large Fifteenth Seventeenth.. Fourth Si\ih Seventh Eighth Tenth Twelfth Eighteenth — Twenty-lirst .. Thlrteeniii — First Tenth Thirteenth Third Fifth Fourth Sl.\lh Seventh Ninth Twelfth Thirteenth.... State-at-large. First Third Third Fifth si.\th Tenth First Tekm. Served Logan's unexpired term. 1883-85 I IIIS9-63 I86»«5 1871-73 ' 1873-75 ' 1859-63 1 1859-62 Bes'd, Apr. '62; term tilled by W. J. Allen. Chosen U. s. Senator. 1871; resigned: term fllled by John L. Beveridge. 186I.63.. 1863-65.. 1862-63.. 1863-65.. 1861-63 Served McClernand's unexpl red term , 1863-6S < 1803-65 1861-71 il864-'65 fllled Lovejoy's unexpired term . 1863-65 I •. 1873-79 I 1885-87 I 1883-69 1863-65 1873-83 1883-87 1865-67 1881-83 1883-85 1 1865-69 1 1865-71 Re-elected, '70 but rcs'd before beg'ng of term. 1865-69 1865-71 1865-67 1865-69 I 1SS7-SSI : 1897-99 1865-67.. 1867-71.. Third .. Sixth Seventh Seventh Ninth Tenth Eleventh . . . Twelfth.... Twelfth.... Thirteenth. Thirteenth.. Thlrteenlh. Sixteenth . 1867-: 1867-69.... 1869-73.... 1873-79.... 1869-73.... 1873-75.. . 1869-73... 1869-73... 1809-73... 1869-73... 1871-73.... 1871-73.... 1873-70..., 1881-83... 1871-73... 1871-73... 1871 73... 1873-74... 1874-77... 187.'!-75..., 1873-77..., 1873-73... 1873-81..., 187.3-75... 1873-75... 1873-75... 1877-79... 1873-75... 1S73-S.1... 1SS3-91 .. 1893-95... 1895 1873 75... 1873-75... 1875 79.. 1876-77.. 1875-83,. 1883-95.. 1875-77.. 1875-77... 1875-77... 1875-77... 1889 93. . 1875 83.. 1883^95.. 1 875-77 • 1879-81... 1875-83... 1875-79.. 1875-77.. 1877-83... 1877-79... 1877-79... 1877-79... 1877-81.. 1877-81.. 1877-83... Fllled unexpired term of Washburne. Served unexpired term of Logan. May, "ye, seat awarded to J. V. l^eMoyue. Filled unexpired term of B, C. Cook. bled bee., "74: succeeded by B. G. Caulfleld. From 1874-75 served out Rice's term. Awarded seat, vice Farwell. 448 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Bf ijjaiiiin F. Marsh, R Benjamin F. Marsh. R Thomas F. Tiptou. R R. W. Townshend, t) Goorge R. Davis. R George R. Davis, R Hiram Barber, R Joh ti C. Sherwtn, R K. JVr. A. Hawk.R James W. Singleton. D A. P. Forsvthe,G. B JohnR. Thomas. R John R. Thomas. R WiUiam Cullen.R William CulIen.R Lewis E. Pay son, R Lewis E. Paysoti. R John II. Lewis. R Dietrich C.Smith. R R. W. Dunham, R JohnF. I'Unerty. R Ueorge E. Adams. R Reuben Elhvood. R Robert R. Hitt,R Robert R. Hitt. R N. E. \Vorthint;ton, J) William H. Neeoe. D James M. Rigss, D Jonatluin H. Rowell, R...- Prank LawIer.D James H. Ward. D Albert J. Hopkins. R Albert J. Hopkins. R Ralph Plumb. R SilasG. Landes. D William E. Mason, R Philip Sidney Post. R William H. Gest, R George A. Anderson. D Edward Lane, V Abner Taylor. R Charles A. Hill. R Geo. W. Ftthian. D Williams. Forman. D James K. Williams. D Jame-s R.Williams. D George W.Smith. R George \V. Smith. R Lawrence E. Mctiaiin. D. .. Allan C. Durborow. Jr.. D. Walter C. Newberry, D... Lewis Steward, Ind Herman W. Snow. R Benjamin T. Cable. D Owen Scott. D Samuel T. Busey, D JohnC. Black, D Andrew J. Hunter, D Andrew J. Hunter. D J. Frank Aldrich, R Julius Goldzier, D Robert A. Childs, R Hamilton K. Wheeler, R.. John J. McDannold, D Benjamin F. Funk. R William Lorimer, R Hugh R. Belknap. R Charles W. Woodman, R. Geo. E. White. R..» Edward D. Cooke. R George E. Foss, R George W. Prince.R Walter Reeves. R Vespasian Warner, R J. V. Graff. R Finis E. Downing. D James A. CoTmoliy.R Frederick Remann, R Wm. F. L. Hadley,R Benson Wood, R Orlando Bu rrell, R Everett J. Murphy, R James R. Mann, R DanielW. Mills, R Thomas M. Jett, D James R. Campbell. D — George P. Foster. R Thomas Cusack.D Edgar T. Noonan, D Henry S. Boutell. R W. E. Williams. D B. F. Caldwell. D Joseph B. Crowley, I> W. A. Rodenberg, R Warsaw Warsaw BloomingtOD Shawneetown Chicago Chicago Chicago Geneva and Elgin. . Mt. Carroll Quincy Isabel Metropolis Metropolis Ottawa.' Ottawa Pontiac Pontiac Knoxville Pekin Chicago Chicago Chicago Sycamore Mt. Morris Mt. Morris Peoria Macomb Winchester Bloomington Chicago Chicago Aurora Aurora Streator Mt. Carmel Chicago Galesburg Rock Island Quincy Hillsboro Chicago Joliet Newton Nashville Carmi Carmi Murphysboro Murphysboro Chicago, Chicago Chicago Piano Sheldon Rock Island Bloomington Urbana Chicago Paris Paris Chicago Chicago Hinsdale Kankakee Mt. Sterling Bloomington Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Galesburg Streator Clinton Pekin .Virginia Springfield , Vaudalia Edwardsville .... Effingham Carmi East St. Louis... Chicago Chicago Hillsboro McLeansboro Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Pittsfield Chatham Robinson — .... . East St. Louis ... Eleventh Fifteenth Thirteenth ... Nineteenth... Second Third Third Fourth Fifth Eleventh Fifteenth Eighteenth... Twentieth Seventh Eighth Eighth Ninth Ninth Thirteenth... First Second Fourth Fifth Sixth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Fourteenth... Second Third Fifth Eighth Eighth Sixteenth Third Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Seventeenth.. First Eighth Sixteenth Eighteenth.., lEighteenth ... Ixineteeiith... iTwentieth — Twenty-sec' nd Second Third Fourth Eighth Ninth Eleventh Fourteenth — iFifteenth jState-at-large. Istate-at-large. iNineteenth — First Fourth lEighth Ninth ^Twelfth. Fourteenth ... . Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh (Tenth Eleventh ..Thirteenth.... , I Fourteenth ... . Sixteenth . Seventeenth.., . Eighteenth — . 'Eighteenth . 'Nineteenth. .. . (Twentieth .... . iTwenty-first . . [First . Second .'Eighteenth... . [Twentieth.. .. .(Third .Fourth .Fifth .ISixth .Sixteenth . Seventeenth. . . Nineteenth ... . iTwenty first.. lS9;i-95.. 1895—. . . 1877-79... 1877-89... 1879-S3.. 1883-85... 1879-81... 1879-83... 1879-S'2... 1879-83.. 1879-81.. 1879-83.. 1883-89... 1S81-83. . 1883-85.. I8S1-83.. 1883-91.. 1881-83... 1881-83... Died, '82; aucceedeia by R. K. Hitt. 1883-85... 1883-91.... 1882-85.... 1882-95.... 1895—.... 1883-87.... 1883-87 . . , 1883-87., . 1883-91.... 1885-91.... 1885-87.... 1885-95.... 1S95— .... 1885-89.... 1885-89.... 1887-91.... 1887-95..., 18S7-91..., 1887-89... 18S7-95.. . , 18i9-93. . . 1889-91... 1889-95... 1889-95... 1889-95... 1899—... 1889-95... 1895-.. . 1891-95... 1891-95 .. 1891-93... 1891-93... 1591-93... li9i-93... 1891-93... 1891-93... lt93-95... 1893-95... 1897-99... 1893-97... 1893-95... 1893-95... 1893-95.. . 1893-95... 1893-95.. 1895—... 1895-99. . 1895-97... 1895-99... 1805-93... 1895—... 1895—. . . 1895—. . . 1895—... 1895—... 1895-97... 1895-99... 1895—... lo95— ... 1895-97- 1895-97.. 1895-97.. 1S97-.. 1897—.. 1897—.. 1897-99.. 1899-.. 1899—.. 1899-. . 1898-.. 1899-^.. 1899—.. 1899-^.. 1899-.. ! iSucceededR. M. A, Hawk, deceased. Died, Jan. 6, 1895. Awarded seat afterron. with L. E. McGann. liiiedi June4','98;'suc'd. by Henry S. Boutell. DiediJuiy 14- "95: suc'd. by W. F. L. Hadley. Elected to fill vacancy. '. Succeeded E. D. Cooke, deceased. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 449 ■REYNOLDS, John, Justico of Supreme Court ami fourth Guvoruorof Illinois, was born of Irish ancestry, in Montgomery County, Pa., Feb. 26, 1789, and brought by his parents to Kaskaskia, 111., in 1800, spending the first nine years of his life in Illinois on a farm. After receiving a com- mon school education, and a two years' course of study in a college at Knoxville, Tenn., he studied law and began practice. In 1812-13 he served as a scout in the campaigns against the Indians, winning for himself the title, in after life, of "The Old Ranger." Afterwards he removed to Cahokia, where he tegan the practice of law, and, in 1818, became Associate Justice of the first Supreme Court of the new State. Retiring from the bench in 182.'5, he served two terms in the Legislature, and was elected Governor in 1830, in 1832 personally commanding the State volunteers chilled for service in the Black Hawk AVar. Two weeks before the expiration of his term (1834), he resigned to accept a seat in Con- gress, to which he had been elected as the suc- cessor of Charles Slade, who had died in office, and was again elected in 1838, always as a Demo- crat. He also served as Representative in the Fifteenth General As.sembly, and again in the Eighteenth (1852-54), being cho.sen Speaker of the latter. In 1858 he was the administration (or Buchanan) Democratic candidate for State Su- perintendent of Public Instruction, as opposed to the Republican and regular (or Douglas) Denjo- cratic candidates. For some years he edited a daily paper called "The Eagle," which was pub- lished at Belleville. While Governor Reynolds acquired some reputation as a "classical scholar," from the time spent in a Tennessee College at that early day, this was not sustained by either his colloquial or written stj-le. He was an ardent champion of slavery, and, in the early days of the Rebellion, gained unfavorable notori- et}' in consequence of a letter written to Je(Ter.son Davis expressing sj-nipathy with the cause of "secession." Nevertheless, in spite of intense prejudice and bitter partis;inship on s<72 lie became identified with tlie Spring- field Iron Company, of wliicli he hius teen Presi- dent for many years; has also been President of the Consolidated Coal Company of St. Louis and. for some time, was a Director of the Wabash Rail- road. Mr. Ridgely is also one of the Trustees of Illinois College. RIDUELV, Jficholas H., early banker, wsus born in Baltimore, Md., April 27, 1800; after leaving school was engaged, for a time, in the dry -goods trade, but, in 1S2U. came to St. Louis to assume a clerkship in the brandi of the United States Bank ju.st organized tliere. In 1835 a branch of the State Bank of Illinois was established at Springfield, and Mr. Ridgely became its cashier, and, when it went into liqui- dation, was appointed one of the trustees to wind up its affairs. He subsequently became Presi- dent of the Clark's E.xchange Bank in that city, but this liaving gone into liquidation a few years later, he went into the private banking business as head of the "Ridgely B;',nk," whicli, in 1806, became the "Ridgely National Bank," one of the strongest financial institutions in the State out- side of Chicago. After the collapse of the inter- nal improvement scheme, Mr. Ridgely became one of the purchasers of the "Northern Cross Railroad" (now that part of the Wabash system extending froni the Illinois river to .Springfield), when it was sold by the State in 1847, paying therefor §21,100. He was also one of the Spring- field bankers to tender a loan to the State at the beginning of the war in 1801. He was one of the builders and principal owner of the Springfield gas-light system. His business career was an eminently successful one, leaving an estate at his death, Jan. 31, 1888, valued at over §2,000,000. RIDfiWAY, a village of Gallatin County, on the Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 12 miles northwest of Shawneeto'vn ; has a bank and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), .523; (1900). 839; (1903. est), 1,000. RID(JW.4Y, Thomas S., merchant, banker and politician, was born at Carmi. 111., August 30, 1826. His father having died when he was but 4 years old and his mother when he was 14, his education was largely acquired through contact with the world, apart from such as he received from his motlier and during a year's attendance at a [irivate .school. When he wiis 6 yeiirs of age tlie family removed to Shawneetown, where he ever afterwards made bis home. In 1845 he em- barked in business as a merchant, and the firm of Peeples & Ridgway soon became one of the most prominent in Southern Illinois. In 1865 the partners closed out their business and organized the first National Bank of Shawneetown, of which, after the death of Mr. Peeples in 1875, Mr. Ridgway was President. He wiis one of the projectors of the Springfield & Illinois South- eastern Railway, now a part of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern system, and, from 1867 to 1874, served as its President. He was an ardent and active Republican, and served as a delegate 452 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF iJ^LINOIS. to ereiy State and National Convention of his ])arty from 1868 to 1896, In 1874 he was elected State Treasurer, the candidate for Superintendent of Public Instruction on the same ticket being defeated. In 1876 and 1880 he was an unsuccess- ful candidate for his party's nomination for Gov- ernor. Three times he consented to lead the forlorn hope of the Republicans as a candidate for Congress from an impregnably Democratic stronghold. For several years he was a Director of the McCormick Theological Seminar\', at Chi- cago, and, for nineteen years, was a Trustee of the Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbon- dale, resigning in 1893, Died, at Shawneetown, Nov. 17, 1897. RIGtiS, James 31., ex-Congressman, was born in Scott County, 111., April 17, 1839, where he received a common school education, supple- mented by a partial collegiate course. He is a practicing lawyer of Winchester. In 1864 he was elected Sheriff, ,serving two years. In lSTl-72 he rejjresented Scott County in the lower house of the Tvvent}'-seventh General Assembly, and was State's Attorney from 1873 to 1876. In 1882, and again in 1884, he was the successful Democratic candidate for Congress in the Twelfth Illinois District, RIGGS, Scott, pioneer, was born in North Carolina about 1790; removed to Crawford County, 111, early in 1815, and repre.sented that county in the First General Assembly (1818-20), In 1835 he removed to Scott County, where he continued to reside until his death, Feb. 24. 1872. Riff AKER, John I., lawyer and Congressman, born in Baltimore, Md., Nov, 18, 1830, Left an orphan at an early age, he came to Illinois in 1836, and, for several years, lived on farms in Sangamon and Morgan Counties; was educated at Illinois and SIcKendree Colleges, graduating from the latter in 1851 ; in 1852 began reading law with John JI. Palmer at Carlinville, and was admitted to the bar in 18.54. In August, 1862, he recruited the One Hundred and Twenty-seconu Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commis- sioned Colonel. Four months later he was wounded in battle, but served with his regiment through the war, and was brevetted Brigadier- General at its close. Returning from the war he resumed the practice of his profession at Carlin- ville. Since 1858 he has been an active Repub- lican; has twice (1872 and '76) served his party as a Presidential Elector — the latter year for the Stateat-large — and, in 1874, accepted a nomina- tion for Congress against William R. Morrison, largely reducing the normal Democratic major- ity. At the State Rejjublican Convention of 1880 he was a prominent, but unsuccessful, candidal* for the Republican nomination for Governor, I' 1894 he made the race as the Republican candi- date for Congress in the Sixteenth District and, although his opponent was awarded the certifi- cate of election, on a bare majority of 60 vote? on the face of the returns, a re-count, ordered by the Fifty-fourth Congress, showed a majority for General Rinaker, and he was seated near the close of the first session. He was a candidate for re-election in 1896, but defeated in a strongly Democratic District. RIPLEY, Edward Pnyson, Railway President, was born in Dorchester (now a part of Boston), Mass., Oct. 80, 1845, being related, on his mother's side, to the distinguished author, Dr. Edward Payson. After receiving his education in the high school of his native place, at the age of 17 he entered upon a commercial life, as clerk in a wholesale dry-goods establishment in Boston. About the time he became of age, he entered into the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad as a clerk in the freight department in the Boston office, but, a few years later.assumed a responsible position in connection with the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy line, finally becoming General Agent for the business of that road east of Buffalo, though letaining his headquarters at Boston, In 1878 he removed to Chicago to accept the position of General Freight Agent of the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy System, with which he remained twelve years, serving successively as General Traffic Manager and General Manager, until June 1, 1890, when he resigned to become Third Vice-President of the Chicago. Milwaukee & St. Paul line. This relation was continued until Jan. 1, 1896, when Mr. Ripley accepted the Presidency of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, which (1899) he now holds. Mr. Ripley was a prominent factor in securing the location of the World's Columbian ExiX)sition at Chicago, and, in April. 1891, was chosen one of the Directors of the Exposition, serving on the Executive Committee and the Committee of Ways and Means and Transportation, being Chair- man of the latter. RIVERSIDE, a suburban town on the Des Plaines River and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 11 miles west of Chicago; has handsome parks, several churches, a bank, two local papers and numerous fine residences. Population (1890), 1,000; (1900), 1,551, RIVERTOBf, a village in Clear Creek Town- ship, Sangamon County, at the crossing of thfi IIISTOinCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 453 Wabash Raili'oad over the Sangamon Kiver. Gyi miles east-northeast of SprinKtleUl. It has four churclies, a nursery, and two coal mines Popu- lation (1S80), 705; (1800), 1,137, (1900). 1 511 ; (1003, est), about COOO. RIVES, John Cook, early hanker and journal- ist, was born iu Franklin County. Va. . May 24, 1795; in ISOG removed to Kentucky, wliere he Krew vip under care of an uncle, Samuel Casey. He received a good education and was a man of high character and attractive manners. In his e,240. ROCK ISLAND & PKORI.V R.VILW.VY, a standard-guage road, laid with steel rails, extend- ing from Rock Island to Peoria, 91 miles. It is lessee of the Rock Island & Mercer County Rail- road, running from Milan to Cable. 111., giving it a total length of 118 miles — with Peoria Terminal, 121.10 miles. — (Histoky.) The company is a reorganization (Oct. 9, 1877) of the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Company, whose road was sold under foreclosure, April 4, 1877. The latter Road was the result of the consolidation, in 1809, of two corporations — the Rock Island & Peoria and the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Compa- nies — the new organization taking the latter name. The road was ope!ied through its entire length, Jan. 1, 1872, its sale under foreclosure and reorganization under its present name taking place, as already stated, in 1877. The Cable Branch was organized in 1876, as the Rock Island & Mercer County Railroad, and opened in De- cember of the same year, sold under foreclosure in 1877. and leased to the Rock Island & Peoria Rail- road, July 1, 188."). for 999 years, the rental for the entire period being commuted at §4.^)0,000. — (Financial.) The cost of the entire road and equiijment was §2.6.54.487. The cajjital stock (1898) is Si. .500.000; funded debt. SC.OO.OOO; other forms of indebtedness increasing the total capital invested to .$2,181,066. ROCK RIVER, a stream which rises in Wash- ington County, Wis., and flows generally in a southerly direction, a part of its course being very sinuous. After crossing the northern boundary of Illinois, it runs southwestward, intersecting the counties of Winnebago. Ogle, Lee. Whiteside and Rock Island, and entering the Mississippi three miles below the city of Rock Island. It is about 375 miles long, but its navigation is partly obstructed by rapids, which, however, furnish abundant water-power. The principal towns on its banks are Rockford, Dixon and Sterling. Its valley is wide, and noted for its beauty and fertility. ROCKTOX, a village in Winnebago County, at the junction of two branches of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, on Rock River, 13 miles north of Rockford; has manufactures of paper and agricultural implements, a feed mill, and local paper. Pop. (KM90). .><92; (1900), 936. ROE, Edward Reynolds, A.B., M.D., physici.-m, soldier an CATHOLIC CHURCH. The earliest Christians to establish places of worship in Illi- nois were priests of the Catholic faith. Early Catholic missionaries were explorers and histori- ans as well as preachers. (See Atlouez; Bergier; Early Missionaries; Gravier; Marquette.) The church went hand in hand with the represent- atives of the French Government, carrying in one liand the cross and in the other the flag of France, simultaneously disseminating the doc- trines of Christianity and inculcating loyaltj' to the House of Bourbon. For nearly a hundred years, the self-sacrificing and devoted Catholic clergy of the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- turies ministered to tlie spiritual wants of the early French settlers and the natives. Thej' were not without factional jealousies, however, and a severe blow was dealt to a branch of them in the order for the banishment of the Jesuits and the confiscation of their property. (See Early Mis- sionaries.) The subsequent occupation of the country by the Englisli, with the contemporane- ous emigration of a considerable portion of the French west of the Mississippi, dissipated many congregations. Up to IsiiO Illinois was included in the diocese of Missouri ; but at that time it was constituted a separate diocese, under the episco- pal control of Rt. Rev. Joseph Ro.satti. At that date there were few, if any, priests in Illinois. But Bishop Rosatti was a man of earnest puqxjse and rare administrative ability. New parishes were organized as rapidly as circumstances would permit, and the growth of tlie churcli has been steady. By 1840 there were thirty-one parislies and twenty priests. In 1896 there are reported 098 parishes. 704 clergymen and a Catholic ijopulation exceeding 850,000. (See also Religiiiiis Dcnoin i nations. ) ROOnHOrSE, a city in Greene County, 21 miles .south of Jacksonville, and at junction of three divisions of the Chicago & Alton Rjiilroad; is in fertile agricultunil and coal-mining region; city containsa (louring mill, grain-elevatoi', stock- yards, railway shops, water-works, electric light plant, two private banks, fine opera liouse, good school buildings, one daily and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 2.360; (1900), 2,351. ROODHOt'SE, John, farmer and founder of the town of Roodhouse, in Greene County, 111., was born in Yorkshire, England, brought to America in childhood, his father settling in Greene County, 111., in 1831. In his early man- liood he opened a farm in Tazewell County, but finally returned to tlie paternal home in Greene County, whore, on the location of the .Tackson- ville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, he laid out the town of Roodhouse, at the junc- tion of the Louisiana and Kansas City branch with the main line. ROOT, George Frederiek, musical composer and author, was born at Slieflield, Jlass., AugiLst 30, 1820. He was a natural musician, and. while employed on his father's farm, learned to play on various instruments. In 1838 he removed to Bos- ton, where he began his life-work. Besides teaching music in the public schools, he was employed to direct the musical service in two churches. From Boston he removed to New York, and. in 1850, went to Paris for purposes of musical study. In 1853 he made his first public essay as a composer in the song. "Hazel Dell," whicli V)ecame popular at once. From this time forwaril his success as ;i song-writer was assured. His music, while not of a higli artistic character, captivated the popular ear and appealed strongly to the heart. In 1860 he took up his residence in Chicago, where he conducted a musical journal and wrote those "war songs"' which created and perpetuated liis fame. Among the best known are "H;illy Round the Flag"; "Just Before the Battle, Motlier"; and "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp." Other popular songs by him are "Rosalie, the Prairie Flower"; "A Hundred Years Ago" ; and "The Old Folks are Gone." Besides songs ho composed several cantatas and much sacred music, also publishing many books of in.struction and numerous collections of vocal and instru- 458 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. mental music. In 1872 the University of Cliicago conferred on him tlie degree of Mus. Doc. Died, near Portland, Maine, August 6, 189.5. ROOTS, Benajah Guernsey, civil engineer, and educator, was born in Onondaga County N. Y., April 20, 1811, and educated in the schools and academies of Central New York; began teaching in 1827, and, after spending a j-ear at sea for the benefit of liis liealth, took a course in law and civil engineering. He was employed as a civil engineer on the Western Railroad of Massachusetts until 1838, when he came to Illi- nois and obtained employment on the railroad projected from Alton to Shawneetown, under the "internal improvement system" of 1837. When that was suspended in 1839, he settled on a farm near the present site of Tamaroa, Perry County, and soon after opened a boarding school, continuing its management until 1846, when he became Principal of a seminary at Sparta. In 1851 he went into the service of the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad, first as resident engineer in charge of surveys and construction, later as land agent and attorney. He was prominent in the introduction of the graded school system in Illi- nois and in the establishment of the State Nor- mal School at Bloomington and the University of Illinois at Champaign; was a member of the State Board of Education from its organization, and served as delegate to the National Repub- lican Convention of 1868. Died, at his home in Perry County, 111., May 9, 1888.— Philander Keep (Roots), son of the preceding, born in Tolland County, Conn., June 4, 1838, brought to Illinois the same year and educated in his father's school, and in an academy at Carrollton and the Wes- leyan University at Bloomington ; at the age of 17 belonged to a corps of engineers emploj'ed on a Southern railroad, and, during the war, served as a civil engineer in the construction and repair of military roads. Later, he was Deputy Sur- veyor-General of Nebraska ; in 1871 became Chief Engineer on the Cairo & Fulton (now a part of the Iron Mountain) Railway; then engaged in the banking business in Arkansas, first as cashier of a bank at Fort Smith and afterwards of the Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, of which his brother, Logan H., was President. — Logan H. (Roots), another son, born near Tama- roa, Perry County. 111., March 23, 1841, was edu- cated at home and at the State Normal at Bloomington, meanwhile serving as principal of a high school at Duquoin ; in 1862 enlisted in the Eighty-first Illinois Volunteers, serving through the war and acting as Chief Commissary for General Sherman on the "March to the Sea," and participating in the great review in Wash- ington, in May, 1865. After the conclusion of the war he was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the First Arkansas District, was elected from that State to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses (1868 and 1870) — being, at the time, the youngest member in that bod}- — and was appointed United States JIarshal by Presi- dent Grant. He finally became President of the Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, with which he remained nearly twenty years. Died, suddenly, of congestion of the brain. May 30, 1893, leaving an estate valued at nearly one and a half millions, of which he gave a large share to charitable purposes and to the city of Little Rock, for the benefit of its hospitals and the im- ])rovenient of its parks. ROSE, James A., .Secretary of State, was born at Golconda, Pope County, III., Oct. 13, LSoO. The foundation of his education was secured in the public schools of his native place, and, after a term in the Normal Universitj' at Normal, 111., at the age of 18 he took charge of a country school. Soon he was chosen Principal of the Golconda graded schools, was later made County Sujierintendent of Schools, and re-elected for a second term. During his second term he was admitted to the bar, and, resigning tlie office of Superintendent, was elected State's Attorney without opposition, being re-elected for another term. In 1889, by appointment of Governor Fifer, lie became one of ,the Trustees of the Poutiac Reformatory, serving until the next year, when he was transferred to the Board of Commissioners of the Southern Illinois Peniten- tiary at Chester, which position he continued to occujiy until 1893. In 1896 he was elected Secre- tary of State on the Republican ticket, his term extendint^ to ,Ianuary. 1901. ROSEVILLE, a village in Warren County, on the Rock Island Division of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad, 17 miles northwest of Buslinell; has water and electric-light plants, two banks, public library and one newspaper Region agricultural and coal-mining. Pop. (1900), 1,014. ROSS, Leonard Fulton, soldier, born in Fulton County, 111., July 18. 1823; was educated in the common schools and at Illinois College, Jackson- ville, studied law and admitted to the bar in 1840 ; the following year enlisted in the Fourth Illinois Volunteers for the Mexican War, became First Lieutenant and was commended for services at Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo ; also performed im- portant service as bearer of dispatches for Gen- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 459 eral Taylor. After the war lie served six years as Probate Judge. In May, 1861, he enlisted in the war for the Union, and was chosen Colonel of the Seventeenth Illinois Volunteers, serving with it in Missouri and Kentucky ; was comniis- .sioned Brigadier-General a few weeks after the capture of Fort Donelson, and, after the evacu- ation of Corinth, was assigned to the command of a division with headquarters at Bolivar, Tenn. He resigned in Jul}-. 18G3, and, in lyC", was appointed by President Johnson Collector of Internal Revenue for the Ninth District; has been three times a delegate to National Repub- lican Conventions and twice defeated as a candi- date for Congress in a Democratic District. Since the war he has devoted lus attention largely to stock-raising, liaving a large stock- faim in Iowa. In his later j-ears was President of a bank at Lewistowu, 111. Died Jan. 17, 1901. EOSS, (Col.) AVilliam, pioneer, . was born at Monson, Hampden County, Mass., April 24, 1792; removed with his father's familj-, in 1805, to Pittsfield, Miiss., where he remained until his twentieth year, when he was commissioned an Ensign in tlie Twenty-tirst Regiment United States Infantry, serving through the War of 1812 14, and participating in the battle of Sack- ett's Harbor. During the latter part of his serv- ice he acted as drill-master at various points. Then, returning to Pittsfield, he carried on the business of blacksmithing as an employer, mean- while filling some local offices. In 1820, a com- pany consisting of himself and four brothers, with their families and a few others, started for the We.st. intending to settle in Illinois. Reach- ing the head waters of the Allegheny overland, they transferred tiieir wagons, teams and other property to flat-boats, descending that stream and the Ohio to Shawneetown, 111. Here they disembarked and, cro.ssing the State, reached Upper Alton, where they found only one house, that of Maj. Charles W. Hunter. Leaving their families at Ujiper Alton, the brothers proceeded north, cros.sing the Illinois River near its mouth, until they reached a point in tlie western part of tlie present county of Pike, where the town of Atlas was afterwards located. Here they erected four rough log-cabins, on a beautiful prairie not far from the >Iississippi, removing their families thither a few weeks later. They suffered the iLsual privations incident to life in a new country, not excejiting sickness and death of some of their number. .\t the next session of the Legislature (1820-21) Pike County was estab- lished, embracing all that part of the State west and north of the Illinois, and including the present cities of Galena and Chicago. The Ross settlement bei^ame the nucleus of the town of Atlas, laid out by Colonel Ross and his as.sociates in 1.S28, at an early day the rival of Quincy, and becoming the second county-seat of Pike County, so remaining from 1824 to 1833. when the seat of justice was removed to Pittsfield. During this period Colonel Ross was one of the most ])romi- nent citizens of the county, holding, simultane- ously or successivel}', the offices of Probate Judge, Circuit and County Clerk, Justice of the Peace, and others of a subordinate character. As Colonel of Militia, in 1832. he was ordered by Governor Reynolds to rai.se a company for the Black Hawk War, and, in four days, reported at Bearilstown with twice the number of men called for. In 1834 he was elected to the lower branch of the General Assemldy, also serving in the Senate during the three following sessions, a part of the time as President pro tern, of the last- named body. While in the General Assembly he was instrumental in securing legislation of great importance relating to Military Tract lands. The year following the establishment of the county-seat at Pittsfield (1834) he became a citi- zen of that place, which he liad the privilege of naming for his early home. He was a member of the Republican State Convention of 185G, and a delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1860, which nominated Mr. Lincoln for Presi- dent the first time. Beginning life poor ho acquired considerable i)roperty : was liberal, pub- lic-spirited and patriotic, making a haniKsome donation to the first company organized in Pike County, for the siqipression of the Rebellion. Died, at Pittsfield. May 31, 1873. ROSSA'ILLE, a village of Vermillion County, on the Cliiciigo & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 19 miles north of Danville; has electric-light plant, water-works, tile and brick-works, two banks and two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 879; (1900), 1,43-"). KOTMJS, Sterlinsr Parker, public printer, w;us born in Berkshire, Vt.. June 27, 1828; about 1840 began learning the printer's trade at Ken- osha. Wis., and, in 184.'). was foreman of the State printing office at Madison, afterward working in offices in Milwaukee, Racino and Buffalo, going to Chicago in 18.J1. Here he finally established a printer's warehouse, to which he later added an electrotype foundry and the manufacture of presses, also commencing the issue of "Round's Printers' Cabinet," a trade-paper, which was continued during his life. In 1881 he w:us ap- pointed by President Garfield Public Printer at 4G0 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ■Washing:ton, serving until 1885, when lie removed to Omaha, Neb., and was identified with "The Republican," of that city, until his death, Dec. 17, 1887. ROUNTREE, Hiram, County Judge, born in Rutherford County, N. C, Dec. 22, 1794; was l)i()Uglit to Kentucky in infancy, where he grew to manhood and served as an Ensign in the War of 1813 under General Shelby. In 1817 he re- moved to Illinois Territory, first locating in Madison County, where he taught school for two years near Edwardsville, but removed to Fayette County about the time of the removal of the State capital to Vandalia. On the organization of Montgomery County, in 1821, he was appointed to office there and ever afterwards resided at Hillsboro. For a number of years in the early history of the county, he held (at the same time) the ofBces of Clerk of the County Commissioners Court, Clerk of the Circuit Court, County Recorder, Justice of the Peace, Notary Public, Master in Chancery and Judge of Probate, besides that of Postmaster for the town of Hillsboro. In 1826 he was elected Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the Senate and re-elected in 1830 ; served as Delegate in the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and the next year was elected to the State Senate, serving in the Sixteenth and Seven- teentli General Assemblies. On retiring from the Senate (1852), he was elected County Judge without opposition, was re-elected to the same office in 1861, and again, in 1865, as the nominee of the Republicans. Judge Rountree was noted for his sound judgment and sterling integrity. Died, at Hillsboro, March 4, 1873. ROUTT, John L., soldier and Governor, was born at Eddyville, Ky., April 25, 1826, brought to Illinois in infancy and educated in the com- mon schools. Soon after coming of age he was elected and served one term as Sheriff of McLean County; in 1862 enlisted and became Captain of Company E, Ninety-fourth Illinois Volunteers. After the war he engaged in business in Bloom- ington, and was appointed by President Grant, successively, United States Marshal for the Southern District of Illinois, Second Assistant Postmaster-General and Territorial Governor of Colorado. On the admission of Colorado as a State, he was elected the first Governor under the State Government, and re-elected in 1890 — serv- ing, in all, three years. His home is in Denver. He has been extensively and successfully identi- fied with mining enterprises in Colorado. ROWELL, Jonathan H., ex-Congressman, was born at Haverhill, N. H., Feb. 10, 1833. He is a graduate of Eureka College and of the Law Department of the Chicago University. During the War of the Rebellion he served three years as company officer in the Seventeenth Illinois Infantry. In 1868 he was elected State's Attor- ney for the Eighth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1880, was a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket. In 1882 he was elected to Congress from the Fourteenth Illinois District and three times reelected, serving until March, 1891. His home is at Blooniington. ROWETT, Richard, soldier, was born in Corn- wall, England, in 1830, came to the United States in 1851, finally settling on a farm near Carlinville. 111., and becoming a breeder of thorough-bred horses. In 1861 he entered the service as a Captain in the Seventh Illinois Volunteers and was successively promoted Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; was wounded in the battles of Shiloh, Corinth and Allatoona, especially distinguishing himself at the latter and being brevetted Brigadier-General for gallantry. After the war he returned to his stock-farm, but later held the positions of Canal Commissioner, Penitentiary Commissioner, Rep- resentative in the Thirtieth General Assem- bly and Collector of Internal Revenue for the Fourth (Quincy) District, until its consolidation with the Eighth District by President Cleveland. Died, in Chicago. July 13, 1887. RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE, located in Chi- cago; incorporated by act of March 2, 1837, the charter having been prepared the previous year by Drs. Daniel Brainard and Josiali C. Goodhue. The extreme financial depression of the following year prevented the organization of a faculty until 1843. The institution was named in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, the eminent practitioner, medical author and teacher of Philadelphia in the latter half of the eighteenth century. The first faculty consisted of four professors, and the first term opened on Dec. 4, 1843, with a class of twenty-two students. Three years' study was required for graduation, but only two annual terms of sixteen weeks each need be attended at the college itself. Instruction was given in a few rooms temporarily opened for that purpose. The next year a small building, costing between §3,000 and §4,000, was erected. This was re-ar- ranged and enlarged in 1855 at a cost of $15,000. The constant and rapid growth of the college necessitated the erection of a new building in 1867, the cost of which was .§70,000. This was destroyed in the fire of 1871, and another, costing §54,000, was erected in 1876 and a free dispensary IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 461 added. In 1844 the Presbyterian Hospital was located on a [jortioii of tlie college lot. and the two institutions connected, thus insuring abun- dant and stable facilities for clinical instruction. Shortly afterwards, Rush College became the medical department of Lake Forest University. The present faculty (1898) consists of 95 profes- sors, adjunct professors, lecturers and instructors of all grades, and over 600 students in attend- ance. The length of the annual terms is six months, and four years of stutly are required for graduation, attendance upon at least three col- lege terms being compulsory. RUSHVILLE, the county-seat of Schuyler County, 50 miles northeast of Quincj- and 11 miles northwest of Beardstown ; is the southeri< terminus of the Buda and Rushville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & 'Quincy Railroad. The town was selected as the county-seat in 1826, the seat of justice being removed from a place called Beardstown, about five miles eastward (not the present Beardstown in Ca-ss County), where it liad been located at the time of the organization of Schuyler County, a year previous. At first the new seat of justice was called Rush- ton, in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but after- wards took its present name. It is a coal-mining, grain and fruit-growing region, and contains several manufactories, including flour-mills, brick and tile works; also has two banks (State and private) and a public library. Four periodicals (one daily) are published liere. Population (1880), 1,062; (1890), 2,031; (1900), 2,292. RUSSELL, John, pioneer teacher and author, was born at Cavendish, Vt., July 31, 1793, and educated in the common schools of his native State and at Middlebury College, where he gradu- ated in 1818 — having obtained means to sui)port hinaself. during his college course, V)y teaching and by the publication, before lie had reached his 20th year, of a volume entitled "The Authentic History' of Vermont State Prison. " After gradu- ation he taught for a short time in Georgia; but, early in the following year, joined his father on the way to Missouri. The next five years he spent in teaching in the "Bonhommie Bottom" on the Missouri River. During this period he published, anonymously, in "The St. Charles Mis- sourian," a temperance allegory entitled "The Venomous Worm" (or "The Worm of the Still"), which gained a wide popularity and was eiirly recognized bj- the compilers of school-readers as a sort of classic. Leaving this locality he taught a year in St. Louis, when he removed to Vandalia (then the capital of Illinois), after which he spent two years teaching in tlie Seminary at Upper Alton, which afterwards became Shurtlelf College. In 1828 he removed to Greene County, locating at a point near the Illinois River to which he gave the name of Bluffdale. Here he was li- censed as a Baptist preacher, officiating in this ca- pacity only occasionally, while pursuing his calling as a teacher or writer for the press, to which he was an almost constant contributor during the last twenty-five years of his life. About 1837 or 1838 lie was editor of a paper called "The Backwoodsman" at Grafton— then a part of Greene County, but now in Jersey County — to which he afterwards continued to be a contribu- tor some time longer, and, in 1841-42, was editor of "The Advertiser, ' at Louisville, Kj-. He was also, for several years. Principal of the Spring Hill Academy in East Feliciana Parish, La., meanwhile serving for a portion of the time as Superintendent of Public Schools. He was the author of a number of stories and sketches, some of which went through several editions, and, at the time of his death, had in preparation a his- tory of "The Black Hawk War," "Evidences of Christianity" and a "History of Illinois." He was an accomplished linguist, being able to read with fluency Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and Italian, besides having considerable familiarity with several other modern languages. In 1802 he received from the University of Chicago the degree of LL.D. Died, Jan. 2, 1863. and was buried on the old homestead at Bluffdale. RUSSELL, Martin J., politician and journal- ist, born in Chicago, Dec. 20, 1845. He was a nephew of Col. James A. Mulligan (see MuUkjan, James A.) and served with credit as Adjutant- General on the staff of the latter in the Civil War. In 1870 he became a reporter on "The Chicago Evening Post," and was advanced to the position of city editor. Subseiiuently he was connected with "The Times," and "The Tele- gram" ; was also a member of the Board of Edu- cation of Hyde Park before the annexation of that village to Chicago, and has been one of the South Park Commissioners of the city la-st named. After the purchase of "Tlie Chicago Times" by Carter H. Harrison he remained for a time on the editorial .staff. In 1894 President Cleveland appointed him Collector of the Port of Chicago. At the expiration of his term of oflice he resumed editorial work as editor-in-chief of "The Chron- icle," the organ of the Democratic party in Chicago. Died June 25. 1900. RUTHERFORD, Friend S., lawyer and sol- dier, was born in Schenectady, X. Y., Sept. 25, 462 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1820; studied law in Troy and removed to Illi- nois, settling at Edwardsville, and finally at Alton; was a Republican candidate for Presi- dential Elector in 1856, and, in 1860. a member of the National Republican Convention at Cliicago, which nominated Jlr. Lincoln for the Presidency. In September, 1803, he was commissioned Colonel of the Ninety-seventh Illinois Volunteers, and participated in the capture of Port Gibson and in the operations about Vicksburg— also leading in the attack on Arkansas Post, and subsequently serving in Louisiana, but died as the result of fatigue and exposure in the service. June 30, 1864, one week before his promotion to the rank of Brigadier-General.— Reuben C. (Rutherford), brother of the preceding, was born at Troy, N. Y., Sept. 39. 1833. but grew up in Vermont and Nevr Hampshire ; received a degree in law when quite young, but afterwards fitted himself as a lec- turer on physiology and hygiene, upon which he lectured extensively in Michigan, Illinois and other States after coming west in 1849. During 1854-55, in co-operation with Prof. J. B. Turner and others, he canvassed and lectured extensively throughout Illinois in support of the movement which resulted in the donation of public lands, by Congress, for the establishment of "Industrial Colleges" in the several States. The establish- ment of the University of Illinois, at Champaign, was the outgrowth of this movement. In 1856 he located at Quincy, where he resided some thirty years; in 1861, served for several months as the first Commissary of Subsistence at Cairo; was later associated with the State Quartermaster's Department, finally entering the secret service of the War Department, in which he remained until 1867, retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier- General. In 1886. General Rutherford removed to New York City, 'where he died, June 34. 1895. — George V. (Rutherford), another brother, was born at Rutland, Vt., 1830; was first admitted to the bar, but afterwards took charge of the con- struction of telegraph lines in some of the South- ern States; at the beginning of the Civil War became Assistant Quartermaster-General of the State of Illinois, at Springfield, under ex-Gov. John Wood, but subsequently entered the Quartermaster's service of the General Govern- ment in Washington, retiring after the war with the rank of Brigadier-General. He then returned to Quincy, 111., where he resided until 1873, when lie engaged in manufacturing business at North ampton, Mass., but finally removed to California for the benefit of his failing health. Died, at St. Helena, Cal. , August 38, 1872. RUTLAXD, a village of La Salle County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 35 miles soutli of La Salle; has a bank, five churches, school, and a newspaper, with coal mines in the vicinity. Pop. (1890), 509; (1900), 893; (1903), 1.093. RUTLEDGE, (Rev.) William J., clergyman, Army Chaplain, born in Augusta County, Va., June 34. 1830; was converted at the age of 13 years and, at 21, became a member of the Illinois Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, serving various churches in the central and west- ern parts of the State — also acting, for a time, as Agent of the Illinois Conference Female College at Jacksonville. From 1861 to 1863 he was Chap- lain of the Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volun- teers. Returning from the war, he served as pastor of churches at Jacksonville. Bloomington, Quincy, Rushville. Springfield, Griggsville and other points; from 1881 to '84 was Chaplain of the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet. Mr. Rutledge was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, and served for many years as Chaplain of the order for the Department of Illinois. In connection with the ministry, he has occupied a supernumerary relation since 1885. Died in Jacksonville, April 14, 1900. RUTZ, Edward, State Treasurer, was born in a village in the Duchy of Baden, Germany, May 5, 1839; came to America in 1848, locating on a farm in St. Clair County, 111. ; went to California in 1857. and, early in 1861, enli.sted in the Third United States Artillery at San Francisco, .serving with the Army of the Potomac until his discharge in 1864, and taking part in every battle in which his command was engaged. After his return in 1865, he located in St. Clair County, and was elected County Survej'or, served three consecu- tive terms as County Treasurer, and was elected State Treasurer three times — 18T3, '76 and "80. About 1893 he removed to California, where he now resides. RYAN, Edward 0., early editor and jurist, born at Newcastle House, County Meath, Ireland, Nov. 13, 1810; was educated for the priesthood, but turned his attention to law, and, in 1830, came to New York and engaged in teaching while prosecuting his legal studies; in 1836 re- moved to Cliicago. where he was admitted to the bar and was, for a time, associated in practice witli Hugh T. Dickey. In April, 1840, Mr. Ryan assumed the eDWICII, a city in De Kalb County, incor- porated in 1878, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 58 miles southwest of Chicago. The jirincipal industries are the manufacture of agricultural implements, hay-presse.s, corn-shell- ers. puuips and wind-mills. Sandwich has two private banks, two weekly and one semi-weeklj' papers. Pop. (1890), 2..51(5; (1900), 2,.'520; (1903), 2,865. SAXGAMOX COUXTY, a central count.v, organized imder act of June 30, 1821, from parts of Bond and Madison Counties, and embracing the present counties of Sangamon, Cass, Slenard, Mason, Tazewell. Logan, and parts of Morgan, McLean. Woodford, Marshall and Putnam. It was named for the river flowing through it. Though reduced in area somewhat, four years later, it extended to the Illinois River, but was reduced to its present limits by the setting a])art of Menard, Logan and Dane (now Christian) Counties, in 1839. Henry Funderburk is believed to have been the first white settler, arriving there in 1817 and locating in wliat is now Cotton Hill Township, being followed, the next year, by William Drennan, Joseph Dodds, James McCoy, Robert PuUiam and others. John Kelly located on the present site of the city of Springfield in 1818, and was there at the time of the selection . of that place as the temporary seat of justice in 1821. Other settlements were made at Auburn, Island Grove, and elsewhere, and population began to flow in rapidly. Remnants of the Potta- watomie and Kickapoo Indians were still there, but soon moved north or west. County organi- zation was effected in 1821, the first Board of County Commissioners being composed of Wil- liam Drennan, Zachariah Peter and Samuel Lee. John Reynolds (afterwards Governor) held the first term of Circuit Court, with John Taylor, Sheriff ; Henry Starr, Prosecuting Attorney, and Charles R. Matheny, Circuit Clerk. A United States Land Office was established at Springfield in 1823, with Pascal P. Enos as Receiver, the first sale of lands taking place the same year. The soil of Sangamon County is exuberantly fer- tile, with rich underlying deposits of bituminous coal, which is mined in large quantities. The chief towns are Springfield, Auburn, Riverton, lUiopolis and Pleasant Plains. Tlie area of the county is 800 square miles. Population (1880), 52,894; (1890), 61,195; (lUOOj, 71,593. SAXGAMOX RIVER, formed by the union of the North and South Forks, of which the former is the longer, or main branch. The North Fork rises in the northern part of Champaign County, whence it runs southwest to the city of Decatur, thence westward through Sangamon County, forming the north boundary of Christian County, and emptying into the Illinois River about 9 miles above Beardstown. The Sangamon is nearly 240 miles long, including the North Fork. The South Fork flows through Christian County, and joins the North Fork about G miles east of Springfield. In the early history of the State the Sangamon was regarded as a navigable stream, and its improvement was one of the measures advocated by Abraham Lincoln in 1832, when he was for the first time a candidate (though unsuc- cessfully) for the Legislature. In the spring of 1832 a small steamer from Cincinnati, called the "Talisman,"" ascended the river to a point near Springfield. The event was celebrated with great rejoicing by the people, but the vessel encountered so much difficulty in getting out of the river that the experiment was never repeated. SANGAMON & MORGAN RAILROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) SANGER, Lorenzo P., railway and canal con- tractor, was born at Littleton. N. H., March 2, 1809; brought in childhood to Livingston County, N. Y., where his father became a contractor on the Erie Canal, the son also being employed upon the same work. The latter subsequently became a contractor on the Pennsylvania Canal on his own account, being known as "the boy contract- or." Then, after a brief experience in mercantile business, and a year spent in the construction of a canal in Indiana, in 1836 he came to Illinois, and soon after became an extensive contractor on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, having charge of rock excivvation at Lockport. He was also connected with the Rock River improvement .scheme, and interested in a line of stages between Chicago and Galena, which, having been consolidated with the line managed by the firm of Fink & Walker, finally became the Northwestern Stage Company, extending its operations throughout Michigan, Indiana, Illinois. Wisconsin, Iowa and Missouri — Mr. Sanger having charge of the Western Division, for a time, with headersons of German birth. In 1851 he removed to Chicago, where he became editor of "The Staats Zeitung," in which he vigorously opposed the Kansas-Nebraska bill on its introduction by Senator Douglas. His attitude and articles gave such offense to the partisan friends of this measure, that "The Zeitung" was threatened with destruction by a mob iu IS.')"). He earlj- took advanced ground in oi)position to slavery, and w;is a member of the convention of Anti-Nebraska editors, held at Decatur in 1856, and of the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloomingtou the same year, as well as of the National Republican Conventions of 1856 and 1860, participating in the nomination of both John C. Fremont and Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency. In 1861 he was a member of the Chicago Union Defense Committee, and was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Cousul-General at Elsinore, Denmark. Returning to .\merica in 1862, he disposed of his interest in "Tlie Staats Zeitung" and was appointed the first Collector of Internal Revenue for the Chicago District. On retiring from this office he eng-aged in banking, subsequently becoming President of the National Bank of Illinois, with which he was a.s.sociated for a quarter of a century. In 1877 President Hayes tendered him the ministry to Switzerland, which he declined. In 1880 he was chosen Presi- dential Elector for the State-at-large, ako serving for a number of years as a member of the Repub- lican State Central Committee. SCHOFIELD, John 3ItAllister, Major-General, was born in Chautauqua County. N. Y., .Sept 29, 1831; brought to Bristol, Kendall County, 111., in 1843, and, two years later, removed to Freeport; graduated from the United States Military Acad- emy, in 18,53, as classmate of Generals McPherson and Sheridan ; was assigned to the artillery ser- Tice and sers-ed two years in Florida, after which he spent five years (1855-60) as an instructor at West Point. At the beginning of the Civil AVar he was on leave of absence, acting as Professor of Physics in Washington University at St. Louis, but, waiving his leave, he at once returned to duty and was appointed mustering officer; then, by permission of the War Department, entered the First Missouri Volvmteers as Major, serving as Chief of Staff to General Lyon in the early battles in Missouri, including Wilson's Creek. His subsequent career included the organization of the Missouri State Militia (1862), command of the .\rmy of the Frontier in South- west Missouri, command of the Pejiartment of the Missouri and Ohio, ijarticipation in the Atlanta campaign and co-operation with Sher- man in the capture of the rebel Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina— his army having been transferred for this purpose, from Tennessee by way of Washington. After the close of the war he went on a special mission to Mexico to investigate the French occupation of that countrj' ; was commander of the Department of the Potomac, and served as Secretary of War, by- appointment of President Johnson, from June, 1868, to March, 1869. On retiring from the Cabi- net he was commissioned a full JIajor-General and held various Division and Department com- mands until 1886, when, on the deatli of General Sherman, he succeeded to the command of the Army, with headquarters at Washington. He was retired under the age limit, Sept. 29, 1895. His present home is in Washington. SCHOLFIELD, John, jurist, was born in Clark County, 111. , iu 1834 ; acquired the rudiments of an education in the common schools during boy- hood, meanwhile gaining some knowledge of the higher branches through toilsome application to text-books without a preceptor. At the age of 20 he entered the law school at Louisville, Ky., graduating two years later, and beginning prac- tice at Marshall, 111. He defrayed his expenses at the law school from the proceeds of the sale of a small piece of land to which he had fallen heir. In 1856 he was elected State's Attorney, and, in 1860, was chosen to represent his county in the Legislature. After serving one term he returned to his professional career and succeeded in build- ing up a profitable practice. In 1869-70 he repre- sented Clark and Cumberland Counties in tho Constitutional Convention, and, in 1870, became Solicitor for the Vandalia Railroad. In 1873 lie was elected to fill the vacancy on the bench of the Supreme Court of the State for the Middle Grand Division, caused by the resignation of Judge Anthony Thornton, and re-elected without oppo- sition in 1879 and 1888. Died, in office, Feb. 13, 1893. It has been claimed that President Cleve- land would have tendered him the Chief Justice- ship of the United States Supreme Court, had he not insistently declined to accept the honor. 470 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. SCHOOL-HOUSES, EARLY. The primitive scliool-houses of Illinois were built of logs, and were extremely rude, as regards both structure and furnishing. Indeed, the earliest pioneers rarely erected a special building to be used as a school-house. An old smoke-house, an abandoned dwelling, an old block-house, or the loft or one end of a settler's cabin not unf I'equently answered the purpose, and the clmrch and the court-house were often made to accommodate the school. When a school-house, as such, was to be built, the men of the district gathered at the site selected, bringing their axes and a few other tools, with their ox-teams, and devoted four or five days to constructing a house into which, perhaps, not a nail was driven. Trees were cut from the public lands, and, without hewing, fashioned into a cabin. Sixteen feet square was usually con- sidered the proper dimensions. In the walls were cut two holes, one for a door to admit light and air, and the other for the open fireplace, from which rose a chimney, usually built of sticks and mud, on the outside. Danger of fire was averted by thickly lining the inside of the chimney with clay mortar. Sometimes, but only with great labor, stone was substituted for mortar made from the clay soil. The chimneys were always wide, seldom less than six feet, and sometimes extending across one entire end of the building. The fuel used was wood cut directly from the forest, frequently in its green state, dragged to the spot in the form of logs or entire trees to be cut by the older pupils in lengths suited to the width of the chimney. Occasionally there was no chimney, the fire, in some of the most primi- tive structures, being built on the earth and the smoke escaping through a hole in the roof. In such Iiouses a long board was set up on the wind- ward side, and shifted from side to side as the wind varied. Stones or logs answered for andirons, clapboards served as shovels, and no one complained of the lack of tongs. Roofs were made of roughly split clapboards, held in place by "weight poles" laid on the boards, and by sup- ports starting from "eaves poles.'" The .space lietween the logs, which constituted the walls of the building, was filled in with blocks of wood or "chinking," and the crevices, both exterior and interior, daubed over with clay mortar, in which straw was sometimes mixed to increase its adhesiveness. On one side of the structure one or two logs were sometimes cut out to allow the admission of light ; and, as glass could not always be procured, rain and snow were excluded and light admitted by the use of greased pajier. Over this space a board, attached to the outer wall by leather hinges, was sometimes suspended to keep out the storms. The placing of a glass window in a country school-house at Edwardsville, in 1824, was considered an important event. Ordi- narily the floor was of the natural earth, although this was sometimes covered with a layer of clay, firmly packed down. Only the more pretentious school-houses had "puncheon floors"; i. e., floors made of split logs roughly hewn. Few had "ceilings" (so-called), the latter being usuall}- made of clapboards, sometimes of bark, on which was spread earth, to keep out the cold. The seats were also of puncheons (without backs) supported on four legs made of pieces of poles inserted through augur holes. No one had a desk, except the advanced pupils who were learning to write. For their convenience a broader and smoother puncheon was fastened into the wall by wooden pins, in such a way that it would slope downward toward the pu|jil, the front being supported by a brace extending from the wall. When a pupil was writing he faced the wall. When he had finished this task, he "reversed him- self" and faced the teacher and his schoolmates. These adjuncts completed the furnishings, with the exception of a split-bottomed chair for the teacher (who seldom had a desk) and a pail, or "piggin," of water, witli a gourd for a drinking cup. Rough and uncouth as these structures were, they were evidences of public spirit and of appreciation of the advantages of education. They were built and maintained by mutual aid and sacrifice, and, in them, some of the great men of the State and Nation obtained that primary training wliich formed the foundation of their subsequent careers. (See Education.) SCHUYLER COUJS'TY, located in the western portion of the State, has an area of 430 square miles, and was named for Gen. Philip Schuyler. The first American settlers arrived in 1823, and, among the earliest pioneers, were Calvin Hobart, William H. Taylor and Orris McCartney. The county was organized from a portion of Pike County, in 1825, the first Commissioners being Thomas Blair, Thomas McKee and Samuel Hor- ney. The Commissioners appointed to locate the county -scat, selected a site in the eastern part of the county about one mile west of the ])resent village of Pleasant View, to which the name of Beardstown was given, and where the earliest court was held, Judge John York Sawyer presid- ing, with Hart Fellows as Clerk, and Orris Mc- Cartney, Sheriff. This location, however, proving unsatisfactory, new Commissioners were ap- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 471 pointed, who. in the early part of 1826, selected the present .site of the city of Rusliville, some five miles west of the point originally chosen. Tlie new seat of justice was first called Rushton, in lienor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but the name was afterwards changed to Rushville. Ephraim Eggleston was the pioneer of Rushville. The surface of the county is rolling, and the region contains excellent farming land, which is well watered by the Illinois River and numerous creeks. Population (1890). 1G.0I3; (1900), 10,129. SCHWATKA, Frederick, Arctic explorer, was born at Galena, 111., Sept. 29, 1849; graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1871, and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Third Cavalry, serving on the frontier until 1877, meantime studying law and medicine, being admitted to the bar in 187.5, and graduating in medicine in 1876. Having his interest excited by reports of traces of Sir John Franklin"s expedi- tion, found bj' the Esquimaux, lie obtained leave of absence in 1878, and, with Wm. H. Gilder as second in command, sailed from New York in the "Eothen," June 19, for King William's Land. The iiarty returned, Sept. 22, 1880, having found an, U09. SECRET.VRIES OF STATE. The following is a list of the Secretaries of State of Illinois from its admission into the Union down to the present time (1899), with the date and duration of the terra of each incumbent: Elias Kent Kane, 1818-22; Samuel D. Lockwood, 1822-23; David Blackwell. 1823-24; Morris Birkbeck, October, 1824 to January, 1825 (failed of confirmation by the Senate), George Forquer, 1825-28; Alexander Pope Field, 1828-40; Stephen A. Douglas, 1840-41 (served three months — resigned to take a seat on the .Supreme bench); Lyman Trumbull. 184143; Thompson Campbell, 1843-46; Horace S. Cooley, 1840-.50; David L. Gregg. 1850-53; Alexander Starne, 1853-57; Ozias M. Hatch. 1857-65; Sharon Tyndale. 186.5-69; Edward Rummel, 1869-73; George H. Harlow, 1873-81; Henry D. Dement, 1881-89; Isaac N. Pearson, 1889-93; William H. Hinrichsen, 1893-97; James A. Rose, 1897 . Nathaniel Pope and Joseph Phillips were the only Secretaries of Illinois during the Territorial period, the former serving from 1809 to 1816, and the latter from 1816 to 1818. Under the first Con- stitution (1818) the office of the Secretary of State was filled by appointment by the Governor, bv anil with the advice and consent of the Senate, but without limitation as to term of office. By the Constitution of 1848. and again by that of 1870, that officer was made elective by the people at the same time as the Governor, for a term of four years. SECRET TREASONABLE SOCIETIES. Early in the War of the Rebellion there sprang up, at various points in the Northwest, organizations of persons disaffected toward the National Govern- ment. They were most numerous in Ohio, Indi- ana, Illinois, Kentucky and Missouri. At first they were known by such titles as "Circles of Honor," "Mutual Protective Associations," etc. But they had kindred aims and their members were soon united in one organization, styled "Knights of the Golden Circle." Its secrets having been partially disclosed, this body ceased to exist — or, it would be more correct to say, changed its name — being soon succeeded (1863) by an organization of similar character, called the "American Knights." These societies, as first formed, were rather political than military. The "American Knights" had more forcible aims, but this, in turn, was also exposed, and the order was re-organized under the name of "Sons of Libertj'." The last named order started in Indiana, and, owing to its more perfect organi- zation, rapidly spread over the Northwest, acquiring much more strength and influence than its predecessors had done. The ultimate author- ity of the organization was vested in a Supreme Council, whose officers were a "supreme com- mander," "secretary of state," and "trea-surer. " Each State represented formed a division, under a "deputy grand commander. " States were diviiled into military districts, under "major-generals." County lodges were termed "temples." The order was virtually an officered army, and its aims were aggressive. It had its commander-in- chief, its brigades and its regiments. Three degrees were recognized, and the oaths of secrecy taken at each initiation surpassed, in binding force, either the oath of allegiance or an oath taken in a court of justice. The maintenance of slavery, and forcible opposition to a coercive policy by the Government in dealing with seces- sion, were the pivotal doctrines of the order. Its methods and purposes were to discourage enlist- ments and resist a draft; to aid and protect deserters; to disseminate treasonable literature; to aid the Confederates in destroying Government property. Clement L. Vallandigham, the expat- riated traitor, was at its head. and. in 1864, claimed that it had a numerical strength of 400,- 000, of whom 65,000 were in Illinois. Many overt 474 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. acts were committed, but the organization, hav- ing been exposed and defeated in its objects, dis- banded in ISe.j. (See Camp Douglas Conspiracy. ) SELIJY, Paul, editor, was born in Pickaway County, Ohio. July 20, 1825; removed with his parents, in 1837, to Van Buren County, Iowa, but, at the age of 19, went to Southern Illinois, where he spent four years teaching, chiefly in Madison County. In 1848 he entered the preparatory department of Illinois College at Jacksonville, but left the institution during his junior j'ear to assume the editorship of ''The Morgan Journal," at Jacksonville, with which he remained until the fall of 1858, covering the period of the organization of the Republican party, in which "The Journal"' took an active part. He was a member of the Anti-Nebraska (afterwards known as Republican) State Convention, which met at Springfield, in October, 1854 (the first ever held in the State), and, on Feb. 22, 1856, attended and presided over a conference of Anti-Nebraska editors of the State at Decatur, called to devise a line of policy for the newly organizing Repub- lican party. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) This body appointed the first Republican State Central Committee and desig- nated the date of the Bloomiugton Convention of May 29, following, which put in nomination the first Republican State ticket ever named in Illinois, which ticket was elected in the foUo^'ing November (See Bloomington Convention. ) In 1859 he prepared a pamphlet giving a history of the celebrated Canal scrip fraud, which was widely circulated. (See Canal Scrij) Fraud.) Going South in the fall of 1859, he was engaged in teaching in the State of Louisiana imtil the last of June, 1861. Just two weeks before the fall of Fort Sumter he was denounced to his Southei'n neighbors as an "abolitionist" and falfiely charged with having been connected with the "underground railroad," in letters from secession sympathizers in the North, whose per- sonal and political enmity he had incurred while conducting a Republican paper in Illinois, some of whom referred to Jefferson Davis, Senator Slidell, of Louisiana, and other Southern leaders as vouchers for their characters. He at once invited an investigation by the Board of Trus- tees of the institution, of which he was the Principal, when that body — although composed, for the most part, of Southern men — on the basis of testimonials from prominent citizens of Jack- sonville, and other evidence, adopted resolutions declaring the charges prompted by personal hos- tility, and delivered the letters of his accusers into his hands. Returning North with his family in July, 1861, he spent some nine months in the com- missary and transportation branches of the ser- vice at Cairo and at Paducah, Ky. In July, 1862, he became associate editor of "The Illinois State Journal" at Springfield, remaining until Novem- ber, 1865. The next six months were spent as Assistant Deputy Collector in the Custom House at New Orleans, but, returning North in June, 1866, he soon after became identified with the Chicago press, serving, first upon the staff of "The Evening Journal" and, later, on "The Repub- lican." In May, 1868, he assumed the editorship of "The Quincy Whig, " ultimately becoming part proprietor of that paper, but, in Januar}, 1874, resumed his old place on "The State Jour- nal," four years later becoming one of its propri- etors. In 1880 he was appointed by President Hajes Postmaster of Springfield, was reappointed by Arthur in 1884, but resigned in 1886. Mean- while he had sold his interest in "The Journal," but the following year organized a new company for its purchase, when he resumed his former position as editor. In 1889 he disposed of his holding in "The Journal," finally removing to Chicago, where he has been employed in literary work. In aU he has been engaged in editorial work over thirty-five years, of which eighteen were spent upon "The State Journal." In 1860 Mr. Selbj' was complimented by his Alma Mater with the honorary degree of A. M. He has been twice married, first to Miss Erra Post, of Spring- field, who died in November, 1865, leaving two daughters, and, in 1870, to Mrs. Mary J. Hitch- cock, of Quincy, by whom he had two children, both of whom died in infancy. SEMPLE, James, United States Senator, was born in Green County, Ky., Jan. 5, 1798, of Scotch descent ; after learning the tanner"s trade, studied law and emigrated to Illinois in 1818. removing to Missouri four years later, where he was ad- mitted to the bar. Returning to Illinois in 1828, he began practice at Edwardsville, but later became a citizen of Alton. During the Black Hawk War he served as Brigadier-General. He was thrice elected to the lower house of the Legislature (1833. "84 and '36), and was Speaker during the last two terms. In 1833 he was elected Attorney -General by the Legislature, but served only until the following year, and, in 1837, was appointed Minister to Granada, South America. In 1843 he was appointed, and after- wards elected. United States Senator to fill the unexpired term of Samuel McRoberts, at the expiration of his term (1847) retiring to private HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 475 life. He laid out the town of Elsah, in Jersey County, just south of which he owned a large estate on the Mississippi bluffs, where he died. Dec. 20, ISGG. SENEC.V (formerly Crotty), a vilhige of La Salle County, situated on the Illinois River, the Illinois it Micliisan Canal and tlie Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways, l:^ miles east of Ottawa. It has a graded school, several churches, a bank, some manufactures, grain warehouses, coal mines, telejjhone system and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1.190; (1900), 1.036. SEXN, (Dr.) Nicholas, physican and surgeon, was born in the Canton of St. Gaul, .Switzerland, Oct. 31, 1844; was brought to America at 8 years of age, his parents settling at Washington, Wis. He received a grammar school education at Fond du Lac, and. in 1864, began the study of medi- cine, graduating at the Chicago Jledical College in 1868. After some eighteen months spent as resident physician in the Cook County Hospital, he began practice at Ashford, Wis., but removed to Milwaukee in 1874, where he became attending physician of tlie Milwaukee Hospital. In 1877 he visited Europe, graduated the following year from the University of Jlimich, and, on his return, became Professor of the Principles of .Surgery and Surgical Pathology in Rush Medical College in Chic^tgo — also has held the chair of the Prac- tice of Surgery in the same institution. Dr. Senn has achieved great success and won an international reputation in the treatment of difficult cases of abdominal surgery. He is the author of a number of volumes on different branches of surgery which are recognized as standard authorities. A few years ago he pur- chased the extensive library of the late Dr. Will- iam Baum. Professor of Surgery in the University of Gottingen, which he presented to the New- berry Library of Chicago. In 1893. Dr. Senn wa.s appointed Surgeon-General of the Illinois National (Juard, and has also been President of the Association of Military Surgeons of the National Guard, of the United States, besides Ijeing identified with various other medical bodies. Soon after the beginning of the Spanish- American War, he was appointed, by President McKinley, a Surgeon of Volunteers with the rank of Colonel, and rendered most efficient aid in the military branch of the service at Camp Chicka- maiiga and in the Santiago campaign. SEXTON, (CoL) James A.. Commander-in- Chief of Grand Army of the Republic, was l)orn in the city of Chicago, Jan. 5, 1844; in .\pril. 1861, being then only a little over 17. enlisted as a private soldier under the first call for troops issued by President Lincoln ; at the close of his term was appointed a Sergeant, with authority to recruit a company which afterwards was attached to the Fifty-first Volunteer Infantry. Later, he was transferred to the Sixty-seventh with the rank of Lieutenant, and, a few months after, to the Seventy -second with a commission as Captain of Company D, which he had recruited. As com- mander of his regiment, then constituting a part of the Seventeenth Army Corps, he participated in the battles of Columbia. Duck Creek, Spring Hill. Franklin and Nashville, and in the Nash- ville campaign. Both at Nashville and Franklin ho was wounded, and again, at Spanish Fort, by a piece of shell which broke his leg. His regiment took part in seven battles and eleven skirmishes, and, while it went out 907 .strong in officers and men, it returned with only 332, all told, although it had been recruited by 234 men. He was known as "The boy Captain," being only 18 years old when he received his first commission, and 21 when, after participating in the Mobile cam- paign, he was mustered out with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After the clo.se of the war he eugaged in planting in the South, purchasing a plantation in Lowndes County. Ala., but. in 18f)7, returned to Chicago, where he became a member of the firm of Cribben, Sexton & Co., stove manufacturers, from which he retired in 1898. In 1884 he served as Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket for the Fourth District, and. in 1889, was appointed, by President Harrison. Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving over five years. In 1888 he was chosen Department Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic for the State of Illinois, and, ten years later, to the position of Commander-in-Chief of the order, which he held at the time of his death. He had also been, for a number of yeare, one of the Trus- tees of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, and. during most of the time. President of the Board. Towards the close of the year 1898, lie was appointed bj- President McKinley a member of the Commission to investigate the conduct of the Spanish-.Vmerican War. but, before the Com- mission had concluded its labors, was taken with "the grip," which developed into pneumonia, from which he died in Wiishington, Feb. .5, 1890. SEYMOUR, George Franklin. Protestant Epis- copal Bishop, was born in New York City, Jan. ."i. 1829; graduated from Columbia College in 1850, and from the General Theological Seminary (New York) in 1854. He received both minor 476 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and major orders at the hands of Bishop Potter, being made deacon in 1854 and ordained priest in 1855. For several years he was engaged in mis- sionary work. During this period he was promi- nently identified with the founding of St. Stephen's College. After serving as rector in various parishes, in 1865 he was made Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the New York Semi- nary, and, ten years later, was chosen Dean of the institution, still retaining his professorship. Racine College conferred upon him the degree of S.T.D., in 1867, and Columbia that of LL.D. in 1878. In 1874 he was elected Bishop of Illinois, but failed of confirmation in the House of Depu- ties. Upon the erection of the new diocese of Springfield (1877) he accepted and was conse- crated Bishop at Trinity Church, N. Y., June 11, 1878. He was a prominent member of the Third Pan-Anglican Council (London, 1885), and has done much to foster the growth and extend the influence of his church in his diocese. SHABBONA, a village of De Kalh County, on the Iowa Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 25 miles west of Aurora. Population (1890), .503; (1900), 587. SHABONA (or Shabbona), an Ottawa Chief, was born near the Maumee River, in Ohio, about 1775, and served under Tecumseh from 1807 to the battle of the Thames in 1813. In 1810 he accompanied Tecumseh and Capt. Billy Caldwell (see Saugcntash) to the homes of the Pottawato- mies and other tribes within the present limits of Illinois and Wisconsin, to secure their co-oper- ation in driving the white settlers out of the country. At the battle of the Thames, he was by the side of Tecumseh when he fell, and both he and Caldwell, losing faith in their British allies, soon after submitted to the United States through General Cass at Detroit. Shabona was opposed to Black Hawk in 1832, and did much to thwart the plans of the latter and aid the whites. Hav- ing married a daughter of a Pottawatomie chief, who had a village on the Illinois River east of the present city of Ottawa, he lived there for some time, but finally removed 25 miles north to Shabona's Grove in De Kalb County. Here he remained till 1837, when he removed to Western Missouri. Black Hawk's followers having a reservation near by, hostilities began between them, in which a son and nephew of Shabona were killed. He finally returned to his old home in Illinois, but found it occupied by whites, who drove him from the grove that bore his name. Some friends then bought for him twenty acres of land on blazon Creek, near Morris, where he died, July 27, 1859. He is described as a noble specimen of his race. A life of him has been published by N. Matson (Chicago, 1878). SHANNON, a village of Carroll County, on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 18 miles southwest of Freeport. It is an important trade center, has a bank and one newspaper. Popu- lation (1890), 591; (1900), 678. SHAW, Aaron, former Congressman, born in Orange County, N. Y., in 1811; was educated at the Montgomery Academy, studied law and was admitted to the bar at Goshen in that State. In 1833 he removed to Lawrence Count}", 111. He has held various important public offices. He was a member of the first Internal Improvement Convention of the State; was chosen State's Attorney by the Legislature, in which body he served two terms ; served four years as Judge of the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit; was elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress in 1856, and to the Forty-eighth in 1882, as a Democrat. SHAW, James, lawj^er, jurist, was born in Ire- land, May 3, 1832, brought to this country in in- fancy and grew up on a farm in Cass Countj', 111. : graduated from Illinois College in 1857, and, after admission to the bar, began practice at Mount Carroll. In 1870 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, being re-elected in 1873, '76 and '78. He was Speaker of the House during the session of 1877, and one of the Republican leadei-s on the floor during the suc- ceeding session. In 1872 he was chosen a Presi- dential Elector, and, in 1891, to a .seat on the Circuit bench from the Thirteenth Circuit, and, in 1897 was re-elected for the Fifteenth Circuit. SHAWNEETOWN, a city and the county-seat of Gallatin Count}', on the Ohio River 120 miles from its mouth and at the terminus of the Shaw- neetown Divisions of the Baltimore & Ohio South- western and the Louisville & Nashville Railroads: is one of the oldest towns in the State, having been laid out in 1808, and noted for the number of prominent men who resided there at an early day. Coal is extensively mined in that section, and Shawneetown is one of the largest shipping points for lumber, coal and farm products between Cairo and Louisville, navigation being open the year round. Some manufacturing is done here; the city has several mills, a foundry and machine shop, two or three banks, several churches, good schools and two weekly papers. Since the disastrous floods of 1884 and 1898, Shaw- neetown has reconstructed its levee system on a substantial scale, which is now believed to furnish HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 477 ample protection against the recurrence of similar disaster. Pop. (I'JOO). 1,698; (1903, est.), 2,200. SHEAHAX, James W., journalist, was born in Baltimore. Mil., spent his early life, after reaching niaubooil, in Washington City as a Congressional Reporter, and, in 1817, reported the proceedings of tlie Illinois State Constitutional Convention at Springfield. Through the influence of Senator Douglas he was induced, in 1854. to accept the editorship of "The Young America" newspaper at Chicago, which was soon after changed to "The Chicago Times." Here lie remained until the fall of 1800, when, "The Times" having been sold and consolidated witli "The Herald," a Buchanan-Brec'kenridge organ, he established a new paper called "The Morning Post." This lie made representative of the views of the "War Democrats" as against "The Times," which was opposed to the w'ar. In May. 18G5, he sold the plant of "The Post" and it became "The Chicago Republican" — now "Inter Ocean." A few months later. Mr. Sheahan accepted a position as chief writer on the editorial staff of "The Chicago Tribune," which he retained until his death, June 17, 188;i. SHEFFIELD, a prosperous village of Bureau Count)', on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railrojid, 44 miles east of Rosk Island; has valu- able coal mines, a bank and one newspaper. Poimlation (1890). 993; (1900). 1.26.'}. SHELBY COUNTY, lies south of the center of the State, and contains an area of 776 square miles. The tide of immigration to this countj' was at first from Kentucky, Tennessee and North Carolina, although later it began to set in from the Northern States. The first cabin in the county wa-s built by Simeon Wakefield on what is now the site of Williamsburg, first called Cold Spring. Joseph Daniel was the earliest settler in what is now Shelbyville. pre-empting ten acres, which he soon afterward sold to Joseph Oliver, the [uoneer merchant of the county, and father of the first wliite child born within its limits. Other pioneers were Shimei Wakefield. Levi Casey and Samuel Hall. In lieu of hats the early settlers wore caps made of squirrel or coon skin, with the tails dangling at the backs, and he was regarded as well dres-sed who boasted a fringed buckskin shirt and trousers, with moccasins. The county Wcis formed in 1827, and Shelbyville made the county-seat. Both county and town are named in honor of Governor Shelby, of Ken- tucky. County Judge Joseph Oliver held the first court in the cabin of Barnett Bone, and Judge Theophilus W. Smith presided over the first Circuit Court in 1828. Coal is abundant, and limestone and sandstone are also found. The surfa<-e is somewhat rolling and well wooded. Tlie Little AVabash and Kaskaskia Rivers flow through the central and southeastern portions. The county lies in the very heart of the great com belt of the State, and has excellent transpor- tation facilities, being penetrated by four lines of railway. Population (1880), 30,270; (1890), 31,- 191; (1900), 32.126. SHELBYVILLE, the county-seat and an incor- porated city of Slielby County, on the Kaskaskia River and two lines of railway, 32 miles .soutlieast of Decatur. Agriculture is carried on exten- sively, and there is considerable coal mining in the immediate vicinity. The city has two flour- ing mills, a handle factory, a creamer}-, one National and one State bank, one daily and four weekly papers and one monthly periodical, an Orphans' Home, ten churches, two graded schools, and a public library. Population (1890), 3,102; (1900). 3,.54G. SHELDON, a village of Iroquois County, at the intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Toledo. Peoria & Western Railways, 9 miles east of Watseka; has two banks and a newspaper. The region is agricultural. Pop (1890), 910; (1900), 1,103. SHELDON, Benjamin R., jurist, was born in Massachusetts in 1813, graduated from Williams College in 1831, studied law at the Yale Law School, and was admitted to practice in 1836. Emigrating to Illinois, he located temporarily at Hennepin, Putnam County, but soon removed to Galena, and finally to Rockford. In 1848 he was elected Circuit Judge of the Sixth Circuit, which afterwards being divided, he was assigned to the Fourteenth Circuit, remaining until 1870, when he was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, presiding as Chief Justice in 1877. He was re- elected in 1879, but retired in 1888, being suc- ceeded by the late Justice Baile\'. Died, April 13. 1897. SHEPPARD, Nathan, author and lecturer, was born in Baltimore. Md., Nov. 9, 1834; graduated at Rochester Theological Seminary in 18.59; dur- ing the Civil War was special correspondent of "The New York World" and "The Chicago Jour- nal" and "Tribune," and. during the Franco- German War, of "The Cincinnati Gazette;" also ser^-ed as special American correspondent of "The London Times," and was a contributor to "Frazer's Magazine" and "Temple Bar." In 1873 he became a lecturer on Modern English Liter- ature and Rhetoric in Chicago University and, 478 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. four years later, accepted a similar position in Allegheny College; also spent four years in Europe, lecturing in the principal towns of Great Britain and Ireland. In 18^4 he founded the "Athenaeum'' at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., of which he was President until his death, early in 1888. "The Dickens Reader," "Character Read- ings from George Eliof and "E.ssays of George Eliot" were among the Tolumes issued by him between 1881 and 1887. Died in New York City, Jan. 24, 1888. SHERMAX, Alson Smith, early Chicago Mayor, was born at Barre, Vt., April 31, 1811, remaining there until 1836, when he came to Chicago and began business as a contractor and builder. Sev- eral years later he opened the first stone quarries at Lemont, 111. Mr. Sherman spent many years in the service of Cliicago as a public official. From 1840 to 1843 he was Captain of a company of militia ; for two j-ears served as Chief of the Fire Department, and was elected Alderman in 1843. serving again in 1846. In 1844, he was chosen Mayor, his administration being marked by the first extensive public improvements made in Chicago. After his term as Mayor he did much to secure a better water supply for the city. He was especially interested in promoting common school education, being for several years a member of the City School Board. He was Vice-President of the first Board of Trustees of Northwestern University. Retired from active pursuits. Mr. Sherman is now (1899) spending a serene old age at Waukegan, 111. — Oren (Sherman) brother of the preceding and early Chicago mer- chant, was born at Barre, Vt., March 5, 1816. After spending several years in a mercantile house in Montpelier, Vt., at the age of twenty he came west, first to New Buffalo, Mich., and, in 1836, to Chicago, opening a dry-goods store there the next spring. With various partners Mr. Sherman continued in a general mercantile busi- ness until 18.')8, at the same time being extensively engaged in the provision trade, one-half tlie entire transactions in pork in the city passing through his hands. Next he engaged in developing stone quarries at Lemont, 111. ; also became extensively interested in tlie marble business, continuing in this until a few years after the panic of 1873. when he retired in consequence of a shock of paralysis. Died, in Chicago. Dec. 15. 1898. SHERMAX, Elijah B., lawyer, was born at Fairfield, Vt., June 18, 1833— his family being distantly related to Roger Sherman, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and the late Gan. W. T. Sherman ; gained his education in the common schools and at Middlebury College, where he graduated in 1860; began teaching, but soon after enlisted as a private in the war for the Union; received a Lieutenant's commission, and served until captured on the eve of the battle at Antietam, when he was paroled and sent to Camp Douglas, Chicago, awaiting exchange. During this jieriod he commenced reading law and. hav ing resigned his commission, graduated from the law department of Cliicago University in 1864 In 1876 he was elected Representative in the General Assembly fi-om Cook County, and re- elected in 1878, and the following year appointed Master in Cliancery of the United States District Court, a position which he still occupies He has repeatedly been called upon to deliver addresses on political, literary and patriotic occasions, one of these being before the alumni of his alma mater, in 1884, when he was complimented with the degree of LL.D. SHIELDS, James, soldier and United States Senator, was born in Ireland in 1810, emigrated to tlie United States at the age of sixteen and began the practice of law at Kaskaskia in 1833. He was elected to tlie Legislature in 1836, and State Auditor in 1839. In 1843 he became a Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, and, in 184.5, was made Commissioner of the General Land Office. In July, 1846, he was commissioned Brigadier-General in the Mexican War gaining the brevet of Major-General at Cerro-Gordo, where he was severely wounded. He was again wounded at Chapultepec, and mustered out in 1848. The same year he was appointed Governor of Oregon Territory. In 1849 the Democrats in the Illinois Legislature elected him Senator, and he resigned his office in Oregon. In 1856 he removed to Minnesota, and. in 1858, was chosen United States Senator from that State, his term expiring in 1859, when lie establislied a residence in California. At the outbreak of tlie Civil War (1861) he was superintending a mine in Mexico, but at once hastened to Washington to tender his services to the Governmnet. He was commis- sioned Brigadier-General, and served with dis- tinction until March. 1863, when the effect of numerous wounds caused him to resign. He sub- sequently removed to Missouri, practicing law at CarroUton and serving in the Legislature of that State in 1874 and 1879, In the latter year he was elected United States Senator to fill out the unex- pired term of Senator Bogy, who had died in office — serving only six weeks, but being the only man in the history ot the country who filled tlie ofilce of LTnited States Senator from three differ- HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 479 ent States. Died, at Ottumwa, Iowa, June 1, 1879. SHIPMAN, a town of Macoupin County, on the CliicaKO & Alton Railway, 19 miles north-nortli- ea.st of Alton and 14 miles southwest of Carlin- villw. Population (1.S90), 410; (1900), liVHi. SHIPJIAX, (ii'ttrire E., M.I)., physician and pliilautliropist, born in Nl-w York City, March 4, 1820 ; graduated at the University of New York in 1839, and took a coui'se in the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons; practiced for a time at Peoria, 111., but, in 1840, located in Chicago, where he assisted in organizing the tirst Homeopathic Hospital in that city, and, in 1850, was one of the first Trustees of Hahnemann College. In 1871 he established, in Chicago, the Foundlings" Home at his own expense, giving to it the latter years of his life. Died. Jan. 20, 1893, SHOUEY, Daniel Lewis, lawyer and philan- thropist, was born at Jonesborough, Washington County, Maine, Jan. 31, 1824; educated at Phil- lips Acadeni}', Andover, Mass., and at Dartmouth College, graduating from the latter in 18.51 ; tauglit two years in Washington Cit}', meanwhile reading law, afterwards taking a course at Dane Law Sc1k)o1, Cambridge; was admitted to the bar in Boston in 1854, the next year locating at Davenport, Iowa, where he remained ten years. In 18C.1 he removed to Ciiicago, where he prose- cuted his profession until 1890, when he retired. Mr. Shorey was prominent in the establishment of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of the first Library Board; was also a i)rominent member of the Chicago Literary Club, and was a Director in the new University of Chicago and deeply interested in its prosperity. Died, in Chi- cago. March 4, 1899. SHORT, (Rev.) William F., clergyman and educator, was born in Ohio in 1829, brought to Morgan County, 111., in childhood, and lived upon a farm until 20 years of age, when he entered McKendree College, spending liis senior year, however, at Wesleyan University, Bloomington, where he graduated in 18,')4. He had meanwhile accepted a call to the Mis.souri Conference Semi- nary at Jackson, Mo. ; where lie remained three years, when he returned to Illinois, serving churches at Jacksonville and elsewhere, for a part of the time being Presiding Elder of the Jacksonville District. In 187.j he was elected President of Illinois Female College at Jackson- ville, continuing in tliat position until 1893, when he was appointed Superintendent of the Illinois State Institution for the Blind at the same place, but resigned early in 1897. Dr. Short received the degree of D.D., conferred upon him by Ohio Wesleyan University. SHOri', George L., United States Senator, was born at Kittanniug, Pa., June 1"), 1836; came to Illinois iu 18.')2, liis father locating on a stock- farm near Galesburg; in 18.59 removed to Colo- rado, where he engaged in mining and mercantile business until 1861, when he enlisted in a com- pany of scouts, being advanced from the rank of First Lieutenant to the Colonelcy of the Third Colorado Cavalry, meanwhile serving as Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1864. Retiring to private life, he again engaged in mer- cantile and mining business, first in Nevada and then in Idaho; served two terms in the Terri- torial Legislature of the latter, was appointed Territorial Governor in 1889 and, in 1890, was chosen the first Governor of the State, in October of the same year being elected to the United States Senate, and re-elected in 1895 for a second term, which ends in 1901. Senator Shoup is one of the few Western Senators who remained faith- ful to the regular Republican organization, during the political campaign of 1896. SHOWALTER, John W., jurist. wa.s born in Mason County, Ky. , Feb. 8, 1844; resided some years in Scott County in that State, and was educated in the local schools, at Maysville and Ohio University, finally graduating at Yale Col- lege in 1867; came to Chicago in 1869, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1870. He I'eturned to Kentucky after the fire of 1871, but, in 1873, again came to Ciiicago and entered the employment of the firm of Moore & Caulfield, with whom he had been before the fire. In 1879 he became a member of the firm of Abbott, Oliver & Showalter (later, Oliver & Showalter), where he remained until his appointment as United States Circuit Judge, in March, 1895. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 12, 1898. SHUMAN, Andrew, journalist and Lieutenant- Governor, was born at Manor, Liiuca-ster County, Pa., Nov. 8, 1830. His father dying in 1837, he was reared by an uncle. At the age of 15 he became an apprentice in the office of "The Lan- ca.ster Union and Sentinel." A year later he ac- companied his employer to Auburn, N.Y., working for two years on "The Daily Advertiser" of that city, then known as Governor Seward's "home organ." At the age of 18 he edited, published and distributed — during his leisure hours — a small weekly paper called "The Auburniau." At the conclusion of liis apprenticeship he was em- ployed, for a year or two, in editing and publish- ing "The Cayuga Cliief. " a temperance journal. 480 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In 1851 he entered Hamilton College, but, before the completion of his junior year, consented, at the solicitation of friends of William H. Seward, to assume editorial control of "The Syracuse Daily Journal. " In July, 1856, he came to Chi- cago, to accept an editorial position on "The Evening Journal" of that city, later becoming editor-in-chief and President of the Journal Com- pany. From 1865 to 1870 (first by executive appointment and afterward by popular election) lie was a Commissioner of the Illinois State Peni- tentiary at Joliet, resigning the office four years before the expiration of his term. In 1876 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor on the Repub- lican ticket. Owing to declining health, he abandoned active journalistic work in 1888, dying in Chicago, May 5, 1890. His home during the latter years of his life was at Evanston. Governor Shuman was author of a romance entitled "Loves of a Lawyer," besides numerous addresses before literary, commercial and scien- tific associations. SHUMWAY, Dorice Dwight, merchant, was born at "Williamsburg, Worcester County, Mass., Sept. 28, 1813, descended from French Hugxienot ancestry; came to Zanosville, Ohio, in 18.37, and to Montgomery County, 111., in 1841; married a daughter of Hiram Rountree, an early resident of Hillsboro, and, in 1843, located in Christian County : was engaged for a time in merchandis- ing at Taylorville, but retired in 18.58, thereafter giving his attention to a large landed estate. In 1846 lie was chosen Representative in the General Assembly, served in the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1847, and four years as County Judge of Christian County. Died, May 9, 1870. — Hiram P. (Shumway), eldest son of the preceding, was born in Montgomery County, 111.. June, 1843; spent his boyhood on a farm in Christian County and in his father's store at Taylorville ; took an academy course and, in 1864, engaged in mercan- tile business; was Representative in the Twenty- eighth General Assembly and Senator in the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh, afterwards removing to Springfield, where he engaged in the stone business. SHURTLEFF COLLEGE, an institution located at Upper Alton, and the third estab- lished in Illinois. It was originall}' incorporated as the "Alton College" in 1831, under a special charter which was not accepted, but re-incorpo- rated in 1835, in an "omnibus bill" with Illi- nois and McKendree Colleges. (See Early Col- leges.) Its primal origin was a school at Rock Spring in St. Clair County, founded about 1834, by Rev. John M, Peck. This became the "Rock Spring Seminary" in 1827, and, about 1831, was united with an academy at Upper Alton. This was the nucleus of "Alton" (afterward "Shui't- leff") College. As far as its denominational control is concerned, it has always been domi- nated by Baptist influence. Dr. Peck's original idea was to found a school for teaching theology and Biblical literature, but this project was at first inhibited by the State. Hubbard Loomis and John Russell were among the first instruc- tors. Later, Dr. Benjamin Shurtleff donated the college $10,000. and the institution was named in his honor. College classes were not organized imtil 1840, and several years elapsed before a class graduated. Its endowment in 1898 was over §126,000, in addition to §125,000 worth of real and personal property. About 255 students were in attendance. Besides preparatory and collegiate departments, the college also maintains a theo- logical school. It has a faculty of twenty instructors and is co-educational. SIBLEY, a village of Ford County, on the Chi- cago Division of the Wabash Railway, 105 miles south-southwest of Chicago; has banks and a weekly newspaper. The district is agricultural. Population (1890), 404; (1900), 444. SIBLEY, Joseph, lawyer and jurist, was born at Westfield. Mass.. in 181S; learned the trade of a whip-maker and afterwards engaged in mer- chandising. In 1843 he began the study of law at Syracuse, N. Y., and, upon admission to the bar, came west, finally settling at Nauvoo. Han- cock County. He maintained a neutral attitude during the Mormon troubles, thus giving offense to a section of the community. In 1847 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature, but was elected in 1850, and re-elected in 1853. In 1853 he removed to Warsaw, and, in 1855, was elected Judge of the Circuit Court, and re-elected in 1861, '67 and '73, being assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court of the Second District, in 1877. His residence, after 1865, was at Quincy, where he died, June 18, 1897. SIDELL, a village of Vermillion County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and Cincinnati, Hamil- ton & Dayton Railroads; has a bank, electric light plant and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 776. SIDNEY, a village of Champaign County, on the main line of the Wabash Railway, at the junc- tion of a branch to Champaign, 48 miles east-north- east of Decatur. It is .in a farming ilistrict; has a bank and a newspaper. Population, (1900), 564. SIM, (Dr.) William, pioneer physician, was born at Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1795, came to HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 481 America in early manhood, and was the first phy- sician to settle at Golconda, in Pope County, which he represented in the Foiu'th and Fifth General Assemblies (1824 and '28). He marrieil a Miss Elizabeth Jack of Philadeli)hia. making the journey from Golconda to Philadelphia for that purpose on horseback. He had a family of five children, one son, Dr. Francis L. Sim, rising to distinction as a physician, and, for a time, being President of a Medical College at Memphis, Tenn. The elder Dr. Sim died at Golconda, in 1868. SIMS, James, early legislator and Methodist preacher, was a native of South Carolina, but removed to Kentucky in early manhood, thence to St. Clair County. 111., and, in 1820, to Sanga- mon County, where he was elected, in 1822, as the lirst Representative from that county in the Tliird General As.sembly. At the succeeding ses- sion of the Legislature, he was one of those who voted against the Convention re-solution designed to prepare the way for making Illinois a slave State. Mr. Sims resided for a time in Menard Co\nity, but finally removed to Morgan. SINGER, Horace M., capitalist, was born in Schnectady, N. Y., Oct. 1, 1823; came to Chicago in 1836 and found employment on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, serving as superintendent of repairs upon the Canal until 18.53. While thus employed he became one of the proprietors of the stone-quarries at Lemont, managed bj' the firm of Singer & Talcott until about 1890. wlien they became the property of the Western Stone Company. Originally a Democrat, he became a Republican during the Civil War, and served as a member of the Twenty-fifth General Assembly (1867) for Cook County, was elected County Com- missioner in 1870, and was Chairman of the Republican Countj- Central Committee in 1880. lie was also associated with several financial institutions, being a director of the First National Bank and of the Auditorium Company of Chi- cago, and a member of the Union League and Calumet Clubs. Died, at Pasadena, Cal., Dec. 28, 1890. SIXGLETOX, James W., Congressman, born at Paxton, Va.. Nov. 23, 1811; was educated at the Winclie.ster (Va. ) Academy, and removed to Illinois in 1833, settling first at Mount Sterling, Brown County, and, some twenty years later, near Quincy. By profession he was a lawyer, and was prominent in political and commercial affairs. In his later years he devoted consider- able attention to stock-raising. He was elected Brigadier-General of the Illinois militia in 1844, being identified to some extent with the "Mor- mon War"; was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 18G3, served six terms in the Legislature, and was elected, on the Demo- cratic ticket, to Congress in 1878, and again in 1880. In 1883 he ran as an independent Demo- crat, but was defeated by the regular nominee of his party, James M. Riggs. During the War of the Rebellion he was one of the most conspicuous leaders of the "peace party." He constructed the, Quincy & Toledo (now part of the Wabash) and tlie Quincy, Alton & St. Louis (now part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy) Railways, being President of both companies. His death occurred at Baltimore, Md., April 4. 1893. SIXXET, John S., pioneer, was born at Lex- ington, Ky., March 10, 1796; at three j'ears of age, taken by )iis parents to Missouri ; enlisted in the War of 1812. but, soon after the war, came to Illinois, and, about 1818, settled in what is now . Christian County, locating on land constituting a part of tlie present city of Taylorville. In 1840 he removed to Tazewell County, dj'ing there, Jan. 13, 1872. SKIXXER, Mark, jurist, was born at Manches- ter, Vt., Sept. 13, 1813; graduated from Middle- bury College in 1833, studied law, and, in 1836, came to Chicago; was admitted to the bar in 1839, became City Attorney in 1840, later Mjister in Chancery for Cook County, and finally L"^nited States District Attorney under President Tj-ler. As member of the Hoiuse Finance Committee in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48), he aided influentially in securing the adoption of measures for refunding and paying the State debt. In 18.51 he was elected Judge of the Court of Common Pleas (now Superior Court) of Cook County, but declined a re election in 18.)3. Origi- nally a Democrat, Jmlge Skinner was an ardent opponent . of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill and a liberal supporter of tlie Government policy dur- ing the rebellion. He liberally aided the United States Sanitary Commission and was identified with all the leading charities of the city. Among the great business enterprises with which he was officially a.ssociated were the Galena & Chi- cago Union and the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Railways (in each of which he was a Director), the Chicago Marine & Fire Insurance Company, the Gas-Liglit and Coke Company and others. Died, Sept. 16. 