.\>^' '^ "^^. c^' ^ ^<^ ,0 o. ■"^^ v^ >" -^ *<• -J U- .x \\' -.y .->■ .-^^^ .0 o. ■^A V^ ■-oo^ N^ ^.. 1^- <• ^^^^ ^'t.. -s , 1 ^•'^ ■^o 0^ CS^ ^is*' ^ -^^ •? "^^ f v^^ '''^ ^°- ■<^- ^°^. '>^ " %^^^ .--f \ ,<,< % #;..., .N-^^ -•2^^ -oo^ '- X^^ ,'^' "^^ ''^^• .^^' o A. .0 o ■^o 0^- N^^ ■^> » 1 \ '■' ^^ '■■' / .^'*' \\V ■>. -V '5' oN' •->-, '- -x- ,^^' >%. „^ . _. ^^ ° ^ , " '> % ^/. v^ •^/C,^ .'^' -\' \^^' -^p. ^^ ,0 tr \ W^ »* i p TO THE MEMORY OF JULIAN HUGUENIN WHO LOVED OLD ENGLISH LIFE AND LITERATURE WITH A BOY'S ENTHUSIASM AND WITH A SCHOLAR'S KNOWLEDGE PREFACE The preparation of this first separate edition of 77/,? Riddles of the Exete?- Book, certainly the most difficult text in the field of Anglo-Saxon, has been to me a work of wevy real delight. Both in matter and manner these poems present so many engaging problems — which, when read aright, reveal at once the loftiest and lowest in older England's thought, and open up a hundred vistas of early word and action — that I count as great gain the years spent in their study. May it be my good fortune to impart to others a generous share of this pleasure and profit 1 A few words of my purposes in this edition are in place here. I have striven to set forth the principles that govern the comparative study of riddles, and to trace the relation of these Anglo-Saxon enigmas to the Latin art-riddles of nearly the same period and to the folk-products of many lands and times. In the chapter upon the authorship of these poems and their place in the histoiy of the Cynewulf question, I have tried to weigh all the evidence with a higher regard for reason and the probabilities than for the mere weight of authority, which in the case of these riddles has often been fatal to free investigation and opinion. In the presentation of solutions in the Introduction and in the later discus- sion of these in the Notes, I have also sought to ' prove all things and hold fast that which is good.' As aids to definite conclusions, the testi- mony of analogues and the light thrown by Old English life and customs have been of far higher worth than the random guesses of modern critics. But to Dietrich's illuminating treatment of each of the Exeter Book Rid- dles and to the essays of more recent scholars I gladly admit a large debt. I have closely analyzed the form and structure of the poems with the hope of bringing them nearer to the reader's understanding. But, above all, I have aimed, through elaborate annotation, so to illustrate the ' veined humanity ' of these remarkable productions, so to show forth their closeness to every phase of the life of their day, that this book might be a guide to much of the folk-lore and culture of Englishmen before the Conquest. This text of the Riddles is based upon a collation of the original manu- script at Exeter with the faithful reproduction in the British Museum, viii PREFACE with the texts of I'horpe, Grein, and Assmann (Grein-Wiilker), and with various versions of single riddles. According to the usage of this series, all departures from the manuscript which originate with the editor are printed in italics. I have conservatively avoided daring conjectures, and have proposed no new readings that were not dictated to me by the demands of the context and by the precedent of author's use and of contemporary idiom and meter. At first I wished to distinguish the many resolved vowels and diphthongs in the verse by diaereses. The general editors did not assent to this method of marking, believing — very wisely, as I now think — • that a lavish use of diacritics gives an air of freakishness to a text and that such resolution might better be in- dicated in the textual notes. As in the other Albion editions of Anglo-Saxon poems, the Glossary is intended to be a complete verbal and grammatical index to the Kid- dles, with the exception of a few of the commoner forms of the pronoun, the article, and the conjunction. The Index of Solutions, at the very close of the volume, records all the answers proposed at any time by commentators. It is a pleasure to express my gratitude and appreciation to all who have aided me in the preparation of this book : to Canon W. J. Edmonds, Chancellor of Exeter Cathedral, who, by his many kindnesses, made de- lightful my days in the chapter library ; to Ur. Otto J. Schlutter, whose intimate first-hand knowledge of the text of the Leiden Riddle was gen- erously placed at my disposal ; and to Professor George Philip Krapp, who freely gave to several chapters of my introduction keen and helpful criticism. I am particularly indebted to the general editors of the scries, Professors Bright and Kittredge, who have carefully read the proof and have offered more advice than I could acknowledge in detail. Finally, my thanks are due to Mr. S. T. Byington of Ginn and Company, for many valuable suggestions. FREDERICK TUPPER, Jr. Univf.rsity ok Vkrmont September, 1909 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION: page I. The Comparative Study of Riddles xi II. Originals and Analogues of the Exeter Book Riddles Symphosius xxviii Aldhelm xxxi Tatwine xxxiii EuSEBius xxxiv Latin Enigmas and the Exeter Book xxxvii Boniface xliv Bern Riddles xlvi Lorsch Riddles xlvii Pseudo-Bede xlviii Folk-Riddles li III. The Authorship of the Exeter Book Riddles The Riddles and Cynewulf liii Unity of Authorship Ixiii IV. Solutions of the Exeter Book Riddles Ixxix V. The Form and Structure of the Exeter Book Riddles Ixxxiv VI. The Manuscripts xcvi Bibliography ci Abbreviations cix TEXT I NOTES 69 GLOSSARY 241 INDEX OF SOLUTIONS 291 INTRODUCTION THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RIDDLES What is a riddle ? Many scliolars have sought to answer this ques- tion, and to define aeeurately the functions of enigmatic composition.* * Only during the past few years has the popular riddle received its meed of critical attention from scholars (A/. L.N'. XVIII, i). Until this very recent time, investigators were generally content with presenting without historical comment — and sometimes even, as in Simrock's well-known Kdisel/fiu/i, without regard to the home of their contributions — ;he results of more or less accurate observation. (For a resume of work in the German field, see Hayn, ' Die deutsche Ratsel- Litteratur. Versuch einer bibliographischen Uebersicht bis zur Neuzeit,' Ce^itral- blatt fiir Bibliothekswese7i VII, 1890, pp. 516-556). There were, it is true, a few noteworthy exceptions to the prevailing rule of neglect of comparative study — a neglect well illustrated by Friedreich, Geschichte des Rdtsels, Dresden, i860, which is, at its best, but a collection of widely scattered material, and makes no pretensions to scientific classification. As early as 1855, Miillenhoff made an inter- esting comparison of German, English, and Norse riddles ( Wolfs luid Mantihardls Zeitschrift fur deutsche Mytholoi^ic III, if.); Kohler, about the same period, traced carefully the originals and analogues of some forty riddles in a Weimar MS. of the middle of the fifteenth centuiy {JVeh?iar fa/irbiich V, 1856, 329-356) ; Rolland noted many parallels to the French riddles of his collection {DevineUes ou Enigmes populaires de la France. Avec une preface de M. Gaston Paris. Paris, 1877); and finally Ohlert, in a monograph of admirable thoroughness {Rdtsel und Gesellschaftsspiele der alien Griechen. Berlin, 1886), followed the riddles of the Greek world through the centuries of their early and later history. An epoch in the history of our subject was created, however, in 1897 by two monumental works : Richard Wossidlo's collection of over a thousand carefully localized North German riddles {Meckloiburgische Volksi'iberlieferuni^cii, Part I, Wismar, 1897), in which the work of the accurate tabulator was supplemented by the labor of the painstaking philologist ; and Giuseppe Pitre's edition of Indoi'inelli, Djibbi, Scio^^U- lingua del Popolo Siciliano {Bibl. delle Trad. Pop. Sic. XX), Torino-Palermo, 1897, in which the literary sources and popular origins of riddles are closely considered. Petsch has turned the material of Wo.ssidlo, Rolland, and others to good account in his study of the forms and the style of the popular riddle {A^eue Beitrdge zur Kenntnis des Volksrdtsels. Palaestra IV, Berlin, 1899). Heusler in his illuminating xi xii 1 N 1 KODIH' IION I'l ic'dnu li (ills us ' (li.il llu' liildk' is • a Kniiul.ilxxil ilrsii iplion ol an un- iiami'tl »il>ii'it, so wiinlnl as lo amiisr llu' icllt'i'lion nl mmcKm oi' Iumiim" to llu' (lisioxiTv <>r this.' I'itii-'s lU'liiiilioM in his t-lahoralr Inlroiluctioii (' is at oiur inoic siholarU ami m task it is to soUc tlu- liddk' suns in iiis mind to one or tlu' otliiT si^niliiMtion in \ain atlrnii)! to u\uli tlu- solution. (Hti-n thr inti'ipirtation is hiddiMi uiuk'i the vi'il ol a \iT\ n-moti' alk-^orv' or uiuk-r i;iaii'lul and hai)i)V iina_L',i's.' i Tlu' mrntal attitudes ol lidillrr .uul in'iiddk-d are ehanningly pietuied 1>\ Cioeliie in an oil eitt'il passa_L;e ol .l/i.v/s iiiuf Pora : So k'i;l (kr DichtiT I'in Kiitiiscl, Kunsilu ii nut \\ Oili'n \ iMsehiankt. ott dei \'ersaminUin^ ins Oiir. jedi'M tieiK'l die sellne. dii /itMllihen liikler \'ei kiui|)luM{^, Aher noeii iiiikt das Wort, das dii- lu'di'iiluui; xerwalut. Isl es endiuli eulileikl. dann iu-ileil sieh |i'ik's (leimilh aul, I'lul eiliiiekt im ( it-dieht doppell i-i lix'uiiehen Sinn. Aiislotk- was the lust lo point out tlu- elost- relation bt'lwern riddles and nuiaphors : § 'While metaphor is a \x-rv tiecpuMit instrument of .uticlf upiMi tilt" //(-i&riks (liifitf o( tl\o //i-r7;ir,ir Xi^ii (/ri/.u/in// lir.f r<-fYins fiir I 't'/isi-u >/,/<■ XI, ii>oi, iiyf.) lias ajiplieil the conipaiative nietluul to these tiiirly-tivo Okl Noisi- liiklk's. Aiul I h.ivo tiit-d to adiluee and apply certain rules for liildle study in livi' artiilos : •flu- I'oinpaiative Study of Riddles,' .)/./.. A'. XVIII, 11)03, 1 S; '(higiiials and Analogues of the /'xc/tr /uwA- KiiiiiUs,' lb. 07- io(); 'The Holme Uiddks (MS. Hail, igdo).' /'. .If. /. ./. XVIII, 1003. 2\\-2-j:\ ' Riddles of the lU'ik- ri.uliliou.' .1/,',/. /'/;//. 11, 11)05. 501 57-'; ' Solutions of tlu- l-.\i-tf Iuu>k RiiiJli-s' M. I . \. \XI. it)0(>, 1)7-105. As all tlu-se t-ss.ivs of ininc Wfif nu'ifly pii'p.u.itoi V lo the ptosi-iil edition, 1 k.ue diawn froflv upon liu-in in this Inirodui-tion. * P. :!. t l". xviii. t Not vciy different is the dolinilion of Wolf, rofti.uhfr //oussc/uttz lirs Jt-iit.u /k-ii I'Mcs, (1. Autk. Loip/ig, iS.(.(, ]■>. 1 1 ;S : • l>.is Riithsel ist ein Spiel des \'etstandes, der sieh beniiiht einon Clencnst.md so dar/uslelk-n dass er alle Meikmale und Kigenschaften dessolben schildert, so wioderspreehend dieselben an und fiir sieh betrachtet aueh sein mogen, ohne iiHk>ch den Gegonstand solbst zu nennen.' (iioos dclines the riddlo in .\linost ilio same words, y>/> A//V/(' . viii. I /'riniiliTe (.'ullurt:, c(lidi)ii of \')0t,, I, ()'> ')i. \ American Juunial of J'xycltoloi;)), VIII (i'H(j6 1K97), 48,^. § Lindley remarks with acutencss : ' Wliilc: die most primitive; forms liavi: 1 liii;f reference to natural olijects, the evolution (jf the riddle refieclH the shifting of man's chief interest from external nature to man himself. Some of the most famous riddlr-s amoii}^ the Circeks have- this human foi us.' So with 0111 Aii^do- Saxon riddles. II New York, 1901, pp. 451-452. <'.{. Scherer, Gescli. iter ileiitsrh. J. it. ))]>. 7, 15, and M. M. Meyer, Altt^crmnuische Puesie^ p. 160 (cited Ijy (.iummere) ; and note illustrations in (irfjos. Die Spicle iler Menscheu, ]>. 11^5. xiv INTRODUCTION milk-bowl." ' Hardly a riddle is without its elements of metaphor.* A few examples will serve as well as a hundred. In one of the most famous of the riddles of Symphosius (No. ii)t Flood and Fish appear as noisy house and quiet guest. In the popular Old German riddle, • Es flog ein Vogel federlos, u. s. w.,'| the featherless bird is the Snow, and the mouth- less woman the Wind. And in the riddles of the Exeter Book the Pen is called ' the joy of birds,' § the Wind ' heaven's tooth ' {Rid. 87^), and the stones of the Ballista the treasure of its womb (18"). Rid. 92 is but a series of kennings. Sometimes the use of riddle-kennings is very close to that of the Runic Poem.\ In its origins the riddle is closely connected not only with the meta- phor but with mythological personification. From one to the other is but a step. ' So thoroughly does riddle-making belong to the mythologic stage of thought,' says Tylor,^ ' that any poet's simile, if not too far-fetched, needs only inversion to be made at once into an enigma.' As the meta- phor plays an immense role in the formation of mythologies, so the riddle is early associated with imaginative conceptions of nature and the divine spirit. Uhland is right in saying** that myths and riddles approach most closely to one another in the conception of the elemental forces of the greater and more powerful natural phenomena : ' Wenn nun das Rathsel dieselben oder ahnliche Gegenstande personlich gestaltet und in Handlung setzt, so erscheint es selbst nach ausgesprochenem Rathwort auf gleicher Stufe der Bildlichkeit mit der Mythen besagter Art.' The riddle, like the myth, arises out of the desire to invest everyday things and thoughts with the garb of the unusual and marvelous. So in the riddle-questions * The words of Wackernagel, Ilaupts Zs. Ill, 25, have been often cited : ' Ver- sinnlichung des geistigen, vergeistigung des sinnlichen, personificierung des un- personlichen, verschonende erhebung dessen was alltagHch vor uns liegt, alles das gehort zum we.sen des rathsels, wie es zum wesen und zu den mitteln der poesie gehort ; und so mtichte kaum ein volk sein das poesie besasse und keine freude an rathsehi.' t For the history of this world-riddle, see my article M.L.X. XVIII, 3, 5; and notes to lihi. 85. \ This appears in Latin form as early as the tenth century (Reichenau MS. 205, Miillenhoff and Scherer, DeiikmdUr^, 1892, p. 20). For its various versions see Wossidlo, No. 99. § Rid. T.'f, fugles wyn ; cf. 52*, 93'-". II See notes to Rid. 56^, 73. 'i Primitive Culture, ^6S\\on of 1903, I, 93. ** Schriften zur Geschichte der Dichtung tind Sage, Stuttgart, 1S66, III, 185. THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RIDDLES xv of the Vcdas * the things treated are not named with their usual uni- versally understood names but are indicated through symbolic expres- sions or simply through mystic relations. The subjects are drawn largely from the world of nature — heaven and earth, sun and moon, the king- dom of air, the clouds, the rain, the course of the sun, years, seasons, months, days and nights. For instance. Night and Aurora appear in a hymnus (I, 123) as two sisters, who wander over the same path, guided by the gods ; they never meet and are never still. In one of the Time riddles (1, 164), the year is pictured as a chariot bearing seven men (the Indian seasons [?]) and drawn by seven horses; in another (I, 11), as a twelve-spoked wheel, upon which stand 720 sons of one birth (the days and nights). This is certainly the earliest version of the Year problem, which in one form or other appears in every land,t and is one of the most striking of the motives in the Exeter Book collection (^Rid. 23). Uhland early pointed out % the wealth of the Old Norse problems of nature in mythological reference and suggestion. § The waves (^HetSreks Gdtiir, No. 23) are white-locked maidens working evil, and in the solu- tion are called ' Gymir's daughters ' and ' Ran Eldir's brides ' ; in another riddle the mist, the dark one, climbs out of Gymir's bed, while in the final problem (No. 35) the one-eyed Odin rides upon his horse, Sleipnir. As 1 have twice shown, || upon the idea of hostility between Sun and Moon the poet of Rid. 30 and 95 builds an exquisite myth, worthy of the Vedas, indeed not unlike the Sanskrit poems on the powers of nature, and bearing a strong likeness to the famous Ossianic address to the Sun. Of the riddle of the Month (^Rid. 23) I have spoken. Many traits of the early attitude to nature are found in the Storm riddles (^Rid. 2-4); there is a touch of mythological personification in the world-old motif of Ice {^Rid. 34) ; 1[ and, if my interpretation be correct, the riddle of the Sirens (^Rid. 74) is based upon a knowledge of ancient fable.** Thus the Anglo-Saxon riddles, like the Russian enigmas printed by * Ilaug, ' Vedische Ratselfragen und Ratselspriiche,' Sitzitngsberichte dcr koitigl. Akad. der IViss. zu Miinclien, Phil.-Hist. Classe, 1875, II, 459. t Cf. Ohlert, pp. 122-126; Wiinsche, Kochs Zs., N. F., IX (1S96), 425-456; Wossidlo, pp. 277-27S; and my article M.L.N. XVIII, 102. . X Schriften III, 185. § Cf. Andreas Heusler's discussion of the riddles of the He7-7'arar Saga {Hei&- reks Gdtiir), Zs. d. V. f. Vk. XI, 1901, 117 f.; and the co.smic riddles of the Vafhni&uismdl 2iV^A Alvissmdl. || M.L.N. XVIII, 1*04; XXI, 102, 104. *i .^LL.N. XVIII, 4. **Ib. XVIII, 100; XXI, 103-104. xvi INTRODUCTION Ralston,* are sometimes condensed myths, and ' mythical formulas.' It is certainly not without significance that the word ' enigma ' is de- rived from the Greek utvos, which is early associated with the idea of ' fable.' t Of the Rdtselmdrchen I shall speak later. Early in the discussion of riddle-poetry a distinction must be drawn be- tween the Kunstrdtsel and the Volksrdtsel, between literary and popular problems. This distinction is not always easy to recognize, on account of the close connection between the two types. As I have sought to show elsewhere, | the literary riddle may consist largely or entirely of popular elements, may be (and often is) an elaborated version of an original current in the mouth of the folk ; conversely, the popular riddle is often found in germ or in full development in some product of the study, and our task is to trace its transmission from scholar to peasant. Through a more complicated sequence, a genuine folk-riddle may be adapted in an artistic version, which, in a later day or in another land, becomes again common property ; or, by a natural corollary, a literary riddle, having passed into the stock of country-side tradition, may fail of its popular life and survive only in some pedantic reworking that knows nothing of the early art-form. § Even after the thorough examination of the style and the careful investigation of the history of each riddle so urgently recommended by Petsch || and hitherto so much neglected, we cannot be sure that this apparently popular product is not an adaptation of some classical original, or that this enigma smelling so strongly of the lamp is not a reshaping of some puzzle of peasants. In his excellent discussion of the popular riddle, Petsch claims for the folk all the material that it takes to itself, remodels in its own fashion, and stamps with its own style and meter. After contrasting Schiller's well-known enigma of the Ship with popular treatments of the same theme, and marking in folk- products the choice of a single subject and of a few striking traits, he notes that the typical Volksrdtsel is confined to a scanty framework, a hurried statement of the germ-element, naive description, a sudden check in our progress to the goal of the solution, and finally a word of summary. In literary enigmas — to which class by far the greater number of the Exeter Book Riddles belong IF — all these divisions may and do appear, * Songs of the Russian People, London, 1872, chap. VI (cited by Pitre, p. xxxviii). t Ohlert, p. 4. t M. L. N. XVIII, 2. § Cf. Pitre 's admirable Introduction, p. cxcvi. II N^eue Be it rage zur Kenntnis des Vol/csrdisels, p. 45- ir^/.Z. A". XVIII, 97. THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RIDDLES xvii but each of them is patiently elaborated with a conscious delight in work- manshi]) and rhythm, with a regard for detail that overlooks no aspect of the theme however trivial — in a word, with a poetic subordination of the end in view to the; finish of the several parts. 1 may illustrate the derivation of literary enigmas from popular puzzles by examples cited in the first of my articles.* Symphosius, in one sense the father of the riddles of our era, uses in many enigmas — for example, those of Smoke, Vine, Ball, Saw, and Sleep (17,53, 59, 60, 96) — the que- ries of the Palatine Anthology current in the mouths of men for centu- ries before his day.t The enigmatograph Lorichius Hadamarius, whose Latin riddles are among the best in the early seventeenth-century collec- tion of Reusner,t borrows all his material from the widely-known Sfnrss- biirg Book of Kiddles. % Indeed, though scholars have hitherto overlooked this obvious connection, his enigmas are merely classical versions of the (lerman originals. The famous folk-riddles of the Oak (^Str. 12), Dew {Str. 51), Bellows {Str. 202), Egg {Str. 139), Hazelnut {Str. 172), Lot's Wife lyStr. 273), Cain {Str. 284), and dozens of others are twisted into hexameters. Nor was this old pedant alone in his methods of borrowing. His contemporary, Joachim Camerarius of Papenberg, presents, by the side of the German form, the widely extended Sun and Snow riddle in Latin and Greek dress, || and Hadrian Junius H fossilizes in like fashion the genuinely popular riddle of the Cherry. Therander, w'hose Aoiigmato- graphia of 420 numbers purports to be a Germanizing of ' the most famous and excellent Latin writers ancient and modern,' ** is usually in- debted — either indirectly or, despite his assertion of sources, directly — to current versions in the vernacular. His themes of Script (227), Pen * M. L. A'. XVIII, 2-3. t Ohlert, pp. 138 f. X Nicholas Reusner, Aenigmatog7-aphia sive Sylloge Aenigmatiim et Griphortcm Convivalinm. Two volumes in one. Frankfort, 1602. % Strasshurger Rdtselbuch. Die erste zu Strassburg urns Jahr 1505 gedruckte deutsche Ratselsammlung, neu hersg. von A. F. Butsch, Strassburg, 1876. As Hoffmann von Fallersleben has shown, Weimar Jhrb. II (1855), 231 f., this little book of 336 numbers is the chief source of later popular collections of German riddles. || Reusner I, 254, 25S. IT Reusner I, 243. ** Huldrich Therander, Aenigmatographia Ryfliviica, Magdeburg, 1605. Theran- der, or Johann Sommer, for such was his true name, tells us in his preface that he ' had read the Sphinx Philosophica of Joh. Heidfeld, the Aenigmatographia of Nic. Reusner, and the Lib^-i Tres Aenigmatiun of Joh. Pincier, and in order not to sit idle at home when others were working in the fields, had turned these into German rimes.' xviii INTRODUCTION (236), Weathercock (304, 306), Haw (307), Poppy (320"), Oak (325), Stork (354}, Ten Birds (356), Two-legs (401 ), Egg (405), and Year (41 1) — to cite a few out of many — were favorite possessions of the folk- riddle at the beginning of the seventeenth century ; and we can hardly doubt that Sommcr had heard these puzzles on the lips of peasants or met them in the riddle-books then popular.* But whether the connection between his little poem-problems and the more naive versions of the folk be mediate or immediate, his book brings everywhere strong proof of the close interdependence of art-riddles and those of the people. The distinction between the riddle of the study and the riddle of the cottage represents only one of many overlapping divisions that present themselves in any extensive consideration of the various kinds of riddles. In his introduction to Rolland's collection,! Gaston Paris marks the dif- ference between ' e'nigmes de mots ' and ' enigmes de choses ' ; W'os- sidlo divides the riddles of his famous collection into the three groups of riddles proper, i.e. complete problems or riddles of things (Sacheiinitsel), jest-riddles or riddle-questions (^Rafscifrage/i), and finall\', riddle-stories or riddle-fables {Ratsehnairhcji) ; and Petsch distinguishes % between unreal (' unwirkliche ') and real (' wirkliche ') riddles. In the former class he rightly includes all those questions which are addressed rather to knowl- edge and learning than to reason and understanding, Wcishcitsprobai , Hahlostingsratsel, and Schcrzfragen. The manifold divisions of Fried- reich into riddle-questions, word-riddles, syllable-riddles, letter-riddles, number-riddles, etc., are based upon no scientific principle, and, for the present, may be disregarded. Tests of knowledge, in enigmatic phrasings, have played a very im- portant part in the evolution of the riddle. The Queen of Sheba came to the court of Solomon to prove the wisdom of the great king by queries. Legend attributes to her several that take their place among world- riddles. § Of these questions of Queen Bilqis, preserved in the Midrash Mishle and the Second Targum to the Book of Esther, the best-known is the enigma of Lot's Daughters, which is found in our collection (7?/V/. 47). Another riddle-strife attributed to Solomon is that with Hiram of * It is, however, going too far to declare with IMiillenhoff, Wolf's Zs.f. rtt&nismdl and the Alvlssmdl (Petsch, p. 1 5). ^ Eddalieder, Jonsson, Halle {18S8), I, 26-31 ; Friedreich, pp. 112-123. ** Child I, 403. tt Strieker's 'Tale of Amis and the Bishop,' Lambel's second edition, Erzdh- Inngen etc., 1883, p. 11; and ' Ein Spil von einem Kaiser und eim Apt' {East- nachtspiele aits defn i£. Jahrhnndert I, 199, No. 22). Cf. Child, 1. c. \\ Plotz, Der Sdngerkrieg auf der lVartl>u7-g,V\evm2ir, 1851. The Introduction contains a bibliography of riddle-collections and Streitgedichte. §§ Alideutsche Wdlder, 1815,11,27; Miillenhoff &Scherer, Z>^«,^wa7^r3I, No. 48; Friedreich, pp. 135-138. Uhland, Schriften HI, 1S9, points out that this is a genuine folk-product in its wealth of ' Eigenschaftworter besonders der Farbe.' nil See the collections of Wossidlo, pp. 191-222, and Frischbier, Ani Urqnell IV, 9!.; and the careful discussion by Petsch, pp. 15-22. The most famous of such XX INTRODUCTION The second form of IVettkampf, the contest in which the stance is the hand of the beloved, finds equally abundant illustration. We meet it in the Persian story of Prince Calaf,* the ultimate source of Schiller's Turandot ; in the Alvissnid/,^ where the dwarf Alvis wins by his wis- dom the god Thor's daughter ; in the English ballads of ' Captain Wedderburn's Courtship ' and ' Proud Lady Margaret ' ; | in the story of Apollonius of Txrci; which is later incorporated into the Ct'sfa Rirnuxnonim || ; and in those most charming of word-struggles, the IVeidspniche and Krauzlieder of older German folk-song. 1[ The contest, as it takes form in Colloquy or Dialogue, is closely con- nected with wisdom-literature. Tylor asserts ** that ' riddles start near proverbs in the history of civilization, and they travel on long together, though at last towards different ends'; and Wiinschett points out that many of the number-proverbs of Solomon (xxx, iS-33, etc.) are nothing more than riddles. So the Dialogue, which holds so important a place in the literature of the Middle Ages, is at once enigmatic in its phrasing and didactic in its purpose. Porn of Creek philosophy, it was early adopted by the Christian church as a means of instruction, It and leads a dull but healthy life in various groups of queries. Among the chief of these are the Salomon aiui Saturn, %% the Florcs of the Pseudo-Bede, || || the Halslosmigriitscl is certainly the ' Ilo riddle,' known in England, Clermany, and many countries of Southern Europe (I'itre, pp. lx.\.\-l.\.\.\vii). * Haft Paikar of Nizami, cited by Friedreich, p. 52. t Eddalieder, Jonsson, 1888, I, 64 f. | Child I, 414, 423. § Weismann, Alexander vom Pfaffen Lamprecht, 1S50, I, 473; Hagen, Rovtaii von A'oiiig Apoll. von Tyrits, 1S7S, pp. 11 f. II Chapter 153 (Oesterley, p. 3S3). f Uhland III, 200. ** rrimitive Culture, 1903, I, 90. tt Rdtsekvcisheit etc., pp. 24-30. \\ For an interesting summary of the material upon this subject, see Forster, O. E. I\[iscellany (Dedicated to Furnivall, 1901), pp. 86 f. §§ For the English versions of this colloquy, both in verse and prose, see Kemble, Salo7)toii and Saturn, 1S48. Derived forms are the Adrianus and Ritliens (Kemble, pp. I98f.) and the Middle English 'Questions between the Maister of O.xenford and his Clerke' (/:'//<;■/. Stud. VIII, 2S4 f.). The history of the widely- spread Salomon and Marcolf saga, so fruitful in the production of dialogues, has been traced by Vogt, Die deutschen Dichtungen I'on Salomon und Markolf, Halle, 18S0, vol. I, and by Vincenti, Drei altenglische Dialoge 7-oii Salomon und Saturn, Naumburg, 1901 ; but a consideration of this lies without my present purpose. Such productions often cross the border of the riddle (compare the enigmatic queries of * Book ' and ' Age,' and the use of the riddle-form, in the O.E. poetical Salomon and Saturn, 229-236, 281 f.). III! This I have discussed, I\Tod. Phil. II, 561-565. See infra. THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RIDDLES xxi Altercafio Jlailriaiii ct Epicteti* the Dispntatio Fippiui ciivi AUuno* and the Sc/tlcttstadf Dialogue.^ These questions can hardly be regarded as riddles at all ; for. as I have already noted, they are rather tests of knowl- edge than of the understanding, and at all points display their clerkly origin. % They consist of ' odd ends from Holy Writ,' eked out by monk- ish additions to scriptural lore, scraps of proverbial philosophy, bits of pseudo-science, fragments of fable and allegory, gleanings from the folk- lore of the time. Two derived forms of the Dialogue have each an exten- si\-e range. The prose Colloquy is represented by the Lucidary, which, in its typical form, the Elucidarinni of Honorius, was known among every people of Europe; § the poetic Dialogue, on the other hand, be- comes the StreitgedicJit or Conflict-poem, which, beginning with Alcuin's Ccmflictiis Vcris et Hic)uis,\ and chronicling the contests of Water and Wine and of Sheep and Wool, reaches its highest development at the skilled hands of Walter Map. IT Ultimately the Colloquy loses its serious purpose and is degraded into series of questions of coarse jest ** which range from the mocking humor of the PJciffe Amis (cited supra) to the unsavory queries of the Demanndes Joyous.^^ Closely associated with the ]Vcttk(jmpJ\ or struggle for a wager, is the Kdtselmdnheiu or riddle-story : indeed, the Apollonius enigma of incest and the ghastly Ilo-riddle of the dead love may be accepted as typical specimens of both groups. In each case the stake can only be won by knowledge of hidden relations that demand a narrative for their unfold- ing. Such connection between the enigma and the fable is found not only in the embodiment of early myths in old cosmic riddles, already considered under another head, but in almost every legend that finds its motif in the seemingly impossible. Uhland is therefore right in regard- ing II the story of Birnam Wood in Macbeth as an excellent example of the Rdtsiintdirhcn ; and the so-called ' First Riddle " of the Exeter Book, * Wilmanns, Haiipts Zs. XIV, 530. t Wolfflin-Troll, Jl/onatsbej-ichte der kbiiigl. prettss. Akaitciiiie der JVisseiisc/ta/teii zit Berlin, 1872, p. 116. t Cf. the tiny Pharaoh query-poem of the Exeter Boot:, Gn.-W. Biht. Ill, 82. § Compare Schorbach, Stndie?i ilber das deutsctie J'otks/ntcti Liicidarius, Qiiellen uud Forsctntngen, 1894, vol. LXXIV. II ]\[onumeiita Gennaiiiae Ilistorica, Poetae Latini I, 270. ^ Jantzen, Gescliiclite des deutsctien Streitgedictites im Mittetatter {jreintiotds Germanistisctte Abltandlungeii), Breslau, 1896, pp. 5 f . ** Compare Petsch's discussion of Sctierzfragen, pp. 22 f. tt Compare Kemble, Salomon and Saturn, p. 285. \\ Sclirifien III, 221. xxii INTRODUCTION in its enigmatic suggestions of some story quite unknown to us, but latent in tlie memory of early Englishmen, may possibly be assigned to this genus. Of such riddle-stories Friedreich, Petsch, and Pitre offer many specimens ; but these authorities hardly refer to that species of the class which had the greatest vogue in the Middle Ages, the L'ugenmdrchen* Of this special riddle-product, which has been traced by Uhlandf to the tenth century, an apt illustration may be found in the analogue to the Anglo-Saxon enigma of the Month iyKid. 23) which appears among the Lil gen march en of ^'ienna MS. 2705, f. 145.$ I have already noted Gaston Paris's distinction between ' e'nigmes de mots ' and ' e'nigmes de choses.' By word-riddles ( Wo)iratsel) are under- stood that large class of problems which are concerned with the form of the word and its components, letters, syllables, etc., rather than with the object which it portrays. The commonest form of word-riddle is un- doubtedly the logogriph, which consists of arranging the letters or shift- ing the syllables of a word, so as to form other words. This species of puzzle, closely akin to our anagram, was well known to the Greeks, § and had a wide vogue in the Middle Ages. The earliest collection on English ground are the word-puzzles in the eleventh century Cambridge MS. Gg. V. 35, 418 b-419 a, which I have printed and discussed elsewhere. 1| The persistence of logogriphs in many English and continental manuscripts 1[ * Says Wackernagel, Hattpts Zs. Ill, 25 : ' Das Ratsel streift dem Inhalte wie der Form nach an das Liigenmarchen, das Sprichwort, die Priamel, die gnomische Poesie iiberhaupt, ja es giebt Ratsel, die man ebensowohl Marchen nennen kann ; in Marchen, Sagen, altertiimlichen Rechtsgebrauchen unseres Volkes wiederholen sich Fragen und Bestimmungen von absichtlich ratselhafter Schwierigkeit.' tic. t Wackernagel, Haiipts Zs. II, 562; my article in M.L.X. XVIII, 102. § Compare Friedreich, p. 20; Ohlert, pp. 174, iSof. II Mod. Phil. II, 565!. See infra. H I class with their continental analogues a few examjiles from material gathered among the MSS. of the British Museum (see M. L. X. XVIII, 7, note). Castanea : Arundel 248 (r4th cent.), f. 67 b ; Cott. Cleop. B. IX (14th cent.), f. 10 b, No. 6; Sloane 955 (ca. 1612), f. 3 a, No. 2; also in MSS. of Brussels, Laon, Ghent, and Heidelberg (Mone, A/iz. VII, 42 f., Nos. 42, 56, 13S, 119). Paries: Arundel 248, f. 67 b; Arundel 292 (13th cent.), f. 113 b (Wright, Altd. Blatter II, 14S) ; Brussels MS. 34 (Mone, p. 43); Reims MS. 743 (Mone, p. 45) ; Reusner II, 116. Formiea: Arundel 248, f. 67 b; Arundel 292, f. 113b; Innsbruck MS. 120, 14th cent. {.Aiiz. f. ) transmission; [C) identity of processes of the human mind. (.-7) C'oM.MON Origin, (a) P'oremost among problems of like ancestry arc ' world-riddles,' those puzzles that may be traced for thousands of years through the traditions of every people. In this list are the riddle of the Sphinx,* the queries of the Year,t Louse, $ Fire. § Sun and Sno\v,|| Cow, II and Sow with Pigs.** Heusler ft notes that ' the material of world- riddles, like proverbs and fables and tales, belongs to the class of " W'an- dermotiven," and underwent exchanges before the time of literary barter.' (/') ( )f a narrower range than the riddles of our hrst class are those of one race in its various branches. Distinclivelv Teutonic examples are the German-lMiglish j^roblcms of Chestnut and Nettle and Rose. JJ ((') Less extensive still are the riddles of one folk in its many sections and dialects : for example, the Cerman queries of Ten Birds (Wossidlo 170; known for centuries in e\crv corner of the Fatherland), Mirror (Wossidlo 63), and Alphabet (Wossidlo 469); or the peculiarly luiglish problems of Leaves, Rope, and Andrew. §§ ( /) ) Transmission. Fxtensive range, particularlv of a modern riddle, is not in itself a proof of ' common origin," but often mereh' an indica- tion that it has been borrowed h\ neighboring nations from the land of its birth. Adjoining races, though but distantly related, possess in com- mt)n far more riddles than widely separated peo|jle of one stock. In France and Germany appear so often versions of the same problem (Rolland and Wossidlo, passim) that we can onlv suppose that legions of puzzles have at one time or other crossed the Rhine and Moselle and found ready adoption in the new laud and speech. And Schleicher's list of Lithuanian riddles || || includes a score of correspondences to Germanic queries, whit'h surelv cannot all be traceable to the cradle of the two races. But the best proofs of borrowing are these. Sometimes we are able to obser\e the \er\- act of transmission. The Dcmaitndes Joyous * Friedreich p. 87 ; Ohlert jip. 31-35. t Notes to Kid. 23. X M. L. N. XVIII, 3-4. § Ohlert, pp. 60, 72. 11 Arnason, Islenzkar Gdtiir, 1S87, Introd. ; Wossidlo, No. 99, p. 283; supra. 1 Rolland, No. 44, p. 22 ; No. 400, p. 152 ; Wossidlo, No. 165, p. 291. ** Heusler, Zv. ra), and such world-old riddles as that of the Louse (see my articles in A/. L. A\ XVIII, 3) receive his guinea-stamp (No. 30, Pediadiis). \ Manitius, Zti Aldhelm intd Baeda, 18S6, p. 51, fully illustrates this indebtedness. § Ebert, Ber. d. .c G., p. 22. II Migne, P. L. XCIV, 539 f. See infra. IT Manitius, p. 82; my article in Mod. Phil. II, 561. ** Wilmanns, Ilaupts Zs. XIV, 530. tt Cf. Weismann, Ale.xander, Frankfort, 1850, I, 473 f. ; Schroter, Mitth. der deutschen Gesellsch. ztir Erf. der vaierl. Sprache etc., Leipzig, V, 2 (1872), p. xiv. ORIGINALS AND ANALOGUES xxxi the Middle (jcrmaii I'olksbiiih* form we encounter translations of no less than ten problems (Nos. 89, 61, 63, 11,2, 13, 69, 77, 78, 59) into the vernacular. At least three of the Symphosius riddles (Nos. 11, 89, 13) passed from the Apollonius story into the Gesta Romanoriim, chap. 153. In the sixteenth century the enigmas were translated into Greek by Joachim Camerarius (ca. 1540), and expanded by many others of Reusner's pedants. f Aldhelm From Aldhelm of Malmesbury (640-709), Bishop of Sherburne, we possess one hundred riddles in hexameters. % Of these William of Malmesbury tells us : § ' Extat et codex ejus non ignobilis " de Enigmati- bus " poetae Simphosii emulus centum titulis et versibus mille distinctus.' In this last phrase, as William's next words show, he is simply accepting the description of the enigmas furnished by the acrostic which the first and last letters of the thirty-six lines of Aldhelm 's poetical preface com- pose, ' Aldhelmus cecinit millenis versibus odas,' — a description not strictly correct, as only eight hundred hexameters appear. Unlike the enigmas of Symphosius, the hundred poems of Aldhelm are of var)'ing length : nineteen tetrastichs, fifteen pentastichs, thirteen hexastichs, nine- teen heptastichs, ten octostichs, eleven enneastichs, four decastichs, four hendecastichs, one dodecastich, one triscaedecastich, one pentecaedeca- stich, one heccaedecastich, and one polystichon {De Creatiira). The in- debtedness of these to Symphosius is sometimes greatly overstated. || Indeed, Aldhelm's chief debt is found not in his enigmas but in the Epistola ad Acirciinn or Liber de Septenario, which serves as a prose preface to his riddles.lT In this tractate upon prosody, which was sent to Ealdferth, King of Deira and Bernicia, in the tenth year of his reign, 695, and which was perhaps originally an independent work,** he ac- knowledges his indebtedness to Aristotle and to the books of the Old 'I'estament, but chiefly to Symphosius, from whom he draws at least a dozen illustrations. ft It is interesting to note that this treatise on meter * .Schrciter, p. Ixxv. t Reusner, Aenigmatoffrap/iia sive Sylloge Aemgrnatum etc. Frankfort, 1602. \ J. A. Giles, S. Aldlielmi Opera, 1844, pp. 249-270. § Gesta Poiitificum Angloriim V, § 196, Rolls Series, 1870, pp. 343-344- II Cf. authorities cited by Friedreich, p. 191. 1[ Giles, S. Aldhelmi Opera, pp. 2i6f. ** Bonhoff, Aldhelm von Maliiieshitry, Dresden, 1894, p. 114. ft These are cited in full by Manitius, Aldhelm und Baeda, p. 51. xxxii INTRODUCTION contains one of the best known of world-riddles, that of the Ice, ' Mater me genuit, eadem inox gignitur ex nie,' which does not appear in Sym- j)h()sius, Init is fouiul in tiie Exeter Book, 34''-".* IJelween the enij;iiias of Aldhelm and Symphosius the verbal resem- blances are not great. t Indeed, the same subjects are often treated by the two in verv differiMit fashion. Like Symphosius, Aldhelm makes the dumb nature of iiianiinale things speak, but for this jiersonihcation he pleads the piwrdenl of the IJihle. | VWxV has noletl ^ the chief differences be- tween the poels. i'o the categories of subjects which are treated hv S\iiiphosius and which receive further elaboration from Aldhelm, the younger wiilrr adds new themes: the lira\-enl\- bodies, the elements, and such abslraclions as N'atui'e, I'ali'. The Creation. As lionhoff well ex- pn.'sses it, II ' Uci Aldhelm iibcrwit-gt mehr das dem CuMnianen so eigene sinniganschauliche Siclnersenken in die \atur, ilire WiukUm- und VVerke, wiihreiid S\'mphosius als ciii Romaiu' lirhci" das wrstandnismiissige und (.■spriUollc Spiclen unci ranck'ln in WOrl und Ausdruck sucht.' l'"bert also jjoints to ihc presence- in these enigmas of the ( 'hristian element, which is tolalK lacking in the riddles of Svmphosius.il This is seen not oiil\- in the pidblcnis of I'ate (i, 7) and Creation (xiii), but in those oi the I )o\e (iii, <) ), Api)le-tree (iv, 15), l'"ig-tree (iv, 16), and Lucifer (vii, j; ), all of which are based upon Jewish-Christian slorv. ( )ther Christian traces aic marked bv I'".bert (ii, 14; vi, 4; viii, 3). And yet there are manv references to classical mythology : to the Minotaur (ii, i i), to the threads of the I'arcae ( iv, 7), to love's eagle and Ganymede (v, J), to Sc\ 11a (X), anil frcquentlv in his polvstich, the De C/rdfiini. Against all such heathen fables he inveighs in his enigma on the Sun and Moon (viii, 3). All critics have noted the largci- scale and freer treatment of Aldhelm's enigmas comparc-d with those of his model ; but, while the writer ol Malmesburv has obviously gained in romantic breadth, he has lost not a little. I'Apanding in the joy of creation, he often forgets his riddle's * For history of this riildle, see J/. /,. X. X\TII, 4, und notes to Kid. 34. t These p:ir:illels are cited by Taiil, Dissertatio de Symposii Aenigmatil'iis, 1854, p. If), and by Manitiiis, pp. jSf., who greatly overstates Hkenesses. Two enigmas are borrowed (i, 10, Sym. ^^z ; iv, 12, Sym. 51), and occasionally a striking motive, like that of 'the biter bitten,' ' mordeo mordentes ' (Sym. 44'), which Aldhelm, iii, 15, tratisfers from the Onion, adapting it to the Nettle, ' torqueo torquentes.' \ F.pistola ad Aiirciiini, (liles, p. 229. § Pp. 22-23. H ^'- ''5" Tf See also Manitius, Christl. Lat. Poesie, p. 4S9. ORIGINALS AND ANALOGUES xxxiii excuse for beinf;^, and lifts the veil of his mystery (Ebert). Or else he falls into the opposite fault of needlessly complicating and obscuring his meaning. That his contemporaries found many lines difificult is shown by the large number of Latin and English glosses which we meet in the liritish Museum manuscripts of his enigmas.* Tatwink Of Tatwine, the author of the third collection of enigmas with which we have to do, we know little more than we are told by Bede.f He was a Mercian out of the district of the Hwiccas, and succeeded Berhtwald (d. January 13, 731) as Archbishop of Canterbury. I le was consecrated June 10, 731, but did not receive the pallium until 733. Almost nothing is known of his rule. He died July 30, 734. As both Ebert and Hahn point out, he \vas a philosoj^her, a theologian, and a grammarian. And, what is more to our present purpose, he was an enigmatograph,' the author of forty Latin riddles, t That the manuscripts preserve the origi- nal order of the enigmas is proved by the double acrostic — formed from the first and last letters of the first lines of the poems — corresponding to the introductory distich Sub deno quater haec diverse enigmata torquens Staminc metrorum exstructor conserta retexit. Of the forty riddles, twent3''-two consist of five hexameters, nine of four, seven of six, one of seven, and one of twelve. Both Ebert and Hahn point to the revelation of Tatwine's personality in these enigmas. That he is a theologian is shown by his choice of religious or churchly themes in one third of his riddles : church furniture, the Christian virtues, topics * MS. Royal 15, A. XVI ; MS. Royal 12, C. XXIII. Cf. comments of Wright, />/(>£: />'r/i. Lit. I, 78, and Bonhoff, p. 115. For the glosses themselves see Wright's edition of the enigmas {Anglo-Laiiii Satirical Poets, Rolls Series, 1872, 11, 533-573) and Napier, O. E. Glosses, pp. 191 f. t Eccl. Hist. V, cap. 23, 24. Compare Ebert, p. 25 ; Ilahn, Forscli. ziir deiitscheii Gesch. XXVI (1886), 603 f. % These are preserved in two MSS. in company with the enigmas of Kusebius {infra) ; the one at Cambridge, MS. Gg. V, 35 ; the other in the B. M., MS. Royal 12, C. XXIII. The enigmas of both poets were edited from the Cambridge MS. by Giles (Anealota Bedae, Laiifraiici et Alioriim, Caxton Society, 185 1); those of Tatwine, from the London MS. by Wright {Anglo-Latin Satirical Poets, Rolls Series, 1872, II, 525-534), who knew nothing of the other manuscript or of the earlier edition; and finally from both texts by Ebert, Ber. iiber die I'er/i. der k. sacks. Gesellsch. der Wiss. zu Leipzig, Phil.-Hist. Classe, 1877, ])p. 20 ff. xxxiv INTRODUCTION of dogma. That he is a philosopher becomes at once apparent in liis first and longest problem, Dc Fhilosophia, and is further indicated by his love of abstractions and of speculation.* That he is a grammarian is attested not only by the selection of such a topic as ' Prepositions governing' both cases' (No. i6), but by the narrow range of his fancy and the sobriety of his style, f Tatwine owes very little to his predecessors. Unlike Ebert, X and like Hahn, § I can detect no striking resemblances between his enigmas and those of Symphosius on similar or kindred themes. In the si.\ riddles (Nos. 6, 7, 1 1, 20, 28, 32) that invite comparison with the earlier enigmas, the very slight likenesses seem to me to lie rather in the coincidence of subjects than in actual borrowing. To Aldhelm he may acknowledge perhaps a small debt, which has been greatly overstated by Manitius in his list of alleged parallels between the Anglo-Latin riddlers || and even by Ebert. In the eight riddles cited by Hahn as suggesting a slight resem- blance to the older collection H we sometimes have motives common to all the Anglo-Latin riddles (4, 5, 6) and very possibly the possession of the folk. But an occasional lifting of Aldhelm's phrases, not only when he is dealing with like subjects (12, 31, 39), but elsewhere in the group (T. ii\ A. iv, 3^; T. ly'*, A. i, 14''; T. 24^ A. De Creatum 21, etc.) puts bevond doubt a direct relation. Hahn observes with not a little plausibilitv:** — ' Bei der grossen Neigung der Gelehrten dcs 8. Jahrh. zur wirklichen Ausbeutung ihrer litterarischen Vorbilder ist der Wegfall solcher Pliinderung eigentlich fur die L^nabhangigkeit zweier Schriftsteller von einander bedeutungsvoll.' Vet when we remember that Aldhelm himself, ordinarily a mighty lifter, greatly restricted his borrowings from his model Symphosius, Hahn's argument loses much of its weight. EUSEBIUS Over the identity of Eusebius, the author of the sixty riddles which accompany those of Tatwine in the Cambridge and British Museum manuscripts, there has been much discussion. Ebert ft declares that 'we know nothing of him, because the conjecture of Giles t| that he is the * See Manitius, Christl. Lat. Poesie, p. 503. t See Ebert, Litt. des Mitt, im Abeiuilande I, 651. J Ber. rir). He was honored by the dedication not only of his friend's commentary upon the Apoca- lypse but of his scientific work of 726, Dr Ratioiie 7'r/>if>ori/i/i.\\ He was probably the author of the anommous ' l,iU'" ol his pr<.'decessor in the abbacy, C'eolfrid, whom, in an admirable letter still extant, he com- mends to the kindly offices of (Iregory H.H That he was still living in the forties of the eighth century is proved by a letter addressed to him by the missionary bishop Boniface between 744 and 747.** Other things speak for his authorship of our enigmas, besides favor- able conditions of time and place. In favor of this view is the internal evidence of the enigmas themselves ; although ujjon this we must not lay undue stress, as his enigmas are not nearly so distinctive as those of Tatwine. The riddler Kuscbius seems to have been a theologian and divine (Nos. 1-5), although, unlike Tatwine, he avoids subjects of the * Forsch. zur i/eiit.n/ieii GcscJiiilitc XXVI (1SS6), 601 f. Cf. Eilemann, /h-rrigs Arcltiv CXI (1903), 5S. \ Bonifaz und Lid, Leipzig, 1SS3, pp. 213-218. \ Bede thus speaks of him in his remarks upon the first book of Samuel the prophet (Giles, Opera Bedae VIII, 162), ' Iluetbertum juvenem cui amor studi- umcpie pietatis jam olim Eusebii cognomen indidit.' § The identification is accepted by T'-liert, l.itt. des Milt, int Ahoidlaiidc I, 1S89, p. 652, and Manitiiis, Clirisll. I. at. Poesie, p. 502. II (iiles, Opera VI, 139-140. H Ilahn, pp. 216-217. **Jaffe, Bibliotlieca III, iSo, No. 62; discussed by Ilahn, Bonifaz, p. 213. XX.W 1 INI'KODUCTION C'liristian cull: * lu- shows a krcn inlcivst in chronoloj^v ( Nos. 26, 29) and j;raniniar (Nos. 9, k), _v), 42) — laslcs bditlin^' a iVirni,! of llrdc ; and in liis later cni^nias ( N'os. 41 60), which were perhaps wiitteii, as l*"bert su[;gesls, tor use in the school, he (lisi)la\s an accuiaU' knowk'dm' of "the j^ieat textbook oi his time, Isidore's /''Jyinologics.i A stiikiui; eharaeteristic of his enigmas is his lo\e of contrasts (Nos. S, 15, iS, ji, 24, 27, 4S K I l'"bei"t rightly regards his liltuarx wmknianship as interior t(i that of Tatwine. The liist fortN' of his e'nignias consist each of four hexanielers ; the last twi'nt\, so diftei'ent fioin their pii'ck-cessors in origin, matter, and torm. are ot \ai\ing lengths. Now, what is the relation of the enigmas of iMisi'hius to those of Tatwine. which the\' accompaiiN' ? I'lhert ji ad\aiue(l the opinion that l''usel)ius .sought. h\' supplementing Talwinc's lorl\- riiKHcs with sixt\' otlu-rs, to m.ike a new riddle-book ot one hundred (jueiies like the groups ol S\ m|>hosius and .\ldhelni (compare also the ninet\-li\e pi'ob- iems of the /'.".wAv /wvXm. 'I'hat we ma\ not assunu- the lewrse relation .seems exidenl lor two reasons: T;U\\inc lirmU esl;ihlishes the numbei' of his |)idhlcms 1)\ his acrostic; JMisehius is lunxl put to it to raise his own luiniber to si\l\- ;md is tlri\en to new sources {s///'f;n. k'rom the inteinal e\ itlenci.' ol the single enigmas wi' c;m draw no \;ilual)le con- clusion reganling the relation of the two groups, as. with one eNce|)tion, tlu're is no likeness in thought ami word hi'lween the pidbk-ms that h:mdle like themes (!•",. 7,'!'. 4; 1'".. S, l'.,>^^; I'.. 17. T. <) : 1'".. 24. 1.23; 1'".. 27. T. 25 ; !'.. j;2, T. 5 ; 1''.. t,(k T. 30). In ihe • I'en' probk-ms ( 1"". 35. 'I'. ()). where we li;i\(.' at least one common motixe, not only are botii writers in the w.ike (.A .\ldhelm (w j; ), but both are empkwing" ideas cur- i\'nt in :ill riiklle pot.' try of the time.|| Though tin.' manner of luisebius is not imlike that ot ,S\-mphosius. there is little trace ol direct borrowing troni the earlier and wittier waiter. The resc-mblances (I'"., id, .S. ,S| ; I'".. 34. S. 1 1 ; I'"., v"^- ■'■'■ '4 ; !'■• 4,5. ^- .v'^^ '"■'■' 'i'>t striking, antl ma\' well be en- tailed b\ the demands of like subji\'ts. ()f the lirst h)rt\- riddles of * Cf. Kl)eit, Ju-r. ,i. s. (/., p. 2S. t lUiclieler, A'/uw/i. Jfiis. XXXVI, 340, and Ilalin, ]ip. 619-624, give alnindant proof tliat Kuselnu.s did not go directly to IMiny and .Solinus, as Kl>ert .supposed, but derived from tliese autluns throiigl\ Isitloie. See also I'liert, IJtt. ifcs Mitt, im Alh-iutl. I, 18S9, p. 652, N. \ See Manitius, Christl. I.nt. /Ws/t\ p. 504. § /ur. ,/. .>•. (7., p. 27. II C"f. Khert, Ilatipts Zs. XXI 11, 200; tlie writer, .1/. /,. X. XXI, io2, and notes to AVY. 52. OKICINALS AND ANALOCiUKS xxxvii Kuscliius, sixteen iinilc tDiiiparison with .Vklhclin through their trcal- mcnt of similai' subjects.* ( )t' these, eight are totally independent (I*-. 4, A. xiii, 1 ; E. 5, A. vi, 2 ; K. 7, A. iv, i ; E. 10, A. viii, 3 ; E. 1 1, A. i, 6 ; E. 15, A. iii, X ; E. 28, A.v, i; E. 36, A. iv, 10); four display a slight connection (E. 6, A. i, i ; E. 8, A. i, 2 ; E. 32, A.v, 9 ; E. ^;^, A. ii, 14) ; two show a still more marked relation (E. 31, A.v, 9; E. 35, A.v, 3); and two arc very closely bound to their prototypes (E. 37, De Fifu/o, A. iii, 1 I ; E. 40, /A' /'/sa', A. iii, 10). On account of the last few exam- ples, Ilahn is inclined, with Ebert, to believe in a direct employment by Eusebius of Aldhelm's enigmas; but he sanely distinguishes 'between collective and iiidixidual use, between transmissk)n by book and by tra- dition.' ' It is very possible that single riddles of Aldhelm and of others were transmitted, as themes of wit and entertainment, from monastery to monastery, and from mouth to mouth; and thus arose the u.se of particular riddles and not of the whole collection.' Though only three of the last twenty enigmas of Eusebius bear any resemblance even of topic to Aldhelm"s (E. 48, A. xii ; E. 56, A. iv, 2 ; E. 57, A. iii, 7), yet these latter riddles ai^jDroach far more closely to his manner, and may be the additions of another hand than that of Eusebius. Latin Enicmas ani> thk Exetrr Book The relation between the Exeter Book Riddles and the Latin enigmas current in the eighth century was first touched upon by Thorpe in his Preface t : ' Collections of Aenigmata have been left us by Symphosius, Aldhelm, Beda and (jthers ; but these are, generally speaking, extremely short, and although they may have occasionally suggested a subject to our scof> whereon to exercise his skill, yet are those in the present collec- tion too essentially Anglo-Saxon to justify the belief that they are other than original prodiu'tions.' \\\ his first article j' Dietrich indicates the inck'btedness of llu' Anglo-Saxon collection to certain models. Once or twice we have a direct reference to learned sources. § Among these sources are Symphosius and Aldhelm. According to Dietrich, || J\id. 17, * Hahn, pp. 628-629. t P. 10. t Ihuipis As. XI, 450 f. § We can, however, lay very little stress upon such phrases as Rid. 43^, hdiii he h?c tvitan (a reference to the knowledge of runes), and a,o^'^, gewritii sc'ci^vfi', as neither of these riddles (40 or 43) seems to owe aught to the Latin enigmas ; and the words, A'/'d. 29^', J/('« t/Ki/if/dde si' />e me i^e.ucgde introduce a riddle-motive uni- versally popular at this period (J/. Z. N. XVIII, 99). || XI, 251 f. ; XII, 241. xxxviii INTRODUCTION 48, and 61 show close verbal borrowings from Symphosius ; while Rid. 36, 39, and 41 are derived sentence for sentence from Aldhelm. In Rid. 6, 14, 29, 37, 51, 54, individual points are borrowed from the Latin enigmas.* In the so-called second series Dietrich notes a freer employment of Sym- phosius (AW. 66, 84, 85, 86, 91 ), and a few traits from Aldhelm {Rid. 64, 71, 84). He draws from his ver)- doubtful premises the conclusion that ' a closer dependence upon Latin models is a constant trait of the first series, a freer movement predominates in the second.' From the references to ' writings ' in Rid. 40, from the C and B runes which precede Rid. 9 and 18 and which may stand for the Lat. camena and ballista, Dietrich con- jectures a third Latin source, but ' none has been discovered which casts any light upon the problems in question.' Dietrich also points out the pop- ular elements in such riddles as Rid. 23, 14, 52, 34, 43, 10, etc., and notes parallels among the German folk-riddles. f Miiller's contribution to the Cothener Frografnm (1861) adds nothing to Dietrich's treatment of sources. But in 1877 Ebert, in his essay upon the riddle-poetry of the Anglo-Saxons, % seeks to show that our riddler, whom he identifies with Cynewulf, probably used Tatwine's enigmas, and certainly those of Eusebius. The English riddles which he believes to be indebted to the Latin are Rid. 7 ( E. 10) ; 14 (T. 4, E. 7) ; 15, 93 (E. 30) ; 21 (T. 30) ; 27 (T. 5, 6 ; E. 31, 32) ; 30 (E. 11) ; 39 (E. 37) ; but, as I shall show, there is in none of these cases any conclusive proof of a direct literaiy connection. Li a monograph which, by its perversion of method and unwarranted conclusions, has done no little harm to the proper understanding of the Exeter Book problems and their relations, Prehn § aims to find for nearly every Anglo-Saxon riddle a Latin prototype among the enigmas of Sym- phosius, Aldhelm, Tatwine, and Eusebius. He thus summarizes his re- sults : II ' An exclusive use of Symphosius is found in twelve riddles, of Aldhelm in seventeen, of Eusebius in five, while Tatwine is never used * All of Dietrich's statements regarding sources must be considerably modified and discounted in the light of my investigations {M.L..V. XVIII, 98 f.). See infra, and notes to separate riddles. t Dietrich's treatment of the connection between the poems of our collection and popular riddles is confined to a single paragraph {XI, 457-45S) and must be supplemented at every point (see my article in J/. L.N. XVIII, 98 f., my discus- sion infra, and the notes to the several problems). % Bcr. d. s. G., p. 29. § Koinposition luui Quellen der Rdtsel des Exeterbiiches. Paderborn, 18S3. IIP. 158. ORIGINALS AND ANALOGUES xxxix alone.' But, according to Prehn, our author frequently builds up his rid- dle by suggestions and plunderings from more than one author : he thus employs Symphosius and Aldhelm six times, Symphosius and Tatwine twice, Aldhelm and Tatwine once, Aldhelm and Eusebius four times, Aldhelm, Tatwine, and Eusebius three times, but never Tatwine and Eusebius alone together. Sometimes he employs more than one riddle of the same author : he thus uses Symphosius twice and Aldhelm once.* Against these results of Prehn's too fruitful source-hunt there have been more than one protest from scholars. Zupitza,t a year later, took issue with Prehn's conclusions of wholesale borrowings from learned sources, and affirmed his belief in the popular origin of many Exeter Book puz- zles. Holthaus % also thinks that Prehn has failed to establish the great dependence of the Anglo-Saxon riddles. He points to the popularity of such compositions among monks and laymen. The number of universally known riddles was far larger than those extant ; and these, in form and expression, were naturally much alike. Only the true poets gave them a new dress. Regarding the vogue of this riddle-material, he believes, as does Ten Brink of the epic, § that ' the product of poetic activity was not the possession, the performance, of an individual but of the community.' Other arguments of Holthaus will be considered later. So Herzfeld || declares that ' in the case of the Exeter Book Riddles one cannot speak of a constantly close adherence to definite models. Previous investiga- tions If show that some few of these are literal translations of the Latin, others are related to the Latin riddles only in single traits and turns of thought, while the majority have their roots in popular tradition, from which the poets of both the Latin and the Old English riddles have drawn independently.' Brooke ** quotes the whole of Aldhelm "s riddle De Luscinia side by side with Rid. 9, ' in order to confound those who say that Cynewulf in his Riddles is a mere imitator of the Latin. In the Latin there is not a trace of imagination, of creation. In the English both are clear. In the *Even in cases where Prehn is unable to demonstrate borrowing, he declares (p. 269) : ' Indessen beschrankt sich ihre Selbstandigkeit nur auf die Wahl der Stoffe, wahrend der Inhalt dieselben typischen Ziige aufweist, welche wir bei den Vorbildern kennen gelernt haben.' t Deutsche Littztg., 1884, p. 872. X Atiglia VII, Anz. 124. § GeschicJite iter Eiigt. IJtt., p. 17. || Pp. 26-27. IT Herzfeld compares J. H. Kirkland, ./ Stinty of ttie Anglo-Saxoti Poetii, Ttie I/arrmviiig of Ilelt, Halle, 1S85, pp. 25 f. But in what respect this reference es- tablishes large results, I fail to see. ** E. E. Lit., p. 149, footnote. xl INTRODUCTION one a scholar is at play, in the other a poet is making. Almost every riddle, the subject of which Cynewulf took from Aldhelm, Symphosius or Eusebius, is as little really imitated as that. Even the Riddle De Crea- tiira, the most closely followed of them all, is continually altered towards imaginative work.' Erlemann * discusses the close relation of the Riddles to the Latin enigmas of the early eighth century. ' All of these enigmatographs, Aldhelm, Tatwine, and Eusebius, were contemporaries of Bede ; and, as Hahn has shown,! Eusebius is identical with Hwaetbert-Eusebius, Abbot of Wearmouth, to whom Bede submitted his work of 727, De Temporum Ratione. The Anglo-Saxon poet [so Erlemann] knew all the Latin collec- tions of riddles and employed Eusebius in particular. There is no small probability that the Anglo-Saxon poet, through school instruction, was familiar with the works of Bede as well as with the riddle-poems of Eusebius, Tatwine, and Aldhelm. It is indeed possible that he obtained his scholarly training in one of the monasteries Wearmouth and Jarrow.' Erlemann believes that this aids us in fixing the date of our collection. Eusebius employed the riddle-collection of Tat\vine^ which falls in 732 ; and therefore composed between that date and the middle of the forties when he died. His sixty enigmas probably supplement Tatwine's forty, so they are close to them in time. Now, if the Anglo-Saxon problems are due to the awakened interest in riddles, they may be placed between 732 and 740, in any case before 750, in Northumbria — the time and place to which Sie\ers and Madert (i)ifrd) would assign them. But all these arguments fall to the ground if we den)- direct literar\' connection with Tatwine and Eusebius. Let us now examine the riddles. In the four riddles that owe most to the collection of Symphosius, Rid. 48. 61, 85, 86, the relation is not nearh' as close as that of Rid. 36, 41, to Aldhelm. It is certainlv not correct to sav with Herzfeld % that to each line of Svmphosius 16, Tinea, two lines of Rid. 48 correspond. The six lines of the English version represent a \er\' unfortunate expansion, in which the answer is betrayed at the outset, no new ideas except that of the holiness of the book are added, and the sharp contrasts of the Latin are sacrificed. The three motives of the ' Arundo ' enigma of Symphosius (No. 2) are admirably developed in the seventeen lines of Rid. 61, as Dietrich has * Ilerrigs Arclin' CXI (1903), 5S. t Forsc/i. zii cictitsch. Gesch. XXVI. 597. % P. 29. ORIGINALS AND ANALOGUES xli shown in parallel columns.* Here the Latin simplv suggests. Rid. 85 follows only in its first lines the ' Flumen et Piscis ' problem (Sym. 12) : the remainder of the short poem is an independent development in which new motives are added. ( )nly the second line of the Symphosius enigma Litsctix a II ill in teueiis (No. 94) is used in the monster-riddle of seven lines {^Kid. 86) which thus lavishly employs the hint. The four English riddles, though somewhat dissimilar in method of borrowing, resemble each other in free handling of sources ; Nos. 85 and 86. in the manner of development from a suggestion in the original ; Nos. 48 and 85, in the introduction of Christian elements. But the treatment of sources differs entirely from that in the .small Aldhelm group {Rid. 36, 41), where the Latin (A. vi, 3, and De Creatura) is closely followed (Notes). A dozen riddles employ motives of Symphosius and Aldhelm in such fashion as to suggest direct borrowing from the Latin enigmas. f In Rid. 10 the riddler gives evidence of his use of Symphosius 100 (not in Riese) in his description of the desertion of the cuckoo by parents before birth and its adoption by another mother ; but the added motive of the cuckoo's ingratitude, as indeed the whole treatment, shows an intimate acquaint- ance with the folk-lore of the time. The three motives of Symphosius 61 appear in the 'Anchor' riddle {Rid. 17), but only the second is so closely follow'ed as to indicate actual indebtedness. The leitmotif oi Sym- phosius 73 is not introduced into the ' Bellows ' riddle, Rid. 38, until its fifth line, and then, after receiving a three-line treatment, is dismissed by the popular motive that closes the problem : in the second fragmentary version of the English riddle {Rid. 87) the Symphosius theme is not reached. The two closing lines of Rid. 66 (compare 26), ' Onion,' seem to be verballv indebted to the ' Cepa ' enigma of Symphosius (No. 44), but this ' biter bitten ' motive is a commonplace of riddle-poetry and well known to contemporary enigmatographs. A motive from Aldhelm v, 3, and yet another from v, 9, seem to be the sources of .several lines of Rid. 27. ' Book ' ; and Aldhelm v. 3, and iv, i, suggest the striking themes of Rid. 52, ' Pen ' ; but in both English rid- dles we are dealing with the common property of very many enigmas of that day. Rid. 13 and 39, ' Young Ox," may claim as analogues not only Aldhelm iii, 1 1 ; v, 8, and Symphosius 56, but many other Latin *XI, 45^- t Rut. 10 (S. 100); 17 (S. 61); 38 (S. 73); 66 (S. 44); 27 (A. V, 3, 9) ; 52 (A, v, 3; iv, i); 37 (A. vi, 10); 13, 39 (A. iii, 11; v, S; S. 56); 50 (A. ii, 14); 64 (A. vi, 9). xlii INTRODUCTION riddles of the time ; and the two English ])roblems cling to the tradi- tional motives, but with a certain freedom of literary treatment. Kid. 50, ' Bookcase,' is connected through its last lines, and particularly through the word iimvita (11 a), with Aldhelm ii, 14^"', Ana Libra na\ but it is notew'orthy that this is the ver)- motive which we meet in the ' Book- moth ' problem (Sym. 1 6 ; Kid. 48'^"'^). Kid. 64 owes its ruling idea to Aldhelm vi, 9^"^ though it is no slavish copy of the Latin theme, ' the kiss of the wine-cup,' which ap]:iears not only in Anglo-Latin riddles {supra) but in the modern PJiglish Holme riddle. No. 128. Aldhelm's ' Water ' enigmas, iii, i and especially iv, 1 4, are freely followed in their main outlines by the writer of Kid. 84 ; but that long poem during its larger part declares its independence of I^atin sources. To summarize, the motives of the Latin enigmas are so widely diffused throughout riddle- poetry, and moreover these themes are so freel\- handled in the English versions, that it is impossible to deduce any but the most general con- clusion regarding either relation to sources or the identity of the author. Only this much may be safely said: that the English riddles just con- sidered are alike in combining a certain dependence in their leading ideas with originality of expression and freedom of development. \'et another group of riddles bear to Svmphosius and .Mdhelm only a very slight resemblance — perhaps in a single phrase or line — • so slight indeed that the likeness may often be accidental or else produced by identity of topic* Edmund Erlemann has pointed out t that the ' Storm ' riddles, Kid. 2-4, are indebted for one of their central ideas, not to Aldhelm's line (i, 2^) ' Cernere me nulli possunt nee prendere palmis,' which appears in both the Bern Riddles and Bede's Flares {supra), but to the scriptural sources of this (see Notes) ; and I regard the other alleged parallels of Prehn % as very natural coincidences. The resemblance between Kid. 6 and Aldhelm iv, 13, Ciypcus, is very slight and the mere outcome of a common theme : each shield speaks of its wounds. It is barely possible that the author of Kid. 9 owed some- thing to Aldhelm's ' Luscinia ' enigma (ii, 5), but I do not believe that the Anglo-Saxon poet had the nightingale in mind. It is a far cry from Aldhelm's Favifaluca (iv, 11) to the 'Barnacle Goose' of Kid. 11 ; so * Rid. 2-4 (A. i, 2); 6 (A. iv, 13); 9 (A. ii, 5); 11 (A. iv, 11); 12 (A. xii, 9); 21 (A. iv, 10) ; 28 (A. vi, 9) ; 29 (A. vii, 2) ; 35 (S. 60) ; 49, 60 (A. vi, 4) ; 54 (A. V, S) ; 57 (S. 17 ; A. iv, 3, 7) ; 58 (A. vi, i) ; 71 (A. iv, lo) ; 73 (A. vi, 8) ; 83 (S. 91); 91 (S. 4). ^ Her7-igs Arckiv CXI, 55. \ Pp. 159-163. ork;inals and analogues xliii the likeness between the opening lines of the two, which is very slight, is obviously accidental. There is certainly a resemblance between a sin- gle passage in Aldhelm's ' Nox ' enigma (xii, g) and Rid. 12''^; but this is not sufficient to establish any direct connection between the Latin and the Anglo-Saxon. Kid. 21, 'Sword,' is developed in a totally dif- ferent fashion from Aldhelm's enigma (iv, 10) on the same topic; any parallels of thought — and these are few — are inherent in the subject. The motive of 'wine, the overthrower ' (Aldhelm vi, 9'), which also ap- pears in Rid. 28, is found not only in other Latin enigmas of the time (MS. Bern. 611, No. 63^""), but in folk-riddles remote from learned sources (see Notes). As the companion piece, Rid. 29, bears in two of its motives a general likeness to Aldhelm vii, 2, it is possible that the Latin may have been consulted by the author of these bibulous problems, but it is difficult to see how his themes could have been de- veloped without mention of these traits. The slight likeness between the ' Rake ' riddle (Rid. 35) and Symphosius 60, Serra, may easily be explained by the demands of similar subjects. Dietrich * finds the germ oiRid. 49, 60, in Aldhelm vi, 4, De Crisniale; but the likeness, being practically limited to the ' red gold ' of both the Latin and English ves- sels, and consequently an inevitable result of identity of themes, is not irreconcilable with complete independence. Only in two lines of Rid. 54, ' Battering-ram,' is found any analogue to Aldhelm v, 8, which has a far different purpose, — a pun upon ' Aries.' The ' Loom ' riddle. Rid. 57, bears only a very faint resemblance to the enigmas of Symphosius (No. 17) and Aldhelm (iv, 3, 7): like subjects could hardly be treated with greater difference of method. Rid. 58 has certainly two traits in common with Aldhelm vi, i ; but no descriptions of the ' Swallow ' could fail to mention its wood-haunts and its garrulous note. The origin of the 'Sword' or 'Dagger' {Rid. 71""^) recalls Aldhelm iv, 10^, De Pugione ; but the two enigmas are of very diverse sort. The ' Lance ' riddle {Rid. 73) surely owes little to Aldhelm (vi, 8) in the picture of its origin and its delight in battle. The general likeness in riddle-motive — change of condition by fire — between Rid. 83 and Symphosius g i may well arise from the demands of the topic, ' Ore.' And, finally, there is but a dim suggestion of the lively metaphors of Rid. 91, ' Ke}-,' in the bald ' Clavis ' enigma of Symphosius (No. 4), which simply states the subject's sj^here of action. Li none of the twenty riddles just considered * XI, 474. xliv IN I'KDDi r ru)N is it possililr to rsl.ililisli ilurrt litn.ii \' lomu'ilioii w itl\ tin- I ,,itin (.Muunias. In tlu' iiUTi'dm;', jMi'iip, |u>|iiil,ii ti.insmissinn ol molivi's, in this, like ronilituMis nl luninuiii siil>|rrls, j;(> l.ir tmv.iuls i-xi'l.unm;^ .ill H'sriu l)|,inri-s. 111 oilu'i inKlK's th.it licit llir s.inu- tlu'iiu-s .is llir I,.itiii riiij'jn.is, r\rn this t.imi liknu-ss is l.u'kiiij;.* I h.ur .ihr.uU irjMstou'd m\ piKlrst )' ai;ainst tht,- il.iiins oi T.itwiiu' .uul I'lisrhius .IS nrilitois <>l tin- /■'.w/ir />'('('/• A'/(/(//(\. In .i low i.iscs 1 iiolui' .1 u'snuhl.iiu'i' Ih-Iwih-m ihr A'/,A//\ otlur r.iiK riii!;iii.ito;;r.iphs whoso iliiwt (.oiinrction with r.iiwiiu' .uul I'usrhius is iiiou- th.ui ilouhtlul.§ I'lu- • I loin' riiUlIc [A'i,/. 15,^ h.is 111 ot>iiinion with I'lisohius _^o its liist thought, whioh is rc- [hmIihI 111 ilillru'iit lorm in A'/./. 88 i^conti.ist howA"\rr No. 15's i.oin|).iiiion piooi', AVti\c from l'".uso- hius's tiiMlnu'iil ot tlu- s.imo tamili.u tlu'HK' t^No. J5\ I cmnol thore- t'oic ai;rt.\> with l-'ln-il .uul rrohn t^/'./.ov///') th.U these Anglo-l..itin (.■nij;iHas iuIUkmuxhI tho Auijlo S.ixon in nuitli-i ,iiul lonn. \n intoiostin;; pl.u'o .11110111; (,'ii;hlli ocnluiA l.uin (.'nimiuis is oivupicd In tlu- twoniN liiKlK" iHH'uis ol the i;i\Mt mission. uv bishop l>onit'.iiv. || lieu- the luKlle h.is t.iken o\\ .1 purelv Christian and llK\^loi;ieal eharae- ter. I'l'u viees and ten \iitues personit'v ami eharaeteri/e themselves * AV./, 7 ^A. \iii, ; J4 ^S. i«>^ ; 33 (S, 1;,) ; 34 ^,^. lo) ; 59 ^S. 71, ~ :). f .lA /. .\. Will, o». t A'/.;'. 15 (V. ;ol ; i\ (V. ;,o, V.. ;i>h ij (V. 5. t> ; K. .u. ;>-^ ; 39 O'"- ,r^ : 44 (V. :.); 5 J [V. (.'. K. .;,0 : 84 ^K. -.0- § llollh.uis (.//.J,.;,.- \'ll. .t'::. \ : •,) s.ivs \oiy s.uu-h : ' Kosoiuli-ts in don Fallon \\>' I'nim AUnliohkoiU-n ilci oniilisolvon Riitsel niit .'woi odor t.lnn Kitoinischon l>ii liu-m n.u'lnvfisl, waion wii };onoij;t n'uht .m unmittolh.uo Mntloluumj; /u denken soiuKin /n i;l.uibon d.vss sowol dio liogonstando. wie auch dio Art dev Hetnoh- tun;^ l'unu'ini;iit ilos \olkos gowiMvU-n \v,u \ind soniit ^ler IMclvter nm bekanntes .iu(\;onvnunuMi h.ilU\ aboi os dooh oigonaitij; \vioderi;alv' 'rius view is certainly siipiHMlovl hv the Ukcncssos toUu- latinin tin- Kuglish riddles of ' rnH^k," ' (.">x,' and ■Pen' (A'l^i. 37, 39. 5a): tliese tuits .ue coiwnuMiplaces in early enigmas (.f/z/^w), II Nine of these were ininted by \Yris;ht. />'/.•<•. />'. \l\, f. 20.\ r. later the conrplete collection w.vs |nd>lished by Innk. A">r/<^«^^v^ />ii\,fSiiH-.-tn/tt; 111 (iSl'v^"). -■;,-", and by Pumni- lei. /•.\.'.;i- /.;A ( \.v ,•///// etc. (.lA-//. ///.>/. (,>>/«.). I (iSSO, 1 f. OKICINALS AND AN Al.()( ;i f I'lS xlv like iIk' hi'asls aiul birds ol' llir i>U\cv t'liii^inas. * ( 'aiilas, Mdcs ( 'alho- lica, Spt's, jiislilia, N'critus, Miscrii-oi'dia, ralicnlia, Tax ( 'Inisliaiia, llumilitas ( 'liiisliaiia, Virg'inilas, olTscl (he IVaillirs of ('upidilas, SiiptT- bia, ("rapiila (lulai-, l'',biictas, laixuria, liuidia, l,i;ii()iaiilia, \'ana (iloiia, Nt.'<;li<^cntia, and Iracundia. 'Hit'se allcj^orical cnij^iuas air iiiliodiircd by a dedication to his ' sisU'i,' (hr Alilxvss of liischofsbt'iin Iwcnlv hi'x- amc'tcrs, in whiib Uu- viitiU'S aiv conipaicd lo (br golden apples of ibc trcr of life, die ( 'ross of ( 'liiisi, Hu- vices to the bitter fi'iiil of \\\r lice of which Adam ale. IIh- whole loinposcs 388 hexameters, and the several poems an- of \ar\inj;' leiinlh. 'I'he acrostic employed by bolb Aldhdm and Tatwine is here used for purposes of solution. 'I"he subji'd of ( at b t'liii^nia is plainlv indicalt'd 1)\- die initial k-llns of its liiu's. iUil itoniiace ;^oc's farlher diaii diis. W'idi his well-known b)ndness bir pla\in^' upon nanu-s,t be introduces inlo his first eni<;nia a double at-rostic, (•, s, //.\- of the Latin riddle { A'/W. 90) refers to the name of ('vnewull. As I'.bert has pointed out, these t'lii^mas ha\'c but small literai\- meiil. Their vocabulary is small, their meter halting;', the treatment stiff and awkward. 'I"he traits of his abstractions are seldom si^nilicant. Written in (It'iinaiu' (I. ,v,^), die poems, particularly those upon Ignorance ol God and I )runkenness, ^ivt.' forth now and dien a j^leam of a|)ostolic fire; but in the main thev set'in dull and uninspiri-d. ]!ock has, I think, fxa^'^'crated their indeblednrss to Aldbelm, which is slij^ht ; § and 1 discover in them no li.ux' ol 'ralvvine or ol Liisebius. The influence of Virj^il's .-l/y/r/i/, uliicb affected bis sl\le, as it did (bat of his coiiU'mporaries, was not slronj;' enough to lift bis moiali/in^s into the rej;ion of poeliw I see in these didactic hexamclc-rs nothing' that con- nects them e\tn lemoleb with the spirited riddles ol the li.xctcr Ihok.\ * I-:i)crl, /.//. ,lcs Mill, im Ahciidl. T (iSS^), 653. t Compare Iluhn, /uwi/tiz nml l.iil, nSS;,, j). 2.|2; ]'",walcl, Neiicr Arc/tivYll, 196; and my notes to A'/V/. 90 {infra). \ See Maniliiis, C/iri.s-l/. Lat. Poesic, p. 507. §The .tpifiila lita veiteiio v,[ tiie IntioducliDii ])r)iiils In liic last .section of Ald- lielm'.s poetic tract /A* Octo I'riinip. niii.s, 1 50, and (cilaiii lines in the ' Lu.xuiy ' enigma (No. 15) to the Cnuilinui, 31, 53. ISiil I lind liltlr nmic iIkih dial. Mani- tius, Chrisll. /.nl. Poesic, p. 506, notes that for his j^eiicial niolivi-s l!(jnilace is in- debted to I'rudentius's Psychomachia and to Aldhehn's Pc /.(ii/dihii.s- Viri;i/iittn. II Contrast Boniface's picture of ICbrictas with the dclighlful },'enre sketch of the tipsiness of the 'old cliiiil ' in A'iil. 28. Xlvi INTRODUCTION Bern Riddles A very important group of Latin enigmas is a collection of sixty-three riddles preserved in several early manuscripts.* These consist of ' hexa- sticha rhythmica barbaric horrida ' (Riese). Hagen overrates them t in ranking them above the riddles of Symphosius in ' feine und gemiitliche Charakteristik ' ; but they are certainly not without merit ; they treat the common things of life with clever ingenuity. Yet in range of sub- jects, in power of imagination, and particularly in width and depth of scholarship, they are inferior to the Anglo-Latin riddles. We meet only one reference to the Christian-Jewish cultus (9^, ' Eua '), only one to classical mythology (41'', ' Macedo nee Liber . . . nee Hercules'), only one to history (28^, ' Caesares '). A striking trait is their originality. They deal often with the same themes as Symphosius (Bern 2, S. 67 ; B. 9, S. 51; B. 10, S. 78; B. II, S. 13; B. 13, S. 53; B. 18, S. 79 ; B. 32, S. 63; B. 34, S. 45 ; B. 48, S. 19; B. 58, S. 77), but in totally different fashion. On the two occasions when these riddles invite close comparison with the older enigmas, it is significant that the author is using motives dear to riddle tradition : ' the fish and his moving house ' (B. 30, S. 12) and 'the biter bitten,' ' mordeo mordentem ' (B. 37, De Pipen\ S. 44, De Cepii). % So in his relation to Aldhelm, he is either entirely independent (B. 3, A. iv, 8 ; B. 21, A. ii, 3 ; B. 45, A. i, i), or else he employs motives that are the common stock of riddle-poetry (B. 6, A. vi, 9, De Caliee\ B. 23, A. v, 10, De Jgne\ B. 24, A. v, 9, De Alembrana \ B. 25, A. iv, i, De Litteris). Yet the sequence of these riddles (B. 23, 24, 25), and certain likenesses in phraseology, § *As early as 1839, Mone edited a version of these from Vienna MS. 67 in Anzeiger fiir Kunde dcr dcittsclieii Vo7-zeit VIII, 2i9f. In 1869 Hagen produced in Riese's Anthologia Latiiui I, 296, tliirty-five'of these enigmas from a manu- script of eighth to ninth century, Bern 611, f. 73r.-8ov. The next year Riese, in the second volume of his Anthology (p. Ixvi), showed the identity of the Vienna and Bern enigmas, and derived variants from Mone's text. Finally, in the last edition of the Anthology (1894, pp. 351-370) Riese collated with the already published manuscripts three other versions, Lipsiensis Rep. I, 74 of ninth to tenth century, f. i5v.-24r., and two Paris MSS. of the ninth century, 5596 and 8071 (each containing a few enigmas). For a discussion of this group of enigmas, cf. Hagen, Aiitikc und Mitteldlterliche Rdtselpoesie, 1877, pp. 26, 46. t P. 46. X For the vogue of these two riddles, see M. L. N. XVIII, 3, 5, XXI, loi, and my notes to Rid. 85, 66. Other world-riddles are those of the Ice (B. 38) and the Rose (B. 34). § Cf. Manitius, Aldhelm und Baeda, pp. 79-82. ORIGINALS AND ANALOGUES xlvii undoubtedly suggest a direct literary connection.* Ebert and Manitius seem to mc to exaggerate greatly the resemblances between the Bern enigmas and those of I'atwine and Eusebius ; and therefore to be totally unjustified in their conclusion that the former is one of the sources of the latter. Indeed, in all cases of alleged resemblance save one, the enigmatographs are drawing upon common stores of riddle-tradition (B. 2, E. 28, compare A. v, i, Sym. 67, Lorsch 10 ; B. 24, E. 31, T. 5, compare A. v, 9 ; B. 25, T. 4, E. 7, compare A. iv, i) ; and even under these conditions the likenesses are very slight, never amounting to any- thing more than general parallels of motive. Bern No. 5 has much in common with Tatwine No. 29, De Mensa,'\ but even this likeness may be explained by the restricted demands of the topic. There is, however, no dotibt that the Bern enigmas belong to the same circle of thought as the Anglo-Latin problems ; and, although no English manuscript of them exists, we are not surprised to find them followed by riddles of Aid- helm in Paris MS. 5596. Yet, whatever may be the probability, we have no convincing evidence that they are from the hand of an English author. Lorsch Riddles A small but valuable group of enigmas is the collection of twelve Latin riddles of varying lengths, in poor hexameters, preserved in the ninth century Vatican MS. Palatinus 1753, which was brought from the famous monastery of Lorsch. % It has a twofold connection with the Latin enigmas of England. In the manuscript it appears in close company with the riddles of Symphosius and Aldhelm, the Prosody of Boniface, and the epitaph of a priest, Domberht, one of that band of scholars which came to Germany with Boniface ; § and Diimmler is in- clined to believe that our group of twelve problems was brought over from England with the remaining contents of the manuscript. Ebert || goes even farther, and claims that the riddles were composed in Eng- land, since their author is indebted not only to Aldhelm, whose works were widely known on the continent, but to Tatwine and Eusebius. The * Manitius goes too far {C/iristl. Lat. Poesie, pp. 488-4S9) in regarding these as the chief source of Aldhelm's enigmas ; and he gives no reason for attributing them to an Irishman of the sixth and seventh centuries. t Cf. Ebert, p. 39. \ These riddles were printed by Diimmler in Ilaupts Zs. XXII, 258-263, dis- cussed by Ebert, ib. XXIII, 200-202, and included by Diimmler in his Poetae Latini Aevi CaroUiii (Mon. Hist. Germ.), Berlin, 1S81, pp. 20 f. %/7aup(s Zs. XXII, 262. ' II Ib. XXIII, 200. xlviii INTRODUCTION Lorsch riddle No. 9, Peii/ia. is, Ebert thinks, merely a compilation of three enigmas, Aldhclm v, 3,'rat\vine 6, and Eusebius 35. If the verbal resemblances were not so strong, we might infer a common debt to the folk, as the motives of ' the weeping pen ' and ' black seed in a white field' are commonplaces of riddle-poetry.* Lorsch No. 11, Bos, is in- debted to Aldhelm iii, 11, and perhaps to Eusebius 37 ; but again we have motives universally known among the Anglo-Saxons, f The paral- lels given by Manitius % are, as usual, strained. Although ' the" kiss of the wine-cup ' is a common motive, § yet the verbal likenesses of Lorsch No. 5, Pocuhim ct Vi/iinn, to Aldhelm vi, 9 and Tatwine 4" are so strong as to convince us of direct literary connection. In Lorsch No. 4, G/tfdes, we meet a world-old motive, || which the author certainly did not deri\e from Tatwine 1 5 . But he is undoubtedly employing Aldhelm v, i in No. 10, Liicrnia, and A. i, 2'' in No. 2", ' et rura peragro.' Diimmler and Ebert are justified in assigning to these problems an English home. Two other slight links bind the Lorsch enigmas to England : in No. 8 appears the moti\ e of ' pen, glove, and fingers ' of Bede's Flares and Rid. 14, and in No. 7 the famous ' Castanea ' logogriph, so frequent in English manuscripts of the Middle Ages ; H but both motives are found on the continent as well. Pseudo-Bede Riddles of the Bede tradition are represented by three interesting groups of problems.** Among the works doubtfully attributed to the Venerable scholar, the so-called FIorcs'\'\ holds a place of some note. This varied assortment of queries falls roughly into three divisions, (i) The first and by far the largest of these belongs to dialogue literature {supra) and has much in common with other well-known groups of knowledge- tests. (2) The second class of problems consists of direct citation of *Cf. my articles. Mod. Phil. II, 563 ; J/. /.. X. XXI, 102 ; and notes to Rid. 52 {infra). t J/. /.. .\". XXIII, 99. | Pp. 79-S2. § Notes to Rid. 64 {infra). \\ Notes to Rid. 34. \ M. L. X. XVIII, 7. ** These have been discussed by me in Mod. Phil. II, 1905, 561 f. I condense that discussion here. tt The full title of this melange is Excerptiones Patriim, collectanea, flores ex d!7'ersis, qiiaestiones et parabolae. Included in the Basel edition of Bede's Opera of 1563 and in the Cologne edition of 161 2, the Flares was reprinted partially and incorrectly from the second in Kemble's Salomon and Saturn (1S48), pp. 322- 326, but appears in complete and accurate form in Aligne's Patroloi^ia Latina (1850), XC, 539. ORI(]INALS AND ANALOGUES xlix famous Latin enigmas. I''ive riddles from S}'mphosius ( i , 7 , 4, 11, 10) and five from Aldliclm (i, 3, 10, 2, 4, 1 1 ) * are quoted in full. (3) There remain a dozen riddles rich in popular motives and abounding in ana- logues.! The first reappears among the queries of St. Gall MS. No. 196 of the tenth century ; $ the second is paralleled by ' Fingers ' enigmas of St. Gall and Lorsch (No. 8) ; the fifth is indebted to the first line of Aid- helm's ' Ventus ' problem (i, 2); the seventh is the world-riddle of Ice; the eighth contains the Ox motive, common property of all the riddle- groups of the Anglo-Saxon period ; the ninth is the embryo of the uni- versal riddle of ' Two-legs and three-legs ' ; § the explanation of the tenth lies in the ' Pullus ' and ' Ovum ' problems of Symphosius, No. 1 4, Euse- bius, No. 38, and MS. Bern. 611, No. 8 ; the eleventh appears in the Disputatio Pippini cum Albino || and the St. Gall MS. ; the twelfth query can be compared with the close of Aldhelm's octostich Dc Penna Scrip- toria (v, 3). This collection touches the Exeter Book Riddles at several points of meeting : not only in the popular motives of Fingers and Ice and Bull, H but in the idea of hostility between Day and Night.** The second group of Pseudo-Bede riddles is the Eniginata or Joco- seria, as I have called the puzzles of Cambridge MS. Gg. V, 35, 418 b, 4i9a.tt This codex is of prime importance to the student of Latin enigmas, as it contains the riddle-groups of Symphosius, Boniface, Aid- helm, Tatwine, and Eusebius. Our Enigmata are attributed to Bede in the table of contents. Of the nineteen, a dozen may be classed as logo- griphs, a form of word-riddle very popular in the later Middle Ages and occasionally furnishing diversion before the Conquest. Mel, Os, Amor, Apes, Bonus, and Navis are among the puzzle-words. The ' Digiti ' query (xix) contains a motive not dissimilar to one used in older ' Finger ' enigmas. Inadequate diction, awkward syntax, incorrect grammar, and halting meter attest the author's literary limitations. Yet the author is not so important as the glossator. These enigmas are accompanied by an interlinear commentar}', which is unique among glosses in casting a *Cf. Manitius, Zii Aldhelm iind Baeda, p. 82. t These riddles I have printed in full in the A'lod. Phil, article. X Schenkl, Sitzungsberichte der Phil.-Hist. Classe der kais. Akademie der IVissen- schaften (Wien, 1863) XXXIV, 18. § See my note to Holme Riddles, No. 50. II Wilmanns, Hatipts Zs. XIV, 552. '^ Flores, 2, 7, 8; Rid. 14, 34, 13, and 39. Compare M. L. X. XVIII, 104. ** F/ores, 6 ; Rid. 30 (see notes). tt Edited by me. Mod. Phil. II, 565. 1 INTRODUCTION powerful light upon the peculiar esteem in which art-riddles were held in the Anglo-Saxon time. After the manner of his kind the commenta- tor takes his pleasure very sadly : every line, indeed every word, of his author must be weighed as gravely as the phrases of Scripture or the rubrics of liturgy. We are thus brought to comprehend the ready wel- come accorded by pedantic leisure to the serio-comic products of pedantic scholarship, and to understand the continued vogue of these in the clois- ters of England. By the mediaeval reader queries which so often seem to us drearily dull and flat were evidently deemed miracles of ingenuity, inviting and repaying his utmost subtlety. The third group, the Propositiones ad Acuendos Juvenes, which are number-problems rather than riddles, appeared in the Basel edition of Bede, 1563 (p. 133), and, under protest, are included in his works in the Fatrologia Latina* They are not mentioned by Bede in his enumera- tion of his writings ; and Alcuin's editor in the Pafrologia f finds two good reasons for ascribing them to that scholar. They are assigned to him in at least one old MS., and are specifically mentioned by him in a letter to Charlemagne (Epistle 101): ' aliquas figuras arithmeticae subtilitatis causa.' These number-puzzles were for a long time popular. I find Alcuin's fifty-three Propositiones under our rubric in MS. Burney 59 (eleventh century), f. 7 b-ii a, and many similar arithmetical riddles in MS. Cott. Cleop. B. IX (fourteenth century), f. i7b-2ia. Alcuin's river-crossing problem (No. 18), ' De homine et capra et lupo,' is found, somewhat modified, in later English and continental MSS.I This group, which I discuss for the sake of completeness, presents, of course, no analogues to the Exeter Book Riddles. Interesting analogues to the Exeter Book enigmas are found in the Anglo-Latin prose queries of St. Gall MS. 196 (tenth century), § in the solitary 'Bull' query of Brit. Mus. MS. Burney 59 (eleventh century), f. lib, II and in the unique Anglo-Saxon relationship riddle of MS. Vitellius E. XVIII, i6b."l[ But our poems have no connection, either direct or indirect, with the enigmatic J^crsus Scoti de Alfabeto, a series * P.L. XC, 655. lib. CI, 1 143. \ MS. Sloane 1489 (seventeenth century), f. 16, unpublished; MS. Reims 743 (fourteenth century), Mone, Aiiz. VII, 45, No. 105 ; MS. Argentoratensis, Sem. c. 14, 15 (eleventh century), f. 176, Ilaiipts Zs. XVI, p. 323. § Edited by Schenkl (Wien, 1863) and discussed by me under Florcs {siifra). See notes to Rid. 14. II Quoted in full, notes to J\id. 13. Tf See notes to J\id. 44^*. ORIGINALS AND ANALOGUES li of skillful hexameters, in which an Irish riddler, — a contemporary of Aldhelm, — taking Symphosius as his guide, has told the story of the Letters.* Folk-Riddles Let us now consider the use of popular material in the Exeter Book Riddles. We pass at once to those riddles which, in their form and substance, are so evidently popular products as to suggest that the poet has yielded in large measure to the collector — the puzzles of double meaning, and coarse suggestion. To these we should naturally expect to find many parallels in folk-literature, and we are not disappointed.! Again, it is probable that the motives of such ' world-riddles ' as those of the Month (No. 23), Ice (No. 34 ), Bullock (Nos. 13, 39), and Lot's Wife (No. 47), were derived not from a literary source but from tradition ; and the same may be true of such wide-spread themes as the ingrati- tude of the Cuckoo (No. 10), the food of the Bookmoth (No. 48), the bite of the Onion (No. 66), and the running of Flood and Fish (No. 85), even though these four motives are prominertt among the enigmas of Symphosius {supra). Analogues seem to show that certain leading ideas in the riddles of Fingers and Gloves (No. 14), Pen and Fingers (No. 52), Moon (Nos. 30, 40 ?, 95), Ram, and Lance (Nos. 54 and 73) were traditional, t Barnacle Goose (No. 11) and Siren (No. 74) belong to the folk-lore of riddlers. Not only in those riddles that bear in form and style the distinct im- press of the folk do we find popular elements. Many enigmas of the Exeter Book — literary' though their manner proclaims them — are in- debted to that stock of commonplace domestic traditions, that simple lore of little things, which we recognize as the joint property of kindred races. Though the Anglo-Saxon puzzles are often entirely individual and isolated in their treatment of familar themes, yet the likeness of their motives to those of other Germanic queries is surely as remarkable as their differences. Let us compare these problems of early England * These are preserved in company with .the enigmas of Tatwine and Eusebius in the Cambridge MS. Gg. V, 35, and in Brit. Mus. MS. Royal 12, C. XXIII, and are printed in Wright and Halliwell's Reliquiae Antiquae I, 164, and by L. Midler, Rliein. Mus. XX, 357 (XXII, 500). For a full discussion of these see liiicheler, Rhein. Mus. XXXVI, 340, and Manitius, Christ. Lai. Poesie, pp. 484-4S5. t For analogues to Rid. 26, 45, 46, 55, 64, see J/. L. X. XVIII, 103, and the notes to the several riddles. \ Cf. notes to each of these. lii INTRODUCTION with those of Scandinavia. Heusler has invited attention to the corre- spondences between the themes and motives of the Exder Book and of the Heidreks Gdtur\ but these parallels are surprisingly slight. Several riddles of the two groups treat the same topics, but in a totally differ- ent fashion.* With the modern folk-nddles of the Jsle?izkar Gatiir our problems yield an interesting comparison. Rid. 27 (' Book '), 33 (' Ship '), 35 (' Rake ')- 38 and 87 (' Bellows '), 57 ( ' Web and Loom '), and 68 (' P)ible ') mav be annotated throughout by various Icelandic riddles of like subjects. t On the whole the likeness between the queries of the two groups is too general to betray any very intimate connection ; but the appearance of such similar elements in the Islenzkar Gatitr furnishes no slight proof of the popular character of Exeter Book riddle-germs. I add a few continental parallels to the queries in our collection. The fearfully-made creatures in the Anglo-Saxon poems of musical instru- ments (Nos. 32, 70) are not unlike the prodigies in the Lithuanian and Mecklenburg Geige riddles X ; the Onion of Rid. 66 is ' a biter when bitten ' as in the German riddle § ; the Communion Oup of Rid. 60 is closely akin to the subject of the Tyrolese problem || ; and finally, the motive of the highly imaginative query of the Ox {Rid. 72) appears again far afield in the riddles of Lithuania and Bukowina.H Among the modern folk-riddles of England the number of parallels to the Exeter Book Riddles is not at all large. Unlike the influence of Symphosius throughout Europe or the direct literary working of the Heidreks Gdttir in Iceland and the Earoe Islands, the motives that appear in the Anglo-Saxon collection, if we may draw a conclusion from the scanty evidence at our command, seem to have affected little the current of native riddle-tradition. A few English riddles of the present resemble in theme and treatment the Exeter Book Riddles-** and, more noteworthy yet, two or three of these are unicpie among recent puzzles in this resemblance. In the latter case we may safely regard the mod- ern riddle-stuff not as a new creaticMi, but as a surxival of the old. Enough has been said. I hope, to establish the Exeter Book problems in their proper place in riddle-literature. I ha\-e sought not only to * See J/. A. X. XVIII, 103. n. 32. t .1/. L. X. XVIII, 104 and notes. X Schleicher, p. 200; Wossidlo, No. 230 a. § Wossidlo, No. 190; Petsch, pp. 95-96. II Renk, Z.v. ,/. r.f. I'k. V, 149, No. 17. t Schleicher, pp. 207, 211 ; Kaindl, Zs.d. /'./. T/-. VIII, 319. **See M. L. X. XVIII, 105-106 ; and notes to Kid. 20, 26, 28, 29, 65, 77. 88. AUTHORSHIP OF THE EXETER BOOK RHJDLES liii indicate, more accurately than has before been clone, their relation to liter- ary enigmas, but also to trace what has hitherto passed almost unnoticed, their indebtedness to popular motives. Ill AUTHORSHH^ OF THE EXETER BOOK Rn:)DLES The Riddles and Cynkwulf Any discussion of the authorship of the Riddles naturally finds its starting-point in Leo's interpretation of the so-called ' First Riddle.' Upon this I need not dwell at length, because it has already been care- fully considered in another volume of this series.* But it is necessary to indicate, more briefly than Cook and Jansen, the place of Leo's solu- tion in the Cynewulf story. According to that scholar's Halle Program of i857,t the first poem of the collection is a charade or syllable-riddle, whose answer is found in the name Cyne(cetie/a!/i,cr/i)-7an(f. Thence Leo drew the conclusion that this poet was the author of all or most of the problems of the Exeter Book. To Leo's solution Dietrich gave the full weight of his approval, t Indeed he went still farther, finding in the lupus of Rid. 90 yet another reference to the poet's name, and in Rid. 95 a sketch of his vocation, that of ' Wandering Singer.' Here, he be- lieved, were strong grounds for attributing the whole collection to Cyne- wulf. For more than twenty years all scholars accepted the contentions of Leo and Dietrich, § with the solitary exception of Rieger, || who recog- nized the difficulties inherent in the solution of the ' First Riddle,' but offered no other answer. In an essay of 18831! Trautmann rejected Leo and Dietrich's answers of the first and last riddles, proposing for both the solution 'Riddle.' The new interpretations found less favor than the old,** but there were not wanting scholars who followed Trautmann * Cook, ' The Riddles and Cynewulf,' T/ie Christ of Cyniewjilf (1900), pp. lii- lix; see Jansen, -ZJ/'^ Cynewulf -Forschiuig, BB. XXIV, 93-99. t H. Leo, Quae de se ipso Cynewulfiis, poeta Anglo-Sax oniciis, tradiderit. \ Litt. Ceniralbl. (1858), p. 191 ; Ebert's /rf/^^<5. / Roi7i. iiud Eiig. Lit. I (1859), 241 f . ; ' Die Ratsel des Exeterbuches,' Haupts Zs. XI, 448-490, XII, 232. § Cook, p. ' ""'" "'"^ -'■ "94. II Zs.f d. Fh. I, 215-219. «rt/- ' Fdt/isel des Exetet ■, , . ,. ^^t / ^^q ,t-^ 1 'Cyne i\, Anglta VI, Anz.^ pp. 15b- 169. **See {'''S' ^^''''''^' CVI (^^^^^.^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^ Hick^tier, ib., 564 f. liv INTRODUCTION in discarding this supposed proof of Cynewulfian authorship ; * and in an important article of 1891 t Sievers presented conclusive linguistic reasons for abandoning Leo's far-fetched and fanciful hypothesis. Three years before Sievers's essay, Bradley t advanced the view that ' the so-called (first) riddle is not a riddle at all, but a fragment of a dra- matic soliloquy, 'like Divr and TAc Banished Wifes Complaitit, to the latter of which it bears, both in motive and in treatment, a strong re- semblance.' This opinion has found wide acceptance, and is almost certainly correct. It has been favored by Herzfeld,§ by Holthausen, || and by Gollancz.H Upon this hypothesis Lawrence and Schofield** built up their interesting and ingenious theory that the ' First Riddle ' is of Norse origin, and is connected with the ^'olsung Saga; and Imelmanntt his claim that the lyric belongs to the Odoacer story. But these theories are too far from the field of riddle-poetry to concern us now, and will, moreover, be carefully weighed in a promised edition of OhI E/iglish Lyrics. Though the ' First Riddle ' is thus unquestionabl}' a l\-rical monologue, I have included it in my text, not only on account of its historical associa- tion with the enigmas of our collection, but because of the elements of Kdtsel march en that render its interpretation so difficult. Other contributions to this phase of the association of the Riddles with Cynewulf are the articles of the Erlemanns,tt who have attempted to prove that the Latin Riddle (90) is a charade upon the poet's name and therefore points to Cynewulf as collector of the enigmas, and my evidence § § that the last of the Riddles refers neither to ' Wandering Singer ' nor to ' Riddle,' but, like its companion-piece Rid. 30, to the journeys of the Moon. The identification of the author of the Riddles was, however, made to rest on other grounds than the evidence of Rid. i and 90. In his first article II II Dietrich was inclined to think that the first series (1-60) was * Holthaus, A>tgUa VII, ,'/;/:., p. 120 ; Morley, English JTrifc-rs II, 211, 217, 222. t A Hglhi X III , 1 9-2 1 . XA cadetny XXXIII(i888),i97f. § Die Kdtsel des Exeterlutc/ies (1S90), p. 67. || Deutsche Littztg., 1891, p. 1097. ^ Acadefny XLIV (1S96), 572. Gollancz regards the poem as ' a life-drama in five acts.' **P.M.L.A. XVII (1902), 247-261, 262-295. ft Die Alteitglische Odoaker-Dichtiiitg, Berlin, 1907. See ^-'"Hancz, Atheniciim, 1902, p. 551 ; Bradley, ib., p. 758. XX Herrigs Archiv CXI, 59; CXV, 391. See not' §§ M. L. .A\ XXI, 1906, 104-105. See notes to Rtd s. XI, 488, AUTHORSHIP OF THE EXETER BOOK RIDDLES Iv by Cynewulf ; the second (61-95) by other hand or hands ; but that perhaps the collector of the problems of the latter group had before him a source which contained single riddles of Cynewulf. In his second article * he was led to modify this view, and to claim not only that all the riddles in both groups were from one hand, but that the hand was Cynewulf's. He went even further, and assigned, somewhat doubtfully, the first series to the youth of the poet and to his beginnings in riddle- poetry, the second to his later period. Signs of a young poet are seen in the first group in (i) his mistakes in translation (41®", /XaTT66paT (Ar. Ka//. 1 286 ff.) is in Attic Greek. To some it may have significance that Barnouw t regards Kid. 24 as very late on account of its four articles before simple substantives. (3) ' P>om the runes in Kid. 43, two N's, one /E, two A's and two H's (the names are written out, f/jd, cesc, dais, and hcegelas) are derived the two words ha7ia and han. A instead of o before nasals, and ce as an umlaut of this a, point to the beginning of the eighth century.' For many reasons, this argument is not conclusive : (a) That the date of Kid. 43 is very late rather than early, Barnouw § seeks to show by pointing to the large number of articles — seven in seventeen verses — and to the use of articles instead of demonstratives, J>as hordgates, bear an unstressed e (tc&el-) in a Kentish charter of 740 (p. 428), if a Mercian grant of 769 (p. 430) employs always the unstressed /, and if, moreover, all North- umbrian poems, including the Ruthwell Cross inscription (which Cook, P. M. L. A. XVII, 367-390; Dream of the Rood, p. xv, assigns to the tenth century), and if the glosses to the later chapters of John in the Lindisfarne Gospels after 950 (Cook, P. M. L. A. XVII, 385) employ that form, how can we infer with good reason that the Leiden Riddle, which admits both i and e, was written before 750 ? Scholars have as yet found no sure footing on the slippery ground of Anglo- Saxon chronology. * This statement Sievers elsewhere applies to ob {^Leiden Rid. 2, 14); but he admits (XIII, 16) that this b is twice found in the Libe7- Vitae of the ninth century (335, Cnobwalch; 339, Leobhelin). I note it in Kentish charters of S31 (Sweet, O. K. 71, 445, No. 39, 1. 2), ob &ein laiide, and 832 (ib. 446, No. 40, 1. 17), ob minem erfclande. Such peculiarities are not mere matters of date. t See the nonsense-words of the Charms [Lchd. Ill, 10, 58, 62). }!'. 214. §P. 215. Iviii INTRODUCTION pa rcedellan (contrast 56", pisses gieddes). (b) A and cr may indicate a very late quite as well as an early date for our \^ersion of the runes of this riddle, as hona and hien are well established West Saxon forms. This circumstance naturally destroys any value as proof which the assertion of their early Northumbrian origin might ha\'e. Instead of proceeding like Sievers from the assumption of early authorship for the riddle, it would be just as easy to proceed from the assumption of late authorship.* (c) My opinion is strikingly supported by the appearance of such a West Saxon fonn as EA(r//) among the runic words of Rid. 65.1 Sievers himself admits | that MON (20^) is a late product. (4) 'In the runic riddle 20, the runes give us the form COFOAH (the inversion of HAOFOC). Since ao is found nowhere else as the //-umlaut of a, hafoc is to be substituted. This form with unumlauted a indicates the first half of the eighth century.' Now, although we may reject with Sievers the AO of HAOFOC, and although Rid. 65^* H and A speak against an original HEAFOC and for an original HAFOC in our version, yet let us note that the word hafoc is not only Northumbrian but good West Saxon ; that, as such, it appears in Rid. 25^ and 41®' and in many other poetical passages, consequently in our text of the runes. Therefore the argument that Sievers bases upon this form falls to the ground. Professor Sievers's four arguments seem, therefore, to have small probative value. But, while questioning the weight of his premises, I think that he may not be far wrong in his conclusion that the Riddles are the product of the first half of the eighth century, as this was the golden age of English riddle-poetry. § That ^ the Riddles belong to this period, and therefore antedate Cynewulf , is, however, onl}- a surmise, which is perhaps incapable of proof. Sievers certainly has not proved it. * Sievers's deductions from these runes carry as little weight as Trautmann's conclusions as to dialect, based upon the supposedly Northumbrian form eii'tt in the Juliana rune-passage {A'yne'u>ulf, p. 73), and refuted by Klaeber {Journal of Germanic Philology IV, 1902, 103), who points to 'the forms e-MO, Ine's Lazes 55 (MS. E) ; e-cva (ace. pi.), O. E. Martyrol. (Herzfeld), 36, 17 ; ewede, ib. 170, 26 ; and to Sievers, Gr.^, 73, n. i ; 156, n. 5; 25S, n. 2.' I mention all this in order to anticipate the equally false claims that may be founded upon the e-wii form de- manded by the Erlemann solution of Rni. 90 (note). t In my notes to that riddle the reading EA(r/^) is established beyond doubt. X Anglia XIII, 17. § Yet, as we have seen, it is impossible to connect them directly with either Tatwine or Eusebius. Al'TIIORSHIP OF THE EXETER BOOK RIDDLES lix In Madcrl's monograph * the final blow is dealt to the theory of Cynewulfian authorship of the Riddles. Madert takes direct issue with Herzfeld. and devotes his thesis to showing that the Riddles have little in common with the poems of Cynewulf. He rightly believes that no comparison can be instituted between the varying use of sources in the Riddles and Cynewulf's adherence to one text. In style and word- use the Riddles bear no closer resemblance to the undisputed works of Cynewulf than to many other Anglo-Saxon poems. t Among the phrases cited by Herzfeld % as common to the Riddles and Cynewulf, there is hardly one that does not appear elsewhere. So the synonyms adduced for the same purpose are seen to be commonplaces of the poetry. The greater part of Madert's dissertation is devoted to the language of the Riddles. On account of many noteworthy differences between the speech of the problems and that of Cynewulf, he reaches the conclusion not only that these poems are not the work of that writer, but that they are the products of an earlier period — probably the beginning of the eighth century. § The evidence of meter, language, and style certainly speaks against the theory of Cynewulfian authorship. In the consideration of this, we are met by a double difficulty : the absence of any trustworthy Cynewulf canon, on account of the widely differing opinions of scholars regarding the authenticity of such poems as the Atidreas, and of the larger part of the Christ (1-440 ; 867-1693) ; and secondly, the obvious difference between the matter and tone of such products of the profane muse as the Riddles and the loftier temper of religious verse, — a difference that compels quite another manner of expression. Yet Sievers, Trautmann, and Madert have noted in the Riddles points of variance from the un- doubted poems of Cynewulf : points which, slight though they be, invite consideration, because they are independent of all questions of genre * Die Sprache der alteitglischen Rdtsel Jes Exeterhiichcs iiiid die Cync^i'x Iff rage, Marburg, 1900. t Cf. Madert's examples (pp. lo-i i), and the parallels cited by Sarrazin, Beoiviilf- Sttidien, pp. 1 13, 159, 202 ; Kail, Aiigiia XII, 24 f. ; and Buttenwieser, StuJien iiber die Verfasserschiift des Andreas, pp. 22 f. | P. 17. § This latter conclusion, which is obviously dictated by Sievers's article [supra), is reached in strange fashion. To cite but one of Madert's arguments (p. 12S): in 57^ 7i>ido appears for West Saxon wiidii. — 'der u-Umlaut des/ ist also hier noch unterblieben, was mindestens in den Anfang des 8. Jahrhunderts zuriick- weist.' Strange then that we should meet tvidu in .Alfred's Meters 13^^, which is not suspected to be an early Northumbrian text ! Ix INlKOine'TUiN anil toiu'-iiualilw V.wn llcr/tcKl. th(niL;h arj;uinj;' tor ( 'nih'wuII's autlior- sliip, was liMWcl [o nolo at least ouv inipoitant \aiiation from that pool's niotrioal usa^o. Iloth in tho tirst and sooond halt-linos, tho A'/i/(//(S ddord sovoral oxaniplos ot tho appoaranoo of a strossod slun-t syllalilo in the sooond loot ot i\po A, whon no st.'oondai\' stross prooodos.* .\hhouL;h SioNors has roniarkotl t stxorai ooounonoos of this verso in the jioetry, it is noteworthy that not one of those appears in C'vnowultian work, llor/fold also notes I \ariations from l."\nowulf's t'orms of (," anil O t\pi-s; hut those soi'm far less oonoUrsivo. A rooord oi tho more striking;' dil'forenoos in lan_i;iiai;e hotwoon the A'/t/(//ts and tho aoooptod piH-ms oi C\nc\\\\\\ in.w justifx- itself as an historioal snr\o\ , inasniuoh as snoh disoussion has boon in Inilk tho most iniportanl part of the eritieism of the AV,/,//<-,v. (^1 ) rraulinann lias oorrootU' obsor\od ^AV//fTi7///i ]i\t. 2i)-3oHhat (."ynowiilf sckloni. if o\or. (.-xpands oontractod forms for tho sake of liis verso. Otlier AngUvSaxon ptn-ts freely permit themselves tliis liberty (^Sievers, /7>7>. X, 47; (.); and tlu- AVi/i ; Madert, p. 53): 4*'^ mines frcan ; 23^ ofras hea ; 6"', oft ic wii; sei> ; 29'*, 32-^ 33", 40^ 42'', hw;et seo wiht sy (sTe) ; 63'"'. hwTlum ut tyh'N ; 64'-, fxgre onl'con ; 64'^, Ivor wit tu beoiN ; ete. (^j^i Trautmaiui argues s? th.it in the //-less forms oi /'cor/i, as/'to/rs, /'c'on\ the penult is .iKvavs short in i.'\ new ulfian verse; whiU' llerzfeld|| and Madert T[ have pointed out that in the Kiiiii/cs it is always lout;-. I'nfortunately for the full foree of the implied argument. Trautmann not only draws his examples largelv from the .h/t//YV>*. X, 4SSh but //'tlid»u\ as non-Cvnewultian. Hamc is found in the Riddles, 30'', hi'ihe to hatn //(////[ t] (Herzfeld. p. 59. Madert. p. 61 V * Inst.uices of _L \ | v.^- X \\\ the tirst half-line are found Rid. 15'''. wicge wega'S; i8'k nu'u gemunan ; 47'', cam ond nefa ; 93''^', strong on stivpe ; in the second half-line, AViA 39''', duna briceN; 39". binde^ cwice ; 43-'. ute plegan (?). For ex- amples of _^ X X (X ) I vjj X in fii-st half-line, see RiJ. 16-, sidan swa some; 28*^ strengo bistolen ; 28''', mivgene binumen ; 43", h;vgelas swii some; 64*, llwilum mec on cofan ; 84-^, wiindrum bewrehed ; 84—', hordvuu gehroden ; m second half- line, sg^'*. hry sind in naman ; 84-^ wistimi gehladen (Herzfeld. pp. 44, 40, 56). + /V.7>. X, 454. t \\ 36. § r. --^ li 1^ 5S. t r. 127- ** !'• 79- AiriioKsiiii' oi' iiii'; i:.\i:ii:k i'.ook kiddi.I'.s l\i (4) C"\iu'\vuir usi's till' intli'i'ti'd foiins of nunu-rals il no sulislantiw follows, but the uninflcctcd before a substantive iniinediately following (Trautniann, 83). This is not the case in the /\/t./(//cs (Madert, pp. 61-62): 14^ tyn \v;Tron ealra; 37"'', hrefde feowere fet under wonihe. Not niueh stress ean be laid u|)on the second examiile. siiue the uniutleeli-d form is metriealh' ])ossible, and since in the same riddle other atliilnilix e adjc'eti\'es aii- uninlleited, 37'^ '^, 1 befde tu fil'ru ond twelf eagan | ond siex heafclu (cf. se'*, ond twegen let). This argu- ment has, therefore, little force. (5) Cynewulf wrole both I'dultr and /(('v/^/^v (Trautmann, p. 771: but only the shorter form is found in the A'/r/^Z/iW ( iMadert, ]). ::(i). I pon this no great stress can be laitl. for the three reasons thai the longi'r lorin is exceptional in Cynewulf, and that il appears elsewhere in the poetry (/>(■(^rl'. 459, 2049; (icii. 1074, 2696; Met. 20-*'''. etc.\ and. finally, that any argument drawn from the absence of a word or form is \'ain. (6) The stem-syllables in bit[t)cr and snot{t)or are always long in Cynewulf (Trautmann, p. 76). In the Riddles they arc sometimes long, 86-, 95'^ (Ilcrz- feld, p. 58); sometimes short, 34"'', biter beadoweorca ; 84"'\ mon mode snottor (Sievers, PBB. X, 508 ; llerzfeld, p. 58 ; Madert, p. 57). But neither of these examples is decisive. (7) Long-stemmed words ending in -el, -ol, -er, -or, -en, -utfi {/u/i^o/, ivitii- dor, hleahtor, taceit, etc.) are regarded by Cynewulf as dissyllables (Traut- mann, p. 28), whereas in the Riihilcs they are often monos\llal)ic (MaiU'rt, PP- 54-55)- (8) Herzfeld * and Madert f note certain variations in the use of single words, which seem to me to have very little significance : iii) Cynewulf uses \iO\.\i gienvati rwA geanvia/t (Trautmann, p. 85). In the Riddles only forms of the first are found (ai-'", ay^'"*, 29'. 30'', 37-, 68'", 69-). {b) Cynewulf usesjv/gau (Trautmann, p. 86) ; the Ridd/rs, liki- the . Indreas, 6'J2),foigiiJ/' : 38'-, Zi-, hegn folgade. {c) Only uncontracted forms of the present particijjle of bfiaii are found in Cynewulf, whereas the meter clearly establishes contraction in Rid. 26-, neali- biinduin iiyt (Sievers, PBB. X, 480). (d) It may be added that crrS^or^^ (24") does not occur in the undoiibled Cyncwullian i)oems, but in licowitl f. (9) Following the investigations of Lichtenheld % Madert § has pointed out that in the use of the definite article the Ixiddles (117 articles in 1290 verses) belong ratlK-r to the time of />V^7iv///'than to that '.t^ J iiliiiiia. (ID) Barnouw || discovers in Cynewulf only one example of weak adjective with instrumental, Clirist 510, beorlUan reordc: but in the Riddles several *P. 63. t P. 129. t //"/'//.>■ -^.v. X\T, 325. § r. 128. II Der beslimmte Arlikcl, etc., p. 222. Ixii INTRODUCTION instances: 4''''\ blacait /fxt'\ 41''", IcoJitait /t\>//ui/t\ 41"'', .f^ivv/^A?// j'Fv/d' (perhapt sweart ansyne)\ 41''*', ecan iiiealituiit \ 57''''", for/if an leafum. (Ti) Barnouw * says of the Riddles: -They are popular only in respect to their vocalnilarv ; in rej^ard to stvle, thev are not different from the other poetic monuments. Their only striking peculiarity is the repeated use of the article before terms of ••dwelling." ' Compare Rid. 8'-, /«il TivV; 50"*, on ham li'icuni ; 73'-'', of ham wlcion \ 30^ to ham //rtw[f]. \\z) Madert t notes that the dative after comparatives — -instead oi honne phrase — is not found in CyncwuU, but appears frequently in Kid. 41 : 4ii'*'3s, 4B,uO,5l!,G7,70.7S,SO,S-2 (13) Sarnizin J marks that in the older poetry ((;<•//. .7, Jhni.) words like A7( //, ii.'u!di\ are customarily monosyllabic, while in Cynewulf's works tdcen, iviildor are regularly dissyllables {supra). Both usages appear in the Riddles: 56^, ond rode tdcn ; 6o^^\i;o/des tacen ; 84*-, swd htvt li'ii/d^oywifa (MS. ti'i/e&); 84-"', 7i>\'ns//m iirds like iie icolde. ne iviste^ ne 7i'ut the evidence that he presents is too {supra), hardly any one now believes that the poet had aught to do with these problems. (Brandl, who accepts the Erlemann solution, Pauls Grundriss'^ II, 972, thinks that the writer of the Latin enigma may have been another Cynevvulf or else an admirer of the poet. This person, he thinks, may have been the editor of the second series (61-95) ^^i" even of both series.) Wiilker, however, holds {Aiiglia, JU\ XIX, 1908, 356) that 'a part of the collection is from Cynewulf's hand' ; but he brings nothing to sustain his view. * Haupts Zs. XII, 234. t XI, 488. t XII, 235. § XII, 236. II P. 150. ^Anglia Vn, Anz. 12 I. ** Gruudriss, pp. 16S-169. ft See also Herzfeld, p. 5. Ixiv INTRODUCTION slii;hl * to warrant the sweeping assertion that a greater dependence ui)on Latin models marks the first group, a freer movement charac- terizes tlie second, 'lliis difference, however, is to hv explained, so Dietrich thinks, not by difference in authorship, but by the personal inclination of one poet. Holthaus t objects that Dietrich's ver)- examples mark a distinct unlikeness in the relation of different riddles to their Latin prototv])es and analogues. It,) Dietrich t finds a third argument for unity of authorship in the treatment c behandlung ") — particular!)- in the use of opening and clos- in"- formulas. § He examines in detail the \arious forms, and notes the far greater elaboration of those in the first series compared with those of the second ; and secondly infers from the likeness between the formulas of the earlier group a single author. Herzfeld,|| arguing for the unity of the whole collection, points out that sixteen out of the first sixty (this result must be modified) lack formulas, and that six others have the short ck)sing formulas of the second group. While the mere use of such con- ventional forms would hardly serve to establish identity of authorship, as these can be employed so readily by an imitator,1[ still a careful con- sideration of these formulas is not without value. Of the so-called first * Dietrich, Ifaupts Zs. XII, 241, notes that in 17, 48, 61, we meet with verbatim borrowings from Symphosius ; 36, 39, 41, are taken sentence for sentence from Aldhelm : in 6, 14, 29, 37, 51, 54, certain matter is borrowed. In the second series he marks a freer employment of Symphosius (AV,/. 66, 84, 85, 86, 91), and a few traits from Aldhelm. In particular riddles, Dietrich's conclusions regarding sources must be corrected by the light of my study of origins {supra). tL. c. t XII, 241. § Dietrich, Ihuipts Zs. XII, 241, marks the use of opening formulas in old Germanic riddles, particularly in the Hci^arar Saga. In these Gaiiir we meet such beginnings as these : ' What kind of wonder is that which I saw without before the doors of the prince,' ' When I journeyed from home, I saw on the way,' ' I saw in summer upon the mountains,' or ' I saw faring this and that.' It is inter- esting to note that Heusler, Zs. d. V.f. Vk. XI, 133, cites, as an indication of unlikeness between the different numbers of the Hei&reks Gdtiir, the quite differ- ent forms of their beginnings. Petsch discusses at length (pp. 51-5S) introductory foi-mulas which have nought to do with the germ or central thought of the popu- lar riddle. We meet similar introductions in the English Holme RiJdles, P. J/. Z. A. XVIII, 211 ff. : Nos. 51, 53, 'As I went on my way, I heard a great wonder'; No. 52, 'As I went through the fields'; No. ill, 'As I went by the way.' But these are mere commonplaces of riddle-poetry. II Die Riithsel dcs E.xeterbuches, p. S. ITCf. Holthaus, Anglia VII, Anz. 122. AUTHORS! I IP OF THE EXETER BOOK RIDDLES Ixv group (1-60) some twenty-nine lack opening formulas {Rid. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, II, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 27, 28, 29, 31, 36, 40, 41, 45, 47, 55, 58); of the second group (61-95), twenty-six [Rid. 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95). 'I'he absence of opening formulas from the later riddles is not less significant than the lack of these in the first seventeen problems of the collection. Thirty-three of the riddles of the first group have no formal closing (Jiid. 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 34, 35, 38, 39, 41, 45-55, 57, 59) ; so with twenty-four of the second group, of which many are incomplete {Kid. 64, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 85, 87-89, 91-95). Thus in the first group fifteen riddles lack all formulas {Kid. 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 22, 23, 31, 41, 45, 47, 55); in the second, eighteen, five of which have defective endings, are without them {Rid. 64, 66, 71, 72, 74, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 85, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95). If we are tempted by a similar absence of opening or of closing formulas in many successive riddles (compare Kid. 3-18 ; 45-55) to draw the inference that in such cases the order of the Exeter Book does not depart from the order of composi- tion, we have strong evidence that the formulas employed are not the additions of a collector, but belong in nearly every case to the original fabric of the problem. The formula is usually bound to the riddle-germ by alliteration, grammar, or syntax, often by all three. Among the more striking of opening formulas thus deeply inwrought into the poems are the following : ic com wunderllcu wiht {Rid. 19, 21, 24 {^vrHtlic), 25, 26) ; ic {ge)seah {Rid. 20, 32^, 338, 53, 54, 56, 57, 60, 65, 75, 76); ic wiht gcsca/i, and its variations {Rid. 30, 35, 39, 43, 52, 87) ; ic zcat {Rid. 44, 50, 59) ; ^^ grff'^S^i {Rid. 46, 48'-, 49, 68 ). Note that the first two and the last of these opening formulas are mainly found in successive riddles of certain parts of the collection. The closing formulas are also closely connected with the body of the riddle by alliteration, and often by se- quence of thought. Among the more important of these formal closings are Saga Jnoat ic hatte either alone {Rid. 11, 20, 24, 63, 67, 73, 80, 83, 86) or with an additional thought {Rid. 4, 9, 13) ; Saga with a question {Rid. 2,3, 36) ; Frige Jnvxt ic hatte alone {Rid. 15, 17) or with some addition [Rid. 27, 28) ; Alicel is to hycganne . . . hwcet seo wiht sy {Rid. 29, 32 ; compare variations of this final formula, 33, 36, 42, 68) ; RUd hwcet ic mcene{Rid. 62) ; JVcf/i/ia'd hy syJfe [Rid. 58) ; and yet more elabo- rate endings {Rid. 5, 37, 43, 56, 84"). It is interesting that each portion Ixvi INTRODTC'I'lON of tlu' (.-olk-olion sccnis to haw its lavorilt.- lonmilas, and that, just as in their coniinon dislike of formal opi-nin^s, so the earlier riddles of the first group seem to fall in the same eategory with the problems of the second group either in their entire a\'oidanee of formulas at the close or in their use of .'^'.i^'ir hii'tif ic hattc. ( )nlv a very few formulas are indc-pendent of the thought and structure of the problem as is so often the case in the //(•/<))v7('.»- (rii/i/r. Kxamples of such an independent o])ening formula ai-e found in the two lirst lines of AW. 32, 33; but in each case this begiiuiing is followed by the common con\'ention. /<■ S(-oiinc ic wiiiiii Inrix (^see 4'"'*), explains the central thought of R'nL 81", sr />c winiu hir>rd\ and 3", str7\i»itis sfa/'it />c-g(is fi7(7/c(y, is found elsewhere only in 52'', sr him KuXiis frit-nr/K 3'", r'/" /'/-////<•.*• /ir/w /////, appears again Kitf. 11""'; compare 3'^ 77-. Slighter [xuallels are inilicated in the notes. In 6'*'' the Sword is described as /i(>H(hor smi/\r as in 21" (^compare 27'\ unvir srni/hi, Hook\ AV,/. 6 and 7 resemble each other in the spirit of battle. Prchn * points out that 7' -, . JAv. ;•'■>'//(• . . . Cnsf fo ro/n/^i-, is paralleled in A'//?cct ic inv'cox\e\ with 11^'', on siindc Tuvox. After such comparison of these six riddles, can it be doubted that the}' all belong to a Uird group, and that they are all from one hand ? And yet the group is not isolated but is closely associ- ated with other problems, particularly with its neighbors in the Exeter Book. Rid. ii\ Neb wcvs fin/i on neance, invites comparison with 22^ 32", SS** ; ii'*', i/fan ypi/m peaht, with \^'^\yl)iim /'ea/it; 11*'', lncfde feorh avieo, with 14^ and 74'''; ii®''', of fcc'Qmum . . . brimes, with 3'^ {supra). Hrcegl and hyrste (supra) both appear in ihc first line of Rid. 12, the companion piece of Rid. 28 ; and hnegl in 14''. Vet another likeness with the Wine or Mead group (12, 28, 29) is found in the two pictures of the haunts of the Swallows and of the Bees (58^^, ofcr beorghleo/'a ; 28'-, of burg/ileopinn). Rid. 12 and 28 are obviously mates, as are 13 and 39 (comi^are also 72). Rid. 13 is associated slightly with the riddle of Night-debauch {Rid. 12) by its ninth line, dot drunemennen deoreiim nihtHm\ through 13*"', ivege'd and py^., vi\\\\ 22'"^ weged mee and fjyd\ by the introduction of the unnfeax Wale (8 a), with 53"', wo7fah Wale ; and by the peculiar idiom in 13''^' with 26**. I have already noted close parallels between the vocabulary of Rid. 14 and preceding riddles (14" ^°, hragl.frcetwe, S^'" ; 148, ii^; i4i'ii, furf tredan,S^, hrusan trede). 14*'', Sii'eotol ond gesyne, reappears 40'. Rid. 15 has no points of likeness to the neighboring riddles, save to them all in its lack of opening formula, and to 17 in its close ; but, as 1<>. M tiller * early pointed out, it closely re- sembles Rid. 80, which has the same theme (see notes under 80 for common traits), and suggests the ' I^wn'' and 'Beaker' riddles (31", 64''). Compare also \^^'^ with 2i^^ 56\ 57", 64^, 68'". Rid. 16 contains not only many hapax-legomena,t but many expressions found only here and in * Cothenei- Progranim, 1861, p. 18. t Herzfeld, pp. 10-12 ; McLean, Old and Middle English Render, 1893, p. xxxi. Ixviii INTRODUCTIDN close companions in tlic KxttcrJ^ook : i6^, bcndoivicpcn (18'', bcdihmitcpinnn') ; i6-'', tosiclc/' (17'^) ; I6'-^ Jiiltiifilum (i8'\ Jiyliicpilas). Otlicr similaiilics in word-use arc 16", liim />i'd' dra'd ici/oJ {yi. 16'', 2i-\ 85" ) ; i6-'\ iiucgbiirge (ci. 21-"); 16'-, i-aj'onm (21-*); I6^ iv'ic huge (8-). AV^/. 17 lias phrases in common with 11 and 16 {sitpra^. RitL 18, in the phrasing of three of its motives (i8\ 24''' ; i8''''', 24'"'; 18'', 24'-'), closely resembles 24, ' liow." * RiiL 20 and 65 form a riddle-pair, associated as they are not only hv likeness of runes but 1)\- their very phrasing (20''', 65' ; com- pare heii' another runic riddle, 75'). Jfvgno/o/u/ic is found only here (^20'-') antl 46'' {^/iyg(-7i>/(>H(). KiJ. 21 has manv points of contact with other problems of like subject; nolabh' with 24 (2i' reappears very slightlv ihanged, 24-); and the moli\e of the relation of the weapon to its 7c>ii/t/i/i(/ is common to both (^21^, 24''); with 6 {2i~\ 6'^; 21"', 6*; 21", 6"\ see I'rehn. p. 1S7): with 16 {^si/pni)\ with 56 (2i'''V''""\ descrip- tion of treasures, 56-'' : 21'-, 56'); with 71 (^2I'^^^ 71"; 2i--'. 71'^); with 54 anil 73 in the wea])on's K/yp, is very similar to 13'* [si/pnr): 22", brungcii <>/ bcance, to 28'-, brungi-n of hcar- 7010/1 ; ami 22^'', hicbbc {/r) 7viiiuira Jehu reappears 83''"'. KiiL 23 has also its parallels: 23*"', 11? lagii ///?]/n gr/>riri\ is found onl}- 3- (see 4*"'*) ; and the negative mcthotl of the problem is also that of 40. 1 have already discussed the relation of 24. ' How," to the earlier weapoii problems (i8,2i\and of 25 to the Bird group (8, 9, 10, 11, 58). Ri(f. 26 is not onl\- the mate to the later 'Onion' riddle. 66 (26-''^ 66--'' ; 26", 66-''-»'' ; 26''\ 66^" U' but is the fust of the obscene riddles of the collection (26''"", 46^^, 62''''M. KiJ. 27, ' lH)ok,' has not a little in common with the riddles of similar theme, 52, * Pen and Fingers' (27'\ 52" (^?) ; 27", 52-'); 93, ' Inkhorn ' (^27^", g^ih 5j1.2-i4 . 27"^ 93-'-2 ; 27". 93-''', compare 52^) ; 68. ■ Hible ' (2'j^'\ 68'' ; 27*'*^, 68") ; and 50. ' bookcase ' (27-^, gi/r(\ ^0^ gifr/o/i /,7r//f/i). Rui. 27 and 28 touch each other closely at one point (27" '-, niti si/>lhi>i . . . Juried, 28^, hiclc'd nice sip/hin^. RiJ. 28 is certainly a ct)mpanion piece to 12 (supray In the description of the bees it suggests the Bird riddles, 8,58 * The relation of A'a/. 18 to 24 lias been set forth bv the writer in .1/. /,. .\'. XXI, 100. Traiitniann. />'/>'. \1X, 1S0-1S4, seeks to <.'onnect it with 50. t r. z-ji. t Cf. M. I.. X. XXI, 105. AL'TIlOKSIill" OK 'II ll'! 1:.\I';]-1':R I'.OOK RIDDIJ^S Ixix (28-'' hiirghU-o/'iiin, 58-' l>i-on^hlco/>it \ 28''-^', 8'', 58'); in its association of Honey and Mead it explains some eni^malii- lines in 80 (28'-', hru?igcn 0/ beanc'um, 80", Jlu'hhc mr on Ihkshic /net on hcancc i;c7vco\)\* in its picture of the mead-hall it recalls is"'"', 21'-, 57'', t ^md furnishes a contrast to 29 (28*-^, 29**-^"), to which it bears a general likeness; and in the sorrow caused by its contact it deals with a favorite motive of these enigmas (28", 7", i6-^ 24"^ 26"-'"). % KAcept in its suggested con- trast to 28 {si//'/;i), and in the likeness of its closing formula to ■^2~''^-*^ Rid. 29 has nothing in common with its fellows. /^i(/. 30, as 1 have pointed out at length, § is bound by neaily all of its motives to 95 (30-'', QS*^'; 30^ 95'"; 30^ 95^"''; 30^*'', 95"'''); the Sun's power as a fighter (30" ") reminds us of 7^'^^, and the Moon's sad exile of 40 {infra') ; and the last motive of the riddle is very similar to tiiat of 83'- ". Only one or two i)hrases in Rid. 31 suggest other riddles : 31 ', Iwani l'lowrndi\ xk^- c-SS\f, 2"^ Jn\inoos l>lfdlnvate\ and 31'', rccvrrs- . . . nxw/J'),' llu- ' Horn ' and ' Beaker' enigmas (15*, 64^). Dietrich || finds in 31' '' ' Taufwasser,' the motive of 84''"', but this relation is more than doubtful. We have already seen that Rid. 32 is connected through its opening formula with the next riddle, 33^'', and through its closing lines with 29'-' '•'. Its sixth Wnc, Nipcnveard imcs neh /tyre, closely resembles 22', 35'' (.*///'/ v), and its eighth, no hnuc/'rc f/Tvi^an nueg, //? fela gongan, 59'', nc /(-/o nd('(\ n'c flZ'Ogan ni(Cg. Rid. 32" and 59'"^^ contain the same motive, and /lord warad \'i found only 32'-', 93'-''. Like the Flute (61^'^"), the subject of this enigma speaks to men at the feast (32^- "). Apart from its likeness to 32, Rid. 33 has jioints of contact with man\' oilier riddles (33°, 40^"; 33", 59', 81 », 86 «, 93-''; 33'^ 95«'-'). Prehn has noted II the very close verbal agreement between 34''^'" and 42-''. Compare with this the phrasing of 84*, a poem that contains general references to Ice (84*'^''''-'), the subject of 34 ; and mark a different expression of the same motive, 38^ I have already pointed out the likeness of 35" to 11', 22', and, particularly, 32® {supra). 35'* bears a certain similarity to 30'', and 35""* has much in common with 71-''. Rid. 36 occupies an isolated po.sition among the riddles. Prehn** to the contrary, it bears no rela- tion to 57, and only a slight resemblance to 71 ; and even the closing formula does not appear in the older version of the problem. It is *Ii. Mliller, p. 19; Trautmann, />'/>'. XIX, 206. t I'lehii, p. 196. \ Dietrich, Ilatipts Zs. XII, 245. § J/. L. A'. XXI, 104. II XI, 469. t Pp. 211, 276. ** 1'. 207. Ixx INIKODIH'TION sliikiii;;l\ si_L;nirn'.in( lli;il il is linknl 1)\ a sini;k' moliw to 41 (36'', auuvjan u'Y/i/ii ir,rjttiiii \ 41^", ivrictluc i^dCthii ■7i>it/ii/(>/irttJ/< ), to wliifli it is i-|osi-l\' lioiiiul llii()iii;li its siiiiilar rrlatioii to Akllu'lni. 'I'lu' o|n'nm;', loiimila ol A'/,/. 37 is iHclixril witluuil rrasoii to Oc) ; ami tlu' nrobk'in has a ;;rnrial likciirss to otlua inonstri lulilk's (37''" ", 8l-' ", 86'' " K A'/,/. 38 is a idm|)anion |)irrr to 87, which ri'i)ioihn.'rs its first liiu's. rhcsc Imrs (38' ') also su;;j;rst ic)'" ami tlu- Iraninrnt 8t) ; w hilr tlu" rlosin:; linr ol tlu- piohk-m U'ralls tlu' woiklokl moti\r ol 34'' (^sii/'/ii). h'lii. 3g is lu-aih iclali'd to tlu- liiklk's ol siinilai import, 13, 73 (,39"'', 72'''*'; 39"', 13' '"'■). A'/,/. 40 l)rlon;;s to ihr jMoup of Sun ami Moon luklk's, 7, 30, 05: ihr ik'|)aitiiu' ami ilirarx cxik- ol' ' tlu- \\i;;hl" (40"'') an- ik'siiiln-il 30''"; tlir widr w amkain^s air piiluii'il 40'"'', c)5'; tlu'iomloit l'roui;ht to man is mnitionril 40''', 7' ; ami tlu' siliMUT ami Ion- ol tin- suhjrrt apiuMr 40 '''■'■''■'■' ami 95' ''. 'I'hr ron trasts ol 40 sii;;>;i'st iIk- nu'thoil ol 41, ami ils mam iu'L;ati\i's that ol 23. i'lu- close Illation ol 41 to O7 ami ils i'onm\tion with 30 will bo ilisrussoil m iho nolrs ; with tlu- otlu'i piohk'ms il has almost nothiiii;' in itunmon, I luka A'/,/. 34 1 ha\r imluatnl tlir likrnrss ol 42'-' {o 34" '' ami 84'. I'lu- rlosiiiL; lomuila ol 42 hiiuls it to 2Q, whirh il also n-si-mlik-s in its uso o\ supi-i lati\ rs 142'' ', iQ- '') and ils i-mi>lo\iiu-iU ot /'/.'/.,'/ {^2' \ si-i- 2<.)"', /■'//, ((^'). I liml a Iru paiallrls to A',',/. 43: its «>lH-nin:; loimnla apin-ais I u-i|m-ntl\' in tlu- A'jJJ/iw; i-i|ui\ ak'iits ol Incitloc (^43'h an- i-lsi-w lu-ii- usi-il 'o sii;;i;i'sl lair brantv (^4l'''\ 80'') ; ■wltUic is nn- pkiw'il ill tlu- sanu- lontrxt i,2()'. ///.',/;.'/, "/r^ aiul icri'r,- in the same sense 1^55*"); ('////,//(• t^43'''l is a not uneominon phrase 1^56'-, 57''-, ('////(•/") ; and 7i'V/v//// «'•/ icifw (43'") su^i;(.-sts ;('(•/ ,(•/// f/i i/i(>r/ii\ is found in 05', i>u]>\htiufn ck'!); U) 44'-, ^icst. in 4*', 8", 33'''.* ete. ; to the lefen-nee to the Ivaith as modJor on,i yicivsti'r (,44'^'> in 83''', tor/>on hro/>or:\ Kit/. 45 is one oi the i;nni|i of olisei-ne riddles, ami therefcMV has not a little in eoinmon w ith 26, 46, 55. 63. 63, 64 (^45", 36^ ; 45'', 63"'!; its closest analo;;ue is 55 (45'', 55" ; 45' ', 55" M. A'/,/. 46 is also lutund eloseh to others oi its ekiss (^46'". 55'-'' ; 46"', 55"'', 63"' ; 46*, 26'^ ; 46*^'', sb''") ; and, in its use o\ /nvvvi'/. '//,-. has a slii;ht eoniu'ition with 20'-. /iV!^n<'/ontft<\ the only other oeeunenee ot thi- word. The world ridille 47 has nothim; in eoinmon with the other *Cl. IMotiich. /Lutfls /s. \11, -'45. \ (i. .\mi;U> S.ixt>M /V.MV A'/.;'./.V, (."iioin, / ii\tlc\ 50'', SI**, the 'feeding' of both); and it has points of contact widi 58 and 72 (50'''', sc 7(ui/i/ii(fidrii//i do/i/icd, with 84', A/i wilit is wttndniin dic/uut/. The likeness ])ointed out by Trautmann % between 52 and 27 has already been illustrated. 52'"', MS. flcotgan lyftc, recalls 23'" on lyffe Jirag (cf. 74"''); 52''", ///v^/ under y/'(\ appears again, 74''; and 52''''', sc liim ivegiis iuiciic/', re|)roduees 4"'' . The woiifa/i IVa/c o{ 53"'' reminds us of the wori/eax ll'd/r of 13"'. A'id. 54 has much in common with 73 (54'', 73* '^ ; ^^'\/rdd ddgum, *JZ\ K^'"'"'"^ frodne, 83^ 93") and 92 (iiij'rd). Its moliv'c- of wretched change of state is the leading idea of 27, 73, 83, 93. Like the others of the group of ob.scene riddles, Rid. 55 is closely associated with its fellows : its rela- tions to 45 have been indicated ; tiU'ic esne appears only 55"', 64'''' ; 55", worhte his ici/id/i, is paralleled by 64^, wy reed his wi//an\ 55'-^, M.S. /// iciific sele, may be corrected in the? light of 46', /// winele\ 55'", Jhcs 7Cieorces, recalls the like use of the phrase, 43'. A'id. 56 is nearly akin, in its first lines, to 57'" '- ; and c^6*\ sedrolntndeii, also reseml)les 57'' ", scanviim . . . gebunden. I'rehn § regards 56 as a companion to 21, ' Sword ' ; though this is an overstatement, there are certain likenesses between the two (sC'-* '', 21" "'•'"'; 56', 21'-, a common formula). I\id. 57 is not only ass(;ciated with 56, but its vocabulary bears in tw(j * ifaupts y.s. xr, 474. t ///>'. XIX, 18J-184. t lb. XIX, 197. §P. 279. Ixxii INTRODUCTION' lines (57'"^) a distant resemblance to 52'*''-^"'. Prehn * fails to establish any connection between this and 36. The relation of 58 to the other Bird riddles has been discussed at length (si/pra), and its parallels to other problems sufficiently indicated (58-\ 28"'^ ; 58^% 50^^'; 58^'', 49'-"^). Rid. 59 has no near analogues; but 59^'', dnfete, suggests 33®, 8i^ 93*^; gg2-3 repeats the motive of 32 ^ and 59^*''" that of 32". The enumeration of strange physical traits (59""^) gives it a place among monster-riddles (cf. 33. 81. 86). As we have already seen, 60 is a mate to 49. Rid. 61 is bound to the other riddles by its companionship in the Exeter Book (i22b-i23a) with the second form of 31. Its first lines bear a general likeness to 77^"; and 61^'-, scaxcs ord, reappears, 77®. Prehn t has pointed out the similarity of 61^ to 32^'i- ", and of 61^--" to 27^-" (cf. 93^^*^). The first problems of the so-called second series are closely bound to those of the first group. Rid. 62 is an obscene riddle, and, as such, is a near kinsman of 26 and 46 (62"^'', 26'^", 46^'^), and of the next coarse enigma {()2''\ o/i iicaro\ so 63-). Rid. 63 is thus bound not only to its precursor, but to its follower, 64 (63'', 64", ky^), and to the other puzzles of double meaning (63^ 55^ 63', 45^ 63^ 26^ nathwier. 46^ 55^ 62^ nat- hivcef). The relation of the ambiguous 64'^' to 55 and 63 has been shown (supra): but 6^'-^''^^\ for'd boren . . . /^ier gi/»ia/i dritiaid, must be com- pared with 56^ -, 57^^"^^ ; and 64*^. »ur . . . (jsse(!f mu/^e, with the rid- dles of 'Horn' and 'Cross," 15^, 31''. Rid. 65 is the companion-piece to 20 {supra) ; and 66 to 26. Dietrich % has pointed out the likeness be- tween 66^\ hafa'd mec on headre, and 2i^'\ healde'd mec on heapore. The interesting connection between 41 and 67 has been already mentioned. Rid. 67 has also something in common with the vocabulary of the frag- ment 94 (67-'', n-ohtre feonne tnona ; 94®^^, leofre feonne pis Iro/if call, Icohtre ponne 7V . . . \ 67'''', heofonas oferstlj^c, 94'-\ hyrrc ponne /I'vfo/i). Rid. 68 abounds in words and phrases of the riddle-poetry : 68\ ic gefrcegn, 46\ 48-, 49I ; 68'-^, wriefl'ice ^aikf, 43\ 52\ 70^ ; t^'^^fet n'e f\olme\ 32'^, 40^*^ ; 68^^^^, general likeness to 27^'*'^- ; 68^'-^, golde gegierwed, 27^'^ gierede mec mid goIde\ 6%^''^% prer guman druncon, 56', 57", 64^; 68^*, since ond seolfre., 56''. The opening formula of 37 precedes the one-line folk-riddle 69. Rid. 70 is related by its subject to 32, but its likeness to other rid- dles lies chiefly in its diction, the use of single words found elsewhere in the collection: 70-, singe's, 32^; 70'-, sidan and srveora, 73'*, 86*^'" ; 70^", orponcum, 78''% purh orponc ; 70^, caxle, 73^®, 86® ; 7o'''\ on gescyldriim, * P. 233. t P. 237. \ Hattpts Zs. XII, 250. AUTHORSHIP OF THE EXETER BOOK RUDDLES Ixxiii ^jios. yo''', wrcetrtcie), passim; 70®'', hcehfeum to nytte, 2*j'^'\ si'^, etc. 71 has many analogues: 71^ ic earn rices ceht, 79\ ic eofu cef^elinges ieht \ 71^", stid ond sfeap wimg^ 36^'^;* 71'^"'', stapol . . . wyrta wlitetorhtra, 35""*, />« 7olifig(in 7ayrfum fcEste . . . on sfapolwonge\ 71^''^, 7v~cped for gripe milium, 93^^, ni for 7vnnde ziteop. As a riddle of the Sword, it is closely connected with problems having the same theme: 71^*, wrafira laffyres ond feole, 6'^'', homera lafe {Beow. iot^t,, feia laf 'sword'); 71^, wire geweorfiad, ai^^-^o^'-^^a . ,^ j6b^ ^.p feg ggid wige'd, 21^^, ic sine 7vege . . . gold ofer geardas (' Sword ') ; 71^'', hringnm gehyrsted, 2.1^^'^ f^e nie hringas geaf (^ Sword '). Rid. 72 is connected by its subject (' Ox ') and two of its motives with the pair 13 and 39 (72^^, feower feah . . . brof^or, 39^^, flower zvellan, etc. ; 72^°"''^, 13^"^). The misery of the subject (72^^^^) is a common riddle-topic (21^', 54^, 81®, 93-^). I have already noticed the likeness of 73 to 54 : save in its monster traits (see supra under 70), it has nothing in common with any other problems. Rid. *j^^,fleah mid fuglunt, recalls 23^^, 52'* ; 74*'', d'eaf under y/}e., is identical with 52*^ ; and 74^'', hcEfdeferdcwicu, very similar to 11*', 14*^. The tiny runic riddle 75 is exactly in the manner of other runic problems, 20^"^, 65^ ; while the inversion of the runes (75^) recalls 24^ Agof. The single line of 76 employs the opening formula of 75. Under 61 I have noted the slight parallels between that riddle and 77 (77^"'^, 61^'"^; 77®, seaxes orde, 61^^, 27^""). The closest analogue to 77 is the fragment 78 : 77", mec yfia wrugon, 78'', ypum betarigene (compare 3^^) ; 77^'\ fe/^elease, 78'^, \lf\as cyn\ 77^^, "Oft ic flode, 78^'', Oft ic flodas. Rid. 'jg, whose single line may be but a variant of 8o\ recalls 71^^ {supra). Miiller and Trautmann have invited attention to the close relation between the two Horn rid- dles, 15 and 80 {supra') : 80^, fyrdrinces gefara, 15^^, fyrdsceotp ; 80""^, the serving of mead by the lady, 15^"^ ; So^"**, on wloncum wicge ride, Ig6-6.i3-i4. 8o8b^ heard is mln tunge, i5*.i6'i« ; 8o8b'''% \e^^'^-'''^-^^''-JnmIum. The mention of honey (mead), 80^, hcebbe tne on bosme pcBt on beattoe geweox, recalls the mead of 28^, brungen of bearwum ; and 80^"^, Cwen . . . huiitloccedu, suggests 43^'', huniloc. Rid. 81 has an affinity to the Storm riddles (81^, s'e f>e ivudu hrereS (wind), 2®, ic wudu hrere (wind) ; 81^, streamas beatad, 3") ; its monster traits (81^^) invite comparison with 59""*, 86^'', 37^''"^; and its wretchedness with 21^^ 54^, 72^^ 93'^^ The fourth line of the fragment 82, \^f\ell nef^sc, reminds us of 77^. In 83, the Ore's sad change of state recalls the themes of 27, 54, 73, 93 ; and * Prehn, p. 242, note. Ixxiv IN TKOnUCTION its l.K-k of ic'clross ^83'*'', /r Iiiin yfJe iic mot^ is akin to the Sword's and Horn's faiknc to avenge (^21'". 93'''^). 83'"', Xn m? fa/i ichinid, stioni;ly resembles 93'-"', Xn mm /ion/ ^varad/ii/h-iu/c fcoiu/ \ 83''^''. Hubbc ic wiin- Jm JdiU reprodnces 22''*'\ /lubbc iviiiu/nr fcla ; and 83'- " contains exactly the closini; niotixe of the Sun and Moon ritldles. 30^''^\ 95'" ^^ Kii/. 84 is more or less intimately connected with many other riddles. Its first line is but a variant of 51^ {s///>r,7) \ 84^'-''\ in the theme of Water and l'"ish. anticipates 85. while the phrasing; of 84*, JA'./cV /> ///('///>/•()' iiuTrra ic'i/i/tj, recalls 42-. nuh/i/or )nonigi\i cyniia ; 84*' '•' bears a general likeness to 4o'""'-\ Prehn * discovers a resemblance between 84'''^" and 41^*. anil between 84''''antl 4i'' : but this is taint and ma\- well be coincidence. And IMetricht hnds a relation between the ' I'aufwasser ' of ^a^^^, jirciw ()// //<• //?, is quite in the manner of 4i''\ /<■ oniic /i? (ci. 4i"-*'''-'^) ; and 85", ///? i>id ift\id 7('if(h/. rei)roduces i6^\ ////// bid if^\id -wifih/ (ci. 16''), a phrase found onlv here. 85'-'', unc i/ri/itcn s, parallels 88^". //f/i- ^cstv/ mcotui/. Save in its minister traits (^cf. 32. 33. 37, 59. 8i\ Kit/. 86 has little in common with other riddles. Its opening formula. Wi/it rwdm gotigixn, recalls 34\ ]Vi/it rn'om . . . Fi/hin, and 55', Ifysc ricom i:;iini;iin ; and 86-. monigc . . . moi/c snoftn\ repeats 84''^ KiJ. 87 is another \ ersion of 38. repeating ntanv of its expressions i^s/z/nr) ; while its tirst line, 7corn/>c' /urfi/c rnii/t\ connects it with 19', wn/c -iCom/w anil 89'-. ici/it 7C'oml>e /hcft/[t-]. RiJ. 88 and 93 form a splendid pair, with the theme ' Staghorn.' The nunive of brotherlv lo\ c. of which so much is made in 88. is not employed in 93 ; but the two motives of dispossession bv vounger brothers and of injuries from the knife appear in both ^88''-^ 93^-' '■* ; 88^- '^^ 93'*' \ 1 have noted the slight likeness oi the fragment 89 to 19. 38, 87. The Latin riddle 90. in its formulas (^90*^") and its ' monster ' characteristics, is not \er\- different from its neighbins. Vo KiJ. 91 I disco\-er no parallels among the riddles sa\e in the use oi the tvrnifiitus motive. In its picture of the change from tree to weapon. 92 recalls 54 t^92^'\ bi\im t Tp- -5-- 'Sy t ^I- 4t'9- 4^^5' .\r iiioKsiii 1' oi' iiii; i;.\i: ii;r hook kiddi.i.s ix.w (;// hoIti\ 54\ ('// i'l'iinct- I'Ciiin ; 92*', wy>uistii/>oI, 54'"'', /'ni tirow nucs on Wynne \ <)2''\ /iiltfaoiT/^<-n,^/^'-^^\ /ii/,/i\i:[iis/t) ami 73; and 92' ', /'//////v/ /utif, is explained by 41'"" '"'. Apart iVoin its close lelatinn to its fellow, 88, Kit/. 93 tt)uches nearly niaiu other ])rol)lems ; 93", tl,iy;nmc froii, 54', froii dagum, *j'^^ gcarinn frodnc, 8^^,/n>i/ 7C'to, 3'. 4-"; 93'", 13', 16-", 63' * ; 93"* l^ 27^ 6li'^ {sii/^ra) ; 93"", nc for wi/nt/i' 7i'7-(i/>, 71*^", J!'t/>t'd' . . . for gripe m'iniim\ 93'""", lack of re- venge, 21*'', 83*'; 93-\ /<• iigliiicix ealle /niiige, 81", Ag/Uc dreoge; 93-'-, 6**; 93"" "', -^yi^ if Mire S7('e/ge iviidtt onJ 7t'<<-//v, 27'', b'camtelgc s7ct'^, n/onig- . . . n/i'dr snottrr, 84'", nion mode snottor. The closing;' motive of 95 is found not onl\- in 30''' ", but in 83'- ^ (sipni). Such likenesses as 1 ha\i" pointed out bi'twetai (he \arious riddles are suHicienth' strikinj;; to establish honioi;ent'i(\-, and indet'd tlu'v oKen com- pel belief in (he presence of a single hand in man\- of (he pmbk'ms. I'.iil bring fails coniple(el\' (o grasj) the tiin- th.uacda' of (he enijMuas of the Exeter Book when he deelaies : f ' W ie man bei einer Sanunlung \dn Volkslieder'schwerlieh an i-inen ein/igen W-ifassei' dcnki-n wird, so daif man es nieines eraehtens elu'nsowenig bei diesen Riitseln, die mit geringen Ausnahmen doeh audi (.'in I'lodukt ck'r \\)lkspoesie sind.' It is obviously absurd to class our riddles with folk-songs. As 1 ha\e long since shown, | thcv teem with popular elements and moli\es, but (hev aic almos( with- out exception literary enigmas from (he hand of (he artist. In such com- positions as the poems of the Storm (2. 3, 4), Badger (16), .Sword (21), Hook (27), Lance (73), Water (84), and (he Horn cycle (15, 80, 88, 93). the reader soon becomes aware that (he riddle is the least part of itself, that concealment of .solution has bec-n foigotten in the jov of (.-reation. ♦See I'relm, p. 260, note. \ Liu. HI. XII, 1891, Sp. 156, cited with liearty appiov;il l)y lU'i/folil, /fcrrii^s Archil' CVI (N. S. VI), 1901, p. 390. I M. L. A'. XVIII (19OJ), 97 f. ; see also .uipra. Cf. Hiaiull, lirmuiriss- II, 972. Ixxvi INTRODUCTION Even, in the shorter problems, the riddle-maker, draw though he may from the stores of the folk, shapes anew with loving art the story of the ingratitude of the Cuekoo (lo), the fate of the Ox (13), the labors of the Plow (22) and the Rake (35), the journeys of the Ship (33) ; or else, by the aid of runes, converts into logogriphs or word-riddles of the study such commonplaces of folk-poetry as the themes of the Cock (43) and Man on Horseback with Hawk (20, 65). Even in the small number of riddles which, in tense, terse, pointed style and absence of epic breadth, in freedom from all that is clerkly or bookish, seem to bear clearly the stamp of popular production (53, 58, 66, 70, etc.), the many parallels to other problems (s///>nr) mark the presence of the craftsman. In those very ])uzzlcs whose smut and smiles point directly to a humble origin (26, 45, 46, 55, 63) we detect (supra), amid the coarseness of the cottage, the leer of a |:)rurient reworker. The Riddles, then, are homogeneous in their artistry. One of the finest proofs of this lies in the striking circumstance that almost every dark saying or obscure periphrase in our poems finds illuminating ex- planation elsewhere in the collection. To indicate a few examples out of many : 8i"'\ si' pe wudii /i/rn'S, is revealed as ' the wind ' in the light of 2**, ic wild II Ji)rrc\ 80*', Hivbbe m? 011 bos me. /net 0/1 beancc ^eweox, is inter]3reted by reference to the description of Honey in 28- ; the enig- matic phrase brunra beot immediately becomes clear by comparison with the picture of the swine, dark and joyous, in the beech wood, 4iio«-i'*7 . and QS'', /ii/viidra /ly/it, is seen to be but a circumlocution for /iTid, ' booty,' when read side by side with 30''''. The homogeneity of the collection is further attested by the dominance in very many of our riddles of the two motives of ' utility ' and ' comitatus,' which ]:)lay but a small part in other enigmas of the ( )ld English period. These will be discussed at length in a later chapter. Now if certain art-riddles are found grouped in what is really a single collection ; if, moreover, these riddles, after close analysis, are found to be homogeneous in their diction ; if, too, large collections from single hands were common at that period, — the burden of proof rests not upon him who argues for unity of authorship, since every precedent and presump- tion are in his favor, but upon him who champions diversity of origin. The need of such strong destructive evidence is totally disregarded by Trautmann in his bald assertion : * ' Diese entstammen verschiednen * A'vnewulf, p. 4 1 . AUTHOKSHII' OF THE EXETER BOOK RIDDLES Ixxvii zciten unci diclilcrn.' Brandl, who holds the same view,* gives, however, certain reasons for his 0])inion. The second group seems to him sepa- rated from the first by the second appearance of Rid. 31 ; but that the Exeter Book modernizer or scribe chose to insert in a position isolated from both groups a variant version of a riddle already given proves, of course, nothing against the unity of the collection. The contrast between the edifying tone of certain enigmas and the coarseness of their near neighbors seems at first sight to indicate different hands : but the points of contact between the lofty and the low often forbid such a conclusion. Runes and ribaldry meet in RicL 43, court and cottage clash in Rid. 62 ; the literar)' and the popular blend in Rid. 13 and 64 ; Rid. 66, with its Symphosius motive, is closely related to Rid. 26, the grossest of its greasy sort. Subject-matter is evidently small criterion of origin. l*\irther evidence against the unity of the collection is furnished by Barnouw.f The Riddles differ so widely from one another in their use of articles that if this be a trustworthy test of date, they may well be re- garded as the products of different periods. ' Some of them that employ articles freely (24, 43) may be contemporary with Cynewulf, while others that are sparing in the use of these (16, 23, etc.) are doubtless earlier in time.' Deductions drawn from such evidence are dangerous ; and one refuses to follow Barnouw when he goes to the length of assigning Rid. 38, 39, 69, to a later date than Rid. 30, 35, 37, because in the former group the opening formula is ic /^a wiht{e) geseah, in the latter ie 7i>i/if geseah. X T^he weak adjective without an article is to Barnouw proof of an early date, and he differentiates the Riddles accordingly. § He regards Rid. 13 as one of the oldest of the riddles on account of the absolute use « of weak adjective without article in the phrase hygegala7i hond{\'^'^). The survival of an archaic " form in a poetical text is surely no proof of antiquity. || * Pauls Grttndriss'^ II, 970. + De7- bestimmte Artikel iin Altenglischen, p. 211. \ Barnouw (p. 211) notes that the following riddles are quite without articles: 3, 6, 9, II, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20, 22, 37 (1-8), 51, 52, 53, 58, 59, 63, 64, 66, 67, 71, 72, 74, 80, 83, 85, 86, and the fragments 19, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 87, 89, 92. § In addition to instrumental forms already cited (4'*"', 41&" .90.94^ 57""^")! Barnouw records the following instances of weak adjectives without an article: 4^ beariit brddan (?) ; 4'*2, eo7'pan gesceafle ; 38^, niccgenrdfa moii\ 41^^ Itrivi heorngrimma \ 49*', readan goldes (contrast 52", 56'') ; 831^ dyrnu cru-ftes \ 93^^"^-, /idra . . .for si. II Note the appearance of weak adjectives without definite articles in a late poem, Brtitianburh, 61-62, saloauigpadait and liyriiednebban. Ixxviii INTRODUCTION Although liarnouw's arguments have been aeeepted b\' Hrandl in his Gntiii/riss article as infallible criteria of date not only of the /\'/t/(//(\, but of all other Anj^lo-Saxou poems, the\- seem lo me to earr\- litlle weight. The normalizing- of later scribes,* and • the tendency to archaize, to use traditional formulas and expressions, so strong in Anglo-Saxon poelr\-,' t render this test almost \alueless. The use of the article in eail\- (ireek poetry is closeh' analogous to that in Old Knglish verse. But the classical scholar, who, on account of the absence or presence of articles, assignetl the \ariovis fragments of Alcaeus to different hands, ascribed tlu" tragic choruses of Aeschylus to an earlier date than the non-hric portions of the dramas, antl labeled as llonn-ric in lime the c\nc (.onxentions of Apollonius Ivhodius, would be speedih' lauglu-d out of court. A nuuh moi'e im|)ortaiU argument remains —that based upon the e\ idence lurnisheil b\- the usi.' o( sources. W'e lia\e alread\- seen th.il, with the same data, Hietrieh and llolthaus reached exacth' opposite conclusions in regard to the imit\' of the collection. But the yalue of their reasiming was im|).iired b\' the incorrectness ol their dat:i — suj)- poseilly close literary relations between Latin antl .\ngio-.Sa\on enigmas, where often none at all existeil. In the methods ol direct antl indirect btirrowing that our stuil\- o{ the sources o( the se\eral problems t has re\eaieil, there are but few certain indications of difference o( origin. 'I'he habit oi mind which either woiks in perfect liberty, or else, gather- ing a useful hint lure, a liapp\- phrase ihere, giyes tlelightfiilK- fresh and new fornis to current moti\es and ancii.'nt traditions, but which neyer yields itself sla\ishly [o its models, is the dominant mootl in the A'ii/tf/rs and points lather to one pt>et ot tree spirit than to man\ men ot many times. Antl \et all the /'Av/tv /x'ok A'/)/t//ty can hardl\- be from one hanil. The serxilely imitati\e temper i^i Aldhelm's translator in the enigmas of the • M.iil-co.it ' and 'Creation' (^A'/'i/. 36, 41) differs so utterl\- from the ])reyailing tone o{ the collectii>n, which is at its highest in the vmchecked range oi imagination o( the ' .StiM'm ' ritldles (2-4), that this inferit)rity cannot be explaincil with Hietrich Iw the changing inclination of tine pt>et. ^ As will be shown later in \u\ notes tt) AVi/. 41, there is good ♦Notice the tlilYereiue in this leganl between the E.xeter and Vercelli texts of Si'i//. t See Lawrence, J/. /. .\'. XXI\', 1 5.'. t See chapter i^ii ' Originals and Analogues.' § It is interesting to note that these two problems, which stand so widely apart from all the others in their dependence upon learned sources, have other very dis- tinctive features: (a) the poor technique of /\/\/. 41; (b) the isolation of the soi.i'TioNS OF Till'; i:xi';'ri:K j-.ook kiddi.iis iwix reason l(t Ijc'licxt' that yd anotluT hand was at woik in the later portion of that lon^- and dreary ])oem, and that tliis hand revvrought his crude work in A'/V. 67. Ikit these poems arc the only ones in the collection that we can assign with any positiveness to a different author.* Let us now summarize our results. 'J'he Kiddlfs were not written by Cyncwulf : all evidence of the least value speaks a<;ainst his claim. It seems fairly certain that they are products of the North, j 'J'heir place as literary comjjositions (not as folk-iiddles) in one ccjllection, and their homogeneous artistry, which finds abundant vindication in a hundred common traits, argue strongly for a single author, though a small group of prol)lems brings convincing evidence against complete unity. That their period was the beginning of the eighth century, the heyday of Anglo-Latin riddle-poetry, is an inviting surmise unsustained by proof. IV SOLUTIONS OF TfIL KXLTKR BOOK RILDLLS ITnlikc the Latin riddles of their period, the Anglo-Saxon queries are unaccompanied by their answers. In six problems, however, the ingen- ious use of runes guides the solver to his goal. In two of these % the runic element is so elaborate and complex that it converts the poems into intricate name-riddles; in three others § the 'open sesame' is found in an easy rearrangement of the runic letters ; in the sixth || the last two lines constitute a runic tag that confirms an already obvious Northumbiian version of Rid. 36 from all other English riddles, and its associa- tion in tlie Leiden MS. with the Anglo-Latin enigmas with which it is so closely connected in thought ; (c) the differentiation of Rid. 36 and 41 from neighboring ()ueries of their group {Rid. 31-61) by the subject's use of the first person. * Even the obscene and the runic group, which seem to fall into two distinctive classes apparently remote from the others, reveal upon e.xamination points of con- tact. By recasting, the poet makes coarse folk-products his own. t The Northuml)rian dialect of the Leiden Riddle proves nothing, as its variant ve.sion, Rid. 36, stands entirely apart from others of the collection except 41 ; but Northern origin is attested by the large number of uncontracted and unsynco- pated forms demanded by the meter, and by the appearance of such Anglian usiges as bict; (5"), sa-cce {x'j'^), geouge (22-), ehtin^ie (37''), e&&(t (44'"), /("/^ (72"). See Madert, pp. 126-127. t '"^'d- 20, 65. i Rid. 25, 43, 75. The third of these is but a fragment, but in the first and second the Sackenrdtsel element dominates. || Rid. 59. Ixxx IN TKODreTIOiN iiUcrprctation. In a seventh ritldlo * the Latin equivalents ot [)reeeding l'',n_L;lish \vt)r(ls are tlisguised in secret script. In thiee otlier riddles! the marginal use ot' siuL^le runes c)b\i()uslv originated at a far later peri(xl than that of their composition, as these are not from the hand of the scribe. [n\ersion of its opening nonsense-word gives, as the rid- dler tells us, the name of the subject of one of the spirited weapon- riddles, t 1' inallw the faint letters in i)ther writing at the end of the long 'Creation" enigma § mav be read as //// is s/<> crcafiira //'. Such are our clews in a dozen problems. || These, however, were of but slight aid to the lirst modern scliohu' who presenti'd an\- .solutions. I lickes insert eil lacsimile transcripts of five runic riddles 11 in the beginning of his Lrlaniiic Grammar.** As Conybeare says quaintiv ;it ' llickes' opinion (of these riddles) is formed from the attributes ascribed to the mvsterious subject, such as lieing appointed by Christ to encounter warfare ; speaking in man\' tongues ; gix'ing wisdom to the simple; rejoicing in persecution; found by the worthy; and re- ceived bv those who are washed by the laver, etc." It Conybeare's own attempts at .solution are almost as unfortunate as those of Hickes. Vox Rid. 3-4 he supplies the answer ' Sun," for 33 ' Wagon or C^u't," for 47 ' Adam, F.ve, two of their sons and one daughter a|)pear to be the five persons intended." He is nearer the mark in his answer to 67: 'The omnipresent power of the deity comprehending at once the most minute and v;ist portions of his creation is intended.' Manv scholars have sought \.v> solve the problems. §§ L. (". Miiller || || offered to RiiL 6 and 27 the solutions Scutum and IJbcr. riu)mas * RiiL 37. t Kiii. 7, g, 18. \ Kid. 24. § Kid. 41. II Strobl, Haiifts Zs. XXXI, 55-56, claims that the so-called I/iishjnif.': Messng^e, which follows A'/(/. 61 in the Exeter Book, furnishes the correct answer to that enigma, ' Der Runenstab.' Rut the theory that the two poems form thus a sort of //'c7/i,v,//<7// completely collapses, if, with Dietrich, we interpret the riddle, ' Reed,' as I think that we must (see notes). IT AV'/'. V (1S94), 46 f. nil Colleitaiiea A Ui^lo-.Saxoiiira. 18^5, pp. 63-64. SOLUTIONS OF THK KXHTER HOOK KIDDLKS Ixxxi Wright* ])r()p()sc(l three answers: to Rid. 14 ' IJuttertly-coeoon,' to 29 'John Barleycorn,' and lo 47 "Lot with his two daughters, and their two sons.' In the same year, 1842, Thorpe f solved the 20th riddle with hors, moii, rad-wu'gn, liafoc, and the 22d with ' Plow.' ISouterwek % suggested ' lleiiip" in Rid. 26. Leo § proposed ' ( '\newult ' lor Kid. i. Grein II gave lour answers: j\id. 3, 'Anchor'; 4, ' I luriicane ' ; 48, 'Bookmoth'; 68, 'Winter.' Then followed, in 1859 and i860, the two cpoeh-making essays of Franz Dietrich, 11 in which he unlocked the treasure-gates of nearly all the riddles. By far the greater number of his solutions seem to the present editor adequate interpretations of the several problems, and attest the fine acumen or riddle-sense which com- pelled Dietrich to weigh each enigma not as a scholar in his study, but as a man among men of naive minds.** Since 1 )ietrich's day a little has been added, here and there, to our understanding of the queries ; but in many <;:ases other keywords — 'Open Wheat,' 'Open Rye' — have been futilely substituted for his 'Open Sesame.' In his Sprachschatz (1861), Grein is more than once happy in his guesses, ft and Ed. M tiller's comments of the same year are often suggestive. 1 1 For over twenty years the Kiddles found no new solvers. In 1883 Trautmann§§ offered the answers. Kid. i, ' Riddle,' || || and Kid. g^, * Biograpliia Britannica Literaria I (1842), 79-82. t Codex Exo7iieitsis, p. 527. I Cicdmoii's des Angelsachsen biblisclie Diclituitgeit, 1854, I, 310-31 1. § Quae de se ipso Cyneioulfus tradiderit, 1857. II Bil'l. der ags. Poesie II (1858), p. 410. ^ Ilaupts Zs. XI, 44S-490 ; XII, 232-252. ** Dietrich errs, I think, in his explanations of A'/V/. 5, 9, 11, 14, 29, 37, 42, 46, 5i> 52. 53. 55' 63, 65, 71, 72, 74, 80, 81, 90, 95. His answers to Kiii. 31 and 40 are more than doubtful. In his second article, which is often a palinode of his first, he withdraws (usually at the prompting of his friend Lange, no riddle-kenner) very suitable replies to J\id. 18, 26, 45, and 58. T^ach of his solutions will be discussed in my notes. tt Notably in his 'Bell' answer to /\/ interpretations. Xuek t cijiposed the solutions oi Trautniann. and lliekelier§ re\ i\ ed Leo's solution of AVi'cs F.xeterbnches. t Afti^Ua Vn. Atiz., p. I JO. XAngUa X (iSSS). 300 f. § ' Fiinf Riitsel des E.xeterbuohes,' .7//^/' .' ^' 5'M- li KtigUsh Writers II (iSSS), 38, 224 f. "{Die KiUscl itcs Exeterbmhis iind ihr J'er/iis.ur, 1S90, p. 69. ** Juuly Ens^lis/i Literature, \Sc)2, /iissim. tt Arix/ui, BeiHiitt V, 46 f. \\ Uruiull, however, seriously inip.uis the value of his discussion of the KiaJ'es {Pauls GriiPiiiriss- II, looS, 960-1)73) by accepting wilhovU question many of these unsustained solutions. §§.-/wj."-/',' X\ll (1895), 306-400 (AV./. 53, 58, 90); Padelfovd's Old En^i^^tis/i Musical Terms, 1890 (AV7aifi,X l'"rl. Sonkc Kit/. 25 as ' Scurra ' or ' Mime,' >i and Felix Liebermann || and Jordan If arrive independently at the 'Sword-rack' solution of the '("ross' riddle (56). The Krlemanns have cast much light ui)on the ' Storm ' riddles (AVi^/. 2-4)** and upon the Latin enigma, ft and llolthausen has once or twice turned aside from text emendation to try riddle-locks. $t I have alrcaxly suggested several new solutions, §§ and shall alU'm|)t a few others in the present work. II II .Ml the answers indicated in this cursory sketch will receive consideration in the notes of this edition (see also the ' Index of Solu- tions " at the close of the l)ook).inr In closing this survey, let me repeat what I have said in a previous discussion.*** The solution of riddles is too uncertain a matter to permit their soKer ' to come to battle like a dictator from the plow.' To the same motives different solutions are often accorded by the folk itself, as 1 have shown at length. ftt It was, of course, the purpose of the riddler * Harvard Studies V (1S96), 261-268. tills answers, 'Gold' (12), 'Porcupine' (16), 'Mustard' (26), 'Cloud and Wind' (30), 'Yoke of Oxen led into the barn or house l)y a female slave' (53), and 'Sword' (80) are sturdily but unconvincingly chanipioned. \ Journal of Ccrinaiiic Philoloi^y III, ]}. 4. %Evglische Stttdien XXXVII, 313-318. II Ilerrigs Archiv CXIV, 163. % Alteiiglische Sdugetieniaiiicii, p. 62. ** Edmund Erlemann, Ilerrigs Archiv CXI (1903), 55. tt lb., p. 59; Fritz Erlemann, ib. CXV, 391. X\ See his solutions of Rid. 11, ' Water-lily' {Aiiglia, Bh. XVI, 1905, 22S) ; 16, 'Porcupine' {Engl. Stud. XXXVII, 206); and his readings of Kid. 20 [Aiiglia, JUk IX, 357), 37 {Engl. Stud. XXXVII, 208), and 90 (ib., 210-21 1). \%Kid. 14, ' Ten Fingers ' (yl/. /,. .A'. XVIII, 1903, 101-102); 74, ' Siren ' (ib., 100; XXI, 1906, 103-104) ; and 95, 'Moon' (ib. XXI, 104-105). nil See particularly notes to Rid. 20, 37, 40, 42, 56, 71. 1f1[ In chronicling in my Notes the ' Onion ' and ' Leek ' answers for Kid. 26 and 66, I fail to remark that 'Leek' is impossible for either riddle. 'A leek is never " red" like the wight of 26, the bottom of the leek being blanched like celery for use, while the top is of course green ; and a leek is always eaten in the year of sowing or in the following winter, has never been planted out in the second spring, and hence cannot be the wight of 66, which has l)een dead and lived again ' (Hying- ton). The ' Onion ' satisfies all conditions. *** ^r.L.x. XXI, 97-98. ttt lb, will, 5-6. Ix.wiv INIKODliCllON 1(1 Ic.id liis Ihmhts miIk iii:iii\ (ic\i(His |i,illis, c.n li nl \\lii(li seemed, lor (lie inoinenl, ihe \ llie I, lie nl iiindeiii MiKeis.