1887. Judge Skinner's only sur- viving s'D SLAVE LAWS. African slaves were first brought into the Illinois country by a Frenchman named Pierre F. Renault, about 1733. At that time the present State formed a part of Louisiana, and the traffic in slaves was regulated by French royal edicts. When Great Britain acquired the territorj-, at the close of tlie French and Indian War, the former subjects of France were guaranteed security for tlieir per- sons "and effects," and no interference with slavery was attempted. Upon the conquest of Illinois by Virginia (see Clark, George Rogers), the French very generally professed allegiance to that commonwealth, and, in her deeil of cession to the United States, Virginia expressly stipulated for the protection of the "rights and liberties" of the French citizens. This was construed as recognizing the right of property in negro slaves. Even the Ordinance of 1787, while pro- hibiting slavery in the Northwest Territory, pre- served to the settlers (reference being especially made to the French and Canadians) "of the Kas- kaskias, St. Vincents and neighboring villages, their laws and customs, now (then) in force, relative to the descent and conveyance of prop- erty." A conservative construction of this clause was, that while it prohibited the extension of slavery and the importation of slaves, the status of those who were at that time in involuntary servitude, and of their descendants, was left un- changed. There were those, however, who denied the constitutionality of the Ordinance in toto, on the ground that Congress had exceeded its powers in its passage. There was also a party which claimed that all children of slaves, born after 1787, were free from birth. In 1794 a con- vention was held at Vincennes, pursuant to a call from Governor Harrison, and a memorial to Con- gress was adopted, praj'ing for the repeal — or, at least a modification— of the sixth clause of the HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 483 Ordinance of 1787. Tlie first Congressional Com- mittee, to which this petition was referred, reported adversely upon it; but a second commit- tee recommended the suspension of the operation of the clause in question for ten years. But no action was taken by the National Legislature, and, in 1807. a counter petition, extensively signed, was forwarded to that body, and Congress left the matter in statu quo. It is worthy of note that some of the most earnest opponents of the measure were Representatives from Soutliern Slave States, John Randolph, of Virginia, being one of them. The pro-slavery party in the State then prepared what is popularly known as the "Indenture Law," which was one of the tir.st acts adopted by Governor Edwards and his Council, and was re-enacted by the first Territorial Legis- lature in 1812. It was entitled. "An Act relating to the Introduction of Negroes and Mulattoes into this Territory,"' and gave permission to bring slaves above lo years of age into the State, when they might be registered and kept in servitude within certain limitations. Slaves under tliat age might also be brought in. registered, and held in bondage imtil they reached the age of 3.5, if males, and 30, if females. The issue of registered slaves were to serve their mother's master until the age of 30 or 28, according to sex. The effect of this legislation was rapidly to increase the number of slaves. The Constitution of 1818 pro- hibited the introduction of slavery thereafter — that is to say. after its adoption. In 1823 the slave-holding part)-, with their supporters, began to agitate the question of so amending the organic law as to make Illinois a slave State. To effect -such a change the ciiUing of a convention was necessary, and, for eighteen montlis, the struggle between "conventionists" and their opponents was bitter and fierce. The question was submitted to a popular vote on August 2, 1824, the result of the count showing 4, 972 votes for such convention and G,()40 against. Tliis decisive result settled the ijuestion of slave-hold- ing in Illinois for all future time, thougli the existence of slavery in the State continued to be recognized by the National Census until 1840. The number, according to the census of 1810, was 1G8; in 1820 they had increased to 917. Then the number began to diminisli, being reduced in 1830 to 747, and, in 1840 (the la.st census wliich shows any portion of the population held in bondage), it w.is 331. Hooper Warren — who has been mentioned el.se- where as editor of "The EdwardsvilleSi)ectator." and a leading factor in securing the defeat of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State in 1822 — in an article in the first number of "The Genius of Liberty" (January, 1841), speaking of that con- test, says there were, at its beginning, only three papers in tlie State — "Tlie Intelligencer" at Van- dalia. "The Gazette" at Shawneetown, and "The Si)ectator" at Edwardsville. The first two of these, at the outset, favored the Convention scheme, while "The Spectator" opposed it. The management of the campaign on the part of the ])ro-slavery party was assigned to Emanuel J. West. Theophilus W. Smith and Oliver L. Kelly, and a paper was established by the name of "The Illinois Republican," with Smith as editor. Among tlie active opponents of tlie measure were George Churchill, Thomas Lippincott. Samuel D. Lockwood, Henry Starr (afterwards of Cincin- nati). Rev. John M. Peck and Rev. James Lemen, of St. Clair Countj'. Others who con- tributed to the cause were Daniel P. Cook, ilorris Birkbeck, Dr. Hugh Steel and Burton of Jackson County, Dr. Henrj' Perrine of Bond; William Leggett of Edwardsville (afterwards editor of "The New York Evening Post"), Ben- jamin Lundy (then of Missouri), David Blackwell and Rev. John Dew, of St. Clair County. Still others were Nathaniel Pope (Judge of the United States District Court), William B. Archer, Wil- liam U. Brown and Benjamin Mills (of VandaUa). John Tillson. Dr. Horatio Newhall, Geprge For- quer. Col. Thomas Mather. Tliomas Ford. Judge David J. Baker. Cliarles W. Hunter and Henrj' H. Snow (of Alton). This testimony is of interest as coming from one who probably had more to do with defeating the scheme, with the exception of Gov. Edward Coles. Outside of the more elabor- ate Histories of Illinois, the most accurate and detailed accounts of this particular period are to be found in "Sketch of Edward Coles" by the late E. B. Washburne. and "Early Movement in Illi- nois for the Legalization of Slavery." an ad- dress before the Chicago Historical Society (1804). by Hon. William H. Brown, of Chicaga (See also. Coles. Edirunl; Warren, Hooper; Brown, William H.; CImrchill, George; Lippincott, Tliomas; and Newspapers, Early, elsewhere in this volume. ) SLOAN, Wesley, legislator and jurist, was born in Dorchester County, Md.. Feb. 20.. 1800. At the age of 17, having received a fair academic education, he accompanied his parents to Phila- delphia, where, for a year, he was employed in a wholesale grocery. His father dying, he returned to Maryland and engaged in teaching, at the same time studying law, and being admitted to 484 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the bar in 1831. He came to Illinois in 1838, going first to Chicago, and afterward to Kaskas- kia, finally settling at Golconda in 1839, which continued to be his home the remainder of his life. In 1848 he was elected to the Legislature, and re-elected in 1850, '53, and '56, serving three times as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. He was one of the members of the first State Board of Education, created by Act of Feb. 18, 1857, and took a prominent part in the founding and organization of the State educational insti- tutions. In 1857 lie was elected to the bench of the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in 1861, but declined a re-election for a third term. Died, Jan. 15, 1887. SMITH, Abner, jurist, was born at Orange, Franklin County, Mass., August 4, 1843, of an old New England family, whose ancestors came to Massachusetts Colony about 1630; was edu- cated in the public schools and at Jliddlebury College, Vt., graduating from the latter in 1866. After graduation he spent a year as a teacher in Newton Academy, at Shoreham, Vt., coming to Chicago in 1867, and entering upon the .study of law, being admitted to the bar in 1868. The next twenty-five years were spent in the practice of his profession in Chicago, within that time serv- ing as the attorney of several important corpo- rations. In 1893 he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and re-elected in 1897, his term of service continuing until 1903. SMITH, (Dr.) Charles (iilman, physician, was born at Exeter, N. H., Jan. 4, 1838, received his early education at Phillips Academy, in his native place, finally graduating from Harvard Univer- sity in 1847. He soon after commenced the study of medicine in the Harvard Medical School, but completed his course at the University of Penn- sylvania in 1851. After t%vo years spent as attending physician of the Alms House in South Boston, Mass., in 1853 he came to Chicago, where he soon acquired an extensive practice. During the Civil War he was one of six physicians employed by the Government for the treatment of prisoners of war in hos])ital at Camp Douglas. In 1868 he visited Europe for the purpose of observing the management of hospitals in Ger- many, France and England, on his return being invited to lecture in the Woman's Medical College in Chicago, and also becoming con.sulting phy- sician in the Women's and Children's Hospital, as well as in the Presbyterian Hospital — a position which he continued to occupy for tlie remainder of his life, gaining a wide reputation in the treat- ment of women's and children's diseases. Died, Jan. 10. 1894. SMITH, David Alien, lawyer, was born near Richmond, Va., June 18, 1809; removed with his father, at an early day, to Pulaski, Tenn. ; at 17 went to Com"tland, Lawrence County, Ala., where he studied law with Judge Bramlette and began practice. His father, dying about 1831, left him the owner of a number of slaves whom, in 1837, he brought to Carlinville, 111., and emanci- pated, giving bond that they should not become a charge to the State. In 1839 he removed to Jacksonville, where he practiced law until his death. Col. John J. Hardin was his partner at the time of his death on the battle-field of Buena "Vista. Mr. Smith was a Trustee and generous patron of Illinois College, for a quarter of a cen- tury, but never held anj- political ofiice. As a lawyer he was conscientious and faithful to the interests of his clients; as a citizen, liberal, pub- lic-spirited and patriotic. He contributed liber- ally to the support of the Government dur- ing the war for the Union. Died, at Anoka, Minn., July 13, 1865, where he had gone to accompany an invalid son. — Thomas William (Smith), eldest son of the preceding, boi-n at Courtland, Ala., Sept. 37, 1833; died at Clear- water, Minn., Oct. 29, 1865. He graduated at Illinois College in 1853, studied law and served as Captain in the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, until, broken in health, he returned liome to die. SMITH, Dietrich C, ex-Congressman, was born at Ostfriesland, Hanover, April 4, 1840, in boyhood came to the United States, and, since 1849, has been a resident of Pekin, Tazewell County. In 1861 he enlisted in the Eighth Illi- nois Volunteers, was promoted to a Lieutenancy, and, while so serving, was .severel)' wounded at Shiloh. Later, he was attached to the One Hun- dred and Thirty-ninth Illinois Infantry, and was mustered out of service as Captain of Company C of that regiment. His business is that of banker and manufacturer, besides which he has had con- siderable experience in the construction and management of railroads. He was a member of the Thirtieth General Assembly, and, in 1880, was elected Representative in Congress from what was then the Thirteenth District, on the Repub- lican ticket, defeating Adlai E. Stevenson, after- wards Vice-President. In 1882, his county (Taze- well) having been attached to the district for many years represented by Wm. M. Springer, he was defeated by the latter as a candidate for re- election. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 485 SMITH, Georgre, one of Chicago's pioneers and early bankers, \v;vs born in Aberdeensliire, Scot- land, March 8, 1808. It was his early intention to .study medicine, and he entered Aberdeen Col- lege with this end in view, but was forced to quit the institution at the end of two years, because of impaired vision. In 18:J:5 he came to America, and. in 18;!4. settled in Cliicago, where he resided until 1801, meanwhile spending one year in Scot- land. He invested largely in real estate in Chi- cago and Wisconsin, at one time owning a considerable portion of the present site of Mil- waukee. In 1837 he secured the charter for the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company, whose headquarters were at Milwaukee. He was really the owner of the company, although Alex- ander Mitchell, of Milwaukee, was its Secretary. Under this charter Jlr. Smith was able to issue $1,500,000 in certificates, which circulated freely as currency. In 1839 he founded Chicago's first private banking house. About 18-13 he was inter- ested in a storage and commission business in Chicago, with a Mr. Webster as partner. He was a Director in the old Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern), and aided it, while in course of construction, liy loans of money ; was also a charter member of the Chicago Board of Trade, organized in 1848. In 18.54, the State of Wiseon- .sin having prohibited the circulation of the Wis- consin Marine and Fire Insurance certificates above mentioned, Jlr. Smith sold out the com- pany to his partner, Mitchell, and bought two Georgia bank charters, which, together, em- powered him to issue §3,000,000 in currency. The notes were duly issued in Georgia, and put into circulation in Illinois, over the counter of George Smith & Co.'s Chicago bank. About 1856 Mr. Smith began winding up his affairs in Chicago, meanwhile .spending most of liis time in Scotland, but, returning in 1860, made extensive invest- ments in railroad and other American securities, which netted him large profits. The amount of capital which he is reputed to have taken with him to his native land ha.s been estimated at $10,000,000, though he retained considerable tracts of valuable lands in Wisconsin and about Chicago. Among those who were associated with him in business, either as employes or otherwise, and who have since been prominently identified with Chicago business affairs, were Hon. Charles B. Farwell, E. I. Tinkham (after- wards a prominent banker of Chicago), E. W. Willard, now of Newjwrt, R. I., and others. Mr. Smith made several visits, during the last forty years, to the United States, but divided his time chiefiy between Scotland (where he was the owner of a castle) and London. Died Oct. 7, 1899. SMITH, George W., soldier, lawyer and State Treasurer, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 8, 1837. It was his intention to acquire a col- legiate education, but his father's business embarrassments having compelled the abandon- ment of his studies, at 17 of years age he went to Arkansas and taught school for two years. In 1856 he returned to AUiany and began the study of law, graduating from the law school in 1858. In October of that year he removed to Chicago, whei'e he remained continuously in practice, with the exception of the years 1862-65, when he was serving in the Union army, and 1867-68, when he filled the office of State Treasurer. He was mus- tered into service, August 27, 1862, as a Captain in the Eiglity-eighth Illinois Infantry — the second Board of Trade regiment. At Stone River, he was seriously wounded and cajjtured. After four days' confinement, he wa.s aided by a negro to escape. He made his way to the Union lines, , but was granted leave of absence, being incapaci- tated for service. On his return to duty he joined his regiment in the Chattanooga cam- paign, and was officially complimented for his bravery at Gordon's Mills. At Mission Ridge he was again severely wounded, ami was once more personally complimented in the official report. ■ At Kenesaw Mountain (.June 27. 1864), Cai)t. Smith commanded the regiment after the killing of Lieutenant-Colonel Chandler, and was pro- moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcj' for bravery on the field. He led the charge at Franklin, and was brevetted Colonel, and thanked by the com- mander for his gallant service. In the spring of 1865 he was brevetted Brigadier-General, and, in June following, was mustered out. Returning to Chicago, he resumed the practice of his pro- fession, and gained a prominent position at the bar. In 1866 he was elected State Treasurer, and, after the expiration of his term, in January, 1869, held no public office. General Smith was, for many years, a Trustee of the Chicago Histor- ical Society, and Vice-President of the Board. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 16, 1808. SMITH, George W., lawyer and Congressman, was born in Putnam County, Ohio, August 18, 1846. When he was four years old, his father removed to Wayne County, 111., settling on a farm. He attended the common schools and graduated from the literary department of Mc- Kendree College, at Lebanon, in 1868. In his youth he learned the trade of a blacksmitli. but 486 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later determined to study law. After reading for a time at Fairfield, 111., he entered the Law Department of the Bloomington (Ind.) Univer- sity, graduating there in 1870. The same year he was admitted to the bar in Illinois, and has since practiced at Murphysboro. In 1880 he was a Republican Presidential Elector, and, in 1888, was elected a Republican Representative to Congress from the Twentieth Illinois District, and has been continuously re-elected, now (1899) serving his sixth consecutive term as Representative from the Twenty-second District. SMITH, (iiles Alexander, soldier, and Assist- ant Postmaster-General, was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1839; engaged in dry- goods business in Cincinnati and Bloomington, 111., in 1861 being proprietor of a hotel in the latter place; became a Captain in the Eighth Missouri Volunteers, was engaged at Forts Henry and Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth, and promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel in 1862; led his regiment on the first attack on Vicksburg, and was severely wounded at Arkansas Post ; was pro- moted Brigadier General in August. 1863, for gallant and meritorious conduct; led a brigade of the Fifteenth Army Corps at Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge, as also in the Atlanta cam- paign, and a division of the Seventeenth Corps in the "March to the Sea." After the surrender of Lee he was transferred to the Twenty fifth Army Corps, became Major-General in 1865, and resigned in 1866, having declined a commission as Colonel in the regular army ; about 1869 was appointed, by President Grant. Second Assistant Postmaster-General, but resigned on account of failing health in 1873. Died, at Bloomington, Nov. 8, 1876. General Smith was one of the founders of the Society of the Army of the Tennes.see. SMITH, Giisttavus Adolphus, soldier, was born in Philadelphia, Dec. 36, 1830; at 16 joined two brothers who had located at Springfield, Ohio, where he learned the trade of a carriage-maker. In December, 1837, he arrived at Decatur, 111., but soon after located at Springfield, where he resided some six years. Then, returning to Decatur, he devoted his attention to carriage manufacture, doing a large business with the South, but losing heavily as the result of the war. An original Whig, he became a Democrat on the dissolution of the Whig party, but early took ground in favor of the Union after the firing on Fort Sumter; was offered and accepted the colonelcy of the Thirty-fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at the same time assisting Governor Yates in the selection of Camp Butler as a camp of recruiting and instruction. Having been assigned to duty in Missouri, in the summer of 1861, he ijroceeded to Jefferson City, joined Fre- mont at Carthage in that State, and made a forced march to Springfield, afterwards taking part in the campaign in Arkansas and in the battle of Pea Ridge, where he had a horse shot under him and was severely (and, it was supposed, fatally) wounded, not recovering until 1868. Being compelled to return home, he received authority to raise an independent brigade, but was unable to accompany it to the field. In Sep- tember, 1863, he was commissioned a Brigadier- General by President Lincoln, "for meritorious conduct," but was unable to enter into active service on account of his wound. Later, he was assigned to the command of a convalescent camp at Murfreesboro, Tenn., under Gen. George H. Thomas. In 1864 he took part in securing the second election of President Lincoln, and, in the early part of 186,j, was commissioned by Gov- ernor Oglesby Colonel of a new regiment (the One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Illinois), but, on account of his wounds, was assigned to court- martial duty, remaining in the service until January-. 1866, when he was mustered out with the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. During the second year of his service he was presented with a magnificent sword by the rank and file of his regiment (the Thirty-fifth), for brave and gal- lant conduct at Pea Ridge. After retiring from the army, he engaged in cotton planting in Ala- bama, but was not successful ; in 1868. canvassed Alabama for General Grant for President, but declined a nomination in his own favor for Con- gress. In 1870 he was appointed, by General Grant, United States Collection and Disbursing Agent for the District of New Mexico, where he continued to reside. SMITH, John Corson, soldier, ex-Lieutenant- Governor and ex-State Treasurer, was born in Philadelphia, Feb. 13, 1832. At the age of 16 he was apprenticed to a carpenter and builder. In 1854 he came to Chicago, and worked at his traiie, for a time, but soon removed to Galena, where he finally engaged in business as a contractor. In 1863 he enlisted as a private in the Seventy-fourth Illinois Volunteers, but, having received author- ity from Governor Yates, raised a company, of which he was chosen Captain, and which was incorporated in the Ninety-sixth Illinois Infan- try. Of this regiment he was soon elected Major. After a short service about Cincinnati, Ohio, and Covington and Newport, Ky., the Ninety- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 487 sixth was sent to the front, and took part (among other biittles) in the second engagement at Fort Donelsou and in the bloody tight at Franklin, Tenn, Later, Major Smith was assigned to staff duty under (jenerals Baird and Steedinan, serv- ing through the TuUalioma campaign, and par- ticipating in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Being promoted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, he rejoined his regi- ment, and was given command of a brigade. In the Atlanta campaign he served gallantly, tak- ing a conspicuous part in its long series of bloody engagements, and being severelj' wounded at Kenesiiw Mountain. In Februarj-, 1865, he was brevetted Colonel, and, in June, 1865, Brigadier- General. Soon after his return to Galena he was appointed Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue, but was legislated out of office in \S~i. In 1873 he removed to Chicago and embarked in business. In 1874 70 he was a member (and Secretary) of the Illinois Board of C'ommissione?s to the Cen- tennial Exposition at Philadelphia. In 1875 he w!is appointed Chief Grain-Inspector at Chicago, and held the office for several years. In 1873 and '70 he was a delegate to the National Republican Conventions of those j'ears. and, in 1878, was elected State Treasurer, as he was again in 1882. In 1884 he was elected Lieutenant-Ciovernor, serv- ing until 1889. He is a prominent Mason, Knight Templar and Odd Fellow, as well as a distin- guished member of the Order of Nobles of the My.stic Shrine, and was prominently connected with the erection of the "Masonic Temple Build- ing" in Chicago. SMITH, John Eugene, soldier, was born in Switzerland, August :i. 1810, the .son of an officer who liad .served under Napoleon, and after the downfall of the latter, emigrated to Philadelpliia. The subject of this sketch received an academic etlucation and became a jeweler; in IHOl entered the volunteer service as Colonel of the Forty-fifth Illinois Infantry; took part in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, in the battle of Shiloh and siege of Corinth; was promoted a Brigivdier- General in November, 18(i3. and placed in com- mand of a division in the Sixteenth Army Corps: led the Third Division of the Seventeenth Army Corps in the Vicksburg campaign, later being transferred to the Fifteenth, and taking part in the battle of Missionary Ridge and the Atlanta and Carolina campaigns of 1804-65. He received the brevet rank of Major-General of Volunteers in January, 1865, and, on his muster-out from the volunteer service, became Colonel of the Twenty- seventh United States Infantry, being transferred, in 1870, to the Fourteenth. In 1867 his services at Vicksburg and Savannah were further recog- nized by conferring upon him the brevets of Brig- adier and Major-General in the regular army. In May, 1881, he was retired, afterwards residing in Chicago, where he died. Jan. 29, 1897. SMITH, Joseph, the founder of the Mormon sect, was born at Sharon, Vt., Dec. 23, 1805. In 1815 his parents removed to Palmyra, N. Y., and still later to Jlanchester. He early showed a dreamy mental cast, and claimed to be able to locate stolen articles by means of a magic stone. In 1820 he claimed to have seen a vision, but liis pretensions were ridiculed by his acquaintances. His story of the revelation of the golden plates by the angel Moroni, and of the latter's instruc- tions to him, is well known. With the aid of 5Iartin Harris and Oliver Cowdery he prepared the "Book of Mormon," alleging that he had deciphered it from hetiven-sent characters, through the aid of miraculous spectacles. This was published in 1830. In Ijiter years Smith claimed to have received supplementary reve- lations, which so taxed the credulity of his fol- lowers that some of them apostatized. He also claimed supernatural power, such as exorcism, etc. He soon gained followers in considerable numbers, whom, in 1832, he led west, a part settling at Kirtland, Ohio, and the remainder in Jackson County, Mo. Driven out of Ohio five J'ears later, the bulk of the sect found the waj- to their friends in Missouri, whence they were finally expelled after many conflicts with the authorities. Smith, with the other refugees, fled to Hancock County, 111., founding the city of Nauvoo, which was incorixirated in 1840. Here was begun, in the following year, the erection of a great temple, but again he aroused the hostility of the authorities, although soon wielding con- siderable political power. After various unsuc- cessful attempts to arrest him in 1844, Smith and a number of his followers were induced to sur- render themselves under the promise of protection from violence and a fair trial. Having been taken to Carthage, the county -seat, all were dis- charged under recognizance to apjjear at court except Smith and his brother Hyrum, who were held under the new charge of "treason, " and were jilaced in jail. So intense had been the feeling against the Mormons, that Governor Ford called out the militia to preserve the peace; but it is evident that the feeling among the latter was in sympathy with that of the populace. Most of the militia were disbanded after Smith's arrest, one company being left on d\ity at Carthage. 488 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOLS. from whom only eight men were detailed to guard the jail. In this condition of affairs a mob of 150 disguised men, alleged to be from Warsaw, appeared before the jail on the evening of June 27, and, forcing the guards — who made only a feeble resistance, — Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum were both shot down, while a friend, who had remained with them, was wounded. The fate of Smith undoubtedly went far to win for him the reputation of martyr, and give a new impulse to the Jlormon faith. (See Mormons; Nauvoo.) SMITH, Justin Almerin, D.D., clergyman and editor, was born at Ticonderoga, N. Y., Dec. 39, 1819, educated at New Hampton Literary and Theological Institute and Union College, gradu- ating from the latter in 1843 ; served a year as Principal of the Union Academy at Bennington, Vt., followed by four years of pastoral work, when he assumed the pastorate of the First Bap- tist church at Rochester, N. Y., wliere he remained live years. Then (1853) he removed to Chicago to assume the editorship of "The Chris- tian Times" (now "The Standard"), with which he was associated for the remainder of his life. Meanwhile he assisted in organizing three Baptist churches in Chicago, serving two of them as pastor for a considerable period ; made an ex- tended tour of Europe in 1869, attending the Vatican Council at Rome; was a Trustee and one of the founders of the old Chicago Univer- sity, and Trustee and Lecturer of the Baptist Theological Seminary; was also the author of several religious works. Died, at Morgan Park, near Chicago, Feb. 4, 1896. SMITH, Perry H., lawyer and politician, was born in Augusta, Oneida County, N. Y., March 18, 1828; entered Hamilton College at the age of 14 and graduated, second in his class, at IS; began reading law and was admitted to the bar on com- ing of age in 1849. Then, removing to Appleton, Wis., when 23 years of age he was elected a Judge, served later in both branches of the Legislature, and, in 1857, became Vice-President of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lie Railway, retaining the same position in the reorganized corporation when it became the Chicago & Northwestern. In 1856 I\Ir. Smith came to Chi- cago and resided there till his death, on Palm Sunday of 1885. He was prominent in railwaj' circles and in the councils of the Democratic party, being the recognized representative of Mr. Tilden's interests in the Northwest in the cam- paign of 1876. SMITH, Robert, Congressman and lawyer, was born at Petersborough, N. H., June 12, 1802; was educated and admitted to the bar in his native town, settled at Alton, 111., in 1832, and engaged in practice. In 1836 he was elected to the General Assembly from Madison County, and re-elected in 1838. In 1843 he was elected to the Twenty -eighth Congress, and twice re-elected, serving three successive terms. During the Civil War he was commissioned Paymaster, with the rank of Major, and was stationed at St. Louis. He was largely interested in the construction of water power at Jlinneapolis, Minn., and also in railroad enterprises in Illinois. He was a promi- nent Mason and a public-spirited citizen. Died, at Alton, Dec. 20. 1867. SMITH, Samuel Lisle, lawyer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1817, and, belonging to a wealthy family, enjoyed superior educational advantages, taking a course in the Yale Law School at an age too early to admit of his receiv- ing a degree. In 1836 he came to Illinois, to look after some lauded interests of his father's in the vicinity of Peru. Returning east within the next two years, he obtained his diploma, and, again coming west, located in Chicago in 1838, and, for a time, occupied an office with the well-known law firm of Butterfield & Collins. In 1839 he was elected City Attorney and, at the great Whig meeting at Springfield, in June, 1840, was one of the principal speakers, establishing a reputation as one of the most brilliant campaign orators in the West. As an admirer of Henrj' Clay, he was active in the Presidential campaign of 1844, and was also a prominent speaker at the River and Harbor Convention at Chicago, in 1847. With a keen sense of humor, brilliant, witty and a mas- ter of repartee and invective, he achieved popu- larity, both at the bar and on the lecture platform, and had the promise of future success, which was unfortunately marred by his convivial habits. Died of cholera, in Chicago, July 30, 1854. Mr. Smith married the daughter of Dr. Potts, of Philadelphia, an eminent clergyman of the Episcopal Church. SMITH, Sidney, jurist, was born in Washing- ton County. N. Y., May 12, 1829; studied law and was admitted to the bar at Albion, in that State, in 1851 ; came to Chicago in 1856 and entered into partnership with Grant Goodrich and Will- iam W. Farwell, both of whom were afterwards elected to places on the bench — the first in the Superior, and the latter in the Circuit Court. In 1879 Judge Smith was elected to the Superior Court of Cook County, serving imtil 1885, when he became the attorney of the Chicago Board of Trade. He was the Republican candidate for HISTORICAL EXCYCLOrEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 489 Mayor, in opposition to Carter H. Harrison, in 1885, and is believed by many to liave been honestly elected, though defeated on tlie face of the returns. A recount was ordered by the court, but so much delay was incurred and so many obstacles placed in the way of carrying the order into eflfect. that Judge Smith abandoned the con- test in disgust, although making material gains as far as it had gone. During his professional career he was connected, as counsel, with some of the most imix>rtant trials before the Chicago courts ; was also one of the Directors of the Chi- cago Public Library, on its organization in 1871. Die raise troops in the first years of the war, and, in 1863, in bringing forward and securing the election of John Brough as a Union candidate for Governor in opposition to Clement L. Vallandi- gham. the Democratic candidate. In 1864 he was nominated and elected Secretary of State, being re-elected two j-ears later. After retiring from office he returned to journalism at Cincinnati, as editor of "The Evening Chronicle," from which he retired in 1870 to become Agent of the West- ern Associated Press, with headquarters, at first at Cleveland, but later at Chicago. His success in this line was demonstrated by the final union of the New York and Western Associated Press organizations under his management, continuing until 1893, when he retired. Mr. Smith was a strong personal friend of President Hayes, by whom he was appointed Collector of the Port of Chicago in 1877. While engaged in official duties he found time to do considerable Literary work, having published, several years ago, "The St. Clair Papers," in two volumes, and a life of Charles Hammond, besides contributions to periodicals. After retiring from the management of the Associated Press, he was engaged upon a "His- tory of American Politics" and a "Life of Ruther- ford B. Hayes," which are said to have been well advanced at the time of his death, which took place at his home, at Lake Forest, 111., July 27, 1896. S.HITH, William M., merchant, stockbreeder and politician, was born near Frankfort, Ky., May 23, 1827; in 1846 accompanied his father's family to Lexington, McLean County, 111., where they settled. A few years later he txmght forty acres of government land, finally increasing his holdings to 800 acres, and becoming a breeder of fine stock. Still later he added to his agricultural pursuits the business of a merchant. Having early identified himself with the Republican party, he remained a firm adherent of its prin- ciples during the Civil War. and, while declining 490 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. a commission tendered him by Governor Yates, devoted his time and means liberally to the re- cruiting and organization of regiments for serv- ice in the field, and procuring supplies for the sick and wounded. In 1866 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature, and was re-elected in 1868 and "70, serving, during his last term, as Speaker. In 1877 he was appointed by Governor CuUom a member of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, of which body he served as President until 1883. He was a man of remarkably genial temperament, liberal impulses, and wide popu- larity. Died, March 2.5, 1886. SMITH, William Sooy, soldier and civil engi- neer, was born at Tarlton, Pickaway County, Ohio, July 23, 1830; graduated at Ohio University in 1849, and, at the United States Military Acad- emy, in 18.53, having among his classmates, at the latter. Generals McPherson, Schofield and Sheri- dan. Coming to Chicago the following year, he first found employment 'as an engineer on the Illinois Central Railroad, but later became assist- ant of Lieutenant-Colonel Graham in engineer service on the lakes ; a year later took charge of a select school in Buffalo ; in 1857 made the first surveys for the International Bridge at Niagara Falls, then went into the service of extensive locomotive and bridge-works at Trenton, N. J., in their interest making a visit to Cuba, and also superintending the construction of a bridge across the Savannah River. The war intervening. he returned North and was appointed Lieutenant- Colonel and assigned to duty as Assistant Adju- tant-General at Camp Denison, Ohio, but, in June, 1862, was commissioned Colonel of the Thirteenth Ohio Volunteers, participating in the West Virginia campaigns, and later, at Shiloh and Perryville. In April, 1862, he was promoted Brigadier-General of volunteers, commanding divisions in the Arnij' of the Ohio until the fall of 1862, when he joined Grant and took part in the Vicksburg campaign, as commander of the First Division of the Sixteenth Army Corps. Subsequently he was made Chief of the Cavalry Department, serving on the staffs of Grant and Sherman, until compelled to resign, in 1864, on account of impaired health. During the war General Smith rendered valuable service to the Union cause in great emergencies, by his knowl- edge of engineering. On retiring to private life he resumed his profession at Chicago, and since has been employed by the Government on some of its most stupendous works on the lakes, and has also planned several of the most important railroad bridges across the Missouri and other streams. He has been much consulted in refer- ence to municipal engineering, and his name is connected with a number of the gigantic edifices in Chicago. SMITHBORO, a village and railroad junction in Bond County, 3 miles east of GreenviUe. Population. 393; (1900), 314. SNAPP, Henry, Congressman, born in Livings- ton County, N. Y., June 30, 1822, came to Illinois with Ins father when 11 years old, and, having read law at Joliet, was admitted to the bar in 1847. He practiced in Will County for twenty years before entering public life. In 1868 he was elected to the State Senate and occupied a seat in that body until his election, in 1871, to the Forty- second Congress, by the Republicans of the (then) Sixth Illinois District, as successor to B. C. Cook, who had resigned. Died, at Joliet, Nov. 23, 189.5. SNOW, Herman W., ex-Congressman, was l)orn in La Porte County, Ind., July 3, 1836, but was reared in Kentucky, working ujion a farm for five j'ears, while yet in his minority becoming a resident of Illinois. For several years he was a school teacher, meanwhile studying law and being admitted to the bar. Early in the war he enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, rising to the rank of Captain. His term of service having expired, he re-enlisted in the One Hundred and Fifty-first Illinois, and was mustered out with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close of the war he resumed teaching at the Chicago High School, and later served in the General Assembly (1873-74) as Representative from Wood- ford County. In 1890 he was elected, as a Demo- crat, to represent tlie Ninth Illinois District in Congress, but was defeated by his Republican opponent in 1892. SXOWHOOK, William B., first Collector of Customs at Chicago, was born in Ireland in 1804; at the age of eight years was brought to New York, where he learned the printer's trade, and worked for some time in the same office with Horace Greeley. At 16 he went back to Ireland, remaining two years, but, returning to the United States, began the study of law ; was also employed on the Passaic Canal; in 1836. came to Chicago, and was soon after associated with William B. Ogden in a contract on the Illi- nois & Michigan Canal, which lasted until 1841.' As early as 1.S40 he became prominent as a leader in the Democratic party, and, in 1846, received from President Polk an appointment as first Col- lector of Customs for Chicago (having previously served as Special Surveyor of the Port, while HISTOKU'AL KNCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 491 attached to the District of Detroit) ; in 1^5:5, was re-appointeil to the ('ollectorshi|) by President Pierce, serving two years. During the "Mormon ^Var■' (1844) lie organized and equipped, at liis own expense, the Montgomery (iuards, and was commissioned Colonel, but the disturbances were brought to an end before the order to march. From 18.")G he devoted his attention chiefly to his jinictice. but. in 18()2, was one of the Democrats of Chicago who took part in a movement to sus- tain the Government by stimulating enlistments; was also a member of the Convention which nominated Mr. Greeley for President in 1S72. Died, in Chicago, May 5, 1882. SXYDEK, Adam Wilson, pioneer lawyer, and early Congressman, was born at Connellsville, Pa., Oct. 6, 1799. In early life he followed the occupation of wool-curling for a livelihood, attending school in the winter. In 181.'), he emi- grated to Columbus. Ohio, and afterwards seltletl in Ridge Prairie, St. Clair County, 111. Being offered a situation in a wool-curling and fulling mill at Cahokia, he removed thither in 1817. He formed the friendship of Judge Je.sse B. Thomas, and, through the latter"s encouragement and aid, studied law and gained a solid professional, poli- tical, social and linancial position. In 1830 he was elected State Senator from St. Clair County, and re-elected for two successive terms. He served through the Black Hawk War as private. Adjutant and Captiiin. In lH:i:i he removed to Belleville, and, in 1834, was defeated for Congress by Governor Reynolds, whom he, in turn, defeated in 1836. Two j'ears later Reynolds again defeated him for the same position, and, in 1840, he was elected State Senator. In 1841 he vvas the Demo- cratic nominee for Governor. The election was held in Augu.st, 1842. but. in May preceding, he died at his home in Belleville. His place on the ticket was filled by Thomas Ford, who wa.s elected. — William H. (Snyder), son of the pre- ceding, was born in St. Clair County, 111., July 12, 182,~i; educated at McKendree College, studied law with Lieutenant-Governor Koerner, and was admitted to practice in 1845; also served for a time as Postmaster of the city of Belleville, and, during the Mexican War, as First-Lieutenant and Adjutant of the Fifth Illinois Volunteers. From 18.")0 to ■.">4 he represented his county in the Legis- lature; in 185.5 was appointed, by Governor Mat- teson. State's Attorney, which position he filled for two years. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the office of .Secretary of State in 1850, and, in 1857, was elected a Judge of the Twenty- fourth Circuit, was re-elected for the Third Cir- cuit in "73, '79 and '85. He was also a member of the C Constitutional Convention of 1809-70. Died, at Belleville, Dec. 24, 18112. SOLIUEKS' AXD SAILORS' HOME, a State charitable institution, founded by act of the Legislature in 1885, and located at Quincy, Adams County. The object of its establish- ment was to provide a comfortable home for such disabled or dependent veterans of the United States land or naval forces as hail honorably served during the Civil War. It was opened for the reception of veterans on March 3, 1887. the first cost of site and build- ings having V)een about §350.000. The total num ber of inmates admitted up to June 30, 1894, was 2,813; the number in attendance during the two previous years 988, and the whole number present on Nov. io, 1894, 1,088. The value of property at that time was .$393,630.08. Cimsiderable appro- priations have been made for additions to the buildings at subsequent sessions of the Legisla- ture. The General Government pajs to the State SlOO per year for each veteran supported at the Home. SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOME, ILLINOIS, an institution, created by act of 1865, for the main- tenance and education of children of deceased soldiers of the Civil War. An eighty -acre tract, one mile north of Normal, was selected as the site, and the first principal Ijuilding was com- pleted and opened for the admission of tenetici- aries on June 1, 1869. Its first cost was §135,000. the site having been donated. Repairs and the construction of new buildings, from time to time, have considerably incre;ised this sum. In 1875 the l)enefits of the institution were extended, by legislative enactment, to the children of sol- diers who had died after the close of the war. The aggregate number of inmates, in 1894, was 572, of whom 323 were males and 249 females SOLDIERS' WIDOWS' HOME. Provision was made for the establishment of this institution by the Thirty-ninth General Assembly, in an act. approved, June 13, 1895, approjiriating §20,000 for the imrchase of a site, the erection of buildings and furnishing the .same. It is designed for the reception and wire of the mothers, wives, widows and daughters of such honorably discharged .soldiers or sailors, in the L'niteil States service, as may have died, or may lie physically or men- tally unable to provide for the families natu- rally de|)endent on them, provided that such persons have been residents of the State for at least one year previous to admission, and are without means or ability for self-support. 492 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. The affairs of the Home are managed by a board of five trustees, of whom two are men and three women, the former to be members of tlie Grand Army of the Republic and of different political parties, and the latter members of the Women's Relief Corps of this State. The institu- tion was located at Wilmington, occupying a site of seventeen acres, where it was formally opened in a house of eighteen rooms, March 11, 1890, with twenty-six applications for admit- tance. The plan contemplates an early enlarge- ment by the erection of additional cottages. SORENTO, a village of Bond County, at the intersection of the Jacksonville & St. Louis and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railways, 14 miles southeast of Lilchfield; has a bank and a new.spaper. Its interests are agricultural and mining. Pop. (1890), 538; (1900), 1,000. SOULAED, James Gaston, pioneer, born of French ancestry in St. Louis, Mo., July 15, 1798; resided there until 1821, when, having married the daughter of a soldier of the Revolution, he received an appointment at Fort Snelling, near the present city of St. Paul, then under command of Col. Snelling, who was his wife's brother-in- law. Tlie Fort was reached after a tedious jour- ney by flat-boat and overland, late in the fall of 1821, his wife accompanying him. Three years later they returned to St. Louis, where, being an engineer, he was engaged for several years in surveying. In 1827 he removed with his family to Galena, for the ne.xt six years had charge of a store of the Gratiot Brothers, early business men of that locality. Towards the close of this period he received the appointment of County Recorder, also liolding the position of County Surs-eyor and Postmaster of Galena at the same time. His later years were devoted to farming and horti- culture, his death taking place, Sept. 17, 1878. Mr. Soulard was probably the first man to engage in freighting between Galena and Chicago. "The Galena Advertiser"' of Sept. 14, 1829, makes mention of a wagon-load of lead sent by him to Cliicago, his team taking back a load of salt, the jiaper remarking: "This is the first wagon that lias ever passed from the Mississippi River to Chicago." Great results were predicted from the exchange of commodities between the lake and the lead mine district. — Mrs. Eliza M. Hunt (Soulard), wife of the preceding, was born at Detroit, Deo. 18, 1804, her father being Col. Thomas A. Hunt, who had taken part in the Battle of Bunker Hill and remained in the armj- until his death, at St. Louis, in 1807. His descend- ants ha-v-e maintained their connection with the army ever since, a son being a prominent artillery officer at the Battle of Gettysburg. Mrs. Soular was married at St. Louis, in 1820, and survive her husband some sixteen years, dying at Galena August 11, 1894. She had resided in Galen? nearly seventy years, and at the date of her death, in the 90th year of her age, she was thai citv's oldest resident. SOUTH CHICAGO & WESTERN INDIANA R.\ILROAD. (See Chicago & Western Indiana lidilrond.) SOUTH DANVILLE, a suburb of the city of Danville, Vermilion County. Population (1890), 799; (1900), 898. SOUTHEAST & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See Lonisrillc d: XashviUe Railroad.) SOUTH ELGIN, a village of Kane County, near the citv of Elgin. Population (1900), 51.5. SOUTHERN COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, located at Alliion. Edwards County, incorporated in 1891; had a faculty of ten teachers with 219 pupils (1897-98) — about equalh- male and female. Besides classical, scientific, normal, music and fine arts departments, instruction is given in pre- paratory studies and business education. Its property is valued at §16.500. SOUTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, located at Anna, Union County, founded by act of the Legislature in 1869. The original site com- prised 290 acres and cost a little more than •522,000, of which one-fourth was donated by citi- zens of the county. Tlie construction of build- ings was begun in 1869, but it was not until March, 1875, that the north wing (the first com- pleted) was ready for occupancy. Other portions were completed a year later. The Trustees pur- chased 160 additional acres in 1883. The first cost (up to September, 1876) was nearly 8635,000. In 1881 one wing of the main building was de- stroyed by fire, and was subsequently rebuilt ; the patients being, meanwhile, cared for in temporary wooden barracks. The total value of lands and buildings belonging to the State, June 30, 1894, was estimated at §738,580, and, of property of all sorts, at §833,700. The wooden barracks were later converted into a permanent ward, additions made to the main buildings, a detached building for the accommodation of 300 patients erected, numerous outbuildings put up and general im- provements made. A second fire on the night of Jan. 3, 1895, destroyed a large part of the main building, inflicting a loss upon the State of §175.000. Provision was made for rebuilding by the Legislature of that year. The institution has capacity for about 750 patients. V. c c O = X 5' HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 493 I SOUTHERX ILLINOIS NORMAL IMVEK- SITY, establislied in ISCi), and located, after competitive bidding, at Carbondale. wliidi offered land.s and bonds at first estimated to be of the value of $220,000, but which later depreciated, through shrinkage, to .?T."),000. Construction was commenced in May, 1870, and the first or main building was completed and appropriately dedi- cated in July, 1874. Its cost was §205,000, but it was destroyed by fire, Nov. 26, 1883. In Febru- ary, 1887, a new structure was completed at a cost of .$150,000. Two normal courses of instruction are given — classical and scientific — each extend- ing over a period of four years. The conditions of admission reciuire that the pupil shall be 16 years of age, and shall possess the ([ualifications enabling him to pass examination for a second- grade teacher's certificate. Those unable to do so may enter a preparatory department for six months. Pupils who pledge themselves to teach in the public schools, not less than half the time of their attendance at the University, receive free tuition with a small charge for incidentals, while others pay a tuition fee. The number of students in attendance for the year 1897-98 was 720, coming from forty-seven counties, chiefly in the ■•outhern half of the State, with rei)resent- atives from eight other States. The teaching facu.ty for the same year consisted, tesides the President, of sixteen instructors in tlie various departments, of whom five were ladies and eleven gentlemen. SOUTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, located near Chester, on tlie Mississippi River. Its erec- tion was rendered necessary by the overcrowding of the Northern Penitentiary. (See Xortheni Penitentiary.) The law providing for its estab- lishment required the Commissioners to select a site convenient of access, adjacent to stone and timber, and having a high elevation, with a never failing supply of water. In 1877, 122 acres were purcha.sed at Chester, and the erection of build- ings commenced. The first appro[)riation was of §200,000, and $300,000 was ailded in 1879. By March, 1878, 200 convicts were received, and their labor was utilized in the completion of the buildings, which are constructed upon approved modern principles. Tlie prison receives convicts sent from the southern iwrtion of the State, and has accommodation for some 1.200 ])risoners. In connection with this jienitentiarj' is an a-sylum for insane convicts, the erection of which was provided for by the Legislature in 1889. SOUTH GROVE, a village of De Kalb County. Population (1890), 780. SP.4.LDING, Jesse, manufacturer. Collector of Customs and Street Railway President, was born at Athens, Bradford County, Pa., April 15, 1833; early commenced lumbering on the Sus(4uehanna, and, at 23, l)egan dealing on his own account. In 1857 ho removed to Chicago, and soon after bought the property of the New York Lumber Company at the mouth of the Menominee River in Wiscon- sin, where, with different partners, and finally practically alone, he has carried on the business of lumber manufacture on a large scale ever since. In 1881 he was appointed, by President Arthur, Collector of the Port of Chicago, and, in 1889, received from President Harrison an appointment as one of the Government Directors of the L'^nion Pacific Railway. Mr. Spalding was a zealous supporter of the Government during the War of the Rebellion and rendered valuable aid in the construction and equipment of Camp Douglas and the barracks at Chicago for the returning soldiers, receiving Auditor's warrants in payment, when no funds in the State treasury were available for the purpose. lie was associ- ated with William B. Ogden and others in the project for connecting Green Baj' and Sturgeon Bay by a ship canal, which was completed in 1882, and, on the death of Mr. Ogden, succeeded to the Presidency of the Canal Company, serving until 1893, when the canal was turned over to the General Government. He has also been identified with many other public enterprises intimately connected with the development and prosperity of Chicago, and, in July. 1899, became President of the Chicago Union Traction Company, having control of the North and West Chicago Street Railway Systems. SPALDING, John Lancaster, Catholic Bishop, was born in Lebanon, Ky., June 2, 1840; educated in the United States and in Europe, ordained a priest in the Catholic Church in 1803, and there- upon attached to the cathedral at Louisville, as assistant. In 18G9 he organized a congregation of colored people, and built for their use the Church of St. Augustine, having been assigned to that parish as pastor. Soon afterwards he was appointed Secretary to the Bishop and made Chancellor of the Diocese. In 1873 he was trans- ferred from Louisville to New York, where he was attached to the missionary parish of St. Michael's. He had, by this time, achieved no little fame as a pulpit orator and lecturer. When the diocese of Peoria, 111., was created, in 1877, the choice of the Pope fell upon him for the new .see, and he was consecrated Bishop, on May 1 of that ytor, by Cardinal McCloskey at New York. His 494 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. administration has been c}iaracterized by both energy and success. He has devoted much atten- tion to the subject of emigration, and has brought about the founding of many new settlements in the far West. He was also largely instrumental in bringing about the founding of the Catholic University at Washington. Ho is a frequent contributor to the reviews, and the author of a number of religious works. SPANISH INVASION OF ILLINOIS. In the month of June, 17T9, soon after the declaration of war between Spain and Great Britain, an expe- dition was organized in Canada, to attack the Spanish posts along the Mississippi. Simultane- ously, a force was to be dispatched from Pensa- cola against New Orleans, then commanded by a young Spanish Colonel, Don Bernardo de Galvez. Secret instructions had been sent to British Commandants, all through the Western country, to co-operate with both expeditions. De Galvez, having learned of the scheme through intercepted letters, resolved to forestall the attack by becoming the assailant. At the head of a force of 670 men, he set out and captured Baton Rouge, Fort Manchac and Natchez, almost with- out opposition. The British in Canada, being ignorant of what had been going on in the South, in February following dispatched a force from Mackinac to support the expedition from Pensa- cola, and, incidentally, to subdue the American rebels while en route. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were contemplated points of attack, as well as the Spanish forts at St. Louis and St. Genevieve. This movement was planned by Capt. Patrick Sinclair, commandant at Mackinac, but Captain Hesse was placed in charge of the expedition, which numbered some 750 men, including a force of Indians led by a chief named Wabasha. The British arrived before St. Louis, early on the morning of May 26, 1780, taking the Spaniards by surprise. Meanwhile Col. George Rogers Clark, having been apprised of the project, arrived at Cahokia from the falls of the Ohio, twenty-four hours in advance of the attack, his presence and readiness to co-operate with tlie Spanish, no doubt, contributing to the defeat of the expedition. The accounts of what followed are conflicting, the number of killed on the St. Louis shore being variously estimated from seven or eight to sixty eight — the last being the esti- inate of Capt. Sinclair in his official report. All agree, however, that the invading party was forced to retreat in great haste. Colonel Mont- gomery, who had been in command at Cahokia, with a force of 350 and a party of Spanish allies, pursued the retreating invaders as far as the Rock River, destroj'ing many Indian villages on the way. This movement on the part of the British served as a pretext for an attempted re- prisal, undertaken by the Spaniards, with the aid of a number of Cahokians, early in 1781. Starting early in January, this latter expedition crossed Illinois, with the design of attacking Foi't St. Joseph, at the head of Lake Michigan, which had been captured from the English by Thomas Brady and afterwards retaken. The Spaniards were com- manded by Don Eugenio Pourre, and supported by a force of Cahokians and Indians. The fort was easily taken and the British flag replaced by the ensign of Spain. The affair was regarded as of but little moment, at the time, the post being evacuated in a few days, and the Spaniards returning to St. Louis. Yet it led to serious international coaij)lications, and the "conquest" was seriously urged by the Spanish ministry as giving that country a right to the territory trav- ersed. This claim was supported by France before the signing of the Treaty of Paris, but was defeated, through the combined eflforts of Messrs. Jay, Franklin and Adams, the American Commissioners in charge of the peace negoti- ations with England. SPARKS, (Capt.) David R., manufacturer and legislator, was born near Lanesville, Ind., in 1823; in 1836, removed with his parents to Ma- coupin County, 111. ; in 1847, enlisted for the Mexican War, crossing the jjlains to Santa Fe, New Mexico. In 1850 he made the overland trip to California, returning the next year by the Isthmus of Panama. In 1855 he engaged in the milling business at Staunton, Macoupin County, but, in 1860, made a third trip across the plains in search of gold, taking a quartz-mill which was erected near where Central City, Colo., now is, and which was the second steam-engine in that region. He returned home in time to vote for Stephen A. Douglas for President, the same year, but became a stalwart Republican, two weeks later, when the advocates of secession began to develop their policy after the election of Lincoln. In 1861 he enlisted, under the call for 500,000 vol- unteers following the first battle of Bull Run, and was commissioned a Captain in the Third Illinois Cavalry (Col. Eugene A. Carr), serving two and a half years, during which time he took ])art in several hard-fought battles, and being present at the fall of Vicksburg. At the end of his service lie became associated with his former partner in the erection of a large flouring mill at Litchfield, but, in 1869, the firm bought an extensive flour- ITTSTOlJirAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 495 ing mill at Alton, of which ho became the princi- pal owner in 1881, and which has since been greatly enlarged and improved, until it is now one of the most extensive establishments of its kind in the State. Capt. Sparks wiis elected to the Hou.se of Representatives in 188S, and to the State Senate in lKi)4, serving in the sessions of 189.5 and '97; was als. SPARKS, William A. J., ex-Congressman, was born near New Albany, Ind., Nov. 19, 1838, at 8 years of age was brought by his parents to Illi- nois, and shortlj' afterwards left an orphan. Thrown on his own resources, he found work upon a farm, his attendance at the district schools being limited to the winter months. Later, he p:issed through 5IcKendree College, supiM)rting himself, meanwhile, by teaching, graduating in 1850. He read law with Judge Sidney Breese, and was admitted to the bar in 1851. His first public office was that of Receiver of the Land Office at Edwardsville, to which he was appointed by President Pierce in 1853. re- maining until 1856, when he was chosen Presi- dential Elector on the Democratic ticket. The same year lie was elected to the lower house of the General Assemblj-, and, in lS(i;i-G4, served in the State Senate for the unexpired term of James M. Rodgers, deceased. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention in 1SG8, and a Democratic Representative in Congress from 1875 to 1883. In 1885 he was appointed, by President Cleveland, Commissioner of the General Land Office in Washington, retiring, by resignation, in 1887. His home is at Carlyle. SPARTA & ST. GENEVIETE RAILROAl). (See Ci'Jitralhi d" Cliester Railroad.) SPEED, Joshua Fry, merchant, and intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln ; was educated in the local schools and at St. Joseph's College, Bards- town, Ky., after which he spent some time in a whole.sale mercantile establishment in Louisville. About 18H5 he came to Springfield, 111., where he engaged in the mercantile business, later l»com- iug the intimate friend and associate of Abraham Lincoln, to wliom he offered the privilege of sharing a room over his store, when Mr. Lincoln removed from New Salem to Springfield, in 1836. Mr. Speed returned to Kentucky in 184'2, but the friendship with Mr. Lincoln, which was of a most devoted cliaracter, continued until the death of the latter. Having located in Jefferson County, Ky., 5Ir. Si)eed was elected to the Legis- lature in 1848, but was never again willing to accept office, though often solicited to do so. lu 1.S51 he removed to Louisville, where he acquired a handsome fortune in the real-estate business. On the breaking out of the rebellion in 1861, he heartily embraced the cause of the Union, and, during tlie war, was entrusted with many deli- cate and important dutiow in the interest of the Government, by Jlr. Lincoln, whom he frecjuently visited in Washington. His deatli occurred at Louisville, Jlay 29, 1882.— James (Speed), an older brother of the preceding, was a prominent Unionist of Kentucky, and, after the war, a leailing Republican of that State, serving a.s dele- gate to the National Republican Conventions of 1872 and 1876. In 1864 he was appointed Attor- iiej'General bj' Mr. Lincoln and served until 1866, when he resigned on account of disagreement with President Johnson. He died in 1887, at the age of 75 years. SPOOX RIVER, rises in Bureau County, flows southward through Stark County into Peoria, thence southwest through Knox, and to the south and southeast, through Fulton County, entering the Illinois River opposite Havana. It is about 150 miles long. SPRIX(JER, (Rev.) Francis, T).D., educator and Army Chaplain, born in Franklin County, Pa., March 19, 1810; was left an orphan at an early age, and educated at Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg; entered the Lutheran ministry in 1836, and, in 1839, removed to Springfield, 111., where he preached and taught school; in 1847 became Presi'GriELD, the State capital, and the county-seat of Sangamon Count3-, situated five miles south of the Sangamon River and 185 miles southwest of Chicago; is an important railway center. The first settlement on the site of the present city was made by John Kelly in 1819. On April 10, 1821, it was selected, by the first Board of County Commissioners, as the temporary coimty-seat of Sangamon County, the organi- zation of wliicli had been authorized by act of the Legislature in January previous, and the name Springfield was given to it. In 1823 the selection was made permanent. The latter year the first sale of lands took place, the original site being entered by Pascal P. Enos, Elijah lies and Thomas Cox. The town was platted about the same time, and the name "Calhoun" was given to a section in the northwest quarter of the present city — this being the "hey-day" of the South Carolina statesman's greatest popularity — but the change was not popularly accepted, and the new name was soon dropped. It was incorpo- rated as a town, April 2, 1832, and as a city, April 6, 1840; and re-incorporated, under the general, law in 1882. It was made the State capital by act of the Legislature, passed at the session of 1837, which went into effect, July 4, 1839, and the Legislature first convened there in December of the latter j-ear. The general surface is flat, though there is rolling ground to the west. The city has excellent water-works, a paid fire-depart- ment, six banks, electric street railways, gas and electric lighting, commodious hotels, fine churches, numerous handsome residences, beauti- ful parks, thorough sewerage, and is one of the best paved and handsomest cities in the State. The citj' proper, in 1890, contained an area of four square miles, but has since been enlarged by the annexation of the following suburbs: North Springfield, April 7, 1891 ; West Springfield, Jan. 4, 1898; and South Springfield and the village of Laurel, April 5, 1898. These additions give to the present city an area of 5.84 square miles. The liopulation of the original city, according to the census of 1880, was 19.743, and. in 1890. 24,963, while that of the annexed suburbs, at the last census, was 2,109 — making a total of 29,072. The latest school census (1898) showed a total popu- lation of 33,375— population by census (I'JOO), 34.159. Besides the State House, the city has a handsome United States Government Building for United States Court and post-office purposes, a county courtliouse (the former State capitol). a city hall and (State) E.xecutive 5Iansion. Springfield was the home of Abraham Lincoln. His former residence has been donated to the State, and his tomb and monument are in tlie beautiful Oak Ridge cemetery, adjoining tlie city. Springfield is an important coal-mining center, and has many important industries, notably a watch factory, rolling mills, and exten- sive manufactories of agricultural implements and furniture. It is also the permanent location of the State Fairs, for which exten.sive buildings have been erected on the Fair Grounds nortli of the city. There are three daily papers — two morn- ing and one evening — published here, besides various otiier publications. Pop. (1900), 34,159. SPRI>GFIELD, EFFIXGHAM & SOUTH- E.\8TERJf RAILRO.\^D. (See St. Lcniis, Indian- apolis <£• Eastern Railroad. ) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 497 SPRINGFIELD & ILLINOIS SOUTHEAST- ER.N RAILROAD. (See Baltimore & Ohio Svuthumtern Railroad. ) SPRINGFIELD & NORTHWESTERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria &■ St Louis Railroad of Illinois.) SPRIN(; VALLEY, an iiu()r])orated city in Bureau County, at intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern, the Chicago, RocU Island & Pacific, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Toluca, Maniuette & Northern Railways, 100 miles soutliwest of Chicago. It lies in a coal- mining region and has important manufacturing interests as well. It has two banks, electric street and interurban railways, and two news- papers. Population (lfS90), :j.H:iT; (1900), 6,214. ST. AGATHA'S SCHOOL, an institution for young ladies, at Springfield, under the patronage of the Bishop of the Episcopal Church, incorpo- rated in 1889. It has a faculty of eight teachers giving instruction in the preparatory and higher branches, including music and fine arts. It rejMjrted fifty-five pupils in 1891, and real estate valued at 515.000. ST. ALDAN'S ACADEMY, a boys' and young men's school at Knoxville, 111., incorporated in 189G under the auspices of the Episcopal Church ; in 1898 had a faculty of seven teachers, with forty-five pupils, and property valued at §61,100. of wliich §.54,000 was real estate. Instruction is given in the classical and scientific branches, besides music and preparatorj- studies. ST. ANNE, a village of Kankakee County, at the crossing of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the Cleveland, Cincinnati Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 60 miles south of Chicago. The town has two banks, tile and brick factory, and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1.000. ST. CH.VRLES,a city in Kane County, on both sides of Fox River, at intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago Great Western Railways; 38 miles west of Chicago and 10 miles soutli of Elgin. The river furnishes excellent water-power, which is being utilized by a number of important manufacturing enterprises. The city is connected with Chicago and many towns in the Fox River valley by interurbcU electric trolley lines; is also the seat of the State Home for Boys. Pop. (1890), 1.G90; (1900), 2,675. ST. CLAIR, Arthur, first Governor of the Northwest Territory, was born of titled ancestry at Thurso, Scotland, in 1734; came to America in 1757 as an ensign, having purcliiised his commis- sion, participated in the capture of Louisburg, Canada, in 1758, and fought under WoHe at Quebec. In 1764 Ise settled in Pennsylvania, where he amassed a moderate fortune, and be- came prominent in public affairs. He served with distinction during the Revolutionary War, rising to the rank of Major-General, and succeeding General Gates in command at Ticonderoga, but, later, was censured by Washington for his hasty evacuation of the post, though finally vindicated by a military court. His Revolutionarj' record, however, was generally good, and even distin- guished. He represented Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress, and presided over that body in 1787. He served as Governor of the Northwest Territory (including the present State of Illinois) from 1789 to 1802. As an executive he was not successful, being unpopular because of his arbitrariness. In November. 1791, he suffered a serious defeat by the Indians in the valley between the Miami and the Wabash. In this campaign he was badly crippled by the gout, and had to be carried on a litter; he was again vindicated by a Congressional investigation. His first visit to the Illinois Country was made in 1790, when he organized St. Clair County, which was named in his honor. In 1802 President Jef- ferson removed him from the governorship of Ohio Territory, of whicli he had continued to be the Governor after its separation from Indiana and Illinois. The remainder of his life was spent in comparative penury. Shortly before his decease, he was granted an annuity bj' the Penn- sylvania Legislature and by Congress. Died, at Greenslnirg. Pa.. August 31, 1818. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, the first county organ- ized within the territory comprised in the pres- ent State of Illinois — the whole region west of the Ohio River having been first placed under civil juri.sdiction, under the name of "Illinois County," by an act of the Virginia House of Delegates, passed in October. 1778, a few months after the capture of Kaskaskia by Col. George Rogers Clark. (See Illinois; also Clark, George Rogers.) St. Clair County was finally set ofl by an order of Gov. Arthur St Clair, on occa- sion of his first visit to the "Illinois Country," in April, 1790 — more than two years after his a.ssumption of the duties of Governor of the Northwest Territory, which then comprehended the "Illinois Country" as well as the whole region within the present States of Ohio. Indiana. Michigan and Wisconsin. Governor St. Clair's order, which bears date, April 27. 1790, defines the boundaries of the new county — wliich took his own name — as follows: "Beginning at the mouth of the Little Michillimackanack River, 498 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPP]DIA OF ILLINOIS. running thence southerly in a direct line to the mouth of the little river above Fort Massac upon the Ohio River ; thence with the said river to its junction with the Mississippi; thence up the Mississippi to the mouth of the Illinois, and so up the Illinois River to the place of beginning, with all the adjacent islands of said rivers. Illinois and 5Iis.sis.sippi. ■■ The "Little Michillimackanack," the initial point mentioned in this description — also variously spelled "Makina"' and ''Macki- naw," the latter being the name by which the stream is now known — empties into the Illinois River on the south side a few miles below Pekin, in Tazewell County. The boundaries of St. Clair County, as given by Gov. St. Clair, indicate tlie imperfect knowledge of the topog- raphy of the •■Illinois Country" existing in that day, as a line drawn south from the mouth of the Mackinaw River, instead of reaching the Ohio "above Fort Massac," would have followed the longitude of the present city of Springfield, .striking the Mississippi about the northwestern corner of Jackson County, twenty -five miles west of the mouth of the Ohio. The object of Gov- ernor St. Clair's order was, of course, to include the settled portions of the Illinois Country ,iii the new county ; and, if it had had the effect intended, the eastern border of the county would have fol- lowed a line some fifty miles farther eastward, along the eastern border of Marion, Jefferson, Franklin, Williamson and Johnson Counties, I'eaching the Oliio River about the present site of Metropolis City in Massac County, and embracing about one-half of the area of the present State of Illinois. For all practical purposes it embraced all the Illinois Country, as it included that por- tion in which the white settlements were located. (See St. Clair, Arthur; also Illinois Country.) The early records of St. Clair County are in the French language ; its first settlers and its early civilization were French, and the first church to inculcate the doctrine of Christianity was the Roman Catholic. The first proceedings in court under tlie common law were liad in 1796. The first Justices of tlie Peace were appointed in 1807, and, as there was no penitentiary, the whipping- post and pillory played an important part in tlie code of penalties, these punishments being im- partially meted out as late as the time of Judge (afterwards Governor) Reynolds, to "the lame, the halt and the blind," for such offenses as the lar- ceny of a silk handkerchief. At first three places — Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and Kaskas- kia— were named as county seats by Governor St. Clair ; but Randolph County having been set off in 1.S95, Cahokia became the county-seat of the older county, so remaining until 1813, when Belleville was selected as the seat of justice. At that time it was a mere cornfield owned by George Blair, altliough settlements had previously been established in Ridge Prairie and at Badgley. Judge Jesse B. Thomas held his first court in a log-cabin, but a rude court house was erected in 1814, and, the same year, George E. Blair estab- lished a hostelry, Joseph Kerr opened a store, and, in 1817, additional improvements were inaugurated by Daniel Murray and others, from Baltimore. John H. Dennis and the Mitchells and Wests (from Virginia) settled soon after- ward, becoming farmers and mechanics. Belle- ville was incorporated in 1S19. In XS'Zo Governor Edwards bought the large landed interests of Etieiiiie Personeau, a large Frencli land-owner, ordered a new survey of the town ami infused fresh life into its development. Settlers began to arrive in large numbers, mainly Virginians, who brought with them their slaves, the right to hold which was, for many years, a fruitful and perennial source of strife. Emigrants from German}' began to arrive at an early day, and now a large proportion of the population of Belleville and St. Clair County is made up of that nationality. The county, as at present organized, lies on the west- ern border of the south half of the State, immedi- ately opposite St. Louis, and comprises some 680 square miles. Three-fourths of it are underlaid by a vein of coal, six to eight feet thick, and about one hundred feet below the surface. Con- siderable wheat is raised. The principal towns are Belleville. East St. Louis. Lebanon and Mas- coutali. Population of the county (1880), 61,806; (1890), 1>6,.J71; (1900), 8(3,685. ST. JOHN, an incorporated village of Perry County, on the Illinois Central Railway, one mile north of Duquoin. Coal is mined and salt manu- factured here. Population about 500. ST. JOSEPH, a village of Champaign County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati. Chicago it St. Louis Railway, 10 miles east of Champaign; has inter- urban railroad connection. Pop. (1900), 637. ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, (Chicago), founded in 1860. by the Sisters of Charity. Having been de- stroyed in the fire of 1871, it was rebuilt in the following year. In 189'3 it was reconstructed, en- larged and made thoroughly modern in its appoint- ments. It can accommodate about 250 patients. The Sisters attend to the nursing, and conduct the domestic and financial affairs. The medical staff comprises ten physicans and surgeons, among whom are some of the most eminent in Chicaga nrsToniCAL encyclopedia of Illinois. 49& ST. LOUIS, ALTON k CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See i'hic(i(jo <£• Alton litiilroiid.) ST. LOl IS, ALTON A Sl'RINGFIELO RAIL- ROAD. (See St. Louis. Chicago & St. Paul liailruiid.) ST. LOIIS, ALTON A TERRE HAUTE RAILOAD, ;i corporaticiii formerly operating an extensive system of railroads in Illinois. TheTerre Haute & Alton Railroad Company (the original corporation) was chartered in Janviavy. ISiil, work begun in 1852, and the main line from Terre Haute to Alton (173.5 miles) completed, March 1, 1856. The Belleville & Illinoistown branch (from Belleville to East St. Louis) was chartered in 1853, and completed between the points named in the title, in the fall of 1854. This corpt>ration secured authority to construct an extension fx'om Illinoistown (now East St. Louis) to Alton, which was completed in October, 1856, giving the first raih'oad connection between Alton & St. Louis. Simultaneously with this, these two roads (tlie Terre Haute & Alton and the Belleville & Illinoistown) were consolidatvd under a single charter by special act of the Legis- lature in February, \^~>i, the consolidated line taking the name of the Terre Haute, Alton & St. Louis Railroad. Subsequently the road became financially embarassed, was sold under foreclosure and reorganized, in 1863, under the name of the St. Louis. Alton & Terre Haute Railroad. June 1, 1867, the main line (from Terre Haute to St. Louis) was leased for niety-nine years to the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway Company (an Indiana corporation! guaranteed by certain other lines, but the lease was subsequently broken by the insolvency of the lessee and some of the guarantors. The Indianapolis & St. Louis went into the hands of a receiver in 1883, and was sold under foreclosure, in July of the same year, its interest being absorbed by the Cleveland, Cin- cinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, by which the main line is now operated. The properties officially reported as remaining in the hands of the St. Louis, .\lton & Terre Haute Railroad. June 30, 1895, beside the Belleville Branch (14.40 miles), included the following leased and subsidi- ary lines: Belleville & Southern Illinois — "Cairo Short Line" (56.40 miles); Belleville & Eldorado, (50.30 miles); Belleville & Carondelet (17.30 miles); St. Louis Southern and branches (47.27 miles), and Chicago, St. Louis & Paducah Rail- way (53.50 miles). All these have been leased, since the close of the fiscal year 1895, to the Illi- nois Central. (For sketches of the.se several roads see headings of each. ) ST. LOUIS, CHICAGO & ST. PAUL RAII, ROAD, (Blutr Line), a line running from Spring- field to (Jranite City, 111., (opposite St. Louis), 103.1 miles, with a branch from Lock Haven to Grafton, 111., 8.4 miles — total length of line in Illinois, 110.5 miles. The track is of standard gauge, laid with 56 to 70-pound steel rails. — (His- tory. ) The road was originally incorporated under the name of the St. Louis, JerseyviUe & Springfield Railroad, built from Bates to Grafton in 1883, and absorbed by the M'abash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Companj' ; was surrendered by the receivers of the latter in 1886, and pa.ssed under the control of the bond-holders, by whom it was transferred to a corporation known as the St. Louis & Central Illinois Railroad Company. In June. 1887, the St. Louis, Alton & Springfield Railroad Company was organized, with power to build extensions from Newbern to Alton, and from Bates to Springfield, which was done. In October, 1890, a receiver was appointed, followed by a reorganization under the i)resent name (St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul). Default was made on the interest and, in June following, it was .igain placed in the hands of receivers, by whom it was operated until 1898. The total earnings and income for the fiscal year 1897-98 were §318,815, operating exjjenses, $373,370; total capitalization, §4,853,526, of which, §1,500,000 was in the form of stock and §1,235 000 in income bonds. ST. LOUIS, INDIANAPOLIS & EASTERX RAILROAD, a railroad line 90 miles in length, extending from Switz City. Ind., to Efiingham, 111. — .56 miles being within the State of Illinois. It is of standard gauge and the track laid chiefly with iron rails. — (History.) The orginal corpo- ration was chartered in 1869 as the Springfield, Effingham & Quincy Railway Company. It waa built as a narrow-gauge line by the Cincinnati, Effingham & Quincy Construc^tion Company, which went into the hands of a receiver in 1878. The road was completed In- the receiver in 1880, and, in 1885, restored to the Construction Com- pany by the discharge of the receiver. For a short time it was operated in connection with the Bloomfield Railroad of Indiana, but was reorganized in 18.^6 as the Indiana & Illinois Southern Railroad, and the gauge changed to standard in 1887. Having made default in the payment of interest, it was sold under foreclosure in 1S90 and purcha.sed in the interest of the bond- holders, by whom it was conveyed to the St. Louis. Indianapolis & Eastern Railroad Company, in whose name the line is operated. Its business 500 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA Of^ ILLIXOIS. is limited, and chiefly local. The tot^l earnings in 1898 were §65,583 and the expenditui'es §69, 112. Its capital stock was .$7-10,900; bonded debt, §978.000, other indebtedness increasing the total capital investment to §1,816,736. ST. LOUIS, JACKSOXTILLE & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chicago d- Alton Railroad.) ST. LOUIS, JERSEYVILLE & SPRIXiFIELD RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul Railroad.) ST. LOUIS, MOUNT CARMEL & NEW AL- BANY RAILROAD. (See Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis {Consolidated) Railroad.) ST. LOUIS, PEORIA & NORTHERN RAIL- WAY, known as "Peoria Short Line," a corpo- ration organized, Feb. 29, 1896, to take over and unite the properties of the St. Louis & Eastern, the St. Louis & Peoria and the North and South Bailways, and to extend the same due north from Springfield to Peoria (60 miles), and thence to Fulton or East Clinton, 111., on the Upper Mis- sissippi. The line extends from Springfield to Glen Carbon (84.46 miles), with trackage facilities over the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad and the Merchants" Terminal Bridge (18 miles) to St. Louis. — (History.) This road has been made up of three sections or divisions. (1) The initial section of the line was constructed under the name of the St. Louis & Chicago Railroad of lUinois, incorporated in 1885, and opened from Mount Olive to Alhambra in 1887. It passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under fore- closure in 1889, and reorganized, in 1890, as the St. Louis & Peoria Railroad. The St. Louis & East- ern, chartered in 1889, built the line from Glen Carbon to Marine, which was opened in 1893; the following year, bought the St. Louis & Peoria line, and, in 1895, constructed the link (8 miles) between Alhambra and Marine. (3) The North & South Railroad Compan}- of Illinois, organized in 1890, as successor to the St. Louis & Chicago Railway Compan)', proceeded in the construction of the line (50.46 miles) from Mt. Olive to Spring- field, which was subsequently leased to the Chi- cago, Peoria & St. Louis, then under the management of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railway. The latter corporation having defaulted, the propert}- passed into the hands of a receiver. By expiration of tlie lease in Decem- ber, 1896, the property reverted to the proprietary Company, which took possession, Jan. 1, 1896. The St. Louis & Soutlieastern then bought the line outright, and it was incorporated as a part of the new organization under tlie name of the St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway, the North & South Railroad going out of existence. In May, 1899, the St. Louis. Peoria & Northern was sold to the reorganized Chicago & Alton Railroad Company, to be operated as a sliort line between Peoria & St. Ltmis. ST. LOUIS, ROCK ISLAND & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Qiiincy Ru ilroad. ) ST. LOUIS SOUTHERN RAILROAD, a line running from Pinckne3'ville, 111., via Murphys- boro, to Carbondale. The conipanj- is also the lessee of the Carbondale & Shawneetown Rail- road, extending from Carbondale to Marion, 17.5 miles — total, 50. 5 miles. The track is of standard gauge and laid with 56 and 60-pound steel rails. The company was organized in August, 1886, to succeed to the property of the St. Louis Coal Rail- road (organized in 1879) and the St. Louis Central Railway ; and was leased for 980 j-ears from Dec. 1, 1886, to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company, at an annual rental equal to thirty jjer cent of the gross earnings, with a mini- mum guarantee of §33,000, which is sufiicient to pay the interest on the first mortgage bonds. During the year 1896 this line passed under lease from the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Rail- road Company, into the hands of the Illinois Central Railroad Companv. ST. LOUIS, SPRINGFIELD & TINCENNES RAILROAD COMPANY, a corporation organized in July, 1899, to take over the property of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway in the State of Illinois, known as the Ohio & 3Iississippi and the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern Railways — the former extending from Vin- cennes, Ind.. to East St. Louis, and the latter from Beard.stown to Shawneetown. The prop- erty was sold under foreclosm-e, at Cincinnati, July 10, 1899, and transferred, for purposes of reorganization, into the hands of the new cor- poration, July 38, 1899. (For history of the several lines see Baltimore cfc Ohio Southwestern Railway.) ST. LOUIS, Y'ANDAUA & TERRE HAUTE RAILROAD. This line extends from East St. Louis eastward across the State, to the Indiana State line, a distance of 158.3 miles. The Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Company is the lessee. The track is single, of standard gauge, and laid with steel rails. The outstanding capi- tal stock, in 1898, was §3,934,058, the bonded debt, §4,496.000, and the floating debt, §218.480.— (His- tory ) The St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad was chartered in 1865, opened in 1870 and leased to the Terre Haute & Indianapolis HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 501 Railroad, for itself and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis l{;iiIroad. ST. LOUIS & CAIRO RAILROAD, extends from East St. Louis to Cairo, III., 151. (J miles, with a branch from Millstadt Jvinetion to High Prairie, '■) n\iles. The track is of standard gauge and laid mainly with steel rails. — (History.) The origi- nal charter was granted to the Cairo & St. Louis Railroad Company, Feb. 16, 1805, and the road opened, March 1, 1875. Subsequently it pa.s.sed into the hantls of a receiver, was sold under fore- closure, July 14. 1881, and was taken charge of by a new company under its present name, Feb. 1, 1882. On Feb. 1. 1886, it was leased to the Mobile & Oliio Railroad Company for forty-five years, and now constitutes the Illinois Division of that line, giving it a connection with St. Louis. (See Mobile <& Ohio Railivdi/.) ST. LOUIS & CENTRAL ILLINOIS RAIL- ROAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul Eailroail.) ST. LOUIS & CHICAGO RAILROAD (of Illinois). (See St. Louis, Peoria <& A'orthern liailway.) ST. LOUIS & EASTERN RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Peoria ersistent applicant for office, making urgent appeals to Governor Edwards, Henry Clay and other politicians in Kentucky, Virginia and Washington, on the ground of his poverty and large family. In 1827 he received the offer of the clerkship of the new county of Peoria, but, on visiting that region, was disgusted with the prospect; returning to Sliawneetown, bought a farm in Sangamon County, but. before the close of the year, was appointeil Indian Agent at Prairie du Chien. This was during the difficul- ties with the Winnebago Indians, upon which he made voluminous reports to the Secretary of War. Mr. Street was a son-in law of Gen. Tliomas Posey, a Revolutionary soldier, who was prominent in the early history of Indiana and its last Territorial Governor. (See Posey, (Oen.) Thomas.) STREETER, Alson J., farmer and politician, was born in Rensselaer County, N. V.. in 1823; at the age of two years accompanied his father to Illinois, the famih' settling at Dixon. Lee County, He attended Knox College for three years, and, in 1849, went to California, where he spent two years in gold mining. Returning to Illinois, he purchased a farm of 240 acres near New Windsor, Mercer County, to whicli he has since added sev- eral thousand acres. In 1872 lie was elected to the lower liouse of the Twenty-eighth General Assembly as a Democrat, but, in 1873, allied him- self with the Greenback party, who.se candidate for Congress he was in 1878, and for Governor in 1880, when he received nearly 3,000 votes more than his party's Presidential nominee, in Illinois. In 1884 he was elected State Senator by a coali- tion of Greenbackers and Democrats in the Twenty-fourth Senatorial District, but acted as an independent throughout his entire term. STRONG, William Emerson, soldier, was born at Granville. N. Y. in 1810; from 13 years of age, spent his early life in Wis(!onsin, studied law and was admitted to the bar at Riicine in 1861. The same year he enlisted under the first call for troops, took part, as Captain of a Wisconsin Com- pany, in the first battle of Bull Run; was afterwards promoted and assigned to duty as Inspector-General in tlie West, participated in the Vicksburg and Atlanta campaigns, being finally advanced to tlie rank of Brigadier-Gen- eral. After some fifteen months spent in the position of Inspector-General of the Freedmen's Bureau (1805-66), he located in Chicago, and became connected with several important busi- ness enterprises, besides assisting, as an officer on the staff of Governor CuUoni. in the organization of the Illinois National Guard. He was elected on tlie first Board of Directors of tlie World's Columbian Exposition, and. while making a tour of Europe in the interest of that enterprise, died, at Florence, Italy. April 10, 1891. STUART, John Todd, lawyer and Congress- man, born near Lexington, Ky., Nov. 10, 1807 — the son of Robert Stuart, a Presbyterian minister and Professor of Languages in Transylvania University, and related, on the maternal side, to the Todd family, of whom Mrs. Abraliain Lincoln was a member. He graduated at Centre College, Danville, in 1826, and, after studying law. re- moved to Springfield, 111., in 1828, and began practice. In 1832 he was elected Representative in the General Assembly, reelected in 1834, and, in 1836, defeated, as the Whig candidate for Con- gress, by Wm. L. May, though elected, two years later, over Stephen A. Douglas, and again in 1840. In 1837, Abraham Lincoln, who had been .studying law under Mr. Stuart's advice and instrui'tion, became his partner, the relation- ship continuing until 1841. He served in the State Senate, 1849-.'')3, was the Bell-Everett candidate for Governor in 1860, and wivs elected to Congress, as a Democrat, for a third time, in 1862, but, in 1864. was defeated by Shelby M. Cullom, his former pupil. During the latter years of his life. Mr. Stuart was head of the law firm of Stuart. Edwards & Brown. Died, at Springtield. Nov. 28. 188.'>. STURGES, Solomon, merchant and banker, was bom at Fairfield, Conn., April 21, 1796, early manifested a passion for the sea and, in 1810, 512 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOrEDIA OF ILLINOIS. made a voyage, on a vessel of which his brother was captain, from New York to Georgetown, D. C, intending to continue it to Lisbon. At Georgetown he was induced to accept a position as clerk with a Mr. Williams, where he was associated with two other youths, as fellow-em- ployes, who became eminent bankers and capitalists— W. W. Corcoran, afterwards the well-known banker of Washington, and George W. Peabody, who had a successful banking career in England, and won a name as one of the most liberal and public-spirited of pliilanthropists. During the War of 1813 young Sturges joined a volunteer infantry company, where he had, for comrades, George W. Peabody and Francis S. Key, tlie latter author of the popular national song, "The Star Spangled Banner." In 1814 Mr. Sturges accepted a clerkship in the store of his brother-in-law, Ebenezer Buckingham, at Put- nam, Muskingum County, Ohio, two years later becoming a partner in the concern, where he developed that business capacity which laid the foundation for his future wealth. Before steam- ers navigated the waters of the Ohio and Missis- sippi Rivers, he piloted flat-boats, loaded with produce and merchandise, to New Orleans, return- ing overland. During one of his visits to that city, he witnessed the arrival of the "Washing- ton," the first steamer to descend the Mississippi, as, in 1817, he saw the arrival of the "Walk-in- the- Water" at Detroit, the first steamer to arrive from Buffalo— the occasion of his visit to Detroit being to carry funds to General Cass to pay oflf the United States troops. About 1849 he was associated with the construction of the Wabash & Erie Canal, from the Ohio River to Terre Haute, Ind., advancing money for the prosecution of tlie work, for which was reimbursed by the State. In 1854 he came to Chicago, and, in partnership with his brothers-in-law, C. P. and Alvah Buck- ingham, erected the first large grain-elevator in that city, on land leased from the Illinois Central Railroad Company, following it, two years later, by another of equal capacity. For a time, sub- stantially all the grain coming into Chicago, bj' railroad, passed into these elevators. In 1857 he established the private banking house of Solomon Sturges & Sons, which, shortly after his death, under the management of his son, George Stur- ges, became the Northwestern National Bank of Chicago. He was intensely patriotic and, on the breaking out of the War of the Rebellion, used of his means freely in support of the Govern- ment, equipping the Sturges Rifles, an independ- ent company, at a cost of §20,000. He was also a subscriber to the first loan made by the Govern- ment, during this period, taking §100,000 in Government bonds. While devoted to his busi- ness, he was a hater of shams and corruption, and contributed freely to Christian and benevolent enterprises. Died, at the home of a daughter, at Zanesville, Ohio, Oct. 14, 1864, leaving a large fortune acquired by legitimate trade. STURTETANT, Julian Munson, D.D., LL.D., clergyman and educator, was born at Warren, Litchfield County, Conn., July 26, 1805; spent his youth in Summit County, Ohio, meanwliile pre- paring for college ; in 1823, entered Yale College as the classmate of the celebrated Elizur Wright, graduating in 1826. After two years as Princi- pal of an academy at Canaan, Conn., he entered Yale Divinity School, graduating there in 1839; tlieu came west, and, after .spending a year in superintending the erection of buildings, in De- cember, 1830, as sole tutor, began instruction to a, class of nine pupils in what is now Illinois Col- lege, at Jacksonville. Having been joined, the following year, by Dr. Edward Beeclier as Presi- dent, Mr. Sturtevant assumed the chair of Mathe- matics, Natural Philosophy and Astronomy, wliicli he retained until 1844, when, by the retirement of Dr. Beecher, he succeeded to the offices of President and Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy. Here he labored, inces- santly and unselfishly, as a teacher during term time, and, as financial agent during vacations, in the interest of the institution of which he had been one of the chief founders, serving until 1876, when he resigned the Presidency, giving his attention, for the next ten j-ears, to the duties of Professor of Mental Science and Science of Gov- ernment, which he had discharged from 1870. In 1886 he retired from the institution entirely, having given to its service fifty-six years of his life. In 1863, Dr. Sturtevant visited Europe in the interest of the Union cause, delivering effec- tive addresses at a nmnber of points in England. He was a frequent contributor to the weekly religious and periodical press, and was the author of "Economics, or the Science of Wealth" (1876) — a text- book on political economy, and "Keys of Sect, or the Church of the New Testament" (1879), besides frequently occupying the pulpits of local and distant churches — having been early ordained a Congregational minister. He received the degree of D.D. from the University of Mis- souri and that of LL.D. from Iowa University. Died, in Jacksonville, Feb. 11, 1886.— Julian M. (Sturtevant), Jr., son of the preceding, was born at Jacksonville, III.. Feb. 2, 1834; fitted for col- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 513 lege in the preparatory department of Illinois College and grailuated from the college (proper) iu 1854. After leaving college he served as teacher in the Jacksonville public schools ono year, then spent a year as tutor in Illinois Col- lege, when ho began the study of theology at Andover Theological Seminary, graduating there in 1859, meanwhile having discharged the duties of Chaplain of the Connecticut State's prison in 1858, He was ordained a minister of the Con- gregational Church at Hannibal, Mo., in 180U, remaining as pastor in that citj' nine years. He has since been engaged in pastoral work in New York City (18G9-70), Ottawa, 111., (1870-73); Den- ver, Colo., (1873-77); Grinnell, Iowa, (1877-84); Cleveland, Ohio, (1884-00); Galesburg, 111., (1890-93), and Aurora, (1893-97). Since leaving the Congregational church at Aurora, Dr. Sturte- vant has been engaged in pastoral work in Clii- cago. He was also editor of "The Congroga- tionalist" of Iowa (1881-84), and, at different periods, has served as Trustee of Colorado, Marietta and Knox Colleges; being still an honored member of the Knox College Board. He received the degi'ee of D.D from Illinois College, in 1879. SUBLETTE, a station and viUage on the Illi- nois Central liiiilroad, in Lee County, 8 miles northwest of Mendota. Population, (1900), 300. SUFFRAGE, in general, the right or privilege of voting. The qualifications of electors (or Voters), in the choice of public officers in Illinois, are fixed by the State Constitution (Art. VII.), except as to school officers, which are prescribed by law. Under the State Constitution the exer- cise of the right to vote is limited to persons who were electors at the time of the adoption of the Constitution of 1848, or who are native or natu- ralized male citizens of the United States, of the age of 21 years or over, who have been residents of the State one year, of the county ninety days, and of the district (or precinct) in which they offer to vote, 30 days. Under an act passed in 1891. women, of 21 years of age and upwards, are entitled to vote for school officers, and are also eligible to such offices under the same conditions, as to age and residence, as male citizens. (See Elections; Attstralian Ballot.) SULLIVAN, a city and county-seat of Moultrie County, 25 miles soutlieast of Decatur and 14 miles northwest of Mattoon; is on three lines of railway. It is in an agricultural and stock-rais- ing region ; contains two State banks and four weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,305; (1890), 1,468; (1900), 2,399; (1900, est.), 3.100. SULLIVAN, Willinm K., journalist, was born at Waterford, Ireland, Nov. 10, 1843; educated at the Waterford Jlodel School and in Dublin , came to the United Stales iu 1803, and, after teaching for a time in Kane County, in 1864 enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty-first Regiment Illinois Volunteers. Then, after a brief season spent iu teaching and on a visit to his native land, he began work as a reporter on New York papers, later being employ(!d on "The Chicago Tribune" and "The Evening Journal," on the latter, at different times, holding the position of city edi- tor, managing editor and correspondent. He was also a Representative from Cook County in the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, for three years a member of the Chicago Board of Edu- cation, and appointed United States Consul to the Bermudas by President Harrison, resigning in 1892. Died, in Chicago, January 17, 1899. SULLIVAXT, Michael Lucas, agriculturist, was born at Franklinton (a suburb of Columbus, Ohio), August 6, 1807; was educated at Ohio University and Centre College, Ky., and — after being engaged in the improvement of an immense tract of land inherited from his father near his birth-i^lace, devoting much attention, meanwhile, to the raising of improved stock — in 1854 sold his Oliio lands and bought 80,000 acres, chiefly in Champaign and Piatt Counties, 111., where he began farming on a larger scale than before. The enterprise proved a financial failure, and he wa-s finally compelled to sell a considerable portion of his estate in Champaign County, known as Broad Lands, to John T. Alexander (see Alej;ander, John T.), retiring to a farm of 40,000 acres at Burr Oaks, 111. He died, at Henderson, Ky., Jan. 29, 1879. SUMMERFIELD, a village of St. Clair County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railwaj", 27 miles east of St. Louis ; was the home of Gen. Fred. Ilecker. Population (1900), 360. SUMNEK, a city of Lawrence County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 19 miles west of Vincennes, Ind. ; has a fine school house, four churches, two banks, two flour mills, tele- phones, and one weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,037; (1900), 1,268. SUPERIXTEXDEXTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUC- TION. The office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction was created by act of the Legislature, at a special session held in 1854, its duties previous to that time, from 1845, having been discharged by the Secretarj' of State as Superintendent, ex-officio. The following is a list of the incumbents from the date of the formal 614 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. creation of the office down to the present time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each Ninian W. Edwards (by appointment of the Governor), 185-t-57; William H. Powell (by election), 1857-59; Newton Bateman, 1859-63; John P. Brooks, 1863-65; Newton Bateman, 1865-75; Samuel W. Etter, 18T5-T9; James P. Slade, 1879-83; Henry Raab, 1883-87; Richard Edwards, 1887-91; Henry Raab, 1891-95; Samuel M. Inglis, 1S95-98; James H. Freeman, June, 1898, to January, 1899 (by appointment of the Governor, to fill the Tinexpired term of Prof. Inglis, wlio died in office, June 1, 1898) ; Alfred Baylis, 1899— Previous to 1870 the tenure of the office was two years, but, by the Constitution adopted that year, it was extended to four years, the elections occiuTing on the even years between those for Governor and other State officers except State Treasurer. .SUPREME COURT, JUDGES OF THE. The following is a list of Justices of the Supreme Court of Illinois who have held office since the organization of the State Government, with the period of their respective incumbencies: Joseph Phillips, 1818-23 (resigned); Thomas C. Browne, 1818 48 (term expired on adoption of new Con- stitution); William P. Foster, Oct. 9, 1818, to July 7, 1819 (resigned), John Reynolds, 1818-2.T; Thomas Reynolds (vice Phillips), 1822-25; Wil- liam Wilson (vice Foster) 1819-48 (term expired on adoption of new Constitution) ; Samuel D Lockwood, 1825-48 (term expired on adoption of new Constitution) ; Theophilus W. Smith, 1825-42 (resigned) ; Thomas Ford, Feb. 15, 1841, to Au- gu.st 1, 1842 (resigned) ; Sidney Breese, Feb. 15, 1841, to Dec. 19, 1843 (resigned) — also (by re-elec- tions), 1857-78 (died in office) ; Walter B. Scates, 1841-47 (resigned) — also (vice Trumbull), 1S54-57 (resigned); Samuel H. Treat, 1841-55 (resigned); Stephen A. Douglas, 1841-43 (resigned); John D. Caton (vice Ford) August, 1843, to March, 1843— also (vice Robinson and by successive re-elec- tions). May, 1843 to January, 1864 (resigned) ; James Semple (vice Breese), Jan. 14, 1843, to April 16, 1843 (resigned) ; Richard M. Young (vice Smith), 1843-47 (resigned) ; John M. Robinson (vice Ford), Jan. 14, 1843, to April 27, 1843 (died in office); Jesse B. Thomas, Jr., (vice Douglas), 1843-45 (resigned)— also (vice Young), 1847-48; James Shields (vice Semple), 1843-45 (resigned) ; Norman H. Purple (vice Thomas), 1843-48 (retired \mder Constitution of 1848) ; Gustavus Koerner (vice Shields), 1845-48 (retired by Constitution) ; William A. Denning (vice Scates), 1847-48 (re- tired by Constitution) ; Lyman Trumbull, 1848-53 (resigned); Ozias C. Skinner (vice Treat), 1855-58 (resigned); Pinkney H. Walker (vice Skinner), 18.58-85 (deceased); Corydon Beckwith (by ap- pointment, vice Caton), Jan. 7, 1864, to June 6, 1804; Cliarles B. Lawrence (one term), 1864-73; Anthony Thornton, 1870-73 (resigned); John M. Scott (two terms), 1870-88; Benjamin R. Sheldon (two terms), 1870-88; William K. McAlUster, 1870-75 (resigned) ; John Scholfield (vice Thorn- ton), 1873 93 (died); T. Lyle Dickey (vice McAllister), 1875-85 (died); David J. Baker (ap- pointed, vice Breese), July 9, 1878, to June 2, 1879— also, 1888-97; John H. Mulkey, 1879-88; Damon G. Tunnicliffe (appointed, vice Walker), Feb. 15. 