* In Ins seeniid .iili(le hielihli lelr.iels ,i do/eii S( iliil ii ms dl his liisl.j and Tiaiilmaini liankh and lieel\ ehan;;i'S ;;r(innd ni man\ pn ihlems. A'/i/. ii, (met' soKed li\ him ' lluMile," is now 'Anehni '; :^o. NumeiU 'Swallnw and Spaiinw ,' is now • llnd and Wind ' ; ^^i , " ( i n nheld m eai ,' now heeomes luiiiii. Ill 5-?, ■ 1 Inise and \\ ajMHi " is !i:;hl!\ i<|ilaeed li\ ' Ten " ; in 53, ' III iidin ' li\ ■ Idail ' ; and in 80, • Speai ' In ' limn.' I n 58 he n-eaiils his iceanlalK Ml, |)assiii;', in siieeessi\c ailieli's Imm ■ I lailslones ' in ' Kam drops," ;md ihen lo ' Sim iiu loiids. ' Wilinn li\e \i'ais I ha\e modilied in\ own \ie\\s ol as main piohlems. | Xolhin;.;. iheieloic, seems more unwise llian len:;lli\ and si 1 einions doinnali/iiiL; o\i'r opinions w hieh ma\' lo moi low he a ha lido I led li\ I hen i haiiijiion. V KOKM AND S rUlHI'l'KI'. Ol' 1111 1 Xl I'i.K I'.OOK KlDDl.l'.S Siiue ihe I'splosion ol ihe alliaili\i' lei;end ol ( '\new iilliaii aiilhor- ship, il has heeii oh\ionsl\ impossihle lo asii ihc- with eonluK-iuc all lIu" liddles ol ihe /■'.vr/n />',','X- to a sinjde eiii;',malo:;i aph, allhoiijdi iiian\ ol ihem nuisl ha\e emiie liom one hand. rhe\ lluaeloie helon:; to (piite anothei elass than the ;;ronps ol .\n;;lo I .atiii prohlems ol the ei;;hlh ieiitm\, eaeh ol whiih is associated ii;ditl\ with one j'.ieat name, and in e.ieh ol wliuh the oidei is tli.il ol eomposilioii. .\tlem|)ls like th.it ol I'lehn § lo est.ihlish 1 01 the I'll; dish poems ,111 \ nnit\ ol pm pose 111 ehoiee ol siili|eets ,iiid iiialei iai h,i\ e heiai si;mi.iII\ nnsueeessl uI. lUit it is I'lju.ilh' wimi;', tou-i\iid this eolleetion, w ith Hiilhi inrJi and I lei .leld,*! as .1 ;;lean in:', ol lolk liddles, like, lor lA.imple, th.it ol K.mdle I loline.*** As I h,i\o alie.uK pointed out,! | our piohlems .ue .n t luldles ( /\//>/.\/r,'!/\,-/) with a lai!',e .illo\ ol popul.u (.■lements. I'heii .iiithoi 01 .luthors, like the ("uT man t-nijMn.itojM.iphs ol the sixteenth ientm\, iliew quiti' as lrc-i'l\ Irom * Sci- |!i:uull, J\i:i!s lir///i,i//ss'^ 11, 07-- t A/./. 9. 18, 26. 28, 38, 49, 56. 58. 74, 81. 86. 90. t A'/./. a6, 31, 37, 42. 53. v; I'p. 1 |St. || / /// A'/., i,S<)i, .")o. **r.M.J..A. XV I II (i.)oj), Jilt. i I .1/./. .\. will ^igo.O. 07 f. KOKM AND STRUCTURE OF Till: UlDDLliS Ixxxv myth and tradition as from learned sources.* In tlie runic riddles f a|)|)fal is made- to a 'bookish' audience ; t but tiie riddler, here as well as elsewhere, composes with his eye not only on his subject but on the l)uzzled faces of men who will listen to his dark sa\'in^s. Tri'lin § believes that oral transmission of tin- Riddh's is firmly estab- lislud 1)\ llu' ' Wandering Singer' interpretation of Rid. 95, and we may saiiifut- this solution || without abandoning his conclusion. Ample evi- ck'iicc ol till' tiuth ol this is lound not onl\' in ihc passage iVoin Rid. 43 already cited, but in inan\- other placx's in the pot'ins. ( )iu' indication of such direct addrc-ss cc-itainl\' lit's in ihc opi'iiing and closing formulas, that make an inunediate appeal similai' lo those in the folk-riddIes.1| Or let us note the thirstily hinted hope- of ii'ward near the closi- of (he second lloi'n liddle.** k'recpu-iU n'ferences to llu' wine-hall ft seem to mark this as the .scene ol tlu- liddles" piopounding and soKing. The different versions of Rid. 31 and 36 |)oint lo oral tiansmission.H l!ut the highest ])roof of directness of appeal lies in the epic nature of the treatment of manifold themes, as 1 )ietrich recognized. $§ This will be * Folk-lore and mythology are freely invoked in tlie riddler's IreatnunU of tiie .singing feathers of the Swan (8), the ingratitude of the (.aickoo (10), the strange origin of the Barnacle (loose (11), the metamorphosis of the Sirens (74). t Nos. 20, 25, 43, 59, 65, 75. X 43', hHiii J>£ l>i'<: 'ciittiii, means, as the context clearly shows, ' those who know letters or rune-staves,' but they are rather hearers than readers ; /(■ 011 /liild Dnrt;- 1 />ur/i rfiiistafas riiiciiin .<:eci^an. § 1'. 1.^7. II I have proved, J/. /,. A'. XXI (1906), 104-105, tlial tlu; last ritldk; is a male to Nid. 30, and refers to the wanderings of the Moon. T[ Prehn, j). 152, points to 2', 29^-, 32"'^'', 33''', 36^'', 37'-, 40-", 42^, 44", 50", 60'"'. ** Oft ic lod&boran wordleana sum \ di^y/e ti-fler gieddd (8o'* '"). It is significant that 7vd&l>or(in is applied to riddle-kenners (32-'') and that .^'/tv/f/ci is the word for a 'riddle' (56"). tt 43"'^", A/7 is ii)idyiiie\ lOfrKni «V n'liid. C'f. also 2i'-,47', 56', 57", 61'', 64'', 68'". In the last of these examples, Jxir ^'■/rwd/e drN/ifo// has no particular bearing upon tiie subject of the riddle, and is justified only by the riddler's surroundings. It Ago/ior Agob (24^) seems a mistake of tiie ear. §§ //(/«//jZj'. XI,448: 'Wo das Epos, sei es im Gleichnis <>der iin unniillclbaren I )ienst seiner Geschichte, Naturgegenstande beschreil)i od(M duich IJnisclirei- bungen andeutet, niihert es sich dem Riitsel, nur dass es den Nanien da/.u im crsieren Falle nennt ; umgekehrt bewegt sich das wahrhaft poetisclie Riitsel iiach den Kreisen des I'lpos hin, wenn der Clegenstand des Riitsels, sei er der elementaren Natur oder der belelHen, durch Men.schenhand umgeschaffenen, ange- horig, erziihlend auftritl, und er selbst oder der Dichter in seinem Nanien un.s von seiner lleimat, von Vater und Mutter, von Ikuder und Schwester, von Ixxxvi IXTKODICTION duly discussed wlicn (he (ovm and manner of our jiocms are con- sidered. ]>ut, before such anahsis is [lossihle, the significance of sub- ject anil UKiltcr demands attention. Nowhere does a. jioet ov school o\ poets proclaim closeness to life more plainly than in clioice of themes. .\nd it is here that the preemi- nence oi the J-'xt/tr Jn'ok A'/t/t//cs oyer the An>;U)-Lalin enigmas be- comes immediately apparent. The English poems smack tar less of abstraeticins and of classical ami biblical lore than the jirolilems o\ .\ld- hclm ; "^ nor are the\' eked oui w ilh liberal borrowings from Isidore's li(v//ioiogi<'s. like those o{ l-'.usebius. NothiuL;' human is deemed too hig"h or lo\y for treatment, and all phases oi (, )ld Imi^UsIi existence are re- Ncalctl in these jniems ; 1" so that the\- slaml forth as the most impor- tant conteinporar\' cimtributions to oiu' kninyledge ot the exeryday life oi their time. 'The poet does not hesitate to treat the cosmic aspects of nature, the changiiii;" forms of sea and sky, of wind and waye. in tlie greatest oi the riddles, the Sti)rm-c\cle [2-^); nor to embod\- into an exquisite myth the battle of Sun anil Moon J or the tierce onset of the Iceberg {^Klti. 34); but. witlt a few such exceptions. J; the Riddles are yery close to solid earth. The larger number is devoted to man and his works: his weapons, || his implements of home and jield,*' his seinon .'^ilucksalen n.ich seiner \'eitieilning aiis iler lleini.\t. vo» seinei\ TlKiten uiul Kiinsten, von Kanijifen und .Vrbeiten, von l.ii.st und l.eiil in lebendiger Schildeiung berichlet." * It is significant tliat the Anglo-Sa.xon enigma of the Creation is a fairly clo.se rendering of Aldhelm's J'>i.- Cri-iifum, adapting, however, its classical allusions to the lay understanding (see notes to /Ci\/. 41). AVt the barley; aiul we hear of the .sea- weed washed up 011 the beach in 3^*, 41*''. Into the Creation enigma .(41) lily and rose .u\d woiiiwNooil .iie .ill inivoiliKed. * M.uk the .iiUHMi.uni's of //|7 : 26'-', ne.dilu^e'lndmn nyt : 27-'", ni|'un\ to nytte; 33''. nioiuvnne nvt ; 35', hvie .vt nytte; 50'', him to nytte; 51'-, diyhtuin to nytte; 55", 56", nvt ; 59" ''. nvt . . . hyie [nioi\]ihyhtne ; 70'', luvlel'iim to nytte. It is cer- tainly signilicaiit th.U in the translation of Aldhclin's (';<•.;////■./ such phiases as /f'<'/"///('«(i'////(- (41-'") anil w.c/v A"' Wi'//////w (4i''') h,i\ e no equivalent in the latin. Leather {13), Ilom (15I, Hook (27), Mead (28). and ni.uiy lUhei thini;s ucount with pride their manifold uses. I 2", wadcwealm wera ; 6''. niiil aKUnn ; 7 ', m\rimu cyn ; 8'\ ofer h.x'leha bvht ; 9'''', eoiluni . . . ii\ lnnt;uni; 18", men genuman ; 19'-', maddan for mon- num; 21'-, for meugo ; 24'', gun\en.i hwv Icum ; 28', weor^ werum ; 30^*"^'', nrenig . . . vver.i ; 31"', weras ond wif ; 32''', vvcrum on vvonge: 33*'- '■', gnman biTicaN | lice ond heane ; 34" '-. ivldum . . . tiium on folce ; 35', in wera bnrgum; 36^-, for h;vle|'um ; etc. f Compare A"/./. 2-''' '"', 3" '" ; 4^ min fie.i ; 4'" ''"' ; 4'"', mines fte.m ; 4"'- "■* (each of these Storm riddles closes not onlv with foi nuil.i, but with rel.uion tc> loiiU ; 5''', l-egne miiuim ; s'', hlaford ; 7'"', min fre.i (('>:.:/); i8'"', frea; 21'-, frean minum ; 21^. waklend ; 3i'-'\ from \\\m he.ildeiule he me hiingas geaf ; 2I-'', frean ; 2i'-^', minum l-eodne ; ai'-**' '""^ 22''^-i", hlaford min; 22''*, l>enah; 24", se waldend ; 38'-, hegn fidgade ; 44'', esiie |'ena^"; 44''^'\ gif so esnc | his hlaforde hyre^" yfle | frean on fore ; 45-, frean (= esne) ; 50'', se wonna l-egn ; 55" ^ I'egn . . . esne ; 56^*^, frean ; 56'''. his mondvvhtne ; 57'^, minum hl.'iforde |';vr h.vle^' druncon ; 59'' hyre [mon]- divhtne; 59" '^ hl.lfordcs gifum, hyreN swa I'tana | l-eodne sinunt ; 62'^, frean . . . hoklunt heodne (see notes for wifely service) ; 71*, dryhtne min . . . ; 73**, fu'.m mines; 80' ^ ivhelinges ea.xlgestealla, | fyrdrinces gefara, frean minum leof, | cyuinges geselda ; 87'-. hegn folgade ; gi'"', fre.m mii^es ; 91'', min hk'ifoid; 93^, Frea min ; 93", frea. § The creature is ruled by the hands of a woman in AV./. 51"'. of a lord's daughter in AWi'. 46", o( a queen or earl's daughter in AV./. 80'' '', of a churl's daughter in FORM AND STRIICTURK OF IllK RIDDLKS Ixxxix Again, the immediate effeet of the unknown tiling; upon man is deseribed with spirit.* Thus in one way or the other llie close connection of the riddle-subject with mankind is revealed. Jn a still more potent fashion is life lent to tlie themes of our poems. Not only do the subjects of over half liie problems (fifty) speak in the first person t as in the Latin enigmas, not only is grammatical gender sometimes invoked to the riddler's aid,| but in many riddles the subject is quickened into full life. The riddler points to the living souls of his /vV(/. 26'', of a dark serving-woman {U\i/e) in A'id. 13 and 53; it is guided l)y a swart herdsman (AV(/. 72^"), and is turned by a priest (60). * A'h/. 26, 28, 29. t AV,/. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, II, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 36, 41, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85, 86 (mixture of ist and 3d persons), 88, 91, 92, 93, 95. It is perhaps significant that of the last thirty problems of the first group {Kid. 1-60) the only two that employ the first-i)erson subject (A'/V. 36, 41) are direct translations from Aldhelni. t The importance of grammatical gender in determining the sex of the riddles has been greatly exaggerated l)y both Cosijn (/'/?/>'. XXIII, 129) and Trautmann (/>'/>'. XIX, iSi), who quite unwittingly are harking back to the mythological theories of Max Miiller. In many Riddles, small account can be taken of this by reason of three common conditions, (i) The ivi/it of the opening lines leads to the use of feminine pronouns throughout the problem : 3o'''8.lo, 32^, 34*^'^, 35*''*'''') 37-'^, 4o'''',8io.>:'';' 578, 59^'', 68'', 87'"'. In two cases the gender of wi/it is more potent than that of the subject, even though the creature is named explicitly : 24'', leiigre (24^ Boi^a) ; 25^, glado (25'"^, I/igora). (2) The natural gender of the creature is determinative : 131^, s-.vcartne (Steer); 16'', onliiele (Badger mother) ; 39-''', him, he (Hull) as contrasted with 39'', hio (iviht) ; 'j'^, yldra (Ox). (3) The masculine and feminine gendErs are applied indiscriminately to the subject : 41'-^, streitgre, 41-*', wriestre, 41'-'^, betre, 41''^'*, hyrre, and ^1*'^, yldra, /^i^^'^^, brccdre ond ivtdgielra, 41''*, heardra, 41'''', hdtra, 41''^, s'tOPtrii, etc. ; 67^'-''', mare, Icesse, /i'ohfre . . . swiftre, and 67^", me sylfitm ; 36'', mec hewoylitiie, and Lcid. 3, mec biwortlur ; 70I, liyre, and 70'*, his; 85^, sylfii, and 85'''', s7viftre . . . s/re//griie (Anchor) ; 2I^ »il' 'ii'idgahim (Sword) ; 22^'^'', me goiigeiidre . . . hiiidc-.ceardre (Plow, sy/h) ; 38''''''''^, hr . . . him . . .feeder (masc. in spite of ivihtc \ l)ut the same subject is fern, in Kid. 87); ^o-, deu/ne dttmban (Bookcase); Si^'^"*, iciga . . .hone . . . /or.fhurj/gue {Vhe); 63''', mee . . . ceftatnveardne (Poker) ; 64, feminine (Beaker) ; 73*^ >ii? . . . frodiie XC IXTRODI'CTION creatures,* or else lie folKnvs the far more effective method of ascribing to beasts or even to inanimate things the traits and passions of men.f The |-)oems extol in their subjects sucli esscntiallv human qualities as heroic valor and pmwcss.l the love of family and friends, § the jov of good works. II grim hatred and malice towards mankind. '[ the loneliness of celilxUc and exile.** wisdom and ignorance, tt earthlv fame,|| and pride oi place ^^ : or else they dwell sadly and svmpathcticallv upon the (Lance) ; 77'''^, /[■^cliiise . . . itnsodene (Oyster) ; 8i^'^^, belcedsiiieorti . . . Jivrel- luoiiibiie (Weathercock) ; 88-^-'*, aiiga . . . l>idJ>orleas (Horn) ; 93^°, mec . . . imuiu- Xi'cardiie (Horn) ; 94-'', hyrre . . . smcarc (Creation ?) ; 95, masculine (Moon). As in many of these cases we cannot know what Angk">-Sa.\on word the riddler had in mind, it is hardly wise to assert even here that his choice of se.x w.is always determined by the grammatical gender of his subject. *^Vofness (83^-^^), and the Moon wanders sadly far from men (3o^'^-^*"i'', 40^"-\ 954,10,-.). tt The Moon reveals wisdom (95*'-^), and Bookmotli and Bookcase are unwit- ting of the contents of books (48. 50). It Both Sun and Moon are widely known to earth-dwellers (30. 95). §§ Battering-ram and Lance (54, 73) chant their early beauty, and the Horn sings of its happy days on the stag's head (93). FORM AiND STRUCTURE OF TJ11-: KIDDLES xci sufferings of the strange creatures, and, sadder still from the Germanic viewpoint, their inability to wreak revenge upon their foes.* Our riddles not only thus run the gamut of the ordinary human emo- tions, but they range from pole to pole of the English social life of their time. Some of them move in a world of high breeding and courtly usage, of lofty tone and temper like that of the Jnowii/f ^nd the heroic verse f — a world in which warriors shake their lances in the battle X and receive upon their shields the brunt of falling blows, § or extol their highly adorned swords in the wine-hall ;|| in which fair-haired women of rank bear the drinking-horn at the feast, 11 arm their lords for the hght,** and chide the swords that lay the heroes low. ft Many others are upon a plane of every- day life and action, of humble trades and occupations, $$ while a few de- scend into the depths of greasy doitli/e t'/ite/ite.%% Yet the line between high and low is not sufficiently distinct to indicate a different origin for riddles of different genre, inasmuch as a transition from one class to another sometimes takes place within the compass of a single problem. || || The Ridiih's do not conline themsekes to things of earth. The spiritual life of the early luiglish linds expression in a few of the poems. It is significant, as an indication of this religious feeling, that the classical mythology of Aldhelm's Dc Ciratiira is, in every case, Christianized and Germanized by his translator, 1[1I who exalts as shaper *The Shield (6), Sword (21), Book (27), Barley (29), Battering-ram (54), Ox (72), Lance ^73), Weathercock (81), Ore (83), and Stag-horn (88, 93), are the chief sufferers. In Rid. 21, 83, 93, the absence of revenge is a prominent motive. t See Brooke, Eiig. Lit. from the Beginniiii;, p. 159. Brand), Pauls Griiiidriss- II, 972, notes that the Kiddles are courtly, that they are steeped in the colors of the heroic epos. \ Rid. 73, 92. § Rid. 6, 71. II Rid. 2i»-i5. IF Rid. 8o'> 5 ; cf. 158-3. ** Rid. 62. This interpretation is very douljtful (see notes). tt^/V/. 2132-35. J I Such are the riddles of Plowman (22), O.xheid (72), Thresher (53), Onion- parer (26), Garlic -seller (86), Bell-ringer (5), Weaver (36, 57), Smith (38, 87), Flute-cutter (61), Bread-maker (46), Butter-maker (55). Cf. Brooke, Eiig. Lit. from the Beginning, p. 160. %\Rid. 26, 45, 46, 55, 62, 63. II II For instance, Rid. 62 begins on an elevated plane, and plunges into obscene jest, while hioitloc as applied to the Hen in Rid. 43'' suggests a burlesque of epic phrase. Yet one can hardly follow Trautmann in assigning Rid. 18, a mate in tone and temper to the warlike ' Bow' riddle (24), to the Oven. UT" See notes to Rid. 41. Cf. Prehn, p. 213. xcii INTRODUCTION and ruler se atni god* Here, as in several other riddles, t the creation is seemingly assigned to the Father alone ; but in one passage the work of shaping is ascribed to the Son X as in Cynewulf 's Christ, and in another to both the First and Second Persons. § God is elsewhere described by both usual and unusual epithets, || and, as often in the poetry. Heaven is praised as the land of glory, the abode of the angels, the fortress of God.H The beauty of God's Word,** the saving grace of prayer, ft and the wonder-working power of the Eucharist %% are extolled. Sacred vessels,! t Cross, §§ and perhaps Holy Water || || are reverently in- troduced as riddle-subjects. The Body and Soul legend finds a place, HIT and dim Apocalyptic allusions obscure the difficult Latin riddle.*** Despite this Christian element, Brooke is not wholly wrong in declar- ing : ttt ' The Riddles are the work of a man, who. Christian in name, was all but heathen in heart. . . . They are alive with heathen thoughts and manners. The old nature-myths appear in the creation gf the Storm- giant, who, prisoned deep, is let loose, and passes, destroying, over land and sea, bearing the rain on his back and lifting the sea into waves. . . . They appear again in the ever-renewed contest between the sun and the moon, in the iceberg shouting and driving his beak into the ships, in the wild hunt in the clouds, in the snakes that weave [?], in the fate god- desses [?], in the war-demons who dwell and cry in the sword, the arrow, and the spear [?] ; in the swan, who is lifted into likeness with the swan- maiden [?], whose feathers sing a lulling song. . . . The business of war, * Barnouw has an interesting note (p. 219) upon the use of this phrase (41-^) : ' Die bedeutung kann hier nur sein, " der Gott allein, der u. s. \v.," und nicht " der Eine Gott, der u. s. w.," well in diesem falle nur se an God moglich gewesen ware (vgl. 84^" an sunu, Ciith. A. 372 a se an oretta; Gen. B. 235 )>one anne beam). Bei dieser einzig moglichen auffassung verrat der christUche dichter seine noch heidnisch gefarbte anschauungsweise, welche wohl nicht der einfluss seiner klassi- schen kenntnisse, sondern die nachwirkung des alten volksglaubens sein vvird. Hochstwahrscheinlich haben wir hier also ein sehr altes ratsel.' t 85^ unc drihten scop ; 88^'^, unc gescop meotud. { 7I"-, Mec (Sunne) gesette s55 sigora waldend | Crist to compe. § 84^^^", fyrn forJigesceaft ; fasder ealle bewat | or ond ende, swj^lce an sunu. II 40-^, wuldorcyninges; 41'', reccend . . . cyning . . . anwalda, etc. ; 49^, helpend gSsta ; eo*, god nergende ; eo*', HSlend. 1 Rid. 67**, eo^-^-i^. ** Rid. 27, 68. tt Rid. 6oi-5f-. \\ Rid. 49, 60. Oblation and Consecration in these riddles recall the Canon of the Mass in the Sarum and York Missals. 'i^^Rid. 56; see Rid. 31. ill! Rid. 3i^"» (?). Cf. 84»8. m Rid. 44. *** Rid. 90. 1 1 ■^ A" //;,'■. /.//. froDi tlic Beginning, pp. I5S-15(;. FORM AND STRUCTURE OF THE RIDDLES xciii of sailini;- tlic ocean, of horses, of plundering and re]X'lling plunderers, of the fierce work of battle, is frankly and joyfully heathen.' Brandl goes to the other extreme:* 'Die Auffassung hat nichts heidnisches oder antilu'idnisches mehr, nicht einmal etwas mythisches.' In the first pages of this Introduction I have indicated the place of myths in the Kiddles. Careful analysis of our ( )ld luigiish art-riddles yields few indications of adherence to any normal form or plan, such as that derived by Petsch t from his study of riddles of the folk. Yet it is not unprofitable to trace ill our problems the appearance of each of the divisions that comjjosc humbler and more popular puzzles. The introductory framing element in folk-riddles consists of three parts : simple summons to guess, the stimulating of interest by the mention of person- or place- names, and the indication of the place of the subject. The first of these is represented in the Exeter Book collection by the large number of opening formulas, elsewhere considered, and in one case by a query. $ 'I'he -second is not found, but the third is very common, and takes two forms : sometimes being limited to a phrase of little import, sometimes extending into the body of the riddle § and constituting one of its chief motives. Of the use of proper names in the naming germ-element there is hardly a trace, || as the Riddles make no attempt to assign to their subjects a local habitation. But the runic riddles (see Soli/fions) are partly name or word problems. Description in the enigmas is of vari- ous kinds : in the ' monster ' riddles, If detailed enumeration of physical peculiarities ; in the obscene poems, an indefiniteness of indication ** * Pauls Griindriss'^ II, 971. \ Palaesira IV, 50 f. I Rid. 2^-'\ Hwylc is haele^a f'xs horse ond hass hygecrasftig | j'set hast mjege asecgan, etc. The formula-beginnings arouse attention by stressing the strange- ness or importance of the subject: 21^, 25^, 26^, 30-', 32^, 33^, 37-'^"^, 69^"^, 70^ etc. § Examples of the first are 34^, zefter wege ; 35I, in wera burgum ; 37I, on \vege ; 46^, on wincle ; 55^, in wincle ; 56^, 60^, in healle ; 86^, \xr weias sSton — these ])hrases cast little light upon the subject. Examples of the second are the watery home of the Barnacle Goose (11), the abodes of honey (28), the fields of barley (29), the mines of metal (36, 71), the threshing-floor of the Flail (53), the groves from which sprang Ram and Lance (54, 73), the marshy tidewater where the Reed grew (61), the sea that fed the Oyster (77), the stag-head that bore proudly the Horns (88, 93), — all valuable aids to the solution. II 63^, sujierne secg, and 72^^, inearcpa}>as IValas, are only seeming exceptions. t Rid. 32, 33, 35, 37, 59, 70, 81, 86. ** Rid. 26^, neohan ruh nathwSr; 46^, weaxan nathwa^t ;. 62^, ruwes nathwast ; 63**, on nearo nathwjer. xciv INTRODUCTION frequent in Volksrlifscl. Sometimes tlie subject is described as a whole through one trait ; * but usually through several distinguishing features, t As in the riddles of the Hen'arar Sc^ga.X four characteristics of the subject receive attention: color, § formj number-relation, IT and inner nature.** A wide range of vision, quick observation, and generous sym- path\' mark all the descri])tive work of our collection. The narratixe element in the Exeter Book RidiUcs is far larger than the purely descriptive. In many of the problems description is immedi- ately succeeded by narration,tt or else is wholly superseded by this.|| So under this head of narration, or the artistic treatment of action, may be considered a few of the dominant motives of our collection. One or two of these — the relation of the subjects to mankind, their human traits and poignant sufferings — have already been indicated. There remain others familiar to the student of riddle-poetry. The first of these themes is a change of state, by which the creature is bereft of early joys and woe is entailed upon him.§§ So the contrasts between youth and later * In two cases this method limits the problem to a single line : 69'', Wundor weanN on wege : waiter wearii to bane ; 75^"-, Ic swiftne geseah on swat'e feran | D N U H. But several riddles are devoted each to the elaboration of a single characteristic : the warlike spirit of the Anchor (17), the mimetic power of the Jay (25), the saving grace of the Communion Cup (60). t The ' Beech' riddle (92) is but a series of kennings, and the ' Horn ' enigmas (15,80) mark out the various uses of the subject. The cruelty of the Iceberg (34)' is supplemented by an account of its mysterious origin ; and the strange traits of the Weathercock (81) by a picture of its misery. \ See Heusler, Zs. d. I'.f. /'/•. XI, 147. § Notably in the pictures of the array of the Barnacle Goose (11), of Night's garment (12), of the Badger's markings (16), and of the Swallow's coat (58). II Cf. 19, 22l>"'\ 32, 33. 35, 37, 38, 45, 53, 56 (substance), 58, 81, 86, 87, 91. ISee 14, 23, 47. **This has already been discussed at sufficient length in connection with the human element in the Riddles. tt AV(/. 6, 12. 14, 16, 18. 21, 22, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 39, 45, 50, 51, 52, 54, 56. 58, 59' 63, 67, 70, 71, 72, 74, 80, 81, 84, 87, 91, 95. XI Kid. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 17, 20, 23, 27, 43, 46, 48, 55, 57, 61, 62, 66, 77. 83, 88, 93. In several riddles, pure description is limited to a single touch : 24-, wrx'llic ... on gewin sceapen ; 64'\ gla;d mid golde. §§ The Ram and Lance, deadly weapons, e.xtol their joyous life in the forest (54, 73) ; the O.x, goaded by the black herd, bewails its pleasant youth (72) ; and Honey (28), Barley (29), Reed (61), Oyster (77), Ore (83), and Horn (88, 93) all point to the happy days before they fell into the shaping hands of man. Only the Parchment (27) seems reconciled to its new condition. FORM AND STRUCTURE OF THE RIDDLES xcv life,* between the living and dead creature, f are forcibly stressed. This love of surprising contrasts leads not only to striking antitheses, $ but to that potent checking element of enigmatic personification, the fre- quent introduction of effectless causes and causeless effects. § Above all, the Riddles delight in movement, whether it be the rushing of the storm (2-4) or the gliding of the iceberg (34), the swift pace of t'og (75) and horse (20), the speed of the stag (93), the rapid flight of birds (8, 11, 58), the quick motion of the fish and the ceaseless flow of the river (85), the darting of the shuttle (57), the hurry of the pen in the hand of a ready writer (52), or even the wide wanderings of the Moon (30, 40, 95). The very themes impart rapidity to the poems, but the treatment is rapid as well, abounding in dynamic words || and compact phrases. IT The note of sorrow and suffering is often struck {supra), but, despite this, the Riddles create an impression of vivid and strenuous life which adds greatly to their charm. As in the folk-riddles, the final framing element in our problems is a formula of closing. The various forms of this have been discussed else- where ; so it is only necessary to note now that the larger number of these satisfy the conditions of more popular puzzles in their summons to guess, and in their insistence upon the difficulty of solution.** * Rid. 10 (Cuckoo), II (Barnacle Goose). \ Kid. 13, 39, 74, 85. See Wossidlo, No. 77 ; Petsch, p. 125. J Rid. 32'-*, 40, 41, 591°"!-. § Rid. 19^"^ ne masg word sprecan,| masldan for monnum, heah ic mul' h^bbe ; 48^, St^lgiest lie vvres | wihte )'y gleawra he he J^am wordum swealg ; 49^"-, [ierjen- dean . . . butan tungan ; 61^, muSleas sprecan ; 66^, cwico . . . ne cwae'5 ic wiht. Cf. 349-10, 388. 11 Notice the large number of these in the ' Storm ' riddles (2-4) and in dozens of others (30, 52, 74, 85, etc.). It is not surprising that the periphrastic preterit formed by the preterit of niman (c6m(on)), -|- an infinitive of motion, which occurs only twice in Cynewulf (Jul. 563, C/ir. 549), appears four times in the Riddles (23I, 34I, 55^ 861). T[ This is strikingly illustrated by the past participles of Rid. 29 and by the terseness of the obscene riddles. ** Such endings as those of Rid. 5, 29, 32, 33, 36, 40, 43, 44, 56, 68, 73, 84, recall the phrase of the folk : ' He is a zoise man who can tell me that.' xcvi INTRODUCTION VI THE MANUSCRIPTS The Exeter Book, most famous of all Leofric's donations to the new cathedral of the West, has already been so carefully described in another volume of this series* that we need consider now only the place of the Riddles in this celebrated codex. These enigmas occupy three different portions of the manuscript : f. loo b-i i5a(/v'/c/. 1-60 inclusive) ; f. 122 b- 123a i^Rid. 31 />, 61) ; f. 1 24b-i3ob (AV^/.62-95). Unfortunately for the student of the Riddles, it is these final pages of the Book, otherwise so well-preserved, that have suffered threeft)ld damage : (i) The last twelve leaves have been burned through by a piece of ignited wood which appears to have fallen upon the Book. The damaged places have a like shape upon all the leaves, decreasing, however, in size to the inner part of the codex, until on f. ii8b only one small burn is visible. t 'This serious accident has impaired or reduced to fragments all riddles at the middle of these injured pages : 31 /'" (i 22 b), 64'"^^ (125 a), 681" (^j2^ b^)^ ►^iT-io ^^^ ^2^-5 (126 a), 73'-° (126 b), 77"-^ and 78 (127 a), 8i"-i-^ and 82 (127 b), 84"-i» (128 a), 84^--^'' (128 b), 87^ and 881-" (129 a), 883*-35 ^^^ 89 (129 b), 928-^ and 931^ (130 a), 93-«'^-^ and 94 (130 b). (2) A page is certainly missing after f. 1 1 1. Rid. 41 (i 1 1 b, bottom) breaks off suddenly in the middle of a sentence (1. 108), and Rid. 42 (112 a, top) begins with equal abruptness. It is probable that a page has been lost after f. 105, as Rid. 21 closes abruptly at the bottom of the page without a closing-sign. (3) The last leaf has been stained on its outer side (130 b) by the action of a fluid on the ink. A few words have thus been rendered almost illegible (91", 93""). The first and greatest of these injuries has occasioned the use of strips of vellum for binding together the damaged half-pages. In course of time, these strips have become loosened ; and, by peering beneath them, 1 have been able to read many letters and even words not visible to Schipper and Assmann.f These I have duly included in my text. *Cook, The Christ of Cyne7uul/, pp. xiii-xvi. t See Schipper, Ge?-ma>iia XIX (1874), 327 ; Trautmann, Atiglia XVI, 207. X So also Trautmann, I.e. THE MANUSCRIPTS xcvii It is surprising that the chief aid to the study and reconstruction of the defective passages has been neglected by all students of the text of the Riddles. This is the facsimile copy made for the British Museum by Robert Chambers from 1831 to 1832.* Despite Wiilker's slighting criticism, t the transcript has great value, not only because it is in the main very trustworthy, t but because it preserves letters and words which are now obscure or invisible. § I have collated it carefully with my text. Discovery of hitherto unobserved letters in the Exeter Book itself, and the fairly rich yield of the British Museum transcript, constitute potent arguments against daring emendations of the greatly-damaged text — emendations which rest upon nothing but the ingenious fancy of the reconstructionist, and which arc in nearly every case ruled out of court * The flyleaf of the Exete?- Book bears, at the bottom of the page, this note of the Chapter Clerk : ' In 1831 this Book was entrusted to the British Museum for the purpose of being copied for that institution, and returned October, 1832.' And the facsimile, which is known as Add. MS. 9067, is approved by Sir Frederic Madden in this comment upon its fly-leaf : ' The whole of the present transcript has been collated by me with the original MS. belonging to the Dean and Chapter of the Cathedral of Exeter. Frederic Madden, Asst. Keeper of the MSS. Brit. Mu.s., Feb. 24, 1832.' We learn from Thorpe's Introduction to his Codex Exoni- ensis (p. xii) that the original manuscript was brought back to Exeter in time for his use. Nothing, therefore, could be farther from truth than Brandl's surprising statement {Pauls Griindriss'^ II, 946) that 'Thorpe's text {Codex Exoniensis) is based upon the transcript by Robert Chambers.' t 'Obgleich laut einer Bemerkung in der Abschrift Madden selbst eine Collation der Abschrift mit dem Urtexte 1831-1832 vornahm, ist dieser Text durchaus nicht voUstandig zuverlassig ' {GrumMss, p. 222). X Kemble derives his text of the Traveler's Song (\Vidsi&) from this source, which he calls ' an accurate and collated copy ' {Beo7vttlf, 2d ed., p. 26) ; and Gn.-W. Bibl. collates it with the codex in its text of ' Vater unser' (II, 2, 227), ' Gebet ' (II, 2, 217), and ' Lehrgedicht ' (II, 2, 280), but neglects it strangely in its text not only of the Riddles but of the Ruin (I, 297), the Husband's Message (I, 306) and the Descent into Hell (III, 176), where it furnishes valuable aid. In the transcript of the Riddles I note only these errors : gefrcrtn iox gefrcrgn (68^), ratlice for ^vra-tlice (68^), hine for h'rtte (93'^-), eow Jxrs for eorpes (93"^^). The imitation of the upright well-formed English minuscules of the Exeter Book is surprisingly good; and all gaps due to damage are skillfully indicated. §1 cite only a few of many instances: 21^, Edd., citing MS. incorrectly, rice; MS. and B. M. sace; 72^ B. M. oft ic, not seen by Assmann or Schipper, nor by me ; 8i^°, B. M. orst . . . eose&; 81^'^, I read in MS., before sceaft, meet . . . , not seen by Assm., Sch. ; B. M. « w/W; 84^''^, MS., after nnr, I read st, not seen by Assm., Sch. ; B. M. tnces ; 881°, B. M. }>eana for xoeana (Edd.) ; 93^8^ MS. oft vie, visible to me but not to Edd. ; B. M. oft me. xcviii INTRODUCTION by a more thorough study of the manuscript and of the early copy.* Three considerations have dictated to editors and critics violent distor- tions of the text of the Riddles. The first of these has been the desire to wrest the reading of the manuscript into accord with some far- fetched solution. As I have already shown, f the text may be without flaw, it may indeed contain a reading confirmed by many parallel pas- sages in the Riddles themselves ; but if it dues not accord with the editor's answer of the moment he alters in Procrustean fashion. J Sec- ondly, a metrical a-priorism that brooks no freedom of verse has naturally led to arbitrary assaults upon the integrity of many passages. § And finally, inability to grasp the pcfetic perspective of the Old English has caused the unwarrantable rejection of some of the most striking phrases and kennings in our early poetry. || The foolishly named ' curse of con- servatism ' is far preferable to the itch of rash conjecture. 1[ I have there- fore sought to show due respect to a text which in its undamaged portions is excellent, and have emended only with ^■alid reasons.** In the manuscript the beginnings of the several riddles are marked by large initial letters, and the endings by signs of closing, : 7 or : - or : - : 7.tt f '■> '^ f<-'\v cases these indications are lacking. There is no such sign at the end of Rid. 3, which concludes, however, at the bottom of a page (loi a) ; at the ends of 21 and 41, where abrupt terminations indi- cate missing pages ; nor at the conclusions of 43 and 48, each of which is followed on the same line by the opening words of the next riddle. * Almost without exception, Dietrich's suggested readings i^/Liiipts Zs. XI) have been invalidated by reference to the original te.xt. Holthausen is equally unfortunate : manuscript and transcript flatly contradict his emendations of 77^, Si^", 83''', 93-*i 94"i and confirm his additions only in such obvious omissions as 68* [n]en>te (B. M. thcniie) and 84"" [e (87^) and briinrn I'i-ot (92^). See notes to these passages. IT Sievers utters dignified protest {PBB. XXIX, 305-331) against 'die tendenz bei der behandlung unsrer alten dichtungen persiinliche willkiir des urteils an die stelle geduldiger vertiefung in die zur rede stehenden probleme zu setzen.' ** All emendation has its pitfalls, as I have found to my cost. Professor Bright objects with reason to the double alliteration in 73-^'' of my text, and plausibly proposes Jl^san sp }>e mine \ \sdhi\ cunne, sas;a hiiurt ic hdtte. tt The symbol at the end of Rid. 5 is doubtless a closing sign. THE MANUSCRIPTS xcix Marks of closing arc wrongly used after the fifteenth line of Kid. 28 (28"^^^, written as a separate riddle, may thus serve to connect the two problems of like subjects, 28 and 29) and after the opening formula of Kill. 69 (which is, however, a useless prefix to the real riddle-germ in the third line). The end of the enigma is sometimes emphasized by the inclusion of its last word or words in a bracket on the next line, as in Kid. 38, 46, 54, 71, 86. The Exeter Book scribe regularly separates compounds whose second member also has a heavy stress.* He severs prefixes from their roots and appends them to preceding words.f He even separates the syllables of a simplex, t Finally, he achieves impossible combinations. § \'ery few abbreviations are employed by the scribe. || The conjunction Ofid is always represented by the sign •].1[ The ending -itm (JncVrwi, biirgum, etc.) sometimes appears as /?, and sometimes unabbreviated ; ** poiine always figures as l^on, and h^'t frequently as p. fo and d are used arbitrarily. tt i'he uncontracted gerundial form with -ne {to hycgan?ie, to secganne) appears so consistently, even when the meter demands the contracted, It as to suggest a similar consistency in the earliest version * This habit, common among Old English scribes (see Keller, Palaestra XLIII, 51), not infrequently leads to ambiguity: compare 18^, eodor wirum; 2^^*,/(Ct h digest; 31^, tig bysig. t As in the Beoiv7ilf^\?>., the chief offender in this regard is ge-: compare 4-'', hyge mitta& {/ly gemitta&) ; 4^8, fiege riTce& (/.f ge7-(ece&) ; 10'^, niiiige sceafu {min gesceapu) ; i^^, swage imrdde {swa geitucdde) ; 39^, mege scrde {me ges. I have tried to adhere to the use in the codex. It See Rid. 29^^, 32^^ 40^^ 42^, etc.; 88-^""'', fieininan ne iiiT/ie is obviously freminaiine nie/re. Like Krapp in his edition of the Andreas, I have given in all such cases the inflected form of the manuscript. C INTRODUCTION of the text. The signs or accents (0 over vowels in the manuscript * fall upon long vowels, and nia\- therefore be regarded as marks of length — save in one or two cases, t The recent readings of the Northumbrian \ariant of Rid. 36, the so- called Leiden Riddle (see variant notes), unfortunately reached me too late for inclusion in my text, but have been printed bv me in the notes, without comment. I Thorpe, in his Codex Exoniensis, follows the threefold di\ision in the MS., and prints the Riddles in three groups, pp. 380-441, 470-472, 479-500; but, as Grein pointed out, ^Riddle /' of Thorpe's second group (p. 470) is merely a variant of Rid. 31, and Thorpe's 'Riddle III'' of this division (p. 472) is no riddle at all but the beginning of The Husband's Message.% T'horpe omits from his text six riddle- fragments. Grein || follows Thorpe's reading of the manuscript, and, by drawing four riddles into two, gives us eighty-nine in all. In his notes upon the Exeter Book text, Schipper H supplies the missing frag- ments. He is followed bv Assmann,** who thus swells the numlxT to ninety-five. tt Trautmannlt regards Rid. 2, 3, 4, as one riddle, and Grein's 37 and 68 each as two. I adhere to the numeration of the Grein- W'iilkcr text, bracketing, however. • the First Riddle ' as a thing apart. §§ * These are recorded in Gn.-\V., Bihl. Ill, 243. t Gumrinc {87'') ; (' (55^) ; on {7", 21'-^, 22"). The mark after / in p'lie.v (41*'*') may be either a macron (Schipper) or an abbreviation-sign (Assmann). t The forms &>-t-auugi&rirc and nynn (^Leid. 6, 9), reported by Dr. Schlutter, are far more apt than the Exeter Book variants, and moreover find abundant support '\\\ h^'Sunngspinl, ' calamistrum ' (Napier, O. E. Glosses, Nos. 1200, 4646, 5328), and in nuyndecreft, 'ars plumaria' (Sweet, O. E. Texts, p. 43, Corpus Gl. 217), to which B.-T. long since pointed in this connection. On the other hand, the meter strongly opposes the new readings oi Leid. !•■*, 8'\ 14'^''. § Hicketier, Anglia XI, 364, thinks that the ' Message ' is a riddle ; and, as we have seen, Strobl, Haupts Zs. XXXI, 55, seeks to show that it is a solution of the preceding riddle {Kid. 61), the two forming a IVettgedicht. On the other hand VA.s.cV.XiwxVi, Jour)ial of Germanic riiilology III, i, sets forth the pretty and ingen- ious theory that Kid. 61 should not be regarded as an enigma, but should be united with the ' Message ' into a lyric. See my notes to Kid. 61. II Bibl. der ags. Poesie II, 369-407. \Germania XIX, 32S, 334, 335, 337, 33S. ** Grein-Wiilker, BiH. der ags. Poesie III, 183-23S. tt The fragments are Nos. 68, 78, 82, 89, 92, 94. XXAnglia, Bh. V, 46. §§ The various editions of single riddles will be cited under this liead in my Bibliography. Thorpe, Grein, and Assmann (Grein-Wiilker) furnish the only complete texts. BIBLIOGRAPHY I. THE MANUSCRIPTS The Exeter Book. F. ioob-ii5a (Riddles 1-60, inclusive); 122 b-i23a (31 /;, 61); 124 b-i3ob (62-95). HiCKES, George. Linguarum Vett. Septentrionalium Thesaurus Grammatico- Criticus et Archaeologicus, III, 5 (Facsimiles of Riddles 20, 25, 37, 65, 75, 76). London, 1703. Chambers, Robert. British Museum Transcript of the Exeter Book (Addit. MS. 9067). 1831-1832. Grein, C. W. M. Bibliothek der angelsachsischen Poesie. Final page (Facsimile of Riddle 37, after Ilickes). Goettingen, 1858. Codex Leiden, Voss Q. 106. F. 24b. Leiden Riddle (Northumbrian version of Riddle 36). Dietrich, Franz. Commentatio de Kynewulfi Poetae Aetate, p. 27 (Facsimile of Leiden Riddle). Marburg, 1858. Schlutter, OiTd 1!. Das Leidener Ratsel (Reproduction, critical te.xt, and translation). Anglia, XXXII (1909), 384-388. II. EDITIONS AND EXTRACTS* Conybeare, J. J. Illustrations of Anglo-Saxon Poetry, pp. 208-213 (Riddles gi-a.i^ 468-74^ 23, 47, 67, 90). London, 1826. MuLLER, I». C. Collectanea Anglo-Saxonica, pp. 63-64 (Kiddles 6, 27). Ilav- niae, 1835. Thorpe, Benj. Codex Exoniensis, pp. 380-441 ; 470-472 ; 479-500. London, 1842. Wright, Thomas. Biographia Britannica Literaria, I, 79-82 (Riddles 14, 20, 29, 47). London, 1842.! Klipstein, L. F. Analecta Anglo-Saxonica, II, 337-340 (Riddles 14,29, 47, 62, 74, 58). New York, 1849. EttmIjm.er, LuDovrcus. Engla and Seaxna Scopas and Boceras, pp. 2S9-300 {Riddles 3-6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 23, 27-30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 61, 80, 86, 33, 47, 67, 20). Quedlinburgii et Lipsiae, 1850. Grein, C. W. M. Bibliothek der angelsachsischen Poesie, II, 369-407. Goet- tingen, 1858. Rieger, Max. Alt- und angelsachsisches Lesebuch, pp. 132-136 (Riddles 3, 6, 15, 27, 30, 36, Leiden, 48). Giessen, 1861. ScHii'i'EK, Julius. Zum Codex Exoniensis. Germania, XIX (1874), 328, 334, 335, 337. ll>^- * The order of the titles is chronological. The readings of Wright and Klipstein have not been included among my variants, as they are too inaccurate to merit record. cii KiDDi.i.s oi" 11 ii; i;\i:ri;K r.ooK Swi'.Ki, IIknuy. oldest luiglish Ti-xts, pp. i.|>)-i5i (Loiilrn Kiddle). ICarly l-'.iiglish Te.\t Society 83, 1SS5. An AngloSaxdiv Reader, pp. 164-167 (Kiddles 8, 10, 15, 27, 30, 48, 58), p. 176 (l.eiden). iMglitli eilition, Oxford, 190S. MacI.I'.AN, ( 'i. 1'".. .All < 'Id and Middle iMigli.sli Keatler (on the ba.sis of Piofessor Iiiliiis Ziipit/a'.s .All uiul millelenglisches llhiingshiich), pp. XX\-XXXI, 4-5 (Kiddle 16). New N'.iik, iS();,. Ki.i(;i, I'Ki I |)K icii. .\ni;els;u hsi.selie.s l.eselnuh, pp. ii^i-it;;. (Kiildles i, 15, 36, i.eideii). 2i\ ed, iialle. 1X07. \\'ri.KiK. K. !'. r.ililiiilhel< del angelsiiehsisi hen I'oesie, III, iSv-^i^- Kiddles (ediled hv Kiiino .\ssiiiann). Leip/ig, iS.j;. Keviewed l>y 1'. I lolth.uisen, .Viigli.i, iieilil.ill, IX (iSi)9), 357. Tkmimwn, M. I, lu his editiK(i()Kr. .S iiirioKi' A. The History of l'".,iilv I'.nglish I.iteratuie (Riddles 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, II, 15, 16, 17' ■', 21, 22, 23 paraphrase, 24, 28, 29, 30, 34, 35- ••■ ""■ 36, 39, 4i'*'-'''' ii'-ii'", 52, 54, 56, 57, 58. 61, 72'' '-• ''''", 73 paraphrase, 80, 81''"'", 88i''.-iT. 'i-i-ii^ 93'-'-, 95). New Wnk. 1S02. I'oDK. A. S., aiul 'I'lNKi'K. ('. 1'.. Select Ti.iusl.it ions from CMd I'.nglish Poetry, jip, 01 oj (Kiddle 61, 1'". .\. lUaelvbiirn) ; pp. 70-75 (Kidilles 2, 3, 8. 15, 24, 27, •28,80, 11. 1>. Hioughain). Koston, n)02. Tk \r IM \\N. MoKHV. bonnei r.eiliai;e /ur .\nL;lislik, X 1 X (Kjos). I(>7-2 15 (Kid- dles II, 12. 14. 18. 26. 30. 45, 52. 53. 58, 74, 80, 95, 31). W \Kui N. K \ 11 M. ,\ Tre.isuiv of I'.ii^lish literature (from the Beginning to the I'-ighleenth Cenlniv). with an liiliodiution by Stopford .A. Brooke (Riddles 2, 3,6,8,30; Wiilkei's text with ,1 pn>se version in Moilern English). l,ondi>n, 1 900. IV. 1,AN(U'A(;K ANO AlKTKRt 1! \KNoi \v. .\. 1. Textkritisihe I'nteisneluingen nach dem Cebraneh des be- stinunten Artikels und de.s schwachen Adjectivs in der altenglischen I'oesie. Leiden, 1902. CosiiN, v. ]. Anglosaxonica IV. Raul nnd Rraunes Beitriige, XXIIl (180S), 12S f. • ■flu- okUm- o( liiU-s is ,hi.>iiol.ii;ic,il. 1 I'lu- ou\vv of tillcs is .dpii.ibctic.il. I'.ir.i.iocKAriiN' liii I'ki I III', r. Mclrisi lies iiiul Spi.u lili( lies /ii ( 'yiu-wiiU's I'llciic, |uli,in:i iiiul ii hi imj^cii. Iiidogerniaiiisclio l''()isiiiung('n, IV (iS<),)), ^.S6 f. Zii all- imd iiiillclciir.iisi lien I )i( hi uii^cn, X \'. Aiipii.i, X X I \' (kjcu), 264-267. Zur Textkiilik .i]l.iij;lis( lici I )ii lilmij^cn. I^nj^lisc he .Siudicn, XXXVII ( 1 906), 20S I'. Janskn, ( 1. Hcilr;ii;i; zur SyiKnivinik iiiul I'oclik dri :iiij;(niciii ;ds iu hi anor- kaniitcn 1 )i< hi iiiif^cn ( 'yiu'w nils. Miitislci, i.SSj. Kl.AllMK, I'KI I III; ic II. I''.m(nd.ili(ins in ( )ld l''.ii^iish I'dciiis. Mddciii rhiiojoj^y, II (1904), i.|5-i.|(i. Kiitsel XII, 3f. An;;lia, IWiiiiall, XVII ( Hjod), 300. Kl.uci';, I''i ^-4-^3-- Ohlert, Konr.\d. Ratsel und Gesellschaitsspiele der alten Griechen. Berlin, 18S6. Petsch, Robert. Neue Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Volksriitsels. Palaestra IV. Berlin, 1899. PiTRE, GiusErrE. Indovinelli, Dubbi, Scioglilingua del Popolo Siciliano (Biblio- teca delle Tradizioni Popolari Siciliane, XX). Torino-Palermo, 1S97. Plutz, Hermann. Ueber den Saengerkrieg auf Wartburg nebst einem Beitrage zur Litteratur des Raethsels. ^Yeimar, 1851. Prehn, August. Komposition und Quellen der Ratsel des Exeterbuches. Neu- philologische Studien, Drittes Heft, pp. 145-285. Paderborn, 1SS3. Reviewed by Holthaus, Anglia, VII, Anzeiger, pp. 120 f. Reusner, Nicolas. Aenigmatographia sive Sylloge Aenigmatum et Griphorum Convivalium. Frankfort, 1602. RiESE, Alexander. Anthologia Latina. I, 221-246, Symphosii scholastici Aenig- mata. I, 351-370, Aenigmata Codicis Bernensis 611. Leipzig, 1S94. RoLL.\Nn, Eugene. Devinettes ou Enigmes populaires de la France. Avec une preface de M. Gaston Paris. Paris, 1877. ScHENKL, Karl. Zur Kritik spaterer lateinischer Dichter (St. Gall MS. 196, p. 390). Sitzungsberichte der phil.-hist. Classe der Kais. Akademie der Wissen- schaften (Wien), XLIII (1863), 17-18. Schleicher, August. Litauische Marchen, Sprichworte, Ratsel und Lieder, pp. 191-211. Weimar, 1857. SiMROCK, Karl. Das deutsche Rathselbuch. Dritte Auflage. Frankfurt a. M.,o. J. Therander, Huldrich. Aenigmatographia Rythmica. Magdeburg, 1605. TUPPER, Frederick, Jr. The Comparative Study of Riddles. Modern Language Notes, XVIII (1903), 1-8. Originals and Analogues of the E.xeter Book Riddles. Modern Language Notes, XVIII (1903), 97-106. The Holme Riddles (MS. Harl. i960). Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, XVIII (1903), 211-272. Riddles of the Bede Tradition. Modern Philology, II (1905), 561-572. Tylor, E. B. Primitive Culture. Fourth edition. London, 1903. Uhland, Ludwig. Schriften zur Geschichte der Dichtung und Sage. Stutt- gart, 1863. Wackernagel, Wilhelm. Sechzig Ratsel und Fragen (Augsburger Ratselbuch, ' um 1515'). Haupts Zeitschrift, III (1843), -5~34- BIBLlOtJRAPHY Cvii WossiDLO, Richard. Mecklenburgische Volksiiberlieferungen. I. Teil (Ratsel). Wismar, 1897. Wright, Thomas. Anglo-Latin Satirical Poets, II, 525-573. Rolls Series, 1S72. WUnsche, August. Ratselweisheit bei den Hebraem. Leipzig, 18S3. Das Ratsel vom Jahr und seinen Zeitabschnitten in der Weltlitteratur. Kochs Zeitschrift fiir vergleichende Lilleraturgeschichte, N. F., IX (1896), 425-456. VII. OLD ENGLISH LIFE AND CULTURE* Akerman, J. Y. Remains of Pagan Saxondom. London, 1S55. Andrews, C. M. The Old English Manor. Johns Hopkins University Studies, extra vol. 12. Baltimore, 1882. Bell, Thomas. The History of British Quadrupeds. London, 1874. BuDDE, Erich. Die Bedeutung der Trinksitten in der Kultur der Angelsachsen. Jena Dissertation, 1906. CoRTELYOU, J. VAN Z. Die altenglische Namen der Insekten, Spinnen- und Krus- tenthiere. Heidelberg, 1906. De Baye, The Baron, Joseph. The Industrial Arts of the Anglo-Saxons. Trans- lated by T. B. Harbottle. London, 1893. Du Chaillu, p. B. The Viking Age. New York, 1890. Fairholt, F. \V. Costume in England. London, 1885. Grimm, Jacob. Teutonic Mythology. Translated from the fourth edition by Stallybrass, J. S. London, 1S82-1888. Gummere, F. B. Germanic Origins. New York, 1892. Harting, J. E. Extinct British Animals. London, 1880. Hehn, Victor. Kulturpflanzen und Ilausthiere in ihrem Uebergang aus Asien. Siebente Auflage.' Berlin, 1902. Hewitt, John. Ancient Armor and Weapons in Europe. Oxford, 1855-1860. Heyne, Moritz. Ueber Lage und Construction der Halle Heorot im angelsjich- sischen Beowulfliede. Halle, 1864. Fiinf Biicher deutscher Hausaltertiimer, 3 vols. Leipzig, 1899-1903. IIoDGETTS, J. F. Older England. London, 1884. Hoops, Johannes. Ueber die altenglischen Pflanzennamen. Freiburg, 1SS9. WaldbJiume und Kulturpflanzen im germanischen Altertum. Strassburg, 1905. Jordan, Richard. Die altenglischen Saugetiernamen. Heidelberg, 1903. Eigentiimlichkeiten des anglischen Wortschatzes. Heidelberg, 1906. Keller, May L. Anglo-Saxon Weapon Names. Heidelberg, 1906. Kemble, J. M. The Saxons in England. London, 1876. Knight, Charles. A Pictorial History of England, vol. I. London, 1855. Klump, W^ilhelm. Die altenglischen Handw-erknamen. Heidelberg, 1908. Lehmann, Hans. Ueber die Waffen im ags. Beowulfliede. Germania, XXXI (1886), 487 f. Brunne und Helm im ags. Beowulfliede. Leipzig, 1885. Leo, IIeinkich. Rectitudines Singularum Personarum. Halle, 1842. * This list includes only the more frequent references. The illuminated MSS. and grave-finds of the Old English period in the British Museum have been examined. cviii KlDDl.KS OF THE EXETER P.OOK LiEBERMANN, FiiLix. Gercfa. Anglia, IX (1886), 251-265. LuNiNG, Otto. Die Natur, ihre Auffassung und poetische Verwendung in der altgermanischen und mittelliochdeutschen Epii<. Ziirich, iS8y. Mead, W. E. Color in Old English Poetry. Publication.s of the Modern Lan- guage Association of America, XIV (1899), 169-206. Meuhach, Hans. Das Meer in der Dichtung der Angelsachsen. Breslau, 18S4. Merhot, Reinhoi.d. Aesthetische Studien zur ungelsiichsischen Poesie. Bres- lau, 1883. RoEHKR, K. Die Familie bei den Angelsachsen. Halle, 1899. ScHMin, Reinhdi.I). Die Oesetze der Angelsachsen. Leipzig, 185S. ScHiu.TZ, Alwin. Das hiifische Leben zur Zeit der Minnesinger. Leipzig, 1 879-1 880. Smith, C. Roach. Collectanea Antiquu. London, 1S6S. Stkutt, Joseph. Horda Angelcynnan. London, 1775. Dress and Habits of the People of England. London, 1842. Sports and Pastimes of the People of England. London, 1903. Traill, H. D. Social England, vol. L Second edition. New York and Lon- don, 1894. Turner, Sharon. The History of the Anglo-Saxons. Seventh edition. Lon- don, 1S52. WAirKNUACH, WiLHELM. Das Schriftwcsen im Mittelalter. Zweite Auflage. Leipzig, 1875. Weinhold, Karl. Altnordisches Leben. Berlin, 1856. Deutsche Frauen. Berlin, 1882. West\Vooi>, |. O. Facsimiles of Miniatures and Ornaments of Anglo-Sa.xon and Irish Manuscripts. Oxford, 1S68. "Whitm.\n, C. 11. Birds of Old English Literature. Journal of Germanic Philol- ogy II (1898), 149 f- The Old English Animal Names. Anglia, XXX (1907), 3S0-393. Wright, Thomas. A History of Domestic Manners and Sentiments in England in the Middle Ages. London, 1846. Anglo-Saxon and Old F-nglish Vocabularies. Second edition by WiJLKER, R. P. London, 1S84. The Celt, the Roman and the Saxon. Fourth edition. London, 1885. Note. Readings and suggestions ascribed to the general editors of this series, Professors Bright and Kittredge, are drawn from personal communications to the editor. ABBREVIATIONS A. L. Aitcie?ti Laius (Thorpe). And. Andreas (Krapp's edition). Anth. Lat. Riese, Ant/iolog-ia Latina. A MS. Atizeiger. Diiht. Grein, Dichtungen der Aiigel- stic7/st'/t. Diet. Sweet, Student's Dictionary of Anglo-Saxon. Ap. The Fates of the Apostles, Bibl. II, Dietr. Dietrich, Ilaupts Zs., XI, XII. 87-91. Archiv, Ilerrigs Archiv. Archiv filr das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Litteraturen. A.-S. Anglo-Saxon. Az. Azarias, Bibl. II, 491-520. Barnouw. Textkritische Untersiichun- gen. BB. Bo>itier Beit rage zitr Anglistik. Bb. Anglia, Beiblatt. Beow. Beowulf Bibl. I, 149-277. Bibl. Grein-Wiilker, Bibliothek der angelsdchsischen Poesie. Bl. Blackburn, Jouj-nal of Germanic Philology, III, if. Bl. Horn. B tickling J/otnilies. B. M. British Museum transcript. Brun. Battle of Brunanburh, Bibl. I, 374-379- B.-T. Bosworth-Toller, Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Chr. Christ (Cook's edition). Cleasby-Vigfusson. Icelandic- English Dictionary. Con. Conybeare, Illustrations. Cos. Cosijn. C.P. Miiller, Cdthefier Program »i . Cr. De Creatura (Aldhelm). Craft. Bi Monna Cncftuin, \V\h\. Ill, 140-143. Da7i. Daniel, Bibl. II, 476-515. Deor. Deor''s Lament, Bibl. I, 278-280. Dream. Dream of the Rood, Bibl. II, 1 16-125. Edd. Editors. E. E. Lit. Brooke, Early English Lit- erature. E. E. T. S. Early English Text So- ciety. El. Elene, Bibl. II, 126-201. E. S., Engl. Stud. Englische Studien. Ettm. Ettmliller, Engla and Seaxna Scopas. Exod. Exodus, Bibl. II, 445-475. Fad. Eicder larcividas, Bibl. I, 353- 357- Fates. Fates of Men {^Pi Manna Wyr- dum), Bibl. Ill, 148-151. Frucht. Metrisches und Sprachliches. Gen. Genesis, Bibl. II, 318-444. Gn. Grein, Bibliothek. Gn.2 Grein, Germania, X, 423. Gn. Cot. Gnomes of the Cotton A/S., Bibl. I, 338-341- Gn. E.x. Gnomes of Exeter Book. Bibl. I. 341-352- C,r^ Sievers, Old English Grammar, third edition. Grundriss. Wiilker, Grundriss zur Geschichte der angelsdchsischen Litte- ratur. Gil. Guthlac, Bibl. Ill, 54-94. ex KIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK liar. Harrowing of IIcll, Bibl. Ill, Met. Meters of Boeihius,V^\h\.\\\,2A,-]- 175-180. 303. Haiipts Zs., II. Z. Zeitschrft fin- Jenl- se/ies Altertliuin. Herzf., Ileizfeld. Die Kiitscl des E.xeter- hue lies. //. .1/. Husband's Message. Bibl. I, 309- Holth. IIohhaiKsen. Horn. Horn Hies. Horda. Stiutt, Ilorda Angeleynna. Hpt. Gl. Angelsachsische Glossen {Haupts Zs. IX, 401-530). //r. Hymns, Bibl. II, 211-2S1. M. II. G. Middle High German. M I. X. Modern language Xotes. Mod. Bi Mauna Mode, Bibl. Ill, 144- 147. M. />., Mod. Phil. Modern Pliilology. X. E. D. Xeio English Dictionary. O. E. Old Enj;lish. O. F. Old French. O. n.G. Old High German. O. N. Old Nor.'ie. Icel. Icelandic. /. /■". hidogermanische Eorschungen. I. G. Islcnzkar Gdtur. Jansen. Beitrdge ziir Sytionyniik. Jud. Judith, Bibl. Ill, 1 17-139. Jul. Juliana, Bibl. II, 294-314. Keller. Miss Keller, Anglo-Saxon JVeapon A'atnes. Kl. Kluge, A ngelsdelisise/ies I.esebuch. Klaeb. Klaeber. Kp. u. Ht. Hehn, Kulturpfanzen und Ilausthiere. Lchd. Cockayne, Leechdoms. Leas. Bi Monna Lease, Bibl. II, loS- 1 10. Leid. Leiden Riddle. Litt-Bl. Deutseltes litteratur-Blatt. M. Midler, Colleetanea. Madert. Die Spraclte der altenglisch'en Sat. Christ and Satan, Bibl. II, 521- Kdtsel. 562. Maid. Battle of Maldon, Bibl. I, 35S- Sch. Schipper, Genua nia, XIX, 32S- -.■7-. ^,c McL. McLean, Old and Middle Eng- Schmid. Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen. lish Reader. Seaf Seafarer, Bibl. I, 290-295. M. E. Middle English. Shipley. The Genitive Case in Anglo- Men. Menologium, Bibl. II, 2S2-293. Sa.von Poetry. Pan. Panther, Bibl. Ill, 164-166. PBB. Paul und Braune's Beitrdge zur Geschiihte der deuischeti Spraehe und Literatur. Ph. Phani.v, Bibl. Ill, 95-116. /'. /.. Patrologia Latina. P. M L. A. Publications of the Modern Language Association of America. Prehn. Kotnposition und Quellen der Rats el des E.xeterhuches. Ps. Psalms, Bibl. Ill, 329-4S2. Ps. Psalms (Vulgate). R. Rieger, Alt- und angelsdchsisches Lesebuch. Rid. Riddles. R. S. P. Rectitudines Singularum Per- sonarum. Run. Runic Poem, Bibl. I, 331-337. Sal. Salomon ond Saturn, Bibl. Ill, 304-3 2 S. ABBREVIATIONS Cxi Siev. Sievers. ]]'/>. n. Kp. Hoops, IVahibiiume itiid St'///. So/// (///(/ Pfldy, Ribl. II, 92- K/i/t/irpJlai/zen. 107. Wilis. Wilis i&, Bibl. I, 1-6. Spy. Grt\n, Spraciisckaiz. Wond. Woi/ders of Creatio/z^WWA. Ill, Sw. ^\SQii.\., Angio-Saxon Reader. 152-155. Sym. Symphosius. Wossidlo. i\icck/ci//n/rgisc//el'o/l;s/'//>cr- liefer// i/gc I/. T. Editor's reading of MS., usually WW. Wright -Wiilker, A/zg/o-Saxo// cited in first person. ai/d 0/d F.i/g/isl/ Vocabiz/arics. Til. Thorpe, Codex Exoniensis. Tr. Trautmann. Zs. d. I'.f 17:. /.e/tsc//rift des I'ere/ns fi/r T'o/Zces/cz/i/dc. W . Wiilker (Assmann), Bibliotiiek der Zs. f d. M. Zeitsci/r/ft fiir de//tsi//e (./)/ge/sdcl/sisc//en Poesie, III, 183- J\/yt//o/ogie. 238. Zs. f d. PI/. Ze/tscl/rift fiir de/ttsche Wand. Wanderer, I5ibl. I, 2S4-289. P//i/o/ogie. RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK I [Leodum is mlnum swylce him mon lac gife : [loo^mid] willaS hy hine apecgan, gif he on preat cymeS. Ungelic is us. Wulf is on lege, ic on oj^erre ; faest is fset eglond fenne biworpen, 5 sindon waelreowe weras peer on ige : willat5 hy hine aj'ecgan, gif he on preat cymeS. Ungelice is lis. Wulfes ic mines widlastum wenum hogode ; fonne hit wses renig weder ond ic reotugu saet, lo fonne mec se beaducafa bogum bilegde : wses me wyn to )'on, waes me hwgepre eac laS. [Mm] wTalf, min wulf, wena me pine seoce gedydon, }nne|seldcymas, [loi*] murnende m5d, nales meteliste. 15 Gehyrest )m, Eadvvacer? Uncerne earne hwelp I I Leo [Quae de se ipso Cynewulfus tradiderit, Halle, iS^j, p. 22), Imelmann {Die altenfflisc/ie Odoaker-Diclitung, Berlin, igoj, p. 24) gefe. — 2 hnelmann in Keate. — -^Imelmann ungelimp. ^ 6 T?-aiit)iiaini (Anglia v'l, 158) w3el[h]reowe. Intel, her on ege. — 7 Lnel. hie a?[d in Jjieate. — 8 A'liige ungelic ; Imel. unge- limp. — 9 MS., Edd. dogode ; Leo do gode ; Hicketier {Anglia x, 579), Schofield {Publ. Mod. Lang. Assoc, xvii, 267), Imel. hogode. — 10 Gn. waeter {misprint); Kl. waster. MS., Th. reo tugu ; hnel. reotigu. — 12 Holt/iausen {Anglia xv, 88) "■instead 0/ -wyn, leof and laS hwashre eac, or wyn and wa {wea) /or la's*; Imel. defends text, citing as examples of \i . . . hw alliteration Leiden Rid. 11, Gu. 323, Beow. 2299 {Heyne^s note). — 13. Holth. Wulf, min Wulf, la!; Biilbring {Litt.-Bl. xii, 157) min Wulf, min Wulf ; Imel. Wulf se min Wulf. Holth. weama? for wena; Imel. wene. — 14 Imel. gededun. — 15 MS., Th. mete liste ; Holth. {Litt.-Bl. x, 447) metes liste and murnend[n]e mod ; Imel. metelestu. — 16 Imel. georstu/br gehyrest J^u. Schofield eadwacer {'very vigilant'). Holth. earmne/fr earne. I 2 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK birecS wulf to wiida. ]?net mon ea)'e tosliteS J>aette nafre gesomnad waes, uncer giedd geador.] 2 Hwylc is hrelej'a j'tes horse end Y?es hygecraeftig yxt ]^xt niKge asecgan, hwa mec on siiS wrcEce, J)onne ic astlge strong, stundum rej'e ))rymful ))unie? J'ragum wr?ec(c)a fere geond foldan, folcsalo bivrne, 5 raeced reafige, recas stigacN haswe ofer hrofum, hlin bi(S on eorj'an, wcelcwealm wera. }'>onne ic \\udu hrere, bearwas bledhwate, beamas fylle holme gehrefed, heahuni meahtum 10 wrecan on waj'e wide sended, hfebbe me on hrycge |'?et xr hadas wreah foldbiiendra, flasc ond gSstas, somoil on sonde. Saga, hwa mec ))ecce, o)>])e hu ic hatte )'e ]>a hl^st bere. 15 3 Hwihuii ic gewite, swa ne wena]' men, under yl)a gel'r^c eor|>an secan, garsecges grund. Gifen bi|) gewreged, , fam gewealcen ; hwa:hiiero hlimmei^, hlude grimmecS ; 5 18 Hicketier he /<>/■ ban. Gn., A'L, Imcl. gesomnod. — 19 Herzfeld {Die Hiitsel des Exeterhiiches, Berlin, /Sqo, p. 66) n/n/ Sc/iojie/ii gved geador; Intel, gaed gador. 2 4^/5"., Th., Gn., IT. wr.xce ; Sier: {PBB. x, 510) wrSce ; Herzf. (p. 44) \vi"rcc{c)a? — 7 /// MS. y is '.critten i//'i>t'c" i in hlin /// another hand. — 10 Cos. (PBB. xxiii, 128) helme. MS., Th. heanu. — 11 MS., Edd. wrecan; Cos. wrecen. Th. sende ? — 14 MS. sunde ; Th. on sunde [trans. ' safely ') ; Gn. sande. Gn. wecce ? — 15 Th. )'e he. 3 3 Th. note geofon ; Etttn. gyfen. — 4 Etttn. proposes flod arasred; Gn. flod afysed. Cos. {PBB. xxiii, 12S) famge wealcan {cf. PBB. xxi, 19, to And. 1524). RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK 3 streamas staj'u beataS, stundum weorpa]> on stealc hleo))a stane ond sonde, ware ond waege, ponne ic winnende, holmmaegne bij'eaht, hrusan styrge, side sffigrundas : sundhelme ne mseg 10 losian £er mec late, se ))e min latteow biS on sij'a gehwam. Saga, poncol mon, hwa mec bregde of brimes faej^mum, I'onne streamas eft stille weorj'aiS, ypa gejm£ere, )'e mec ffir wrugon. 15 4 |Hwilum mec mln frea fseste genearwaS, [loi'^] sendeS j'onne under sSlwonge bearm [pone] bradan ond on bid wriceS, frafaS on J'ystrum prymma sumne hjeste on enge, ])£er me heard sitefi 5 hrOse on hrycge : nah ic hwyrftweges of j'am aglace, ac ic epelstol hselepa hreru : hornsalu wagia^, wera wicstede ; weallas beofiacS steape ofer stiwitum. Stille pynceS 10 lyft ofer londe ond lagu swige, ojjpaet ic of enge up apringe 7 MS., Th., R., IV. stealc hleo^a; Ettm. stealchleoj'U. Gn. hleo^u ? Compare 58^. Ettfft. sande. — 1 1 Ettm. ladteow. 4 There is no sign of closing after Rid. 3, nor spacing in the MS. between 3 and 4 {^perhaps because 3 ends the page), and hwilum begins loith a small letter ; but the preceding formula clearly marks the close of a riddle. — i Siev. {PBB. x, 479) frea resolved. — 2 MS., Git., IV. salwonge ; Gn. sahvongas ? Th., Ettm. saelwonge. — 3 Herzf (p. 68) _/t>r tnetrical reasons supplies on; Holthausen (Anglia xiii, 358) J>one. MS. onbid; Th., Ettm. on bed.— 5 MS., Th., Gn., W. haetst ; Cos. haeste = Jjurh haest. MS., Gn., W. heord; Th. note, Spr. ii, 68, Cos. heard. — 6 Th., Ettm., Gn. hwyrft weges; Gji."^ hwyrft-weges. — 7 A/S. aglaca. — 8 MS. hrera; Tk., Ettm. hrere. — 10 Ettm. stigwicum .' — 12 a /;/ a^ringe is written above the line in another hand. RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK efne swa mec wisap se mec wrgede on set frumsceafte furjmm legde bende ond clomme, )';"et ic onbugan ne mot 15 of ))ces gewealde )'e nie wegas tEecneS. Hwilum ic sceal ufan y))a wregan, [streamas] styrgan ond to staj'e |'ywan fiintgragne flod : famig winnefi \v£eg \vi(S wealle ; wonn arise8 20 dun ofer dype, hyre deorc on last, eare geblonden, 6|)er fereft, ])cet hy gemittafi mearclonde neah hea hlincas. ^^xv biS hlud wudii, brimgiesta breahtm ; bidatS stille 25 stealc stanhleoj'u streamgewinnes, hopgehnastes, ))onne heah gearing on cleofu crydeS : j'ser bi8 ceole wen slij're scEcce, gif hine sje byrefi on )'a grimman tid, gsesta fulne, 30 )>aet he scyle rice birofen weorpan, feore bifohten fgmig ridan y))a hrycgum : |'£er bicS egsa sum haelejmm geyvved, para J'e ic hyran sceal strong on sti?ivveg : hwa gestille(S |)?et? 35 Hwilum ic |)urhraese j'cet me rideJS on baece, won wiegfatu, I wide to|»ringe [102*] lagustreama full, hwilum IsEte eft 13 AfS., T/i. wraede; £/im., Gn., IF. wras'Se. — 18 MS. no gap; T/i. supplies streamas. MS., T/i. hyran ; 77/. 7iote hywan .'* — 20 Eitm., Gn. won. — 22 Tk. note ear-geblonde ? — 23 Ettm., Gn. hi. Tit. tiote gemetaS ? Eittn. gemeta'5. — 27 Spr. ii, 47 heahgehring. — zt) Ettnt. bireS. — 31 MS., T/i., Eitm., IV. rice; T/i. note ricene ? Gn. rice (rimme micle ofer byrnan bosm : biersteS hliide heah hlo?)gecrod ; ])onne hnige eft under lyfte helm londe near 41 MS., Edd. sceo ; Cos. sceor. — 42 MS., Th. earpan ; Th. note eor^n or ear- man ? Ett. eorpan. Eittn., Gn. gesceafta. — 45 MS., Edd. dreontum ; Th. note., Spr. i, 204 dreohtum (dryhtum) ? G71. dreongum = drengum } Holth. {E. S. xxxvii, 206) dreorgum {"traicrigen"). — 47 MS. {T.) sweartsum sendu ; 77/. note sweart- sum sende'5 ? — 50 Siev. {PBB. x, 479-480) resolves -J)rea. — 51 Th. note broga ? Ettm. breostum instead of burgum. — 54 Ettm. swilte'S. — 55 Ettin. gerihtum. — 57 MS., Edd. farende. Siev. {PBB. x, 480), flanas ? — 58 A/S., IV. geraece-S; Th., Ettm., Gn. gerteca'S. Th. note regn-gastes ? — 61 MS., IV. J>rinime. Th., Ettm., Gn. J>rymme. — 62 Gn. burnan ? — 64 Siev. {PBB. x, 478) resolves near. RIDDLES OF THE EXETER lK~)OK ond me [on] hrycg hlade )>a2t ic habban sceal, 65 meahtum gemanad mines frean. Swa ic, ]>rymful peow, |>ragum winne hwihini under eorj'an, hwiluni y|ia sceal hean underhnigan, hwiluni hohn ufan streamas styrge, hwilum stige ilj), 70 wolcnfare wrege, wide fere swift ond swi))feorm. | Saga hw;vt ic hatte, [102'^] o))lie hwa mec r^re |>oinie ic restan ne mot, oJ')>e hwa mec stffiSpe J'onne ic stille beom. Ic sceal j'ragbysig l>egne minum, hringum hefted, hyran georne, min bed brecan, brcahtme cyl'an yxt me halswril'an hlaford sealde. Oft mec slsepwerigne secg 0(^|)e meowle 5 gretan eode ; ic him gromheortum winterceald oncwej'e ; [A'"''] 7i'<-(7jy//\_(-'] lim gelnindenne beag bersteJS hwiluni, se I'eah bi)' on I'once ))egne minum, medwisum men, me l)ret sylfe, 10 ])Sr wiht wite ond wordum min on sped mrtge spel gesecgan. 65 Gfi., JV. add on. 77/. note hebban ? — 66 Sie?'. {PBB. x, 479) resolves frean. — 69 MS., Con., Th., Ettin. heah ; Gti., IT. hean. Jl/S. {T.), Ettm. under hnigan. — 71 Ettm., Gn. wolcenfare. 5 I MS., T/i. )>rag bysig ; /:"//';«. )'rage bysig ; hragbysig ? or l>rajcby.sig ? Gn., If. )>ragbysig. — 2 A/S., Th. hringan. — 7 MS. wearm lim; 77/. note wearme limu ? Ettm. wearmum limum ; Iloltli. (/. /•'. iv, 3S6) wearm lim[wa:dum]. — 8 MS., F.dd. gebundenne ; Ettm. gebunden. MS., Th. b.xg ; Th.note beag. MS., TIi. hwilum berste'iS ; 77/. note berstaS. After 1 /;/ hwilum, an o is erased. — 10 Ettm., Gn. silfe. — 1 1 Ettm. se J>ser. — i i-i 2 MS. min onsped ; 77/. minon sped ; note spede ? or spedum? Ettm. minum [ spede. RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK 7 6 Ic eom anhaga iserne wund, bille gebennad, beadoweorca ssed, ecgum wErig. Oft ic wig seo, frecne feohtan, frofre ne wene, ))?et me geoc cyme giiiSgewinnes, 5 £er ic mid cEldum eal forwurde ; ac mac hnossiaJS homera lafe, heardecg heoroscearp hondweorc smipa, bitacS in buigum ; ic abidan sceal laj'ran gemotes. Naefre lEEcecynn 10 on folcstede findan meahte, ))ara J^e mid wyrtum wunde gehslde, ac me ecga dolg eacen weorftaS ]mrh dea'Sslege dagum ond nihtum. 7 Mec gesette so(S sigora waldend Crist to compe : oft ic cwice baerne, iinrimu cyn, eorpan getenge, nsete mid nlpe, swa ic him no hrlne, fonne mec frea min feohtan hate)'. 5 Hwilum ic monigra mod arete, hvvilum ic frefre ]>a ic aer winnejon [103^] feorran swipe ; hi J»aes felacS pcah 6 3 Si£7,'. {PBB. X, 476) 7-esolves seo. — 5 MS., AI., Th. mec. — 6 Ettm. ildum. Gn. call. Ettm. forwurSe ; Gn. forwurSe .' — 7 Ettni. lafa. — 8 MS., Tk. iweorc ; Th. note handweorc ; AI., Ettm., Git., A', handweorc ; IV. hondweorc. — 9 MS., Th., Ettm., /i'. abidan ; Gii., W. a bidan. — 10 A', lal'ra. — 13 Sp>-. i, 251, eaden ? Ettm. weoriSe'S. 7 iV. ' A'ach nihtum ist die Iidlfte der zeile fret, atif ihr ste/it ilher Crist die rtuie S.' — 4 Th. note swa-J>eah .'' — 5 Siev. {PBI3. x, 479) frea resolved ; MS., Edd. min frea; Holth. (Bb. ix, 357) friga min. — 7 [wel] before frefre added by Git., JV. Th. note frefrige. Th. note )'a l^e ? 8 RIDDLES OF THK EXETER BOOK swylce l)?es 6)'res, |)onne ic eft hyra ofer deop gedreag drohtaS bete. lo 8 Hraegl min swigaS j)onne ic hrusan trede oj'j'c )'a wic buge o)'|)e wado drefe. Hwilum mec ahebbacS ofer hailel)a byht hyrste mine ond peos hea lyft, ond mec ponne wide vvolcna strengu 5 ofer folc byre?i. Frretwe mine swogaeN lilude ond swinsiacS, torhte singacS, |)onne ic getenge ne beom fiode ond foldan, ferende gSst. 9 Ic )>urh mu}' sprece mongum reordum, wrencum singe, wrixle geneahhe heafodwo)'e, hliide cirme, healde mine wisan, hleo)'re ne mi|'e, eald aefensceop, eorlum bringe 5 blisse in burgum |)onne ic bugendre stefne stymie ; stille on wicum sitta(S swTgende. Saga hwoet ic hatte )'e swa scirenige sceawendwisan 10 MS., Th. betan ; Gn. bete ; Spr. i. 99 betan [sceal]. Ruitc S stands at close of the riddle. 8 I Th. note swoga'S ? — 4 Sier. {PfiB. x, 47S) resolves hea; I/olth. {Bb. ix, 357) hea[e]. — 6 Ettm. bire^'. Ettm. franwa. — 7 Ettm. swinsja'5 eac. — 9 (Jn. giest ; S'w. gast. 9 The rune C is orrr this riddle on line 7cith ferende g^st (8^). — 4 Th. note hleohor; Ettm. hleoSor; Gn. hleoiSres; Gn.- hleoiNre (inst.). — 8 MS., Th. siteS; Ettm. sita'5; Gn., IV., Cos. sittaJ!. MS., Th., Gn., IF. nigende ; Gn. hnigende ? Ettm., Cos. swigende. — 9 MS (T.) ha swa scirenige ; Th. ha swa scire nige ; Th. note he; Ettm. scirenige; Gn. 'scirenige, scurriliter? vgl. Graff \\, 549-55''; Spr. ii, 296 scire nige {ist pers. sg. (/nigan); Bosivorth-Toller, p. S37, scire cige ; Cos. {PBB. xxiii, 128) 'scirenige is to be changed to sciernicge — scericge, tnima, Shr. 140; scearecge, /iv.' RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK 9 hlude onhyrge, haelefum bodige lo wilcumena fela wope minre. 10 Mec on dagum jjissum deadne ofgeafun faeder ond modor, ne waes me feorh ]>a. gen, ealdor in innan. p>a mec [an] ongon, wel hold mege, wedum j^eccan, heold ond freo]>ode, hleosceorpe wrah 5 sue arlice swa hire agen beam, o})})get ic under sceate, swa mln gesceapu weeron, ungesibbum wearS eacen gaeste. Mec seo frij^e mseg fedde sij>))an, ojjfset ic aweox[e], widdor meahte 10 si})as asettan ; heo haefde s\v£esra| j)y Ises [103''] suna ond dohtra, ))y heo swa dyde. II Neb waes min on nearwe, ond ic neo))an waetre, flode underlflowen, firgenstreamum swipe besuncen ; ond on sunde aw5x, ufan y|)um jjcaht, anum getenge hfendum wuda lice mine. 5 Hsefde feorh cvvico j'a ic of f?eSmum cwom II Ettm. welcumena. 10 I MS., Edd. on J>issum dagum; Holtli. {E.S. xxxvii, 206) dagum Hssum or J>issum dogrum. MS. ofgeafum. — 2 Tk., Gn. moder. — 3 Gn. on ; S^v. oninnan. C«., Sw. [ides] ; Gitr [an]. Gn?- ongan ; Szu. ongonn. — 4 MS (T.) wel (end of line) hold mege wedum weccan. Ilolth. {Bb. ix, 357) wilhold. Th., Gn., W. gewedum ; Sw. gewasdum ; Cos., Holth. mege wedum. Edd. J^eccan. — 6 MS., Tk. snearlice ; Tk. note searolice .' Gn., W. swa arlice ; Stv. suse arlice ; Co.<:. sue arlice (cf. 16*). — 7 Sw. o\> J>a£t. Tk. note mine. — 9 MS., Tk., Diclr. {I/Z. xii, 251) frij^e masg; Gn., IV. in\>emveg. Tk. note mseg'S. — 10 MS., Edd. aweo.x ; Iloltk. [E. S. xxxvii, 206) aweox[e]. Gn., W. widor; Cos. compares ei^". 1X2 Th. gives incorrectly AIS. reading as floren. — 3 Tr. {BB. xix, 169) on sande grof. — 6 Gn. feorh -cwico. lO RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK brimes ond beames on blacum hrtegle ; sumc wjeron hwite h\Tste mine, ]k\ mec lifgende lyft upp ahof, wintl of wSge, si|)l>an wulc hxv lo ofcr seolhba)>o. Saga hwxt ic hatte. 12 Mi\Tgl is min hasofag, hyrste beorhte rcatlc oml scire on reafe [.v///as, o|>rinai styre nyttre fore. Ic )ws nowiht wat 5 |>;vt heo swa gcniaidde, mode hestolene, deede gedwolene, deoraj' mine won wisan gehwam. W'a him J>aiS j'eawes, si]>l)an heah pringeJS horda deorast, gif hi nnriSdes cEr ne geswicaj) ! lO 13 Fotum ic fere, foldan slite, grenc wongas, |)enden ic gSst bere. Gif me feorh losatN, fa^ste binde swearte Wealas, hwihim sellan men. Hwihmi ic deornm (bincan selle 5 beorne of bosme, hwdum mec bryd triedeiS felawlonc fotum, hwilum feorran broht wonfeax \\'ale wegecN ond I'Vi'S, 7 Tr. bearnies. J/S., Tit. hra?gl. — S Ettin. hyista. 12 2 The second half line is oh'iously defective : Gn. adds minum, 'which Holth. rejects, proposing min; Tr. {BB. xix, 173) [hafo]. — 3 IV. drops Ic. — 4 JAS". unrred sihas ; Edd. unra;dsi|ias ; Ilerzf. (p. 6S) on unraedsil'as or unrxdgesihas ; Tr. unr.xdsiha. — 9 Tr. hearm /(>/■ heah. MS., Edd. bringeS; Cos. )>ringe'6'. 13 6 MS., Th. beorn ; Ettm. beornum. — S Ettvt. note hyS= |>y\ve•^■; Siev. {PBB. X, 477) resolves |>y^'; Cos. {PBB. xxiii. 129) |'y[h]eS. RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK II dol druncmennen deorcum nihtum, waetcS in wcetre, wyrmecS hwilum lo fSgre to fyre ; me on f^JSme stica]) hygegalan bond, hwyrfeJS geneahhe, swifefi me geond sweartne. Saga | hwoet ic hatte [ 1 04-^] ])e ic lifgende lond reafige ond aifter dea]>e dryhtum peowige. 15 14 Ic seah turf tredan, tyn wjeron ealra, six gebro|'or ond hyra sweostor mid, hjefdon feorg cwico. Fell hongedon sweotol ond gesyne on seles wjege anra gehwylces. Ne woes hyra Eengum py wyrs 5 ne side py sarre, peah hy swa sceoldon reafe birofene, rodra weardes meahtum avveahte, mupiim slitan haswe blede. Hrcegl bi(S geniwad pam ))e ier forScymene fraetwe leton 10 licgan on iSste, gewitan lond tredan. 15 Ic wses wSpenwiga. Nu mec wlonc peceS geong hagosteaklmon golde ond sylfre, woum vvirbogum. Hwilum vveras cyssacS ; hwilum ic to hilde hleopre bonne wilgehlepan ; hwilum wycg byre]) 5 mec ofer mearce ; hwilum nierehengest 9 77/. dol-drunc mennen ; Cii. ' dunc-mennen ? vgl.ahd. tunc' — 12 TJi., Efttn. hygegal an bond. — 15 Siev. {PBB. x, 491) j'eowige. 14 I MS., Edd. except Tr. {BB. xix, 177) x. — 2 AfS., Edd. except Tr. vi. — 3 Gn. feorgcwico. — 5 Tr. Na;s. — 6 AFS., Th. sarra ; Cos. ne siS }'y sarra. 15 I R. note conjectures y^TK.^ie.wvix^z.xs.. — 2 .S'tc. monn. J/.S. sylfore; /'.V/w.silfore; Kl. note sylofre ? Siev. {PBB. x, 459) sylfre. — 5 Ettiit. wicg. Ettiii., Kl. bire'6'. 12 KIDDLES OF THK KXKTER BOOK ferecS ofer flodas, froetwum beorhtne ; hwilum m.TgcSa sum minne gefylleS bosm bcaghroden ; hwilum ic [an. Frige hw;vt ic hatte. 16 [Hals is nun hwit, end hcafod fcalo, [104*^] suian swa some ; swift ic com on fe)>e, bcadowSpen bcre; mc on Ixvcc staiulaiN her swvlce swe on hlcorum ; hlifiatS tii earan ofer eaguni ; ordum ic steppe 5 in grene gra^s. Mc bi^ gvrn witod, gif nice onhivlc an onlindccS, wa^lgrim wiga, ]>ier ic wic Inige, bold mid bearnum, ond ic bide \>sBr mid geoguiScndsle hwonne ga^st cume 10 A/S., EJd. ic bordum. — 10 F.ttm. behli^'ed; Gn. note behlywed ? Spr. i, S7, behlel>ed ? — 14 (7//. ^vecga'^" {Gn.- muri-s , ne tos£Ele}> him 25 on ))am gegnpa)>e gu|)gem6tes, sijjpan ic |)urh hylles hrof gereece, ond jmrh hest hrino hildepilum la^gewinnum pam ))e ic longe ficah. 17 Oft ic sceal w\]) wsege winnan ond wip winde feohtan, somod wi?5 pam srecce, |»onne ic secan gewite eorjian y))um peaht ; mc bifi se ej'el f remde. Ic beom strong \yxs gejwinnes, gif ic stille \veor)»e ; [105*] gif me ]>xs tosaeleS, hi beoS swipran |>onne ic, 5 ond mec sHtende sona flymaS, willaS oSfcrgan J'set ic frij'ian sceal. 15 MS., Edd. hine bera'S breost. Th. note hi ne be re's ? Herzf. (p. 68) on metrical grounds breost bera'S; Cos. "■ entiveder hine breost beraS — oder etwas anderes ; keinesfalls was der text bietet.' — 16 Ettm. teala. — 21 MS., Th. dum ; Th. note, Ettm. dim ; Gollaticz {AhL.) duml). — 24 MS., Gn. gifre ; Th. and other Edd. gif se. — 27 Ettm. hilles. — 28 Ettm. haest. Th., Ettm. hrine. MS., Th. hilde pilum. 14 rtddtj:s of tue kxktkr book Ic him \kv{ fotslomle, gif mm steort I'olaiS oiul mcc- sti|>ne wip stunas moton faiste gehabban. Kiige hvviet ic hatte. lO i8 Ic. com mun(lbt)ia mime hcoidc, codcir wirum (;vst, iniian get'vllcd. (hyhtgcstrC'ona. Djegtiilum oft siKvte sperebrogan ; sped bi|' py mare fylle minre. Frea |i;vt l>ihealde(S, 5 hu me of hrife fleogaiS hyUlepilas. llwiluin ic sweaitum swelgan onginne bninum beadowSpnum, bitrum oahim, cglum attorspenmi. Is min innaiS til, \vomblu)rd wlitig, wloncum deore ; 10 men gemunan l>a:t me |>iiih mu)> fareJS. 19 Ic com wundeiluu wiht : ne ma^g word si)recan, ma'ldan for monnum, |'eah ic mii|) lia-bbe, wide \voml)e Ic \v;vs on ceole ond mines cnosles ma. 20 Ic seah [somod] l/| R P' N li\ gewloncne lieafodbeorhtne 17 10 T/i's readiiii;- 0/ MS., u'li. h;vtte ; .IAS"., 7'//. hatte. 18 07U-r the ridillc stands in tlie MS. titc B-rune, /)'. xix, iSo) niinva. — 2 MS. (7".), 77/., Tr. eodor wirum; (7//., //'. eodor- wiriim. — 5 MS.y I'h. fveo. — 6 MS., 'I'll, hylde pylas. — S Gn. beaduwa^pnum. — II Cos. fi^r metrical reasons [oft] or [Iwt] after men; ZV. gewilnia^ instead of gemunan. 19 3 Xo };ap in MS. after wonihe. — .( After ma, usual si^n of elosing :-:7; T/i.y (in. sni;[!^est a lacuna. 20 1 The addition is Grein's ; I/iehetier {.In^'lia x, 592) Somod ic seah. Jlolth. {/>/•. i.\, 357) ond />et:oeen runes R and 0. RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK 15 swiftne ofer sjelwong swij'e prSgan ; hajfde him on hrycge hilde|'ry|'e, + F^ M, nsegledne rad 5 r X n l> ; widlast ferede rynestrong on rade rofne K ^ Y (F^) K N; for wtES I'y beorhtre, swylcra sijjfaet. Saga hwaet ic hatte. 21 Ic eom wunderlicu wiht, on gewin sceapen, frean minum|lcof, fagre gegyrwed : [105^^] byrne is min bleofag, swylce beorht seomaJS vvir ymb ))one wa;lgim |)e me waldend geaf, se me widgalum wisaJS hwilum 5 sylfum to sace. ]7onne ic sine wege })urh hlutterne dsg, hondvveorc smi])a, gold ofer geardas. Oft ic gastberend 3 MS. swistne {not swisne, 6'w.). Ettm. ))r?cgjan. — 4 MS., Th. 'hilde hry^e (" bold in war"): — 5, (>MS., Th., Gn., IV. rad AG E W. Th. note, Ettm., Dietr. (xi, 465) rad — N. G. E. W; Cit. note suggests N. O. M. njcgledne R. A. G. [wod R] £• W. widlast ferede. Ilicketier {Anglia x, 592) rand/or rad ; WO E\> ( N G E t>) Jor AG E W. 7>. {Bb. v, 48) N, O. [ondj M. Nsegledne gar W. 0. E. [.. widlast ferede. Cos. {TBB. xxiii, 129) rad (R), A. G = gar; E (eli), W (wynn) should be changed to W. E. (wynneh), ' 7iam healdende )'e me hringas geaf : me biS forS witod, gif ic frean hyre, gul^e fremme, swa ic gien dyde, 25 minum l»eodne on j'onc, ])?et ic )>olian sceal bearngestreona ; ic wi]' bryde ne mot hjemed habban, ac me |)ces hyhtplegan geno N\yrneS se mec geara on bende legde ; forjion ic briican sceal 30 on hagostealde hgele)>a gestreona. Oft ic wirum dol wife abelge, wonie hyre willan ; heo me wom sprece'8, floceS hyre folmum, firena)' mec wordum, ungod gaeleS ; ic ne gyme ]^xs compes 35 10 77/. feolfre {mjsprtfi/). — 13 7Vt., Gii. me. — 14 Git. .sceacen {misprint). — 17 Gil. note awyrded .'' — 19 Gn. note gehnaege'JS ? — 29 MS., T/i., Gn., W. gearo ; Siev. {PBB. X, 519) gearwe ; Herzf. (p. 44) geara. — 35 77/. note '■Here a leaf of the MS. is evidently tvanting'' ; W. ^ in der HS. ist nichts vmlirztinelnnen.^ There is no closing sign in the MS. Holth. (Bb. ix, 357) for tnetrical reasons assigns compes to line 36. RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK 17 22 Neb is mill nijierweard, neol ic fere [106*] ond be grunde grcefe, geonge swa me wisa?) har holtes feond, ond hlaford min [se] woh faereti weard aet steorte, wrigaj' on wonge, wegeS mec ond )'yS, 5 sawejj on swaeS min. Ic sny)?ige for6 brungen of bearwe, bunden craefte, wegen on waegne, hcebbe wundra fela ; me bi)' gongendre grene on healfe ond min swccS sweotol sweart on d]ne. 10 Me )mrh hrycg wrecen hongaj' under an or))oncpil, 6j)er on heafde faest ond forSweard fealle|» on sidan, ))0et ic tojmm tere, gif me teala |)enaS hindeweardre paet bip hlaford min. 15 23 ^tsomne cwom sixtig monna to \v£egstje|'e wicgum ridan ; haefdon endleofon eoredmsecgas f7i'dhe7igestas, feower sceamas. Ne meahton magorincas ofer mere feolan, 5 swa hi fundedon, ac wses flod to deop, atol yl'a ge))r3ec, ofras hea, 22 2 Th. fitfte geong? — 3 77/. har-holtes. — 4 Sie7/. {FBB. x, 519) [on]; Bright [se]. — 5 Siev. {FBB. x, 477) resoh'es byS; Cos.(PBB. xxiii, 129) by[h]e'S. — 6 TA. note snyrige ? — 7 MS. bearme ; Th. beame. — 15 Tli. note ' se ^e/or J^aet ? ' 23 I MS. .^Tsomne ; T/i. Etsomne ; 77/. note ' r. ^tsomne'; Ettm. ^Et somne. Th. note, Ettm. cwomon. MS., Edd. except Ettm. LX. — 2 Ettm. waegsta'Se. — 3 MS., Edd. e.xcept Ettfn. XI. Ettm. eoredmecgas. — 4 MS. fridhengestas ; T/i. note fyrdhengestas ? Ettm. fridhengestas; Dietr. (xii, 251) 'fri'S, adj. {stattlich, schon ; vgl. 10^)'; Gn. 'fridhengestas {7'gl. alid. parafrit)'; Spr. i, 349, Gn!^ frid- hengestas. MS., Edd. except Ettm. nil. — 5 77/. note feran.? — 7 Siev. {PBB. x, 478) resolves hea; Holth. {Bb. i.v, 357) hea[e]. iS KiDDii'.s OK •nil'. i':xi:ri:R ijook sticainas strongc. Oiignnnon stigan |>a on \v;vgn woras oiul hyia wirg sonuul hliulan untlor hrungo ; |>a |>a hois 0(Sl);v;r lO I'll ond cntrlas .vscuin dcallc ot'cr wa'tii's l>yht \v;v^n to lando, swa hiiK- o\a nc Uah ir- osla ina-gen nv I'a'thongost, nc on llodi' swoni, nc be grundc wod gostuin under, 15 ne lagu drei'do, ne on lyfte Heag, ne tuuk'i l)a'c' ( yrde ; brohte li\va'|>re beornas ofcv lunnan oiul hvia liloncaii mid from staNNe heauni, |'a't hv stopan np on o|>erne, | ellenrofe, [106^'] 20 weras of waige ontl hyra wicg gesmul. 24 Agof is mm noma eft onhwvrfed. li.- eom \vr;vtlu' w ilU on gi'win sceapen. I'^onne ic onbuge ond me of bosme fareJS iVtren tMiga, ic lieom eallgeart), I'a-t ic me jM't feorhbealo (cor aswape. 