1885, to June 1, 1885; Simeon P. Shope, 1885-94 , Joseph M. Bailey, 1888-95 (died in office). The Supreme Court, as at present constituted (1899), is as follows: Carroll C. Boggs, elected, 1897; Jesse J. Phillips (vice Scholfield, deceased) elected, 1893, and re-elected, 1897; Jacob W. Wil- kin, elected, 1888, and re-elected, 1897; Joseph N. Carter, elected, 1894; Alfred M. Craig, elec- ted, 1873, and re-elected, 1882 and '91; James H. Cartwriglit (vice Bailey), elected, 1895, and re- elected, 1897 ; Benjamin D. Magruder (vice Dickey), elected, 1885, '88 and '97. The terms of Justices Boggs, Phillips, Wilkin, Cartwriglit and Magruder expire in 1906; that of Justice Carter on 1903 ; and Justice Craig's, in 1900. Under the Constitution of 1818, the Ju.stices of the Supreme Court were chosen by joint ballot of the Legisla- ture, but, under the Constitutions of 1848 and 1870, by popular vote for terms of nine years each. (See Judicial System; also sketches of individual members of the Supreme Court under their proper names.) SURVEYS, E.iRLYGOVERNMEXT. The first United States law passed on the subject of Gov- ernment surveys was dated. May 20, 1785. After reserving certain lands to be allotted by way of pensions and to be donated for school purposes, it provided for the division of the remaining pub- lic lands among the original thirteen States. This, however, was, in effect, repealed by the Ordi- nance of 1788. The latter provided for a rectan- gular system of surveys which, with but little modification, lias remained in force ever since. Briefl}' outlined, the system is as follows: Town- ships, six miles square, are laid out from principal bases, each townsbip containing thirty-six sec- tions of one square mile, numbered consecutively, the numeration to commence at the upper right hand corner of the township. The first principal meridian (84° 51' west of Greenwich), coincided HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 515 with the line dividing Indiana and Ohio. The second (1° 37' farther west) had direct relation to surveys in Eastern Illinois. The tliird (89° 10' 30" west of Greenwich) and the fourth (90° 29' 56" west) governed the remainder of Illinois sur- veys. The first Public Surveyor was Tliomas Hutchins, who was called "the geographer," (See Hiitvhitis, Tliomas.) SWEET, (Gen.) Benjamin J., soldier, was born at Kirkland, Oneida County, X. Y., April 24, 1832; came with his father, in 1848, to Sheboy- gan, Wis., studied law, was elected to tlie State Senate in 1859, and, in 1861, enlisted in the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers, being commissioned Major in 1863. Later, he resigned and, returning home, assisted in the organization of the Twenty-first and Twenty-second regiments, being elected Colonel of the former; and with it taking part in the campaign in Western Kentucky and Tennes- see. In 1863 he was assigned to command at Camp Douglas, ami was there on tlie exposure, in November, 1864, of the conspiracy to release the rebel prisoners. (See Camp Douglas Conspir- acy.) The service which he rendered in the defeat of this bold and dangerous conspiracy evinced his courage and sagacity, and was of inestimable value to the country. After the war. General Sweet located at Lombard, near Chicago, was appointed Pension Agent at Chi- cago, afterwards served as Supervisor of Internal Revenue, and. in 1873, became Deputy Commis- sioner of Internal Revenue at Washington. Died, in Washington, Jan. 1, 1874. — Miss Ada C. (Sweet), for eight years (1874-82) the efficient Pension Agent at Chicago, is General Sweet's daughter. SWEETSER, A. C, soldier and Department Commander G. A. R., was born in Oxford County, Maine, in 1839; came to Bloomington, 111., in 1857; enlisted at the beginning of the Civil War in the Eighth Illinois Volunteers and, later, in tlie Thirty-ninth; at the battle of Wierbottom Church, Va , in June, 1864, was shot through both legs, necessitating the amputation of one of them. After the war he held several offices of trust, including those of City Collector of Bloom- iuj^ton and Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue for the Springfield District ; in 1887 was elected Department Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic for Illinois. Died, at Bloomington, March 23, 1896. SWETT, Leonard, lawyer, was bom near Turner, Maine, Augu.st 11. 1825, was educated at Waterville College (now Colby Universit)'), but left before graduation ; read law in Portland, and, wliile seeking a location in the West, enlisted in an Indiana regiment for the Mexican War, being attacked by climatic fever, was discharged before completing his term of enlistment. He soon after came to Bloomington, 111., where he became tlie intimate frieml of Abraham Lincoln and David Davis, traveling the circuit with them for a number of jears. He early became active in State politics, was a member of tlie Republican State Convention of 1856, was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly in 1858, and, in 18G0, was a zealous supporter of Mr. Lin- coln as a Presidential Elector for the State-at- large. In 1863 he received the Republican nomination for Congress in his District, but was defeated. Removing to Chicago in 1S65, he gained increased distinction as a lawyer, espe- cially in the management of criniinal cases. In 1873 he was a supporter of Horace Greelej- for President, but later returned to the Republican party, and, in the National Republican Conven- tion of 1888, presented the name of Judge Gresham for nomination for the Presidency. Died, June 8, 1889. SWIGEKT, Charles Philip, ex- Auditor of Pub- lic Accounts, was born in the Province of Baden, Germany, Nov. 27, 1843, brought by his parents to Chicago, 111., in childliood, and, in his boy- hood, attended the Scammon School in that city. In 1854 Ids family removed to a farm in Kanka- kee County, where, between the ages of 13 and 18, lie assisted his father in "breaking"' between 400 and 500 acres of prairie land. On the break- ing out of the war, in 1861, although scarcely 18 years of age, he enlisted as a private in the Forty- second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, in April, 1862, was one of twenty heroic volunteers who ran the blockade, on the gunboat Carondelet. at Island Xo. 10, assisting materially in the reduc- tion of that rebel strongliold, which resulted in the capture of 7,000 prisoners. At the battle of Farmington, Miss., during the siege of Corinth, in May, 1862, he had his right arm torn from its socket by a six-pound cannon-ball, comjielling his retirement from the army. Returning home, after many weeks spent in hospital at Jefferson Barracks and Quincy, 111., he received Ids final discharge. Dec. 21, 1863, spent a year in schcxil, also took a course in Bryant & Stratton's Com- mercial College in Chicago, and having learned to write with his left hand, taught for a time in Kankakee County ; ser\-ed as letter-carrier in Chi- cago, and for a year as Deputy County Clerk of Kankakee County, followed by two terms (1867- 69) as a student in the Soldiers' College at Fulton. 516 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILi^lNOIS. 111. The latter year lie entered upon the duties of Treasurer of Kankakee County, serving, by successive re-elections, until 1880, when he re- signed to take the position of State Auditor, to which he was elected a second time in 1884. In all tliese positions Mr. Swigert has proved him- self an upright, capable and high-minded public official. Of late years his residence has been in Chicago. SWI>'(J, (Rev.) David, clergyman and jjulpit orator, was born of German ancestry, at Cincin- nati, Ohio, August 23, 1836. After 1837 (his father dying about this time), the family resided for a time at Reedsburgh, and, later, on a farm near Williamsburgh. in Clermont County, in the same State. In 18.j3, having graduated from the Miami (Ohio) University, he commenced the study of theology, but, in 1854, accepted the position of Professor of Languages in his Alma Mater, which he continued to fill for thirteen years. His first pastorate was in connection with the Westminster Presbyterian Church of Chi- cago, which he assumed in 1860. His church edifice was destroyed in the great Chicago fire, but was later rebuilt. As a preacher he was popular ; but, in April, 1874, he was placed on trial, before an ecclesiastical court of his own denomi- nation, on charges of heresy. He was acquitted by the trial court, but, before the appeal taken by the prosecution could be heard, he personally withdrew from affiliation with the denomination. Shortly afterward he became pastor of an inde- pendent religious organization known as the "Central Church," preaching, first at McVicker"s Theatre and, afterward, at Central Music Hall, Chicago. He was a fluent and popular speaker on all themes, a frequent and valued contributor to numerous magazines, as well as the author of several volumes. Among his best known books are "Motives of Life," "Truths for To-day," and "Club Essays." Died, in Chicago, Oct. 3, 1894. SYCAMORE, the county-seat of De Kalb Coimty (founded in 1836), 56 miles west of Chi- cago, at the intersection of the Chicago & North- western and the Chicago Great AVestern Rail- roads; lies in a region devoted to agriculture, dairying and stock-raising. The city itself con- tains several factories, the principal products being agricultural implements, flour, insulated wire, brick, tile, varnish, furniture, soap and carriages and wagons. There are also works for canning vegetables and fruit, besides two creamer- ies. The town is lighted by electricity, and has high-pressure water-works. There are eleven churches, three graded public schools and a young ladies" seminary. Population (1880), 3,028; (1890), 2,987; (1900), 3,653. TAFT, Lorado, sculptor, was born at Elmwood, Peoria Coimty, 111, April 29, 1860; at an early age evinced a predilection for sculpture and began modeling; graduated at the University of Illinois in 1880, then went to Paris and studied sculpture in the famous Ecole des Beaux Arts until 1885. The following year lie settled in Chi cago, finally becoming associated with the Chi- cago Art Institute. He has been a lecturer on art in the Chicago University. Mr. Taft fur- nished the decorations of the Horticultural Build- ing on the World's Fair Grounds, in 1893. TALCOTT, Mancel, business man, was born in Rome, IST. Y., Oct. 12, 1817; attended the com- mon schools until 17 j'ears of age, when he set out for the West, traveling on foot from Detroit to Chicago, and thence to Park Ridge, where he worked at farming until 1850. Then, having followed the occupation of a miner for some time, in California, with some success, he united with Horace M. Singer in establishing the firm of Singer & Talcott, stone-dealers, which lasted dur- ing most of his life. He served as a member of the Chicago City Council, on the Board of County Commissioners, as a member of the Police Board, and was one of the founders of the First National Bank, and President, for several years, of the Stock Yards National Bank. Liberal and public- spirited, he contributed freely to works of charity. Died, June 5, 1878. TALCOTT, (Capt.) William, soldier of the War of 1812 and pioneer, was born in Gilead, Conn., March 6, 1774; emigrated to Rome, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1810, and engaged in farming; served as a Lieutenant in the Oneida County militia dm-ing the War of 1812-14, being .stationed at Sackett's Harbor mider the command of Gen. Winfield Scott. In 1835, in company with his eldest son, Thomas B. Talcott, he made an ex- tended tour through the West, finally selecting a location in Illinois at the junction of Rock River and the Pecatonica, where the town of Rockton now stands — there being only two white families, at that time, within the present limits of Winne- bago County. Two years later (1837), he brought his family to this point, with his sons took up a considerable body of Government land and erected two mills, to which customers came from a long distance. In 1838 Captain Talcott took part in the organization of the first Congre- gational Church in that section of the State. A zealous anti-slavery man, he supported James G. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 517 Birney (the Liberty canJidate for President) in 1844, continuing to act with tliat i)arty until the organization of the Republican party in 1856; w;is deeply interested in the War for the Union, but dieVilliani, pioneer lawyer and legis- lator, was born in what is now Allen County, Ky., Nov. 22, 1802; received a rudimentary edu- cation, and served as deputy of his father (who was Sheriff), and afterwards of the County Clerk ; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1823; in 1826 removed to Jacksonville, 111., where he taught school, served as a private in the Winne- bago War (1827), and at the session of 1828-29, reported the proceedings of the General Assem- bly for "'The Vandalia Intelligencer" ; was State's Attorney and Scliool Commissioner of Morgan County ; served as Quartermaster and Commis- sary in the Black Hawk War (1S31-32), first under Gen. Joseph Duncan and, a year later, under General Whiteside ; in 1839 was appointed Circuit Judge, but legislated out of office two years later. It was as a member of the Legislature, however, that he gained the greatest prominence, first as State Senator in 1834-40, and Representative in 1846-48 and 1850-52, when he was especially influ- ential in the legislation which resulted in estab- lishing the institutions for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind, and the Hospital for the Insane (the first in the State) at Jacksonville— serving, for a time, as a member of the Board of Trustees of the latter. He was also prominent in connec- tion with many enterprises of a local character, including the establishment of the Illinois Female College, to which, although without children of his own, he was a liberal contributor. During the first year of the war he was a member of the Board of Army Auditors by appointment of Gov- ernor Yates. Died, at Jacksonville, August 22, 1889. THORNTON, Anthony, jurist, was born in Bourbon County, Ky., Nov. 9, 1814 — being descended from a Virginia family. After the usual primary instruction in the common schools, he spent two years in a. high school at Gallatin, Tenn., when he entered Centre College at Dan- ville, Ky., afterwards continuing his studies at Miami University, Ohio, where he graduated in 1834. Having studied law with an uncle at Paris, Ky., he was licensed to practice in 1836, when he left his native State with a view to set- tling in Missouri, but, visiting his uncle. Gen. William F. Thornton, at Shelby ville. 111., was induced to establish himself in practice there. He served as a member of tlie State Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1862, and as Represent- ative in the Seventeenth General Assembly (1850-52) for Shelby County. In 1864 he was elected to the Thirty-ninth Congress, and, in 1870, to the Illinois Supreme Court, but served only until 1873, when he resigned. In 1879 Judge Thornton removed to Decatur, 111., but subsequently returned to Shelbyville, where (1898) he now resides. THORNTON, WilHam Fitzhugrh, Commissioner of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, was born in Hanover County, Va., Oct. 4, 1789; in 1806, went to Alexandria, Va., where he conducted a drug business for a time, also acting as associate HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 523 editor of "The Alexandria Gazette." Sub.se- quently removing to Wasliington City, he con- ducted a paper there in the interest of John Quincy Ad.ini.s for tlie Presidency. Durin;; the War of 1812-14 he served as a Captain of cavalry, and, for a time, as staff-olliccr of Ceneral Winder. On occasion of the visit of Martpiis La Fayette to America (1824-2.")) he accompanied the distin- guished Frenchman from Baltimore to Rich- mond. In 1829 he removed to Kentucky, and, in 1833, to Shelbj-ville, 111., where he soon after engaged in mercantile business, to which he added a banking and brokerage business in IS.IO, with whicli he was actively a.ssociatod until his death. In 1836, he was apjKjinted, by Governor Duncan, one of the Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, serving as President of the Board until 1842. In 1840, he made a visit to London, as financial agent of the State, in the interest of the Canal, and succeeded in making a sale of bonds to the amount of §1,000.000 on what were then considered favorable terms. General Thornton was an ardent Whig until the organi- zation of the Republican jjarty, when he became a Democrat. Died, at Slielbyville. Oct. 21, 1873. TILLSON, John, j)ioneer, was born at Halifax, Mass., March 13, 1796; came to Illinois in 1819, locating at Ilillsboro, Montgomery County, where he became a prominent and enterprising ojierator in real estate, doing a large business for eastern parties; was one of the founders of Hillsboro Academy and an influential and liberal friend of Illinois College, being a Trustee of the latter from its establishment until Iiis death; w;is sup- ported in the Legislature of 1827 for State Treas- urer, but defeated by James Hall. Died, at Peoria, May 11, 18.53.— Christiana Holmes (Till- son), wife of the preceding, was born at Kingston, Mass., Oct. 10, 1798; married to John Tillson in 1822, and immediately came to Illinois to resiile; was a woman of rare culture anil refinement, and deepl}' interested in benevolent enterprises. Died, in New York City, May 29. 1873.— Charlp^^ Holmes (TilLson), son of John and Cliristiana Holmes Tillson, was torn at Hillsboro. 111., Sept. 1.5. 1823; educated at Hillsboro Academy and Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 1844; studied law in St. Louis and at Transyl- vania University, was admitted to the bar in St. Louis and practiced there some years — also served several terms in the City Council, and was a member of the National Guard of Missouri in the War of the Rebellion. Died. Nov. 25, 1865.— John (Tillson), Jr., another son, was bom at Ilillsboro, 111., Oct. 12, 1825; educated at Hills- boro Academy and Illinois College, but did not graduate from tlie latter ; grar tho property. In 189;$ tlie Pennsylvania Riilroad Company obtained a controlling interest in the stock, and, in 1894, an agreement, for joint ownership and management, was entered into between that corporation and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Com- pany. The total capitalization, in 1898, was §9,712,433, of which §4,076,900 was in stock and $4,895,000 in bonds. TOLEDO, ST. LOl IS & KANSAS CITY RAIL- ROAD. This line cros.ses the State in a northeast direction from East St. Louis to Humrick, near the Indiana State line, with Toledo as its eastern terminus. The length of the entire line is 4.')0.73 miles, of which 179V4 miles are operated in Illi- nois. — (History.) The Illinois portion of the line grew out of the union of cliarters granted to the Tuscola, Charleston & Vincennes and the Charleston, Neoga & St. Louis Railroad Com- panies, which were consolidated in 1881 with certain Indiana lines under the name of the Toledo, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad. During 1882 a narrow-gauge road was constru(!ted from Ridge Farm, in Vermilion County, to East St. Louis (172 miles). In 1885 this was sold under foreclosure and, in June, 1886, consolidated with the main line under the name of the Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City Railroad. The whole line was changed to standard gauge in 1887-89, and otherwise materially improved, but, in 1893, went into the hands of receivers. Plans of re- organization have been under consideration, but the receivers were still in control in ISOS, TOLEDO, WABASH i WESTERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) TOLONO, a city in Champaign County, situ- ated at the intersection of tlie Wabash and the Illinois Central Railroads, 9 miles south of Cham- paign and 37 miles east-northeast of Decatur. It is the business center of a prosperous agricultural region. The town has five churches, a graded school, a bank, a button factory, and a weeklv newspaper. Population (1880), 905; (1890), 902; (1900). 845. TONICA,a village of La Salle County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 9 miles south of La Salle; the district is agricultural, but the place has some nianufa(!tures anil a newspaper. Population (1890), 473; (1900), 497. TONTY, Chevalier Henry de, e.xplorer and sol- dier, born at Gaeta. lliily, al)Out 16.50 What is now known as the Tontine system of insurance undoubtedly originated with his father. The younger Tonty was adventurous, and, even as a youtli, took part in numerous land and naval encounters. In the cour.se of his experience he lost a hand, wliii-h was replaced by an iron or copper substitute. He embarked with La Salle in 1678, and aided in the construction of a fort at Niagara. He advanced into the country of the Illinois and established friendly relations with them, only to witness the defeat of his putative savage allies by the Iroquois. After various encounters (chiefly under the direction of La Salle) with the Indians in Illinois, he returned to Green Bay in 1681. The same year— under La Salle's orders — he began the erection of Fort St. Louis, on what is now called "Starved Rock" in La Salle County. In 1682 he descended the Mis- .sissippi to its mouth, with La Salle, but was ordered back to Mackinaw for assistance. In 1684 he returned to Illinois and successfully repulsed the Iroquois from Fort St. Louis. In 1086 he again descended the Mississippi in search of La Salle. Disheartened by the death of his commander and the loss of his early comrades, he took up his residence with the Illinois Indians. Among them he was founo- litionists. Cairo also became an imj)ortant transfer station for fugitives arriving by river, after the completion of the Illinois Central Rail- road, especially as it offered the speediest way of reaching Chicago, towards which nearly all the lines converged. It was here that the fugitives could be most safely disposed of by placing them upon vessels, which, without stopping at inter- mediate ports, could soon land them on Canadian soil. As to methods, these differed according to cir- cumstances, the emergencies of the occasion, or the taste, convenience or resources of the oper- ator. Deacon Levi Morse, of Woodford County, near Metamora, had a route towards Magnolia. Putnam Countj'; and his favorite "car" was a farm wagon in which there was a double bottom. The passengers were snugly i)laced below, and grain sacks, filled with bran or other light material, were laid over, so that the whole i)resented the appearance of an ordinary load of grain on its way to market. The same was true as to stations and routes. One, who was an operator, says: "Wherever an abolitionist happened on a fugi- tive, or the converse, there was a station, for the time, and the route was to the next anti-slavery man to the east or the north. As a general rule, the agent preferred not to know anything beyond the operation of his own immediate .section of the road. If he knew nothing about the operations of another, and the other knew nothing of his, they could not be witnesses in court. We have it on the authority of Judge Harvey B. Hurd, of Chicago, that runaways were usually 536 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA- OF ILLINOIS. forwarded from that city to Canada by way of the Lakes, there being several steamers available for that purpose. On one occasion thirteen were put aboard a vessel under the eyes of a United States Marshal and his deputies. The fugitives, secreted in a woodshed, one by one took the places of colored stevedores carrying wood aboard the ship. Possibly the term, "There's a nigger in the woodpile," may have originated in this incident. Thirteen was an "unlucky num- ber" in this instance — for the masters. Among the notable trials for assisting runaways in violation of the Fugitive Slave Law, in addi- tion to the case of Dr. Eells, already mentioned, were those of Owen Lovejoy of Princeton, and Deacon Gushing of Will County, both of whom were defended by Judge James Collins of Chi- cago. John Hossack and Dr. Joseph Stout of Ottawa, with some half-dozen of their neighbors and friends, were tried at Ottawa, in 1859, for assisting a fugitive and acquitted on a techni- cality. A strong array of attorneys, afterwards widely known through the northern part of the State, appeared for the defense, including Isaac N. Arnold, Joseph Knox, B. C. Cook, J. V. Eus- tace, Edward S. Leland and E. C. Larned. Joseph T. Morse, of Woodford County, was also arrested, taken to Peoria and committed to jail, but acquitted on trial. Another noteworthy case was tliat of Dr. Samuel Willard (now of Chicago) and his father, Julius A. Willard, charged with assisting in the escape &f a fugitive at Jacksonville, in 1843, when the Doctor was a student in Illinois College. "The National Corporation Rei^orter, " a few years ago, gave an account of this affair, together with a letter from Dr. Willard, in wliich he states that, after protracted litigation, during which the case was carried to the Supreme Court, it was ended by his pleading guilty before Judge Samuel D. Lockwood. when he was fined one dollar and costs -the latter amounting to twenty dollars. The Doctor frankly adds: "My father, as well as myself, helped many fugitives afterwards." It did not always happen, however, that offenders escaped so easily. Judge Harvey B. Hard, already referred to, and an active anti-slavery man in the days of the Fugitive Slave Law. relates the following^ Once, when the trial of a fugitive was going on before Justice Kercheval, in a room on the second floor of a two-story frame building on Clark Street in the city of Chicago, the crowd in attendance filled the room, the stairway and the adjoining sidewalk. In some way the prisoner got mixed in with the audience, and passed down over the heads of those on the stairs, where the officers were unable to follow. In another case, tried before United States Commissioner Geo. W. Meeker, the result was made to hinge upon a point in the indictment to the effect that the fugitive was "copper-colored." The Commissioner, as the story goes, being in- clined to favor public sentiment, called for a large copper cent, that he might make comparison. The decision was, that the prisoner was "off color," so to speak, and he was hustled out of the room before the officers could re-arrest him, as they had been in.structed to do. Dr. Samuel Willard, in a review of Professor Sieberfs book, published in "The Dial" of Chi cago, makes mention of Henry Irving and Will- iam Chauncey Carter as among his active allies at Jacksonville, with Rev. Bilious Pond and Deacon Lyman of Farmington (near the present village of Farmingdale in Sangamon County), Luther Ransom of Springfield, Andrew Borders of Randolph County, Joseph Gerrish of Jersey and William T. Allan of Henry, as their coadju- tors in other parts of the State. Other active agents or promoters, in the same field, included such names as Dr. Charles V. Dyer, Philo Carpen- ter, Calvin De Wolf, L. C. P. Freer, Zebina East- man. James H. Collins, Harvey B. Hurd, J. Young Scammon, Col. J. F. Farusworth and others of Chicago, whose names have alreadj' been men- tioned; Rev. Asa Turner, Deacon Ballard, J. K. Van Dorn and Erastus Benton, of Quincy and Adams County; President Rufus Blanehard of Knox College, Galesburg; John Leeper of Bond; the late Prof. J. B. Turner and Elihu Wolcott of Jacksonville; Capt. Parker Morse and his four sons — Joseph T., Levi P., Parker, Jr., and Mark — of Woodford County ; Rev. William Sloane of Randolph ; William Strawn of La Salle, besides a host who were willing to aid their fellow men in their aspirations to freedom, without advertising their own exploits. Among the incidents of "Underground Rail- road" in Illinois is one which had some importance politically, having for its climax a dramatic scene in Congress, but of which, so far as known, no full account has ever been written. About IS.'JS, Ejjhraim Lombard, a Mississippi planter, but a New Englander by birth, purchased a large body of prairie land in tlie northeastern part of Stark County, and, taking up his residence temporarih' in the village of Bradford, began its improve- ment. He had brought with him from Mississippi a negro, graj'-haired and bent with age, a slave HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 537 of probably no great value. "Old Mose, " as he was called, soon came to be well known and a favorite in the neighborhood. Lombard boldly stated that he hail brought him there as a slave ; that, by virtue of the Dred Scott decision (then of recent date), he had a constitutional right to take bis slaves wherever he pleased, and that "Old Mose" was just as much his property in Illinois as in Mississippi. It soon became evident to some, that bis bringing of the negro to Illinois was an experiment to test the law and the feel- ings of the Northern people. Tliis being the case, a shrewd play would have been to let him have his way till other slaves should have been brought to stock the new plantation But this was too slow a jtrocess for the abolitionists, to whom the holding of a slave in tlie free State of Illinois appeared an unbearable outrage. It was feared that he might take the old negro back to Mississippi and f;ul to bring any others. It was reported, al.so, that "Old Mose" was ill-treated; that he was given only the coarsest food in a back shed, as if he were a horse or a dog. instead of being permitted to eat at table with the family. The prairie citizen of that time was very par- ticular upon this point of etiquette. The hired man or woman, debarred from the table of his or her employer, would not have remained a day. A quiet consultation with "Old Mose" revealed the fact that he would hail the gift of freedom joyously. Accordingly, one Peter Risedorf, and another equally daring, met him by the light of the stars and, before morning, he was placeil in the c00 pamphlets, not including 5,350 volumes and 15 8.50 pamphlets in the State Laboratory of Nat- ural History. — The University occupies a con- spicuous and attractive site, embracing 220 acres adjacent to the line between Uibana and Cham- paign, and near the residence portion of the two cities. The athletic field of 11 acres, on which stand the gymnasium and armory, is enclosed with an ornamental iron fence. The campus, otherwise, is an open and beautiful park with fine landscape effects. UNORGAMZED COUXTIES. In addition to the 102 counties into which Illinois is divided, acts were pa.s.sed by the General A.s.sembly, at different times, providing for the organiza- tion of a number of others, a few of which were subse,()'.31, and the expenses 54,8;i(),110. The total capital invested (1898) was §139,889,64;$, including capital stock of §52,000,000 and bonds to the amount of §81,- 534,000. WABASH RIVER, rises in northwestern Ohio, pa-sses into Indiana, and runs northwest to Hun- tington. It then Hows nearly due west to Logans- port, thence southwest to Covington, finally turning southward to Terre Haute, a few miles below which it strikes the western boundary of Indiana. It forms the boundary between Illinois and Indiana (taking into account its numerous ■windings) for some 200 miles. Below Vincennes it runs in a south-southwesterly direction, and enters the Ohio at the southwest extremity of Indiana, near latitude 37' 49' north. Its length is estimated at 557 miles. WABASH & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. (See Illinois Central Eailroad.) WABASH, ST. LOUIS & PACIFIC RAIL- ROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) WABASH & WESTERN RAILROAD. (See Wabasli Eailroad.) WAIT, William Smith, pioneer, p.nd original suggestor of the Illinois Central Railroad, was born in Portland, Maine, JIarch 5, 1789, and edu- cated in the public schools of his native place. In his youth he entered a book-publishing house in which his father was a partner, and was for a time associated with the publication of a weekly paper. Later the basiness was conducted at Boston, and extended over the Eastern, Middle, and Southern States, the subject of this sketch making extensive tours in the interest of the firm. In 1817 he made a tour to the West, reaching St. Louis, and, early in the following year, visited Bond County, HI., where he made his first entry of land from the Government. Returning to Boston a few months later, he con- tinued in tlie service of the publishing firm until 1820, when he again came to Illinois, and, in 1821, began farming in Ripley Township, Bond County. Returning East in 1824, he spent the next ten years in the employment of the publish- ing firm, with occasional visits to Illinois. In 1835 he located permanently near Greenville, Bond County, and engaged extensively in farm- ing and fruit-raising, planting one of the largest apple orchards in the State at that early day. In 1845 he presided as chairman over the National Industrial Convention in New York, and, in 1848, was nominated as the candidate of the National Reform Association for Vice-President on the ticket with Gerrit Smith of New York, but declined. Ho was also prominent in County and State Agricultural Societies. Mr Wait has been credited with being one of the first (if not the very first) to suggest the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad, which he did as early as 1835; was also one of the prime movers in the construction of the Mississippi & Atlantic Rail- road — now the "VandaUa Line" — giving much time to the latter enterprise from 1846 for many years, and was one of the original incorporators of the St. Louis & Illinois Bridge Company. Died, July 17, 1805. WALKER, Cyrus, pioneer, lawyer, born in Rockbridge County, Va., May 14, 1791; was taken while an infant to Adair County, Ky., and came to Macomb, 111., in 1833, being the second lawyer to locate in McDonough County. He had a wide reputation as a successful advocate, especially in criminal ca.ses. and practiced extensively in the courts of Western Illinois and also in Iowa- Died, Dec. 1, 1875. Mr. Walker was uncle of the late Pinkney H. Walker of the Supreme Court, who studied law with him. He was Whig candidate for Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 1840. WALKER, James Burr, clergyman, was born in Philadelphia, July 29, 1805; in his youth served ;is errand-boy in a country store near Pittsburg and spent four years in a printing oflice ; then became clerk in the ofiice of Mordet'ai M. Noah, in New York, .studied law and grailu- ated from Western Reserve College, Ohio; edited various religious papers, including "The Watch- man of the Prairies" (now "The Advance") of Chicago, was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Chicago, and for some time was lecturer on 6iS HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. "Harmony between Science and Revealed Reli- gion"' at Oberlin College and Chicago Theological Seminary. He was author of several volumes, one of which — "The Philosophy of the Plan of Salvation," published anonymously under the editorship of Prof. Calvin E. Stowe (1855)— ran through several editions and was translated into five different languages, including Hindustanee. Died, at Wheaton, 111., March 6, 1887. WALKER, James Monroe, corporation lawyer and Railway President, was born at Claremont, N. H. , Feb. 14, 1830. At fifteen he removed with his parents to a farm in Michigan ; was educated at Oberlin, Ohio, and at the University of Michi- gan, Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in 1849. He then entered a law office as clerk and student, was admitted to the bar the next year, and soon after elected Prosecuting Attorney of Washtenaw County ; was also local attorney for the Michigan Central Railway, for which, after his removal to Chicago in 1853, he became Gen- eral Solicitor. Two years later the firm of Sedg- wick & Walker, which had been organized in Michigan, became attorneys for the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and, until his death, Mr. Walker was associated with this com- pany, either as General Solicitor, General Counsel or President, filling the latter position from 1870 to 1875. Mr. Walker organized both the Chicago and Kansas City stock-yards, and was President of these corporations, as also of the Wilmington Coal Company, down to the time of his death, which occurred on Jan. 23, 1881, as a result of heart disease. WALKER, (Rev.) Jesse, Methodist Episcopal missionary, was born in Rockingham County, Va. , June 9, 1766; in 1800 removed to Tennessee, became a traveling preacher in 1802, and, in 1806, came to Illinois under the presiding-elder- ship of Rev. William McKendree (afterwards Bishop), locating first at Turkey Hill, St. Clair County. In 1807 he held a camp meeting near Edwardsville — the first on Illinois soil. Later, he transferred his labors to Noi'thern Illinois; was at Peoria in 1824; at Ottawa in 1825, and devoted much time to missionary work among the Pottawatomies, maintaining a school among them for a time. He visited Chicago in 1826, and there is evidence that he was a prominent resident there for several years, occupying a log house, which he used as a church and living-room, on "Wolf Point" at the junction of the North and South Branches of the Chicago River. While acting as superintendent of the Fox River mis- sion, his residence appears to have been at Plain- field, in the northern part of Will County. Died, Oct. 5, 1835. WALKER, Pinkney H., lawyer and jurist, was born in Adair County, Ky., June 18, 1815. His boj'liood was chiefly passed in farm work and as clerk in a general store ; in 1834 he came to Illi- nois, settling at Rushville, where he worked in a store for four years. In 1838 he removed to Macomb, where he began attendance at an acad- emy and the study of law with his uncle, Cyrus Walker, a leading lawyer of his time. He was admitted to the bar in 1839, practicing at Macomb until 1848, when he returned to Rushville. In 1853 he was elected Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit, to fill a vacancy, and re-elected in 1855. This position he resigned in 1858, having been appointed, by Governor Bissell. to fill the vacancy on the bench of the Supreme Court occasioned by the resignation of Judge Skinner. Two months later he was elected to the same position, and re-elected in 1867 and '76. He presided as Chief Justice from January, 1864, to June, '67, and again from June, 1874, to June, '75. Before the expiration of his last term he died, Feb. 7, 1885. WALL, George Wlllard, lawyer, politician and Judge, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio, April 33, 1839; brought to Perry County, 111., in infancy, and received his preparatory education at McKen. dree College, finally graduating from the Uni- versity of Michigan in 1858, and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1859, when he began practice at Duquoiu, 111. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and, from 1864 to '68, served as State's Attorney for the Third Judicial District ; was also a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1872 he was an unsuccessful Democratic candi- date for Congress, although running ahead of his ticket. In 1877 he was elected to the bench of the Third Circuit, and re-elected in '79, '85 and '91, much of the time since 1877 being on duty upon the Appellate bench. His home is at Duquoiu. WALLACE, (Rev.) Peter, D.D., clergyman and soldier; was born in Mason County, Ky., April 11, 1813; taken in infancy to Brown County, Ohio, where he grew up on a farm until 15 years of age, when he was apprenticed to a carpenter; at the age of 20 came to Illinois, where he became a contractor and builder, fol- lowing this occupation for a number of years. He was converted in 1835 at Springfield, 111., and, some years later, having decided to enter the ministry, was admitted to the Illinois Conference as a deacon by Bishop E. S. Janes in 1855, and IIISTOUICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 549 placed in charge of tlie Danville Circuit. Two years later he was ordained by Bishop Scott, and, in the next few years, held pastorates at various places in the central and eastern parts of the State. From 1867 to 187-t he was Presiding Elder of the Mattoon and Quincy Districts, and, for six years, held the position of President of the Board of Trustees of Chaddock College at Quincy, from which he received tlio degree of D.D. in 1881. In the second year of the Civil War he raised a company in Sangamon County, was chosen its Captain and assigned to the Seventy-third Illinois Volunteers, known as the "preachers' regiment" — all of its officers being ministers. In 18G4 he was compelled by ill-health to resign Ids commission. While pastor of the church at Say- brook. 111., he was oflfeied the po.vition of Post- master of that place, which he decided to accept, and was allowed to retire from the active minis- try. On retirement from office, in 1884, he removed to Chicago. In 1889 he was appointed by Governor Fifer the first Chaplain of the Sol- diers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, but retired some four years afterward, when he returned to Chicago. Dr. Wallace was an eloquent and effective preacher and continued to preach, at intervals, until within a short time of his decease, which occurred in Chicago, Feb. 21, 1897, in his 84tli year. A zealous patriot, he frequentlj' spoke very effectively upon the political rostrum. Originalh' a Whig, he became a Republican on the organization of that party, and took jiride in the fact that the first vote he ever cast was for Abraham Lincoln, for Representative in the Legis- lature, in 1834. He was a Knight Templar, Vice- President of the Tippecanoe Club of Chicago, and, at his death, Cliaplain of America Post, No. 708, G. A. R. W.VLL.tCE, 'Wllliani Henry Lamb, lawyer and soldier, was born at Urbana, Ohio, July 8, 1821 ; brought to Illinois in 1833, his father settling near La Salle and. afterwards, at Mount Morris, Ogle County, where young Wallace attended the Rock River Seminary ; was admitted to the bar in 1845 ; in 1846 enlisted as a private in the First Illi- nois Volunteers (Col. Jolm J. Hardin's regiment), for the Mexican War, rising to the rank of Adju- tant and participting in the battle of Bviena Vista (where his commander was killed), and in otlier engagements. Returning to his profession at Ottawa, he served as District Attorney (18.'52-56), then became partner of his father-in-law, Col. T. Lyle Dickey, afterwards of the Supreme Court. In April, 18C1, he was one of the first to answer the call for troops by enlisting, and became Colo- nel of the Eleventh Illinois (three-months' men), afterwards re-enlisting for tliree years. As commander of a brigade he participated in the capture of Forts Henrj' and Donelson, in Feb- ruary, 1862, receiving promotion as Brigadier- General for gallantry. At Pittsburg Landing (Shiloh), as commander of Gen. C. F. Smith's Division, devolving im him on account of the illness of his svi])erior officer, he showed great courage, but fell mortally wounded, dying at Charleston, Tenn , April 10, 1862. His career promi.sed great brilli.ancy and his loss was greatly deplored. —Martin R. M. ( Wallace), brother of the preceding, was born at Urbana, Ohio, Sept. 20, 1829, came to La Salle County, 111., with his father's family and was educated in the local schools and at Rock River Seminary ; st\idied law at Ottawa, and was admitted to the bar in 1856, soon after locating in Chicago. In 1861 he assi.sted in organizing the Fourth Regiment Illi- nois Cavalry, of which he became Ijieutenant- Colonel, and was complimented, in 1865, with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After ' the war he served as Assessor of Internal Revenue (1866-69); County Judge (1869-77) ; Prosecuting Attorney (1884); and, for many years pa.st, has been one of the Justices of the Peace of the city of Chicago. WALNUT, a town of Bureau County, on the Mendota and Fulton brancli of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, 26 miles west of Jlendota ; is in a farming and stock-raising dis- trict; has two banks and two newspapers. Popu- lation (1890), 605; (1900), 791. W.VK OP 1812. Uixjnthe declaration of war by Congress, in June, 1812, the Pottawatomies, and most of the other tribes of Indians in the Territory of Illinois, strongly sympathized with tlie British. The savages had been hostile and restless for some time previous, and blockliouses and family forts had been erected at a number of points, especially in the settlements most exposed to the incursions of the savages. Gov- ernor Edwards, becoming appreliensive of an outbreak, constructed Fort RilsscU, a few miles from Edwardsvillo. Taking the field in person, he made this his headciuarters, and collected a force of 2.50 mounted volunteers, wlio were later reinforced by two companies of rangers, under Col. William Russell, numbering about 100 men. An independent companj- of twenty-one spies, of which John Reynolds— afterwards Governor — was a member, was al.so formed and led by Capt. Samuel Judy. The Governor organized his little army into two regiments under Colonels Rector 550 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and Steplienson, Colonel Rnssell serving as second to the commander-in-chief, other mem- bers of his staff being Secretary Nathaniel Pope and Robert K. McLaughlin. On Oct. 18, 1812, Governor Edwards, with his men, set out for Peoria, where it was expected that their force would meet that of General Hopkins, who had been sent from Kentucky with a force of 2,000 men. En route, two Kickapoo villages were burned, and a number of Indians unnecessarily slain by Edwards' party. Hopkins had orders to disperse the Indians on the Illinois and Wabash Rivers, and destroy their villages. He deter- mined, however, on reaching the headwaters of the Vermilion to proceed no farther. Governor Edwards reached the head of Peoria Lake, but, failing to meet Hopkins, returned to Fort Russell. About the same time Capt. Thomas E. Craig led a party, in two boats, up the Illinois River to Peoria. His boats, as he alleged, having been fired upon in the night by Indians, who were har- bored and protected by the French citizens of Peoria, he burned the greater part of the village, and capturing the population, carried them down the river, putting tliem on shore, in the early part of the winter, just below Alton. Other desultory expeditions marked the campaigns of 1813 and 1814. The Indians meanwhile gaining courage, remote settlements were continually harassed by marauding bands. Later in 1814, an expedi- tion, led by Major (afterwards President) Zachary Taylor, ascended the Mississippi as far as Rock Island, where he found a large force of Indians, supported b}' British regulars with artillery. Finding himself unable to cope with so formida- ble a foe. Major Taj'lor retreated down the river. On the site of the present town of Warsaw he threw up fortifications, which he named Fort Edwards, from which point he was subsequently compelled to retreat. The same year the British, with their Indian allies, descended from Macki- nac, captured Prairie du C'hien, and burned Forts Madison and Johnston, after which they retired to Cap au Gris. The treaty of Ghent, signed Dec. 24, 1814, closed the war, although no formal treaties were made with the tribes until the year following. WAR OF THE REBELLION. At the outbreak of the Civil AVar, the executive chair, in Illinois, was occupied by Gov. Richard Yates. Immedi- ately upon the issuance of President Lincoln's first call for troops (April 1.5, 1861), the Governor issued his proclamation summoning tlie Legisla- ture together in special session and, the same day, issued a call for "six regiments of militia," the quota assigned to tlie State under call of the President. Public excitement was at fever heat, and dormant patriotism in both sexes was aroused as never before. Party lines were broken down and, with comparatively few excep- tions, the mass of the people were actuated by a common sentiment of patriotism. On April 19, Governor Yates was instructed, by the Secretary of War, to take possession of Cairo as an important strategic point. At that time, the State militia organizations were few in number and poorly equipped, consisting chiefly of independent com- panies in the larger cities. The Governor acted with great promptitude, and, on April 21, seven companies, numbering 59.5 men, commanded by Gen. Richard K. Swift of Chicago, were en route to Cairo. The first volunteer compiny to tender its services, in response to Governor Yates" proc- lamation, on April 16, was the Zouave Grays of Springfield. Eleven other companies were ten- dered the same daj', and, by the evening of the 18th, the number had been increased to fifty. Simultaneously with these proceedings, Chicago bankers tendered to the Governor a war loan of 8500,000, and those of Springfield, 8100,000. The Legislature, at its special session, passed acts in- creasing the efficiency of the militia law, and provided for the creation of a war fund of §2,- 000,000. Besides the six regiments already called for, the raising of ten additional volunteer regi- ments and one battery of light artillery was authorized. The last of the six regiments, apportioned to Illinois under the first presidential call, was dispatched to Cairo early in May. The six regiments were numbered the Seventh to Twelfth, inclusive — the earlier numbers. First to Sixth, being conceded to the six regiments which had served in the war with Mexico. The regi- ments were commanded, respectively, bj' Colonels John Cook, Richard J. Oglesby, Eleazer A. Paine, James D. Morgan, William H. L. Wallace, and John McArthur, con.stituting the "First Brigade of Illinois Volunteers." Benjamin M. Prentiss, having been chosen Brigadier-General on arrival at Cairo, assumed command, relieving General Swift. The quota under the second call, consist- ing of ten regiments, was mustered into service within sixty days, 200 companies being tendered immediately. Many more volunteered than could be accepted, and large numbers crossed to Mis- ■souri and enlisted in regiments forming in that State. During June and Jul}- the Secretary of War authorized Governor Yates to recruit twenty- two additional regiments (seventeen infantry and five cavalry), which were promptly "raised. On niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 551 July 22, the ilay following the defeat of the Union army at Bull Run, President Lincoln called for 500,000 more volunteers. Governor Yates im- mediately responded with an offer to the War Department of sixteen more regiments (thirteen of infantry and three of cavalry), and a battalion of artillery, adding, that the State claimed it as her right, to do her full share tow.ard the preser- vation of the Union. Under supjilomental aiithor- it3', received from the Secretary of War in August, 1861, twelve additional regiments of in- fantry and five.of cavalrj' were raised, and, by De- cember, 18G1, the State had 43,000 volunteers in the field and 17,000 in camps of instruction. Other calls were made in July and August, 18(i2, each for 300,000 men. Illinois' quota, under both calls, was over 52,000 men, no regard being paid to the fact that the State had already furnished 16.000 troops in excess of its ijuotas under previ- ous calls. Unless this number of volunteers was raised by September 1, a draft would be ordered. The tax was a severe one, inasmuch as it would fall chiefly upon the ])rosperous citizens, the float- ing population, the idle and the extremely poor having already followed the army's march, either as soldiers or as camp-followers. But recruiting w;is actively carried on, and. aided by liberal bounties in many of the counties, in less than a fortnight the 52,000 new troops were secured, the volunteers coming largelj' from the substantial classes — agricultural, mercantile, artisan and professional. By the end of December, fifty-nine regiments and four batteries had been dispatched to the front, besides a considerable number to fill up regiments already in the field, which had .suf- fered severely from battle, exposure and disease. At this time. Illinois had an aggregate of over 135,000 enlisted men in the field. The issue of President Lincoln's preliminary proclamation of emancipation, in September, 1862, was met tiy a storm of hostile criticism from his political opponents, who — aided by the absence of so large a proportion of the loyal population of the State in the field — were able to carry the elec- tions of that year. Consequently, when the Twenty-third General As.sembly convened in regular session at Springfield, on Jan. 5, 1863, a large majority of that body was not only opposed to both the National and State administrations, but avowedly opposed to the further prosecution of the war under the existing policy. The Leg- islature reconvened in June, but was prorogued by Governor Yates Between Oct. 1, 1863, and July 1, 1864. 16.000 veterans re-enlisted and 37.000 new volunteers were enrolled; and, by the date la.st mentioned, Illinois had furnished to the Union army 244,496 men, being 14,596 in ex- cess of the allotted quotas, constituting fifteen per cent of the entire population. These were comprised in 151 regiments of infantry, 17 of cavalry and two complete regiments of artillery, besides twelve independent batteries. The total losses of Illinois organizations, during the war, has been reported at 34,834, of which 5,874 were killed in battle, 4,020 died from wounds, 22,786 from disease and 2,154 from other causes — being a total of thirteen per cent of the entire force of the State in the service. The part which Illinois played in the contest was conspicuous for patriot- ism, promptness in response to every call, and the bravery and efliciency of its troops in the field — reflecting honor upon the State and its his- tory. Nor were its loyal citizens — who, while staying at home, furnished moral and material support to the men at the front — less worthy of praise than those who volunteered. By uphold- ing the Government — National and State — and by their zeal and energy' in collecting and sending forward immense quantities of supplies — surgical, medical and other — often at no little sacrifice, they contributed much to the success of the Union arms. (See also Cariqi Douglas; Camp Douglas Conspiraey; Secret Treasonable Soci- eties.) WAR OF THE REBELLION (Uistory ofIlli NOis Regiments). The following is a list of the various militarj- organizations mustered into the service during the Civil War (1861-65), with the terms of service and a summar}' of the more important events in the history of each, while in the field ; Seventh Inf.\ntry. Illinois having sent six regiments to the Jlexican War, by courtesy the numbering of the regiments which took part in the war for the Union began with number Seven. A number of regiments which responded to the first call of the President, claimed the right to be recognized as the first regiment in the field, but the honor was finally accorded to that organized at Springfield by Col. John Cook, and hence his regiment was numbered Seventh. It was mustereil into the service, April 25, 1861. and remained at Mound City during the three months' service, the jjeriod of its first enlistment. It was subsequentl}' reorganized and mustered for the three years' service, July 25, 1861, and was engaged in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Cherokee, Allatoona Pa.ss, Salkahatchie Swamp, Bentonville and Columbia. The regi- ment re-enlisted as veterans at Pulaski, Tenn., 552 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Dec. 23, 1863; was mustered out at Louisville, July 9, 1865, and paid off and discharged at Springfield, July 11. Eighth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in for three montVis" service, April 26, 1861, Richard J. Oglesby of Decatur, being ■ appointed Colonel. It remained at Cairo during its term of service, when it was mustered out. July 2.5, 1861, it was reorganized and mustered in for three years' service. It participated in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Port Gibson, Thompson Hill, Raymond, Cliampion Hill, Vicks- burg, Brownsville, and Sijanish Fort ; re-enlisted as veterans, March 24, 1864 ; was mustered out at Baton Rouge, May 4, 1866, paid otf and dis- charged, May VS, having served five j'ears. Ninth Infantry. Mustered into the service at Springfield, April 26, 1861, for the term of three months, under Col. Eleazer A. Paine. It was reorganized at Cairo, in August, for three years, being composed of companies from St. Clair, Madison, Montgomery, Pulaski, Alexander and Mercer Counties ; was engaged at Fort Donel- son, Shiloh, Jackson (Tenn.), Meed Creek Swamps, Salem, Wyatt, Florence, Montezuma, Athens and Grenada. Tlie regiment was mounted, March 15, 1863, and so continued during the remainder of its service. Mustered out at Louis- ville, July 9, 1865. Tenth Infantry. Organized and mustered into the service for three months, on April 29, 1861, at Cairo, and on July 29, 1861, was mustered into the service for three years, with Col. James D. Morgan in command. It was engaged at Sj'keston, New Madrid, Corinth, Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, Kenesaw, Cliattahoochie, Savannah and Bentonville. Re- enlisted as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864, and mustered out of service, July 4, 1865. at Louisville, and received final discharge and pay, July 11, 1865, at Chicago. Eleventh Infantry. Organized at Spring- field and mustered into service, April 30, 1861. for three months. July 30, the regiment was mustered out, and re-enlisted for three years' .service. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh. Corinth, Tallahatchie, Vicksburg, Liver- pool Heights, Yazoo City, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely. W. H. L. Wallace, afterwards Brigadier-General and killed at Shiloh, was its first Colonel. Mustered out of service, at Baton Rouge, July 14, 1865 ; paid off and discharged at Springfield. Twelfth Infantry. Mustered into service for three years, August 1, 1861 ; was engaged at Columbus, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Lay's Ferry, Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesaw, Nickajack Creek, Bald Knob, Decatur, Ezra Cliurch, Atlanta, Allatoona and Goldsboro. On Jan. 16, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veter- ans. John McArthur was its first Colonel, suc- ceeded by Augustus L. Chetlain, both being promoted to Brigadier-Generalships. Mustered out of service at Louisville, Ky., July 10, 1865, and received final pay and discharge, at Spring- field, July 18. Thirteenth Infantry. One of the regiments organized under the act known as the "Ten Regi- ment Bill" ; was mustered into service on May 24, 1861, for three years, at Dixon, with John B. Wyman as Colonel; was engaged at Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Jackson, Mis- sionary Ridge, Rossville and Ringgold Gap. Mustered out at Springfield, June 18, 1864, hav- ing served three years and two months. Fourteenth Infantry. One of the regiments raised under the "Ten Regiment Bill," which anticipated the requirements of the General Government by organizing, equipping and dril- ling a regiment in each Congressional District in the State for thirty days, unless sooner required for service by the United States. It was mustered in at Jacksonville for three years. May 25, 1861, under command of John M. Palmer as its first Colonel; was engaged at Shiloh, Corinth, Meta- mora, Vicksburg, Jackson, Fort Beauregard and Meridian; consolidated with tlie Fifteenth Infan- try, as a veteran battalion (both regiments hav- ing enlisted as veterans), on July 1, 1864. In October, 1864, the major part of the battalion was captured by General Hood and sent to Andersonville. The remainder participated in the "March to the Sea," and through the cam- paign in the CaroUnas. In the spring of 1865 the battalion organization was discontinued, both regiments having been filled up by recruits. The regiment was mustered out at Fort Leaven- worth, Kan., .Sept. 16, 1865; and arrived at Springfield, 111., Sept. 22, 2865, where it received final payment and discharge. The aggregate number of men who belonged to this organization was 1,980, and the aggregate mustered out at Fort Leavenworth, 480. During its four years and four months of service, the regiment marched 4,490 miles, traveled by rail, 2,330 miles, and, by river, 4,490 miles— making an aggregate of 11,670 miles. Fifteenth Infantry. Raised under the "Ten Regiment Act," in the (then) First Congressional District; was organized at Freeport, and mus- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 553 tered into seiTice, Maj' 24. 1.%1. It was engaged at Sedalia, Shiloh, Corinth, Metaniora Hill, Vicksburg, Fort Beauregard, Champion Hill, Allatoona and Bentonville. In March. 18G4, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, in July, 1864, was consolidated with the Fourteenth Infan- try as a Veteran Battalion. At Big Shanty and Ackworth a large portion of the battalion was captured by General Hood. At Raleigli the Veteran Battalion was discontinued and the Fifteenth reorganized. From July 1. to Sept. 1, 18G.5, the regiment was stationed at Forts Leaven- worth and Kearney. Having been mustered out at Fort Leavenworth, it was sent to Springfield for final payment and discharge — having served four years and four months. Miles marched, 4,299; miles by rail, 2.403, miles by steamer, 4,310; men enlisted from date of organization, 1,963; strength at date of muster-out, 640. Sixteenth Infaxtrv. Organized and mus- tered into service at Quincy under the "Ten-Regi- ment Act," May 24, 1861. The regiment was engaged at New Madrid, Tiptonville, Corinth, Buzzards' Roost, Resaca, Rome, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Chattahoochie River, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Savannah. Columbia, Fayetteville, Averysboro and Bentonville. In December, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans; was mustered out at Louisville. Ky. , July 8, 1805, after a term of service of four years and three months, and, a week later, arrived at Spring- field, where it received its final pay and discharge papers. Seventeenth Infantry. Mustered into the service at Peoria, 111., on May 24, 1861; was engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.), Greenfield (Ark.), Sliiloli, Corinth, Hatchie and Vicksburg. In Jlay, 1864. the term of enlistment having expired, the regiment was ordered to Springfield for pay and discharge. Those men and officers who re-enlisted, and those whose term had not expired, were consolidated with the Eighth Infan- try, which was mustered out in the spring of 1866. Eighteenth Infantry. Organized under the provisions of the "Ten Regiment Bill," at Anna, and mustered into the service on May 28, 1861, the term of enlistment being for three yeiirs. The regiment participated in the capture of Fort McHenry, and was actively engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth. It was mustered out at Little Rock, Dec. 16, 1865, and Dec. 31, thereafter, arrived at Springfield, IlL, for pay- ment and discharge. The aggregate enlistments in the regiment, from its organization to date of discharge (rank and file), numbered 2.043. Nineteenth Infantry. Mustered into the United States service for three years, June 17, 1861, at Chicago, embracing four companies which had been accepted under the call for three months' men; participated in the battle of Stone River and in the Tullahoma and Chatta- nooga campaigns; was also engaged at Davis' Cross Roads, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge and Resaca. It was mustered out of service on July 9, 1864, at Chicago. Originally consisting of nearly 1,000 men, besides a large number of recruits received during the war, its strength at the final muster-out was less than 300. Twentieth Infantry, Organized, May 14, 1861, at Joliet, and June 13, 1801, and mustered into the service for a term of three years. It participated in the following engagements, bat- tles, sieges, etc.: Fredericktown (Mo.), Fort Donelson. Sliiloh, Corinth, Thomp.son's Planta- tion, Champion Hills, Big Black River, Vicks- burg, Kone.saw Mountain and Atlanta. After marching through the Carolinas, the regiment was finally ordered to Louisville, where it was nuLstered out, July 16, 1865, receiving its final discharge at Chicago, on July 24. Twenty-first Infantry. Organized vmder the "Ten Regiment Bill," from the (then) Sev- enth Congressional District, at Mattoon, and mustered into service for three years, June 28, 1861. Its first Colonel was U. S. Grant, who was in command until August 7, when he was com- missioned Brigadier-General. It was engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.), Corinth, Perry ville, Mur- freesboro, Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Chattanooga, in February, 1864. From Juno, 1864, to December, 1865, it was on duty in Texas. Mustered out at San Antonio, Duo. 16, 1865, and i)aid off and discharged at Springfield, .Ian. 18, 1866. Twenty-second Inf.\ntey. Organized at Belleville, and mastered into service, for three years, at Caseyville, 111., June 25, 1861; was engaged at Belmont, Charleston (Mo.), Sikestown, Tiptonville, Farmington, Corinth, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionarj- Ridge, Resaca, New Hope Church, and all the battles of the Atlanta campaign, except Rocky Face Ridge. It was mustered out at Springfield, July 7, 1864, the vet- erans and recruits, whose term of service had not expired, being consolidated with the Forty-second Regiment Illinois Infantry Volunteers. Twenty-third Infantry. The organization of the Twenty-third Infantry Volunteers com- menced, at Chicago, under the popular name of 554 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the "Irish Brigade," immediately upon tlie opening of hostilities at Sumter. The formal muster of the regiment, under the command of Col. James A. Mulligan, was made, June 15, 1861, at Chicago, when it was occupying barracks known as Kane's brewery near the river on West Polk Street. It was early ordered to North- ern Missouri, and was doing gari'ison duty at Lexington, when, in September, 1861, it surren- dered with the rest of the gan-ison, to the forces under the rebel General Price, and was paroled. From Oct. 8, 1861, to June 14, 1862. it was detailed to guard prisoners at Camp Douglas. Thereafter it participated in engagements in the Virginias, as follows: at South Fork, Greenland Gap, Phi- lippi, Hedgeville, Leetown, Maryland Heights, Snicker's Gap, Kernstown, Cedar Creek, Win- chester, Charlestown, Berryville, Opequan Creek, Fisher's Hill, Harrisonburg, Hatcher's Run and Petersburg. It also took part in the siege of Richmond and the pursuit of Lee, being present at the surrender at Appomattox. In January and February, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Greenland Gap, W. Va. In August, 1864, the ten companies of the Regiment, then numbering 440, were consolidated into five com- panies and designated, "Battalion, Twenty-third Regiment, lUiuois Veteran Volunteer Infantry." The regiment was thanked by Congress for its part at Lexington, and was authorized to inscribe Lexington upon its colors. (See also Mulligan, James A.) Twenty-fourth Infantry, (known as the First Hecker Regiment). Organized at Chicago, with two companies — to-wit: the Union Cadets and the Lincoln Rifles — from the three months' service, in June. 1861, and mustered in, July 8, 1861. It participated in the battles of Perry ville, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain and other engagements in the Atlanta campaign. It was mustered out of service at Chicago, August 6, 1864. A fraction of the regi- ment, which had been recruited in the field, and whose term of service had not expired at the date of muster-out, was organized into one company and attached to the Third Brigade, First Divi- sion, Fourteenth Army Corps, and mustered out at Camp Butler, August 1, 1865. Twenty-fifth Infantry. Organized from the counties of Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Vermil- ion, Douglas, Coles, Champaign and Edgar, and mustered into service at St. Louis, August 4, 1861. It participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, in the siege of Corinth, the battle of Kenesaw Moun- tain, the siege of Atlanta, and innumerable skir- mishes ; was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 5, 1864. During its three years' .service the regi- ment traveled 4,962 miles, of which 3,252 were on foot, the remainder by steamboat and railroad. Twenty'-sixth Infantry'. Mustered into serv- ice, consisting of seven companies, at Springfield, August 31, 1861. On Jan. 1, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans. It was authorized by the commanding General to inscribe upon its ban- ners "New Madrid'' ; "Island No. 10;" "Farming- ton;" "Siege of Corinth;" "luka;" "Corinth— 3d and 4th, 1862;" "Resaca;" "Kenesaw;" "Ezra Church;" "Atlanta;" "Jonesboro;" "Griswold- ville;" "McAllister;" "Savannah;" "Columbia," and "Bentonville." It was mustered out at Louisville, July 20, 1865, and paid ofT and discharged, at Springfield, July 28 — the regiment having marched, during its four years of service, 6,931 miles, and fought twenty -eight hard battles, besides innumerable skirmishes. Twenty-seventh Infantry". First organized, with only seven companies, at Springfield, August 10, 1861, and organization completed by the addition of three more companies, at Cairo, on September 1. It took part in the battle of Bel- mont, the siege of Island No. 10, and the battles of Farmington, Nashville, Murfreesboro, Chicka- mauga, Jlissionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Calhoun, Adairsville, Dallas, Pine Top Mountain and Kenesaw Mountain, as well as in the investment of Atlanta; was relieved from duty, August 25, 1864, while at the front, and mustered out at Springfield, September 20. Its veterans, with the recruits whose term of serv- ice had not expired, were consolidated with the Ninth Infantry. Twent\"-eighth Infantry. Composed of companies from Pike. Fulton, Schuyler, Mason, Scott and Menard Counties; was organized at Springfield, August 15, 1861, and mustered into service for three years. It participated in the battles of Shiloh and Metamora, the siege of Vicksburg and the battles of Jackson, Mississippi, and Fort Beauregard, and in the capture of Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile. From June, 1864, to March, 1866, it was stationed in Texas, and was mustered out at Brownsville, in that State, IMarch 15, 1866, having served four years and seven months. It was discharged, at Springfield, May 13, 1866. Twenty'-ninth Infantry. Mustered into serv- ice at Springfield, August 19, 1861, and was engaged at Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the sieges of Corinth, Vicksburg and Mobile. Eight HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 555 companies were detailed for duty at Holly Springs, and were there captured by General Van Dorn, in December, 18(53, but were exchanged, six months later. In January, 1864, tlie regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, from June, 18()4, to November, 1865, was on duty in Texas. It was mustered out of service in that State, Nov. 6, 186"), and received final discharge on November 28. TiiiiiTiETii Inf.\ntry. Organized at Spring- field, August 28, 18G1 ; was engaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, the siege of Corinth, Medan Station, Raymond, Champion Hills, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, Big Slianty, Atlanta, Savannah, Pocotaligo, Orangeburg, Columbia, Cheraw, and Fayetteville ; mustered out, July 17, 186.'), and received final payment and discharge at Springfield, July 27, ISOj. Thirty-first Infantry. Organized at Cairo, and there mustered into service on Sept. 18, 1861 ; was engaged at Belmont, Fort DoneLson, Shiloh, in the two expeditions against Vicks- burg, at Thompson's Hill, Ingram Heights, Ray- mond, Jackson, Champion Hill, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Lovejoy Station and Jonesboro; also participated in the "March to the Sea" and took part in the battles and skir- mishes at Columbia, Clieraw, Fayetteville and Bentonville. A majority of the regiment re- enlisted as veterans in March, 18(i4. It was mustered out at Louisville, July 19, 1865, and finalh' discharged at Springfield, July 2:S. Thirty-second Inf.\ntry. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, Dec. 31, 1861. By special authority from the War Depart- ment, it originally consisted of ten companies of infantry, one of cavalry, and a battery. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the sieges of Corinth and Vicksburg, and in the battles of La Grange, Grand Junction, Metamora. Harrison- burg, Kenesaw Mountain, Xickajack Creek, AUatoona, Savannah, Columbia, Clieraw and Bentonville. In January, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, in June, 1865, was ordered to Fort Leavenworth. Mustered out there, Sept. 16, 1865, and finally discharged at Springfield. Thirty-third Inf.vntry. Organized and mus- tered into service at Springfield in September, 1861; was engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.). Port Gibson. Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, the assault and siege of Vicksburg. siege of Jackson, Fort Esperanza, and in the expedition against Mobile. The regiment veteranized at Vicksburg. Jan. 1, 1864 : was mustered out, at the same point, Nov. 24, 1865, and finally discharged at Spring- field. Dec. 6 and 7, 1865. The aggregate enroll- ment of the regiment was between 1,900 and 2,000. Thirty-fourth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, Sept. 7, 1861 , was engaged at Shiloh, Corinth. ]Murfreesboro, Rocky Face Ridge, Re- saca, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Jonesboro, and, after participating in tlie "March to the Sea" and through the Carolinas, took part in the battle of Bentonville. After the surrender of Johnston, the regiment went with Sherman's Arm}' to Washington, D. C, and took part in the grand review. May 24, 1865; left Washington, June 12, and arrived at Louisville, Ky., June 18, where it was mustered out, on July 12; was dis- charged and paid at Chicago, July 17, 1865. Thirty-fifth Infantry. Organized at De- catur on July 3, 1861, and its services tendered to the President, being accepted by the Secretary of War as "Col. G. A. Smith's Independent Regi- ment of Illinois Volunteers," on July 23, and mustered into service at St. Louis, August 13. It was engaged at Pea Ridge and in the siege of Corinth, also participated in the battles of Perry- ville. Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Dallas and Kenesaw. Its final muster-out took place at Springfield, Sept. 27, 1864. the regiment having marched (exclusive of railroad and steamboat transportation) 3.056 miles. Thirty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Camp Hammond, near Aurora, III., and mustered into service, Sept. 23, 1861, for a term of three years. The regiment, at its organization, numbered 965 officers and enlisted men, and had two companies of Cavalry ("A" and "B"), 186 officers and men. It was engaged at Leetown, Pea Ridge, Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga. the siege of Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge. Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Jones- boro, Franklin and Nashville. Mustered out, Oct. 8, 1865, and disbanded, at Springfield, Oct. 27, having marched and been transported, during its term of service, more tlian 10,000 miles. Thirty-seventh Infantry. Familiarly known as "Fremont Rifles"; organized in August, 1801, and mustered into service, Sept. 18. The regi- ment was presented with battle-flags by the Chi- cago Board of Trade. It participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Neosho, Prairie Grove and Chalk Bluffs, the siege of Vicksburg, and in the battles of Yazoo City and Morgan's Bend. In October. 1863, it was ordered to the defense of the frontier along the Rio Grande; re-enliated aa 550 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Teterans in Februan', 1804; took part in the siege and storming of Fort Blakely and tlie cap- ture of Mobile; from July, 18G5, to May, 1866, was again on duty in Texas ; was mustered out at Houston, May 15, 18G6, and finally discliarged at Springfield, May 31, having traveled .some 17,000 miles, of which nearly 3,300 were by inarching. Thirty-eighth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, in September, 1861. The regiment was engaged in the battles of Fredericktown, Perryville, Knob Gap, Stone River, Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Pine Top, Kenesaw Jlountain, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville; re-enlisted as veterans in February, 1804; from June to December, 1865, was on duty in Louisi- ana and Texas; was mustered out at Victoria, Texas, Dec. 31, 1865, and received final discharge at Springfield. Thirty-ninth Infantry. The organization of tliis Regiment was commenced as soon as the news of the firing on Fort Sumter reached Chi- cago. General Tliomas O. Osborne was one of its contemplated field ofl5cers, and labored zealously to get it accepted under the first call for troops, but did not accomplish his object. The regiment had already assumed the name of the "Yates Phalanx" in honor of Governor Yates. It was accepted by the War Department on the day succeeding tlie first Bull Run disaster (July 22, 1861), and Austin Light, of Chicago, was appointed Colonel. Under his direction the organization was completed, and the regiment left Camp Mather, Chicago, on the morning of Oct. 18, 1861. It par- ticipated in the battles of Winchester, JIalvern Hill (the second), Morris Island, Fort Wagner, Drury's Bluff, and in numerous engagements before Petersburg and Richmond, including the capture of Fort Gregg, and was present at Lee's surrender at Appomattox. In the meantime the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Hilton Head, S. C, in September, 1863. It was mustered out at Norfolk, Dec. 6, 1865, and received final dis- charge at Cliicago, December 16. Fortieth Infantry. Enlisted from the coun- ties of Franklin, Hamilton, Wayne, White, Wabash, Marion, Clay and Fayette, and mustered into service for three years at Springfield, August 10, 1861. It was engaged at Shiloh, in the siege of Corinth, at Jackson (Miss. ) , in the siege of Vicksburg, at Mi.ssionary Ridge, New Hope Church, Black Jack Knob, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Ezra Chapel, Gris- woldville, siege of Savannah, Columbia (.S. C), and Bentonville. It re-enlisted, as veterans, at Scottsboro, Ala., Jan. 1, 1864, and was mustered out at Louisville, July 24, 1865, receiving final discharge at Springfield. Forty-first Infantry'. Organized at Decatur during July and August, 1861, and was mustered into service, August 5. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, the second battle of Corinth, the siege of Vicksburg and Jackson, in the Red River campaign, at Guntown, Kenesaw Mountain and Allatoona, and partici- pated in the "March to the Sea." It re-enlisted, as veterans, March 17, 1864, at Vicksburg, and was consolidated with the Fifty-third Infantry, Jan. 4, 1865, forming Companies G and H. Forty-second Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, July 22, 1861 ; was engaged at Island No. 10, the siege of Corinth, battles of Farmington, Columbia (Tenn.), was besieged at Nashville, engaged at Stone River, in the TuUahoma cam- paign, at Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, Pine and Kenesaw Mountains, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. It re- enlisted, as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864; was stationed in Texas from July to December, 1865; was mus- tered out at Indianola, in that State, Dec. 16, 1865, and finally discharged, at Springfield, Jan. 12, 1866. Forty-third Infantry. Organized at Spring- field in September, 1861, and mustered into service on Oct. 12. The regiment took part in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh and in the campaigns in West Tennessee, Mississippi and Arkan.sas; was mustered out at Little Rock, Nov. 30, 1865, and returned to Springfield for final pay and discharge, Dec. 14, 1865. Forty'-fourth Infantry'. Organized in Au- gust, 1861, at Chicago, and mustered into service, Sept. 13, 1861 ; was engaged at Pea Ridge, Perryville, Stone River, Hoover's Gap, Shelby- ville, Tullahoma, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, Adairsville, Dallas, New Hope Church, Kene- saw Mountain, Gulp's Farm, Chattahoochie River, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans in Tennessee, in January, 1864. From June to September, 1865, it was stationed in Louisiana and Texas, was mustered out at Port Lavaca, Sept. 25, 1865, and received final discharge, at Springfield, three weeks later. Forty-fifth Infantry. Originally called the "Washburne Lead Mine Regiment"; was organized at Galena, July 23, 1861, and mustered HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 557 into service at Chicago, Dec. 25, 18G1. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Sliiloli, the siege of Corinth, battle of Mecian, the campaign against Vicksburg, the Jleridian raid, the Atlanta cam- paign, the "March to the Sea," and tlie advance througli tlio Carolinas. Tlio regiment veteran- ized in January, 18G4; was mustered out of serv- ice at Louisville, Ky., July 12, 18G.5, and arrived in Chicago, July 15, 186,5, for final pay and dis- charge. Distance marched in four years, 1.750 miles. Forty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Spring- field, Dec. 28, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donel- son, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, battle of Metamora, siege of Vicksburg (where five com- ixinies of the regiment were captured), in the reduction of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakeley, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered in as a veteran regiment, Jan. 4, 1864. From Maj', 1865, to January, 1866, it was on dut)' in Louisi- ana ; was mustered out at Baton Rouge, Jan. 20, 1866, and, on Feb. 1, 1866, finally paid and dis- charged at Springfield. Forty-skventh Inf.\nthy. Organized and mu.stered into service at Peoria, III., on August 16, 1861. The regiment took part in tlie expe- dition against New Madrid and Island No. 10; also participated in tlie battles of Farmington, luka, the second battle of Corintli, the capture of Jackson, the siege of Vicksburg, the Red River expedition and the battle of Pleasant Hill, and in the struggle at Lake Chicot. It was ordered to Chicago to assist in tiuelling an antici- pated riot, in 1864. but, returning to the front, took part in the reduction of Spanish Fort and the capture of Mobile ; was mustered out. Jan. 21, 1866, at Selma, Ala., and ordered to Spring- field, where it received final pay and discharge. Those members of the regiment who did not re-en- list as veterans were mustered out, Oct. 11, 1864. Forty-f.iohth Infantry'. Organized at Spring- field, Sei)tember, 1801, and participated in battles and sieges as follows: Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth (siege of), Vicksburg (first expedition against). Missionary Ridge, as well as in the Atlanta campaign and the "March to the Sea." The regiment re-enlisted as veter- ans, at Scottsboro. Ala., Jan. 1, 1864; was mus- tered out, August 15, 1865, at Little Rock, Ark., and ordered to Springfield for final discharge, arriving, August 21, 1805. The distance marchey the rebel General Van Dorn, where the regimental records were destroyed. The regiment took part in forcing the evacuation of Little Rock: re-enlisted, as veterans. Jan. 9, 18G4; was mustered out at Little Rock, Mai'ch G, 1866, and ordei'ed to Springfield for final paj-ment and discharge. SiXTY-THlKD LvFANTKY. Organized at Anna, in DecemV)er. 1861, and mustered into service, April 10, 18G2. It participated in the first invest- ment of Vicksburg, the capture of Richmond Hill, La., and in the battle of Missionary Ridge. On Jan. 1, 18G4, 272 men re-enlisted as veterans. It took i)art in the capture of Savannah and in Sherman's march througli tlie Carolinas. partici- pating in its important battles and skirmishes; was mustered out at Louisville. July 13, 186.5, reaching Springfield, July 16. The total distance traveled was 6,453 miles, of which 2,250 was on the march. SiXTY-FOURTU INFANTRY. Organized at Spring- field, December. 1861, as the "First Battalion of Yates Sharp Sliooters. " The last company was mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861. The regiment was engaged at New Madrid, the siege of Corinth, Chambers' Creek, the second battla of Corinth, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Decatur, the siege of Atlanta, the investment of Savannah and the battle of Bentonville; re-enlisted as veterans, in January, 1864 ; was mustered out at Louisville, July 11, 1865, and finally discharged, at Chicago, July 18. Sixty-fifth Infantry. Originally known as the "Scotch Regiment"; was organized at Chi- cago, and mustered in, May 1, 1862. It was cap- tured and paroled at Harjier's Ferry, and ordered to Chicago: was e.\changed in April, 1863; took part in Burnside's defense of Knoxville; re-en- listed as veterans in March, 1864, and participated in the Atlanta campaign and the "March to the Sea." It was engaged in battles at Columbia (Tenn.), Franklin and Nashville, and later, near Federal Point and Suiithtown, N. C, being mus- tered out, July 13, 1865, and receiving final pay- ment and discharge at Chicago, July 2G, 1865. Sixty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Benton Barracks, near St. Louis, Mo., during September and October, 18G1 — being designed as a regiment of "\Ve.stcrn Sharpshooters" from Illinois, Mis- souri, Wisconsin, Iowa, Jlinncsota, Indiana and Ohio. It was mustered in, Nov. 23, 1861, was engaged at Mount Zion (Mo.), Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, luka, the second battle of Corinth, in the Atlanta campaign, the "March to the Sea" and the campaign through the Carolinas. The regiment was variously known as the Fourteenth Missouri Volunteers, Birge's Western Sharpshooters, and tlie Sixty- sixth I'Unois Infantry. The latter (and final) name was conferred by the Secretary of War, Nov. 20, 1862. It re-enlisted (for ' the veteran service), in December, 1863, was mustered out at Camp Logan, Ky., Julj- 7, 1865, and paid off and discharged at Springfield, July 15. Sixty-seventh Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, June 13, 1862, for three months' service, in response to an urgent call for the defense of Washington. The Sixty -seventh, by doing guard duty at the camps at Chicago and Springfield, relieved the veterans, who were sent to the front. SiXTY-ElGHTH INFANTRY. Enlisted in response to a call made bj- the Governor, early in the sum- mer of 1862, for State troops to serve for three months as State Militia, and was mustered in early in June, 1862. It was afterwards nmstered into the United States service as Illinois Volun- teers, by petition of the men, and received marching orders, Julj' .5, 1862; mustered out, at Springfield. Sept. 26, 1862 — many of the men re- enlisting in other regiments. Sixty-ninth Infantry. Organized at Camp Douglas, Chicago, and mustered into service for three months, June 14, 1862. It remained on duty at Camp Douglas, guarding the camp and rebel prisoners. Seventieth Infantry. Organized at Camp Butler, near Springfield, and mustered in, July 4, 1862. It remained at Camp Butler doing guard duty. Its term of service was three months. Seventy-first Infantry. JIustered into serv- ice, July 26, 1862, at Chicago, for three months. Its service was confined to garrison duty in Illi- nois and Kentucky, being musterea out at Chi- cago, Oct. 29, 1862. 560 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Seventy-second Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, as the First Regiment of the Chicago Board of Trade, and mustered into service for three years, Augast 23, 1863. It was engaged at Cham- pion Hill, Vicksburg. Natchez, Franklin, Nash- ville, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely; mustered out of service, at Vicksburg, August 6, 1865, and discliarged at Chicago. Seventy-thied Infantry. Recruited from the counties of Adams, Chamijaign, Christian, Hancock, Jackson, Logan, Piatt, Pike, Sanga- mon, Tazewell and Vermilion, and mustered into service at Springfield, August 21, 1862, 900 strong. It participated in the battles of Stone River, Perryville, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, Burnt Hickory, Pine and Lost Mountains, New Hojie Church. Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Spring Hill. Frank- lin and Nashville : was mustered out at Nashville, June 12, 1865, and, a few days later, "vent to Springfield to receive pay and final discharge. Seventy-focrth Infantry. Organized at Rockford, in August, 1862, and mu.stered into service September 4. It was recruited from Win- nebago, Ogle and Stephenson Counties. This regi- ment was engaged at Perryville, Murfreesboro and Nolansville, took part in the Tullahoma campaign, and the battles of Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Tunnel Hill, and Rocky Face Ridge, the siege of Atlanta, and the battles of Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. It was mustered out at Nashville, June 10, 1865, with 343 officers and men, the aggregate number enrolled having been 1,001. Seventy-fifth Infantry. Organized at Dixon, and mustered into service, Sept. 2, 1863. The regiment participated in the battles of Perry- ville, Nolansville, Stone River, Lookout Mountain, Dalton, Resaca, Marietta, Kenesaw, Franklin and Nashville: was mustered out at Nashville, June 12, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, July 1, following. Seventy'-sixth Infantry. Organized at Kan- kakee, 111., in August, 1862, and mustered into the service, August 22, 1862; took part in the siege of Vicksburg, the engagement at Jackson, the cam- paign against Meridian, the expedition to Yazoo City, and the capture of Mobile, was ordered to Texas in June, 1865, and mustered out at Galves- ton, July 23, 1865, being paid off and disbanded at Chicago, August 4, 1865 — having traveled 10,000 miles. Seventy-sevpntti Infantry'. Organized and mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1862, at Peoria; was engaged in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg (including the battle of Champion Hills), the capture of Jackson, the Red River expedition, and the bat- tles of Sabine Cross Roads and Pleasant Hill : the reduction of Forts Gaines and Morgan, and the capture of Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile. It was mustered out of service at Mobile, July 10, 1865, and ordered to Springfield for final pay- ment and discharge, where it arrived, July 22, 1865, having participated in sixteen battles and sieges. Seventy-eighth Infantry. Organized at Quincy, and mustered into service, Sept. 1, 1862; participated in the battles of Chickamauga, Mis- sionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro and Bentonville; was mustered out, June 7, 1865, and sent to Chicago, where it was paid off and dis- charged, June 13, 1865. Seventy-ninth Infantry. Organized at Mat- toon, in August, 1862, and mustered into service, August 28, 1863; participated in the battles of Stone River, Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Mis- sionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Kene- saw Mountain, Dallas, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy, Franklin and Nashville ; was mustered out. June 12, 1865; arrived at Camp Butler. June 15, and, on June 23, received final pay and discharge. Eightieth Infantry. Organized at Centralia, 111., in August, 1862, and mustered into service, August 25, 1863. It was engaged at Perryville, Dug's Gap, Sand Mountain and Blunt's Farm, surrendering to Forrest at the latter point. After being exchanged, it participated in the battles of Wauhatchie, Missionary Ridge, Dalton, Resaca, Adairsville, Cassville, Dallas, Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Marietta, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash- ville. The regiment traveled 6,000 miles and participated in more than twenty engagements. It was mustered out of service, June 10, 1865, and proceeded to Camp Butler for final pay and discharge. Eighty-first Infantry'. Recruited from the counties of Perry, Franklin, Williamson, Jack- son, Union, Pulaski and Alexander, and mustered into service at Anna, August 26, 1863. It partici- pated in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Champion Hill, Black River Bridge, and in the siege and capture of Vicksburg. Later, the regiment was engaged at Fort de Russey, Ale.xandria, Guntown and Nashville, besides assisting in the investment of Mobile. It was mustered out at Chicago, August 5, 1864. niSTORICAL EIS'CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 561 Eighty-second Infantry. Sometimes called the "Second Ilecker Kegimeiit." in honor of Col- onel Frederick Hecker, its first Colonel, and for merly Colonel of the Twenty-fourtli Illinois Infantry — being chiefly composed of German members of Chicago. It was organized at Spring- field, Sept. 2G, 1SG2. and mustered into service, Oct. 33, 1862; particiiiated in the battles of Fredericksburg, (iettysburg, Wauhatchie, Or- chard Knob, Missionary Ridge, Resacii, New Hope Church. Dallas, Marietta, Pine Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Bentonville; was mustered out of service, June 9, 186.5, and returned to Chicago, June 16 — having marched, during its time of service, 2,. 503 miles. EiGHTY-TlliKD INFANTRY. Organized at Mon- mouth in August, 1802, and mustered into serv- ice, August 21. It participated in repelling the rebel attack on Fort Donelson, and in numerous hard-fought skirmishes in Tennessee, but was chiefly engaged in the performance of heavy guard duty and in protecting lines of commimi- cation. The regiment was mustered out at Nash- ville, June 26. 1865, and finallj' paid oflf and discharged at Chicago, July 4, following. Eighty-fourth Infantry. Organized at Quincy, in August, 1862, and mustered into serv- ice, Sept. 1, 1862, with 939 men and officers. The regiment was autliorized to inscribe upon its battle-flag the names of Perryville, Stone River, Woodbury, Chickamauga, Lookout Moimtain, Missionary Ridge, Ringgold, Dalton, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Burnt Hickory, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Sm3T:na, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Sta- tion, Franklin, and Nashville. It was mustered out, June 8, 18G.5. Eighty-fifth Infantry. Organized at Peoria, about Sept. 1, 1862, and ordered to Louisville. It took part in the battles of Perrj-ville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Knoxville, Dalton, Rocky-Face Ridge, Resaca, Rome. Dallas, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta. Jonesboro, Savannah, Ben- tonville, Goldsboro and Raleigh; was mustered out at Washington, D. C. , June .5, 186.5. and sent to Springfield, wliere the regiment was paid off and discharged on the 20th of the same month. Eighty-sixth Infantry. Mustered into serv- ice, August 27, 1862, at Peoria, at which time it numbered 923 men, rank and file. It took part in the battles of PerryviUe, Chickamauga, Mis- sionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca. Rome, Dallas, Kwiesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Jonesboro, Averygboro and Bentonville; was mustered out on June 6, 1865, at Washington, D. C, arriving on June 11, at Cliicago, where, ten days later, the men received their pay and final discharge. Eighty-seventh Infantry. Enlisted in Au- gust, 1862; was composed of companies from Hamilton, Edwards, Wayne and White Counties ; was organized in tlie latter part of August, 1862. at Shawneetown ; mustered in, Oct. 3, 1862. the muster to take effect from August 2. It took part in the siege and capture of Warrenton and Jackson, and in the entire campaign tlirougli Louisiana and Southern Mississipi)i, participating in the battle of Sabine Cross Roails and in numer- ous skirmishes among the bayous, being mustered out, June 16, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, where it arrived, June 24, 1865, and was paid off and disbanded at Camp Butler, on July 2. EiQHTY-EiaHTH INFANTRY. Organized at Chi- cago, in September, 1862, and known as tlie "Second Board of Trade Regiment." It was mustered in, Sept. 4, 1802 ; was engaged at Perry- ville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, Pine Mountain, Mud Creek, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna Camp Ground, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Franklin and Nashville; was mustered out, June 9, 1805, at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, June 13, 1805, where it received final pay and discliarge, June 22, 1865. Eighty-ninth Infantry. Called the "Rail- road Regiment"; was organized by the railroad companies of Illinois, at Chicago, in August, 1802, and mustered into service on tlie 27th of that month. It fouglit at Stone River, Chicka- mauga, Missionary Ridge, Knoxville, Resaca, Rocky Face Ridge, Pickett's Mills, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy's Station, Spring Hill, Columbia. Frank- lin and Nashville; was mustered out, June 10, 1805, in the field near Nasliville, Tenn. ; arrived at Chicago two days later, and was finally dis- charged, June 24, after a service of two years, nine months and twenty -.seven days. Ninetieth Inf.vntry. Mustered into service at Chicago, Sept. 7, 1862; participated in the siege of Vicksburg and the campaign against Jackson, and was engaged at Missionary Ridge. liesaca, Dallas, New Hope Church. Big Shanty, Kene.saw Mountain, Marietta, Nickajack Creek, Rosswell, Atlanta, Jonesboro and Fort McAllister. After the review at Washington, the regiment was mustered out, June 6, and returned to Chicago, June 9, 1865, where it was finally discharged. Ninety-first Infantry. Organized at Camp Butler, near Springfield, in August. 1862, and 5G2 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. mustered in on Sept. 8, 1862; participated in the campaigns against Vicksburg and New Orleans, and all along the soutliwestern frontier in Louisiana and Texas, as well as in tlie investiture and capture of Slobile. It was mustered out at Mobile, Julj' 12, 1865, starting for liome tlie same day, and being finally paid off and discharged on July 28, following. Ninety-second Inf.^ntey (Mounted). Organ- ized and mustei'ed into service, Sept. 4, 1862, being recruited from Ogle, Stephenson and Car- roll Counties. During its term of service, the Ninety-second was in more than sixty battles and skirmishes, including Ringgold, Chickamauga, and the numerous engagements on the "March to the Sea," and during the pursuit of Johnston through the Carolinas. It was mustered out at Concord, N. C, and paid and discharged from the service at Chicago, July 10, 1865. Ninety-third Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, in September, 1862, and mustered in, Oct. VS. 998 strong. It participated in the movements against Jackson and Vicksburg, and was engaged at Champion Hills and at Fort Fisher; also was engaged in the battles of Missionary Ridge, Dallas, Resaca, and many minor engagements, following Sherman in his campaign though the Carolinas. Mustered out of service, June 23, 1865, and, on the 25th, arrived at Chicago, receiv- ing final payment and discliarge, July 7, 1865, the regiment liaving marched 2,551 miles, traveled by water, 2,296 miles, and, by railroad, 1,237 miles — total, 6,087 miles. Ninety-fourth Infantry. Organized at Bloomington in August, 1862, and enlisted wholly in McLean County. After some warm experi ence in Southwest Missouri, the regiment took part in the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and was, later, actively engaged in the campaigns in Louisiana and Texas. It participated in the cap- ture of Mobile, leading the final assault. After several months of garrison duty, the regiment was mustered out at Galveston, Texas, on July 17, 1865, reaching Bloomington on August 9, follow- ing, having served just three years, marched 1,200 miles, traveled by railroad 610 miles, and, by steamer, 6,000 miles, and taken part in nine bat- tles, sieges and skirmishes. Ninety-fifth Infantry. Organized at Rock- ford and mustered into .service, Sept. 4, 1862. It was recruited from the counties of McHenry and Boone — three companies from the latter and seven from the former. It took part in the cam- paigns in Northern Mississippi and against Vicks- burg, in the Red River expedition, the campaigns against Price in Missouri and Arkansas, against Jlobile and around Atlanta. Among the battles in which the regiment was engaged were those of the Tallahatchie River, Grand Gulf, Raymond, Champion Hills. Fort de Russey, Old River, Cloutierville, Mansura, Yellow Bayou, Guntown, Nashville, Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely, Kenesaw Mountain, Chattahoochie River, Atlanta, Ezra Church, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash- ville. The distance traveled by the regiment, while in the service, was 9,960 miles. It was transferred to the Forty-seventh Illinois Infan- try, August 25, 1865. Ninety-sixth Infantry". Recruited during the months of July and August, 1862, and mus- tered into service, as a regiment, Sept. 6, 1862. The battles engaged in included Fort Donelson, Spring Hill, Franklin, Triune, Liberty Gap, Shelbj'ville, Cliickamauga, Wauhatchie, Lookout Mountain, Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Kingston, New Hope Church, Dallas, Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna Camp Ground, Peach Tree Creek, xVtlanta, Rough and Ready, Jonesboro, Lovejoy's Station, Frank- lin and Nashville. Its date of final pay and dis- charge was June 30, 1865. Ninety-seventh Infantry. Organized in August and September, 1862, and mustered in on Sept. 16; participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bluffs, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River, Vicksburg, Jackson and IMobile. On July 29, 1865. it was mustered out and proceeded homeward, reaching Springfield, August 10, after an absence of three years, less a few days. Ninety-eighth Infantry. Organized at Cen- tralia, September, 1862, and mustered in, Sept. 3 ; took part in engagements at Chickamauga, Mc- Minnville, Farmington and Selma, besides many others of le.ss note. It was mustered out, June 27, 1865, the recruits being transferred to the Sixt3'-first Illinois Volunteers. The regiment arrived at Springfield, June 30, and received final payment and discharge, July 7, 1865. Ninety-ninth Infantry. Organized in Pike County and mustered in at Florence, August 23, 1862; participated in the following battles and skirmishes: Beaver Creek, Hartsville, Magnolia Hills, Raymond, Champion Hills, Black River, Vicksburg, Jackson, Fort Esperanza, Grand Coteau. Fish River, Simnish Fort and Blakely: days under fire, 62; miles traveled, 5,900; men killed in battle. 38 ; men died of wounds and disease, 149; men discharged for disability, 127: men deserted, 35; officers killed in battle, 3; HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 563 oflBcers died, 2; officers resigned, 20. The regi- ment was mustered out at Baton Rouge, July ;!1, 1865, and paid off aud discharged, August 9, following. One Hundredth Infantry. Organized at Joliet, in August, 18G2, and mustered iu, August 30. The entire regiment was recruited in Will County. It was engaged at Bardstown, Stone River, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, aud Naslivilie ; was mustered out of service, June 12, 186.5, at Nivsliville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, June 15, where it received liual paymeut and discharge. One Hundred and First Infantry. Organ- ized at Jacksonville during the latter part of the month of Augu.st, 1862, and, on Sept. 2, 1862, was mustered in. It participated in the battles of Wauhatchie, Chattanooga, Resjxca, New Hope Church, Kenesaw and Pine Mountains, Poach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboro and Beutonville. On Dec. 20, 1802, five companies were captured at Holly Springs, Miss., paroled and sent to Jefferson Barracks, Mo., and formally exchanged in June, 1863. On the 7th of June, 1865, it was mustered out, and started for Springfield, where, on tlie 21st of June, it wiis paid otT aud disbanded. One Hundred and Second Infantry. Organ- ized at Kuoxville, in August, 1802, and mustered in, September 1 aud 2. It was engaged at Res;ica, Camp Creek, Burnt Hickory, Big Shanty, Peach Tree Creek and Averysboro; mustered out of service June 0, 1865, and started home, arriving at Chicago on the 9th, and, June 14, received final payiiient and discharge. One Hundred and Third Inf.vntry. Re- cruited wholly in Fulton County, and mustered into the service, Oct. 2. 1862. It took part in the Grierson raid, the sieges of Vicksburg, Jack- son, Atlanta and Savannah, and the battles of Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca. Dal- las, Kenesaw Mountain and Griswoldsville ; was also in the campaign through the Carolinas. The regiment was mustered out at Louisville, June 21, and received liual discharge at Chi- cago, July 9, 1865. The original strength of the regiment was 808, and 84 recruits were enlisted. One Hundred and Fourth Infantry. Organ- ized at Ottawa, iu August, 1862, and composed almost entirely of La Salle County men. The i-egiment was engaged in the battles of Harts- ville, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Mission- ary Ridge. Resaca, Peach Tree Creek, Utoy Creek, Jonesboro and Bentonville, besides many severe skirmishes ; was mustered out at Washing- ton, D. C, June 6, 1865, and, a few days later, received final discharge at Chicago. One Hundred and Fifth Infantry. Mus- tered into service, Sept. 2, 1862, at Dixon, and participated in the Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca, Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta, and almost constantly skirmishing, also took part in the "Marcli to the Sea" and the campaign in the Carolinas, including the siege of Savannah and the battles of Averysboro and Bentonville. It was mustered out at Washing- ton, D. C, Jime 7, 1865, and paid off and dis- cliarged at Chicago, June 17. One Hundred and Sixth Infantry. Mus- tered into service at Lincoln, Sept. 18, 1862, eight of the ten companies having been recruited in Logan County, the other two being from San- gamon and Menard Counties. It aided in the defense of Jackson, Tenn., where Company "C" was captured and paroled, being exchanged in the summer of 1863; took part in the siege of Vicksburg, the Yazoo expedition, the capture of Little Rock, the battle of Clarendon, and per- formed service at various points in Arkansas. It was mustered out, July 12. 1865. at Pine Bluff, Ark , and arrived at Springfield, July 24, 1865, where it received final paj-ment and discharge One Hundred and Seventh Infantry. Mus- tered into service at Springfield, Sept. 4, 1802; was composed of six companies from DeWitt and four companies from Piatt County. It was engaged at Campbell's Station, Dandridge, Rocky-Face Ridge, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, -Vtlanta, Spring Hill, Franklin. Nashville and Fort Anderson, and mustered out, June 21, 1805, at Salisbury, N. C, reaching Springfield, for final payment and discharge, .Julj' 2, 1865. One Hundred and Eighth Infantry. Organ- ized at Peoria, and mustered into service, August 28. 1862; took part iu the first expedition against Vicksburg and in the battles of Arkansas Post (Fort llindman). Port Gibson and Champion Hills; in the capture of Vicksburg, the battle of Guntown, the reduction of Spanish Fort, and the capture of ilobile. It was mustered out at Vicks- burg. August 5. 1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, August 11. One Hundred and Ni.vth Infantry. Re- cruited from Union and Pulaski Counties and mustered into the service, Sept. 11, 1862. Owing to its number being greatly reduced, it was con- solidated with the Eleventh Infantry in April, 1863. (See Eleventh Infantry.) One Hundred and Tenth Infantry. Organ- ized at Anna and mustered in, Sept. 11, 1862; was 564 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. engaged at Stone Rirer, Woodbury, and in numerous skirmishes in Kentucky and Tennessee. In May, 1803, the regiment was consolidated, its numbers having been greatl3' reduced. Subse- quently it participated in the battles of Chicka- mauga and Missionary Ridge, the battles around Atlanta and the campaign through the Carolinas, being present at Johnston's surrender. The regi- ment was mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 5, 186.'), and received final discharge at Chicago, June 15. The enlisted men whose term of service had not expired at date of muster-out, were consolidated into four companies and trans- ferred to the Sixtieth Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry. One Hundred and Eleventh Infantry. Re- cruited from Marion, Clay, Washington, Clinton and Wayne Counties, and mustered into the serv- ice at Salem, Sept. 18, 1862. The regiment aided in the capture of Decatur, Ala. ; took part in the Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro ; partici- pated in the "March to the Sea" and the cam- paign in the Carolinas, taking part in the battles of Fort McAllister and Bentonville. It was mus- tered out at Washington, D. C, June 7, 1865, receiving final discharge at Springfield, June 27, having traveled 3,736 miles, of which 1,836 was on the march. One Hundred and Twelfth Infantry. Mus- tered into service at Peoria, Sept. 20 and 22, 1863; participated in the campaign in East Ten- nessee, under Burnside, and in that against Atlanta, under Sherman; was also engaged in the battles of Columbia, Franklin and Nashville, and the capture of Fort Ander.son and W^ilming- ton. It was mustered out at Goldsboro, N. C, June 30, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, July 7, 1865. One Hundred and Thirteenth Infantry. Left Camp Hancock (near Chicago) for the front, Nov. 6, 1862; was engaged in the Tallahatchie expedition, participated in the battle of Chicka- saw Bayou, and was sent North to guard prison- ers and recruit. The regiment also took part in the siege and capture of Vicksburg, was mustered out, June 30, 1865, and finally discharged at Chi- cago, five days later. One Hundred and Fourteenth Infantry. Organized in July and August, 1863, and mustered in at Springfield, Sept. 18, being recruited from Cass, Menard and Sangamon Counties. The regi- ment participated in the battle of Jackson fMiss. ), the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and in the battles of Guntown and Harrisville, the pursuit of Price through Missouri, the battle of Nash- ville, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Vicksburg. August 3, 1865, receiving final jiaymentand discharge at Springfield. August 15, 1865. One Hundred and Fifteenth Infantry. Ordered to the front from Springfield, Oct. 4, 1862 ; was engaged at Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge, Tunnel Hill, Resaca and in all the principal battles of the Atlanta campaign, and in the defense of Nashville and pursuit of Hood; was mustered out of service, June 11, 1865, and received final pay and discharge, June 33, 1865, at Springfield. One Hundred and Sixteenth Infantry. Recruited almost wholly from Macon County, numbering 980 officers and men when it started from Decatur for the front on Nov. 8, 1862. It participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Stone Mountain, Atlanta, Fort McAllister and Bentonville, and was mustered out, June 7, 1865, near Washington, D. C. One Hundred and Seventeenth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in, Sept. 19, 1862 ; participated in the Meridian campaign, the Red River expedition (assisting in the cap- ture of Fort de Russey), and in the battles of Pleasant Hill, Yellow Baj'ou, Tupelo, Franklin, Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely. It was mustered out at Springfield, August 5, 1865, having traveled 9,276 miles, 2,307 of which were marched. One Hundred and Eighteenth Infantry. Organized and mustered into the service at Springfield, Nov. 7, 1862; was engaged at Chicka- saw Blufl's, Arkansas Post. Port Gibson, Cham- pion Hills, Black River Bridge, Jackson (Miss.), Grand Coteau, Jackson (La.), and Amite River. The regiment was mounted, Oct. 11, 1863, and dismounted, May 23, 1865. Oct. 1, 1865, it was mustered out, and finally discharged, Oct.- 13. At the date of the muster-in, the regiment num- bered 820 men and officers, received 283 recruits, making a total of 1,103; at muster-out it num- bered .523. Distance marched, 3,000 miles; total distance traveled, 5,700 miles. One Hundred and Nineteenth Infantry. Organized at Quincy, in September, 1863, and was mustered into the United States service, October 10 ; was engaged in the Red River cam- paign and in the battles of Shreveport, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 565 Bl.ikely. Its final muster-out took place at Jlobile, August 26, 1865, and its discharge at Springfield. One Hundred and Twentiety Infantry. Mustered into the service.Oct. 28, 1862, at Spring- field ; was mustered out, Sept. 7, 1S65. and received final payment and disoliarge, September 10, at Springfield. One Hundred and Twenty-first Infan- try. (The organization of this regiment was not completed.) One Hundred and Twenty-second Infan- try. Organized at Carlinville, in August, 1862, and mustered into the service, Sept. 4, with 960 enlisted men. It participated in the battles of Tupelo and Nashville, and in the capture of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakeh-, and wa.s mustered out, July 15, 1865, at Mobile, and finally dis- charged at Springfield, August 4. One Hundred and Twenty-third Infan- try. Mu.stered into service at Mattoon, Sept. 6, 1862; participated in the battles of Perry ville, Milton, Hoover's Gap, and Farmington; also took part in the entire Atlanta campaign, marching as cavalry and fighting as infantry. Later, it served as mounted infantry in Kentuckj-, Tennes- see and Alabama, taking a prominent part in the capture of Selma. The regiment was discharged at Springfield, July 11, 1805 — the recruits, whose terms had not expired, being transferred to the Sixty-first Volunteer Infantry. One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Infan- try. Mustered into the service, Sept. 10, 1862, at Springfield ; took part in the Vicksburg campaign and in tlie battles of Port Gibson, R;iymonecame one of the founders of the town of America near the mouth of the Ohio; wa.s Repre- sentative in the Fourth and Eleventh General As.semblies, a Major in the Black Hawk War and Captain of volunteers and, afterwards, Colonel of regulars, in the Mexican War. In 1800 he went to Texas and served, for a time, in a semi-mili- tary capacity under the Confederate Govern- ment; returned to Illinois in 18G9, and died, at Makane tlie publisher until it was merged into "The Chicago Tribune," July 24, 1864. He also studied law, and was admitted to tlie Illinois bar in 1841. He served in Congress as a Demo- crat from 184:? to 1851, and again from 1853 to 1855, but left the Democratic party on the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. He was elected Mayor of Chicago in 1857, and again in 1860, during his incumbency introducing a number of important municijial reforms; was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and twice served on the Board of Education, lie again repre.sented Illinois in Congress as a Republican from 1865 to 1867 — making fourteen years of service in that tody. In 1872 he joined in the Greeley movement, but later renewed his alle- giance to the Republican party. In 187i rfr. Went- worth published an elaborate genealogical work in three volumes, entitled "History of the Went- worth Family." A volume of "Congressional Reminiscences" and two by him on "Early Chi- cago," publislied in connection with the Fergus Historical Series, contain some valuable informa- tion on early local and national history. On account of his extraordinary height lie received the sobriquet of "Long John," by whicli he was familiarly known throughout the State. Died, in Chicago. Oct. 16. 1888. WEST, Ednnrd M., merchant and banker, was born in Virginia, May 2, 1814; came with his father to Illinois in 1818; in 1829 became a clerk in tlie Recorder's office at Edwardsville, also served as deputy postmaster, and, in 1833. took a position in the United States Land Office there. Two years later he engaged in mercantile busi- ness, which he prosecuted over thirty years — meanwhile filling the office of County Treasurer, ex-officio Superintendent of Schools, and Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1847. In 1867, in conjunction with W. R. Prickett, he established a bank at Edwardsville, with whii;h he was con- nected until his death, Oct. 31, 1887. Mr. West officiated frequently as a "local preacher" of the Methodist Church, in which capacity he showed much ability as a public speaker. WEST, Mary Allen, educator and philanthro- pist, was born at Galesburg, 111., July 31, 1837; graduated at Knox Seminary in 1854 and taught until 1873, when she was elected County Super- intendent of Schools, serving nine years. She took an active and influential interest in educa- tional and reformatory movements, was for two years editor of "Our Home Monthlj'," in Phila- delphia, and also a contributor to other journals, besides being editor-in-chief of "The Union Sig- nal," Chicago, the organ of tlie AVoman's Chris- tian Temperance Union — in whicli slie held the position of President; was also President, in the latter days of her life, of the Illinois Woman's Press Association of Chicago, that city having become her home in 1885. In 1892. Miss West started on a tour of the world for the benefit of her health, but died at Tokio, Japan. Dec. 1, 1892. WESTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, an institution for the treatment of the insane, located at Watertown, Rock Island County, in accordance with an act of the General Assembly, approved. May 22. 1895. The Thirty-ninth Gen- eral Assembly made an ajiprojiriation of §100,000 for the erection of fire-proof buildings, while Rock Island County donated a tract of 400 acres 684 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of land valued at 340,000. The site selected by the Commissioners, is a commanding one overlooking the Mississippi River, eight miles above Rock Island, and five and a half miles from Moline, and the buildings are of the most modern style of con- struction. Watertown is reached by two lines of railroad — the Chicago, Slilwaukee & St. Paul and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy — besides the Mississippi River. The erection of buildings was begun in 1896, and they were opened for the reception of patients in 1898. They have a ca- pacity for 800 patients. WESTERN MILITARY ACADEMY, an insti tution located at Upper Alton, Madison County, incorporated in 1893; has a faculty of eight mem- bers and reports eighty pupils for 1897-98, with property valued at STO,000. The institution gives instruction in literary and scientific branches, besides preparatory and business courses. WESTERN NORMAL COLLEGE, located at Bushnell, McDonough County; incorporated in 1888. It is co-educational, has a corps of twelve instructors and reported 500 pupils for 1897-98, 300 males and 200 females. WESTERN SPRINGS, a village of Cook County, and residence suburb of the city of Chi- cago, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- road, 15 miles west of the initial station. Population (1890), 451; (I'-OO), 662. WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, located in Chicago and controlled by the Protes- tant Episcopal Church. It was founded in 1883 through the munificence of Dr. Tolman Wheeler, and was opened for students two years later. It has two buildings, of a superior order of archi- tecture — one including the school and lecture rooms and the other a dormitory. A hospital and gymnasium are attached to the latter, and a school for boys is conducted on the first floor of the main building, which is known as Wheeler Hall. The institution is imder the general super- vision of Rt. Rev. William E. McLai'en, Protes- tant Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Illinois. WESTFIELD, village of Clark County, on Cin., Ham. & Dayton R. R., 10 m. s -e. of Charleston; seat of Westfield College; has a bank, five churches and two newspapers. Pop. (1900), 820. WEST SALEM, a town of Edwards County, on the Peoria-Evansville Div. 111. Cent. R. R., 12 miles northeast of Albion; has a bank and a weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 476; (1900), 700. WETHERELL, Emma AMiott, vocalist, was born in Chicago, Jjpc. 9, 1849; in her childhood attracted attention while singing with her father (a poor musician) in hotels and on the streets in Chicago, Peoria and elsewhere; at 18 years of age, went to New York to study, earning her way by giving concerts en route, and receiving aid and encouragement from Clara Louisa Kellogg; in New York was patronized by Henry Ward Beecher and others, and aided in securing the training of European masters. Compelled to sur- mount many obstacles from poverty and other causes, her after success in her profession was phenomenal. Died, during a professional tour, at Salt Lake City, Jan. 5, 1891. Miss Abbott married her manager, Eugene Wetherell, who died befoi'e lier. WHEATON, a city and the county-seat of Du Page County, situated on the Chicago & North- western Railway, 25 miles west of Chicago. Agri- culture and stock-raising are the chief industries in the surrounding region. The city owns a new water-v.-orks plant (costing §60.000) and has a public library valued at §75,000, the gift of a resident, Mr. John Quincy Adams; has a court house, electric light plant, sewerage and drainage system, seven churches, three graded schools, four weekly newspapers and a State bank. Wheaton is the seat of Wheaton College (which see) Population (1880), 1,160; (1890), 1,622; (1900), 2,345. WHEATON COLLEGE, an educational insti- tution located at Wheaton, Du Page County, and under Congregational control. It was founded in 1853, as the Illinois Institute, and was char- tered under its present name in 1860. Its early existence was one of struggle, but of late years it has been established on a better foundation, in 1898 having §54,000 invested in productive funds, and property aggregating $136,000. The faculty comprises fifteen professors, and, in 1898, there were 321 students in attendance. It is co-edu- cational and instruction is given in business and preparatory studies, as well as the fine arts, music and classical literature. WHEELER, David Hilton, D.D., LL.D.,clergy- man, was born at Ithaca, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1829; graduated at Rock River Seminary, Mount Morris, in 1851; edited "The Carroll County Republican" and held a professorship in Cornell College, Iowa, (1857-61) ; was United States Con- sul at Geneva, Switzerland, (1861-66) ; Professor of English Literature in Northwestern University (1867-75); edited "The Methodi-st" in New York, seven years, and was President of Allegheny College (1883-87); received the degree of D.D. from Cornell College in 1867, and that of LL. D. from the Northwestern University in 1881. He is the author of "Brigandage in South Italy" HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 585 (two volumes. 1864) and "B}--\Vays of Literature" (1883), besides some translations. WHEELEK, Hamilton K., ex-Congressman, was born at Ballston, N. Y., August 5, 1848, but emigrated with his parents to Illinois in 1852; remained on a farm until 19 years of age, his educational advantages being limited to three months' attendance upon a district school each year. In 1871, he was admitted to the bar at Kankakee, where he has since continued to prac- tice. In 1884 he was elected to represent the Six- teenth District in the State Senate, where he served on many important committees, being Chairman of that on the Judicial Department. In 1892 he was elected Representative in Con- gress from the Ninth IlUnois District, on the Republican ticket. WHEELING, a town on the northern border of Cook County, on the Wisconsin Central Railway. Population (1890). 811; (1900), 331. WHISTLER, (Maj.) John, soldier and builder of the first Fort Dearborn, was born in Ulster, Ire- land, about 1756; served under Burgoyne in the Revolution, and was with the force surrendered by that officer at Saratoga, in 1777. After the peace he returned to the United States, settled at Hagerstown, Md., and entered the United States Army, serving at first in the ranks and being severely wounded in the disa.strous Indian cam- paigns of 1791. Later, he was promoted to a captaincy and, in the summer of 1803, sent with his company, to the head of Lake Slichigan, where he constructed the first Fort Dearborn within the limits of the present city of Chicago, remaining in command until 1811, when he was succeeded by Captain Heald. He received the brevet rank of Major, in 1815 was appointed militarj' store- keeper at Newport, Ky., and after- wards at Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis, where he died, Sept. 3, 1829. Lieut. William Whistler, his son, who was with his father, for a time, in old Fort Dearborn — but transferred, in 1809, to Fort Wayne — was of the force included in Hull's surrender at Detroit in 1812. After his exchange he was promoted to a captaincy, to the rank of Major in 1820 and to a Lieutenant-Colo- nelcj' in 1845, dying at Newport, Ky. , in 1863. James Abbott 5IcNiel Whistler, the celebrated, but eccentric artist of that name, is a grandson of the first Major Whistler. WHITE, (ieorgc E., ex-Congressman, was born in Ma.-vsachusetts in 1848; after graduating, at the age of 16. he enlisted as a private in the Fifty- seventh Massachusetts Veteran Volunteers, serv- ing under General Grant in the campaign against Richmond from the battle of the Wilder- ness until the surrender of Lee. Having taken a course in a commercial college at Worcester, Mass., in 1867 he came to Chicago, securing em- ployment in a lumber yard, but a year later began business on his own account, which he has successful!}' conducted. In 1878 he was elected to the State Senate, as a Republican, from one of the Chicago Districts, and re-elected four years later, serving in that body eight years. He declined a nomination for Congress in 1884, but accepted in 1894, and was elected for the Fifth District, as he was again in 1896, but was defeated, in 1898, by Edward T. Noonan, Demo- crat. WHITE, Horace, journalist, was born at Cole- brook, N. H., August 10, 1834; in 1853 graduated at Beloit College, Wis., whither his father had removed in 1837 ; engaged in journalism as city ' editor of "The Chicago Evening Journal," later becoming agent of the Associated Press, and, in 1857, an editorial writer on "The Chicago Trib- une," during a part of the war acting as its Washington correspondent. He also served, in 1856, as Assistant Secretary of the Kansas National Committee, and, later, as Secretary of the Republican State Central Committee. In 1804 he purchased an interest in "The Tribune," a year or so later becoming editor-in-chief, but retired in October, 1874. After a protracted European tour, he united with Carl Schurz and E. L. Godkin of "The Nation," in the purchase and reorganization of "The New York Evening Post," of which he is now editor-in-chief. WHITE, Julius, soldier, was born in Cazen- ovia, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1816; removed to Illinois in 1836, residing there and in Wisconsin, where he was a member of the Legislature of 1849; in 1861 was made Collector of Customs at Chicago, but resigned to assume the colonelcy of the Thirty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, which he commanded on the Fremont expedition to South- west Missouri. He afterwards served with (jen- eral Curtiss in Arkansas, participated in the battle of Pea Ridge and was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General. He was subsequently assigned to the Department of tlie Shenandoah, but finding his position at Martinsburg, W. Va., untenable, retired to Harper's Ferry, voluntarily serving under Colonel Miles, his inferior in com- mand. When this post was surrendered (Sept. 15, 1862), he was made a prisoner, but released under parole; was tried by a court of inquiry at his own request, and acquitt«d, the court finding that he had acted with courage and capability. 686 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. He resigned in 1864, and, in March, 1865, was brevetted Major-Geueral of Volunteers. Died, at Evanston, May 12, 1S90. WHITE COUNTY, situated in the southeastern quarter of tlie State, and bounded on the east by the Wabash River; was organized in 181G, being the tenth county organized during the Territorial period: area, 500 square miles. The county is crossed by three railroads and drained by the Wabash and Little Wabash Rivers. The surface consists of prairie and woodland, and the soil is, for the most part, higlily productive. The princi- pal agricultural products are corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, tobacco, fruit, butter, sorghum and wool. The principal industrial establishments are carriage factories, saw mills and ilour mills. Carmi is the county-seat. Other towns are En- field, Grayville and Norris City. Population (1880), 23,087; (1890), 25,005; (1900), 25,380. WHITEHALL, a city in Greene County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the Chicago, Burlington & (Juincy Railroads, 65 miles north of St. Louis and 24 miles soutli-southwest of Jacksonville; in rich farming region; has stoneware and sewer-pipe factories, foundry and machine shop, flour mill, elevators, wagon sliops, creamery, water system, sanitarium, heating, electric light and power system, nurseries and fruit-supply hou.ses, and two poultry packing houses; also has five churches, a graded scliool, two banks and three newspapers — one daily. Pop- ulation (1890), 1.901; (1900), 2.030. WHITEHOUSE, Henry John, Protestant Epis- copal Bishop, was born in New York City, August 19, 1803; graduated from Columbia College in 1821, and from the (New York) General Theolog- ical Seminary in 1824. After ordination lie was rector of various parishes in Pennsylvania and New York until 1851, when he was chosen Assist- ant Bishop of Illinois, succeeding Bishop Chase in 1852. In 1867, by invitation of the Archbishop of Canterbury, he delivered the opening sermon before the Pan-Anglican Conference held in England. During this visit he received the degree of D.D. from Oxford University, and that of LL.D. from Cambridge. His rigid views as a churchman and a disciplinarian, were illustrated in his prosecution of Rev. Charles Edward Cheney, wliich resulted in the formation of tlie Reformed Episcopal Church. He was a brilliant orator and a trenchant and unyielding controver- sialist. Died, in Chicago, August 10, 1874. WHITESIDE COUNTY, in the northwestern portion of the State bordering on the Mississippi River ; created by act of the Legislature passed in 183G, and named for Capt. Samuel Whiteside, a noted Indian fighter ; area, 700 square miles. The surface is level, diversified by prairies and wood- land, and the soil is extremely fertile. The county-seat was first fixed at Lyndon, then at Sterling, and finally at Morrison, its present location. Tlie Rock River crosses the county and furnishes abundant water power for numer- ous factories, turning out agricultural imple- ments, carriages and wagons, furniture, woolen goods, flour and wrapping paper. There are also distilling and brewing interests, besides saw and planing mills. Corn is the staple agricultural product, although all the leading cereals are extensively grown. The principal towns are Morrison, Sterling, Fulton and Rock Falls. Popu- lation (1880), 30,885; (1890), 30,854; (1900), 34.710. WHITESIDE, William, pioneer and soldier of the Revolution, emigrated from the frontier of North Carolina to Kentucky, and thence, in 1793, to the present limits of Monroe Count}', 111., erecting a fort between Caliokia and Kaskaskia, which became widely known as "Whiteside Station." He served as a Justice of the Peace, and was active in organizing the militia during the War of 1812-14, dying at the old Station in 1815. — John (Whiteside), a brother of the preced- ing, and also a Revolutionary soldier, came to Illinois at the same time, as also did William B. and Samuel, sons of the two brothers, respec- tively. All of them became famous as Indian fighters. The two latter served as Captains of companies of "Rangers'' in the War of 1812, Samuel taking part in the battle of Rock Island in 1814, and contributing greatly to the success of the day. During the Black Hawk War (1832) lie attained the rank of Brigadier-General. Whiteside County was named in his honor. He made one of the earliest improvements in Ridge Prairie, a rich section of Madison County, and represented that county in the First General Assembly. William B. served as Sheriff of Madi- son County for a number of years. — John D. (Whiteside), another member of this historic family, became very prominent, serving in the lower House of the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and Fourteenth General Assemblies, and in the Sen- ate of the Tenth, from Monroe County; was a Presidential Elector in 1836, State Treasurer (1837-41) and a member of the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1847. General Whiteside, as he was known, was the second of James Shields in the famous Shields and Lincoln duel (so-called) in 1842, and, as such, carried the challenge of the former to Mr. Lincoln. (See Duels. ) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 587 WHITIXG, Lorenzo D., legislator, was born in Wayne Countj', N. Y., Nov. 17, 1819; came to. Illinois in 1838, but did not settle there perma- nently until 1849, wlien he located in Bureau County. He was a Representative from that county in the Twenty-sixth (ioneral Assembly (1809), and a member of the Senate continuously from 1871 to 1887, serving in the latter through eight General Assemblies. Died at his home near Tiskilwa, Bureau County, 111., Oct. 10, 1889. WHITING, Richard H., Congressman, was born at West Hartford, Conn., June 17, 1826, and received a common .school education. In 18Gi lie was commissioned Paymaster in tlie Volunteer Army of tlie Union, and resigned in 18CG. Hav- ing removed to Illinois, lie was ajipointed Assist- ant Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Fiftli Illinois District, in Februarj', 1870, and so contin- ued until the abolition of the office in 1873. On retiring from the Assessorship he was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue, and served until March 4, 1875. when he resigned to take his seat as Republican Representative in Congress from the Peoria District, to which he had been elected in November, 1874. After the expiration of his term he held no public office, but was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1884. Died, at the Continental Hotel, in New York City, May 24, 1888. WHITNEY, James W., pioneer lawyer and early teaclier, known by the nickname of "Lord Coke"; came to Illinois in Territorial days (be- lieved to have been about 1800) ; resided for some time at or near Edwardsville, then became a teacher at .\tlas. Pike County, and. still later, the first Circuit and County Clerk of that county. Though nominally a lawyer, he had little if any practice. He acquired the title, by which he was jiopularly known for a quarter of a century, by his custom of visiting the State Capital, during the sessions of the General Assembly, when he would organize the lobbyists and visit- ors about the capital — of which there were an unusual number in those days — into what was called the '"Third House." Having been regu- larly chosen to preside under the name of "Speaker of the Lobby," he would deliver a mes- sage full of practical hits and jokes, aimed at members of the two houses and others, which would be received with cheers and laughter. The meetings of the "Third House." being held in the evening, were attended by many members and visitors in lieu of other forms of entertain- ment. Mr. Whitney's home, in his latter years. was at Pittsiii-ia. He resided for a time at Quincy. Died, Dec. i:J, 1800, aged over 80 years. WHITTEMORE, Floyd K., State Treasurer, is a native of New York, came at an early age, with his parents, to Sycamore, 111., where ho was edu- cated in the high school there. He purposed becoming a lawyer, but, on the election of the late James H. Beveridge State Treasurer, in 1864, accepted the position of clerk in tlie office. Later, he was employed as a clerk in the banking Iiouse of Jacob Bonn in Springfield, and, on the organization of the State National Bank, was chosen cashier of that Institution, retaining the position some twenty years. After the appoint- ment of Hon. John R. Tanner to the position of Assistant Treasurer of the United States, at Chi- cago, in 1892, Mr. Wliittemore became cashier in that office, and, in 180."), Assistant State Treas- rure under tlie administration of State Treasurer Henry Wulff. In 1898 he was elected State Treasurer, receiving a plurality of 43,450 over his Democratic opponent. WICKERSHAM, (Col.) Dudley, soldier and merchant, was born in Woodford County, Ky., Nov. 23, 1819; came to Springfield, 111., in 1843, and served as a member of the Fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) through the Mexican War. On the return of peace he engaged in the dry-goods trade in Springfield, until 1861, wlien he enlisted in the Tenth Regi- ment Illinois Cavalry, serving, first as Lieutenant- Colonel and then as Colonel, until May, 1804, when, his regiment liaving been consolidated with the Fifteenth Cavalry, he resigned. After the war, he held the office of Assessor of Internal Revenue for several years, after which he en- gaged in the grocery trade. Died, in Springfield, August 8, 1898. WIDEN, Raphael, pioneer and early legislator, was a native of Sweden, who, having been taken to France at eiglit years of age, was educated for a CathoUc priest. Coming to tlie United States in 1815, he was at Cahokia. 111., in 1818, wliere, during the same year, he married into a French family of that place. He served in the House of Representatives from Randolph County, in the Second and Third General Assemblies (1820-24), and as Senator in the Fourth and Fifth (1824-28). During his last term in the House, he was one of tliose who voted against the proslaverj' Con- vention resolution. He died of cholera, at Kas- kaskia. in 1833. WIKE, Scott, lawyer and ex-Congressman, was born at Meadville, Pa., April 0, 1834; iit 4 years of age removed with his parents to Quincy, 111., 688 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and, in 1844, to Pike County. Having graduated from Lombard University, Galesburg, in 1857, he began reading law with Judge O. C. Skinner of Quincy. He was admitted to the bar in 1858, but, before commencing practice, spent a year at Harvard Law School, graduating there in 1859. Immediately thereafter he opened an office at Pittsfield, III., and has resided there ever since. In politics he has always been a strong Democrat. He served two terms in the Legislature (1863-67) and, in 1874, was chosen Repi'esentative from his District in Congress, being re-elected in 1888 and, again, in 1890. In 1893 he was appointed by President Cleveland Third Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, which position he continued to fill until March, 1897, when he resumed the practice of law at Pittsfield. Died Jan. 15, 1901 WILEY, (Col.) Benjamin Ladd, .soldier, was born in Smithfield, Jefferson County, Ohio, March 25, 1821, came to Illinois in 1845 and began life at Vienna, Johnson County, as a teacher. In 1846 he enlisted for the Mexican War, as a member of the Fifth (Colonel Newby's) Regiment Illinois "Volunteers, serving chiefly in New Mexico until mustered out in 1848. A year later he removed to Jonesboro, where lie spent some time at the carpenter's trade, after which he became clerk in a store, meanwhile assisting to edit "The Jonesboro Gazette" until 1853; then became traveling salesman for a St. Louis firm, but later engaged in the hardware trade at Jonesboro, in which he continued for several years. In 1856 he was the Republican candidate for Congress for the Ninth District, receiving 4,000 votes, while Fremont, the Republican can- didate for President, received only 825 in the same district. In 1857 he opened a real estate office in Jonesboro in conjunction with David L. Phillips and Col. J. W. Ashley, with which he was connected until 1860, when he removed to Makanda, Jackson County. In September, 1861. he was mustered in as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, later serving in Missouri and Arkansas under Generals Steele and Curtiss, being, a part of the time, in command of the First Brigade of Cavalry, and, in the advance on Vicks- burg, having command of the right wing of General Grant's cavalry. Being disabled by rheumatism at the end of the siege, he tendered his resignation, and was immediately appointed Enrolling Officer at Cairo, serving in this capac- ity until May, 1865, when he was mustered out. In 1869 he was appointed by Governor Palmer one of the Commissioners to locate the Southern Illinois Hospital for the Insane, and served as Secretary of the Board until the institution war- opened at Anna, in May, 1871. In 1869 he was defeated as a candidate for County Judge of Jackson County, and, in 1872, for the State Sen- ate, by a small majority in a strongly Democratic District; in 1876 was the Republican candidate for Congress, in the Eighteenth District, against William Hartzell, but was defeated by only twenty votes, while carrying six out of the ten counties comprising the District. In the latter years of his life. Colonel Wiley was engaged quite extensively in fruit-growing at Makanda, Jack- son County, where he died, March 22, 1890. WILKIE, Franc Bangs, journalist, was born in Saratoga County, N. Y. , July 2, 1830; took a partial course at Union College, after which he edited iiapers at Schenectady, N. Y., Elgin, 111., and Davenport and Dubuque, Iowa ; also serving, during a part of the Civil War, as the western war correspondent of "The New York Times." In 1863 he became an editorial writer on "The Chicago Times," remaining with that paper, with the exception of a brief inteival, until 1888 — a part of the time as its European correspond- ent. He was the author of a series of sketches over the nom de plume of "Poliuto," and of a volume of reminiscences under the title. "Thirty-five Years of Journalism," published shortly before his death, which took place, April 12, 1892. WILKIX, Jacob W., Justice of the Supreme Court, was born in Licking County, Ohio, June 7, 1837 ; removed with his parents to Illinois, at 12 years of age, and was educated at McKendree College ; served three years in the War for the Union; studied law with Judge Scholfield and was admitted to the bar in 1866. In 1872, he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket, and, in 1879, elected Judge of the Circuit Court and reelected in 1885 — the latter year being assigned to the Appellate bench for the Fourth District, where he remained until his election to the Supreme bench in 1888, being re-elected to the latter office in 1897. His home is at Danville. WILKINSON, Ira 0., lawyer and Judge, was born in Virginia in 1822, and accompanied his father to Jacksonville (1835), where he was edu- cated. During a short service as Deputy Clerk of Morgan County, he conceived a fondness for the profession of the law. and, after a course of study under Judge William Thomas, was admitted to practice in 1847. Richard Yates (afterwards Gov- ernor and Senator) was his first partner. In 1845 he removed to Rock Island, and, six years later, HISTOraCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 589 was elected a Circuit Judge, being again closen to the same position in 1861. At the expiration of his second term lie removed to Chicago. Died, at Jacksonville, August 24, 1894. WILKINSON, John P., early merchant, was boi-n, Dec. 14, 1790, in New Kent County, Va., emigrated first to Kentucky, and, in 1828, settled in Jacksonville, 111., where he engaged in mer- cantile business. Mr. Wilkinson was a liberal friend of Illinois College and Jacksonville Female Academy, of eacli of which he was a Trustee from their origin until his death, which occurred, during a business visit to St. Louis, in December, 1841. WILL, Conrad, pioneer ph3'.sician and early legislator, was born in Philadelphia, June 4, 1778; about 1804 removed to Somerset County Pa., and, in 1813, to Kaskaskia, 111. He was a physician by profession, l«it having leased the saline lands on the Big Muddy, in the vicinity of what after- wards became the town of Brownsville, he engaged in the manufacture of salt, removing thither in 1815, and becoming one of the founders of Brownsville, afterwards the first county-seat of Jackson County. On the organization of Jackson County, in 181C, he became a member of the first Board of County Commissioners, and, in 1818, served as Delegate from that count}' in the Convention which framed the first State Consti- tution. Thereafter he served continuously as a member of the Legislature from 1818 to "34 — first jis Senator in the First General Assembly, then as Representative in the Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth, and again as Senator in the Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth — his career being conspicuous for long service. He died in office, June 11, 1834. Dr. Will was short of stature, flesh}', of jovial disposition and fond of playing practical jokes upon his associates, but very popular, as shown by his succes-sive elections to the Legislature. He has been called "The Father of Jackson County." Will County, organized by act of the Legislature two years after his death, was named in his honor. WILL COUNTY, a northeastern county, em- bracing S.'JO square miles, named in honor of Dr. Conrad Will, an early politician and legislator. E;irly e.xplorations of the territory were made in 1829, when white settlers were few. The blulT west of Joliet is s;iid to have been first occupied by David anil Benjamin Maggard. Joseph Smith, the Mormon "apostle," expounded his peculiar doctrines at "the Point" in 1831. Sev- eral of the early settlers fled from the country during (or after) a raid by the Sac Indians. There is a legend, seemingly well supported, to the effect that the first lumber, sawed to build the first frame house in Chicago (that of P. F. W. Peck), was sawed at Plainfield. Will County, originally a part of Cook, was separately erected in 1836, Joliet being made the county-seat. Agriculture, quarrying and manufacturing are the chief industries. Joliet, Lockport and Wil- mington are the principal towns. Population (1880), .53,422; (1890), 62,007; (1900), 74,764. WILLARD, Frances Elizabeth, teacher and reformer, was born at Churcliville, N. Y., Sept. 28, 1839, graduated from the Northwestern Female College at Evanston, 111., in 18o9, and, in 1862, accepted the Professorship of Natural Sciences in that institution. Duiing 1866-67 she was the Principal of the Genessee Wesleyan Seminary. The next two years she devoted to travel and study abroad, meanwhile contribut- ing to various perioilicals. From 1871 to 1874 she was Professor of ^Esthetics in the Northwestern University and dean of the Woman's College. She was always an entlmsiastic champion of temperance, and, in 1874, abandoned her profes- sion to identify her.self with the Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union. For five years she was Corresponding Secretary of the national body, and, from 1879, its President. While Secretary she organized the Home Protective Association, and prepared a petition to the Illinois Legislature, to which nearly 200,000 names were attached, asking for the granting to women of the right to vote on the license question. In 1878 she suc- ceeded her brother, Oliver A. Willard (who had died), as editor of "The Chicago Evening Post," but, a few months later, withdrew, and, in 1882, was elected as a member of the executive com- mittee of the National Prohibition party. In 1886 she became leader of the White Cross Move- ment for the protection of women, and succeeded in securing favorable legislation, in this 'direc- tion, in twelve States. In 1883 she founded the World's Christian Temperance Union, and, in 1888, was chosen its President, as also President of the International Council of Women. The latter years of her life were spent chiefly abroad, much of the time as the guest and co-worker of Lady Henrj' Somerset, of England, during wliich she devoted my,ch attention to investigating the condition of women in the Orient. Miss Willard was a proUfic and highly valued contributor to the magazines, and (besides numerous pamphlets) pubhshed several volumes, including "Nineteen Beautiful Years" (a tribute to her sister); "Woman in Temperance"; "How to Win," and 690 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. "Woman in the Pulpit." Died, in Xew York, Feb. 18, 1898. WILLARD, Samuel, A.M., M.D., LL.D., phy- sician and educator, was Vjoin iu Lunenberg, Vt., Dec. 30, 1821— the lineal descendant of Maj. Simon Willard, one of the founders of Concord, Mass., and prominent in "King Philip's "War," and of his son, Rev. Dr. Samuel WiUard, of the Old South Church, Boston, and seventh President of Harvard College. The subject of this sketcli was taken in his infancy to Boston, and. in 1831, to CarroUton, 111., where his father pursued the avocation of a druggist. After a preparatory course at Shurtleff College, Upper Alton, in 1836 he entered the freshman class in Illinois College at Jacksonville, but withdrew the following year, re-entering college in 1840 and graduating in the class of 1843, as a classmate of Dr. Newton Bate- man, afterwards State Superintendent of Public Instruction and President of Knox College, and Rev. Thomas K. Beecher, now of Elmira, N. Y. The next year he spent as Tutor in Illinois Col- lege, when he began the study of medicine at Quincy, graduating from the Medical Department of Illinois College in 1848. During a part of the latter year he edited a Free-Soil campaign paper ("The Tribune") at Quincy, and, later, "The Western Temperance Magazine" at the same place. In 1849 he began the practice of his pro- fession at St. Louis, but the next year removed to Collinsville, 111. , remaining until 1857, when he took charge of the Department of Languages in the newly organized State Normal University at NormaL The second year of the Civil War (1862) he enlisted as a private in the Ninety-seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon after commissioned as Surgeon with the rank of Major, participating in the campaigns in Tennessee and in the first attack upon Vicksburg. Being dis- abled by an attack of paralj'sis, in February, 1863, he was compelled to resign, when he had sufKci- ently recovered accepting a position in the office of Provost Marshal General Oakes, at Spring- field, where he remained until the close of the war. He then became Grand Secretary of the Independent Order of Odd-Fellows for the State of Illinois — a position which he had held from 1856 to 1862 — remaining under his second appoint- ment from 1865 to '69. The next year he served as Superintendent of Schools at Springfield, meanwhile assisting in founding the Springfield public library, and serving as its first librarian. In 1870 he accepted the professorship of History in the West Side High School of Chicago, which, with the exception of two years (1884-86), he continued to occupy for more than twenty- five years, retiring in 1898. In the meantime. Dr. Willard has been a laborious literary worker, having been, for a considerable period, editor, or assi.stant-editor, of "The Illinois Teacher," a con- tributor to "The Century Magazine" and "The Dial" of Chicago, besides having published a "Digest of the Laws of Odd Fellowship" in six- teen volumes, begun while he was Grand Secre- tary of the Order in 1864, and continued in 1872 and '82; a "Synopsis of History and Historical Cliart," covering the period from B. C. 800 to A. D. 1876 — of which he has had a second edition in course of preparation. Of late years he has been engaged upon a "Historical Diction- ary of Names and Places," which will include some 12,000 topics, and which promises to be the most important work of his life. Previous to the war he was an avowed Abolitionist and operator on the "Underground Railroad," who made no concealment of his opinions, and, on one or two occasions, was called to answer for them in jjrosecutions under the "Fugitive Slave Act." (See "Underground Railroad.") His friend and classmate, the late Dr. Bateman, says of him; "Dr. Willard is a sound thinker; a clear and forcible writer; of broad and accurate scholarship; conscientious, genial and kindly, and a most estimable gentleman." WILLIAMS, Archibald, lawyer and jiirist, was born in Montgomery County, Ky., June 10, 1801 ; with moderate advantages but natural fondness for study, he chose the profession of law, and was admitted to the bar in Tennessee in 1828, coming to Quincy, IU., the following j-ear. He was elected to the General Assembly three times — serving in the Senate in 1832-36, and in the House, 1836-40; was United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois, by appointment of President Taylor, 1849-53; was twice the candidate of his party (the Whig) for United States Senator, and appointed by Presi- dent Lincoln, in 1861, L'nited States District Judge for the State of Kansas. His abilities and high character were widely recognized. Died, in Quincy, Sept. 21, 1863 — His son, John H., an attorney at Quincy, served as Judge of the Cir- cuit Court 1879-85. — Another son, Abraham Lin- coln, was twice elected Attorney-General of Kansas. WILLIAMS, Erastus Smith, lawyer and ju- rist, was born at Salem, N. Y., May 22, 1821. In 1842 he removed to Chicago, where, after reading law, he was admitted to the bar in 1844. In 1854 he was appointed Master in Chancery, which HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 591 office he filled until 1863, when he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County. After re-election in 18T0 he l)ecanie Chief Justice, and, at the same time, heard most of the cases on the ei|uity side of the court. In 1879 he was a candidate for re-election as a Republican, but was defeated vrith the party ticket. After his retirement from the bench he resumed private practice. Died, Fel). 24, 1881. WILLI.VMS, James K., Congre-S-sman. was born in White County, 111., Dec. 2T, 18,50, at the age of 2^> graduated from the Indiana State Uni- versit}-, at Bloomington, and, in 1876, from the Union College of Law, Chicago, since then being an active and successful practitioner at Carmi. In 1880 he was apjwinted Master in Chancery and served two years. From 1883 to 188G he was County Judge. In 1892 he was a nominee on the Democratic ticket for Presidential Elector. He was elected to represent the Nineteenth Illi- nois District in tlie Fifty-first Congress at a special election held to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of R, W. Townshend, was re-elected in 1890 and 1892, but defeated by Orlando Burrell (Republican) for re-election in the newly organ- ized Twentieth District in 1894. In 1898 lie was again a candidate and elected to the Fifty sixth Congress. WILLI.VMS, John, pioneer merclxant, was born in Bath County, Ky., Sept. 11, 1808; be- tween 14 and 10 years of age was clerk in a store in his native State; then, joining his parents, who had settled on a tract of land in a part of Sangivmon (now Menard) County, 111., he found employment as clerk in the store of Major Elijah lies, at Springfield, whom he succeeded in busi- ness at the age of 22, continuing it without inter- ruption until 1880. In 18.56 Mr. Williams was the Republican candidate for Congress in the Springfield District, and, in 1861, was appointed Commissary-General for the State, rendering valuable service in furnishing supplies for State troops, in camps of instruction and while proceed- ing to the field, in the first years of the war;Avas also cliief officer of the Illinois Sanitary Commis- sion for two years, and, as one of the intimate personal friends of Mr. Lincoln, was cho.sen to accompany the remains of tlie martyred President, from Washington to Springfield, for burial. Liberal, enterprising and public-spirited, his name was associated with nearly every public enter- prise of imiKirtance in Springfield during his business career — Ijeing one of the founders, and, for eleven years Pre.sident, of the First National Bank; a chief promoter in the construction of what is now the Springfield Division of the Illi- nois Central Railroad, and the Springfield and Peoria line; a Director of the Springfield Iron Company; one of tlie Commissioners who con- structed the Springfield water-works, and an officer of the Lincoln Monument Association, from 18G.5 to his death. May 29, 1890. WILLI.VMS, Norman, lawyer, wius born at Woodstock, Vt., Feb. 1, 1833, being related, on both the paternal and maternal sides, to some of the most prominent families of New England. He fitted for college at Union Academy, Meriden, and graduated from the University of Vermont in the class of 185.1 After taking a course in the Albany Law School and with a law firm in his native town, he was admitted to practice in both New York and Vermont, removed to Chi- cago in 1858, and, in 1860, became a member of the firm of King, Kales & Williams, still later forming a partnership witli Gen. John L. Thomp- son, which ended with the deiith of the latter in 1888. In a professional capacity he assisted in the organization of the Pullman Palace Car Com- pany, and was a member of its Board of Directors; also assisted in organizing the Western Electric Company, and was prominently identified with the Cliicago Telephone Company and the Western Union Telegraph Company. In 1881 lie served as the United States Commissioner to the Electrical Exposition at Paris. In conjunction with his brotlier (Edward U. Williams) he assisted in founding the public library at Woodstock, Vt., which, in honor of his father, received the name of "The Norman Williams Public Library."' With Col. Huntington W. Jackson and J. Mc- Gregor Adams, Mr. Williams was named, in the will of the late Jolin Crerar, as an executor of tlie Crerar estate and one of the Trustees of the Crerar Public Library, and became its first Presi- dent; was also a Director of the Chicago Pub- lic Library, and trustee of a number of large estates. Mr. W^illiams was a son-in-law of the late Judge John D. Caton, and his oldest daughter became the wife of Major-General Wesley Mer- ritt, a few months before his death, which oc- curred at Hampton Beach, N. H., June 19, 1899 — his remains being interred in his native town of Woodstock, Vt. WILLI.4MS, Robert Ebenezer, lawyer, born Dec. 3, 1825, at Clarksville, Pa., Ids grandfathers on both sides being soldiers of the Revolutionary War. In 1830 his parents removed to Washing- ton in the same State, where in boyhood h« worked as a mechanic in his father's shop, attending a common school in the w inter until b9'Z HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. he reached the age of 17 years, when he entered Washington College, remaining for more than a year. He then began teaching, and, in 1845 went to Kentucky, where he pursued the business of a teacher for four years. Then he entered Bethany College in West Virginia, at the same time prosecuting liis law studies, but left at the close of his junior year, when, having been licensed to practice, he removed to Clinton, Texas. Here he accepted, from a retired lawyer, the loan of a law library, which he afterwards purchased ; served for two years as State's Attor- ney, and, in 1836, came to Bloomington, 111., where he spent the remainder of his life in the practice of his profession. Much of his time was devoted to practice as a railroad attorney, espe- cially in connection with the Chicago & Alton and the Illinois Central Railroads, in which he acquired prominence and wealth. He was a Ufe- long Democrat and, in 1808, was the unsuccessful candidate of his party for Attorney-General of the State. The last three years of his life he had been in bad health, dying at Bloomington, Feb. 15, 1899. WILLIAMS, Samuel, Bank President, was born in Adams County, Ohio, July 11, 1830; came to Winnebago County, 111., in 1835, and, in 1843, removed to Iroquois County, where he held vari- ous local offices, including that of County Judge, to which he was elected in 1861. During his later years he had been President of the Watseka Citizens' Bank. Died, June 16, 1896. WILLIAMSOX, Rollin Samuel, legislator and jurist, was born at Cornwall, Vt., May 23, 1839. At the age of 14 he went to Boston, where he began life as a telegi-aph messenger boy. In two years he had become a skillful operator, and, as such, was employed in various offices in New England and New York. In 1857 he came to Chicago seeking employment and, through the fortunate correction of an error on the part of the receiver of a message, secvired the position of operator , and station agent at Palatine, Cook' County. Here he read law during his leisure time without a preceptor, and, in 1870, was ■ admitted to the bar. The same year he was elected to the lower House of the General Assembly and, in 1873, to the Senate. In 1880 he was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of Cook County, and, in 1887, was chosen a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court. Died, Au- gust 10, 1889. 'WILLIAMSON COUNTY, in the southern part of the State, originally set off from Franklin and organized in 1839. The county is well watered. the principal streams being the Big Muddy and the South Fork of the Saline. The surface is undulating and the soil fertile. The region was originally well covered with forests, AU the cereals (as well as potatoes) are cultivated, and rich meadows encourage stock-raising. Coal and sandstone underlie the entire county. Area, 440 square miles; population (1880), 19,324: (1890) 23,336; (1900), 27,796. WILLI.VMSTILLE, village of Sangamon Coun- ty, on Chicago & Alton Railroad, 12 miles north of Springfield ; has a bank, elevator, 3 churches, a newspaper and coal-mines. Pop. (1900), 573. WILLIS, Jonathan Clay, soldier and former Railroad and Warehouse Commissioner, was born in Sumner County, Tenn., June 27, 1826; brought to Gallatin County, 111., in 1834, and settled at Golconda in 1843; was elected Sheriff of Pope County in 1856, removed to Metropolis in 1859, and engaged in the wharf-boat and commission business. He entered the service as Quarter- master of the Forty-eighth Illinois Volunteers in 1861, but was compelled to resign on account of injuries, in 1863 ; was elected Representative i" the Twenty-sixth General Assembly (1868), appointed Collector of Internal Revenue in 1869, and Railway and Warehouse Commissioner in 1893, as tlie successor of John R. Tanner, serving until 1893. WILMF.TTE, a village in Cook County, 14 miles north of Chicago, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, a handsome suburb of Chicago on the shore of Lake Michigan; principal streets paved and shaded with fine forest trees; has public library and good schools. Pop. (1900). 2,300. WILMINGTON, a city of Will County, on the Kankakee River and the Chicago & Alton Rail- road, 53 miles from Chicago and 15 south-.south- west of Joliet; has considerable manufactures, two National banks, a graded school, churches and one newspaper. Wilmington is the location of the Illinois Soldiers' Widows' Home. Popu- lation (1890), 1,576; (1900), 1,420. WILSON, Charles Lush, journalist, was born in Fairfield County, Conn., Oct. 10, 1818, edu- cated in the common schools and at an academy in his native State, and, in 1835, removed to Chi- cago, entering the employment of his older brothers, who were connected with the construc- tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal at Joliet. His brother, Richard L., having assumed charge of "The Chicago Daily Journal" (the successor of "The Chicago American"), in;i844, Charles L. took a position in the office, ultimately securing a partnership, which continued until the death HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 593 of his brother in 1856, when he succeeded to the ownership of the paper. 5Ir. Wilson was an ardent friend and siipjwrter of Aliraliani Lincoln for the United States Senate in 1858, but, in ISGO, favored tlie nomination of Mr. Seward for the Presidency, thougli earnestlj' supporting Mr. Lin- coln after his nomination. In 1861 he was appointed Secretarj- of tlie American Legation at London, serving with the late Minister Charles Francis Adams, until 1864, wlien he resigned and resumed his connection with "The Journal." In 1875 his health began to fail, and three years later, having gone to San Antonio, Tex., in the hope of receiving benefit from a change of cli- mate, he died in that city, March 9, 18T8. — Kichard Lush (Wilson), an older brother of the preceding, the first editor and publisher of "The Chicago Evening Journal," the oldest paper of consecutive publication in Chicago, was a native of New York. Coming to Chicago with his bi-other Jolm L., in 1834, they soon after estab- lished themselves in business on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, then in course of construction. In 1844 he took charge of "The Chicago Daily Journal" for a publishing committee which had purchased the material of "The Chicago Ameri- can," but soon after became principal proprietor. In April, 1847, while firing a sjilute in honor of the victory of Buena Vista, he lost an arm and was otherwise injured by the explosion of the can- non. Early in 1849, he was appointed, by Presi- dent Taylor, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, but, having failed of confirmation, was compelled to retire in favor of a successor appointed by Millard Fillmore, eleven months later. Mr. Wilson published a little volume in 1842 entitled "A Trip to Santa Fe," and, a few years later, a story of travel under the title, "Short Ravel- lings from a Long Yarn." Died, December, 18.56. — John Lush (Wilson), another brother, also a native of New York, came to Illinois in 1834, was afterwards associated with his brothers in busi- ness, being for a time business manager of "The Chicago Journal;" also served one term as Sher- iff of Cook County. Died, in Chicago, April 13, 1888. WILSON, Isaac Grant, jurist, was born at Middlebury, N. Y., April 26. 1817, graduated from Brown University in 1838, and the same year came to Chicago, whither his father's famih- had preceded him in 1835. After reading law for two years, he entered the senior class at Cambridge (Mass.) Law School, graduating in 1841. In August of that year he opened an ofiSce at Elgin, and, for ten years "rode the cir- cuit." In 1851 he was elected to the bench of the Tliirteenth Judicial Circuit to fill a vacancy, and reelected for a full term in 1855, and again in "61, In November of the latter year he was commissioned the first Colonel of the Fifty- second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but resigned, a few weeks later, and resumed his place upon the bench. From 1867 to 1879 he devoted him- self to private practice, which was largely in the Federal Courts. In 1879 he resumed liis seat upon the bench (this time for the Twelfth Cir- cuit), and was at once designated as one of the Judges of the Appellate Court at Chicago, of which tribunal he became Chief Justice in 1881. In 1885 he was re-elected Circuit Judge, but died, about the close of his term, at Geneva, June 8, 1891. WILSON, James Grant, soldier and author, was born at Edinburgh, Scotland, April 28, 1832, and, when only a year old, was brought by his father, William Wilson, to America. The family settled at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where James Grant was educated at College Hill and imder private teachers. After finishing his studies he became his father's partner in business, but, in 1855, went abroad, and, shortly after his return, removed to Chicago, Avhere he founded the first literary paper established in the Northwest. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he disposed of his journal to enlist in the Fifteenth Illinois Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Major and after- wards promoted to tlie colonelcy. In August, 1863, while at New Orleans, bj' advice of General Grant, he accepted a commission as Colonel of the Fourth Regiment United States Colored Cavalry, and was assigned, as Aid-de-camp, to the staff of the Commander of the Department of the Gulf, filling this po.st until April, 1865. When General Banks was relieved. Colonel Wil- son was brevetted Brigadier-General and placed in command at Port Hudson, resigning in July, 1865, since which time his home has been in New York. He is best known as an autlior, having published numerous addresses, and being a fre- quent contributor to American and European magazines. Among larger works which he has written or edited are "Biographical Sketches of Illinois Officers"; "Love in Letters"; "Life of General U. S. Grant"; "Life and Letters of Fitz Greene Halleck"; "Poets and Poetry of Scotland"; "Bryant and Ilis Friends", and "Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography. " WILSON, James Harrison, soldier and mili- tary engineer, was born near Shawneetown, 111., Sept. 2, 1837. His grandfather, Alexander Wil- 594 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. son, was one of the pioneers of Illinois, and his father (Harrison Wilson) was an ensign (lur- ing the War of 1812 and a Captain in the Black Hawk War. His brotlier (Bluford Wilson) served as Assistant Adjutant-General of Volun- teers during the Civil War, and as Solicitor of the United States Treasury during the "whisky ring" prosecutions. James H. was educated in the common schools, at McKendree College, and the United States Military Academy at West Point, graduating from the latter in 1860, and being assigned to the Topographical Engineer Corps. In September, 1861, he was promoted to a First Lieutenancy, then served as Chief Topo- graphical Engineer of the Port Royal expedition until March, 1863; was afterwards attached to the Department of the South, being present at the bombardment of Fort Pulaski; was Aid-de- camp to McClellan, and participated in the bat- tles of South Mountain and Antietam; was made Lieutenant-Colonel of Volunteers in November, 1862; was Chief Topographical Engineer and Inspector-General of the Army of the Tennessee until October, 1863, being actively engaged in the operations around Vicksburg; was made Captain of Engineers in May, 1863, and Brigadier- General of Volunteers, Oct. 31, following. He also conducted operations preliminary to the battle of Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge, and for the relief of Knoxville. Later, he was placed in command of the Third Division of the cavalry corps of the Army of the Potomac, serving from May to August, 1864, under General Sheridan. Subsequently he was transferred to the Depart- ment of the Mississippi, where he so distinguished himself that, on April 20, 1865, he was made Major-General of Volunteers. In twenty-eight days he captured five fortified cities, twenty- three stands of colors, 288 guns and 6,820 prison- ers — among the latter being Jefferson Davis. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in January, 1866, and, on July 28, following, was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty- fifth United States Infantry, being also brevetted Major-General in the regular army. On Dec. 31, 1870, he returned to civil life, and was afterwards largely engaged in railroad and engineering oper- ations, especially in West Virginia. Promptly after the declaration of war with Spain (1898) General Wilson was appointed, by the President, Major-General of Volunteers, serving until its close. He is the author of "China: Travels and Investigations in the Middle Kingdom" ; "Life of Andrew J. Alexander"; and the "Life of Gen. U. S. Grant," in conjunction with Charles A. Dana. His home, in recent years, has been in New York. WILSON, John M., lawyer and jurist, was born in New Hampshire in 1802, graduated at Bowdoin College in lS2-i — the classmate of Frank- lin Pierce and Nathaniel Hawthorne; studied law in New Hampshire and came to Illinois in 1835, locating at Joliet; removed to Chicago in 1841, where he was the partner of Norman B. Judd, serving, at different periods, as attorney of the Chicago & Rock Island, the Lake Shore & Michi- gan Southern and the Chicago & Northwestern Railways; was Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Cook County, 1853-59, when he became Presiding Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, serving until 1868. Died, Dec. 7, 1883. WILSON, John P., lawyer, was born in White- side County, 111., July 3, 1844; educated in the common schools and at Knox College, Galesburg, graduating from the latter in 1865; two years later was admitted to the bar in Chicago, and speedily attained prominence in his profession. During the World's Fair period he was retained as counsel by the Committee on Grounds and Buildings, and was prominently connected, as counsel for the city, with the Lake Front litiga- tion. WILSON, Robert L., early legislator, was born in Washington County, Pa., Sept. 11, 1805, taken to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1810, graduated at Frank- lin College in 1831, studied law and, in 1833, removed to Athens (now in Menard Count}'), 111. ; was elected Representative in 1836, and was one of the members from Sangamon County, known as the "Long Nine," who assisted in securing the removal of the State Capital to Springfield. Mr. Wilson removed to Sterling, Whiteside County, in 1840, was elected five times Circuit Clerk and served eight years as Probate Judge. Immedi- ately after the fall of Fort Sumter, he enlisted as private in a battalion in Washington City under command of Cassius M. Cla}', for guard duty until the arrival of the Seventh New York Regi- ment. He subsequently assisted in raising troops in Illinois, was appointed Paymaster by Lincoln, serving at Washington, St. Louis, and, after the fall of Vicksburg, at Springfield — being mustered out in November, 1865. Died, in White- side County, 1880. WILSON, Robert S., lawyer and jurist, was born at Montrose, Susquehanna County, Pa. , Nov. 6, 1812; learned the printer's art, then studied law and was admitted to the bar in Allegheny County, about 1833; in 1836 removed to Ann Arbor, Mich., where he served as Probate Judge HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 5f)5 and State Senator ; in 1850 came to Cliicago, was elected Judge of the Recorder's Court in 1853, and re-elected in 1858, serving ten years, and {proving "a terror to evil-doers." Died, at Law- rence. Mich., Dec. 23, 1883. WILSOX, William, eaily jurist, was born in Loudoun County, Va., April 27, 1794; studied law with Hon. John Cook, a distinguished lawyer, and minister to France in the early part of the century; in 1817 removed to Kentucky, soon after came to Illinois, two years later locating in White County, near Carmi, wliich continued to be his home during the remainder of liis life. In 1819 he was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court as successor to William P. Foster, who is described bj' Governor Ford as "a grejit rascal and no lawyer," and who held office onlj' about nine montlis. Judge Wilson was re-elected to the Supreme bencli, as Chief- Justice, in 1S25, being then only a little over 30 years old, and held office until the reorganization of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of 1848 — a period of over twenty-nine years, and, •with the exception of Judge Browne's, the long- est term of service in the history of the court. He died at his home in White County, April 29, 1857. A Whig in early life, he allied himself with the Democratic party on the dissolution of the former. Hon. James C. Conkling, of Spring- field, says of him, "as a writer, his style was clear and distinct; as a lawyer, his judgment was sound anil discriminating." WINCHESTER, a city and county-seat of Scott County, founded in 1839, situated on Rig Sandy Creek and on the line of the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 29 miles south of Beardstown and 84 miles north by west of St. Louis. While the surrounding region is agricultural and largely devoted to wheat growing, there is some coal mining. Winchester is an important shipping- point, having tliree grain elevators, two (louring mills, and a coal mine employing fifty miners. There are four Protestant and one Catliolic church, a court house, a higli school, a graded school building, two banks and two weekly new.s- papers. Population (1880), 1,026; (1890), 1,542; (1900). 1.711. WIN nsOR, a city of Shelby County at the cross- ing of the Cleveland. Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis and the Wabash Railways. 11 miles north- east of Shelby ville. Population (1880), 768; a890), 888; (1900), 860. WINES, Frederick Howard, clergyman and sociologist, was lx)rn in Pliiladelphia. Pa., April 9, 1838, graduated at Washington (Pa.) College in 1857, and, after serving as tutor there for a short time, entered Princeton Theological Semi- nary, but was compelled temporarily to discon- tinue his studies on account of a weakness of the eyes. The Presbytery of St. Louis licensed him to preacli in 1860, and. in 1S62, lie was com- missioned Hospital Chaplain in the Union armj'. During 1862-64 he was stationed at Springfield, Mo., participating in the battle of Springfield on Jan. 8, 1863, and being personally mentioned for braver3- on the field in the official report. Re- entering the seminary at Princeton in 1864, he graduated in 1865, and at once accepted a call to the pulpit of the First Presbyterian Churcli of Springfield, 111., which he filled for four years. In 1869 he was appointed Secretary of the newly created Board of Commissioners of Public Chari- ties of Illinois, in which capacity he continued until 1893, when he resigned. For the next four years he was chiefly engaged in literary work, in lecturing before universities on topics connected with social science, in aiding in the organization of charitable work, and in the conduct of a thorough investigation into the relations between liquor legislation and crime. At an early period lie took a prominent part in organizing the various Boards of Public Charities of the United States into an organization known as the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, and, at the Louisville meeting (1883), was elected its President. At the International Penitentiary Congress at Stockholm (1878) he was the official delegate from Illinois. On his return, as a result of his ob.servations while abroad, he submitted to the Legislature a report strongly ailvocating the construction of the Kankakee Hospital for the Insane, then about to be built, upon tlie "detached ward" or "village" plan, a departure from then existing methods, which marks an era in the treatment of insane in the United States. Mr. Wines conducted the investigation into the condition and number of the defective, depend- ent and deliiuiuent classes throughout the coun- try, his report constituting a separate volume under the "Tenth Census," and rendered a simi- lar service in connection with the eleventh census (1890). In 1887 he was elected Secretary of the National Prison Association, succeeding to the post formerly held by his father, Enoch Cobb Wines. D.D., LL.D. After the inauguration of Governor Tanner in 1897, he resumed liis former iwsition of Secretary of the Board of Public Charities, remaining until 1899. when he again tendered his resignation, having received the appointment to the position of Assistant Director 596 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of the Twelfth Census, which he now holds. He is the author of "Crime and Reformation"" (1895) ; of a voluminous series of reports ; also of numer- oun pamphlets and brochures, among which may be mentioned "The County Jail Sj-stem; An Argument for its Abolition" (1878) ; "The Kanka- kee Hospital" (1882); "Provision for the Insane in the United States" (1885); "Conditional Liberation, or the Paroling of Prisoners" (1886), and "American Prisons in tlie Tenth Census" (1888). "WINES, "Walter B., lawyer (brother of Freder- ick H. "Wines), was born in Boston. Ma.ss. , Oct. 10, 1848, received his primary education at "Willis- ton Academy, East Haninton, Mass., after which he entered Middlebury College, "Vt., taking a classical course and graduating there. He after- wards became a student in the law department of Columbia College, N. Y. , graduating in 1871, being admitted to the bar the same year and commencing practice in New York City. In 1879 he came to Springfield, 111., and was, for a time, identified with the bar of that city. Later, he removed to Chicago, wliere he has been engaged in literary and journalistic work. WIXNEBAGO COUKTY, situated in the "northern tier," bordering on the "Wisconsin State line; was organized, under an act pas.sed in 1836, from La Salle and Jo Daviess Counties, and has an area of 552 square miles. The county is drained by the Rock and Pecatonica Rivers. The surface is rolling prairie and the soil fertile. The geology is simple, the quaternary deposits being underlaid by the Galena blue and buff limestone, adapted for building purposes. All the cereals are raised in abundance, the chief product being corn. The Winnebago Indians (who gave name to the county) formerly lived on the west side of the Rock River, and the Potta- watomies on the east, but both tribes removed westward in 1835. (As to manufacturing inter- ests, see Ruckford.) Population (1880), 30,505; (1890), 39,938; (1900), 47,845 "WINNEBAGO "WAR. The name given to an Indian disturbance which had its origin in 1837, during the administration of Gov. Ninian Edwards. The Indians had been quiet since the conclusion of the "War of 1812, but a few isolated outrages were sufficient to start terrified "run- ners"' in all directions. In the northern portion of the State, from Galena to Chicago (then Fort Dearborn) the alarm was intense. The meagre militia force of the State was summoned and volunteers were called for. Meanwhile, 600 United States Regular Infantry, under command of Gen. Henry Atkinson, put in an appearance. Besides the infantry, Atkinson had at his disposal some 130 mounted sharpshooters. The origin of the disturbance was as follows: The Winne- bagoes attacked a band of Chippewas, who were (bj- treaty) under Government potection, several of the latter being killed. For participation in this offense, four Winnebago Indians %vere sum- marilj- apprehended, surrendered to the Chippe- was and shot. Meanwhile, some dispute had arisen as to the title of the lands, claimed by the Winnebagoes in the vicinity of Gale'ia, which had been occupied by white miners. Repeated acts of hostility and of reprisal, along the Upper Mississippi, intensified mutual distrust. A gather- ing of the Indians around two keel-boats, laden with supplies for Fort Snelling, which had anchored near Prairie du Chien and opposite a Winnebago camp, was regarded by the whites as a hostile act. Liquor was freely distributed, and there is historical evidence that a half-dozen drunken squaws were carried off and shamefully maltreated. Several hundred warriors assembled to avenge the deception which had been practiced upon them. They laid in ambush for the boats on their return trip. The first passed too rapidly to be successfully assailed, but the second grounded and was savagelj', yet unsuccessfully, attacked. The presence of General Atkinson's forces prevented an actual outbreak, and, on his demand, the great Winnebago Chief, Red Bird, with six other leading men of the tribe, sur- rendered themselves as hostages to save their nation from extermination. A majority of these were, after trial, acquitted. Red Bird, however, unable to endure confinement, literally pined to death in prison, dying on Feb. 16, 1828. He is described as having l)een a savage of superior intelligence and noble character. A treaty of peace was concluded with the Winnebagoes in a council held at Prairie du Chien, a few months later, but the affair seems to have produced as much alarm among the Indians as it did among the whites. (For Winnebago Indians seepage ^Ifi.) "WINNETKA, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 161^ miles north of Chicago. It stands eighty feet above the level of Lake Michigan, has good schools (being the seat of the Winnetka Institute), sev- eral churches, and is a popular residence town. Population (1880), .584; (1890), 1,079; (1900), 1,8.3.3. WINSTON, Frederick Hampton, lawyer, was born in Liberty County, Ga., Nov. 20, 1830, was brought to Woodford County, Ky., in 1835, left an orphan at 12, and attended the common HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 597 scliools until 18, when, returning to Georgia, he engaged in cotton manufacture. He finally began the study of law with United States Sena- tor W. C. Dawson, and graduated from Harvard Law School in IS'ri ; spent some time in the office of W. M. Evarts in New York, was admitted to the bar and came to Chicago in 1853, where he formed a partnership with Norman B. Judd, afterwards being associated with Judge Henry W. Blodgett; served as general solicitor of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railways — remaining witli the latter twenty years. In 1885 lie was appointed, by President Cleveland, Minister to Persia, but resigned the following year, and traveled exten- sively in Russia, Scandinavia and other foreign countries. Mr. Winston was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1868, '76 and '84 : first President of the Stock Yards at Jersey City, for twelve years President of the Lincoln Park Commission, and a Director of the Lincoln National Bank. WISCONSIN CENTRAL LINES. Tlie Wiscon- sin Central Company was organized. June 17, 1887, and subsequently acquired the Minnesota, St. Croix & Wisconsin, the Wisconsin & Minne- sota, the Chippewa Falls & Western, the St. Paul & St. Croix Falls, tlie Wisconsin Central, the Penokee, and the Packwaukee & Montebello Rail- roads, and assumed the leases of the Milwaukee & Lake Winneliago and the Wisconsin & Minne- sota Roads. On July 1, 1888, the company began to operate the entire Wisconsin Central system, with the exception of the Wisconsin Central Railroad and the leased Milwaukee & Lake Win- nebago, which remained in charge of the Wis- consin Central Railroad mortgage trustees until Nov. 1, 1889, when these, too, passed imder the control of the Wisconsin Central Company. The Wisconsin Central Railroatl Comiiany is a re- organization (Oct. 1, 1879) of a company formed Jan. 1, 1871. The Wisconsin Central and the Wisconsin Central Railroad Companies, though differing in name, are a financial unit; the former holding most of the first mortgage bonds of the latter, and substantially all its notes, stocks and income bonds, but, for legal reasons (such as the protection of land titles), it is necessary that separate corporations be maintained. On April 1, 1890, the Wisconsin Central Company executed a lease to the Northern Pacific Railroad, but this was set aside by the courts, on Sept. 27, 1893. for non-payment of rent, and was finally canceled. On the same day receivers were appointed to insure the protection of all interests. The total mileage is 415.46 miles, of which the Company owns 2.58.90— only .10 of a mile in Illinois. A line, 58.10 miles in length, with 8.44 miles of side-track (total, 06.54 miles), lying wholly within the State of Illinois, is operated bj' the Chicago & Wisconsin and furnishes the allied line an en- trance into Chicago. WITHKOW, Thomas F., lawyer, was born in V' irginia in March, 1833, removed with his parents to Ohio in childhood, attended the Western Reserve College, and, after the death of his father, taught school and worked as a printer, later, editing a paper at ilount Vernon. In 1855 he removed to Janesville, AVis., where he again engaged in journalistic work, studied law, was admitted to the bar in Iowa in 1857, settled at Des Moines and served as private secretary of Governors Lowe and Kirkwood. In 1860 he became Supreme Court Reporter; served as Chairman of the Republican State Central Com- mittee in 1863 and, in 1866, became as-sociated with the Rock Island Railroad in the capacity of local attorney, was made cliief law ofl^cer of the Company in 1873, and removed to Chicago, and, in 1890, was promoted to the position of General Coun.sel. Died, in Chicago, Feb. 3, 1893. WOLCOTT, (Dr.) Alexander, early Indian Agent, was born at East Windsor, Conn., Feb. 14, 1790; graduated from Y'ale College in 1809, and, after a cour.se in medicine, was commis- sioned, in 1812, Surgeon's Mate in the United States Army. In 1820 he was appointed Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn (now Chicago), as suc- cessor to Charles Jouett— the first Agent— who had been appointed a United States Judge in Arkansas. The same year he accompanied Gen- eral Lewis Cass and Henry Schoolcraft on tlieir tour among the Indians of the Northwest; was married in 1823 to Ellen JIariou Kinzie, a daughter of Col. John Kinzie, the first perma- nent settler of Chicago; in 1825 was appointed a Justice of the Peace for Peoria County, which then included Cook County; was a Judge of Election in 1830, and one of the purchasers of a block of ground in the heart of the pre.sent city of Chicago, at the first sale of lots, lield Sept. 27, 1830, but died before the close of the year. Dr. Wolcott appears to have been a high-minded and honorable man, as well as far in advance of the mass of pioneers in point of education and intel- ligence. WO.MAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE OF CHI- C.VCjO. (See yorthwcstern University Woman's Medical School.) 598 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. WOMAN SUFFRAGE. (See Suffrage.) WOOD, Benson, lawyer and Congressman, was born in Susquehanna County, Pa., in 1839; re- ceived a common scliool and academic education ; at the age of 20 came to Illinois, and, for two years, taught scliool in Lee County. He tlien enlisted as a soldier in an Illinois regiment, attaining the rank of Captain of Infantry, after the war, graduated from the Law Department of the old Chicago University, and has since been engaged in the practice of his profession. He was elected a member of the Tvi-enty-eighth Gen- eral Assembly (1872) and was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions of 1876 and 1888 ; also served as Mayor of the city of Effing- ham, where he now resides. In 1894 he was elected to the Fifty-fourth Congress by the Republicans of the Nineteenth District, which has imiformly returned a Democrat, and, in office, proved himself a most industrious and efficient member. Mr. Wood was defeated as a candidate for re-election in 1896. WOOD, John, pioneer, Lieutenant-Governor and Governor, was born at Moravia, N. Y., Dec. 20, 1798— his father being a Revolutionary soldier who had served as Surgeon and Captain in the army. At the age of 21 years young Wood re- moved to Illinois, settling in what is now Adams County, and building the first log-cabin on the site of the present city of Quincy. He was a member of the upper house of the Seventeenth and Eight- eenth General Assemblies, and was elected Lieu- tenant-Governor in 18.^9 on the same ticket with Governor Bissell, and served out the unexpired term of the latter, who died in office. (See Bis- sell, William H. ) He was succeeded by Richard Yates in 1861. In February of that year he was appointed one of the five Commissioners from Illinois to the "Peace Conference" at Wash- ington, to consider methods for averting civil war. The following May he was appointed Quartermaster-General for the State by Governor Yates, and assisted most efficiently in fitting out the troops for the field. In June, 1864. he was commissioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Illinois Volunteers (100-days' men) and mustered out of service the following Sep- tember. Died, at Quincy, June 11, 1880. He was liberal, patriotic and public-spirited. His fellow-citizens of Quincy erected a monument to his memory, which was appropriately dedicated, July 4, 1883, WOODFORD COUNTY, situated a little north of the center of the State, bounded on the west by the Illinois River ; organized in 1841 ; area, .540 square miles. The surface is generally level, except along the Illinois River, the soil fertile and well watered. The county lies in the north- ern section of the great coal field of the State. Eureka is the county-seat. Other thriving cities and towns are Metamora, Minonk, El Paso and Roanoke. Corn, oats, wheat, potatoes and barley are the principal crops. The chief mechanical industries are flour manufacture, carriage and wagon-making, and saddlery and harness work. Population (1890), 21,429; (1900), 21,822. WOODHULL, a village of Henry County, on Keithsburg branch Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 15 miles west of Galva; has a bank, electric lights, waterworks, brick and tile works, six churches and weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 774. WOODMAN, Charles W., lawyer and Congress- man, was born in Aalborg, Denmark, March 11, 1844: received his early education in the schools of his native country, but took to the sea in 1860, following the life of a sailor until 1863, when, coming to Philadelphia, he enlisted in the Gulf Squadron of the United States. After the war, he came to Chicago, and, after reading law for some time in the office of James L. High, gradu- ated from the Law Department of the Chicago University in 1871. Some years later he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for some of the lower courts, and, in 1881, was nominated by the Judges of Cook County as one of the Justices of the Peace for the city of Chicago. In 1894 he became the Republican candidate for Congress from the Fourth District and was elected, but failed to secure a renomination in 1896. Died, in Elgin Asylum for the Insane, March 18. 1898. WOODS, Robert Mann, was born at Greenville, Pa., April 17, 1840; came with his parents to Illi- nois in 1843, the family settling at Barry, Pike County, but subsequently residing at Pittsfield, Canton and Galesburg. He was educated at Knox College in the latter place, which was his home from 1849 to "58; later, taught school in Iowa and Missouri until 1861, when he went to Sjjringfield and began the study of law with Milton Hay and Shelby M. Cullom. His law- studies having been interrupted by the Civil War, after spending some time in the mustering and disbursing office, he was promoted by Gov- ernor Yates to a place in the executive office, from which he went to the field as Adjutant of the Sixty-fourth Illinois Infantry, known as the "Yates Sharp-Shooters." After participating, with the Army of the Tennessee, in the Atlanta campaign, he took part in the "Slarch to the Sea," and the campaign in the Carolinas, includ- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 59G ing the siege of Savannah and the forcing of the Salkahatchie, where he distinguislied himself, as also in the taking of Columbia, Fayetteville, Cheraw, Raleigh and Bentonville. At the latter place he had a horse shot under him and won the brevet rank of Jhijor for gallantrj' in the field, having previously been commissioned Captain of Company A of his regiment. lie also served on the staffs of Gens. Giles A. Smith, Benjamin F. Potts, and William W. Belknap, and was the last mustering officer in General Sherman's army. In 1867 JIujor Woods removed to Chicago, where he was in business for a number of years, serving as chief clerk of Custom House construction from 1872 to 1877. In 1879 he jjurchased "The Daily Republican" at Joliet, which he conducted successfully for fifteen years. While connected with "The Republican," he .servedasSecretarx- of the Illinois Republican Press Association and in various other positions. Major Woods was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, whose birth-place was in Illinois. (See Grand Army of the Rcjmb- lic; also StephcJison, Dr. D. F.) When Dr. Stephenson (who had been Surgeon of the Four- teenth Illinois Infantry), conceived the idea of founding such an order, he called to his assist- ance Major Woods, who was then engaged in writing the histories of Illinois regiments for the Adjutant-General's Report. The Major wrote the Constitution and By-laws of the Order, the charter blanks for all the reports, etc. The first official order bears his name as the first Adjutant- General of the Order, as follows : hsatkiuartbrs department of illinois Grand Ahuy of thk Republic. Spuinokield, III., April 1, 1866. General Orders '. No. 1. ) The following named onicers are hereby appointed and assigned to duty at these headquarters. They will be obeyed and respected accordlnKJ>y: Colonel Jules C. Webber, A.U.C. and Chief of StafT. Colonel John M. Snyder, Quarterma.ster-General. Major Rol>ert M. Woods. Adjutanl-Oeneral. Captain John A. Llghtfoot. A.sslstaiit .\djulant-GeneraI. Cap'aln John S. Phelps, Atd-de-Camp. By order of B. F. dtephensuu, Department Commander. ItoBKRT M. Woods, Ae called, depart- mental) buildings, all of beautiful and ornate design, and all of vast size. They wore known as the JIanufacturers' and Liberal Arts, the Macliinery. Electrical, Transportation, Woman's, Horticultural, Minos and Mining, Anlhr()|)i)log- ical, xVdmiuistration, Art Galleries, Agricultural, Art Institute, Fisheries, Live Stock, Dairy and Forestrj' buildings, and the Music Hall and Ca- sino. Several of these had large annexes. The Manufacturers" Building was tlie hxrgest. It was rectangular (1087x787 feet), having a ground area of 31 acres and a floor and gallery area of 44 acres. Its central chamber was 1280x380 feet, with a nave 107 feet wiile, both Iiall and nave being surrounded by a gallery 50 feet wide. It was four times as large as the Roman Coliseum and three times as large as St. Petei-'s at Rome; 17,000,000 feet of lumber, 13,000,000 pounds of steel, and 2,000,000 pounds of iron had been used in its construction, involving a cost of .$1,800,000. It was originally intended to open the Exposi- tion, formally, on Oct. 21, 1892, thequadri-centen- nial of Columbus' discovery of land on the Western Hemisphere, but the magnitude of the undertaking rendered this impracticable. Con- sequentlj-, while dedicator}' ceremonies were held on that day, preceded by a monster procession and followed by elaborate pyrotechnic displays at night, Maj- 1, 1893, was fixed as the opening day — the machinery and fountains being put in oper- ation, at the touch of an electric button bj- Presi- dent Cleveland, at the close of a short address. The total number of atlmissions from that date to Oct. 31, was 27,.')30,4(i0— tlie largest for any single day being on Oct. 9 (Chicago Day) amount- ing to 761.944. The total receipts from all sources (including National and State appropriations, subscriptions, etc.), amounted to §28,101,168.75, of which $10,626,3.30.76 was from the sale of tick- ets, and §3,699,581.43 from concessions. The aggregate attendance fell short of that at the Paris Exposition of 1889 by about 500,000, while the receipts from the sale of tickets and con- cessions exceeded the latter by nearly §5,800,000. Subscribers to the Exposition stock received a return of ten per cent on the same. The Illinois buikling was the first of the State buildings to be completed. It was also the largest and most costlj', but was severely criti- cised from an architectural standpoint. The exliibit^ showed the internal resources of the State, as well as the development of its govern- mental system, and its progress in civilization from the days of the first pioneers. The entire Illinois exhibit in the State building was under charge of the State Board of Agriculture, who devoted one-tenth of the appropriation, and a like proportion of floor space, to the exliibition of the work of Illinois women as scientists, autliors, artists, decorators, etc. Among special features of the Illinois exhibit were: State trophies and relics, kept in a fire-proof memorial hall ; the dis- play of grains and minerals, and an immense topographical map (prepareGTO\, Mcholas Ellsworth, ex-Con- gre.ssmau, was born in Brooke County, W. Va., March 30, 1836, and completed his education at Allegheny College, Pa., studied Law at Morgan- town, Va., and was admitted to the bar in 1860. He is a resident of Peoria, and, by profession, a lawyer: was County Superintendent of Schools of Peoria County from 1868 to 1872, and a mem- 602 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ber of the State Board of Education from 1869 to 1872. In 1882 he was elected to Congress, as a Democrat, from the Tenth Congressional District, and re-elected in 1884. In 1886 he was again a candidate, but was defeated by bis Republican opponent, Philip Sidney Post. He was elected Circuit Judge of the Tenth Judicial District in 1891, and re-elected in 1897. In 1894 be served upon a commission appointed by President Cleve- land, to investigate the labor strikes of that year at Chicago. TVRKjHT, John Stephen,, manufacturer, was born at Sheffield, Mass., July 16, 1815; came to Chicago in 1832, with his father, who opened a store in that city ; in 1837, at his own expense, built the first school building in Chicago; in 1840 established "The Prairie Farmer," which he con- ducted for many years in the interest of popular education and progressive agriculture. In 1852 he engaged in the manufacture of Atkins' self- raking reaper and mower, was one of the pro- moters of the Galena & Chicago Union and the Illinois Central Railways, and wrote a volume entitled, "Chicago: Past, Present and Future," published in 1870. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 26, 1874. WULFF, Henry, ex-State Treasurer, was born in Meldorf, Germany, August 24, 1854; came to Chicago in 1863, and began his political career as a Trustee of the town of Jetferson. In 1866 he was elected County Clerk of Cook County, and re-elected in 1890; in 1894 became the Republican nominee for State Treasurer, receiving, at the November election of that year, the unprece- dented plurality of 133,427 votes over his Demo- cratic opponent. WYANET, a town of Bureau County, at the intersection of the Chicago, Burlington & Qiiincy and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railways, 7 miles southwest of Princeton. Population (1890), 670; (1900), 902. TVYLIE, (Rev.) Samuel, domestic missionarj-, born in Ireland and came to America in boj'hood ; was educated at the University of Pennsylvania and the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, and ordained in 1818. Soon after this he came west as a domestic mis- sionary and, in 1820, became pastor of a church at Sparta, lU. , where he remained until bis death, March 20, 1872, after a pastorate of 52 years. During his pastorate the church sent out a dozen colonies to form new church organizations else- where. He is described as able, eloquent and scholarly. WTMAJf, (Col.) John B., soldier, was born in Massachusetts, July 12, 1817, and educated in the schools of that State until 14 years of age, when he became a clerk in a clothing store in his native town of Shrewsbury, later being associated with mercantile establishments in Cincinnati, and again in his native State. From 1846 to 1850 he was employed successively as a clerk in the car and machine shops at Springfield, 5Iass., then as Superintendentof Construction, and, later, as con- ductor on the New York & New Haven Railroad, finally, in 1850, becoming Superintendent of the Connecticut River Railroad. In 1852 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Railroad Com- pany, assisting in the survey and construction of the line under Col. R. B. Mason, the Chief Engi- neer, and finally becoming Assistant Superin- tendent of the Northern Division. He was one of the original proprietors of the town of Amboy, in Lee County, and its first Mayor, also serving a second term. Having a fondness for military affairs, he was usually connected with some mili- tary organization — while in Cincinnati being attached to a company, of which Prof. O. M. Mitchell, the celebrated astronomer (afterwards Major-General Mitchell), was Captain. After coming to Illinois he became Captain of the Chi- cago Light Guards. Having lef* the employ of the Railroad in 1858, he was in private business at Amboy at the beginning of the Civil War in 1861. As Assistant- Adjutant General, by appoint- ment of Governor Yates, he rendered valuable service in the early weeks of the war in securing arms from Jefferson Barracks and in the organi- zation of the three-months" regiments. Then, liaving organized the Thirteentli Illinois Volun- teer Infantry — the first organized in the State for the three years" service — he was commis- sioned its Colonel, and, in July following, entered upon the duty of guarding the railroad lines in Southwest Missouri and Arkansas. The follow- ing year his regiment was attached to General Sherman"s command in the first campaign against Vicksburg. On the second day of the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, he fell mortally wounded, dying on the field, Dec. 28, 1862. Colo- nel Wyman was one of the most accomplished and promising of the volunteer soldiers sent to tlie field from Illinois, of whom so many were former employes of the Illinois Central Rail- road, "WYOMING, a town of Stark County, 31 miles north-northwest from Peoria, at the junction of the Peoria branch Rock Island & Pacific and the Rushville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincj- Railway ; has two high schools, churches, two banks, flour mills, water-works, machine HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 603 shop, and two weekly newspapers. Coal is mined here. Pop. (1830), 1,116; (1900), 1,277. XEM.\, a village of Clay County, on the Balti- more & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 87 miles east of St. Louis. Population (1900), 800. YATES CITY, a villase of Knox County, at the junction of the Peoria Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, with the Rushville branch, 23 miles southeast of Galesburg. The town has banks, a coal mine, telephone exchange, school, churches and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 687; (1900), 650. YATES, Henry, pioneer, was born in Caroline County, Va.. Oct. 29, 1786 — being a grand-nephew of Chief Justice John JIarshall : removed to Fa- yette County, Ky. , where he located and laid out the town of Warsaw, which afterwards became the county-seat of Gallatin County. In 1831 he removed to Sangamon County, 111. , and, in 1832, settled at the site of the present town of Berlin, which he laid out the foUowing j-ear. also laying out the town of New Berlin, a few years later, on the line of the Wabash Railway. He was father of Gov. Richard Yates. Died, Sept. 13, 1865.— Henry (Y^ates), Jr. , son of the preceding, was born at Berlin, 111., March 7, 1835: engaged in merchan- dising at New Berlin ; in 1862. raised a company of volunteers for the One Hundred and Sixth Regiment Illinois Infantry, was appointed Lieu- tenant-Colonel and brevetted Colonel and Briga- dier-General. He was accidentally shot in 1863, and suffered sun-stroke at Little Rock, from which he never fully recovered. Died, August 3, 1871. YATES, Rlfhard, former Governor and United States Senator, was born at Warsaw, Ky., Jan. 18, 1815, of English descent. In 1831 he accom- panied his father to Illinois, the family settling first at Springfield and later at Berlin, Sangamon Count}'. He soon after entered Illinois College, from which he graduated in 1835, and subse- quently read law with Col. John J. Hardin, at Jacksonville, which thereafter became his home. In 1842 he was elected Representative in the Gen- eral Assembly from Morgan County, and was re-elected in 1844, and again in 1848. In 18.50 he was a candidate for Congress from the Seventh District and elected over Maj. Thomas L. Harris, the previous incimibent. being the only Whig Representative in the Thirty-second Congress from Illinois. Two years later he was re-elected over John Calhoun, but was defeated, in 18.54, by his old opponent, Harris. He was one of the most vigorous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in the Thirty -third Congress, and an early participant in the movement for the organization of the Republican part}' to resist the further e.xtension of .slavery, being a prominent speaker, on the .same platform with Lincoln, before the first Republican State Convention held at Bloom- ington, in Slay, 1856, and serving as one of the Vice-Presidents of that body. In 1860 he was elected to the executive chair on the ticket headed by Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency, and. bj- his energetic support of the National administration in its measures for the suppression of the Rebellion, won the sobri(iuet of "the Illi- nois War-Governor."" In 1865 he was elected United States Senator, serving until 1871. He dieil suddenly, at St. Louis, Nov. 27, 1873, while returning from Arkansas, whither he had gone, as a United States Commissioner, by appointment of President Grant, to inspect a land-subsidy railroad. He was a man of rare ability, earnest- ness of purpose and extraordinary jiersonal mag- netism, as well as of a lofty order of patriotism. His faults were those of a nature generous, impulsive and warm-hearted. YOKKYILLE, the county-seat of Kendall County, on Fo.x River and Streator Division of Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 12 miles south we.st of Aurora; on interurban electric line; has water-power, electric lights, a bank, churches and weekly newspaper. Pop.(1890) 375; (1900), 413. YOl'XG, Brigliam, Mormon leader, was born at Whittingham, Vt., June 1, 1801, joined the Mormons in 1831 and, the next year, became asso- ciated with Joseph Smith, at Kirtland, Ohio, and, in 1835, an "apostle."' He accompanied a con- siderable body of that sect to Independence, Mo. . but was driven out with them in 1837, settling for a short time at Quincj-, 111., but later remov- ing to Nauvoo, of which he was one of the foun- ders. On the assa-ssination of Smith, in 1844, he became the successor of the latter, as head of the Mormon Church, and. the following jear. hea 608 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. missioned Colonel of the regiment, a position which he occupied at the time of the call by the President for troops to serve in the Spanish- American War in April, 1898. He promptly answered the call, and was sworn into the United States service at tlie head of his regiment early in May. The regiment was almost immediately ordered to Jacksonville, Fla., remaining there and at Savannah, Ga., until early in December, when it was transferred to Havana, Cuba. Here he was soon after appointed Chief of Police for the city of Havana, remaining in office until the middle of January, 1899, when he returned to his regiment, then stationed at Camp Columbia, near the city of Havana. In tlie latter part of Slarch he returned with his regiment to Augusta, Ga., where it was mustered out, April 26, 1899. one year from tlie date of its arrival at Springfield. After leaving the service Colonel Moultou resumed his business as a contractor. SHERMAN, Lawrence T., legislator and Speaker of the Forty-first General Assembly, was born in Miami County, Ohio, Nov. 6, 1858; at 3 years of age came to Illinois, his parents settling at Industry, McDonough County. When he had reached the age of 10 years he went to Jasper County, where he grew to manhood, received his education in the coiamon schools and in the law- department of McKendree College, graduating from the latter, and, in 1881, located at JIacomb, McDonough County. Here he began his career by driving a team upon the street in order to accumulate means enabling him to devote his entire attention to his chosen profession of law. He soon took an active interest in poUtics, was elected County Judge in 1886, and, at the expira- tion of his term, formed a partnership with George D. Tunnicliffe and D. G. Tunuiclifle, ex-Justice of the Supreme Court. In 1894 he was a candidate for the Republican nomination for Representative in the General Assembly, but withdrew to prevent a split in the party; was nominated and elected in 1896, and re-elected in 1898, and, at the succeeding session of the Forty-first General Assembly, was nominated by the Republican caucus and elected Speaker, as he was again of tlie Forty -second in 1901. yiXYARD, Philip, early legislator, was born in Pennsylvania in 1800, came to Illinois at an earl}' day, and settled in Pope County, which he represented in the lower branch of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth General Assemblies. He married ]\Iiss JIatilda McCoy, the daughter of a prominent Illinois pioneer, and served as Sherilf of Pope County for a number of years. Died, at Gol- conda, in 1863, SUPPLEMENT NO. 11. BLACK HAWK WAR, THE. The episode known in history under the name of ' 'The Black Hawk War," was the most formidable conflict between the whites and Indians, as well as the most far-reaching in its results, that ever oc- curred upon the .soil of Illinois. It takes its name from the Indian Chief, of the Sac tribe. Black Hawk (Indian name, Makatai Meshekia- kiak, meaning "Black Sparrow Hawk"), who was the leader of the hostile Indian band and a principal factor in the struggle. Black Hawk had been an ally of the British during the War of 1813-15, served with Tecumseh when the lat- ter fell at the battle of the Thames in 1813, and, after the war, continued to maintain friendly re- lations with his "British father." The outbreak in Illinois had its origin in the construction put upon the treaty negotiated by Gen. William Henry Harrison with the Sac and Fox Indians on behalf of the United States Government, No- vember 3, 1804, under which the Indians trans- ferred to the Government nearly 15,000,000 acres of land comprising the region lying between the Wisconsin River on the north. Fox River of Illi- nois on the east and southeast, and the Slississippi on the west, for which the Government agreed to pay to the confederated tribes less than $2,500 in goods and the insignificant sum of §1,000 per an- num in perpetuity. While the validity of the treaty was denied on the part of the Indians on the ground that it bad originally been entered into by their chiefs under duress, while held as prisoners HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 600 under a charge of murder at Jefferson Barracks, duriiiK which they had been kept in a state of con- stant intoxication, it luul been repeatedly reaf- firmed by parts or all of the tribe, e.specially in ISIT), in 1816, in 1822 and in 1823, and finally recog- nized by Black Hawk himself in i8yi. The part of the treaty of 1804 which was the immediate cause of the disagreement was that which stipulated that, so long as the lands ceded under it remained the property of the United States (that is, should not be transferred to private owners), ' 'the Indians belonging to the said tribes shall enjoy the priv- ilege of living or hunting upon them." Al- though these lands had not been jnit upon the market, or even surveyed, as "squatters" multi- plied in this region little respect was paid to the treat}' rights of the Indians, particularly with reference to those localities where, by reason of fertility of the soil or some other natural advan- tage, the Indians had established something like permanent homes and introduced a sort of crude cultivation. This was especially the case with reference to the Sac village of "Saukenuk" on the north bank of Rock River near its moutli, wliere the Indians, when not absent on the chase, had lived for over a century, had cultivated fields of corn and vegetables and had buried their dead. In the early part of the la.st century, it is estimated that some five hundred families had been accustomed to congregate here, making it the largest Indian village in the West. As early as 1823 the encroachments of squatters on the rights claimed by the Indians under the treaty of 1804 began ; their fields were taken possession of by the intruders, their lodges uurned and their women and children whipped and driven away during the absence of the men on their annual hunts. The dangers resulting from these con- flicts led Governor Edwards, as earl}- as 1828, to demand of the General Government the expul- sion of the Indians from Illinois, which resulted in an order from President Jackson in 1829 for their removal west of the Mississippi. On appli- cation of Col. George Davenport, a trader of much influence with the Indians, the time was extended to April 1, 1830. Dm-ing the preceding year Colonel Davenport and the firm of Davenport and Farnham bought from the United States Gov- ernment most of the lands on Rock River occupied by Black Hawk's band, with the intention, as lias been claimed, of permitting the Indians to remain. This was not so understood by Black Hawk, who was greatly incensed, although Davenport offered to take other lands from the Government in ex- change or cancel the sale — an arrangement to which President Jackson would not consent. On their return in the spring of 1830, the Indians found whites in possession of their village. Pre- vented from cultivating their fields, and their annual hunt proving unsuccessful, the following winter proved for them one of great hardship. Black Hawk, having made a visit to his " British father" (the British Agent) at Maiden, Canada, claimed to have received words of sympathy and encouragement, which induced him to determine to regain possession of their fields. In this he was encouraged bj- Neapope, his second in com- mand, and by assurance of support from White Cloud, a half Sac and half Winnebago — known also as " The Prophet " — whose village (Prophet's Town) was some forty miles from the mouth of Rock River, and through whom Black Hawk claimed to have leceived promisesof aid in guns, ammunition and provisions from the British. The reappearance of Black Hawk's band in the vicinity of his old haunts, in the spring of 1831, produced a wild panic among the frontier settlers. SIes.sages were hurried to Governor Reynolds, who had succeeded Governor Edwards in De- cember previous, appealing for protection against the savages. The Governor issued a call for 700 volunteers " to remove the band of Sac Indians " at Rock Island beyond the Mississippi. Al- though Gen. E. P. Gaines of the regular army, conunanding the military district, thought the regulars sufficiently strong to cope with the situa- tion, the Governor's proclamation was responded to by more than twice the number called for. The volunteers assembled early in June, 1831, at Beardstown, the place of rendezvous named in the call, and having been organized into two regi- ments under command of Col. James D. Henrj and Col. Daniel Lieb. with a spy battalion under Gen. Joseph Duncan, marched across the country and, after effecting a junction with General Gaines' regulars, appeared before Black Hawk's villageon the 'i-ith of June. In the meantime General Gaines, having learnel that the Pottawatomies, Winnebagos and Kickapoos liad promised to join the Sacs in their uprising, asked the assistance of the battalion of mounted men previously offered by Governor Reynolds. The combined armies amounted to 2,,500 men, while the fighting force of the Indians was 300. Finding himself over- whelmingly outnumbered, Black Hawk withdrew under cover of night to the west side of the Missis- sippi. After burning the village. General Gaines notified Black Hawk of his intention to pursue and attack his band, which had the effect to bring the fugitive chief to the General's head- CIO HISTORICxlL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. quarters, where, on June 30, a new treaty was entered into by which he bound himself and liis people to remain west of the Mississippi unless permitted to return by the United States. This ended the campaign, and the volunteers returned to their homes, although the affair had produced an intense excitement along the whole frontier, and involved a heavy expense. The next winter was spent by Black Hawk and his band on the site of old Fort Madison, in the present State of Iowa. Dissatisfied and humil- iated by his repulse of the previous year, in disre- gard of his pledge to General Gaines, on April 6, 1832, at the head of 500 warriors and their fam- ilies, he again crossed the Mississippi at Yel- low Banks about the site of the present city of Oquawka, fifty miles below Rock Island, with the intention, as claimed, if not permitted to stop at his old village, to proceed to the Prophet's Town and raise a crop with the Winnebagoes. Here he was met by The Prophet with renewed assurances of aid from the Winnebagoes, which was still further strengthened by promises from the Brit- ish Agent received through a visit by Neapope to Maiden the previous autumn. An incident of this invasion was the effective warning given to the white settlers by Shabona. a friendly Ottawa chief, which probably had the effect to prevent a widespread massacre. Besides the towns of Galena and Chicago, the settlements in Illinois north of Fort Clark (Peoria) were limited to some thirty families on Bureau Creek with a few cabins at Hennepin, Peru, LaSalle, Ottawa, In- dian Creek, Dixon, Kellogg's Grove, Apple Creek, and a few other points. Gen. Henry Atkinson, commanding the regulars at Fort Armstrong (Rock Island), having learned of the arrival of Black Hawk a week after he crossed the Missis- sippi, at once took steps to notify Governor Rey- nolds of the situation with a requisition for an adequate force of militia to cooperate with the regulars. Under date of April 16, 1832, the Gov- ernor issued his call for "a strong detachment of militia " to meet by April 23, Beardstown again being named as a place of rendezvous. The call resulted in the assembling of a force which was organized into four regiments under command of Cols. John DeWitt, Jacob Fry, John Thomas and Samuel M. Thompson, together with a spy bat- talion under Maj. James D. Henry, an odd bat- talion under Maj. Thomas James and a foot battalion under Maj. Thomas Long. To these were subsequently added two independent battalions of mounted men, under command of Majors Isaiah Stillman and David Bailey, which were finally consolidated as the Fifth Regiment under command of Col. James Johnson. Tlie organiza tion of the first four regiments at Beardstown was completed by April 27, and the force under command of Brigadier-General Whiteside (but accompanied by Governor Re3'nolds, who was allowed pay as Major General by the General Government) began its march to Fort Armstrong,' arriving there May 7 and being mustered into the United States service. Among others accompany- ing the expedition who were then, or afterwards became, noted citizens of the State, were Vital Jarrot, Adjutant-General; Cyrus Edwards, Ord- nance Officer; Murray McConnel, Staff Officer, and Abraham Lincoln, Captain of a company of volunteers from Sangamon County in the Fourth Regiment. Col. Zachary Taylor, then commander of a regiment of regulars, arrived at Fort Arm- strong about the same time with reinforcements from Fort Leavenworth and Fort Crawford. The total force of militia amounted to 1,935 men, and of regulars about 1,000. An interesting story is told concerning a speech delivered to the volun- teers by Colonel Taylor about this time. After reminding them of their duty to obey an order promptly, tlie future hero of the Mexican War added: " The safety of all depends upon the obe- dience and courage of all. You are citizen sol- diers; some of you may fill high offices, or even be Presidents some day — but not if you refuse to do your duty. Forward, march!" A curious com- mentary upon this speech is furnished in the fact that, while Taylor himself afterwards became President, at least one of his hearers — a volunteer who probably then had no aspiration to that dis- tinction (Abraham Lincoln) — reached the same position during the most dramatic period in the nation's history. Two days after the arrival at Fort Armstrong, the advance up Rock River began, the main force of the volunteers proceeding by land under Gen- eral Whiteside, while General Atkinson, with 400 regular and 300 volunteer foot soldiers, pro- ceeded by boat, carrying with him the artillery, provisions and bulk of the baggage. Whiteside, advancing by the east bank of the river, was the first to arrive at the Prophet's Town, wliich, finding deserted, he pushed on to Dixon's Ferry (now Dixon), where he arrived May 12. Here he found the independent battalions of Stillman and Bailey with ammunition and supplies of which Whiteside stood in need. The mounted battalions under command of Major Stillman, having been sent forward by Whiteside as a scouting part}', left Dixon on the 13th and, on the afternoon of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 611 the next day, went into oamp in a strong position near the mouth of Sycamore Creek. As soon dis- covered, Black Hawk was in camp at the same time, as he afterwards claimed, with about forty of his braves, on Sycamore Creek, tliree miles dist.int. while the gre.ater part of his band were en- camped with the more war-like faction of the Pot- tawatomies some seven miles farther north on the Kishwaukee River. As claimed by Black Hawk in his autobiography, having been disappointed in his expectation of forming an alliance with the Winnebagoes and the Pottawatomies. he had at this juncture determined to return to the west side of the Mississippi. Hearing of the arrival of Stillmau's command in the vicinity, ami taking it for granted that this was the whole of Atkin- son's command, he sent out three of his young men with a white flag, to arrange a parley and convey to Atkinson his offer to meet the latter in council. These were captured by some of Still- man's band regardless of their flag of truce, while a party of live other braves who followed to ob- serve the treatment received by the flagV)earers, were attacked and two of their number killed, the the other three escaping to their camp. Black Hawk learning the fate of his truce party was aroused to the fiercest indignation. Tearing the flag to pieces with which he had intended to go into council with the whites, and appealing to his followers to avenge the murder of their comrades, he prepareil for the attack. The rangers num- bered 27.5 men, while Black Hawk's band has been estimated at less than forty. As the rangers caught sight of the Indians, they ru.shed forward in pell-mell fashion. Retiring behind a fringe of bushes, the Indians awaited the attack. As the rangers approached, Black Hawk and his party rose up with a war whoop, at the same time opening fire on their assailants. The further liistory of the affair wa.s as much of a disgrace to Stillman's command as had been their desecra- tion of the flag of truce. Thrown into panic by their reception by Black Hawk's little band, the rangers turned and, without firing a shot, began the retreat, dashing through their own camp and abandoning everything, which fell into the bands of the Indians. An attempt was made by one or two officers and a few of their men to check the retreat, but without success, the bulk of the fu- gitives continuing their mad rush for .safety through the night until they reached Dixon, twent}--five miles distant, while many never stopped until they reached their homes, forty or fifty miles distant. The casualties to the itingers amounted to eleven killed and two wounded, while the Indian loss consisted "of two spies and one of the flag-bearers, treacherously killed near Stillman's camp, 'ihis ill-.starred af- fair, which has passed into history as "Stillman's defeat," produced a general panic along the fron- tier by inducing an exaggerated estimate of the strength of the Indian force, wliile it led Ulack Hawk to form a poor opinion of the courage cf the white troops at the same time that it led to an exalted estimate of the prowess of his own little bantl — thus becoming an imiMjrtant factor in prolonging the war and in the bloody massacres which followed. Whiteside, with his force of 1.400 men, advanced to the scene of the defeat the next day and buried the dead, while on the 19th, Atkinson, with his force of regulars, pro- ceeded up Rock River, leaving the remnant of Stillman's force to guard the wounded and sup- plies at Dixon. No sooner had lie left than the demoralized fugitives of a few days before de- serted their post for their homes, compelling At- kinson to return for the protection of his ba.se of supplies, while Whiteside was ordered to follow the trail of Black Hawk who had started up the Kishwaukee for the swamps aljout Lake Kosh- konong, nearly west of Milwaukee within the present State of Wisconsin. At this point the really active stage of the campaign began. Black Hawk, leaving the women and children of his band in the fastnesses of the swamps, divided his followers into two bands, retaining about 200 under his own com- mand, while the notorious half-breed, MikeGirty, ledaband of one hundred renegadePottawatomies. Returning to the vicinity of Rock Island, he gathered some recruits from the Pottawatomies and Winnebagoes, and the work of rapine and mas.sacre among the frontier settlers began. One of the most notable of these was the Indian Creek Massacre in LaSalle County, about twelve miles north of Ottawa, on May 21, when sixteen persons were killed at the Home of William Davis, and two young girls — Sylvia and Rachel Hall, aged, respectively, 17 and M years — were carried away captives. The girls were subse- quently released, having been ransomed for $2,000 in horses and trinkets through a Winnebago Chief and surrendered to sub-agent Henry Gratiot. Great as was the emergencj- at this juncture, the volunteers began to manifest evi- dence of dissatisfaction and. claiming that they had served out their term of enlistment, refused to follow the Indians into the swamps of Wis- consin. As the result of a council of war, the volunteers were ordered to Ottawa, where they G12 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. were mustered out on May 28, by Lieut. Robt. Anderson, afterwards General Anderson of Fort Sumter fame. Meanwhile Governor Reynolds bad issued his call (with that of 1831 the third,) for 2,000 men to serve during tlie war. Gen. Winfield Scott was also ordered from the East with 1,000 regulars although, owing to cholera breaking out among the troops, they did not arri\-e in time to take part in the campaign. The rank and file of volunteers responding under the new call was 3,148, with recruits and regulars then in Illinois making an army of 4,000. Pend- ing the arrival of the troops under the new call, and to meet an immediate emergency, 300 men were enlisted from the disbanded rangers for a period of twenty days, and organized into a regiment under command of Col. Jacob Fry, with James D. Henry as Lieutenant Colonel and John Thomas as Major. Among those who en- listed as privates in this regiment were Brig.