5 Si|'|>an mc se waldend, sc me |';vt wite geseop, let>|H> forla-teiS, ic beo lengre |>onne xv, t»|>|nvt ic spa-te, spilde geblonden, ealfelo attor |'a-t ic a'r[orJ geap. Ne ti>gonge^ |nvs gumena liwvlcum 10 10 F.ttm. hlodiiii. — 11 Th. note- eohas ? — i ^ MS., 7'//., (7//., //'. esna ; (7//. note tsla ? S/')-. i, 2;:S esla or esola. 77/., Ettin., C,n. nuvgn. — 14 MS., 7'//., Gti., //'. fat hengest ; Ettm. fiet ; note fSted ? f;vt ? Spy. i, 274 f;vthengest. — \b I'.ttm. (Ivafde. .1/^., 77/. of ; Th. note on ? — 1 7 MS. oiuler. Ettm. cirde. — iS Ettm. liira. — U) Ettm., Gn. hi stopon. 24 4 .MS. (T.) ;vt lenonga ; 77/. ant 1 en onga. (///. eom. .MS. {/'.), Th., Gn. eall geaio ; Gn- eallgearo. — 7 Ilerzf. (p. 6j) eom for beo. Cos. lengra. — S Gn. o;N |..vt. — I) MS., 111. eal felo. MS., EJd. xx\ Sier. {PEE. x, 519), Cos. xxox. — 10 77/. to gongeN. Ki i)i)i.i;s oi' 11 1 1'. i;\i;ii;i< I'.ook 19 JGniguni ca|)e |';cl ic pair yiiib siJiice, gif hinc hniK'(S |);t't mc of hrifc llcogccS, |>;ot I'oiie iiKindiinc lux'gne geccapaj) fuUwcr f;v)slc fcorc sine. Nellc ic unbunden ainigiini hyran 15 nyni|>e scaiosajlcd. Saga li\v;ct ic hatte. 25 Ic eom wtinderlicu wihl, wrajsiic mine stefne : hwiliiin l)eorce swa hund, Iiw iliiin hliete swa gat, hwiluin grcede swa gos, hwilinn gielle swa hafoc ; hwilnm ic onhyrge |>()ne haswan earn, giiJSfngles hleo|K)r ; hwiluni glidan reorde 5 niii|)c gcmajiu', luviliini mrGwes song, I'air ic glado .sitte. X nice nemnaS, swylce K ond f^, p^ fnllestcJS [ond] N ond |. Nii ic halen eom swa |)a siex stafas sweotule bccna|». 10 26 Ic eom wunderlicu wiiit, wifum on hyhte, ncaliliiiiiibiin nyt ; naingum sce|'|'e burgsittendra nym|)e bonan amini. Sta|)ol mln is stca])heah, slonde ic on Ijcdde, neo|»an ruh nathwair. Nel>e(S hwilnm 5 ful cyrtenu | ceorles dohtor, [107-'] modwlonc mcowle, |>a't hco on nice grii)e(S, ir Th. 's])iite (.>////).'— i,| M.S., Julr<;iiiiiitti; or cud of lialf-liiic' ; I/ollli. H. I [samod]. 26 2 MS., J'ldd. neahl)uendum ; SieiJ. {^P/Ui. x, 4S0), A/ad. (p. 63) neahbiindiim. — 4 A/S., 7'/i., G)i., IF. steaj) heah ; Holth. 'slea])heaii (cf. Gen. 2839, healisteap)'; />'. (/>'/)'. xix, iSj) oiiiils heah. — 5 Tr. iiat hwxr. 20 KIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK r£esee. — 6 A/S., M. seaxses. MS., M., T/i., Ettm. ecge. Ettm. note syndrum ? — 7 T/i. note foldan ? Ettm., Gn. feoldon. Ettm., Gn. me. T/i. note fule swyn ; Ettm. cyn ; Sw. wynn. — 8 Gn., S7V. add [sprengde] ; Ilolth. {/. F. iv, 386) [spaw]. — 9 Th. note beamtelga? — 12 M. heo-bordum. MS., M., Th., Ettm. hy^e ; Gn., W. hyde. — 13 Gn. note forS on me ? — 14 S7v. wracttlic. — 15 A', hy^a/cr Nu t>a. — 16 Ettm., Gn. add beo^ before mvext ; Gn. (S/>r. ii, 22^) fo!l(ru>s MS. ; S'w. masren. — 17 Gn. note help? Th., Ettm., R., Sw. dol wite. — 19 Ettm., Gn. hi. RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK 21 heortum ))y hwaetran ond ]'y hygeblij)ran, 20 fer]5e ]>y frodran, habba)> freonda ]>y ma, swsEsra ond gesibbra, soj'ra ond godra, tilra ond getreowra, |)a hyra tyr ond ead estum yca8 ond hy arstafum lissum bilecgacS ond hi lufan fepmum 25 faeste clyppaS. Frige hwcet ic hatte, nijmm to nytte : nama min is msere, jhselejmm gifre ond halig sylf. [107*^] 28 Ic eom weorfi werum, wide funden, brungen of bearwum ond of burghleojnim, of deniim ond of dunum. Dseges mec wgegun fepre on lifte, feredon mid liste under hrofes hleo. Haele8 mec si]>)'an 5 bafedan in bydene. Nu ic eom bindere ond swingere, s5na weorpe esne to eorpan, hwilum ealdne ceorl ; sona ])3et onfindeS se ]>e mec fehft ongean, ond wi(5 ni?egen|)isan minre genaesteS 10 })aet he hrycge sceal hriisan secan, gif he unr^des aer ne gesvvice'8, strengo bistolen, strong on spraece, nijegene binumen, nah his modes geweald, fota ne folma. Frige hwait ic hatte, 15 ■Se on eorpan swa esnas binde, dole sefter dyntum, be daeges leohte. 24 Ett7n., Gil. hi. — 28 Ettm. gifraege ; R. gifrege ; .Sti'. gefrjege. Ettm. silf. 28 2 MS.y T/i., Gn., W. burghleo)5Uin ; T/i. note beorghleolnim ? Ettm. beorg- hleobum. — 3 Ettm., Gn. me. — 4 Ettm. fe'Sru. Ettm., Gn. lyfte. Gn. note lisse ? — 7-8 MS., Edd. weorpere | efne ; Holth.{E. S. xxxvii, 207) as in te^t. — 10 Ettm. mjegenjjysan ; Holth. I.e. masgenHssan. Tit. note genaege'S; Ettm. gehnasste'S. — 13 Gn!^, IV. strongan. — 14 Ettm. msgne. — 16-17 ^'''- ' 7>i^j-^ lines are in the 22 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK 29 Bi|) foUhm (lail faegre gegierwed mid |iy heardestan ond mid )>y scearpestan ond mid )'y grymmestan gumena gestreona, corf en, sworfen, cyrred, pyrred, bunden, wunden, blJEced, wSced, 5 fi;vt\vcd, geatwed, feoiran lajded to durum diyhta, dream bicN in innan cwirra wihta, clenge?i, lengeJS, ])ara l>e Sr lifgende longe hwile wilna briireiS oiul no \vi(S s])ri(e(S ; 10 ond I'onne a-fter dea|ie dcman onginneJS, meldan misbce. Micel is to hycganne wisfnsstum menu hwa^t seo wiht sy. 30 Ic wiht geseah wundorlice hornum bitvveonum hu|'e Uvdan, |lyftf;vt Icohtlic bstum gegierwed, [loS-''] hupe to ]'am ham[e] of |'am heresi])e : walde byre on j'cvre byrig l)ur atimbran, 5 searwum asettan, gif hit swa meahte. Da c\\\)m wundorhru wiht ofer wealles hrof (seo is eaUum cutS eorc^Sbuendum), ahrcdde |';i I'a hril>e, ond to ham bedraf JlfS. detached from the preceditti:; part, l>e^i;i>i 'with a capital, and appear altogether as a separate riddle.^ ]V. *■ nach hatte steht als schlusszeichen :-, daun folgt an/ der- selben zeile De.' 29 2 Ettm. hwa^ssestan for scearpestan ; Gn. [heoru] scearpestan. — 3 Kttiu., Git. giimmestan. — 8 77/. note glengeJi? — 12 Siex. (/V>/>. x, 4S2) hycgan. — 13 F.ttm. si; Git. seo; Siev. {PBB. x, 477) sy resolved. 30 2 JAS"., Th. horna abitweonu ; Tit. note hornum bitweonum ? Dietr. (xi, 46S) hornaa (= horna); K. hornan. — 4 MS., Edd. except Tr. (/>'/>'. xix, iSo) ham. — 5 MS., Tr. walde; Th., Ettm., Gn., A\, IV. wolde. Ettm. hire. Jderzf. (p. 50) burge /"('/■ byrig } Holth. (E. S. xxxvii, 20S) on byrg |>a>re or walde after byrg. MS. atimbram. — 7 Ettm. wunderlicu. — 9 MS., Th., /*. bedra;f. RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK 23 wreccan ofer willan ; gewat hyre west j'onan 10 fjehl'um feran, forS onette ; diist stone to heofomim, deaw feol on eorpan, niht forS gewat : nSnig si|)|)an wera gewiste J'Jere wihte si8. 31 Ic eom legbysig, lace mid winde bewunden mid wuldre, wedre gesomnad, fus forSweges, fyre gebysgad, beam blovvende, byrnende glEd. Ful oft mec gesipas sendaS refter hondum 5 faet mec weras end wif wlonce cyssa8. JJonne ic mec onhaebbe, hi onhniga|' to me, monige mid miltse, ])£er ic monnum sceal yean upcyme eadignesse. 32 Is })es middangeard missenllcum wisum gewlitegad, wrattum gefr?etwad. Ic seah selllc J)ing singan on raecede ; wiht wees no [hwae))re] werum on gemonge 10 Eitm. hire.— 11 MS., Th., Tr. onette'S. — 12 Sv. feoll. 31 This riddle appears in hvo different forms in the Exeter Book (108 «, 122 F). The second of these is defective on account of injury to the MS. Gn., IV., BL, and Tr. distitiguish these versions as a and b ; the first tivo maki)tg a, the third and futrth b, the basis of text. I a leg bysig; /' lig bysig {not lie bysig, Th., Gn., 7;-.) ; Gn., BL, Tr. lic-bysig ; W. lie bysig. — 2 b After winde some ij letters are missing before -die (wedre), the first being w ( W!) ; W. suggests wunden mit wuldre we-, Tr. wuldre bewunden we-, B. M. reads the loiver part of -ww. — 3 3 gemyltedyt»r gebysgad. — \ b Instead of bearu a gap of five letters ( IV.) ; B. M. reads plainly bear. — 6 b )>a;r. /' gecyssaS. — "] a Th. ond hi; b hi. a onhiiigah; b onhniga)'. — 8 /> modge miltsum swa ic mongum seeal. 32 2 Ettm. wraetwum. — 4 Ettm. sio wiht. MS. on werum on ; Th., Ettt):. omit first on ; Gn., IV. no ; Herzf (p. 68) no[wer] ; Cos. {PBB. xxiii, 1 29) ' no [hwze'Sre] {cf line 8).' 24 KIDDLKS OF TH K i:Xi;rKR 1U)()K sio h;vl(le \v;vstuni wundorlicran. 5 Ni|)er\veaiil [<(7 iiy/h''\ w.ts neh hyre, fet ond folme fugele gel ire ; no h\va;|>re fleognn ma\g lie fela gongan, li\v:e|>ie fi'I'egeorn freniman DiiginneiS, gecoren cnvftuin eviie(S geneahhe ; 10 oft ond gelonie etMluin on genionge sitecS ;vl syinl)le. sa-les l)ule|i, liwoiine aM-jheo cxxh h\re (•\|>an mole [loS''] weruin on woiige. Ne hco pa'v uilit I'igeiS jws I'e liiiii ai lilissc beornas habbaiS. 15 T")eor domes geoiii, hio duml* wnnaiS ; h\va"l>re In re is on fole ta'ger lilei)|'or, wvnlieu wot'Sgielu : wia'tlie me pineeiS hu seo wiht nKvge woidum laean ]>uih fot neo|'an. I''i:x?t\ved hyistum 20 hafat^ hvre on halse, j'onne hio hord waraM, ba'i , beaguin deall, l)ro|'or sine, ina'g mid ma'gne. Micid is to Incgenne wisum \vo(Sboian hwa't [ sio] wiht sie. 33 Is |)es middangeaid iiiissenlienm wisnm gewUtegad, wrivltum gefi;vt\vad. Sij'um selhc ie seah seaio hweoilan, 5 I'ttin. omits sio, aiiii luids o^nini after w;vstuni ; 77/. note ' r. w.TStem.' Th. note wmulorlicne ? — 6 MS. niherwear'N ; after this Iferzf (p. 6S) inserts onhwyrfed or gongende ; //o/t/i. {/. J\ iv, 387) geneahhe (V geiiyded. /■' tt in. suggests after \\\\& (hyre), neat his tela. — 7 I'.ttin. fohiui. — S I'.tlin.. (in. ne ma:g ne. — 9 6"//. fe'Se geoin. -^ ij J'.ltiii. sinil>le. — 13 TJi. note ' av is affarently an error of the scribe.^ — 14 Th. note on geinonge ? — 15 MS. habbad. — 17 Ettin. hyre. — iS Etttn. hynce'S. — 21 Dietr. (xi, 461)) ' hordwara'^ (^Scliatzhesitzer).^ — 22 77/., Ettnt. ' bajr- beagum (tiv/// bearing-rings').^ Ettm. sinne. — 23 /'//. note mccgNe or ma-gdne ? Ettm. hyirganne; Siev. (y7>V>. x, 482) liycgan. — 24 Th. inserts [sio] ; Sier. {/VUt. X, 477) reso/T'es sie. 33 I ("(';/. Nis. — 2 /-.V/w. gewhiegod. cV//. wra'tuni ; W. ' the seeoni/ t /n wrxt- tuni /.I abo:e the line in another hanJ.^ RiDDi.i'-.s oi'- 'iiii'; I'l.xi'rri'iR liooK 25 griiidaii \vi(S gicote, giellcndc faran ; na^fde scIIk u wiht syne nc folme, 5 exle nc eaimas ; sceal on anum fct searoceap swifan, swi))e fcran, faran ofer (eUlas ; haifdc fcla rihha ; niU(S \v;\;s on niiddan, moncynnc nyt ; fere foddurwelan folcscipe drcogecS, 10 wist in wigeJS, ond werum gieldc(S gaful geara gehwani \)xh j'e guman brucaS, rice ond heane. Rcce, gif \>\\ cuiine, wis, worda glcaw, hwnet sio wiht sie. 34 Wiht cwom sefter wcge wraethcu ]i|>an, cymHc from cede • cleopodc to londe, hlinsade hhldc ; hieahtor woes gryreUc, egesful on eanlc, ccge wSron scearpe. [Wfies hio hetegrim, hilde to sajne, [109"] 5 biter beadovveorca ; bordweallas griif heard ond'hi))ende. Hetenine bond, ssegde searocr:T;ftig ymb hyre sylfre gesceaft : " Is min modor ma^giSa cynnes ))3es dcorestan, |':x;t is dohtor nun lo cacen lip bden, swa |'a;t is ifcl(bmi c ii|>, 4 Con. greoto. P'.llni. gellende. — 6 /■'./tin. eaxle. — S M.S. fella. — lo T/i. note faere ? Gn. note iela.. CV//. ,/','/////. foddarwelan ; (^/'«. foddorwelan. T/i.note drxg^} — II T/i. note wegcS ? 77i., J-'.llin., (Jn. imvigeiN; (in.-, 1 1', in wige'S. — 12 Co/i. l)enea'Syj7r bruca^. — 13 Con. conne. — 14 S/'ev. (/'/)'/>. x, 477) rcwoh'c? sie. 34 I A/S., Th. wege ; Th. note wcege ? Gn., W. wSge. — 3 M.S. leahtor. — 4 Kttm. ecga. — 5 MS., I/erzf. (p. 6.S), hlacbcr (J/. P. ii, 145) hio; Th., Klim., Gn., W. his ; Ettm. note hire ? MS., Th., Gn., IV. hete grim ; J-Ulm., Ilcrzf., A'laeb. hetegrim (Am/. 1395, 1562). 7'//. note to seonne ? I/erzf. to sa;ge ; Klaeb. 'on wene (cf. on wenum)'; Iloltli. (/''... S. xxxvii, 208) 'to cene {jtordh.cxne).' — 7 Sign />. xxiii, 129), A'laeb. onband (,/. h',:o7ii. 501). — S /'.lint, silfre. — 9 .MS. majgda. — 10 Ettm. J^aes for ))a;t. — 1 1 JAS'. ( 7'.), 7//., /'.Ihu. upliden. /'.Ilm. eldum. 26 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK firum on folce, yxt seo on foklan sceal on ealra londa gehwam lissum stondan." 35 Ic wiht geseah in v.era burgum seo j'cXt feoh fedeS ; hafafi fela toj'a ; nebb bil> hyre xt nytte, nij'erweard gongeS, hipecS holdlice ond to ham tyh(S, \v£eJ>e(S geond weallas, wyrte sece'8 ; 5 aa heo ))a findeiS ))a J)e fcst ne bip; IJeteR hio pa wlitigan, wyrtum feste, stille stondan on stapolwonge, beorhte blican, blowan ond growan. 36 Mec se waita wong, wundrum freorig, of his innaj'c Srist cende. Ne wilt ic mec beworhtne wulle flysum, hcErum jnirh heahcraeft hygej'oncum min. \\'iindene me ne beoiS wefle, ne ic wearp hafu, 5 ne I'urh ]>reata gej»ra;cu )'r^d me ne hlimmeS, ne xt me hiTitende hrisil scrij'eJS, ne mec 5h\vonan sceal am cnyssan. Wyrmas mec ne aw^fan wyrda cra^ftum ]'a )'e geolo godwebb geatwum frcet\va'6. 10 Wile mec mon h\vai)>re se )>eah wide ofer eorpan hatan for hslepum hyhtlTc gewiede. Saga soScwidum, searol'oncum gleaw, wordum wisjfa^st, hwa^t )'is gewcede sy. [109^] 35 3 (Jfi. neb. — 4 .S"/V-'. (/'/>/>'. x, 476) trsohrs tyli^i; G's. {PBB. xxiii, 129) tyheS. — 6 Gn. a. 36 5 Ettm. wefla. — S MS., Gii.-, //'. sceal amas cnyssan ; 77/. note, RUm., (!n. uma; Dieir. ama; ITolth. {£.S. xxxvii, 20S) am sceal cnyssan {Lett/. 8). — 9 Ettm. awxfon. — II Gn. mon mec. Herzf. (p. 69) omits se J'eah. — 14 ]\IS., Th., Kl. gewaedu ; R. gewaeda. Ettm. si. RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK 2/ Leiden Riddle Mec se uOta uong, uundrum freorig, ob his innacSre arest ca2nd[ae]. Ni uuat ic mec biuorthae uullan fliusum, herum fteih hehciaaft higido[n]cum [mm], Uundn?e mO ni bla'S ueflse, nl ic uarp hefa;, 5 nl 'Serih '6rea[t]un giiSroec (5ret me hlimmith, ne me hrutendi hrisil scelfseS, ni mec 6ii[ua]n[a] aam sceal cnyssa. Uyrmas mec ni auefun uyrdi crseftum ^a ^i goelu godueb geatum fraetuath. 10 Uil mec hudrne sua 'Seh uidse of?er eor'Su hatan mith h^li(Sum hyhtllc giuade. Ni ancegu na ic me ^erigfseraj egsan brogum, (Seh (Si ni[ma-Mi flanas frac]adlic3e ob cocrum. Leide7i Kiddie {MS. J'oss. Q. 106, fo. 24 b, /;/ Uni-dcrsity Library of Leiden in Contijiental hand of ninth century). This was printed very inaccurately by Beth- fnanfi, Haitpts Zeitschrift v (1845), 199. Dietrich {D.) published facsimile, trans- literation, and critical text in the Marburg program, Cummentatio de Kynewulfi. poetae aetate, iSjg-iS6o. I/is text was reprinted in Rieger''s Alt- jitid angelsdch- sisches Lesebuch, Giessen, 1861 (A'.), with critical er?iendations. In j88j, Sweet {Sw^ printed in his Oldest English Texts a critical text based upon the MS. and also upon '■'■the Leiden librarian'' s careful transcript of the Riddle by help of re- agents in iS6f {L.). STceet is folknved closely by A'luge, Angelsdchsisches Lesebuch, j8SS, iSgj {Kl), and by Assmann, Grein-Willker's Bibliothck iii, 205 ( '''.). I Two letters erased after ueta. — 2 /?., R. h(is). D. a;r[est], R. a;r[ist], Sw., KL, W. aerest, Szv. ' may be acrist ? ' — 3 R. biuorhtas. — 4 D., R. b[i]h They conjecture bi hiortan minre or bi hyge (/?. hige) minum, L. b[i]gido[cumt], Sw. bigido[n]cum [minum], possibly, hygi-, KL, IV. as ?« text. — 6 D., R. '8rea[t]an. I)., R. gi5r[a;ce], ^97i'. ' gicNixc, // is impossible to tell whether last letter is followed by more letters or not.' I)., A', hlimmid, L. hlimmi(t)d. — 7 Z>. {MS.), R. hrutendi, S'u'., A'L, IV. hrutendum. /?., R. scel[f]ffi'5. — 8 £>., R. o[hwanan] or D. o[hwffir] ; Sw., A'L, IV. as in text. — 11 D. hu[e]drae. R. ofer. — \2 R. ha^li'Sum. D., R. hihtlic. D. giu3e[di] or giu3e[de], L. giu[as]de, S-co. giuasde. — 13 MS., Edd. anoegun, B.-T. (p. 750) as in text {see Dan. 697). — 14 additiofis partly by D., partly by R. D. reads mf>r ni ; R., S7c'., A'L ni[man]. R. [frac]a'Slice. 28 RIDDLES UK I'lIK l.X KI'KK HOOK 37 Ic wilit gi'soah on wc},'0 fcran, SCO w;vs \vijlitli( c wuiidiiim gegierwed : ha'idt' Iroweie let uiult'i woinbe ond c'htuwts nionii // /> .1/ [/>], wiil III .X / /• / ;■, 5 /hi)!S (/ .\' .V .V, iilon oil hi\(ge ; I\;rl(k' til ri|MU oiul twrlf t.Mi;an ond sic"\ IkmI'iIu. Saga liwa-t hio \v£ere. l''()r llodwc'gas ; lie wa-s |>a't na t'ugul ana, ac |';i'i- \v;vs [vghwv'lees aiiia geluiK-s, lO horses oiul moniies, liundes oiul fugles, ond eac wiles wlite. ]'u wast gil |ni eonst to gesecganne, |>a:t we so(S witan hii |i;XMe wihte wise gonge. 38 le )'a wihte geseah ; womb w\ts on hindan |in|>iiin al>innten ; I'egn folgade, ma'gcnrola man, ond micel hrcfde gefeied, )>;T'r his /r//(' lUali |niiii his eage. Ne swvlte(N he svmle, I'onne s\ llaii sceal 5 iiinatS |)am o|'nim. ae liim eft ( \ ine("S hot in b()siiie, hhvd l>i|> aia'red ; lie sumi w\ veecN, bi(N him sylfa fa'der. 37 At t/iKU- of mi'l., C,ii. gh'cs fiusi»ii!i- <'/" 37, a/trr Ilickfx ( T/iesaiiriis, ii, 5), huf in /lis i-dition of tiwt In- ,/ot-s not print tlw secret script, n'/iie/i he lOnsiJers as ' runes.'' 4 7'//. clitulv; (///.■-, //'. I'htu we (r^ohluii we). M.S., //'. I1 w M; Holth. (/■;. .V. xxxvii. JoS) US in te.xt. ~ 5 .I/.V, ///., //'. wilt"; (,';/. wif. MS., />./!/. in X 1 k f w; //'. {>nisre<7(/ini;) M x 1 R f w; //oit/i. ,is in te.vt. — i) Gn. note foldwegas ? 38 I T/i., r.ttin., Gn. wiht. — 2 F.ttm., Git. |.iy\Sum. — 4 .MS., lu/J. hit fekle ; 77/. note fyligde ? Gn. note felde ? Dietr. (xi, .172) his tilled {see, ko^vever, xii, 238). — 5 Ettm. swilte^■. KIDDLKS OF IIIK i:.\i:i'KK HOOK 29 39 Ic |i;i wiht gescah \v;T'])iic(l(ynnes ; geogU(Sniyr|)e graidig liiin 011 gal'ol forlet fer(Sfri|)ende feower wcllan scire sccotan, on gcsceap I'cotan. Mon mal)cla(le, sc |)e mc gcs.Tgde : 5 " Sco wiht, gif hio gcdygeJS, duna ])rice(S ; gif he tohirstecS, hiiuleJS twice." 40 (rewritu secgaJS |)a:t sco wiht sy mid monrynne niichim tiihim sweotol ond gesyne ; suiidorc raift hafaft maran micle ponne hit men witen. Heo wile gesecan snndor | aBghwylcne [i ro*] 5 feorhberendra, gewiteiS eft fC'ian on weg ; ne bi(5 hio njefre niht |)£er oj're, ac hio sceal wideferh wreccan laste hamleas hweorfan, no |)y h(3anre bi|'. Ne hafaJS liio fpt nc folm, nc £efre foldan hran, 10 ne eagena [hafaiS] fGgJ'er twcga, ne mii8 hafa|), uv \\'\]> monnum sprgec, ne gewit hafaa3t sec sy earmost ealra wihta, ))ara |'e a;fter gecyndum ccnned wsere. 15 Ne hafaS hio sawle ne feorh ; ac hio sij'as sceal geond )»as wundorworuld wide dieogan. Ne hafa'fi hio blod ne ban ; hvva;|)ie bearnuin weai(S 39 I T/i., (in. wihte. — 2 A/S., /uld. -myrwe ; Ilolth. (A". .S'. xxxvii, 208) as iit text. — 3 MS. (/'.), Til. feiiN fii|«endc. - .| 7'//. geotan/^^r heotan ; />'.■ 7". (p. 1053) gesceapheotan ('teats'). 40 I MS., F.dd. sy ; Sie7\ (/'/>'/)'. x, 477) sie resolit. no be/ore hafa'S {Gn.^ ' misprint'). — 1 1 J\IS. eagene. Gti. acids hafa^. — • 1 2 Th. spraece. 30 RIDDLKS OV THE EXETER BOOK geoiid I'isne midtlangeard niongum to fiofre. NaBfie hio heofonum hran nc to helle mot ; 20 ac hio sceal wulefcrh wuldorcyningcs larum lifgan. Long is to secganne hu hyre ealdorgesceaft rofter gongeJS, woh wyrda gesceapu ; |'ivt [is] wrStlic ping to gesecganne ; socS is Sghwylc 25 ])ara ]'e ymb ))as \viht[^] worcium bccnefi. Ne hafaJS heo /im (Cfilg, leofa|' efne se peah. Gif \n\ mrege leselan lecene gesecgan sojmm wordum, saga \\\\xi hio hatte. 41 Ece is sc s(vp])enan nu \vI■e^st^l|)unl [?tV(/A/r/'] ond pas world healdeiS ; rice is se leccend ond on rvht cvniiig, ealra anwalda, eoi|>an ond heofones healdeiS ond \vealde(S, swa he hweorfecS ymb )'as utan, 5 Hejmec wrstlice worhte ajt frymcSe [iio^] l>a he pisne ymlihwyrft Srest sette ; hcht mec wa^ccende wunian longe, pa:t ic ne slepe sippan refie, ond mec semninga slitp ofeigimgep, 10 beo'S eagan min ofestum betyned. 21 77/., Gil. wide feih ; Gii.'- widefeili. MS. cyiiinge. — 22 Su-t. {PBf!. x, 482) secgan. — 24 T/i. ndd.f is. — 26 MS., Kdd. wiht ; Holtli. {K. S. xxxvii, 208) adds aifre after wiht, or reads has wiht ymb[e]. — 27 MS. he ha-iiig lim; W. notes that he is certainly 7oritteii by another hand : Thorpe see.: o~'er the e ^y' he an a. Sell, a seratehedoiit o\ IT. {.w T. and F. M.) nothins;^ : /:'(/onne he gebolgeii bidsteal giefe'JS ; ne moeg mec oferswijjan segnberendra 20 aenig ofer eorpan nympe se ana God, sc l)isne hean heofon healde]' ond wealde)'. Ic eom on stence strengre [micle] ))onne licels o))|)e rose sy, [|)e swa anlice] on eor|>an tyrf 25 wynlic weaxeJS ; ic eom wicestre j'onne heo : ])eah I'c hbe sy Icof moncynne, beorht on bldslman, ic eom betre J'onne heo; swylce ic nardes stenc nyde ofers\vi|)e mid minre swetnesse symle ^ghwar ; 30 ond ic fulre eom ))onne |ms fen swearte, ]>xt her yfle adelan stincecS. Eal ic under heofones hwearfte recce, swa me leof ladder Icerde aet frym|)e, ])aet ic ))a mid ryhte reccan mdste 35 J)icce ond )'ynne ; I'inga gehwylces onhcnesse SghwSr healde. Hyrre ic eom heofone ; hate|> mec heahcyning his deagol ])ing dyre bihealdan : eac ic under eorj^an eal sceawige 40 wom| wraJSscrafu \vra|'ra gaista. [''''^] t6 MS., Edd. to hon blea'5; Herzf. (p. 51) as in text. — 17 Spr. i, 494 gearu- gongende. — 23, 25 The additions «;-onnc ymbhwyrtt )'es o|>|>e )>cs middangeard meahte geweorj'an, oml ir giostviMi \va"s geong acennoil, ukTmc to monnum. |>urh numo inotlor hrif. 45 Ic eom litgerro fraHwum gokles, |>cah hit nK)n awergo wirum utan ; ic- com wvrsluie |'oiino |'cs wudu fula oWo I'is waroi'S I'e her aworpcn ligoi^. Ic eoi|>an eom ivghwitr bimlre 50 ond wuigielra |>onne |>es wong grena ; fohii mec ma^g bifon ond fingras |>ry utan ea|'e ealle ymbclypixin. Heardra ic eom ond caldra l)onne se hearda forst, hiim heorugrimma, |>onne he to hrusan cymeiS ; 55 \_ic eom] IMcanus upirnendan leohtan leoman lege hatra. Ic eom on goman gena swetra |)onne ]m beobread blende mid hunige ; swvlce ic eom \\Ta|>re |'onne wermod sy 60 [|>e] her on hyrstnn\ heasewe stonde)>. Ic mesan nKvg meahtelicor ond efnetan ealdum |'yrse ; ond ic gesielig ma^g symle lifgan, I'cah ic ivtes ne sy ivfre to feore. 65 Ic UKVg fromlicor tleogan |'onne pernex o|'|'e earn ol'pe hafoc a'tre meahte : nis /etYerus, se swifta wincl, 4; MS. |\vs ; />;. I'cs ; (///. //.>/c* wa-s ? — 47 77t. note (p. 52S) awrige ? — 50 Th. in /<>r ic ; 0"«. [yfele] in eorban ; ^SV^. notis that meter an J sense require no addition. — 52 Sie^\ (n>/>. X, 476) resolves -fon. — 55 MS., Th. heoru grimma. — 56 Gn. adds ic eom. — 6i Un.adds he. — 63 MS., Th. efn etan. MS., Th. hyrre ; Th. note hyrse ? — 66 MS., Th. p'nex ; ^<7/. reads pene.x and declares that the e is scratched out, but may still be seen, lohile the accent is not erased : If. sees no e, and regards the accent as the abbre^'iation s/^ft custotnary ':cith p. / see no e [nor does />. .1/.), but the accent is certainly like the lon^ ■^'i^n. RIDDLKS OF THE KXK'IKK HOOK 33 jnvt swa fromlu-e moeg fcran EeghwSr : me is sna^gl swiftia, snelra regnvvyrm 70 ond fenyce iore hre|»ie ; is ))?es gores sunn gonge hra;dia, ))one we wifel wonlum | neninafi. [''■''] Hefigere ic com niicle |>oniie se haia stan ()|i|'c iinlylel Icades clympie ; 75 leohtre ic com micel |Hjniie |>l's lytla vvyrm |)e her on flode g£ES fotum dryge. Flinte ic eoni heardra )»e |)is fyr dnfe|) of |)issuni slroiigan style heardan ; hnescre ic eom micle halsrefepre 80 seo her on winde wSweiS on lyfte. Ic eorpan eom ceghwjer l)raidre ond widgelra ]'onne |'cs wong grena; ic uttor [eal)e] eal ymbwinde wrSthcc gevvefen wundorcrajfte. 85 Nis under me itnig ol'er wiht vvaldendre on worldHfe ; ic eom ufor* ealra gesceafta, para )>€ worhte vvaldend user, se mec ana ma^g ecan meahtum 90 gef'eon prymme J'oet ic onjmnian ne sceal. Ahua ic com ond strcngra |)onne se micla hwa^l, se j'e garsecges grund bihealdeft svveartan syne ; ic eom s\vi|'ra [lonne he ; swylce ic eom on ma:;gene minum IeEssc 95 70 MS. snelro )jon ; T/i. note snelra se ? — 72 MS. ic for is. — 77 MS., T/i. flonde ; T/i. note flode ? — 78 IV. the second a in lieardra is corrected from e. Gn. se |>is. W. notes the erasure of a letter after fyr. — 84 Gn. reads call ; Jlolth. {Bb. ix, 358) ana before eal; I/olth. {E.S. xxxvii, 208) supplies eabe ; compare line 53. — 86 77/. note ofer yi'r under ? — 91 MS., 7'h. onrinnan ; '/7i. note onwinnan ; Gn. onHnnan ; Gn."^, Spr. ii, 353, B.-T. onhunian {see 46- |>unian). — 94 MS., Juld. sweartan syne ; Ilerzf. (p. 69) sweart ansyne. MS., 7'h. swil^re. — 95 7'h., Gn. ma'gne. 34 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK ])onne se hondwyrm se |'e haelejva beam, secgas searoj'oncle, seaxe delfaS. Ne hafu ic in heafde hwite loccas, wrffiste gewundne, ac ic eom wide calu ; ne ic breaga ne brijna brucan moste, loo ac mec bescyrede scyppend eallum : nil me wr^tlice weaxafi on heafde faet me on gescyldrum scinan motan ful wrgetlice wundne loccas. Mara ic eom ond faettra )>onne amaested swin, 105 bearg bellende, [pe] on bocwiida won wrotende wynnum lifde J'set he 42 edniwu [112^] I'cCt is moddor monigra cynna, jiccs selestan, j'tes sweartestan, ]'oes deorestan, ]'res )'e dryhta beam ofer foldan sceat to gefean agen. 5 Ne magon we her in eor))an owiht lifgan, nymcSe we brucen )';^s ]'a beam d68. J'cCt is to gej'encanne peoda gehwylcum, wisfaestum werum, liwaet seo wiht sy. 43 Ic seah wyhte wrffitllce twa undearnunga fite plegan 103 Gn. moton. — 106 Bright [I'c]. — loS 77/. ' here a leaf of the AfS. is viani- festly 'wanting containing the end of this and the beginning of the following enigma.'' IV. perceives no gap in the MS. [hast he closes the page"], but below, in another hand and in other ink, almost obliterated hit is ; then about twelve letters %ia rjedellan wiS rynemenn hygefaeste heold heortan bewrigene orjjoncbendum ? Nu is undyrne 15 werum set wine hu ]>a. wihte mid us, heanm5de twa, hatne sindon. 44 Ic wat indryhtne sepelum deorne giest in geardum, pam se grimma ne maeg hungor sce66an, ne se hata Jmrst, yldo ne adfe, gif him arlice esne pena8 se pe agan sceal 5 on ]'am siSfaste. Hy gesunde set ham findaS witode him wiste ond blisse, cnosles unrim ; care, gif se esne his hlaforde | hyrefi yfle, [112'^] 3 G>!. onfeng. — 4 Jl/S. speop. — 7 A/S. J^a. — 10 TA., Gn. anan linan. — 11 Sp)-. i, 121 hwylc = ^ei qui'' or 'si qitis.' MS. wass; T/i. ha;s. — 12 T/i. )iote clammas ? — 13 B.-T. S.7'. rasdels /las ijedelsan ? — 14 G/i. beheold. — - 17 C;/. no/e heah- ? S/r. ii, 4S heah mode. As Si:/k iioics, there is no division betiveen t/tis riddle and the next ; hatne sindon is folloived on same line by Ic wat (44^). 44 4 Th. note, Cos. {PBB. xxiii, 130) adl. — 4, 5 Gn., W. add after adle, ne se enga deaS (compare Ph. 52), and after sceal, his geongorscipe. Cos. {PBB. xxiii, 130) rejects these additions. — 5 Cos. se J^e = }>one J'e. Gn. agan. — 6 ]\IS., Th. siSfate. MS., Th. hyge sunde ; Th. note 'r. sundne {a sound fiiind).'' — 8 Th. note ' before care a tvord, perhaps butan, is omitted.'' 36 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK frean on f5re ; ne wile forht wesan lo brol'or ol'rum : him |'?et bam sce?ieS, |»onne hy from bearme begen h\veorfa8 anre magan ellorfuse moddor ond sweostor. Mon, se ]>e wille, cy)'e cynewordum hu se cuma hatte 15 e'6j)a se esne ]'e ic her ymb sprice. 45 WrsEtlic honga(S bi weres J'eo, frean under sceate ; foran is jiyrel ; bi6 sti)' ond heard, stede hafaS godne, fonne se esne his agen hraegl ofer cneo hefeS, wile ]>xt cupe hoi 5 mid his hangellan heafde gretan ))9et he efenlang ser oft gefylde. 46 Ic on wincle gefraegn weaxan nathwaet, ))indan ond Jmnian, pecene hebban. On )>aet banlease bryd grapode hygewlonc hondum ; hrosgle j'eahte ])rindende |>ing ))eodnes dohtor. 5 47 Wer sset set wine mid his wifimi twam ond his twegen suno ond his twa dohtor, 10 Klaeb. {M.P. ii, 145) regards the second half-line as pare)itlietical. — 16 Git. note o'S'Se ? MS., Th. sprice ; Gn., Jl\ sprece ; cojupare 24". 45 I Siev. {PBB. X, 478) resolves J'eo; Cos. {PBB. xxiii, 129) l>eo(h)e. — 7 MS. (r.), r//., Gn. efe lang; T/i. note efne lang? GnP-, W. efelang; Tr. {BB. xix, 192) efen-lang. 46 I MS. win cle. ^fS., Th., Gn., JF. weax ; Dietr. (xi, 474) 'weax (//Vrweacs, eiwas weickesy or weaxan ; Herzf. (p. 69) weascan ; Ilolth. (/. F. iv, 367) weaxan ; Sie7}. {PBB. X, 520) siig-gests a genitive, i.e. waces. — 2 Dietr. (xi, 474) Fenian {sich dehnen). — 5 Th. Hndende ; Gn. note Irintende ? 47 I MS., Con, Wjer. Con. wifa. Con. omits twam. — 2 Con., Ettin., Gn. suna. RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK 37 swase gesweostor ond hyra suno twegen, freolico frumbearn ; fseder waes J)£er inne }»ara ee))elinga seghwaeSres raid, 5 earn ond nefa. Ealra wseron fife eorla ond idesa insittendra. 48 Mo(5^e word frret ; me \>xt |)uhte wraetlTcu wyrd, ]>a ic )»set wundor gefrsegn, j'Kt se wyrm forswealg wera gied sumes, peof in ))ystro, I'rymfaestne cwide ond J^aes strangan stajjol. Staelgiest ne waes 5 wihte J)y gleawra | )'e he fam wordum swealg. [ 1 1 3-^] 49 Ic gefrsegn for h3ele)mm bring [gerjendean torhtne butan tungan, tila feah he hlijde stefne ne cirmde strongum wordum. Sine for secgum swigende cwoe'S : " Gehsele mec, helpend gaesta ! " 5 Ryne ongietan readan goldes guman galdorcwide, gleawe be)'encan hyra hsElo to Gode, swa se hring gecwae'S. 50 Ic wat eardfcestne anne standan deafne dumban, se oft daeges swilgeS ■^ Ettfu. gesweoster. MS., Con., Th. hyre ; Eitm. hira; Gn., IF. hyra. Co/., Ettm. suna. — 4 Con., Ettm. freolicu. — 5 Con. Ettm. asghwae'Seres. 48 2 SuK wraettlicu. — 3 Sw. giedd. — 4 Sw. J>rymmf3estne. — 6 Betiveen 48 and ^^ there is no spacing in tlie MS., not even a closing sign; swealg (6) is followed on the same line by Ic gefraegn (49^). 49 I MS. fer; Fldd. for. MS., Th. hringende an ; Gn., W. hring [aerjendean; h'laeb. {M.P. ii, 145) hring a;ndean {or endean) = aerndean < aerendian. — 2 After tila no gap in MS.; Gn., IV. supply reordian and thus complete hemistich; Siei). (PBB. xii, 479) begins a nezu verse with stefne ; as does Klaeb. {M.P. ii, 145), -rt'ho reads as in text, tila l-eah he hlude| stefne ne cirmde. — 7 MS., Edd. belnincan ; Gn. note be)>encan .'' jS Ki ni>i IS o\- 111 1 1 \i 11 K r.ooK I'Uih jAoprs hoiul j;ilimu l.uuin. ll\\iliin\ on |'.in\ wuiiin sc woniia I'l-gn, SWiMit owd s;iioiU'l>, soiuK'i^ o|'ic 5 uiuKm i;oin.in hiiu uoliU- ilyiian, |';i ;v|'cliiii;;is olt uiliii.ii"^, r\niiii^.is oiul i-wxiic. Ic |';v't i\n mi ^cii iu-n\n.in \\c willr, |'r Iniu to lultc s\\ .i oinl to iliiL^I'uin il>>l' |';ii >r iliimlw lu-r, lo ooi p imw ll.l, ;V'l I^US\\ll_^(.•^. \\'i_i;.i is on i-oi|'an wmulnmi aronnoil dnhtum to lutto, o\ ilmubum twain loil\t alvhttnl, |'ono on troii \vii;ciN fcoiul his troiulo. I'oistiaiiuiic ott wil hinc wn.N; ho him wol h^'^o^, S |H-o\va|' Www _i;o|'N\aMi\ i;il' liim I'ounia^ ma\i;ci^ owd maH\uas mill _mMuctc i\htc, t^.•^la^ hiiu' l;v\mo : he him iM-mum stcpoi^ hlo on lissum. l.ianai^ giimmo |>c hino wloiuno \\roi|>an UvtoiN. 10 \c srali wia'thrc wnhto fcowcv sami-il sil'ian ; s\\caiti>'\v;vran lastas, ['*.>''] s\va|'U s\vi|vmt\u tlcag on Ivflo. 50 ,1 /"''/. '/.'/«• goapos ? (///. 'gi»pes (ro'. ..•.■/',■. luM^op.i .«,vr,; .').' — l ^fS., Th. luvilu uuM\. - 6 (>■'/. .'/;/;/,<■ him. — 10 (/«.'-, /''. iloh. — ii MS. for swilgcN; /A;'./. fois\viljA\ x, 45(»), stcpevN. 5a .\ .l/.V., /V;., (/'/. fujvlum tuni\i.i ^///.- vi .'/".1/A". fiumra /«<• <>n a 7<'/M its h^ f\tint!v pn,tfk€-J)\ Th. iwtf froiui.i ; (•/.•.'-. //". franua; Tr. (A'A. xix. 105) fughi fviltum. MS.y ir., A\i/«(v/;i' (p. ;.;i) rtootsjan hfte; /"i. ru 7 V. '//. ,• A"/-' . i, 304 (vAr. .-r/.w) <>./<•' tlo.it goond 1\ fte"; (V.f. l/V<7>. xxiii. I ?o) ' floog (- rteag) an lyt'te (./'. as'"*)'; Jr. fleag gcond lyfte. Kl DDl.l'S ()!■ (Ic.il nndci v| c. w iiinciulc w ij^A oU'i' Ui'Ic'il }V>lil, III', !• .\i:ii:k I'.ooi I hiaj^ mist illc sc liiiii wfj^.is t;i-i lu'l' Icowi'i cnlliiin. 39 5 53 Ic scali i;r|)iiif4;is in ra'ccd Icrj^uii iindci liioT sales licaidc tvvcgcn, (ni vvaifoii f^ciiaiunan iicaiwinii lu-ndiim gcfelonuk- la-sk; togu'dro. I'aia ()|)iiiin \v;rs an f^cU-ngo wiiiilali Wale, sro vvi'old liyiii l)rj;;i si|h' Ix-iidmn la'slia. 54 Ic seal) on Ncaiwc Ixain lililian taiiiini loihliic; ['a-l licow wa'S on wynnc, wiidu wcaxcndc ; wa'Ici liiiic oml coilic fc'ddan l;i!^ii', o|>|ia'1 lie hod da,mnii on o|>nMn wcaiiS a};la( hade 5 (lco|i(' m'dolj^od, dinnl) in licndinn, uii|'cn o'Iri uiinda, wonninn iivistnni foian gel la'tw cil. Nn lie la'< lunu wc^s, |Miili his licaldcs nia'^cn liildcj^irslt- o|>iinn lyinri'S. ()ll liyrv/ r\A'SliU(lon lO hord ai|j;a'dic ; Ina'd wa'S ond mdict (> /l/.V., '///. \va);;is ; ///. //,>/,■ wci^as ? 53 5 ;I/.S'., 7'//., ) f^eiKxmnc ; 7//. naftf, 7r. (/>7)\ xix, ii>S) gcmimiic ; lloltli. (/:'. S. xxxvii, 20i;) f^iMiiiiuiuiii. — 4 V'r. to (^ii'ilcie. — 6 (,'//. //I'/r- \v<)iili!a.\ ? C'n.f. (/'/•'/>'. xxiii, 130) ' wonf(e)al)s ('/'. i.\, 35S) omits |>a'l. — S ^^S., 'I'll. f;v( iiiim wa)^ ; ///. iioti- licc- niiiii weg ? — 9 yJ/.V., '///. ma'f;; '///. iioh- ma-geii ? — 10 /1/.S'. (//'.) Iiy an ysl {not \\r ail yst, 'I'll., (hi); 'I'll, iiolf 'hi on ysl {tlifv fi(rioiislvy \ Pictr. (xii, .! 5 ' -:S') 're ?et stunda|gehwam strong Sr )»onne hlo, [1^4*] werig }'3es weorces. Hyre weaxan ongon lo under gyrdelse ]>set oft gode men ferSfum freogaS ond mid feo bicgaS. 56 Ic seah in healle, )>£er haeleS druncon, on flet beran feower cynna : wrietlic wudutreow ond wunden gold, sine searobunden, ond seolfres dael, ond rode tacn )>3es us to roderum lip 5 hlsedre reerde, £er he helwara burg abrgece. Ic ))a;s beames maeg ea))e for eorlum sej^elu secgan : ]>3Bt waes hlin ond ac, ond se hearda iw, 12 A/S. fser genamnan ; T/i., Gu., IF. fasr genam|nan; Holth. {Bb. ix, 358) closes the line with faer and regards genam as the beginning of a lost line ; Holth. {E.S. xxxvii, 208) reads [on] faer| genamnan, and compares 53^, genamne ; Bright suggests genamna, but prefers genumne {so also ss'^). 55 I Th., Gn. \>z.x. — 2 MS. wine sale ; Th., IV. win-sele ; On. wincle (i.vro7igly citing this as Thorpe's suggestion for stipposed MS. reading -wmc, notwinc se\e). Holth. {E.S. xxxvii, 209) ' on stahole {., IV. hleol-a (.^3"); Gn., Tr. -hleo^u. 42 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK swearte, salopade. Sanges rofe heapum feralS, hlude cirmafi ; treda6 bearonaessas, hwilum burgsalo 5 ni)>)'a bearna. Nemnati hy sylfe. 59 Ic wat anfete ellen dreogan wiht on wonge. Wide ne ferecS, ne fela iideS, ne fieogan maeg jmrh scirne da?g, ne hie scip fereS, naca na^gledbord ; nyt bi(S hwcej're 5 hyre [monjdryhtne monegum tidum. Hafafi hefigne steort, heafod lytel, tungan lange, tO(S neenigne^ isernes dSl ; eoicSgrasf pa^l'eS. Wffitan ne swelge]', ne wiht ite]', 10 fodres ne gitsaJS, iereiS oft swa ]'eah lagoflod on lyfte ; life ne gielpeJS, hiafordes gifum, hyreJS swa ))eana )'eodne sinuni. J'ry sind in naman ryhte limstafas, para is Rad fultum. 15 60 Ic seah in healle hring gyldenne men sceawian, modum gleawe, fer])]mm frode. Fril'Ospe[de] b?ed God nergende gaste slnum se ]>e wende wri|'an, word ^fter cw3e'8, 5 hring on hyrede HSlend nemde 3 AfS., T/i. rope ; r/i. note, Gn., Sic, Brooke {E.E.L. p. 149), Cos. {PBB. xxiii, 130) rowe ; Gn. note, IV., 7>-. rofe. — 5 T/i., Gn. tracdaiS. 59 3 Gu. ne before masg. — 6 Th., Gn., W. [mon]. — 11 MS., T/i. fodres. — i^MS., Th., Gn. f urum ; Tit. note feor)ia ? Gn. note fruma <'r forma ; Dietr. (xi, 477) fur"Sum; Gnr, Spr. \, 356, W. fultum; Holth. {/. F. iv, 3S7) furma. 60 I MS. gylddenne. — 3 Gn. fer'Sum. A/S. ix\\>o spe (end 0/ line) baed; Tk. as in te.vt. RIDDLKS OF THE EXETER BOOK 43 tillfremmendra. Him torhte in gemynd his Dryhtnes naman dumba brohte ond in eagna gesihti, gif ))ais ffi|)el[est]an goldes tacen ongietan cupe lo Olid Dryhtnes do/g, don swa ])0es beages benne cwEEdon. A^c pu'ir In-nc niceg aeniges monnes ungefullodre Godes ealdorburg gaest gesecan, rodera ceastre. RSde se |ie wille 15 hu (Sa^s wrJEtluan wunda cwaEden [hringes to hselejmm, [la he in healle woes [i^S^] wylted ond wended wloncra fohnum. 61 Ic wses be sonde, sEewealle neah, ret merefaroj'e, mlnum gewunade frumsta|»ole fnest; fea genig waes monna cynnes, j'^et minne j^Sr on ansBde eard beheolde, 5 ac mec uhtna gehwam ycS sio brQne lagufaefime beleolc. Lyt ic wende j'cCt ic £er o]']'e sifi | ^fre sceolde [123^] ofer meodii[bence] mii81eas sprecan, Avordum wrixlan. J^Kt is wundres dSl 10 9 MS., Edd. asj^elan; R., Holth. {Bb. ix, 358) a;)'el[est]an. — 11 MS.{T.) dryht dolg don; 77/. notes iltat ^ this is apparently corrupt and ivitlunit an alliterating line — dryht-dolg don ? ' Gn., IV. dryht dolgdon ; Dietr. (xii, 235) I'one dysige dryht dolgdon furSum. — 12 MS., Edd. ne ma;g )>asre bene; Gn., W. [to haes beages dolgiim] ; Holth. {/>!>. ix, 35S) notes that this is metrically false. — 13 AfS., Th. ungafullodre ; Th. note ungefyllodre ? Gn., IV. ungefullodre ; Cos. {PBB. xxiii, 130) ungefullodra {gen. pi.). 61 This riiidle begins upon leaf \22 ^\fi'e lines from the bottom ; it is immediately preceded by 31/' and isfollo^oed by The Husband's A/essage and The Ruin (i 23=1-1 24b). I .1/^. a <^/"sande is changed to o; Th., Ettm., Gn. sande. MS., Th. sae wealle. — 5 EJtm. anede. — 7 Th. note beleac ? — 9 Gn. adds bence, GnP' drincende, ac- cepted by IV., Bl. Xo gap in MS. 44 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK on sefan searolic J'am )ie swilc ne conn, hu mec seaxes ord ond seo swipre bond, eorles ingeponc ond ord somod, ])ingum gej'ydan, ]^?et ic \vi)) ))e sceolde for unc anum twam srendsprEece 15 abeodan bealdlice, swa hit beorna ma uncre wordcwidas widdor ne m^nden. 62 Oft mec feste bileac freolicu meowle [124'' mid] ides on earce, hwilum up ateah folmum sinum ond frean sealde, holdum I'Eodne, swa hio haten wses. SiSj'an me on hrej're heafod sticade, 5 niojian upweardne on nearo fegde. Gif )'aes ondfengan ellen dohte, mec frsetwedne fyllan sceolde ruwes nathwaet. Rsd hwst ic mane. 63 Ic eom heard ond scearp, hingonges strong, for8sI)'es from, frean unforcijS ; wade under wambe ond me weg sylfa ryhtne geryme. Rinc bi'S on | ofeste [125*] se mec on )'y(S reftanweardne 5 h^lecS mid hraegle, hwihnii ut tyhcS of hole hatne, hwilum eft fareJS 12 jVS. seaxeS; £(/i. state. — 8 .lAV., Edd. W before mec. MS., Holtlt. {/>!>. ix, 358) frjEtwedne; Edd. frastwede. 63 I MS., Th., Gn. ingonges ; Gn. note hingonges ? so Gn.-, IV. — 4 77/. geiyne. — 5 Sie7>. {PBB. X, 477) resolves J>y« ; Holt/i. {Bb. ix, 358) \>y[e\'S. — 6 Siev. {PBB. X, 476) resolves tyh'5; Cos. {PBB. xxiii. 129) tyhe'5. — 7 T/i. eft-fare'S; Gn. note f ege'5 ? RIDDLKS OF THE EXETER BOOK 45 on neaio nathwair, nyde|) s\vi|>c su|)ernc sccg. Saga hwa^t ic hatte. 64 Oft ic secga seledreame sceal fjegre onl'con |'onne ic com for(S boren, gla^d mid golde, |)Sr guman drincafi. Hwilum nice on cofan cysseJS mupe tillic esne I'cEr wit tii bcoj), 5 faet^me on folm[e] [finjgrum |)y(S, wyrceS his vvillan . . ^ hi . . fulre ))onne ic forfi cyme Ne mxg ic |'y mi pan 10 [si]l)|'an on Icohte swylce eac bi(S sona te getacnad, hwoet mc to 15 lOas rinc, j'a unc geryde waes. 64 I Jl/S. secgan ; L't/d. secga. — 2 Siev. {PBB. x, 476) resolves -)'eon. — 5 Sie7<. {PBB. X, 477) resolves beo'5. — 6 T/i. fee'Sn ; grum; C;/. supplies [beclyppeS, finjgrum; Dieir. (xi, 479) adds [bifeh'S and finjgrum; Sch. [on folm] grum; W. {so 71) reads the upper lialfofow folm, then a gap of about four letters {Sch. five). Ilolth. {Bb. ix, 358) hy[e]S. — 7 Th. willan ; W. the n is no longer visible. Sch. about twenty-one letters missing; IV. the fifth appears to have been iS, the sixth 1? / read clearly 1 ; B. M. gives S and the top of\w\ Dietr. [ne weorSe ic swa I'eah] . — 8 Dietr. [on faeSme )>y]. — 9 Th., Gn., gap in MS. ; Dietr. no gap ; Sch. about tivcnty- three letters missing after forS-cyme. — 10, ii Dietr. adds [|>?et me se mon dyde| Jjaer min sweora (?) biS gesejwen ; Sch. after mil>an about twenty letters are missing, then han {not wan, Th., Gn.) ; IV. sees still the lo7uer part of\> before jjan ; so do I. — 12 Th. gap in MS. ; Gn. no gap ; Sch. about twentyfour letters missing after leohte. — 13, 14 Sch. between sona and getacnad about seventeen letters are lacking ; Th., Gn. read te before getacnad ; W. sees before te some marks, perhaps rn ; Dietr. supplies [sweotol on eorle|fela teallriendum on fojte ; G>i., Dietr. getacnod. — 15 Sch. after to about nine letters are missing; Dietr. inserts [bysmere se bealda teode]. — 16 Dietr. [rcxdjleas; I/olth. {LP. iv, 387) [sum nxd-] ; {Bb. ix, 358) perhaps [rece-]. I see the bottom curves of two letters, perhaps ce ; so B. M. 46 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK 65 Ic seah F* ontl ofer wong faran, beran ^ M ; bSni wivs on si|)]'e htebbendes hyht, N ond K, swylce I'ryl'a ciitl, [> oml P^ ; gcfcah r end r. fleah ofer T, 5 I/] ond K sylfcs |'ivs folces. 66 Cwico wa^s ic, ne cwa^cS ic wiht ; cwele ic efne so ))eah ; xr ic \va?s, eft ic- cwom ; Sghwa nice leafaJS, hafaiN mec on hcadre ond min heafod scire|>, bitecS mec on b;vr he, briceJS mine wisan. Monnan ic ne bite, nym|'e he me bite; 5 sindan |'ara monige J'C mec bitaiS. 67 Ic eom mare j'onne ))es middangeard, iSsse J'onne hondjwyrm, leohtre I'onne mona, [125*^] swiftre J'onne sunne. Sfes mc sind ealle flodas on f;^^mum ond ]'es foUhui bearm, grene wongas ; grundum ic hrine, 5 helle underhnige, heofonas oferstlge, wuldres e|'el ; wide rSce ofer engla card ; eur|'an gefylle. 65 2 J/S., /•;e. — 3 //<>////. H. A [samod], tc/V// omission <»/'ond. Git. A ^tnisprint for A). — 4 ^[S., T/i., G>/., Ilich. {^Aiii^lia x, 597) f. /r. P-. Ilolth. W E [samod]. — 5 Tr. {Bb. v, 50) H for F. — 5, 6 //.'////. supplies and before tleah luui swylce before S-rin/e. 66 3 V'/'t. note hea^re ? — 4 MS., Tli. onba;rlic i^seereily'''). — 5 .1/^. nyniphe (//.'/ nymhe, T/i.,Gn.: ;/<'/ nymppe, AV/.) ; //o/t//. {Bb. ix, j^S) siishiins p/tonetieol/y the MS. form ; Edd. nymhe. 67 I Con. Son l>a:s. .IAS", miiulangeard. — 4 MS., Con., T/i., Ettm., Gn. |>as ; G/i. note, Gn.- )>es. Ettnt. note beaimas ? — 6 Con. heofenes. RIDDLKS OF THE KXKTKR IKJOK 47 ealne niiddangeanl ond merestreamas side mid nic sylfuiii. Saga h\\\Tt ic hatte. 10 68 Ic on j'inge gefia-gn ])codcyninges wrStlice wiht word galdra .... s'//y//[_n>^ hio symle dc(N fira ^^;r//7o\_(iJ//^ wisdome wundor mc |';v;t w fet nc f[()lme] cwi|'e(S cynn na;nne mu(S hafafi, . wclaii oft sacaJS, vvearJS Icoda larC'Ow, for|>on nu longe niag[on] [awa to] ealdre cce lifgan missenlice pendcn menu bugafi 15 eor|'an sceatas. Ic pa^t oft geseah golde gegierwed, j'ser guman druncon, 9 Jl/S., Co7i., Ettm. ealdne. — 10 Con. mec. Con., Kttm. selfum. 68 Omitted by Th., Gii. 1 /;/ M.S. I is no longer visible ; B.M. gi7\\\ . . . heodcyninges ; IV. sees still the icpper part of a g, then a gap of two letters, then efiCEgii ; B.M. reads Hng(/<'/ of €) and {top a . . . \v ? />'. J/. 1'a.t w . . . ; IV. sees of w only the lo7ver part ; after this some twenty-eight letters are missing {Sch.). — 8, 9 MS. {Sch., /T.) enne ; /)'. M. nrcnne. Ifolth. {Bb. ix, 358) suggests [nj^nne and f[olme]. — 9 Sch. fet in ? [f] ? \V. reads fet. ne, then under the line a long stroke {seen by B.M. and by me) ; then about t'wentyseven letters are lacking (Sch.). — 1 1 IV. reads cynn (I see lotoer part), not seen by Sch.; then a gap of some eighteen letters (Sch. tioenty-ttvo). — 13 //' (so I) reads mag, not seen by Sch.; then about seven missing letters (Sch. ten). — 13, 14 llolth. (Anglia xxiv, 264) proposes mag[on] | [awa to] ealdre. 48 KIDDLKS OK IHK KXIOTER 1U)C)K since ond scolt'io. Sccgc se |>c cunne, wisfu'stia Inwlc, h\v;vl sco wiht sy. 69 ^Gn. 68) If |>;i wiht gosoali on wcg fcran ; lu'i) \v;vs wia'tlice wuiulrum gegierwed. W'undoi wcaicN on wcgo : \v;vtei woaiiN to bane. 70 (Gn. 6q) Willi is writtlR- |>ani |>o hyre wisan ne conn : singe(N |nuh sidan ; is se swcora woh orl>i)ncum geworht ; luifa|) eaxle twa sceavp on gescyUlruni. Hisgosceapo [drcogeJS], ll'o swa writtlice be wege stonde, [126^] 5 hcah onil hlctntorlit, h;vle|nnn to nytte. 71 (Gn. 70) Ic eom rices xhi icade bewajfed. SticS ond stcap wong. sta|'ol \v;vs iu ))a wyrta wlitetorlura : nu coin \vra))ra laf, fyros ond fcole, fa^ste genoarwad, wire geweoij'ail. \\'cpci"s hwilum 5 for gripe mmum sc j'C gold wigci^, ))onne \c yl'an sceal fe 19 //,'////. (AV-. i.\, 358) sie yiv sy. 69 1 (/"//. wihte. O'n. note on wxg ? Gn. faian. — 2 MS. s/\c" 0/ closin^s^ after gegierwed (//'.). egin.ol. Th. iu-l>a. — 3 MS., Th. wlite torhtra. — 5 Th. note gewreol'ad (gewril'od). — 6 MS., Edd. miiuini gripe; llolth. (E.S. xxxvii, 20c)) gripe minum. Th. note wege'ii} — y Gn. note ywan ? Th., Gn. close the riddle loith sceal, and take bete (1. 10) with the ne.vt riddle, at end of first full line. After sceal some nine letters are missing {Sch.). Before hriiigum I see at end of line the upper stroke of a letter, then a missing letter, then se (/>'. .lA fe). Kii)i)i.i;s oi' I'lii': i;.\i;i'i;k i500K 49 hringum gchyrsted nic bil .... (Iryhlne nun vvlite bete lo 72 (Gn. 71) Ic \va;s lytel some . . ante geaf \vc |»e unc gemSne sweostor min fctide mec [faEgre] ; oft ic fcower teah 5 swaese bropor, |)ara onsundran gehwylc da^gtidum mc drincan scalde jnirh |)yrel l)earle. Ic l)aih on lust, oJ»)jaet ic waes yldra ond j'xt anforlet S Sc/i. gehy[r.sted] [me], ami tliot twenty-tlnee missing letters ; IV. {so A'. A/, and /) reads the upper half of rsted me, then bil (?), then some t^vetity missing letters; Holth. (Anglta xxiv, 264) h\\>for bil (}V.). — 9 Sih. after min, a gap of some twenty-one letters. Above wlite B. Af. reads go. — 10 Sch. wlite is the last word of the Hue ; under it is bete : 7 On account of the closing'' -fig ft Sch., tinlike Th., regards bete as belonging to this riddle, and as a part of a perhaps shorter end-line. IV. be- lieves that there is no gap before bete, but that as last word it is written, as is com- mon, at the right end of the next line \^see 38, 46, 54, 86]. Before bete is also a sign [very common in Kiddles'] that refers it to the preceding line {IV.). I agree with Sch. and //'. 72 I, 2 Th., Gn. Ic waes bete; Sch. Ic wacs . . . {about twenty letters) . . . geaf; W. reads after waes the upper part of lyt and before geaf, ante {the lower part of zw); Ilolth. {Anglia xxiv, 264) proposes [br]ante geaf [las]. I read after lyt clearly e and upper part of\ {not seen by B. AL), and at beginning of line, half 7vay between lytel and ante, so clearly and then m (.''). B. M. reads so and the greater part of m^. After ge^i, Th.,Gn. give no gap ; Sch., W. a gap of some thirty- t7uo letters. — 3 APS. { IV., T.) we he unc gemaene ; Th., Gn., Sch. we unc gemane. After gemaene some nineteen letters are missing. Dietr. (xi, 481) proposes (1-3) : Ic wa;s [of hame adrifen, liearm minne] bete, se \>Q me gemseccean goaf, we unc gemxne [oft] [swiSas asetton ; ic ond] sweostor min. — 5 e in mec is worn away { !V.) ; after mec .SV7/. sees a gap of some eleven letters ; Gn?' supplies faegre ; Dietr. supplies frodra sum ; Iferzf. (p. 70) ful faegre and {cf. 51", 54*). B. AI. reads oft ic, not seen by Sch., //'., or by me. — 6 Th., Gn., Dietr. l-ara |.e. — 8 Ilolth. (Bb. ix, 35S) |>ah. — 9 Th. note \>onnG for Kxt ? Th. an-forlet; Gn., IV. an forlet. 50 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK sweartum hyrde, sipade wicldor, lo meaicpal>as \\'alas tr;v;d, moras preside biinden under beame, bcag hrefde on healse, wean on laste weorc j'rowade, earfoi^a dx\. Oft mec isern scod sare on sidan ; ic swigade, 1 5 nSfre meldade monna itngum, gif mc ordstajpe egle wEeron. 73 (Gn. 72) Ic on wonge aweox, wunode I'fer mec feddon hrusejond heofonwolcn, o|'))a;t onhwyrftlon me [126*^] gearum frodne, ]'a me grome vvurdon, of |'i"tre gecynde ]'e ic Jtr cwic beheold, onwentlan mine wisan, wegedtMi mec of earde, 5 gedydon |>a?t ic sceokle \vi|' gesceajie mmum on bonan willan bugan hwilum. Nii eom />■('■(/// ;//h/rs folme bysigo[d] dlan (htl, gif his ellen deag, ol'l'e ;vfter tlome ri 10 ilan mSr|'a fremman, wvrcan we ec on I'eotle utan we jie ond to \vrohtstaf[um] n eorp, eaxle gegyrde wo •• ond swiora sm;\:;l, sidan fealwe I'onne mec hea]>osigel scir bescineJS ontl mec 20 II Gfi. uote Wala ? — 12 77/. //«'/<• bearme ? Gn. beah. — 14 c hi mec a/'/'eiirs effaced ( /r.); / read it easily. — 17 MS., T/i. ord sta^pe. 73 I -l/A". woiiode ; Edd. wunode. — 2 MS., Gn. heofon wlonc ; 77/. heofon- wlonc ; Gn.-, W. heofonwolcn. MS., Edd. me onhwyrfdon ; Herzf. (p. 44) onhwvrfdon me. — ^ Gn. wise. — S MS., Edd. mines frean. KIDDLl'.S OF THE KXETKR BOOK 5 1 8-20 (J II. .a/////<-.v, ('// ktsis of 7'/i's h-xt 0/ MS.: Nil eom mines frcan folme by . . . Ian da-l, gif his ellen deag, o'SSe he {not in MS., Th.) xfter dome [da;dum wille] mxrSa freniman wyr[cean] on )>eode utan \vrohtst[afas] eaxle gegyrde and swioia snia'i, sidan fealwe |>()nne mec hea'Sosigel scir bescineX and mec Dietr. (xi, 481-482) supplies as follows : Nu eom mines frean fohiie by[sig], [ajfle him eorfJweJlan da:l, gif his ellen deag, o"S'Se he x'fter dome [dajdum wille] ma;rSa fremman, [m:ugensi)ede] [wyrjcean on l)eode utan [wrohtstjafas. [Sindon me on heafde hyrste beorhte], eaxle gegyrde [isernes da;le], and swiora smael, sidan fealwe. [Ha;dre mec ahebte], l>onne mec heacSosigel scir bescineiS' and mec [scyldwiga] Sell. : folme by . g . . . {five letters') . . . Ian dx'l gif — dome ri . . . (fnirteen letters) . . . dan ma.T|>a fremman wyrcan w . . . {about twenty letters) . . . ec non )>eode utan w . . . {about twenty-three letters) . . . pe and to wroht stap . . . {about twenty-fiTe letters) . . . n eorp eaxle gegyrde wo : . . . {about twenty-ei^lit letters) . . . ond swiora — fealwe . . . {about eighteen letters) . . . Jjofi — ond mec . . . {seven leller.<:) . . . fx'gre. IV.: 8 by . go. — 1 1 Of dan ma;r|'a only the upf>er part. — 13 A'ot ec non (.SV7/.), but after c stands a perpendicular strohe, going below the line (w ? J> ?), then on ; ;'// the same line with -tan, we. /// the J/S. is not the slightest trace of the stroke seen by 11 '. (7'.). L/he />./!/. I read ec on }>eode u | tan we. Ilolth. {Bb. ix, 358) reads by[s]go[d] ; {Anglia xxiv, 264): 8-9 Nu eom mines fre[g]an folme bysgo [eadwejlan da'l, etc. II-I2 [Men ofer mol]dan nuurl)a fremman, wyrcan w[elda;dum] 14 wrohtstaf[um] — Ilolth. here rejects stap of MS. {B.M., Sch., IV.) as ' nothing can be made out of it.' 16 [earan] or [eagan] ? 17 wo[mb] or wo[ngan] ? B.M. reads clearly bysigo (8), the upper curve of d before Ian (9), tti instead of di before an (11), we (12), <;;/aet xr friS hajfde. Feringe from, he fus l)onan wendefi of ))am wicum. VViga sc J'e mine wisan [j\7A'] cunne, saga hwa^t ic hatte. 74 (Gn. 73) Ic \v?es fSmne geong, feaxhar cwene ond Snlic rinc on ane tid ; fleah mid fuglum ond on flode swom, deaf under y|)e dead mid fiscum, ond on foldan stoji, ha;fde ferM cwicu. 5 75 (Gn. 74) Ic swiftne geseah on swape feran [127'^] M + n N. 76 (Gn. 75) Ic ane geseah idese sittan. 77 (Gn. 76) Sse mec fedde, sundhehii peahte, ond mec ypa wrugon eor]>an getenge, fe)>elease. Oft ic flode ongean 21 A/S. wige'N, not as Gn. sfdtcs, wegeii ; T/i. note wege'N ? — 23 J/.S'., T/i. Crista. — 24 MS., Th., G>i., Dietr., IV. hrcegnlocan ; T/i. note hra;gl-locan ? Spr. ii, 137, Gfi.'^ brasgnlocan. jVo gti/> in MS., Th.; Dietr, (xi, 4S2) supplies hwilum neSe ; Gnr bealde ne■^"e. — 27 Gn. note fceringa. — 28 A'o gap in MS., Edd. ; Herzf. (p. 70) assumes, on account of absence 0/ alliteration, a gap 0/ at least tivo half-lines after cunne. 74 5 MS., Gn.. II'. fonN; Th.. .V/-;-. i, 2S1, Cos., Tr. {BB. xix, 201) fercN. 75 2 MS. D, N. L. H; Th.Ain. D. N. U. H; //'. n /v N {Holth., Bh. ix, 35S). 77 1 .IAS'., J'h. se; (///., IV. sa\ RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK 53 miiS ontynde ; nu wile monna sum mill fiaEsc fretan, felles ne reccefi, 5 si)»))an he me of sidan seaxes orde hyd arype?) [ond m]ec hr[a]))e sipj'an iteS unsodene eac 78 Oft ic flodas as cynn milium ond [^/] iv/t' me to mos[e] swa ic him an ne xt ham gesst ... 5 flote cwealde I'urh orj'onc . . . yj)um bewrigene. 5 A/S., Til., Afad. (p. 48) recceS; Git., IV. receS. — 7,8 Th., Gn. arypcS be ; Sell. arype'S . . . {foiir letters) . . . [ec] h[w?] . . . {t^co tetters) . . . ))e ; tV. sees 0/ ec only the tipper part, o/-w(?) only two strokes. From fragment itt MS. this doitbtftil letter w (?) may 7aell he an r (see I/olthansett's ctiietidatioit). Dictr. (xi, 483) sttpplies after arypeS [hord him ofanimS] ; llolth. {Attglia xxiv, 265) [ond hnaecCS m]ec|3cr [o^JJ^e sijjj'an, reading xr for Sch., W. h[w?]. Th. ileiS; Th. ttote x\f^. Th. marks gap after unsodene; Gn. assttmes no gap ; Sch. eac . . ., the rest of the liite is missiitg : W. (so I) sees after c an \(?)-strohe ; B. M. gives nearly all of 1 ; Ilollh. I.e. regards iteS unsodene as secotid hemistich ; httt Ilolth. (^E.S. xxxvii, 210) reads: r , , 1. r n -ii ' [ond mjec hr[a]|)e si)>l'aii ite'5 unsodene eac [swa some] /prefer this placiin^ of words to IV.'s , ^ ^ •^ -^ ec h[\v] . . . )>e siH>an iteS unsodene eac . . . I'itt the \fragment in MS. rtiles ottt swa some. 78 Omitted by Th., Gn. i MS. ttot Ofl {JV.), hut clearly Oft (T.). Sch. abotit t-iLietttyfotir letters are missing after flodas. — 2 Holth. (^Anglia xxiv, 265) supplies [le]as, perhaps ar-, eSel-, ellen-leas. MS. (JV.) cyn; clearly cynn (7".). After ond Sch. notes a gap of some twettty-six letters ; Holth. sttpplies [sacan]. — 3 Ilolth. con- jectures [h]yde me to mos[e]. With tity reading compare And. 27. After mos about twenty-six letters are lacking (Sch^. — 4 After him a gap of some tzvetityfour letters {Sch.). — 5 IV. states that al is very indistinct. Instead of z\ I read faintly an (B.M. m or n). Sch. records after gesaet a lacttita of some sixteen letters. — 6 Sch. reads rote ; W. flote, and rightly notes that of i the tipper cross-stroke is lacking, and that of 1 only the lo7ver part is visible. Ilolth. sttpplies [on] flote. — 7 Sch. states that after or)>onc some five letters are missing ; JV. reads ofy\> only the laiver part (so B. M. and I). 54 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK 79 (Gn. 77) Ic eom a:]>elinges itht oiul willa. 80 ^Gn. 78) Ic eom ce)»elinges eaxlgestealla, fyrdrinces gefara, frean minum leof, cyninges geselda. Cwen mec hwTlum hwTtlocceilu bond on legecS. eorles dohtor, I'eah hio a?|'elu sy. 5 Hxbbe me on bosme j'aet on bearwe geweox. Hwilum ic on wloncum wicge ride herges on ende ; heard is min tunge. Oft ic woiSboran wordleana sum ag)'fe cefter giedde. Good is min wise 10 ond ic sylfa salo. Saga hwa^t ic hatte. 81 (Gn. 79) [Ic eom /m/s,v?bbe ond heane steort, eagan ond earan ond senne foot, hrycg ond heard nebb, hneccan steapne ond sidan twa, j\7^"-[<;/] on middum, 5 eard ofer sldum. Aglac dreoge I'ier mec wegetS se )'e wudu hrereS, ond mec stondende streamas beataJS, haegl se hearda ond hrim |'ece^ [ond fjorst [^/i ryvsccf ond feallecS snaw 10 80 2 E/frn. gefera. — 4 Ettm. lecge^. — 5 Ettni., Gii. si. — 10 Etim., Gn. agiefe. Gn., Tr. God. — 1 1 Ettm. silfa. 81 I MS., Ed J. byledbreost. — 3 Gn. fot. — 5 MS., Edd. sag; Tli. note sac ('<7 sack'y. Gn. middan. — 7 Sici'. {PBB. x, 520) wxgeS. MS. hrereii; Th., Gn. hrepe■^"; Gn. note hrere'S.' — 10 TV/, [lece'ei . . . ond fealleJS; Gn. g-iz'es no ga/' after hecelS, but su/>//ies after snaw [for'ii ofer mec] ; Sch. reads J'ecet5 . . . (nine letters) . . . elS; IV. reads as third and fourth letters, rs, and as the last, s; Holth. (Bh. ix, 35S) supplies as first hemistich [fo]rs[t] [gera^]se■^". I read after rs the top oft very clearly and eo quite distinctly before seS. B. M. reads orst . . . eoselS. KlDDl.KS OF 'nil': KXKTKR BOOK 55 [on] |>yiel\vunibne ond ic ])ajt .... n ma^t [wonjsceaft mine. 82 Wiht is • • • [g]ongende grcate swilgeS . . . [fjcll nc flffisc, fotum gong . . 5 . e(S sceal niaila gehwam 83 (Gn. 80) Frod w?es min fromcynn, [h?efde fela wintra] biden in burgum, si|)|'an bSles weard wera lige bewunden, II Holth. I.e. supplies on before )>yrel. After )'?ct Sch. notes twenty-eight or tiventy-nine missing letters. — 12 Tli. . . . eaft ; Gn. [scjeaft ; Sch. ceaft ; W. [sjceaft. Before sceaft / read Z'ery clearly ma;t — followed by three very faint let- ters, perhaps won (?) B.M. reads n ma't . . . sceaft. Dietr. (xi, 483) supplies [I'olige eall], [ne wepe ic aefre wonnscjeaft mine. 82 Omitted by Th.{C,H.). i .9<7/. T(?) . nd ; Tr. Wiht. Only tail of v; and \\V are visible to me. B. Af. reads a part of the lower curve ofyi, then \\\t, followed by is, not seen by Sch., IV., or by me. Then a gap of some twenty-tivo letters (Sch.). — 2 Sch. o(?)ngende ; IV. {so /) o is still clearly visible; Holth. (Anglia xxiv, 265) [gjongende. After s\viige6" some twenty-four letters are missitig (Sch.). — 4 Sch., IV., and I read 11 ; Holth. I.e. [fe]ll ; B. M. ell. Sch. g . . . g ; W. reads still gong, so do / ; Holth. supplies gong[e'5]. Then follows a lacuim of some thirty-six letters (Sch^. — 6 Before sceal and at end of line, B.M. reads e^, not visible to Sch., IV., and to me. Sc7i. reads gehwa ; IV., T, and B. I\I. gehwam. The rest of this last line of the riddle is missing (Sch.). 83 I 77/. from-cy[nn] ; 77/. «o/(? frum-cynn .' 6'«. fromc[ynn] ; 6'f//. fromcy, ^//^-w a gap of eighteen letters; IV. (so I) reads, after y, n and an n-strohe. Gn. supplies haefde fela wintra. — 2, 3 Between brcles and wera, Th. gives a gap of over tioo half -lines, Gn. of more than a whole line, thus gi%>ing fifteen lines to the riddle. Sch. 'baeles [weorc? only the remnants ofvi'f e? o or 2^., and r remain], between bjeles and wera about ten letters are 7oanting\; IV. (so B.M. and I) reads baeles weard. In MS. ten letters are missing after weard. Holth. (Anglia xxiv, 265) supplies si|)|>an [mec] bx'les weard [hafde leodjwera lige bewunden After weard, B. M. reads the hnoer part of three letters, perhaps on and d ? certainly not hx-fde. MS., Edd. life. 56 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK fyre gefSlsad. Nu me fah waraS eor])an broj'or, se me aerest wearS 5 gumena to gyrne. Ic ful gearwe gemon hwa min fromcynn fruman agette call of earde ; ic him ylle ne mot, ac ic hieft\_e'\nyd hwilum arare wide geond wongas. Ha^bbe ic wundra fela, 10 middangeardes msegen unlytel, ac ic mi|'an sceal monna gehwylcum degolfulne dom dyran craeftes, slSfa?t minne. Saga hwxt ic hatte. 84 (Gn. 81) An wiht is [on eor))an] wundnim acenned, hreoh end repe, hafa?i ryne|strongne, [128*] grimme grymetacS end be grunde fareS. Mrxior is monigra mSrra wihta. FcEger ferende fundacS i^fre ; 5 neol is nearograp. NSnig ol)rum maeg wlite onil wisan wordiim gecyj'an hu mislic bij» ma:;gen l>ara cynna, fyrn for^gesceaft ; fa^der ealle bewat, or ond ende, swylce an sunn, 10 miere meotudes beam, l>urh [his meahta sp]ed 4 d in gef>rls;iil is altered from li. Th. war . . .; Gn. \vaI■[a■^'] ; Gn!- \var[naN], *upon ivhich the ace. eoriSan depends'' ; Sch. wara. ; //'. (so />. J/.) reads after a the lower part of a d or S. — 6 Gn. Ne for Ic. — 7 Th. note frumcynn ? — 9 MS.., Th. on hneftnyd; Gn., W. hivftnyd. 7Vi. note adnvfe. — 10 .US., 77/. wunda; (/;/., Dietr. (xi, 4S4), //'. wundra. 84 I MS., Edd. An wiht is; Herzf. (p. 70) an wraetlicu wiht or Is an wiht, etc.; Billbring {Litt.-Bl. xii, 156) is [on eor'San] {a:t liyhste mSst . . )'es tx . . . dyre craeft onne hy aweorp o])e £Enig )>ara ... 15 far ne mseg 6))er cynn eorj'an ])on £er waes wlitig ond wynsum Bi)) sio moddor maegene eacen, 20 wundrum bevvre)'ed, wistiim gehladen, hordum gehroden, hnslel'iim dyre. Msegen biS gemiclad, meaht gesweotlad ; wlite bij' geweorpad wuldornyttingum, wynsum wuldorgimm wloncum getenge, 25 clsengeorn biS ond cystig, crsefte eacen ; hio bi)» eadgum leof, earmum geteese, 12-19 Between mas . . . and asr wass (i8) Thorpe assumes a gap of three heini- stichs and a part of a fourth ; according to Th., 7vhat follozvs ms: . . . is apparently part of another enigma; Gn. supplies ma; [gen haliges gasstes], and gives, after a lacuna, asr waes as close of next line (13). Gn. note l^asr waes wlitig ? For Gn.''s gap (13), Dietr. (xi, 484) supplies [he ofer hire hreone hrycg] aer wass ; and after wyn- sum, [wide boren]. Sch. and J'ast hyhste mce . . . (five letters') . . . has ? {judging from fragments') gas . . . (about eighteen letters) ; . . . dyre craeft . . . (about twenty-three letters) . . . onne hy aweorp . . . (about twenty-three letters) . . . J'e [B.A/. o\>e] aenig l>ara . . . (about twenty-three letters) . . .: f[o]r ne ma?g . . . (about twenty-seven letters) . . . ober cynn eor^an . . . (about fifteen letters) . . . [l']on a;r wass wlitig ond wynsum . . . (eight letters). Sch. declares that the absence of a beginning capital and of a closing-sign disprove Th.'s vieru of a new enigma. After mas (12) I read the top of st (B. M. s), certainly not a g as Gn. suggests, then three missing letters, then the top of J^es, follotoed by tae (not gas, Sch., IV.) ; B. M. reads es tae. IV. reads of\>QS, (12) only the upper part. Like IV., I see between f and r (16) the bottom of an a; B. M. reads plainly far. W. and I see still the \> of \>oxi (18). — 20 Th., Gn. seo. Th. modor. — 21 Th. [gejwre^ed; G71. wreSed ; Sch. [be]greh>ed, basing his con- jecture on fragments of two letters in A/S. : IV. (so B.AI. and I) reads the lotcer part of he and then wrehed (w qiiite clearly). Ilolth. (E. S. xxxvii, 210) bewre|)ed wundrum, wistum gehlssted, gehroden hordum. — 24, 25 Th. note wundor? — 25 Gn. note wolcnum ? — 27 MS. earmuge tasse; Th. earmunge txse ; Gn., IV. as in text. 5S . RiDDi.i's {)V iiii': I'.xi'/ri'.K hook frcolic, scllic, liDinasl oiul s\vi|)ust, gifrost oikI giSdgost grunelbedd tridcp, jnvs Jie under lyfte alodeii wurde 30 ond ii'ldu beam cagum sawe (sua |>;vt wuldor 7i>//(i, \\H)ildl)carna nuv-ge,) I'Oah |>o fei|>um glcaw [gcfiigen h;vl>be] mon im)dc|sn(ittor mcngo wundra. [128''] 1 Inisaii bi(S hraidra, ha'k'|nini frodia, 35 gcH)fuin bi(S gcaiina, gimmuin deona, woruldc \vlitiga(N, \va?stmuin tycheJS, firene dwSsceiS oft utan be\veoipo(S ame l>C(onc, wimdrum gowlitogad, geond werl'code 40 J)a."l watuviN wcras oler ci)t|'an, yxt magon micle s(-cafte bi|' stanum bestrcpctl, stoimuni len . . . . tiinlircd woall l>ivin cd 45 liiiisan hnnciS h e genge oft cS J/S., Ilolth. {E.S. xxxvii, 210) fromast ; lu/J. frommast. — 31 Gn. oS-fJe/'r ond. — ■ 32 MS., Eiid. wifeii; 77/. wuldor-wife'X ('x'/i>r/<>/is ■n'oniun'); Gn. note 'wundor? 7;v7 wafian, (7//.fA///«/>/ies as in te.xt. — 34 Sie-'. {PI^H. x, 50S) snotor. — 36 MS. {II'.) bil>, e/eiir/v ( 71) biM. Gn. .tn/Z/ies bi■^' n/'/er gimmum. — 38 .Vc ^i,'. eafte ; T.M. sceafte ; //()////. {.l ni^'liit xxiv, 2(15) supplies [ma meotudgescjeafte. — 43 77/. note bestie\ved(?). After stormum, 77/. iiniieates laeuna to elose of ritlille ; Gn. supplies [bediifen], then gap to elose: Seh. stormum . . . {thirty to thirty-one letters) . . . tiinbred weall. Jiij^ht letters before timbred (44) 7 /•<■,/,/ len {B.M. les). — 44-46 After weall, Seh. marks thirty viissing letters, then d hiusan; Ilolth. I.e. assigns . . . ed to end o/' Hue 4^\ II'. to I. 46; IV. reads l>rym and ed hrusan ; so do I elearly. — 46-47 Seh. hrlncl" 1> (//'. h) . . . {about hoenty-seven letters) . . . [n]ge oft sear\vu[m] ; //'. genge; 7>. .1/. e genge. KIDDI.ICS OF THK EXF.'ri':R HOOK 59 searwum (IcaiSc ne feleS, I'^'^ih I'c .50 • • . du hicicn hiif uuiidigen risse hord. Word onhlid h;vle|mni g . . . . uicoh, worduiii gcopena hu mislic sy in;v^gen |)ara cy[nna]. 55 85 (Gn.82) Nis mill sele swige nc ic sylfa hind ; ynil) line \^i//>///as r/iv/c, ////("] I)riht[en] scop si|' ;vts()mne. Ic com swiftre ponne he, ))ragum strengra, he |>reohtigra ; hwihim ic me restc, he sceal j-innan for6. 5 Ic him ill wiinige a ))enden ic lifge ; gif wit unc gedffila'?), me l)i(S deaJS witod. 48 After sear\vu[ni], about tioenty-eii^lit letters are 7)iissni!^ [Sch.). B.M. reads after seanvum the bottom of three letters, bil>(?) or dis{?) — ■ 49 Sch. [dJea'Se ; IV. dea'Se ; I see top of d. — 50-51 Sch. reads |>eah . . . (about ttoeiity-six letters') . . . du (^"u?); IV. reads I'eah |'e (/;/(/ du ; so do />'.,)/. (///,/ I clearly. — 51-52 After wun . . g (//'. wundig, B.M. wundigen )> ? or \v ?) about twenty-one letters are missing (Sch^. — 53 Sch. ha2[lel'um?] ; IV. and B. M. {clearly) haelejjum g . . . ; I see lower part tj/" lehum, then bottom of g. — 54 lief ore wreoh about ffteen letters are missing {Sch.). Sch. ge opena. — 51-54 d/o/th. {Anglia xxiv, 265) supplies as folloivs : [heafjdu hrercii, hrif wuiulig[en] [cneojrisse. Hord word[;i] onhlid, li;eIe|)Uin g[eswutela], [wisdom onjwreoh. Ju>r wisdom, IFolth. conjectures also waerfasst or word-hord. — 55 Only some tivo or three letters can be missing in this line {Sch^ ; Ilolth. I. c. supplies [cynna] by aid of line 8. (^/cynna I see clearly c a7id end of tail ofy, iwerlooked by Sch., IV. ; B. M. cy. 85 I Th. note ?,€i for gesel {^comrade'') ? — 2 N^o gap itt MS. after ymb {Th.)\ Gu., IV. note omission in sense, but fail to mark gap in text; Holth. {I. F. iv, 388) supplies [droht minne]. After unc, I mark in the MS. a gap of nine or more letters and supply as in text. The lacuna is duly recorded by B. M. MS. driht ; Th. dryht ; Gn. dryhten ; W. drihten. Th. indicates gap after scop. — 3 MS. swistre ; Th. swiftra; Gn., IV. swiftre. — 5 A/S., Pldd. yrnan. 60 RIDDLES OF THK EXETER BOOK 86 (Gn. 83) ^\'iht cwom gongan ]>xr weras steton monige on mceMe mode snottre ; ha^fde an eage ond earan twa ond twC'gen fet, twelf hand heafda, hryc[g] ond wombe ond honda twa, 5 [earmas ond eaxle, anne swcoran [i^Q'"*] ond sidan twa. ^aga hwirt ic hatte. 87 (Gn. 84) Ic seah wundorlice wihl, wombe ha;fde mirle |)ry))um gej'rungne ; |>egn folgade ma;genstrong ond mundrof ; micel me |mhte godlic gumrinc, grap on sona heofones tol)e 5 bleow on eage ; hio borcade, 7oaiiO(/t- wilhim. Hio wolde se |)eah mol 86 4 MS., Edd. except FMm. 11, xii. — 5 MS., Tli., Ettm. hryc. Ettni. handa. 87 3 MS. megenstrong ; Th., Gn. masgnstrong. — 4-5 Ifolth. [E.S. xxxvii, 210) gr.ipon (i/a/. /•/.) sona lieof on his to|iL'. — ^ A'o j,'ii/> in M.S., Til.; Gn., ]V. indicate missing Itemistich. — 6 MS., Edd. bleowe ; Gn. note bleow (?) bleaw(?) MS. boncade, Edd. as in text. — 7 MS., IV. wancode ; T/i., Gn. )>ancode. — S Sc/i., W. mol ; B. M. niol. T/ie 7i>ord is not giren by Th. {Gn.). After mol abont fourteen letters are missing {Sc/i.). 88 I- 1 2 T/t., Gn. read Ic weox I'rcr ic . . . (tlirce missing /lemistic/is) ... (1. 3) ond sumor ...{'. M. reads before ond tfie tail of a y. — 13 AfS., Tk., B.M. mine bro^or; Gn., W. min brohor; Ifolth. {Bb. ix, 358) 'brot>or min, perhaps the mine of the MS. stands for minne, as in I. 12 a transitive verb may be missins^^ — \\ W. (so /) sees only the louver part of\>y. B.M. gives all but the upper stroke. — 18 Gn. magas; Gn?' magas. — 20 Th. begins a ne-u> riddle 7vith Eom, although in the M.S. there is not ex'en a period after bro^or (AF!). — 21 Gn. anga ; Gn. note anga (?) Sie-'. (PBB. x, 520) attacks is min base on metrical grounds ; I/olth. {/.F. iv, 388) supplies as in text. — 25 MS., Th. stodan; Th. note, Gn., ly. stondan. 62 KIDDLKS OF THE KXKTKR HOOK ne wat hwivi" mm bio|>ov on weia ithtum eor|>an srcata j eanlian sceal, [129''] se mc ivi" be healfe hcah eaitlaile. Wit wxYon gesome sa?cce to fremmanne ; nitfre unrer a\vl)er his ellen cyJSde, 30 swa wit I'ivre beadwe begen ne on|'ungan. Nu mee misceafta innan slitacS, wyida]) mec be wombe ; ic gewendan ne mreg ; ret t'Sm spore limleiS sjjed se |'e se[ce^] sawle rSdes. 35 8q e wilit \\x)mbe ha^fd . tne lel're wa^s beg on liindan grette wca worhte, 5 hwilum eft I'vgan, liim l>oncaile si|>]'an swivsendum swylee ]>rage. 26 Ilcrzf. (p. 4S) brnl'or niin. — -9> jO MS., //'. fremman ne nxfre ; Th., Gn. fremmanne I ne nxf re ; Th. note 'ne seems a repetition fiotn the 'iOord preceding:;' : Siev. {PBP. x, 4S2) fremmanne. — 31 Th. wa^re {/ni.fprint). Th. note on)>rungon. — 32 Th. hu ; Th. note nu. — 33 Th. '■after wombe, e se, then gap to clo.fe ; Gn. supplies se[ce^"], then no gap : JT. (so B. M.) notes after se (-ohieh is at end of line) some t'welre ( T. fifteen) missing letters, on ne.vt line then sawle rxdes, /ollo7c>ed hv closing sign : 7 89 Omitted I'v Th. (Gn.), and not gi^'en I'v Sch. W. thus reads the MS.: 1, 2 Before wiht some thirty letters are lacking, wombe is at end of line. After hafd some t;c'enty-fTe letters are lacking. 3 Only the right side ofx in re is visible. lehre is at end of line. 4 After beg some tioenty-tliree letters are missing, hindan is at end of line. 5 After wea, a lacuna of some ttoenty letters to end of line. worhte begins the ni-7C' line. 6 After ef, a lacuna of .tome se^'enteen letters to end of line. |>ygan begins the ne~o line. 7 After sihhan, a lacuna of some fifteen letters to end of line. S swasendum begins the ne70 line. After )'rage, a closing-sign : 7 My readings agree ■:oith those of U'., but B.M. notes these additional letters: e before wiht (1. 2), tne /■<'/• re (1. 3), on before hindan (1. 4), hrwer part of t {.r<> /) after ef (1. 6). Kii)i)i-i:s OF 'riiK KXi'/ri'iR book 63 90 (Gn. 86) Minim iiiihi videtiir : lupus ab agno tenetur; obcurrit agmis [lupij ct capit viscera lupi. Dum starem ct niirareiu, vidi gloriam jxirem : duo lupi stantes cl leiliuni tiil)ul[antes] quattuor pedes habcbant, cum septem oculis videbant. 5 91 (Gn. 87) Min heafod is liomcic gt;l>ruen, searopila wund, sworfen feole. Oft ic begine l)a;t me ongean sticalS, I'oniie ic hnilan sccal hringum gyrdcd hearde wiiS hcanbini, hiiidan )'yrcl 5 forS asc:ul'an )>a't frcan mines modp* freo|)a(S middehiihtum. Ilwihini ic under b;cc bregdejnebbe [ij"'^] hyrde jws hordes, j>oniie mui hlaford wile lafe |)icgan J'ara J)e he of life het 10 wnelcraefte awrecan willum sinum. go MS., T/i., Gn. ha-.-e tliroiighoiit u fo7- v. i MS., ihi., JT. videtur milii ; T//. t/(>/d, Ilolth. {/'J.S. xxxvii, 211), a.f in text. — 2 W. slates that rr /// obcurrit is no longer visible ; Holth. supplies rupi. — 3 ^[S. misare {Sell., \V., T.)\ Edd. mirarem. MS., Th. magnan; Gn., IV. magnam ; //o/tl/. parem. — 4 JAS'., Tli., Holth. diii; Ow. Dui (=/>'. x, 265). — 2 7//. note pile ? — 3 7'h. note Ijegrine. Sie?'. {Anglia xiii, 4) stice'N. — 6 MS., Edd. mines frean; Ilerzf. (p. 46) frean mines. — 7 Spr. ii, 2(11, Dietr. (xi, 486) p* = wen ; Sie7\ {Anglia xiii, 4) F* = wynn. — S Ifoltli. (f.. S. xxxvii, 211) Hwilum ic under ba-c bregcle [hruiirc or bcorhtre or blacre] nebbe. — II MS. waelcraif ; Eh. supplies turn; (///. \va.lcr;v;ft ; Seh. 'wa;Icrx'ft[e] seems to /tare stood in the MS.; there loould he no room for vva;lcracftuni'; IV. states that 't7ao or three letters are missing after f ; l>ut cannot say xvhether they ha^r become effaced by time or erased by a liquid^ {olwiously, by action of fluid on ink, T.). 'Sch. to the contrary, these letters might have been tu' {JV.). SicT. {Anglia xiii, 4) waelcrasfte ; B. M. reads clearly wailcrx-f te. (34 RIDDLKS OV I'lIK i:Xi:iKK lU)OK 92 Ic \v;rs biunra hcot. Warn on holto, freolic feorhbora oiul foldaii \v;vstni, [r'//(/] wynnstal'ol oml wites soml, gold on geanlum. Nu eoni gU(N\vigan hyhtlu- liililowitpcn, hringc bete 5 . . . wel bvrciS on o|'iuni 93 (Gn. 88) Frea min de willnm smuni heah ond h\ lu . ... [scjearpne hwiluiii [hjwiluni sohto fica ... as wod 5 92 OviitttJ by Til. (c/;/.). i //,vV'/. {/;. .S". .\xxvii, 211) brunna. — 3 /1/.S'. wym stiil'ol ; Uolth. t^I^h. i.x. 35S) stiit'ol weies ; //,-////. (/•'. .S". xx.wii. z\\) wynn on stal'ole. — 4 //<>////. Li. god/(';- gold. — 5 //'. n-ads only the upper part <>/ilde ; j(> /.- B.M. elearlv hilde. MS. {Se/t., 11'., and /) bete ; MS. (/>\ .1/.) bega. Sch. states that after bete hi'entv-seveti letters are missinx. — 6 i*?. J/, reads the top of wel, nine letters after bega. — 7 //'. uotes that byretS /><<■■'/'■<• the f/e:c line. It is impossible to determine hiKV manv letters are rnissinc after o)'riim ; on this line stand no longer any letters (f f '). 93 1-5 7'//. reads Fiv.i mill . . wod. (,";/. note, conjectures I'ro.i mill [iiU'C f.vsto Ii0,u]\vod. Fre.i mill [wxs f.vgio for.ui j;ofi;rt]\vod. vV<7/. Frea mi[n] . . . (i:oc>!tv-sc:cu letters) . . . de willmn sinum (/i..M. sinu) . . . {t7oenty-si.v letters) . . . ho.ili oiul [hyht] . . . {t'wenty letters) . . . [sce]arpne hwilum . (t-wentvt'oo letters) . . . [hwJiUini sohte frea . . . {se~enteen letters) ... as wod. ;/: reads still the first .ftrohe of n (i), so F. .1/. and I: the upper part c/hyht (3). so />. ^f. and I : remnants of&c (3) ; w /// hwilum (5) ; and the hy:oer part o/as (5). VViere is //<►:.' in .lAV. no trace of sc (3). only the bottom of e and half 0/ a, then, clearly, vpne (A\.l/. earpno). //olth. (.Inglia xxiv, jOs) supplus (1. 3) he.ili Olid hyht[ful or lie? liocum] sc[e]arpne. i\ 1^) [h]\vihiiii soliti' fvo.x [mill] .IS wod. as /«/>'./ be the remains v\, Inviiiim ell gcwal in (U'i)|i ilalii (Iiil:ii|ic sccan stiont; on sta'pc ; staiiwoiij^as grol lO luiniij;lic;ii(U\ hwilimi haia scoc foist (il l(M\i'. Ir ('// lusiiin lad, i)|>|>;vl liim I'oiu' i;li()usti)l j^iii^ia l>r()|H)r mm af;nac\\\ imiaiiwcaidiu' Ig In im lnMiiiadc ; Mod iil nc < , nn, hcolfor of lm'|>H', |nali mcr IumkI hilr stiJSecg style. No ic |'a stimdc licmcaiii, IK' for wimdr wrop, \\c wrcu an mcahte on wigan fcoic wonnst cafl mine, 20 ac icjaglaica callc |>oligc [1. ><>''! )>a;tte l)oi(l hiton. Nu ic lA.uv swclgc wuda ond wa'trc, \voml)| c ) bi'la'JSine |>a"t Mice on fcaIlf(N ufan |i;vr ic slondo, c'oip[t"]s natliwa'l, Iia'I)I)c annc fot. 25 Nu nun hord waraJS Iiiju-ndc fcond, sc !'(.' ivr wide baT wulfes grhlc|ian ; olt mc ol \voml)C hrwadcn fciC(N, 6 TV/., Gf/. deo . . . Inviliim ; .S<7/. rt:(i'. M. diiJ /. — 7 7'//. .slcak-hlijio. — <; 7//. clo()i)-(lahi. — i i A/S. hara scoc; .S/; . ii, i.| 'liar ascoc ? (t'.v'A /''"i;: liinry-frost).'' ~ ij ,I/.S'. fi-ax. ,1/.S'., 7'.'(/(/. of. — I 5 .)/.V., 7'//. gloavvstol. MS., 7'//. giiij^ran ; 7//. //('/<,■ gingra. — 21 'I'll. t- . . . l)<>r(l; Cti. |.;vt hord; Sch. jwlle; .MS. {II'.) JMi' (//'. (/(V.r f/ot .stY tin I, nor do /); li.M. l-ini'. .MS. hlace; C'//., .S/r. i, ij.] l)!ruc: Sici'. {PUn. ,x, .\f)«) Mac. — 23 Th. wa'tif . . . hffa'iNnie; (.',11. .uif'plus |\vicU'|; S,li. rciuis woiuhlc ?] ; //'. reads only w . . . hcfa'iNnie ; 7 read \v . . . h Tcry ea.\//y (/>'. A/, womb). 25 7V/., Gn. eo . . . ; Jhelr. (xi, 4.S7) eo[rpes] .> Stii. reads eo . . . e.s .' //'. only eo . . . s. Tlie Itnoer strokes of r and p are plainly ■7>isihlc to me. />'. .]/. reads cof w;vs. — 2(1 Th. note weraS.' Dietr. (xi, 487) liordwaratN. - - jS 7'//., Gn. ... of \v<)ml)e ; Ihetr. I.e. supplies [won.sceaft] ; .SV7/. (.i/.r letters) ... of wonihc ; llo/tli. (/. /•; iv, 3S8) supplies [wealic]. He/ore of wombe f read faintly hut uni/iiesliona/'/v nic, pre- eeded by the top o/oh (A'. A/, oft nie). Vhe.u- letters are not .u-en ly SJi., ]!'. o6 Ki i)i)i,i;s o\- rill', i:.\i ii: r wook sU'piHN^ on sli(S l)oul do . . |Mmu' i1;v-l;ioiu1oI 30 sunnc [\v]corc cMiiuin wlitci"^ i>iul sp . . . 94 Sini|' ad hvno I'lHiiu' liroKm die I'onnc sumie, stylo Miu'.iro I'onno st'.ill sv 5 UotVc I'oiinc |>is Iroht call, U'uhtii" |Mnno \v . , 29-32 yVt. ri\i,/s ^ti'piHiN on sti,N boiil . . . il.i'i; loiulol ■.ij;um \vlit,\ is stfi'iH'iN »i\ sti\N luMil il.i-i;\(uuli~l simno . iMj^iim wlit.iiN y>i,/r. (xi. .jS;) siz/'/^/k-s stopiH'^ »i\ stivMnmi, [storino Kvltik'n] [si^vNan ho] iliVSCOndel[U'|, sim[n.ui uihviuo] [;viost iMlra] I'agum wlilOvN. Si/i. /Vi/./.i- bold . . . (m'//i,- hiu-nty-siTt-n /i-ttrrs) . . . n il.vgooiulol simne . . . (.fi>/«t* t:cffify.trrr>i Utti-rs) . . . coi\- o.iguin \vlilo\N . (/;.•<> UtUrs) . p . . . (/ u-tUri). A". .)/. iraJs (1. jo) do . . . (.>;> l<-ttns) . . . /.•/ />'..]/. wlito.N (/ //n(- :r/ T itiiiistitict). Cpon t/iis line ) ' Assniann is jcroni;' in /n/tinx^ sunne <{/?«•/• d.vgcondcl in /. 30.' JMt/t. teiii/s iis in text. 94 Otnitte,/ />v Th. {O'n.). 1. 2 A'.//. Sn»[i]l' . . . (,»•.>///<• /:>r///r /<7/<-/j) . . . liyne I'oune hoo[fl ; W. an,/ I read Smi)' and d (A*. J/, ad) before hyire, and heofon. — 2 .(//<■;■ heo[t]. me t-roenty letters are missint;- (Se/i.). — 6 //'. reads (6-7): loot'iv )^>nl\l• I'is looht, o.iU loo)\tn' I'oiino \v . . . Ki i>i Ml' s ()i III I'. i:.\i;i!'. K I'.ooK 67 05 (C^n. 8q) Ic ('(im inili\lilcn nnd (-(11111111 ( ihN (ind K'sic (ill IK nin oiid liciiiiiiu, l(il( 11111 gel la-^c Icic w ulc ; (•11(1 iiic fi{Mii(iuin ;ri 1 1 coik liiiii :.|(iii(lc(^ ln|'('ii(li,i li\ III, )',il II luililiaii ;>( (mI c lihril HI l>iii iMiiii (>|i|'c I icoi hinc (mkI. N'u Midi 1 1 (• iiicii s\vi|'iisl !iili,i|i midw isl iiimc , ic moiiij^iiin S((';il wisdom ( y|Mn ; 110 |';rr wdid spiccKN ;i'liig old t'ol(^,lll. I'c.ili nil ;rld.i Ikmiii, IO londl)iiciidi;i, l.istns iiiiiic s\\ i|ic M( .1^, K s\\.i|i(' liwiliim iniiic licini|i(' inoiiii;i f;cli\vyl( imi. llollli. (.h/x'/iii xxiv, 260) r(\i;iirifs U'.'s ■t'crsc iln'ision its ohTioiislv inrorrrrt itiui rettiis as in liwt. S, h. i/oes not rciul \v, .ivv// hv 11'., /<'. ,1/., ,///(/ ///<•. ' // /.i iinf'i/' ni/'.fs/ni;' Icttos d/trr \v' (II'.). Ilolth. l.i. 'w|yiiM;is| (,/. 41"''). ■ Ajtn- w, / read in MS. (,(yv also /I. .]/.), Ih,- loton- .slroki-.i 0/ .u-irro/ Utters, not yiniiis. 95 .1 -I'/'V., 7'/i., (in., II'. IcicN; (in:\ .Sin: fi-ic.N; V/i . no/r (Cic ? .to oho /> . (/.'/.'. xix. 206). — .} /l/.S'., AVr/. fix-nicles ; '///. notf firm(!(; ? /.'/cc/v (A'. /■'.. /.//, j). S) frcmduiu; '/>•. (Aiif^/ia vi, .Inz. ifiS) snf'f^lus friMtidcs |ntrfc-;i] ;rr; /'/■. {.Inylin vii, Am. i\d) fienulfs [fii-tNm | .11; /'/. (A' A', xix, /od) {.vx for ww — 5 '///. notr hihtcndra. — 6 (in. note licoiiilc god? so olso J)ii-lr. (xi, ,iSH) nmt 'I'r. (.hir/io vi, Anz. 16S); /)■. (A" A', xix, 201S) gonm /!riy/it sn_t;xi'sts \)tio\\\\o (.■/ 1 liilim) /miM .■" NOTES ['THE FIRST RIDDLE' The part played by the so-called ' First Riddle ' in the study of the authorship and history of this group of enigmas has already been discussed in the Intro- duction. Its grammatical forms will be included in the Glossary — in brackets, to set them apart from the vocabulary of the genuine riddles. More detailed treat- ment than this belongs properly to an edition of Old English Lyrics, and demands no place here.] RIDDLE 2 Dietrich points out (XI, 461) that in 2, 3, 4, only a single subject is included, 'the Storm.' But, as he notes, the topic finds subdivision in two ways: by the closing formulas of Nos. 2 and 3, and by the summary of the four phases of the storm's activity in 4 <':^-^^. There we are referred to its work under the earth (4 1-16), under the waves {3), above the waves (4 17-35), and in the air (4 36-66). According to Dietrich, No. 2 describes both the storm on land (2 1-8'^) and that at sea (2 s' -15) ; No. 3 is limited to the Ocean Storm, which in No. 4 falls into three parts : ' In the first the storm pictures itself as confined under the earth and thus producing an earthquake (4 1-16) ; then, as driver of waves and assailant of ships (4 17-35); finally as cloudfarer and thunderstorm.' Grein had already {Bibl. der ags. Poesie II, 410) interpreted No. 3 as 'Anchor' (an impossible solution), and No. 4 as 'Hurricane.' Prehn (pp. 158-162) accepts Dietrich's answers; and seeks vainly — as I think with Edmund Erlemann {^Herrigs Archiv CXI, 55) — to establish a relation between the Anglo-Saxon problems and the enigmas of Aldhelm, i, 2, and Eusebius, 21 and 23. Brooke {E. E. Lit., p. 1S2) follows Dietrich: — 'The first describes the storm on land, the second at sea, and the third the universal tempest — the living Being who rises from his caverns under earth and does his great business, first on the sea, then on the cliffs and ships, then on the land and then among the clouds, till he sinks to rest again.' Traut- mann classes the three riddles together and gives them one number. In an elaborate article in Ilerrigs Archiv CXI, 49 f., Edmund Erlemann takes issue with Dietrich. He believes with the earlier scholar that 4 1-16 refers to an earthquake, and is indeed the scientific explanation of that phenomenon, popular with scholars of the time. He points to Bede's account ' De Terrae Motu ' in his work De Xatura Reruni, cap. 49 (Migne, P. L. XC, 275 f.) : — 'Terrae motum vento fieri dicunt, ejus visceribus instar spongiae cavernosis inclu.so, qui hanc horribili tremore percurrens et evadere nitens, vario murmure concutit et se tre- mendo vel dehiscendo cogit effundere. Unde cava terrarum his motibus subjacent, utpote venti capacia ; arenosa autem et solida carent. Neque enim fiunt, nisi caelo 69 JO Ki ni)i,i:s OK 111 I'. i:\iriK hook lu.ii ii|nc I i.n\i|nillii, el \ ciilo in \ ch.is (ci i .ir < c unliio ' (,^ i" ' 1 1 ). 'I'll is \\ in (1 theory 111 CM I lii|n,iki". w.is (ii.iwn. .IN I'llcMi.inn nIihwn, Iuuu IshImic nl Sr\ illc's l.iMUUis I ex I l>.h>K /I, ,\,;;;, ',.• A\> uii:. .mil l-, ll.l. c.lMc Ic I'l.lln. So N o. ;} 1 cpn'Scnl s nnl a Sc.i SliU ni lull .1 Sulini.u iuc K.ii I hc|ii.ilvc (II ; NK mii li .i^ is ilcsi i ilunl li\ Kcilc I. c. : ' I'iunl Miiiiil I im\ It'll .!(• I no I II il imiiul.ilioiH's in.ii i^, chIiiii \ iilrHi cI s|iiMl ii in! iisi \rl icsiilfiilis sinu iciciili.' Ki Irin.uui tuilliri shows lli.il \o. j li.is nolliiiiL; in I o mm on w il l\ .) i \f. w iiii li i^ .i ilcsi npl ion ol .i ' Sloi m .il Sim,' .is 1 'it-l lii li .mil liiookc liclii'\c. As llic sloim is the sc iinlilu c \ |>l.in.il ion ol l.iml .iiul sf.i I'.iilh- i|ll.lUcs, so is il Icll lo l)f ol lliiimlfi .iml lij'Jit nin;; li\ oiii poi't (4 .;; I'l')' lli'ie .i!;.iin, lliinks l 1 Icni.mn, we liiul .1 i lose |i.ii.ill(l in luilc, /.S .•.) ; • Tonilin.i ilii iinl <-\ li.ir.oic nnlinim iM'ini.iii, i iim siiiiiliis vcntomin toiinn sinn vomriili scsr ilu ili-m \ fis.uulo pi'ici i.iiiirs ft \ II I III Is sii.u- nolulil.ilc in i| 11,1 mill u- 1 p.ii tcm \ iolcnifi n iini|iciitcs, in.iiMio lomu'ii.ml mniiniiH' iiisl.ii f\ilrnl iiini ilc st.iluilis (|ii,uli ij;.i- riiiu vol vrsii .ic, illfii'iu c ol l.ini^u.i;;!- .iml tlio noMc Mn.i;'.ci\ ol llu' port liolli spciU sIioiim1\ .i;;.iiiisl ,m\ sruilc iiulclil ciliu'ss to ll\c sricnliln woiks ol his d.u. lint tlu'Sf iilc.is weir m llir .lii .il ihc lime, aiul lu.iv li.ivi' lu'i'ii imiulud li\ him in some i loistci si hool in ihi- Noilli iliiiin;; his l)i'\liooil in ihr r.iiK lii'Jilh icnliin.' I'llcm.inn, p. ., ), thinks lli.it !\:.i.::,-s 2 4 .ipjUMi lo \h- ' cin mil sih.iirsU-r Koiisrtpu'ii.' .uil;',r|i.\uli-s ( ;.in/,'s.' • Tlu- picscnl ihirt-loKI ili\ ision (( Ihmii W iilki'l) U'sls upon the thin' i.'p.M il ions ol the ruUllc ipusl ion .it llu- i-iul ol llicsf thiee p. Ills, iiiit. .iltci .ill ih.il I li.iM' s.iiil, wci;;lit i .in no loii;;ci ln' l.iiil upon tlu'm as sii;ns K>( ili\ ision. The luUlK- ,pici\ .ippciis .ilso w illiin 4 .it I'lul of ;s |l'iil this is l\ol .1 toiiniil.i|. Moi.'o\ci, ihr MS. shows no _!;.ii> iK'twcrn A'/,;'. 