- Gen. Whiteside and Capt. Abraham Lincoln. A regiment of five companies, numbering 195 men, from Putnam County under command of Col. John Strawn, and another of eight companies from Vermilion County under Col. Isaac R. Moore, were organized and assigned to guard duty for a period of twenty days. The new volunteers were rendezvoused at Fort Wilbourn, nearly opposite Peru, June 15, and organized into three brigades, each consisting of three regiments and a spy battalion. The First Brigade (915 strong) \vas placed under command of Brig. -Gen. Alexander Posey, the Second under Gen. Milton K. Alexander, and the third under Gen. James D. Henry. Others who served as officers in some of these several organizations, and afterwards became prominent in State his- tory, were Lieut. -Col. Gurdon S. Hubbard of the Vermilion County regiment ; John A. McClern- and, on the staff of General Posey; Maj. John Dement ; then State Treasurer ; Stinson H. Ander- son, afterwards Lieutenant-Governor; Lieut. - Gov. Zadoc Casey; Maj., William McHenry; Sidney Breese (afterwards Judge of the State Supreme Court and United States Senator) ; W. L. D. Ewing (as Major of a spy battalion, after- wards United States Senator and State Auditor) ; Alexander W. Jenkins (afterwards Lieutenant- Governor) ; James W. Semple (afterwards United States Senator) ; and William Weatherford (after- wards a Colonel in the Mexican War), and many more. Of the Illinois troops, Posey's brigade was assigned to the duty of dispersing the Indians between Galena and Rock River, Alexander's sent to intercept Black Hawk up the Rook River, while Henry's remained with Gen. Atkinson at Dixon. During the next two weeks engage- ments of a more or less serious character were had on the Pecatonica on the southern border of the present State of Wisconsin ; at Apple River Fort fourteen miles east of Galena, which was successfully defended against a force under Black Hawk himself, and at Kellogg's Grove the next day (June 25), when the same band ambushed Maj. Dement's spy battalion, and came near in- flicting a defeat, which was prevented by Dement's coolness and the timely arrival of re- inforcements. In the latter engagement the whites lost five killed besides 47 horses which had been tetliered outside their lines, the loss of the Indians being sixteen killed. Skirmishes also occurred with varying results, at Plum River Fort, Burr Oak Grove, Sinsiniwa and Blue Mounds — the last two within the present State of Wisconsin. Believing the bulk of the Indians to be camped in the vicinity of Lake Koshkonong, General Atkinson left Dixon June 27 with a combined force of regulars and volunteers numbering 2,600 men — the volunteers being under the command of General Henry. They reached the outlet of the Lake July 2, but found no Indians, being joined two days later by General Alexander's brigade, and on the Gtli by Gen. Posey's. From here the com- mands of Generals Henry and Alexander were sent for supplies to Fort Winnebago, at the Port- age of the Wisconsin ; Colonel Ewing, with the Second Regiment of Posey's brigade descending Rock River to Dixon, Posey with the remainder, going to Fort Hamilton for the protection of settlers in the lead-mining region, while Atkin- son, advancing with the regulars up Lake Koshko- nong, began the erection of temporary fortifica- tions on Bark River near the site of the present village of Fort Atkinson. At Fort Winnebago Alexander and Henry obtained evidence of the actual location of Black Hawk's camp through Pierre Poquette, a half-breed scout and trader in the employ of the American Fur Company, whom they employed with a number of Winne- bagos to act as guides. From this point Alex- ander's command returned to General Atkinson's headquarters, carrying with them twelve day's provisions for the main army, while General Henry's(600strong), with Major Dodge's battalion numbering 150, with an equal quantity of supplies for themselves, started under the guidance of Poquette and his Winnebago aids to find Black Hawk's camp. Arriving on the 18th at the Winnebago village on Rock River where Black HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. C13 Hawk and his band liad been located, their camp was found deserted, tlie Winneljagos insisting tlvat tliey liad gone to Cranberry ( now Iloricon) Lake, a lialf-day's niarcli up the river. Messen- gers were immediately dispatclied to Atkinson's headqnartors, thirty-five miles distant, to ap- prise him of this fact. When they had proceeded about half the distance, they struck a broad, fresli trail, which proved to be that of Black Hawk's band headed westward toward the ilis- sissippi. The guide liaving de.serted them in order to warn his tribesmen that further dis- sembling to deceive the wliites as to the whereabouts of tlie Sacs was use- less, the messengers were compelled to follow him to General Henry's camp. The discovery pro- duced the wildest enthusiasm among the volun- teers, and from this time-events followed in rapid succession. Leaving as far as possible all incum- brances beliind, the pursuit of the fn^iiives was begun without delay, the troops wading through swamps sometimes in water to their armpits. Soon evidence of the character of the flight the Indians were making, in the sliapo of exhausted horses, blankets, and camp equipage cast aside along the trail, began to appear, and straggling bands of WinneVjagos, who had now begun to desert Black Hawk, gave information that the Indians were only a few miles in advance. On the evening of the 30th of July Henry's forces encamped at "The Four I^akes," the present site of the city of Madison, Wi.s. , Black Hawk's force lying in ambush the same night seven or eight miles distant. During the next afternoon the rear-guard of the Indians under Neapope was overtaken and skirmishing continued until the bluffs of the Wisconsin were reached. Black Hawk's avowed object was to protect the passage of the main body of his people across the stream. The loss of the Indians in these skirmishes has been estimated at 40 to 68. while Black Hawk claimed that it was only six killed, the loss of the whites being one killed and eight wounded. During the night Black Hawk succeeded in placing a considerable number of the women and children and old men on a raft and in canoes obtained from the Winnebagos, and sent them down the river, believing that, as non-combat- ants, they would be permitted by the regulars to pass Fort Crawford, at the mouth of the Wis- consin, undisturbed. In this he wa-s mistaken. A force sent from the fort under Colonel Ritner to intercept them, fired mercilessly upon the help- less fugitives, killing fifteen of their number, while about fifty were drowned and thirty-two women ami children made prisoners. The re- mainder, escaping into the woods, with few ex- ceptions died from starvation and exposure, or were massacred by their enemies, the Menomi- nees, acting under white officers. During the night after the battle of Wisconsin Heights, a loud, shrill voice of .some one speaking in an un- known tongue was heard in the direction where Black Hawk's band was supposed to be. This caused something of a panic in Henry's camp, as it was supposed to come from some one giving orders for an attack. It was afterwards learned that the speaker was Neapope speaking in the Winnebago language in the hope that he might be heard by Poquette and the Winnebago guides. He was describing the helpless condition of his people, claiming that the war had been forced upon them, that their women and children were starving, and that, if permitted peacefully to re- cross the Mississippi, they would give no further trouble. Unfortunately Poquette and the other guides had left for Fort Winnebago, so that no one was there to translate Neapope's appeal and it failed of its object. General Henry 's force having discovered that the Indians had escaped — Black Hawk heading with the bulk of his warriors towards the Mississippi — spent the next and day night on the field, but on the foUowingday (July 23) started to meet General Atkinson, who had, in the meantime, been noti- fied of the pursuit. The head of their columns met at Blue Mounds, the same evening, a com- plete junction between the regulars and the volunteers being effected at Helena, a deserted village on the Wisconsin. Here by using the logs of the deserted cabins for rafts, the army crossed the river on the 27th and the 28th and the pursuit of black Hawk's fugitive band was re- newed. Evidence of their famishing condition was found in the trees stripped of bark for food_ the carcasses of dead ponies, with here and there the dead body of an Indian. On August 1, Black Hawk's depleted and famish- ing band reached the Mississippi two miles below the mouth of the Bad Ax, an insignificant stream, and immediately began trying to cross the river ; but having only two or three canoes, the work was slow. About the middle of the afternoon the steam transport, "Warrior," ap- peared on the scene, having on board a score of regulars and volunteers, returning from a visit to the village of the Sioux Chief, Wabasha, to notify him that his old enemies, the Sacs, were headed in that direction. Black Hawk raised the white flag in token of surrender but the ofiSoer 614 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. In command claiming that he feared treachery or an ambush, demanded that Black Hawk should come on board. This he was unable to do, as he had no canoe. After waiting a few minutes a murderous fire of canister and musketry was opened from the steamer on the few Indians on shore, who made such feeble resistance as they were able. The result was the killing of one white man and twenty-three Indians. After this exploit the "Warrior" proceeded to Prairie du Chien, twelve or fifteen miles distant, for fuel. During the night a few more of the Indians crossed the river, but Black Hawk, seeing the hopelessness of further resistance, accompanied by the Prophet, and taking with him a party of ten warriors and thirty-five squaws and children, fled in the direction of "the dells" of the Wis- consin. On the morning of the 2d General Atkinson arrived within four or five miles of the Sac position. Disposing his forces with the regulars and Colonel Dodge's rangers in the center, the brig- ades of Posey and Alexander on the right and Henry's on the left, he began the pursuit, but was drawn by the Indian decoj'S up the river from the place where the main body of the Indians were trying to cross the stream. This had the effect of leaving General Henry in the rear practically without orders, but it became the means of making his command the prime factors in the climax which followed. Some of the spies attached to Henry's command having accidental- ly discovered the trail of the main body of the fu- gitives, he began the pursuit without waiting for orders and soon found himself engaged with some 300 savages, a force nearly equal to his own. It was here that the only thing like a regular battle occurred. Tlie savages fought with the fury of despair, while Henry's force was no doubt nerved to greater deeds of courage by the insult which they conceived had been put upon them by Gen- eral Atkinson. Atkinson, hearing the battle in progress and discovering that he was being led off on a false scent, soon joined Henry's force with his main army, and the steamer " Warrior," arriving from Prairie du Chien. opened a fire of canister upon the pent-up Indians. The battle soon degenerated into a massacre. In the course of the three hours through which it lasted, it is es- timated that 150 Indians were killed by fire from the troops, an equal number of both sexes and all ages drowned while attempting to cross the river or by being driven into it, while about 50 (chiefly women and children) were made prison- ers. The loss of the whites was 20 killed and 13 wounded. When the " liattle " was nearing its close it is said that Black Hawk, having repented the abandonment of his people, returned within sight of the battle-ground, but seeing the slaugh- ter in progress which he was powerless to avert, he turned and, with a howl of rage and horror, fled into the forest. About 300 Indians {mostly non- combatants) succeeded in crossing the river in a condition of exhaustion from hunger and fatigue, but these were set upon by the Sioux under Chief Wabasha, through the suggestion and agency of General Atkinson, and nearly one-half tlieir num- ber exterminated. Of the remainder many died from wounds and exhaustion, while still others perished while attempting to reach Keokuk's band who had refused to join in Black Hawk's desper- ate venture. Of one thousand who crossed to the east side of the river with Black Hawk in April, it is estimated that not more than 150 survived the tragic events of the next four months. General Scott, having arrived at Prairie du Chien early in August, assumed command and, on August 15, mustered out the volunteers at Dixon, 111. After witnessing the bloody climax at the Bad Axe of his ill-starred invasion, Black Hawk fled to the dells of the Wisconsin, where he and the Prophet surrendered themselves to the Win. nebagos, by whom they were delivered to the Indian Agent at Prairie du Chien. Having been taken to Fort Armstrong on September 21, he there signed a treaty of peace. Later he was taken to Jefferson Barracks (near St. Louis) in the custody of Jefferson Davis, then a Lieutenant in the regular army, where he was held a captive during the following winter. The connection of Davis with the Black Hawk War, mentioned by many historians, seems to have been confined to this act. In April, 1833, with the Prophet and Neapope, he was taken to Washington and then to Fortress Monroe, where they were detained as prisoners of war until June 4, when they were released. Black Hawk, after being taken to many principal cities in order to impress him with the strength of the American nation, was brought to Fort Armstrong, and there committed to the guardianship of his rival, Keokuk, but survived this humiliation only a few years, dying on a small reservation set apart for him in Davis County, Iowa, October 3, 1838. Such is the story of the Black Hawk War, the most notable struggle with the aborigines in Illi- nois history. At its beginning both the State and national authorities were grossly misled by an exaggerated estimate of the .strength of Black Hawk's force as to numbers and his plans for recovering the site of his old village, while HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. G15 Black Hawk liad conceived a low estimate of the numbers and courage of his white enemies, es- pecially after the Stilhnan defeat. The cost of the war to the State and nation in money has been estimated at $2,000,000, and in sacrifice of life on l)oth sides at not less than 1,200. The loss of life by the troops in irregular .skirmishes, and in mas.sacres of settlers bj- the Indians, aggregated about 250, while an equal number of regulars perished from a visitation of cholera at the various stations within the district affected bj' the war, especially at Detroit, Chicago, Fort Arm.strong and Galena. Yet it is the judgment of later historians that nearly all this sacrilice of life and treasure might have been avoided, but for a series of blunders due to the blind or un- scrupulous policy of officials or interloping squat- ters upon lands which the Indians had occupied under the treaty of 1804. A conspicious blunder — to call it by no harsher name — was the violation by Stillman's command of the rules of civilized warfare in the attack made up<3n Black Hawk's messengers, sent under flag of truce to request a conference to settle terms under which he might return to the west side of the Mississippi — an act which resulted in a humiliating and disgraceful defeat for , its authors and proved the first step in actual war. Another misfortune was the failure to understand Neapope's appeal for peace and permission for his people to pass beyond the Mississippi the niglit after the battle of Wisconsin Heights; and the third and most inexcusable blunder of all, was the refusal of the officer in command of the "Warrior" to respect Black Hawk's flag of truce and request for a conference just before the bloody massacre which has gone into history under the name of the '' battle of the Bad Axe." Either of these events, properly availed of, would have prevented much of the butchery of that blood}' episode which has left a stain upon the page of hi.story, although this statement implies no disposition to detract from the patriotism and courage of some of the leading actors upon whom the responsibility was placed of protecting the frontier settler from outrage and massacre. One of the features of the war was the bitter jealousy engendered by the unwise policy pursued by General Atkinson towards some of the volun- teers — especially the treatment of General James D. Henrj', who. althougli subjected to repeated slights and insults, is regarded by Governor Ford and others as the real hero of the war. Too brave a soldier to shirk any responsibility and too modest to exploit his own deeds, he felt deeply the studied purpose of his superior to ignore him in the conduct of the campaign — a purpose which, as in the affair at the Bad Axe, was defeated by accident or by (ieneral Henry's soldierly sagacity and attention to dut}-, although he gave out to the public; no utterance of com- plaint. Broken in health by the hardships and exposures of the campaign, he went South soon after the war and died of consumption, unknown and almost alone, in the city of New Orleans, less two years later. Aside frora contemporaneous newspaper ac- counts, monographs, and manuscripts on file in public libraries relating to this epoch in State history, the most comprehensive records of the Black Hawk War are to be found in the " Life of Black Hawk," dictated by himself (1834) ; Wake- field's "History of the War between the United States and the Sac and Fox Nations" (1834); Drake's " Life of Black Hawk " (1854) ; Ford's "History of Illinois" (1854); Reynolds' "Pio- neer History of Illinois; and " 5Iy Own Times"; Davidson & Stuve's anointed and captains selected from each settlement to meet at a convenient place. The men, armed with hickory clubs and carrying horns, which they used for the purpose of arousing the animals, were assigned their stations, a few hundred feet apart, and a cordon was thus drawn around the entire section of country intended to be covered by the hunt. At the appointed hour the signal to advance was passed around the little army, and all made, in a bee-line, for the Wolf Pole. With shouts, blasts upon their horns and other din, they pressed forward at a walk, driving before them all wild animals within the radius of their operations and con- centrating them toward their goal. Soon a rabbit, a coon, or even a deer, would be started from cover; but, if they so desired, such ani- mals were generally allowed to break through the lines. The eyes of each man were for the real game; and woe be to the wolf that tried to break through! As the circle of hunters contracted around the pole, which could be seen for miles, the area within became animat- JIISTORY OF McDOXOlCH O )r.\TV 627 ed with auimals of all kinds, and with the nearness of their approach the excitement be- came more and more intense. To reach a wolf was BOW the grand desire, and toward the last the clubbing and yelling transformed the scene into a regular bedlam. Occasionally a deer was caught in the circle, and, if In good condition, was brought to a selected spot, cooked and made the feature of a jolly barbe- cue. The wolves killed were taken as trophies to show the folks at home, and their scalps afterward presented to the proper county au- thorities with a claim for the legal bounty. The consequence of this continuous slaughter was that the number of the sheep murderers became "smaller by degrees and beautifully less." Occasionally a panther would be found In the denser timber sections, but so seldom as to be considered neither a menace nor a nuisance. Prairie wolves were also very numerous. In size they were between the timber wolf and the coyote, and a full grown animal of this species was usually a match for an ordinary dog. They usually fought with rapid snaps, and as their jaws were ix)werful, their sharp teeth cut like knives. They were sneaking and cowardly, yet crafty and persistent, and when hungry and emboldened by numbers, or when cornered and desperate, they were for- midable fighters. The common red deer were very abundant, and were often seen in herds of from ten to a dozen. Many of the early settlers not only relied on venison for the table, but made their winters profitable by hunting the animals for the market. Rabbits swarmed in the timber and the openings, and raccoons and fox squir- rels were common. Foxes were not numerous, although some of the old settlers from Ten- nessee and Kentucky, who had learned to en- joy hunting them, still kept their hounds after coming to McDonough County. They would quite frequently organize hunts here, but rath- er for sport than for gain. A few wild-cats roamed the denser woods, but nothing serious came of their presence. Xone of the water courses bore indications of the presence of beaver at any time, but now and then an otter was captured. Muskrats were very numerous, and their houses may still occasionally be seen along the streams. Minks, weasels and skunks were common, and as destructive to fowls then as now. A large gray goi)her and innumerable specimens of a little striped species were found in the county, as at present being quite destructive to the newly planted grain. There are still plenty of chipmunks; also fox-squir- rels, flying-squirrels and a large number of the black and gray varieties. Woodchucks, house-rats and mice came with civilization; but moles and field mice were here when the settlers first came. The turning up of the virgin soil by the plow destroyed their snug burrows, and they were finally driven from the country with the thorough improvement of the land. Many varieties of small innocuous snakes were found in great abundance, such as the common niilk-snake, water-snake (garter) and the green snake. Scores of the mottled water- snakes could be seen on any quiet summer day sunning themselves in the warm light. The rattle-snakes, of a brownish speckled color, were numerous and deadly, and unless their bite (so-called) was quickly attended to, it was likely to result seriously, if not fatally. Horses and cattle avoided them with terror. The writer was plowing in a wheat field in September, a time when the rattler is most |)oisonous. The horse in the furrow was struck — that is the proper word, as the reptile strikes from the coil and its long sharp and hollow fangs (not teeth) enter the body of the victim and deposit the death-dealing fluid, after which the rattler stretches out on the ground. The horse, so far as the writer could see, did not act in an unusual manner, as if in terror. The snake, however, made itself known in the usual manner and was at once killed. The plowing continued, but within an hour the horse seemed to be lame. Upon care- ful examination the anir.-ial's leg was found to be much swollen, and two slight scratches were found, with a small drop of blood ad- hering to the hairs just above the hoof. The horse was at once unharnessed and taken to a veterinary surgeon of experience, who pro- nounced the case as dangerous. The swelling of the limb soon extended to the body, and within six hours after the stroke the poor beast died in great agony. After this experi- ence the writer had a great dread of rattle- snakes, and, moreover, registered a vow of vengeance against the rattler, on account of the death of poor Jack. It may be added that 628 HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. he had the satisfaction, later, of killing scores and scores of the venomous reptiles. Hogs, far from manifesting fear of rattle- snakes, often sought them for food. When found, the hog would greedily seize the snake with its teeth, put its front foot upon it, tear it to pieces and devour it. A courageous dog would sometimes seize one near the head and shake its life out; but if he received a stroke the poison seemed to produce intense agony for several days. After that the dog left the rattlers alone. The rattle-snake was a dull, slow-moving, stupid creature, apparently incapable of fear, but it had two very quick movements. Upon the slightest disturbance it slid into a coil, its head at the center and raised two or three inches above the ground, and its rattle-equip- ped tail, on the outer periphery of the coil, sounded its warning with a quivering move- ment so rapid as to be almost invisible. Upon near attack it struck with widely extended jaws and a quick action of the head, project- ing its strike about one-third of the length of its body; but, fortunately, it was not rapid in recovering its position for another stroke. These reptiles were usually equipped with from three to twelve rattles, or buttons, and as each rattle was supposed to represent a year's life, some had existed altogether too long for any good they ever did in the world. It was held as a paramount duty on the part of all to relentlessly destroy them, and its faith- ful performance accounts tor their virtual ex- tinction. In pioneer days, snake dens were numerous throughout the country. Ledges of rock situ- ated along the creeks or streams were select- ed by every variety of snake for winter quar- ters, and these haunts were known as snake dens. In the early spring, when the reptiles were weak and listless, it was no uncommon occurrence for the settlers to kill over one hundred in a morning's hunt. Then, as now, snakes were the aversion of all and were killed on sight. There were many vicious-snapping turtles. while the common land and water tortoises were abundant. The numerous embankments of clay were the homes of the little crabs, or crawfish, and it was said they always went down until they found water. Innumerable land- and water-fowl made Mc-^ Donough County their migratory home. With the melting snows in early spring, the brant, goose and duck made their appearance. The geese, especially, flew in great wedge shaped flocks, steadily following their tireless leaders, and, during the migratory season, their loud "honk" was heard in the eky at all hours of the day and night — ever northward in the spring and southward in the fall. The few now seen are as nothing compared with the thousands of the early days. All along the creeks, streams, rivers and reedy ponds, they then nested and raised their broods. Their flesh and eggs were common and healthful food: besides, the children of the early set- tlers used to place the eggs in the nests of setting hens ana so raise young wild geese. Both ducks and geese were easily domesticat- ed, although frequently one that had appar- ently been contented with civilization would listen to the call of a passing flock, take wings, join the choir and soar away never to return. Wild turkeys were also very abundant in the timber lands, and afforded great sport and profit to the hunters; but since the country has become densely settled they are seldom seen in their old haunts. Prairie-chickens literally swarmed over the prairies, and numberless coveys of quails whis- tled both on prairie and woodland. In the early spring tue drumming of the male bird was sweet music to the hunter. The whirr ot the prairie chicken and partridge and the beau- tiful quail was seolian music to the early set- tler, as it was the promise of abundant feast- ing for the winter; in fact, the country could produce no finer game than a good fat prairie chicken. Now, they are not only scarce but are protected by stringent laws. In the summer the sand-hill cranes, flying at great height and without order, would come down in small numbers upon the prairies. They were exceedingly wary, and at the warn- ing cry of any member of the flock, all would take flight at once, rarely returning to the place of alarm for hours afterward. Their preparations for migration southward were very peculiar and interesting. In the late autumn they could be hoard uttering a loud call, and soon began to assemble in pairs and groups at some chosen spot. There, for some H X O s > w > z D ;o > > X > z o tn HISTORY Ol'" .\klK)X()l-C,H COL'XTV. 629 days, their antics were most astonishing, as in an apparent frenzy of excitement they joined in a sort of pow-wow, leaping, dancing and screaming, wildly and ceaselessly. At length, when all appeared to have arrived at the ren- dezvous, the leader took wing and. uttering a loud cry, began his circling, upward flight. He was quickly followed by ench member, in rapid succession, until the entire assembly was in mid-air, sailing in a sweeping, enlarging cir- cle, ever upward and upward, frequently ut- tering that singular cry. until at length they became specks in the sky and finally disap- peared wholly from vision. Even then that far call still came down to earth, ever passing southward until it, too, was lost to the ear. There were also many blue herons along the streams, and frequently the snow-white variety appeared. A species of bittern, called by the children "Thunder pumps," and inhab- iting marshy places, snipes of various kinds and plover and woodcock were numerous in the prairies and lowlands, and occasionally a snow-white swan would be observed floating in the air, or majestically sailing over the still water places. In their season, immense flocks of wild-pigeons literally darkened the sky, pass- ing along like the sound of a mighty wind. .Myriads moved in a northward direction, while detachments of them tarried to roost in some favorite clump of trees or grove. They broke down the branches with their weight, and thousands upon thousands were netted, shot, or even killed with clubs. It is said the spe- cies is now extinct — at least, they have not been seen in this county for years. The "brown thresher," robin, lark, bobolink, cat-bird, whip-poor-will, and many other song- birds filled the air with llieir delightful notes. Neither were birds of brilliant plumage want- ing. The humming-bird, the Baltimore oriole and the scarlet tanager flashed amid the foli- age; the red-headed, golden-winged and spot- ted wood-peckers winged their rapid flight from cover to cover; the gaudy, jaunty blue- jay followed one with his impudent scolding, and the little blue-bird delighted you with its soft color and modest song. In the long, twi- light, summer evenings, many night-hawks sail- ed through the sky on tireless wings, ever and anon darting downward almost to earth, and then gracefully sweeping upward to the heights, .^nd their opi)osites, the tiny but pug- nacious wrens, were abundant. The county was also a favorite abode of the carniverous birds. The historic bald-eagle and the great gray-eagle were frequently seen sailing at heights scarcely to be reached by the naked eye, to say nothing of the rifle. The smaller varieties of raptores were very abun- dant, from the large hen-hawk down to the bee- eating king-bird and the little shrike, or sol- dier-bird, which waged relentless warfare upon each other. Then there was the butcher-bird — well named — whose habits seemed founded on pure cussedness, killing small birds, mice and worms by impaling them on thorns; also, the turkey-buzzard, which lived on dead ani- mals and other carrion; the bee-bird, hanging around the hives for his meals, and certain ravens which had a peculiar note. There were four or five varieties of owls: The great horned, the large gray-owl and the little barn screecn-owl — the last named being the most numerous. Crows were plentiful as now, as were the large black-birds, with their rich plumage, and the brilliant red-winged starlings. The little tame, brown cow-birds (black-birds) were very abundant, and their habit of familiar attendance upon the cattle was pleasant and interesting. So it was that a kind Providence was pro- lific in furnishing the early settlers with an abundance of nutritious food through the plen tiful wild game, both feathered and furred. The emigrant, also, was blessed with the me- lodious songster and the bird of rich and bril- liant plumage, thus appealing to his higher nature, humanizing and civilizing him and rich- ly endowing him with all that heart could de- sire or human taste enjoy. The jjioneers were by no means without food for both mind and body, and were refreshed morning, noon and night by the contemplation of their wonderful natural surroundings. 630 HISTORY OF JMcDONOUGH COUNTY. CHAPTER IV. TOPOGRAPHY AND FLORA. TOPOGRAPHY OF THE MILITARY TRACT REGION — WATER COURSES — TIMBER LANUS AND THE VALIE OF THEIR PRODUCTS TO THE EARLY SETTLERS — PRAIBIE LANDS AND GRASSES — INDIGENOUS PLANTS, FRUITS AND FLOWERS. The Military Tract, so-called, is bounded on the west by the Mississippi River and on the east by the Illinois, beginning on the north at the south line of Rock Island County and run- ning south, with said boundaries, to the junction of the Illinois River with the Mis- sissippi, a short distance above Grafton, about twenty miles north of Alton. The territory is well watered by the streams emptying into these rivers, the principal water courses being Spoon River, Lamoine River (better known as Crooked Creek), and Camp, Grindstone and Rock Creeks. There are a number of smaller streams which water the district, the general direction of these being southwest Into the larger tributaries, by which their waters ulti- mately reach the Illinois. In McDonough County the principal creeks, or water courses, are Camp, Cix)oked (formerly Lamoine River), Grindstone and Troublesome Creeks.. The timber lands were chieily along the banks of these streams and, in the south- western part of the county, some miles from the streams. They were covered with a splen- did growth of oaks, maples and black walnut, whose massive boles would square over two feet, rising to a height of thirty or forty feet to the fine spreading branches which formed their lofty crowns. The limbs would often produce logs from ten to twelve feet in length that could be split into rails. For many years these timber lands produced large quantities of hewed and sawed building material — ties, planks and boards for building log-huts and more pretentious dwellings, for constructing mill-dams and bridges, furnishing rails, stakes and posts for fencing, and fuel for the house- hold. These timber lands were providentially scattered over the country for the shelter and comfort of the first settlers; but when the railroads were built, they were not so neces- sary, as, thereafter, lumber, fuel and wirefenc- ing were transported from other points. The timber lands of McDonough County, as elsewhere, covered a strong and fruitful soil, ana they were so profitably cleared that over one-half of the area covered by them was con- verted into fruitful fields. Besides these trees of larger growth were found the smaller varieties, such as iron-wood, willow, wild cherry, crab-apple, thorn-apple, wild-plum, etc., in abundance. Hazel, black- berry, raspberry, gooseberry and black cur- rant bushes grew everywhere in profusion, while the wild grape-vines flourished along the borders of the streams. The nuts, mast and wild fruits of the forest furnished, in early times, abundant, palatable and wholesome food for man, beast and bird. The open prairies were thickly covered with heavy verdure, from the nutritious upland grass to the coarse wire and broad-leaved grasses. And how delightful to recall even the fleeting visions and memories of those primitive days; the rushes and lilies of the sloughs and ponds; the delicious wild straw- berries; the yellow ground-cherries and other wild fruits that bloomed and ripened in the rolling prairies of this favored land! The tall sun-flower, the rosin-weed, golden-rod, innu- merable daisies and asters, wood anemone, mandrake or May apple, and the beautiful blue prairie-bell, were among the countless varieties of wild flowers that profusely decked and per- fumed this home of the early settlers. Truly, what a flower garden and orchard this prairie country was, not excelled by the modern crea- tions of horticulture and floriculture! A more detailed enumeration of the flowers to be found in quiet nooks, still undisturbed by cultivation, embraces the following: Blood- root, rue, wood anemone, star flower, spring beauty, Dutchman's breeches, white trillium, wild sarsaparilla, Solomon's seal, dog-wood, red-bud, red-berried elder, white and yellow wood sorrel, poison ivy, Virginia creeper, ox- eyed daisy, Sarvies berry, prickly ash, Indian pipe, field chick-weed, white and yellow water- lily, poke-weed, wild carrot, yarrow, quaking asp. .American aspen, white blue and purple asters, boneset, marsh marigold, dog-tooth; yellow, white and purple violets; sumach (four HISTORY OF McDON'OL'GH COVSTV. 631 varieties), hop-tree, celandine, yellow and white lady-slipper; meadow, wood and pond lilies: yellow star-grass, butter and egss, St. John's wort, mulein, Jewel weed, jimsen (Jamestown) weed, cockle-burr, burdocks (two varieties), black-eyed Susan, elecampane, stick- tight, tansy, milk-weed, box-elder, sycamore, bouncing Bet, fire-weed, scouring root, colum- bine, evening primrose, wake-robin, painted cup cardinal flower, honey-suckle, liverwort, phlox, blue-eyed grass, blue flag, spider wort. Indian tobacco, white and blue gentian, fringed gentian, skunk cabbage. Jack-in-the-pulint. wild hyacinth, pussy-willows, butter-cups, wild roses, leeks, cat-tail, Wahoo-tree berry, red- root, etc. If the botanical names were applied to this profusion of flowers, they would sound quite learned, and the specimens would be preserved in pots and carefully placed in green-houses: but, although the names given by the early settlers were homely, they were easily understood and characteristics of form, color and often of locality. CHAPTER \'. GEOLOGY— MINERAL DEPOSITS. CEOUKilC CONDITIONS IN M DONOUfiH COU.NTY — COAL AND CLAY DEPOSITS — DRIFT-CLAYS IN TIIK VICINITY OF COLCHESTER — COAL MEASIRES — THE COLCHESTER MINES LIME AND SANDSTONE — FIRE CLAY TILE AND FIRE-BRICK PRODUCT — IRON ORE — BUILDING STONE. Most of the following information regarding the geology of McDonough County Is obtained from the report of former State Geologist A. H. Worthen; In fact, no man was more thor- oughly conversant with the matter, or better qualified to treat the subject which he had so carefully investigated, and no history of the county would be complete without it. The geological formations appearing at the surface in this county comprise the Quater- nary, including the loess and drift: the lower portions of the Coal Measures, including the three lowest seams of coal, and the St. Louis and Keokuk Divisions of the Lower Carbonif- erous Limestones. The entire area of the county, except the valleys and streams, is covered with beds of the Quaternary Age, ranging from thirty to one hundred feet, or more, in thickness, and presenting the same general features which have been given as characteristics of this formation in the reports of adjoining counties. Good natural exposures of these are rarely found here, and the observer is compelled to rely mainly on such informa- tion as can be obtained from well-diggers and others engaged in surface excavations, as to their thickness and general character. In the railroad cut on the north bank of Crooked Creek, just below Colmar, the fol- lowing section of Quaternary beds were seen: Soil, 1 to 2 feet: ash colored, marly clay (loess), S to 10 feet: reddish brown clay, 5 feet: sand and gravel (partially stratified)* 15 to 20 feet. This exposure is considerably below the general level of the prairie, ^nd the beds seem to have been subjected to some shifting process since the original deposition, presenting the general characteristics of Modi- fied Drift. In the shafts of Colchester the drift-clays generally range from thirty-five to forty feet in thickness, and consist of buff or brown clays, with gravel and bowlders, passing down- ward at some points into blue clays or hard- pan. Bowlders of raetamorphic rocks of vari- ous kinds, and of all sizes up to a diameter of two or three feet, are scattered in consider- able numbers in all the gulches and streams which cut through the drift beds, being most abundant in the lower part of the drift depos- its. No indications of the presence of an ancient soil underneath either the loess or drift were seen at any of the points examined in this county. The wells are seldom sunk to the bottom of the drift, and hence afford no con- clusive indications of what may underlie the bowlder clays. At Bushnell a boring for coal passed through 112 feet of these Quaternary deposits before reaching the bed rocks, in the following order: (1) Soil. 2 feet; (2) yellow- clay. 12 feet; (3) sand, 2 feet; (4) blue bowl- der clay. 61 feet: (5) blue and yellow sand. 35 feet. Two wells driven in the city park at Ma- 632 HISTORY OF AIcDONOUGH COUNTY. comb— one 1,630 teet and the other 1,360 feet — passed through approximately the same strata before reaching bed roclvs; then, for several hundred teet, penetrated what is termed St. Peter's sandstone. These wells were sunk for a two-fold purpose: First, to ascertain if there were coal-beds of workable size; second, to obtain overflow artesian wells. Neither of these objects was realized. The water in these wells stands within fifty feet of the surface, powerful pumps being required to force it into the stand-jiipe and large adjacent reservoir; , further, although the supply seems to be inex- haustible, the water is impregnated with sul- phur and is not suitable for either culinary or steam purposes. Co.\L Mea.siike.s. — All the uplands in the county are underlaid by the Coal Measures, except a limited area on Crooked Creek. In the southwestern corner of the county, embrac- ing nearly the whole of Township 4 North, Range 4 West (Lamoine), and the southwest- ern portion of Township 5 North, Range 4 West (Tennessee), the beds composing the lower portions of the Coal Measures, as they are developed in this county, give the followin.g sections: (1) Sandstone and sandy shales, partly ferruginous, 20 to 30 feet; (2) Band of calcareous shaie, with cuticular masses of dark blue limestone containing Cardiomorpha Mis- souriensis, 2 to 3 feet; (3) Coal No. 3, 2 to 3 feet; (4) Sandy shale and soft sandstone, 35 to 40 feet; (.5) Bluish clay shale filled with fossil ferns, 1/2 to 2 feet; (6) Coal No. 2. 2 to 21;. feet; (7) Bituminous fire clay, 2 feet; (8) Gray clay shale, 6 feet; (9) Septaria lime- stone, 3 feet; (10) Variegated shales — purple, yellow and blue — IS to 20 feet; (11) Sandstone passing locally into shale, 10 to 15 feet; (12) Coal No. 1, sometimes replaced with slate or blue shale, 1 to 3 feet; (13) Fire clay, some- times replaced by sandy shale, 2 to 3 feet; (14) Quartzose sandstone, conglomerate, 5 to 20 feet. These beds have a maximum thickness of about 150 feet; consequently, a boring any- where in the county, carried down to a depth of 200 feet from the surface, would pass en- tirely through the Coal Measures and deter- mine the amount of coal that could be found at that point. No coal seam is worked at the present time, except No. 2, or the Colchester coal, and it seems probable that neither No. 1 nor No. 3 can be developed in the county so as to be of much value to the industrial in- terests of its people. In the vicinity of Col- chester limestone and calcareous shale, usu- ally found above coal bed No. 3, outcrops in the ravines west of the town; but no indica- tions of the actual presence of coal are seen. It is quite probable that in the southeastern portion of the county, coal No. 3 may be found sufficiently developed to be worked to advan- tage. The shale and sandstone above coal No. 1, of the foregoing section, are found only in the vicinity of Colchester, where about ten feet of sandy ferruginous shales ove'.Iie the limestone concretion above described. No. 4, of the above mentioned section, is well ex- posed on the ravines leading into the east fork of Crooked Creek, west of Colchester, but it is everywhere a sandy shale of no material economical value. No. 5 of this section forms the roof of the Colchester coal, being a true clay shale at the bottom and locally quite bi- tuminous. Higher up it becomes sandy, and gradually passes into the sandy shales of No. 4. It also contains ironstone concretions simi- lar to those at Mazon Creek and Murphysboro, although not so perfectly formed, the latter showing fossil ferns of the same species as those found at the localities mentioned. In the shales, also, are seen numerous beautiful ferns in a remarkably fine state of preserva- tion. This locality may be reckoned as one of the best in the State tor collecting these beautiful and remarkable relics of an ancient vegetable growth. In the vicinity of Macomb the Colchester coal seam is not of sufficient thickness to be worked to advanta.ge, as the borings for the artesian wells in that city have fully demon- strated. The borings in that vicinity at a depth of 1,700 feet were still in the St. Peter's sandstone. About a mile and a half south- west of the town a thin stratum of coal out- crops above the sandstone quarries of Mr. Row- ley, which probably belongs to the Colchester seam, though here only about a foot in thick- ness. This may, however, be an outcrop of the lower seam No. 1; but from the appear- ance of the sandstone it is more likely to belong to No. 2, thinned out here to about one- half its usual thickness. In the vicinity of Colchester a very good JAMES ARVIN HISTORY OF MrDOXOL'GH COIXTV. 633 sandstone is found below the coal, from ten to fifteen feet In thickness. It is No. 11, of the foregoing section, and is believed to be the equivalent of the sandstone in the Mcl^^ean and Stewart quarries near Macomb. A section of the bed exposed in the vicinity of these quarries shows this succession of strata: Thin coal, 1 foot: Shaly clay, 2 feet: Thin bedded sandstone, 1 to 6 feet; Massive sandstone, 10 to 12 feef; Bituminous shale (coal No. 1), 4 feet; Carbonate of iron, 1^ foot; Fire clay, Vi foot; Bituminous slate, or shale. 2-3 foot; Shale, 5 feet. In the Colchester region, at most of the outcrops examined, the same horizon was rep- resented by dark blue shales (No. 12 of the section previously given), containing nodules of iron ore inclosing crystals of zinc blende. On the southwest quarter of Section 24, Town- ship 5 North. Range 4 West (Tennessee), the following beds were found exposed in con- nection with coal No. 1: Shaly sandstone, 4 feet; Coal No. 1, 2 feet; Fire clay (not ex- posed); Shaly sandstone, 16 feet; St. Louis limestone, 6 teet. Although the lower coal was not found de- veloped at any of the exposures examined in the vicinity of Colchester, it was found by Mr. Horrocks at his tile and fire-brick kiln, not more than a mile from the town, and was struck in one of the pits sunk for fire clay. It was discovered about forty-five feet below coal No. 2, being a foot in thickness and asso- ciated with an excellent fire clay. As early as 1S53 a coal seam was opened on Section 24, Township 5 North. Range 4 West, on land then owned by Mr. Lowrey. The coal was from eighteen inches to two feet in thickness, overlaid by a few feet of shaly sandstone. Below the bed of coal about six- teen feet of sandstone was exposed, and a short distance up the creek a concretionary limestone underlies the sandstone. This is doubtless the lower coal (No. 1) and probably exists at many points in the county, ranging from one to three feet in thickness. At the same time (1S53) coal was also dug on Mr. Thompson's place, on the northeast quarter of Section 16, Township 4 North, Range 3 West (Bethel). At this point the seam was thirty inches thick, but was only exposed in the bed of the creek, with no outcrop of the associate beds. This is, without doubt, the lower seam. as the concretionary member of the St. Louis limestone was found outcropping on the creek a short distance below where the coal was dis- covered. On tne northwest quarter of Sec- tion 33 (Bethel) a coal seam was opened and worked in 1858, on land then owned by J. Stouching. The coal was worked by "strip- l)ing" in the bed 01 a small creek, the deposit ranging fl'om eighteen to twenty inches in thickness and being overlaid by aboiit two feet of gray shale. These two lower seams also outcrop on .lob's Creek near Hlandinsville, and have been worked from the first settlement of the coun- ty. They appear aiso on nearly all the tribu- taries on the east fork of Crooked Creek, and probably underlie at least seven-eighths of the entire area of the county. In this portion of the State, however, they seldom attain a thick- ness of three feet; but they are nowhere more than 175 feet below the surface of the gener- ally level prairie. No. 3, if developed any- where in the county, will probably be found in the eastern range of townships, and would probably be the first seam reached in sinking a shaft, or boring from the prairie level. .\t Bushnell a boring for coal passed through the following beds, as reported by those in charge of the work: (1) Soil. 2 feet; (2) Yellow clay. 12 feet; (3) Sand. 2 feet; (4) Blue clay, with bowlders, 61 feet; (5) Plue and yellow sand, 35 feet; (6) Sandstone, 5 feet; (7) Clay shale, 1% feet; (8) Black sbale, 1% feet; (9) Gray shale, % foot; (10) Limestone, 9 feet; (11) Shale, 1 foot. The beds Nos. 1 to 5, inclusive, belong to the drift, and show an aggregate thickness of 112 feet, indicating the existence of an old valley here, in which the Coal Measures have been cut down to a point below the horizon of the Colchester seam, and which was subsequently filled with drift de- posits. Consequently, that coal which should have been found at this point at a depth of fifty to seventy feet below the surface, was not discovered at all. The limestone (No. 10 of the above section) is probably the bed over- laying the Seaville coal. At Prairie City a boring was carried down to a depth of 227 feet, passing through the following beds, as reported by Mr. T. L. Ma- gee: (1) Soil and drift clays, 36 feet; (2) Clay shale, or soapstone. 16 feet; (3) Black shale, Vi foot; (4) Coal No. 2, li,^ feet; (5) C>34 HISTORY OF Mcdonough couxty. Fire clay. 4 feet; (6) Shale and sandstone, 12 feet; (7) Clay shale, 38 feet; (8) Hard rock (limestone). 11 feet; (9) Shale, 4 feet; (10) White flint. 1 foot; (11) Shale, 10 feet: (12) Coal No. 1. 3 feet; (13) Fire clay, 6V2 feet; (14) Hard rock, 5 feet; (15) Clay shale. 8 feet; (16) Sandstone. 4 feet; (17) Dark gray shale, 8 feet; (IS) Clay shale (light colored), 14 feet; (19) Limestone (St. Louis bed), 441/2 feet. In the foregoing sections the beds numbered from 2 to IS, inclusive, belong to the Coal Measures and include the two lower coal strata. No^ 19 is undoubtedly the St. Louis limestone, which outcrops on Spoon River, just below Seaville, eight miles east of Prairie City. At Lawrence's Mound near that city, at an elevation considerably above the surface ' where the above boring was made, a coal seam three feet in thickness was found (probably No. 3). It was probably an outlier left by the denuding forces which swept it away from the surrounding region, as it lay immediately below the drift with no roof but gravel, and covered but a limited area of ground. Limestone Beds. — This division of the Lower Carboniferous series is probably nowhere in the county more than fifty feet in thickness, and consists (first) of a lied of light gray con- cretionary or brecciated limestone, lying im- mediately below the lower sandstone of the Coal Measures; and (secondly) of a magnes- ian limestone and some blue shales or calcar- eous sandstones, constituting what is some- times called the "Warsaw limestone." On the east fork of Crooked Creek, a little north of west from Colchester, the following sections of these limestones may be seen: (1) Brec- ciated light gray limestone, 5 to 20 feet; (2) Calcareous sandstone in regular beds, 12 feet; (3) Bluish shale, 3 feet. The magnesian bed. which usually forms the base of the group, is below the surface here and generally ranges from eight to ten feet in thickness. The brec- ciated (comi)osed of angular fragments ce- mented together) of limestone is very unevenly developed, and. in a short distance, often var- ies in thickness from five to twenty-five feet, or even more. The Keokuk limestone is the lowest rock exposed in the county, and is only found along the bluffs of Crooked Creek, in Townships 4 and 5, Range 4 West (Lamoine and Tennes- see). The upper part of this formation is us- ually a bluish calcareo-argillaceous shale, con- taining siliceous geodes. either filled with a mass of crystalline quartz, or hollow and lined within with quartz crystals, mammillary, chal- cedony, calcite and dolomite. Below this geode bed there is usually from thirty to forty feet of gray limestone, tne strata varying in thickness from a few inches to more than two feet and separated by partings of shale. The limestone beds consist mainly of the remains of organic beings — corals, crinoids and mol- lusca — that swarmed the primeval ocean; and the old quarries of limestone afford a rich field for the student to become acquainted with the varied and peculiar organic forms of this geological period. South of Colmar the grade of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad cuts into the upper part of this lime- stone to the depth of several feet, and from the excavated material were obtained many characteristic fossils of this period in an ex- cellent state of preservation. A complete section of all the limestone be- low the Coal Measures in this county would show the following order of succession and thickness: Light gray brecciated limestone. 5 to 10 feet; Calcareous sandstone, 12 feet; Mag- nesian limestone and shale, 10 to 12 feet; Ge- odiferous shales of the Keokuk bed, 20 to 30 feet; Light gray chirty limestone. 30 to 40 feet. EcoxoMicAi.. GEOi.ofiY. — As may be seen from a perusal of the foregoing pages, a large por- tion of this county is underlaid with coal, and although the seams that have been discovered are much thinner than those that outcrop in Schuyler and Fulton Counties, they have not only furnished an abundant supply of fuel for home consumption, but for many years thou- sands of tons have annually been shipped to adjoining counties. From Colchester alone the yearly shipments have for a long period amounted to about 500,000 tons, and, until within a few years past, the output equalled the shipments. The Colchester coal is of an excellent qual- ity, if taken out at some distance from the outcrop, where it has been exposed to atmos- pheric influences. It is hard, bright and com- paratively free from jiyrites, breaking freely HISTORY OF McDOXOUGH COl'XTY. 635 into cubic blocks when mined. As reported by Henry Pratten, in Dr. Norwood's "Analy- sis of Illinois Coals." the specific gravity of Colchester coal is 1.290. It loses 41.2 per cent, in coking, the complete analysis being as fol- lows: Moisture, o.4; volatile matters, 35. S; carbon coke, 56.8; ashes (light gray), 2.0. The coal consists of (iO.lO per cent, of carbon. The analysis shows it to be one of the best grades of .coal in the State, and its freedom from pyrites has always made it a favorite with blacksmiths. The coal from the lower seam is usually harder than that from the Col- chester vein, and less viniform in quality. No. 3. if found at all in this county, would be met with in the uppermost layers of the bed rock and immediately underneath the bowlder clays, except at a few points where it might be overlaid by a few feet of sandstone or sandy shale. .\ boring carried down to a depth of two hundred feet would probably pass entirely through the Coal Measures in any portion of the county, and in the western part the subordinate limestone would be reached at a depth of 150 feet, or less. When the light gray brecciated limestone of the St. Louis group is reached, it is useless to bore further in search of coal. This limestone is so different in its appearance from any of the limestones in the lower part of the coal meas- ures that an expert would find no difficulty in identifying it, even by the smallest fragments taken up by the sand pump; hence it forms a reliable guide, both where it outcrops and where it may be reached by the drill, and de- termines the point below which no coal may be found. The following, taken from the report of J. A. Kavanaugh, Mine Inspector, for the year 1905. indicates the state of the coal-mining industry in McDonough County: Number of mines in operation. 72; miners employed. 299; total number of days operated. 10.986; bushels of coal mined. 1.076,461; average price and value of coal at mines, S*^ cents per bushel; total value of coal mined during the year 1905, $92.- 519.18. The report shows a decrease of 378,- 659 bushels, as compared with 1904. Only one accident occurred during the year, and that not fatal. The foregoing represents coal mined at Colchester, Tennessee, Birmingham, Blandinsville. La Harpe, Bushnell, Vermont. Industry and Macomb. In the entire county there are sixty-nine operators and dealers. The report also stated that each mine had been inspected and found in good working condi- tion. During the year 1905 a large mine owned by a corporation of which W. A. Compton was President, was opened at Littleton, on the Ma- comb & Western Illinois Railroad, and pos- sesses all the latest facilities for mining. Fire Clay. — The fire clay found in McDon- ough County is plentiful and of first class qual- ity. While manuiacturing drain tile at an early day, Mr. Horroeks found an excellent quality of clay near Colchester by sinking a shallow shaft down to the lower, or No. 1 coal, which at his works is about forty-five feet be- low the Colchester vein. The horizon of the lower coal furnishes an excellent article of fire and potter's clay in various portions of the State and county. In 1868 Messrs. Horroeks and Stevens Brothers erected tile-works just outside the limits of Bardolph. and for a quar- ter of a century increased their output of tile sewer-pipe and fire clay, with bricks of all di- mensions, the entire manufacture being of most excellent quality. The fire clay was noted throughout the country for its purity and fire- resisting qualities. The raw material has been found all along the north side of Crooked Creek from Bardolph to Tennessee, but the shipment of the manufactured product ceased with the destruction of the Bardolph Fire Clay Works, some years ago. Iron" Ore. — There is a band of iron ore very generally developed in connection with coal No. 1, and indications of its existence have been observed at other points in the county, though nowhere has it been found in work- able quantities. On the creek below Colches- ter Tile Works, a bed of very pure ore occurs about six inches thick, and it is quite probable that it may somewhere be found in the county of sufficient thickness to be of some economical value. In the adjoining county of Schuyler there are several bands of ore associated with the same coal, attaining an aggregate thick- ness of about two feet and yielding an analy- sis of about fifty-two per cent, of protoxide of iron. The ore is argillaceous — rich in carbon- ate of iron — and compares favorably in quality with (he best Pennsylvania ores, but is not found in sufficient quantities to justify mining. 636 HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. In Mound Township a deposit of bog iron-ore of good quality has been found and reported to be several leet in thickness, but the area covered has not been ascertained. Should it prove sufficiently extensive and pure as the samples indicate, it may be a valuable deposit: but to this date no person has been sufficiently interested to lurther investigate. Building Stoke. — The central and Western portions of the county have an abundant sup- ply of freestone from the sandstone bed inter- vening between coals Nos. 1 and 2. This is us- ually from ten to twelve feet in thickness (as worked), in the upper part the beds being from three to twenty inches in thickness, and capable of being quarried out in thin, even slabs, suitable for flagging pavements. The lower part of tiie seam of sandstone is quite massive, and splits evenly. At the McLean, Rowley and Stewart quarries, two miles west of Macomb, there is an exposure of about twelve feet of stone in the face of the quarry. The stone is rather coarse-grained sandstone, nearly white in color, and furnishes a very durable material for foundation walls, curbing and culverts. At the Hector-McLean quarries, half a mile west of the Rowley place, the sandstone is more regularly bedded, the layers varying from four to more than twelve inches in thick- ness and the stone being of better quality. Mr. McLean manufactures grindstones, whetstones, grave-stones and milk troughs, from the best portions of the quarry, and several of the veins were equal to any freestone in the coun- ty for color, regularity of grain and durability. Mr. Rowley invested a considerable amount of money in erecting the necessary buildings and machinery for the manufacture of grindstones, but it did not prove a remunerative investment and, within a few years, was abandoned. The sandstone is equivalent to that on the railroad west of Seaville, in Fulton County. The magnesian and arenaceous beds of the St. Louis group will afford excellent material for culverts and bridge abutments — in fact, as good as can be found in the State, since they are scarcely affected by changes in tempera- ture or climatic conditions. Good limestone for burning into quick-lime may be obtained on most of the tributaries of Crooked Creek, and on the east fork as tar north as Colchester, but not in sufficient quantities to justify the erection of kilns and other expensive appa- ratus. At an early day, before railroad facili- ties were available, a kiln or two had been erected and the product used by the early settlers, but never in sufficient quantities to encourage its manufacture to any great ex- tent; and to-day there is not a kiln in the county. CHAPTER VI. EARLY SETTLERS— THEIR HARDSHIPS. M DONOUGH COUNTY PIONEERS AND PROBLEMS THEY H.\n TO MEET — HARDSHIPS OF THE EMKlRANTs' JOURNEY — REMINISCENCES OF A PIONEER — BUILD- ING AIND furnishing a PIONEER HOME — BREAK- ING THE PRAIRIE SOD THE COLD WINTER AND DEEP SNOW OF 1830-31 — SUDDEN FREEZE OF 1832 — FOOD AND CLOTHING PROBLEMS — BLACK HAWK WAR — EXPERIENCE OF A CALIFORNIA GOLD-SEEKEB — CHILLS AND FEVEB TROUBLES CROPS AND BUSI- NESS METHODS "wild-cat" CURRENCY AND PRO- DUCE PRICES — AVERAGE LOG HOUSE AND ITS DOMESTIC LIFE — AMUSEMENTS — W.\GES — LWE- STOCK PRICES — • ABSENCE OF LABOR-SAVING MA- CHINERY CONTBA.ST PRESENTED BY PEE.SENT CONDITIONS. The McDonough County pioneers, as well as those in other parts of the State, had many difficulties to contend with, beginning with their journeys from civilization to their prairie homes. For many weary miles their routes lay through a rough country; swamps, marshes, creeks and larger streams were crossed with much hardship and dangerous labor. Their teams were often stalled in fords deep with mud, being obliged to unload the numerous members of the family and their worldly goods. At night they were obliged to camp on the open prairie, subject to storms of rain accom- panied with terrific thunder and vivid light- ning. It was enough to strike dismay to the hearts of these strangers in a strange land when the rain came down in sheets of water, penetrating the canvas of the covered wagon and sometimes upsetting them, with the camp m4. IIISTURV Ui- McUUXULGH COUNTY. 637 tents, while the horses and cattle would be stampeded — such misfortunes causing the hardy emigrant many hours of anxious search before the family was ready to proceed. Some- times the streams would suddenly swell in vol- ume, making it hazardous to cross them. The only alternative was to camp on the banks until the angry stream had subsided. Such experi- ences upon the road were often continued for months; but, through them all. the eyes of the settler were ever turned westward. The wife and children, full of energy and pluck, ably seconded the efforts of the worthy sire to secure a home and haven of rest for those he loved. The boy of twelve to eighteen years, and the girl of equal age, proved ready assist- ants, early assuming the duties of helpmates to their parents and finally being placed in charge of the household and the farm. What a contrast between the Then and Now! Today, w-e travel royally on the railroad, having our comfortable beds, excellent tables set with the best the land affords, bath-rooms, barber shops, reading-rooms, writing desks and sta- tionery; in a word, there is no comfort found in our private dwellings which is not duplicated on the railroad or steamboat. And yet one often hears comi)laints made by the modern traveler, on the ground of fatigue or a short delay. A little pioneering would do the grum- bler good. Well, the settler at length arrives at his destination. Soon the anxious father and fam- ily proceed with their own hands to erect some kind of a habitation: and thus pioneer life begins. Re.mi.nisce.nces of .V Pioneer. — In order to give what would be termed Personal Experi- ence in pioneering, the following account (with some slight changes in verbiage) is presented as related by Ira C. Bridges, of Industry, one of the oldest settiers in the county: "I (Mr. Bridges) was born in Morgan County, 111., August 20, 1S25, my parents coming hither from the State of Tennessee in 1823. There (in Morgan County) they resided until November, 1829, when they located in McDon- ough County, at that time composing a part of Schuyler County. With my maternal grand- father, James Vance, the Bridges family lo- cated in the south part of the county. Mr. Vance having removed to that locality In 1823. Mr. Vance was a .Justice of the Peace from 1825 until the county was organized in 1830. He was one of the first County Commissioners, was the first Postmaster in his section of the county, and assisted in naming and laying out the city of Macomb. Mrs. Bridges' father had located on eighty acres of prairie land adjoining the timber, and there built a small log house. In its construction not a nail was used; half of the floor was laid with linn-wood puncheons — that is, split logs: mother earth furnished the other half, and contributed to the construction of the hearth, fire-place back and jambs, surmounted by a stick chimney — that is, made up of small sticks plastered over with mortar made of com- mon clay. The door was made of clapboards (split timber), with wooden latch and hinges. Bedsteads were made by boring two-inch auger holes in the logs, constituting the walls, erect- ing posts at a suitable distance for the width of a bed, and then stretching poles between them and the wall. Clapboards were laid on the poles for a bottom, and on top of this was placed a tick filled with prairie hay, surmount- ed finally by a feather bed, stuffed with the soft down which the mother had plucked from her geese. A most excellent bed was the re- sult. We had two such in our small room, and the family enjoyed themselves and came out all right in the spring of 1830. Grandfather Vance erected a small horse-mill, which ground the corn-meal for the entire county. My parents had fifteen children, and all were raised on com bread and bacon. The father broke up ten acres of prairie, and cut- ting the overturned sod with an ax, planted the first crop of corn therein (sod corn). Water- melons and pumpkins were produced abundant- ly; and. altogether, the family lived on the fat of the land. In the summer it was neces- sary to add another room to our palace; and we felt quite comfortable and were no longer crowded. "The plow used for breaking prairie was called the barshare; its mold-board was of wood, the bar and shoe (or point) of steel, and with six yoke of oxen attached, it cut a furrow from sixteen to eighteen inches in width. It took a stout man to hold the plow, while the bare-footed boy did the driving. Often, on fin- ishing a land, there would be a snake-killing, as the reptiles were very numerous in the early days. 638 HISTORY OF Mcdonough col'xty. ••The winter of 1S30-31 proved to be very se- vere, on account of an unusually heavy fall of snow which continued on the ground for sev- eral months, causing much suffering. The lit- tle corn that was raised could be reached only after much digging and great labor, and both the deer and turkeys died for want of food. As we could not go to mill, we made graters for the manufacture of meal and for the sup- ply of our daily bread, mush and hominy. The cold was intense, to add to our sufferings. We would cut down a tree, haul it to the house door, roll on big backlogs and fill in along the front; and then the family would sit around the roaring fire and sing all day long — there were no pianos then. "In 1S31-32 the Indians were quite numerous and troublesome. The Governor called out troops, and, after some parleying, the Black Hawk War ended by the Indians agreeing to leave the State. Only a few remained to steal stock and otherwise make nuisances of them- selves. Among those caught in thefts was Black Hawk himself, and Thomas Bridges, a cousin of mine, had the honor of giving him a cow-hiding — after which all the Indians left. (The Black Hawk War occurred in 1832, though there had been much disturbance dur- ing the previous year. — Ed.) "Our churches were few and far between. There were a few Hard-Shell Baptists, but the Missionary Baptists, under Elder John Logan, organized a church among the neighbors and preached from house to house. Although the preacher stood behind a chair for a pulpit the people showed themselves eager to hear the Gospel — much more, it seems to me, than they do now. This church organization continued for some years. Mr. Logan then removed to Macomb, and the congregation recognized that place as their church home. "In the pioneer days we were much pestered with -wolves, as they made sad havoc with our calves, pigs and sheep. Father made a wolf trap, and caught quite a number. He received $5 for each scalp, which proved quite useful to pay taxes with, money being then very scarce. We continued to break a few acres of land each year. In 1832 emigration became quite extensive. "There being many ponds throughout the county, and the vegetation dense, malaria, with chills and fever, became quite prevalent; in fact, hardly any person was exempt. The few doctors in the county did what they could with calomel, and quinine and bleeding, when the case became serious. The fever would leave the patient very weak and listless, with skin of yellowish hue, and with an anxious, far-away look, which would cling to him for years, or un- til the disease was completely worn out by time and better sanitary conditions by way of drainage. "Crops of all kinds were abundant, the soil producing luxuriantly, but the prices obtained, on account of distance from market and imper- fect means of transportation, were at a low ebb compared with those of today. Pork sold at $1.25 per hundred pounds, dressed; corn, to emigrants going west, at 8 to 10 cents per bushel; and wheat (which had to be hauled to Beardstown) at 25 to 30 cents per bushel. Sales of produce were made on the principle of barter or exchange — that is, exchanged for store goods. Cattle were very cheap, buyers coming from Jacksonville and elsewhere south of McDonough, getting them at their own prices. ••Our wheat was threshed on the ground by horses trampling on the sheaves. The separat- ing was done with wooden forks; there was not a steel fork, or an iron shovel or scoop in the county. The first threshing separator ma- chine was built a-nd introduced into the county by Dallamand & Imes, the builders, in 1852. This changed our entire method of preparing grain for the market, and to us it was a most wonderful improvement. "In 1850 the California fever struck our neighborhood, and, with many others, I started for the Golden West. We left McDonough County on the 20th of March, of that year, and arrived at Hangtown, in California, on the 12th of August, after five months of weary pilgrim- age spent in crossing the great plains and des- erts of the West. We saw numerous bands of » Indians, large herds of buffaloes, deer, prairie dogs, antelopes, rattlesnakes and many other animals — not a few of which were welcomed to our camp kettles. Our route was by way of Fort Kearney, up the South Platte River to Ash Hollow, where it was crossed, thence by way of the Black Hills, to Fort Laramie, Sweet Wa- ter and Devil's Gate, and through the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains and down the Humboldt River to 'the Sink,' where it enters \ ,^42^yic/i*< HISTORY OI" M(l)()X()l'(;H couxtv 639 the ground; then across a grassless, waterless desert of fifty miles to the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and over the mountains to Hang- town. This was an old mining town, which re- ceived its name from the hanging there of two notorious thieves. There I remained and work- ed over two years. I had the usual success of these early miners — made little money, but gained great experience and saw much of the world. 1 returned by way of Panama, by steam- er, to New York, and thence home." Mr. Bridges furnishes much more of his valu- able and interesting history, but as this covers the early period of his life in connection with the first settling of McDonough County, other portions of his narrative will be reserved for later pages. DkkI' Sxow HI' 1830-31. — One of the most nota- ble events in the memory of the early set- tlers of McDonough County, as it was with those of the same period in other iwrtions of Illinois, was the "Deep Snow" of the winter of 1S30-31. Clarke's "History of McDonough County" (1S7S), referring to this event, says: "The snow began to fall the night of the twenty-ninth of December (1830), and contin- ued to fall tor three days and nights, until it reached an average depth of about four feet, drifting in places as high as eighteen or twenty feet. Great suffering was e.xperienced in con- sequence. The settlers relied for their daily food upon the Indian corn which they were enabled to raise, together with the wild game, which was abundant at that time. Plenty of the former was raised to supply the wants of all until the ne.xt season's crop; but when the snow fell, but little had been gathered. Game could not be had. The great depth of the snow was a barrier to all travel, and it may well be imagined the sufferings of the people were great indeed. In a letter, published in the March (1876) number of "Clarke's Monthly,' Hon. .lames Clarke thus graphically described the situation: " 'The snow fell to an average depth of about four feet, and remained on the ground for about three months. Before the snow fell the deer were as fat as could be. and before it passed away they were so poor they were not fit to eat. Wild turkeys would fall from the limbs of trees. The morning after the snow my wife was about three hours shoveling it from our cabin. We then lived about one hundred yards from the house lately occupied by Isaac Haines, a little southwest of .Macomb. 1 did not have my corn gathered, and had a gcod-sized family to feed, and had five horses and some cattle. As soon as possible I sent John VV'ilson, the young man afterward mur- dered by McFadden, with the horses to Mor- gan County to have them kept through the winter. Each day we would have to go out to the field, and where we could see a stalk of corn standing above the snow, reach down until we came to the ear, pull it olT. gathering enough for the day. There were no mills in the country, and each family would, with a mortar and pestle, pound their corn so as to make bread. A few were fortunate enough to have a large grater with which they wo.ild grate up the corn. The first thing done each morning would be to build the fire and put on a big pot of water in which the corn would be thrown and boiled a while, then taken out and grated and made into good, wholesome bread. This, with what game we could get, was what we had to live on during the long winter. " 'Several families came to the county that fall, and. of course, had no corn. All things were then held more in common. Those that had none were welcome to help themselves from their more fortunate neighbors, all that was required of them being that they should gather it themselves. Resin Naylor. better known as "Boss" Naylor. was one of that class, and it was a little amusing to see him go out to the fields, walking for a time on top of the snow, on which a crust was formed, but now and then going through, getting his corn, and come in blowing like a porpoise and sweat- ing dreadfully. But we all managed to live, and had good cause to be thankful it was no worse. The young men and women of this flay have little knowledge of what a pioneer life consisted. Away out upon an almost bound- less prairie, far from home and kindred, with an opportunity of hearing from them only every few months, it was dreary indeed, but how different it is now! However far the dis- tance, they can be communicated with in a few moments' time.' " 640 HISTORY UF McDOXUUGH COUNTY. The Sudden Freeze of 1S32. — Another mem- orable event, ot a character somewhat similar to that Just described, occurred in the latter part of the winter of 1832 — the year after the "Deep Snow" — when, within a space of fifteen minutes, the weather changed from a mild thaw to a severe freeze, causing much suffer- ing throughout the State, especially in the northern and western portions, accompanied by much loss of life. This incident is men- tioned in most ot the local histories. Clarke's "History" gives the following brief account of the experiences of some of the early settlers of McDonough County in connection with that event: "On the sixteenth day of March, 1S32, David Clarke and William Carter were returning from Frederick to Macomb, each with a wagonload of goods. On the morning of this day' they left the residence of a man living near Dodds- ville, and proceeded about a mile when it be- came so cold tney could go no farther. Un- hitching their oxen from tne wagons, they broke for the nearest house, barely reaching it alive. On this same day two men left Blandinsville for Fort Madison, the weather at starting being comparatively pleasant. They had gone but a short distance when they dis- covered they were freezing. One of the party hurried off for help, which was obtained, and, on going back, the other party was found, but a short distance from where he was left, frozen to death. Again, on the morning of the same day, a man left Macomb for his home near Blandinsville, or Job's Settlement, and had reached the prairie on the north, when the change in the weather occurred. Unhitch- ing his oxen, he started them toward the tim- ber, at the same time catching hold and hold- ing on to their tails. The oxen brought up at a house not very far distant, and the men en- deavored to loosen his hands, but was unable to do so, and the inmates of the cabin were compelled to pull him loose, the entire skin of his hands coming oft in doing so." Food and Clothixc Problejis — Domestic Life — During the first few years of their settlement in the county the early i)ioneers were com- pelled to make strenuous efforts to procure food and clothing for the most pressing wants of their families. The first small crops were frequently threshed with flails of their own making, and the grain trampled out by colts on a closely cut sod. The grain was carefully swept up and winnowed in the breeze by pour- ing it from some elevation upon a sheet spread on the ground. The first threshing machine was a "terror;" it was called a "chaff piler." The mechanism consisted simply of a concave wooden cylinder, set with iron teeth not al- ways firmly fastened; and, as when they broke loose they flew out with fearful velocity, many accidents happened from this defect. The straw, dirt, chaff and grain were hurled from it in masses; grains ot wheat came flying from the cloud of stuff and rattled around like bird shot — the entire process begriming the thresh- ers with smut and dirt, which necessitated a scrubbing with soft soap and an abundance of water. There were, of course, no granaries or barns in those days, and the threshed grain was usu- ally stored at the place of threshing in cribs, the latter constructed of common rails so laid that the thin edges were toward the outer side. The crib was made to flare outwardly toward the top, thus protecting the contents from the rain. The bottom was also made of flat rails laid closely together and raised a foot or more from the ground, the whole being lined with straw, which prevented the grain from escaping through the crevices between the rails. When the crib was filled it was roofed over with rails, straw and prairie hay. This covering would keep out rain, but the ravages of rats and mice were very destructive. When the wheat or oats was needed for the market or domestic use, what was called a wind-mill was used to clean the grain — the forerunner of the separator of today. This proved hard work for the boys, and much grain was lost by these Ijrimitive methods; but within a few years all was changed, and the excellent threshing ma- chines of the present day save grain, labor and expense. Corn was snapped and put in piles, when the neighbors were invited to help shuck it, or it was husked in the field and cribbed the same as wheat, excepting the straw was not needed. As there were no cellars, the potatoes were kept in good order over the winter by smooth- ing a circle, some six or eight feet in diameter, on some dry place in the patch, piling the fresh- ly dug potatoes upon it, in pyramidal form, then covering them with a layer of straw like a thatch and shoveling on this a thin banking of earth. At the foot of the mound a shallow IIISTURY Ul' McUUXCJLGH CUUXTY. 641 ditch was dug, encircling it for drainage, and the hole was covered with coarse prairie grass to shed the rain. As winter a|)|)roached more covering was put on to exclude the frost, but with care not to have it too warm, and in the spring the potatoes were as fresh as when first dug. The money 01 the country was scarce, barter being the principal means of exchange up to late in the 'fifties. True, coin alone was a legal tender, but there was not enough of it in circu- lation here to transact one-tenth of the neces- sary business. So paper money, of all de- scriptions and denominations, was issued un- der such euphonious names as "red-dog," "wild- cat," "stump-tail" and "shin plasters." This crude stuff freely circulated as currency and counterfeits abounded. The bills of the same denominations issued by different banks had as many values, which fluctuated from day to day. At every payment of money the Bank Note Reporter was always consulted, and the current value of each bill computed. It would be impossible to exaggerate the bewildering and worthless variety of bills and tokens which were in circulation in this Western country. These conditions naturally caused barter to be the usual method of exchange. In the early days every store had a general assortment of articles needed by the settler, and would take from him in trade almost any product of his farm. The parties to the transaction would mutually agree on the price of the articles, which would be charged up to the account of the farmer, and every six or twelve months the merchant would foot up the balances and take the farmer's note drawing interest at ten i)er cent, per annum. He would accept dressed pork at $1.25; potatoes at 10 to 12% cents per bushel: chickens at 6 to 10 cents apiece; eggs at 4 to S cents per dozen, and butter at from 7 to 12 cents per pound. He would charge the farmer for calico 25 to 35 cents per yard, for sugar 10 to 15 cents per pound, and 25 cents for loaf. Every artisan and professional man took "store pay" for part of his bill, and wood, a cow, a pig, or "farm truck" for a goodly por- tion of the balance. How the settler's wife managed to endure the hardships and Incon- veniences of those times and make her family comfortable is a marvel. The average log house was about 14x16 feet in size, and had a low loft for beds, which was reached by a ladder, or an open, steep, narrow stairway away in one corner. After the saw- mills were started a "lean-to" for a sort of summer kitchen, and perhaps another for a bed-room, were added. The water was hard, and the housewife had to soften it with ashes. She made her own soap, and at first she dipped and molded her own candles. She dried her own wild fruit as she could get it; often milked the cows (out of doors), and always cared for the milk, cream and butter; spun, wove and made the children's clothes; did the daily cooking, and also saw that the hens were per- forming their daily duties, as her pin money depended much on the efforts of hendom. Matches were almost unknown. The flint and steel, with tinder or i)unk. were often used, and some fortunate householders had sun glasses. Fire was carefully buried in the ashes and kept over night, and if. unfortunately, it went out. it was the wife who had to borrow some live coals from a neighbor. The house was so small, and the presence of so many men were required to do the farm work, that the wife had neither place nor time for privacy or rest; and yet how gracefully and bravely she adapted herself to the necessary surround- ings, and. with the "men folks." toiled content- edly and hapi)ily to found these pioneer homes. All the slaughtering and the dressing, as well as the preserving of the pork and beef, was done on the farm, and the farmer's wife "tried out" the lard and tallow, and made the sausage and head cheese. Whenever an animal was butchered a portion of the meat was dis- tributed among the neighbors, who. in turn, reciprocated the favor. The scarcity of fruit was felt for a number of years, until the or- chards began to bear. The wild fruits, it is true, were abundant during the short season, and were carefully preserved by the ever busy housewives. Dried pumpkin was a common table fruit, and the magnificent pies, over an inch thick, that were such welcome visitors at every farmer's table. Puni|)kin "sass." bread, pancakes, salt pork and potatoes, and milk gravy, were the regular and monotonous daily diet. Game and fish were abundant, but usually the men were too busy to secure their capture or prepare them for food. In winter the chil- dren caught numbers of prairie chickens and quails in the old-fashioned "figure-4 traps." 642 HISTORY OF -McDOXOUGH COUNTY. Fishing excursions, turkey-shoots and wolf hunts were the larger sports of the men; while tea parties and quiltings interested the women, and dancing parties, singing schools, spelling matches, corn-huskings and pumpkin parings were the entertainments of the young people. Oxen usually did the greater part of the team work, and often hauled merry parties of young folks to these frolics. Hired men, working by the year, received about $8 or $fl per month, and their board and washing; the hired girl had from $1 to ?2 per week. A fairly good cow was worth from $7 to $10: an ordinary yoke of oxen from $3.5 to $60, and a horse about the same. There were very few cash sales at any price, as barter was the rule, and the people in the coimty, as com- pared with their present condition, were finan- cially very poor. But such men and women were made of the stuff which builds nations. They had no pian- os, organs, sewing machines or other species of labor-saving machinery; in fact, simple and primitive as were the implements of their la- bor, they made the great majority of them. Their agricultural implements, save only the breaking plow, they fashioned themselves; all the harrows, corn-plows and such other aids and helps as were of wooden construction, were made by the handy farmer. A ten-year-old boy may now sit upon a buggy-seat with a surrey top, and break up twice as much ground as a stalwart farmer in the strenuous pioneer per- iod. The girls even, of the long ago, would drop the corn. and. when a poor stand was ob- tained, would replant the crop with a hoe. In haying season they would rake up the hay. and in threshing time would ride the horses that hauled the straw from the threshing ma- chine; they would carry lunch and water to the harvest hands, and do all cheerfully and with dispatch. In a word, the young women were healthy and splendid specimens of wom- anhood, and as the young men were of the same fiber, the generation which now consti- tute the middle-aged residents of the county, upon whose shoulders rests the main responsi bility for the well-being and advancement of its communities, have inherited the stalwart- ness of their pioneer ancestors as a guarantee that the imposed trusts will not only be suc- cessfully borne, but increased in value a hun- dred-fold. Thus will the impress of the hardy, honest and able founders of McDonough County be made upon unnumbered generations, and the Christian tenor of their noble lives be in- definitely continued, broadened and intensified by modern methods, institutions and individ- uals. CH.\PTER VII. POLITICAL. ST.\TK OFFICERS — LI.ST OF GOVERNCBS WITH TEKMS OF OFFICE — LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS .\ND SECRE- AKIES OF STATE — UNITED STATES SEXAT0R.1 — CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS OF WHICH JI'DONOUGII COl NTY HAS FORMED A PART LIST OF REPRE- SENTATIVES FOR SAME DISTRICTS IN CONGRESS — LEGISLATIVE .APPORTIONMENTS .\ND LIST OF STATE SEN.A.TORS AND REPRESENT.\TIVES. There have been twenty-three gubernatorial elections since the organization of the State of Illinois. Governor Bissell died while in of- fice, and Reynolds, Oglesby and Cullom re- signed to accept places in the Congress of the United States — Reynolds as Representative, and Oglesby and Cullom as Senators. In con- sequence of these vacancies, four Lieutenant- Governors have succeeded to the Governorship. Under the Constitution of 181S the Governor was not eligible to immediate re-election for a second term, but the Constitution of 1S4S re- moved this prohibition, and Governor French, who was in office at the time of adoption of the latter, became his own successor. Oglesby was three times elected to the office, French twice and Cullom twice; so that with twenty- three elections but nineteen men have been chosen to the office; but as four Lieutenant- Governors have filled the office for fractional terms as successors to those formally elected Governors, there have been as many different Governors as elections, viz., twenty-three. Of the twenty-three persons who have held the office of Governor but two (the last two to be elected) have been natives of the State, though the others all came to Illinois early in life, and were closely identified with its in- HISTORY OK .\kD()X()l"(;il lOrXTV 643 terests at the time of their election; seven were born in Kentuclvy, four in New York, two in Pennsylvania, two in Maryland, two in Vir- ginia and two in Illinois, and one each in New Hampshire, Ohio, Indiana and Prussia. The following is a list of Governors from the or- ganization of the State Government in ISIS, to the i)resent time, with politics, date of inaug- uration and place (or county) of residence: Shadrach Uond (Dem.), Oct. 6, 181S; St. Clair. Edward Coles (Dem.), Dec. 5, 1822; Madi- son. .\inian Kdwards (Dem.), Dec. Ifi, 1S2r,: Madi- son. John Reynolds (Dem.), Dec. 6, 1S30; St. Clair, (Resigned Nov. 17, 1S34). William L. D. Ewing (Dem.), Nov. 17, 1S34; Fayette, (Vice Reynolds). Joseph Duncan (Dem.), Dec. 3, 1S34; Mor- gan. Thomas Carlin (Dem.), Dec. 7, 1838; Greene. Thomas Ford (Dem.), Dec. 8, 1842; Ogle. Augustus C. French (Dem.), Jan. 9, 1S46; Crawford, (Re-elected under constitution of 1848.) Joel A. Matteson (Dem.), Jan. 10, 1853; Will. William H. Uissell (Rep.), Jan. 12, 1857; Mon roe, (Died March 15, 1860.) John Wood (Rep.), March 21, 1860; Adams, (Lieutenant-Governor; succeeded Bissell.) Richard Yates (Rep.), Jan. 14, 1861; Mor- gan. Richard J. Oglesby (Rep.), Jan. 16, 1865; Macon. John M. Palmer (Rep.), Jan. 11, 1869; Ma- coupin. Richard J. Oglesby (Rep.), Jan. 13, 1873; Macon, (Resigned Jan. 23, 1873; elected United States Senator.) John L. Beveridge (Rep.), ,Jan. 23, 1873; Cook, (Vice Oglesby.) Shelby M. Cullom (Rep.), Jan. 8, 1877; San- gamon. Shelby M. Cullom (Rep.), Jan. 10, 1881, San- gamon, (Resigned Feb. 6, 1883: elected United States Senator.) John M. Hamilton (Rep.), Feb. 6, 1883; Mc- Lean. (Vice Cullom, resigned.) Richard J. Oglesby (Rep.), Jan. 30, 1885; Macon. .Toseph W. Fifer (Rep.), Jan. 14, 1SS9; Mc- Lean. John P. Altgeld (Ueni.), Jan. 9, 1893; Cook. John R. Tanner (Rep.), Jan. 11, 1897; Clay. Richard Yates, Jr., (Rep.), Jan. 14. 1901; Morgan. Charles S. Deneen (Rep.), Jan.. 1905; Cook. LiKiTK.NANT-GovKHNoits. — Following is a list of the Lieutenant-Governors of tne State cover- ing the same period as the preceding one: Pierre Menard (Dem.), Oct. 6, 1818; Ran- dolph. Adolphus T. Hubbard (Dem.), Dec. 5, 1822; Gallatin. William Kinney (Dem.), Dec. 6, 1826; St. Clair. Zadok Casey (Dem.), Dec. 9, 1830; Jeffer- son, (Resigned March 1, 1833.) William L. D. Ewing (Dem.), March 1, 1833; Fayette, (President pro tern, of Senate — Acting Lieutenant-Governor. ) Ale.x. M. Jenkins (Dem.), Dec. 5, 1834; Jack- son, (Resigned.) William H. Davidson (Dem.), Dec. 9, 1836; White, (President of Senate — Acting Lieuten- ant-Governor.) Stinson H. Anderson (Dem.), Dec. 7, 1838; Jefferson. John Moore (Dem.). Dec. 8, 1842; McLean. .Toseph B. Wells (Dem.), Dec. 9, 1846; Rock Island. William McMurtry (Dem.), Jan. 8, 1849; Knox. Gustavus Koernor (Dem.). Jan. 10, 1853; St. Clair. John Wood (Rep.). Jan. 12, 1857; Adams, (Succeeded Governor Bissell, deceased.) Thomas .\. Marshall (Dem.), Jan. 7. 1861; Coles, (President pro tern, of Senate, and Act- ing Lieutenant-Governor.) Francis A. Hoffman (Re)).), Jan. 14, 1861; Cook. William Bross (Rep.), Jan. 16, 1865; Cook. John Dougherty (Rep.), Jan. 11, 1869; Un- ion. John L. Beveridge (Rep.), Jan. 13, 1873; Cook. (Succeeded Oglesby as Governor.) John Early (Rep.). Jan. 23, 1873: Winne- ba.go, (President pro tern, of Senate and Acting Lieutenant-Governor) . Archibald A. Glenn (Dem.). Jan. 8. 1875; Brown, (President pro tern, of Senate, and Act ing Lieutenant-Governor.) Andrew Shuman (Rep.), Jan. 8, 1877; Cook. 644 HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. John M. Hamilton (Rep.), Jan. 10, ISSl; Mc- Lean, (Succeeded Cullom as Governor on elec- tion of latter to U. S. Senate.) William J. Campbell (Rep.), Feb. 6, 1883; Cook, (President of Senate, and Acting Lieu- tenant-Governor. ) John C. Smim (Rep.), Jan. 30, 1885; Cook. Lyman B. Ray (Rep.), Jan. 14, 1889; Grun- dy. Joseph B. Gill (Dem.), Jan. 9. 1893; Jack- son. William A. Northcott (Rep.), Jan. 11, 1897; Bond. William A. Northcott (Rep.), Jan. 14, 1901; Bond. Lawrence Y. Sherman (Rep.), January, 1905; McDonough. SECRET.vBrES OF STATE. — FoUowing are the Secretaries of State up to date: Elias Kent Kane (Dem.), Oct. 8, 1818; Kas- kaskia, (Resigned Dec. 16, 1822. Elected to U. S. Senate.) Samuel D. Lockwood (Dem.), Dec. IS, 1822; Madison, (Resigned April 2, 1823.) David Blackwell (Dem.), April 2, 1823; St. Clair, (Resigned Oct. 15, 1824.) Morris Birkbeck (Dem.), Oct. 15, 1824; Ed- wards, (Resigned Jan. 15, 1825.) George Forquer (Dem.), Jan. 15, 1825; San- gamon, (Resigned Dec. 31, 1828.) Alex. P. Field (Dem.), Jan. 23, 1829; Union, (Removed Nov. 30, 1840.) Stephen A. Douglas (Dem.), Nov. 30, 1840; Morgan, (Resigned Feb. 27, 1841.) Lyman Trumbull (Dem.), March 1, 1841: St. Clair, (Removed March 4, 1843.) Thompson Campbell (Dem.), March 6, 1843; Jo Daviess, (Resigned Dec. 23, 1846,) Horace S. Cooley (Dem.), Jan. 8, 1849; Ad- ams, (Appointed by Governor French.) Horace S. Cooley (Dem.), Jan. 8, 1849; Ad- ams, (Elected under Constitution of 1848: died April 2, 1850.) David L. Gregg (Dem.), April 2, 1850; Cook. Alex. Starne (Dem.), Jan. 10, 1853; Pike. Ozias M. Hatch (Rep.), Jan, 12, 1857; Pike. Ozias M. Hatch (Rep.), Jan. 14, 1861; Pike. Sharon Tyndale (Rep.). Jan. 16. 1865; St. Clair. Edward Runimel (Rep.), Jan. 11. 1869; Pe- oria. George H. Harlow (Rep.). Jan. 13, 1873: Tazewell. George H. Harlow (Rep.), Jan. 8, 1877; Taze- well. Henry D. Dement (Rep.), Jan. 17, 1881; Lee. Henry D. Dement (Rep.), Jan. 30, 1885; Lee. Isaac N. Pearson (Rep.), Jan. 14, 1889; Mc- Donough. William H. Hinrichsen (Dem.), Jan. 9, 1893; Morgan. James A. Rose (Rep.), Jan. 11, 1897; Pope, re-elected in 1900 and 1904, now (1907) serving third term. United St.\tes Sex.\tors. — Following is a list of United States Senators from Illinois, since the organization of the State, with the period of incumbency and place of residence: Ninian Edwards (Dem.), 1818-19; Kaskaskia. Jesse B. Thomas (Dem.), 1818-23, Kaskaskia. Ninian Edwards (Dem.), 1819-24, Bdwards- ville. Jesse B. Thomas (Dem.), 1823-29, Edwards- ville. John McLean (Dem.), 1824-25, Shawneetown, (Vice Edwards, resigned.) Elias Kent Kane (Dem.), 1825-31. Kaskaskia, (Succeeded McLean.) John McLean (Dem.), 1829-30; Shawneetown, (Died October 14, 1830.) David J. Baker (Dem.), Nov. 12 to Dec. 11, 1830, Kaskaskia, (Appointed to succeed Mc- Lean.) John M. Robinson (Dem.), 1830-31, Carmi, (Successor of Baker.) Elias Kent Kane (Dem.), 1831-35, Kaskaskia, (Died December 12, 1S35.) John M. Robinson (Dem.), 1835-41, Carmi, (Own successor.) William L. D. Ewing (Dem.), 1835-37, Vanda- lia, (Vice Kane, deceased.) Richard M. Young (Dem.), 1837-43, Jones- boro, (Successor to Ewing.) Samuel McRoberts (Dem.), 1841-43, Water- loo, (Died March 22, 1843.) Sidney Breese (Dem.), 1843-49, Carlyle, (Suc- ceeded Young.) James Semple (Dem.), 1843-47, Alton, (Vice McRoberts, deceased.) Stephen A. Douglas (Dem.), 1847-53, Quincy, (Succeeded Semple.) James Shields (Dem.), 1849-55, Springfield, (Succeeded Breese.) Stephen A. Douglas (Dem.), 1853-59, Chicago, (Own successor.) HISTORY OF AIcDONOLGH COLXTY, 645 Lyman Tninibull (Rep.). 1S55-61. Belleville, (Succeeded Shields.) Stephen A. Douglas (Dem.). 1859-61. Chi- cago, (Died June 3. 1861.) Lyman Trumbull (Rep.), 1S61-67. Chicago, (Own successor.) Orville H. Browning (Rep.), 1861-63, Quincy, (Vice Douglas, deceased, June 26, 1861.) William A. Richardson (Dem.), 1863-65, Quin- cy, (Succeeded Browning.) Richard Yates (Rep.). 1865-71, Jacksonville, ■(Succeeded Richardson.) Lyman Trumbull (Rep.), 1867-73, Chicago, (Own successor.) John A. Logan (Rep.), 1871-77, Chicago, (Suc- ceeded Yates.) Richard J. Oglesby (Rep.), 1873-79, Deca- tur, CSucceeded Trumbull.) David Davis (Ind.), 1877-83, Blooniington, (Succeeded Logan.) John A. Logan (Rep.), 1879-85, Chicago, (Suc- ceeded Oglesby.) Shelby M. Cullom (Rep.), 1883-89, Spring- field, (Succeeded Davis.) John A. Logan (Rep.), 1885-86, Chicago, (Died Dec. 26. 1886.) Charles B. Farwell (Rep.). 1SS7-91, Chicago, (Vice Logan, deceased.) Shelby M. Cullom (Rep.), 1895-1901, Spring- (Own successor.) John M. Palmer (Dem.), 1891-97, Springfield, (Succeeded Karwell.) Shelby M. uullom (Rep.). 1895-1901, Spring- field. (Own successor.) William E. Mason (Rep.), 1S97-1903, Chi- cago, (Succeeded Palmer.) Shelby M. Cullom (Rep.), 1901-07, Spring- field, (Own successor.) Albert J. Hopkins (Rep.), 1903-09, Aurora. (Succeeded Mason.) Shelby M. Cuiiom (Rep.). 1907-13, Spring- field, (Re-elected Jan. 22, 1907. for fifth term.) Rkpresent.vtives IX CoN(iRES.s. — Shadrach Bond was the first Delegate from the Territory, serving in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Con- gresses. He took his seat at the second ses- sion of the Twelfth Congress, December 3, 1812, and served until October 3. 1814. when he was appointed Receiver of Public Moneys. Benja- min Stephenson succeeded Bond, and took his seat at the third session of the Thirteenth and the first session of the Fourteenth Congress, when he also was appointed Receiver of Public Moneys, April 29, 1816. Nathaniel Pope was elected the successor of Stephenson, and en- tered Congress at the second session of the Fourteenth Congress, December 2, 1816, and served during that session and the first ses- sion of the Filteenth Congress, being the Dele- gate at the time of the admission of the Terri- tory as a State. John McLean was the first Representative ia Congress from the State, taking his seat in the second session of the Fifteenth Congress. He was followed by Daniel P. Cook. December, 1819, in the Sixteenth Congress. Cook contin- ued to represent the State in the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, liighteenth and Nineteenth Con- gresses, for a perioa of nearly nine years, from December. 1819. to March. 1827. Joseph Dun- can (Dem.) succeeded Daniel P. Cook, taking his seat in 1827 at the first session of the Twen- tieth Congress and representing the State in the Twentieth. Twenty-first and Twenty-second Congresses, from 1827 to 1833. Under the apportionment of 1831 McDonough County was assigned as a part of the Third Dis- trict lor congressional i)urposes. and continued in this rt'lation until the apportionment of 1843, when it was assigned to District No. 6. It re- mained a portion of the latter district until the passage of the act of 1852 assigning it to Dis- trict No. 5. and so continued until by the Apportionment Act of 1861 it was incorporated into the Ninth District. The county became a part of District No. 10 by the act of 1872; District No. 11, by act of 1882; District No. 15 in 1893, and District No. 14 (as at present) in 1901. The following is a list of those who have successively represented the District of which .McDonough County formed a part, beginning with the Twenty-third Congress (1S33). when the county was first incorporated in a Con- gressional District: 1833-35 — Twenty-third Congress — Joseph Dun- can (Dem.), of Jacksonville. 1835-39— Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Con- gresses — William L. May (Dem.), Springfield. 1839-43— Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh Congresses — John T. Stuart (Whig), Spring- field. 1843-47 — Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth Congresses — Joseph P. Hoge (Dem.), Galena. 646 HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. 1847-49 — Thirtieth Congress — Thomas J. Turner (Dem.), Freeport. 1849-51— Thirty-first Congress— Edward D. Baiter (Whig), Galena. 1851-53 — Thirty-second Congress — Thompson Campbell (Dem.), Galena. 1853-55— Thirty-third Congress and First Ses- sion Thirty-fourth Congress — William A. Rich- ardson (Dem.(, Quincy, resigned to become candidate for Governor. 1856-57— Thirty-fourth Congress (last ses- sion), successor to Richardson. 1857-61— Thirty-fifth and Thirty-si.xth Con- gresses — Isaac N. Morris (Dem.), Quincy. 