3 .iiul 4 |l>ut AV.;'. 3 liost'S llu' p.i.m'l, .mil ■;.■,'/.',■//// in 4 1 l>t-<;ins with .1 sm.ill IrtU'i. Tlu' sp.uo liflwi'cn -i .iiul 3 is iMsy to niuli'ist.mil : in j llu- Stoim in :;v the lul.lK' .piriv into thinkiiii; th.it j riosi'il with lino iv lu> lonlil wi'll lu';;in .1 new luKlh- with '::('/,'/i»l (31V In the i .isc ol the scioiul /lU'h'n/'i (4 1) hi' li.is I omi' lo ii'.ilii' till' i lost- loniii'i li.m ol p. ills, .mil no longer luakos .1 sp.ui'.' This \i('w iloi's m>t l,i\ iliio stirss upon tin' i l.>sinL; loimiihi of AV.;'. 3; .mil i'lli'in.mn l.iils to si. He tli.it the l.n k ol .i ;;,ip .ilU'i 3 is ili'ti'iinineil by the fiulini; ol .» MS. p.ij'.f luu-. i'lu' s.imi' l.u t ni.w i'.\pl.iin the lai k of closing- sign, lhon;;h this st.iiuls .it rml o{ p.ige in 15. 74. .mil 80, •J 1 *'l. (■'■'. -'11. i'oil'on nis .inii; h.is hoisi lu- Ims hvgi'iM.iftii;. J 1 \\ri»M'(e')ii. Thoipe u-niliis the M.S. iculing .-,■',.,.■ •! w.uuU'i"; (ln-in in /'/,'>/•. 'tii'il'i',' r.iooki' (p. i.S.-l Ml'. 11 .ilong (in gnstsr; Inil these ti.insl.ilions would si'i'in ti> ili'n\,mil ,1 ]Mi'si'nt foim .,••.■..■ i.iihci th.m ..',.■,■■. To both these forms thi'ie is the stronj; ohjeolioix that the meti'i ili'ni.inils .1 long vowel here (' \| ' \>. Nor does lliein's inteipietion of .,',.,.• (.vm, 1 1, -J-- ; so also I!, T., p. \ J()S^ as the inst. sg. of :<•>,,..■/, ' hostility, " meet the ditVieultv. Sieveis (/V<'/>'. \, 510. s.v. />'ili:) writes :i'r,7.i-, app.uentlv ileiiv ing this fioiu :,","., whieh he leg.mls as long ((.'••' .••(1. n. ; 1v .■.•/ ,r, <• (1. j), wliicii is ahuost ininicdialely above in tiu; MS. 2 s wild 11 lirere. Sec 81 7, \v lie re .u' /><• 7<>i/i//i //r, ■>■<■& is a periplirasis for ' I lie wind.' 2 II wrecim. Tlu' MS. 7i';vrv;// is ri'lained by all cdilois, and is rcj^aidcd by Brooke as an in(inili\t', 'to ranp;c alonu,' ,ind by (iuiii {/>/,///.; S/t. II, 7^1;) .is ^eii. sg. of 7t'';vv(i )./ 'on llic w.uidricrs liaik.' As similar consl vurlions aic . mnnioii in the poetry (\vi ('((.m laslr, 40 s; i f, oV//. .^lyS, 2S22, .S,;i/'. 1 5), and as iliis nir.ining accords well with I. ,| b, 1 pidn tlir leading of the MS. lo the snj;- gestion of ('osiju (/'/>'/>'. XX 11 1, i 2,S) tivc, ,//. The lailci, however, has I hi' support of 2b, on si'rf 7ir:vc. See also the stronger expiession, atol yha gewealc, A'.i ('(/. .155. 33 jrjirscrgjes ki-iiimI. (f. 41 .n. 3 3-S Krleniann (p. 51) points out the likeness of the ])henoniena heie described lo those that apjiear in submarine earllupiakes: ' I'inden dii'se Seebi'ben bei ge- ringer Meerestiefe statt, also in der Niihe der Kiiste, so zeigen sich neben den gewilhidichen l'"rscheintingen — Aufvvallen iiiid Tiiibung des Wassers, I'"-ni])or- schiessen von S( h.ium imd I ),iniprsaiilen aiuh direkte S])uren siilx i/( aiiisi her vnlkanisi her I '.i up! ioiieii, I'.nipoi wei Ten von Lava iiiid I'.iinsstein, x'eibiinden niit subinaiineiii 1 »(iiiiiei.' So the othei passaj;es of on r jx leni foibid the < oik e pi ion of a sea-stoini, .md .i(((ii(l with that suggested by haleniaiin. The ((Uilrast be- tween the two plieiKiineiia Is a( 1 ciil iiated in 4 (,s 7(1. 34 Clrein's addition [Jloi/ il/ysc'i/'] is supported hy /hufiis (l/J'.u/i-, C/ir. <>S6, and Jloiliu i;i-/J\t(h\ /•'.I. 1270. — Cosijn's reading, Jiinti^e ■nu-u/oin {/'/>/>'. XXIII, 1 2S) parallels .In,/. 1 524, /i7////V<" loalioii (/7>V)'. XXI, 19), and is su])])orted by 4 k), /dmij^' 7i>in)ie&\ but the MS. reading makes i)erfect sense and is in keeping with the context. 35 liWH'Iniei-e liliniiiteA. ('(. .1 //(/. T,~o, diilneied h\\,ilnieie; y)2, g.irsecg hlymmeiS. i'"or a discussion of rimes in the k'i, lilies, see noti; to 29. ("f. 1613, 29 2, 4, u, ^. s, 39 .,, 42 3. 67 's 73 22. 3''. strr'iiniaH h(ii|mi br-iitn'A'. < "f. , ///, sietcdr. Sie machen sich ja an der Kiiste dem Schiffer wie dem Fischer durch Verunreinigen der Fahrzeuge und Netze oft genug in unangenehmer Weise bemerkbar und werden darum nicht nur im eigent- lichen Sinne von Meerespflanzen sondern iibertragend auch fiir Schlamm und Schmutz iiberhaupt gebraucht.' Hoops points out that the transition to the mean- ing of 'mud' or 'slime' is clearly seen in A'/d. 41 4S-50, where lodroh is used in rendering the Latin ' horridior rhamnis et spretis vilior algis.' A similar use is found in the imrig hncgl of Gji. A.r. 90 (see Merbach, Das 3/eer, pp. 28-29). See Schmid's discussion of 'algaruni maris' {Geseize, Glossar, p. 529). 3 I) hoIiiiiiia'K'no bijjcaht hiTisaii. Cf. 17 3, eorNe y^um heaht. 3 10 side sa'griiiKlas. Cf. Exod. 289, saelde sSgrundas. — suiulhelnio. Only here and 77 1, sundhelm I'eahte. But cf. nurter/ielnt, Gn. Ex. ii, 3 (Merbach, p. 10). 312 on sTl»a ji;«'li^vaiii. Cf. P/i. 464, in sl^a gehwane. 3 13 of l»riiiu's fa']7iiiuin. Cf. 11 6-7, of faeSmum cwom brimes ; .Ind. 1616, Jjurh flodes f3E^'m. 3 '5 y\>'^ . . . J>c iiiec iVT Avrugon. Cf. 772, mec yha wrugon ; 787, y)'um bewrigene. RIDDLE 4 Of this Brooke says {E. E. Lit., p. 183) : 'The order and unity of this poem is admirable. The imaginative logic of its arrangement is like that which pre- vails in the " Ocle to the West Wind," to which indeed it presents many points of resemblance, even to isolated phrases. Shelley tells us of his wind — which, as in Cynewulf's poem, is a living being — first as flying through the forests and the land, then of its work among the clouds, then on and in the sea, then on his own soul. Cynewulf tells of his storm-giant rising from his lair, rushing over the sea, then over the land, and then in the skv, but not of the storm in his own breast. NOTES 73 That is the one modem quality we do not find in this poem of Cynewulf. It was natural for him — being closer to Nature-worship than Shelley — to impersonate his hurricane, to make the clouds into stalking phantoms, to make them pour water from their womb and sweat forth fire ; and his work in this is noble.' 4 1-6 Brooke translates (pp. i S3- 184) : Oftenwhiles my Wielder weighs me firmly down, Then again he urges my immeasurable breast Underneath the fruitful fields, forces me to rest. Drives me down to darkness, me, the doughty warrior, Fins me down in prison, where u])()ii my back Sits the Earth my jailer. Brooke compares with these lines, and with 13-16, Slielley's 'Cloud': In a cavern under is fettered the thunder, It struggles and howls at fits. He points also to Aeiieid, i, 56 f. : Hie vasto rex Aeolus antro Luctantes ventos tempestatesque sonoras Imperio premit ac vinclis et carcere frenat, etc. (So too the Greek earthquake-demon Typhos, progenitor of the storms, is held down in fetters by Sicily and Etna piled upon his breast, Pindar, Fyt/i. i, 33-35.) Dietrich believes (XII, 246) that the Anglo-Saxon lines are not suggested by Virgil but by Psalms cxxxiv, 7 (Vulgate). Erlemann also thinks (p. 54) that in his conception of God as the ruler of the winds the riddler is infldenced by the Old Testament, Psalms cxxxiv, 7 (Deus) . . . qui producit ventos de thesauris suis, and Jeremiah x, 13. That such passages as these influenced mediaeval science he shows by quotation from Beda, De A'atura Rerum, cap. 26, and Isidore 36, § 3. Herzfeld (p. 31), on the contrary, believes that this conception is derived neither from classical nor scriptural sources, but from the older mythology. The idea of the confinement of the violent storm in prison by a higher power appears in other Anglo-Saxon poems (Dietrich XII, 246; Herzfeld, p. 31), as El. 1271-1276: winde gellcost, |)onne he for ha>le5um hlud astige'5, wffiSeJS be wolcnum, wedende fsreS, ond eft semninga swige gewyrSe'5, in nedcleofan nearwe geheaSrod, (ireani for)>rycced. So And. 435-437 : Wa^teregesa sceal, geSyd ond geSreatod ))urh I'ryScining, lagu laccnde, liSra wyri^an. 516-520: Flodwylm ne masg manna iunigne ofer Meotudes est lungre gelettan ; ah him Iffes geweald, se (Se brimu bindeS, brune ySa 'Sy"S ond lireataS. 74 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK 4 3 bearin [Jjono] braclan. For such position of article and adjective, see 349-10, 61 f). Cf. Trautmann, Auglia, Bb. V, 90; Barnouw, p. 221. — ou bid AvriceS. Here the reading adopted by recent editors is confirmed by Beow. 2963, on bid wrecen. 4 5 htX'ste. Cosijn's reading seems to me a lectio certisshiia. Grein, Sp7-. II, 24, doubtfully derives the MS. hatst from /la-tsait, ' impingere,' of which we have no trace elsewhere. I/iesfe, which is found in our present sense Gen. 1396, is the equivalent of />ttr/t hiest (see 16 28, J>urh best). I accept also Cosijn's heard (so Thorpe translates) for MS. heard, which is not found elsewhere in the poetry in this sense, but which is rendered by Brooke ' jailer.' 4 s honisalu. Only here and And. 1158. 4 13-i-t sf' nice AvrsT'iJe ou . . . legde. The same idiom is found 21 29-30, se mec geara on bende legde. Cf. also And. 1192, I'Sr J'e cyninga cining clamme belegde. 4 16 ]?e me >vegas tgeenetf. Cf. 52 6, se him wegas tiecneK 4 iS [streauias] styrjjjan. The addition is made by Thorpe in the light of 4 70, streamas styrge. Cf. also And. 374, streamas styredon. 4 ig flintf'r;T'j»ne flod. This is the only appearance of the epithet ; fealo is of course the common adjective withyfJi/ i^And. \i\, Beotu. 1951, Brttn. 36). 4 ig'-2o''' Cf. Met. 2S57-5S: y"5 wis lande ealneg winne'5, wind wis wSge. 421 dun ofer dypc. Brooke compares Aeneid, i, 105, 'Insequitur cumulo praeruptus aquae mons.' Yet Ilerzfeld, p. 38, calls this ' ein modernes Bild.' 4 22 eare gebloudeu. The phrase suggests the compound ear-[i.ir-)ge/>lond, which is discussed by Krapp, Andreas, note to 3S3. 4 23 uieart'loudc. This is the only appearance of the word in the sense of 'sea-coast.' As Merbach says (p. 19), ^ niearclond {Rid. 423) und landgeinyrcn {/yeou'. 209) sind als Strand, Gestade aufzufassen, sie bedeuten die Landgrenze gegen das Wasser bin.' 4 24-25 Brooke again compares Aeneid, i, 87, ' Insequitur clamorque virum stridorque rudentum.' 4 27 hopycliuastes. Save in this case and in ^co/eengehndste, 4 (x>,gehndst, both simple.x and in compounds, is used only of the clash of battle {Gen. 2015, refter ham gehnEste; Brun.i,<^, cumbol-gehnastes). The first member of the compound, hop, is discussed at length by Dietrich, Ilanpts Zs. IX, 215, and Grein, Spr. II, 95-96. Cf. Scottish hope, 'a haven.' 428-29 sllj^re sa*cc'e. Brooke translates (p. 185, n.) : 'with slippery . . ., with feeble striving' — and intei"prets 'with a hapless ill-fortuned and therefore a despairing strife against the elements. Some are paralyzed in expectation, some struggle.' This is finely poetical, but it disregards both grammar (as sircce is a genitive dependent upon wen') and word-meaning (slthe and slidor must not be confused). Grein renders more accurately: ' Dem Kiele droht da schlimmer Kampf.' NOTES 75 4 30 on ]7a griininaii tld. The phrase is found twice in the Clirist, 1081, 1334, where it means 'Judgment Day.' In our passage, Brooke (p. 1S5, n.) thinks that 'it alludes to the moment in which the ship would be driven on the cliffs.' 431 rice. Grein, Spr. II, 378, derives MS. rice from ' ricn, directio ? ' and points to 21 6, io rice ; but that is a misreading of the editors for sact.: Brooke asks doubtfully: 'Is rice from ricit ('direction')? Did Cynewulf see the steering oar whirled from the hands of the steersman, or does he mean that the ship was driven out of its true course ? ' Klaeber, J\/od. Phil. II, 144, conjectures riitce (cf. hereri[n]ce, Becnv. 1176; swe[n]cte, 1510; dru[n]cen. Mood. 12, etc.), to be taken in a collective sense. This is not an unhappy suggestion ; since (as Merbach shows, p. 38) the seaman is elsewhere called sierinc {A/ald. 134 ; Beow. 691), and fyrdri/ic {El. 261 ; Maid. 140), and since rince berofen corresponds to the feore bifohteii, ' deprived of life,' of the next line. But there is no need of departing from the MS. /^tce birofen may be rendered, ' bereft of a master ' (i.e. ' a ruling or guiding hand'). 432 feore bifohten. Klaeber, Mod. Pliil. II, 144, suggests y?r^ bifohteii, i.e. ' attacked by danger,' ' since on the strength of luibefoliten, " unopposed," " un- attacked " {Maid. 57 ; A.-S. Chroii. A.D. 911), the verb befeohtan is plausibly to be credited with the meaning of "attack."' But no change seems necessary, since the interpretation of Grein and Sweet, ' deprived (by fighting) of life,' is, as Klaeber admits, quite in keeping with the context. 4 34 haelejjuiii j^eyu'ed. For the sake of the alliteration, this suggestion of Ettmiiller's for MS. celdiim must be adopted. Grein, Spr. II, 774, meets the difficulty by proposing yppan for hyran in the second half-line. 435 ll^va gcstillecJ ]>ajt. Erlemann, p. 55, thinks that these words refer to the stilling of the waves by Christ (Matthew viii, 23): 'Tunc surgens increpavit vento et mari et facta est tranquillitas magna, porro homines mirati sunt dicentes : qualis est hie quia et venti et mare oboediunt ei.' The theme is expanded at great length in the Andreas, with which poem the Storm riddles have much in common in both style and vocabulary. Erlemann concludes that the appearance of God as lord of the winds has therefore a Christian source, and is not, as Herz- feld thinks (p. 34), an indication of 'die strenge echt germanische Abfassung des Dienst- und Untertanenverhaltnisses.' Are not both scholars right, and have we not here a Christian ;«<;/'//' colored by the Germanic spirit .'' 436 rlde?y on bajoe. On account of the meter, this reading of Grein 's note and of Herzfeld (p. 45) is to be preferred to the MS. on birce rtde&. 4 3C1 f. Erlemann, p. 52, declares that in these lines the ideas of Beda {De Xa/itra Rerum, 28, 49) are developed into the loftiest poetry: ' Der Sturm sitzt in den Wolken, er zerrt sie weit auseinander und lasst sie dann wieder zusam- menschnellen, er wirft die schwarzen Wasserfasser hierhin und dorthin ; treffen sie aufeinander niit ihren Randern, dann entsteht "der Getose lautestes." ' 438 lagustreaina full. This corresponds in meaning to iviTgfatit (1. 37), 'clouds,' and is rightly rendered by Grein, Diclit., 'der Wasserstrome Becher' (not, as Brooke translates, 'full of lakes of rain '). Cf. Beo^o. 1208, oferySa ful. 4 39 s^vesa nia'st. Cf. Ph. 618, swega maeste. 441 cynio'ff s<'eo[r]. The MS. sceo is an interesting hapax, as it furnishes an Anglo-Saxon analogue to Old Saxon skio and Icel. shy, 'cloud' (see Cleasby- 76 Kii)i)Li:s ()!•" Till': i:xi;ii:r uook Vigfiisson, s.v.) ; and as the word, sky,-, appears in M. K. with the meaning ' cloud ' (Chaucer, House of I'ame, 1600) : ' That hit ne lefte not a skye | In al the welken.' Unfortunately, as Cosijn points out (/'/>7)'. XXlll, 128), a passage in the Andreas, 512, establishes the reading soniie sceor ,yine&. Sc/'tr is found with the lemma iiiiiibns, WW. 175,22; 316,36. 444 blacan 1ik«>. Cf- And. 1511. In his note to the passage Krapp (piotes from Mead's article (/'..)/./.. A . Xl\', 177): '/>'/,?< is merely an ablaut form of the stem l'lua>i, " to sliine," anil perha])s hardly means white at all. In a few cases it evidently means pale or ghastly. It is properly applied to the fire or the fire- light and even to the red flame or to the ligiitning or to the light of stars. Of the twenty-eight instances where the word occurs, — either alone or as part of a compound, — nearly all seem to lay emphasis on the brightness rather than the whiteness.' 4 45 dn'olitiiiii. For the IMS. reading dreoiiliini, 'Thorpe suggested dreo/itiiiii = drvlitiini (•])i)pulis ') and was followed doubtfully by (".rein, .S/r. 1, 204. This is favored by 4 4.., ojer biiri^um, and 4 43, o/er fohinn. Clrein, />'//'/. TI, 371, note, pro- posed dreoiii^iiDi = drciigitm, but llolthausen, Jiiii:;!. Stud. XXXVII, 206, rightly rejected this as Scandinavian (,//•(•;/;■;■) rather than English, and proposed drl'or- i^iiin. The 'dreary ones' are the terrified nun .vf 4 ,;, .,,,. I prefer Thorpe's sug- gestion. 4 46-4S -The jtoet represents tlie thunder and lightning as arising from the violent meeting of the clouds, without expressly mentioning \.\\c j'rai:;or; but this bursting of the clouds is taken for granted by the author, who thus continues : fealian la-t;\iN sweart sumsendu seaw ot bosnie, w;Ttan of wombe. This is pictured as the result of the bursting' (ICrlemann). 447 F.rooke (p. 1S5) rentiers this finely and accurately, ' swarthy sap of showers sounding from tiuir breast'; and adds: 'I should like to have in English the ("•erman word suiiinwii, which answers here to siiiiiseiid, and translate this sfim- Diing. "Sounding" does not give the humming hiss of the rain.' For a discus- sion of the etymology of sumsendu, see Kogel, C'esc/iic/ite der deutselten Lit., 1S94, I. 53-54 (l^right). 4 4S f. Krlemann says (p. 53) ; ' Von Vers 48 ab verliisst der Dichter dann diesen Vorstellungskreis : der Sturm die Ursache des (lewitters ; seine Phantasie ist ganz erfiillt von dem liilde des Kampfes der dahinfahrenden Wolken und kann noch nicht /ur Ruhe konimen. Das IJild spinnt si( h fort: Winnende J'are& atol ?oredh>''it ; altlieidnisi he mvthische Vorstellungen niiigen dabei wachgerufen sein und hier durchschatten, aber sie werden wieder zuriickgedrangt durch christliche I'.mptindungen.' 4 52 Sfln. The nature of such demons is described. Whale, 31 34 : SwTi 1)1 iN sciiina |'oa\v, deotla wisr |'at hi ihcilitemlr )>urh dyrne nu-.ilit dugUiNe lieswlca't^ ond on teosu t\lita> tilra da'da. NOTi:S "jy 4 51-5S Cf. Ps. 63 4, hi hine . . . scearpum strjelum on scotia'S. 4 53-5S As sources of these lines Kilemann (p. 53) suggests Ps. xvii, 15, ' I'lt misit sagittas suas et dissipavit eos : fulguia multiplicavit et conturbavit eos ' (2 Sam. xxii, 15) ; Ps. c.xliii, 6. 4 55 on gerylitu. Ci. Jiu/. 202, J\/t-t. 31 17, on gerihtc, which has also the meaning 'straight.' 458 rynegiestcs. Thorpe and ]5rool3es orleges or onstealde. 4 59 ff. Herzfeld, p. 37, remarks, ' Der Sturm wird, 459, in einem priichtigen Bilde als Kriegserreger vorgefiihrt, die Krieger sind die Wolken {Jild&gecrod), die mit lautem Gekrach auf einander stossen ; sie schwitzen Feuer aus (die Blitze, die mit Pfeilen verglichen werden), ein dunklerSaft fliesst ihnen aus dem Busen u.s.w.' 462 ofer byriijin bosin. Cf. And. 441, of brimes bosme; Exod. 493, famig- bosma. Cosijn (/'/>'/>. XXIII, 12S) doubtfully compares Pan. 7, Hsne beorh- tan bosm ; but the reference is to the earth, not to the waters. Brooke says (p. 186): 'The word I here translate torrents is byrnan ("of burns or brooks"). Torrent is quite fair, for the word is connected with byrnan ("to burn"). The upsurging and boiling of fire is attributed to the fountain and stream. Cynewulf is not thinking of the quiet brooks of the land, but of the furious leaping rivers which he conceives as hidden in the storm clouds over which the storm giant passes on his way.' 463 hf-ah hIoaii. In Jhc/it. (irein translates 'Bald soil ich des Oceans Wogen I die hohen unterneigen,' and he is followed by Harnouw, p. 221, who regards /lean as ace. j^l., weak, of /li'ii/i. In Spr. II, 55, Grein rightly gives the word under kcdit, 'low'; cf. Gn. Ax. 118, hean sceal gehnigan. 4 71 Avide fere. Cf. 59 3, wide ne fereS; 95 3, fere (MS. fereN) wide. 473-74 Aldhelm iv, i, 'Cernere me nulli possunt, nee prendere palmis,' which Prehn (p. 160) regards as one of the sources of the Anglo-Saxon, is derived, like the English riddle, from the Bible : I'rov. xxx, 4, 'quis continuit spiritum in mani- bus suis,' and Ecclus. xxxiv, 2. So Erlemann, pp. 55-56 (but the connection is certainly not close). 1 have traced the history of this motive, A/oii. Phil., II, 563. It appears in Bede's Mores, No. V, in various 'dialogues' [//aiipts Zs. XV, 167, 169), and in MS. Bern. 611, No. 41. KIDDLE 5 Dietrich (XI, 461) suggested first the answer 'Bell," but rejected it imme- diatelv in favor of 'Millslone,' believing that the latter fulfilled more closely all the conditions of the problem. Grein, .S/^r. 11, 716, accepts the first solu- tion; and Lrehn, jij). 163, 165, the second, but he fails in his attempt to indicate a likeness between this riddle and the 'Millstone' enigmas of Symijhosius (51, 52) and Aldhelm (iv, 12). In riddle-literature there are no analogues to aid one, the many 'Bell' and 'Millstone' problems (see Schleicher, p. 201; Symp. 80, Tiiititmahnliim; Tatwine 7, De Tiiitinno) being of a totally different type. Personally, I incline to the first answer. The h^gn or servant may be the ostia- 7-iits or diirewerd (see Canons of AUfric, 11), who is thus described by William of Malmesbury {^Gesta Pontificum, "jG, cited by Padelford, Miisicnl Terms hi Old Kui^lish, p. 56) : ' Reckisis enim a dormitorio in ecclesiam omnium parietum obsta- culis vidit monachum, cujus id curae erat, a lecto egressum funem signi tenere quo monachos ammoneret surgere.' Not only monasteries, but Anglo-Saxon houses of better estate had each its bellhfis (Padelford, I.e.; Be l?ocl-geJ>i)ic&uin 2, Schmid p. 38S) ; but, as Schmid points out {Glossar s. v.), the word may refer to the refectory, to which one was summoned by bells (cf. Du Cange s. v. Thiellns) or perhaps to the cloccarhim vel lucar (the lemma of belli fis, WW. 327, 16). Our rid- dle refers, I think, not to the hai^d bell, litel belle or iiutiiniabulum (for a discussion of its use, see Westwood, Faesimiles, p. 152, Padelford, p. 58), but to the micel belle or catiipana (yElfric, Gloss., WW. 327, 18). This was well known in the England of the eighth century, for in Tatwine's De Tiiitiniio enigma (No. 7) the bell is suspended high in air. ' versor superis suspensus in auris.' Professor Trautniann brings nothing to' support his 'Threshing-flail' solution of our enigma. NOTES 79 Andrews, Old English Manor, p. 259, discusses the Anglo-Saxon mill or quern, and thus translates the last lines of our Riddle: '"Sometimes a warm limb may break the bound fetter; this, however, is due to my servant, that moderately wise man who is like myself, so far as he knows anything and can by words convey my constructing message." We here accept Grein's translation almost without change, but of the last two lines can make no meaning. The iron-work of the mill is in- teresting, as is also the harsh grating sound with which it moves when started in the early morning. These features Cynewulf has added to the original of Sym- phosius (Prehn, pp. 163-165).' See also Heyne, Ilalle lleorot, p. 27 ; Fiinf Biicher II, 257-266; and Klump, Altenglischc Ilanihuerhnatiien, pp. 13-15. They accept the ' Millstone' answer and discuss mills and mill-maid {Laws of Ai&elberht § 11, Schmid p. 2). 5 1 priigbysig. Dietrich finds the source of this in Aldhelm's line (iv, 124), 'Altera nam currit, cjuod nunquam altera gessit,' while Prehn points to Sym- phosius 51 : Anibo sumus lapides, una sumus, ambo jacemus. Quam piger est unus, tantum non est piger alter : Hie nianet inuiiotus, non desinit ille nioveri. But the parallel is far-fetched. The epithet might well apply to a bell, for this is surely 'periodically employed.' Dr. Uright suggests the meaning 'perpetually.' 52,4 hringiiiii hfvfted . . . hal.s\vrij7an. Wanley, Catalogue 109, 2, 16-20: ^ Se bend '^& se clipur ys m\d ge'cri&cii, ys swylce hit sy sum gemetegung ^a,'t "SSre tungan clipur ma;ge styrian, and iSa lippan asthwega beatan. So)>lice mid Xass rapes ret-hrlne se bend styra)> JSone clipur.' ' The band with which the clapper is tied, is, as it were, a method for moving the clapper of the tongue and beating more or less the lips. So, with the touch of the rope, the band moves the clapper' (B.-T. s.v. Clipur). The key in /'/(/. gi 4 is hringiitn gyrded\ but such phrases are even better suited to the durance of the bell, as Wanley's account of the bend shows. With hringum /nr/led compare Gen. 762, haeft mid hringa gespanne {Satan). 5 3 The line refers to the beating of the clapper against the sides {mtn bed brecan), and to the sound of the bell {brealitme cyhan). 5 7 []7aet] \vearni[e] liin. ■[> is perhaps omitted on account of preceding -/^in onnie. Grein, Spr. II, 1S8, supposes li>n to refer to mantis. This accords well with the 'Bell' solution. See Techmer,. 2, 118, 7 (cited by Padelford, pp. 56, 71): ' Daes diacanes tacen is J>3:t mon mid hangiendre hande do swilce he gehwSde bellan cnyllan wille.' Or if the large bell is meant, the w'arm limb may be the clipur, which bursts the ring with which it is bound {supra). 5 8 berste?y. This is the only appearance of the verb in a transitive sense in Anglo-Saxon ; but the word is used so commonly with an active meaning in Middle English (see Matzner, or Bradley-Stratmann, s. v.) as to make such a rendering very plausible here. 5 9-12. The editors punctuate variously and thus give widely differing mean- ings to the last four lines of the riddle. Thoqje's rendering is utter nonsense. Ettmiiller puts a period after /imiluin (1. 8), a semicolon after men (11), and no point after syl/e. Grein and Assmann place a comma after hwiliim and a comma after sylfe. I point as in text, and render ' It (the ring) is, however, acceptable 80 RIDDLKS OF TlIK KXKTKR T.OOK to my tliaiio, a moderately wise man, and to me likewise, if I (an inanimate thing) can know anything and in words successfully tell my story.' For the happy rendering of the last clause 1 am indebted to Dr. IJrighl. 5 lo ]>jct syllV'. This accusative of specilication is eciuivalent to the adverb ' likewise ' (cf. Chr. 937 ; /V. Si ,<, i 2S 1 ; Spy. 11, .|2c)). 5 11-12 inTii . . . spcl. l*"or separation of possessive pronoun and substantive, see 7 oth shields have received many wounds {infra) ; but Aldhelm's is a glorious warrior, while that of our riddler is a broken fighter (Brooke, /;./•;. /.//., p. 123, note). Unlike Aldhehn, the Anglo- Saxon poet does not dwell upon the relation of the shield to its lord. A literary analogue, as Dietrich pointed out, is the 26th riddle of the Ihrvarar Saj^'-n, where the Shield vaunts its wounds (see Ileusler, Zs. ,/. I'./. /7\ XI, 139, 148). Traut- mann's ' Ilackeklot/. ' has nothing in its favor. The riddle is rich in conventional epithets, api)lied to ihe Shield's enemy, the Sword, not only elsewhere in the poetrv but in other riddles. llhnninated Anglo-Saxon MSS. usually represent the warrior as armed with no other defensive weapons than shield and helmet (Meyrick, Anlioit Armour, 1S42, p. li ; Keller, pp. 71 f.). The shield, circular or slightly oval in shape, is usu- ally of linden-wood, sometimes covered with leather, with a metal-bound edge and in the center an iron umbo or boss, a small basin tapering at the top to a point and ending in a knob {Gn. C. 37, rand sceal on scylde f.xst fingra gebeorh). Hosses are of various form and of different degrees of ornament (Roach-Smith, Collectanea Antiqiia 1, 10.1 ; II, Plate 36; III. Plate 2). The grave-finds reveal a large number of shields of which boss and handle alone remain (Keller, pp. 74-79 ; Kemble, Ilorae Feiales, p. S2). 61 Tserno -\viiik1. Cf. AVcti'. 565, mecum wunde ; 1076, gare wunde. See Ald- lu'hu iii, 1 3 J, ' patiens discrimina dura duelli.' 6 i bea(l<>weor<'a sa'd. Cf. 34 6, biter beadoweorca ; Ihiiii. 20, werig wiges sa;d. 6 .1 e<-<;uiii -wori;;-. Cf. And. 127S, wundum werig ; Mai J. 303, wundum werige ; />Vr. II, 152, and Cook, 'A Latin Poetical Idiom in Old ]L\\g\\s,\\,' American Journal 0/ Phi- Mocy, VI, 476. NOTES 8 I 6 8 hoardeoj? heoroscearp. Cf. Becnu. 2S30, hearde, hea^o-scearpe homera life ; Jiiii. 263, heaidum heoruwSpnutn. Heardecg is found as an epithet of the sword, Bemu. 12S9, 1491, Kl- 758. — liondwcor*- siiii]7a. Ho of the Sword, 21 7. Cf. also 27 14, wraetlic weorc smi)>a. For the position of the smith in Anglo-Saxon times, see notes to Kid. 38. 6 9 bitaiS ill biivKiiin. In 93 21-22, eallc Jxcttc bord hitoii, 'all that bit tlie shield,' is a circumlocution for 'swords' or 'knives.' Cf. 93 17-18, heah mec heard bite | stliNecg style. The sword-bite is a commonplace of the poetry, Jul. 603, jnirh sweordbite; Ap. 34, Surh sweordes bite. 69-10 Gil. 20-;, gif he leiig bide ldj>rau ge7ndtes, seems to support the change of MS. dbJdan to d bldau. But as dbtdan appears not infrequently in the desired sense {Spr. I, 12) I have retained it in the te.xt. 6 10-12 For the use of worts in Anglo-Saxon leechcraft, see Cockayne's Leech- dotiis, passim. They were used particularly as dolgsealfa nviS" ealliivi ivundiim {Lfhd. II, 8, 26). Among the common worts employed for wound-salves' (Zf//u gesettest sunnan and monan, sit^-ora waldend. So Gen. 126, 1 112, etc. 'The Father is thought of especially as the Creator (////. in, C/ir. 224, 472), though this function is sometimes attributed to the Son (////. 726, C/u-. 14 f.), and is sometimes exercised by Him with the Father [C/i?-. 239-240),' Cook, Christ, p. Ixxvi. So in the Skaldskaparmdl, § 52 {Snorra Jidda I, 446), Christ is called ska- para himins ohjar&ar, engla oh solar. 7 2 to ronipc. The Sun and Moon are portrayed as fierce fighters in Rid. 30. — oft ic CAVH'C bjcriio. Cf. Ps. 1206, ne he sunne on dxg .sol ne gelja-rne. 73 unriniu cyn. So Pa?!. 2. — oorj^an gotonge. So 772. Cf. 88-9, getenge . . . flode ond foldan. Grein is wrong in regarding ,.;,'-tr/tv/^'-i? as ace. pi. {Spr. I, 463); it obviously modifies the sul)ject of the riddle. 82 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK 76-9 Of the joy and comfort that the Sun brings to men, the IVotiders of Crea- tion gives glowing account (59-67) : ond ^>is leohte beorht cymeiS morgna gehwam ofer misthleo}>u, wadan ofer wSgas, wundrum gegierwed, ond mid Srdxge eastan snoweS, wlitig ond wynsum wera cneorissiim ; lifgendra gehwam leoht for'5 biere'5 bronda beorhtost, ond his brucan mot a'ghwylc on eorj'an he him eagna gesih'S sigora soScyning syllan wolde. 77* I can see no reason for departing from the MS. here by inserting wel be- iorefrefre. Hw . . . 7c> alliteration is found i 12, 36 u, Banv. 2299 (Heyne's note), Gil. 323, C/ir. iSS. Cf. Sievers, Altgermaiiisclie Metrik, p. 37, note. 7 10 gedreag. The word gedreag, elsewhere used in the sense of ' crowd,' 'troop,' 'tumult,' is here applied to the ocean, probably with reference to 'the multitudinous seas.' RIDDLE 8 To this riddle there are no Latin analogues. All scholars accept, however, the solution ' Swan.' And the tradition of the musical plumage of this bird, occurring elsewhere in Anglo-Saxon poetry {P/icvnix, 137), is admirably illustrated by a fable found by Dietrich XI, 462, in the letter of Gregory of Nazianzus to Celeusius i^Opera, Caillau, Paris, 1S42, II, 102). In this the swan explains to the swallows that sweetness and harmony are produced by the breath of the west wind against its wings. Neither Gessner, ' De Avibus ' {I/istoria Aiiiinaliiint, 1554, III, 360), nor Paulus Cassel {Dcr Sc/i70ciii in Sc7ge 11. Leben, Berlin, 1872), nor Swainston {^Folk-Lore of British Birds, Folk-Lore Society, 1SS5, p. 151) mentions the legend of singing feathers, although each of them refers to the whistling swan of the North. Very much to the point is a passage from Carl Engel's Afusical Myths and Facts, 1S76, I, 89: 'Although our common swan does not produce sounds which might account for this tradition, it is a well-known fact that the wild swan {Cygnus feriis^, also called the whistling swan, when on the wing, emits a shrill tone, which however harsh it may sound if heard near, produces a pleasant effect when, emanating from a large flock higJi in the air [cf. Kid. 8 S-g], it is heard in a variety of pitches of sound, increasing or diminishing in loudness according to the movements of the birds and to the currents of air.' For the superstition of the swan singing at death, of which our riddler makes no mention, see Douce, Ilhts- tratio7is of Shakspere, 1839, p. i6r ; Dyer, Folk-Lore of Shakspeare, 18S3, p. 147. Swainston, I.e., discusses in detail the place of the swan in mediaeval laws and oaths (see also Archaeologia XXXII, 1847, 423-428). The riddle of the Swan, as I have pointed out in the Introduction, has much in common with two other bird riddles (11 and 58). The swan's song is mentioned Seaf. i<), ylfete song. For a late English analogue to this Swan riddle see Pretty Riddles, 1631, No. 35, Brandl, /<;/^;-/'. der deutschen Sh. Gesell. XLII (1906), 57. NOTES 83 Brooke says (p. 148): ' Once on a time Cynewulf, who may now have seen the Swan flying over the forest to some inland pool or fen, described it in one of the finest of his riddles — marking especially the old tradition of its song not before its death but when it left the village to fly over the great world. Nor did it sing with its throat. Its feathers sounded melodiously as the wind went through them. ... It has the modem quality. Phrases like "the strength of the clouds," "the spirit that fares over flood and field," the melodious rustling of the fretted feather- robe, the sense of a conscious life and personality in the bird and its pleasure in its own beauty are all more like nineteenth century poetry in England than any- thing which follows Cynewulf for a thousand years.' 8 I Urirj"!. This word is again used of the plumage of a bird (Barnacle Goose) in the riddle's closest analogue, 11 7''. — hrusan trede. So we are told of the Swallows, 58 5, trcda& bearomessas etc. Cf. Gcii. <:)Oj. 8 2 ]7a ^vlc biige. Cf. 16 8, wic buge ; G/i. 274, \>e \>3, wlc bugaS. — Avado drefo. Cf. 23 16; //. J/. 20, lagu drefan ; Bcoic. 1904, drefan deop waeter. 83-7 So in II g-ii the air and wind raise the Barnacle Goose and bear it far and wide (note the likeness of wording in the two passages). In 58 i ' this air bears little wights' (Swallows). The best explanation of these passages is found in the Ilcxameron of /Elfric (edited by Norman, 2d ed. 1S49, P- 8) : ' Dast lyft is swa heah swa swa Sa heofonlican wolcnu and eac ealswa brad swa swa "SSre eor'San bradnyss. On "NSre fleoJS fugelas, ac heora fi"6'era ne mihton nahwider hi aberan, gif hi ne abzere soo lyft.' 83 ofiT Iia'IcJja bylit. Cf Gen. 2213, folcmsgSa byht ; 23 12, ofer WKteres byht. . 84 hyrste mine. So of the wings of the Goose, 11 s''. — J^eos hea lyft. Cf. 119, lyft ; 58 I, J'eos lyft. 8 6-q For a reference to the singing of the Swan's feathers, compare the pas- sage in the Pkanix, 134-137 (Bright's reading): Xe magon Jiam breahtme byman ne hornas, ne hearpan hlyn, ne haele^ja stefn iEnges on eor|'an, ne organan sweg, ne hleoj^res geswin, ne swanes fetSre. Lactantius mentions here (1. 49) 'olor moriens.' That certain birds have the power, in flight, to make a sound with their feathers at will, is shown by the example of the kingbird, which swoops down silently till clo.se above its enemy's head and then loudly rattles its feathers with alarming suddenness; and of the ruffed grouse or American partridge, which takes flight now in silence and now with the loud whir which is so disconcerting to some of its enemies. That this power is used by some birds as a sort of song appears by what Gilbert White of Selborne says of the 'bleating' or 'humming' of cock-snipes. Letter XXXIX (Pennant): 'Whether that bleating or humming is ventriloquous or proceeds from the motion of their wings, I cannot say ; but this I know, that when this noise happens the bird is always descending, and his wings are violently agitated' (compare also Letter XVI). White's most recent editor notes that ' this noise made by the cocksnipe when after risiui^to a great heio/it [AVi/. 8 3-6] he casts 84 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK himself down through the air . . . seems to be produced liy tlie air waves being driven by tlie powerful wing-beats through the expanded and rigid tail feathers.' 8 6 FraetAve mine. Frcctwe is again used of plumage PIi. ^t^iS^frcetzve flyhthiua- tes. As Brooke says (p. 14S), '■ Frcctwe is originally carved fretted things; hence an ornament — anything costly; here then my rich garment of feathers.' 8 7-8 SAviiisia'S, | torhte singaS. Cf. Chr. 8S4, singaS ond swinsia'ii. The phrase appears twice in the very passage of the F/nv/iix in which 'the singing feathers' are introduced: 124, swinsae) ond singe S; 140, singe'5 swa ond swinsat^. RIDDLE 9 To this riddle many solutions have been offered. In his first article (XI, 461- 462) Dietrich wavered between A.-S. Saiigpipe and the Xilitegale, supporting the first by the C-rune (possibly for Caviena, which is the lemma to saiigpipe, Pru- dentius Gl., Germaiiia, N. S., XI, 389, 26) which precedes the riddle in the MS., and the second by reference to Aldhelm's Luscinia enigma (ii, 5). Later, XII, 239, he presented with confidence the answer ' Wood-pigeon,' defending this by three arguments: (i) the Anglo-Saxon name of this bird, Cuscote (WW. 37, 35, Palumbes, cuscote) meets the demand of the C-rune; (2) with its flexible voice it really imitates the song of jesters {Rid. 96, 9-10); and (3) it attains to a great age {Rid. 9 5, eald icfensceop). Each of these three solutions has been accepted, the first by Padelford, p. 52, the second by Brooke, E. E. Lit., p. 149, the third by Prehn, p. 167. Yet another answer, ' Bell,' is given by Trautmann {Aiiglia, Bb. V, 48) and repeated by Padelford, p. 53; and this is accepted by Holt- hausen, w^ho asserts stoutly, without a jot of proof {Anglia, Bb. IX, 357): 'Die C-rune iiber diesen ratsel bedeutet offenbar clugge, "glocke." ' Of these solu- tions, ' Nightingale ' seems to me distinctly the best, for its varied note is heard in so much poetry of the late Latin period ; for instance, in the Philomela elegies of the mythical Albus Ovidius Juventinus and Julius Speratus (Wernsdorf, Poetae Latini iMinores, VI, 388, 403 ; compare Schenkl, Sitzber. der phil.-liist. CI. der Wiener- Akade/itie, 1863, XLIII, 42 f.), and in the pretty Luscinia poem of Alcuin (Migne, P. L. CI, 803). Yet A'ihtegale does not fit the rune, and is obviously the reverse of scurrilous ; hence this answer, like the others, must be given up. The motive of the problem so closely resembles that of Rid. 25, Higora, that I am inclined to accept that answer here. It caps the query at every point. The jay is a jester. Martial in his epigrams calls it 'pica loquax ' (xiv, 76) and 'pica salu- tatrix ' (vii, 87), and Ovidius Juventinus in his Philomela poem, 33-34, says: Pica loquax varias concninat gutture voces, Scurrili strepitu quiccjuid et audit, ait. Grein's citations {Spy. II, 72, s. v. higora) are apposite: 'Die Glosse "berna, higrae," gl. Epinal. 663 (156) and gl. Erf. (wo berita flir veriia, wie diese Glossen ofter in den lat. Wcirtern h fiir v schreiben) zeigt [see also WW. 35S, 5], dass der Name unsres spasshaften Vogels auch fiir Spassmacher, Hanswurst iiberhaupt gait.' See Notes to Rid. 25. Like the ' Psittacus ' of Alex. Neckam, De Xatura NOTES «5 Rcrum 36 (Rolls Series, 1863, p. 88) the 'Higora' may be thus described: 'In excitando risu praeferendus histrionibus.' See also Dietrich, XI, 465 f. The Latin names of the bird in Anglo-Saxon glosses (WW. 13, 18, cicuanus, higrcv; 132. 5, catanus, higere), 'Cicuanus' and ' Catanus,' may have suggested the Crune. , 9 ,-3 It is possible that these lines may have been suggested by Aldhelm s iMScinia enigma (ii, 5) : ' Vox mea diversis variatur pulchra figuris.' ^Yet the thought is closely paralleled by the undoubted Iligora enigma, 25 ., ivrasne mine ste/iie. 9 , purh niup. This is decisive against the Sangpipe solution. In 61 9, the Reed-pipe tells us explicitly that it is mu&lcas. — mongum reordum. So Cu. 870. 92 wreneum singe. Cf. Ph. 131-133: BiS hajs hleoSres sweg eallum songcrreftum swetra ond wlitigra ond wynsumra wrenca gehwylcum. 9 2-3 wrixlo . . . heafo(lwo]7e. Cf. Ph. 127, wrixle'S wo«craefte (the bird). 93 hlutle cirme. Cf. 584, hlude cirmaS (s%vallows)\ 492-3, hlude | stefne ne cirmde ; Gu. 872, hludne herecirm. 9 4 hlgopre ne mil7e. In its present sense of ' refrain from ' mlhan ^s found elsewhere in poetry only in 64 10, also with the instrumental : ne ?uceg ic ky mihan. 9 5-6 bringe I blisse. Cf. Chr. 68, bringe'S blisse. 9 7 stefne stymie. Cf. Ps. 76 ., mid stefne . . . styrman ; 139 6, stefne . . . stymie; 141 I, stefn . . . styrmeS. 9 8 swigende. The MS. nigende is regarded by all scholars as corrupt. There is little to choose between Grein's suggestion, hnigende 'gesenkten Ilauptes,' and the swigende of Ettmiiller and Cosijn. I prefer the second because it accords better with alliteration and context. Why listen with reverence {hnlgan is always used with that implication) to the scurrilous chatter of a jay? Grein, indeed, renders in Dicht. ' Stille in den Hausem sitzen sie und schweigen.' 99-10 These lines support my interpretation, 'Higora' or 'Jay.' As Mliller says {Cbthe7ier Programm, pp. 16-17): ' Dort ist auch ausdrucklich von dem possirlichen Wesen desselben Vogels die Rede ; so hatte bei den Angelsachsen vielleicht derselbe Veranlassung gegeben, den Spassmacher higora zu nennen, an dessen Namen sceawend-sceawere Dietrich zu IX erinnert, und Grein hat nicht Unrecht aus den gl. Epinal 156 higrae berna, d. i. verna scurra herbeizuziehen.' We are therefore told in these lines that the Jay is a mime and imitates the speech of buffoons — in other words, that the bird possesses the power of mimicry. Rid. 25 is but an elaborate illustration of this idea, and merely sup- plements with examples the earlier riddle. 99 The troublesome scirenige is changed by Cosijn {PBB. XXIII, 128) to sciernicge, which he rightly connects with scericge, 'mima,' Shrine 140. This is m a passage from the Martyrologitim, Oct. 19 (Herzfeld, p. 190, 9) : ' Seo (St. Pelagia) WKS Srest mima in Antiochea hsere ceastre — haet is scericge (MS. C.C.C. 196, scearecge) on urum ge^eode.' Scericge is considered by Sievers as an example of the feminine ending in -icge and is associated with the older sciernicge {Anglia VI, 86 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK 1 78; VII, 222). — s(•ea^vellera, scurrarum.' Grein translates the line {Dic/iL) : ' der so scherzhaft ich der Schauenden Weisen laut nachahme.' Rather, 'in the manner of a mime, imitate the voices of jesters.' RIDDLE 10 Dietrich's answer, ' Cuckoo' (XI, 463), has been accepted by all scholars. The Anglo-Saxon riddle displays some evidence of the use of Symphosius 100 (not in the best MSS.) in its description of the desertion oi the cuckoo by its parents before birth antl the adoption by another mother. lUit the chief Diotif of the English problem — ingratitude after fostering care — is such a departure from the Latin that the likenesses, such as they are, may lie simply in the nature of the subject. Symphosius' enigma is found in popular form in the Strassbiirgcr Rdtsel- biicli, 103, in Frankfurter ReterhiicliUiii (1572), cited by Dietrich, and in Reusner's collection (I, 275). Here Lorichius Hadamarius develops the J'o/ksrdtsel into a ponderous Latin version, citing not only his German original but the problem of Symphosius, this last under the title 'Ex Vita Aesopi.' If the ingratitude of the cuckoo is seldom treated in riddle-literature, it has been a favorite theme of natural history and folklore since the time of Aristotle. The words of the Stagirite in his Historia Aiiintalium (ix, 20) are almost identical with those of our riddler : ' The cuckoo makes no nest, but lays its eggs in the nest of other birds. ... It lays one egg, upon which it does not sit, but the bird in whose nest it lays hatches the egg and nurses the young bird; and, as they say, when the young cuckoo grows it ejects the other young birds, which thus perish.' Turner {^A~'inm Praecipuaru?n qitaritm apud Pliniitm et Aristotelem viciitio est, hrei'is et succincta Historia, Coloniae, 1544) gives at length Aristotle's account of the ' Cuculus,' and Gessner, ' De Avibus ' {Historia Animaliinn, 1554, III, 350), cites not only this authority and the opinions of Theophrastus, Albertus, and Aelian, but a famous 'declamation' ' De Ingratitudine Cuculi,' by Philip Me- lanchthon (compare his Declaniationes, Argentorati, 1569, pp. S7-95). Mannhardt, whose excellent article on ' Der Kukuk' (Wolf's Zs.f. d. M. Ill, 208-209) contains much valuable information, mentions a tract by Gronwall, De lugrato Cuctdo, Stockholm, 1631 (16 pages), which I have been unable to trace. The Cuckoo's ill return for the hedge-sparrow's care is not unknown to the poets. It is true that no reference to this is found in the Coitflictiis J'eris et Hiemis in Laitdein Cuculi (Riese, .liit/i. Lat. II, 145, No. 6S7), nor in Alcuin's lines on his lost cuckoo (Migne, P. L. CI, 104). But Chaucer, in his Parlement of Foules 612-613, calls his cukkow Thou mordrer of tlie heysiigge on the braunche That broghte the forth, thou rewthelees glotoun. And Shakespeare's frequent references to 'that ungentle gull, the cuckoo's bird' {Henry IV, Pt. I, v, I, 60) are well known. ' Vou know, nuncle, the Hedge- sparrow fed the Cuckoo so long that it had it head bit off by it young' {Lear i, 4, NOTES 87 235). Cf. A. iuid C. ii, 6, 28, and Litcrece 849. Harting, Ornithology of Shak- spere, 1S71, p. 147, and Dyer, Folk-Lore of Sliakspere, 1883, p. 105, discuss this scrap of unnatural history; and Hardy, ' Popular History of the Cuckoo,' Folk-Lore Record, II (1879), 46, gives other poetic examples of the tradition. In France it has become proverbial, 'Ingrat comme un coucou.' White of Selborne, Letter IV (Barrington), discusses at length the cuckoo's habit of depositing its eggs in the nests of other birds. Unlike Sympho.sius ('me vo.\ mea prodit '), our riddler makes no reference to the cuckoo's note, which elsewhere in Anglo-Saxon poetry heralds the year. Cf. Seaf. 53, Gu. 716, //. M. 22. 10 1-3 Prehn, p. 169, iinds in these Hues a suggestion of Symphosius 14, Pullus in Ovo : Nondum natus erani nee eram jam matris in alvo. Jam posito partu, natum me nemo videbat. 10 i'' Sievers, PBB. X, 454, regards MS. vice on Jdssitm dagion as a form of A-type found elsewhere in the Riddles (^ x X X | ^ X ) ; but Holthausen, Etigl. Stud, xxxvii, 206, would read on dagiitn J^issum or on Jiissiim dogrutn. The first reading is supported by Ps. 139 12, and I have adopted it. 10 2 fa>der oiid inudor. So Sal. 445. 10 2''-3 Cf. Gen. 90S, J)enden |>e feorh wunaS, gast on innan. 10 3-6 Cf. Symphosius {.'), 100, 'hoc tamen educat altera mater.' 10 4 wel hold. Ilolth. Anglia, Bb. IX. 357, would read wil/iold, but as the MS. phrase is here both grammatically and metrically possible {_L\J_:i_x) 1 retain that. — iiu'so. In proposing this (not knowing that it was the MS. reading) Cosijn says: 'The foster-mother is nii-ge (both belong to the bird-kind), but is not gesibb (1. S).' Cf. 44 14, anre magan ; 84 32, worldbearna mEge. Dr. Bright proposes wel hold \to\ ml' gewdtivt J^cccun. — weduin ]7('C'can. Cf. 46 4, hra;gle ^eahte. 10 5 lieold Olid frco]7ode. Cf. I/v. 9 27, healdavN ond freoSiaS. — hieosceorpe. See note to 15 ii, fyrdsceorp. 10 6 sue arlice. This is Cosijn's reading for the MS. snearlice, and it is sup- ported by the naturalness of the mistake of the scribe (who would not have thus misread swd drllce) ; and by 16 4. szue, and Leid. 1 1 , sure. — hire agen beam. For examples of the phrase, see Spr. I, 20, s.v. dgot. 10 7'' Cf. Gen. 1573, swa gesceapu wjeron werum ond wifum. 10 8 wearJf eacen giPste. Cf. Gen. looo-iooi, wearS . . . gaste eacen. 10 c- w-r;'('clie siIkuic I'"i;ui'). This is suppoiti'd l)y O.N. /rF&r ('beautiful,' frequently of women); and by such common expressions an Ju/. 175, SCO ai'Sele maig; CV/r. 87, seo eadge ma3g ; i/f/i. 2226, freollce mSg. 10 K> oppiet if aweox[o]. Althougii ,>/j/,„t is followed by the indicative else- where in the A'/Ji/lts (cf. 10 7-s, o|'l>.it ic . . . weariN), the meter makes a strong plea for Ilolthausen's reading (A'//.v/- -VZ/c./. WWII, Jo()), (l7oro.\\,-\. Then we have an A lype (_^ X X X | JL X ). 10 II sij»iis asottaii. l'"nr examples of this idiom, see OieUiih, JK: ('rii. .li'tdtv, pp. 2-3; Sfr. 1. 41. KlDDLl-: 11 1 can only repeat my discussion of this riddle in J/. /,..\'. Will, loo-ioi. To the problem Stopford Brooke (/.'. /,'. /.,/., p. 171), note) otiers llie titling answer ' barnacle (loose'; and this solution is sustained by the first enigma in the col- lection of I'incier {^At-)iii;»i()titrn Libri 'J'lcs, llagae, 1655), which has many points in common with the Anglo-Saxon : Sum voliu ris, nam phunosuni mihi corpus et alae, Quaruni n-niii^id, (lunin libct, alta peto Setl ni.ire me i;ii;nit liiliiris sul) tei^mine conchae, Aut in ventre traliis i|Uani tnlit nnda. Solutiii: Anseres Scotici quos incolae (7iii- !;t/ys<- indi,i;itant ... in Iii;nis l(ini;i(ire mora in niari putrefactis ijignuntui. The tirst literary account of this fable — which caps the (piery at every line — is found in the 'J\'pograpltia Ilihcritiae of Giraldus Cambrensis in the last half of the twelfth century (Dist. i. cap. 15, ed. Dymock, Rolls Series, 1S67, \', .(7-49). (lir.ililus, after a U>ng ilescription, which tallies remarkably wilii the .\nglo-Sa.\on, declares that 'bishops and clergymen in si)me |Kuts of lrelai\d do not scruple to dine off these birtis at the time of f.isting because they are not tlesh nor boin of flesh.' With such evidence as this, we must accept Max Miiller's opinion (.SV/tv/iv <>/" /.r7«i,'7/(7i,v> -d Ser., 1865, pp. 552-571) that 'belief in the mir.iculous transfor- mation of the Barnacle Shell into the Barnacle (loose was as firmly established in the twelfth as in the seventeenth century.' Indeed, two strangely created goose-species are described by mediaeval writers : (i) The Tree (loose; (2) The Barnacle Goose or (Tack. The first of these is dis- cussed at length by Gervase of Tilbniv in his Olia Impcrialiii (1211) (ed. Lieb- recht, Hannover, 1856, pp. c.\.\iii, 52), by Willi. un of Matmesbury in a story of King Edgar {Gesta Reptm Aiiglorutn, II, § 154, Rolls Series, 18S7, I, 175), by Mande- ville (chap. 36), and by other writers until the tin\e of Hector Boethius {Pc.urip- tiou of Srothxiidy 1527, chap. 11, englished in Holinshed's Chroniilt, vol. 1), who declares this tree-procreation false, but affirms his belief in Barnacles or liernakes. The second is treated by Giraldus Cambrensis, I.e., by his contemporary, Alex- ander Neckam, /)<• .Witiins Ki-niin, cap. 48 (Rolls Series, 1863, p. 1)9), by Hector N()'i"i:s 89 Roethius, I.e., by Turner, ATi'itnt rittfii/>. /list., 1544, s.v. ' Anser,' by Gerard, /hr- /'(///, 1597, p. 1391 (Brooke), and by many other authors quoted by I'incier and Liebrecht. E.xcellent review.s of the hi.story of the super.stitinn will hv. found in Max Muller, I.e., and in Ilarting's Oriiit/ioloi^y of Shakspen:, 1.S71, pp. 246-256. Max Mliller {^Science of La ii^i^^iiaj^e, 2d Ser., 1865, p. 564) thus translates the Latin of Cliraldus Cambrensis : ' /icniacae are like marsh-geese, but somewhat smaller. They are produced from lir limber tossed along the sea, and are at first like gum. Afterwards t/u-v /iiiiit^ doion hy their beaks, as if from a sea-weed at- tached to the timber, surrounded by shells in order to grow more freely. Having thus in process of time been clothed with a strong coat of feathers, they either fall into the water or fly freely away into the air.' This reads like a close para- phrase of our Anglo-Saxon text. In my refutation (J/. /-. A'. XXI, 99) of Traut- mann's objections to this solution (/)/>'. XIX, 1 70-1 71) I have pointed out that ' though our riddle is several centuries earlier than Giraldus' account of the super- stition, this is just the sort of popular myth that might exist for hundreds of years among simple men before finding a scholar to record it; and, again, many accounts of the marvel may have perished.' Dietrich, XI, 463, w'ith Aldhelm's ' Famfaluca ' (iv, 11) in mind, suggested 'Ocean-furrow' or 'Wake.' Now, while the Anglo-Saxon has little in common w'ith Aldhelm, it bears, at least in part, a certain resemblance to the ' Wave ' riddle of the ller'^arar Sai:;a {//ei&rcks Gdttir, 21, see Ileusler, Zs.d. V.f Vk. XI, 127), and to its derived form in modern Icelandic (Arnason, No. 6S4). But Brooke's solution seems in every way better, as this alone (its all the motives of the problem. Trautmann, who had earlier accepted ' Wasserblase,' supported at length in his BB. articles (XVII, 142, XIX, 170 f.) a new solution, 'Anchor.' But 1 have shown (;]/. Z.A'. XXI, 98-99) that this is based by him upon violent changes in the text (11 3'', 7') and perverted meanings [i>/fra). Ilolthausen's unhappy inter- pretation 'Water-lily' {Aii^^^lia, Bb. XVI, 228) has been refuted by Trautmann {^BB. XIX, 172-173)- II 1-3 Prehn, p. 171, compares with this Aldhelm, iv, 11 1-2: I)e madido nascor rorantibus aethere guttis Turgida, concrescens liquido dc tluniiiie lapsu. This is the only resemblance between the Anglo-Saxon and Latin poems. Traut- mann believes that neb (i a) refers to 'the spike of the anchor,' as the word is used of the point of the plowshare (/vV Haeftle feorh cwico. The phrase is used elsewhere in the AW/i/Ztw of liv- ing things, the Fingers (14 3') and the Siren (74 5''). — of fa'Aimiiii . . . brimes. Cf. 3 13, of brimes fa^t'mum. II (.-11 With tlie two motives of the black and white aspect of the unknown thing, and of its journey with the wind, compare Ilei&reks Gdtiir, 21 : Hadda bleika hafa I'a-r Enar hvitfiildnu, Ok eigu 1 vindi at vaka. II 7-8 on blacuiii hra'f;le . . . hwiti' hyrsto. I frees;! and hyrste are used of the plumage of the Swan {Rid. 8 r^, 4'^). The ' black ' and ' white ' coat of our sub- ject recalls the account of the ISarnacle in Gerarde's Ilerhhll (1597), p. 1391. as ' having blacke legs and bill or beake, and feathers blacke and white and spotted in such a manner as in our Magge-Pie.' In discussing this passage Brooke says (p. 179, note): 'The barnacle is almost altogether in black and white. 'J"he bill is black, the head as far as the crown, together with cheeks and throat, is white — the rest of the head and neck to the breast and shoulders black. The upper plumage is marbled with blue-gray, black and white. The feathers of back and wings are black edged with white, the underparts are white, the tail black.' This identification is better than, with Trautmann, to regard hyrste as referring to the rope of the anchor, and blaciim Jiru-i^le to its tarry coat. II 9-" ^o in very similar riddles the air bears the Swan, 83-7, and the Swal- lows, 58 I (compare M. /.. A'. XXI, 99). The lines certainly cannot refer to the weighing of an Anchor. Brooke renders happily (p. 179) : When the Lift upheaved me, me a living creature, Wind from wave upblowing ; and as wide as far Hore me o'er the bath of seals — Say what is my name ! Trautmaini wrongly regards Ufgende as qualifying lyft. RIDDLE 12 For his answer, 'Gold,' to Rid. 12, Walz has argued strongly (^Harvard Studies V, 261); and for the solution 'Wine' Trautmann has made out a seemingly good case {/>Vj. XIX, 173-176); but Dietrich's interpretation (XI, 463), 'Night,' fits better the various conditions of the query, as I have sought to show {M. L. X. XXI, 99-100), and is moreover supported by points of real likeness between our riddle and Aldhelm's enigma De Node (xii). That this- problem is clearly a companion-piece to Rid. 28, 'Mead' (12 6% 2813^; 12 -\ 2817^; 12 10, 2812), is, at first sight, an argument for the 'Wine' inteqjretation, but the meaning ' Night debauch ' is quite as well suited to the vinous lines that suggest the later riddle. NOTES 91 12 I Walz cites Grein's Spr. II, 14, to show that hasofdg is a proper epithet of gold. Trautm.inn, in his note on Ilasu {BB. XIX, 216-218), comljats tlie hitherto received meanings of the word 'fulvo-cinereus, wolfgrau iind adlergrau ' (Dietrich, I/au/'ls Zs. X, 346) and ' graubraun ' (Sievers, Gr."^, % 2,°°)> a""^ ^^^^^ ^^ P^'o^'^ that it can mean only ' glanzend ' and that therefore hasofdg is inapplicable to Night. As I have said {M. L. X. XXI, 100), even if we grant that this is the exclusive meaning, we must not forget that 'Night's mantle' in poetry may be ' shining ' or ' gleaming ' {Met. 20 229) as well as ' azure ' or ' sable.' But in the light of the words that this adjective qualifies — eagle, smoke, dove, etc. — we cannot grant this. Ihisu seems to have the later connotation of glanciis ' grayish,' to which indeed it corresponds, Rid. 41 61''. The Latin word is a synonym of CiFrtilus {Harper's Latin Dictionary, s. v. glaucns) ; and, as Dietrich has noted (XI, 463), cartila is the very adjective used by Aldhelm to describe Nox in his riddle upon that subject (xii, 6). Or again, hasu or hasupdd is an epithet of the eagle, {Rid. 254, Brtin. 62), elsewhere called salotvigpdda {Jud. 211), which Professor Trautmann could not define as ' shining.' The epithet 'gray' is eminently appro- priate to smoke {Rid. 2 7) or to the dove {Gen. 14 51). Dietrich shows that hasofdg applies well to the raiment of Night, and that hvrste is used elsewhere in Old English poetry {Gen. 956, 2189) for stars. Traut- mann believes that the first lines suggest the garment of the wine, whether that be ' der schlauch, das fass, der krug, der becher, der kelch.' The opening passage (1-2) seems to me to describe far better a starry night than a golden beaker. Compare Shelley's lines ' To Night ' : Wrap thy form in a mantle gray, Star-inwrought. 12 3-5 Dietrich, Grain, and Wlilker close the first clause with tmr^dsihas. Herz- feld, who follows their pointing, supplies (p. 68) [onne win h7oete& \ beorttes breostsefan. I am not in agreement with any of these views. I close the clause with tuirwdsthas, but I see no reason for regard- ing this as a genitive, or for assuming, what is nowhere found, an acc.-of-theperson- and-gen.-of-the-thing construction with hwette. Dole unr^dsij>as is the direct object 92 Ki 1)1)1. i:s oi" 11 1 1: i:.\i:'i'i:R hook of liii'iitc (st'c /hi/it.. 'loll i'm'i;<' ii li uiii.illiw i'i;<' '). ,iiul (lu' passagi.' may he vcn- dcioil 'I luisk-ail the loolish aiul inslii;alc lasli impiolilalile louiscs.' Sec WW. SoS, .|, /xf (/('/(/// iiVi/iis, 'stdliila ((iiiSMlla.' 12 -IS oIjimmu s(yn> | iiyKro fore. 'I'liis is wrongly iiMiiliMcd by 'rraiitiiianii, wlio luistaki'iily imliult-s iiiirtTi/si/uts in this claiisi', and l>y .S'/-/ . 11, |«)i, s,\. stvr. Dicht. tiaiislaU's '.Anderc fiilue ich /u niit/lichercni Laiifc' 'This iwactly reverses the proiK-r nuMning (st-o Klaeber): '1 restrain olheis finni a useful course.' As Shipley poinis out (p. 56), sti>rii>i Mo restrain' is followed by dat. of person and gen. of thing. C'f. Crwft. 105, he niissenlice iiionna cynne gielpcs styre.N. Lines v »^ seem to me in ])erfeit atroiil with Pietiirh's solution. Night may well piovoke fools to tleeds of dcbaueh and crime, .md deter others from ;i useful ( ourse. Hv re.ison of its evil w.iys, it m.iv well be praised by drunken ie\eievs (5I1 Sa; if. llu- next riddle, 13.1, tU'l ii'ntii,»tt-nitc'it iiii'i\iini >:i/ttii»i)y .md In logues ( Aldhehn .\ii, 0, .\'i'.i ; ' Hiii l.itrones me semper amare soleb.mt "). W.d,' tinds lu'ie tiie m.uUlening effect of gold (if. 1 Tim, \i,i)-io). 12 (,!■ iiumI«' l)es<(»U>iu'. C'f. 28 i.r', strengo bistoleii ; (/(•;/. 1571), ferhNe forstolen (the drunken Noah). 127' tli»'«Io •"t'dwoleiio. Traulm.mn (/•■/>'. \1X, 1 ;()) cites////. 11;,, iLTdiim i,vy.-i '<'/(■•//(• ; but, while he .ulmits th.it tlu' me.ming in that place is 'die in ihrem tun irrendei\,' he iiileip;ets the present passage as 'in ihrem tvm gehemmt,' com- paring 28 i.|, m.i'gene beiuimen. 127-8 «IPora]» iiiiiio I >\<»ii \\isaii <;eli\vaiii. 1 i.msl.ite ' Tluy pi.iise to every oi\e my evil (eiooked) w,iys.' iJiein, .s//-. ll.yjo, strangely combines w.'s.ii/ and j;y/i7(<(J//i, as the i'i|ni\,dent of i/iii>7'is iniu/o, ' auf jeder W'eise ' ; but in J''u''.(. he renders the i)hrase rightly. 12 s'' Cf. lly. 1 (>, wil him I'.Y'ie mirigiNe 1 12 .1-10 I agree with Dietrich th.it o b, horda drortist, refers to the sun, and that the line describes the coming of the day; and accept in this corrupt jiassage t'osijn's spirited re.iding //<•(/// /j/vV/^v^ (/'/<" A". Will, I jS) inste.ul ol Tnut m, inn's ':t\:i nt l'iii!^<-l\', which seems to me tame and prosaic, ri.uilm. inn's e\ pl.iii.ilion of the closing lines of the poem is .is unfoitun.ite ,is his interpret. Uion of the opening passage. It is h.iiil to belii\e th.it horda drorasl refers to the com- munion wine (why should lh.it biing li.iimi') .md that nvttre fore (5 a) is intended also to suggest the Eucharist (but th.it rendering was based on mistranskition). Wal/ suggests that horda dcoiast indicates 'the word of Cod'; Dr. Bright, 'the soul.' Knt let us remember that in the poetry ,v'//" 'gem' is a frequent metaphor for the sun. .md that Iwid.t dcoitist carries much the same idea as ^^iiiinui i;/,idos/ (sun), /•';■. jSo. 12 » jM-liifioO'. Kl.ieber, .h;x//\i. A'A. W. ;,.|-, notes th.it the verb /,ri//x,i't, 'jiress on,' 'force one's w.iv,' is .ulmii.iblv fitted to (///. I-55'', I'long niht ofer tiht. .IS .ilso in (/(•;/. 1 ^.vs unrihtes eft geswicav^'. See ller/feld, ji. n). N()'ii;s 93 Kini'ii'. i:! This ]5i()l)lciii of 'Oxhide ' nr * I.ciitlici ' (liio iinswcr accepted l)y all antliniitius) is the liist ol ;i ( ycli! of Aiij^Io Saxon riddles of similar motives. l\iil. 39, 'N'ounn Ihdl,' is only .1 iihui' |iiili\ .111(1 i|iij.;ramiiialii expiessioii ol I he ' li\ in;; and dead ' contrast in llu- Inst and I.inI lims of Rid. 13; A'/i/. 27 di-sriil.cs in ils cailirr lines the tannin); of llii' skin; wliilc /v'/i/. 72 picsenis in dcl.iil llu' lilc an(: lUn'e sh'c t/v JiiTtiiii) (iii, 11), pirsmis tin- tlnnns ol ilie foui nourishinf; foun- tains, and tlie unlike fates <>f the livinj; and di;id o.\, thai ( (impose A'id. 39; and the words of luisehius, 57, are so simil.ii lo the Anglo Saxon that both j'.herl (p. 50) and I'rehn (p. 215) have wrongly tonnd the source of the close of A'/i/. 39 in the Latin : .Si vixciii, rinnpcrc < (illcs Iri( ipi.iMi, vivos iiKiiiciis ailt allied iiiiillds. Other l.iiin riddles of tlu; Old I'jiglish period furnish ipiile as close parallels (see .1/. /.. ,\. WMIl, 91;) to /\'/'/; I )uiu jiivcnis tui, (|iiattii(ir Ionics siccavi ; Cum autein sciaii, moiitcs et valles versavi ; Post mortem mean), vivos lioiiiines lij^avi. As our riddler tells us (39 O. ll'e motive ( ame to him l>y word of mouth. Kiddk's very similar to these Anglo Saxon and i.atin versions app(;ar in many modern collections. I note parli( uhirly the IVIei:kIenl)urg riddle (W'ossidlo 76): As ik liitt wicr, kiimi ik vicr dwinncn | A'/i/. 39 ( .|J ; As ik groot wier, kiinn ik liiinel un harg iinivvriiineii 1 13 1-/, 39 '>] ; As ik doot wier, iiiiisst ik vor fiirslcii im lierreii up de tafel statin [13 5 'i|, I'll init (Ic hruiit m;i'ii (l.iii/sii.il y,.\\\\\ |l3'' /]. rf. Simrotk'', J). 33; Kckarl (Low Ccrman), Nos. 5.S5, 586; Reidi (Tyrol), /,.':.erhosa (caligas) and butericas (utres), bridellnvancgas and gerieda, flaxan vel pinnan (flascones) and higdifatu, spurlel>era (calcaria) and ha^lftra, pusan and fStelsas, and nan eower nele oferwintran buton minon crrefte.' The preparation of leather in Old English times is discussed l)y Ileyne, Fi'utf Bitchcr, III, 207-212 ; and Tvlump, A/(eii^s^/ist/ie Handwerknixmen, pp. 20-22, 64-73. ^he Oxanliyrdc {^Rectitudhies Siiigularum Pcrsoiianim, 1 2, Thorpe, A. L. p. 1 88 ; Schmid, p. 380) is allowed to pasture two oxen or more with his lord's herd: ' Earnian mid i^fun scos Olid ,i:^fd/a him sylfuni.' 13 i-.( Cf. 39 6-7, and Aklhflni iii, i i -,-7 : Vivens nam terrae glebas cum stirpibus imis Nisu virtutis validae disrumpo feraccs : At vero linquit dum spiritus algida membra, Nexibus horrendis homines constringere possum. The use of the hide for bonds is, however, a motive common to all riddle-poetry o{ the time (sii/^iui). 13 I ft>l(Iaii slTto. For other references to jilowing, see 13 i.(, 22 (Plow), 39 (., 72 12-iv 132' j^rfMic ■\voii{»-as. So 67 5, 6"^//. 1657 ; cf. JAv/. 206, wangas grene. Cf. also 41 51, S3, I'C's wong grcna. 13 2'' Cf. 21 8, gSstberend. 133 Cf. Seaf. 94, I'onne him |>a^t feorg losaN. — fjrsto biiKlc. l?rooke {E. E. /a., ]•>. 151, note) makes the strange mistake of supposing a reference to the bind- ing power of the liquor in the leather jug or black-jack, instead of to the bonds mentioned in all such riddles (su/'rii). 13 4' sweartc Woalas. For a discussion of the dark h.iir of the servant-class, see note to 138 [-voiift-ax U'lih:). The meter indicates clearly a long vowel in Il'Pd/its (see Gc-it. 2706, wealandum), while it permits as Walas tra:d ; ll'i'ds. 7S, ond Wala rices (cf. Sievers, /'/>/>'. X, 487 ; Ilerzfeld, pp. 49, 54, 58 ; Madrrt, p. 21). There thus seem to be, side by side, a long and a shortened form of the word, — a safer view than to regard, despite the evidence, all cases as short with Iler/.feld, or as long with Madert (see Sievers, Gr.^ 21S). 13 5-6 Cf. the mention of 'butericas (utres) . . . flaxan vel pinnan (flascones) and higdifatu' — all leather drinking vessels — in /Elfric's Colloquy {supra), and the brief description of the leather bottle in Rid. 20. For the employment of cups of hide, see the Mecklenburg riddle already cited. In 806, the drinking-horn bears mead in its bosom. 13(1-7 Symphosius (56) pictures the hard service of leather in shoes: .Sed ninic exaniniis l:icorat;>, ligata, rcvulsa, OL'dita sum terrae, tuniulo sed condita noii sum. The likeness of the two riddles is in motif, not in treatment. NOTES 95 13 6'' liwTlmii iiiec bryd triedo'A. Fairholt {Costtttne in England, 1885, II, 59) bases his account of tlie shoes (jf tlie Anglo-Saxons upon the illustrations in the Durham Book and MS. Cott. Tib. C. VI (see Strutt, I/orda Ant^elcynna, pi. xxiii) : ' They appear in general to have been made of leather and were usually fastened beneath the ankles with a thong. . . . The Saxon shoe took the form of the .san- dal, being cut across the front into a series of openings somewhat resembling the thongs which secured it.' On the same evidence Strutt asserts {Horda, p. 47): 'Both men and women wore shoes, or rather slippers [WW. 125,27, Baxeae, wi/ds sceos']. The legs of the men were covered half-way up with a kind of bandage or else a strait stocking reaching above the knee; they also wore a sort of boots which were curiously ornamented at the top.' Moritz Heyne, Filnf Biic/ier III, 262-26S, notes that in the shoes of the early Germanic peoples the hair-side of the skin was turned outward. 13 8'^ ■\vonfea.x Wale. The dark coloring of the menial Welshwoman is men- tioned elsewhere in the Kiddles (53 6'^, wonfah Wale), and three times the swarthy complexion of the servant class is named as a distinguishing feature : 13 4, swearte Wealas (here opposed to sellan met/) ; 50 4-5, se wonna j'cgn, sweart ond saloneb ; 72 lo", sweartum hyrde (see Brooke, /'.'./.'./,//., p. 136). Tiiat U'calh is used in the meaning of ' servus ' is naturally explained by the position which the old in- habitants of Britain held under the Anglo-Saxon rule (Schmid, Gesetze, p. 673, Glossar, s. v.). So, as the word slave was derived from the name of a people, ivealh was applied, without regard to origin, to bondmen who were, however, largely of Celtic or pre-Celtic blood. ' In early times, the women-servants {IVale) and menials about the yeoman's or gentleman's house were absolute slaves and were bought and sold as cattle' (Powell in Traill's Social England I, 125). Grant Allen points out {Anglo-Saxon Britain, p. 56) that while 'the pure Anglo-Saxons were a round-skulled, fair-haired, blonde-complexioned race, the Celts had mixed largely in Britain with one or more long-skulled, dark -haired, black-eyed and brown- complexioned races.' The coloring of the subject people was held in contempt : In the old age, black was not counted fnir, Or, if it were, it bore not beauty's name. Weinhold, Altnordisclies I.eheii, p. 182, shows that the same attitude toward dark hair existed among the Scandinavians : 'Schwafzes Har achtete man dagegen fiir hasslich ; denn es warfremd und dem Volksinne entgegen. Die dunkle Haut- farbe, die gewbhnlich dabei ist, das finstere Aussehn, der stjirkere Bartwuchs gaben dem schwarzen nach dem herschenden Geschmack etwas widerliches. Wir haben schon friiher gesagt, dass man sich die unfreien schwarz dachte.' This feeling, and the fact that there could be dark complexion in the best Scandinavian blood, are attested by the story of Geirmund Ileljarskin's childhood {Landnainabok ii, 19; Sturhinga Saga i, 1-2). In his excellent discussion of the German dislike of dark and love of fair skins, Gummere, Germatiic Origins, pp. 59 f., compares our names Fair/ax (fair-hair) and its oppo.site, Colfax. I shall discuss the Anglo-Saxon regard for long blonde hair in my note to Rid. 41 98 (43 3 hiintloc, see 80 4). 13 8-11 Prehn, p. 176, thus explains these obscure lines: 'Vielleicht bezeichnet ersteres ein Wamms und deutet auf den Geliebten der schwarzlockigen Welschen 96 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK hill, u.s.w.' However that may be, he is certainly right in regarding the allusion as obscene. Unlike Trehn, 1 find only one, nol two motives in this passage. 13 s'' ^vese'fl oiul ]>y<>'. Ci. 22 5, wegeS mec ond ]>y'S. 13 9 dol (IriiiK'iiUMiiicii. ]5udde, J)/'e Bedetitiiiii:; dcr Triiiksittcn, p. 86, regards the phrase as a mere ' Umschreibung durch Trinkwendungen,' since a drunken woman appears nowliere else in Anglo-Saxon literature. 15udde finds a like peri- phrase in 61 <). — (Icorc'uin iiihtiiin. So Bcdo. 275. 13 10' wiT'tcO' ill -wa-tiH'. Cf. 27 2-3, wiCtte sihj'an | dyfde on wajtre {ski)i or hi lie). 13 11' fiegre to fyrc. Cosijn (/'/>/>. XXIII, 128) opposes yir;^'7v to dcomtm ni/itum {}.()), and compares yt;4,'-;v, 'diluculo,' ////■<■ .x.xiv, i (Rushworth). iUit the sense of 'fitly,' 'properly,' is so commonly associated with the adverb (cf. 51 .s, 544) that one can hardly accept Cosijn's suggestion. As the illustrated MSS. show (see particularly the calendar pictures of MS. Cott. Tib. H. V), the fire was in the middle of the Anglo-Saxon hall. 13 ii''-i3 For an interesting analogue to this 'glove' motif, see the coarse riddle of Puttenham's old nurse {Arte of Kiti^lish Poesie, 1587, Book iii, Arber reprint, p. 198). Notice the important part played by the glove in the next riddle, 14. Strutt./Jrc-yj and Habits of the People of Euglaitd, 1S42, p. 45, makes the mistake of declaring that ' there is not the faintest indication of gloves in the various draw- ings that have fallen under my inspection.' But, as Planche (editor's note) points out, there is an instance in Ilarl. MS. 290S, engraved in his History of British Costume, p. 34, fig. b. See the description of the glove of Grendel {Beow. 2086 f.): (ilOf hangode sId ond sylllc. searolx'iulum fa^st, slo wa-s or|>()iiruni call gegyrwed deotles cra^ftiun ond dracan fellum. 13 ii''-i2^ Barnouw, p. 218, thus comments: ' Bemerkenswert is die stelle, 13 ii^'-i2''', wo ein schwaches absolutes adj. ohne artikel, hygegdlan, vorliegt ("der kecken hand," iibers. Grain) ; wenn die lesart richtig ist, und ich sehe keinen grund sie zu beanstanden, beweist die stellfe dass das dreizehnte riitsel sehr alt ist, aus einer zeit vor der abfassung der hauptmasse des Beow. herriihrend.' But, as Pro- fessor Kittredge says, ' the occasional retention of an old construction in poetry is no proof of antiquity.' RIDDLE 14 This riddle I have already cxjilained (J/. /.. ^A'. XVIII, loi). I'>arly scholars, Wright {Biog. Brtt. Lit. I, 80), and Klipstein {Aiialeita A//i;/o-Saxo//iai II, 443) agree upon the solution 'Butterfly Cocoon'; and Grein {Germania X, 308) an- swers ' Raupe aus der Familie der Spanner (Palaenodea oder Geometrae).' In favor of these interpretations there is no evidence. Dietrich (XI, 464) suggests 'The 22 Letters of the Alphabet,' and points to Aldhelm iv, 1. But there are at least three strong objections to this solution: (1) Of the unknown creatures appear only ' ten in all — six brothers anil their sisters with them ' ; and Dietrich, by his NOTES 97 reference to the vowels and their accompanying consonants in secret script, does not cope successfully with the numerical difficulty. (2) 'Their skins hung on the wall.' That the 'skin' is the parchment Dietrich tries to convince us by citing an Alijhabet riddle of a Heidelberg MS. of the fifteenth century (Mone, Qiullen n. ForscliHiigetiy p. 120): ' Es hat ein teil in leder genist,' — and by changing for his purpose 'teil' to 'fell.' But this sort of circular reasoning is seldom effective. (3) 'Bereft of their robe . . . they tear with their mouths the gray leaves' could hardly be said of letters. Indeed in many German Volksrdtsel we are distinctly told (Wossidlo, No. 469) : ' Sie (d. h. Buchstaben) essen nichts, sie trinken nichts.' Cf. Eckart, .\\L Rdtsel, Nos. 387, 999; Renk (Tyrol), Zs. d. V.f. J'k. V, 157, No. 164. In a word, the solution is far-fetched. The key to the problem is presented by /'Yores, No. 2 : ' Vidi filium cum matre viauducatitem cujus pellis pendebat in pariete,' where the 'mother' is evidently the pen, the ' son ' the hand, and the ' skin ' the glove. Several near analogues to Bede's riddle have been discussed by me, Mod. Phil. II, 563. I note two riddles of the St. Gall MS. 196 (Schenkl, p. iS): 'Vidi hominem ambulantem cum matre sua et pellis ei pendebat in pariete,' and ' Vidi mulierem flentem et cum quinque filiis currentem cujus semita erat via et pergebat valde plana cam- pestria' \Rid. 14 i, n]. This second riddle points to the pen, the five fingers, and the leaves of parchment. The motive appears again in the Lorsch enigmas of English origin. No. 8 (I)iimmler I, 20): En video subolem propria cum matre morantem Mandre cujus pellis in pariete pendet adhaerens. So, in our riddle, the ten creatures are the fingers — the six brothers being the larger, the four sisters tlie little fingers and thumbs. Since both the Latin and Anglo-Saxon queries suggest stuff drawn from the people, it is not surprising that ]'olksrdtsel 2l.\& full of parallels. In popular riddles the fingers are always brows- ing animals. Note Frischbier (Prussia), Zs. f. d. Ph. XXIII, 248, No. 73, ' Fif Zege frete von einem Hupe' (Fingers of spinning hand); Simrock'', p. 67, ' Dasr gungen tein Tatem | Um einen Busck matern'; id., p. 103, 'Zehn Schjiflein fressen an einen Heuhaufen ' (see Petsch, p. 135). And the glove ever hangs on the wall. Compare Renk, Zs.d. V.f. Vk. V, 158, No. 170: Was hangt an der Wand Wie Totenhand ? (Handschuli.) And see Simrock''', p. 70: Es hiinget wott an der Wand Un lett offe'ne Daudemanns Hand. Of Trautmann's solution, 'Ten Chickens' (/>'/>. XIX. 177 f.), I can only repeat what I have said (J/. L. N. XXI, 100) : ' His arguments seem to me unconvincing. To claim that the "skin, which hangs on the wall" (3-4) is not the glove of folk- riddles of all times {supra), but "the film that clings to the inner surface of the egg-shell after the hatching," is to reason far too quaintly and totally without the 98 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK warrant of Eusebius, No. 38, who says nothing of " wall " ; and to interpret haswe blide (i4 9'0 as "eggs in an advanced state of incubation" is surely a curious con- ceit. Then, too, his treatment of the numbers " si.x " and "ten" (1-2) seems arbitrary. In my opinion he has failed throughout to prove his case in the light of either logic or tradition.' 141 turf tredaii. See also 14 n'', lond tredan. This is paralleled by the Latin description of pen and parchment, 'pergebat plana campestria' (St. Gall MS. 196). In justice to Trautmann's solution, it must be noted that somewhat similar phrases are found in the Bird enigmas : 8 i, hrusan trede ; 58 5, treda'5 bearonai.ssas. — ealra. Cosijn {PBB. XXIII, 12S) renders rightly ' im ganzen,' and adds 'die raife hat also 6 + 4 fiisse.' 143 liii'lVlon foorg c^vico. Cf. 116, hxfde feorh cwico ; 745, haefde fer'S cwicu. — Ft'lL It is easy to identify glove with skin, as in Bede's Flores, No. 2, and in the I.orsch Kiddle, No. S. Cf. Betno. 2088, glof gegyrwed dracan fellum. 14 4 sweotol Olid gcsyne. So 40 3. Cf. Geii. 2S06, sweotol is ond gesene ; Men. 129, swutelra ond gesynra; .///(/. 565, sweotulra ond gesynra. In his note to this last passage, Krapp, p. 1 1 1, points to the freijuent appearance of the phrase in Wulfstan's Horn., p. 159, 1. 5 ; p. 163, 1. 14. — on sclos -wa'se. Cf. And. 714, on seles wage ; 1493, under sa^hvage. Cf. also 15 11-12, hongige ... on wage. 14 5 f. In these lines the riddler tells us that the fingers are none the worse for being deprived of their .skins, the gloves, which are renewed, donned again, when the work of the hands is done. Haswe hlede (9 a) certainly does not describe ' ein mehre wochen lang bebriitetes ei ' (Trautmann, />'/>'. XIX, 179-1S0), but refers clearly to the leaves of the manuscript on which the hands are browsing {supra). 14 7 reafe lu'rotViie. Cf. Ilildebraiidslied 57, rauba birahanen. 14 II Cf. A)td. S01-S02, geweotan . . . niearcland tredan. RIDDLE 15 Dietrich (XI, 464) gives an e.vcellent summary of this riddle: ' Das IioDi redet in nr. 1 5 von sich als einstigem kampfer (auf clem haupte des stiers oder auer- ochsen), dann beschreibt es sich als das kriegshorn, als trinkhorn, als jagdhorn, als sclimuck des schiffes (Jiornscip), endlich als liirmhorn womit der dieb ver- folgt wird.' Prehn. pp. 25S f., regards tliis problem as the first of a cycle of Horn riddles (cf. Kid. 88, 93), and seeks to trace the indebtedness of these to Eusebius 30, De Atrameittorio. But Kid. 15 has absolutely nothing in common with these Anglo- Saxon enigmas ; and from the nature of the theme and the exigencies of treat- ment its first half-line, Ic zvivs iv^peinoiga, may well have originated independently of Eusebius 30 1-2 : Armorum fueram vice, meque tenebat in armis Fortis, et armigeri gestabar vertice tauri. Miiller (C P., pp. 18-19) '^^'i^ 'hs first to point out the likeness between this riddle and Kid. 80 in treatment and solution (see also Herzfeld, p. 5). The NOTES 99 parallel passages in the two were noted by Trautmann independently in his BB. article (XIX, 206). Ihviliun clauses, the closing formula, and one or two motives are common to both. See notes to Rid. 80. Padelford, Olii English Musical Terms, pp. 54-56, cites many illustrations of blast-homs and trumpets from Strutt's and Westwood's plates. From these we infer that blast-horns were used for many purposes : to summon guests to a feast, as in the April illustration of the Saxon calendar (Tib. B. V, Strutt, Horda, pi. x; cf. Kid. 15 I6-I7''); in the harvest field (June); in the woods by swineherds (Sep- tember); and to stir warriors to battle, as in the attack upon a walled town, MS. Harl. 603, f. 25 V. (cf. Rid. 15 4-6, 13-15) or to single combat (Cott. Cleop. C. VIII, Strutt, pi. iv, 2). The war-horn, — friollc fyrdsceorp (15 13 ; Qom^zx& fyrdrinces gefara, 80 2), — which is called elsewhere tru&horn or gu&korii or fyhiehorn, is to be distin- guished from the byme or tuba, which, if we may judge from the many drawings of battle-scenes, was often not a horn proper, but a long trumpet, either curved or straight (Cott. Cleop. C. VIII, f. 27 r. ; Add. 24199, f.29 r.): Beotu. 2944, horn ond bynian ; Ph. 134, ne byman ne hornas ; Domesdieg 109, horn ne byman. Drinking-horns appear frequently in the illuminations. In the April feast of the calendar (Tib. B. V; Jul. A. VI), a servant is filling a horn from a pitcher. In Cotton Claudius B. IV are several pictures of banquets with drinking-horns (ff. 31 r., 35 r., 57 r., 63 r.) ; and in Cleopatra C. VIII, f. 20 v., are found many designs of these. On the Bayeux Tapestry figures drink from horns similar to those in the grave-finds. The Taplow Horn in the Anglo-Saxon room of the British Museum holds about three pints or a half-gallon ; and, not being fur- nished with feet, could not be set down without spilling the liquor. Other noble horns of Anglo-Saxon date are those in York Cathedral and at Queen's College, Oxford, and the famous Pusey Horn, by which land was held {Arc/i 7i '■ '^o the adornments of the horn the magnificent specimen in the British Museum from the Taplow excavations of 18S3 gives ample evidence (Hodgetts, Older England, pp. 105 f., ' The Horn '). The mouthpiece is rich with silver gilt [15 2'', golde ond sy If re'], which is elaborately ornamented, and its other mountings are bronzed. I observe in the same case many silver tabs from drinking- horns, engraved with human heads. Sharon Turner, VII, chap, vi, notes the men- tion in Dugdale's Monasticon (1655), p. 40, of 'three horns worked with gold and silver.' Schultz, Das hofische Leben, 1879, I, 324, cites from Horn et Riinen/iild, 1. 4152, a description of a golden drinking-horn richly adorned with precious stones. 15 - p;oliscip of Andreas, 274, as Dietrich supposed, that he has in mind (11. 6a-7). Ilorns were frequently blown at sea. In one of the pictures of the IJayeux Tapestry, a figure in the stern of a ship sounds upon a horn ; and in the Forntncinna Sogur II, 300, King Olaf signals with a horn to his ships. The oil herges ende^Zo'i, and the several references to the horse on which the horn is borne (15 5-6, 14, 80 7), suggest that the poet is thinking not of the trumpeter but of the leader of the troop. Cf., however, /-,'/. 53 f . : NW'rod \v;fs on tyhte, hieowon hornboran, hreopaii friccan, niearh nioldan trs'd, etc. 156 iii(>rolieiif!;«'st. The word — indeed the whole passage, with its sugges- tion of fighting by land and sea — suggests the comment of Merbach, Das Mcer etc., p. ^T)-. ' Unter den Um.schreibungen die aus dem Drange nach miiglichst poetischer Bezeichnung des Schiffes hervorgegangen sind, fallen vor allem die- jenigen ins Auge, die, kiihn personifizierend, das Schiff als Flutenross darstellen. Es ist dies wieder ein Punkt, wo im Geiste der angelsachsischen Dichtung Kriegs- und Seeleben sich beriihren : wie der Krieger auf ungestiimem Streitrosse zum Kampf ausreitet, so der Seefahrer auf unbandigem Wogenrosse zum wilden Streit mit Wind und Wellen.' Merbach cites as synonyms britnheugest {And. 513, Rini. 47, 66), sitndlieiigest {C/ir. 853, 863), -iiulg/u'iigest {El. 236, Cii. 1303), faro&Jiengest {El. 226), merehengest {Met. 26 26), sUheiigest {And. 488), J>/>mearh {IF/iale, 49, C/ir. S64), s^mearh {El. 245, Whale, 15, .