1861-63 — Thirty-seventh Congress — William A. Richardson (Dem.), Quincy. 1863-69- Thirty-eighth to Fortieth Congress (inclusive). Lewis W. Ross (Dem.), Lewis- town. 1869-73 — Forty-first and Forty-second Con- gresses — Thompson W. McNeely (Dem.), Pet- ersburg. 1873-75 — Forty-third Congress — William H. Ray (Rep.). Rushville. 1875-77— Forty-fourth Congress — Joton C. Bag- by (Dem.), Rushville. 1877-83 — Forty-fitth to Forty-seventh Con- gress — Benjamin F. Marsh (Rep.), Warsaw. 1883-87 — Forty-eighth and Forty-ninth Con- gresses — William H. Neece (Dem.), Macomb. 1887-91— Fiftieth and Fifty-first Congresses- William H. Gest (Rep.), Rock Island. 1891-93— Fifty-second Congress— Ben. T. Ca- ble (Dem.), Rock Island. 1893-1901 — Fifty-third to Fifty-sixth Congress — Benjamin F. Marsh (Rep.), Warsaw. 1901-03 — Fifty-seventh Congress — J. Ross Mickey (Dem.), Macomb. 1903-05 — Fifty-eighth Congress— Benjamin F. Marsh (died in office.) 1905-09— Fifty-eighth to Sixtieth Congress- James McKinney (Rep.). Aledo, filled Marsh's unexpired term and twice re-elected. Legisl.\tive Dep,vrtmext. — The General As- sembly of Illinois consists (1907) of 204 mem- bers — 51 Senators and 153 Representatives. It is the duty of the General Assembly to redis- trict the State once in every ten years, making (as near as practicable) the ratio of represen- tation in the Senate the quotient obtained from dividing by the number 51 the total pop- ulation of the State as returned by the last Federal census. To be eligible to membership in the Genera! Assembly the candidate must be a citizen of the LTnited States, a resident of the State five years and of the district from which elected for the two years next preceding his election: must be at least twenty-five years of age, if a Senator, and not less than twenty-one if a Representative. No person holding any lucra- tive office under the United States, the State of Illinois, or any foreign government, is eli- gible to the General Assembly; but appoint- _ ments in the militia, and the offices of Notary Public and Justice of the Peace are not consid- ered lucrative oflBces: nor may any member receive any civil appointment within the State during the term for which he is elected. Mem- bers are allowed by statute $1,000 for each regular biennial session, $50 for stationery, and 10 cents per mile for the actual distance be- tween the State capital and their respective homes, with $5 per day for special sessions. There is no constitutional or statutory limi- tation on the length of the legislative session. The Governor may convene the Assembly by proclamation on extraordinary occasions, but at special sessions no business shall be entered upon except for the purpose named in the jiroclamation. All members are elected at the regular elec- tion held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday In November, in even numbered years — Representatives for a term of two years and Senators for four years. Senators from even-numbered districts are elected at the same time as Presidential Electors, and from the odd-numbered districts, two years later, at the same time as the Superintendent of Public Instruction. In all elections for Representa- tive (under tne minority representation sys- tem) each elector may cast as many votes as there are representatives to be elected, giving all the votes to one candidate, or distributing the number, or equal parts thereof, among the various candidates. This system of cumulative voting usually results in the election of two Representatives from the dominant party and one from the minority party of each district. The General Assembly is prohibited from passing special laws for the granting of di- vorces, for changing the names of persons or places, for establishing roads and highways, for vacating roads, streets, alleys, etc., for granting special privileges to persons or cor- porations, and for other purposes specially lUSTURY Ul- MtUOXOL'GH COL'XTY. 647 enumerated in the constitution; besides which, there is a general provision that in "all other cases where a general law can be made ap- plicable, no special law shall be enacted." The General Assembly meets biennially on the Wednesday next after the first Monday in .Jan- uary of all odd-numbered years. Under the Constitution of 1848 McDonough County was incorporated into the Sixteenth Senatorial District and Representative District Xo. 38; by the apportionment of February 27, 1854, in the Tenth Senatorial and the Thirty- eighth Representative District; by act of Janu- ary 31, 1SG4, into the Fourteenth Senatorial and the Twenty-ninth Representative District; on January 4, 1871, into the Fourteenth Senatorial and the Fifty-ninth Representative District; on March 1, 1872, (under the Constitution adopted in 1870), into Senatorial District Xo. Twenty-three", each district being entitled to one Senator and three Representatives, with Warren and McDonough counties both incorpo- rated in the district; by act of May 6, 1882, into District Xo. 27. comprising the same coun- ties; by act of June 15, 1893, into District No. 2S, consisting of Hancock, McDonough and Warren counties: and on May 10, 1902 (as at present) into District No. 32, embracing the three counties named. McDonough County first sent a Representa- tive to the Tenth General Assembly, its entire representation to date being as follows: 1836- 40 — William Ednionston, Representative; Thomas H. Owen. Senator: 1S40-42— William W. Bailey, Representative: Sidney H. Little, Senator; 1842-44 — Hugh Irwin, Rejiresentative; Sidney H. Little, Senator; 1844-48— William H. Randolph, Representative: William McMillan, Senator; 1848-50 — Josiah Harrison, Representa- tive; 1848-52 — John P. Richmond, Senator: 1850-52— John Huston, Representative; 1852-54 — James M. Randolph, Representative; 1852- 56— James M. Campbell, Senator; 1854-56— Louis H. Waters, Representative; 1856-58 — Geor.ge Hire, Representative; 1856-60 — William C. Goudy. Senator; 1858-60— William Berry, Representative; 1860-62— S. H. McCandless, Representative; 1860-64 — William Berry, Sena- tor; 1862-64— Lewis G. Reid, Representative; 1864-66— William H. Xeece. Representative; 1864-68— James Strain, Senator; 1866-68- Amaziah Hanson, Representative: 1868-70 — Humphrey Horrabin, Representative; Thom- as A. Boyd, Senator; 1870-72 — James Man- ly, Representative; Benjamin R. Hampton, Senator; 1872-74- William A. Grant, John E. Jackson and E. K. Westfall, Representatives; Benjamin R. Hampton, Senator; 1874-76 — Isaac L. Christie, C. W. Boydston and A. W. King, Representatives: John T. Morgan, Senator: 1876-78- C. W. Boydston. E. K. Westfall and Charles H. Whitaker, Representatives: John T. Morgan, Senator; 1878-80- Henry M. Lewis, Henry Black and Edwin W. Allen, Representa- tives; William H. Xeece, Senator; 1882-84- Isaac X. Pearson, C. M. Rogers and Isaac Pratt, Representatives; Henry Tubbs, Senator: 1884- S6 — Calvin M. Rogers, W. H. McCord and Wil- liam H. Weir. Representatives: Henry Tubbs, Senator; 1886-88 — James P. Firoved, Henry W. Allen and Richard G. Breeden, Representatives: Isaac N. Pearson, Senator: 1888-90 — Richard G. Breeden, Horatio R. Bartleson and Henry W. Allen, Representatives: William J. Frisbee, Senator: 1890-92— Eli Dixson, Charles V. Chandler and Dominick G. Graham, Representa- tives: O. F. Berry, Senator; 1892-94— Thomas J. Sparks, Louis Kaiser and D. C. Hanna, Rep- resentatives; O. F. Berry. Senator: 1894-96— U. A. Wilson, Louis Kaiser and James A. Teel, Representatives: O. F. Berry, Senator; 1896-98 — Lawrence Y. Sherman, Ulysses A. Wilson and William A. Compton. Representatives: O. F. Berry. Senator: 1898-1900— Lawrence Y. Sher- man, James A. Anderson and George M. Black. Representatives; O. F. Berry, Senator: 1900- 02 — Lawrence Y. Sherman, S. J. Grigsby. Jr.. and J. E. Wyand. Representatives; William T. Harris. Senator; 1902-04 — Lawrence Y. Sher- man, Everett C. Hardin and William McKinley. Representatives; O. F. Berry, Senator; 1904-06 — Everett C. Hardin, Edward Harris and Wil- liam McKinley. Representatives; O. F. Berry. Senator: 1905-07 (Forty-fifth General As- sembly). John E. Harris. H. L. Jewell and John A. Callff. Representatives; O. F. Berry. Senator. 648 HISTORY OF .McDOXOUGH COUNTY. CHAPTER Vni. COURT AND BAR OF McDONOUGH COUNTY. JUDGES WHO HAVE PRESIDED IX SI'DOXOUGH CIR- CUIT COURTS — PERSOXAL HISTORY OF PROMIXEXT JUSTICES RICHARD M. YOUXG, STEPHEX A. DOUGLAS, nXCKXEV H. WALKER, CHAUXCEY L. HIGBEE AXD OTHERS — LIST OF STATE'S ATTOR- ?JEYS CIRCUIT COURT CLERKS SHERIFFS — PRES- ENT MEMBERS OF THE COUXTY BAR — SKETCH OF CYRUS WALKER OTHER NOTABLE LAWYERS OF AX EARLY PERIOD. The legal records of McDonough County will compare very favorably with those of any other section of the State with regard to the legal ability and personal worth of the members of its Bar, and it is therefore with pleasure that the editor here offers the careers of members of the learned profession who have adminis- tered and expounded the law. Judges of the Circuit Court. — McDonough is now in the i\mth Judicial Circuit, but at the organization of the county, and until 1S73, it was included in the Fifth Circuit — except for a short time after 1853 by special act of the Legislature it was attached to the Fifteenth, then embracing the neighboring counties of Ad- ams and Hancock. Originally the circuit in- cluded all that part of the State known as the Military Tract, and extended across the north- ern part of Illinois, including the counties of Cook and Jo Daviess and the intervening terri- tory. The first Judge of this circuit was the Hon. Richard M. Young, who was commissioned January, 1829, having previously served two years as Circuit Judge for the Third Circuit. After his appointment in 1S29 he made his resi- dence at Galena. In 1S33 he resided in Quincy, and remained in office until January, 1837, when he resigned to enter upon his six years' term as United States Senator, to which office he had been elected by the Legislature of that year. After the expiration of his term as United States Senator, he served more than five years (1843-48) as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, as successor to Judge The- ophilus W. Smith. Judge Young was a native of Kentucky, and was one of the early settlers of Illinois, first lo- cating at Jonesboro, where he was admitted to the bar in 1817. He ranked high in his profes- sion, and his decisions did much to shape the judicial policy of the State. He possessed a lib- eral endowment of intellectual ability, in liter- ary as well as legal acquirements, which com- bination admirably fitted him for the imixirtant posts he was called upon to fill. His course and labors as United States Senator brought him into .general notice, so that after the ex- piration of his Senatorial term President Polk appointed him Commissioner of the General Land Office in Washington. He also discharged the duties of other offices at Washington, where he died in 1853. The Hon. James H. Ralston, also a native of Kentucky, was elected by the Legislature, in 1S37, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the res- ignation of Judge Young; but in August, 1839, Mr. Ralston resigned, on account of ill health, and removed to Texas. He soon returned to Quincy, where he resumed the practice of law. In 1840 he was elected State Senator, and in 1846 President Polk appointed him Assistant Quarter-Master of the Army, with orders to report for duty in Mexico. After the war he re- turned to his home in Quincy, but subsequently emigrated to California. Hon. Peter Lott, a native of New York, was elected the successor of Judge Ralston, contin- uing in office until January, 1841; was a mem- ber of the Fourteenth General Assembly (1844- 46) from the Adams County District, and in 1S4S was appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court. He served in this position until 1852, when he became a resident of California, holding the office of Superintendent of the United States Mint at San Francisco under President Pierce; but was removed from oflBce by President Buch- anan, and spent the last years of his life in Kansas in humble circumstances — is said to have died in Mexico while serving as United States Consul at Tehuantepec. Hon. Stephen A. Douglas was elected a Judge of the Supreme Court by the Legislature of 1841, — the Judges of the Supreme Court from that period until the reorganization of the courts under the Constitution of 1848 doing circuit court duty. Judge Douglas continued in MARIA LEWIS BENNETT MATILDA BR: GEORGE BENNETT iiSTuRv ui- .McUcjxuLGii a)L".\rv 649 office until August, 1843, when he resigned to enter upon his career as a member of Con- gress from the Quincy District. ITpon assum- ing his judicial duties he found the docket very large, the former incumbent having fallen much behind in the discharge of judicial business, allowing the docket to become "loaded with unfinished cases." Judge Douglas, however, was equal to the task imjjosed upon him. and "cleaned up the docket" with his usual ability and dispatch. As a .Judge he created a favor- able impression on lawyers and clients alike, and his subsequent great career proved that their confidence in him was not misplaced. On account of his small physical stature and his great intellectual power, he was commonly des- ignated as "the Little Giant." and became the acknowledged leader of the political party of which he was a member. In 1S47 he was elect- ed to the United States Senate, was re-elected in 1853 and again in 1859. In 1860 he received the nomination for the presidency, but was beaten by Abraham Lincoln, his former compet- itor for United States Senator. On the inaug- uration of the Republican President, the sub- sequent withdrawal of the Southern States from the Union and their declaration of war. Sena- tor Douglas proved his patriotism by upholding the ofl^cers of the United States Government and the cause of the Union, declaring that henceforth there could be only two parties in the country — "patriots and traitors." On the 3d of June, 1S61, the great and patriotic statesman died at his home in Illinois, and, perhaps with the exception of George Washington and Abra- ham Lincoln, no public character of the United States was ever more sincerely or widely mourned. The familiar signature of the his- toric statesman may be seen in the records of the Circuit Court of McDonough County, sub- scribed to many of its documents while he la- bored faithfully and efficiently on the bench. Hon. Jesse B. Thomas, Jr.. (a nephew of a former United States Senator by the same name) was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court in August, 1843, and continued in office until 1845, when he resigned. That he was a most excellent Judge was proven by his subse- quent transfer to another circuit. His death occurred soon afterward. Hon. Norman H. Purple, of Peoria, was elect- ed in 1845, serving until his resignation in May. 1849. As he was distinguished for high legal 3 abilities and much executive talent, his retire- ment was considered a distinct loss to the bench and the public service. Both Thomas and Purple, though elected Judges of the Su- preme Court, discharged their duties on the circuit bench. Hon. William A. Minshall. of Rushville, was elected Circuit Judge in May, 1849, this being the first election of Circuit Judges by popular vote under the Constitution of 1848. He re- mained in office until his death on November 5, 1852. Judge Minshall was born in Tennessee, came to Illinois in early life, and previous to his elevation to the bench, was a member of the Constitutional Convention and of the Leg- islature. He was an active and successful law- yer, as well as an able Judge. By the transfer of McDonough County in 1853 from the Fifth to the Fifteenth Circ\iit, of which it formed a part for four years. Judge Onias C. Skinner became the presiding Justice for a time, being succeeded in 1855 by Judge Joseph Sibley. Judge Skinner was promoted to the Supreme Bench in 1855, and was a dele- gate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70 from Adams County, dying in Quincy in 1877. McDonough County was returned to the Fifth Circuit in 1857. Those who presided over the .McDonough circuit courts, previous to the adoption of the Constitution of 1870, besides those already named, included Pinckney S. Walker. 1855 to 1S5S. when he was elected to the Supreme Bench; John S. Bailey, 1858 to 1S61; and Chauncey L. Higbee, of Pittsfield. Mr. Higbee had a long record as a jurist, serving under various changes from 1861 until his death in ' 1885. Under an act passed in 1873 after the adoption of the present Constitution, the State outside of Cook County was divided into twen- ty-six circuits, with McDonough County as part of the Tenth Circuit. Judge Joseph Sibley, of Quincy. being the presiding Justice. In 1877. by the consolidation of adjacent circuits, the total number was reduced to thirteen. McDon- ough County becoming a part of the Sixth Cir- cuit. This act brought two Judges into each circuit, and under authority of an additional provision of the same act a third Judge was elected in each circuit during the same year. Those who ser\'ed in the Sixth Circuit under this act were Chauncey L. Higbee. 1877 to 1885; Simeon P. Shope. 1877 to 1879; John H. 650 HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. Williams, Quincy; Asa C. Matthews, Pittsfield (as successor to Judge Higbee, 1885); William Marsh, Quincy; Charles J. Schofield, Carthage; Jefferson Orr, Pittsfield; Oscar P. Bonney, of Quincy, and John J. Glenn, of Monmouth. The I)resent occupants of the bench in the Ninth Judicial Circuit, of which McDonough County now forms a part, are: Robert G. Grier, of Monmouth; George W. Thompson, of Gales- burg, and John A. Gray, of Canton. William S. Brown is the present Circuit Clerk; Clar- ence S. Townley. State's Attorney; Eugene L. Hampton, Master in Chancery, and Charles W. Taylor, Sheriff. Prouatk JiDCKS. — The Probate Judges of this county, with their terms of service, have been as follows: Peachy Gilmore, 1837; James Clarke, 1S39-47; William S. Hail, 1847; James Clarke, 1S49-53; Thompson Chandler, 18.53-69; J. B. Nickle, 1869-73; James Irwin, 1873-77; J. H. Baker, 187.S-91 (died in office); R. Breed- en (successor of Judge Baker, deceased), 1892- 94; C. F. Wheat. 1.S94-9S (died in office); W. W. Malone (succeeded Judge Wheat, deceased), 1898; J. Ross Mickey. 1898-1902 (resigned, upon election to Congress); W. J. Franklin, 1901- 06. State's Attorxky.s. — The first incumbent of this office in McDonough County was Hon. Thomas Ford, who served from the organization of the county until January, 1835; in 1839 be- came Judge of the Northern District, two years later was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, retiring in 1842 to become a successful candidate for Governor of the State, and holding the latter office during the famous Mormon War. His "History of Illinois" is re- garded as a valuable and interesting record of the State. Hon. William A. Richardson served from 1835 to 1837. He served first as Captain and later as Major of the First Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. John J. Hardin's) during the Mexican War, and on his return to his home in Illinois was elected to Congress for six conSv-^c- utive terms. He was an unsuccessful candi- date for Governor on the Democratic ticket in 1856, later was appointed Governor of Nebras- ka by President Buchanan, but after holding the office a year resigned and returned to his former home at Quincy, where he died in 1875. Hon. William Elliott served as State's At- torney from January, 1839, to January, 1848. He served in the Black Hawk War and subse- quently was Quartermaster of the Fourth Regi- ment during the Mexican War. Returning to his home in Lewistown, he died soon afterward. Hon. Robert S. Blackwell served from 1848 to 1852. He was one of the leading lawyers in the State, and the author of "Blackwell on Tax- Titles." This being then the most important subject of common concern brought him into great prominence, especially as his work was considered authority. He lived at Rushville un- til after he ceased to be State's Attorney, re- moving thence to Chicago, where he died in 1863. Hon. Calvin A. Warren, of Quincy, seiwed from May, 1852, until August, 1853, being an able and eloquent lawyer. He died, at his home in Quincy, Febraury 22, ISSl. Hon. John S. Bailey served from 1853 until September. 1858. when he resigned to take a seat on the circuit bench. Hon. L. II. Waters, of Macomb, was appoint- ed by the Governor to serve out the unexpired term of Mr. Bailey, or until 1860. In the fol- lowing year Mr. Waters became Lieutenant Colonel of the Twenty-eighth Regiment. Illi- nois Volunteer Infantry, and was afterward Colonel of the Eighty-fourth Regiment. Colonel Waters made an excellent soldier and com- manding officer, being present at every engage- ment in which his regiment participated. At the close of tne war he returned to his home in Macomb to resume the practice of his profit- able profession. Four years afterward he re- moved to Missouri, became United States At- torney with his residence at Jefferson City, and still later went to Kansas City, where he now lives. Mr. Waters was particularly noted as a stump speaker, and while a resident of Illi- nois, always took an active and a leading part in politics. Hon. Thomas E. Morgan was elected in 1860. He was highly educated, a lawyer of fine quali- ties and altogether the equal of any at the bar. He died on the 22d of July, 1867, L. H. Waters, named above, being appointed to the vacancy. Hon. L. W. James served from 1S68 to 1872. His residence was Lewistown, and at this writ- ing he is still living. Prosecuting (or State's) attorneys were first elected by counties in 1852; previous to this JOHN R. BENNETT HISTORY OF McDOXOrr.H corxTv 6_m time a Prosecuting Attorney was elected, or appointed, with jurisdiction tliroughout tlie cir- cuit. From 1852 to the present time the incum- bents of the office have been as follows: D. H. Gilmer, 1852; Thomas E. Morgan, 1860-68; L. W. James. 1868-76: Crosby F. Wheat. 1876-78; William Prentiss. 187S-S4; H. C. Agnew. 1884- SS: George D. Tunnlcliff (succeeding Mr. Ag- new, at the death of the latter). 1888-92; T. B. Switzer, 1896-1900; Thomas B. Camp, 1900-02 (resigned); R. w: Pontious, 1904; C. S. Town- ley, 1904 (present Incumbent.) CiKcriT Ci-KKKs. — The incumbents of this of- fice have been as below: James M. Campbell, 1835-48; William H. Randolph, 1S4S-56; Wil- liam T. Head, 1856-60; John B. Cummings. 1860-64; John H. Hungate, 1864-68; Benjamin T. Pinckney, 1868-72; Isaac N. Pearson, 1872- 80; ,1. E. Wyne. 1880-84; C. S. Churchill. 18S4- 1904; and William S. Brown from 1904 to date. Sheriffs. — The Sheriffs of McDonough Coun- ty, since its organization, have been: William Southward, 1830-38; William H. Randolph, 1838- 44; David Lamson, 1844-50; William T. Head, 1S50-52; Sydnor H. Hogan, 1852-56; George A. Taylor, 1856-58; F. D. Lipe, 1858-60; Silas J. Hopper. 1860-62; Amos Dixon, 1862-64; G. L. Farwell. 1864-66; Samuel Wilson, 1866-68: J. E. Lane, 1868-70; Thomas Murray, 1870-72; Samuel Frost, 1872-74; J. B. Venard. 1874-76; Charles C. Hayes. 1876-78; W. H. Taylor. 1878-80; Fred- erick Newland, 18S0-88; Theodore Huston, 1888- 92; Robert Thomas, 1896-1900; M. F. Bruner, 1900-04; and C. W. Taylor, from 1904 to date. The B.\r ok McDonoii;!! Cointy. — The pres- ent bar of McDonough County will compare very favorably, as to ability and integrity, with that of any other county in the State of sub- stantially the same size and population. The names of the leading members, with their resi- dences, are given below, a more extended notice of a number of these learned gentlemen being elsewhere given: Lawrence Y. Sherman (pres- ent Lieutenant-Governor). Tunnicliff & Gum- bert. Ralph W. Pontious. Neece & Elting, Ira 0"Harra, Charles W. Flack. J. Ross Mickey, Thomas McClure, Vose & Creel, W. A. Comp- ton, H. E. Billings, Eugene I. Hampton. D. P. Pennywitt, Switzer & Miller, J. C. Thompson, H. M. Tabler. W. J. Franklin. Frank B. Wetzel, Clarence S. Townley & H. ri. Harris, Cyrus A. Lanlz, Dean Franklin, George A. Falder, of Macomb; T. J. Sparks, George S. Doughty, W. M. Crosswait, David Chambers, Solon Banflell, Bushnell ; and George A. Falder, Colchester. Among the members of tne early bar the most prominent was Hon. Cyrus Walker. Born in Rockbridge County. Va., May 14. 1791, while an infant he was taken to Kentucky. He re- sided in that State until 1833, when he remov- ed to Macomb, 111., living there until his death, on the 1st of December, 1875. The following sketch, prepared by Hon. Hawkins Taylor, of Washington City, first api)eared in the Car- tha.ge (111.) Gazette: "The father of Cyrus Walker and my mother were brother and sister, and we grew up in the same county (Adair) of Kentucky. When the settlers first went from Virginia to Ken- tucky, they had to assist each other in house- raising and log-rolling, and for three years the father of Cyrus acted as a ranger, watching the movements of the Indians and warning set- tlers of approaching ti-ouble. His circuit em- braced several hundred miles of wild, unsettled country, and he was compelled to live almost entirely on game and camp out at night. Sev- eral of the uncles of Cyrus Walker were sol- diers in the Revolutionary War. The old stocks were both Irish Presbyterians — all of them learned in the Scriptures and of stern, unyield- ing wills. Cyrus was mainly self-taught, there being no schools in that section of the country at that day, and from his admission to the bar he took high position as a lawyer. "When Mr. Walker made a profession of re- ligion, for a time he contemplated quitting the law and turning his attention to the min- istry. He was educated to believe that slavery was a sin. and when he joined the church he freed all his negroes and paid their passage to Liberia. Among their number was a spright- ly boy who has since risen to distinction in the African republic. This boy had a young and handsome wife, who was the property of the pastor of the Presbyterian Church to which Mr. Walker belonged. When Mr. Walker set his slaves free he urged the minister to free the wife of the boy he had liberated; but the pastor refused, saying he was not able to lose the value of the woman, although he had him- self got her by marriage. Mr. Walker sent off his freed people, fully beMeving that the minis- 652 HISTORY OF McDOXOUGH COUNTY. ter would not separate the man and wife when the time tor separation came; but he still re- fused, and Mr. Walker bought and paid him for her and sent her on after her husband to Louisville. "Mr. Walker removed to McDonough County in 1833, and, as stated, resided there until his death. Although he did not move to Iowa, he practiced there for several years. "Mr. Walker had no taste for office. He served two terms in the Kentucky Legislature during the great excitement between the Old Court and the New Court, because he was the most popular man on the Old Court side in the county. He was forced on the ticket by his friends in the contest, and carried the county by a majority of 222, when no other man on his side could have done so. "After the formation of Congressional Dis- tricts in Illinois, based on the census of 1840, the Jo Daviess district was largely Whig, with the Mormon vote, but a debatable district, the Mormon vote going to the Democrats. Nearly all the counties in the district had Whigs who wanted to be candidates, but they were willing to give way to Mr. Walker if he would only consent to be a candidate. Walker was then in Iowa attending the courts, the last one, in Lee County, lasting several weeks. His desk was full of letters from all parts of the district urging him to allow his name to be used as a candidate for congress. Of these letters at least two were from Joe Smith, and several from George Miller, the Mormon Bishop, but who had formerly lived at Macomb and, while there, was a brother Elder in the Pres- byterian Church with Mr. Walker. All these letters urged Mr. Walker to be a candidate, to save the district for the Whigs. In his letters Smith pledged the Mormon vote to Walker, If he would allow his name to be used, but would not agree to vote for any other Whig. Mr. Walker had steadily refused to be a candidate, until he felt that his duty to the Whig party required him to make the sacrifice; but when he finally en- tered the contest he was terribly In earnest. "It was well understood by Walker and his friends that the Democracy would not give up the Mormon vote without a struggle. One of the Backenstoses was Sheriff and the other Clerk of Hancock County Circuit Court, and Judge Douglas was a candidate for Congress in the Adams district. Matters were not working quite satisfactorily in Nauvoo. Mr. Taylor went down to Warsaw to meet Mr. Walker, who was there holding a joint discussion with Mr. Hoge, his opponent. That night Mr. Walk- er went to Nauvoo. The next morning he called on Joe Smith and told him that he re- leased him from all the pledges made to give him the Mormon vote, but in turn asked hon- est dealing, telling Smith tnat if it was neces- sary for their (the Mormons") safety from ar- rest by the State authorities, that he should vote for Hoge (see article on "Mormons" for ex- planation); that he would tell him so, and in that event he would at once go to Galena, and spend the balance of the time before the elec- tion in the northern part of the district. Joe said with great vehemence, 'I promised you the support of the church and you shall have it. You stay -here and meet Hoge on Thursday.' The joint discussion of the candidates took place, and everything indicated that Walker would get the united vote of the church. On Saturday the voters of the church in city and county were called together in the grove near the Temple, where Hyrum Smith made a speecn urging them to vote for Hoge. It was a regular Democratic speech, and appeared to have no influence. He was followed by Wilson Law, in a bold, telling Whig speech in favor of Walk- er, and from the commencement to the end he was cheered by the entire Mormon audience. Hyrum arose, black and furious, stretching him- self to his full height, and extending his arm at full length said: 'Thus saith the Lord: If this people vote against Hoge for Congress, on Monday, a greater curse will befall them than befell them in Missouri. When God speaks, let men obey!' and immediately left the stand, the whole audience dispersing in silence. "When Walker heard of Hyrum's speech he was indignant, and was for leaving Joe's house; but Joe stopped him, professing to be furiously mad at Hyrum, saying that he himself would make a speech to the people on Sunday morn- ing; and he again repeated the pledge that Mr. Walker should have the Mormon vote. The next morning Joe did speak to the people just one hour, and no speech had closer atten- tion. In that speech Joe passed the highest eulogy upon Mr. Walker. He denounced poli- ticians, declaring that Walker was not a poli- tician, but an honest and a true man; that he MRS. JOHN R. BENNETT HISTORY OF .McUOXOL'GH COLXTV. 653 had been forced to be a candidate against his will. He denounced, in the most bitter terms, any member of the church who would consult the Lord about whom they should vote tor; and declared if anyone should do it, he should be cut off from salvation; said that he would vote for Cyrus Wallver, and commanded all to vote for the man of their choice without reference to what anyone said. Yet in his hour's speech in praise of Walker and in denunciation of any- one who would consult the Lord about whom he should vote for, he said: 'Brother Hyrum Is the elder brother. Brother Hyrum never has deceived his people. When the Lord commands, the people must obey.' etc. The next day Joe did vote for Walker, and the balance of the Mormons voted for Hoge, as the Lord had commanded. "This is the real history of the campaign, so far as Walker was concerned. It was to him a campaign of mortification from the be- ginning. He was forced into it contrary to his wishes, largely to get the Mormon votes; but after entering into the contest he was de- nounced by the Whigs all over the district for trying to secure them, and really lost more Whig votes in the district than in all probabil- ity would have elected him, simply because it was supposed that he could get the Mormon vote." So ended Mr. Walker's connection with poli- ticians. As before stated, he had no desire to hold office of any kind, as he was acknowl- edged to be at the head of the bar of Illinois and Iowa — which to him was more congenial and the most honorable position an American citizen could occupy. There were other prominent members of the McDonough County bar; but only a few names are mentioned at this jMiint, to keep them in remembrance. O. H. Browning, of Quincy, serv- ed as Secretary of the Interior under President Johnson and earlier as United States Senator. Archibald Williams, of the same city, was an eminent lawyer who made a specialty of titles to lands in the Military Tract. He successfully established the rights of the soldiers of 1S12 and their heirs, to their lands in Illinois, and was the leader of the Republican party in the old Fifth Congressional District, of which Mc- Donough then formed a part. There were also W. C. Goudy, S. Corning Judd, W. H. Mannlerre and B. T. Schofield. T. Lyle Dickey, for many years a Judge of the Supreme Court of Illinois, began his legal career in Macomb, as well as Judge Pinckney H. Walker, who was Judge of the Supreme Court for a quarter of a century, and Judge D. G. Tunnicliff, who succeeded Judge Walker in that high office. Other lead- ers of the bar might be mentioned, but these are especially brought forward that their names may be held in proud remembrance. CHAPTER IX. TOWNSHIP HISTORY, TOWNSHIP ORGAKIZATIOX IX 1857— OBIGINAL LIST OF TOWNSHIPS AND SUBSEQUENT ADDITIONS — INDIVIDUAL TOWNSHIP HISTORY — EARLY SET- TLERS AND DATE OF SETTLEME.\T CHARACTERIS- TICS OF SOIL AND AGRICULTURAL CONDITIOXS — EARLY MARRIAGES, HI8THS AND DEATHS^EARLY SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES PRESENT CONDITIOXS AXD EVIDEXCE OF THREE-QUARTERS OF A CEN- TURY'S GROWTH. McDonough County was organized into town-* ships under the General Township Organization Act in 1857, in accordance with a pojuilar vote taken at an election a few months previous. At first the number of townshii)s was sixteen with the boundaries identical with the congres- sional townships, each township consisting of thirty-six sections, or 23,040 acres of land. The names of the townships as first organized (be- ginning in the southeastern corner of the coun- ty) were as follows: Eldorado (T. 4 N., R. 1 W.); Industry (4 N., 2 W.); Eagle Town (4 N., 3 W.); Lamoine (4 N., 4 W.); New Salem (5 N., 1 W.): Scotland (5 X., 2 W.); Erin (5 N., 3 W.): Tennessee (5 N., 4 W.); Mound 6 X., 1 W.); Macomb (6 N., 2 W.); Spring Creek (6 X.. 3 W.); Rock Creek (6 N., 4 W.); Prairie City (7 N.. 1 W.) ; Walnut Grove (7 X., 2 W.); Sciota (7 N., 3 W.); and Blandins- vllle (7 X., 4 W.). The first election of town- ship officers was held in April, 1857, and the Board of Supervisors chosen at that election held their first meeting on May 11th follow- 654 HISTORY UV McDOXDUGH COUNTY. ing. At that meeting, the name of Eagle Town was changed to Bethel, Erin to Chalmers, Spring Creek to Emmet and Rock Creek to Hires — the new names being still retained. Later as will be seen by the histor.v of the several townships, Prairie City Townshp was divided into two equal parts, the north half retaining the name Prairie City, while the south halt re- ceived the name of Bushnell Township; nine sections from the western portion of Chalmers and an equal area from the eastern part of Tennessee Township were cut off and united to create the new township of Colchester; while the city of Macomb, situated in the central part of the county, and originally including the southwest corner of Macomb Township, the northwest corner of Scotland, the northeast cor- ner of Chalmers and the southeast corner of Emmet Township, constitutes a separate township with boundaries identical with the city limits. These changes increased the num- ber of townships to nineteen, of which Macomb City, by virtue of its population exceeding 4,- 000 and less than 6,500, was entitled to two members in the Board of Supervisors and the others to one member each — making the total membership of the County Board 20. In the following pages the history of each township is treated separately, beginning with Eldorado Township in the southeastern corner ,of the county; Eli)()r.\do Township (4 N., 1 W.) — This town- ship lies in the extreme southeastern part of the county and was first settled in 1S31. Arthur .1. Foster erected the first house on Section 2, the location becoming known as Foster's Point. Some ol the old settlers, however, claim that Anson Mathews erected a cabin at this point, in 1S27 or 1S28, and afterward sold out to Foster. About one-fourth of the township consists of timber land, the remainder being beautiful prairie. The timber land all lies in the south- ern part, excepting about 700 acres in the northeast portion, including all of Section 1 and part of Section 2. Altogether there are 21,- 292 acres of improved land. In the southeast- ern part of the township building (or sand) stone is found in large quantities. Sugar Creek, with its tributaries, is the principal water course in this section, furnishing an abund- ance of living water for stock and other pur- poses. To continue the record of settlement, which may be termed temporary, William Moore, a Georgian, made a settlement in 182S north of where the Hushan farm now is, but the fol- lowing year returned to his old home. George Dowell settled in the township in 1829, put up a cabin, and, like many of the pioneers, soon removed elsewhere. Joshua David settled here early In 1830 and, being pleased with, the country, was soon followed by his father, Abra- ham, and the rest of the family. The father, who was a native of Hardin County, Ky., died In 1S63, and his wife in 1S7S. As already stated. Arthur J. Foster located on Section 2, residing there until his death in 1843. James Harris settled on Section 1, at an early day. He was a native of New York. John Hushan, who located In the township in April, 1832, came from Indiana. After 1833 quite a number settled in the township, im- proved farms and the development of this sec- tion progressed as other portions of the county. The township had a population in 1900 of 880. The first marriage in the township took place at the residence of Father Harris, in 1839. The ceremony was performed by Rev. Aaron Kin- ney, a Universalist preacher, the contracting parties being Cleon Reddick and Lucy Harris. In the fall of 1831 occurred the first birth, that of Samuel J. Foster. Lucy Harris, mentioned above, taught tne first school in 1837. Descendants of the above still occupy farms in Eldorado and adjoining townships. Among the many successful and wealthy farmers now resident in tnis township may be mentioned A. J. Berry, Henry Bogue, Caleb B. Cox. August Horwedel, J. R. Harris, Samuel Kee. H. S. Leighty, M. D. Leighty, J. N. Lawyer, Frank Moore, Dilworth C. Mershon, Stephen Mershon, George W. Standard, Charles Sweeney and W. E. Snowden. (More extended notices of the above and others mentioned in this preliminary history will be found in the biographical de- |)artment.) New Salem Township, the most easterly of the second tier of townships north of the south- ern border of the county, consists of Congres- sional Township 5 N., R. 1 W. For the most part the land of this township Is level, or gently undulating prairie, with the exception of a thirty-eight-acre tract of timber known as Pennington's Point, and small belts in the northeast and southeast comers of the town- HISTORY Ol' .McDOXoriill COUNTY. 65: ship. It is therefore considered one of the best townships of laud in the county for iiroductive- ness. William R. Pennington was the first settler in this section, erecting his cabin, in January, 1828, at what is now known as Pennington's Point — so named in his honor by Cyrus Walker. The early settlers located on the timber land, in order to secure fuel and fencing material, the prairie lands remaining uncultivated for some years thereafter. Among the other pio- neers of the township were Stewart Penning- ton, Major Stephen Yocum, J. E. D. Hammer, Salem Woods and William Moore. Salem Woods came from Erie, Pa., in 1S2.S. He had purchased land the year before, and traveled on root from his eastern home to ex- amine the tract he had bought ; but findin.g the country so sparsely settled, he returned to Pennsylvania. In 1S29 he again came to Mc- Donough County and located on Section 30, in what is now New Salem Township, where he resided until his death, September 27, 1879. Mr. Woods brought the first stove ever seen in the county. This was a great wonder to the old settlers of that period, the old "spider" being then the common utensil for baking; bread. It is a tradition that some of the good thrifty housewives came several miles with their dough to have the privilege of baking in Mr. Woods' stove. His descendants, as well as those of others of the early settlers mentioned, occupy the old homestead and their names are household words in that vicinity. The first marriage in the township was that of Morgan Jones and Elizabeth Osborne, in February, 1834. The first birth was that of Perry, the son of William Pennington, in the year 1828, and the first death, that of J. J. Pennington, son of Stewart Pennington, on Sep- tember 10, 183S. In 1834 Father Harris preach- ed the first sermon at the house of William Osborne, and the first school was taught at Pennington's Point by Miss Martha Campbell, who afterward married Major John M. Walker. Gideon Waters was the teacher of the first public school opened in the township. -■Vdair is the only village in New Salem Town- ship. It is situated on the Chicago. Hurling- ton & Quincy Railroad. It was laid out in .■\ugust, ISTii. by John Reedy and Jacob Grimm, and was originally known as Reedyville. In that year an old house was moved onto the town-site — the first building to be occupied. Thomas Elwell erected the first dwelling there during the same year. The first store was built and occupied by Strickler & Bennett, who placed on sale a stock of general merchandise. William G. Wilkins shipped the first carloads of corn and rye fixjm the village. Some of the prominent and prosperous farmers in the town- ship of the present day are Edward Waters, J. H. Woods, A. Warner, E. Joy Seaburn, Lewis Pickle, Jonas W. Everly and Stephen Black- stone. The population according to the census of 19(10 was 1.1G8. Mof.Ni) TOW.N.SIIIP (6 N., 1 W.).— The south- ern portion of Mound Township is flat but the soil is rich, and, as it has been thoroughly un- derdrained and improved, is very productive. On Section 14 is a high mound, known as Dyer's Mound, from the summit of which a fine view of the surrounding country is obtained. Kepple Creek enters Mound Township in a semicircle, about midway on the west side, flows easterly to the center of the township, vvtiere. turning north and west, it runs along and under the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, at which point there is a pond and water-tank. This is also the scene of the first accident on that road. During a night of high water the bridge at this point was swept away, and an engine plunged into tne gap, killing the engineer and seriously injuring a number of the passengers. Just below this locality the creek forms a junc- tion with anotner branch at what is known as Drowning Fork, and after flowing west it unites with the north fork of Crooked Creek. The headwaters of Shaw Fork pass eastwardly from a little north of the center of the town- ship, and the headwaters of Camp Creek are in the southern edge. The first settlement in .Mound Townshij) was made in 1S32 by Joseph Smith, who erected his house on Section 18 and occupied it with his family. It was an old-fashioned log house, and as the head of the family was quite a hunter and of a restless disposition, he did not occupy it long, but soon removed to Missouri. A son- in-law of Smith, named Osborne, came shortly afterward, but left about the time his father- in-law moved away. Albert Cox located on the northwest quarter of Section 20, improved his 6j;6 HISTORY OF McDOXOUGH COUNTY. property and sold it to Jacob Kepple in 1833, removing then to Fulton County. John Snapp, a son-in-law of Jacob Kepple. located on the southwest quarter of Section 30, in 1S33, and there built a cabin. He continued to reside there until 1S40, when he removed to Macomb Township and, in 185G, to Missouri. In 1833 Durham Creel located on Section 18, improved a farm and died in 1S67. When, during the same year, Jacoo Kepple settled on the farm already improved by Abner Cox, he took pos- session of a double log house and several acres broken up. There he resided for several years, after wnich he removed to Bardolph, where he died. From this time quite a num- ber of settlers came in and improved farms in the township, among whom were Silas Creel. James Chandler, Thompson Chandler. Elias Gulp, Rev. William H. Jackson, the Crawfords and Mr. McCandless. Edward Dyer and Jane Kepple were the first couple married in Mound Township, the cere- mony occurring April 17, 1S38, with Rev. John Richmond officiating. This gentleman was a Methodist and organized the pioneer church, although the first preaching in the township was by Rev. E. Thompson at the house of Jacob Kepple. The first birth was that of Peter Kulp In 1S34, and the first to die was Emily Miller, daughter of George and Mary E. Miller, in 1832. In 1838 S. H. McCandless taught the first school in the pioneer cabin of the town- ship. Mound Township comprises 22.238 acres of improved land, and it is noted as a fine stock country. Among those most interested and successful in this line may be mentioned the Porters, the Creels, the Manleys and the Works. New Philadelphia Village, situated on the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad, in this township, was laid out by Lloyd Thomas Octo- ber 21, 1S5S (Samuel Hunt, surveyor.) It is sit- uated on the south half of Section 23, Town- ship G North, Range 1 West. About a mile north of the first survey, J. H. and B. B. Wil- son platted a town in 1S68. and called it Grant. The postoffice was named New Philadelphia, and thus the town was named. Although the plat of Grant is still on record, its site has been for years under cultivation. Mr. Thomas built the first store-house, and, together with his son John, carried on a dry-goods store and grocery during 1S.59. The first lots were pur- chased by Samuel Kost. who erected two store buildings, in one of which Jacob Walter opened the first store. The first marriage in the town was that of Isom B. Shaw and Mary J., daugh- ter of J. H. Wilson, which occurred in 1873. The first death was that of Mrs. J. A. L. Mas- ter, daughter or George Sheets, on March 15, 1875. (For the leading farmers in this town- ship, see biographies in another chapter.) Pop- ulation (1900), 1,014. BisHXFi.i, Tow.Nsiiip (north half of T. 7 N., R. 1 W. ), consists of eighteen sections, embra- cing the southern half of Congressional Town- ship 7 N. and 1 W.. and is nearly all prairie. The land is excellent for agricultural purposes, and after the completion of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, the country rapidly increased in population. In the fall of 1836 the first settlement within the limits of the township was made by Mat- thew B. Robinson, who located on Section 30, erecting thereon a house and improving a farm. For several years he was almost alone, when a tew settlers came to his neighborhood. It was sparsely settled even when the city of Bushnell was laid out, August 29, 1854; so that the growth of the township was almost identical with the development of that city. (See his- tory of the city of Bushnell in chapter on "Cit- ies. Towns and Villages.") In the fall of 1837 occurred the first birth in the township — that of Missouri E., daughter of M. B. Robinson; the first death was that of John W. Clarke, in September, 1847, and the first marriage that of Perminium Hamilton to Elizabeth A. Robinson. David Robinson taught the first school in 1838, and about the same time the first religiovis services were held by Rev. William K. Stewart, of Macomb, at the resi- dence of M. B. Robinson. But little was done by way of settlement un- til after the completion of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad, when every quarter- section was soon occupied; and inasmuch as the details of the growth of the township was closely identified with the city of Bushnell, the reader is referred to the article in this history on "Cities. Towns and Villages." Population (1900) 2,865. "Trim.vx','! Pionker STin F.\Rjt." of Bushnell. McDonough County, 111., is one of the most in- teresting places in the State for admirers of ^yy n^yc^'^^ce^^ /^-'^^rv'-^^'j-e HISTORY OF AlcUOXOLGll COL'XTV. 657 high-bred stallions to visit, and It has also proved a very profitable visiting point for a large number of i)rogressive farmers, who have thereby become possessed of the sires of some of the best blooded draft horses to be found in a large extent of territory. The fame of the enter- prise is not merely local, nor is it confined to the State where it originated, but has extended to all parts of the country. Its first location was at the Union Stocl< Yards, Chicago, where It was founded in ISTS by J. H. Truman, who. although no longer a resident of the United States, is still one of the owners of the farm. The venture was undertaken for the purpose of perfecting the breeding of Shire horses in the United States, and the process never attain ed a high degree of success in this country until Mr. Truman identified himself with it. When the establishment was transferred from Chi- cago to Bushnell. McDonough County, thus giv- ing it the benefit of an environment by one of the best farming regions of the State, its fa- cilities were largely multiplied. Some time after it had entered upon a course of full oper- ation in the new locality, J. G. Truman assumed entire personal charge of the local opera- tion, and J. H. Truman, who had previously confined himself to periodical trips across the Atlantic in the interest of the enterprise, be- came a resident of Whittlesea, England, from which point he has selected and forwarded to the Bushnell farm the best Shire stallions ob- tainable in Great Britain. These include Per- cherons, Belgians, SuffoUis and Hackneys. The various specimens of these breeds, which may be found at the Pioneer Stud Farm, are of ad- mirable quality, and in their abundant scale, conformation and style of action, they meet the essential requirements of the most service able and desirable modern draft or coach horse. The pavilion which houses these splendid ani- mals is 40 by 140 feet in dimensions, contain- ing 20 large box-stalls, each 12 by 12 feet in size, and the entire establishment is equipped in the most perfect manner, the arrangements being especially well calculated to keep the horses in prime condition, and to conduce to the convenience and efficiency of the grooms in charge. In all respects, the enterprise is a credit to Its Immediate locality and to McDon- ough County. Mr. .7. G. Truman, who directs the operation of the concern on this side of the Atlantic, is a thorough horseman and wide- ly popular; and both he and his partner J. H. have been engaged in the busines.s of handling select grade horses for nearly thirty yeai-s. A suitable illustration of the "Pioneer Stud Farm" accomi)anies this sketch. Ph.virik City Towxship lies in the extreme northeastern corner of the county (the north half of Town 7 N.. R. 1 \V. ) and consists of eighteen sections of beautiful rolling prairie, which in fertility of soil is not surpassed by any section in the State of Illinois. The en- tire township is composed of the finest and best improved farms in the county. Like the Bushnell section, little was done toward the development of this township until the comple- tion of the railroad, after which, within a very few years, it was entirely settled and improved. Prairie City Township was organized in IS^l. and its first election was held April Vth of that year, at which time William H. Oglesby and J. R. Parker were elected Justices of the Peace and Leonard NefC. Constable. R. H. McFarland was the first Police Magistrate and ex-officio Justice of the Peace, elected January 15, 1S58. At the time of the organization. Prairie City was a full Congressional Township, but has since been divided and the present township of Bushnell created. Although this part of the township had scattering settlers at an early day its growth was slow; in fact, a large pro- portion of the other townships had been set- tled before Prairie City; but when the wonder- ful productiveness of its soil became known, its growth was botn rapid and substantial, and now no township in the county can boast of a bet- ter class of farms and residences. Of the pioneers most worthy of mention are Henry Brink, located on Section 2, in 1835. and John GrifBn, on the same section, and part of the present site of the corporation of Prairie City, pdward Goldsmith and Henry Thompson were settlers as early as 1S36, the latter build- ing his cabin on Section 13. (As the history of the Township is largely identical with that of the town of Prairie City, further details will be given in the chapter on "Cities, Towns and Villages.") Addie Hamilton, daughter of J. M. Hamilton, was the first child native to the township, be- ing born September 6. 1,S,'J5. The first class of the Methodist Church was or.ganized In 1S56, the Free Will Baptist Church was founded in 658 HISTORY OF AIcDOXOL'GH COUNTY. September of that year, and the Presbyterian Church in 1S41, at the residence of George Kreider, in Fulton County. From the organiza- tion last named the church in Prairie City was instituted. Township population (1900) 1,142. I.NDUSTKY Tow.NSHip (4 N., 2 W. ) — In the spring of 1826 W'illiam Carter and Riggs Pen- nington settled in this township, about one mile southeast of where the town of Industry now stands. Like all the early settlers, they commenced clearing their land of timber, not dreaming that the untimbered prairie would ever be used, to any extent, for farming pur- poses; as was expressed by the pioneers, "the prairie would be good for cattle ranges." The locality noted above was known as Carter's Set- tlement; but the original settlers remained only a few years, when they left the county. Stephen Osborne likewise improved a farm in 1826, and disappeared after a short residence. In the fall of 1S27 William Stephens erected a cabin on Section 24, and located as a perma- nent inhabitant. It was in his log house that Rev. .John Logan delivered the first sermon in the county. In the winter of 1828 Rev. John Logan, a Bap- tist minister, resided in the old log fort, but within a year thereafter removed to the cabin built by Stephen Osborne, where, as stated, he preached the pioneer sermon of the county. In the fall he settled in Schuyler County, later returning to Hire Township. Industry Township, one of the southern tier of townships in McEtonough County, and im- mediately west of Eldorado Township, was or- ganized Apiil 7, 1857, when R. L. Dark and William Shannon were elected Justices of the Peace, and William B. Peak and John Carroll, Constables. The first postoffice was established at Doddsville. The first marriage in the township and the county occurred Octo- ber 30, 1828, the contracting parties being John Wilson and Martha R., daughter of James Vance. Rev. John Logan was the officiating clergyman. Mr. Logan also organized the first Sunday- school in the county at the "Old Fort," near what is now called the Cross Roads, about two miles south of the present town of Industry. The oldest Sunday-school in ine county was or- ganized in 1833. at the house of John Rogers on Camp Creek, this township. It was desig- nated as a Union Sunday-school, and was estab- lished by Alex. Campbell, who was its first Superintendent. This school was in existence for many years, and was finally merged into the Camp Creek Presbyterian Church, of which the Rev. James M. Chase was pastor for many years. Population (1900) 1,504. ScoTL.WD Tow.xsiiii' (5 N., 2 W.), immediate- ly north of Industry and west of New Salem Township, is one of the banner agricul- tural townships of McDonough County, every acre being under cultivation. Camp Creek, which Is in the southern part of the township, passes between Sections 24 and 25, flows in a southwesterly direction through Sections 26, 27, 34, 22 and 32, and thence enters Industry Township. Troublesome Creek rises in Section 1. and passes tnrough Sections 1, 2, 4, 10, 9, 16, 17 and IS. These streams are so situated as to furnish the best watering facilities to the farm- er and stock-raiser. There is a narrow strip of excellent timber on the southern edge of the township. The land not immediately adjoining the streams is level, and in the hands of a class of thrifty and skillful agriculturists has been de- veloped to its fullest capacity, making the town- ship second to none in point of agricultural wealth. The citizens are largely of Scotch birth, or descendants of that industrious, intelligent and hardy people, who take especial pride in the advancement of everything calculated to add to the comfort and attractiveness of their homes. Fine country residences and commodi- ous out-buildings are the rule, and quite a num- ber of artificial groves greet the eye, relieving the monotony of the rich pasture land and large fields of grain. In the spring of 1828 William Osborne set- tled in the township, camping during the sum- mer on the banks of the stream which, accord- ing to tradition, thus received the name of Camp Creek. The first permanent settlement was made by Joshua Reno and family in the spring of 1831. They located in the southern portion of the township on Camp Creek, near the old Presbyterian church, but after a time Mr. Reno disposed of his property and removed from the county. The next settlers were the Lees — Robert and family, his son John and family, and Alexander and James, unmarried sons of Robert. The latter soon married and r/r/r/"/ ^jr/Yrj HISTORY OF McDOXorCill COLXTV. 659 located on the farm afterward purchased by Cyrus Walker. About the same time Austin Coldixsville Tow.Nsmi' (7 N., 4 W.). — This township, located in the northwest corner of the county, consists principally of an excellent quality of prairie land. Along the streams, in the early days, there was considerable timber: but this has been nearly all cut down, so that now the township is mostly under a high state of cultivation, its elegant and commodious dwellings and barns showing that the people are industrious and prosperous. There are four small streams which run through the township and afford an abundance of water for all purposes. One of these streams passes through Sections 26, 27, 32, and 33; another through Sections 13. 14. 23, 22 and 21, to Sec- tion 30: and another through Sections 1, 12. 11, 10, 15, 16, 17 and IS. indicating that a ma- jority of the sections in' the township are well supplied with running water. The "Winter of the Big Snow" (1830-31) dis- couraged many from coming into the town- ship, as well as the few who were then here: but those who remained through that season of suffering have seen the ilevelopment of a fine country, and have received the reward of pa- tient endurance and industry. The earliest settler in the township was William Job, who, with several others from Morgan County, came on a prospecting tour in 1825. In the following spring he brought his family, and for their accommodation built a split log cabin on the southeast quarter of Section 33. This was succeeded by a hewed log building, considered at that time quite an aristocratic edifice. The latter primitive struc- ture is still in existence in the city of Blan- dinsville. Mr. Job died in 1S35 on the place of his labors and improvements. Others soon settled in his vicinity, and for many years the town of Blandinsville was known as Job's set- tlement; in fact, to this day old settlers recog- nize it by that name. Ephraim Perkins and William Southward came with Mr. Job, Mr. Southward settling on Section 9 and living there for several years. He was the first Sheriff of McDonough County, and after his term of office removed to Mis- souri. In the Spring of 1826 John Vance also settled in the vicinity of Mr. Job. and. after residing on his farm until 1854. removed to Iowa, where he died December 1, 1866. Frank Redden, one of the early pioneers of this period, located on Section 34, but ultimately be- came a resident of Iowa. During the years 1828-30 quite a number were added to the settlement. Elijah Bristow located on Section 21, but later, with his fam- ily, removed to Oregon. John Woodsides set- tled on Section 16, where he lived for ten years, and then departed trom the county and the State. John Bagley died suddenly a short time after locating on Section 16. On March 14, 1830, John Huston settled on the northeast quarter of Section 3. He was a man of great energy and intelligence, pros- pered, and became wealthy. His death oc- curred July 8, 1854. The deceased was also an able man of affairs and of unquestioned per- sonal integrity. In 1850 he was elected to the State Legislature, and there, as elsewhere, was truly a representative gentleman. Mem- bers of his family occupy prominent positions in the affairs of the county and have proved themselves worthy of his nonored name. Rig- don Huston, a son of John. occu|)ied a portion of the family homestead, and added many acres to his landed possessions. He was extensively engaged in the importing and raising of blood- ed cattle, and had an international reputation as the owner of one of the best herds of Short 670 HISTORY UF AIcDOXOUGH COL'XTY. Horn cattle in the United States. Rigdon Hus- ton was highly esteemed by all his acquaint- ances and business associates, and his death, which occurred a few years ago, was generally regretted throughout the county. In 1830 Russell Duncan built his cabin on Section 3 and lived there until his death in the spring of 1840. John Scroggins erected a cabin on Section 32, made some improvements and after a short residence sold liis property and moved from the State. John Hardesty set- tled on Section 9 in 1830, and died in August, 1875. Enoch Cyrus came to the township in the same year, taught the first term of school, and, after a few years, sold his land and went to California, where he died. Joel Duncan lo- cated on Section 4, also in 1830, built a cabin, and afterward removed to a farm farther south, where he spent the rest of his life. Jacob Koffman, after living for a number of years on Section 3, removed to Missouri. The Grigsby family came into the township in 1830, and quite a number of the children are still residents of the county. Thomas B. Duncan settled on Section IS, but subsequently re- moved to Section 8, where he. has since resided for years. Thomas A. Mustain came with his family in 1832. and settled on Section 32; in the same year William D. and John F. Mustain located on Section 16. The Mustains were an indus- trious people and exercised much good influ- ence in their community, being regarded as honorable and high minded. Harrison Hun- gate came to the county September 27, 1833, resided eight years on his farm, and then re- moved to the village of Blandinsville, where he engaged In the grocery business with V. M. Hardin. In 1834 Joseph Duncan entered land on Section 4, where he afterward suddenly died. After these early settlers nad improved their farms, for some years further settlement was at a standstill. From 1850 emigration became more active, until finally the township was fully improved. James Gilfrey, however, set- tled on the northeast quarter of Section 20. He was a soldier of 1812, and at his death left a large family. Henry F. Gilfrey, a son of Mr. Gilfrey, came with his fatEer to this town- ship, his chief avocation being that of farm- ing, and his occasional occupation that of a carpenter and joiner. He removed to Macomb in the early 'sixties, dying there a few years ago. Among other prominent citizens of the township are George W. Mustain, George D. Mustain, Martin Spiker, William Martin Miller, Philip W. George, John T. James, James Smith Dodds, William B. Klrkpatrick and William L. Woodside. Charles A. Blandin, son of Joseph L. Blan- din, founder of the village of Blandinsville. settled on a portion of the present site of that place, at first engaging in general mercantile business. In 1855 he entered into the lumber business, cutting logs and floating them down to Oquawka, where he had a saw-mill. Subse- quently he built a saw-mill at Burlington, and constructed and ran a steamboat for the transportation of his lumber. In October, ISGO, Mr. Blandin returned to Blandinsville and re- sumed farming, continuing in this business un- till 1877, when he moved to the village of Sci- ota, where he built a mill and elevator. After a year's residence at Sciota, he sold his prop- erty there and returned to Blandinsville, where for a number of years he was a hotel- keeper and a dealer in grain and live stock. He then retired to the old homestead, where he still resides. As is indicated by this short sketch, Mr. Blandin has been a very active business man, and it should be added that he is a citizen of upright character and has earned imiversal confidence and esteem." As to other pioneer events of the township — Frank Redden built the first grist-mill on Sec- tion 34, where he had settled. In the spring of 1830 was born the first white child — James, the son of John Vance. The first school building, constructed of logs, was occupied by Enoch Cyrus as a teacher in 1831. Rev. John Logan preached the first sermon In 1830, the building used as a church being the barn of John Hardesty. In 1832 the Baptist and Christian denominations erected a union church building on Section 21, this being the first house of worship in the township. (For further details of Blandinsville, see "Cities, Towns and Vil- lages.") Population (1900), 1,710. In the above record brief reference has been made to the several townships, chiefly for the ))urpose of .giving the history of their organi- zation and placing in evidence the names of those hardy pioneers who helped to make the wilderness blossom like the rose, making it pos- MRS. W. T. BROOKING HISTORY Ul' -McDUXULGli CtJL'XTV. 671 sible for succeeding generations to live in com- fort, peace and plenty. To these heroic spirits — men and women alike — it is but just that such a memorial should be erected and their goodly names saved from oblivion. CHAPTER X. CITIES. TOWNS A.XD VILLAGES. CITY OF M.\COMB — .lOII.X BAICER THE FIRST SET- TLER — FIR.ST ELECTIOX OF COINTY OFFICERS I.N 1830 — .VCT OF THE I.E(:iSI,.\TrRE ESTABMSIIlMi THE COUNTY SE.\T PRESENT AREA AND TERRI- TORY EMBRACED I.N CITY LIMITS CITY I.NCORPO- RATED IN 1856 POPn.ATION, PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND BUSINESS ENTERPRISES SOME EARLY DOCU- MENTARY HISTORY CITIES OF BUSIINELL AND COLCHESTER VII.I.A(.ES OF PRAIRIE CITY, BAR- DOLPII, INDU.STRY, (iOOD HOPE, .SCIOTA, BLAN- DINSVILI.E, NEW PHILADELPHIA, TENNESSEE AND COLMAR — BUSINESS CONCERNS, SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES SOME ABANDONED VILLAGES. City of Macomb. — The first permanent set- tler on the original site of the present city of Macomb was John Baker, although one Elias McFadden appears to have settled in the northeast comer of Chalmers Township, near the present site of Maoomb in the fall of 1828 or the spring of 1829. On June 14. 1830, In accor.dance with an act passed by the State Legislature on January 25, 1826, empowering the citizens residing within the limits of the territory now comijrising the county of Mc- Donough. to organize a county government when the population of the new- county should amount to 350, the first step was taken to this end by the issue of an order by Hon. Richard M. Young, then Circuit Judge of the District, directing that an election be held at the house of Elias McFadden on the 3d day of July fol- lowing, for the choice of county officers. (For this order see Chapter II. of this "History of McDonough County." ) The County Commis- sioners then elected adopted a resolution de- claring that "The present seat of justice be at the house of John Baker, and that for the present the same be known as the town of Washington." In December following James Clarke, who had been elected one of the County Commis- sioners, went to the city of Springfield, then the location of the Land Office, for the purpose ot sesurin;^; the title to the land selected as the seat of justice for the new county; and about the same time the Legislature, tlien in session at Vandalia, passed the following act, which was approved by the Governor December 24. 1830: "Section 1. Be it enacted by the people of the State of Illinois, represented in the Gen- eral Assembly. That the county seat of the County of .McDonough be, and the same is hereby, permanently established on the south- west quarter of Section 31, in Township 6 .\orth, of Range 2 West, and that the Commis- sioners of said county are hereby authorized to purchase the said quarter section of land of the United States, as provided by the laws of Congress; and that the name of said County Seat shall be called Macomb." Although the name was adopted in honor of Gen. Alexander Macomb, an officer of the War of 1812 who had been connected with Commo- dore McDonough-»-for whom the county was named — in achieving the victory at the Battle of Plattsburg in 1814, the name of the new town was spelled locally, for a time, as "Mc- Comb," probably because of an Irish element in the population. The first sale of lots occurred in May, 1S31, and it is said that eleven sales were had before the tract embraced in the original site was disposed of, realizing $4,903.55, the sales being conducted at a cost of $186.88 — thereby netting $4,816.67. The population began to grow in 1831, and since that period various additions have been made, until now. judged by the map, the city covers an area of nearly two square miles, the larger portion being in the original township of Macomb, though addi- tions have been drawn from the townships of Scotland, Chalmers and Emmet. The principal additions bear the names of the Chandler's. Yieser's. Chase's, Holmes' and Peasley's, though others have been made, especially those in the vicinity of the County Fair Grounds. In 1841 Macomb was incorporated as a vil- 672 IIIS'IORY OF AkDOXOUGH COl'XTY. lage with a Board of five Trustees, the area then being one square mile. Its Incorporation as a city came in 1S56, with a charter similar to that granted the city of Quincy. According to the census of 1900. the popu- lation was 5,375, which is now estimated as approximating 7,000. The city is unsurpassed in agricultural surroundings; has a State Nor- mal School with the finest building of its kind in the State; a good business college; five good public schools; a Carnegie Library; one Church School; fourteen churches; Y. M. C. and Y. W. C. Associations; four weekly and two daily newspapers; seven miles of paved streets; a beautiful City Park; a superior water-system; an excellent sewerage system; a well equipped Fire Department: an electric light and gas plant; a complete telephone sys- tem; is on two railroad lines; has a City Commercial Club; three of the largest stone- ware factories in the world; two sewerpipe works; one large iron-foundry; a large brick- yard; three pressed stone factories; two planing-mills; two feed-mills; two plumbing establishments; three large lumber yards; bottling works; sheet-metal works; two marble works; two steam laundries; four commodi- ous hotels: two candy factories; two up-to- date hospitals; one National and three private banks; an opera house and coliseum; six livery barns: free-mail delivery; is the center of seven rural-mail routes: has two green- houses; Fair Grounds, including a half-mile track: Band and orchestra; a population of 600 persons employed in factories — and neither saloons nor loafers. Visitors accord to the city high praise for Its beauty and business appearance. It is reg- ularly incorporated, a Mayor and a Board of eight Aldermen constituting the governing cor- Ijoration. It has many societies — notably the Masonic. Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, An- cient Order of United Workmen, Modern Woodmen of America. Knights of Columbus, several Labor Union Lodges, a Court of Honor Lodge, Grand Army Post and Woman's Relief Corps, Order of Red Men, Loyal American lodges. Mutual Protective League, Mystic Workers of the World. Harrison Mutual Burial Association, McDonough County Agricultural and Mechanical Association. Macomb Mer- chants' Club. Macomb Gun Club; Armory of Troop H (First Regiment Cav., I. N. G.); Woman's Christian Temperance Union (with a large number of members); two public parks (City Park and Lake George Park), and three cemeteries-— Oakwood, Old Cemetery and the Catholic Cemetery. The city is well represented with tasteful, modern church buildings, as follows; African Methodist, Christian, Christian Endeavor (Chapel), Baptist (Colored), Cumberland Presbyterian, First Baptist, First Free Meth- odist, First Methodist Episcopal, First Presby- terian, St. George's Episcopal. St. Paul's Cath- olic, Trinity Lutheran and Universalist. The city of Macomb is on the Chicago, Bur- liington & Quincy Railroad, and connected with the Macomb & Western Illinois Railroad. It is 204 miles southwest of Chicago and sixty miles northeast of Quincy. Some Documentary History. — The following items taken from the public records of Mc- Donough County, soon after its organization and after the location of the county-seat at the city of Macomb, have been furnished by George D. Tunnicliff, Esq., an attorney of that city. Having an important bearing upon titles to real-estate in the city of Macomb, it is be- lieved they will have a permanent value to many residents of Macomb and McDonough County: hence, they are deemed worthy of insertion in this connection: "Tuesday, March 8, 1831. "Ordered that James Clarke be allowed the sum of Three Dollars for going to Springfield to enter the quarter section of land on which the town of McConib now stands. (In 1S30. ) "Ordered that John Baker be and he is here- by allowed and granted the fee simple right to two lots in the town of McComb where his houses now stand, provided the said Town of McComb is or may be laid off on the quarter- section on which the said houses of said Baker now stand, in discharge of payment of account for house-rent for county uses and purposes, as a court-house; and, further, that so soon as the county obtains a deed for said land, that the county agent, or agents, make the said Baker a deed in fee for said town lots. "Ordered thai, James Clarke be requested to go to Springfield for the purpose of entering the quarter-section of land on which to locate the town of McConib, and for so doing he is allowed one dollar per day going and returning THOMAS A. BROOKINC HISTORY Ol- .\Ki)().\"()L"(;M COUNTY 6/3 and his expenses, to be borne by the county and refunded him on his return. "Ordered thai the receipt of the .\!;ent of the Land Office be admitted to record, which is done in the words and figures following, to- wit: Si'UiN(;iiKi.i>, 28 Dec, 1830. ■■Received of James Clarl miaRnvat ifsiPSfi Logan School. Macomb Grant School, MacDmb Douglas School, Macomb Lincoln School, Macomb High School, Bushnell West-side School, Bushnell HISTORY OF McDOXOUGH COlXTV. 689 was built on Section 17 in ISSl, at a cost of $700. The grounds comprise one acre of land. District Xo. 6 building was erected on Section 9. in 1S59. and cost $400. The school-house of District No. 7 is situated on the northwest corner of Section 12, the site embracing one- fourth of an acre and its cost being $300. Or- ganized in 1864, District No. 8 has a good building on the southeast corner of Section 30, erected at a cost of $1.4on. ScoTi.AM) Township (.5 N., 2 W. ). — Scotland Township is one of the best in the county, every acre of its thirty-six sections of land being available for cultivation, and the owners of its farms among the wealthiest in this sec- tion. The farms are well improved, with ele- gant residences and capacious barns, and the settlers noted for their industry and thrift. The township received its name because of the large percentage of Scotch people who settled there, and, like others of that nationality, in whatever part of the world they are found, their schools are objects of their special care. The township has nine frame school-houses, fully equipped, two of them being provided with good libraries. Of its ten teachers, three are males and seven females, their salaries ag- gregating $2,343. District No. 1 was organized April 21, 1856, and a small frame building was first erected for the accommodation of its few scholars. In 1874 a substantial new building was put up on Section 1. at a cost of $1,469, The first school building for District No. 2 was a small log house, known as Mount Nebo School, but in 1857 an excellent frame structure was erected on Section 4, its cost being $1,500. District No. 3 has a building on Section 6. erected at a cost of $600. District No. 4 school-house stands on the northwest corner of Section 20; a new building was erected in 1883 at a cost of $900. The Centrepoint School (District No. 5) is located on the southeast corner of Sec- tion 16. Adjoining the building is a very fine Presbyterian church, erected by the same con- gregation that originally worshiped in the old church on the edge of the timber adjoining the Clark farm. The first religious structure was built in the early "forties, on what is known as the Robert Roberts farm. In 1857 District No. 6 was organized and its building erected on Section 13, at a cost of $700. In 1882 a new building was erected on the site of the old one, costing $1,000. The school-house in District No. 7 is located on the southeast corner of Section 26 and cost $500. District No. 8 has a building on the northeast corner of Section 33, repaired and remodeled in 1883, and cost- ing $800. District No. 9 was organized in 1847, and a new building was erected in 1863 on the southeast corner of Section 29. .Maco.mi! Towx.siiip (6 N., 2 W.). — This is a wealthy and thickly settled township, with eight frame school buildings, of which four have libraries, containing 294 volumes. Within the township are 850 persons of school age — 451 males and 439 females — and of its thirteen teachers, two are male and eleven female. The total amount i)aid in salaries to teachers was $3,150. District No. 1 was organized in 1866, and in th^ same year the school-house was moved from District No. 2 to its present location, the northwest quarter of Section 12. In the same year District No. 2 had a school-house put up on the northeast quarter of Section 10, at a cost of $l.oso. In 1865 District No. 7 was di- vided into Nos. 1 and 7, and in 1867 No. 7 was changed to No. 2. District No. 4 was or- ganized by a consolidation •f Nos. 3 and 8, and in 1868 a school-house was built on Section 16, costing $375. District No. 5 is composed of portions of .Macomb and Emmet Townships, and has two buildings — one located on Section 1, Emmet Township, and the other on Section IS. Macomb Township, — both being erected in 1856 at a cost of $840 each. Previous to this, school was held in a log house on the Patrick Laughlin place. The school-house of District No. 6 is situated on the southwest quarter of Section 23, the house being built at the time of the organization of the district, in 1855. In 1866 the old school-house was replaced by a new building erected at a cost of $1,650. on land do- nated by Benjamin Randolph. District No. 7 was organized several years ago. but as early as 1S60 a good frame school-housfv was erected in Bardolph. The building now being used in that town for school purposes was commenced in August, 1874, and accepted by the board December 7, 1874. It is a good two-story frame building, with four rooms, and cost, completed and furnished. $4,500. The present building in District No. S was erected 690 HISTORY (JF AIcDOXOUGH COUNTY. in the summer of lf<77. and is provided witli all modern educational conveniences. It is linown as the Wiley School House, is located on the northeast corner of Section 34, and its cost was $1,300. The former school-house, built on the same site in 1803 (cost $731), was sold and removed in 1S77. District No. 9 was or- ganized in 1S63, and the building on Section 29 was erected the same j-ear at a cost of $470. (The schools of the city of Macomb are men- tioned later on in this chapter.) W.\L.\UT Grove Tow.x.siiii' (7 N., 2 W.).— The townshi]) named consists of some of the best land and most substantial farms in the county, every acre being cultivated or made valuable by the most modern improvements known to agriculture. The educational facilities com- prise one brick and seven frame buildings. In the township are 281 males and 251 females of school age, and its four male and eleven female teachers draw salaries aggregating $2,415 an- nually. The building for District known as Xo. 1 was moved to its present location (northwest cor- ner of Section 12) in 1863. In the same year District No. 2 was organized, and in 1864 a building costing $200 was erected on the south- east corner of Section 4. District No. 3 was also organized in 1863, and in the following year a school-house was built on the northeast corner of Section 7 at a cost of $250. In Au- gust, 1863, District No. 4 was organized, and a house costing $351 was erected on the north- east corner of Section 19. in 1873 being moved to its present location on Section 18. In 1863 buildings costing $500 each were also erected in Districts Nos. 5 and 6, the house for the latter district being on the northwest corner of Section 24. The school-house for District No. 7, located on Section 26, was built in 1872. District No. 8 was formed by a union of No. 3, of Macomb, and No. 8. of Walnut Grove Townships, its school-house (costing $500) be- ing situated on the southwest quarter of Sec- tion 32. District No. 9 has an excellent brick building situated on Section 9. erected in 1861 at a cost of $400. Bethel Township (4 N., 3 W.).— The esti- mated value of school property in Bethel Town- ship is nearly $6,000, and the wages paid male teachers range from $25 to $47.50 per month. There are seven school-houses in the township, six of which are frame structures and one of brick. The enrolled pupils in the several schools aggregate over 300, and the population of school age over 600. The first school build- ing — a log house 12 by 15 feet — was erectea on Section 30 and used for school and church purposes, a school being taught there in 1S36. District No. 3 was organized in 1845, and a log house (18 by 18 feet) erected on Section 29; this building being used until 1879, when the present one was erected on the southwest corner of Section 21 at a cost of $700. In 1840 the first school-house in District No. 4 was erected on Section 22, was moved in 1859 to Section 14, and two years later gave place to the frame building (24 by 36 feet) now in use, erected on the same site at a cost of $1,400. Mount Zion School-house (District No. 5) is located on Section 33, to which it was removed from Section 34 in 1874. The building (22 by 30 feet) is located on a lot containing one-half acre. This is a Union District, a part of which lies in Schuyler County. The school- house for District No. 6 is situated on Section 25, and is known as the Victor School-house. It was erected in 1875 at a cost of $800. West Bethel School is located on the southeast corner of Section 8. on a site embracing one acre of ground. The first building (20 by 26 feet) was erected here in 1862, costing $200. In 1873, the present building (26 by 36 feet) was erected on the same site at a cost of $1,200, and is now in a fairly good condition. The'township originally consisted almost en- tirely of timber lands, but now contains many good farms owned by thrifty and enterprising farmers. Water is abundant and stone and coal underlie the surface, which will, in time, add greatly to its wealth. Improved farm- lands command high prices and sales are not frequent. Ch.\i..mers Township (5 N.. 3 W.). — This township is largely timber, and is not as thickly settled as the prairie townships, but contains many well-to-do, even wealthy, farm- ers, who have made substantial improvements. One brick and seven frame school-houses pro- vide educational accommodations, and three male and seven female teachers, whose sal- aries total $1,859, are the agents of the pub- lic school system. Throughout the township HISTORY OF M. 1)( ).\( )l(;n C( )r\ TV. 6yi there are 5ti9 males and 387 females of school age. The school building of District No. 1 is sit- uated on the southeast quarter of Section 1, and that of No. :! on the northwest quarter of Section S. In ISO? a brick school-house, costing 1900, was built on Section 17 tor the use of pupils in District No. 4, those who were educated at the public school for a decade pre- vious to that year obtaining their instruction in a small log cabin erected in 1857. School houses for Districts Nos. 5 and 6 stand on the northwest corner of Section 22, and the northeast corner of the northwest quarter of Section 14, respectively. The building pro- vided for District No. 7, at a cost of $500, is located on Section 25. District No. 8 has a good frame building, which until 1866 was used as a business house in Middletown, but. upon the organization of the district in April of that year, it was purchased for $600 and removed to its present location on Section :!l{. The school-houses for the various Union dis- tricts are situated as follows: No. 1, in Bethel Township. Section 1; No. 6, in the town of Colchester; No. 8, on Section 19, and No. 12, in Fandon, formerly Middletown. Eai-mkt T(iw.\snii> (G N., 3 W.). — More than half of the township consists of timber land, fairly well settled. The prairie land is all arable and in a high state of cultivation, car- rying good improvements. For school pur- poses, there are nine frame buildings, with three district libraries containing SI volumes. In the township are 433 males and 407 females of school age, with seven male and six female teachers, whose combined salaries Sre $2,529. In 1836 the first school was held in Tnion District No. 1, the building in which the few scholars assembled being a rude log cabin. In 1S40 a new log house was built on Section 10, near the location of the present building. In 1854, during a season of turbulence between parents and teacher, the house was razed, and soon afterw'ard the present structure was erect- ed at a cost of $500. The pupils in District No. 2 first received instruction in a log house which was built in 1S41, situated about forty rods north of the present building. The school house now occupied was erected in 1864 and cost $600. District No. 2 has a most excellent building on Section 29, valued at $700. The school-house for District No. 4 is a mile and a half west of Macomb, on Section 35. District .\o. 5 provided a school-house in 1S.t(!, at a cost of $840. It is situated on Section 1. District .\o. 6 was organized in 1866, and in the same year erected its present house at a cost of $800. The building for No. 7, southwest corner of Section 13, cost $550, and dates from 1870. Dis- trict No. 8 was formed by the division of No. 7, and its school-house, on Section 22, was built in 1S77 and cost $350. S(ii)rA Township (7 N., 3 W. ) . — This town- ship consists of most excellent prairie land, is thickly settled, and the agricultural improve- ments are all modern and valuable. There are eight school buildings in the township, which has a school population of 332 males and 318 females. Its three male and seven fe- male teachers receive salaries which aggregate $2,265. Previous to the organization of District No. 1, school was held in a building south of the present location. The building was in what was then known as District No. 5. In 1871 the district was divided into Nos. 1 and 6. The school-house now occupied is situated on Sec- tion 11. The house in District No. 2 was erect- ed in 1868 at a cost of $450, and stands on the southeast corner of Section 4. During the same year a school building for No. 3 was moved to its present location, northeast corner of Sec- tion 8, District No. 2 having been divided, in 1868. into Nos. 3 and 4. District .\o. 4 was organized in 1867. and for its accommodation a house was built in that year costing $450. In 1858 District No. 5 was orgajiized and a build- ing erected on Section 22, at a cost of $450. The school building for No. 6, situated on the southeast corner of Section 14. was erected in 1S72, and is valued at $1,500. The school build- ing known as District No. 10 is in the villa.ge of Sciota. and dates from 1872. Its cost was $1,200. The structure occupied formerly by the pupils of District No. 9 was situated on the southwest corner of Section 30, the date of its erection being 1861. When the district was changed to Good Hope, in 1874, the school was moved to that town, and the old building has since given place to a large and excellent structure. 692 HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. Lajioixe Township (4 N., 4 W.). — As this township is nearly all timber land, it is not thickly settled; yet the arable area is in a high state of cultivation with good improve- ments. Of the eight school-houses, four have libraries. In the township are 369 males and 364 females of school age, and five male and seven female teachers, with salaries aggregat- ing 12,200. In 1844 the first school in the township was taught on the .1. D. Tabler farm, but the build- ing was long ago destroyed by fire. The pres- ent school-house of District No. 1 was erected in 1871, on the northwest quarter of Section S. District No. 2 building, located on the north- west corner of Section 11, was put up in 1S62, and two years later District No. 3 erected a school-house on the line between Sections 29 and 30. The building for No. 4 on Section 2S was erected in 1S72. A log house on Section 36, buUt prior to 1841, replaced by a frame structure in 1858 and rebuilt in 1880, provided educational accommodations for District No. 5. The school-house of District No. 6, on the east half of Section 15, was built in 1870. Tennessee Township (5 N.. 4 W. ). — About equally divided between timber and prairie lands, this township is quite well settled. In it are three brick and nine frame school build- ings, ten of which contain libraries aggregat- ing 266 volumes. The school population is di- vided between 1,161 males and 1,094 females, and the twenty-nine teachers draw salaries amounting to $6,227. District No. 1 has two school-houses — one situated in Hillsgrove and the other on Section 20; cost. $600. No. 2, situated on Section 26, was erected in 1869 and is valued at $50(1. The building for District No. 3 Is on Section 10 and cost $400. For some years previous to 1856 a school was taught on the northern part of Section 5 (District No. 4); the present build- ing, erected in 1857, is situated on the south- west quarter of Section 5. The substantial building for District No. 5, erected in 1873 at a cost of $7,000, is located in the village of Tennessee. The school-house in Colchester (No. 6) is an excellent brick structure, erected in 1870 and valued at $8,000. The buildings of Districts 7 and 8 are not in Tennessee Town- ship — one being located on Section 19, Chal- mers Township, and the other on Section 36, Hire Township. The school-house of District No. 9 is situated on Section IS and cost $300. ( The report for Colchester Township, which originally consisted of equal parts of Chalmers and Tennessee Townships, is included in the reports for the original townships.) Hike Township (6 N., 4 W.). — This township is about two-thirds prairie and the balance timber, being thickly settled by substantial farmers. There are nine school buildings in the township; 332 males and 340 females of school age, and ten teachers with aggregate salaries of $2,556. The building of District No. 1, located on Section 11. was erected in 1862 at a cost of $400. In 1877 the school-house for No. 2 was built on the southwest quarter of Section 3; the first building (1837) was on Section 4. District No. 3 was organized and its school- house built in 1864, it being located on the northwest corner of Section 8. District No. 4 was formed in 1857, and its building on Section 17 was erected in 1873 at a cost of $1,060. No. 5 building, located on Section 22, was removed to its present site in 1862; original cost, $200. The school-house of District No. 6. which stands on the northeast corner of Section 28, was built in 1872. District No. 7 has a building on the northeast quarter of Section 36, which is valued at $300. Organized in 1852, District No. 8 erected a house during the following year; the present building on Section 34 was put up in 1837, costing $1,200. In 1863 a school-house for District No. 9 was erected on Section 30. Blandinsville Township (7 N., 4 W.).— The township is about equally divided between prai- rie and timber lands, and in material wealth is third in the county. It has one brick and nine frame buildings, with 29 teachers whose sal- aries amount to $4,663. The persons of school age in the township number 534 males and 564 females. District No. 1 school is located on the south- east corner of Section 2; erected in 1872 at a cost of $750. The building of No. 2. on the northeast quarter of Section 7. cost $300. Dis- trict No. 3 has a school-house on Section 18, and District No. 4 on Section 21 — the latter being built in 1858 for $600. No. 5, on Sec- tion 36, was erected in 1876 at cost of $500. District No. 6 Includes the town of Blandins- tp^^C4t^ ^C^-^t^ y [IISTORY nv McDOXorCiH C(K'.\"TV. 693 ville, and its handsome school-house is worth $10,000. No. 7 school building is located in Hire Township. District No. 8 has a house on Section 23, and District No. 9, on Section 29, each costing $300. The school property in Dis- trict .\'o. 10 cost $300. The school-house in District No. 11 was moved to its present site, southeast corner of Section 4, in 1S64. M.\C()MH City Ptmnc Schools. — Grant School, which is situated in the First Ward between ■lohnson and McArthur Streets, Macomb, was erected in 1S94. While not as artistic as some of the other buildings, it is convenient for school purposes. All grades except the fifth are taught here. Ida M. Bonwell is Principal; Winifred Comer, Nellie B. Elwell, Edna Bar- rett and Estella Payne, teachers. The last en- rollment showed 132 scholars. Lincoln School is in the Second Ward, on Calhoun between Dudley and Madison Streets. The original building was burned some years ago, and the present edifice was erected on its foundations, the interior of the new school be- ing arranged more conveniently. This is known as the High School, five-eighths of the building being occupied by graduates from the grammar grades and the remainder by the first four grades. The following compose the faculty: Maria F. Hazel, Principal; Laura Hazel, Teach- er of English; Edna E. O'Hare, Latin and Ger- man; Amelia Deneweth. Music and Drawing; Mary E. Taylor. Natural Sciences; and W. W. Ernest, Superintendent of City Schools. There are 120 students enrolled in the High School, and 214 in all grades. Logan School, in the Third Ward, is located between Madison and Edwards Streets. All the eight grades are taught by the following faculty: Henrietta M. Campbell, Principal; Anna M. Pollock, Assistant; Alice I. Black. Olga C. Watson. Helen M. Hoskinson, Nellie Gilmore, Bessie Kirkpatrick and Clara B. Cochrane, teachers. The total enrollment is 320. Douglas School is situated on the corner of Johnson and Washington Streets, Fourth Ward, and its Principal is .John O. Cowan; with Blanche Parks, Mary Neville, Myrtle Venard, Sadie McMillan and Lucille Simmers, as teach- ers. The first six grades are taught in this school, and 154 pupils are enrolled. The music and drawing in the Macomb schools have been under the immediate supervi- sion and instruction of Amelia E. Deneweth, and under the general superintendency of Prof. W. \V. Ernest. Sixteen graduates from the high school were added, in 1906, to the list of alumni, which begins with the class of 186S. The Macomb schools have all been successful, and have sent out into the world many gradu- ates who have made their mark in business and professional fields. Since their foundation the attendance has steadily increased. BusHXEi.L Schools. — The Bushnell High School building was erected in 1876, but some years later was burned down and the present large and convenient structure was erected on the original site. All grades are taught and filled. The West Side School was built a few years ago to furnish educational facilities for the ever increasing demand. Bushnell has always been interested in school matters, and has spared neither money nor effort in making her educa- tional institutions second to none in the sounty — which iiosition she has reached and main- tained. A business, or normal institute, open to both sexes, was continued in Bushnell for many years, and was a power in the com- munity. After the State Normal School at Macomb was in operation there was no fur- ther need of such an institution, and the man- agement sold the property. SCHOOL STATISTICS ■; 7. E 7. t-j C = §3 c 1 •3 = P D aid n M TOWNSHIPS. 3 a. **• rni = a. n 1 01 1^ =■2. s X M i:ifIor;uIo 880 226 9 195 3 238 1188 101 :i3o 29fl 11 10 2n 303 5 3 xm Mound 192 r>usiincn 2865 sts 19 634 5 55;! rrnirte City 114? ;«s 10 218 2 2<)5 Industry 1504 497 11 .350 4 348 Sfotl:nnl 868 1186 Hi .■i62 9 10 209 274 2 3 n:> Miii-omh .337 1130 286 384 ? 171 290 3 13^ i;.-IhH 352 889 1001 387 291 9 8 2<'>3 207 2 2 Kl i-;iiiiiit>r 109 Si-iiita 1304 .116 14 302 ( 377 [..iiiMoiDe 1015 350 8 246 3 87 Tfii iicss»><> 10.T3 940 20 887 5 25.5 lliri- 1011 ;»2 9 226 4 245 T'lniMtinsvilh* ino 494 15 453 5 .5!>S .M;i.iimh ("Ity .MTS 1730 25 1.354 12 1721 tVtlrlu'sior 2386 5 SU4 694 HISTORY cjF Mcdonough county. McDoxouGH College — Higheb Ixstitutioxs. — As early as 1835 a project was inaugurated for the establishment of a college In this county, showing what a deep interest the people took in higher education even in that day. A petition signed by a number of the citizens of Macomb was presented to the Legislature at its session of lSo.5-3G, praying for the passage of an act to in- corporate an institution by that name. By this act. which was passed and approved by the Gov- ernor January 12, 1S3G, William W. Bailey, Charles Hays. Moses Hinton. William Proctor, James McCroskey, Joseph G. Walker, George Miller, John M. Walker, Saunders W. Camp- bell and Alexander Campbell, were appointed Trustees. Notwithstanding the early da.v in which this charter was granted, it was not until 1851 that a full college course was es- tablished, though a high-grade school was con- ducted in the building which was situated in the extreme nbrtheast corner of the city. The building was of brick, two stories in height, and was begun immediately after the charter was granted, but not completed until the fol- lowing year. Rev. James M. Chase and Rev. Mr. Stafford occupied the building some years with a select school, both of these gentlemen being regular college graduates. The Schuyler Presbytery, under whose control and supervi- sion the college was to be, never felt war- ranted in reorganizing the regular college course. In 1848 McGinnis and Banks, the con- tractors, obtained judgment against the trus- tees for work performed on the building, and sold the property to satisfy the same. Macomb Lodge No. 17. A. P. & A. M., had in contemplation the establishment of a Ma- sonic college. As the Grand Lodge of Masons of the State of Illinois was then seriously con- sidering the propriety of establishing such an institution. Macomb Lodge thought it advis- able to purchase the property and tender it lo the Grand Lodge, believing it would be an in- ducement to locate the college in Macomb. It will thus be seen that the pioneers of the county were enterprising and far-sighted, especially looking forward to the upbuilding of its edu- cational interests in all directions; and this spirit has continued to the present. At the annual session of the Grand Lodge of that year (1848) Dr. J. B. Kyle, an enthusiastic Mason, in liehalf of Macon Lodge, formally tendered the property to that body. The offer was de- clined, the Grand Lodge having become satis- fied that it would be unwise to engage in the contemplated undertaking. It was then ten- dered to the Schuyler Presbytery, on condition that this body should establish and maintain a school of high grade — which proposition was accepted. A charter for a college to be known as the "McDonough College" was then obtained — the old charter probably, by that time, having been forfeited. Under its provisions, James M. Chase. William F. Ferguson, William K. Stew- art, F. S. Vail and W. R. Talbot were named as Trustees. The Masonic Lodge of Macomb then nominated Rev. Ralph Harris to a profes- sorship in the institution, which action was ratified by the Trustees on condition that he take charge of the school, and for his services therefor receive the tuition fees as his salary. Mr. Harris accepted the offer, and on the first Monday in November, 1849, the school was opened, the principal being assisted by Miss Ellen Phelps for a period of two years. On the eleventh of June, 1851, Rev. William F. Ferguson, U. p.. was unanimously elected by the Board of Trustees as President of the college, his term of service to commence in September. A full college course was decided upon, and the following faculty appointed- Rev. William F. Ferguson, D. D., President and Professor of Mental Philosophy, Political Econ- omy and Evidences of Christianity (a huge un- dertaking) ; Rev. Ralph Harris, A. M., Profes- sor of Languages; and Thomas Gilmore, Tutor. The two first named are long since dead; the latter still survives and is a citizen of Macomb. During the first year of the college 133 students were enrolled in all the departments, showing a fair degree of success. On the death of Pro- fessor Ferguson, which occurred March 15, 1853, Professor Harris was appointed President pro tem.. and James W. Mathews, Instructor, until the regular meeting of the Board of Trustees. At the meeting named Mr. Mathews was elected Professor of Mathematics, and Rev. Ithamer Pillsbury, President. Inasmuch as Mr. Pills- bury could not enter upon the duties of the presidency for a few months, the Rev. John C. King was appointed to act pro tem., and so continued until the regular head took charge of the college. Under Mr. Pillsbury's adminis- ^. ^^^d^LjC /J^j(y^yO^ HISTORY' OF .MrDOXOL'GH COL'XTV 695 t rat ion the college prospered somewhat for a year or two, but as the Synod of the Presbyte- rian Church refused to help the institution, which action was quite unexpected, it was found impossible to sustain the enterprise any fur- ther. In 1855 it was therefore closed, the build- ing and grounds reverting to the Masons; and thus ended, for the time being, what promised to become an nonorable and useful institution in JIcDonou.s;h County. The property subse- quently came into the possession of Dr. B. R. Westfall. the Mfisons having sold their interest in it. McDOXOlGH Xolt.M.M, .V.M) SCIINTIFIC COI.I.ECE. — In 1S65 a charter was granted by the State Legislature for the organization of this insti- tution in the city of Macomb, the old college property above described being then ow-ned by Dr. B. R. Westfall. That gentleman, whose heart and mind were with the cause of educa- tion, sold the property to Professor D. Branch, on condition that a school of high .grade should be established and kept in oiieration therein for ten years: and by arrangement with the Trustees under the new charter and Mr. Branch the college was continued for over twelve years. After various changes the grounds were finally sold to .John M. Keefer. who subdivided the block of ground, on which have since been erected several residence buildings, a part of which is now owned and operated by Frank Bonham and known as College Hill Greenhouse. Thus ended the laudable efforts of the early citizens of this city and county to again dem- onstrate that the future interests of education had not been lost si,ght of. M.\coMu Fkm.m.k Skminakv. established in 1852, was situated on the City Park, fronting the present site of the Soldiers' Monument, but has long since disappeared. It was purchased by the Baptists, who used it for their religious services. Wkstern Ii.i.inois Ndioim, Sciiooi.. — The first State Normal School in Illinois was established by an act of the Legislature approved February 18, 1857, and the school was located near Bloom- Ington in the central part of the State. The Southern Illinois State Normal School was es- tablished in 1809 and located at Carbondale. Ouring the year 1894. a movement sprang up in the northern portion of the State led by Col. Isaac Khvood, for the establishment of a nor- mal school in one of the northern counties, and in 1895 a bill was introduced into the Legisla- ture to this effect. A strong opposition to this bill at once arose in the eastern part of the State. To quiet this opposition a compromise was agreed upon by which two schools should be established — one for the northern and one for the eastern part of the State. Bills estab- lishing the schools were passed and approved the same day. One was located at DeKalb, the other at Charleston. Thus it came about that the central, southern, northern and eastern parts of the State have been supplied with nor- mal schools. The injustice of this distribution of normal schools appealed strongly to the peo- ple of the western part of the State. Common equity demanded that a region furnishing so large a proportion of the taxable property of the State should also have its normal school. These people found a champion in Hon. L. Y. Sherman, a member of the Legislature from Mc- Donough County, who had been elevated to the Speaker's chair in 1899, and in 1904 was pro- moted to the Lieutenant Governorship. Shortly after the meeting of the Legislature, he drew up a bill modeled after the bills for the crea- tion of the other normal schools in the State, and gave it to Representative Black, of Schuy- ler, who introduced it into the Legislature. To preserve party harmony it was deemed undesirable to pass bills which the Governor would deem it his duty to veto. A list of the bills receiving favorable mention in the vari- ous committees was therefore presented to Governor Tanner to ascertain his attitude toward them. Believing that the distribution of State institutions is a fertile cause of "log-roll- ing" in the Legislature, the Governor drew a blue pencil mark through the normal school bill. Some of the friends of the measure a few days later waited upon the Governor, explained the justice and necessity of the bill, and as- sured him that it was the one bill the Speaker desired to have passed. Whereupon the Gov- ernor w-ithdrew 'his objections and the bill was I)assed and approved April 24, 1899. Immediately upon the i)assage of the bill a committee of citizens form Warren County 696 HISTORY OF McDOXOL'GH COL'XTY. waited upon the Governor, stating that Mon- mouth would be an applicant tor the location of the school and asked that he appoint one of its residents a member of the Board of Trus- tees. Macomb and Rushville also sent com- mittees to the Governor making similar re- quests. After a lapse of some sixty days, no other towns applying, the Governor appointed Senator Fred E. Harding, of Monmouth, John M. Keefer, of Macomb, John S. Little, of Rush- ville, Col. William Hanna, of Golden, and Hon. Charles J. Searle, of Rock Island, as members of the Board of Trustees, believing that Col. Hanna and Mr. Searle and Mr. Bayliss, Super- intendent of Public Instruction (an ex-officio member of the Board), would be able to locate the school in one of the competing towns, de- spite the votes of the two Trustees from the other two towns. Scarcely had these men re- ceived their commissions when two other cities appeared as applicants for the location — Quincy and Aledo. Mr. Searles championed the cause of Aledo, while loyalty to his home county in- spired Col. Hanna to espouse the cause of Quincy; and thus was laid the foundation for the prolonged contest that was to follow. In due time La Harpe and Oquawka entered the arena. The Board of Trustees met in Bushnell, July 20th, and organized by electing Senator Hard- ing President and John Little Secretary, and drew up rules for the guidance of the various towns which should compete for the location of the school. During the month of August the Trustees visited the competing towns and in- spected the sites. Never did these towns pre- sent such a beautiful appearance. Streets were swept, weeds were cut, trash was burned, fences were whitewashed, stagnant pools were skimmed and fresh water pumped in, children's faces were washed, Sunday clothes were put on. In some cases it Is said blankets were spread over the graveyards. The fire department was on dress parade. There were hose laying contests and water was squirted over the court house or other high buildings. These were but feeble indications of the pent-up determination of the citizens of each locality to secure the school.. August 31st, the Trustees met in the "Union Hotel" at Galesburg to hear the pleas, to open the bids, and, if possible, to select the site. Two, hundred delegates from the competing towns, were present. Prominent politicians within and without the "tract" had gathered, for a seat in Congress and possibly a judgeship were at stake in addition to the location of the school. The act establishing the school required the Trustees "to receive from localities desiring to secure the location of the said school proposals for donations oi a suitable site and other val- uable considerations," and authorizezd them to locate the school "in the place offering the most advantageous conditions, all things con- sidered, as nearly central as possible in that portion of the State lying west of the Fourth Principal Meridian, in what is known as the 'Military Tract,' with a view of obtaining a good water supply and other conveniences for the use of said institution." "The other valuable considerations" and "all things considered" were interpreted to mean money, and the competing towns vied with one another in securing the largest sum. On open- ing the bids, it was found that Rushville had offered $120,000 in addition to other valuable considerations. It is said that every tax-payer in Schuyler County was under obligation to contribute. Aledo and Macomb each offered $70,000 in addition to the site; Monmouth $.54,- 000 and a valuable site; Quincy $30,900 and a site: La Harpe $10,000. The excitement among the delegates was intense. Would the great bid of Rushville land the school? The first ballot revealed the fact that each Trustee proposed to stand by his own town. The con- test lasted for a year. Besides the time spent in traveling to and from the meetings, the Board was in session thirty-seven days, held sixty-one Separate sessions, and cast five hun- dred and ninety-seven ballots without choice. There were meetings in Springlield. in Galesburg. Rock Island, Beardstown. and in other idaces. The meeting in Beardstown dur- ing the holidays was perhaps the most excit- ing. The Trustees were weary of the long bat- tle and were seeking ways to end it honorably to themselves and to their constituents. An advisory board was suggested, but Governor Tanner gave the Board to understand that the Trustees themselves must locate the school. The plum now ripened rapidly and was about to fall. Mr. Bayliss, the only unprejudiced member of the Board, had declared again and again that he would vote for any one of the towns that could secure three other votes. That HISTORY OF Mcdonough colxtv 6(97 happy condition had now arrived, for Aledo, Monmouth and Rushville had each received three votes. Mr. Bayliss was sent for to Spring- field where he was attending the annual meet- ing of the State Teachers' Association. He came, but the Trustees adjourned for one week to Rock Island and the decisive ballot was not cast. Before the week ended the Governor called for their resignations. A new Board was appointed. New rules governing the con- test were adopted. The money consideration was abolished; the sites again inspected, new propositions made, and the new l?oard on Au- gust 14, 19U0, assembled in the Senate Chamber at Springfield, to hear the pleas and to select the site — the bids having been opened the week previous at Galesburg. The struggle was short. The first ballot de- cided the matter, and Macomb was selected by a unanimous vote. The new Trustees were C. J. Searle. Rock Island. President: B. .M. Chiper- field. Canton. Secretary; S. P. Robinson, Bloom- ington: .1. H. Southwick, Flora; J. J. McLallan. Aurora, and Hon. Alfred Bayliss. Superinten- dent of Public Instruction. Springfield. None of these men were residents of the territory in which the school was to be located. To these men was committed the task of selecting a site and erecting the building. The corner-stone was laid December 21, 1901, with elaborate ceremonies, in the presence of a great crowd. A parade was one of the fea- tures of the day, being led by Governor Tanner, President C. J. Searles. of the Board of Trus- tees, .ludge Lawrence Y. Sherman, and other prominent men. Then came the Fifth Regi- ment band, of Canton, the militia, and the Grand Lodge of Masons escorted by the Macomb Coramandery. The stone was laid with Masonic rites, and within it was placed a strong box containing pa|)ers, documents and other valuable articles. Addresses were deliv- ered by Governor Tanner. President Searle and others. The work of building was pushed as rap- idly as possible, with the view of opening the school for the fall term of 1902. Professor .John W. Henninger. of Jacksonville, was apijointed President of the institution, and, with thirteen others, comprised the faculty. It was due to their tireless efforts and determination that the school was set in operation September 23, 1902. 6 The enrollment in both the Training and Nor- mal Departments exceeded the most sanguine expectations. The hrst year proved a most successful one. and excellent work was done in every department. The attendance for the entire year was 370 in the Normal proper, and ISO in the Training School, and the institution has manifested a healthy growth up to the present time (1907). For that year the Board of Trustees was as follows: Alfred Bayliss. Superintendent of Public Instruction, President; .lohn A. Mead, of Augusta, Secretary; C. R. Chandler, of Macomb. Treasurer: Fred R. .lelleff, of Galesburg: .lohn M. Keefer. of Macomb; Louis H. Hanna. of Monmouth; .1. F. Mains, of Stronghurst. Pro- fessor Henninger having resigned at the close of the term in 190.5. Alfred Bayliss was elected by the Board of Trustees to succeed him. which proffer has been accepted. Mr. Bayliss resign- ing his position as Suiierintendent of Public Schools to enter upon his duties at the begin- ning of the fall term. Pending the assumption of his duties by President Bayliss. Prof. S. B. Hursh served as acting President. A complete list of the members of the fac- ulty (190G) follows; Alfred Bayliss, President; Samuel B. Hursh. Professor of English; Wil- liam .lames Sutherland, Ph. B., Professor cf Geography and Geology; James Clinton Burns, A. M.. Professor of History and Civics; Ernest S. Wilkinson. Professor of Mathematics; He- nier L. Roberts, Professor of Biology; John Payson Drake, A. M., Professor of Physics and Chemistry: Frederick .loy Fairbank, A. M., Professor of Latin. German and Greek: Seth Lincoln Smith. Professor of Drawling. Writing and Commercial Branches; Winifred Swartz Fairbank. Director of Music; Alice M. Osden. Expression and Physical Culture; Louis Henry Burch, Manual of Arts; W. E. Lugenbeel; .Mis.s Dunbar. Librarian; Cora M. Hamilton. Prin- cipal of Training Department; Laura Hazel, and Elizabeth Hitchcock. Critic Teachers; Mrs. Josie Tablet-, Stenographer. (Some changes have been made within the last year.) Appropriations were made by the Legislature of 190.5 sufficient to complete the building, which (1900) is ra])idly approaching comi)le- tion. When com|)lete. the building, furniture and equipments, will be second to none of the normal schools of Illinois. The grounds, em- 698 HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. bracing an area of sixty acres lying on a beau- tiful rolling ridge overlooking the city and the country tor miles around, were laid out under the supervision of a celebrated landscape gar- dener and planted under the direction of a competent botanist. Taken altogether, the site is magnificent, the surroundings pleasant and the grounds artistically beautiful, reflecting great credit on the Trustees and all in au- thority. The county is divided into districts, the following being the District Presidents: South- east District, J. F. Lawyer, Vermont. 111.: Northeast District, Robert Burden. Prairie City; Southwest District. William Harrell, Col- chester; Northwest District, O. A. Webb, Blandinsville. The Department Superintend- ents are: Normal, J. P. Merriweather, Ma- comb; Primary. Mrs. Herman Stocker. Ma- comb; Home, John Ulrich, Macomb. McDoNOUGH COU.NTV SfXDAY SCHOOLS. — From its earliest years McDonough County evinced an earnest desire to institute Sunday The following table presents an interesting study, showing the Sunday School attendance in comparison with the |)0]niIation, and cer- STATISTICS OF SUNDAY SCHOOLS BY TOWNSHIPS NAME. OK TOWNSHIP, TOWN.l cJ3 ■ » 3 i.;idorado... New Salem Mound Dushnell... Prairie City.. [luiustry Scotland Macomb \\'alnut Grov Bethel Chalmers Macomb City Emmet Sciota T^amoine Colchester... Tennessee Hire Blandinsville Arvin Cash Vermont R. R. 1... Mrs. Harvey Miner.. Adair 0. .1. Thompson Bardoiph R. R. 1.. 1. B. Spicer Bushnell G. V. Booth Prairie City J. G. McGaughey.. Industry R. R. 2.., Arthur \Vall *H ^ •?5 to to ^^ ^ S o o S I I I 3 WEST. w I IIMMI JTAIIVS HALL Ik I M I ' ' I JTAIRS I I I III I TO J_L 'Mil ATTIC I I I il HdZTOf HOIHM MbnO-UHM "HOOCT '^C ^r I 'I xonr br^lSB -nxzjv TI3J. HJ.lVfJ- Md-3toC HoiHM JO zno MOaj^M ■ xrv3 >3 D o I HISTORY OF McDc^xorcii CorXTV 70C) Common Council of Nauvoo had violated tlie law in assuming the exercise of judicial power; in |)roceeding ex parte, without notice to the owners of the newspaper property; in proceed- ing against the property, in rem : in not call- ing a jury and in not swearing witnesses; in not giving the owners of the property accused of being a nuisance (in consequence of being libelous) an opportunity of giving the truth in evidence, and, in fact, in not proceeding by civil suit, or indictment, as in other cases of libel; finally, that "the Mayor violated the law in ordering the erroneous and absurd judg- ment of the Common Council to be executed, and the municipality erred in discharging them (the leaders) from arrest." The result of the various conferences with the Governor was that Smith and some of the other Mormon leaders agreed to surrender and stand trial at Carthage, under assurance of protection. Again, quoting from "Ford's His- tory of Illinois: "On the 23d or 24th of .Tune Joseph Smith, the Mayor of Nauvoo, together with his broth- er Hyrum and all the members of the Council, surrendered to the constable on charge of riot. They voluntarily entered into a recognizance before the Justice of the Peace for their ap- pearance at court to answer the char.ge, and all were discharged from custody except Jo- seph and Hyrum Smith, against whom the magistrate had issued a new writ on a com- plaint of treason. They were immediately ar- rested by the constable on this charge, and retained in his custody to answer it. The overt act of treason charged against them con- sisted in the alleged levying of war against the State by declaring martial law in Nauvoo, and in ordering out the Legion to resist the posse comitatus. After the Smiths had been arrested on the new charge of treason, the Justice of the Peace postponed the examination because neither of the parties was prepared for trial. In the meantime he committed them to the jail of the county at Carthage, for greater se- curity. A great desire was manifested on the part of the militia, especially from this county. to see Joseph Smith, the head of the Mor- mons. On the morning of June 27th, under guard of the Carthage Grays, commanded by Captain R. F. Smith (afterward Colonel of the Sixteenth Illinois Infantry in the Civil War), the Mormon leader was marched around the Public Square and then taken back to jail. The Governor then disbanded the prin- cipal part of tne militia, placed the Carthage Grays as a guard around the jail, and proceed- ed to Nauvoo lor the purpose of exerting his influence with the Mormons in favor of peace. The volunteers from McDonough County im- mediately returned home, leaving Carthage about 2 o'clock p. m. About 4 o'clock of the same day the Governor was in Nauvoo, coun- seling obedience to the law and finally called for a vote of the Mormon crowd as to whether his advice should be followed. They voted to be law-abiding citizens. A short time before sundown he started on his return to Carthage and had proceeded about two miles, when he was met by two men — one of them a Mormon — who informed him that the Smiths were killed. After ordering the two men under ar- rest he hastened on to Carthage. (For the Governor's details of the entire transaction, see "Ford's History of Illinois." On pages 353- 3,To he relates the account of the murder.) It would appear that, agreeable to previous orders, the posse at Warsaw had marched, on the 27th of June, in the direction of Golden's Point, with a view of joining the force from Carthage. The whole body then marched into Nauvoo, while about two hundred of these men. many of them being disguised by black- ening their faces with i)0wder and smearing them with mud. hastened to Carthage. En- camping at some distance from the village, they soon learned that most of the militia had been disbanded, that the Carthage Grays were stationed in the Public Square, a hundred and fifty yards from the jail, and that eight of the force, under Sergeant Franklin A. Wor rell. had been detailed to guard the prisoners. .\ communication was soon established between the conspirators and the company, and it was arranged that the guards should have their guns charged with blank cartridges and fire at the assailants when they attempted to en- ter the jail. General Deming, who had been left in command, being deserted by some of his troops and perceiving the arrangement which had been made with tne others, for fear of his life retired from the village. The way being clear, the conspirators advanced, jumped the slight fence around the jail, were fired upon by the harmless guards, who were quick- 710 HISTORY OF AIcDOXOUGH COUNTY. ly overpowered, and entered the jail to the door of the room where the prisoners were confined, with two of their friends who volun- tarily bore them company. An attempt was made to break open the door, but before this could be accomplished, .Joseph Smith, who had ))een armed with a six-barreled pistol, fired sev- eral times and wounded three of the assail- ants. Before the door was forced open, sev- eral shots were fired into the room, Hyrum Smith being instantly killed and John Taylor, one of his friends, receiving several wounds. Joseph Smith attempted to escape by jumping out of a second-story window on the east side of the jail; but at his appearance he was shot and tell to the ground dead. Henry Bristow, now a resident of Macomb, was one of the militia from McDonough Coun- ty, and when his company was discharged by the Governor, he accepted the invitation of a friend in Carthage to stay over ni?ht, as "there would be fun." He remained and was a witness to the stirring events of the even- ing, and still has a very vivid recollection of all that occurred, in great measure confirming the account as above set forth. But few, if any, of the actual participants are yet alive. Thus fell Joe Smith, one of the most suc- cessful impostors of modern times; a man, who, though ignorant and coarse, had many great natural parts which eminently fitted him for temporary success. That his was a brutal and premeditated murder is not denied at this day. Neither was the end of the as- sassins gained, as the Mormons did not evacu- ate Nauvoo for two years thereafter. In the meantime the excitement and prejudice against this people were not allowed to die. Horse stealing was quite common, and every case of such theft was ascribed to the Mormons. That they were in great measure responsible cannot be denied; but it is now known that much of the crime was committed by organ- ized bands of thieves, who knew they could carry on their nefarious business with more safety as long as suspicion could be placed on the Mormons. The Mor.mon- War. — Before the spring of 1846 a great majority of the Mormons had left Nauvoo, but still a large number remained. The following incidents led to the ultimate conflict. About the time mentioned a man by the name of Debenheyer was killed near the town of Pontoosuc and buried in a ditch by the side of a sod fence. The murderers were unknown, but a number of Mormons had been seen in that vicinity for sometime engaged In riotous disturbances, and were ordered to leave the country. This they refused to do. One day while they were at work in a field, in that neighborhood, surrounded on three sides by timber, without warning they were surround- ed by forty or fifty Anti-Mormons, who cap- tured them, took them to the place where Deb- enheyer had been buried, stripped off their clothing, gave each of them thirty-nine lashes well laid on the bare back, and ordered them again to leave the country. Instead, the Mor- mons went to Nauvoo, reported the matter, and a few nights afterward, with a large number of others, surrounded the residence of Major McCauley who lived in the neigh- borhood, and demanded his surrender. J. W. Brattle, for many years Surveyor of McDon- ough County and well known by its older citi- zens, was temporarily stopping with McCaul- ey. Both were arrested and marched to Nau- voo, where they were held for several days and, after trial, were discharged. It was thought at the time that their release was due to the fact that several leading Mormons had been taken by the Gentiles and held as hostages. Sometime in 1S45 or '46 a party of Mor- mons started from Nauvoo in search of a young man, who they thought had done them an injury. He fled to the house of John Vance, living near Blandinsville, and as the Mor- mons were in close pursuit, jumped into bed. covered himself and told Mrs. Vance to tell the party that he was her son. Quick as a flash she took in the situation, and seizing a white handkerchief wet it and laid it over his head. When the Mormons arrived she re- quested them to be very quiet, as her son was in a high fever. Observing the young man in bed they made search as quietly as liossible, and then retired. The patient doubtless was in a high fever, for had he been discovered short work would have been made of him. i\bout the 1st of September, 1S46, a writ was issued against several leading Mormons and placed in the hands of John Carlin, the Carthage Constable, for execution. Carlin IllSTOKV OI' .\lrl)()\"( )L'GH COL'XTV. 711 called for a posse to aid him in the arrest. Two or three companies went from McDon- oiigh County to his assistance, and quite a force was soon gathered in the neighborhood of Nauvoo. Not being a military man, Carlin placed the posse first under General Single- ton, but afterward under Colonel Brockman. The latter proceeded to invest the city, erect- ing breastworks and taking other means of both a defensive and an offensive nature. What was termed a battle next took place, re- sulting in the death of one Mormon and the wounding of several others, and the mortal wounding of a McDonough County volunteer (a Pennsylvanian, then on a visit with friends), and the wounding of several others. At last, through the intervention of an anti- Mormon committee of one hundred citizens of Quincy, the Mormons and their allies were induced to submit to such terms as the posse chose to dictate — which were that the Mor- mons should immediately surrender their arms to the Quincy committee and remove from the State of Illinois. "The Mormons now realized that their time had come." says Ford ("History of Illinois," pages 423-425). "The trustees of the church and five of their clerks were permitted to remain for the sale of Mormon property, and the ixjsse were to march in unmolested and to leave a sufficient force to guarantee the per- formance of their stipulations. Accordingly, the constable's posse march in. with Brock- man at their head, consisting of about eight hundred armed men and six or seven hundred unarmed, who had assembled from all the country around, from motives of curiosity, to see the once proud city of Nauvoo humbled and delivered up to its enemies. They pro- ceeded into the city slowly and carefully, ex- amining the way for fear of the explosion of mines, many of which, 'twas said, had been made by the Mormons by burying kegs of powder in the ground, with a man stationed at a distance to pull a string communicating with the trigger of a percussion lock affixed to the keg. This contrivance was called by the Mormons a Hell's Half Acre. When the posse arrived in the city, the leaders of it erected themselves into a tribunal to decide who should be forced to leave, and who re- main. Parties were dispatched to hunt for Mormon arms and Mormons, and to bring the latter to judgment, where they received their doom from the mouth of Brockman, who sat a grim, unawed tyrant for the time. "As a general rule, the Mormons were or- dered to leave within an hour, or two hours; by rare grace some of them were allowed until next day, and in a few cases longer. The treaty specified that the Mormons only should be driven into exile. "Nothing was said in the treaty concerning the new citizens who had. with the Mormons, defended the city. But the posse had no soon- er obtained possession than they commenced expelling the new citizens. Some of them were ducked in the river, being in one or two instances act\mlly baptized in the name of the leaders of the mob. Others were forcibly driven into the ferry boats, to be taken over the river before the bayonets of armed ruffi- ans, and it is believed that the houses of most of them were broken open and their furniture stolen. Many of these new settlers were strangers in the country, from various parts of the United States, who were attracted thither by the low price of pro|)erty. and they knew but little of i)revious difficulties or the merits of the quarrel. They saw with their open eyes that the Mormons were industriously preparing to go away, and they knew of their own knowled,ge that an ef- fort to expel them by force was gratuitous and unnecessary cruelty." Thus ended the so-called Mormon War. Al- though the suffering among the Mormons was great — caused by their sudden departure to a new country, where prejudice had preceded them — yet they persevered, and after many weary months and years, they succeeded in the establishment of one of the finest and rich- est cities in the West, and founded a State inhabited by a frugal, industrious and thrifty jjeople. However much they may be wrong in regard to their religious belief, their seem- ing faith in their doctrines shows a stalwart belief worthy of a better cause, and now that over half a century has passed since the stir- ring events above recorded, Nauvoo and the Carthage jail have become a veritable Mecca and Medina to the Mormon Church through- out the world. The jail in Carthage, where the Smiths were murdered, seems to be especially the ob- ject of the Mormons' tender care. It now be- •12 HISTORY OF McDOXOL'GH COUNTY. longs to the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints, and to enable this history to place on record the particulars of its pur- chase, special obligations are here acknowl- edged to Hon. Charles J. Scofield, of Carthage, who himself executed the transfer papers. His account follows: "The old jail is located on Lots 4 and 5, Block f>. Original Town (now city) of Carthage, being one block north and about two blocks west of the Public Square. Mrs. Eliza M. Browning owned the premises for thirty years or more, selling the same on November 4, 1903, for |4,000 and making deed of that date thereof to Joseph F. Smith, as trustee in trust of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, residing at the city and county of Salt Lake, in the State of Utah, and his successors in ofBce and assigns forever. The premises are occupied at present by J. A. Califf, who was our Superintendent of Schools for twelve years, under a lease from the grantee. "Mrs. Browning is the widow of James M. Browning, for six years County Treasurer and one of our best and most highly respected citizens, who died in the spring of 1903. On account of friendship existing between the families and church affiliation, Mr. Browning had me prepare the deed, and the same was acknowledged In my office. A man named Woodruff represented the trustee of the . Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints in this transaction. I think he was from Chicago — a representative of Mormon evangelization in that city. He was a man of pleasing address, intelligent, rather quiet in his demeanor, and seemingly well posted in the work he had in hand. The premises are occupied exclusively for residence purposes. Mormon representatives have been evangeliz- ing in this community during the last year or two — with what success am unable to state. As to present condition of Nauvoo, I would say that there are but slight vestiges of Mor- mon days to be found there, and very few Mormons, as I understand the matter. The population of the town is mostly German. It is a beautiful site for a city, the Mississippi River making a half circle at that point, and thus partly enclosing the site. It is a very good town tor a place of its size, and its citi- zens are ordinarily quiet and attentive to busi- ness." It might here be stated that a portion of the capital of one of the columns supporting the front of the Temple, showing the usual sun- burst and angel face, with blowing horn, was but recently in possession (and may still be) of Hon. Louis Kaiser, at Bushnell, 111. The writer has seen a similar fragment in the yard of the old State House, at Springfield, and so far as known, these relics are about all that is intact of the Nauvoo Temple. The following account of the last scene in the life of the Smiths is given by the Hon. William R. Hamilton, now over eighty years of age and still living in Carthage, together with photograph of the jail and plats of its interior. Mr. Hamilton was a young man at the time, and these stirring events, which made a deep impression on him, had been carefully recorded, and for many years he had in contemplation the publication of them in some form. Personal obligations are there- fore acknowledged to him for his interesting and authentic statement, with which is closed the account of Mormonism in Nauvoo and Car- thage: Mr. H.'vMILtox's St.\temext. — "I will give you a short description of the killing of the Smith's as I saw it done on June 27, 1844. Gov- ernor Ford issued his order disbanding the troops early in the morning, and all had left for home by 11 o'clock except the Carthage Grays, whom he had retained to guard the Smiths, and the Augusta Dragoons, who ac- companied him to Nauvoo. (The town was at first called Commerce.) The Smiths were taken from my father's hotel to the jail, and placed in the jailor's sleeping room under guard of an officer of the Carthage Grays, with six men who were relieved by a new detail at noon. "The Smiths being upstairs, the guards took their station on the front steps and in the hall below. It was a warm day; windows and doors all open; not a lock, bolt, or even a latch, was upon the door to the room where the Smiths were. They had with them as companions, Elders John Taylor and Willard Richards. .About 11 o'clock Captain Smith ordered E. S. Rand and me to take a large field glass and go to the cupola of the Court House, and keep watch for and see if we could discover any body of men approaching the town from any i £^- HISTORY Ol" .\hI)().\"()L"GH COLWTV 713 direction, but especially from the west. About 4 o'clock p. m. we discovered quite a large number of men congregating on the prairie, about two miles from the town and just be- hind the point of timber a little northwest. Our orders were that, on discovering anything we should at once privately report to him, and to no one else. Rand went with the report to the Captain, ana was ordered to return to his post, and to keep a close watch and see if any of the men came through the timber and approached toward town or jail: if so, we were not to give an alarm, but to make report to him only. "About 4:45 P. M. we discovered them com- ing out of the timber on foot, and starting toward the jail at a quick stei). They were in single file, north of the old rail fence, and out of sight from an.vone on the ground. They numbered at least one hundred, and perhaps one hundred and fifty, and were carrying their guns at trail and ajiparently as much out of sight as possible. We immediately tried to report, but could not find the Captain and did not, until the mob had reached the jail and commenced their work. Then the call to arms was given, but delays of all sorts prevented a quick formation of the comjiany. so that it did not reach the jail until the work for which the mob came had been accom|)lished and the latter were at a safe distance. "When the first firing was heard, I felt that if I waited for the company I would not see anything: so immediately, without orders, I started for the jail on the run. and got there just as Joe Smith came to the window and was shot He fell out. striking the ground on his left side, his head toward the north. One of the mob went up to him and said 'He is dead, boysl' With that, the mob immediately left, in a quick but orderly manner, in the di- rection whence they came. Smith was not shot, maltreated, or molested in any manner after he fell out of the window, and all such stories by Mormons, or anyone else, are ab- solutely false. "I went up to Smith while the mob was there, and saw that he was dead; then thought that I would go into the jail and see what had taken place there. I found Hyrum Smith dead, lying on his back on the floor, toward the east side of tne room with his head in that direction. One of the men in the hall had shot him by placing his gun against the door panel and shooting through it, the ball strik- ing Smith in the left breast, wnen he fell back- ward and lay in the position in which I found him. I was the first person to enter the room after he was killed. No one was there, and no one came while I was there. Richards, who had escaped being shot, had just carried Taylor out and taken him into the cell depart- ment. After I had satisfied my boyish curi- osity. I went down, and started for home to tell what 1 had seen. As I was going home and when about a block away. I met the com- pany going toward the jail. "It was then in good formation, marching in good time, with guns properly at shoulder and flag flying, as if on dress parade, or ready for business. But as none remained to be done at that late hour, a detail, or guard, was left, and the company returned to quarters. |)ut away their guns, and ail but four of its members broke for the tall timber before the sun arose next day. Xone of them were in the plot — no indeed! "Upon going home I found our house full of excited neighbors. I told my little story to them, which seemed to add fuel to the flames. They had heard the reiwrts of the guns, and some of them had relatives in the company, who they feared had been shot. I was able to assure them that none of the soldiers had been hurt, and that none but the Smiths had been killed. Then began the talk that as soon as the Saints found out that the Smiths had been killed, the Xauvoo Legion and Danite Hand would raid the town, and all would be killed and quartered, or burned at the stake. Soon a Coroner's jury was impaneled and held an inquest. "My father took a team, went to the jail and removed the bodies, together with Taylor, to the hotel; had rough pine boxes made, in which they were placed, and the next morn- ing went with the coffins to Xauvoo — he taking one. and William and Samuel Smith (brothers) the other. That night the town was almost deserted, only four families being left in it — father's. Fred boring's. Abram Baker's, and a widow with a sick child. Such was the hurry to get away from Carthage that many left doors and windows open, which gave I..oring and me quite a job to go around and shut gates, doors and windows. By night a few of the men ■14 HISTORY OF McDOXOUGH COUXTV. came straggling back, and in three or four days most iiad returned. "After the Smiths were l^illed, the county officers, being afraid that the town would be raided by the Mormons and the records burned, got father to send me with a team and take them away. I'd tell all would be a long and interesting story; but. in short. I went, having with me David E. Head and a Mormon girl who was living with Backenstos, the Circuit Clerk and Recorder. We had every valuable record and paper of all the county offices in the one load (could hardly do the job now). We took them to an old sugar camp, about eight miles east of town on the land of Thomas H. Owen, where I left them in charge of Head and re- turned home, arriving a little after sunset to find the town deserted and father and the Smiths preparing to start for Nauvoo with the bodies of the Smiths. I wanted to go: but fa- ther and mother said no, that I had been out all night, and that was enough; so it had to be. "I might relate more of the scenes of those days; but I think it would be of little use now — of the' raid of Backenstos on Carthage, with his three hundred Mormons, at a later date; of the burying of the cannon, to keep him from get- ting it (it was subsequently unearthed by .1. D. Hainline and George Head and taken to McDonough County, where, after remaining some years, it was called for by the United States Government in 1861; and that was the , last of "Emma" ) ; of the celebrated battle of Nauvoo (in which, by the way, I took part); of the stealing of the General's whisky jug. and the treating of our company from it upon our return to camp after the battle was over: of our triumphant entry into the sacred city: of our capture of prisoners (none of whom were taken to Babylon), and starting them on their journey westward — but it is much eas- ier to think them over than to write about them. I have, of late years, thought that I have not received my just dues; the Government has never said pension to me — badly treated! "W. R. Hamilton." Mr. Hamilton also gives a few items relative to the methods of the Mormons which had much to do in inflaming the minds of citizens against them. One Sunday afternoon in 1841, he was present at Nauvoo when Brigham Young preached from the text, "The earth is the Lord's, and the fulness thereof belongeth to His people." A long pause followed the an- nouncement of the text and then he added: "We are His people. We will appropriate to our use that which the Lord has so bountifully placed before us; and here is what we will de- fend ourselves with" (taking from his pocket a pistol, and laying it on the pulpit before him). One can imagine what kind of a sermon fol- lowed. Mr. Hamilton remarks: "Just such harangues as he made were the means of incit- ing the Mormons to lawlessness and inflaming the minds of the people against them. No Mor- mon was ever persecuted in tnis county on ac- count of his religion, but on account of his acts following the advice of the Prophet, Patri- arch, Elders and leaders, who, as a rule, were fortune hunters and unprincipled men. I do not mean to say that the Mormons were all bad people, for they were not; but at times they were religious fanatics and thought the Prophet and the leaders could do no wrong. I saw and knew by sight nearly all the leading Mormons, many of whom were frequently in Carthage and stopped at father's hotel; and, with few exceptions, they were quite as well behaved people as could be found. There are some yet living in the county who came in the Mormon era, who are good citizens and have never been disturbed on account of their reli- gion. Political treachery, disregard of law, and unlawful use of the writ of habeas corpus, as practiced by the Mormons at Nauvoo, caused the great trouble in this county, and incensed the entire people against them." Then and during the more troublous times, there were Anti-Mormons — termed Gentiles — who at favorable opportunities delivered them- selves of their opinions. The following is a short specimen of these speeches, delivered at a school exhibition in the spring of 1846 by Mr. Hamilton himself, who says his sentiments have not changed to any great extent: "I rise not to plead the cause of the perse- cutor, or to calumniate religion. The first I deem the author of bigotry and ignorance: the last I revere as the highest gift of God to man. The history of the world affords many exam- ples of tyranny, wickedness and cruelty prac- ticed by unprincipled men under the pretended authority of religion — the lewd and lascivious libertine; the low and vulgar blackguard: the ^^^.\n.^^i^ nrST(^RV OF McDOXOL-GH COL-.\TV. heartless tyrant; the despoiler of innocent vir- tue: the pusilianinious I. Barnes. William Conley. Jonas Ho- bert. Levi Street. Harlow Street. James C. Mc- Quarry. John H. Lawton. Ezra Fav. Benjamin F. Easterbrook, Symonds and James H. Carothers. McDoxovGH CofNTV Troops i.\ the Mokmo.v W.vB. — The following constitute* a complete roster of the troops from McDonough County, who were enlisted and participated in the so- called Mormon War. While but few of them survive, with but rare exceptions their descend- ants of the second and third generations are residents of this county, or adjoining sections of the State. It is therefore deemed but proper, as a matter of local history, that these names should be enrolled as pioneers and protectors of their homes and families. The list is taken from the roll of the Paymaster, Captain Wil- liam H. Randolph, on which was found record- ed the amounts paid each officer and private, with the receipts for the same. The names follow : Colonel— E. B. Root. I..ieii tenant-Colon el— Levi Warren. Major — V. E. Remington. Surgeon — Dr. H. G. Avre. .Vdjutant— S. MoFarland. Sergeant-Major— H. Gilfrey. Quartermaster-Sergeants— Thomas Gilfrey. Wil- liam Duncan. Wagoner— Joseph Shnte. Captains — Charles Creel. James M. Wilson. A. P. Smith. Charles W. Waddill. W. S. Hendricks, Vandever Banks, Samuel C. Hogan, William I. Pace. F. D. Lipe. B. Maxwell. John Long. W. F. Blandin. Thomas Davis, J. L. N. Hall. Lieutenants- Joseph .Crawford. J. L. Ross. Harry R. Holden, Thomas Shippey. John R. Edmonston. Milton L. Archer. Thomas Mustain. William Edmonston. Janii's H. Palmer. William B. Clarke. Phili-tus Rice. Johalhan L. Berry. George C. Vest. V. M. Hardin, Peter McClure, Privates— Henrv Thompson. John W. Clarke. Silas Creel. William Brooking. Levi Hampton, John Creel. G. E. Robinson, David Hogsett, E. Brooking. James R. Simpson, Ross Panan. James Kepple. Hugh Ervln. D. M. Crabb. William Hamilton, Thomas Davis. George Nicolas. J. H. Michael. Valentine Clayton, R. McClure. William Stevens, John Crawford. .Andrew Walker. Ephralm Banning, P. Hamilton, Perrv Langtord. I. C. Webb. John Baker. John Smith. H. H. Burr. Patrick Langhlln. Richard Bright well. \. L. Twyman .■\bsolom Parker. Bethel Owen. J. C. D. Carmack. .\ndrew -Alison, John C. Webb. A. Dorothy. Harrison Hungate, Joseph P. Gales. B. T. Gibson. Robert Black. James Rasor. ICdmond Mavlor, Hugh Black. Samuel Mct^lure. William S. Bailey. Edmond Barber. John McCormick. Shad. Campbell. Benjamin Stephen, Robert Barber. Thomas Dungan. George W. Mitchell, Francis Wayland, Francis Rice, Travis Miller. J. J. Wyatt. .\nilrew Allison. .\nderson Cannon. Henry Perry. John Fletcher. Joseph Ballev. Elijah Stephens. John Barrett. William Gahagan, 7i6 HISTORY OF .McDOXOUGH COUNTY D. R. Hamilton. W. M. McCartney, Wiley M. Sloan, O. H. Caplev. C. W. Dunsworth. Lewis Mourning, A. Stephens, Thomas J. Hunt, AVilliam Boyd, Edmond Bean, J- J. Lower. James Chamberlain, Isaac Bacon. Eliphate Jarvis. William B. Baker, G. S. Hainline, R. J. Scott, John S. Wilson, H. H. McGee. James Dye. Stephen White, W. W. Clayton, Silas Parker. James Stroud, James Wilson, John Rollins. J. W. Walker. Samuel McCarey, George Head, A. G. Hainline. Jacob Stickle. J. Mitchell. J. H. Head. Harper McCandless, John S. Campbell, John Snapp. Jonathan Palmer, Garrett Bonham, G. Vanhowten, George W. Wade, Durham Creel, Nicolas Bowman, Calvin Canote. Thomas K. Waddle, Charles Kepple, John Bishop. John Stokes. John M. Jackson, Michael Harris, George Boothe, William Stewart, S. A. Hunt. Patrick Arber. Richard Musson, Joseph Riley. Shad Goan. Peter Dye, Thomas" White, Luke Prentice, Levi Done. William Stroud, J. L, Cross, J. M. Head, William B. Head. Robert Garheart, A. J. Walker, Eli Campbell. William Lower. Samuel M. Not. A. Fulkerson. William B. Clarke, A. D. McBride, George Painter, Samuel Bland, J. B. Stapp. Orin Chatterton. Michael Youst. G. W. Eyres. Nathan Hainline. Samuel Clarke. Nelson Montgomery C. W. Fulkerson. Hugh McDonough, Jonathan Parker, Asa Decker, Andrew Jackson, T. B. McCormick, John E. Jackson. George W. Neece. James Perrv. A. H. Rutledge. Joseph Haines. John W. Fugate. Thomas Shoopman. Edward Dixon. B. B. Edmondson. Thomas E. Smedlev. Caleb Husted. H. V. Craig. Robert Clugston. G. W. Shoopman, John Wilson. Jr., C. Pruit. J. C. Vawter. Russell Riggs. John Nankeville. Charles Patrick. Nathan Dunsworth. Thomas Hunt. Arch. Holstein. Washington Owens. Samuel Dark. J. Q. McClure. Robert Hall. William Parks. Peter Riggs. Nlmrod Duskili. Jacob ^^'aimac. John I. Foster. John Crisp. James McPeters. J. J. Mathews. William Ellis. William W. McCormick. Zoel Wayland. Thomas Allison. G. C. Lane. Jesse Neece. Alexander Provine, Jacob Massingill, Boston Seybold, Israel Camp. Jr.. William J. Despain, Jonathan Comar. Nathan Scott. William Lovely, L. M. Hobart." George Hume. David Scott. Isaac Fugate. Jacob Morgan. Jacob S. Mathews. B. Mason. John G. Stoneking, J. J. Smedley. John Bundridge. Samuel Calvin. John McCoy. Carroll Lane. William Venard. William T. Wells, ^Villiam Shannon. John E. Riggs. William Thompson. M. C. Archer. James Dunsworth, Amos Gibson. Robert McCumsev. John Patrick. John Ferguson. Robert Archer. G. A. Tayl. George Venard. John B. Case. James C. Archer. William W. Wilson, A. J. Edmondson, William Owens, Samuel Wilson. Hugh B. Smilev. John Monk. N. B. Hardin, B. 'O'hittingtnr.. \\'illiam Badgor. John C. Conan;s, Ambrose G. Owen, Lewis Scalf, Charles Jackson, David Kepple. John Badger. William Grafton. Matthew Framel, B. B. Jackson, D. Bovd. John Tidwell. Josiah Ralston, Isaac Garrett, Isaac Smith, H. Melton. Bird Smith. Joseph D. Wear. Andrew D. V. ear, Augustus Lillard, David Jenkins. John Kennedv, John Hill. Nicholas Jarvis. Isaac Welch, V. A. Cadwell. J. R. Welch. H. J. Averill. William Carmack, William Walker, N. B. Wooley, Othias DeHaven. Jessie Hainline. John Logan. Jr.. Henry Martin. William Hard^.=;ty, James Sevbold. E. T. Monarch. Jacob Hutchison. C. C. Hungate. Frank Clarke, S. H. Gillian, William Owens, David Badger, Allen Porter, Elias Clem, Thomas JacUson, \Mlliam Gibson, C. McDonough, Nathaniel Barker. James Moore. George Crossier. Peter McDonough. R. G. King. Roswell Tyrreil. Ladwick Courier. C. G. Gilchrist. ^^'illiam Ervin, James Rigdon. Isham Rigdon. John Smith. H. Garrett. Henry Garrett, Allen Melton, John B. Wear, W. Melton. Nathan Stephens. James Hendricks. Reuben Alexander. Solomon Kennedy. Levi Sawyer. Isaac Howell. N. C. Averill. G. W. Welch. Jefferson Welch. John James. Moses Stookev, « Ruf us Botts. James Williams. James Dorouthv. Hiram Hainline. William Martin. Joshua White. James Milsaps. Henry H. Morjarch. Sanford Past. Joseph Overton. John I^edgerwood. J. H. Hughes. Francis McSpirit, J. H. Baker. Reuben Harris, D. Bristow. Wesley Langford. H. Mayhew. Robert Dorothy. J. E. Lansdown. D. F. Martin, G. G. Guv. J. Rollins. William Strikle. Thomas J. Caldwell, B. J. Welch. Harry Carmack, H. S. Head. William D. Mustain, William J. Epperson. E. F. Randall. James P. Birthland. C. A. Brown. Joseph Duncan. Simeon Everett, John Hall. John L. Charter. Redmond Grigsby. David Alton. Hugh Conner. William Moss. Philetus Charter. B. B. Head. Squire Charter. Samuel Dunlay, James Grigsby, John Vance, Alva Alton, John Duncan, Alex. McCullin. Norman Davis, N. Herrin. G. A. Farwell, Samuel Hanev, B. Past. Jasper Twichell. G. Hainline. John Pyrdy. Jacob Humbart. Smith Haines. A. C. Bristow. Daniel Duncan. Sylvester Ruddle. Preston Anderson. James Peak. Lewis Past. Lorenzo Twichell. S. Stewart. William Scott. 'V^'illiam Humbert. Allen Bland. '\^'illiam \^'alker. B. R. Hamptor, Martin Miles, Hiram Bellew. Robert Kellison. James D. Eads, Nathan Ferris. Thomas Speaks. William E. Duncan, William Wilson. H. G. Woodside, Francis McKay, Henry Dorothy, Silas Grigsby, Henry Alton. John Hagerty. George Bughman. John Bowman. A. L. Bryant. Ephraim Hammer. John T. Mustain. James Ward. William Grigsby, HISTORY OF McDOXOUGH COUXTY. 717 Isaac Bogart. Jacob Keithlty. A. G. MoCord. William .Mrl'ord. Slix'um W'ooley. Charles Marin. Beta Hasklns. Oliver r. Smith. Robert Andrews. James F. Greenup, Anson Richardson. William Waddle, t.'ynis Wing. James McKte. James Fulton. Jonas Hushaw. \\'atson fhockley, Richard Chockley, William Toland. George AVoods. John Seward. Thomas Ballev. George W. Shultz. James H. .\tklnson, Jerry Sullivan. John Allison. Samuel Pallock. William Henley. Benjamin Miller. Gholson Lane. Jesse Beck. G. W. Coker. Alfred Gibson, William Rice. John Hushaw. Joel Pennington. F. C. Tomberlin. A. J. Cockram. Nathan Hayes. Wesley Harlan. William B. Peak. David Later. Jeremiah Sullivan, Robert L. Dark. Morton Pringle. N. Edmondson. D. C. Riggs. William H. Pringle, Isaac McCowen, John Friend. A. Edmondson, James Jarvis. Roily Martin. Moses Hasklns. John Caldwell. S. X. C. Pennington. Henry W. Foster. Thomas Richardson. Martin Miles. Robert Comer. Clem Rlddlck. John W. Lane. James McCurdy. Elam Chockley. Benjamin Chockley. Isiim J. David. Thomas Toland. Randolph Hall. D. Sandrldge. John P. Klnkade, Waller Scott, Kanlel t.^ourtwright. W. Courtwright. R. A. Brazelton. R. Garrett. John M. Sullivan. Adonljah Hungaie. CHAPTER X\T. MILITARY HISTORY. MDO.NOUGU COLXTY PATRIOTISM — THE WI.N.NEBAGO A.VD BLACK HAWK WAKS — SOLDIEBS FROM M'dO.VOIGH COrXTY WHO SEBVED DUBIXG THE l.\TTER— THE WAB OF THE REBKLUOX— CAUSES WHICH LEI) IP TO THAT STRIGGI.E— THE F.VLL OF FT. .SlllTER AND LI.NCOLN's FIR.ST CALL FOB VOL- U.\TEER.S — PATRIOTIC BESPOXSE OF M'DOXOUGH COIXTY — MILITARY ORGAXIZATIOXS OF WHICH M'DOXOUGH COUXTY VOLUXTEEBS TORMED A PART —LIST OF OFFICEBS AXD PBIVATES WITH B.\TTLES IX WHICH THEY PABTICIPATEII .\ EEMIXISCEXCE OF THE SVRBEXfiER OF VICKSBURG— M'DOXOrCH COIXTY "ROLL OF HOXOB"— .SOLPIERs" MOXIMEXT .\XI) ITS DEDICATIOX— MEXICAX AM> SPAXISH- AMERICAX WARS. The records of McDonough County have ever proven that, whenever men or means have been required for the defense of the State or nation. She has promptly come to the front. Including the Black Hawk War and the conflict with Spain, her citizens have bravely responded to the call to arms, and demonstrated on many a battle field that unyielding bravery which was the salvation of the Union and which has prov- en the rock of defense for the nation at large. The Black Hawk War.— The cause of this war with the famous Western Chief reaches beyond the Winnebago, or Sauk. War of 1S27. Prior to that date even, the Indians upon the northern boundary of Illinois were not only engaged in hostilities with each other, but in 1825 extended their warfare toward the white settlements. A combination was formed by the different tribes of Indians under Red Bird. a chief of the Sioux, to exterminate the white Invaders above Rock River. The league com- menced operations by killing two white men near Prairie du Chien, Wis., in July, 1S27, and near the close of the same month they attacked two keel-boats as they were returning from Fort Snelling, whither they had conveyed mill- / HISTORY OF McDOXOL"GH COUNTY. tary stores. Before the savages were repulsed they had killed two ot the crew and wounded four others. Anticipating trouble, Governor Edwards had Issued orders on the 14th of July, 1827, to the commandants in General Hansen's brigade, lo- cated on the east side ot the Illinois River, to detach one-fourth of their respective regiments, and hold them m readiness to meet any attack made by the Indians. On the same day he is- sued orders for the acceptance of 600 volun- teers. Under this call one company of cavalry and four companies of infantry were recruited and marched to Galena; but Red Bird and six of his principal chiefs had surrendered, and the campaign came to an end. While these troops were being recruited and proceeding to the scene of action, the settlers were not idle. A committee of safety had been formed, and, in accordance with the orders of Governor Edwards, the miners in the vicinity of Galena were enrolled in companies and equipped, temporary defenses also being erect- ed. This militia was placed under command of General Henry Dodge, and formed a force auxiliary to the 600 regulars under command of General Atkinson. U. S. A. These forces also proceeded against Red Bird and his warriors, but, as stated, before their services were re- quired, that chief, with six of his associates, had voluntarily surrendered; among the latter was the celebrated Black Hawk. (See "Black Hawk," pp. 48-49, Historical Encyclopedia part of this work, and "Black Hawk War," pp. 609- 615 same.) The captive Indians were detained several months. Red Bird dying while a prisoner. Some of the savages were tried, convicted of murdering white citizens, and executed Decem- ber 26, 1827. This was the end of the Winne- bago War, which was followed by the Black Hawk outbreak four years later. About this time (1829), as Governor Ed- wards states, the President issued his procla- mation according to law, and, in pursuance thereof, all the country above Rock River — ■ the ancient seat of the Sauk nation — was sold to American families, and in the following year it was taken possession of by them. To avoid difficulty with the tribes, a treaty, con- firming previous ones, was made with the Sacs and Foxes, on the 15th ot July, 1830. by the provisions of which they were to remove peace- ably from the Illinois Country. A portion ot the Sacs, under their principal Chief, Keokuk, quietly retired across the Mississippi. The set- tlers who had purchased land at the mouth of Rock River made an arrangement with the In- dians who remained there, by which the latter were to cultivate their old fields under the pro- visions of the treaty empowering the Indians to remain so long as the lands remained the property of the Government — i. e., until they were sold to white proprietors. Black Hawk, however, a restless and uneasy spirit who had ceased to recognize Keokuk as chief, emphatically refused to remove from the lands, or to respect the rights to them claimed by white "squatters." He insisted that Keo- kuk had no right to make such a treaty, and, gathering around him a large number of the warriors and young men of the tribe who were anxious to distinguish themselves as braves, he determined to dispute with the whites the possession of the ancient seat of his nation. Having rallied around him the braves of the Sac and Fox nations, he recrossed the Missis- sippi River in the spring of 1S32. Upon hearing of the invasion. Governor Rey- nolds hastily collected a body of 1,800 volun- teers and placed them under command of Biig- adier General Whiteside. The little army marched to the Mississippi and, having reduced to ashes the Indian village of Prophetstown, pro- ceeded several miles up the river to Dixon, there joining the regular forces under General Atkinson, which place thus became the tem- porary headquarters ot the army of defense. Numerous skirmishes occurred, but none led up to a general engagement. Two companies of volunteers at Dixon, who were anxious for glory, were dispatched to reconnoiter the ene- my. Under command of Major Stillman. they advanced to a creek afterward named Still- man's Run, and while encamping there saw a party of Indians (mounted), at a distance of about a mile. Several of Stillman's men sprang upon their horses and charged the enemy, kill- ing two of the savages: but they, in turn, were fiercely attacked and completely routed by the main body of Indians under Black Hawk. By their rapid flight the little party of volunteers spread such a panic through the entire camp that the whole company ran off to Dixon, re- turning to headquarters, in bands ot four or five, during the whole night, each squad posi- HISTORY OI- M.DOXorCH C'orXTV 719 live that all those left behind had been mas- sacred. Although the expedition was the source of considerable merriment, roll call showed that eleven of the company had been killed, so that in reality the venture was pain- fully disastrous, and a monument has been erected by the State in commemoration of those who lost their lives at Stillman's Run. In June, 1832. Black Hawk, with a band of 150 warriors, attacked the Apple River fort, near Galena, defended by twenty-five men. It was a mere palisade of logs, erected to afford rude protection to the miners. But knowing that no quarter would be given if they sur- rendered, the small band of defenders fought with fury and desperation for fifteen long hours, and shot to the death so many of the at- tacking party that the Indians were forced to retreat. Skirmishing and fighting were continued throughout the summer of 1832, until at last the troops under Generals Atkinson and Henry joined forces, struck the main trail of Black Hawk's wari^iors and marched hastily toward the Mississippi. Not far from its banks they ■ came up with the main body of Indians, who. seeing that a battle was inevitable, charged the troops, who received them with their bayo- nets. The enemy fought with desperate valor, but the volunteers returned the charge, cutting many of the Indians to pieces and driving the remainder into the river. In the engagement, the Indians lost 300. besides fifty prisoners; the whites, seventeen killed and twelve wounded. Black Hawk and his companions were con- fined at Fortress Monroe, but on June 4, 1833, by order of the President, they were freed and. under conduct of Major Garland, returned to Rock Island. Amid impressive ceremonies, they were then formally given their liberty. In all his visits to the whites Black Hawk was thereafter received with marked attention. He was usually present at the reunions of the old settlers and at other meetings, and was always treated as a brave and intelligent man. In September, 1838, while on his way to Rock Island, to receive his annuity from the govern- ment, he contracted a severe cold, which re- sulted in a fatal attack of bilious fever, ter- minating in his death, on the 3d of October, 1838. At his decease Black Hawk was dressed in the uniform presented to him by the Presi- dent while in Washington. He was buried in a grave si.\ feet In depth, upon an eminence overlooking the Des Moines River in Davis County, Iowa, the body being placed in a sitting posture upon a seat constructed for the pur- pose. On his left side the cane given him by Henry Clay was iilaced upright, with his right hand resting \ipon it. His remains were afterward stolen, but they were recovered by the Governor of Iowa and placed in the mu- seum of the Historical Society at Burlington, where they were finally destroyed by fire. In June. 1832. a battalion of men was raised in this and Warren Counties, under the call of the Governor dated the previous 20th of .May. The command consisted of mounted rangers, and the organization was effected at Macomb, the Warren County men coming here for that purpose. Samuel Bogart, of McDon- ough County, was chosen Major, and Peter Butler, of Warren, First Lieutenant. They marched to the town of Oquawka, and were there stationed for the purpose of guarding the "frontier." They were out eighty-six days, but performed no special service. They drew their rations with laudable regularity, ate heartily, played euchre, and visited the friendly Indian camps on the opposite side of the river. At the expiration of their term, they returned to Macomb and received their discharge: but for years afterward they could be found in groui)s, swapping stories about the jokes they played on each other — laughing as heartily when the fun was against them as when with them — and generally discussing the good old times of the Black Hawk War. The following were among those from Mc- Donough County who served in the Black Hawk canii)aign. ready for whatever might come: Samuel Bogart. Major: John Wilson, Second Lieutenant; Abraham Dover and Asa Cook, Sergeants; Lewis F. Temple. Corporal; Moses Booth. J. il. Campbell, David Clarke, Jacob Coffman, Isaac Cranshaw, Thomas Car- ter, Andrew Calhoun. Uriah Cook. Daniel Campbell. Berry Jones. John Jones, Iraby Job, Larkin Osborn, John McFadden, Jeff Penning- ton, John L. Russell. William Sackett, William Southward. George Tetherow. James Tetherow, Orasmus Farrington, Nicholas Campbell. John Hardisty, Peter Hays. Nathaniel Hays. J. J. C. Head, Shadrach Goens, John Jackson, Lace Jones, Z. Kirkland, John Lathrop, Isaac Morris, 720 HISTORY OF McDDXOrr.H CDUXTY. Solomon Osborne, S. P. Lewis. Langley. P. H. Smith, Shannon, David Tetherow, William Tetherow, F. C. Tomberlin and Robert L. Dark. The men received eighty-six cents per day and horses, besides rations and forage, and subsequently each man also received a bounty of eighty acres of land. So far as can be ascertained, all of the above list are dead. W.\R OF THE Rebellion. — The institution of slavery was always a source of trouble between the free and slave-holding States. The latter were always fearful that the former would en- croach upon their rights, and even in the State of Illinois, during the Coles administra- tion in 1S22-24, the issue was fought to a conclu- sion with great zeal and many heated discus- sions. Governor Coles represented the Free State element, and the cause was chiefly won by him and his adherents. Compromise measures were adopted, from time to time, to settle the vexed question, but all proved futile. Threats of secession were often made by the slave-holding States, but when conciliatory measures were passed, no attempt was made to carry out such threats. Finally came the repeal of the Missouri Com- promise coupled with the adoption of the Kan- sas-Nebraska bill, opening certain territory to slavery, which, under the compromise of 1820, was to be forever free. At that time the Whig party was gradually passing away, and the great body of that organization, together with certain Democrats who were opposed to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, united (in May, 1856) to form the Republican party, which had for its specific work the prevention of the further spread of slavery in the United States. The re.sult of the battle, fought along these lines, was to elect a Republican Governor and other State officers in 1856, and Abraham Lincoln, President, in November, 1860. The Southern States at once prepared to carry out their threat of secession. Measures to that end were adopted by the State of South Carolina, in a convention held on the 20th of December, 1860, declaring ■'that the Union now existing between South Carolina and the other States of North America is dissolved, and that South Carolina has resumed her position among the nations of the earth, as a free, sovereign and independent State, with full power to levy war and conclude peace, contract alliances, es- tablish commerce, and do such other acts and things which independent States may of right do." On the 24th of December Governor Pick- ens issued-his proclamation endorsing the same in due form, and two days later Major Ander- son evacuated Fort Moultrie and occupied Fort Sumter, for the reasoh that the walls of the former were only fourteen feet high and so situated that the guns of the enemy commanded the situation. His appeals for reinforcements were unheeded by President Buchanan, and en- tirely ignored by Secretary of War Floyd. Measures of grave import were now culmin- ating with rapid strides. On the 2Sth of Decem- ber, 1860, South Carolina occupied Fort Moul- trie and Castle Pinckney, and hoisted the pal- metto flag on the ramparts. On the following day Floyd resigned his seat in Buchanan's cab- inet, charging that the President, in refusing to remove Major Anderson from Charleston Harbor, designed to plunge the country into Civil War, and adding. "I cannot consent to be the agent of such a calamity." On the same day the South Carolina commissioners present- ed their official credentials at Washington, which, on the next day (December 30) were declined. In rapid succession other States followed the lead of South Carolina. On the 2d of January, 1861, Georgia declared for secession, and took possession of tne United States arsenal at Au- gusta and of Forts Pulaski and Jackson. On the 4th of the month, the Alabama and Mis- sissippi delegations in Congress telegraphed the conventions of their respective States to secede, telling them that there was no prospect of a satisfactory adjustment. On the 7th of Janu- ary, the conventions of Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee met in secession conclave. Florida adopted an ordinance of secession Jan- uary 10th, Alabama on the 11th, Louisiana on the 25th and Georgia on the 19th. On the 9th of February, 1861, a provisional constitution was adopted by the Confederate States of America, at Montgomery, Ala., modeled on the basis of the constitution of the United States, with modifications designed to protect slavery. Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was chosen President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice-President. Abraham Lincoln was duly inaugurated Pres- ident of the United States. March 4, 1861, the ceremonies, which were witnessed by a vast / (^^d^i^j^ ^o-^ULy HISTORY OF McDOXOLGH COUNTY. ■21 concourse of people, taking place on the east side of the capitol. before taking the oath Mr. Lincoln read his inaugural address, which was enthusiastically received by the Unionists and the world at large. On Friday, April 12, 1S61. the surrender of Fort Sumter, with its garrison of sixty effective men, was demanded and refused by the gallant Major Robert An- derson. Fire was at once opened on the help- less defenders by the Confederate forces, num- bering several thousands, and two days later the formal surrender of the little band of t^nion forces was the inevitable result of their inadequate means of defence. The Civil War. with all its horrors, had now commenced be- yond recall. On Monday. April loth. President Lincoln is- sued the following proclamation: "WiiERK.vs, The laws of the United States have been for some time past, and are now- opposed, and the execution thereof obstructed in the States of South Carolina, Alabama, Flor- ida. Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas, by com- binations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial i)roceedings, or by the power vested in the Marshals; "Now. therefore. I, Abraham I^incoln, Presi- dent of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested by the Constitution and laws, have thought to call forth, and hereby do call forth, the militia of the several States of the Union, to the number of seventy-five thousand men. in order to suppress said com- binations, and to cause the laws to be duly executed. "The details for this subject will be immedi- ately communicated to the State authorities through the War Department. I appeal to all loyal citizens to favor, facilitate and aid this effort to maintain the honor, the integrity and the existence of our National Union and the |)erpetuity of constitutional government, and to redress wrongs already long endured. I deem it proper to say that the first services assigned to the forces hereby called forth will probably be to repossess the forts, places and property which have been seized from the Union: and in every event the utmost care will be ob- served, consistent with the object aforesaid, to avoid any devastation, any destruction of, or interference with property, or any disturbance of peaceable citizens in any part of the coun- try: and I hereby command the persons com- posing the combinations aforesaid to disperse and retire peaceably to their respective abodes, within twenty days from this date. "Deeming that the present condition of pub- lic affairs presents an extraordinary occasion. I do hereby, in virtue of the power vested in me by the Constitution, convene both Houses of Congress; the Senators and Representatives are hereby summoned to assemble at their re- spective chambers at 12 o'clock, noon, on Thursday, the 4th day of July next, then and there to consider and determine such measures as, in their wisdom, the public safety and in terest may seem to demand. "In witness whereof. I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. "Done at the city of Washington, on the fif teenth day of April, in the year Of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, and of the independence of the United States the eighty-fifth. "By the President, Abrah.xm Lincoln. "WiLi.iA>[ H. Sewaro. Secretary of State." When the firing upon Fort Sumter became known to the citizens of McDonough, the par- tisan feelings which had heretofore existed were swept away, and, in the language of the immortal Stephen A. Douglas, already quoted, "but two parties couid exist— patriots and traitors." When the President issued his call for 75,000 men. McDonough County responded without delay, and when, a few days there- after, he sent out his call for 300,000 more, others were ready to go the front. Democrats and Republicans alike participated in the meet- ings held in various parts of the county, at which resolutions were adopted setting forth in strongest terms undying devotion to the Union. At Macomb. April 17. ISfil. a large and enthusiastic meeting was held, and a commit- tee was appointed, consisting of Nelson Ab- bott, Charles Chandler. A. K. Lowry. W. E. Withrow. .lohn Knappenberger and Carter Van Vleck, to prepare resolutions expressing the sense of the meeting. This committee, com- posed of three Democrats and three Republi- cans, presented the following, which were en- thusiastically adopted: "WiiKRKAs. War against the Government of the United States has been commenced by the authorities of the so-called Confederate States. by assailing and reducing Fort Sumter, a fort- 722 HISTORY OF McDtJXOUGH COUNTY. ress garrisoned and defended by United States soldiers, and under the sacred protection of the United States fiag; and ■•WiiEiiKAs, The President of the United States has issued his proclamation reciting that 'the laws of the United States have been, and are opposed in several States by combinations too powerful to be suppressed in the ordinary way,' and calling for volunteers to suppress said combinations and execute the laws; be it -Resolved, By tue citizens of McDonough County, without distinction of party, in mass meeting assembled, that it is the duty of all loyal and patriotic citizens, at whatever cost of blood and treasure, to support and sustain the constituted authorities of the United States in their lawful efforts to preserve the Union, maintain the integrity of the Constitution and the supremacy of all the laws, protect the Federal capital and sustain the honor of the national flag; ••Resolved. That while we would be glad to see such legislation adopted by the Federal and State Governments as would, it possible, bring about an honorable reconciliation between the citizens of the several States, yet we deem it the duty of our Legislature about to assemble to pass such laws as will render the General Government speedy and efiicient aid in all its lawful endeavors to carry out the objects in- dicated in the foregoing resolution. -Resolved. That the Stars and Stripes are the emblems of the country's liberties and hon- or, and, wheresoever floating. It is the duty of every American citizen to yield to that flag unconditional allegiance and undying devo- tion." At a public meeting held in Colchester, on the 19th of April, it was noted that, although its citizens were largely foreign-born, they were earnestly loyal to the flag and adopted the following: '•Resolved. That we, the citizens of Colches- ter and vicinity, have no ill feeling toward any political party, and say, with the immortal Clay, that we know no North, no South, no East, no West — we know only the welfare of our country; ••Resolved, That, in view of our present crisis, we pledge our support to the Administration for the purpose of sustaining the Government, the Constitution and the Union. In doing so, we show that we are not degenerate sons of '76." At Foster's Point, on the evening of the 27th of April, the citizens of that place and vicinity assembled and adopted the following: "Whebeas, The Government of the United States has been assailed; the flag of our coun- try fired upon and dishonored; our country threatened with destruction; therefore -Resolved. That, without respect to party, we declare our undying devotion to the Union, the Constitution and the enforcement of the laws; •■Resolved. That we know no government but our Government, no country but our country, and no flag but the Stars and Stripes of our honored sires." Similar meetings were held in every school house and in many of the churches, to give ex- pression to the universal sentiment of loyalty of the people throughout the county. The Flag, the Constitution and the Laws were the watchwords of old and young, and well did they uphold their patriotic devotion by their deeds of endurance, heroism and bravery on many a weary march and bloody battle-field. Recruiting offices were at once opened in every township, village and city, and the drum and fife were abroad in the land. On the 20th of April, 1861, 108 men formed a company, which was recruited by V. Y. Ralston, editor of the "Macomb Journal." and the work of re- cruiting in McDonough County never stopped until the final surrender of Lee. The following names of troops enlisted in this county are taken from the Adjutant Gen- eral's report to the State Legislature: SEt'OND ARTILLKRY. Battery H. Sergeant— Jonas Eckdall. Jellison. John. McCartney. John. Jlegan. Martin. Stewart, Charles. Whitten. James, Walter. Isadore. Privates- Clark. Peter. Sr., Clark. Peter. Jr.. Rutishamer. Jacob. Smith. James. Waldrick. Patrick. Corporal. Newton. This battery was organized at Camp Butler, near Springfieid. 111., in December, 1S61, by Captain Andrew Stenbeck. It was mustered into the service on December 31st, and on the 1st of February moved to Cairo. Stationed first at Fort Holt, it subsequently took part in the siege of Fort Pillow, and was ordered suc- cessively to Columbus. Ky., and Henderson, Smithfield and Clarksville, Tenn. Om the 1st of January, 1864, the command was mounted HISTORY OF McDOXOUGH 0)L\r>- 723 as cavalry, and participated in sldrmisties at Canton and Rock Castle Ford, Ky., after which, until July 15, 1865, it went into garrison at Clarl z o w o X > r m M o o z HISTORY iW McDONOlHJH COUXTV 729 woiimled. showing a record equal to any regi- ment in the field during the war. Privates— Wagoner. Jacob THIRTIETH INFANTRY. Company B. Whe&ler. Benjamin F. FIFTIETH INFANTRY. ("omuany D. rriviUis— McManislc. William R.. Willis. John J. <'ompany F. Privates— L'liirke. Thaildeus S.. Elvans. William H., MeManlmle^ W., Mvers. Nuah, .Mhertiin. Finley B.. ICwalt. Nicholas. McManimie. Marion A. Perkey. Daniel. Strode, Jesse B. FIFTY-FIFTH INFANTRY. Ueutenant-t'tdonel — Milton Iv. Major— G. F. Hajid. t'haplaln— M. U. Haney. Company F. Haney. -Joshna R. Benton. David Parks, John First -Lieutenant;^ Hhnson. First-Sergeant— James M. Shreeves. Sergeant- George Sanford. Corporals- George H. Rogers, David M. Cram baugh. Giles F. Hand. Musician- David J. Matheny. Privates- Brady, .Archibald C.. Benton. Jitshtia. Carnes. William H., Crowl, William A., Dewey. John C. liunlap. I.eGrand, Kads, John. Fowraker. George W., Fugate. Robert M., Holmes. David N.. H*'nsley, Samuel H.. Hartsook. Jfiseph, Hutchins. George W., Inman, Jesse N., Jamestm, Robert S,, Long. Samuel. Lybarger. .Milton C. Medaris. Joseph B.. Mediiris. John C., Miller. Jacob C. >T(iore. .Mbertson, Newkirk. George W., Putman. Joseph P.. Patterson. Koliert S.. Potlnger. Samuel W.. Kog<-rs, Lewis B., Rickman. M(»ses B., Boiith. William. Kane. George. Carries. John. Crowl. George P., I>ewev, Edwin, Davis. Lloyd P.. Kwing. Joseph B.. Fost«-r. Channlng B., Fleharty. John N.. Hartsook. Daniel. Hendricks. Jjimes. Hartnian. .Aaron V.. Iloyt. Oliver J., Jones, Samuel, Johnson, John A., Long, George W.. Mead. Alfred. Maxwell. William J.. Miller, George S., McComl), Matthew, McDonaUl, James, Powers. John. Putman. Jh C. Lovelace. J. W.. Mills. David M., Mvers. John H., Smith, W. N.. Williams. Andrew Moorey. Harvey Privates — Dowmen. John. Kennedy. John. L.. W. Ball. Harrison. Baldwin, William G., l-oggswell, L. S.. A., Ervin. E, P.. Earley. William Fitzsimmons. T. , Gillesiile. James Hogue, William P., Jackson, George W., McKaig. R. B., Mctjueen, IL B.. Oglesby, Jo.seph, Sexton. John. Drake. D. N.. llensley, Samuel F. (J'ompany H. Ford, William. Merrick. John. Randi>lph. William. Company K. Cox. Robert M. The Fiffy-fltth Regiment w\'is organized at Camp Douglas. Chicago, October 31, 1861, and departed for the field on the 9th of No- vember. It was present at the siege of At- lanta, and at the battle of Jonesboro, August 31, 1864, iost twenty-three men. It was mus- tered out of sen'ice August 14. 1865, having, during its term, marched 3,374 miles. Mc- Donough County was represented by 12.5 men, of whom 3 were liilled, 14 died and 17 were wounded. FIFTY-SEVENTH 1N1'"ANTRY. Company I. First-Lieutenant- Martin Hoagland. Second-Lieutenants— William S. Hendricks. John T. Parvin. Privates — .Anderson. P^lljah E., Hanks. George. Pellv. David. Smith. Richard L.. Downey. James. Jacob, Benjamin F., Brown. William P., McCord. William, Ralibitt. Robert. Smith. Henry. Head. Richard R.. .Miamilton P., I^ne, Benjamin F,, Monfort, L. M., Mc<~'andless, Wilson, Myers, John V., McClellan, John, Maytleld. Joseph. Pitman. Burress R.. Pembroke, John F., Parker. Henry, Rhea, Ellas B,. Reed. Henry G., Shannon, John F.. Stewart, Francis M., Shannon, James P., Stewart. John F., Smith, Joseph A.. Smith. William F".. Tunis. Isaac. Vincent. David A.. Weaver. John. Wilson. T..ewis R.. Broaddus. Thomas H.. Carroll. John R.. Cupp. William C, Kills. James C. Gibson. Samuel F.. M<'CIure. Hugh. Sims. John. Carroll. Daniel M., Craig. Simeon. Downen. Thomas J., David. George H.. Dallam. Samuel W.. Edmondson. Thomas. Gibson. John. Hows. John B.. Hogue. George P.. Hummer. John M.. I.aughlln. Robert F.. McCandless, M)ts(?s A., Maxwell. John C. McClellan. James C, McClellan. William G.. Pennington. Joseph L., Pitman. George, Plotts. Thomas M.. Painter. George. RIcketts, Harvey. Reeil. William R., Scurider. Jesse B.. Stewart. John W.. Stewart. Thomas B., Scudated was that of Stone River, or Mur- freesboro, which occurred on the 31st of De- cember, 1862, to January 3, 1863. This was one of the bloodiest conflicts of the war, and in them the Eighty-fourth displayed rare gal- lantry, losing 228 men killed and wounded. In June the Eighty-fourth was again with Rose- crans' army in search of General Bragg, and, not finding the enemy at Chattanooga, pushed on rapidly in his rear. September 19th the armies engaged in battle, with indecisive re- sults; finally, on the 20th, Rosecrans retired. General Thomas alone stood between disaster and rout all that long, terrible afternoon, while around his veterans surged the entire Confed- erate force: but he, also, was obliged finally to retire to Chattanooga. The Eighty-fourth was among his heroes, and when the roll was called at Chattanooga, 172 of its men failed to re- spond. On the 24th of November the Eighty-fourth was ordered on duty and took part in the mem- orable battle of Lookout Mountain. It engaged in the battle of Dalton, May 13. 1864. and was also present at Resaca, May 14th; Burnt Hick- ory, May 26th to 31st, and Dallas. June 1st, 2d and 3d. At the battle of Kenesaw Mountain and the siege of Atlanta it bore a prominent ^^^c HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. 733 part. When Sherman's army drew out of At- lanta, Thomas' Corps was left to defend Nash- ville, and during the sanguinary contlicts at Franl^lin and Nashville, December 15th and IC.th. the Eighty-fourth sustained its reput;Uion for bravery. The total casualties sustained by this gal- lant regiment numbered .55S men. On the Sth of June, 1865, it was mustered out of the serv- ice and returned home. The 205 men from this county were divided between Companies A. B. C, K and F. Of these. 11 were killed, :!9 died in the service. 39 were wounded and one, ,lohn R. Carroll, was cai)tured and died in An- dersonville Prison. His remains rest in grave No. 7,937. The citizens of the county held this regiment in high esteem, watching care- fully its every movement and rejoicing exceed- ingly at the return of the survivors. EIGHTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. Company A. Campbell. Thomas. Moss, Samuel. Peterman. Davlil P., Randoliih. John H. Company F. Sergeant— James W. Wilson. Private — Hollenbeck, Francis. ONE Ht'NDRED AN1> 'rHIKD INK.VNTRY. Company F. Corporal— Andrew J. Justice. ilusicians— William .\. Smith. William E. Cooper. Privates- Buck. Joseph H., Baughman. Samuel. Buck. Joseph. Holler. William, Post, William. Company G. Ames. Americas. Myers. Artemus. Yocum, John W. ONE HCNOREi:) AN1> lOIGHTEENTH INFANTfiV. Company A. Freeman. John P.. I.eal. Clark, Fortne.v, Henry M., Martin, Henry C. Company B. Bnrham, James T., T.adil, Andrew I... Mattelu, Conrad. Wells. Lewis T., HaiRht, John. McCants, T,eiinder. R.amsey. Samuel. Welder. Alonzo. Company E. Corporals— Jacob I). Bungar, George W. Thomas. Company I. House, William A. Company K. ONE HCNDRED ANIJ NINETEENTH INFANTRY. Company H. Captain— Samuel McConnell. First-Lieutenants — Henrv C. Mullen, Jackson Wells. Second-Lieutenant— Samuel D. Sawyer. First-Sergeant- Nathan B. McGraw. Sergeants— L«vl S. Mills. Robert T. Carter. Joel C. Bond, Parvis H. Moore. Privates — Arthur. Daniel. .\mos, George W., Borxh, James, Jr., Booth. James C., Booth. John. Clark. James. Crownover. F. L.. Ci>\-ert. .John. I>lHK';iii. Benjamin. Plotts. Martin L., Pugh, Alexander. Snook, Roswell H.. Thomas, William. Whittlesev. William H., Maxwell. John A.. Camp, Thomas J., Hvile. Charles. Ralston. David R.. Eby. Jeremiah W.. Hazel. St)lomon, Philip, Felix L., Martin. George W., Toland, D. L. .Anderson. William II.. Faust, Charles. Bomi. Benjamin. Frankenburg. Benjamin, Burch.Ht, Henrv B.. Faulkner. William, Bechtel. David. Gibson. Alphens M., Carter, John R., Hall, James, Covert, Joseph B.. Loggard. Tolbert, Covert. David. Kantz, George, Cruser, DeWitt T. B.. Long, Samuel C.. Duncan. James E., McMasier, William W., Dewey, William H.. Nole. William T.. Frost. Richard T.. Parvin. Isaac M.. Falck. Frederick. Plotts. John C. Fleming, John. Purman. John H., Farley. George. Stearns, Abdallah M., Holiart. John. Sutton. James A., Hunt, Manning F., Wilson. Lewi.s. Kepple. James V., Frankenburg. J. W.. Lemmons. James H., Morris. John. McKennelley. W. L., Couch. William H., McMein, Amnion P., Ittle, John, Oglesby. William T., Wagner. John. Pelly. John D.. The One Hundred and Nineteenth Regiment was organized at Quincy, 111., in September, 1SG2. by Colonel Thomas J. Kinney, and mus- tered into the service on the 10th of October. On November 2d the regiment was ordered to Columbus, Ky., and assigned to the Fourth Brigade, Fifth Division, Sixteenth Army Corps, under General .A.. J. Smith, the Federal forces moving up the Red River to the assistance of General IJanks. The Illinois command took part in all the operations of that expedition, and on April 7th stood the brunt of the bat- tle at Pleasant Hill. They were also present at the battles around Nashville, December 15th and 16th, embarking for New Orleans on the Sth of February. 1865, and engaging in the as- saults at Spanish Fort and Fort Hlakely. Sub- sequently the regiment was ordered to .Mobile and .Montgomery. Ala., and was mustered out of the service August 26, 1.S65, arriving at Camp Butler on the 4th of September. Company ri, of this regiment, contained eighty-one men from .McDonough County, of whom eight were killed in battle and are now slee[)ing in Southern soil. 734 HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-FOURTH INFANTRY. Compa,ny D. Captains— Stephen Brink. Abrahann Newland. Second-Lieutenant— Travis Mellor. Sergeant— John Bechtel. Corporals— John Beglan, James H. Kirk, Joseph Jackson. Musician— William S. Wilson. Privates— Byerly. David, Brodbent, Thomas, Bainbridge. John, Calbert. Simon, Dung-an. John, Deener, William F.. Ennis, John W., Green. William M.. Hickman. William, Hainline, A. J.. McKenzie. William, Mourning. F. M., Bechtel, A. G., Barrett. Abner. Boyd. William H., Chapin. Robert, Dewey. Victor M., Duncan. Joseph, Gartside. Job, Hume. Thomas. Hall. George. Milbourne. William, Moore. John J., Mumma. David, Nelson. E. C, Spicer. Benjamin F., York. John. Burford. William J.. Holton. John W., Huff, Francis M., Jenkins. David. Mitchell. Robert, Mammon. Henry J., Richards, J. H., Shannon. Walter. Shannon. Edward. Swigert, Zachariah, Smith, John. Smith. John T., Terrill, John, Young. George M., Delay. William H.. Hutchinson. A. H., Jarvis. Henry M.. Lowell, John H., Moore. John. Pvle. William A., Richards. John T., Sullivan. M. O.. Sheets. George R.. Twitchell. Almond D., Delay, Jacob, Wear. James M. Company I. Captains— Thomas K. Roach. Benjamin A. Grif- fith. First-Lieutenant— Elijah Barton. Second-Lieutenant— James M. Griffith. Sergeant— James S. Shryak. Corporals— Thomas O. Bugg. David T. Guy, Milo Hobart. William B. Greenup. Musician— Milton J. Stokes. Privates- Bowers, Thomas J., Bugg, Benjamin. Campbell. W. M., Foley. Thomas. Foster. William. Griffith. Cary F.. Harrison. Joseph D., Kennet. Jasper. McDonald. Daniel, Murphy, George C, Overton, Joseph B.. Sypherd. Flavins J., Stodgill. Isaac N., Wooley. Moses F., Creasy. John. Browning. John W.. Bugg, S. A.. Duncan. William H., Forrest. Henry T.. Guy, Nathaniel M.. Hainline. Joseph H.. Hawkins. William B.. McCanley. William. Murfin. William. Morris. William C, Phillips. John C. Stokes, Wesley S., Teas. Joseph C., Yard. Job, Fullerton, Hiram, Foley. James M., Gilbert. George G., Goodling. Lyman. Hainline, David L.. Loveli. John N., McGraw, Calvin. Murphy. Luther. Sweeney. William O., Burrows, William, Frost, Ephraim. Heslop. George P., Leake, Pennel. Morgan. John H.. Silverston. William P Gilbert, Barnard. Gilbert. James R.. Griffin. Joseph F.. Hawkins. Robert B.. Loveli. Charles W.. Morton. George. Rymer. John H.. Wariner. James. Divine. Edwin. Hannaford. Charles I Johnson. Amos B., Masten, Joel H., Paulk. Alfred, Williams. S. L. County, was organized at Camp Butler by Col- onel Thomas J. Sloan, in September, 1862. After being mustered into the service it moved to Jackson, Tenn., where, on October 6th, it was assigned to the Third Brigade. First Di- vision, Thirteenth Army Corps. This regiment took part in nearly all the battles of the West, and those fought along the Mississippi River. In a contest wherein five regiments competed, the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth received a stand of colors as a prize for the best drilled of the contestants. Upon the banner was this inscription: "Excelsior Regiment! Third Di- vision. Seventh Corps. From the hands of Ma- jor-General McPherson, for excelling in soldier- ly appearance, discipline and drill." The reg- iment was mustered out of the service of the United States at Chicago, August -5. 1865. (See on pages 737-738, in the latter part of this chap- ter, under the head, "The Surrender of Vicks- burg." an interesting reminiscence of that event in connection with the history of the One Hun- dred and Twenty-fourth Hlinois. ) one ht'ndred and twenty-fifth infantry; Company H. Coon, Peter. ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. Lieutenant-Colonel— Thomas K. Roach. Surgreon — William A. Huston. Second Assistant Surgeon— Robert G. Scroggs. Acting Assistant Surgeon — Benjamin I. Dunn. Principal Musician — James S. Carroll. Company C. Captain — Brazillia Veach. First -Sergeant— Thaddeus Huston. Sergeant— James H. Drais. Corporals— John B. Russell. James R. Bailey, Fred L. Lancy, Peter Mcintosh. Musician — Charles Penrose. Privates- Brown. Isaac N. P., Cord. Thaddeus C, Darnell. Homer I^.. Duncan. John. Essex. William. Barber. George W.. Cemmis. Samuel. Chai>man. Frank M., Dorothy. Archibald. Eakle. Milton. Herron. Eli P., Hooker. Francis M.. Lea. William J.. Miller. Edward M., Maylor. Albert. Roach. John M., Thompson. James, Kious. Jacob. Martin. John. Moore. Joseph, Nicholas. Henry P., Runkle. Darius. T'pdegraff. A. W. The One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Regi- ment, containing 116 men from McDonough Company D. Captain— John B. Johnson. First -Lieutenant — James Robb. First-Sergeant— Charles Broadbent. Sergeants — Palmer E. Hughson. Peter C. Corporals- James Tannehill. Henry C. Orion H. Bliss. John C. Dew^ey. St ire. King, HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. 735 rrivates— ArboKast. Henry. C'arrirr. GciirKi- D., Diivlf. Alb«Tt \V., Funk. Jcistph H., Krelder. Jacub. Murra.v. Arthur. Painter. Jnii, Hamilton, Sheley, Samuel, Stantial. Christopher (_\imi>any G. First-Lieutenant — John M. Johnson. Privates— Adrook. Georjje P.. Kuek. George W.. Crablree. B. F.. Jellison. Zimri. Johnson. Krge P., Harris, Henry H., Jones. George T., Little, John P.. ' L,eMaster, James L., Martin. Jacob E., Montague, Benjamin, McGlnnis, John F., Pottenger. James H., Pennell, William J., Prindle, C'haimcey K., Pugh, John W.. Rodecker, William H., Scrutchlleld, J. A., Smick, William .■\., Steel, James, Walker. James H., Woollev. Ijewls B., Wychoff. Daniel L., \\'ilson. Nelson M., Walker, Robert A. The One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Regi- ment, Illinois Volunteer Infantry, was organ- ized at Quincy. by Colonel John Wood, and mustered into the 100-days" service on the 5th of June, lSfi4. Four days later it proceeded to Memi)hls. where it was assigned to the Fourth Brigade, District of Memphis, Colonel E. L. Baltwick. of the Thirty-ninth Wisconsin Infan- try, commanding. McDonough County fur- nished 153 men to the regiment, distributed as ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. Company A. Duncan, Dr. B. A. ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-FIRST INFANTRY. Company C. Captains — George C. Steach, James L. Cochran. First-Dleutenant— Harvey T. Gregg. Quartermaster-Sergeant- Isaiah L. Bailey. Commissary-Sergeant— Zimri M. Parvln. Hospital Steward— Wiley C. Longford. Sergeants— William H. Parrish. Henry Arbogast. Corporals— John H. Dixon. John W. Painter, Rollins Whittlesey, Thomas R. Ritenour, Abraham Arthurs. John H. Snook. Charles E. Blackburn. Musicians— WMIber C. Clark, Richard Hillyer. Privates— W^agoner, J. S. K.. Atkinson. William H., Brink, Stephen. Beaver, Francis M.. Campbell, Murray L., Collier. Thoma.s. Davidson. Ezekiel C Dean. Thomas W., Gray, James A., Gadden, Cyrus J.. Hickman. Bayard, Iseman. David. Johnson. Joseph, Lester. Calvin. Laughlin. Edwin F., Moore. James W., Montgomery. John, Mariner, George, Markham, Bvron, Marsh, Gilbert H., Niekerson. D. A.. Pierson, Thomas, Steel, William, Seatrer, Alliver P., Tittsworth. John M., Thompson. John W., Welsbrod. George. Whittier. Laforrest, Waid. John J., Barry. Robert, .^dams, Albert J., Broaddus, John R., Boyer. Silas M., Chapman. Henrv, Cottrell. William J., Carter, George W., Davidson, Garrett, Dace. John. Greenwell. Francis M., Hinesman. William, Hudson. Wash. W., Jellison. John. Lelghty. Henry. Langley. Barnett W., Miller. Charles C, Muckey, George W., Martin. John B.. Myer. Benjamin F.. McElvain, George H., McLaren. John, Nash. Andrew W., Pittinburgen. Martin, Sperling. Robert B., Travis. James, Towers, Henry J., Thomson. Charles L., Welsbrod, August, Wenkler, Leopold, Wolf, Dallas, Cord, Thaddeus C. 736 HISTORY OF McDONOUGH COUNTY. Company H. Corporal — Richard N. Pearson. Musicians— C. Morris, flfer; J. F. Foley, drummer. Privates — Brown, Edwin F., Carstens, A. W., Hobart, Lewis, Kennedy, John. McGuire. John, McPherson, G., Campbell. Samuel A.. Crawford. James, Humberd, J. P., McDermitt, M., McCormick. William, Maxwell, William. Company 1. Corporal — Ellis Buchanan. Privates — Bacon. Daniel, Cowdry, Spencer, Dorset, Harrison. Hudson, W., Hall, Avory. Kelsev. John S.. Nutt. John. Pryor. Timothy. Robertson. John W.. Strucker. Joseph. Cochran. Ashurv C. Cook. Robert. Graham. Hush. Herricks. .\Imeriin. Hearns. H. H.. Mower. Francis M.. Pickens. William A., Roach, Elam A., Robertson. Barton. Whitson. Abijah. Company K. Allen, John. Caldwell, John. Evans, Job J.. Farrier. James. Hall. Georg-e A., O'Brien, John, Robertson, John, Upton, Charles W. P.urrows. JoseiJh. Cooper. Robert. Farrell. Michael. Hunsaker. James. Tjovitt. Thomas. Pike. John. Toner. John. Wallace. B.. White. Thoma.s. This regiment was organized at Quincy and mustered into tiie service February 2S, 1.S65, the enlistment being for one year. It was armed and equii)i)ed at Springfield, and ordered to Xashville, Tenn., on the 7th of March; on the 2d of May proceeded to Kingston, Ga., . via Resaca and Calhoun, arriving May 12th and having the honor of accepting the surren- der of General Warford and his command. On the 13th, 14th and 15th of May they were employed in the paroling of 10,400 prisoners. The regiment remained at Kingston, guarding Government property, and on July 28th pro- ceeded to Columbus, Ga., where, on January 24, lS6fi, it was mustered out of the service, the men receiving their final pay and honor- able discharge February 8. 1866. In the com- mand were 138 men from McDonough County. of whom four died during the term of enlist- ment of a little less than a year. TENTH MISSOT'Rl INFANTRY. Company B. Captain — Willia«i F. Bayne. First-T^ieutenant — James E. Flemingc. Second- Lieu tenant — Jerry Randolph. Sergeants — David S. Randolph. Calvin R. Single. James McClellan, James F. Jones, John H. Moore. Corporals— James F. Greenup. James W. Hardin. C. J. Lind.sey. Isaac Halterman. Russell T. Stokes. John Matheny. Crawford Cuddison. John W. Clark. Privates — Samuel Baldwin. Reece ^V. Barnes. P. Cubbison, W. H. Davis. Francis F. Fleming. Samuel H. Frisclive. Albert Freas. Hiram P. Howe. Joseph Hensley. John Horton. John P. Lane. "William T. Moore. David R. Marier. John Melvin. Isaac D. Morgan, D. H. McCartney. Thomas J. Martin, Harvey Oatman, Edwarri C. Rabbitt. G. A. Robinson, John M. Sweeney, William H. Stevens. G. W. Thomp.son, John E. Vance, John Wooley, W. H. Woods. George W. Baney. Andrew J. Clark. Daniel A. Camp. Thomas J. Ferguson, John H. Fair. Edwin A. Farley. Robert F. Frances. Anderson D. Hainline. William O. Hoskinson, William R. Kirk, A\'illiam P. Leaphart, Robert J. Mills. Richard J. Morris. William N. McGraw, Robert S. Morgan, John W. Myers. David C. Newell. William B. Rice. Louis Roberts. Hiram L. Sweeney. William S. Stokes, George Sherwood, L. C. Twichel, T. N. VanHoesen. Milton Woolridge. Felix E. White. William H. Toung. At the first Presidential call for 300,000 men in 18(;i, Dr. W. F. Bayne, of Macomb, organ ized a company and wrote to Governor Yates, tendering its services. The Governor answerel that he had already accepted two companies from McDonough County, and that being its full quota, he declined to accept any more men. As the Doctor and his men were very anxious to enter the field, they went to St. Louis, tendered their services there, were accepted by Governor Gamble and mustered into the United States service at the St. Louis arsenal, as Company B. It was placed on detached service until 1862, when it was assigned to the Tenth Missouri Infantry, Second Brigade, Third Division, Army of the Mississippi, Dr. Bayne receiving bis commission as Captain. The regiment went into the field, taking part in the various operations in Missouri, and no part of it did better service, or has a brighter record, than Company B, of McDonough Coun- ty. Many of those enlisting in 1861 never re- turned to their homes, yet there are a few brave "boys" still living in this and adjoining counties. The following are some of the more prominent engagements in which the company took an active part: luka. September, 1862; Corinth, October 3d; Raymond, Miss., May 12, 1863; Jackson, May 14th, and Champion Hills, May 16th. Company B was also present at the siege of Vicksburg, May 18 to July 4, 1863. Charles A. Gilchrist, afterward a Brigadier- General in command of colored troops, was a member of the Tenth Missouri Infantry. c:>^/^c^^^a^^/^. HISTORY OF Mcdonough col'xtv 711 SEL'OND CALIFORNIA CAV'ALRY. Fulkner. Henry J. FIFTY-FOITRTH OHIO INFANTRY. Company A. Depo>', Janirs. FIFTH CAI-IFORNIA INFANTRY. Brevet-Captain— H. H. Stevens. INITKU STATICS VKTKKAN VOl.I'NTKKRS. Company A. McConnel. William J. Company K. Vandermint. Danl. Begg., Smith. John O.. Jackson. George W., ENGINEER REGIMENT OF MISSOFRI. Company C. Butler. Cyrus F. FIRST ICNGIXEER REGIMENT OF THE WEST. Company H. Folsom. DeWitt C. Davie. Sylvester. Halterman. Oliver. DeHass. A. J.. Cooper. David. Snyder. James. Tally. Vincent. Folsom. Isaac Y.. Davie. .Mwood. Benedict. Benjamin. Stolcup. David. HatH.'ld. Joseph. While. Joseph. <"l:irey. John. Flannegan. William, Hunieii. Windell. Spunagle. William. Spuiiagie. Daniel. Spunaglc. Jacob. Ho4)ver. Benjamin K., Patton. William G.. Moore. Peter. Moore. Oliver. I, ami). Frank. Maloney. Richard A. THE SURRENDER OF VICKSBURG. The following article from the pen of A. Xew- lanrl. of Tennessee. McDonough County, and a former member of the One Hundred and Twen- ty-fourth Illinois, communicated to "The Na- tional Tribune." Washin.s^ton. D. C. will have an interest for many veterans connected with other Illinois reRiments which took part in the historic event to which it refers: "Epitok N.vtion.m. TiiintM:: Permit me to reply to the article by D. I.,. Wellman, of the Fourth Minnesota, published in 'The National Tribune' February 5. 1903. "The beautiful moon of Saturday. July 4, l.SGo. dawned .gloriously, when Gen. Pemberton communicated his acceptance of the terms pro- posed by Gen. Grant. At ID o'clock the Con- federate garrison marched out of the citadel they had so bravely defended, stacked arms, and marched back again as prisoners of war. Nearly :52.non men. 17'2 cannon. GO. 000 stands of arms, with a large quantity of ammunition and oidnauce stores were suri'endered. "The most complete and unparalleled capture was achieved by the invincible Army of the Tennessee under Grant. "Just before 10 o'clock that morning the One Hundred Twenty-fourth Illinois heard the command. 'Fall in.' and in a few moments every man able for duty was in his place, shoulder to shoulder, as they had often been before, but never with such a feeling, never so proud of each other as now, A few moments later our brigade band, one of the best, being hidden from us by the Shirley House, on our left, startled us. We had not thought of or heard any music for so long, only now and then a bugle call, and the deafening rattle of musketry, now the beautiful strains of 'Hail Columbia' burst out so unexpectedly and welled out so exultingly, that men who had marched up to the cannon's mouth and met unflinchingly and fearlessly the shock of battle, and the fiery onsets of the fiercest charge, were touched and the chords of their hearts were swept by the music and many of those brave, strong men were moved to tears. Then followed the stirrin.g and inspiring strains of 'The Star Spangled Banner.' Then the order rang out, "Forward — March!' and the gallant First Brigade, composed of the Twentieth, Thirty-first, Forty-fifth. One Hundred Twenty- fourth Illinois, and the Twenty-third Indiana, Gen. M. D. Leggett commanding, of Logan's flghtin.g Third Division, the Forty-fifth Illinois leading, took up its line of march into Vicks- burg. When the troops arrived at the court house. Ihe battle flag of the Forty-ninth Illinois was thrown to Ihe breeze from the cui)ola of the court house. The sight of the beautiful starry banner floating so gracefully over the city caused the lioys to shout lustily: their wild huzzas rent the air; they shouted as they had never done before, and as they never can again. When Vicksburg fell the joy of the nation was complete. As one has said, 'Pluck no laurels from Loean's Third Division.' There is 'glory enough for all' of the Union troops who won that matchless victory, and were at the sur- render of Vicksburg and took part in the royal celebration of that day. Every year that vic- torious army has two Fourths to celebrate, one for our National birth, and one for Vicksburg. 738 HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. "On May 22, during the siege, an assault was made upon the enemy's works, which resulted in an advance all along the line by the entire army. The battle became fierce and furious everywhere; men rushed up to the enemy's works, climbed up the exterior slope, planted their flags upon them; then a fierce and terrible struggle ensued; but they could not enter. The rebel fire was concentrated on points where the nature of the ground would admit of an assault to be made only by small bodies of troops, and as the head of the column would pass the exposed points while assaulting, they would be swept by a terrific fire so severe that nothing living could stand before it; they would reel and fall. The enemy's works were naturally and artificially so strong they could not be taken in that way, and the nature of the ground was such that only small columns could be used in making the assault. But Logan's Division was so far advanced that we were located nearest the rebel works of any possibly on the line until the surrender. The Twelfth Illinois occupied Shirley's peach orchard, with our left resting on his house, or the 'white house," as it was called. Mr. Shirley was at home, and claimed to be a Union man. The Forty-firth Illinois used the rear of the house for headquarters; the front side could not be safely used; it was full of bullet holes, and was hit nearly every day. Lieutenant Foster, or 'Coonskin,' had his observatory near this house. After building forts and rifle pits, we made a covered way which reached clear to the enemy's works. There were a number of coal miners in the One Hundred and Twenty- fourth Illinois and some lead miners in the Forty-fifth Illinois. We mined under Fort Hill and blew it up June 25; 1,200 pounds of powder placed under it lifted a part of the fort into the air. The falling earth had formed a new line of defense for the rebels, and had left a large basin, or oval space, into which our brave men poured. This place became a 'slaughter pen,' or 'crater,' as it was called, and many of our noble soldiers and offi- cers fell in that bloody and fearful pen. Other mines and saps were run, and on July 1st, Fort Hill was again blown up into the air. This was quite successful; much damage and loss sustained by the enemy, with no loss to us. Six persons were blown into our lines; three of them were colored, and one of them, named 'Abe,' survived his transit. Theodore R. Davis, of Harper's Weekly, sketched him on the spot, all dirt and tatters as he was. He said he went up two miles, saw stars, met his master — who was one of the white men killed — coming down, etc., a part of which — seeing stars — was doubt- less true. The colored man was the hero of the hour, and seemed to enjoy it greatly. It was said that after the blowing up of the fort the second time, the Confederate officers found it difficult to get soldiers to man that part of their line. General McPherson promised each of the boys that mined the fort a new suit of clothes and one of the first furloughs home after the surrender. Several of my company, with a number of others, received the promised gifts when the siege ended. The accomplished, gallant and brave commander. General McPher- son, was honor bright in all his dealings with men. He was one of the brightest stars in all the galaxy of Union Generals. In his death America lost a splendid soldier. For proof of the above facts, see Grant's Memoirs; General McPherson's request to General Rawlins, Grant's Chief of Staif; McPherson's orders to General Logan; General M. D. Leggett's official report. See also the History of Life and Deeds of General U. S. Grant, by Frank A. Burr: also. The History of the One Hundred and Twenty- fourth Illinois. There are many comrades yet living belonging to these regiments which com- posed General Leggett's Brigade, who can verify the above statement. — A. Newland, Co. D, One Hundred and Two Dozen, Tennessee, 111." THE ROLL OF HONOR. Names of soldiers who died during their term of service, in battle or in hospital, with date of death: Jacob Rutishamer died at Columbus. Ky., April 4. 1S62. James E. Saddler died July 4, 1863. Thomas L. HoUidav was killed at the battle of Shi- loh. April 6. 1862. Henry C. Calviu was mortally wounded November 11, "1863. Georgre Davis died at Trenton. Tenn., Auirust 16. 1862. Jacob Oertel was killed at Holly Springs, Decem- ber 20. 1862. Edward Curtis was killed at Sabine, La., April S. 1864. John H. Kinkade died at CarroUton. La., August 22, 1S63. Aaron Markham, a veteran, died at Baton Rouge. La. Enoch Nelson died at Louisville, Ky., September 29. 1865. Alexander L. Corporal was killed at Bird's Point, Mo., January 10, 1862. iiisTuKY oi- Mcdonough colxtv. 739 Daniel I^alr was kllleil at Bird's Point, Mo., Jan- uary 111. M<62, Christian Mvers was killed at Bird's Point. Mo., January 111. lsfi2. Samuel S. S( hall died of wounds at Oxford, Miss., De<'ember 7. 1S62. William B. Park died at Baton Rouse, La., July 14, 1863. Benjamin F. Pvie died at LaGrange, Tenn.. Feb- ruary lf>. IXfS, Henrv Thompson died at Memphis, Tenn,, Mav 5. 1864. George C C'alklns was drowned at Clear creek while scouting. George C. Gates was killed January IS, 1862, at Bethel. Tenn, Kphralm McKinney died in the service at Mem- phis. Tenn. Philip Seheneck died at St. I^ouis, Mo., August I, i.vfii;. John Jackson died at St. Louis, Mo., June IS. 1X62. Commissary-Sergeant James C. Cantleld died at Richmond, Va., March 5, 1864, while a prisoner of war. Thomas Able died at Andersonville prison July 1, 1864: number of grave, 2,415. Henrv H. Bellew died while a prisoner of war, March 1. 1S64. at Richmond. Va. Captain Kben White died of wounds May 18, 1865. George L. Hainline, a veteran, was killed at Ben- tonville. March 21). 1865. Charles Merrich was killed at Bentonville. Henry Hart died June 2. 1.S62. Edwin U. Kelly, a veteran, was killed at Jones- boro. Ga,. September 7. 1864. Cyrus I.Ane. a veteran, missing since the battle of Bentonville. Orren Sperry. a veteran, died May 31. 1864. Charles Waters, a veteran, died of wounds, April 24, 1865. John H. Crowl was killed at Bentonville, March 20, 1865. G«)rge F. Hastings died from wounds, April 21, 1865. Captain David P. Wells dieil April 7, 1862. Corjioral William Powers died October 15. 1862. Corporal James M. Eyre died September 1!). 1862. Sylvester Yocum died May 4. 1862. William C. Green, a veteran, was killed at Re- saca. Ga,. May 1,5, 1864. Isaac Toland. a veteran, died April 12. 1865. First-Lieutenant James Donaldson was killed July 17. 1864. Benjamin Hendricks died March 1. 1S62. John Smithwalt died January 7. 1862. Jacob Newell died March 7. 1S64. William Murry dle. 1S65. David H. Messick died at Memphis. April 10. 1865. William H. Woods died at Camp Butler. March 24. 1865. William P. Brown dlewling Green, Ky.. November 23, 1862. Edward Smith diedi of wounds September 22, 1863. Henry Vanmeter died at Dallas. Ga., June 1, 1864. Abraham W. Willis died at Louisville, Ky., De- cember 6, 1862. William H. Winslow died at Nashville, Tenn., De- cember :jl, 1862. Corporal Eli Elwell was killed at Stone River, December 31. 1862. Corporal James H. Kennie died of wounds at Chat- tanooga, October 20, 1863. Vachel Benson was killed at Stone Ri\'er, Decem- ber 31, 1862. Christopher Enders was killed at Stone River, January 23, 1863. .\llen Graves died at Murfreesboro, Tenn., Janu- ary 23, 186:5. SOLDIERS' MONUMENT, MACOMB HISTORY 01-" McDON()L'(JH COUNTY •741 Geiirp*- W. Ktrr di»'d at (^uiiuv. 111., February 11. iw;4. Sersiant Thomas ("ampbcU (l at Cowan Sta- tion. Tenn.. Jnl.v 'St. I}>fi3. David P. Pc'tcrman died of wounds at Atlanta. Giu. July 2S. lSfi4. Artemus .Mvers was killed at Kene.saw Mountain. June L'T. lSfi4. Henrv ('. Martin died on steamer Dl. Vernon. Jan- uaf.v liV. ISK!. James T. Burham died August 20, 1S65. Sergeant Robert T. Carter died at Vicksburp. Miss.. August IS. 1864. John Covert died at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., Au- gust 24. lf<64. Benjamin Duncan died at Memphis, Tenn., Au- gust ,i. 1Sfi4. Frederick Faloh died at Mound Cit.v, 111., Decem- ber 3(1, l.si;2. Benjamin Frankenbitrg died of wounds at Jeffer- son Barracks. Mo.. December 13, lSfi4. Alpheus M. Gibson died at (iuinc.v. 111., December 14. 1S64. Wilson I.. McKennellv died at Memphis. Tenn., Julv 211, 1S64. William H. Couch died of wounds March 30. 18(3. John Ittle died In the insane asylum at Wash- ington. D. C. October 1. 1863. Sergeant John Bechtel died at I>ake Providence, La., March 21, 1SK,3. Thomas Broadbent died of wounds May 16, 1863. Abner Barrett died at Keokuk, Iowa, October 24, 186;). John I'.ainbridge died at Memphis, Tenn., Janu- ary 2.S. 1.S63. William H. Bovd died at Jackson, Tenn., Novem- ber I,';, 1862. Simon Calbert died at Memphis, Tenn,, July 24. 1863. Job Gartside died at St. Louis. Mo., November 1, 1864. George Hall died at Jackson, Tenn., October 30, 1,S62. Benjamin Bugg died at Memphis, Tenn., February 17, 1863. Henrv T. Forest was killed at Champion Hills. Miss.. May 16, 1863. Nathaniel M. Guy died at Vlcksburg. Miss., July 8. 1863. Jasper Kennett died at Memphis. Tenn.. February 11. 1863. William C. Morris died at Oxford, Miss., December 16. 1862. Flavitis J. Sypherd died at home. December 27, 1864. Isaac N. Stodgill died after having been discharged on .account of disability. George P. Hezlip died of wounds July 13, 186.3. Amos B. Johnson died at Qulncv, 111., April 27. i86,n. Surgeon William A. Huston die«i at Memphis, Tenn., June ■£>. 1864. E>lwarking w.-js killed while a itrisoner near Memphis. Tenn. Henr.v P. Nichols died at hom<*. December 2. 1.864. Samuel Sheley died at Memphis. September 1. 1S64. Christopher P. Stantial was killed at Memphis, Tenn.. August 21. 1.864. John H. Lowell died at home May 26, 1865, Henr.v H. Harris died at Memphis, Tenn,, Septem- ber 1, 1864, Lieutenant Lester W. Porter was killed at Mem- phis. Tenn., August 21, 1S64. Corporal Thomas R.Ritenour died at Columbus, Ga., September 16. lS6,i. Joseph Johnson died at Dalton. Ga., Mav IS. ISfa. Avery Hall died at Nashville. March 7, 1S65. David Stolc\ij» died of wounds at Chattanooga. John Clarrey died at St, I^ouis. Matthew Begg. a I'nitcd States veteran, died at Cairo. III.. October 13. 186:!. SOLDIERS' MONUMENT, On Thursday, August 3. 1899, the splendid monument erected in the Macomb Public Park. to the memory of the soldiers of McDonou.^li County who yielded their lives tor the life of the Nation during the War of the Robellion, or who have since died, was unveiled with im- posing ceremonies. All interested in the af- fairs of .McDonough County should know the history of this monument, erected at a cost of $4,000, by Mr, C, V, Chandler, of Macomb, out of his private means, and this chapter would be incomplete without an account thereof, to- .?ether with something of the record of the man through whose |)atriotism and public spirit was erected this splendid testimonial to perpetuate the memory of McLkmough County patriots, of their valor, their self-sacrifice, and their heroic achievement during the dark days of 1861 to 1865. Nearly one year before the date on which the late O. D. Doland placed the foundation for a monument in the City Park, speculation was rife as to the work in which he was engaged, but the only explanation furnished was that he was merely executing an order that had been placed in his hands. The iiublic remained in the dark until the evening of January 3, 1,S99, when, at a meeting of the Orand .■\rmy Post of Macomb, which was well attended by its mem- bers, as well as by a large number of other citizens, Mr. Chandler announced that he con- templated the erection of a monument to the memory of the men of McDonough who had participated in the war. In making this announcement he recited how. in that great struggle for national existence, half of the men of McDonough County of mili- tary age had offered themselves upon the altar of their country; also, how two attempts had been made to erect a soldiers' monument in the county, but had failed. When some fifteen years previous he had been awarded a pen- sion of $1,5 per month, he determined to erect a suitable memorial, at his own expense, and then be.gan turning the sum received into a fund for this purpose, by investing it and adding thereto the accruing interest, .\mong his private papers there then existed a docu- ment instructing his executors, in the event of his death before the accomplishment of the work for which this fund was set apart, to caiTv out his i)urpose. This document he exhibited with accompanying papers. .\11 who know of the Chandler monument, to-day, rejoice to know 742 HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. that he lived to see the accomplishment of his plan and was himself able to direct the erection of this pile of enduring stone. The fund grew until it reached a sum sufficient, and the monu- ment, unveiled on August 3, 1899, is the result. Charles Velasco Chandler was born in Ma- comb within six hundred feet of the present site of the monument, the eldest son of the late Charles Chandler, for many years one of the foremost citizens of the county. In August, 1S62, a company was being raised in Macomb, which was mustered in as Company I, Seventy- eighth Illinois Infantry. Mr. Chandler, who was then a youth of eighteen years, determined to enlist, and when his name was called and it came his turn to step forward and be sized and measured for a soldier by the strange officer in charge — so the story goes — another young man, a little taller, answered to the name, was examined, measured, and, having passed mus- ter, received |2 in cash as his reward. Enlist- ing first as a private, Mr. Chandler was pro- moted to Second-Lieutenant and afterwards as Adjutant. At the Battle of Chickamauga he was shot through both legs, and it was on ac- count of these wounds that he drew his pen- sion, which he has lately ai)plied to this patri- otic purpose. Returning at the conclusion of the war. he was employed in the bank of his father, and has continued in the banking busi- ness to this writing. The unveiling day proved to be unusually warm, but this did not prevent one of the larg- est crowds being present ever seen in Macomb. The services commenced In the afternoon, and the big procession of nearly one thousand strong was the initiative. The order of march was as follows: Platoon of Police Macomb Band Macomb Army Post Bushnell Army Post Other members of the Grand Army and old soldiers Women's Relief Corps Members of Board of Supervisors Macomb City Officials Uniformed Rank of K. Ps. Knights of Pythias Modern Woodmen of America Red Men Macomb Fire Department and Equipment Company F, Fifth Regiment I. N. G. The procession marched around the public square, to the west side of the City Park near the monument, and to the stand and seats pro- vided by Mr. Chandler for use of those in at- tendance. W. J. Franklin, Commander of Macomb G. A. R. Post, as Chairman of the meeting, took charge of proceedings. After music by the band and prayer by the Rev. J. H. Bratton, the meeting was opened for the further exercises of the day. Governor Tanner was not present, but Hon. I>. Y. Sherman made a short address in his stead. After a patriotic air by the band, little George Chandler Mapes, a grandson of Mr. Chandler, pulled the cord which released the flag that hid the figure of the volunteer soldier surmounting a stately pile of granite. The unveiling was greeted with great applause and by the firing of three salutes by Company F, Illinois National Guard. After a few remarks by R. H. Berry, Chairman of the Board of Su- pervisors, and Mayor Switzer in behalf of Ma- comb, then came the dedicatory address by Ma- jor R. W. McClaughrey, which met the hearty approval of those who heard it. The Major was at his best, and that means much. This address was published in full in the city papers. Something not on the programme occurred after the address. This was the presentation to Mr. Chandler of an elaborate and costly Post Commander's Army badge, the late Colonel B. F. Marsh making the presentation speech in his usual impressive manner. Mr. Chandler was taken completely by surprise and greatly af- fected by the unexpected compliment, and could only respond in a few words, which all could see and feel came from the heart. The badge bore this inscription: C. V. Chandlek, Macomb, 111. CIB.VND ARMY OK THE BEl'UBLIC 1861-1865. VETERAN. The inscription on the reverse was as fol- lows: From his m'donough county comrades and friends, August 3, 1889. HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. 