-/;/(/. 267), and lagumearh {Gu. 1306). 158-9 See note to Rid. 80 3-5, where this motive is treated. In MS. Harl. 603, f. 51 r., a maid fills a drinking-horn from a pitcher. 15 10 Dietrich says (XI, 464) of this line: ' Dunkel ist v. 10 ein gebrauch wonach es bordiim behlyhed ist ; ich betrachte dies als denom. part, von /il?o& = /ileowoS' (schutz); von bretern beschiitzt konnte das horn auf dem gibel heissen \_Rid, 88 24], wenn hcafodleas los vom haupte sein kann ; moglich aber dass dies gestumpft bedeutet und dann an ein mit holz eingefasstes hornernes gerath zu denken ist, vielJeicht an hornerne figuren des bret- oder schachspiels, go»ien on borde, c. E.x. 345,6.' Thorpe, dnl. Ex., p. 527, defines belilyl>ed as 'deprived of comrades' {ge/ili-Jian). Grein, .S/r. I, 87, associates be/ilyj>ed {be/ilP&ed?) with /ile&a, 'prccdator' (Cot. 170), and translates ' spoliare,' ' privare.' In Diclit. he renders 'des Kortenschmuckes beraubt.' Brooke translates (p. 127) 'bereft of covers,' and thus comments: ^ Bordinn I do not take to be "on the tables," but bordum be/ilv&ed, robbed of my covers, of the round tops like shields which shut down on the drinking horn, and were, because they were adorned with jewels and gold figures, wrenched away by the plunderers.' B.-T. s.v. renders 'deprived'; and so also Sweet ; Brougham (Cook and Tinker, Select Translations, p. 72) 'soli- tary upon the board.' There seems to be no doubt that [«?«] bordum . . . behlyhed licgan is an exact antithesis of Jiongige hyrstitm frirtwed . . . on ■icdge (15 11-12). ' Sometimes ' says the Horn, ' I shall lie stripped on the tables ; sometimes I hang NOTES lOI adorned with ornaments on the wall.' Our riddle is full of such contrasts (11. 5-7 ; i(y-u)). For fii'n/, 'table,' see 88 23, 24. 15 II liyrstiiiu fra'tAved. Cf. 54 7-8, wounum hyrstum | foran gefra;twed; 3220, fra'twed hyrstum. See also 15 2-3, 7. 15 12 wlitig on Avage. Cf. Beo-a. 1662, on wage wlitig; Aju/. 732, wlitig of wage. Sarrazin says {Beoioulf-Siiidien, p. 119): ' In dem Ratsel ist der Ausdruck sehr passend auf ein gold- und silbergeschmiicktes Trinkhorn angewendet.' The Beo'i'. passage is discussed by Wiilker i^Aiiglia X I, 537) and Kail (XII, 38). — paT Averas drini-aO". Cf. 21 12, 56 i, 57 n, 64 3, 68 17. 15 '3'^ ft'rdsceorp. '■ Scorp bezieht sich allgemein mehr auf die Kleidung: hilde-sceorp {Beoio. 2156); wSron hie on gescirplan scipferendum eorlas onlice (Am/. 250); daher gescyrpaii — "%'estire," "omare" {Met. 152); dann aber auch allgemein fiir "Ausriistung," "Schmuck," z.B.fyrd-sceorp (/>'/(/. 15 13); heoru-sceorp (I far. 73), [6'//. Ex. 127, sigesceorp] ; sceorp to friSscipe (vSchmid, Gesetze, Anhang III, i); fugla cynn fiSerum gescyrped {Ps. 14S 10)' (Lehmann, Germauia XXXI, 494-495). Fyrdsceorp is rendered by Grein, Spr. I, 362, 'ornatus bellicus.' Brooke (p. 127) translates 'a fair thing on wayfaring'; and adds in a note 'Literally, "a fair w"ar-ornament." I have translated it as above, because I want to give, in this place, the force of " fyrd," which is the militia; and here, I think, the levy en masse of the population for a war expedition — the horn is part of the war- material, part of the ornamented things used in the Fyrd.' Cf. Bemo. 1424, horn stundum song fuslTc fyrdleo'5 ; Epistola Alcxaudri, 252, f)a het ic blawan mine byman ond Sa fyrd faran ; Kid. 80 2, fyrdrinces gefara. 15 17-1C) In the La'ii's the horn is the greatest enemy of the thief. See Laws of IVilitred §28 (Schmid, p. 18): ' Gif feorran cumen man oiScSe fremde buton wege gange and he I'onne nawj>er ne hryme, ne he horn ne blavve, for heof he biiS to pro- fianne o■(S^"e to sleanne oSSe to alysenne.' Our riddler has in mind the hrearn or 'hue-and-cry.' Penalties are pronounced against any one 'gif hwa hream gehyre andhine forsitte,' etc. (Canute, II, 29, § i, Schmid, p. 286). Cf. Canute, 1,26, Schmid, p. 268, 'wac bi'5 se hyrde funde to heorde, )>e nele ^a heorde . . . mid hreame bewerian . . . gyf I'aer hv/yXc />eodscea&a scea&iait onginne'5' [15 ig'^, feondsceaJ>an]. The Anglo-Saxon laws for the recovery of stolen property [15 18] are discussed by Schmid, p. 636, s. v. ' Nachsuchung nach gestohlenem Gut.' One recalls the hue-and-cry after the fox in the A'oii/ie Preestes Tale, B. 4588-4589 : Of bras they broghten hemes and of box, Of horn, of boon, in which they blewe and powped. RIDDLK K; Dietrich's answer, B7-oc 'Badger' (XI, 465), was accepted by Prehn, Brooke {P:. E. IJt.,^. 142), McLean {O. E. Reader, p.xxx), Cosijn {PBB. XXIII, 128), and queried by Trautmann. Walz, Ilai-vard Studies V, 261, objects that the badger has not a white throat, nor is he swift-footed ; and suggests Igil, ' Porcupine ' (cf. 1. 3, beadmuiepe/i ; 1. 28, /lildepT/iirn). But the habits of the creature of the riddle are totally unlike those of the porcupine or hedgehog, and veiy like those of I02 RIDDLES OF THK EXETER BOOK tlie badger, as a comparison of the text with Hell's account of the animal [iiifrii) shows. A hedgeiiog does not work a way with his feet through a steep hill (16 iS f.), nor does he reach through the roof of the hill (1627). AVr/. 16 has nothing in common with the spirited ' Kelduswin ' (Hedgehog) riddle of hU)izkar Gatur, No. 6S0, and is not in the least indebted, as I'rehn, p. 178, would have us think, to Symphosius 21, Talpa \ nor save in the darts (28 a) to Sym. 29, Jii-uiiis: ' Incolumi dorso telis confixus acutis.' Holthausen points out {Eii<^l. Stud. XXXVII, 206-207) certain parallels between Kid. 16 and a Hedgehog {^De IJys- tricc) poem of Claudius Claudianus {Cnriiiiiia, Leipzig, 1879, 11, i^^f); but these {infra) do not seem to me sufficient to sustain Walz's solution. In the Glosses, broc is usually rendered by ' taxus vel meles ' (see WW. 119, 2, 320, 10; cf. Jordan, Die trltenglisc/ieit Sdiigetieritainen, p. 43); and the treatise ' Medicina de Quadrupedis ' (Lc/id. I, 326, 11) thus describes it: '.Sum fy|>erfete nyten is l'a;t we nemnaS taxonem )>a;t ys broc on englisc' Alexander Neckam, De A'atiiris Rcntm, cxxvii (Rolls Series, 1863, p. 207), thus describes the badger's building and his departure from his home on account of the enmity of the fox: 'Taxi mansiones subterraneas sibi parant labore multo. Unum enim sibi eligunt taxum terrae pedibus ipsorum effossae vectorem et oneri tali ex longa consue- tudine idoneum. Supinatur quidem, et cruribus extensis et erectis, super ventrem ipsius terra effossa accumulatur. Oneratus satis per pedes ab aliis exportatur, tociensque labor assumptus iteratur usque dum capacitas domus habitatoribus siiis sutliciat. Latitans interim in insidiis animal dolosum, vulpem loquor, sustinet uscjue dum mansio subterranea parata sit, tt tempus absentiae taxorum sibi reputans idoneum, signum turpe indilium hosi)ituni novoruni ibidem relintiuit. Revertentes melotae, lares proprios indignantur iiihabitare et alias sibi constru- entes aedes, foedatam doniun; foedo hospiii seil praedoni relinquunt.' Bell, British Quadrupeds, 1S74, j^p. i5Sf., thus describes the Badger or Brock {Me/es Taxus) : ' Its favorite haunts are obscure and gloomy; it retires to the deepest recesses of the woods or to thick coppices covering the sides of hills [16 iS, 21, 27], and there with its long and powerful claws digs for itself a deep and well-formed domicile consisting of more than one apartment [cf. 16 17-18] . . . The badger is endowed with astonishing strength of jaws. ... It also possesses great gen- eral muscular j)ower; and these means of inflicting injury with the defensive coat of mail . . . render him a formidable enemy to attack or cope with. . . . The burrow is usually a round horizontal hole or tunnel, the end of which is turned upwards abruptly for about a foot, and the vertical part of the hole leads into a rounded excavation of just sufficient size for the animal to lie coiled up in' [l6 7f.]-_ ' The intricate passages and crevices in quarries, while they furnish to this animal a commodious retreat, afford also an efficient means of defense against the entrance of dogs, which in their attempt to dislodge the badger often get fixed between the stones and perish' [16 8-1 1, 24 f.]. Bell thus pictures the animal (p. 166): ' Feet very hairy, particularly the hinder ones with five toes on each armed with strong curved fossorial claws [16 17]. Hair of body long, loose, and of three colors, — white, black, and reddish, the union NOTES 103 of wliich i)roduces a rich gray. Head while excepting a l)and of Ijlack commenc- ing between nose and eye, and extending baciie& \ 29, Id&gewitina. And yet the word-use has much in common with the vocabulary of Rid. 17, 18. 163 beadoAvaJpoii. Cf. 18 s, beadowsepnum; 16 2.s, hiklepilum; 18 6, hyldepylas; 16 5, 18 s, ordum. 163-4 Ilolthausen, who reads /li'r sivylce sui\_i}i'\c, compares Claudian, De Ilystrice, 5 f . : Os longius illi Assimulat porcum. Mentitae coriuia saetae Siimnia fronte rigent I'arva sub hirsuto catuli vestigia dorso. This, it is true, accords remarkably with Holthausen's reading of the text, but as that involves the change of the MS. swe to sw\Jii\e, and the omission of Iilijia&, we are justified in rejecting it. I accept the reading of Zupitza and McLean, because that alone meets the demands of the meter without change or elimination ; be- cause swe is supported by the only possible substitute in 10 6 for MS. snearlice, sue drlice, and by Leid. Ii, S2ice\ and because, as McLean points out, such com- parisons as this to a sow are very rare in Old English poetry. Translate ' Hairs stand on my back just as (stoi/ce szae) on my cheeks : two ears tower over my eyes.' The sow of the editors thus goes out of the story. 166" in grene graes. Barnouw, p. 219, remarks the absence of the emphatic article in this place in a riddle which on other grounds he has classed as very old, and contrasts 36 1, si' 'a'icta woiii^. 166'' Cf. 16 II, him bi)' deaS witod (Jansen, p. 95, notes the epiphora and the resulting strophic effect); 21 24, me biS for'S witod; 85 7, me biS deaS witod. 168 ■\v;iplgrim- Aviga. Cf. \% ic}'', gccst; \& 11^, uurllnvelpes; 1624'^, iii&sceajxi ; 16 29'^, Id&ge'u'iiiiuivi. Dietrich says (XI, 465): ' Sein feind der ihn kriechend aufspiirt, und mit dem er vor der andern rcihre seines bans die kampfbegegnung mit scharfer kriegswaffe, seinem gebiss, aufnimmt, ist der fuchs, oder auch der dachshund.' — ■\vic biige. Cf. 82, )'a wic buge ; Gii. 274, j'C )>a wic buga'S. I04 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK i6 II him. Cosijn, PBB. XXIII, 12S-129, refers Jiim io geogu&cuosle, — 'sonst ware die flucht des dachses ganz unmotiviert : erst spater fuhlt er sich sicher.' So Grain, Dicht., and Brooke, p. 142, 'death is doomed to them.' 16 13'' fleame nergan. So Gen. 2000. Note the rime in this line. 1615^ Grein, Dicht., translates 'ihn tragt die Brust heran,' and explains, Spr. I, 141, 'er kriecht auf dem Bauche.' 16 19*' feorh genergan. For many examples of the phrasey>(v// [ge)nergan, see Spr. I, 296. 16 21 on degolne \veg. Cf. Earle, Charters, 239, 18, on broccholes weg. — ]7yrel. As Madert shows, p. 36, t>yrel is found in the Riddles with long and short y. It is short here and in 72 8, l>tirh J>yrel he^^rle, and 81 n, \o>i\ kvrehvombne \ while it is obviously long in 45 2,/oraii is J^yrel, and 91 5, /lindait hyrel. See Sievers, PBB. X, 487, 6'r.3, § 218, I. 1622 SAvffise ond gesibbe. Cf. 27 21-22, freonda | swiesra ond gesibbra; Gen. 161 2, freondum swaesum ond gesibbum. i6 24f. Holthausen compares Claudian, iSf.: Crebris propugnat jactibus ultro Et longe sua membra tegit tortumque per auras Evolat e.xcusso nativum missile tergo, Interdum fugiens Parthorum more sequentem Vulnerat, etc. The likeness is not convincing. I believe, with Dietrich and Brooke, that the darts of war are the badger's teeth. 1624 nearvve stige. Cf. Bemv, 1410, stige nearwe. 16 25 tostele]?. Only here and 17 5. 16 28 ]7urh best hriilo. Cf. Gen. 1396, hSste hrlnan. RIDDLE 17 Dietrich's answer to this riddle (XI, 452), 'Anchor,' is unquestionably correct. Its source is found in Symphosius 61, ' Ancora.' Mucro mihi geminus ferro conjungitur unco [17 8, steort]. Cum vento luctor, cum gurgite pugno profundo [17 1-2]. .Scrutor aquas medias, ipsas quoque mordeo terras [172-3]. All these motives are expanded in tlie Anglo-Saxon, but, as Dietrich well says, ' der gegenstand des rathsels ist nicht mehr sache, er ist ein kampfer und sieger wider die elemente, seine feinde, er ist rein ein held geworden.' Heusler, Zs. d. V. f. Vk. XI, 127, compares with the English riddle the spirited Gata 6 of Her- varar Saga : Hverr er sja hinn mikli, er morgu ra>;Sr, ok horfir til heljar hdlfr ? Oldum hann bergr, en vi^ iorJS sakask, ef hann hefir ser vehraustan vin. NOTES 105 The riddle of Symphosius is found in popular form in the mediaeval German version of the A])ollonius story (Schroter, pp. Ixxv, 66 f.) ; and suggested to Scaliger the theme of his fine Latin riddle (Reusner I, 175): Magna, bidens, apridens, denies fero parva quaternos ; Ingens pro digitis annulus in capita est. Quum teneo dominam, nihiloininus ilia movetur, Et quum non teneo, magna avis atra volat. 17 1-4 Sievers (/'/?/>. XII, 457) regards these lines as interesting examples of the ' schwellvers.' 172 saecce. Thorpe, Grein (.S/r. II, 394) and Bosworth-Toller regard this as ist sg. pres. ind. of sceccait, 'to contend'; Grein {Dicht.) and Brooke {E. E. Lit., p. 17S) doubtfully as 'See-ried' or 'sea-tangle.' Either is a hapax. It is merely the Northern form of ist sg. pres. ind. of sacan (cf. Mark xiv, 31, ivtsace; Lind., onsicccd), which is here retained for the sake of the meter. Conversely, see to sace for to scrcce, 21 6. 17 3 yjjum peaht. So 11 4. 17 5 tosieletf. Compare 16 25'', tosielch- Is it not more than probable that our riddle intended a word-play, as scelan is frequently employed for the making fast of a ship {^Ckr. 863, Beo'w. 226, EL 228).'' Compare Merbach, Das Meer hi der Dichtung der Aiigelsachsen, p. 36. 17 8 steort. Weinhold {Altnordisches Leben, 1856, p. 13) remarks : ' Als Anker benutzte man, wie die Deutschen in altester Zeit, Senksteine die von einem Tau umschlungen, das in eingeschnitne Rinnen festgriff, auf den Grund gelassen wurden. . . . Erst spater verdrangte im alten Scandinavien der metallene Haken (Kraki) den Stein.' Steort corresponds to the miicro of Symphosius. 17 lo-^ faeste gehabban. To the use of the anchor there are many references in the poetry : Beow. 302-303, scip on ancre faest ; Beo'M. 191 9, scip oncerbendum faest ; El. 252, aid yShofu oncrum fzeste ; C/ir. 863, ealde ySmearas ancrum faeste; Whale, 13-14: ond l^onne gehydaS heahstefn scipu to |iam unlonde oncyrrapum. Ancor-man is the gloss to ancorariits or pror eta ( yElfric, Gloss. 83, WW. 166, 7). It is this seaman whom Aldhelm describes in the De Latidihiis Virgiiiitatis, § 2, Giles, pp. 2-3 : '[Navis] instanter hortante proreta et crepante naucleri portisculo spumosis algosisque remorum tractibus trudit.' Several references to the drop- ping of anchors are found in the Ejicomiiim Emmae, Pertz, 1865, p. 8 {Scriptores Kerum Germanicartini III). RIDDLE 18 Dietrich (XI, 465) suggests ' Ballista,' but later (XII, 237) adopts Professor Lange's solution, 'Burg,' which Prehn supports (pp. 270-271). As I have shown (M. L.N. XXI, 100), this riddle is certainly a companion-piece to Rid. 24, ' Bow,' and forms with it one of the many pairs in our collection. Both objects swallow and spit out terror and poison (18 7-9, 4; 24 8-.;); from the belly of each fly deadly I06 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK darts (i8 6, 24 12); each is servant of a master (18 5, 240). Indeed, a half -line of one poem (18 6'^) appears practically unchanged in the other (24 12''). I find this com- panion weapon to the ' Bow' in Dietrich's first scrtution Ballisia, which, as I have pointed out (J/. Z. .\'. XVIII, 104), is elsewhere in riddle-poetry associated with Arcits. The latter says of its fellow-warrior (Scaliger's enigma, Reusner I, 172): Altera mi similis cognataqiie litera niajus Edit opus sapiens, tectus utraque cave. This answer caps our query at every point. Isidore tells us of the Ballista in his Origines -xy'm, 10: 'Torquetur enim verbere nervorum et magna vi jacit aut hastas aut saxa.' From the many Roman references in Marquardt und Mommsen's Iland- biich der Roniischen Alterthiimer, 18S4, V, 522-524, and from many medieval ex- amples in Du Gauge's Glossarium, s. v., one gathers that not only darts and rocks, but beams and bolts of every sort were cast from the huge engine. So our riddler's chief motives, the varied contents of the creature's belly (18 J°-z, 7-10) and the casting forth thence of 'spear-terror ' (18 4^, 6), are well sustained. Illustrations and descriptions of the Ballista in Baumeister, Denkmdler, s. v., in Yule's Marco Polo II, 122, in Marquardt, and in Schultz, Das Iiofische Lebeft 11,327, support the mention in Rid. 18 of the subject's 'mouth' and 'belly'; and the cords with which it was wound (' Ballista funibus nervinis tenditur ') may perhaps be ' the inclos- ing wires ' of line 2 a. Lines 3 a, drylitgestreoiia^ and 10, ivombliord wlitig wlonaim deore, seem to me to express admirably that joyous pride of the Anglo-Saxons in their war-weapons of which our riddles are so full ; and the last line is of charac- teristic grimness when applied to an engine of destruction. Above Rid. 18 in the MS. are two runes, B with the L above it. If B refers to Ballista, may not L represent its Anglo-Saxon equivalent (sta'f-)li^re {Spr. II, 183)? As Miss Keller's references show {.4iiglo-SaxoH JVeapoji jYanies, p. 119), funda is glossed by lij>{e)re and fmidibiilum or ballista by stH-fli/>{e)re in the Glosses (WW. passim ; Bede, Eccl. Hist. IV, 13, 304 25). Miss Keller infers (p. 65) that huge hurling-machines were unknown, on the negative evidence of a passage in the translation of Orosius {infra), but shows that the sling or staff-sling (pp. 62-63) '^^'^^ i"^ common use among the older English. Heyne, Die Halle Heorot, p. 19, doubts the existence of great hurling-machines in Anglo-Saxon times: ' Fiir Schleudermaschinen nach Art der rrimischen Cata- pulten und Balisten kommen auch einheimische Namen vor (bolt, "catapulta"; steam, "balista"; " balista," gelocen boee); aber zweifelhaft kcinnte ihre allge- meinere Verbreitung nach den Worten sein, mit denen Konig /Elfred, der Ueber- setzer des Orosius, der Balisten gedenkt und die ganz den Eindruck machen als ob er etwas Fremdes schildere ["palistar" for " balista," Orosius iv, 6, p. 399], ha het he mid )'am palistar mid ham hy weallas brScon.' But both the catapulta and ballista are repeatedly mentioned in Abbon's account of the siege of Paris by the Danes, whose methods of warfare in 885 could not have been more ad- vanced than those of the English (see Abbon, £>e Bellis Parisiacae Urbis, lib. i, 205 f., Pertz, Scriptores Reriini Germanicartan I, pp. 13 f.). In the Saga of Sigurd, chap. 11 (Laing IV, 127), a ballista is used in battle; but this is as late as mo A. D. NOTES 107 In Trautmann's solution 'Oven' {Anglia, Bb. V, 48; BB. XIX, 180 f.) he is led into fourfold error (J/. Z.iV. XXI, 10 1). He ignores entirely the riddle's rela- tion to its mate, Rid. 24, since this association in war cries out against his answer. He changes the text to fit his meaning (see i b, 1 1 a). He hunts words and phrases beyond all bounds of riddle fantasy (4 a, 8-9 a). And, finally, he seeks unsuccess- fully to establish certain likenesses to Rid. 50, which he asserts without proof to be 'Oven.' Ilolthausen follows Trautmann {Ajiglia, Bb. IX, 357), and affirms with- out a vestige of proof : ' Die B-rune am rande natiirlich bedeutet b(<•/] ; but Herzfeld, p. 49, has pointed out the occurrence of the type _L X | v5 X in the first half -line in the Riddle.'! (47 6, ("v/w ond nefa ; 93 10, strotig on sttepe ; etc.). Cf. also Sievers, PBB. X, 454, and see Introduction. I08 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK RIDDLE 1!) Dietrich's solution ' Schlauch ' (XI, 465), to which reference has been made, Rid. 135-6, is accepted by Prehn (p. 271), who fails, however, to establish any resemblance between this riddle and Aldhelm, i, 13; vi, 8. The traits of the un- known subject — a silent mouth and a wide belly — and its place in a ship with others of its kind certainly do not limit us to a ' Leather Bottle'; and Trautmann is right in ([uerying the answer. ig 1 ' For discussion of opening formulas, see Introduction. RIDDLE 20 As I have pointed out {M.L.N. XVIII, 105), Kid. 20 and 65 seem to be little more than fragments of the world-riddle, ' A man upon horseback with a hawk on his fist,' which I have traced throughout its history in my note to Holme Kid. No. 28. In the pointless Anglo-Sa.\on logogriphs, the subject is merely stated. Three of the words in the present riddle are easily discoverable by an inversion of the runes [//ors, Man, IIa{o)/oc)\ but one of the runic groups has caused much difhculty to scholars [iit/ra). 20 I Hicketier (.-/;/(,'■//(/ X, 593) would read .wi/iod before and not after ic seah ((In.), 'because Rid. 19 is mutilated at the close and this lacuna is here continued.' Rut there are two objections to this reading: Kid. 19 closes with the usual sign ; and somod ic seah is a faulty verse. 20 2 Notice that the masculine adjectives liygeu'lonciie, h?afodbeorhtiu\ (juaJify the neuter ITors. Jl?afodbeorkt>ie doubtless bears the same idea as Bemo. 1036, mearas fStedhleore. 20 3 Cf. 75, Ic swiftne geseah on swa|>e frran | DNUH. 20 4 liiUleJ^ryJjc. The word occurs only here, but compare 65 4, I'lyl'a diel, t>E(gn). 20 5-6 MS. rdd I kOy^"^ . These words have received much tinkering from scholars. The reading of Thorpe, Ettmiiller, and Dietrich, rddMQy^'^ — rdd- wegn (7curi,'>/), has two strong grounds of favor, — that it necessitates no very vio- lent change of text (the confusion of runes A and N being a natural error), and that the word thus derived occurs elsewhere (Orosius, vi, 30, .Sweet, 280, 13). But it is also open to two strong ol)jections — that it is unfitted to the context (a 'chariot' is not borne on the back of a horse) and that it has nothing in common with the problem's counterpart {Kid. 65) or with the treatment of the theme in riddle-history, (irein's reading, ?- (corrupted to NGEf), by the associa- tion of /rtw and /e(nv is an abortive product, and moreover is not fitted to the context, for it is well known that horses were used in Anglo- Sa.xon times only for the chariots of the rich or as steeds of the upper classes (cf. 23 2, 65 2) and that no /(Wt- was ever mounted. Hicketier proposes also n.ri^/edne rii[n']d \ but his protests against mrglediie gdr, 'the nailed spear,' are NOTES 109 based upon ignorance, for we meet the expression in the Ileliand, 5704, tieffilii sper (see Chaucer, Knightcs Talc, A. 2503, ' nailinge the speres'). In the Anglo-Saxon illuminated manuscripts (see Wright, Domestic Manners, p. 74) the rider almost always carries a spear. ' It is noted of Cuthbert in Bede's life of that saint that one day when he came to Mailros (Melrose) and would enter the church to pray, having leaped from his horse, he gave the steed and his traveling spear into the care of a servant.' Cosijn {PBB. XXIII, 129) would read rdd{K)kQ,, \N {lVyn?i), E{E/i). Thus are evolved not only the desired .^ar (by inversion), but wynn-ek, 'joyous horse,' a creature which finds some excuse for being in Runic Poem 55 : Eh by5 for eorlum a;l)elinga wyn, hors hofum wlanc, SSr him haelej) ymb welege on wicgum wrixlah sprsce, and \A\> unstyllum aifre frofur. Holthausen (i93. IX,357) follows on the same track, but suggests for WE it'vnn^ = Wynne [see Punic Poem 22, -cvytt)ie'\. Cosijn's reading fits the context, and is supported not only by the Runic passage cited but by such compounds as ■wyn-bcam, 7iyn-/>urg, luyn-candel, 7ayn-miEg, etc. {Spr. II, 758-759). Moreover, in the Riddles, runes make a threefold appearance: through their names (438-11, A'yd, yEsc, Acas, IPrgelas), as letters (so 20, 65, and 75), and finally as symbols of things (gi 7, mod-V^ — viodwyn ; heading of Rid. 7, S = sigel; etc.). But despite these positive arguments, which Cosijn does not present, his reading strains cre- dulity in many ways : it is highly improbable that in a single group of five runes three different functions of them should be found ; it is equally unlikely that such a group would present not one thought as elsewhere, but two such totally different ideas as 'spear' and 'joyous horse'; it is still more unreasonable to assume that such a departure in thought could occur within one half-line, 20 &=>; and, finally, it is quite unnatural to suppose that the riddler would abandon his method of inver- sion (see Rid. 75) that he has employed consistently in the three other groups of this runic problem (another method is pursued with like persistence in 65). Trautmann's view {Anglia, Bfi.Y, 48) that 205'' r^f^/ represents an original _^(fr, is founded upon his fatally simple method of substituting any desired word for that in the text. Likewise in his reading of the runes [su/ra) the MS. is honored only in the breach. Now let us solve this problem according to the rules of the game. The con- ditions imposed upon us are two: (i) the runic letters must be read backward as elsewhere in the riddle ; (2) thus combined, they must form but one word. And here are our letters: rdd{— R)AGEW. Inverted, they read -vegar, — no impos- sible form, since 'wlgdr and Tivj,'-//;- appear instead of wig-gdr, 'lance,' in WW. 143, 12-13 : ^-ziiigdr, lancea; 7vegures gC7C'ri&, amentum.' It is needless to point out that this furnishes the very meaning demanded both by the context and by our riddle's counterpart, Riegdr, ■which may be explained either by phonetic change, as in the Vocahtilaries, or by a confusion of runes, is one of the appositives of /tildej>>yt,e (20 4)- The passage may be thus rendered: 'He (the horse) had on his back strength in war (or "war-troop"), a man and a nailed war-spear. ' no RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK 20 7-S Hehn {^Kp. 11. I/t., 1902, pp. 36S-374) discusses the Falkeiijagd or chas- ing of other birds by the kite, hawk, and falcon. ' Hawking is not a Teutonic in- vention, but was learnt by the Germans from the Celts, and at no very distant period either. [On the other hand, Jacob Grimm has devoted a whole chapter of his History of the German Language to hawking, setting forth the ruling passion for this kind of chase in passages from the poets and other authors of the Middle Ages, and placing the origin of the custom in the earliest prehistoric times of the German race.] Hunting as an art is a national trait of the Celts. ... It is another question whether the Celtic nations that surrounded the Germanic world on the south and west invented hawking or only developed the art, and, in the last case, whence they originally derived it.' Traces of its origin are noted by Hehn not only in Thrace, but on the very borderland of India. ' During the Middle Ages hawking flourished all over feudal Europe [see also Schultz, Das hbfische Leben I, 36S], it spread from Germany and Byzantium to the East and nations of Asia, and was practiced by electors and emperors, emirs, sheiks, and shah, down to the nomads of the steppe and the Bedouins of the desert. Marco Polo found hawking the fashion in the capitals of Mongolian princes as far as China.' Whitman {Jonrnal 0/ Germanic Philology II, 170) identifies the wealhhafoc or foreign hawk (cf. WW. 132, 36; 259,8; 406, 20; 514, 12, etc.), with the peregrine falcon (see Swaen, Herrigs Archiv CXVIII, 3S8). 'Falconry was a sport very popular among our Anglo-Saxon forefathers. The exact date of the introduction of falconry into England is not known, but about the year 750 Winifred or Bon- iface, then Archbishop of Mons, sent /Ethelbald, King of Kent, a hawk and two falcons; and Hedibert, King of the Mercians, requested the same Winifred to send him two falcons, w^hich had been trained to kill cranes' (Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, 1840, II, 405). For the history of the sport of hawking among the Anglo- Saxons, see Sharon Turner, VII, chap, vii, and Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, 1903, pp. 22 f. Whitman, I.e., notes the discussion of hawking in /Elfric's Colloquy (WW. 95, 12 f.) and compares Crcrft. 81, Fates, 86, sum sceal wildne fugol wloncne atemian | heafoc on honda, etc. ; Maid. 7. See also Rid. 25 3, 65 3, 5. Sievers' discussion of the runes HA(0)FOC (Anglia XIII, 7) has been con- sidered in the Introduction. RIDDLE 21 Dietrich's answer, 'Sword' (XI, 465), which is accepted by Brooke (p. 122), and rejected by Trautmann, who suggests {Anglia, Bb. V, 49) ' Hawk,' is un- doubtedly correct, being confirmed by every motive of the problem, — the adorn- ments of the warrior, his dependence upon his lord, his grim work of death, his lack of an avenger, his celibacy, his hatefulness to women. Prehn, as usual, has not succeeded in proving (pp. 184 f.) the indebtedness of the Anglo-Saxon to the Latin riddles of like subject (Aldhelm iv, 10; Tatwine 30; Eusebius 36). The chief motive of Aldhelm, and the entire theme of Tatwine, who follows him, — NOTES III the relation of -the sword to its house, — is not found at all in the English prob- lem where the sheath is a corslet (21 3); while the bloody labors of the weapon in the hand of the fighter are the inevitable outcome of the subject, and are handled by Aldhelm and Eusebius in a manner very different from that of our riddler. There is hardly even coincidence of fancy between Eusebius 363 — 'sed haec ago non nisi cum me quinque (i.e. digiti) coercent' — and Kid. 21 13, healdeS mec on heal'ore, etc. This riddle has much in common with other enigmas of the Anglo-Saxon collection. ' The sword was the special weapon of all the nobler sort. It was also the noblest of all the pieces of armor, and it was fame for a smith to have forged one that would last, because of its fine temper, from generation to generation. . . . Cynewulf conceives it as itself a warrior, wrapped in its scabbard as in a coat of mail; going like a hero into the battle ; hewing a path for its lord into the ranks of the foe ; praised in the hall by kings for its great deeds ; and . . . mourning, when the battle is over, for its childless desolation, for the time when it v^-as inno- cent of wars, for the anger with which the women treat it as the slaughterer of men.' (Brooke, j?. ^. Z//., pp. 121-122.) 21 i'' oil gc%vin sceapen. The same phrase, indeed almost the same line, is used of another weapon, the Bow, in 24 2. 212 frean ininuin leof. So 80 2^^. Another weapon, the Ballista, tells us (18 s^'),/rea />i€t bihealde&. So both Sword and Bow are controlled by a vki/c/eitd (21 4, 246). — ftrgre gegyrAved. Cf. 29 i, fSgre gegierwed. 21 3''' byrne is nun bleofag. The grave-finds (Wright, Celt, Roman and Saxon, 1S75, P- 475) show that the sheath was generally of wood tipped with metal, some- times covered with or made entirely of leather. Miss Keller, Anglo-Saxon Weapon Xames, p. 46, notes that the chapes and lockets were sometimes gilded and even of gold. 'Occasionally the sheaths were adorned with a winding or snake pattern so characteristic of the period ; and one bronze chape inlaid with figures of ani- mals in gilt has been discovered' {Arc/iaeologia XXXVIII, 84; Horae Ferales, 1863, pi. xxvi). For construction, cf. 16 i, /lals is niin Itwit. 21 4 \v\t ymb ]7one wselgini. Cf. 21 32, tvirnm dol; 71 5, wire ge%veorJ>ad, — in both places of Sword. The I!ook (27 14) and the Horn (15 3) are adorned with ' wires.* 21 6 sylftini to sace. All editors read the MS. wrongly, sylfnm to rue. Grein's suggestion sige is accepted by Pirooke, who renders ' with himself to conquest.' Both the MS. and the B. M. transcript read plainly sylfuni id sace. Sace is a scribal variation for original sacce (see 429, 88 29), — the second foot of a simple A-type, _L X x _^ X . 21 6-8 ic sine -wege . . . gold ofer geardas. So in the riddle's sequel, 71 6, se J>e gold 7uige& ; but in the later place the phrase is used not of the sword itself, but of him who suffers by its stroke (Rev. .xiii, 10). Cf. 92 4. gold on geardiim. 21 7 hond-\voorc smi}>a. The same phrase is applied to the Sword, 6 8. 21 8-10 Aldhelm (iv, 10 6-7) thus refers to the bloody deeds of the sword: Per me multoruni clauduntur liimina letho, Qui domini nudus nitor defendere vitam. 112 KIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK And luisebius (36 1-3) says : • SuTiguinis hiiniani reus et ferns en ero vindex : Corpora nunc defendere, nunc cruciare vicissim Curo. The Sword speaks in 71 0, ic y)niii sciuil. 218, 10 f. As Lehmann points out (' Ueber die Watt'en iin Ags. Beowulfliede,' Germania XXXI (18S6), 4S7 f.), the Bfoiviilf \-^ full of references to sword-hilts of costly metal set with precious stones {Becm'.GT^, 1024, 1615, 16SS, 1901, 2192, 2700). Elsewhere in the Kidti/cs (56 u) the gold-hilted sword is mentioned (see also Gn. /-'.v. 126, Go/d gc'risf& on gtimaii sivcordc). In the Wills several costly swords with hilts of gold and silver appear as legacies. Miss Keller, Auglo-Saxon Weapon Aii/z/cs, p. 37, cites Thorpe's Diplomatariitni, 505, 28, where a testator mentions the sword ' J'a;t Eadmund king me selde on hundtwelftian mancusas goldes and feower pund silveres on Nan fetelse ' ; and 558, 10, where another leaves a sword 'mid Nam sylfrenan hylte ond None gyldenan fetels.' The grave- finds furnish similar evidence of the rich beauty of sword-hilts (Akerman, Pagan Saxondom, 1852, pi. xxiv ; Collectanea Antiqiia II, 164). But, as Miss Keller notes, the laws, wills, manuscript-illuminations, grave-finds, and even the passages in the poems, prove conclusively that the sword is the weapon only of warriors of wealth and rank (see Kemble, Horae FeraUs, 83, 84). Indeed, its possession con- fers distinction; cf. Schmid, Gesetze, Anhang VII, 2, § 10, 'And gif he begyta'5 I'ict he ha^bbe byrne and helm and ofer-gyldene sweord, J>eah )>e he land na;bbe, he biN si^■cund.' For interesting accounts of the sword, see Hodgetts, Older Eng- land, pp. I f. ; Wright, Celt, Kotnan and Saxon, pp. 470 f.; Brooke, E. E. Lit., p. 121 ; Bosworth-Toller, pp. 949-950. 21 ir>o Cf. Dream, 23, mid since gegynved ; 77, gyredon me golde and seolfre ; Kid. 27 13, gierede mec mid golde. 21 10 siiioc Olid soollVo. So 68 iS, /). 1456 f.), which is e.xtolled at a feast like the sword of our riddle. So in regard to the sword given l)y Beowulf to the Dane who had guarded his ship, we are told of the recipient (Beoio. 1902): Ini't ho s\ (N^an w.ts on meodubence nia^nic I'V woor'Nra, yrfelafo. iiiiT'iio'iV for luonjjo. ("f. Wids. 35, mccnan fore mengo in meoduhealle. 21 12 J'iT'r hy inoodii driiii-aiiV. Note 15 iz, 56 i, 57 12, 64 3, 68 7, and the riddles of drink (28, 29). 2112-15 Lehmann (^Germania XXXI, 493) notes that in the Anglo-Saxon period sword, helmet, and byrnie were worn by the most illustrious warriors, even at a feast. On this account bloody strife often arose, if men excited by beer taunted each other. Cf. Fates, 48 f., Sumum nieces ecg on meodubence yrruni oalowosan ealdor oNjiringeX, were wiusaduni. NOTKS 113 The early kings, td prevent this, made stringent laws against tlie drawing of weapons in the mead-hall; cf. Illothar and Eadric, § 13, Schmid, Gesetze, p. 14: ' (lif man wxpn iibregde l-air majii drincen and I'S-r man nan yfel ne deK, scilling \k\\\ K' Ki't lift age and ryningo XII scill,' 21 u lioaUlrfli inec on h«'aj>oro. Cf. 663, hafaiN mcc on lieadre. 21 14 on gorfim sceafaii. Cf. Jil. 320, eodon on gurum. 21 i5-i(> scoiir riddlcr is here thinking of the passage in Ps. clxiv, 10. The Anglo-Saxon poetic version (143 n) reads of l,d>ii d:ovi\i:;cdaii 7vrd&dii sn't'ordi: 21 17 f. Roeder {/Ju' Fantilie hci deii Aiii:;clsachscii, 1899, p. 81) considers the conception of the lot of the bachelor that we meet in these lines as 'eine derb sinnliche aber durchaus gesunde germanische Auffassung.' With the motive of lack of vengeance compare the inability of the stag-horn to wreak its wrongs upon its banesman (93 19-20). Notice the insistence upon blood-vengeance, lieow. 1339, 1546, Maid. 257 f. 21 23 ]?c me hrlngas geaf. Cf. Ih-o-w. 3035, )>e him hringas geaf. See the description of the sword, 71 H, Itriitfiuin };eliyrstcd. 21 24'^ The idiom is found 16 6, u, 85 7. 21 25 Kri]5(' fromnio. So And. 1354. 21 28-2V n»c }»a's hyhtplegan . . . wyriiefli. (,'f. lUiin. 24-25, Myrce ne wyrndon heardes handplegan ha5lej>a nanuni. For a discussion of the construction, see Shipley, Geit/tiTe Case in Anglo- Saxon, p. 64. 21 2()-3o met" ... on bciulc Icgde. Cf. 4 13-15. 21 33 f. This is the only picture of the shrew or scold in Old luiglish poetry, although we are told, Gn. Ex. 65, widgongel wif word gespringe|>. Hut there is no dearth of ' women weeping for their warriors dead ' ; cf. Fates., 46. RIDDI.E 22 This 'Plow' riddle — for Dietrich's answer (XI, 465-466) has been generally accepted — has no parallels among the Latin enigmas of its day; but an ana- logue from the pen of Scaliger (Keusner T, 180) has certain points of likeness: Ore gero gladiuni, matrisque in jjoctore condo, Ut mox, qua nunc sunt niortua, viva colas. Dux mens a tergo caudamqiie traliens retrahensque Ilasta non me ut eam verberat ast alios. The modern German and English riddles (Wossidlo 241'; A'oyal Riddle Book., p. 18) are of cpiite another sort. Hoops (//'A. u. K'p., pp. 499-508) discusses at length early German agriculture, and points to the close likeness between the Germanic hook-plow {//a/cenp/liig), as preserved in the prehistoric specimen from the moor at D0strup in Jutland, 114 Kini)i.i;s oi' iiii': i:xi:ikk hook :\iul the oltl Ciii'i'k i)lo\v, ot wliich \vi' havo in. my illustrations (ni)tice paiticiilaily that on the Iikmi/o hiuki-t lioni Ci-itosa). 'l"lu' specitiially dei manic w hfc'l-i>lo\v, ' \vhi< h is not touiul anionj; Romans or Ciaiils or Slavs Init whirh was widely known anioni; the ('lornuinic races luloie the Carolingian times,' seen\s to be identical with the Khaetian wheel-plow, described by I'liny, JWitiOii/ J/is/orv xviii, 172 : ' l.atioi h.iec [ciisi>is] cjuarto generi [vonieruni] et aciitior in nuicronem fastigata eoilenupie glailio scindens solum et .icie laterum radices herbariim secaiis. Non prideni inventiun in Raetia (lalliae, ut duas adderent tali rotulas, quod genus vocant (^laiiinorati^ It is geiier.iUv .igret'il th.it the liist i)art of plaiiinoiiiti (ac- cording to HaisI, ]\"ol(flins Arc/iiv 111, jSi;, /•Idiim or/A'/zw A'li//) correspontls to the West derm. /'/i;j,'' (A.-S.//(T^'\ //<>//) and the f^Ioruni of the seventh centur\' l.om- b.iul l.iw (editeil bv Roth, jSS (293)). Tlu' .\nj;lo .S.ixons who cvossetl to Hritain in til f lilt h cent ui V did not vet jiossess the w oid, \\ Inch w.is liist known to tlieir isl.unl in the eleventh century (llehn, Kp.ii. III., igoj, p. 556). Hoops concludes ih.it the Anglo-Sa.xon snlli ( 1, at. .»;//, v/.i-, 'furrow'; Greek ?X\w, 'to ili.iw") imlii.iteil the old hook-plow (if. ./;/;■//rthy th.it in all the illustrations given bv 1 loops these e.iilv hook ]>lows ,ire di.iwn by oxen. l'"or an excellent descrip- tion of the 0\<\ Norse plow, see Weinhold. .\Itiio)>iis,lu-.< //-, p. 2:;^) remarks: 'The plow .is it is iiictined ami ilesi libed (F.lton, Or/i^'-h/.t of Juti;/is/i Hist., ji. 1 1 (> ; Wright, ('ubted that plows of a much inferior type, simil.ir to the piimitixe \.iiieti(.'s which R.iu givt's in his history of the plow, were iiseil at this time on many .m I'nglish .igricultuial estate. That representeil in llarleian MS. (>o^ has only sh.iie .iiul t.iil of the simplest j^ossible character. The irons of the plow were maile by the smith and the wooil work by the wright. The smith in the t'olKnpiy tleclares that the plowman was indebted to hini for the jilow- share, colter, and gixul. .iiul we know well the character of the smithy, where these were maile, with its .uuil, h.immei .uul sledges, tire-sp.uks .iiul bi'llows." The illiimin.ited m.inusci i]its are .it wiri.mce leg.irding the form o{' plow. In the ilhisti.itions in the ll.irl. MS. 00^. tf. ji y., 51 r., 5.) r.. (>ti y., the ]dows .ire of the rudest sort, without wheels; while the plows of the liist picture in the .Vnglo-Saxon I'.ilend.irs (Tib. I>. \', Strutt, pi. x; lul. .\. VI) — not a January but an April scene, .is 1 ,eo thinks. A'. .V. /',, 207- .iiul of the Canlmon manuscrijit {.■hr/iii(-i>/i>i;7ii XX I \', pi. xxviii, xliii) have wheels (compare illustrations from the Bayeu.x Tapestry, Knight, /Vc/. ///',iA'/ r 1, 278-271)). .Ml these plows are drawn by oxen, urged bv .1 go,ul — usually in the hands of .m .itteiidant herd. This use of oxen instead of horses is confirmed by the speech of the plowman N()'n:s 115 in .V.lfiic's Ci>lh'(fiiy {in/rti) and by siicli accounts of plowing as \vc nieel in Ead- mer's story of the field-laborer who failed to observe Ounstan's feast-day (/ VA?, § ^4, Stubbs, Afiinoriiils of Duttstan, p. 24S). In /Klfred's report regarding the Norwegian Ohthere, it is mentioned as an exceptional thing that on account of his few cattle he did his little plowing with horses (Orosius i, i). The account of the IMownian in /V.lfric's Ci'Ihujiiy (WW. 90) exactly conforms with the illustrations in Old English manuscripts: 'Arator: Ic ga ut on dajgrod l-ywonde oxon to felde and jugie hlg to syl; nys hyt swa stearc winter |'a;t ic durre lutian xt ham for ege hlafordes mines, ac geiukodan oxan and gefa.\stnodon sceare and cultre (vomere et cultro) mid I'.xre syl .xlce d;v;g ic sceal erian fulne a-cerohhe mare . . . ic h.xbbe sumnc cnapan I'ywende oxan mid gadlsene (cum stimulo).' 22 1' Cf. II I, 320, 35 3 (Kake). 22 1 Kooiijifo. Sievers, Gr^ 396 b, n. 2, points out that 'ior i^oiit^n 11, North, has Lind. ^!;'i\>>/xii (ind. pies, i sg. also ,!,•//< //;,'•<', opt. i,--/// //;' .J,''""',V"< but R.^ jl'cni^ii (only once ,(,V(>//i,'r. 1,491). 22 3 hiir liolti's TOoikI. Dietrich (XI, 466) regards this as the ox. Cosijn says of the phra.se (yV>V>'. XXI II, 129): ' Eine vortrefHiche kenning fiir das eisen das in der form eines beiles den baum anfeindet ; hier bezeichnet sie das pflugeisen.' This is also Ilerzfeld's interpretation (p. 39). According to Brooke {£.£.£/(., jip. 145-146) the 'hoar enemy of the wood' is the old peasant, hidford mtii (11. 3, I 0- I he explanation of C\)sijn and Iler/fekl cannot be accepted, as it is out of keeping with the context and with the conception of the plowshare as //<7>(i), <'//<'//(//7 (t2), and toh (14). Brooke's rendering has much in its favor; but I per- sonally prefer that of Dietrich for two reasons — a plow riddle would be strangely defective that omitted all reference to the ox, a great favorite in such poetry {Kid. 13, 39. 72), and we meet elsewhere the antithetical phrase holies gelileha {E/. 113) applied to the ox's opposite, the wolf. Dr. Bright favors this view. 22 4 [se] woli. Sievers' reading [<>«] 700/1 is open to the objection that on 700/1, which appears frequently, is never found in the sense of 'bent, crooked,' — the meaning necessary to the present context. — but always with the idea of 'wrongly,' 'wrongfully' {S/>r. II, 731; B.-T. s.v.). Dr. l>iit;ht h;ippily suggests [.ir] 7vd/i /irrt&, 'who goes bent.' 22 5'' Cf. 13 s, wcgeiN ond l>y^". 22 (> sjiwep on swaM"V iiiiii. In the Calend.ir ilhistralions {s/z/rd), a sower follows the plowman. 22 7'^ Cf. 28 2, brungen of bcarwuni (//ont-y). Note the parable in .I'.lfred's Pref- ace to the So/ilo(jiiies. 22 S on WfVgne. Jl'irs;-!! or 7oicit appears frecpiently in the Torcil'ii/arii-x, where it g\o&sts f> I a us till m or inrium (see B.-T. s.v.; also Klunip, pji. 115-11(1). We meet the word in Jieo7C'. 3134 {7i'irs go/d on 7o,7n /ihidcii) ami in A'////. 23 (//<'• [sc. Ing] ofer 7£V/;i,'.^V7iW/, 7oicii ic/ier ran). It is used interchangeably with , ru-f : indeed, as Wright points out {Domestic Miinnersy p. 73), Ps. xix, 8, /// ciirriluis, is glossed /// 70tTnuin in one version, /'// citctum in the others. Two kinds of wagons are mentioned in the Riddles: the common agricultural cart of the present example, in connection with the wood of the plow ; and the more patrician chariot of the Il6 RlI)l)Li;s OV lllK l-.Xl/lT.K WOOK following probloni, 23 g\ 1;''. The cut is nu'nlionoi.1 frcquontlv by the C/uirtirs in the references to ■n'a-x'/'ti .C'".>' or the vo\.\\ grant of a ceitaii\ number of loads of wood (Kenible. Sii.\i'//s in Kiiglaiui 11, S5). Antl we meet many illustrations in the manuscripts. In tlie July picture in the Calendar (Tili. b. \ , Struit, y/.v./.:, \>\. xi), workmen are engaged, not oidy in lopping trees and felling timber with axes, but in loading with wood a cart, while two yoked oxen stand at the side. In the June illustration is another rude cart ; and in Cotton Claudius \\. IV, f. 66, 67, 6S, 71, ~2y several similar drawings are found. In all these pictures the carts are two-wheeled and drawn by oxen, save on f. 6Sv., where the long-eared ani- mals attached to a four-wheeled cart are doubtless asses. Chariots are of two kinds: the two-wheeled cars drawn bv two horses in the illustrations of Luxury in the Trudentius MS., Cott. Cleopatra C. \T11, f. 15 r., Ui v., iS V. (see \V right, Doiii. Maimers, p. 7 0. and bv fmir praircing steeds in the corresponding pictures of MS. Add. .:4H)9, f. 17, iS, n) (see \Vestwood, Facsini- i/t-s, pi. xiv); and the hammock chariots of MS. Claud. B. IV. f. 60 v. and r.. — with four wheels and a body of strong hides, — described by Strutt, Ilori/o, p. 4S. The two-wheeled wagons of the Anglo-Saxons were doubtless very similar to the carts in the bog-tinds at Deibjerg. North Jutland, which h.ue their modern counterparts in the Swedish i-iir/\i (Ilu Chaillu, I'ikin^ Ai^t: I. ^04). 22 s'' Cf. 83 io'\ h.vbbe ic wundra fela. 22 g-io As Brooke says (/,". /■'.. Lit., p. 146), • It is a vivid picture of an old Knglish farmer laboring oi\ the skirts of the woodland. lea\ ing behind him the furrow black where the earth is upturned, green where the share has not yet cut the meadow.' He rendeis — tireon upon one side is ni\ t;,ins;iiii; on; Sw.irt upon the other surely is n\y p.Uh. 22 1.1-14 Andrews (c). E. Manor, p. 253) rightly regards one (v/xv/i/;"/ as the coulter, the other as the share. Thorpe places a semicolon after h?afiic\ ai\d renders 'fast and forward f.ills at niv side what with teeth 1 tear'; but it is better, on account of the usual meanings of /.<.>7 and /Iv^ri't't;/./. Mixed' and 'prone' (cf. 73 :<.^, for&ii'iarJ, the I.ance; and 22 1, niju-nvearii, nPo/) to associate the adjectives with i>J>ir (<)//<'//(//7). G rein. y)/< 7//.. translates • ein anderer fest nach vorn gehend fiillt /ur Seite, sodass ich zerre u. s. w." 22 M tojnnii. Trehn, p. 2j2, points out the parallel between this and the Rake riddle. 35 .• (/i,;/',!& ;?/a fi'/xr), but the likeness is produced by the nature of the subjects. In WW. Jio. 4. .>///<--/r,'.i7 is the ecpiivalent of i/,-/tfa/i', s. 'est aratri pars prima in qua vomer inducitur quasi dens' (see WW. 17, jo ; 3S4. 43). Else- where in the JWti/'u/arit-s (Wright II, i;,S. 7-) •'••'.'<• r,\'s.' is the 7;'///,\f. In his long discussion of rpasf, lleyne. J-n//f' />\-i, ')<■>■ 1 1. 37. jHMnts out that O. II. G. rios/ar h.\s often the same meaning as the Anglo-Saxon. 22 15 hliKlowoardro. Cosijn (/V>Vi. .J^. 129) notes that the gender of the adjective is due to th.it of the riddle-subject (here sPo si///A- This is probably true. Trautmann also observes (/>/>'. XIX. iSi): 'Die ae. riitseldichter nehmen es. wenn sie einen /u erratenden gegenstand als menschen infiirer\, sehr gen;»u mit dem geschlechte.' This is not the case. For a detailed discussion of gram- matical gender in the AV(/,//i(ii/ien,^. 115: ' Die Worter- blicher fassen stc'-dw, wohl wegen des in demselben Katsel, z. iS, folgenden i>/on- c(i/i als Synonymon da/.u, also als " weisses Fferd, Schimmel." Diese Deutung lasst sich auch etymologiscli rechtfertigen : sci'am = *s/:aii-tn(i gehiirt zur Wz. *skati "schauen" (ae. sceaividii, ahd. scoiiwou) woher Got. skninis, ahd. skoiii, ae. scieue, " schcin," w&. sheen "hell," " gliinzend," bedeutet also eigentlich "das An- sehnliche, Glanzende" (*.fX-(7//-w/j = " sehens wert," " ansehnlich"). Gestiitzt wird diese Auffassung durch das mit ae. sci-ain im Ablaut stehende anord. s/cjoiie, " Apfelschimmel " (daneben skjoine, " flackerndes Licht, Strahl").' See Kluge, Etvm. W'lb. s. V. schon. 23 s ofer mere. Barnouw. ]i. 217, notes that in the Riddles the sea is often mentioned (Herzfeld, pp. 22-23), ^"' never with the article. y& is, however, an exception to this : 61 6'', yS sTo brune (see I\[et. 26 29-30, sic brune | yJS). 23 7 atol y]'a j?(»]>raH'. Cf. 3 2, under yha gehra^c ; And. 823, ofer y^"a gehrrcc; Exod. 455. atol yl>a gewealc. 23 8^ Cf. Ps. 65 5, )>a strangan streamas. 239'' \vit'jjj soiiKxl. So Beiuc. 2175. 23 10 uiidtT hriiiifje. Grein says (S/>r. II, 109): ' Wagenrunge, aber bei den Ags. wol nicht wie im Ilochd. die Leiterstiitzen, sondern die Sparren oder Reife des Wagendaches.' Bosworth-ToUer, s.v. renders 'the pole that supported the covering.' But, as the word does not occur elsewhere, these definitions are de- termined by the context in the present passage. 23 1 1 eh. Ettm. remarks : 'f// = ^(V/ hoc loco gen. neutr. videtur esse ; ni potius e/i = ah, dc scribi debeat, ita ut dc, quercus, h.l. navem significet.' 23 11'' So And. 1097, a2scum dealle. 23 13 Grein's conjecture, esla, seems much more in accord with the context than the MS. esua. Moreover, the illuminated manuscripts furnish ample evidence that the mtrs^ti was sometimes drawn by asses (see note to 22 s, on uHri^ue, and Heyne, Fiiiif Piiclier II, 177). Tims in our passage every kind of draught animal is mentioned. 23 13-17 This part of the enigma suggests Kid. 40 in its negative method. NOTES 119 23 m fu'thongost. Grein {Sfr. I, 274), B.-T. s.v., and Jordan {AltcngUsche SdugetUr)uu)uii, p. 115), unite upon this reading, comparing sT&fict for tiie first member of the compound and translating ' road-horse,' which seems preferable to Duht. 'ein feisster Ilengst.' Dr. Bright suggests /x'-ia XXXIV, 171), for, as Hewitt points out in his Ancient Armor and Weapons in Europe I, 55, 'some have been found in Kentish interments, and others on the Chatham lines.' It is possible that these are spear- heads. The Anglo-Sa.\on use of the bow has been discussed at length by Professor Cook in his note to Christ, 765 {J'riC^^dbogaii). See also Brooke, E.E.Lit., pp. 125, 128, 129, 131. The Bow is described in the Ruiiii Poem, 84 : Yr by)) a'|>eling;i wvn ond eorla geh\va>s wyn and \\ yrl'inynd, byj) on wicge f:fger, f;i'stllc on f:riL'Uie, fyrdgeatewa sum. In the Old Norse runic poem (Wimmer, pp. 2S0, 286), yr appears both as ' yew' and as ' l)(>\v.' The etymological connection between O. E. ?oh, 'yew,' and O. N.rr justi- fies the conclusion that the .\nglo-Saxon bow was made from the yew-tree (Cook, Christ, p. 159). 24 \ Agof. ./^.'/V') inverted is of course boga. For the relation of the word to the supposed date of the Kii/dies, see Sievers' discussion, Anglia XIII, 15, which I have summarized in the Introduction. 24 2 Prehn, p. 188, finds a likeness between this and Tatwine 31 1-2: .Vrniigeros inter Miirtis me Liella subire Obvia f.ita juvant. But note that almost the same line appears in the description of the Sword, 21 i. 244,9 Cf. 18 I). The use of poisoned arrows among the Anglo-Sa.\ons, to which frequent reference is made in both their poetry and prose {Ami. 1331,////. 471, Maid. 47, 146, WW. 143, 7, /)'/. //('///. 199, 17-19, Life of St. Guthlac, Good- win, 26, 28), has been considered at length by Professor Cook in his note to Christ, 76S, dttres ord (see also Keller, p. 51). 24 5 Compare the relation of the loaldetid to the Sword (21 .(-<') and of the />V(7 to the Ballista (18 5). 247 leiigre. Cosijn (/'/>' />'. XXIII, 129) would read leiigra, because boga is masculine; but the poet may be referring to tiv/// (1. 2); cf. 25 7, glado. Kid. 41 gives ample proof that in our poems no such regard is shown to grammatical gender as Cosijn and Trautmann assume (see Introduction). 248 spil(l«' gi'bloiHlen. Cf. Sat. 129, attre geblonden. 249 ealfelo ilttor. Cf. And. 770, iittor a;lfa;le. — RPap. The word appears only here. Thorpe regards it as an adjective and renders 'crafty.' Grein {Spr. I, 504) and B.-T. s.v. derive i\om. geopan, 'cava manu includere,' 'to take up,' which they connect with Icel. gaupna, 0. 11. G. coii/an, Scot, gojcpen, ' to lift or lade out with the hands.' The a.d']. geap is of like origin. 24 10 togongoff. Only here in this sense, ' pass away ' ; but compare the use of tofaran in a similar context {Lehd. I. 122, 18, syle drincan on wine, eal "Saet attor tofier)'). 24 11'^ Cf. 44 1(1, he ic her ymb si)rece. See also Met. 10 45, 16 n, 20 3,4. 24 12'' Cf. 18 6, me of hrife ileogaX. NOTES 121 24 13 The metaphor of ' death's drink ' is elaborately expanded, Git. 953 f. : bry'Sen \va;s oiigunnen haette Adame Eve gebyrnide xt fruman worulde : feoiid byrlade Srest |>Sre idese / and heo Adame, hyre swiusum'were, siSSan scencte bittor bSdeweg, ))a;s t>a byre siSSan grimnie onguldon gafulraidenne \t\\x\\ a-rgewyrlit, |)a;tte it-nig ne wa;s fyra cynnes from fruman siS'San mon on moldan, I'ffitte meahte liim gebeorgan end bibiigan )>one bleatan drync deopan dea'6'weges. Budde, Die Bedeutimg der Triiiksitteit, p. 93, cites a similar passage from Ltid- wigslied, 52. For purchase by death, see Beow. 3012, l>Sr is maSma hord, grimme gecea[po]d. Grein renders, Dk/it., So dass der Kempe den Todestrank niit suiner Kraft tezahit, Den Fiillbeclier fest niit seinem Leben. 24 14 fullAA'er. I believe with Dr. Bright that we must reject the reading of MS. and editors, y«// 7ver, and X&2.6. fullwer, ' complete wer' or 'wergild,' 'complete recompense for a life.' Cf. TElfred's Laws, § 23, 2 (Schmid, Gesetse, p. 84), />e ftillan were. As Bright notes, the accusative is in grammatical apposition to mdndriju. RIDDLE 25 The subject of this riddle, I/igora or 'Jay,' has already been discussed by me under I\id. 9, which I believe to have a like solution. Dietrich (XI, 466-467) cites several references to show that ' Picus,' which glosses the word in Anglo- Sa.xon vocabularies (WW. 287,9, 'picus, //4'-i?;7;'; 260, 14, 'picus, /ligere'; 39,36, 'picus, /i/'gre'), cannot refer to the common Woodpecker ('Specht'), but must refer to the />issiiri/////,s.\'. Gaia; WW. 702, 4, '/iiiis, />iifeifeiuU'ii oder kreisclKMulen 'I'uncn zusannnengesetzten Gesang des Eichel- hehers sagl, welcher die Stimmc lies Miiusebussard, aber auch der KJitze, ja das Wiehern eines Fiillens. die schirkenden Tone die beim Scharfen der Sage entstehen, das Gackern des lluhns, das Kickerikie des llahnes nachahme.' Grein {Dii/it. II, 220, S/'//'/. Ill, i, 19S) had already cited the 'berna' ('verna') lemma of /i/'xnr, /n'x-rc; in Ciloss. Kpin. 156, Corp. MS. 290 (WW. 9, i) and MS. Cleop. A. Ill (WW. 358, 5), but it was reserved for Frl. Emma Sonke {/•'iii;/. Stn,/. XXXVII, 313-318), to champion at length the 'scurra' or ' mime ' interpretation. l>y reference to Strutt, S/'or/s and l\istiiiics, p. 346. Cham- bers, Miuii,i-i'itl Stage 1, 71, Schultz, ]^as IiofLulie Lcbcii, p. 443, n. 3, she shows that these mimes couUl iniilate the sounds of all aiiim.ils. Vet, if on account of tiiis power the mime was known .is the Higora or ' ja\,' we must smely assume the same mimicry on the part of the V)ird from which the name is derived. In- deed we are told ex|iressly in Rid. 9 i)-io that the bird has mimetic power. Rid. 25 simply elaborates the hint of the earlier riddle. It is needless to devote any con- sideration to the e.\travagant conclusions drawn by Frl. Sonke from the single runes in Rid. 25. 25 \ Avra'sne iiiiiio sl«'l'iu». C'f. 9 1-3. 25 .! llnltiiauscn yl-'./igl. Stud. XXX\'II, 207) regards the line as metrically false because liiiiid not only must alliterate [7i'//)' .''], but also should be inverted, since one expects /r.cl/inn sivd hiDid biorcc [again i^'liy ?"[. He therefore believes tliat the first half-verse was originally a second, in which case the verb preceding may alliterate in descri])tions. As a first half-verse he would emend the text to read /m'tliini bi-llc s"i.id). is probably the golden eagle, known in Scotland as the black eagle/ This distinction was hardly recognized by the Anglo-Saxons, niasmuch as in the Bnnuutlmrh passage hiisopdchm precedes ,rftan kwlt. For the association of the eagle with war, see lUo-.v. 3026, Jud. 2m, Kl. 29. .///,/. 863, ;1/.:/7. IC7, /.V/r//. 63. 25 5 KuOluKli's hir.o]M>r. The eagle is called earn, i^^rwdigne gu&hafoc {hrin,. 64) and not only his coal but his song {/,Udcl?o&) is mentioned in the detailed description in Jnd. 209-212. For other references in both poetry and prose, see Whitman, p 172.- glklaii. As Whiln.an shows (p. 169), this is the ' milvus,' the kite or glede. Gilbert While, l.cllcr X I AT (Harrington), says, accurately enough: •Thus kites and buz/.ards sail round in circles with wings expanded and molu.n- less; and it is from their gliding manner that the former are still called m Uu.- north of I'.ngland gleads, from the Saxon verb x'lidtui, " to glide."J 25 6 nia-wos son'A. Whitman (p. 180) notes that the name ni,o7ve, Icel. mdr) was perhaps originally imitative of the cry of the bird. Vi. Se.,/. 22, mSw singende ; A,uL 37'. se grSga maiw. Every one will recall the hue m Clnkle Harold's ' Farewell,' ' And shrieks the wild sea-mew.' 257 glado. Cosijn (/V.VA XXIII, 129) would explain the feminine forn> by reference not to I/h^on, bul to wiht (25 ■)■ B"t. as we have seen, hif^ora and hi^rre are used interchangeably in the Glosses, and the riddler evidently wrote without any clear idea of the sex of the bird. This view is supported by ihe fem. ending in sacrnugc, 9,. where the Jay is also indicated. -inec ucinnaO. bee another bird-riddle, 58 6, NemnalS hy sylfe. RIDDLE 2(i That the 'Onion 'or 'Leek' motive, suggested by Dietrich (XI, 467), domi- nates this riddle as well as KuL 66, is proved by many modern analogues. The •Onion' problem in Noyal RuUk /Wsp. .., reads like a literal Iranskil.on of the Anglo-Saxon : III till- bod il sliiiuls, ill the bed it lies, Its lofty neb looks to the skies : The Ijigger it is the good wife loves 't better, She pluckt it and suckt it, till her eyes did water. She took it into her hand, and said it was good. Pill it in her telly and stirred up her blood. The tears caused by the onion are a common theme of German lyksrdiscl, as Wossidlo No. 192, p. 294, shows. One trait in the problem (2 b-3, na;ngum scel-l-e nymhe bonan anum) led Lange and Dietrich (XII, 240) to accept I'.oulerwek's solution KOrdmon I. p. 3>o), ' Hemp,' as this punishes murderers (see my article, M.L X XVIII, 103). But, as I have .shown (id. XXI, 10), the 'Hemp 'answer does not fit the last line of our riddle, and the historical evidence is overwhelmingly on the side of Onion. Ihman is used in the general sense of ' destroyer ' (AW. 66, •Onion': bIteN mec on b;vr lie, brice.'S mine wisan) ; and 26 ^'^-^ is but an adapta- tion of the motive in the Symphosius 'Onion' riddle, No ,1 : " M'-r^l^"' mordentes; 124 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK ultro non mordeo quemquam.' This is followed in J\id. 66 5-6, admitted by all to be 'Onion' or 'Leek,' which has also in common with our problem the motives of ' loss of head' (26 s, 66 2'', 3'') and ' confinement in a narrow place ' {26 g"*, 66 3^) — strong evidence for a common solution. Walz (^Harvard Studies \T, 263) argues for ' Mustard,' from its pungency, causing the eyes to water, its place in the garden-bed, its loss of head; but. as Trautmann points out (^BB. XL\, 1S5), the riddle with which he sustains his solution (Simrock, Dejttsches Kdtselbmh H, 84) is really an ' Onion ' problem. Trautmann's own solution, ' Rosenbutz ' or ' Hip,' is even less fortunate. It certainly does not accord with the demands of the problem as well as 'Onion' {infra). In riddle-literature, 'Rosenbutz' is not only never associated with these motives, but when its kinsman ' Ilagebutte ' appears as a theme it is in a 'Cherry-Arbutus' group {M.L.X. XVIII, 6; see Introduction), whicli cannot be misconstrued into any real relation to our problem. Hoops remarks {U'l>. tt. A'p., p. 601): ' Stattlich ist die Zahl der Zwiebel- und Laucharten. Es wurden gebaut : die Zwiebel ("Allium cepa," L. ; cipe, yiuieleac oder }nvitl?ac), der gewohnliche Lauch oder Porree ("Allium porrum," L.; leac oder/crAwc), der Knoblauch (" Allium sativum," L. ; gdrleac) und der Schnittlauch (" Allium schoenoprasum," L. ; sccgleac).'' The history of the onion and leek among the Indo-Europeans from the earliest times is exhaustively discussed by Hehn, Kp. u. I/t., 1902 edition, pp. 191-205. 262'' iitT'iifiuin soe]7]>e. Cf. Az. 176, nSngum sceSe'S ofnes jeled. 26 4 The second half-line is obviously hypermetric, if we read with Edd. /leah stojide ic on bcddc. Ilolthausen {Atiglia, Bh. IX, 357) suggests that Jteali be com- bined with stcap (with stcapliiah cf. /u-a/isfi-ap. Gen. 2S39), and we shall then have a first half-line of type A (yx X x | ^ ::_) with the second foot a compound (see Frucht, p. 3S). Trautmann {BB. XIX, 1S7) regards /leah as a later addition. He believes that ic is superfluous and not necessary for the meter; and that the poet wrote stondu on hedde. This method of elimination is surely very simple and effective — but fatal to serious criticism of a text. 26 4-5 This motive appears in ' Onion ' riddles of widely different periods. Com- pare the Old Norse popular problem, Hei&reks Gdtitr, 8 (cited by Dietrich XI, 467); and the seventeenth-century French enigma {Reczieil des Enigmes de ce Temps, Rouen, 1673, I' ^o. 53, p. 27) : Le meilleur de nion corps se tien cache sous terre, L'autre devers le ciel va sa teste levant. On est de nvapprocher tellement curieux Que bien qu'en m'approchant les pleurs viennent aux yeux. [Cf. Rid. 269-11]. 265 ruh natlnvser. So in the other obscene riddles: 46 i, weaxan nathwast ; 62 q, ruwes nathwaet ; 63 8, on nearo nathwsr. 26 6'^ ceorles. See Rid. 28 s'\ ealdnc ceorl. The term is applied to men of humble rank, probably to freemen of the lowest class, and is employed in our riddles as a synonym for csne (28 S, 16). A simitar use of the word is met in Ltuvs of j^&elherht ^^l (Schmid, p. 10), ' Gif man mid esnes cwynan geligeS be cwicum NOTES 125 ceorle, II gebete.' In connection with the use of the word in the Anglo-Saxon prose-riddle (see my note to 44 14), Forster points out {//err/i^'s Arcliiv CXVI, 36S-369) that ccorl is employed not only of ' man,' as distinguished from 'woman,' in this sense often ' husband,' but of the lowest grade of freemen, to which the smallest landholders or peasants belonged. — eeorles dolitor. The bondi's daughter appears in the Icelandic riddles (/. C. 49). Cf. 465, )>codnes dohtor. 26 7 Cf. 46 3-4, On I'nct banlease bryd grapode | hygewlonc hondum. 26 s Trautmann suggests i^BB. XIX, 187) that the subject of the riddle must be masculine on account of the form ri'odne, and therefore proposes as the rid- dler's topic heopa or haga. Of the Anglo-Sa.\on names for onion, cipe is feminine and /runtleac is neuter. But in the riddles there is no such strict insistence upon grammatical gender as Trautmann would have us believe (see Introduction). Trautmann in his text retains MS. reading, and translates ' auf mich roten zufahrt,' but afterwards suggests rierc& mec reodne (188); but his defense of this is vitiated by his false solution of the riddle. The proposed change seems to me too violent, and not necessary, as rSsan followed by on with the accusative is a common idiom (see Spr. II, 368). In his text Grein follows the reading of the MS., but in a note conjectures r(cre& and on reo&jte (' zur Riittelung'). In his translation he renders ' erhebt mich zur Riittelung.' In Spr. II, 368, 374, he reverts to the text of MS. and translates the verb by 'mittere' (a transitive use not found elsewhere) and renders oti reodne (< reoden) as above. Sievers, PBB. IX, 257, suggests reone (Cr.8 301, n. 2). Dr. Bright proposes on /ireode (' reed,' ' stalk '). I can see no ob- jection to the MS. reading. The order ri£se& mec on reodne finds abundant support in the very similar j^hrase, 13 13, swtfe& me geond sweartne; and reodne, 'red,' is fitly applied to the outer skin of the onion and meets the demands of the double- entente. 26 8'' reafaS min heafort. Hehn, /v/. /'■■ //^., 1902, p. 195, seeks to show that the Latin cepa, ' onion,' contains the notion of ' head,' cepa capilata, and points to «a far-distant stage of speech, when capnt and KecpaXij had not developed their suffixes.' But, as Schrader says in his note upon this passage (ib. 205), the con- nection of Gr. Kdrrto, Lat. cepa, with the Indo-Germanic words for ' head,' is exceed- ingly doubtful, and presents the gravest etymological difficulties (cf. Kluge s.v. Haupi). It is interesting, however, to note with Hehn (I.e.) that among the Italian Locrians the word /ce0aXiJ could also mean an onion-head (Polybius, xii, 6), and that a play upon the words caput and cepa is found in Ovid's Fasti, iii, 339. 26 rezuelspinle and wolcspinle. In the glosses to Ald- helm's De Laudibus Virginitatis, ' calamistro ' is translated by firdwincspinle or /larnadla (//ai/pts Zs. IX, 435, 7 ; 513, 75 ; 526, 46). It is in this tract, De Laudibus 126 1 DDll'S Ol" ■nil". I'A'lVri'.K I'.OOK l'ii\i;^i)ii/it/is, xvii (( iilcs, p. I ■;), tli.it A Klliclm ilcsri ilics t lie li.iii ilifssini; ol tlic Aii);l(> S;iX()ii l.nlit's: 'Isl.i loilis (iMnlniioium i niiihns i.il.imislio ( i isp.iiit ihus ilclitatt' i'(>ni|iiiiii el nihil) i ulcnis stiMo j^cii.iN .u ni.iiulil >ul.is su.iliiii tin .lie s.ita^it.' I.oiif; li.iii w.is t lie sii^u cit I ii'i-iloin. Iiiwifioihorr ■ I in- w nin.iii w il li ( in Is oi lldwinj; h.iil ' is the pill. ISC of /,/,i'.r i'/ .J''.&€'ll S), ( 'niiip.iic Sli.iion 'riiiiiii, \ 11, I li.ip. \ ; ( luiuiucif, (iciiHiUiic Ori^^nis, pp. di f . ; iiifia, note to A'.,/. 41 ..s III his ilisi iissioii ol /.'.,.,'. ;it;i, l'iiiidcnheoiiit\ lUigj.io, /'/>/!. \!l, 110, shows til. it this .uljcitivi' (loi wliiili (iifiii I (Mils .■(■'// //l'(V I'ii't «Ni;iC. (M this |)iftliili s.iys, siijipoi t ill;; the ' I 1 cmp ' solii lion (Xii, .'p'): • I >.is duiiklc elide des i.itsels lie/ieht piol'essol l..iii;;e .iiif di'll l.ulen, del .ills deiii r.elMii hen 101 ken r.ei.iiill iiiul il.iiin /wisehen den tin^ein eiiii;eeni',l diiu h il.is i;eliil del spiiineiin i;leu lim.issii; L;eluldet wild; d.is .uij;e ;d>ei, well lies d,il>ei duiih den lienet/ti'ii liiii;ei leiulit wild, ist die ollnuni; del t'liedeiii olien dm i hlioli 1 1 en spindel.' This is o\ ci w I oiiL;ht. lint Ti .ml in. inn i};noies the ol)\ions expl.in.il ion in his ende.nur lo leiidei r..'^r not 'ese ' Imt ■iiii'iilh.' These .lie ilespei.ile .ittempls to liolslei we.ik scdulions. Not onl\' in the liddles lh.it I h.ive lited, Init e\ei\wlieie in litei.iliiie .md lite, the onion I'. (uses eves to w.itei. .Sli.ikespe.iie is lull ot e\.mi|>les : .1.11'. \, ;, 5JI, ' Mine eyes smi'll onions ; 1 sli.dl w eep .111011 ' ; ./.,///,/('. i, J, I /o, 'The ti>/(i AV/v/Avvi/, whieh supply the motives of r.itwiiio 5, /'<• .l/(-w/'/, ;//.', and d, /'.• /\-i:>,\:, aiul i.^ I'nsebiiis ;.-, yV .l/(V///'/i?///.v, ami ',5, /*(■ ri'iniii. In foiin \^{ phi.ise the l>eL;iiiiiliii; and einl of the Anglo .S.ixon problem leseiiiMe not .1 liltle the liist .nul l.ist lines of the littli enigiu.i k\\ 'I'.ilwine (^iiifr,/), but, in the li;dil of the sliong neg.iti\e t'\ idenee i)f the other lCi\glisli qiieiies a};.iinst iliiei i l>oi low iiij;, I .mi iiu lined to leg.iul the first lesemhl.tnee as a eoiiuMtleiu e of f.uu \ voiulitioneii 1>\' the n.itnie of the siib- ji'i I, .iiid, like the si'iond, piesenting .1 eoniinonpl.u c of liddles of this kind [//t/ra). The • MenilM.in.i ' enigni.i i>{ i'od. Inin, oil. \o, :.\ (Kiese 1, 1 , ;oo) is an in- ti'iestins; an.ilogne ; .md llie in. my l!ook liddles of the /sli'mkiir ditiir (No.s. j.|i, ,>-'), ;oo, y'^.|. S')i), I'll), 711. ')oO pieseni insluuti\e parallels. A'/,.-' 68. ' lUbk',' is Init .1 v.iii.mt of A'/.;'. 27, wliiih h.is also ni.inv points in eominon with .Vnglo- Saxon i>rolileins of widely ditleiing subjects (itj/fii). 37 > I' .Sh.iion Tninei, /fist,-Sti.\i>n.f 1 \. i li.ip, i\, li.insl.ites from a mamiseiipt of the niitth eeiitury [' Hibl. V,.\\t. (.'atuiuieoi uin 1 neensiuin." I , ( \^i\. \, Mnvalori, .tntiifiiit^ifi-.i /f,i.'L\i<\ Milan, 1 7.V'. 1I<.>7<^1. ■' ''"^'ip' •>>> ''><' piep.n.ition ot p.iiehnient (• ( 'onipositio .id tingeiul.i Musi\.i, pelles et .iti.i ") : ' I'ut it under N()'ii:s IJ7 lime .mil l <- il, and UMnpri il in lijiiil water and ponr the wali-i cm il lill il inns nil hnipiil. Slniih il al Ici waids and sniootll il diligently with i lean wimd. Whi'ii il is lisii it ; then ml) il w il h a (lean skin and pidish il af;ain and gild it.' It is inlereslinf; In (oinpaie Willi ihe niiil li i eiil n i y leieipl lot ihe pi e|).iial inn of parciimenl the various rei eipis i iied liy \\ aiienliai h, .s; /// ///,v,w7/, i.S/f;, p. 171. The successive stages of piepaialion aie indiraled by A li 111 lishop I'anesi ol I'lajoie, a contenii)oraiy of {'hark;s I \' (J/a/iii/f,^^): ' p(dlis sepaiala a liove . . . mnndala . . . extenia . . . desiiiata . . . deailiala . . . rasa . . . pmiiiiala, eli .' Willi 27.1 '■ compare the words ol II ildeliei 1 , .\ u Idiishnp of 'I'oiiis, d. 1 1 jij {(>/>cni, I'aris, 170.S, ]). 7J3, cited l)y Walleiiliai II l.i .) : ' I'l imo 1 uin rasorio ])urgameinim de pingiiedine et sordes magnas aulene; deiiule tuni pnniii e pilos el nervos oninino al)steij;iMi!.' 27 1-2 Compare wilh these lines Talwine, 5 1 j : I'lltenis exiiviis piipiil.ilni me spiiliavil, \'ilalis paiilei' liallis spiiaiiiilia ileiiipsll. This suggested (onliasi lielween ihe li\'in(^ and dead skins is found not only in laisebius, 32 .(, hill also in (oil. Ilein. (ui, No. .•,), / >!■ .lA'w/v esn\ |>eile. < f. />'iii , p. .'o; llewell, Aihirnl Aiiin'r iiihl il'<',i/u'ii\, iSdo, p. 31 ; Kelii;r, p. .| |. '< hi Ihe opposite; side of the limly lioni the shield, and simi larly attached to I he pinlle, we usually (ind in I he |o a \ is one 01 even inoie knives. 'I'liese were perhaps used al table. Siuall(;r knives wcie sonH;times suspended al the girdles of Anglo-Saxon ladies ' (Wriglil, C V//, Uciiniii, mid Saxnii, j). /)7.|). — Hilldrillll Ix-KI'IIIkIcII. The wolds have been \aiioiisly iiil ei pi el eil. Tlioipe translates ' separately ground,' anil (irein in lUilil. 'mil K ieseln j_',es( hlillen ' ; l.itei in Spr. 1 1, 452, he defines sindrum as ' S( hkn ken, I lammeis( hlag, Scoiia.' I!. '1'., p. S76, renders 'with all impurities ground oil,' and lliongham (f'ook and Tinkei) ' sharpened w ith iMimii e.' .Sweei, , /. ,S'. h'l-ddrj , < llossaiy s. v., delines as '( iiider' ; but in his />i(l. he adds ' dross,' 'impurity ol metal.' As the lemma of .\iiidii in the (i/o.ixcs is either 'scoria' (WW. /15, 2.S) or ' raries,' ' put redo li^^noium vel bi li ' (WW. 200, 23-24), and as the ( ). W.C,. .uiit,i> and < ». .\ . uiidr hav(; tin; same meaning, we must accept the W.'V. lendeiinj; of the pass.ige. 277 (liiKruH fT'oldiiii. {{.'1'. noti;s, p. 115, thai 'Mailiniiis, .Stiernhielmus, Adelung and Wai liter derive /'//, //, /»(■< from hiirrii, " lo lund " 01 " b.ld in plaits," referring to the folded leaves of tin; pan limenl, thus dist inguishin;.', these books Ij8 KIDDLKS on THE KXKTICK HOOK from llieii folds. Al the Council of Toledo \n the eighth century ;i book was de- nominated, iomplicaiiuntiim, "that which is folded." In still earlier times even one fold of paichment was denominated a book.' — l'u«;l»'s wyii. Thorpe suggested I'l'tlc s:c'f//. and I'.i inuiller, ///v'/'V O'" ■ ^'''^ ''>^' ^'•'^- i^^^K-ling is amply supported by the context, by the description of the raven-quill in 93 27, .iv /<' : ' nie throughout tlie bird's joy (the pen) with drops made frequent tracks." Hut we cannot accept this, as spyrede must be associated with ofcr hruiuie brerd (1. o). So we are forced to accept either G rein's ^f('///v//v<'''"] oi' llolthausen's ^4,V('wanc mid his searwes attre geondsprengde. It is metrically possible (see Frucht, p. 39, for examples of verse X |_^X |_1 >?^-^). — speddropiim. B.-T. derives the first member of the com- pound from sped, 'gum,' and renders 'rheumy drops,' while Grein derives from sped, 'success,' and translates the word {Spr. II, 469) 'gutta salutaris.' So Sweet in his Reader, Glossary, 'useful drops' — which is doubtless correct. Brougham translates • tUient drops.' ^Vith the line compare Tatwine, 5 ^, ' Frugiferos cul- tor sulcos mox irrigat undis.' The rendering of sped by Grein and Sweet finds interesting support in a later reference to ink in Kid. 88 n, aH l-am sjiore findeS sped se I'e se[ceN]. 27 if ofer biTiiine brord. Sweet, Keadey, Glossary, defines brerd as 'border,' 'surface,' and Brougham translates 'across my burnished surface.' But Grein, B.-T., and Trautmann (/>'/>*. XIX, 197) agree in interpreting this as 'the dark brim (of the ink-vessel),' and the last-named unhappily compares 52 7, ofcr /died x't'^d (see my note to that line). The Inkhorn describes its back as 7iu»t;i (88 22), and refers to its swallowing of ink (93 22-23). Compare the thought of 93 -"--•^■ .•\ miniature of St. Uunstan is found in Koyal MS. 10 A. 13, and cojiied by Strutt, /hess ti/id J/iibits I, pi. 50. The Archbishop is engaged in writing, holding a jien and parchment scraper, with an inkpot fastened at the corner of the desk. In the twelfth miniature of the Benedictional of St. /Kthelwold (Westwood, Kie- siMi/es.y^p. 132 f.) an inkhorn, small and black, is fixed at the top of the arm of the chair; and in the Trinity College (Cambridge) Gospels, No. B. 10,4 (Westwood, p. 141),. the inkpot is also in this position. In the Gospels of Bishop .Ethelstan in the library of Pembroke College, Cambridge (Westwood. p. 143), St. Matthew dips a feather pen into a golden inkpot, holding a scraper in his left hand; St. Mark is busy mending his pen, which he holds up to the light and cuts with a large knife; St. T.uke has a pen behind his ear and a knife in his right hand; St. John writes with a golden pen. NOTKS 129 27 <)''-io'' beaiiit «*!<;<' s^v<'alJi;, etc. Wattenl)acli, S( /nifhcii-sfii, p. 197, cites several mediaeval receipts for the making of ink, iiut;ibly th.il of Tlieophilus in Dn'trstiriim Artium Scheditla i, 45, ' De Incausto ' (edition of Ilg, Qitellcii- schrifteii fiir Kunstgeschichte, vol. vii): ' Man nehme Rinde von Dornenholz, lege sie in Wasser, urn den Farbstoff auszuziehen, Irockne die Masse, und wenn man die Dinte brauchen will, niache man sie niit Wein und etwas atramentum iiber Kohlen an.' So we are told by the Inkhorn, Kid. 93 22-23, Nu ic blace swelge wuda ond wa:tre. Anglo-Saxon ink was evidently made like that of the conti- nent. Ink and parchment are mentioned in Edgar's Canons, § 3 (Thorpe, .-/./,. II, 244, 11): ' Da't hi habban bla;c (atramentum) and bdcfel.' 27 11'^ sijjiuir KwciirtlSst. Cf. 52 2-3, swearte wjeran lastas, swa|>u swl^e blacu. For many Latin analogues, see my note to that passage. 27 ii''-i.( The Anglo-Saxon entry at the end of the Durham Book is thus trans- lated by Waring (Prolegomena to Lhu/is/ame und Rusliworth Gospels, part iv, p. xliv): ' Eadfrith, Bishop over the church of Lindisfarne, first wrote this book . . . and /I'Uhelwald, Bishop of Lindisfarne, made an outer cover and adorned it, as he was well able; and Bilfrith the Anchorite, he wrought tiie metal work of the ornaments on the outside thereof and decked it with gold and gems, overlaid also with silver and unalloyed metal,' etc. Westwood notes in his Appendix to Facsimiles, etc., (p. 149) that 'the magnificent book-covers " auro argento gem- misque ornata " which are repeatedly mentioned in connection with the fine early copies of the Gospels — such for instance as the Gospels of Lindisfarne — have for the most part long disappeared.' Godwin, English Aix/iaeologist^s I/andhook, 1867, p. 87, notes that ' Some of the bindings of these precious volumes display admi- rable metal-work, the Latin gospels of the ninth century being covered with silver plates, and a copy of the Vulgate version of the tenth century being ornamented with copper-gilt plates and having the figure of Christ in the center, the borders studded with large crystals and enameled corners.' Various media;val bindings are considered by Wattenbach, Scliriftwesen, pp. 324 f. 27 11-12 Book-covers of board and hide are thus introduced by Aldhelm, v, 9 2-3 : Seel pars exterior crescebat caetera silvis : Calceameiita iiiilii tradeljaiit tcrgora dura. 27 13 glcredo iricc mid soUle. See the sketch of the Bible, 68 17-18, golde gegierwed . . . since ond seolfre. Cf. also 152, 21 llic otiii-i h.iml, in the South \vf have tiiMiic ili.iwiiig l.iij;t'lv .mil in ni> sni.iil ilc^^ici- sui i i'ssfiill\ i iilliv .ilcd, .mil .il llic s.imf tmn' till' ilii iM.ili\ r side lit .111 is not nt'_i;li-('ti'il.' In our A'/i/i/VV it is t'\i- (.KmiIIv .1 noilluin l>o.ik lli.il is sixMkini;. 27 IS K*'"'''"'*- ("'T'lti', X''' ''"'"> '^ tounil I it'(|ut'nl Iv in llu- poctiy in the scnso of ' luysti'iy,' .uul tli.it nifanliig i,s assigiu'il to ihc |iicsciil p.iss.ii;!- Ii\ tlicin in /*/,///.; but in .S//. I, ||i. In- iloii\t's oiii woiil liom ^v//-//, ' ornan\fnl,' citing />'i >(■/// ///.f I I 1, I't'ah I'.i I'.iicnn t.r^iti sicn. This icndorint;, whiih is .suppoiteil hv the I'oin- nion oiiuiH'iiii' o( the \ 1). j,(V /•;//(;// '.uloin' (sec />'(-.i,-,'. 777, .)/<;/./. itn, t'ti .), is aiioptitl 1>\ I! r. .uul .Swfi'l, .iiul is cx.utlv siiitt'il to our context. so mitlii lolf^. C".!.!;!' illiist i.itrs ihi' use ot inl .uul j;oKl in A ni^lo .S.i\on in.inusi 1 ipis by his ilfsciiplion ol the • lu-nciliition.il ol AllulwoKl,' . I >,/t,ii;'/\'xi.i XX1\', .• ; : 'Tlu' capit.il inili.ils, souu- ot whiili .iir \ti\ l.ii!;('. .lie uniformly in l;oK1, .uul the l>Ci;innin!;s .uul ciulin^s ol some lu'iu'ilii lions tc>i;flluM with the titles .ue in goKl 01 leil lelteis. Allein.lle lines in j',olil, led 01 M.u k oi>ui oiii e 01 twice in the s.iine p.iiu'. All ihe clii vsoi;i.iphic p. ills ot the lu'iu'ilictional, as well ill the inini.itiiies .is in the cli.ii .utei s ol the text, .lie eveculeil with le.il golil l.iid upon si.c. .ittei w.iiils l>iiiiiished.' lioKl powdei w.is used .is olleii .is ,!;old le.if (see the Miii.itoii ieici|>ls cited niidei 5^ ■) . I'oi the eniplovinent of led loUus in iiiiHli.ev.il ni.uiiisci ipis, innip.iie \\ .itti'nl>.uh, Si/'/ri/htYSi'n, pp. -'O ^- 200. jSS f. 27 !'■ AViildorj'esteaM. tliein lendeis the woul, /';, '.7., "die \\\ihnuni;en dei Ciloiie'; ,sr>v 11, -.iS, • ni.insiones celeslae.' This is hardly .ipt lieie. Its piesent nicininj; is th.il of /• ic,/. i;>^7 S^^*^- H^^'i' 'I'l^l goihvob, Josi'phes gestieon | wei.i wiildoigesle. dd. K. T. lenders rightly 'gK)rious possessions,' and Haiiuniw (p. : \ .\) 'ilei heilige uiul stut.'eiule inh.ilt lies hiiches' (see 48 .ts)' " ""*'•***• ^^^' '''*' -''li- 'f.inions' (I'll., I'tlin,, /';. ■'.;■) hut ; pi. opt, of Wic;.;//, 'to ill, ike known' (■*>>'. 11. JJ ;). Swfet .iccepis this inlei piet.itiiui .uul re. ids /. The woul h.is i;uMtei foice th.iu ' l"ie\ elsti.ife ' {Pi,':!.) or ' punishnieni loi ,iiid.u ily ' ( 1!, 1".). /'.•.' is used in the sense of ////(/////.v (/V. iiSi.'ii), .md .■.'.■. ollen implies 'etein.il punishment.' Thus ,;'|iAi''/7<" is iipiiositc to ifrv/it- /,:'i,i h<'!iH (tlodV The whole ii.iss.is;e m.iy In- lendeied: "Now in.i\ the .uloin- ments and Ihe led il\e .ind the gloiious possessions widely 111. ike known llod (in he.iyeiO .uul not the p.iins ol hell'' jy iSl. W ilh this p.iss.ii;e it is inteiestiiii; to cinup.ue the note ne.u the end of Ihe t;ospel of Si. lohn (liMf lOo) in the Kushwoith MS. (Ske.it, p. iSS): ' h.»-fe nu lioc .iwiitne ; liiiic.i nii.N will.i synile, mi\N so^'um gile.if.i; sibh is ighw.vin leofost.' The noMe usefulness of the L;>>od liooU .ilso the theme of the fi.igiiuMit.iiy A'/,/. 68 I 1 f. is the text of I'.ilw inc. ^ !■, ' s.inis \ ictum el l.iesis piest.iho mcilel.ini.' Kill the liiendK ,iid .uul lofty guid.mce iMought l>v the Hook to nu-n .lie the themes ot in.m\ lidillcs. In .Mdhelm, y, ; • S, the pen tie. ids .» p.ith ' ipi.ie non eii.inles .id caeli culniiii.t yexit '; .md its w.»y is 'the w.tv of life' in Hede's /•7,-S, boviks aio ilescriht'd : NOTl'.S 131 Kiilili' tlyiiiin, I'.l .ilH'liii^;.is (lit wiliiiuX, I \ iiinn.is (111(1 ( \MMii'. Ill 68 i.t till- S;i( ifil liodk is //•,'(/./ /(//AW, hi iiigiiig to iiicii cIciiimI liio. Hill. 2J7 f. luiiii.slu's ill its pi.iisi- (if IxioUs ;i vciy sliikiiij^', ii.ii.illfl : Itec syiuloii brCiiii', lioiliuiS jji'iumIiIic wi'otocliie vvilhui N.lni >V wilit liygcIS. (K'StraiiKiicN liiu ;inil (;('st;i(Ni'li;i'(N stii'iNolfiustiu' ni-iVilit^ .liiiViKiitV iiiodsi'fiin niamiii goliwylcus (it I'liMiiudl.iii 'Mssc's llfes. Hiilil bi(N se iV oiibyrogcIS l)6ca cr;i'ftc's : symlc l)i'(N 'iNo wtsrii "iNe liira gcwL-ald liafa'iN. Sine liic (liiM'iid.iiN s('i(M:i'stra >;cli\v.1ni, li.flo hv(Ni', l-im |.c liio liifa(\ Wii^lit {Relitjuiaf A)iti(/ii(i<- II, 1(^5) cites incorrectly llie clumsy lines in the lieiiediitional of the tenth century fornu-ily heloii^^ing to St. Augustine's at C.mteilMiiy (MS. Colt. Claiiilius .