743 The vast audience joined in singins "Amer- ica," the benediction was pronounced by Com- rade Rev. J. H. Morgan, and the pleasing and patriotic programme was ended. The monument was made of Harre granite from an originai design by the late O. D. Do- land. It is twenty feet in height, with a first base seven feet square, uimn which rests a secondary base five feet square. The monu- ment is surmounted by the figure of a i)rivate soldier — an infantryman — uniformed and accout- ered after the fashion of the Civil War period. The figure, which is seven feet high, is carved from granite and stands at parade rest. The inscri|)tions read as follows: (West Side.) IN MKMORV OF THE .MKN OF m'do.NOUGH COUNTY WHO VOI.INTARII.Y OFFKRKI) AM) KKKKI.V (;AVE their I.IVES "Til \r (.OVEKNME.NT OK THE PEOfI.E, IIV THE I'EOI'I.E AM) FOR THE PEOI'I.K SIIAI.I, XOT PERISH litllM THE EARTH." (South Side.) EOKl DON Kl SUN SHILOH CORINTH STONE RIVEK. I .North Side. ) viCKSBURi; CHICKAMAUGA KENESAW ATLANTA l:l NTOXVH.I.l (East Side.) Erected iiy Comrade C. V. Chandler OF THE 78th ill. vol'.s. 1S99. Such is a brief history of the beautiful monu- ment which adorns the park of the city of Ma- comb; and it is pertinent to note as a matter of historic interest that the City Parli in which it stands was also donated by Mr. C. V. Chan- dler for the benefit of its citizens. In summarizing the part which McDonough County took in the Civil War, it is found from the Adjutant General's report that the county was called upon to raise 2,737 men; the county was credited with 2.734, leaving a deficit of three men. If the seventy-one men who en- listed in the Tenth Missouri had been duly credited, together with many others joining companies which are credited to other coun- ties, the quota of this county would have been exceeded by at least 200 men. Only about 20 of the 102 counties in the State furnished as great a number, proportionately. McDonough County was represented in thirty-three regiments and in seventy-eight companies. There were sixty-nine men from this county killed in battle, 182 wounded and 171) died in the service. Many of the old soldiers still survive, but are rapidly passing away. Under date of March, 1906, National Command- er-in-Chief Corporal Tanner, of the G. A. R., publishes a statement which shows that 164. members of the order are dying every twenty- four hours, or at the rate of one death in every eight and one-third minutes. But when it is remembered that the Civil War closed forty- two years ago, it must be realized that most of its participants now living are old men, who have, moreover, endured the specially great suf- ferings of that terrible conflict, as well as the ordinary hardships of life; so the rapid mor- tality of this uonored class of .\merican citi- zens need not be wondered at. But the general sorrow over the rapid passing of the old sol- diers of the '60s is assuaged by the pride felt in their faithful service and unflinching loy- alty; and this pride is nowhere more sincere or more fittingly entertained than within the limits of McDonou.gh County. Mexican and Spanish-.\merican Wars. — •Al- though of minor imi>ortance than the Black Hawk and Civil W'ars— locally as to the for- mer and in the formidable character of the struggle as to the latter — it is to be presumed that McDonough County had some representa- tives in the Mexican War in spite of its com- I)aratively small population at that period. Owing to the meager and imperfect character of the records at that time, at least so far 744 HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. as the actual residence of volunteers is con- cerned, it is impossible to secure any reliable data as to the number and names of citizens of McDonough County who participated in that conflict. The First Regiment of Illinois Vol- unteers, organized under command of Colonel John J. Hardin, of .Jacksonville, included sev- eral companies enlisted from counties west of the Illinois River and adjacent to McDon- ough County, and several of their officers be- came distinguished officers of the Union army during the Civil War. During the Spanish-American War several counties in the neighborhood of McDonough contributed to the muster-roll of the Fifth Reg- iment, and there is reason tor believing that some of the enlistments in this regiment came from McDonough County, though it is not cred- ited in the Adjutant General's report with any company organization. Of some twenty-five provisional regiments partially organized throughout the State for the Spanish-Ameri- can War — but only one of wnich was called into actual service — one company was organ- ized at Macomb under the name of "Company L of The Hamilton's Sons' Provisional Regi- ment," with J. W. Stuart as Captain and R. Isaac Empey. i'irst Lieutenant. This fact gives evidence that the citizens of McDonough Coun- ty stood ready to bear their full share of re- sponsibility in that struggle, had occasion called for summoning them to the field. CHAPTER XVir. MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS— PUBLIC UTILITIES. MUNKirAI, GOVERNMENT — MACOMB VILLAC.E AND CITY CHARTERS — LIST OP MAYORS. ALDERMEN AND OTHER CITY OFFICIALS Pl'BLIC UTILITIES WATER WORKS FIRE DEPARTMENT LIST OF OFFICERS AND MEMBERS ELECTRIC LKiHT .\ND (iAS PLANT — PRESENT OFFICERS — TELECRAPH AND TELEPHONE SERVICE. For the first ten years after the selection of Maconii) as the county-seat of McDonough Coun- ty, it remained under the local authority of a Board of Commissioners, but under the provision of an act of the General Assembly, passed January 27, 1841, the government was entrusted to a Board of five Village Trustees elected annually. It is impossible now to obtain a complete record of the village officers for the early part of that period, and it has consequent- ly been necessary to take the list as it is found in "Clarke's History of McDonough County." For the period between 1849 and 1856, the sev- eral Boards of Village Trustees, as there re- corded for the years named, were as follows: 1S49— William H. Randolph, A. S. Bonham, C. A. Lawson, T. J. Beard, John P. Head. 18.50— William H. Franklin, R. W. Stephen- son, J. P. Head, W. L. Broaddus, Joseph E. Wyne, Charles Chandler, W. T. Head. 1852- B. R. Hampton, C. A. Lawson, J. JI. Major, J. P. Updegraff, C. W. Dallam. 1853— T. Chandler, J. E. Wyne, J. L. N. Hall, W. S. Hendricks, J. M. Martin. 1854- J. L. .\. Hall, J. M. Martin, J. E. Wyne. T. J. Beard. C. A. Lawson. 1856— Abraham Rowe, J. E. Wyne, T. J. Beard, J. L. N. Hall. Garrett Bonham. Alex- ander McLean was Secretary for the previous year. The first step in the incorporation of Macomb as a city was taken in 1855 by the passage by the General .Assembly, on February 15th, of an act granting a city charter on condition of its acceptance by vote of the people, to be taken in May following. Exactly what was the result of that vote is not stated in the local histories, but it is claimed that the first election of city officers was held on November 8, 1856, the officers elected at that time hold- ing their i)Ositions until May following. Dur- ing the session of the Legislature of 1857 ,Tn- other act consolidating and amending previous acts on the subject, was passed and received the approval of Governor Bissell on February 14th. This charter set forth the area and boundaries of the city as follows: The south half of Section ?A. the southwest quarter of the northeast quarter of said Section 31, and the northwest quarter of the same Sec- tion (31), all in T. 6 N.. R. 2 W. of the Fourth Principal Meridian: the southeast quarter of the northeast quarter of Section 36 and the southeast quarter of the same Section (361, in T. 6 N.. R. 3 W. ; the northeast quarter of the northeast quarter of Section 1 in T. 5 N., R. 3 W. ; and the northwest quarter of Section tb HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. 745 C in T. 5 N., R. 2 W., and the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of the same section, — making a total of one and a half square miles. The following is a list of city officials after the date of incorporation: 185(; — Ma.vor, John O. C. Wilson; Aldermen — James M. Campbell, Joseph McCroskey, Wil- liam H. Randolph, Samuel G. Cannon; Clerk, H. B. Worsham. 1857 — Mayor. J. P. Updegraft; Aldermen — James M. Campbell, James Clarke, William L. Uroaddus. O. F. Piper. William H. Franklin. Wil- liam H. Randolph. Thomas J. Heard. Samuel G. Cannon: Clerk and Attorney, Carter Van Vleck; Marshal and Supervisor, G. L. Farwell; Treas- urer, G. W. Smith; Assessor and Collector, H. E. Worsham: Clerk and Surveyor, Charles A. Gilchrist: Sexton, David Clarke. 1S5S — Mayor, J. P. Updegraff; Aldermen — James Clarke, Charles Chandler, O. F. Piper, P. Hamilton. William H. Franklin. W. E. With- row. Thomas J. Beard, S. G. Cannon ; Clerk, William P. Barrett: Attorney, L. H. Waters; Marshal and Supervisor, William L. Broaddus; Treasurer, George W. Smith; Assessor and Col- lector. J. H. Cummings: Surveyor. George W. Page: Weigher. C. A. Humes. lSf)9 — Mayor, James D. Walker: Aldermen — Charles Chandler, Joseph Burton, O. F. Piper, Joseph E. Wyne, George M. Wells. J. L. N. Hall, William P. Barrett, Samuel G. Cannon, (Thomas E. Morgan elected to fill vacancy of S. G. Cannon): Clerk and Attorney, George Wells: Marshal and Supervisor, George W. Smith: Treasurer. Assessor and Collector, J. H. Cummings: Weigher. Hugh Ervin; Sexton, Peter Clarke. LVfiO — Mayor, Charles Chandler: Aldermen^ Joseph Burton, W. H. Neece, .1. E. Wyne. R. H. Broaddus, G. M. Wells. J. L. N. Hall, Thomas E. Morgan. H. T. Chase; Clerk and Attorney, George Wells: Marshal and Supervisor. George W. Smith: Treasurer, W. W. Provine, Assessor and Collector. C. M. Ray. 1861 — Mayor, James B. Kyle; Aldermen — W. H. Neece, John Knappenberger, R. H. Broad- dus, I. L. Twyman. J. L. N. Hall, T. M. Jordan, H. T. Chase. Loven Garrett; Clerk and Attor- ney. George Wells; Marshal. G. L. Farwell (re- signed — R. H. Broaddus filled vacancy); Treas- urer, W. W. Provine: Assessor and Collector. C. .M. Ray: Surveyor, A. J. White: Supervisor. George W. Smith: Weigher. J. W. Westfall. 9 18(12 — Mayor, B. F. Martin: Aldermen — John Knappenberger, J. H. Baker, I. L. Twyman, Elisha Morse. Jr.. T. M. Jordan, L. Clisby, Loven Garrett. Washington Goodwin: Clerk and Attor- ney, George Wells: Marshal, J. Q. Lane; Treas- urer, W. W. Provine; Assessor and Collector, C. M. Ray, Weigher, G. W. Smith. 1863 — Mayor, Edward A. Floyd: Aldermen — .1. H. Baker. Alexander McLean. R. L. Cochrane, O. F. Piper, L. Clisby, W. E. Withrow, Wash- ington Goodwin, S. F. Lacy; Clerk and Attor- ney. George Wells; Marshal, J. P. Updegraff (resigned — George W. Smith appointed to fill vacancy); Treasurer, W. W. Provine (W. T. Winslow. to fill vacancy); Assessor and Col- lector, John L. Anderson; Supervisor, G. W. Smith: Weigher. Thomas Gilmore. 1804 — Mayor. Thomas M. Jordan; Aldermen — Alexander McLean, Joseph Durr, R. L. Coch- rane, James Anderson, William E. Withrow, L. Clisby, S. F. Lance, John Penrose; Clerk and Attorney, C. F. Wheat; Marshal and Su- pervisor, Chauncey Case; Treasurer, M. T. Winslow: Surveyor, James W. Brattle; Weigh- er. William G. Cord. 18C5 — Mayor, Thomas M. Jordan; Aldermen — Joseph Durr, J. W. Blount. James Anderson, R. L. Cochrane, L. Clisby, J. P. Updegraff, John Penrose, James Brown: Clerk, W. E. Withrow; Marshal, Assessor and Collector, John E. Lane; Treasurer. M. T. Winslow; Attorney. C. F. Wheat; Surveyor. James W. Brattle; Sui)ervi- sor, George W. Smith; W^eigher. W. G. Cord; Sexton, W. Doolan. 1866 — Mayor, Joseph M. Martin: Aldermen — .1. W. Blount, S. G. Wadsworth, R. L. Cochrane, W. F. Bayne, J. P. Updegraff, W. S. Hill, E. B. Hamill. R. J. Adcock; Clerk, W. E. With- row; Marshal, J. E. Lane; Treasurer, M. T. Winslow; Attorney, C. P. Wheat; Assessor and Collector, J. E. Lane; Surveyor, James W. Brat- tle; Supervisor. G. W. Curtis; Weigher, I. Hillyer; Sexton, John Axford. 1867 — Mayor, T. .M. Jordan: Aldermen — C. H. Bayne, J. W. Blount, W. F. Bayne, R. L. Coch- rane, W. S. Hail, William Venable. Jonathan Shute, E. B. Hamill; Clerk, W. E. Withrow; Marshal and Supervisor, T. M. Gilfrey; Treas- urer, M. T. Winslow: Attorney. Asa A. Matte- son; Assessor and Collector. T. B. Maury; Sur- veyor, James W. Brattle; Weigher, Isaac Hill- yer; Sexton, John Axford. 746 HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. 1868 — Mayor, J. P. Updegraff; Aldermen — J. W. Blount, W. H. Hainline, R. L. Cochrane, O. F. Piper, William Venable, E. L. Wells, E. B. Hamill, J. W. Mcintosh; Clerk, W. E. Wlth- row; Marshal and Supervisor, G. L. Farwell; Treasurer, J. H. Cummings; Attorney, C. F. Wheat; Assessor and Collector, H. W. Gash; Surveyor, James W. Brattle; Weigher, D. Blazer; Sexton, J. Axford. 1869— Mayor, G. K. Hall; Aldermen— W. H. Hainline, J. T. Adcock, O. F. Piper, C. N. Hard- ing, E. L. Wells, William Venable, J. W. Mc- intosh, T. I,. Kendrick; Clerk, W. E. Withrow; Marshal and Supervisor, J. A. Chapman; Treas- urer. M. T. Winslow; Attorney, A. A. Matte- son; Assessor, J. W. Blount; Collector, J. E. Wyne; Surveyor. J. W. Brattle; Weigher, D. Blazer; Sexton John Axford. 1870 — Mayor, Joseph E. Wyne; Aldermen — J. T. Adcock, T. Chandler, C. N. Harding, J. H. Cummings, W. Venable, A. B. Chapman. T. L. Kendrick, J. Durr; Clerk, H. R. Bartleson; Marshal, J. Scott; Treasurer, C. V. Chandler; Attorney, L. A. Simmons; Assessor, J. W. West- fall; Collector, C. C. Chapman; Surveyor, J. A. Chapman; Weigher, B. T. Applegate; Sex- ton, Ben Vail. 1871 — Mayor, Joseph M. Martin; Aldermen — T. Chandler, B. P. Martin, J. H. Cummings. J. McMillen, A. B. Chapman, Thomas Gilmore, S. F. Lancey, J. W. Mcintosh; Clerk, H. R. Bartleson; Marshal, J. Hillyer; Treasurer, C. V. Chandler; Attorney, J. G. Mosher; Assessor, J. S. Gash; Collector, S. G. Wadsworth; Surveyor, J. W. Brattle; Supervisor. G. W. Smith; Weigher. B. T. Applegate; Sexton, J. Axford. 1872 — Mayor, Charles N. Harding; Aldermen — B. T. Martin, T. Chandler, J. McMillan, J. H. Cummings, Thomas Gilmore. William Venable, J. W. Mcintosh, James Gamage; Clerk. W. E. Withrow; Marshal. John Hillyer; Treasurer. C. V. Chandler; Attorney. W. J. Franklin; Asses- sor, J. S. Gash; Collector, W. I. Twyman; Sur- veyor, J. W. Brattle; Supervisor, G. W. Smith; Weigher, Isaac Hillyer; Sexton, J. Axford. 1873 — Mayor, Alexander McLean; Aldermen — ^T. Chandler, S. A. M. Ross. J. H. Cummings, R. L. Cochrane, William Venable. F. R. Kyle. J. Gamage, W. G. McClellan; Clerk and Attor- ney, E. P. Pillsbury; Marshal, H. G. Cheatham; Trea.surer. C. V. Chandler, Assessor. H. Erwin; Collector, J. T. Martin; Surveyor, J. W. Brat- tle; Supervisor, George W. Smith; Weigher, I. Hillyer; Sexton, J. Axford. 1874 — Mayor, Alexander McLean; Aldermen — S. A. M. Ross, J. W. Cook, R. L. Cochrane, J. H. Cummings, F. R. Kyle, William Venable, W. G. McClellan, James Gamage; Clerk, O. F. Piper; Marshal, Karr McClintock; Treas- urer, C. V. Chandler; Attorney, E. P. Pillsbury; Assessor, H. Erwin; Collector, Henderson Ritchie; Surveyor, J. W. Brattle; Supervisor, A. Hudson; Weigher, J. H. Nicholson; Sexton, J. Axford. 187-5 — Mayor, Alexander McLean; Aldermen — J. W. Cook, W. E. Martin, J. H. Cummings, J. E. Wyne, William Venable, C. N. Harding, J. Gamage, D. M. Graves; Clerk, O. F. Piper; Marshal, Karr McClintock; Treasurer, C. V. Chandler; Attorney, E. P. Pillsbury; Assessor, J. C. Reynolds; Collector, Robert Brooking; Surveyor. J. W. Brattle; Supervisor, A. Hud- son; Weigher, H. Erwin; Sexton, J. Axford. 1876 — Mayor, Alexander McLean; Aldermen — W. K. Martin, E. F. Bradford, J. E. Wyne, J. H. Cummings, C. N. Harding, David Scott, D. M. Graves, James Gamage; Clerk, O. F. Piper; Marshal, Karr McClintock; Treasurer, C. V. Chandler; Collector, J. M. Martin; Attor- 'ney, J. H. Franklin; Assessor. H. W. Gash; Sur- veyor. J. W. Brattle; Supervisor, John Shan- non; Weigher, J. S. Smith; Sexton, J. Axford. 1877 — Mayor, Asher Blount; Aldermen — E. F. Bradford, W. E. Martin, J. H. Cummings, J. E. Wyne. D. Scott. John McLean. J. Gamage, W. O. Thomas; Clerk. L. E. Wyne; Marshal, K. McClintock; Treasurer, C. V. Chandler; At- torney, J. H. Franklin; Assessor, H. Erwin; Collector, W. H. Shetterley; Surveyor, J. W. Brattle; Supervisor, G. B. Gash; Weigher, J. S. Smith; Sexton, J. Shannon. 1878— Mayor. W. F. Bayne; Aldermen— W. E. Martin, E. L. Wells. J. E. Wyne. J. H. Cum- mings. John McLean. A. B. Lightener. W. O. Thomas, J. M. Hume; Clerk, L. E. Wyne; Marshal. K. McClintock; Attorney, J. M. Blazer; Treasurer, C. V. Chandler: Assessor, .1. W. Westfall; Collector, R. L. Cochrane; Surveyor, J. W. Rrattle; Supervisor. John Masterson; Weigher. Hiram Russell; Sexton. John Shan- non. 1879— Mayor, G. C. Gumbart. Aldermen— E. L. Wells. G. W. Price. J. H. Cummings, J. T. Price, A. B. Lightener, I. N. Jellison, J. M. ^C^lii^^^L^X^,^, HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. 747 Hume. W. H. Shetterley; Clerk, .lames Venable; Marshal, A. Updegraff; Treasurer, C. V. Chand- ler; Attorney, J. M. Blazer; Assessor, G. W. Kyre: Collector, J. M. Martin: Surveyor, J. W. Brattle; Supervisor, John Hillyer; Weigher, H. Russell; Sexton. .1. H. Russell. 1S80— Mayor, G. C. Gunibart; Aldermen— C. F. Wheat, G. W. Pace, R. L. Cochrane, T. .1. Price, John Robinson, Nev^ton Jellison, J. T. Russell, W. H. Shetterley; Clerk, D. Knapp; Marshal, K. McClintock; Treasurer. C. V. Chandler; Attorney, J. M. Blazer; Assessor. O. F. Piper; Collector, J. M. Hume; Surveyor, Cephas Holmes; Supervisor. J. C. Simmons; Weigher, H. Russell; Sexton. J. H. Russell. ISSl — Mayor, William Prentiss; Aldermen — Ed. Farmer, C. F. Wheat. W. S. Bailey, R. L. Cochrane, John McElrath, J. Robinson, J. T Russell. J. M. Hume; Clerk. D. M. Graves; Mar shal, K. -McClintock; Treasurer, C. V. Chan dler; Attorney. J. H. Bacon; Assessor. G. W Eyre; Collector. T. .1. Price; Surveyor. C Holmes; Supervisor. J. C. Simmons; W'eigher H. Russell; Sexton, J. .Oxford. 1882 — Mayor, Asher Blount; Aldermen— S. A. M. Ross, S. P. Danley. C. .M. Cadwallader, W. F. Bayne, G. P. Wells, J. C. McClellan. J. L. Baily. Edgar Holies; Clerk, I. M. Martin; Mar- shal. K. McClintock; Treasurer. C. V. Chandler; Attorney, H. C. Agnew; Assessor. G. W. Eyre; Collector, J. T. Russell; Sui)erintendent of Streets, J. Shannon; Weigher, H. Russell; Sex- ton, J. Axford. 18S3— Mayor, W. E. Martin; .\ldermen— S. P. Danley. J. W. Adcock. W. F. Hayne. B. F. Ran- dolph. G. P. Wells. John .McLean. Edgar Holies. M. T. Winslow; Clerk, I. M. Martin; Treasurer, C. V. Chandler; Attorney, J. H. Bacon; .Mar- shal. .\. Updegraff; .Assessor, J. W. Liggett; Collector. B. J. Head; Superintendent, G. But- terfield; Weigher. H. Russell; Sexton. J. Ax- ford. 1884— Mayor, W. E. .Martin; Aldermen— S. P. Danley. B. F. Randolph. W. F. Bayne, J. Mc- Lean, J. Archer. J. W. Scott, M. T. Winslow. W. O. Thomas; Clerk, I. M. Martin; Treasurer, C. V. Chandler; Attorney, J. H. Bacon; Mar- shal. .\. Updegraff; .Assessor. G. W. Eyre; Col- lector. R. T. Quinn; Superintendent, J. Mas- terson; Weigher. H. Russell; Sexton. John Ax- ford. The Mayor and other general city officers being elective biennially (in off-years), their names are presented in the following list in two year periods, with the year of election. In the City Council each ward is represented by two Aldermen, chosen, respectively, in alter- nate years, but each holding office two years. As this changes the personnel of the Council annually, the complete list Is given for each year, the representatives of the four wards ap- pearing consecutively in groups of two for each ward, which avoids the necessity of re- peating the number of the ward in connection with the names of .Aldermen: 1885 — Mayor. Charles W. Dines; City Clerk, Isaac M. Martin; City Treasurer, James H. Pro- vine; City Attorney, Lawrence Y. Sherman; Al- dermen— (1885) Sam Danley. Wheeler Wells, W. F. Bayne, G. E. Kelley. John Scott, John .Archer, W. O. Thomas, Henry Rost; (1886) Wheeler Wells. W. C. Burke. G. E. Kelley. J. W. Howard. John Scott. John Archer. Henry Rost, S. B. Dawson. 1887— Mayor, W. E. Martin; Clerk, Stanton Aldredge; .Attorney, George D. Tunnicliff; Treasurer, B. F. McLean; Aldermen — (1887) Wheeler Wells, W. C. Burke, J. W. Howard. H. H. Smith, .John Scott. R. W. Bailey, S. B. Daw- son, A. J. Leach; (1888) Wheeler Wells, W. C. Burke. H. H, Smith, J. H. Cummings, R. W. Bai ley, E. P. Pillsbury, A. J. Leach, John Helms. 1889 — Mayor, Charles I. Inies; Clerk, Stanton Aldredge; Treasurer, J. H. Provlne; .Attorney. J. D. Wooten; Aldermen— (1889) W. C. Burke, Wheeler Wells. H. H. Smith, J. H. Cummings, E. P. Pillsbury, James Venable, John Helms. A. J. Leach; (1890) Gary Adcock. Peter Haslett. J. H. Cummings, C. B. Ingram, James Venable, Robert Brooking, A. J. Leach. John Helms. 1891- .Ma.vor. A. B. Lightner; Clerk, Edgar .Aldredge; Attorney. J. D. Wooten; Treasurer. J. O. Peasley: .Aldermen— (1891 ) Gary .Adcock, C. L. Wilson. C. B. Ingram. George Hoskinson. Robert Brooking, Hugh W'atson. John Helms. W. E. Thompson; (1892) C. L. Wilson. E. T. Walker. George Hoskinson. Karr McClintock, Hugh Watson, Isaiah Odenweller, W. E. Thomp- son, .John Helms. 1S93— Mayor, W. H. Hainline; Clerk, W. H. Wilson; .Attorney, Thomas McClure; Treasurer, B. P. McLean; Aldermen— ( 189:5) E. T. Walker. C. V. Chandler, Karr McClintock, George M. Hoskinson. Isaiah Odenweller. M. Baldridge, 748 HISTORY OF McDONOUGH COUNTY. John Helms, W. E. Thompson; (1S94) C. V. Chandler, E. T. Walker, George Hoskinson. Karr McClintfK>k, M. Baldridge, Charles Hen- dricks, W. E. Thompson, Joseph Larner. 1895— Mayor, W. E. Martin; Clerk, W. H Wilson; Attorney, Thomas McClure; Treasurer Frank Mapes; Aldermen — (1895) E. T. Walker C. V. Chandler, Karr McCIintock, George Hos kinson, Charles Hendricks, John Barclay, Jo seph Larner, \V. E. Thompson; (1896) C. V Chandler. J. B. Butterfield. George Hoskinson Elias Barley, John Barclay, James Bailey, W. E Thompson, L. W. Camp. 1897 — Mayor, Isaiah Odenweller; Clerk, W. H. Wilson; Attorney, W. Tunnlcliff; Treasurer, J. O. Peasley; Aldermen— (1897) J. B. Butter- field, C. V. Chandler. Elias Barley, Bert Morgan, James Bailey, James C. Smith, L. W. Camp, Ed. Holden; (1898) C. V. Chandler. W. J. Pech, Bert Morgan, W.. E. Venard, J. C. Smith, J. W. Bailey. Ed. Holden. Charles E. Martin. 1899— Mayor, Theodore B. Switzer; Clerk, Charles B. Smithers; Attorney, C. W. Flack; Treasurer, C. V. Chandler; Aldermen — (1899) W. J. Pech, J. W. Ralston. W. E. Venard, George Russell, J. W. Bailey, J. C. Smith; Charles E. Martin, P. H. Tiernan; (1900) J. W. Ralston, W. J. Pech, George Russell. W. E. Venard, J. C. Smith. George Kerman, P. H. Tiernan. Fred Gilbert. 1901— Mayor, W. J. Pech; Clerk, C. B. Smith- ers; Attorney,. Conrad uumhart; Treasurer, Frank Mapes; Aldermen— (1901) C. V. Chan- dler, J. W. Ralston, W'. E. Venard. George H. Russell. George Kerman, J. E. Cordell. Fred Gilbert, P. H. Tiernan; (1902) .1. W. Ralston, .lohn Senn, George Russell, J. O. Peasley, J. E. Cordell, Don Pennywitt, P. H. Tiernan, W. E. Thompson. 1903 — Mayor, Isaiah Odenweller; Clerk, Ray Brooking; Attorney, Conrad Gumbart; Treas- urer, C. V. Chandler; Aldermen — (1903) John Senn, C. G. Chandler, J. O. Peasley, George Rus- sell, Don Pennywitt, R. V. Purdum. W. E. Thompson. P. H. Tiernan; (1904) C. G. Chan- dler; L. A. Ross. George Russell. J. O. Peasley, R. V. Purdum. Charles W. Gilmore. P. H. Tier- nan, W. S. Sperry. 1905 — Mayor. I. M. Fellheimer; Clerk, F. G. McClellan; Attorney. H. M. Tabler; Treasurer. Frank Mapes; Alderman — (1905) L. A. Ross. Samuel Russell. J. O. Peasley, Gary W. Adcock, Charles W. Gilmore. R. V. Purdum, W. S. Sperry, Peter Campbell; (1906) Samuel Rus- sell, J. M. Pace, Gary Adcock-, Orlo Piper, R. V. Purdum, R. W. Oakman, Peter Campbell, Oliver Thompson, 1907— Mayor, Samuel Russell; Clerk, C. B. Smithers; Attorney, H. M. Tabler; Treasurer, C. V. Chandler; Aldermen — (elected in 1907) J. M. Pace, Fred Ralston, Gary Adcock, Orlo Piper, R. W. Oakman, R. V. Purdum, Oliver Thompson, Ford Fisher. The city had over C,000 inhabitants in 1907, and is considered one of the best built and governed cities of its size in the State of Illinois. CiTT Water Works. — In 1903, the present water works of the City of Macomb were con- structed by Mr. Morgan, a noted engineer of Chicago. The system includes a combination of ordinary gravitation and direct action from ^the pumps. There is a steel stand-pipe, nearly 100 feet in height, which affords pressure suffi- cient to reach the highest buildings. There is also a large reservoir some 60 feet in diameter, sufficient for any ordinary emergency. The water primarily was obtained from two wells respectively, some 1600 to 1700 feet in depth, but the water being largely impregnated witb sulphur, was not desirable for steam and culi- nary purposes. So, in 1905. wells were sunk in the Third Ward, and the water obtained from them is of excellent quality but limited in quantity. The total cost of the works to date amounts to something over $25,000. The pro- curing of a sufficient supply of water is con- sidered a serious and most important problem, and may result in an attempt to establish a connection with Crooked Creek. The works are owned and operated by the City, and have proved of great benefit for sanitary purposes, the city having been properly sewered and mains laid on all the principal streets. FiRK Departmkxt. — The headquarters of the Macomb Fire Department are located at No. 220 North Lafayette Street. Following is a list of the officers and members: Fire Marshal, Douglas McCaughey. First Assistant, B. T. W'hitson. Second Assistant. William Gesler. Members — Charles Applegate, William Chan- dler, John Daugherty, William Gesler, Thomas Hoskinson. M. T. Price, William Hill, Gardie Chandler and Harry Thompson. Court House, Macomb. Built in 1836 Court House, Macomb. Built in 1871-2 HISTORY OF McDONOUGlI COUNTY. 749 The department is well housed, conveniently situated, and its equipment consists of hose car- riage, ladder carriage and large chemical car- riage. It has proved to be a useful organiza- tion. The Bell Telephone Company office is located at 202 North Lafayette Street, with W. E. Mar- tin as manager. Electric Light .\.ni) Gas Plant. — ^The first gas-works in the city of Macomb were erected by a Chicago comi)any. Alexander McLean acting as agent for the same. The first mains laid in October, 1S74. were wooden and were •continued in use until March ISSO. when the plant, situated in the City Park, was destroyed by fire but rebuilt in March. 1881. The present buildings are situated on East Carroll Street, with modern machinery, and have two large gas holders. In addition an electric system was installed several years ago, which has two large engines, capable of producing electrical energy to any extent required in the city. These works are held by a private corporation with a capital of $50,000, the principal stockholders being A. Eads. I. N. Pearson. William Cummings. B. F. McLean, the estate of .Joseph \V. Mcintosh, and others. The officers of the company are George W. Bailey, President : H. W. Cummings. Secretary, and .J. W. Bailey. Treasurer. The works are in charge of Fred S. Armstrong, as Superintendent. Tklkgk.m'H .\ni> Tki.epiionk Skrvick. — The Western Union Telegraph Company has the only telegraph office in the city, located at the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Railroad Depot. "115 North Randolph Street. The Illinois Western Telephone Company was first organized in Industry by P. Avery and George Garrison, in May. 1902. In 1904 it was reorganized, with headquarters at Augusta. Hancock County, but subsequently the offices were removed to Macomb. At the time of re- organization the name of the corporation was changed, and it is now known as the Illinois Western Telephone Company. It Is based on a capital stock of $200,000. and has the following named officers: President. C. W. Erwin: Sec- retary and Treasurer. Edward Y. McLean; Di- rectors. C. W. Erwin. George Kerman. L. B. V'ose. Mrs. Rell Erwin and L. E. Gray. The central offices are in the Eads Building. No. Ill East Carroll Street. Communication is furnished throughout the Military Tract and with long distance Bell lines. CHAPTER XVHI. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. .M'lloNOK.ll county's FIKST COIRT liol .SK .\ PKIM- ITIVE LOG CABI.N EBECTEU AT A COST OK $69.50 — A SECOXn BUILDING COMI'LETEB IN 1834 AND .SERVES FOR OVER THIRTY YEARS — IT BECOMES UNSAFE IN THE EARLY 'SIXTIES AND THE PRES- ENT BUILDING IS PROJECTED IN 1868 A TIE-UP ON THE QUESTION OF MACOMB's CONTRIIUTION TO THE COST — THE ISSUE .SOLVEI> liV THE GEN- EROSITY OF A MACOMB BUSINESS MAN COST OF THE BUILDING. FURNISHINGS AND ACCOMI'ANI- .ME.NTS. AS l-INISHKD IN 1872. $155,370 — DE- SCRIITION OF THE BUILDINTION OF THE PRESENT .lAII. COMPLETED IN 1876 COUNTY ALMSHOUSE. The first building constructed for use as a court house in McDonough County was erected in 1S31, In accordance with an order adopted by the Board of County Commissioners on April 12th of that year. The sitecifications adopted by the Board provided that the building should be constructed of logs, hewed on both sides, should be IS by 20 feet in dimensions, "with a white-oak plank floor above, and below, laid loose," should be "nine feet between joists and sleepers," that the walls should he "chinked and daubed on the out side," that it should be provided with "a good batten door, hung on good iron hinges," that it should have two windows, one witn twelve panes of glass and the other with six panes, protected by batten shutters, the "undertaker" (or contractor) to furnish all material except the glass, and the building to be finished by the first of September following. The contract was awarded the same day the order was adopted to William South- ward, the cost to be $69.50. The building was completed within the time specified, and the circuit court met there for its second term in the county, there being present at the session Richard M. Young as presiding .Justice, and ,750 HISTORY Ol" .McDOXCJUGH COUNTY, Thomas Ford as State's Attorney, with William Southward, Sheriff, and James M. Campbell, Circuit Clerk. By 1833, this building being found inadequate for court purposes, at the May term of that year, the County Board adopted an order for the erection of a new building to be constructed of brick, two stories in height and forty-six feet square, upon a stone foundation with frame cupola from the center three feet high. James Clark, Moses Henton and Benjamin T. Naylor were appointed a committee to superin- tend the erection of the building, and the con- tract for the stone and brick work was awarded to George Miller and John T. Bishop, for the sum of $2.49.s with the proviso that the build- ing be completed by November 1, 1834. In September, 1835, a contract was entered into with Morris Roberts and David F. Martin to construct an enclosure for the building at a cost of $1,334 and by another contract the completion of the wood-work, painting, etc., was provided for on a basis of $l,Orin, the con- tractors being Benjamin T. Naylor and Robert A. Brazleton. making the total cost of the build- ing with the enclosure |4,832. The contracts were completed and the first session of the Circuit Court was held in the new building in the fall of 1836. This building was used for Circuit Court and other county purposes for a period of thirty- three years (1836 to 1869), except during the years between 1860 and 1866. when the walls were deemed unsafe. During the former year, while Hon. Chauncey L. Higbee was delivering a political speech in the court-room, the walls began to crack (whether on account of the speaker's eloquence or for some other reason is not stated in the local histories), producing a small panic which soon resulted in emptying the building, which was not afterwards used for court purposes until 1866, when it was partially repaired, Campbell's Hall, in the meantime, being occupied for this purpose. An urgent demand fo/ the erection of a new building having arisen, at the meeting of the Board of Supervisors held in September, 1868, a resolution was adopted proposing that the work be undertaken "with as little delay as possible." A supplementary resolution was adopted at the same meeting appointing L. G. Reid as a committee to procure plans and speci- fications for the proposed building, and to con- fer with the Macomb City Council in reference to securing aid for its construction, with in- struction to report to the Board at a special meeting to be held on the first Monday In Oc- tober following. At this meeting a resolution was adopted declaring that the "Board refuse to erect a court house in the city of Macomb until said city become legally obligated to donate in aid of the construction of the same $20,00(1." As a result of this action the Macomb City Council proposed to donate $15,000 to the purpose, but refused to increase their ajipropria- tion beyond this sum. This disagreement threatened to delay the enterprise indefinitely, if not promote the scheme for the removal of the county-seat to the city of Bushnell, which had started a movement for this purpose. The issue, however, was settled by the offer of N. P. Tinsley, a public-spirited business man of Macomb, to assume responsibility for the extra $5,000 demanded by the County Board. A re- quest for plans and specifications for the pro- l)osed new building was promptly issued, re- sulting in the adoption of those submitted by E. E. Myers, an architect of Springfield. 111., and at an adjourned meeting of the Board held on the 29th of December, following, twelve bids were opened, the proposals ranging from $125,- 000 to $160,000. These not being deemed satisfactory, new jiroposals were invited. This call was answered by ten bidders, the pro- Ijosals in this case ranging from $110,000 to $143,000. The contract was finally award- ed to Messrs. Walbaum & Co., of Chicago, on the basis of $129,0(»0. and L. G. Reid. of La- moine Township, was appointed to superintend the work at a salary of $1,200 per annum. The contract provided for the completion of the building by the first of November, 1S70, but this was not accomplished until the summer of 1872 Other expenses — of which $5,650 was on account of heating apparatus, $5,777 for furni- ture, and $6,289 for fencing — raised the total cost of the building and furnishings to $155,370. Dksibii'tiox ok Biii.DiNo. — The Court House which has undergone no important changes since its completion in the early 'seventies, except as to furnishings and internal improve- ments, is described in Clarke's "History of McDonough County" (1878), as follows: "The exterior of the building presents an imposing appearance and harmonious picture Old M. E. Church. Built about 1856 Now occupied by Macomb Fire Department buut ir. Ic-JO ;.j:.'.y J.i;l. Macomb. Built in 1676 HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. 751 from whatever point of view it is approached. It is situated in the center of the square, in the midst of a beautifully decorated yard, en- closed by a neat and substantial iron fence. This square is in the center of the city and wit'.iin a few hundred yards of the exact center of the county. The building is one of the neatest and best in the State used for a like purpose, and one to which every resident of the county points with pride. The many valuable public records of the county are considered safe within its walls. "The building is of modern style of architect- ure, and is three stories in height above the basen)ent. The basement story is built of Sagetown limestone, which gives the structure the appearance of solidity, and is in beautiful contrast with the red brick with which are built the exterior walls of the main and second stories. The openings and corners of the build- ing are also trimmed with the same kind of stone. The outside walls of the fourth, or en- tresol, story are covered with slate and the roof with tin. The roof, which is Mansard, presents a neat appearance, and is elegantly trimmed with cast-iron trimmings. "There are four entrances leading into the corridors of the main story, one in the center of either side and one in each end. Each of these opens from a portico constructed of iron and stone, and is reached by fine, wide stone steps. Under each portico, except the one on the north, and directly below the main en- trances, are openings leading into the halls of the l)asement. The building is surmounted by a fine belfry, which rises from the west end. It contains a large town clock, the bell of which, weighing fifteen hundred pounds, peals forth the hours as they pass. On four sides, and in plain view from all points, are large dials, with huge hands pointing to the hour and minute. The entire framework of the belfry is constructed of wrought iron. From this belfry a fine view is obtained of the sur- rounding country for many miles, it being the highest available point in the county. "The ground plan of the building is 114 feet long by 72 wide. The front walls are broken projections forming an irregular outline. Large halls pass through the basement and main stories. The floors of the walls in the base- ment are made of stone, while those in the first and second stories are of marble tiling. twelve inches square. The partition walls, with few exceptions, are made of brick, upon which rest heavy wrought-iron beams and joists for the support of the floors. The ceilings are of corrugated iron, painted white. The halls are w'ainscoted throughout with black walnut and ash. The doors are large and heavy and made of ash with black walnut trimings, while the inside window shutters and casings are of the same materials. "In the center of the south side, leading from the basement to the fourth floor, is a broad iron stairway, while one in the west end of the building, south of the main entrance, leads from the basement to the third floor. Leading from the fourth floor to the balcony of the belfry Is an iron spiral stairway. "In the basement is the room for the engine used for heating purposes, fuel and storage rooms, water closets and bathrooms. The main floor has commodious apartments for the Coun- ty Judge, County and Circuit Clerks, Sheriff, Treasurer, and School Superintendent, with fireproof vaults for public records. On the third floor are several good offices, the private room of the Circuit Judge, office of the County Surveyor, jury-room and council room of the city of Macomb; also the Circuit Court room, which occupies the eastern portion of the sec- ond, and third stories. This room is quite large, with ample provision for the bar, wit- nesses, jury and spectators, being seated with about four hundred arm chairs. The rooms in the upper story are used principally for storage purposes. There are in the entire building thirty-four rooms, all of which are heated by steam, the principal rooms being provided, in addition, witth fireplaces and mantels. Its venti- lation is good and, throughout, it is supplied with all the modern improvements." CofKTV JAn-.-=-At the March term of the Mc- Donough County Commissioners' Court, in 1833, an order was adbpted providing for the erection of a county jail — the first in the history of the county, — the contract being awarded on the sec- ond Monday of April following. The specifica- tions provided for a building "twenty feet square, with three rooms at least nine feet be- tween the floor and ceiling: the walls built of hewed logs, twelve Inches square, laid close, dove-tailed together and pinned at the corner, ... to be lined with plank two inches thick 752 HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. of white oak, spiked on across the logs," with floor of similar sized plank and double thick- ness, like ceiling, and with doors covered by sheet iron with three grated windows large enough to admit a pane of glass ten by twelve inches, and one window containing six panes of glass. Two of the rooms were described as "criminals' rooms" and the third as a "debtor's room." The building was based on a stone foundation, and the contract for its construc- tion was awarded to James Edmonson. The cost of construction is not given, but there is reason to believe that it was much more than that of the first court house. This building served its purpose for some twenty years, when It was turned over to the city of Macomb and became the city "calaboose." Following the erection of a new court house there came an urgent demand for a new jail, but the work was not undertaken until 1S76. Advertisements were inserted in the local papers and a Chicago paper in March of that year. The contract was awarded to J. M. Price & Co., of Macomb, for the sum of $23,000. Other ex- l)enses for lots, barns, fences, walks, etc., raised the total cost to $2.5,622.99. William Quayle of Peoria was the architect. The building, which is also used by the Sher- iff as a residence during his term of office, is two stories in height — the front, or residence portion, 35 by 42 feet, and the jail proper 3.5 by 40 feet. The basement is constructed of limestone with rough surface exterior: the walls of the main building of red brick, and with stone trimmings for openings. The Sher- iff's residence contains eight rooms, with closets, wardrobes and halls, and with three entrances. The jail proper as originally con- structed contained twenty-four cells, each iVd by 7 feet, seven feet in height and arranged in six tiers — four in length and three in height — one-half opening toward the east and one-half opening toward the west, into corridors eleven feet wide — the upper cells reached by stair- way and balcony. The lower tier of cells rest on seven feet of concrete. In the north end of the prison department is a dining room 12 by 35 feet. This portion of the building is fur- nished with ample iron water-tanks, bath-rooms, -ventilating flues, etc., the openings being pro- tected with gratings. The basement is occu- pied by heating furnace and fuel rooms. The female and debtor's apartments occupy the rear portion of the second story, consisting of three large rooms. The building was first occu- pied for jail purposes the latter part of Novem- ber, 1876. For description of public school buildings — including Western Illinois State Normal School — see Chapter XXII on "Education." Cou.N TY Almshouse. — The McDonough Coun- ty almshouse, about two miles southeast of the city of Macomb, was erected about the year 1874. It is a large and neat structure, situated on a tract of 160 acres of excellent arable land, and is in charge of James M. Mathews, as Superintendent. CTLVPTF^.R XIX. EARLY CHURCHES. V.lAtVAl .JOHN I.O(;.\.\ IMSKACIIKS TIIIO KIK.ST .SEKMO.V IN M'nOXOUOH COINTY IN 1828 — BAI'TI.ST Cm'KCII KOlNDKn IX 1831 OTHEK I!APTI.ST (HCKCHES, FIRST ME.MBEU.S AMI I'A.STOBS C'Ht RCII OK THE DI.SCIPIES SECIl.M) I.\ DATE OK ORC.WIZATIO.N — EARLY CHIRCIIES OF TIII.S I)E- NO.MIX.VTIOX ANIl THEIR FOfXDERS METHODIST CHURCHES, DATE OF OK(:AXIZ.\TIOX AXD LOCATION i'RESBYTERIAX CHIRIH HISTORY' EARLY MEM- UEKS AXD I'A.STORS ClMliERI.AXI) I'RE.SBYTE- llr.\XS, CO.NCREr..\TIOXAI.ISTS .VXD LATER I'.Al'TLST ORCAXIZATIOXS IXIVERSALIST AND REFORMED CHfRCHE.S — EARLY CATHOLIC ORII ANIZ.\TIONS rXITED liRETHREN AND H'THKRAX rTU'RCHES. In accordance with the general rule in the rural districts of Illinois, religious organiza- tion and development have been a leading fac- tor in local history. Elder John Logan, a Bap- tist minister, is reputed to have preached the first Christian sermon ever delivered in Mc- Donough County, though the exact date is not given. Elder Logan came to that local- ity in May. 1828, and settled in the vicinity of the present village of Industry, in what was known as the "Carter Settlement," which had been established during the previous year. Mr. HISTORY OI- McDONOl'GH COUNTY. 753 Losan had the reputation of being the first missionary appointed by the Home Missionary Society of Boston, Mass., and for some months lived in the old bloclv-house situated on the farm of William Carter, from whom the set- tlement took its name, and here he is said to have preached the first sermon in the county during the year of his arrival. During the month of November, l.s:;i. Elder Logan, assisted by Elder Stephen Strickland, established a Bai)tist Church in Bethel Town- ship. It was known as the "Tnion Church.' at the time of its organization consisting of ten members — four males and si.\ females — viz.: John and N'ancy Gibson. William and Sarah Stephens, James and Polly Edmonston, Richard and Cassandra Morris, Abigail Fer.guson and Sarah C. Palmer. The denomination was known at that time as the "rnited Baptist:" which afterwards became the "ReKUlar Bap- tist." Thus it was that the Baptist denomina- tion gained the reputation of becoming the first church organization in McDonough Coun- ty. Thomas H. Owen, a licentiate who preached to this congregation for a time, afterward re- moved to Hancock County, and was later a member of the State Legislature, serving two terms in the House and one session in the Sen- ate. John Gibson, who was one of the first members of this church, was a prominent cit- izen, on two occasions the annual association being held near him, when he fed and lodged a large number of its members. In 1832 El- der William Bradley was called to the pastor- ate of this church, and in the fall of the same year messengers were sent to the Spoon River Association, and it was received into corre- spondence and fellowship. In 1S33 Elder Mica- jah B. Rowland joined the Union Church and soon after became its pastor, from which he was released in 1S3.5. being succeeded during the latter year by Samuel L. Dark, a licentiate, who was onlained in lN4i). Others who held pastoral relations with this church were Elder Robert Mays (1S38), Elder John Driskill (183S-57), Elder George Tracy (for a few months in 1858) but whose pastorate was ter- minated by his sudden death. Elder Tracy was succeeded by Elder Isaac .\. Van Meter, whose pastorate continueil for over twenty years, be- ing assisted at times by Elder Jacob Castlebury and T. N. Frazee. This church met at Middle- town ( now Fandon ) for many years, where a new house of worship was erected about 1877. Antioch Church, also of the Regular Bap- tist denomination, was organized at Middle- town in February. 1841. by Elders Owen and Frazee — the L'nion Church then holiiing its meetings a few miles distant. But four persons entered the organization at that time. — viz.: John and Parthenia McCormick, William D. Stevens and Holly Edmonston — though others soon after were added. Elder Owen served as pastor for a time, and the church was connect- ed with the Salem Association. A house of worship was built in Middletown in 1843, but the church was nnally disolved in 1849, most of its members uniting with the L'nion Church. Besides the two churches already named, there were one or two others accepting the same articles of faith, but these generally united with the "New School" organization, leaving but one "Regular Baptist" church in the county in 1878. CitiHcii oi- TiiK Discii'LKs. — The second de- nomination to effect an organization in Mc- Donough County was the "Christian" or "Di-s- ciples of Christ. ■ whose first representatives to make their a|)|)earance in the county were Elders Bristow and Long in 1831. The oldest church of this creed was organized under the name of the Liberty Church, a few miles from Blandinsville in 1832, but in 1849 it removed to Blandinsville and took the name of Blandins- ville Christian Church. .Macomb Christian Church was organized in that city, September 1(>, 184.5, with seventeen members, which, added to twenty-nine who had enrolled a few months previous under the preaching of Evangelist Elder A. J. Kane, made a total ol forty-si.x. This church has had an extensive growth, and it is now one of the strongest church organizations in the county. Its church building is located at 202 West Jack- son Street. A church edifice erected in 1880 has been in use ever since, and is the oldest church building in Macomb. A Christian Endeavor Chapel is situated in West Woodbury Street, in which Sunday School and prayer meetings are held. Bedford Christian Church, located in the northwestern part of Blandinsville Township, was organized on April 7. 1850. by Elder Mil- 754 HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. ton Dodge, with a strong force of members. Other church organizations of this denomi- nation include Mound Christian Church, or- ganized in 1857 by Elder J. B. Royal, of Ver- mont, 111.; the Christian Church of Industry, organized January 27, 1858, by Rev. .lohn Mc- Millin with eight members, holding its meet- ings in school-houses and in the Cumberland Presbyterian Church until 1809. when it erected a building of its own; the New Salem Church, organized April 8, 1859, by Mr. Royal; Colches- ter Christian Church, at Colchester, organized by Elders J. C. Reynolds and C. Ades, April 1, 1867. with 116 members; Sciota Christian Church reorganized after a period of depres- sion in January, 1876; New Bedford Church, or- ganized by Elder J. H. Breeden, in November, 1871, and Bushnell Church, which erected a church building in 1867, though the exact date of its organization has not been ascertained. In 1878 there were nine congregations of this denomination in the county, with a member- ship, at that time, of 1,121, which has grown greatly since that period. Meth()])ist Churches. — As usual in most other rural districts of the State, the Metho- dist Episcopal Church obtained a foothold in McDonough County, at an early date and now leads both as to membership and to number of church organizations. The noted Peter Cartwright is reputed in 1832 to have preached the first sermon in McDonough County by any representative of that denomination, and organ- ized the first church there during the same year. Meetings were held in the old court house until 1835, when a brick building was erected on a site donated by Hon. James M. Campbell. This building was demolished by a cyclone in 1847, but was rebuilt the follow- ing year, the congregation in the meantime holding services conjointly with the Presby- terians. The second church building was blown down in 1854, and was replaced by a new structure, which was dedicated in 1857, services being held during the interval in the Christian church and in the court house. This church was rebuilt ^nd refitted, the dedicatory sermon on Its reopening being preached by Bishop Simpson. Not long after the dedication of this building the spire was blown down by a violent storm, its place being later supplied by a less pretentious cupola. The Macomb Metho- dist Church has been a regular station since 1858, and during its history has been presided over by some of the most noted ministers of that denomination in the capacity of pastors or Presiding Elders. Tennessee Methodist Episcopal Church dates, its origin from the holding of missionary meet- ings in the home of James Fulkerson, near Hillsgiove. in 1832, the locality being popularly known as the "Old Methodist Stamping Grounds." In 1851 a society was organized south of Tennessee at what was called the "brick school-house." A church structure was erected in that vicinity in 1864. Friendship Methodist Episcopal Church, one of the older religious organizations in the coun- ty, was organized in 1833 by Rev. Mr. Cord, a Methodist Missionary. Meetings were held for a time at the residence of John Hunt, later known as the Kirk place, and for many years at the school-house near the present site of the church. The first camp meeting in the Mili- tary Tract was held in this locality in 1833, and is said to have attracted visitors from a wide extent of country, including Quincy, Jackson- ville, Beardstown and other points equally dis- tant. One of the -.\(;er.s — sr. kr.\ncis iiosimtai. — SERVICE RE.NDEBED UY DR. J. B. BACON IN SECUB- IXG ITS ESTABLISHMENT — SI.STERS OP .ST. FRAN- CIS IN CUARGE OF THE Nl'BSIXG DEI'ABTMENT — BOARD OF ilANACEMKXT. The Mbs. Mabietta Phelps Hospital, situ- ated at No. 218 East Carroll Street, Macoml), was instituted under rather peculiar circuni stances, as related by Dr. S. C. Stremmel in the following terms: "On December 22, 1899. Mrs. Marietta Phelps fell and broke her arm 760 HISTORY OF McDON(JU(;H COUNTY. at the elbow. I was called to administer to her relief. The injury was of such a nature that I could not give her much encouragement as to the ultimate result. During one of my visits I suggested to her that she donate money enough to build a hospital. She treated the proposition as a joke, and suggested I might be crazy. Later, however, she considered the subject seriously and decided to donate $10,200, provided I would take the responsibility of building and maintaining the hospital and al- low her to spend the remaining days of her life there. On April 9, 1900, an agreement was drawn up to that effect and she paid me the $10,200. The building was immediately com- menced, and completed in November, 1900. I found, by this time, that the money which Mrs. Phelps donated was not nearly sufficient to complete and furnish the building, and dur- ing the ensuing three years I had to advance and expend the sum of $7,500 of my own money for additional improvements in the way of equipment. "Within a short time after the hospital was finished, it was fully occupied by pa- tients, and has been practically so ever since its opening to the public in the early part of 1905. The patients were so numerous that lack of rooms made it necessary to build an addition. The addition, which will almost double the capacity of the hospital, is being erected at my expense and under my su- pervision, and when completed will cost $10,000. "Mrs. Phelps occupied suitable rooms in the hospital for nearly one year, dying at the age of eighty-seven years. A few months be- foce she died I asked her if she had it to do over, would she give her money to build a hospital? She at once answered that the last years of her life had been the happiest of her existence; that she had no idea there was so much suffering in the world, or that so much could he done with her money; that she hoped the hospital would grow; and that others who had money to spare would see the im- portance of the work, and only wished that she had more means to apply in this direction. "Mrs. Phelps was one of the most remark- able women I ever became acquainted with. Her mental faculties were perfectly clear, and she was possessed of business ability far above the average, even to her latest exist- ence. A few hours before she died she in- quired of those in attendance if her sickness was unto death. She was informed that she had but a short time more to live. She at once requested that Reverend Mr. Bratton, of the Presbyterian church (her pastor), be in- vited to attend her. A short, appropriate serv- ice wa,s held by the pastor, at the conclusion of which she feelingly thanked him for his kindness, and within a few hours her spirit had gone to Him whom she had faithfully sei-ved during her long pilgrimage on earth." The original hospital was capable of accom- modating eighteen patients, with twelve rooms. The addition to the north contains nineteen rooms, capable of accommodating thirty pa- tients. The equipments of the hospital are of the most modern type, the patients being attended by twelve graduate nurses. Every year a number of nurses are graduated for this work elsewhere. The present faculty of the hospital is as fol- lows: Surgeon in Chief, Dr. S. C. Stremmel. First Assistant Surgeon, Dr. J. B. Holmes. Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat, Dr. Frank Rus- sell. General Medicine, Dr. H. Knappenberger. Diseases of Children, Dr. F. K. Westfall. Diseases of Skin, Dr. R. C. Sloan. Gynaecologist. Dr. E. R. Miner. General Practice, Dr. E. T. Jarvis. Mrs. Mercedes Marohe is in charge as Su- perintendent. St. Fr.^xcis Hospit.\l. — The St. Francis Hos- pital is situated at the end of South Johnson Street, beautifully located on rolling land. The building is rather unique, in that it does not stand according to the cardinal points of the compass, but at an angle of forty-five degrees between due north and south. By this ar- rangement the sun shines into the rooms of the patients at some time during the day, and a considerable portion of it, thereby insuring cheerful and healthful surroundings. The St. Francis Hospital is an institution which reflects great credit on Macomb and' one of which a much larger city might justly be proud. It is therefore worthy of notice. As early as 1901 Dr. J. B. Bacon commenced the work of locating a sisterhood here, and offered to raise $10,000 for them to be invested in huying the ground and constructing and equipping a hospital. Dr. Bacon visited and' communicated with all the principal sister- w H 11 > o X o m H > > O o s CD HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. 761 hoods in the central and eastern parts of the United States; but there was much demand for their services and his efforts at that time were iinavailinp. Finally, after much corre- spondence and hard labor, a sisterhtK>d of St. FYancis was secured from Clinton, Iowa. As before stated. Dr. Hacon had agreed to raise the sum of $10,000, if they would locate at or near the city of Macomb, and when he learned that this could be accomplished, he at once actively ensaped in the work of rais- inR the promised funds. The work was con- tinued without delay until the sum of $2(1,000 was added to that previously promised, so that the building and grounds could be se- cured and the same thoroughly equipped. The site secured commands a fine view of the sur- rounding country, and is so located that it cannot be marred by the erection of other buildings. Work was commenced on the hospital in the si)ring of 1902, and by the most strenuous efforts the building was ready for occupancy in May of tne following year. It was dedi- cated by Bishop O'Riley, of Peoria, on May 14, 1903. and so great was the demand for ac- commodations that two patients were installed before the ceremonies had taken place. The hospital proved a great success from the date of its opening, and is now crowded to its ca- pacity. In the second year of the institu- tion the business was nearly double that of the first. This remarkable success is largely due to the fact that, from the first, the ut- most care was exercised in the selection of the medical staff. Dr. .1. B. Hacon, who Is the head of the hospital, had had the neces- sary exiierience which admirably fitted him for a position of this importance, having gradu- ated from two of the best medical colleges of this country and spent two years in the hospitals of Germany, thus adding to his al- ready large fund of education and experience. His high standing as a surgeon was empha- sized by his appointment as Instructor in Sur- gery at the .Northwestern University Medical School. Chicago. The same care shown in the selection of the head of the hospital was exercised in the choice of the heads of departments, each be- ing a fully qualified specialist in his line. The following well-known members of the profes- sion constitute the active faculty: 10 .Foseph B. Bacon. M. D., Surgeon-in-Chief ; Arthur R. Adams, M. D., Physician-in-Chief ; Arthur K. Drake, M. D., Ear, Nose and Throat ; (Mrs.) Francis L. Patrick, M. D., Diseases of Women: Benjamin D. Jenkins, M. D., Assistant Sur- geon : ,Ioseph H. Davis, M. D., Assistant Physician; George H. Clarke. M. D., Orthopedic Sur- gery; George H. Maxfield, M. D., Mental and Nerv- ous Diseases; Iteiijamin E. LeMasters, .M. I)., Pathologist and Bacteriologist. The nurses of this institution, with a Mother Superior and a trained corps of nursing Sis- ters, add to the efficiency of the hospital, form- ing the usual combination of Catholic hospitals which is not excelled by the working force of any similar institution. The sisterhood, as is well known, serve without salary and devote their lives to charity and pure benefi- cence. The facts presented in this chapter furnish evidence that this and the surrounding com- munities are wonderfully blessed in having two institutions devoted to the amelioration of human suffering. No patient is refused admission by either of the above named in- stitutions by reason of poverty, or inability to pay for the services rendered. CH .AFTER .\XI. THE MEDICAJ> PROFESSIO.N. EARLY PHYSICIAN B OF M'DONOUOH COrSTY — PBIM- rnVE CONDITIONS AND METHODS EARLY DIS- EASES AND REMEDIES SOME NOTABLE MEMBERS OE THE PROFESSION MACOMB HOSPITALS — M"lM)NOr<;H COl'NTY MEDICAL .SOCIETY AND ITS POITNDER8 — LIST OF PHYSICIANS WITH PLACE OP RESIDENCE. McDonough County has always enjoyed a good reputation for the learning and ability of its medical department, equal to that of any other community of like population. This calls to 762 HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. mind some o£ the early practitioners when the country was virtually an uncultivated wilder- ness, when nearly all the early settlers had to pass through a period of acclimatization dur- ing the "fever and ague season," and when calomel, and bleeding and blistering were about the sum total of the practitioners' pharma- copoeia. And, wonderful to relate, this ex- perience had a most wonderful happy influence, in that the first settlers were a hardy and lusty class of people, as evidenced by the long, industrious and successful lives which they lived, becoming the forefathers of the present sturdy inhabitants. Old Dr. Charles Hayes was the pioneer — "our Dr. McClure" of the entire region — who rode all over the county day and night on his faithful steed "Jess" — administering to the aches and pains, fevers and other ailments of the people. "Cook's pills" were to him a panacea for nearly all the diseases of the early days of malaria and fevers. Dr. Hayes was at the beck and call of the rich and poor alike, and is still re- membered by the grandchildren of his numer- ous patients. Then Dr. J. B. Kyle, who followed in his footsteps, with his cheery, countenance and ever ready, hearty laugh, brought to the languid patient a new lease of life; and while the potions he administered were sometimes very unsavory, yet he inspired confidence on the part of his patients which went far toward insuring their recovery. These doctors occupied this field of jjractice some seventy years ago. and have gone to their reward. Dr. B. R. Westfall, a son-in-law of Dr. Hayes, practiced some sixty years ago, and was very successful, meriting the confidence of the community. Among the many early prac- titioners we mention with pleasure, Drs. Hug- gins, Huston, McFarland, the two Drs. Bayne. Dr. Hammond and Dr. Livermore. all of whom have passed away, to be succeeded by no less eminent members of this beneficent profession in the persons of Drs. Bacon and Stremmel, who are now at the head of the two most excellent hospitals in Macomb; but want of space reminds us that we cannot afford to in- dulge in invidious distinction among the med- ical profession of McDonough County of the present day, and we must, therefore, simply content ourselves with giving a list of the med- ical gentlemen who now have in charge the health and well-being of our increased popu- lation. And first, attention may fittingly be called to the fact that there is now a regular "Medical Society of McDonough County," organized in 1866 by Drs. McDavitt, Bayne and Hammond, which meets annually to compare notes and relate their experiences for the benefit of their co-workers of the present day and those who may follow them. The present officers of this Society are as follows: President, Dr. S. F. Russell. Vice-President, Dr. A. R. Adams. Secretary and Treasurer, E. T. Jarvis. The following is a list of McDonough County physicians of the present day, with respective places of residence: Macomb. — Drs. Arthur R. Adams, David S. Adams, Joseph H. Davis, Joseph B. Bacon. .Jo- seph B. Holmes, E. Taylor Jarvis, Ben D. Jen- kins, Henry Knappenberger, Elizabeth R. Miner, Frances L. Patrick, S. Frank Russell, Samuel Russell, Ralph C. Sloan. Samuel C. Stremmel. F. Kemper Westfall. Coi.cHESTKB. — Drs. N. B. Ackley, L. S. Cop- Ian, V. Stookey. Tennessee. — Drs. J. W. Aiken. L. D. Betts. BiisHNELT,. — Drs. John GriflSth, William E. Haines, J. W. Hamilton, Ben E. LeMaster, C. J. Rider, John P. Roark. E. K. Westfall, C. S. Zeigler. Bardolph. — Dr. William W. Hendricks. Bi.ANDiNSVii.LE. — Drs. Daniel F. Beacon. Ben- jamin F. Duncan, William E. Grigsby. Henry T. Markee, Ross Huston. Good Hope. — Drs. William M. Hartman, Wil- liam W. Houston, James R. Hull. ScioTA. — Dr. Richard F. Marrs. Industbt. — Drs. John W. Hermetel. G. Darius Runkle. New PHn.ADELPHiA. — Dr. Albert Havens. Pbairie City. — Drs. P. E. Kirmal, William L. Kreider, Ernest F. Manning, A. M. Westfall. DoDDSviLLE. — Dr. J. A. Botts. Pennington'.s Point. — Dr. Carleton O. Booth, Adair. — Drs. P. W. Baer, A. C. Hatfield. E. E. Hill. HISTORY OF McDONOUGH COUNTY. 7A3 CHAPTER XXII INDUSTRIAL— MANUFACTURES M'|K)X0U0H county ACBICULTURAI. AXU ilKCHAN- U'AL ASSOCIATION — FIRST COUNTY FAIR IN 1855 — HISTORY OF SUBSE(JUKNT FAIRS — STREET FAIRS — BUSHNEIX FAIR ASSOCIATION MANUFACT- l rSERS — FOUNDRIES AND OTHER METAL INDUS- TRIES — MARBLE AND GRANITE WORKS POTTERY AND CLAY MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES MISCELLANEOUS. The McDonough County Fair was organized April 10, 1855, the principal movers in the enterprise being Thompson Chandler, Joseph P. Updegraff, C. M. Ray, Joseph Lownes, Wil- liam T. Brooking, W. J. Merritt and S. K. Ped- rick, with others from different sections of the county. The Fair was held on the smuuds of the McDonough College in the northeast part of the city. There was no high board fence to cut off the view from the outside, and all who visited the grounds were admitted on honor. The .Association was a success from the first ; so that, in its more than half a century's exist- ence, it never missed the annual meeting, save one year it was drowned out by rain and for eight years it had rainy seasons. Later it oc- cupied two other locations within the city Ittaits, when the demand for greater space became urgent, and a regular stockholders com- pany was organized and ground, consisting of some twelve acres, was purchased at the south- ern limits of the city at a cost of $10,000. The capital stock amounted to $7,500 based on an issue of 150 shares. On account of rainy sea- sons the society became indebted to the amount of $5,200, but the stockholders contributed one- half that amount, and the Association gradually worked itself out of debt until, of late years, it has always paid a good dividend. It is therefore entirely solvent and in excellent run- ning order. The premises are worth at least $15,000: so the stock is above par and its business is being managed admirably. The grounds, both topographically and geographical- ly, are admirably adapted for the pur[>ose for which they are useil. They are enclosed by a tight board fence ten feet high and surrounded with regular stalls for horses, cattle, hogs and sheep. On the north end are located the floral and vegetable halls, and the amphitheater is over one hundred feet in length, capable of comfortably seating two thousand spectators. The race-track covers one-half mile and is as fine as any in the State. Financially the Asso-. elation always has money in the treasury, and pays its premiums with bank regularity. Dr. W. O. Blaisdell was, for over twenty-iive years, President of the Association, taking a keen interest in its prosperity, and to him much is due for Its jjrosperous condition. The present officers are: George D. Tunnicliff, President; A. .\. Messmore, Vice-President; George Gadd, Treasurer: George W. Reid, Secretary; Direc- tors— F. R. Kyle, J. McKee, T. Dudman, F.. Hogan and W. H. Hainline. Macomb has held, two notable street fairs— those of 1904 and 1906 —which proved especially successful. It is fit- ting in this connection to give a list of the tirst officers, since to them much is due for the success of the enterprise. They were: Thomp-. son Chandler. President; James Lownes, Wil- liam Brooking and S. K. Pedrick, Vice-Presi- dents; L. H. Waters, Corresponding Secretary; Joseph E. Wyne, Recording Secretary, and J. P. Updegraff, Treasurer. Btminell Fair As.sociation. — During the summer of 1S97, several citizens, feeling that a fair for the exposition of agricultural pro- ducts and mechanical implements could be suc- cessfully operated in the city of Bushnell, at once effected an organization under the above name, and proceeded to elect a boani of offi- cers as follows: Louis Kaiser. President; S. A. Epperson and George W. Solomon, Vice-Presi- dents; .1. K. Chandler. Treasurer; D. F. Chides- ter. Secretary; with S. .\. Hendee, C. C. Morse. D. N. Wlshart, M. L. Walker, I. Hanks and James .\. Gardner, Directors. Grounds were rented and well fitted up for the purpose, and the first fair was held September 23-26, 1879, proving a decided success. The Bushnell Fair has continued to be held yearly to date, with more or less success. J. H. Johnson, the pres- ent Secretary and Treasurer of the Association, takes a most active part in conducting its affairs and contributes much to Its success. Several street fairs have also been held, seem- ingly resulting in the success anticipated. 764 HISTORY (3F Mcrx:)NOU(;H COUNTY. MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES. The following includes a list of the iirin- cipal manufacturing enterprises in .McDonough County: Metal Industries. — The foundry of A. Fisher & Brother was erected in 1873 on the west side of Randolph Street, in Macomb, just north of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The main building is of brick and is 40 by 136 feet, ground area. The machine shop is 60 by 136 feet, and, within the past three years, large additions have been made to the molding rooms. The proprietors make a specialty of casting and finishing school furniture, which is shipped all over this continent and to South America. They also do a general casting and machine business in their line. This business was established by Thomas Wiley in 1856. Mr. A. Fisher came to McDonough County in 1868 and became associated with Mr. Wiley in the business. Later Mr. Wiley retired from the firm and was succeeded by Fisher & Price, and this lasted for several years. The present busi- ness is owned and carried on by Archibald Fisher, who is conducting a prosperous and noted foundry. There was a foundry in the city of Bushnell, which was carried on for some years, but within the past few years It has ceased to exist. The Macomb Sheet Metal Works, at No. 200 South Lafayette Street, conducted and owned by Griffin & Schell. are doing a very fair business. The Plumbing Works of Hender- son & Cox are located at 233 Lafayette Street, Macomb. Pottery and Clat Manufacturing Indus- tries. — Macomb Sewer Pipe Company, now owned by Walter S. Dickey, is the result of the consolidation of two incorporated companies, which were sold to Mr. Dickey of Kansas City. The first of these companies was known as the Macomb Tile and Sewer Pipe Company, lo- cated on the west side of Macomb. It had a capital of $50,000. with Dr. W. F. Bayne as President; G. W. Bailey, Secretary, and J. H. Cummings, Treasurer. It was chartered March 24, 1883, and continued in business until March 8, 1902, when the sale referred to took place. The other corporation was known as the Frost Sewer Pipe Company, situated on the east side of Macomb. It was organized February 16, 1893, with Samuel Frost as President; W. H. Hainline, Secretary; and John Binnie, Treas- urer, with a capital of ?60,000. It was sold first to the Illinois Manufacturing Company, but subsequently transferred to the Macomb Sewer Pipe Company, of which it became a part November 30, 1904. These factories have been added to each year until their capacity has been more than doubled, and they are now in a most prosperous condition. They em- ploy nearly two hundred men, and obtain ma- terial from their own clay beds, which are reached by a private railway to the mines, over two miles in length. They also operate their own coal shafts at Colchester. The company is up-to-date in every necessary equipment. The Macomb branch of the Western Stone Ware and Pottery Company is the result of the absorption, on April IS. 1906, of the Macomb Pottery and the Macomb Stone Ware Compa- nies. The headquarters of the company are located at Monmouth, 111., with the following list of officers: W. D. Brereton, Monmouth, President; A. D. Philpot, Chicago, Secretary; George E. Patton, Monmouth, Treasurer. The different factories of the company are located as follows: Nos. 1 and 2 at Monmouth; Nos. 3 and 4 at Macomb; No. 5 at Whitehall, 111.; No. 6 at Clinton, Mo.; and No. 7 at Ft. Dodge, Iowa. A. Q. Myers is superintendent in charge of Nos. 3 and 4 at Macomb. The capacity of the seven shops is about 5.000 car loads per annum. The company, as a whole, represents the largest stoneware manufacturing industry in the United States. The Buckeye Pottery Company of Macomb is situated on the east side of Macomb, No. 405 West Carroll Street. The officers are: W. J. Pech, President; and L. S. Pech, Secretary and Treasurer. This factory has been in existence over twenty years, the plant having been first built by the father of President W, J. Pech, and it has remained in the hands of the Pech family ever since. It has been successful from the first, and continues to do a large business. The Conduit Manufactory and the Russell Clay Works are located at the comer of Pierce and College Streets, the owner being S. Russell. This is a new establishment erected for the manufacture of conduits to be used for elec- trical purposes. The Macomb Cement Building Block Factory, owned by D. C. Pennywitt, is situated at 302 West Carroll Street. HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. 7(^S Mabui.k ani> Gramtk Works. — Thomas D. Kirk is the proprietor of the Macomb Marble and Granite Works, located at 210 North Lafay- ette Street. It furnishes all kinds of monu- mental work manufactured according to origi- nal designs from Montelo. Berlin, Vermont, Quincy. Missouri and Minnesota red and gray granites. The workmanship is equal to that of any marble works in the country, and Mr. Kirk has a growing business. ,1. D. Van Fossen & Son. tombstone and mon- ument manufacturers, of marble and all kinds of granite, are located at Xo. 21.5 East Jackson Street. MiscKi.i.ANKots iNniisTRtES. — The Bushnell Tank Works, at Bushnell, has a paid-up capital of $7.').Mll'.-i IIISTOKIC TIOTKI. SITK OK TIIK KIR.sr I'IRK — KMI.IRK (IK MACOMh's KIR.ST KANK — TllK HI n RA.MMM.fll IIor.SK AM> ITS liril.llKR — niSTIN- (I'lMllKI) MKN WHO WKRK ITS CI'KSTS — A MKMOR- xni.K 1-ONKKRKNCK WIIH AIIKAIIVM I.I.NCOI.N TAKING OK A LI.NCOI..N l-ORTRAIT — RK.M INISCK.NOK.S OF A RKITULICAN RALLY I.N 1.S.5S — OTIIKB NOTIOK NISITORS I.A.ST SLAVKS IN .M '|X).N()1(;II COII.NTY SIIICI.TKKKII TIIKRK EARLY AM) LATKB HAY IIO.S- rKLKIKS — A rKlMlTlVK TAVKR.N — SC'ALK OK I'RICKS KOlt MKAI.S. I.KjroUS, KTC. .M IN IsrER.S IN rilK I IIJIOK rHADK IIOTKI. I'llANDI.KR AM) TIIK WILLIAMS not SE, OK MACOMIl IIHSII NELL, IILANDINSVII.LE, I'H.MKIE CITY, .SlIOTA, C'OU'llKS- TEK. TENNESSEE. INIHSTKV AM) IIAKDOLI'II HOTELS. The following sketch of the historic Randoliiii House, erected in Macomb in 1856-57, as copied from the "Macomb Journal" of 190.'i, and written by the Hon. Alexander McLean, will, no doubt, have an interest for many readers of this volume. During the fifty years of its history, covering the period of early Rei)ublican cam- liaigns and the Civil War. it was the temporary resting place of Abraham Lincoln. Senator Trumbull, Governors Yates, Oglesby and Pal iner, and many other distinguished citizens of this and other States. Its builder and owner, Hon. William H. Randoli)h. was a patriotic citi- zen who lost his life while in the discharge of his duty as Provost Marshal for the McDon- ough district during the war period. The Rani)oi.i-h Hoise. — "This noted hotel, sit- uated on the east side of the public square, was for many years recognized as one of the best hostelries in the Military Tract. Part of the lot on which it is erected had previously been occupied by the office of Dr. Charles Hayes, one of the oldest and best known citizens of this county. The site of the office is where the two-story building owned by E. A. Lane now stands. Dr. Hayes erected a twostory frame building on the corner, which was occu- pied by J. W. Wyne as a general dry-goods store, and remained as such until a few years ago, when the present brick buibling was erect- ed. The remaining part of said lot was occu- pied by Hector McLean as a tombstone, grind- stone and general stonecutters' yard, for two years. In 1S52 a two-story buildini^ was erected on the southeast corner (on the alley), and oc- cupied as a general dry-gtxjds store. "The Fiitsi- Fire. — The first firm occupying the same was that of Chambers & Randolph, subsequently occupied by the firm of Updegraff, Pearson & Cummings. Mr. I'pdegralT retiring, the firm was Pearson, Cummings & Mcintosh, "While occupied by this firm, the most de- 7f>6 lllSTURV (JF McDON(;L'(;1I corxTY struct ive fire which ever visited Macx^>mb oc- curred' All our merchants in the early 'fifties bought the entire product of our farmers — hogs, curing and packing same during the win- ter ready to ship on opening of navigation to St. Louis. All commercial transactions were con- summated. The lower rear part of the building was filled with hams, bacon and lard. The fire is s\ipposed to have originated by overflow of lard from frying kettles. The bucket brigade did heroic service. Men, women and children formed lines from all wells in the vicinity. When the fire was at its height it was an- nounced that there was a large quantity of pow- der in the premises. This was true, but .1. H. Pearson, at risk of life, knowing where the dangerous com|)ound was, ran in and brought whole kegs and one halt-keg out amidst show- ers of firebrands and took them to a place of safety. Many comical scenes occurred, fires being un- usual. The peculiar idiosyncracies of many were developed. One aged man brought down from the second floor an armful of log chains and deposited them carefully out of harm's way, then rushed in again and getting a lot of scythe blades, threw them out of the window on the heads of the helpers. Another, 'equally as diligent, picked up whole packages of plates, saucers and other queensware and threw them out on the pavement. But after superhuman efforts the fire was ultimately extinguished. The citizens generally iierformed their whole duty, the women jiarticularly helping in pass- ing the buckets and pumping at the wells, and thus the fire company covered themselves with glory. "F[ii.sT n\NK F.Mi.i rti:. — After the fire above referred to, the second story of the building was changed to make a banking house, which was the first bank in McDonough County. In 18,54 Mr. Randolph, in company with .Joseph M. Parkinson, Joseph W. Blount and M. T. War- slow, formed the first banking company and. ■with a few changes in the firm, continued in business until the fall of 185S, when it, with hundreds of other banks all over the country, had to go into liquidation. So ended the bank in this building. This was a year of great finan- cial distress and of wildcat banking in the country. ■ "The members ardinK house than a public hotel. Mi.ANDiN.svii.i.K H0TKI..S. — The Hardin Hotel was the first regular hotel of Hlandinsville. It was owned by Victor Hardin and continued to be occupied by him for many years, but has now ceased to exist. The Central Hotel, situated on .Main Street in Hlandinsville. was occupied at different times by K. L. Sap|) and a niiml)er of other |)roprie- tors. It is still used as a house of puljlic en- tertainment. The Edel House, built in 1S.5S. a two-story brick structure, is situated opposite the public park. Mr. Charles Ballou owns the buildins and. for some years, was its landlord. It is still occupied for hotel jjurposes. and has a goorl list of patrons. The Cozad Hotel is a two-story brick under the management of Mr. Cozad as landlord. This is a neat. cozy, well-kept house and is well patronized. PimiiiK City Hotki.s. — .\ hotel was erected by Wesley Cope in 1S.S6. and occupied by J. C. Canfield. This was discontinued many years ago and is now a private dwelling. The first hotel in Prairie City was built by Ezra Cadwallader in ]8.')4-55. and known as the McDonough House. On the 14th day of No- vember. IS'n. it was burned, and Mr. Cad- wallader built another near the depot in 1S57. which was known as the Eagle House. It was sold in November. IS.iS. and was named the Central House. It has ceased to be used as a hotel, and has become a private dwelling. At this writing we understand there is no regular hotel in Prairie City. SiioTA HoTKL.s. — The first hotel in Sciota was opened by .lohn .Jrmes in ISTl. and was known as the Sciota House. It has been discontinued and a small i)rivate hotel is now in existence. Good Hope has a good twostory frame hotel. a large majority of its patrons being boarders. Coi,cnK.sTKii HoTici.s. — The first hotel in Col- chester was erected by .lohn Taylor in the win- ter of l.S55-5fi and named the Chester House. Previous to its enclosure he disposed of it to .lohn Stults. who completed it in 1S5S. .1. C. H<)t)ert became its landlord and conducted it until 1SS2. when William .Miller t(X)k charge of it. In June. 1883. the present landlord. J. W. Ennis. came into possession. The irnion House was built in 1S69 by Henry Slocum, who occupied it for some time, fol- lowed by several other parties until A|)ril 15, 1S77. when .1. D. Trew became the proprietor and continues to carry on the business. Tkn.\ks!skk Ho.stklkik.s. — The first hotel in Tennessee was kept in a buildin.g which was moved from the neighborhood of the McDon- ough saw-mill, three miles west of the village, in .lanuary. 1S57. by Leo and .lohn McDonough. They sold it to I... Underbill, who occupied it lor a few months, when he sold it to John Low- (lerman. after which it ceased to be occu[)ied for hotel puriwses. About a year afterward Ed- ward N. Driscoll erected the Liberty House, a twcvstory frame building. It was afterward owned by H. C. Potts. Thomas Cyrus. John Low- derman. D. R. Waddill and Mrs. .Margaret Dull. The latter still occupies the building as a hotel. iMu .sricY HoTKi.. — Caleb Hathaway and Mr. Pennington occupied the hotel here for some years. The present hotel is a neat two-story building. It is well kept and well patronized. Hvituor.i'ii. — The first hotel was built here in 1S.5S. about the time the town was laid out. It was known as the Bardolph Hotel, and was occupied successively by .Mrs. N. H. Jackson. William Wilson. William E. Hendricks and others. This building was burned, and since then a new hotel for lodgers and boarders has been erected. The hotels of McDonough County compare very favorably with those of the rural districts in any other i)nrtion of the State of Illinois. CH.M'IKR \XI\ POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS AND POETRY. rOI.niC.M. (AMI'.VK^N.S OK KIKTY YKAIIS AciO KIKST IlKIMIU.irAX CAMI'AICN KOH I'KKSlnKNT FRK- MONT THIRD IN THE LIST IN m'bONOUC.II COUNTY — homk local ixcidext.s ok that oami'aifin — i.incoln-nouolas denate of 185,8 — the "rail- si'I.itter's campakin" ok 1860 — women i'arad- ERS. RRA.SS BAXnS ANn CLEE CLrB.S CAMPAION soNr.s OF 1860. '44 AND "48. The following sketch, giving a brief account of the political movements of the past fifty 770 HISTORY OF McD<3X()U(;H a3UNTY. years in which McDonough County tool< an active part, may be of interest to those who were actors in the old campaigns, as well as to the youth of the present and the politicians of the future. As the campaign songs of the earlier times may have been forgotten, or be- come dim even in the memory of those who once sang the catchy words and melodious airs, they are reproduced as reminders of other days. It will be noted for the benefit of later generations that they were especially personal and suited for outdoor crowds. First Republican Vote ior President. — The Whig party went out of existence as the re- sult of its defeat at the general election of 1852, with Winfield Scott as its candidate for President. With the formation of the Repub- lican party In 1856, General John C. Fremont was placed at the head of the new party ticket, which was opposed by the Democrats and the American party — the latter being composed largely of former Whigs who still clung to the old organization. It was a campaign of stren- uosity and uncertainty, but when the vote was finally counted in McDonough County, it was found that James Buchanan, the Demo- cratic candidate for President, had received 1,370 votes, Millard Fillmore, the standard- bearer of the American party, 864, and Fremont only 590. Before the next national election in 1860, however, the American party had been absorbed by the two other opposing parties — in this region chiefly by the Republicans — and it was evident in McDonough County, as well as all over the North, that the new party was a vigorous youngster and had come to stay. In this canvass of 1856. Dr. James B. Kyle, of Macomb, was the candidate on the American ticket tor Congress against I. N. Morris, Dem- ocrat, for long term; Jackson Grimshaw, Re- publican, long term; J. C. Davis. Democrat, for short term, and Thomas C. Sharp. Repub- lican, for short term. As against Morris, Dem- ocrat, Grimshaw, Republican, carried the coun- ty by a plurality of twenty-nine. Trouble With a Republican Pole. — During the Fremont contest, the Republicans erected a magnificent pole on which floated the American flag with the name of the party's standard- bearer. Captain George Ayers and Captain Rowe, old sailors, took the matter in charge, which of course insured a mast of fine pro- portions, being not only ornamental but useful in promulgating the tenets of the party. It stood majestically for some time, but in an evil hour some one who loved not the party, with a large augur perforated and let daylight throught the pole, and of course it had to be replaced, which was done heartily and cheer-, fully, taking the precaution to put a whole keg of tenpenny nails in the stem sufficiently high to put it beyond the reach of the boys. And so it continued throughout the campaign. An incident in connection with this Re- publican pole may not be out of place, as it in a manner showed the feeling engendered and the spirit of those warm times. One morn- ing early the custodian of the flag and ])ole (whose duty it was to raise the flag in the morning and taKe it down at sundown), as was his custom, looked to see if the pole was in good condition, remembering what had oc- curred. Something strange seemed to be hang- ing above the cross-trees, and, looking all around the Square, no one in sight, the cus- todian at once repaired to the pole and there found the halyards had been severed and an effigy of Horace Greeley, hat and coat, with a copy of the "New York Tribune" in the pocket, was attached to one end of the rope and run up as tar as possible. The custodian at once began the serious climb to reach the stuffed man and found much difficulty in reaching the goal. But that had to be taken down at once and was accomplished, and old Horace was carefully put away in the coal house for fu- ture reference. A few days afterward the ef- figy was found sitting on top of the court house cupola, on the south side thereof, which was rather significant, as jwlitics divided the court house, from the fact that the north half of the building was occupied by Republican and the south half by Democratic officers. It proved to be one of the jokes of the campaign. It was ordered to be taken down by the County Board, but a piece of the pole to which the image was attached can still be seen in one of the old prints of the old court house. Dur- ing the succeeding six years the Republicans were busy organizing and literature profusely circulated. Lincoln-Douglas Debate. — In 1858 the cele- brated joint debate of Lincoln and Douglas ^^k)y^ (f/Huc/^^^^u^ HISTORY OF Mcdonough colwty. T7^ occurred, each aspiring to the United States Senate. This proved lo be ihe most exoitinK and heated eanipaif;n since 1S4(I. the principal issue being on the Kansas-Nebraska bill, which involved the question of slavery north of the Mason and Dixon line, details of which need not be entered into in this article. SuflBce it to say that the joint discussion enlightened the people to the needs of careful legislation, and while Lincoln did not succeed in the Sen- atorial race, yet he had, with other leaders of the party, so enlivened the general public with the principles of freedom that, by the time the greatest of all political campaigns, that of 1S60, had arrived, the people were ready, edu- cated and anxious to be heard through the ballot-box. TnK R.Mi.-SiM.nrKKS C.\mi'.\u;n ok 'GO. — Early in ISfid, in every precinct and city, clubs were organized. This continued up to the Repub- lican National convention, which met in June in the wigwam specially erected for that pur- pose in Chicago, which was the first National convention ever held in that enterprising city. To be brief, Lincoln was declared the nomi- nee and standard-bearer. When it became known that Honest Old Abe was the nominee, it was impossible to describe the gratification and joy of the Ulinoisans. Fence rails at once went up in price, and in fire; old. sedate law- yers, doctors, legislators and statesmen, and even the preachers, were pleased to carry a rail. It was called the rail-splitter's and fiat- boatman's campaign. .Many rails were found, as per statement of some enthusiasts, made by Old .'Vbe, and if he made all that were car- ried in processions at public demonstrations throughout the country, he must have been a giant and worked every day in the year, Sun- days not excepted. It i)leased the people, how- ever, and created a perfect hurricane of en- thusiasm. Prkttv AVomk.v. Brass B.\m>s ksw Gi.ek Cn-Bs. — Clubs were organized in every voting precinct in this county. Many did but little business during the five months of the cam- paign. Kverywhere throughout the country clubs of young ladies were always present at the numerous political meetings in wagons, specially constructed, containing the beauties of the neighborhood dressed in white, one rep- resenting each State, while one of them was dressed in black for bleeding Kansas. This form of display took like wildfire all over the country, and no meeting of importance was held but had such rep- resentatives. These are now grandmothers, and we confidently assert that, when they were engaged in campaigning in this manner, they were not only good Republicans, but were good- looking, handsome young women; and the old grandfathers of today will assert, by solemn oath, that they were as handsome as the aver- age young woman of today. A Republican brass band was organized and instruments furnished by the generous citi- zens. This band was composed of young, ac- tive, zealous voters, and was present at every public meeting or rally in this congressional district. A splendid band wagon, with "Hill" Waters as driver, would haul the band from place to place day and night. They went around with Senator Trumbull and others for several days. They also organized a glee club among themselves, and did valiant service for the ticket. They made a trip from Blandins- ville in the afternoon, and left for Rushville, traveling at night, arriving there at the close of a Democratic rally. The Hickorys were still around with torches. Mistaking the Ma- comb band for the Maconob Democratic band, they were prepared to act ugly, but happily the leading citizens stopped the trouble. The band serenaded many of the citizens and had a good time until early morning. The next day the meeting was addressed by Dick Yates and Owen Ix)vejoy. and a grand meeting it was. Some of the songs of the glee club were of the humorous kind, which sometimes led to small fights and some interruption, notably at Hushnell. where the song did not reflect great credit on the adversary, but the speaker held np until the fracas was happily ended. The participants are now old men. but have no reason to be ashamed of the part they took in that great campaign. The band consisted of f^red Hoffman, k. Hunt. Steve Heardsley, A. McLean, Reub Wel- ker, 1. N. Pearson, James Anderson and others whose names are forgotten. Newt Pearson beat the bass drum, and K. Hunt, Steve Heards- ley and .A. -McLean were members of the band. HKAi>-CtMMiN<:s CoNTKST. — On the night of the election in 1860. when news was received of the sticcess of the ticket, there was a pan- 772 HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. demonium of joy all night long and next day and night. J. B. Cunimings was candidate for Circuit Clerk. W. T. Head being the Demo- .cratic candidate. When it became known that Cunimings was elected, the rejoicing was un- alloyed. Mr. Cummings received a majority of eleven votes. The incumbent refused to turn over the office to Mr. Cummings, and the contest was made before the Supreme Court, which decided in favor of Mr. Cum- mings. This ended the campaign of 1860. Othkr Unfoktunate Fi.ac Poles. — A magnifi- cent flag pole was erected during this cam paign on the southeast corner of the court house yard. A terrific electrical storm struck the pole, tearing the upper portion to slivers. One of the pole guys was attached to a hitching post to which a team of horses was tied. ■The lightning ran down the guy. from there to the halter straps and killed the horses instant- ly. The pole was soon repaired and stood for . some years after the campaign. In 1872 a Republican pole was erected on the northeast corner of the court house lot. It was a beauty and was just finished a few hours when a northwest storm laid it low, leaving a stump about twenty feet in height. ■This was the last pole raising. This stump, however, remained for years and at every victory of the Rei)ublican party was decorated with flags and brof)ms, testifying to the faith and confidence of the Republicans in the jus- tice of their cause. TiutEE Cami'Aic-N So.^•l.^s.— Two are written in honor of Whig candidates — Henry Clay, the great Kentuckian. who made a brilliant but unsuccessful campaign against the "dark horse" (Polk), in 1844: and "Old Zach Taylor," who ran against Lewis Cass in 1848. "The Ship of State" was one of the most i>opular •songs during the memorable campaign of ISrto — which has just been described — and it is -given herewith: "THE SHIP OF STATE." "Hark! Hark! a signal gun is fired, just out be- yond the fort. • The good old ship of state, my boys, is coming into i>ort; With shattered sails and anchor gone. I fear the rogues will strand her. • She carries now a sorry crew, she needs a new commander." . Chorus— "Old .Vbram is the man. old .\bram is the man ; With a sturdy mate from the Pine Tree State. Old Abram is the man." "Four years ago she put to sea. with prospects brightly gleaming; Her hull was strong, her sails new set. and every pennant streaming. She loved the gale, she ploughed the wave, nor feared the deep's commotion. Majestic, nobly on she sailed, proved mistress of the ocean. Chorus— "Buchanan is the man, Buchanan is the man; A tour years' trip leaves a crippled ship, Buchanan is the man." "I'here's mutiny aboard the ship, there's feud no force to smother; Their blood is up to fever heat, they're cutting down each other. Buchanan here and Douglas there, are belching forth their thuiKler: While cunning rogues are sly at work, in pocketing the i>Iunder." Chorus — "Buchanan is the man. Buchanan is the man; A four years' trip leaves a crippled ship. Buchanan is the man." "Ovir ship is getting out of trim, 'tis time to calk and grave her; She is foul with stench of human gore, they've turned her to a slaver. She's cruised about from coast to coast, the flying bondsmen hunting; I'ntil she's stranded from stem to stern, she's lost her sails and bunting. Chorus — "Old Abram is the man. old Abram is the man ; With :i sturdy mate from the Pine Tree State. Old Abram is the man." "We'll give her what repairs she needs, a thor- ough overhauling; Her sordid crew will be dismissed, to seek some honest calling. Brave Lincoln soon will take the helm, on peace and right relying; in calm or storm, in peace or war, he'll keep her colors dying." Chorus— "Old Abram is the man. old Abram is the man ; \\'ith a sturdy mate from the Pine Tree State, Old .\bram is the man." "CT.EAR THE TR.\CK FOR OLD KENTUCKY." (.\ Whig Campaign Song of 1844.) "The moon was shining silvery bright. The stars with glory crowned the night; High on the tree sat the same old coon.' Singing to himself that same old tune." Chorus — "Get out of the way, you're all unlucky. Clear the track for old Kentucky." "Now in a sad predicament. The l.oeos- are for President; They have six horses in the pasture. And don't know which can run the faster." Chorus— Get out of the way. etc. "The wagon horse-' from Pennsylvania. 'The Whig party. "t^ocos or "Locofocos." as the 'Whigs called the Democrats. 'The wagon horse from Pennsylvania— James Buchanan. GEORGE GAMAGE HISTORY OF Mcdonough county. 773- Th€ Putchman Ihinks the btst e dry or mucky. We'll stake our iiile on Old Kentucky."" Chorus— Get out of the way, etc. CH.ACTKR .\W. "UNCLE SAM'S WHITK HOTiSE." (This is the caption of a Whig campaipn sonR sung in IMS. The words are here appended): "ITncle Sam's White House is a fine situation For any one to live In to attend to the nation. And a good many came to the door and knocked. And Uncle Sam sang while the door was locked." Chorus— "Oh, who's that knocking at the door? Is that you Zack? No. it Is Cass: Well, you're like Santa Anna— you've got no pass- So there's no use knocking at the door any more." "When the Barnburners' came with the darkles in their ranks. Then I'ncle Sam laughed at their fmilish pranks: For they brought Martin Van. who hail lived there before. And I'ncle Sam sung while they knocked at the door," Chorus— "Oh. who's that knocking at the door? Is that you (!ass? No. it is Van. Well, you can't come In. you're a used-up man: So there's no use in knocking at the door any mi>re." "Then the People came with the brave old chief. Whose brow was crowned with a laurel wreath: And he went straight ahead as he did in Mexico. And knocked like a soUiler hcddly at the door." Chorus— "Oh. who's that knocking at the door? Is that yo>i Van? No, it is Zach. Well, walk In. General, you never turn back. So there's no use In knocking at the door any more." 'Buchanan was an advocate of low wages for working men. being a free trader, while Clay, a strong pnitectlonist. had declared In Congress that a working man was entitled to "a dollar a day " and roast beef at every meal. 'Martin Van Buren. •Polk, who wius really nominated and beat Clay at the polls and in conseipience of which the thou- sands who idolized and staked piles on old Ken- tucky went broke to the Democrats, is not men- tioned. The jMiem was probably written before the convention when Polk, whose nomination was an expe^llenl. was not thought of as a candidate, ^"Barnburners" was an appellatU»n given to the Free Soil or Abidltlon Democrats who. running Martin Van Buren. greatly contributed to General Taylor's election on account of loss to the regular Democratic ticket. SLAVERY DAYS— UNDERGROUND RAILROAD. THE BLACK LAWS OK ILLl.NOI.S RKVOI.llTION WROUGHT BY THE FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW AND' KANSAS-NKBRASKA ACT — THE VOTE KOR LINCOLN IN 1860 DAYS OF THE UNnEBOROUNI) RAILROAD- IN M'DONOlHiH COt'NTY AND SOME OF ITS MOST ACTIVK Ol-ERA-roBS — THE STORY OF THE SLAVE: CHARLEY HIS Nf.MEROtS ATTEMPTS TO RESCUE HIS FAMILY FROM SLAVERY FINALLY I'ROVE SUC- CE8SFUI. OTHER INCIDENTS OF UNDERIiROUND RAILROAD WORK EXPERIENCE OK AN EX-SLAVE IN CONNECTION WITH THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS — THE LAST SLAVES OX m'dONOUCII SOIL AND THE UNSUCCESSFUL ATrEMI'T ro RETURN THEM TO' THEIR MASTERS. Although mainly emigrants from Soiithfrn or Slave States, the early settlers of McDonongh County entertained much prejudice against the negro; neither was it peculiar to McDonough County, but in great measure permeated the body politic of the entire State, My referring to the Revised Statutes of the State, approved March .■?. 1S45. the following is found in Chapter 54, under the head, "Negroes and Mulattoes," which provision was further en- forced by the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, passed by the Congress of the United States: "Section S. Any person who shall here- after bring into this State any black or mu- latto person, in order to free him or her from slavery, or shall directly or indirectly bring into this State, or aid or assist any person in bringing any such black or mulatto person to settle and reside therein, shall be fined one hundred dollars on conviction or indictment be- fore any Justice of the Peace in the county where such offense shall be committed. "Section 9. If any slave or servant shall be found at a distance of ten miles from the tene- ment of his or her master or person with whom he or she lives, without a pass or some letter or token whereby It may appear that he or she Is proceeding by authority from his or her master, employer or overseer, it shall and may be lawful for any person to apprehend 774 HISTORY OF MCDONOUGH COUNTY. and carry him or her before a Justice of the Peace, to be by his order punished with stripes not exceeding thirty-five at his discretion. "Section 10. If any slave or servant shall presume to come and be upon the plantation or at the dwelling of any person whomsoever without leave from his or her owner, not be- ing sent upon lawful business, it shall be law- ful for the owner of such plantation or dwell- ing house to give or order such slave or serv- ant ten lashes on his or her bare back. "Section 12. It any person or persons shall permit or suffer any slave or slaves, serv- ant or servants of color, to the number of three or more, to assemble in his, her or their outhouse, yard or shed, for the purpose of dancing or reveling, either by night or by day. the person or persons so offending shall for- feit and pay the sum of twenty-five dollars, with cost, to any person or persons who will sue for and recover the same by action of debt, or indictment, in any court of record proper to try the same. "Section 13. It shall be the duty of all Cor- oners. Sheriffs. Judges and Justices of the Peace, who shall see or know of, or be in- formed of any such assemblage of slaves, or servants, immediately to commit such slaves or servants to the jail of the county, and, on view or proof thereof, order each and every such slave or servant to be whipped, not ex- ceeding thirty-nine stripes on his or her bare back." The Fugitive Slave Law made the enforce- ment of similar laws coextensive with the ju- risdiction of the United States, and in order to clearly define the meaning and import of such act, the celebrated case of Dred Scott, a slave who was arrested in Boston, Mass., was tried before the Supreme Court of the United States. Chief Justice Taney delivered the opinion of the court, which decided tha* slaves were property, and as such property could be moved by the owners of such slaves to any State or Territory in the United States. the proprietors could claim the protection of the laws over such property. The decision caused a whirlwind of criticism and opposi- tion and convulsed the entire North. Although there were thousands of adherents to the doc- trine in the Northern States, it finally caused a great political upheaval and a radical change in party affiliations. The celebrated Kansas- Nebraska bill was made the central feature of the political contest and much bitter feeling and bloodshed resulted from discussions and disputes over the issue, resulting ultimately in the formation of the Republican party and the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. The nation went wild over the wonderful change in the political field. It was a time never to be forgotten by those who were ac- tive participants in the stirring events; in a day a peaceful revolution of ballots had com- pletely transformed the policy of a great na- tion I But the defeated Southern party, who had staked its all on the election, was dis- appointed, indignant and grimly defiant, and determined that it would not abide the de- cision of the majority. Consequently, before Mr. Lincoln had taken the presidential chair, several of the States had adopted ordinances withdrawing from the Union, recalling their Senators and members of Congress, and soon afterward formed the Confederate States of America. Then came the bloody four years of Civil War, the success of the Union arms, and on April 14, 1865, the lamented assassina- tion of Abraham Lincoln. But through all the terrible ordeal the unity of the nation became an assured fact. These facts are here briefly and generally stated, merely to trace the ulti- mate effect of slavery and its agitation by law and without the pale of law. Returning to the so-called Black Laws of Illinois, they were known and read by every citizen of the State. While very many had their private opinions as to the right and wrong of such measures, in order to have peace with their neighbors they abided by them, took counsel of their consciences and awaited the time of deliverance and the inauguration of free speech and opinion. Still, there were in this county a few stalwart men and women, who, despite contumely, and even danger to their lives and property, openly and on all lawful occasions announced their abhorrence of slavery and all connected with the system. They were ostracised from society, avoided as pestilential, and contemptuously named Abo- litionists. Notwithstanding, these heroes worked indefatigably for the success of Free- dom, and they lived to see it triumph. In 1852 John P. Hale, the Free-Soil candi- date for President, received nine votes in McDonough County. By accessions, largely MRS. GEORGE GAMAGE HISTORY oi'" Mcdonough county. 775 caused by the overbearinR and unfriendly leg- islation enacted by the Proslavery party, in ISfii) IJncoIn received 2,2o') ballots, showing; that sturdy and consistent opiMsition to the wrong will, in the end. succeed. TiiK UNnKRCRouND R.Mi.ROAO. — The inside workings of the friends of the oppressed slave should be made a matter of record, and the facts in this account of what was called the "Underground Railroad." are largely talorted over the lines are not now produced, and as a result of the continued agitation of the slavery question the rails are torn up and the station buildings torn down. The death of Lovejoy at Alton, 111., in 1837 — a martyr to his opposition to slavery — gave an impetus to the agitation which never ceased until the final .\ct of Emanci- pation. The formation of a party consisting of those in sympathy with slaves resulted in the or- ganization of the "Underground Railroad." for the purix)se of aiding fugitives to escape to a land of freedom; the secrecy of Its workings justified Its name. Notwithstanding the sys- tem was organized, those engaged in the work had no signs or passwords by which they might be known, save perhai)s a preconcerted rap at the door when a cargo of freight was to be delivered. As the undertaking was extra- hazardous, in view of the laws heretofore quoted, no cravens ever engaged in it. The proslavery men complained bitterly of the violation of the laws by their Abolition neigh- bors, and persecuted them as much as they dared, which was not a little: hut such op- position only made the friends of the slave more determined to carry out their convic- tions of right and duty. No class of people in McDonough County made better neighbors than the .\bolitionlsts, or better conductors of a railroad; but, in con- nection with their line, it was very singular that, although the people well knew who were engaged on it. and even where the depot was located, the freight could seldom be found Only one case is reported of the recapture of a slave on the line which ran through this county, although hundreds of the unfortunates were forwarded over it during the twenty-five years of Its existence. There were various branches of the road. The line running through McDonough County began in Quincy, and was nearly parallel with the present Chi- cago. Burlington & Quincy Railroad. IXCIDKNTS OK U NUKKIiKOl'.VI) OPKR.MIONS. Charley was a likely boy, the property of a man living near Hannibal, Mo. Ho had been well treated, and even allowed many liberties not enjoyed by the race generally. The thought that he was a slave had never dis- agreeably entered his mind, and probably never would, without the hapi>ening of a lit- tle circumstance. Quite a number of slaves had escaped from Missouri, and the matter was being generally discussed by all classes in the State. At a .gathering where Charley and his master were both present, the latter stated that if any slave of his should escape he would never rest until he captured him. "Now, Char- ley here," he said, "if he should escape, 1 would not take a drink of whisky or a chew of tobacco until I had him back." In afterward narrating the circumstance, Charley said: "The thoughts suddenly flashed through my mind — What am I? Am I, or Am I not, a human being with power to feel, to think, to act? Have I a soul, or am I a ma- chine to be set in motion and act in accord- ance with the will of one made in the same manner as I am, save only of a different color? Such thoughts never entered my mind before. I had plenty to eat and drink, was well clothed, had a fair education and had been in company with men of talent, but. of course, without power to express my own thoughts, had I the desire to do so. I then thought I would give my master an opportunity to put his threat into execution; and I did so." Having many liberties, with power to come and go as he pleased, a few days afterward, as evening approached, Charley gave out to his fellow slaves that he was going to Han- nibal to attend a colored dance. Mounting a horse, he rode off in that direction, but when out of sight changed his course to the n