\. Ill, f. 29 v.): Ic cdni li.'\lgimn-li('i( ; hcildc liiiic Diyhtcn, In- nic fa'f^i'ie I'lis ti.ilcu iiiu liilcjjdc ; J'^uie'iN (?) to |>aiuc |iiis 1h"'I me wyicean t5 love oiul tS wiiiiNc |i.lni I'e leoht gt-'ScSop; geniyndi is lie milila geiiwykre )>x's lie he on lnld.in Ki^'fieniian niaig, etc. .AnotluT gootl hook, /I'.lfied's tiansl.il ion of the ('iird I'dstotutlis of (Jregory, speaks in the tiist person after the close of tlie famous I'leface (Sweet's ed. K. K. T. Soc, X1,V, 8): 'SiXSan min on Knglisc /I'.lfred kyning avveiule woida gehwelc ond me his writerum sende sfuN ond noKN.' 27 1.) f. Kluge notes (/'//A'. TX, .1,^6): ' A'/V. 27 entlialt ncmi auf finandci lol gende kurzzeilen die durch siiHi.\ieiiii in eiiier weise veihuiulen siiul, d.iss dci .selhe sich jedem sofort aufdiiiiigt.' 27 Ji lV'r|j«' py frrxlraii. ('{.Jul. 553, on fciISe fiod; /•'..mhI. 555, fiod on ferh(Se; ll'iiiii/. 90, frod in feiiSe ; A'/. .|()j, fr("id on fyrhiNe; A7. 116^), fiddiie on feiluNe. 27 J2 Hwa-srii oikI k*'^"*'*'*'*- ^ f- 16 jj, swiCse ond gesihl)e ; (,'i/i. i6ij, ficon- dum swal'sum ond gesihhum. 2727 to ny(t<'. So in 50 <»-'<'. hooks serve /<'> iiy/Ze . . . oiui to (fni;i>iiiiii. The reading of Th., Ettm., beorghleol>iim, is tempting because ' mountain heights ' seems well suited to the sense of the passage, and is moreover supported by 58 2, beo7-g- hleoJ>a. But there is no real reason for abandoning the MS. word, which is found Gen. 2159, Exod. 70, and which is rendered by Brooke 'city-heights.' NOTES 133 28 3-5 This reminds us of the worl< of the wings in the Swan riddle (8 3). 283-4 Weinhoid, Altnoniisches Leben, 1856, pp. S8-90, discusses bee-culture among the North Germans. Cortelyou, Die a/ten^s;lischen Ahitnen der hisekten, 1906, pp. 25 f., notes the frequent appearance of the bee in Anglo-Saxon writings. Asser, Life of ^Elfred^ chap. 76, employs the phrase ' velut apis prudentissima,' which furnishes his editor, Stevenson (Oxford, 1904, p. 302), the opportunity to con- sider the use of the metaphor in Aldhelm i^De Latidibiis Virginitatis, cap. iv), Alcuin (V'lta S. IViHi/'rordi, cap. 4), Regularis Concordia Monachorum (Carttilarium Saxonicum III, 423, 2), and in many other writers of the eighth to tenth centuries. Aldhelm tells us in his enigma De Ape (ii, 32):' Dulcia florigeris onero prascordia praedis,' and again in the De Pugillnribus (v, 91):' Melligeris apibus mea prima processit origo.' Of the connection between the bees and mead, the Celtic bard speaks in his famous ' Mead Song ' {Afyryrian Archaeology of Wales, 1801, I, 22): From the mead horns — the foaming, pure and shining liquor, Which the bees provide, but do not enjoy ; Mead distilled I praise. 'Apparently of first importance was the keeper of the bees, "apium custos," " apiarius," "melitarius" [WW. 256,8; 352, 13; beo-ceorl'\, for the maintenance of bees was of sufficient importance to call for the employment of a man for that special work. . . . [Ilis rights and duties are stated at length, R. S. /"., § 5, Schmid, p. 376.] In the Gerefa {Aiiglin IX, 263) we find mention of the accompaniments of this industry, bee-hives and honey-bins. Bee-culture reached, to all appearances, a high state of cultivation among the Anglo-Saxons and was held in peculiar regard by the people as the chief element in a favorite drink. Returns of bee-hives are frequent in Domesday,' etc. (Andrews, Old English Manor, p. 206). In j^ilfred's Laws, § 9, 2 (Schmid, p. 76), the bee-thief is punished as severely as he who steals gold or horses. 286-17 The Mead's chant of triumph over those who contend against its force recalls Rid. 12 3 f. The genre sketch of the downfall of the old churl may or may not have been suggested by Aldhelm, vi, 9 y, ' Atque pedum gressus titu- bantes sterno ruina'; but this motive appears in genuine folk-riddles {supra) remote from learned sources. The grimly humorous picture of the evils of de- bauch should be contrasted with the praise of the joys of wine in the next riddle (297-12). The mead-hall is mentioned elsewhere in the Riddles (1511,16, 21 u, 56 ., 57 12. 643). .Sharon Turner, History of the Anglo-Saxons, Bk. VH, chap, iv, translates an Anglo-Saxon canon against drunkenness : ' This is drunkenness, when the state of the mind is changed, the tongue stammers, the eyes are disturbed, the head is giddy, the belly is swelled and the pain follows ' (Theodore, Liber Pa-nitentialis, xxvi, 14, Thorpe, A. L., p. 292). Gummere, Germanic Origins, pp. 74-75, notes that all these Anglo-Saxon laws (Schmid, p. 12, §§ 12, 13, 14, pp. 24, 212) 'testify to the Germanic habit of drinking, quarreling, and fighting, with quarreling proper as a vanishing element in the situation.' W'ith our riddle it is interesting to com- pare such pictures of potent potting as the description of the feast of Holofernes (fndith, 15 f.) and the lot of the drunkard in the Fates of Men, 48 f. : 134 Ki 1)1)1. 1'.s oi" III I'. i:.\i';ii,K r.ooK |>(>iuu' lu' m'liu't nc cow gi'mcirii.iii his mu.\', nioilo sino. (Sco litcioke's tinnslntioii, /■'. /'. / //., p. i 5 ',). Tlu- poi-t o( ////iii/ni, .|S ^ f., makes the ilfvil s.iy that tiiie ol his ways ol woikiiis; e\ii is liy leailiiig men iliunk wilh lnei into the renewal of olil grudges and to siu li I'uniitv that in the wine hall they jieiish by 'li^' swoiilstroke. l'"oi' anotlu'i nirtnie of (.Inmkenness in the A'/i/i/Am-, see 12 s f. I'.heil, .U/xein<'i'if (.nsi/i. tit-r Lit.t/is Mitti-lallcn 1, 01 ;, 111, j, remarks that the jioets sometimes seem to hold vip the drunken ehaia* ii'is of the Old 'l"es- tan\(nt as wainini; examples to their Anglo-Saxi)n audience; eom]xire (Av/. I 562 f., j.|oS, -'S/o. -•<>', I • -(>|o (I'errell, Tt-iitoiiic Antiqiiilies in tin- Aii^^lo-Sa.w^n (,'c'»i:f/s, iSi)',, 1>1>. .(- I ',)■ See l'"uchse, >S"/V/fV/ /v/'w /''s-st^/i utiti '/'ritikt-ii, iSi)i, j)p. 7-S ; and notiif the many warnings against tlninkenness in the //ii:\niiii/. iS ■ s \ve»»r|)«> I I'siie. This ennnil.ii ion of 1 lollhauscn, /•.'//;■/• Sdi,/. XXW'li, 207, for MS. ;i'(-('r/'t-/t- <■///(■ tinds ihiccfoKl jusl ilu .it ion in ihe meter of 7 !>, in the ilhsenee o( r//ii' elsewhere in the vlesiied sense ol • 1 KmI,' • 1 ihiow,' .md linally in its peifeit .ul.ipl.ition to the (dnleNt (if. 10 1), e.sn,\s hiiule). 28 <) In not .1 li-\v tif the liddles a meeting wilh ihe suhji'it leails to sorrow — compaie 7 s, 16 .'5, 18 u>, 24 I.' f., 26 >) u> (l)ietrieh Xll, .'15). 28 i>. i'or MS. m.ixrnhi.uui, llolthausen. /'//,;.'. Sf;i,i. WWII. J07, reads *-/>i.i — /tvs.utn (noni. />r.v.ir -^ /./M7,"i) ' ; and ailds : 'l>.is woit gehoit /n /yvs.wi, "toser" in /'liiu-, runt'-, ;iurti'r-J>vs.\;i, "schilf."' Cirein, .V/>. II, jjo, suggests that //.v is identical with /nwY? ((">. N. /.r.v.v, /,, i.c;) ; anil then lonjeituies very doubt- fully ///<<■{,'<•// ri'/V""/, ' meiner kriifligen Weise." Ihii iheie is no reason to depart from the MS., as the form briiit-JusiUi is found thue limes (.///57, i6i)i), l-'.l. J iS). 28 li (."f. 12 i», gif hi unriudes Sr ne gesw uah; ./"/• i -O, l-'.l. 5i(> (ller/feld. p. U)). a8 i,( stnMifto bisloleii. C'f. 12 (<'", mode bestolene ; (»V//. i 570, ferhiNe forstolen (iininlrn .\\>ii«j on spi-aM-e. This reading of MS. and earlier etlitors is sustaineil by 93 i.-, .^tii'in; t'n stu/^t-, ,ind by such ilescriplions of drunkenness •IS those liled .d)ove (see /ui/t'.f, .18-57). I'ompare also 29 m \:. iKiu.ui onginneiN, nu'ld.m mishie. H.ii nouw says (p. :2i): • .V// c'//;' ,>// .f/'r,7.<- gibt viel besseren sinn ; ilei bet I unkene h.d seine ki.ift \ erloren ; ist nui noeh in worten sl.uk. ' 28 i( niief;(Mie biiiiiiueii. I'f. 27 •. w 01 uldslrenga binom. 28 IS folii no tolnia. C'f. 32 ,-, fel oi\il folnie ; 4010, fot ne fohn ; 680, fet ne f[olme|. 28 17 be IUe. Uudde. /'.v AV./<-///////v .'V'- I'link.iitteii, p. J.|, belieyes that this phrase refers to the lesulis of ihe iwening pot.itions the morning after, and cites in sujiport of this yiew the ' I'roNerbs of .V.lfred,' .\v (Kemble, Sitloinoii tinJ Siitiini, p.NJ_54); His mm go silep S.\l liiMi imuhil K'stiii ; Wi'isr I'c swo on eviMi \ U-K' li.nu'il Mlr.inUrn. The thought is p.\r.dlel to th.it in the liddle's m.ite, 120. 'So sind wir wohl beiechtigt einen I'.inlluss ilei \ olksmassigen Ti ink.insi h.uiiingen .luf d.is K.itsel an/unehmen ' (Kudde). NOTES 135 RIDDLE 29 Wright {f>iog. Brit. Lit. I, 79) early suggested 'John Barleycorn,' and pointed to the parallels in Hurns's famous poem, which, it may be noted, is a product of folk-poetry, as the seventeenth-century black-letter ballad 'The Bloody Murther of Sir John Barleycorne ' (Ashton, Cliap-Books of the Eighteenth Century, pp. 316- 318) shows. This solution was accepted by Klipstein, and ably defended by Brooke (^E. E. Lit., p. 152). On account of the early lines (1-3), Dietrich (XI, 468) proposes ' Weinfass,' which is certainly better than Trautmann's ' Ilarfe.' Wright's answer, which we may modify to Beer or Ale, seems to me distinctly the best, as the riming lines describe the threshing of the barley. To sustain his solution Dietrich ])oints to Aldhelm, vii, 2, J)e Cuppa Vinaria, as a possible source (jnfni). 1 shall note other analogues in my comments upon single lines. Prehn has indicated (p. 197) the very slight likeness Ijetween the fate of the subject of this riddle and that of the Battering Ram {Rid. 54) and of the Lance (AV. u. A'p., p. 380) that barley has one advantage over wheat : that it has always been an indispen.sable ingredient for beer. He points out the fondness of Northern England for barley (p. 591) : ' Moglicherweise nahm im Suden des Landes schon in angelsachsischer Zeit der Weizenbau die vornehmste 136 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK Stelle eiii ; im Noiclen scheint aber die Gerste als das ertragssichere Korn, wie friiher aiif dem Festland, die erste Rolle gespielt zii haben. Es ist bezeichnend dass die Dieschteniie im Northumbrischen und Mercischen herejior heisst (vgl. Lindisfarne und Rushworth, Matth. iii, 12, Luke iii, 17, wo cs lat a?-ea iibersetzt), waiirend im Sachsischen dafUr J>yrsceljidr oder auch hernesjicir gilt.' It is this threshing of barley that our riddle describes. A grant of King Offa (Birch, Cartulariiiin Saxonicutn, 1885, L jSo) mentions 'twa tunnan fulle hlutres alo'5 ond cumb fulne lil>es alo6' ond cumb fulne welisces alo'S.' From this Sharon Turner, VH, chap, iv, infers that three kinds of ale were known to the Anglo-Sa.xons : (i) clear ale; (2) Welsh ale; (3) mild ale. According to Weinhold {^Altnordisches Lebeii, 1856, p. 153, note), '■01 [ags. ealii\ und biSr [ags. hcor'\ sind gleichbedeutend ; iii ist alter, und den Nordgermanen mit den Lithauem gemein ; bior ist erst durch Zusammenziehung aus dem lat. infin. bibere entstanden (Grimm, Worterbiich, s. v.). Als jiingeres und fremdes Wort gait es fiir vornehmer und deshalb sagt das junge Ah'/ssindl {;^^), fi/ heisst der Trank unter den Menschen, bior unter den Gottern.' In this identification of ale and beer, and in the derivation of the name, Weinhold is at one with Wacker- nagel, who in a scholarly article (' Mete, Bier, Win, Lit, Lutertranc,' Ilajipts Zs. VL 261) traces the history of Germanic liquors from the early time when beer and mead were the only drinks of the northern nations. Compare Weinhold, Deutsche Fiiuieii, 1882, H, 62; Sass, Dentsches Leben zur Zeit der Sachsischen Kaiser, Berlin, 1892, p. 24; French, A'ineteen Centuries of Drink in En!;;hind, London, 1SS4, p. 14. Leo, /\. S. /'., 1842, p. 200, believes that ealii and beor were different, because he meets the words ah>& and beor side by side as separate grants in a charter (Kemble H, iii), and suggests that there was doubtless the same distinction that we find in modern England between ale and beer, the first being with hops; but Leo naturally fails to find any trace of 'hopfenbau' among Anglo-Saxons. When the boy in /Llfric's Colloquy (WW. 102) is asked what he drinks, he answers: 'Ale if I have it, or water if I have not.' And he adds: 'I am not so rich that I can buy me wine, and wine is not the drink of children or the weak- minded, but of the elders and the wise.' As Newman points out (Traill's Social Eiii^land I, 226), 'Wine though made, was little drunk; wine-presses are shown in the illuminations [Cotton Claudius B. IV, f. 17], but the climate must have restricted the growth of the grape to the southern portion of the island. At all events, mead and ale were the ]H)pular beverages.' Dicr hy mcodu drinca&, says AV(/. 21 12. The brewery, brcauucrn or iiiealthils (' Brationarium'), was an important adjunct of every Anglo-Sa.xon menage (Heyne, Die TIalle I/eorot, P-26). 29 I The opening line is an integral part of the riddle (with 29 i, fu-gre gegier- 7i'ed, cf. 21 2), not as in Nid. 32 and 33 a mere excrescence. This beginning bears a far-away likeness to that of 71. Dietrich (XI, 46S) finds a suggestion of these lines in Aldhelm's enigma of the Wine-Cup, vii, 2 S-io: Proles sum terrae gliscens in saltibus altis. Materiam cimeis findit sed cultor agre.stis, Pinos evertens altas et robora ferro. NOTES 137 29 2-3 Compare with these superlatives, heardesiau, scearpestan, grymmestan, the lines of the Barleycorn ballad : The sultry suns of Summer came, And he grew thick and strong ; His head weel arm'd \vi' pointed spears. That no one should him wrong. 29 2 Grein suggested \_heorti\scearpestan for the sake of alliteration, which is otherwise absent from the line; but Kluge has shown {PBB. IX, 446) that this lack of alliteration is compensated for by suffix-rimes, as later in Middle English. With our line he compares Maid. 271, a/re ernbe stiinde he sealde sume tvunde; the inscription upon the shield of Eadwen (Hickes's Thesaunts), drihten /tine d'cverte J>e me /tine cetferie; and the passage upon William in the Laud MS. of the Chronicle (Earle, p. 222). 29 4-7 So in the Barleycorn ballad, which I may not quote at length, the barley is ' cut by the knee,' ' tied fast,' ' cudgeled full sore,' ' hung up,' ' turned o'er and o'er,' ' heaved in a pit of water,' ' tossed to and fro,' ' w-asted o'er a scorching flame,' ' crushed between two stones,' and finally, almost in the words of the Anglo-Saxon, They hae ta'en his very heart's blood, And drank it round and round; And still the more and more they drank Their joy did more abound. The ' Barleycorn' undergoes the same sad experiences as the ' Pipping jjounded into Cyder' of the Whetstone for Dull Wits, p. i (Ashton, Chap-Books, p. 296): Into this world I came hanging; And, when from the same I was ganging, I was cruelly battered and squeezed, And men with my blood they were pleased. 29 4-8 The rimes, which give Rid. 29 an interesting place in our group (see Kluge, I.e.; Lefavre, Aiiglia VI, 237), have their parallel elsewhere in riddle poetry. Very similar is their use in the Mecklenburg ' Flax' problem (Wossidlo, 77): ' Dann ward ich geruckelt und gezuckelt und ge.schlagen ; dann brachen sie mir die knochen ; se hoogten mi, se toiigten mi; se bogen mi, se schowen mi; . . . se riippeln mi, se kniippeln mi; se ruffeln mi, se knuffeln mi; se ruppten mi, se schuppten mi; se ruckten mi, se tuckten mi; se zucken un tucken mi.' 29 7-10 Dietrich notes the general likeness of the passage to Aldhelm's hne (vii, 2 i), 'En plures debrians impendo pocula Bacchi.' Line 9 recalls the 'old churl,' 28 S. The dream due to beer is similarly described. Fates, 77 f. : Sum sceal on heape ha^leSum cweman, blissian jet beore bencsittendum ; })Sr biS drincendra dream se micla. Cf. Beo'M. 495 : pegn nytte beheold se J* on handa ba;r hroden ealowSge, scencte sclr wered l)X'r wa;s hileSa dream. 138 Kll)l)l.i;S OF llll': KXKTKR lU)OK 29 s «'Umi<>;c'«V. Tlie word h.is l)i'en vaiimisly interproUHl. Tlioipe's conjecture ,^'Av/^'V^ ( A'//// (■-.f (>;/;■■, 3, 12; yV/. ()o()) is barred by the demands of alliteration. It is e(|iially impossible to regard v7//, doubtfully defined by (ircin (.S/r. I, 163) as ' ornare ' (ci. i^lciii^aii') and by 13. -T. (p. 15S) 'to exhila- rate." The propoi moaning is given, however, by H.-'l". Supplement, p. 1 jS, 'to adhere, rom.iin.' This rendering is confirmed by instances of the word in this sense in i'ourtoenth century Knglish (ci. X.E.D.s.\. ilciii:;c). The verb is thus closely related to iHiii^an. 29 lo-i.: Does //("' 7i'/^ spriii-& refer to the old men of 29.1 (lirooke, 'and they abuse it not ') or to the barleycorn (/>/i///., ' unci niclit dawider sprichts ') ? 1 pre- fer the former, as it emphasi/,es the contrast between the lot of these hajjpy men who ilo not contradict and (piarrel and the fate of the foolish wights, 'strong in speech,' in the preceding riddle. The two following lines (11-12) are thus ren- dered by Dr. Bright : ' .Vnd then after death (i.e. drunken sleep), they indulge in large discourse anil talk incoherently.' The construction of the ])assage favors this rciulcring. Perhaps the subject of the liddlc (• B.irlevcorn ') is the subject of the clause. 'I'hen uftir i/,-.;/.<- is suggested naturally by its fate in the e.uly lines of the poem (29 4-(>) ; and its 'copious speech' (wf/(/)' wiiliirt' on ■iocstrodor). (At this coming of the Sun,) dust rose to heaven (i)rob- ably raised by the coo! wind that, in early Germanic poetry, blows at the rush of day; see (Jiinun's Tciitonii- Mvthology, 745, 1518), dew fell on the earth, night departed. Nor did any one />. V, 40). ' Swallow and Sparrow,' in favor of this ])rosaii intirpreiation (/>'/>'. XIX, i')i): ' Tiie wonder- ful wight who bears booty, an air-vessel between his horns, is a bird carrying a feather in his beak. He seeks to build his nest, but the wind conies, snatches the I40 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK feather out of his mouth and drives the wretched creature home ; it then blows westward, because tc is needed for the alliteration.' Walz's solution ' Cloud and Wind ' {Harvard Studies VI, 264) is far more pleasing and suitable ; but I do not believe that this is as well adapted to the sense of the poem as Dietrich's ' Moon and Sun.' 30 1-3 Trautmann renders (p. 191): 'Dieses wesen (ein vogel) fiihrt zwischen seinen hornern (dem ober- und unterkiefer seines schnabels) beute. Die beute ist ein leichtes und kunstvoll bereitetes luftgefass (ein gras- oder strohhalm oder eine feder).' I register twofold objection: first, that in spite of the well-known word /ivriiedtteblia the upper and lower parts of the beak would not in any flight of fancy be called ' the bird's horns ' ; and, secondly, that neither a blade of grass nor a feather would be termed an air-vessel on account of its hollowness (see note to line 3). 30 2'^ hormiiH bitweonum. Dietrich (XI, 46S-469) points to Aldhelm's de- scription of the Moon as 'bicornea' (Epistola ad Acircium, Giles, p. 225). This doubtless goes back to the 'bicornis Luna' of Horace {Carmen Saeculare, 35). 30 2*^, 4^ hu]7e. This corresponds to the hihendra hyitt of 95 5 '• I do not be- lieve with Dietrich that the word refers to the loss of the Sun's light in an eclipse, but with Midler {C.P., p. 17) that the riddler has in mind the ordinaiy changes of day and night. See the passage cited from the De Tcmporibiis. With /nl^e iJdaii cf. Gen. 2149, /nl&e licdan. Git. 102, hu&e gelieded. 303^ lyftfait leohtlic. Cf. Ps. 1357-8: He leohtfatu leodum ana micel geworhte manna bearnuni. Here leohtfatu are the luminaries, the Sun and the Moon. The Psalter passage is a strong argument for our solution. 30 V^ -walde hyre on psere b.vri<;. Ilerzfeld, p. 50, notes that this half-line is doubtful, and suggests as a possible reading for byrig the older form burge [cf. 21 ^ where meter demands sircce for MS. sace\, but he points to Dati. 192 a, I'eah j'C j>ffir on byrig (MS., Gn., W. herige does not satisfy (^-alliteration), and to Sievers's examples of the shortening of the last foot of A-type to v.^ X (PBB. X, 289). Holthausen's emendations {Engl. Stud. XXXVII, 208), cited among vari- ants, distort the grammatical order. I have allowed the MS. reading to stand; cf. Gen. 2406 a, ic on )>isse byrig. With on Jiure byr/g cf. 95 6-^, in burgum ; 60 14-15. Godes ealdorburg . . . rodera ceastre. As Brooke renders (p. 154): 'The Moon would build his hall in the very citadel of Heaven.' In C//r. 530, on burgian is equivalent to in caelo. 306'' ynden hit meahte swa. For other e.xamples of omission of infinitive, see Spr. II, 268; Sievers, Anolia XIII, 2. 307'' ofer wealles hrof. Of this Heyne says {Halle Heorot, p. 14): 'Ob der Ausdruck -.uealles hrof dagegen mit Grein nur " Gipfel des W'alles " zu iibersetzen sei und eine hohe Mauer kennzeichnen sollte ist uns zweifelhaft, denn, wenn im .Supplement zu .^Elfrics Glossar parietinae glossiert werden rof lease and tnonlease calde weallas, so denkt sich der Glossator offenbar Mauern, deren Zinnen zugleich NOTES 141 mit der Resatzung dahinter versclnvundeii sind.' We meet the phrase oja- wealles hrof in Psalnis (Thorpe), 54 q, where it translates the Vulgate super muros. Grein, Dicltt., translates ' Uber des Walks Gipfel' ; B.-T., p. 1174, 'over the mountain top'; and Brooke, 'over the horizon's wall.' The phrase may have a very general meaning here, as one should say 'over the housetops'; but compare Browning's 'And the sun looked over the mountain's rim.' 308* t'u'fl". Miiller (C /"., p. 17) renders 'gewiss mehr "amicus" als " notus," ' and compares description of Sun, Wonders of Creation, 63, 7vlitig ond rvynsian luera cnl'orissuin, and Aldhelm's enigma De A^ocle, xii, p. 270: 'die lampas Titania Phoebi — quae cunctis constat amica.' But the closest parallel is found in the first lines of Nid. 95. 309-^ ahroddo ]7a Jja hujjc. Cf. Gen. 2113, hu?ie ahreddan. 30 11'' ford' oiiptte. For many examples of the phrase, see Spr. II, 343. 30 13-^ nilit for'O gewat is rendered by Grein, Brooke, and Trautmann, 'night came on.' There is not the least warrant for this rendering; and Miiller, C. P., p. 17, rightly translates 'die Nacht schwand dahin.' V^hen /or& gewdt appears elsewhere in like context, it means in each case 'departed ' or 'began to depart ': Lule ix, 12, gewat se dffig for'S ('dies coeperat declinare '), Ge7t. 2447, for'5 gewat £fenscima. Compare with our passage Fk. 9S-99, on daegred, ond seo deorce niht • won gewTteS. Lines 12-13 ^^^ ^ short but vivid description of the dicgredwoma (Krapp, note to Aiid. 125). 30 13-14 Walz and Trautmann seek to sustain their interpretation ' Wind ' by reference to John iii, 8, ' The wind bloweth where it listeth, and thou hearest the sound thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh, and whither it goeth.' But 'the disappearance of the moon ' is found not only in Latin enigmas {supra), but at the close of our riddle's mate, Rid. 95. RIDDLE 31 Dietrich (XI, 469) offered the plausible solution ' Rain- Water.' ' This is always ready to run (3 a), is disturbed by fire (3 b), and is collected in the air (2 b).' Ac- cording to Dietrich, 31 5-6 refer to the washing before the meal, and 31 7-g to the ♦Taufwasser' (cf. 8438, firene dwiesce^). Prehn, pp. 199-201, follows Dietrich's interpretation, and seeks to trace the chief motive of the problem to Symphosius 9, the strife with fire to Eusebius 15, and the 'blooming grove' to Aldhelm i, 3, 'sed madidis mundum faciam frondescere guttis.' While the association of water and fire in a storm-cloud may well explain the opening lines, which have much in common with Water riddles of folk-literature {M.I. .A'. XVIII, 100, note 19), the fourth line, beam blduan elda tearnum flSsces fodor, fere)> gelome ofer ganotes ba^h. Compare also the use of i^nidu as 'ship,' AV'/'. IX, 357-358), it is in harmony with 3 b, Jyre gebysgad (b geinylted), and 4 b, byrnende gled. NOTES 143 The elemental character of the first lines of the poem seems admirably adapted to the solution ' Rain-Cloud charged with fire' (see Pliny's account of Water, iVat. Hist. bk. xxxi, chap, i, cited M. L. A". XVIII, 100) ; but the grammatical difficulty in 31 4 is unfortunately insuperable {supra). Grein and Trautmann render lichysig ' geschiiftiges leibes ' ; and Blackburn, •agile of body.' Dr. Bright favors this reading. 31 2 bo>viin?j-, see Shipley, p. 75. — 1> fyre gcinyltcd. Cf. El. 131 2, hurh fyr gemylted. — a fyre gebysgad. Water is described as lyfte gebys- gad {Ph. 62). 31 4 beam blowende. In Rid. 2 s-.j the wind shakes the wood, bear^vas blidhwate. Cf. And. 144S, gebldwene bearwas. The phrase suggests a line of the ' Aqua' riddle (Brussels MS. 604 d, twelfth cent. ; Mone, A)iz. VII, 40) : ' Nemus exalo, rideo pratis.' In accord with the 'Water' solution is Ph. 65-67, waiter wynsumu . . . bearo ealne geondfaraJ^. 31 7 onhjebbe. Grein, Spr. II, 346, derives from onliabbaii, ' abstinere' {hapax), and translates ' mich fern halte, abwesend bin,' in Diclit. 'mich enthebe ' (so Trautmann). B.-T., p. 754, on the other hand, derives from the frequent on- hebban, 'raise, lift up,' which is the meaning accepted by Blackburn {sttpra). As the form hcebbe for hebbe appears. Psalms (Thorpe), 24 1, as onhebban is of common occurrence, and as the context favors it rather than the unmeaning ' withdraws,' I follow B.-T. 31 8 rt mid miltse; b miltsiim. Grein, Spr. II, 251, renders in this place 'hilaritas,' ' laetitia' (?) but, as Trautmann points out {BB. XIX, 214), the examples which he offers support rather the meaning ' Demut ' (cf. Az. iiS, 146, 154, And. 544, miltsum). B.-T. gives very doubtfully the definition 'humility' (?) for the Azarias passages. All the citations favor the reading of the ^text. RIDDLE 32 Dietrich (XI, 469) regards ' the rare singing thing ' of this riddle with ' a voice in its foot and two brothers oti the neck ' as the Bagpipe — stvcgelhorn (' sam- bucus,' WW. 44, 37 ; 'simfonia,' id. 483, 17, Ilpt. Gl. 445, 19) — with the two flutes at the lower end of the hollow-sounding bag. He adds : ' If the mouthpiece of horn swells up the head and body of the bag which is embraced by the arm of the player, while the fingers rest upon the flutes, which run into the neck of the bag, then the thing possesses at every point a complete likeness to a bird, that touches with his beak the mouth of the blower' (cf. 1. 7, fet ond folme fugele gelice). The siuegelhorn or ' sambucus ' is regarded by Padelford (pp. 35, 102) as a stringed instrument ; for in MS. Tib. C. VI the sambuca is represented as 'an odd pear-shaped instrument of four strings,' and in Ifpt. Gl. 445, 21 it is a synonym of 'cithara.' While Padelford accepts (p. 50) the Bagpipe solution, he finds its ancient equivalent not in the swegelhorn or ' sambucus ' but in the Latin ' musa,' i.|.l KiDDii's oi'' 111 I', i:.\i:ii:k hook •i.imcu.i," .uul 'ili.'ui^.' • Mus.i' is glossed l>y //,,"<• •■\' .i,;'/;'/^//'(- (/'> Hi/i-u//us (//. ;So, .'iiV ' 'I'lie (hoi us is ilic usu.ii n.mu> Idi (he l>.i};|ii|>c .imoni; llic iluwrh wiitris. In (lie ImmiIoimic .uul I'iIhi ins MSS. .iic (li.iwinr.s ol llu'(li(Mns (.Simli. //.•»,,•'..•, pi. w'O. . . . riicsc iiisl 1 imicnis .iic i (>n \ ciuion.il. Ii.l\ 111;; .1 loiiiul liods .ind 1 w o pi pes opposilc c.u h ollici. In I lie Tiin'iius lu.imisi 1 ipt is .1 seeoiul i honis, w Uk Ii li.is .1 sipi.iie InuK .ind 1 wo pipes 1 01 Mow in 1; in si e. id ol one. liul I he niosi s.il isl.u loi v di.iw in;; is in .mol hei ni.inus( lipl ol this lel.iled iMonp, ihe one .11 .^1 r.l.iise. |('omp.iie S(hull/, /',;,v '':rf:.u'i<- ltb,n l..|;,7.| I Irie .1 in.in is M,.w ine, 011 I lie shoi 1 pipe ol .1 loiiiid liodied ( hoi lis, .ind, with the lell li.md, is liiii',ei me, the opposiu- pipe, wlihh li.is se\ci.il holes, .ind wI'.kIi lei mill. lies in .1 j;ldtes(pie doe.'s lie.id ' (I'.iilell'oid, p. sO. Ti.uil ni.inn, ./'.•;•.'.■.; />7'. \', 1'), su,!;^(>sls ' Kiddle,' .111(1 l.ilei (r.ulelloul, p. y 'Mhe ' * hiol l.i" ; but he does not siist.un these sohillons. l>i. Iliii'ht makes these \i'iv lielpliil siii;i;estii>ns tli.it put the • K.n^pipe' sohi tioii Ix-Ncnd doulM : • The l>.i,e,iiipe looUs like .1 liiid c.iiiied on the sln'uldeis with the leet pioie(liiii; upw.iid ( tin- diones, two in numliei). The poet spe.iks ot ihesi- le;;s in the .lii .is f,-t >•>!,/ folmc /lli;Ylf };f!i, . (1. 7) ; the '.•.■.'■ (1. <>) is ihe > li.intei .ind is .It the loot of Ihe instiiimeni (11. 1 ;, .\>). Ihe !;endei ol the p. ills is im poll. ml The ( h.mtei (the sistei) is the lem.de voii c. it (.lilies Ihe \\\^\\ notes .ind tlie tune, the deepvoi(ed hiollieis .ue the diones (11. .• 1 .•;')•' I'lehn, p. .'S.', tinds no I.ilin soiines loi this piohlem ; .ind i kisses it with siieh liililU's as A"/.;'. Oi, "the Keed,' .uul 70, 'the Sh.iwni.' It lescmMes llie tiisl only ill its j;il'l of son;;, Ihe se( end only in sul>je( I (.■•.•',.•'). \\ ilh the ("leiinan riiUUes ol iniisi( .d instiuments (Kolilei, Wiimtir/hth. \ , iS^o, ,; ■> i , No. -'S) it lias notli ine, ill lominon; luii 111 its seventh lint- furnishes .111 .in.iloi;iie to the I .ithii.ini.in •<;ei!;e' liddle (."^i lileu hei , p. joo). 3a 1 I ('(Mup.iie the (ipenini; l(>miul.i in _< ^ 1 ; >vr;«'( t inn ;;elVM'<\va«l. ("f. /iVi'.'C. is;', wi.ellum ;;elnmden. I J , Ihe iiielei and 3 j s |.,mIi l.i\ 01 the /.•,• [ v.T.,it • . ] ol ('os,. /•.■•'.'>' Will, 1 .'o, i.ilhei til. Ill the //,•[ .•('(•? ] (>l llei.leld, p, dS .1 n.iliii.d (>iiiission, howc\ei, «Mnon.i;«'. (1. 3J11. eoihim on i;einon!;e : 3^ 11, weinm on \vonj;o (I'll. i;einonL;e). 3.' I. The liisi li.ill line is l.iullv. In.ste.id ol 1 lei .leld's ('////7.'i'/;/<'(/' or ,V»>//Vr//(/'«', 01 1 lollh.iuscn's :,.',•.,.•■,■.■,■ 01 .:,->i'\\if,i, m.iv we not le.ul .\t/>i-)-;<'i-ii'-,l \,i-t //r/A'] .-* ^ 'I. 35 ;, nel>l> l>i|' hvie .el uvtte. niheiwe.iid );on;;eN ; il 1, Neli is nun niheiwe. ud riu' be.ik 01 ( h.intei is d>>wiiw.iid when the pipe is .•'.■ .•/.>.■. _(.• Tel onil Tolnie. it .•Sl^ I. 1.1 ne lolni.i ; 40 ii>, lot ne lolni ; 68 o, I'el ne l|olinel; />'.•,•.('. /.j s. lei oml lolm.i fnnclc nelMM>. The Kiddle of the 1 .illuianian liddle (SelileieluM. p. .'oo) is likened t(> .1 biid whivh laiiies its ej;j;s under its neek .uul (lies shiillv fu'iu i|s le.ii \(>te the kit ei ///e.ik (>l .1 hiid. 3 J s rf. 59 i. ne leki lule.N, ne l!eo!.'.,in ni.i-,!;. lint the suhie(t o( this fiddle has, in its plivsii'.il ( li.ii.u tei isti( s, little in ((inmum with the siihjeels k.A 59 ('Well'^ .uul 70 (' Sh.iwin'^. with wlii( h richn, p. .'S.', ((Mnp.iies il. 3J 11 oH on«l •;clonie. I'im otliei ex.unples, see .V;V . 1, .\2\. eorluni on f;onion}i«». ('\. jj 1, weiiini >mi j;em(inj;e. N()i'i:s 145 32 1' sKcA n't syiiihlr. ('I'. Mod. 11;, sitliiiN on symlilc. AikiiIki iimsii .il in Strmiu-nt, tlir Kccil pipr, 61 •(, speaks over llif iiichI hem li. <'l, W iillsl.in, ll,>ni. ^(6, Id, Ilearpc ami pipe and niistlice k''MK-""'" 'I'< hI'I'^ <"\\ "i> Ixoisclc. siclrs I>i. Cf. (/■(■//. J. 137, 25^3, siclus l)i(l;\n. 3a 14 wcriim on \v<>iik«>. This is n<>l In lie t li.in^;cil willi 'riidipi' into ,v/ ^^V///('//j,>-«' (32 4, I 1), llfCaUSf llms wiiuld hr l.i.l ihi' unnlpl.iy lipnll Vi'i'//;; 'llchl,' 'plain,' and looiii;; ' clifcU.' Tlir l'.i(;pipc pmiLiinis ils p. V\. 59 i,,, nc wilil iU'h. 33 I'i Door (,w<'■, i/wrd I bej^in a new senlcnee, as llie pliiasc is more in keeping wilii llie Idjlowiii)^ liiiin wilh llu; |)ie(eiling t!ioii)'Jil, This is pi.K til .illy iIh' punclu.ilinn <>l I'.llmnller. 3221 IioimI \vai'u'<)'. Against 1 )ii'tri('li's //(';v/7C'rJ';v;f^ 'Si li:it/,b(;sit/i'r ', 93 .•(), //rvv/ warii&, speaks comhisively. (!f. /I'lunci. 2276-2277 ; hdiil (111 liiiisiin, |mt lie iia^iNcn Hiilcl U.ll .1 i\ willi I II III 1 101 I. I lord is ajjplied here (so liiinks 1 )i . biij^lil ) lo I he ( on I cuts of Ihc iiaj.;, Ihc air — a meaning tiial seems to me amply siippoited by 18 m looinldiord, ihe < onU'iils of the Mallisla, and by 93 2(. Iioid, the ink within the hoin. The brothers, as above noted, are tlie bass-pipes or drones. The passage tiiin be( oiiies clear: 'She (Ihe instrnment), when slit; holds the lieasnie (i.e. is inllated), wilhoiil 1 lollies (so H.-T., Siii)i>lemenl, p. 61) (yet) piond ol her rings, has on her iku k hei bioihers • — she, a kinswoman with might.' I >r. Hiighl prefers lo regard llie ( li.iiilii nol the whole instrument as the subjci I ol the dcpi-iuh-nl clause. \\ illi lliis I c an not agree, aliliongh liki' him I bclii'\c ihal Ihe poci in ihc piMSoiiilicalion iiiici:; had in mind the licblc notes. L'nlikc Thorpe, 1 < annoi view luir bt'Oi^uin as a compound. 3a 2.v-'i !■' 'I this con( liuling f 01 inula, sec 29 i.r- 1 ( ( 1 nl rod net ion). ki 1)1)1,1': ;:;i ' Unless this be a waggon or a tail,' says Conybcarc, /////.t7/v///(V/.v, p. 210, 'the editor must confess himself not siiljiciently skilful in wise wortls to decyphei its occult allusions.' HoiiliMwek (.S/;-. I, ^jS, s. v. ;,'7///r/(///) answers 'Millstone'; and Dietrich (XI, .t'";) ofleis llu' solution '.Ship,' which has been generally .km pled. The 'one fool' is the- keel, tin' ribs ihe be.ims, ,iiid llie month the opening on ileck to admit w.ires into tlii! holil. rnhn to the lonliaiy, this riddle bears 146 RIDDLES OP^ THE EXETER BOOK no relation to Symphosius 13; but, as Dietrich has pointed out, its tenth line finds an analogue in the 'Ship' riddle of MS. Bern. 611, No. 11 {Ant/i. Lat. I, 354), 'Vitam fero cunctis, victumque confero multis.' It has nothing in com- mon with the Latin riddles of Lorichius (Reusner I, 17S), nor with modern Eng- lish and German problems cited by Miillenhoff (Z,f ./../. J/. Ill, 17). Yet Chambers's 'Ship' query. No. 16, parallels ours in its last line, 'And no a fit (foot) but ane ' (of. Petsch, pp. 47-4S); and the Islenzkar Gdtttr offers many like queries. In /. G. 151, the ship crawls on its belly footless; while in /. G. 514 the eight-oared craft has eight feet. The Anglo-Saxon vessel is like the Kaiipskip of /. G. 615, 651, bearing food to men. Compare also /. G. 131, 293, 429, 516,585, 725, 1162-1194 (seventeenth century). This riddle resembles the preceding (32) not only in the use of the opening formula, but in general plan of construction. It belongs to the class of 'monster' problems. The Anglo-Saxon ship is thus described by Strutt, Iforda, p. 42 : ' Plate 9, fig. i (Tib. B. V) represents the form and construction of a more improved ship of the Anglo-Saxons (sometime before the Norman conquest), when they began to build with planks of wood and deck them over. The stern is richly ornamented with the head and neck of a horse ; the two bars which appear at the stern were for the steering of the ship instead of the rudder; on the middle near the mast is erected the cabin (in the form of a house) for the commodious reception of the passengers ; the keel runs from the stern still growing broader and broader to the prow or head of the ship, which comes gradually decreasing up to a point for the more ready cutting of the water in the ship's course. When the vessel had received her full burthen she was sunk at least to the top of the third nailed board ; so that the prow itself was nearly, if not quite immerged in the water. Over the prow is a projection . . . perhaps either for the convenient fastening of the ship's rigging or to hold the anchor.' Shijis of the same pattern appear in Harl. MS. 603, ff. 51 r., 54 r. ; and Noah's ark is not only described (Ferrell, Teti- ti'nic A)itiquities in the Genesis, 1893, pp. 32-33) but pictured as a ship of the time (both in Cott. Claudius B. IV, ff. 14-15, and in the Credmon manuscript, Archaeologia XXIV, pi. Ixxxviii, Ixxxix, xc). For the various kennings of scip in Anglo-.Saxon poetry, see Merbach, Das Meer etc., pp. 29 f. Several names are found in the Kiddles : 3 24, hlud wudu ; 3 28, 19 4, ceole ; 15 6, merehengest ; 59 5, naca nxgledbord. 33 4 grindan w\G greote. As Dietrich says, this phrase is sufficient to identify the object of the riddle. Compare Gii. 1309, grond wi'N greote {s/iip). 33 5-6 Cf. 40 10-13, 59 7-S, 93 25, for like descriptions of the personal features of the subject. 336 oxle nf' carinas . Cf. 86 6, earmas ond eaxle ; />^<'7<:'. S35, earm ond eaxle. 339 inutT. Dietrich (XI, 470) compares Gen. 1364, merehuses mu\S i^Xoa/i's ark). 33 in This line presents difficulties. Thorpe renders fere ' in its course,' and suggests driri;&, ' draws,' for dr?oge&. But the meter is against this emendation. Sweet's rendering oi fere, 'serviceable' (Diet.), with an eye to this passage, does not explain the construction with dreoi^e&. Grein notes, -Syr. 1,282: ^/ere = ftcre, NOTES 147 ace. z\\ /iirii, i. [see Lcid. 13, aerigfacrac], "das Tragen," " 15ringen " ; " scip fere foddoiwelan (gen.) folcscipe (dat.) dreogeS (fere dreogeS = fereJS)."' This seems to be derived from Ilietrich (XI, 470) : ' Es erklart sich als umschreibung i\\x feriaii ("herbeifiihren ") nach dem hiiufigen si&as dreoi^an statt si&ia/i.' B.-T., p. 296, follows Grein. The phrase finds a parallel in Gv/i. 1746-1747: Gewit ]->\\ iifi feran and Jiine fare hedan ceapas to cnosle. Perhaps a play upon words is intended, as /err means also ship {S/>r. I, 270). In Dicht. the line is rightly rendered 'bringt es der Volkschaft FUlle der Nahrung.' 33 10-13 These lines show that the ship of the riddle is a merchant-ship. The cargo of such a vessel is well described in the speech of the merchant in y^ilfric's Colloquy (WW. 96): ' ic secge J^a^t behefe ic eom ge cinge and ealdormannum and weligum and eallum folce [33 11-13] . . . ic astlge min scip mid hlzestum mlnum and rowe ofer sSlTce dSlas and cype mine |)ingc and bicge Jnncg dyrwyr'Se )'a on Jiisum lande ne beocN acennede and ic hit to-geliede eow hider mid micclan plihte ofer sae and hwylon forlidenesse ic j^olie mid lyre ealra Hnga, unease cwic ajtber- stende.' He brings with him 'paillas and sTdan, deorwyr)'e gymmas and gold, selcfil>e reaf and wyrtgemange (pigmenta), win and ele, ylpes-ban and ma'stlinge (auricalcum), jer and tin, swefel and glaes and hylces fela.' A. L. Smith (Traill's Social England I, 202) notes that in the time of yEthelred (cf. Schmid, Gesetze, p. 218, 'De Institutis Londoniae,' § 2) traders from Normandy, France, Ponthieu, and Flanders brought into England ' wine, fish, cloth, pepper, gloves, and vinegar.' From the north and east came furs, skins, ropes, masts, weapons, and ironwork. 33 13 riee ond heane. Cf. 95 2, rlcum ond heanum ; Gn. 968, ricra ne heanra. 33 13-14 With the closing formula cf. 68 1S-19, Secge se J^e cunne, | wlsfaestra hwylc, hwx't seo wiht sy; El. S57, Saga, gif Jm cunne (Herzfeld, p. 20). RIDDLE 34 E.xcept in two lines, this ' Iceberg ' riddle bears no relation to the many ' Ice ' problems ancient and modern. But the 'mother-daughter' motif (349-11) is com- mon to all riddles of similar subject, and has been traced at length by me {i\I.L.A'. XNlir, 4; /'. M.L.A. XVIII, 246; Mod. Phil. II, 564). The Roman gramma- rian Pompeius tells us that this question was often in the mouths of the boys of Rome (Keil, Scriptores Art. Gram. V, 311, cited by Ohlert, p. 30, note). The Ice riddles of Symphosius (No. 10) and Tatwine (No. 15) do not contain the met- aphor, but it is cited by Aldhelm in his F.pisiola ad Acirciutn (Giles, p. 230; Ma- nitius, Zu Aldhelm iiiid Bicda, p. 52), and appears in Bede's Flares {Mod. PItil. II, 562), in Bern MS. 611, No. 38 {Aiit/i. Lat. I, 363), among the Lorsch Rid- dles, No. 4 (Diimmler, I/aiipis Zs. XXII, 25S-261), in Karlsruhe MS. of Engel- husen {Mones Anz. VIII, 316), in three of Reusner's authors (1,21,82,259), and in Holme Riddles, No. 5. I note several versions among the unpublished MSS. of the British Mu.seum : in Latin form in Arundel 248 (fourteenth century), f. 67b, and in Harl. 3831 (sixteenth century), f. 7 a; and as a four-verse enigma 148 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK in riarl. 7316 (eighteenth century), p. 60, f. 2Sb. Tuttenham, Arte of English JWsiiy 1589, Bk. Ill, Arber's Reprint, p. 19S, selects a popular version of this to exempUfy ' Enigma.' It is found too in J'rtlly Riddles 1631, No. 12 (Brandl, p. 54). The query appears among modern Cicrman / 'olksrdtsel, as Carstens (Schles- wig-Holstein), Zs. d. V.f. Vk. VI (1896), 422, and Simrock^ p. 96, show. According to Ohlert, p. 50, ' Die Verwandtschaft mit dem griechischen Ratsel von Tag und Nachl ist nicht zu verkennen : tx-r\rip ifxrjv tIktu Kal rlKTOfxaL {Aiitkol. Pal. xiv, 41: cf. Athenaeus x, 451 f.).' The motif appears in the 'Smoke' riddle of Symphosius (No. 7). As Brooke says (A'. /:". /,//., j). iSi) : 'The poet ])aints, with all the vigor of the North, the icelloe plunging and roaring through the foaming sea and shouting out, like a Viking, his coming to tlie land, singing and laughing terribly. Sharp are the swords he uses in the battle (the knife-edges of the ice), grim is his hate, he is greedy for the battle.' Ice is thus described in the Runic Poem, 29-31 : Is bytS oferceald, ungenietum slidor, glisna'^' glsshluttur gimmum gelicust, flor forste geworuht, fa'ger ansyne. For other references to Ice in the Riddles see 69, 84 35, 39- 34 1 Wilit fwoin . . . lij?aii. ( f. 55 i, Ilyse cwom gangan; 86 1, Wiht cwom gongan. 342 cyiiilit' from <'ool('. Cf. ,•///(/. 361, |>on cymllcor ceol; Beoii'. 38, cym- llcor ceol. 34 5 hotcsriiH. This reading, instead of MS. /lete grim, finds support from .///(/. 1395, 1562; Iieix&ogrim is an epithet of the north wind, Beow. 548. Not only hetegrini, but hliitsade, gryrellc, and egesfiil recall the vocabulary of the Andreas (1545, 1550, 1551)- — liiWletosaine. Klaeber {Mod. Phil. II, 145) says, 'This looks at first sight genuine (cf. Doomsday 88; And. 204), but the context seems to de- mand exactly the opposite of it.' Ilerzfeld, p. 68, suggests to siege, 'zugeneigt ' (so Dicht. ' zum kampfe geneigt '), which does not appear elsewhere in Anglo-Saxon ; and Klaeber jiroposes on 'wene, arguing that a confusion on the part of the scribe between ^oiene and siivte would lead him to change on to to. Ilolthausen, Engl. Stud. XXXVII, 208, prefers to eene (North, e^ne, CtTni). Why is any change neces- sary ? Brooke {E. E. Lit., p. iSi), who translates 'greedy for the slaughter,' says however in a note : ' The phrase might mean slow in beginning the war, but when engaged, bitter in battle-work, and the phrase might well apply to an iceberg.' The seeming contradiction is of a sort dear to riddle-makers. I'or scansion of 34 5^, see Ilerzfeld, p. 50. 34 r> bitor boadoM"ooroa. See 6 :;, beadoweorca srcd ; Prnn. 48. — bord- woallas. This is variously rendered : Th. ' bucklers ' ; Dicht. ' Schildmauern ' ; Spr. I, 133 ' litoris agger'; Brooke p. 181, 'the sides of the ships ranged along with shields'; Sweet Diet, 'the shore.' The phrase, I think, refers neither to shore nor to shield but simply to the sides of the ship, which is elsewhere the hord (59 5. Gn. E.x. 183, Clir. 861, etc.). Compare the Delphian Oracle's phrase 'wooden walls ' for ships ; and remember that a riddler is writing. NOTES 149 34 7 lleteruiie bond. There is no reason to substitute onbond with Cosijn (PBB. XXIII, 129), who compares Becnv. 5or,onband beadurune. In the present passage, the iceberg 'binds, like a wizard, runes of slaughter' (Brooke, p. 181). 34 9-13 These enigmatic lines find adequate explanation in Met. 28 58-63 : hwa wiindra'S J^xs o'SSe oSres eft, hwy |):ct is maege weorSan of w;vtere ? wlitetorht seined sunne swegle hat, sona gecerreS ismere iCnlic on his agen gecynd weorlSe'S to wa;tere.' The direct speech of the Iceberg suggests 39 6, 49 5, and tlie frequent addresses at the close of the riddles (Jansen, pp. 94, 95; Herzfeld, p. 36). 34 9-10 inodor . . . J^a's df'orostaii. See 42 2-4, 84 4 (Water). The motive, so well known in riddle poetry, is again used, 38 8. 34 II ajlduin c'li]?. Cf. Bcow. 706, yldum cu'5. RIDDLE 35 As an answ-er Dietrich (XI, 470) offers ' Rake ' ; Trautmann, with far less reason, 'Bee.' The resemblance to the ' Serra' riddle of Symphosius, No. 60, is slight and may lie in the independent demands of similar subjects. (A far closer analogue to Sym. is found in the Antliol. Pal. xiv, 19, cited by Ohlert, p. 143). It is interesting to compare the ' Rake ' {Ih-i/a) riddles of Islenzkar Gdtnr, Nos. 578, 62S, 1053, as well as the ' Shovel' problems of that collection (Nos. 154, 358, 1 102, 1 135). The teeth and downward fall of the Rake recall particularly /. G., 578: Hver er snotin halalaung, d hausi er geingur, gemlur ber 1 gcitum rata gerir vinna til dbata ? Raca or nrct: appears as a gloss to ' rastrum vel rastellum ' (WW. 105,1), and is mentioned among the agricultural implements in the GerPfa list, Anglia IX, 263 (Andrews, Old English A/aiior, p. 267). A capital illustration of the Anglo- Saxon rake — indeed of two — is found in MS. Cott. Claud. B. IV, f. 79 r. This is not dissimilar to the rake v^ith nine teeth in the Thorsbjerg bog-find (Du Chaillu, Viking Age I, 202, fig. 365). '"It is a thing," riddles Cynewulf of the Rake — "that feedeth the cattle." Well does it plunder and bring home its plunder — as it were a forager. The riddle is dull, but it ends with the poet's pleasure in the meadows — "the Rake leaves firm the good plants Still to stand fast in their stead in the field, Brightly to blicker, to blow and to grow." ' (Brooke, E.E. Lit., p. 146.) 35 2'' The teeth of the Plow are mentioned, 22 14 ; and those of the Saw are thus described by Symphosius, 60 1-2 : Dentibus innumeris sum toto corpore plena. Frondicomam subolem morsu depascor acuto. 150 RIDDLKS OF THE KXK'l'KK JK)OK 35 3 Cf. II 1, 22 1 (I'low), 32 (> (liagpipe). 354 to liiiiii tyliO'. This is paialleled liy A.-S. Clironicle, 1096; Orosiits\\\ 6, hUtn tiigoii\ and tlie Mod. I'-ngl. 'draw near home' (Byron, Don Juait I, 123). 35 7-^^ l^'oi' another riddle-picture of an English meadow, ' the station of plants,' see 712-3. — ^vy^tllln l;rsto. Cf. Beoio. 1365, wudu wyrtum f;vst ; Dait. 499, wudubeam . . . wyrtum fast. 359 beorhte blifaii. So AiuL 7S9, Chr. 701,904. — blowau <>iiro^van. Cf. Met. 20 9g, blowe'iS ond growe^' ; Vs. 64 n, blowa^ ond growa.N. Kini)T,E 8() As Dietrich first pointed' out (/V Ayiie-cni/fi Poctac Aetatc, 1S59, pp. 16 f.), this ' Mail-coat ' riddle is preserved not only in the Exeter Bool: but in the Leiden MS. J'ivs (J. 106, 24'', in the Northern dialect. This MS. contains the enigmas of Sym- phosius and Aldhelm, and dates, as Dietrich proves on the evidence of the hand- writing, from sometime in the ninth century. Dietrich, who gives a facsimile of the page containing the enigma, believes that the scribe, whose name we infer to be Otgerus from a marginal entry, was an .\nglo-Sa.\on (ICadger or ]-".dgar) living on the continent, and tiiat he copietl out the riddle in Latin script (using, con- trary to luiglish custom, ln)th the & and ///) fioni an older manuscript. The Anglo-Saxon versions of the ritUUe follow very closely the l^atin of the ' Lorica ' enigma of Aldhelm (iv, 3). Two lines of the Anglo-Sa.xon correspond throughout to a single line of the original. The Latin order of traits in the descrijition is departed from once, lines'4-5 being represented by lines 9-10 and 7-S in the iMiglish. In this case the sequence of the translation is so far prefer- able to that of Aldhelm's te.\t that Dietrich believes that the rendering was made from an older and better version of the Latin enigma than has come down to us. Here is the ' Lorica ' riddle : Koscida mo gonuit golido do vistere tellus. (A.-S., 1-2) Noil sum setigero lanarum vellere facta, (3-4) Licia nulla trahunt, nee garrula fila resultant, (5-6) Nee crocea seres te.\unt laiuigine vermes, (<)-io) Nee radiis carpor, duro nee pectine pulsor; (7-S) Et tamen en vestis vulgi sernione vocabor. (11-12) Spiciila non vereor longis e.veinpta pharetris. (Leid. i_?-i4) The most superficial comparison of the Knglish te.xts will show that they are merely slightly differing forms of the same version. The only important differ- ence between them lies at their end: here the Exeter text omits to translate the last line of Aldhelm, fearing, so Dietrich suggests, to betray the solution, but adds the conventional tag of appeal to the cunning of the reader, which is omitted in the Leiden text, either because it was not in the original or because it is unessen- tial to the body of the riddle, or else because the scribe found himself pressed for room at the bottom of the page, as the MS. seems to indicate. Lehmann, B) Unite //. Helm iin iii^s. Beoivulftiede, 1SS5, 1 f., traces the history of 'lorica' or mail-coat from the earliest Germanic times through the Merovingian NOTES 151 and Carolingian periods. Hatemann in liis Ten Years' Dii^^ffins^s, pp. 34 f., describes the supposed ' lorica' discovered at lientley Grange, with the boar hehnet : ' This consisted of a mass of chain work formed of large quantities of links of two de- scriptions attached to each other by small rings half an inch in diameter amalga- mated together from rust. There were present, however, traces of cloth which make very probable the supposition that the links constituted a kind of quilted cuirass by being sewn within or upon a doublet of strong cloth.' The absence of protective body armor in nearly all the early MSS. would seem to show that it was used only by a few persons of the highest rank (Keller, p. 97). This conclu- sion is supported by the evidence of the wills and laws (Lehmann, Gerviaii/a XXXI, 4S7). In the Beoiu., hov^-ever, the byrne or light ringed shirt of iron links is the possession of every one of a picked band of warriors. Miss Keller con- cludes that the scale armor ('lorica squamata') was popular on the Continent, and mail armor ('.lorica hamata') in England. See the illustrations of both printed by Strutt, //e A'vii. .Idt., p. ly). 36(1 proata. go|>rii»rii. In S/'r. II, 598, Giein regards //vi?/ in tliis jiassage as perhaps ' ein Theil des Webstuiils.' In J)ic/it. he translates 'durth der SLhlage(?) Wiiten.' It seems to mean here ' the pressing of multitudes ' — that is, ' the force of many strokes.' 367 hrutciide hrisil. Dietrich says {De Kyn. Aet., p. 19): '• lirisil est radius, nondum navis fistulam textoriam continens, sed lignum in curvum cui (ilum in- texendum circumvolvitur, islandice winJa dictum cujus epitheton est Inutciidi "stridens" quod vet. theot. erat nlzonti, "stridulus."' I prefer Dietrich's /nil- teitdi (see Schlatter, iiifrii) to Sweet's hrutciuiitm (Leui. 7) for three reasons : it is in accord with the Exeter form, Inutciuic; /inltt'in/itm does not harmonize with the context, for it is the sluiltle {//rts//), not the mail-coat (»/<') that goes whizzing; and finally ;//<" would demand not hrutciidum but liriitendrc, as it is feminine (see I.cid. J, nice l'iii<>rf/i,i). 36 s iliii {/.c'id. aaiii). There seems little reason to c]uestion the opinion of l>it'iii(.li (/'<• h'v II. .■!(■/. ,\t. 11)) and (uein {S/')-. 1, jS) that din, a hapax-legomenon, is the ' pecten textorius, sive lignum illud transversum (juo liliini niodo intextum pulsatur,' or, as Bosworth-Toller renders it, 'the reed or slay of the weaver's loom.' Thorpe without warrant changes the word to //w<;, ' the yarn-beam.' In the Gerefa list the word (/;///' ajipears, and is thus considered by Andrews {0/d F.iii^/is/i Mdiior, p. 274): 'We can get only an uncertain light upon this woicl. 1 irlHiniann has suggested its relation to Jin, meaning a weaver's rod. Tliis woid is foiiiul in (yne wulf, Kiddle 36, lie nice dliiooiiaii sccal dinas ciivssaii "nor do the weaxei's rods anywhere press me down." Tliis seems the most acceptable interpvetalioii. In the Gcrcfa enumeration (IX, Jd',, \i), a synonym is "pihten," wiiich Leo, .lii^c/s. C/oss. 520, 16, renders " der weberkamm aus latein. pcctcii ? " [see ////. 67. 404, 26]. This was a weaver's comb, the teeth of which, inserted between the threads of the wai[i, by a dowinvaul pressure or stroke packed the thread of the web closer tngetliei. It seiAcd tlu' purpose of the Jiii or slay-rod. In fact dm is the Saxon translation (in Cxnewull's lidille) ol iht; /cc/c 11 (''diiro nee ]iectine pulsor ") in Aldhelm's version.' 36.) (f. 41 S5, wrStllce gewefen wundorcra-fte. T cannot agree with Ibdoke (p. I j(>) that this line of the riddle ' takes us into the heart of ancient heatheiulom.' 1 1 is simply a fairly accurate ti.m slat inn of Aldhelm's Latin, and canmU be renderetl 'Me the Snakes wove not through the crafts of \\'yrds.' U'vrdii cru~/'tii>ii has lost its old force, and means nothing more than ' dmch Schicksalskriifte ' {Dic/it.). 36 K' <;;o. ("f. Met. S ..,? : tie hoora wada I'oii in.'i sioloce siowian, ne hi sianKra'ftiiin godweb giredoii — See Lclid. II, 10, 16, god geolu seoluc ; III, 174,21), seoluc oXiie godweb. I"or long discussions of this word and its analogues, see Ileyne, Fiinf Bite her III, 235; Klump, Altengliselie HandivcrkHanteti, p. 77. 36 14'^ Cf. Beow. 627, wisfitst wordum. NO'IKS 153 LEIDKN KIDDLE Since the casting of my text of the Laden Kiddle, Dr. ()tto R. S.hh.tt., has generously sent me from Leiden the results of his careful study of the nmnuscnpt. Mis detailed discussion of every debatable point in the text deserves larger treat- ment than my present space affords, but 1 am fortunate in being able to prmt his version of the problem and his Latin translation — however different his m- terpretation may be from my own. • The following,' writes Dr. Schlutter, ' is my reading of Leiden Riddle metrically arranged. What is bracketed is no longer visible. The letters in small capitals are very faint and hence doubtful : ' Mec fe ueta erSuonj; uundrum freoris ob hif innaXa; xrift cx-[nda]. Ni uuat ic mec biuortha; uullan fliusu, heru derh hehcra:ft hiisidoUTA uyn. Uundna; me ni biaS uefla;, ni ic uarp hafai, ni fierih •NreaunT;iNra-c Nra;' me hla;mmedK. Ne me iirutenhe Inilil fcelfa^iS, ne mec ouaNan ciiani fceal cnyiffaN. Uyrmaf mec ni autlun uyndicra;ftum, •SaSi soelu ^odueb ?;catu fra^tuath. Uil [m] mec huetrx- fua;deh uidcc ofx'r eorSu haatan mitii lieliNum hyhtlic 7;iua;de. Ni anoeT;un ic me asrii^fajra; e^fan bro^u, •f;eh^■i niM.-KN Ki.ANaf [fracajdlica; ob cocrum i.()N[?;um]. Me humida tellus mire gelida ex visceribus suis principio gcnuit. Ignore nie coopertam lanac velleribus, villis per artificium, laborem mentis. Volutae non mihi sunt panuculae, non ego licium habeo, non per tortile opus fihim mihi garrulat (garrulavit), Non stridens mihi radius vibrat (vibravit), niu>i is really sujijiorted by MS. evidence. Also MS. evidence seems to point out as correct Rieger's conjecture flaiias. The first four letters are doubtful, but the last two can be pretty plainly made out as being us. Rieger's \^friuii\dlicc may be right. After <\>earf Iiin> ontlriT'ilan dooUa str:elas iiMiig on eor■^'an a-Ula cyntics griMiira p^flrfare, gif liiiii- (loil scililo|», etc. Leid. 13 aiid^f;;!! ml. Dietrich (/><• A'v/t. .Irt., p. 20) suggests a derivation of MS. iindi;ini from oiiPi^nian (oii?i>'iiniiiii), anil believes that the vowel eniling of the 1st person has been omitted before the postpositive /< . li. T.. ]>. 750, derives from the word o/rj^'-tin and proposes here a/idx// ltd, which finds ample support in /)<;//. 697, nc onegdon na orlegra nlN. — rt'risf**''**''' T'^*^ ^VS. equivalent earhfare appears six times in the poetry (Dietrich, I.e.): Clir. 762, Jul. 404, /•,"/. 44, It6, ,///,/. 10. |t), Sal. 120. See Trautmann's interpretation of Kid. 65 [infra'). — ('jj;sau l>ro{«iim. t'f. (/'//. 122, broga egesllc. RIDDLE 87 I must repeat the ciMitents of mv ni^te M.l.X. XVTT. pp. 102-103. Dietrich {^Iltuipts Zs. XI, 470-472), with his usu.il acumen, disco\ers in this riddle the use of 'secret script,' but he says nothing of tlie history of this kind of writing, nor does he seem to have known th.it it was often employed in mediaeval enigmas. Suetonius records (/>,- ]'ita ('iir.uDinn i, 50) tliat Julius C'.vsar employed in his familiar ei)istles a cipher formed by a consistent exchange of the letters of the alphabet; and that Augustus, too, used ' notae ' or secret writing (ii, SS) : 'Quo- tiens autem jier notas scribit r. pro a, c pro u ac deinceps eadem ratione sequentes litteras ponit.' Isidore, Bishop of vSeville (d. 636), in his widely read Origincs (i, NOTES 155 cap. 25), ascribes the use of this device {' iiotae htterarum ') to Hrutus and tlic two great Caisars, and quotes a letter from Augustus to Tiberius. Mention in so famous a textljook doubtless gave the script a vogue. Alcuin turns to account the method in giving the solutions of his ' I'ropositiones' (/'.Z. CI, 1145; see In- troduction), sometimes assigned to liude (/'./,. XC, 665) — e.g.. No. 26, cuNis )u: I'Ur.ii i.KPi'KKs — and a similar sul)stitution of consonants for preceding vowels appears in ihe answers to the riddles of the early tenth-century Keichenau MS. 205 (MiillenhoiT and Scherer, /-'^///■wri'/tv'*, 1892, p. 20). This enigmatic style of writing survived long, as its use in solutions by the anonymous author of Aciii};mata et Griplii Vetcrum ct Kcccittiinn (I)uaci, 1604) testifies. The secret script is used in introducing the Anglo-Saxon prose riddle (MS. Vitellius K. XVIII, i6b), which is printed l)y Wanley, Catabi;ite, p. 223, Mass- niann in Moiics .I/rz., i^T,], p. .23.S, (iicin, />//'/. II, 410, and Ffirster, JIcrri}:;s Arclnv CXV, 392, and solved by Dietrich XI, 4S9-490, CJrein, Gcrmaiiia X, 309, and Forster, Arc///'?' CXV 1, 367-371 (see my note to 44 14) : Nys |'ks frfgfn sylikc I'knc to ra'dfnnf (Nys ))is fregen sylllc I'inc to rjedenne). Upon the same page of the manuscript a])pears an Anglo-Saxon explanation of the system (Forster, /;■;/(.•/. St:u/. XXXVI, 325): b f k I) X a (■ i II a i' i o II Dis is qniiupie vocales ; mid hysum fif stafum man nuvg writan swa-hwa.'t-swa he wile. Hit is lytel crx'ft ; ac j'cah man m.x-g dwelian manega men mid a'gNer ge ware ge unware. Among the Latin examples that follow is one in Old Fnglish that reads like a riddle-formula : Cxnnb mbgf |>x Ijra^'dbn, hw;x:t |'ks mbgf l)fpn. Kc wfnf |>X't hkt nks fiSncdf (Cunna, mage jni arSdan, hwa;t )>is mage bton. Ic wene, |>a;t hit nis ciSricde). The script appears not infreciucnlly in glosses, Ijolh in Old luiglish {Kentish Glosses, WW., p. 87) and Old German {Haiipls As. XV, 35; XVI, 36, 94). It serves a useful purpose in the fifteenth-century puzzles of the /ironic Book, f. r, (Kerrison and Smilli, London, 18S6) and of the Sloane MS. 351, f. 15, (Wright and Ilallivvell, Rcliiiiiiae Aittitjttac II, 15). Compare A. Meister, Die Aiifiiiii:;c Jcr ?>io- derncti lUplomatisclicii Gcheimsclrrift, Paderborn, 1902, pp.5f. From the fourteen letters of the riddle, Dietrich (XI, 471-472), by several shiftings and substitutions, derives siii^ii vtiii V. ferliuvi, 'sow with five farrow.' This is a world-riddle, and has a famous history. I must refer to my note on Holme Kiddles, No. 53 {P.M. L. A., 1903, 258-259). Ohlert, pp. 38-39, marks its appearance in the A/e la tn podia of Ilesiod (Strabo xiv, 1, :.-j, \). 642), and points to the Icelandic parallel, I/ci&rcl-s Gd/itr, No. 12 ('sow with nine young'). Ileusler, Zs. d. V.f. Vk. XI, 1901, 1.(1-142, compares with the //. G. version Aldhelm vi, 10; our Exeter Book problem ; and the modern riddles of the Faroes {Zs.f.d. M. Ill, 125) and Iceland {/sleiizkar Gdtur, Nos. 447, 448). Royal Riddle Book, Glas- gow, 1S20, p. 9, is very like Ilolme. Riddles with a similar theme are found in Hungary {Mai:;.fiir die Litt. des Aiislaiides, 1856, p. 364) and in the Tyrol (Kenk, Zs.d. V.f. I'k. V, 152, No. 76); and the Latin homonym of Keichenau M.S. 205, No. 6, (Miillenhoff and Scherer, Denkmdler^, p. 20) has a like motive. 156 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK The closest analogue to Dietrich's interpretation of our riddle is that of Aid- helm, vi, lo, De Scrofa Praegnante. The first four lines of the Latin correspond exactly to the number -motive of the Anglo-Saxon : Nunc mihi sunt oculi bis seni in corpore solo, Bis ternumque caput, sed caetera membra gubernat, Nam gradior pedibus suffultus bis duodenis, Sed novies deni sunt et sex corporis ungues. Other Latin analogues are Symphosius 90 and Aldhelm i, 10, which have as their theme ' Mulier geminos pariens.' Thus far the strange forms of the monster of the riddle have been left unex- plained. There is a difficulty here, which Dietrich, I.e., meets with a not very plausible explanation: 'The bird in the second part of the riddle must now be discussed: it is only a continuation of the jest of the wing-ears and is still the sow, because the points of likeness with horse and woman which the bird is said to have are predicates of the subject in the first part. As the sow, on account of the mane, is a horse, so she is, on account of her womb, a w'oman, and, by reason of her snout and bite, like unto a dog.' This solution does not satisfy Trautmann, who suggests very doubtfully [Aitglia, Bl>. V, 49) that the secret words are merely Latin translations of the preceding Anglo-Saxon forms: 'homo,' 'mulier,' ' equus.' This view is confirmed by Ilolt- hausen, who believes {Etigl. Stud. XXXVH, 208) 'that we have to do with a corrupt transmission of the secret script, and that for /i.w. M., M .\. I. K.f.w f . . . q X X s we should read lipiit\p^ = hovio, mxlkfr = mulier, f . ■ . (jxxs = ei/uus.' Holthausen is unwittingly close to the MS., which Dietrich and Assmann have mis- read. Here at last is the obviously correct interpretation of the secret script. And in the light of this, Dietrich's solution loses its chief support, and must, I think, be abandoned. It is possible that the formula of closing in line 8 marks the end of our riddle, and that with For Jidd'ioegas (1. 9) a new problem is begun. If tliis be the case, we do not lack solutions. Dietrich, I.e., would then offer ' Fledermaus, ' changing, •with C^x(t\v\, Jlod-wcgds io fohhvegas; and Trautmann proposes • Das Schiff.' But it is not necessary to regard 37 g-14 as a separate riddle, since the traits of the ob- ject here correspond with those of the wight in 37 1-8. We can hardly do better than to extend to the whole problem Trautmann's solution of the latter part and interpret the monster as ' Ship ' or ' Boat.' This answer-meets the conditions of the enigma. The ship has ' four feet under its belly,' the four oars (compare ' the eight feet ' of the eight-oared craft in /. 6'. 514), and 'eight above on its back,' those of the man, woman, and horse on its deck. It fares the floodways, and may well be compared to a bird (cf. Bcow. 218, And. 497, fugole gelTcost). The horse, man, dog, bird, and woman (37 11-12), of which it bears the likeness (i.e. which it carries), supply, if we add the ship's figure- head, the two wings, twelve eyes, and six heads (37 7-8). The phrase tu fihni may refer also to the ship's sails, and thus stress the likeness to a bird. 374 ehtuwe. Thorpe suggested e/tiiif>e, translating 'eighth man'; Gn." «•///« wc- = e/itun tt't' (ehtan, eahtan, 'aestimare '). But, as Sievers shows Gr.^ 325.8, NOTES 157 ehtiiwe is merely the Noithem form of the numeral 'eight' (R.-, Luke ii, 21, ahhnue). Ilolthausen {ICiii,^/. StinL XXXVII, 208) points out that elituwe must be construed with iifoji on hrycgc (1.6). The phrase thus parallels /tvey^r^ /u me gesecgan, \>-st\. ic soS wite ; Chr. 442, ba;t |>u soS wite (Ilerzfeld, p. 19). RIDDLE 38 This riddle of the ' Bellows ' has nothing in common with Aldhelm's enigma of like topic (i, 13), but in its 'life and death' motive conforms closely to Sym- phosius 73 (infra). It is a variant of 87, and in some motives it presents points of likeness to Riddles 19 and 34. The many ' Bellows ' problems of different languages have small resemblance to the Anglo-Saxon : Sirassb. Rb. 209 ; Apol- lonius of Tyre 4 (Schrbter, Mitt, der deiitsch. Gesellsc/i. ziir Erforsch. der vaterl. Spr. und Alt. V, 1S72, p. xiv) ; Reusner I, 188, 287; /. G. 195, 726, 860, 925, 1 1 52; and the English riddles {Azotes and Queries, Dec. 16, 1865). Dietrich (XI, 472) first suggested 'Wagon,' but arrived soon (XII, 238 note) at the answer ' Bellows,' which no one has questioned. In Cotton MS. Claudius B. IV, f. 10, we find an illustration of Tubal-Cain at work at the forge assisted by an attendant with bellows (Tubalcain se waes asg^er ge gold smi'5 ge Tren smi^) and in Harl. MS. 603, f. 6 v., two figures at a smithy, one with hammer and tongs (see also Ccedmon Met. Par. Ixix ; Horda vii, 3, xxxii, 9). Akerman in his Remains of Pagan Saxondom, 1855, p. 61, discusses the high repute in which the smith was held, and cites the will of Eadred giving lands to /Elfsige, his goldsmith {Codex Diploinaticus III, 431 ; cf. VI, 211). Compare The Crafts of Men, 61-66 : Sum mxg wiCpenJrSge wige to nytte m6dcra;ftig smiS iiionige gefremman, Jjonne he gewyrce'5 to wera hilde helm o'SSe hupseax oS'Se hea'Subyrnan, sclrne mece oj^Jje scyldes rond, faeste gefegan wi^ flyge gares. In a passage of the De Laudibus Virginitalis (cited by Sharon Turner VII, chap, xi), Aldhelm describes 'the convenience of the anvil, the rigid hardness of the beating hammer, and the tenacity of the glowing tongs.' The craft of the smith is extolled in .'Elfric's Colloquy, WW. 99: ' Se' smi|> secgS : hwanon [|>am yrHinge] sylanscear o)'J'e culter )>e na gade haef)) buton of crasfte minon : hwanon fiscere ancgel (hamus) q\>\>q sceowyrhton SI o\>\>& seamere nSdl nis hit of mInon geweorce.'. . . And the Consiliarius answers: ' Jju hwaet sylst us on smiH'an li'rh /lisi-ai^Y. C.rein, 7 V<7//., renders thus: 'wo seine Fullung(?) flog durch sein Auge.' Rut Dietrich retracts (XII, 238, note): ' Eigen ist der mitfolgende diener und zugleich sohn des blase- balgs, es ist der durch sein auge entschliipfende wind, er floh da man es (v. 4, das ding) fallte, d. h. niederdriickte.' One very serious objection to Dietrich's second rendering is that nowhere in the KidJU-s is the object indicated by the neuter pronoun, but always is regarded as a person, — man or woman. Here it is mascu- line, while in the companion problem (87) it is feminine. ////, then, is either a corruption or refers to something else than the riddle subject. As there is no pos- sible antecedent, I believe that a reconstruction of the line is demanded. Dietrich's first suggestion is probably not far from the truth : li is filled (probably yV/Zc; see 43 5) /'''■'"'' hii'h lii'^ ''"gi^ refers, of course, to the contents of the bellows, the wind, which is 'blown through the eye' (cf. Rid. 876 bleow on cage). The 'much ac- complishment' {iiiiic-l . . . xt-fp/rd) of the /ic'x'i indicates just such labor as that in A'/ ilra-rod. Cf. Ih-o-i'. 1703, bla5d is ilrcured. The riddler is of course playing \\\\o\\ the double meaning of /'/,7(/, 'breath' and 'prosperity.' So Symphosius plays upon 'spiritus' in his ' Violet ' enigma (No. 46). 388 This motive is that of the world-riddle of Ice, discussed under 34.1-M. Prehn, p. 211, compares .Symphosius 7 3, J-'hiiiks: ' Et cjui me genuit, sine me non nascitur ipse.' RIDDLE no The sources of this riddle of the ' \'oung Hull' have received sufficient dis- cussion under Rid. 13. 39 1-3 Grein and Wiilker put no mark of punctuation after '.fiepiudcyinics, but a colon after ^i,"/'!?;//!,'-. How then \f. p-icdit:: to be construed.' Grein, Dicht., makes the adjective cpialify rc'/7// (ace), but grammar forbids. Ihooke, K. E. Lit., p. 146, NOTES 159 supplies 'was.' 'Of the gladness of youth was he greedy.' It is far better to close line i with a semicolon, and then regard gri^di}^ as qualifying the subject oi forli't, that is, the V'oung Bull itself. Grein, Dicht., commits the mistake of rendering ftr&fril>i-niie as ' Der Hefrieder der Geister ; ' so also Brooke ' The Defender of Being.' In Spr. I, 282, Grein corrects his error by translating the word as ace. pi. with wellan, ' vitam servantes,' which corresponds to Thorpe's and B.-T.'s 'life-saving.' The passage may thus be rendered: ' I saw a creatuie of the weaponed kind; greedy of youth's gladness, for a gift unto himself, he let four life-saving fountains brightly spring,' etc. 39 3 fcrflfrliiVciKl*' feo^ve^ ^velIaIl. Compare ih&fi'muer s^vicse />rd/>or of 72 5-6. The Udders appear often in riddle-poetry. I have already referred under /\'/V/. 13 to Aldhelm iii, 1 1 2, ' Bis binis bibulus potum de fontibus hausi,' and Eusebius 37, 'ab uno fonte rivos bis . . . binos,' and to other Latin enigmas with this theme. One of the best known of world-riddles is that of the ' Cow,' with the motif ' Vier hangen, vier gangen ' (Wossidlo, No. 165), found in all countries. Compare, too, Jfolme Kiddks, No. 36, ' Klink flank under a bank 10 about 4,' and the several analogues. 394 on g«'s«'oap ]7eotan. B.-T., ji. 1053, says 'The passage describes a calf sucking from its mother; \i hcolan is an infinitive [the word is found in the sense of "howl," Met. 2680] it must refer to the sound made by the milk coming from the teat, but perhaps gesccap-hi'ote may be a compound noun meaning the teat.' Jicote is 'a pipe or channel through which water rushes.' B.-T.'s first e.xplanation, which corresponds to the rendering of Grein, Diclit., ' nach Geschick tosen ' {Spr. II, 589, ' prorumpere cum strepitu'), seems to me preferable, for the comj^ound suggested is not enigmatic. On gesceap is not found elsewhere, but its meaning is obvious (contrast 73 6, \\\\> gesceape). The riddler, here as elsewhere, may be slyly delighting in the double meaning of his word. 396-7 llerzfeld (pp. 29, 44), who believes that the last two lines are taken word for word from Eusebius (see however my notes to Rid. 13) says: ' Es ist lehrreich zu verfolgen wie in den Riitseln Abhangigkeit vom Original mit tech- nischem Ungeschick Hand in Hand geht.' Holthausen remarks, Engl. Stud. XXXVTI, 208: 'Die 3 zeilen sind offenbar prosa, hochstens ein spater versuch, ohne kenntnis der technik alliterierende verse zu machen.' This statement is too strong, although the lines are admittedly slovenly. The metrical stress and allit- eration both fall upon the pronoun me (5b), which logically is (juite unstressed; but, as llerzfeld points out, examples of stressed pronouns are found elsewhere in the poetry — no less than seven in Juliana (see Schubert, De Anglo-Saxonitm Arte Metrica, Berlin, 1870, p. 10). See Rid. 41 86, Nis under me ( X _L | X _1), 48 i, 66 s, 6, 73 2, etc. Half-lines of shortened A-type (_1 X | v5 X ) 'il^e 6 b, 7 b, are found in the Riddles (Herzfeld, pp. 44, 49). .\nd confusion of gender {/lio, lie) is not uncommon (see 24 7, 25 7). 396'^ Barnouw (p. 214) would regard seo 7i>ilit as an addition of the scribe, and read gif Jiio gedyge& (cf. 39 7'^, gif he tobirsteS). ' This would prevent the poor alliteration produced by the chief stress falling upon the verb instead of upon the noun.' But the lines are careless; and the juxtajiosition of si'o wilit goes far to explain the feminine form of the pronoun liio in this line. l60 RIDDLES OF TUV. I'-.XKrKR HOOK Kini)!,!'. 4(1 To this riddle Dietrich (XI, 472) offers the answer 'Day,' 'which is proverbial for its poverty ' (compare line 14), and points to the A'/t///\- Pocitt, 74-7O : Oii'g bi^" drihtnes sond, deoro ni;inmini, nuT're metodes leoht, myrgiN and tohiht eadguni and earinum, ealluni bryce. Prehn, j). 27=;, shows that the wanderings of the Day have been snggested in Riii. 30, and that its poverty is opposed to the costly garment of Night, described in Kid. 12. He notes, too, that the contrasts of this problem put it in the same class as the one of Creation {Kid. 41). Trautmann {^Afiglia, Bb. V, 49) proposes the solution 'Time.' I am inclined to regard Kid. 40 not as a query of 'Day' or 'Time,' but as a 'Moon' riddle like Kid. 95. The first lines correspond closely to those of the later problem, and the especial power of the Moon is extolled in both poems (40 3-4, 10, 21-J2, 95 7-in). Like the Moon in Kid. 30. no and 95 3'', the subject is a wretched exile and wanders widely (40^-10,10-17); and, as in the closing lines of the other riddles, his future lot is obscure (4022-24). Even his silence (40 12) suggests 95 o-io. 40 7, nc hi& IiJo nicfre nilit J>icr d/>rt; might seem at first sight more apj^licable to the Sun, but what words could better describe the changing positions of the Moon? Dietrich brings no proof that 'the Day is proverbially poor'; on the contrary, Liining shows {Die A'i/c, Ziirich, 1SS9, p. 54) that in the old Oermanic epic ' Der Tag mit seinent (llanze erfreut die TIerzen der Menschen und beherrscht gleichsam die Lebewelt, daher heisst er '• riche " ' (Hagen, Mimtesinger i, 163, riche also der tac ; i, 127 b, ii, 23 b, der tac will gerlchen). Hut the epithet earinost, 40 14. exactly tits the Moon, who has no light save that taken from the Sun {Kid. 30, 95); and even that is often lost. 40 1. 1,1 s'^writu scfsai'V. So Gen. 1 121, 1630, 2563, 261 1, /,7. 674, /'//. 313, 655 (see also daebler, .-hig/ia III, 312). The only other appeal to sources in the Kidd/es is immediately above in 39 5 ; but in that case the popular origin of the passage was easily traceable. The reference here is to the many scientific works, such as Bede's De .Vdtioa Kermii, which make the Moon tlie center of tlieir knowledge (see under 95). 40 2 See 95 2, ond reste oft ricum ond heanuiii {.Moon). 40 3 s\veotol ond gcsyiie. So 144; see my note to that passage. No phrase could be better suited to the Moon. — siiiidorrra-fl. Tliis special power of the Moon, ' far greater than men know,' is the influence over the tides discussed by Aldhelm in his ' Moon ' enigma (i, 6) : Nunc ego cum pelago fatis coninimiilnis insto Tempora reciprocis convolveiis nionstnia cyclis. 40 5 geseoaii siiiulor. Cf. J-'/. 407, sundor asecaiN; lOH), sundor ixsecean. 40(1'' Cf. AV./. 30 10, gewat hyre west |>onan {Smi)\ ll'o/id. 6S-69, gewiteS . . . forSmSre tungol faran {S1//1) ; Sd/. 503, gewiteS l>onne wepende on weg faran. Ge'U'dt fcraii is a common idiom {Spr. 1, 484). NOTES l6l 40 lof. The contrasts suggest 41, and the negatives 33 5 f. — fot lie foliii. Cf. 2815, fota ne folma ; 327, fcl oncl ftilnie ; 68';, fet nc f [olme] ; />V(W. 745, fet ond folma. 40 16-17 The clause is admirably suited to the wanderings of the Moon (95 3, fere wide). Compare MS. Hern. 611, 593 (Luna): Quotidio currens vias per.iiiilnilo nuiltas Et bis iterate cunctas recurro per aniuim. 40 19 iiionKtnn to frofre. The Sun also comforts many, 7 6-7. The comfort of the Moon's presence is the theme of 95 7-9. 40 20 It certainly seems inapt to say of the Moon that ' it never touched the heavens'; but note that here heofonmn is not used of the firmament, but is op- posed to lielle, and therefore means 'the abode of bliss.' Moreover, as lines 21- 22 show, the riddler is speaking of the Moon's long life through the lore of the King of Cilory. The line is merely a 'check' to the solution, and is well calcu- lated to mislead the too literal victim. 40 24 ^voh wyrda K»'sceapii. Cf. Sal. 332, gewurdene (Cin.-gewundene) wyrda; Met. 4 40, hwl sio Wyrd swa wo wendan sceolde. 40 26* There is no occasion for the changes proposed by Ilolthausen (see text). If we read ivihte for wilit (the forms are used interchangeably, 38 1, 39 i), we have a first half-line of expanded A-type (_^ X X X X | _£.x ). For stress upon }>dra, compare 41 89^, )>ara be worhte. 40 27* Examples of B-type with alliteration on second stress of first half-line are so rare that I change the editors' ieitig Urn to Urn ienig. The reconstructed line presents no metrical difficulty. Cf. 41 16^. RIDDLE 41 As Dietrich has clearly pointed out (XI, 455), this most extensive of all the riddles is a fairly close rendering of Aldhelm's enigma, De Creatura (Cr.). llerz- feld shows, p. 27, that the poet sets aside classical allusions and expressions and replaces them by those current among his countrymen, thus giving, after Cyne- wulf's manner, national coloring to his presentation (Ebert, AUi^emeine Gesch. der Lit. des Mittelalters III, 54): Cr. 14, ' olfactum ambrosiae ' is discarded; Cr. 21, ' Tonantis ' is replaced by lieahcyuiug, Cr. 22, ' tetra Tartara ' by wom 7vrd&- scrti/it , and. Cr. 2,3, 'more Cyclopum' by ealdinn hyrse\ Cr. 35, 'Zephiri' is ex- plained, 41 68-69; and Cr. 67, ' Phoebi radiis ' cries a halt. Prehn also comments, p. 213, upon our riddler's consistent effort to Germanize and Christianize Ald- helm's matter. Ilerzfeld, p. 28, notes that both Rid. 36 and Rid. 41 are distinguished by the circumstance that 'die metrische Gliederung mit der syntactischen ganz zusam- menfallt, wahrend sonst die Kegel besteht dass beide sich kreuzen ' (see Rieger, Zs. f. d. Ph. VII, 45). For this reason we find in these two problems 'very little of that variation from sources which fills out a verse and leads to new thoughts.' l62 RlDI)Li;S OF TME EXETER BOOK Dk Cki:ati-k.\ (Aklhclm) Conditor, aeternis fulsit qui saecia coluniiiis, (1-2) Rector legnoiiim freiums et fulmina lege, (},-■]) I'endula duni patiili veituntur culniina iiiundi, (5) Me vaiiam fecit, prinio diim condeiet orbem. ((>-") 5 IVivigil excuijiis nuiKiuam doimire juvabit, (S-i;) Sed tumen exteniplo claiidimtur hiniina somno. (10-11) Nam Deus iit propria nuindum ditione gubernat, (12-13) Sic ego complector sub cex-li cardine ciincta. (14-is) Segnior est nullus, quouiani me larvula terret, (lO-i;) 10 Setigero rursus constans audacior apro. (18-iy) Nullus me superat cupiens vexilla triumphi, (20-21) Ni Deus aethiali suuimus qui regnat in arce. (21-22) I'rorsus odorato thure fragrantior halaus, (23-24) Olfactum ambrosiae, necuon crescentia glebae ) , „. • (-4~2S) 13 1 .ili.i piirpureis possum connexa rosetis ) \iiK'i.'re, spiiautis nardi dulcediiie plena. (2(^-30) Nunc olida coeni squalentis sorde putresco. (31-32) C)mnia quaeque polo sunt subter et axe reguntur, ( Dum pater arcitenens concessit, jure gubemo. I ■^■' ' 20 (irossas et graciles rerum comprenso liguras. (3<'-37) Altior en caelo rimor secreta Tonantis (3S-39) Et tamen inferior terris tetra Tartara cerno. (40-41) Nam senior nuindo praecessi tenipora prisca ; (42-43) Ecce tamen matris horna generabar ab alvo. (44-45) 25 I'ulchrior auratis dum fulget fibula bullis; (4(1-47) Ilorritlior rhamnis, et spretis vilior algis. (4S-49) l.atioi' rn p.itulis tiMraruni tiiiibus exsto, (50-51) l*".t tanuMi in nii-dia concludor parte pugilli. (52-53) Frigidior brumis, necnon candente pruina, (54-55) 30 Cum sim X'ulcani flammis torrentibus ardens. (56-5;) DiiUioi in p.ilato quam lenti nectaris haustus, (5S-51)) Uirior et rursus quam glauca absinthia campi, (60-61) Mando dapes mordax lurcorum more Cyclopum, (62-63) Cum possim jugiter sine victu vivere felix ; (64-65) •55 Plux iiernix aquilis, Zepliiri velocior alls 1 ». . . . , (()(>-69) Necnon accipitre properantior, et tamen lionens ) I.umbricus et limax et tarda testudo palustris (70-71) Atque timi suboles sordentis cantharus ater (72-73) Me dicto citius vincunt certamine cursiis. (70, 73) 40 Sic gravior plumbo scopulorum pondera vergo ; (74-75) Sum levior pluma ccdit cui tippula lymphae. (76-77) Nam silici densas fundit quia viscere tlammas ) __ Purior aut ferro, (tostis sed mollior extis). I jVo ei/ in Liithi. (So-Si) 61 Senis ecce plagis latus qua penditur orliis \ I'lterior multo tendor mirabile fatu. 1 '" Infra me suprave nihil per saecula constat, (86-89) Ni rerum genitor mundum sermone coercens. (81^-91) 65 Crandior in glaucis quam ballena tluctibus atra (92-94) Et minor exiguo sulcat qui corpora verme. (95-97) NOTES 163, 44 Concinnos capitis nam cesto caciimine nuUos, / „ . / (9S-101) Ornent qui frontcm ponipis et tempora setis; ) Cum mihi caesaries volitent de vertice crispne, I , . . ' 1 (102-104) I'lus calamistratis se comunt quae calamistro. ) I'iiiKuior en multo scrofarum exungia glesco, 1 , , , . } (105-106) Cllandiferis iterum referunt dum corpora fagis ) 50 Atque saginata laetantur carne subulci. (107) It has already been noted that in the rendering of A'/i<\\ (41 i.i), liis (lc|i.ii 1 111 1's (miu liis 01 i!;in,il .11 r llic icsiill (il iiil ciil ii vn, iKil (il iiMuii.iiui' w iMild siuKlcnlv lic< (line i;l. II iiirjv \v<'.ik .111(1 l.nill\ ' I (.iiiiiiil i((iiiiiilc Mil 11 ( 11. HUM'S .IS llirsc willi llic |iirs(iiii' nl lull .1 siii);lc I I. III'. I. il 1 11 III /\ ,',:'. ^ I . N(l\\ IS 1 1 111. I 1 11.1 II- KM .1111.1 I >lc 111 I 11- lie vc lli.il llic lUir.ill.ll I i.iiisi.ildi ( /) 1 iuscil ills wmlv .il A lilliclin's liiil\ lliiiil line .1 \(i\' I'lmd I ci nim.i I ii 'ii, Im iicic is llic cud (il .1 lull;' line I'l 1 1 niip.i 1 .il l\ cs .iiid lli.il A'/,/. 41 S. ,1; 1 rpi csmls llic iciidcl iiii'_ ol ( '• 111 (ill In .mill lie I w lilci ( /•') I.I 1 111 I CI in I ill iiicl liiul .mil k imwlcdi'c, \\ lio sii|ililciiiciilcil Ills uniU liy .111 ci|ii.ill\ l.iiillv 1 i.msl.il iuM (( ') ul (>. .|.| yi, the lic\l lines III Ills lc\l (ij .Mdhcliu :' A sccmiiij', iili|i 1 I inn In lliis llicuiy is ic.dly slioiit;!)' in its l.ivdi. in ils plii.i Hooloj.'y A' owes iimi II 111 / I II ij 1 ;. ■ S), i Inscncss to llic I ,.i( in is s.u 1 ill 1 cd in mdci It) IC)mullU c 41 ■,.. ,1 ; 41 N| is \ CI V siiiiil.ii 11141 , 1 ; 41 n I ci .ills 41 •.. • 1 , 41 .)|'' i.s rxailly in llic lu.mnci nl 41 ■!.'', -s'' ; .md 41 ,, , cinpInN s llic idiniii nl 41 .si, 1.... I till i.s this liol llic indclilcdnc ss nl Ihc wc.ik ( (iiiliim.iliM, wlm Luis nl nicllind .md kli(i\vlcdi;c, lull w 111" icpc.ils plii.iscs .11 ihc (dsl nl lulclily In 1ns l.iliii niii-in.iP My line nl le.isniiiii); is siisl.micd |iy .1 vciv \.ilii.ililc Ml nl c\ idciu c llic «'xislciuc nl .mnllici ycisinn nl 41 S.-,,; (/■'), A'/./, by. |)icliiili (\ll, .■;s) w.l.s Winiij; in 1 ei-.ii diiir, lliis .is .mnllici 1 1 .msl.il inn nl i'l. (H dd; llei.lcld, pp. (1 7, \v.is (piilc .IS nun II Ml ci ini when lie deemed il .1 lu c.il ly i nndciiscd Ini in ol A';,/'. 41 . 'lliis lilllc pneiii ol liii lines displ.i\s no knn\\led;',c nl Use cillici nl Aldllelm's I..Uii\ 1)1 (il t (.)! 1 Si) Il IS .1 ici.islmi; nl scyci.il idc.is in llic /•' poitlon \yilii a few oii^in.il .iddilmns .md iiilci pnl.il inns : 67 1 is li.iscd upon 41 .s.- ; 67 -•" liixks its soilli (■ in 41. J, .)(• (llic use nl '■;,■',■,,'■,, 'I' w slinws lli.il /•' .ind nnl ( '' . (ili is heroic tlic \yiilci); O7 •'' 1' li.is no cipiix.ilcnl in llic I .iliii ni AindoS.ixon; 67 1'' '; ' is pcill.ips .1 vci\ 1 mil leic lesli.ipmi', nl 41 S|, .md (17 ,'' ; ' nl 41 Si. S., (llic I cscnil il.llu c In 41 I.s I" ni.iy I"' i niiu idem c) ; nl 1)7;'' i.> llicic is iin sii:;l',csI inn in L.ilin nl Aiii;lo .S.ixnn. Tlic ]iinlilcni spc.iks slinnidv in l.nni ol llic view lli.il Iwn li.mds \\ cie ,il w nl k in A'...'' 4 1 ; .md 1 1 1.1 1 llic s(s nnd l.ilci I'.iv c I icei Ini in In his iii.il i 1 i.il. In ihe 1 \i Ic nl 41 .md (17 lielmn's llic li.i!>,inenl 04. willi ils seiics nl 1 nnip.iii suns, lull, .IS niily \('Slii;cs nl lliis leni.iin, il is impossililc lo csl.ililisli c\.ul icl.il ions. I li.ive iiii Indisl ill ni\- I niiuncMls upon Ihis liddle .1 lew nl I lie ;;lnsscs di.nyii I mill I w 11 in.uuisi I ipis nl A Idlielin's cnii'in.is : M .S. ( '.iiiilu id:;e l' iii\ . 1 ,il>l . ( "i;^. \' , is, I. 1 1 '(■((■) .md MS. Kns.il I •, C. \\ 11 I, I. in- I'. (K). llic kn-lish -losses In Imlli .lie piinlcd l>y N.ipiei ,( '.',,■' /'.•;_■. '.m v (/Am.i.m, I()00, pp. iiji U).', 11)3, ami the 1 .Hill I'losscs ol Ihc scioiid In Wiirjil, S.i/ir/,;i/ /W/s ,i\ ci sil .is i 1 e.il 111 ,11 iiin di\ ci sil.il e Iniiiliniiis in isl.i scnienli.i (isiciidil III Ac pcisnnis niimihiis el n.iluiis uiiiiisi n jiisipic i ic.iliii.ic inlci nini i.iles el iini\eis.\ xisihili.i el in\ isihih.i .' The 1 iddlc siihii 1 I is nnl ol lixcd ''.ciidci, hill is now in.iseulinc, nn\y Icin ininc. This is sninew li.il smpiisim;, .is , •,■.;,■■,•,■.; .md /■,■/".• .1 ,.■..• '.' .lie hnlh lelii. nouns, lull, .IS 1 li.uc .dic.uh imlcd. ihcic is lilllc insislciuc upon ci.muu.il ii .d {;ciulci in the A'/. ;'./.'. m ; .md in this i asc ihc suhjci I is hcyniid hnimds nl sex. NOII'.S r65 III addition to various ciiois in liaiislatioii, ( cilaiii lines of our vcision aie iiicl riially weak oi ini|)ril'. XII, l V/) ie|'.lld'. Ilii\ .r. .m ex.nnple o( I lie ' sell w'idlvciS ' (hcc 17 \ n). Iluliad previously eliali|',ed (/'/.' /.'. \, yo) MS. r/i',/ /ir yinh l„h iitdii fntifor/'i'& to .iri'(/ ///• /niii:or/r& ym/i />tl\. 41 I'. <'f. .III,/. .|'i,|, .Sjo, oiNNa't lile (liiiie) seniliili|':i slap oleieode (lleiz feld, p. I.,). 41 i.( ir;{ll\va>r. This word is used in our riddle seven lime . a-. .1 piddinj', (cf. 41 ''^i ("1 (7. V't '"), '^-')i '"d oiiils oiil thai in < ). N. (iiiiihi appeals as ;i nanio of a sorceress, and I h.il ' I he adipl in niafi;ii: assumed a m.ek , ;/ ////,/ (p • j'l), a (ro//s/lillll, by which he made hinr.ell iiiiiei ojniiiralile, and wiiil iir.liiii|; lliimijdi the air, as spirits also piil on ^^iindurlnis, helidhelm, (p. .pi;); nlien v\e see ihi; notion of Hortere.HH and thai of nnnk nieei in one, line, in Ihe lomh.iid /.i\<;rs Uof/iiiri^, 197, .379, " .i///.;./, ipind ('.l iii,i\,,i."' Ivveii in l;mii.iii I ime ., /,// /v/ is used as liotii ///i/i/-and s/>fitn- (see l/(ii/al ;;i»'r»M>. Ci. Ju,'. jSS. hidstiMl gife.N. 41 .m" if'nljj «)lVr «>i>r|»iin. So 95 1,., (///. 71:7. 41 •\ s«' iiiia <««t(l. I'll! li.unouw's note upon this ])tir;iso, see li\tro(Uu'lion (' l'"oiin ;iinl Si i lu I nic 'V 41 i.i-.-s I lu' (Mil I'.iiglish glossos to the oiis;iii.il of this passage ((';•. 13-15) lire inteiestiiij; ; " odoi.ito ' is glossed hy risit-niiii»i (( '), • llagiaiitiov ' hy strnieniire (C) and riwi'ihiti' (R), 'purpmeis' bv ri\iiium (C"). •i.onuoxa' h\ i;i-:c'i&tioJi- {('), and 'rosotis' by rosf\\/,/ii»i [('). 1 l\a\i' adopted, in lines ^^ to 2^ of niv text, ('iiein's additions; but these are so \iolent that it is perhaps quite as wise to abide by tl>e readings of the MS., K I'om on steiuv stiviijiTV j.enne ricels nl'lv rose sy [st\' or /<•] o\\ eoi|Mn t\rt. The second line obviously l.uks alliteration; but such a lapse is not particularly conspicuous among the nietiic.il weaknesses of this translation. With <>// <'.i;/<7;/ /177' compare /'//. 300, of |nsse eor|>an tyrf. 41 J4 .!; rosi" . . . Hlio. Hoops rennrks, U'/<. 11. A/. (1005), ]i. Ui^: 'Von eigent- lichin /ierpllau/en tieten uns in tier angelsiichsischen 1 itei.ilur nin die Rose und 1 ilie entgegen. Pocli weiden ni.iiu'he iler iibrigen kuhivietten Ciewachse, n.inu'ullich der A i/i\eipll.in/en, /ugleich die Rolle von /.ierptl.ni/en spielen." He .ds(> notes, ib.. p. (>^o : ' Wmi eigentlichen /ierpll.ui/en werden in der allnordischen wie in der .iltenglischen l.itei.itur nur die Rose luui I, ilie ewvahni.' The histoiy of these among the hulo I'.urope.in jK-i^ples is ti.iced bv llehn. A'/-. 11. Hi. (looj), pp. -'17 f. 1. lining. Pit- XiUii>\ p. i.p), observes: ' In einem Ratsel spricht Cynewulf schon f.ist wie ein Minnesiinger von der l.iebe, die der Mensch zu den Rlumen triigt.' It is indeed niiteworthv th.it for mankind's love of the lilv (41 -t) and for the jov- ous beauty of the rose (41 -5 .-i-) the Rnglish translati>r tinds no warrant in Ald- helni, who simplv mentions tluMn, lie. howe\er. jir-iises both flowei"s in his y\' / .uiJi/'iis //'■;•.•'.•./".•. (.'dies. ]i. i|i. 1 lining .uUls : ' Auch der //<•//./;/..'' spricht von lien lieblichen bliimen iler lilie indem er einen an jenes Ratsel anklingenilen Austlruck gebraucht : /'/.'.'/ r/i;,! s,' /.•,// (/AVa ;//,.■', idSi).' Vox an ahnost contemporary tribute to Lily and Rose, see Riddles o( MS. Hern. (ill, Nos. 3-), 35, 52. These have nothing in common with the Rose riddle of Symi>hosius, No. 45. Note the use of &J twJ ^cvr/ii, &,rf is lilic ond rose in Old I'.nglish superstitious forecast (/.^.v't is martvrdoni." 41 ,;i I'ls Ion SAVoarto. I-'or this use of dem. pron. with we.ik adj. ,;/'Av the subst.. li.unvniw. pp. :rii) j.'o. points to 41 ^S. I'cs wudu ffila ; 41 51. S;, |V.'7<'. 2670. se maga geonga, 3020, se secg Inv.U.i. 41 .^6' ]»loec oiul ]'yiiiio. Here the transl.Uor f.dls into the error of associat- ing 'grossas et graciles' with the preceding line (("/, 10) and not with Miguras' (1. 20). N()i'i;s \()7 41 J.) <'f. Itfilc, /■:,,/. Hist. 1\', ;: 'Iliin DiylHi'ii s\ lulci lie <• his digolnysse oinvrcali.' 41 ,1 So ilic poet ruiuluis 'ti'lni 'I'arlara' (fV. jj). <'f. Chr. iSJjf., fiT-RC RS'-stas, on \vi;1|>i:i w Ic wdiiiIiiIi;! stiilii. This passaire siippii^lo-Saxo>i Antitjiiitics in the South h'fiisi)ii^toii Mu.u'iiin ; Aker- man, A'rinoins of J\i^(in Sa.yondoin, pi. xiv, xviii, xx, etc. I'cihaps hliiil.f are meant by An,t. J02, wirn i:;cspann (see Krapp's note). 41 (., \var<»'d'. 6V. 26, 'rhaninis' is glossed by yV/-.o7/w ((.:); and 'algis' by 7iv7/-///« (C), which, like source and context, supports the meaning 'weed' for the hapax i(i(ln>&. Sievers (/V>7>'. X, 454) reads wiro& and regards the half line as an A-type with second stressed syllable short (_L X X 1 vj/ x). See note to 3 s. 41 50-51 These two lines are rei)eated in the />' portion of the riddle, 41X2-83 (sii/>ni). —\J('». witn'A tiiM'iia. Cf. O'//. 7 iS, se grena wong ; AV,/. 675. gicne wongas (note). 41 53 Cf. A/ft. II 35'', utan ymbi lypiie.N. 41 54'' Hr lu'jiivlii forst. S<> /'//. 5S. 4156 l'l«-ainis. Here tiie .Anglo-Saxon genitive form tiial is found in many proper names (cf. .Suii/iis, .]/,ith?iis) renders tiie genitive of tiie Latin, 'Vul cani.' 4157 ir>(>lit)iu leomaii. ('{.Jit,!. i(>i,,J//. /'v., C.Dit. Ps., xviii, 1 1). It is therefore a ciiaracteristirally lOnglish, if free, translation of Aldlielm's 'Unli nectaris haustus ' {Cr. 31). 41 fK, wcniirxl. Hoops notes (//'/'. //. A/., ]>. -iSi): ' Spezilisch wcstgcMina nisch ist der Name des Wermuts {Arlowisia ali <»ii liyrstiiiii. ('.rein, Dirht. and S/>r. I, 133, renders ' im Blattschmuck '; but Thor|)e was probably right in translating ' in the hursts.' In this sense the word apjiears nowhere else in the poetry, but is found often ni the Charters (15. T.. p. 584) both as simplex (with place-names) and compound. Sec X. /■'../>. s. V. /////-.f/. — licuBewo. This renders ' glauca ' {Cr. 32), which there and in I'r. 65 has the meaning 'grayi.sh.' As Brooke freely translates {/■:. F.. Lit., p. 13S), 'the bitter wormwood stood pale gray.' See my note to Kid. 12 .. l6S l< M>I>1 IS ()!■ Ill 1 1 Ml IK liOOK ,jii.: CM t;iii\uu. :':ti!. Mvtii. (Stullpyluass), p, 511), poiiils to lin-. p.i.-.ii'.c .i-. |.i....| ol I lie ilcnv .iliun i>l ( ». V . .-.'/f-// ((>. N. lot II II >i) I mm <■/,;// (.;•..■) 'In c.il ' , l>iil llic \\cif'l\l 111 llic i'\ ivli'lii I- r. •.oiucwli.il ilmimi-.Jir.l l>\ I lie . ii. iim-.I.m. r lli.il llic ll\.Mii',li( luMc !•. >l<-ii\.-.l li..m AMIi.liu'-. I .11 m, ,,.•.■..■;.".■ /.I •.,■ (MS /, 1 • > . ) u'luifi ini- I '< ; ;. • t v i l.'|imii,' w liu li r. I'lo'.-.cil 111 (' ,i!(,l. Kol li ^.llml c .iiul i oiilf\l (••.l.ili li^ll liM ifn,(,i>i till- lur.inmp. 'imI .1'. nun li .r.,' 1 .il iici I h.iu ■;/'«//c I'nii.il lu ' (A//. 1. .•!.)). (Sinuu, i> ',•>>, ill'., ir. ■..■■. t> i' /■ 1 • > (I > N, /.///. I'V fit in;', i.'.'. ('.'A .| ■ ^ ;. |'\i'. •.. imI .ui Iriiin- |M'\viiui,lu | ail.i inn.m iaiuli-. Il i-. ml ii c-.l nir. In n>il<- lli.il 'rv-lMix-.' .lu- ii-n.li'icil ,/»//..;,•■ /.)■' I.; . (WW ;;>). --V ' < '.i. 1 " (( '.i. n-., llit- f^i^.iMlii MMi .'I \ nil. in) \: llic- liinni.i lo /I'l,. (WW. ; (•, im). ,|ii., («'(cs. ( icnil i\ c, • mil \ n-.l.r.-.nnr.ilf. nnl'i-.limmlcn I'lii « 01 Is "I'lw.i--"' (M.i.i.il, p (. V ( I .J !■. n.ili I. hwN illwri'.c'. .pi.f iM>rii«'\. \'. I >n-l I h II I ii'iil i\ i'\pl.im'. ( \ I , | ■, .,V I ln'. si i.ini'c i iiMlmc llic ' pi-im'\ ' IS |)i.iiii'lil ml.i lic'inr. l'\ .1 i I'inplclr mi .niulrisl.uiilmi'. nl llir ' pins pcini\ .npulr. ' I'l \lillnlm (. • \\\ , .mil, I m.i\ .uM, 1>\ .1 i .Milnsinn 111 ihr nmul I'l llir li.msj.il.M ,.| ilu- l.iliii .111 |('i 1 n r • pn 1M\,' lu'l .r. .'m Inppn sih'im'sIs w iI Ii ' I rin \ ' (pli>.• (i;>)-'K wluii l\f ii'mlcis ili<> ("ftuhthus iiiis ul \'ii};il (./»*«(•/.(■ iv, iSk^ I>\ • p.iii li. Ins winiMs' (siT I minslimv, Sfii,i'i,\( in ('>i,iii,i'» II, ,'oi^). .\\ >■ ImJ'oc. riii- siMili f i>l ihls, • .111 ipitu- '((■/, ;|.K 1- I'lnssi'il |i\ ".•.-, v '.[,;',', | (I ), llic ■ sii II .11 Ills ■ 111 " sill h .11 ms ' 111 ihc ii'.'.M.iv.v, I'lM li.iw Ivim,', .imnngllic .\iij;lu Saxnns, sec nnlc to Xi.t'. JO s 41 i.s /.«rus. Tlic wniil '.'cpliiii" (<■'. ;0 i"* f^losscil bv ;c<'sfi-rn,w ;,'' (C) ami .<7..t. ■ :: 1 (lO 41 /.I ,'i Niiirul . . . royiiw > nil . . . iVnycc. I'licsc ilucc wonls ciMic^iioiul In AKn\t'liu'H ( ;;■) • limdnicii.s ci ln\i.i\ ci i.iul.i icsiiuln p.ilnsuis.' wliii l\ .iic i;liissc»l h) llic ( '.(ml>n(l,no MS, liy <*«,V''''^'''"'"f" '">^' '.''/.i'/..^'/ anvl /•\'\!','i>ixc (K h'Oiioi). \Vl\ilm.u\, ./ '.'V •'•'.,• \\\, ;S 5, liU's oui p.iss.i^c .iml points out tl\at in the (//iM.ir.f .vM.c;;'/ is ,il\\.i\s ihc I'lnss In •lnn.i\ ' (W W I '1, ;i ; ;M, .'i) ; .| ; ;, i) ami F.f" to ' |ioti.i\ ' ( W W i('i,i), ll)^,.■;, ;(ii, [■) .nul 'i,m,('(i-', |) AVj,''A'i'r'7#/ flosses • 111 ml nil lis ' (WW ;i, o; ,!;•;•, .'). w liu li in one pl.n c ( W W . i •.', .•.•) i.-* icndcunl by f<'>i!i'it I't i ,-,' ,i'i:,\-,'f;t't. . , 41 l' IS H*"'**'* HllllU . . . x> lid. riicsc lines ,nc Iml .1 i Kisc 1 1 ,insl,ili,in ol .Mil holm's ' timi sniiolcs sonltMilc. > .inlli.mis .uci ' (i • ;,"<). • l '.ml.n iis ' i-. ilic Kinm.i to .•i' ; i.i.S, ic, ;(i;, |V In llic picscni i .isc llic A'>iA'<7>.'/ (/i(«^»'/.V. ('/'//,> 4\ii\iri'.\ft,(i,ii) \h cic.uly imlicilcil. i\\ { s«* hrtni Ntrtli. Moail say.s. /', .1/. /..r \l\', loo: '.Seven times | in Atii-i.lii .'^.i\im piifliN I !..'• is .ipplicil to ho.nv, ,u'.i.iv slone, once lo the ni.iv liill, toui times to .iimoi, oiii c to .» swoul, oiuc to the oi cm, oiu c lo ihc i.',l.>\ licilli, tince times to the \\oll, twice lo iho fiost, .uul seven limes lo w.iuiois, in e.ii h CISC with some touch ot com cnliou.ilitv .uiil wilh .m .ipp.m-nllv slight teelme. toi the coliu,' I'l .'•'.,•., ,S,S ■, •>,^;, ••||, niiilci li.uiic sl.m , .'•',, .c I 1 1 s, olci h.une slAn ; .•/»*.('. S(i, vmlic hame si^in ."^cc mv uole lo jj ;, li.ii holies tcoiul 41 'f* 7: I'^s lytlu wyriu |»«> hor on llOtlo ^ti^'A I'oMiiii «lrym« misses ihe sense ol' the 1 ,ilm .mil seems .m ovci el.ilioi.ilc 1 ciuleiim." ol • tippnl.i 1\ inph.ie ' NOll'.S Kh) (f ';. 41) ; hut conipati' Aldlielm, Ai-ni,i;iniif,i ill, \, /V 7'if'f>ii/,t, 1. (>, ' pcdiluiN nmdioi siipn .i'(|(iui;t sill is.' Dili li.insLiliii vvntild smii lo be .kijii. Milled vvilli nlln'i ii.ldlf. ,A Aldliclin I.CM1I1-, ihi- /V (■,, -.1/111,1. \ r\ \\i- .11.- li.l.l ><\ iIh •li|i|Mil.i,' by lllC L.tllll ( ■li>.'.'.,llnl III K, ' ri|)|Mll.l |I.IIVIIIII .1111111. ll I'l lev I' '.miilln I I i.iiii cum Itict'iM pedibllM HUpei .li{il.l-. |ii>',m' .niibul.ilc' ,\i < niibii)', In (Ollrlyuii, |i , this h\H('< I ih (ll llii' l.niiilv nl I Iwli ,>iiii-t) huf 01 1'1,'t,') i-\. 41 .s.. s, As I li.ivc pi.inli-d ciiil, llu'Mf linos h;ivi- no irl.ilinn Ici (In- I .iliii ' Inslis IlKilliiil cxtis ' (f > . ,| }) and .sn^^^csl .iiioIIiim vrisimi di .Mdjiclin''. niiciu.i, liiil il is poHsibii* llial liu-y \v<'ii' inspired liy 'le\i(ii pliini.i ' (f '/ | 1 ), uIikIi j. ih>i li.ni', latcd in the; pioptn phn e. 41 Hi Hi 'I'lic liddiei (/.') ne/'.lec !■, Ills Nomi e (f/ , (ll (..•), ill wllii \\ v. IiimikI nn HUfSm'Htion (if /.f'.t 7('|i//^' ,v'''^"|'. '■" 'l''l hi- ni.iy lepe.il 41 .,.. 1,1 (uif'Hl). Ww. ('. ylosH lundcis Aldiudm's 'lendm ' i>y /. <.'/// l,>hi„,l,l. 41 Wi-K; Ah already ni'le/;■>, 1, Cilci, p In) bud. Ill s.iys (/>it- itll('n,i;^lisi lieu Siiiiiirlii'i iiiiiiii-ii, pp. .•mi .'in); ' Im Miiiij.iliii waiCM \Vallis( lie in den (■n).;lis( h(in (iowiissein vmIi Ii.miIii'ii .iI . in iliiinn /(•ilcn. Naeh Midi, lUilisli (,hiii,lnif>fils, p, ^S.S wimle ■ i li 1 )', In, m )li \,\\\ ih-n llaskeii im Kaiial Wallisi hjaj,;.! briri.lien. An:, .////. (',•//. [C'l/.u/iiv, WW. cj,|, 5, wih I'll lull ■.iiiiiiie livv.i l| (.".I'lil lieiMii (I.e.. am li bei den A lip.eisaelistMl di<;s nichlH llnbik.miilr , w.n I'nd m dei Him In nbimi', I n il .111111111 . ( 1 1 i\l . lu , l.'\, \) sa^l I ted. I : "( .ipmnlin .mliiii .ii{ii..iiiii' rl viluli 111.111111 il dilplmii"^, iiei nnii cl bal.ieiiae," wnliii .1' llnd : " In 1 In im nil |.m|ieiie MnI.e. onii liloli.ri ond ineie- SWyn." ' M.ilk I lie leleiem •••, lo wli.ile ll nil I ill).', ill ( )llllieie'H voya^^e {( h ,'iiin i, I ). /Mdlielm''. ' b.dleiia ' (( '/ . (11;) is ulnssj-d by (' .viA/iti r, Inane. Vux eiyinnlnfy nl Iru'.J, . (. Hoops, • W''(/. 33 s). I his is also in ki-epinj.', willi lln- imilrsl, wIh-iIhi we lemlei wilh (iiein, />/(///.,' mil schwai/i'in Ani'.e ' ni wiili 11. I, |i, .';•/',,' w ii li d.ii kemd vi'iimi ' I l<'lzf(-'Ul's le.iilinj.', iviifV/// /r//.r]'//<' li.r,, Imwev ei, imii li in il'ilavni; il lender. Aid helm's ' all. I ■ (r/.tn;) and is p.ualleled by Unii. \\ , \.yyr\ .m.yne 41 >!•, 'fi 'I'll is seems a I In si a very widi- dep.i 1 1 nn- I mm .\ Idln lin''> ' e.\i|Mio snii al ((■ f^nii&i I rii'ii-) ipii loipnia veime (< ' li)i//i/ii't'/Wi- ; K liondti'voi in)' bill Iniiiil 7r'|'/7//, thi! woid 1 lin.en .il'.n by iiiii 1 1 .1 iislator (sfi; 67 j), calihos, like the ('am bridge? and Koyal f.;losM">, ihe lenli.il idei n| the l.ilin; (m , a. ( ni lelynii 'ilioWH I/O Ki i)i )i.i.s oi' 111 i: i:.\i' ri'.K r.ooK {/J/f* ii//i-/lx//Si'/if' A'i!//i<'/t ./(V ///.i('//(V/, p. ll.|), il is .il\\.i\s loiiiul ;is ;i i4;l()SS lo ' hriiMisis ' ii^ WW., ami is the ' Kr;it/iuill>f drs Mciisilun, S.iuopli's Imiuinis.' • I )ii' l\iiit/c /('if;! sii li lucistciis .111 1 l.iiuli;rlfi\U, I'.lllicim'n, Knir ii.s.w. imil wild ilun li U iiu'iilliilikril tin hclifllciulcn Kc ii jn'i li'ilc silii lici^uiisl ii;l , Dir llandr Wi'ldi'il .1111 \\(iii!;slcn s.iiiliiT gril.llU'n, iltsli.ill) ist is ki'iu \\ uiidci d.is^ dit- ls.i.il/iiiill>r dcii N.iiiu'ii Juuiilwyi ni liihil.' 41 .|S li\\i(t' locciis, I \VI•!T^sto J5«'\\ iiinliir. .\s 111. Ilk li.iii w.is liidd in di:d.i\i>r (i 1. iu>tc' to 13 S, ;i','///,',/.v // !//('), .so l.iii Kuks wfH' liij^lily (•slccmcd l>y the .\i\t;K> .Saxnns. //?t77<' /('(( i/.i' of our passage li.is no I (iiiiili'ip.u t in Aldliclnrs i.iiin; .iiul I'isfw lu-if ill llii' Ixhlilli's light liair is luciitioiu'd .is iiidi< .iiini; i.iiik. In 43 -^ Ir.^'tlhw is applud I.) llic hfn with a niisloadin;; liunim ili.il uh.iIIs (li.uui'i's dfsniptioii of reitelote ; .iiul in 80 1' h'vitlocct'iiii marks the woman of position, (•ivAm- ih>lito>\ h?i>fi ///(' «/«/.v >r koidiT, Die Ftunilie Iwi lini .tni;i-!s,ii/i.u-ii, Ilallf. iSi)(), p. 17, olisi'iAcs: "Allcin ini ( icgciis.!!/ /ii den nii'isli'ii mil tclln uhdriil si lien iluhtcrn, ilii- fast .in.itoniisi li /figlicdri nd ciiu' m Imnr l''i ,111 lic^^t liicilirn ( W Ciiilndd, frti/si 'ir l'i\iiti'ii, iS.Sj, I, _'ji f.), \ fi /il hill die .illi'iiglisi he I )ii 111 ling, iTu' ini Si hilli'i si hrn Sinn ■• n.ii\ " isl, .luf .lusliilu lit lir Si hmihi-ilssi liildi'i ungcn. Sio liosi'hiankl sii li d.ii.inf, lisl gcpiagif I'pillii'lr, dif .111 sii h im-isi l.iiMivs iind implastisch sind, /ii w icilri lioli'li.' As .m rx.impK' of this, \\v notrs I he flnnuMil men I ion of lighl riii Iv li.lil. iiul 'this p.issinn loi llir lilondi'' is .is sliongU m.iikrd in r.iilv (Irini.mv .ind .Si ,indina\ i.i (Wfinhold, />. /■; I I, ji 2 ; (lummeie, (iermnnic Orii^iiti:, pp. (u f.). 41 i..| \vuii(liH> lofciis. Sif 4J .)S ,),|, /,', , ,M I ,-iV(~i7'(? ^^rwuiidiu, anil niv noli' lo i6..,\\il wimdcnion . liiooki- olvsrivi's (/•'./•'./ //., p. 1 ;;) : ' 'Ihi' I'nglish lil^flifd this \.isl ruvfiiiig of foii'sK lo riiih' lorks upon thi' hr.id .llid shiiuldLMS of f:.illli. . . . t'pmi me wmuli'i liilU w.isrlh mi ni\ luMil, . .'So 111, It nil iii\ slumlilris tlu'V iu.i\ ^hilllnl^■l In ii;lit, t'liiK links lull I iiiiiuisli . This is p.ii.illilcd li\ llii- Iii'l.indir ini.igi'u, .iiul wo omsfKi'S m.iv i omp.iu' Ki'.its's loM'lv \ihi.isi- of till' pinos : I'liOM- il.irk 1 liislnvil tii'i'S l'"li'ili;i' till' uilil liilm'il iiioimt.iins sli'i'p liy sti'i'p." 41 us iini:«'siv///t' />/;■■ i,'vw,(M'A;/> (' leferiint diim eorpora ') . . . /■,■.// :i' (• f.igis ') . . . suii- — see A'. .V. /'., §§ ti, 7 ; Sehmid, pp. ;,-(> ;,7S. So in this tract, §4, p. 374, 'Sic gebt"ir sylle VI lilafas |'.~im inswane, I'oime he his heoule to nt.isteiif diife.' NOTES 171 ' The iinpcirtance of swine is seen in llie place wliich the mast-l)eaiing woods occupied in tiie laws (a fine of six shillings was exacted for masting swine without proper license, ///t-, 49) as well as the fretpiency of pastures to which they were driven at certain seasons of the year; for the swine were not allowed in the meadow or on the stubble, for their grubbing and rooting would soon spoil it for the other animals. Domesday Book furnishes abundant evidence of the presence of small woods and coppices used for the purpose of jjroviding mast and mentions 427 porcarii and 2 rustic! porcarii, a distinction which may point to the slave assist- ants and ceorlish swinekeepers. In the charters also there is occasional mention of tile mast-yielding woods which often formed a part of the boundaries, and the acorns and beechnuts were beaten down by the herdsman, as w-ell as left to fall when ripe. It is needless to mullijjly instances of swine pastures of which these wood-groves formed a part ' (Andrews, Olii /uix^/is/i Muiior, p. 209). See also Traill's Soiial Kn<:;liiiu1 I, 213-214. 41 106 The Sow tells us ut the close of Aldiielm's riddle J)c Scrofa Pnu-gnaiite (vi, 10 7-9) : Fagos glandibus uncas, Fnictiferas itideni florenti vertice quercus Diligo, sic numerosa siniiil noii spcrnitur ilex. And the beech-tree is called Inuiira bcot^ Rid. 92 i (note). R contains an interest- ing gloss to Cr. 49, 'glandiferis . . . fagis ' (omitted by Wright) : ' Fagus et esculus arbores glandifere ideo vocate creduntur (pui e:irum fructibus olini homines vixe- runt cibumcpie sumpserunt et escam habuerunt. I'^sculus esca dicta.' 41 107 Avnltoiide. The word is always used of swine (B.-T., p. 1277). — ■wyiinum lii. This phrase refers to swine, while Aldhelm's 'laetantur' (t>. 50) pcjints to the swineherds ('subulci'). KI 1)1)1,1-: \-i Dietrich (XI, 473) believes that 'the Mother of many races' is the Earth, and that her offspring are the fruits of the soil, iron, fire, water. The solution is not impossible. F"rischbier {Zs. f. d. I'll. XXIII, 25S, No. 178) offers a Prussian riddle, ' Menschenwelt,' ' .Meine mutter hat viele kinder; sind sie gross, verschlingt sie alle ' ; but this has little in common with our problem. Trautmann (.1 iis^'iia, Bh. V, 49), without apparent warrant, suggests ' l''ire.' I was once inclined to think that the answer is 'Wisdom' (cf. Flores, i, Mod. Phil. II, 562, 'ilia mulier quae innumeris filiis ubera porrigit,') and pointed out, M. /.. X. XVIII, 104, that Wis- dom is ' the mother of many races, the most excellent, the blackest, the dearest which the children of men possess ' (cf. 27 18 f. ' Hook ' ) — ' blackest ' referring to the script of books, the precious products of Wisdom, which is called ' black seed ' in one of the best known of world-riddles (Wossidlo, No. 70). I'.ul the close con- nection of our problem with the 'Water' riddles points to a like solution here. I" 34 'r'". the Ice says of the Water: /.f viJii iiiodor viio^'&a cyuiies \h'F-'! dl-orestiju (cf. 42 4), and in 84 4 ' Water' is called .Modor . . . inonii^ra mierra loilita (cf. 42 -■). The variety of her offspring and her service to man, the two motives of Rid. 42, 1/2 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK are elaborated in 84 s, 25-37. We cannot live here on earth without the food and drink that water furnishes to man (42 6-7). 42 2-4 So the riddler describes ' the seas and all that in them is.' Nor, as the close parallel to the Ice problem shows, does he confine himself only to ealle J>d he onhr?ra& hreow^gns (Az. 141), but has in mind the waters themselves, sources and streams. With s?lestan, compare 84 27-28 (Water), eadgum leof . . . frrollc, seHTc, etc. ; with deorestan, 34 10 (see supra) and 84 jfi, gimmum deor7-a ; and w'ith siLhuxrtestati a word well suited to the Jisca cyiiti, Aldhelm, Cr. 65, 'in glaucis . . . ballena fluctibus atra.'' 425 ofer foldaii sceat. Cf. Clir. 15,3, under foldan sceat ; ^[et. 452, geond foldan sceat. 429 Very like is the closing formula of Kid. 29, which our riddle otherwise resembles in the use of superlatives (29 2-3, 42 2-3) and of bruca>i (29 i -, 42 7). RIDDLE 43 There is no Latin source to this runic riddle of the Cock {Hand) and Hen {//u-n). Petsch {Zs. d. I'.f. J'k. VIII, 115) notes that the Cock is the ' erkliirte liebling der volkstiimlichen kleinpoesie ' ; and there are many cock riddles, Ger- man (Miillenhoff, Zs.J.d.M. Ill, 17), English (Chambers, Popular Rhymes of Scotland, p. 326), Norse (/. G. No. 289). But none of these bear any resemblance to our problem. In its mention of all the outliuildings of the Anglo-Saxon mansion, the Gere/a, 11 (.-/;/j,V/ 11- i)- ^^^ adds: 'Because Type A with short second stress is often found in the Piddles, it is not necessary to accept Sievers's emendation.' Plegan is found with the seon construction, Gcii. 2yy8, El. 245. 43 3 hvvitloc. See note to 41 98. So the Hen of Chaucer's A'oiinc Preestcs 7 ale is ' cleped faire damoysele Pertelote ' (B. 4060). 43 4 I'fiL's -weoroes speow. Elsewhere we meet the gen. construction with spowan (that in which any one succeeds) only in Gen. 2810 f., ^e glen a speow | )'a;s J^u wi"5 freond, etc. The instrumental is usually found {Spr. II, 471). 437 bee. Cosijn remarks {PPB. XXIII, 129-130): 'bee, "buchstaben " wie Dan. 735, ierendbec {PBS. XX, 115) ? .M^er der schreiber schrieb den text seiner ratsel gewis nicht in runen, nur die zu erratenden worter.' pdm Jje bee wita)i is probably used conventionally for ' wise ' or ' learned men.' 43S-11 For Sievers's discussion of these runic lines \Anglia XIII, 5!.) see Introduction (" Authorshij) "). NOTES 173 43 c, ' .SV torhta trsc wird der Baum genannt wegen seiner hellgrauen oft silbern schimnicrnden Rinde ; eigentlich ist an dieser Stelle die Rune a; gemeint aber das Beiwort bezieht sich naturlich auf den Baum' (Hoops, Alteiigl. PJiatizennanieii, pp. 36-37). Liining {Die A'tttttr etc., p. 136) cites the EdJa {//. //«. ii, 36), itrska- pa&r askr, ' wol von der silbergrau schimmernden Rinde.' For furtlier discussion of the Ash, and of its use as a spear, see notes to Pk/. 73. 43 11-15 I" '^''- Hi 121, Grein explains Imylc (1. 1 1) as ei qui or j; qid.s, and in Dichi. translates : dcni der des Hort-Thores Verschliiss erschloss durch des Schliissels Kraft, Der dieses Ratsel vor den rathenden Mannern Iliitete sinnfest dem Ilerzen bevvunden Mit kiinstvollen Banden. I dissent utterly from this interpretation, and regard Invylc as simple interrogative, and damme as the antecedent of j^c (1. 13). So I translate 'which (of the rune- letters) unlocked, by the power of the key, the fastenings of the treasury-door, that held (i.e. protected) against those skilled in mysteries (rynemenn) the riddle (i.e. its solution) fast in mind, covered in heart by means of cunning bonds ?' Just as if one should say 'which letter gave you the clue ? ' For a discussion of hordgates and ciegan crtrfte, see my notes to Rid. 45 and gi. 43 12 cifgan (THpftc J^ii clamine onleac. With this compare ./l-'^lfric's phrase in the introduction to his (r?-a»i»iar: 'Sta;fcra;ft is seo caeg (Se 1S5ra boca andgit unlTc)'.' See also Sul. 184-185, boca c[£ega] [lejornenga locan. 43 16 ^ve^unl set Avine. Cf. 47 i, wer sa;t ait wine. RIDDLE 44 Dietrich (XI, 473) rightly points out that 'the noble guest' and his servant, who is also his brother, are the Soul and the Body, and that the kinswoman, mother and sister (cf. Rid. 835) of them both, is the Earth, — mother, because man is molded from her ('mother-earth'); sister, because she is created by the same father (God). The only resemblance to Eusebius, No. 25, De Animo, lies in diorjie giest and ' accola magnus ' ; and the leading motives of the two riddles are so different that this slight likeness may be a coincidence, not surprising in view of the demands of the common topic (infra). E. Miiller, who prints Grein's text and translation of Rid. 44, and discusses the problem at lengtli {Herrigs Archiv XXIX, 1861, 212-220) believes that in the case of this enigma we have no definite source, but the frequent and popular motif oi Bddy and Soul journey- ing through life as servant and master. He points out that spiritual reflection is revealed in the outlook upon eternal punishments and joys, and in the contrast between the two sides of man's nature, but that the popular element appears in the e.\pressions, in the alliterative form, in the turns of speech, and in the single words. He analyzes the vocabulary of Rid. 44, word by word, and indicates certain parallels of thought between this and such poems as The Gfar'e (He wes bold 174 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK gebyld), which he considers at length. Mone, Aiiz. II, 235, records a fifteenth- century German riddle, obscure and full of symbolism, containing, among many other puzzling phrases, these : ' My son was my father and my mother and my daughter ' ; ' I was practiced in the art of healing, and overcame all sickness.' In the margin is given the answer : ' Es ist leib, geist und sel.' The association of Body and Soul is a favorite theme of Anglo-Saxon poets, not only in the Exeter and Vercelli poems with that single motive, but in the works of the Cynewulfian group (Herzfeld, p. iS). Body and Soul are a married pair, Gn. 940, y///. 697-701, and are companions on a journey, C/ir. 176, 1036, 1326, 1580, 6^?/. 810, 1 149,////. 714, P/i. 513, 523, 584 (Dietrich, XII, 246; G2.eh\er, A nglia III, 512); but we meet them only here in the relation of servant and lord. For the bibliography of Body and Soul Streitgedichte, see Kleinert, Ueber den Sireit zivischen Leib mid Seek, Halle, iSSo; Wright, Poeftis of I Falter Mapes, Camden Society, Appendix; Varnhagen, A/tglia II, 225; Rieger, Gerinania III, 3981.; Zs.f.d. Ph. I, 331-334; Bruce, M.L.X. v, 193-201. 44 I Cf. 95 I, indryhten ond eorlum cu^^ 44 2 giest in geardum. The phrase recalls not only the accola 77iagniis of Eusebius, but the well-known lines of Hadrian's Address to his Soul : Animula vagiila blandula, Hospes comesque corporis, Quae nunc abibis in loca? Cf. Ch)-. 819-S20, savvel in lice | in I'iim gcesthofe ; i4Sof. ; Exod. 534, )iysne gystsele (the Body). Cook in his note to the Christ passage (p. 166) points to 2 Cor. v, I, ' our earthly house of this tabernacle.' A play upon words, _^«-j'i' and giest, was perhaps intended by the riddler; if so, it was lost in the X'aX&x giest, the scribe's form. 44 2-4 Compare Ph. 613 : hunger se hata ne se hearda j^urst, yrniiSu ne yldo. See also Chr. 1660, Nis )'£r hunger ne l>urst. 444-5 Cosijn, PBB. XXIII, 130, pointed out that the additions of Grein were unnecessary to either sense or meter (see my text). As in 41 96, Dreavi 98, se lie = Jione J>e. 44 5, 8, 16 esno. About the social position of the esne there has been much discussion. Kemble, Saxons in England I, 8, p. 176, thinks that he was a poor free day-laborer serving for hire ; while Maurer, A'ritische Ueberschau I, 408, whom Andrews follows {Old English Manor, p. 194) would place him in a special class of the unfree as 'one who received for his work servant's wages.' For a judicial discussion of his status, see Schmid, Gesetze, ' Glossar,' s. v. No one denies, how- ever, that he was originally of the servant class, and that he was of a higher rank than the Jieo7ii or 7oealli. Bartlett, Metrical Division of Pat-is Psalter (1896), p. 21, shows that esne as ' slave ' is specifically Anglian. Klaeber, Anglia XXVII, 263, points out that esne in West Saxon is archaic, but it appears frequently in the oldest laws (only once in the later, R. S. P., § 8) ; and continued long in the North NOTES 175 (R., Lind., Rit.). While esne as 'slave' is replaced hy J>eo7c.i, esne as 'vir' appears in /Klfric, Old Test., and in Byrhtferth {Anglia VIII, 321 ; 331, n). In the Riddles the word is used in both senses: in 28 if^ it seems synonymous with ceorl; is applied to a servant by contrast with fyea in 44 ; and refers simply to man or youth in the coarse riddles, 45 4, 55 s, 64 5. Compare Jordan, Eigentiimlichkeiten des anglischeii Wortscliatzcs (1906), p. 91. 44 6 on piini sl'flftete. For references to the common journey of Body and Soul, see supra. 44 7 findiitV ■\vit()(U'. Cf. Gii. S90, witude fundon. 44 10 forht. Klaeber says {JMod. Phil. II, 145, note): 'Grein's explanation of \}xi%forht as ' terribilis ' in the Sprachschatz (so Thorpe, Toller), and his transla- tion "und der Bruder dem andern nicht will unterthanig sein" are open to doubt. It will be better to take brdJ>or bt>rtim as parallel to esne his hldfo7-de and interpret ne wile forht loesan as a parenthetical clause, "will not live in fear" — a thought well illustrated by the Discourse 0/ the Soul to the Body.' I can see no reason for accepting Klaeber's explanation, as hoXh forht 2ind for htlic are used in the active sense of 'formidable,' 'terrible' {Spr. I, 326). Indeed, I prefer to begin a new thought with lie (1. 10). 44 11-^ bropor opriini. Kluge, PBB. IX, 427, cites Gn. Cot. 52-53 : fyrd wiS fyrde, feond wi'5 oSruni, laS wi(S lal>e. As in 4 42'^-43-'', sceor 7c>i& o/>rum, \ ecg w/d' ecge, double alliteration is avoided in the second half-line of the Gnomic verse by avoidance oi feond 7oi& fconde (con- trast, however, 51 ai^., feond his feoiide). 44 14 iiioddor Olid sivcostor. The relationship of the earth to the body and soul of every man suggests Kid. 83 5, eorJ>cin brojior, and the Anglo-Saxon prose riddle. The one Anglo-Saxon prose riddle, a relationship problem found in MS. Vitellius E. XVIII, 16 b, has been printed by Wanley, Catalogue, p. 223, by Mass- mann, Alones Anzeiger, 1833, p. 238, by Grein, Bibl. II, 410, and by Forster, Herrigs Archiv CXV, 392 (see my note to 'secret script' of Rid. 37). I give Varnhagen's reading as presented by Forster: ' Du t>e fasrst on hone weg, gret 5u minne br6^'or, minre modor ceor[l], J'one acende min agen wTf, and ic waes mines broSor dohtor, and ic eom mines fa?der modor geworden, and mine beam syndon geworden mines faeder modor.' Dietrich (XI, 489) believes that in the first part of the riddle (cf. Mtn dgen wif) a man is speaking, in the second a woman ; so he regards the problem as double, and gives the two answers ' Day' and ' Eve.' Grein, Gerwania X, 309, gives the solution ' Eve,' and meets all ditficulties in his analysis and translation: ' Griisse du meinen Bruder (Adam), meiner Mutter (der Erde) Bauer {ceorl), den mein eigen-Weib (die der Eva unterthane Erde) gebar, und ich war meines Bruders (Adams) Tochter und bin meines Vaters (Gottes) Mutter ge- worden (als Ahnfrau Christi) und meine Kinder sind geworden meines Vaters (Adams) Mutter (Erde, d. h., sie sind im Tode wieder zur Erde geworden).' This solution finds striking confirmation in the circumstance that Schick and Forster {//errigs Archil' CXVI, 367-371), working in entire ignorance of Grein's article, reached the same conclusions as he, point for point. Complex and sophisticated 176 Kii)i)i.i:s oi'- 'nil". i':xi:'ri':R hook tliDii^li lliis |ii()st- liddlf in;iy sooni, it is full of ]-)opul;u motivt-s common in riddlo and iliidogiic lilfialuro (see my note to llohiic /\it/'|>a. Tlif Nortlu in form of West Saxon cf^/x', whicli is found as <•/./„/ (Rush. il/i///. V, 17), and as lithtlia (Ih-Je's jyc\it/i-Si>nf^, 1. 4), is consideied by Sievers, lir?, 317, and by Madeit, \>. 29. See also /'/>/>. XXIV, 403 f., 504, on ■odci.' — |h> ir lior .viiil) sprirr. C'f. 24 n, hat ir |>a;r ymb sprice (see note). RlDDl.l''. !.■> 'l"o this olisiene litldlc l>ictriih (\1, -175-. |7(') offers two answers, ' Roy ' anil ' Dagger Siieath.' I'.itlier or botii m.iy be eorreet (see my article, J/. /.. ^\'. XV 111, ()), as each ii.is strong supjiort. Tiu' lirst is favored by Rolland's fif- teenthcentury French riddle (No. 14.1), by Kckart's Low (ierman cpieries (Nos. 222, 22^), by Wossidlo, Nos. 145', 434 n-, and by the very lively problems in the Isleuzkor Gdtur (Nos. 603, 607, Skra <)v' J.ykill), all of which bear many resem- blances to the Anglo-Saxon ; the second is sustained by Wossidlo, No. 434 i-, and by the veiy similar English puzzle in Ifolmc Riddles, No. 130, and in Royal RiddU Ju'ok, iSjo, p. 11. As the Anglo-Saxon key is associated with women (Wright, Ct'll, Ronian and Saxon, \i. .pd), antl this object hangs hi -tvorrs />i-o, Dietrich in- clines to the second solution; but Tiautmann h.\s shown (/>'/>'. XIX, 192-195) tli.il the woiils of liie ritldle l)ellet suit the tiist answei, as the key is hollow in front (45 -•''), is stiff and liard, and is the active agent of the last lines of the rid- dle. Hut, as 1 have pointed out (.1/. /,. X. XVIII, 6; XXI, 102 ; see Introduction), it is unwise to dogmatize over the answers to Anglo-Saxon riddles of this class. It is probable that the collector himself knew and careil little about the original solutions, since any decorous reply would adorn his unseemly tale. The element of double entente in such problems is completely overlookeil by Walz in his discussion of Rid. 45 {Haivard Studies V, 265). I''or the ilulies of the Key, see Rid. 91 and my explanatory notes. Rid. 45 is closely IkmuuI by its diction to other obscene jiroblems, 26, 46, 55, 63, 64 (see Introduction). 45 1 As Traulniann has noted (/>'/>'. XIX, loO./xi' represents tiie dissyllable J>roe, demaiuletl li\' the verse. 45 2 t'oDiii is ])yn'l. In gi > the Rey is described wa />yreL 45 -•, .i IVeaii .. . «'sm'. I'r.iutniann (A'A'. XIX, ii).(-i()5) lemaiks that 'esne h.is lu'ie nut liie meaning "ser\.int." but ihe more gener.d sense of "man."' In any c.ise the isnr. who is the loid of the key (compare tlie • ciuiiilatus ' of 18 anil 24), is not to be contrasted yvith frra. as Ciiein does in his fii'it. when he tians- l.ites the litter as 'I'liist,' the former as ' rnterlan.' Contr.ist the use in A'ld. 44 (see my notes). 45 .i .s Trautmann (/>'/<'. XIX, 10s) makes the rather obvious comment that it must have been very customary for men in Anglo-Saxon times to wear long gar- ments (see Rid. 55 ■,•()• This fashion is illustrated liy scores of pictures in every illuminated manuscript. See Slrutt, yAvi/./ .■///i,'t7i;iv///ii:; icr, in its position at the end of the first half- line, suggests 954, til? I'icmiliitn (MS. //vwi/tj) t?;-, where adjective and adverb stand in the same relation. RIDDI-E 40 Dietrich {XI, 474) suggested, somewhat doubtfully, ' Uee ' ; but Ilerzfcld and Trautmann have independently given the obvious solution 'Dough.' As I have noted {M.L.jV. XVIII, 103), confirmatory evidence is overwhelming. The riddle appears in various forms in modern (lermany (Eckart, Nos. 88, 440, 506; Wossidlo, Nos. 71, 126), does service in the fifteenth century (Kiihler, IVeiiiinrJ/ir/i. V, 329 f., No. 30), is cited twice in Schleicher's Lithuanian collection, p. 195, and is known to English peasants [Royal Kiddie Book, Glasgow, 1820, p. 4). Hoops, \Vh. It. k'p., p. 595, shows that among the Anglo-Saxons wheat was the chief grain for bread [Thorpe, Iloviitics II, 460, 16] in tlu' midlands and the south, where the climate favored its cultivation ; while in the north, as cailii 1 upon the continent, barley was the staple grain. In the ninth cenlury the supjily of wheat exceeded the home demand. Hoops points out tiiat in the Ji!:;ils Sai:;'. X, 520) finds siip]Dort in 62 9, r/'mics udtlrw(et, in 55 5, stTfiCs udthiiHet, ;iiul in 46 3, hdnlease. liiil 1 prefer the reading of Ilerzfeld (p. 69) and llolthaiisen (/./•'. IV, 3S7), '.vM.xaii, wliich accords witli both the grammar and the sense of the passage, as well as witli the metrical demands of 46 1''. 46 2. piiuliiii oikI ]Miniaii. The swelling of the 1 )ough is naturally the Uttinotif in the jiojiular ]>r()l)lems that I have cited. 46 ,i l>r.vi/ttf,i>i, and C.rein's conjecture h'iiiteiuie by Mod. 24, f,>iiitc-Ji, and by A'/\ Nos. 504, 6SS, and Ilylten-Cavallius, Gtitor oek Sporsmal fran I'dretid, No. 117), and the English forms (Chambers, Popular Rhymes, p. 113, and Gregor, Folk Lore Soc. Fitbl. VIII, 76). The Reusner version (I. 353) reads: Wunder iibor Wuiuler, Ilier ligt begralx>n under Mein \'atter und deiii \'atter, Und unser beider Kinder Vatter, Mein Mann und dein Mann, Und unser beider Mutter Mann, l''nd ist duel) luu" eiu M.iiin. (~)ur query seems to have had no vogue in the Middle .\ges, yielding in favor to such riddles of strange family ties as those of the Reichenau MS. 205 (Miilknht>lf and Scherer, Feukmdler^, 1892. p. 20) and Strasshtiri; Rb., No. 305, or of incest as that proposed by the Ring in the Apollonius story (Riese, Apolloititis 7'0ii 7'vriis, 1S93, chap, iv ; Geshi Ronuiitoriiin, chap. 1 53 ; Shakespeare's Ferteles, i, 1). In our riddle the theme is given a Germanic coloring by 47 i, -ioer . . . «/ wi/te (cf. 43 u>, 'u-7. Other half-lines of shortened A-type {J- X I ^ X ) are noted by llerzfeld, pp. 44-49 ; compare 18 n, 39 6-7, 43 2(?), 93 10, etc. (Introduction). RIDDLE 48 It hardly needs Prehn's long discussion (pp. 220-223) to establish the obvious connection between this ' Bookmoth ' riddle and its source, the 'Tinea' enigma (No. 16) of Symphosius : Litera me pavit, nee quid sit litera novi. In libris vixi, nee sum studiosior inde. Exedi Musas, nee adhuc tamen ipsa profeei. Of the Anglo-Saxon version, Dietrich remarks (XI, 451): ' Ilier ist besser erzah- lung statt der eignen rede der unbedeutenden perstinlichkeit eingefiihrt und, was sonst nicht wieder vorkommt, der gegenstand selbst genannt, und somit nur das buch zu rathen ubrig gelassen.' As Prehn points out, the leitmotif of the Sym- phosius problem (see 48 5-6) appears in the ' Bookcase ' riddles of Aldhelm ii, 14, and Eusebius, No. 2,Z (see /\iol are found in the description of books in the ' Beech ' riddle, 92 3, wynnstaJ>ol, and in Sal. 239, gestra>iga& Ity ond gesta&elia& sta&ol/iesine gej>d/it. RIDDLE 49 This has much in common with Rid. 60; and Dietrich (XI, 474; XII, 235) closely pssociates the two, offering as a solution to our riddle ' I'yx,' and to its fellow 'Chalice or Communion Cup.' I agree in the main, but I am inclined to think that the Paten or Plate, not the Pyx or Hox, the huseldisc rather than the hilselhox, is intended in 49. Yet the distinction between these two sacred vessels {huseljatu) is very slight. Both Chalice and Paten are described iSt) Kinni.i'.s OF 'nil". i:\'i:ii: k kook l>v \Mh.liu, ' Di- K.isilu.i I'Alili.al.i .1 l!iis;i;f," /'. / . I.XWIX. Joo (citi'd hy Dictikli, l.i.) : Aun'us aU|Ur >.\li\ i;oii\niis (uli;i'siit tlim. Sic lata iuin'iilo (onsi.il l.iluU.il.i |i.iti'n,i, OiKU- iliviii.i i;iMiinl noslr.u' mnlii .miin.i vit.ic (scc^Q^'l. Tin- liiij; 'willioul .1 tonkin' (49 ) -"ul 'iluuili' (6o >), wliiih \cl liiiiiL^s by ils sili'iil sjx'ci li li> tlu' niiiuls ol' ii-\i'irnl lutii lhi>u;;lit (i| the S.ivioi ,iiul liis wiMUuls, m.iv will lie llic i inlc ol the !;oKlcii ('haliir m ul tlic r.ilcn. ri\i- i;i-iin ol l)olh liiKllcs is Icuiiul in Alilhclm \ i, .| , I. (/*.■ i'risi)i,il,-): l''l liii't rxti'iiuN lulik'iil (Ir ioi|ii>ri' i;i'mni.u'. Ahum iliiiu lulvis iI.im'm il Inill.i iiu't.illis. Si'il t.liiii'ii iilii'iiiis ilil.intm \i--.ri,i ii.\ss.i I'titis t|ii.i ^in'i ii"> ll.igi.il pull hri I ini.i rUiisli. To Alill\oln\'s i'i>ij;iu.i Tatwinc also is iiuKlncil (i- 1 .■, /';' /'/Av/a). Tlu' piicst, who is iiilroiUui-il in A';,/. 60, sii<;s;i'sls tlic Tvioli'so liiKllc ot' like lopii (Ki-iik, /....;'. r.f. r/:. V. 1.10, No. 17): hl\ sell' an cini'U ( >it, 1 >i>i t M'lr i( li I'iiu-n Mann. \\\ lu'lit ilfin' mill nn'iiuMi X'ator Mit Iviili-n llaniU'ii .I.mI. {\\-\ riiostri, wcnii cr ilii- llostir i'ilu'l.t.1 Wi'slwootl, /■'ii(s/>/i//rs. ]'>. loS, riles tioni llie /\\vc/ti>inat/tiii inannsiiipl (Tolt. Cloopatiii C. VI II) Ihc ti!;nit> ol a piiosl staiuliiig hefove an altai with a i liaTue in his iij;lit hanil (see also AiKl. MS. -V| 1 QO. oitod hv Westwooil, p. 107, ami the lioiifuii.ini lii.iwini;. SlintI, /A'/i/i;, pi. xxiv). 491 Ihii- tiu' MS. u\uls /v7//^',7/,/',- ,."/. Klaehcr (.!/,'./. /'//.•/. 11, 1.15) u'jfrts the ('ill. anil W. /iriH:^ \^iTr'\i-Htiti]ri ami ii-ails /irini^i'titfeiui, ?)iJi\i>i o\ i7niii\i>i lu-ing ,,'• ';,ii\i/: ,7r,'//,/i(i/t {rrrnjiii )i). ' Tlu' form {i;r)irrf/t//iin, it sotMiis, w.is mil in- tifipifntlv iisinl ; if. e.g., ///<• /i/r.'.v, ', ; (II.); A'/'i/f", 420, JJ (Ta.); \\ nllst.in, JO, 10; .iiul till- snppicssion of the r may be regarded as a natural process (.1/. /. A'. Will, .-I |).' KI.uIh 1 I ites \V//f" //(•>■/>.<: Cluiiin^ 2.\, ' gcnivne I'fi. Ma'gNe, hw.vt |ni ameUloilest, I Inva't |'U geaMuladest aM .Morfoiil.i." 1 111. i\ note ,ilso Chiinii vi, 15 (lln.W. />'//•/. 1, _^J(i). I'll ge.T-ndade heo I and .^iN.is swoi. 1 pufer the (n\. and W. reailing | u-r]i-//,ii;i/i. Kl.ieber restores ihe M.S. \rision of 49 ■ ; willi piopei ili\ ision of lines (see text). 49 -■ ! liludo I slet'iio no ftriii iim.iN. l''oi oeenrrenees of hluiic atefne^ see ^S/;-. 1 1, SS. (Irein's refeienccs show th.it hluJt- for /i/ru/iin (with this fern, inst.) is not so r.ue .is Sarra/in {/'ni^f. Slit J. XXXV 111, 1(10) would have us believe. 4g ,! .( I'rehn (p. jj.|) notes in these lines the •p.ii.uloxe Misi living \ on teils \ oih.indenen, leils felileiulen (Iliedem" .mil lomp.ues A';./, ig, 34, 66 N()ii:s i8i 49'' IC;v'iM'. I'lif mystciii's of tlic I'lu(li;uist an- niciilioiiod hy /V'.lfiic (Tlioipe, llotiiiliis II, jf)S): ' \\'i.Nfil;iii lii l)i-()|> f^eseweiie lilfil and win xn>Sor j^i; on lilwe ;ind on swa-cce, ac lil l)co|> sol'llie .-cfter iNSrc halgungc Ciistcs llcliania and his blod I'liili j^asllkeif gciyini.' 49 i>'' I't'iuliiii j;i»I«l«'H. Comparo 60 ii>', goldes tficcn. I'licsts were foil)icldfu by tiie Canons to use conininnion-vcssels of horn or wood: 'And wilaS t'a;t bco Sic calic gcworiit of myltendum anlinibru gilden oXSe seolfren, g!a;sen o'lVSe tinen,. ne bco he nil liyrnen, ne lifuu treowen (/I'^lfric's Pastoral Epistle, 45, Tliorpc, .■/. /,., p. 461); ' Hl'o liis calic tiac of clivntini aniinibre geworht, nnforrotigendlic ond eallswa se disc' (/I'.lfric, Canons, 22, '1 lioipc, A. /,., p. 445). in liic itritisli Museum, among tlie Anglo-Saxon grave-finds, is a silver chalice of goo A.D., fioiu Tre- whidtlle, St. Anslell, ('ornwall (/Vcc. Soc. Aiiln/nitids, vol. XX). 49 7 l>«'|>«>ii<-aii. 1 cannot regard the suspicious hapax, MS. i>i:/>iiiiiii>i, which is received into the text of Th., C,\\., W., as aught else than a scribal error for a form very common in both prose and poetry. K 11)1)1, 1': r,() I )ielri( li (X I, 475) suggested ' ( 'age,' but later (XII, 236-237), and willi botler reascjn, jjroposed ' llookcase.' This solution caps the cjuery at every point: ^n/nifn liiiiiin (50 t) recalls the Hook (27 2H), hiflchnin i^ifn: oml lultii^ sytl \ and the jirecious (onttnls or food of die Case (sofi-K) arc < Icarly llic sacred treasure of tiie olher ridtlle. As 1 have shown above (48 1'' ^), oui (|iicry belongs lo tlu; same (lass of problems as the enigma of the ' Hookniolh.' And (inally, as Dicliirli and I'rehn (pp. 225-226) have indicated, its last line associates l\i,l. 50 ilosely wiili Aldliclni ii, 14, De Area Libra rm : Nunc niea divinis complentur viscera verbis ; Totaque sacratos gcstant pr;ecordia biblos ; .\t nun e.\ iisdcni iic(|ueo cognosicrr quii (|iiaiii. Trautmann, />'/>'. XIX, 183-184, regards Ixith h'iil. 18 and 50 as 'Oven' riddles and linds in them these traits in common : both work by day ; both swallow ; both conceal costly treasures ; men covcl tin- roiilcnts of both (so ho wrests 18 n, men i;;emini(iii, into men i{e7oilnira), and the likenesses to 50 are superfic iai. 50 1 aiiiic. Boc-eyst is fern., and l>di-lior«'^- f-rein, .S/;-. I, 520, accejits the reading of the MS. and defines doubtfully either as 'servus' (pointing to (). jN. liert^opa, 'serva bello lapla '; cf. j;w/(7//, 'capere ') or as ' lislig.' wiili nfncnce lo ,(,'v"v//, ' callidus.' Against the first etymology, sjieaks the lengtli of the vowel in the ])resent word; against the second, the tlifficully of associating phonetically .i,'('/ and .i,'r?r//. The second deri- vation fits, however, both meter and sense: ' eines kundigen (says Dietrich XII, 237), denn das sc hreiben war eine angesehne kunst.' Cf. boc-enrftii^. 50 .1-5 se woiiiia l^c^K". | Hweart oikI Haloiieb. According lo Hrooke (A. A. /.//., p. 136), this is 'the swart thegn with tin- dusky face' who works with the 1 82 RIDDLES OP^ THE EXETER BOOK student in tlie monListery ; and comparison with 13 4, s7oearte U'calus; 13 8, wo^ifeax Wale\ 53 0, woitfdh \\'aU\ 72 10, sweajtiim Ityrdc, suggests a servant of Celtic blood. But as /t'.c" would hardly be used of one of the lowest class, and as eorp, ' brown,' (1. 11) refers clearly to the hoc-cyst itself, it is perhaps better to explain this with Dietrich (XII, 237) as 'der schrein aus eichenholz mit eiserneni schloss und schliissel versehen.' In this case, it will be necessary to regard sciidc& . . . Iiim (5-6) as reflexive. With siceari oiid saloneb cf. 583, swearte, salopade {^stvallcnvs). 50 6 goldo (lyrran. Dietrich (XII, 237) cites Ps. iiS 127, l-a me geonie synd golde deorran {the vords of God). 50 7-s Compare the love of princes for books in the ' Membrana' enigma, MS. Bern. 611, 24 1, ' Manibus me perquam reges et visu mirantur.' 50 S Jjii't cyn. I do not believe with Dietrich (XII, 237) that the word refers to the books, but that the riddler has in mind those who turn to tlieir advantage (cf. 27 27, to nytte) the precious volumes (• that which the dumb brown one, ignorant, swallows'). RIDDLE ;■)! Dietrich (XI, 475) and Prehn (pp. 226-227) give the answer ' Dog'; and find the source of the riddle in Aldhelm i, 12, De Molosso: Sic me januludum rerum veueranda potestas Fecerat ut domini truculentos persequar hostes, Rictibus arma gerens bellorum praelia patro ; Et tamen infantum fugiens niox verlx'ra vito. Here, as in the .Vnglo-Saxon problem, the subject is a mighty warrior; here he stands in fear of a child, as there of a woman, llerzfeld, p. 69, objects that of diDiibuiit t'UHVn I to?-ht atyltted (11. 2-3) does not suit the Dog; an objection which loses some of its force when we reflect that ' dumb ' is often applied to beasts {And. 67, |>a dumban neat). Tor/it seems, however, better suited to Ilerzfeld's solution ' Fire.' According to that scholar the two dumb things which beget the subject of the riddle are the two stones which are rubbed together (cf. Kemble, Sij.xoiis in England I, 35S). Or perhaps we may accept the explanation of the Royal MS. (12, C. XXIII) glosses to the first line of Aldhelm's 'Fire' enigma (v, 10 i) 'Me pater (ferrum) et mater (silex) gelido genuere rigore' (see Rid. 41 7S-79). Cf. Bern MS. 611. 23 1-2 {Aiit/i. Lat. I, 35S) : Durus niihi pater, dura me general mater : \'erbere nam niulto hujus de viscera fundor. To Kid. 515-7,0-10, llerzfeld finds 'a remarkable parallel' in the well-known passage of Schiller's Glocke : Wohlthiitig ist des Feuers Macht, Wenn sie der Mensch bezahnit, bewacht, Und was er bildet. was er schafft, Das dankt er dieser Hinimelskraft ; Doch furchtbar wird die Hinimelskraft, Wenn sie der Fessel sich entrafft, u.s.w. NOTES 183 Traiitniann claims to have arrived independently at the ' Fire ' answer, which meets all the conditions of the problem. The ' Fire ' riddles of other literatures {//ei&reks Gdlitr, 29; Schleicher, p. 19S ; Chambers, p. 8) are quite different from this. /•'yr is neut. and the subject of Kid. 51 masculine; so the riddler may have had llg, masc, in mind; but grammatical gender is little considered in the Riddles. 51 i'' So the Water in 84 i is rcnndnim dceinied. 51 .f^ IT'ond his tT'on. Cf. note to 44 n^. 51 s Avri'd'. Ilolthausen (Aiiglia, Bh. IX, 358) suggests, for sake of meter, wrt\^e\& ; but the non-syncopated form of 3 sg. pres. of wri&an is, of course, ~wri&c& (see Madert, p. 62). 516 J»f'owaJ» . . . poonne pernex ; but Trautmann's /}/^/rty>//////« makes intelligible a difficult passage, by supplying a subject to -aiirs (1. 3), and is sustained by other descriptions of the Quill, 27 7, fugles wyn, and 93 27, se he jer wide bajr wulfes gehlel'an (;-veffas ttecnej?. Cf. 4 16'', he me wegas tsecneS. 52 7 ofer fieted gold. Dietrich's discussion of this phrase {Haitpts Zs. XII, 251) is partly invalidated by his misinterpretation of the riddle's meaning; but as yiF/, ' plate,' is found Bcoiv. 716, 2256, there seems no reason to doubt the correct- ness of his conclusion (ib. XI, 420) \\\7lX fJ:ted gold'xs ' der alte epische ausdruck NOTES 185 gewesen fiir das gold in plattenform oder in bliitterform.' The adjective occurs ten times {S/r. I, 273-274), and the phrase is met in the Andreas and Beowulf (see also I/itslht/ufs A/essnge, 1. 35). If ' bracteatus ' is the equivalent oijated, our phrase applies admirably, not to the gold of the inkpot, as Trautmann supposed {liB. XIX, 197), but to the illuminated page of the manuscript. Some of the receipts for gilding in this age have been preserved by Muratori and are cited by Sharon Turner (IX, chap, vii) : for the embossed gold letters a foundation was carefully laid in chalk, and leaf gold [ft7 ted gold'] was then employed. Gold is associated in the A'/ddlcs not only with book-covers (27 13), but wi-th the man- uscript itself (68 17, 92 4). See notes to 27 15. RIDDLE 63 Several answers have been offered. Dietrich (XI, 476), Grein {Spr. II, 368; Germaitia X, 308), and Prehn (pp. 278-279) unite upon the solution ' Two buckets bound by a rope which a maid carries,' and I sought to support this by ana- logues {^M. L. iV. XVIII, loS). Walz {Hm-t'ard Studies \ ^ 265) suggests 'A yoke of o.\en led into a bam or house by a female slave,' but this smacks of fatal ob- viousness. Trautmann offers first ' Broom' {Attglia, Bb. V, 50) and later ' Flail' {Aiiglia XVII, 396; BB. XIX, 19S-199). He thus defends his second solution: ' Die beiden gefangenen sind der stiel und der kniippel. Sie heissen treffend gefangene, well sie an einander gefesselt sind. Die fesseln sind der riemen, der zwei-, drei- oder vierfach durch die ose des stiels und durch die ose des kniippels geht und so beide telle des dreschflegels mit einander verbindet. Dass beide hart sind, wird niemand bestreiten. Die dunkelfarbige Welsche, die mit dem einen der gefangenen enge verbunden ist und beider weg lenkt, ist eine welsche magd oder sklavin, die den stiel des flegels in der hand halt und drischt.' In AI. L. A'. XXI, 103, I have accepted this answer. 'Chief among the winter duties was the threshing performed in the barn, and although it was to some extent carried on in the autumn, yet the bulk of it was finished during the winter. The scene in the Calendar picture for December is a threshing scene (Strutt, Ilorda, pi. xi). Wheat, rye, barley, peas, beans, and vetches were all threshed, and, next to plowing, threshing was the most important of the farm employments. The grain was bruised with flails similar to those now in use, and it was winnowed by hand' (Andrews, Old English Manor, p. 250). The flail is mentioned in the Gere/a list, to odene fligel\ and in the Glosses, WW. 107,2, i^i, \6, /icrscel, 'tritorium.* Heyne, Filnf Bilcher II, 54 f., discusses at length the Old Engli.sh flail and threshing-floor. 53 1-2 In raeced . . . under hrof sales. The threshing-floor is mentioned several times in Anglo-Saxon writings: WW. 147, 14, 'area,' breda J>iling \erscenne; Matt, iii, 12, * a.re2.m,' />yrscel/ldre (Lind. MS. beretun, a signifi- cant rendering, as barley was the staple of the North); and Gen. Iv, 10 'aream,' hirscejldre. Of the herebrytta we are told, R. S. P., § 17, Schmid, p. 380: ' Bere- bryttan gebyref! corn-gebrot on h.xrfeste aet bernes dure, gif him his ealdormann ann and he hit mit getryw'San geearnoS.' The threshing of the barley is described in Rid. 29. l86 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK 53 I In rjeced fergan. Trautmann regarded rivced at first as a dative without the ending, but, after Walz's objections, is inclined to consider it as the accusative form i^BB. XIX, 199). As he rightly says, the case of this word has no effect upon his solution. Both scholars have failed to remark that the same idiom appears in 56 1-2, ic seah in heall[e] ... on flet beran. 532'* under hrof sales. Cf. Gen. 1360, under hrof gef or. 53 3 genamnan. MS., Thorpe, and Grein read genamne. This Dietrich defines 'gleichnamig' (compare O. H. G. giiia/iiNO, M. H. G. genaime, O. N. nafiii, 'name- sake,' 'companion,' Graff II, 1085). Grein is inclined {Sp7-. I, 434) to derive the word from genafne (see naftc and nafol), and would render ' arete conjuncti.' Holthausen {Engl. Stud. XXXVII, 209) follows Dietrich's definition, and reads genaiHiicui, which is the MS. form in J\id. 54 13 (infra). Thorpe was the first to propose geniinine, which has been adopted by Trautmann, who renders 'gefesselt,' and by Assinann (Wiilker). 53 6 wonfah Wale. See 13 s, wonfeax Wale (my note). 53 7'' benduni ftestra. Cf. And. 1S4, 103S, 1357 ; ////. 535, 625, bendum L-estne. RIDDLE 54 Dietrich (XI, 476) answers, ' Battering-ram.' Brooke, who accepts the solu- tion, thus summarizes the poem {E. E. Lit., p. 125): 'The Battering-ram wails for its happy life as a tree in the forest and for all it suffered when it was wrought by the hands of man ; yet at the end, like the spear \_Rid. 73], it boasts itself of its deeds of war, of the breach it has made for the battle-guest to follow, of the plunder which they take together.' Very similar in transformation motive are the riddles of the Book (27), Ore (83), and Stag-horn (93). The Oak and Ship queries of Germany (Wossidlo, No. 78), deal with a like change in the lot of the tree. Dietrich and Prehn (pp. 229-231) point to the 'Battering-ram' enigma of Aldhelm, v, 8, which has, however, an entirely different aim — a pun upon 'Aries.' The only likeness — which is strong enough to indicate similarity of topic — is be- tween Kid. 54 8''-io* and Aid. v, 8 5, ' Turritas urbes capitis certamine quasso ' (see, however, Symphosius 84, Malleus, ' Capitis pugna nulli certare recuso '). The {P)aries logogriphs of the monks [AT. L. iV. XVIII, note), have nothing in com- mon with our query. Trautmann's 'Spear' is a possible solution. Keller [Old English Weapon A'anies, p. 66) notes that there were three kinds of ram in use among the Romans, the first suspended, the second running upon rollers, and the third carried by the men who worked it, often consisting of a mere wooden beam with a bronze or iron ram's head at one end for battering down the walls of the besieged town. No description is to be found in A.-S. literature, the word ra??i being found only in the glosses a few times among lists of war-equipment. Keller, p. 219, cites Cura Past. 161 6, Sersca'S ^one weall mid ramum. In O.E. CAjj-j-^j- (Napier), 'aries' is in a list with ' ballista.' In ./Elfric, Gra/nmar 12 4, 'aries,' by& ram betwux sceaputn and ram to loealge-iveorce (WW. 141, 24, 'aries,' ram to tvurce); but this ram is perhaps a tool of the mason or wealhvyrhta. See Heyne, Die Halle Heorot, p. 20, who discusses our riddle. On what a mighty scale some of these rams were built we may judge from NOTES 187 Abbon's account of tlie siege of Paris by tlie Danes in 8S5 A.D. {De Bellis Paii- siiicijt' C'r/u's I, 205 f., Pertz, Scriplores Rerum Gerviaiticarum, 1871, I, p. 13): 'The Danes then made, astonishing to see, three huge machines, mounted on sixteen wheels — monsters made of immense oak-trees bound together; upon each was placed a battering-ram covered with a high roof — in the interior and on the sides of which could be placed and concealed, they said, sixty men armed with their helmets.' For an exhaustive description of mediaeval battering-rams, compare Schultz, Das hdfisclte Lcben II, 349 f., 371. 54 I f. Professor Cook, The Dream of the Rood, p. L, has pointed out the affinity between the opening lines of the riddles of the ' Battering-ram ' and 'Spear' (73) and the beginning of the address by the cross (^Dream, 28-30 a): J>ffit waes geara lu — ic \>'xX gyta geman — Jjffit ic wres aheawen holtes on ende, astyred of stefne nilnum. 'In all these we are reminded of the Homeric scepter {Iliad \, 234 ff.), "which," said Achilles, " shall no more put forth leaf or twig, seeing it hath forever left its trunk among the hills, neither shall it grow green again, because the ax hath stripped it of leaves and bark." ' 54 2 treow waes on wynne. Cf. ITar. 55, se J'egn wxs on wynne ; Beow. 2014, weorod waes on wynne. In Run. 37, the yew is called icyii on e&le (see Rid. 92 3'). 54 3 wudu Avoaxonde. Cf . Hy. 4 105, wudu mot him weaxan. 543-4 The same theme is treated in the riddle's mate, 73 1-3. 54 4 ft'ddan ftCgre. Cf. 518, fedaS hine faegre ; 72 5, fedde mec [fiegre]. — frod dagum. Cf. 73 3, gearum frodne ; 93 6, dasgrlme frod. 547-8 hyrstuiu . . . gefra't\ve;-, 'journey,' is barred by the macron of the MS. To the proposed genamna Bright prefers genitmne, Thorpe's suggestion (53 3); but the adopted form is reasonable in its origin, and is sustained by both passages. 1 88 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK RIDDLE 00 Dietrich's 'Oven' and Trautmann's ' Churn' fit equally well Nid. 55; but the weight of modern riddle-testimony is on the side of the second solution. Haase offers a similar German query of the 'Churn' {Zs.d. I'./. ]'k. ID, 75, No. 58): ' Unse lange diinne Knecht pumpst unse dicke Diern.' Compare, too, Carstens, Zs.J. V.f. Vk. VI, 419; Eckart, Nos. 59, 86, 427, 905; Wossidlo, Nos. 138, 144, many references, 434 u. Despite Dietrich's note (XII, 239), wagedan bfita seems to me more fittingly said of churning than of the oven-feeding of the baker's boy, and the last lines (lo-i 2) well describe the ' growing ' of the butter. The riddle has much in common with the other obscene problems — particularly with 45 and 64. The cyrn or Churn and the cysfict are mentioned in the Ger?fa list, 17 {Anglia IX, 264); and the shepherd of /Elfric's Colloquy (WW., p. 91) tells us: ' melke hig tweowa on d?eg . . . and cyse and buteran ic do.' The use of milk and butter among the Anglo-Sa.xons is considered by Klump, pp. 16-18, 59-60. 55 1 Hyse c^voiii gaiigan. Cf. 34 1, wiht cwom . . . in>an ; 86 i, wiht cwom gongan. 55 .: stoiidan in ■\vinole. This reading of ('.rein, 7i>iiicle for MS. loiiic sele, finds strong support in a riddle of the same class, 46 i, on loiiicle (MS. on 7oin cle, ex- plains confusion in our passage). Though unnsele is sustained by the association of so many of our riddles with the wine-hall (43 16, 47 i ; 56 i, in heall[e] I'Sr hxleS druncon, 57 n, etc.), yet in such a half-line as stondan in 7vtnselc it is metrically objectionable, as double alliteration is demanded in this form of the A-type (_^ X X I _^Ox). For this reason Ilolthausen, Engl. Stud. XXXVII, 209, pro- poses stondan on stafjolc-, citing in support Dream, 71, Beoio. 927, /\id. 88 7. But, as stondan in uunclex'^ metrically unimpeachable, there is no need of violent change. 55 3-4 See 45 4-5- 55 5 stTjM's iiatlnva't. Cf. 62 9, ruwes nathwa't ; 93 25, eorpes nathwa't. 55 6 Avorlitc his willaii. Cf. 64 7, wyrceS his willan. 55 8 tillTf osiio. So 64 5. Esne is here the servant ol J>egn (1. 7). 55 10-12 These lines describe the butter, the 'fettes kind' of the similar Meck- lenburg riddle (Wossidlo, No. i3Sb). Lines 55 11-12 have something in common with 50 7-s. 55 10' -NvfTig pfes -weorcps. Barnouw, p. 215, notes that ivcorces is used here in a double sense, ' des coitus und des butterns,' and compares 43 4, )>a.'s weorces = hSmedlaces. RIDDLE oG This problem has found many interpretations. Dietrich's first answer, ' Shield' (XI, 476), he afterwards changed to 'Scabbard' (XII, 235, note). This solution, which has much to recommend it, is accepted by Brooke, who says {E. E. Lit., p. 123) : ' Another portion of the sword is also described when Cynewulf, making a riddle on the scabbard, tells of its fourfold wood ; and then, in his fancy, likens the sword-hilt to the Cross of Christ that overthrew the gates of Hell and to the gallows tree on which the Outlaw is hung.' Trautmann (/>/>'. V, 50) without reason proposes ' Harp.' An ingenious explanation of the problem has been offered by NOTES 189 Felix Liebermann in presenting tlie solution ' Gallows ' or ' Sword-rack ' {Ilerrigs Archiv CXIV, 163). According to him, these are the conditions of the query: ' A wooden object is meant. It is portable. It appears at the feast. It serves the rich warrior. It receives (.') his sword. It is connected with precious metals. It bears the form of the Cross (in the old broader meaning for which only a verti- cal pole with a cross-piece is necessary). Its name also serves for the gallows. The word consists of four letters, with which the names of the four kinds of trees begin — (h)l, a, i, h.' By word-play, Liebermann believes, ialh might well stand {ox gealga, as /could be written iox gc (Sweet, History of Englisli Sounds, p. 145 ; cf. Bede's Death-Hymn, 1. 3, hinioiiga). He adds, doubtfully, that the poet may have had in mind the compound gealgtreow, and therefore considered only the root of the word. This seems far-fetched, but is certainly not a whit more forced than Dietrich's interpretation of Rid. 37. The second difficulty, the asso- ciation of Gallows and Cross, is no difficulty at all, as ' the viordgealga is used in all the early Germanic dialects to designate the cross on which Christ was crucified ' (compare Kluge, Etym. ]VtbI\ s.v. Galgen; Krapp, Andreas, pp. 125-126). The greatest objection to this answer is that the name ' Gallows ' is nowhere connected with a sword-rack; but, since in Modern English this name is applied to various objects consisting of two or more supports and a cross-piece (yV. E. D., s.v.), the association is not improbable. Jordan, Altengltsche Sdugetiernatnen, p. 62, reaches independently the same solution as Liebermann : ' War vielleicht ein reich ver- ziertes, einem Kreuz oder Galgen ahnliches Gestell gemeint, an dem Waffen aufgehangt wurden wie Verbrecher am Galgen.-" Personally I do not believe that a logogriph is intended or that the riddler had in mind a sword-rack. The answer ' Cross ' meets all the conditions of the problem. Lines 12-14, which are responsible for Dietrich's ' Scabbard ' and Liebermann's 'Sword-rack,' refer, I think, to the restraining influence of the Cross over men's passions, and may be rendered ' The cross (wolf's-head tree) which often wards off (see Sweet, Did., and B.-T. s.v. dbadaii) from its lord the gold-hilted sword.' I do not believe that our riddler owes aught to Tatwine's enigma No. 9, De Cruce Cliristi (see, however, Ten Brink, Hanpts Zs., N. S., XI, 55-70): \'ersicolor cernor nunc, nunc mihi forma nitescit ; Lege fui quondam cunctis jam larvula servis, Sed modo me gaudens orbis veneratur et ornat. Quique meum gustat fructum, jam sanus habetur, Nam mihi concessum est insanis ferre sahitem ; Propterea sapiens optat me in fronte tenere. Neither here nor in Eusebius 17, De Cruce, is there a single trait in common with our riddle. Though there is no actual likeness between the description of the cross {Rid. 56) and that in the Dream of the Rood, yet the enigmatic manner of that poem, ' involving quasi-personification and an account in the first person,' so closely resembles the mode of the Riddles that Dietrich, who believed our collection to be the work of Cynewulf, used the similarity of method as an argu- ment in favor of his authorship of the Dream in the Disputatio de Cruce Ruth- -wellensi, 1865, p. 1 1 (see C"ook's Dream of Rood, 1905, p. l-)- Professor Cook has IQO Ki 1)1)1. i:s oi' I'lii': I'.xi'/n'.K hook pointed out tliat the opening oi tlie address by tlie rood {^/^renm, 2S-30 a) shows a special atlinity to AV,/. 54 and 73, ' Hatleiinf; ian\ ' and ' Spear ' (see my notes to those lidilU's). 561 ie s»'ali 111 lieallleli S0601. |m'i- liicleA druiicoii. S05711. (7.2112, Im'I liy nu'odii iliimaiN; 68 i.', I'.vr j;uni.in diumon; 64 ,i, I'.er i;uni.in tliii\>aiN; 15 u, I'ivr weias iliuu ,iN. 56 .^ oil lie! IxTiiii. S0571.. tT'<»A\ cr c^'iina. See note to 56 m n. (I he \vot)ils of the emss). 56.1 \vuo\\ . l''oi the use oi tii-oi(< in the A'Av/t-, as a s\non\n\ of /i',/ ai\d I'iiini (see 565, lode lain; 56 ;■, ha-s beaines), cf. Cook's note to ('///. 7Ji). 56 .<-4 The adoininei\ts ot the suhjett reiall those i>f the Sword in A'/,/. 21 6-S, I) 111 (l'iflii\, p. -70), l>nt they it-.cinlile iiuitc as i loscly the liiMSuies of the Cross in othei poems: /■'.'. cjo, goKle _i;i'};leni;cd ; ginunas li.vtan ; /*/(■iiiul«Mi. This is a nonce-usage; hut see . ///./. I3i)(', se;iiwum gehunilen ; A'iiL 57 .s*'. sciiwuni | taste gehunden. 56 S7 Cook (C/iris/, pp. wii, 130; J>rt-/ //c'//; Chr. .\!;f., 145 f., 558 f., 730 f., I l 50 f. ; /.'/. iSi, j()5 -07(.^), 1)05-913; (ill. io74f.; Ph. 417-4J3; (/<•//. 1076; J^>,-iU/i, 140; AV./. 561-; /\i>i. 5Sf. ; Cit-eii, 30 f. ; in the i>iose, Martyroloi^y (ller/feld), p. 50; Wulfstan, pp. 2J, 145; AV. /A'w., pp. S5 Sc; ; .V.lfric, lloiii. i, 2S, 2i(>, .(So; ii, (>. 56s |»!i>s Aw'.i A'' ("ejus ipn"). See M.ideit, p. S.p For other instances of attraction, iinupare 41 iii', 44 i.. 56 >-i' Cf. (Itii. 1675, .ind to heofnuni up hkedie i.vulon. ' 56 7' burn fibruHT. Cf. Dan. 03, hie Inug.i gehwone abrocen ii.efdon ; Md. I iS, rdirocen burga cyst. 56 .)-ii' W. O. Stevens, TJu Cross in the Life anil Literature of the .-lni;/o-Sii.vons, 1904 ( ]'ii/e Studies in /\ni,'/ish), p. 10, discusses the kinils of wooil of which the cross is coi'npi>sed. .\niong his H'teiencis .ue the tollowing. Clii\soNtoni .ipplied to the cross the words of Is.u.di 1\, 13: 'The glor\' o{ leb.mon sh.dl come unto thee, the til tree, the pine tree, .uul the bo.v. together,' etc. In the C.oklei\ 1 egend (see Morris, A'. A'. /. .V X l,\'l, pp. jo, 70), the upiight p.trt is of ced, 11, the cross-beam of cypress, the piece on wliivh the leet le^ted of p. dm, .md the sl.d) of olive. I'seudo Hede tells us (7*. A. XCl\', 555, L'l'ores): 'The Cioss of the l.oid w.is m.ide of four kinds of wood, cypress, cedar, pine, .mil bo.v. l?ut the bo.v. w.is not in the cross uidess the tablet was of that wood, which was above lite biow of (hrist, on which the lews (.^) wrote the title, " Here is the King of the lews." The cvjMess w.is in the e.iith .md e\i-i\ to the t.d>let, the ced, 11 in the ti.msverse, the pine the upper end." In A';,.''. 56, the four woods aie ash 01 i\i.iple ('■/;//), o.d;, h.ud yew, ,ind tlie d.irk holly, .Vs Stevens observes, 'Kvidenily the question was still .» m.itter of individual specidation.' See Meyer, ' Die Cieschichte des Kreuz- hol/es vor Christus,' .tf>/iandliitii:en Jer /■, /.y p. 272.) — m*. 'Der vornelim.ste Charakterbaum der altenglischen I.andschaft war jedenfalls, wie noch im heutigen England, die Eiche, die iiberall bis nacli ileni Norden Scholtlands hinauf verbreitet war uiul bui zahheichen Ortsnanien (Jevatter gestanden hat' (Hoops, //?'. ii. A'/)., p. .259). It is iiUerest- ing to note the passage in the Runic /'oi'»i (77-80) in which the Oak is e.\tolled : Ac by)) on eor|)an elda bearnum fla-sces fodor, fereb gelonie ofer ganotes hx\> ; gSrsecg fanda'S, liwa?Ser ac hxbbe ffil'cle treowe. The close connection between kennings and riddles (see Introdnction) is strik- ingly illustrated by a comparison between the functions of the Oak as a 'feeder of flesh ' and a ' ship ' in this Runic verse and those in the world-riddle of ' Oak ' (Wossidlo, No. 78) : Als ich klein war, eriiahrti'ii micli die grossen; Als ich gross war, eriiiihrt' ich die kleineii ; Als ich tot war, trug icli die lebendigeu wol.l iiljer die lelieiidigeii. — 8C iK'urda I\v. ('ompare with this tlie description of the yew in 7 11. Kp.,^^. 256, 616) with the • Stec hp.ilnie ' or ' Ilex ac|uifolium.' That this was native to western Europe and fust ajijiears at the end of the oak-period. Hoops shows, ib., pp. 30-31. 5612 ^vuIfllea!'<•ed nominatur.' Compare Hracton, De Legibus et Coiisiie- tiidiiiiluis Aiigliae, 159, lib. Ill, tr. ii, chap. 11, ' Et tunc gerunt caput lupinum ita quod sine judiciali inf]uisitione rite pereant.' Jordan, Aitciiglisilie Siiiigetit-riiaineit, p. 62, riglitly o]3i)oses Dietrich's earlier solution '.Shield' (XI, 476), and says: ' Richtiger fasste Orein '.onlfhciifodtrco 192 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK als identisch mit 7i/tw;y;-<;(/ "Galgen," "Kreuz," denn 7viilfheafod bedeutet "Ver- brecher, Geiichteter." ' The two significations of ' gallows ' and 'cross ' are in the mind of luisel)ius, 17, J^e Criice: Per me mors adquiritur et bona vita tenetur. Me miilti fiigiunt, multique frequenter adorant ; Siimque timenda malis, non sum tamen horrida justis. Damnavi virum, sic multos carcere solvi. — iibiicd. TlKM-pe suggested dbdd, ' awaited.' ('.rein regarded dbild as = dbirde&, 'exigere,' 'adigere' {Dicht. ' bezwingt '). In this he is followed by B.-T., who renders 'repel' or 'restrain' (cf. Sal. 478, dlhcde). Ilerzfeld, p. 60, regards the word as ' dialectische nebenform des I'raes [Praet?] ahead'; so Madert, p. 44. Liebermann, Archh C'XIV, 163, translates 'abforderte (erlangte).' I accept Grein's explanation of the form, but translate, both here and in the Salomon passage, 'wards off {supra). The cross restrains the sword. 56 13 niaffm in healle. Cf. Beo-c 1529, deorum maJime {s-word); W'aldere A. 24, maSma cyst {s7vord). The adornments of the Sword are described at length in Rid. 21. 56 14 f;i<'*'<^<*s. Merbot, Aesthetisclie Studien zur afigelsdr/isLulieii Foesic, p. 26; in his discussion of the various meanings oi gied, points out that in this place the word means 'a riddle,' and compares Gu. E.x. ^, gleawe men sceolon gieddum wrixlan. He raises the question whether the Anglo-Saxons were not as fond of riddle combats as the old Hindoos. 56 15 oniiif'de. Grein, who reads o>t m?de, translates {/^icli/.) 'wen es anmutet.' In Spr. II, 229, he regards tnede as opt. pres. of medaii, impers., ' muten,' ' in men- tem venire.' Thorpe reads onm?de\ and B.-T., following him, renders (s. v. oiiini-dan) 'to take upon oneself,' 'to presume.' Cosijn, PBB. XXIII, 130, reads onmede ('sich vermesse'), and compares onmidla,geanmcttan. Liebermann, Arcliiv CXIV, 163, reads on m?de ('sich unterfangt '), and Holthausen {Engl. Stud. XXXVII, 209) follows Cosiiu. RIDDLE 57 We may set aside unhesitatinuly Lange's 'Turning-lathe' {Ilaiipts Zs. XII, 23S, note), and Trautmann's ' I'lail,' and accept Dietrich's solution, 'Web and Loom,' which he establishes beyond question by an account of the old vertical weaver's beam, derived from the description and illustration (tab. xii) in Glaus Olavius's Oeconomische Reise diircli Island, Dresden u. Leipzig, 1787, pp. 439 f. 'The ivinnende it'tlit is the web; and the warp or chain hangs vertically from the beam, the old jugum, and is stretched underneath by stone weights. The upper end of this is wrapped around the beam and is therefore biidficst (1. 7) ; but the lower end, which is the more readily woven and wound from above the more it pushes up, is moved in the work {bisgo dreag), because it floats in the air (1. 8, leolc on lyfte), and is near the ground only at the beginning. The warp now suffers from a threefold stress of war : first, through the curved wood which moves to and fro {Itolt /nveorfendc') and carries through the threads of NcrrKS 193 the woof, but is no shuttle, only a simple wood {wido) — and indeed a 7t'i((h< sear'u'um ficste ,t,'t'l>it>iticn, . . . because the thread is skillfully bound about (in Old Norse it is called wittda). Secondly, the woof receives wounding blows (1. 3) by means of the Sclilagbrct, O.N. skci&, a sword-like board which the weaver swings in his free hand, in order to strike fast the inserted threads. In the third place, spears {daro&as) are also an evil to the creature, because through the middle of the body of the warp are stuck five transverse pieces, of which the three upper- most are called the shafts, and the two lowest the parting-shaft and the parting- board. The tree that is hung with bright foliage (1. 9) is the upper beam upon which the roll of the still unwoven yarn hangs. The relic of the fight is the web, which, perhaps as gafol hiullel, is borne into the hall of the lord.' Dietrich also notes (XI, 476) the verbal likeness between this contest and that in the spinning- song of the Valkyria in the A'jdls Saga, chap. 158. Weinhold, Altnordisches Leben, 1856, pp. 320-321, cites both Olavius and the AJdls Saga, and draws from the An- tiquar Tidskrift, 1S46-1S4S, p. 212, a description of a Faroese loom: 'An dem Webebaume {n/r), welcher drehbar auf zwei Pfosten (k/ei/iar, lei)ier') ruht, ist die Kette (gam, gadii, renniiig, reudegarnet) unmittelbar und nicht durch die Traden (Jiovold) angemacht. Das Werft wird durch eine Stange in der Mitte, die auf zwei Pflocken liegt und iiber welche die Kette gezogen ist, gespannt, am meis- ten aber durch die Gewichtsteine {klidsteiiiar), welche unten an die einzelnen Fadenbiindel gebunden sind. Ein grosses lanzenformiges Gerat von Fischbein {skei&) dient den Einschlag festzuschlagen, welcher durch einen scharfen Knochen {Jirall, ralur) in Ordnung gehalten ist. Es wird stehend gewebt.' This serves to explain many of the riddles of the Islenzkar Gdtur, which are suggestive ana- logues to Kid. 57. /. C. 60 considers six objects: (i) Weight-.stones; (2) Threads; (3) Ildfbld; (4) Fingers; (5) Rifur ('the beam on which the warp is hung'); (6) Cloth. There are in this collection various riddles of weaving and spinning : one of the Wefstoll (657), one of the IVe/sta&iir (1082), five of the IVe/ur (49, 976, 982, 983, II 10), two of the Kifur, 'beam' (339, 851), two of the Skei& (644, 1088), three of the Ullarkambai- (79, 81, 82), ten of the Kokkur, 'distaff' (447, 499> 536' 737' 798,912, ion, 1133, 1140, 1147), and three of the Sna-lda, 'spindle' (383, 576, 853). Still another interesting analogue is the Lithuanian 'Loom' riddle (Schleicher, p. 198) in which 'a small oak with a hundred boughs [cf. Rid- 57 9-10] calls to women and to maidens.' Our riddle seems to owe noth- ing to Symphosius 17, Aranea, or to Aldhelm iv, 7, De Ftiso, although Prehn, p. 232, seeks to find likeness between the Latin and the English; and the parallel furnished by Aldhelm iv, 3 3-5, (see Rid. 36, Mail-coat) lies in the nature of the subject. Parts of the Loom and phases of weaving have already been considered in the notes to 36 5 f. The Gere/a list (Ang/ia IX, 263) mentions ' fela towtola, flex- linan, spinle, reol, geamwindan, stodlan, lorgas, presse, pihten, timplean, wifte, wefle, wulcamb, cip, amb, crancstnef, sceaSele, seamsticcan, scearra, nSdle, slic' See Liebermann's careful rendering and discussion of each of these 'tools' (I.e.). In the Vocabularies (WW. 262) is a long list, ' De Textrinalibus,' 'Textrina.' For the work of the weaver and his various implements, see Klump, Altetiglische Ifandwcrknamcii, pp. 22-32, 73-89. 194 KIDDLKS OF 'niE KXKTKR BOOK 57 1-4 ]>rooke, A'. /•'.. Lit., p. 151, lenduis with spirit : I was tlien within, where a thing I saw ; 'Twas a wight that waned wounded by a Ix-ani, 15y a wood that worked about ; and of battle-wounds it took Gashes great and deep. 57 .• ^vl. 'I'his fuuls its West Saxiin ecpiivalent in iviidu. Tlie regular Northern form would he '.ciiui'ii. And Madert, p. 128, believes that the absence of the u-unilaut of / points to the beginning of the eighth century. As icidu appears in the Meters of /Klfred, 1355, it is evident that the conclusion thus drawn is not of the highest value. — boiinegeaii. Only here and 93 i(>, bennade. Gebeniiiaii, too, is found only in 6 2, gebennad. 573 lioa]>t)j?l»'>'»'»nt foil-'. The direct obj. ol fon is always ace. except in this ])assage and in Sal. 43J (see Shipley, Geititive Case in Aiiii'lo-Saxoit Poetry., V- y-Y 57 t (h'opra lj»a. (."f. .///(/. i-.||, deopuni dolgslegum; Rid. 54 i', deope gedolgod. 57 -t-d The best comment upon these lines is ft)untl in RiJ. 36 7-S. The -lonJit (1. q) corresponds to the liruteiuie hrlsil (36 7); and darohas (1. 4) may well be the ilinas (MS.), the 'reeds' or 'slays,' of the earlier riddle. As a parallel to durojxis, Dietrich (XII, 23S, note), points to the song in X/d/s Sai^'-ti, chap. 15S, str. 4, 5, 7ce/ darrn&tir. It is barely possible that the image is suggested by the double mean- ing of Lat. te/d, 'web' and 'darts.' 57 5 Avoo. Is this for ?>'i^ ((-n.), or 7i'te, regards 'the tree with bright leaves' as 'the reel with the colored yarns or web' (see Dietrich, si//r(<'?i'. 005 f., in the great wine-chamber, ' there shone variegated with gold the webs on the walls, many wonders to the sight of e.u h of liie warriors.' The Saxon term for a curtain or hanging was tiHlhrift\ and in tlie will of W'yntl.ida (Thorpe, Diploniatariiini Aiii^lieum, 530, t,"^ we fnul the becpiest of a long hetilhivdhrifl and a short one. So Aldhelni describes a web in his poem {De Laiidihits J'ir!:^iuiini) : ' It is not a web of one uniform color and texture without any variety of figures that pleases the eye and appears beauti- ful, but one that is woven by shuttles, filled with threads of purple and many other colors, flying from side to side and forming a variety of figures and images in differ- ent compartments with admirable art.' Cf. also De Laudibns I'irginitatis xxxviii, Giles, p. 51. For a discussion of the various products of the Anglo-Saxon loom — garments, tapestries, curtains — see lleyne, Fitiif Biieher III, 207-252. He cites (III, 237) Tanl the Deacon's History of the Lombards W, 22: ' Vestimenta linea, qualia Anglisaxones habere solent, ornata institis latioribus vario colore contextis.' — ]>iT'r ha'I«']> (Iruiu-oii . . . on Ih't boraii. Sarrazin, Beoivulf-Stiidien, p. 120, compares Beoio. 1647. Cf. 56 1-2. NOTES 195 57 11 My reading />ysses lifes. KIDDLE m This little swallow-flight of song has invited many answers. Dietrich (XI, 477) suggested first 'Swallows' or 'Gnats'; and afterwards (XII, 240, note), on the authority of Pliny x, 35 (24), he proposed ' Starlings.' Sweet (Aii,iflo-Saxon Nendt'i\\>. 20S) accepted the second solution; and rreim (pp. 233-234) the third. Brooke queries the answer 'Starlings' {E. E. Lit., p. 148, note): 'The stare is not particularly a little bird, nor is its note sweet. The bird seems to answer best to the " Martin.'" I prefer the solution 'Swallows' for two reasons. Urst, they fulfill all the conditions of the riddle. The poet saw them, as Brooke says (I.e.), 'rising and falling in flocks over the hills and cliffs, above the stream where the trees stood thick and over the roofs of the village, and the verse tells how happy he was in their joyousne.ss, their glossy color and their song.' Secondly, Kid. 58 has at least two traits in common with Aldhelm vi, i, Ilirnndo. Line 4 of the Latin, 'CJarrula mox crepitat rubicundum carmina guttur,' is not far from sanges rofe . . . Itlndc tinna& {/\id. 58 3'', 4''), and line 6, ' Sponte mea fugiens umbrosas quaero latebras,' from treda& bearonccssas {Rid. 58 s'"*). See the Aeiteid passage cited infra. The three solutions of Trautmann seem to me equally extravagant: he first {Angliii, Bb. V, 50) propo.sed 'Hailstones'; then {Auglia XVII, 398) 'Rain-drops'; and finally {BB. XIX, 200), by the dangerous petitio principii of changing lytle (58 1'') to lilite, ' Storm-clouds.' I have refuted these interpretations and sustained the ' Swallows' solution {^f.L.A'. XXI, 103). The riddle is clearly one of the bird group, as parallels in phrasing to Rid. 8, 9, 11, and 25 show. 58 I Dpos lyft byro'O. This phrase is used elsewhere in the Riddles of the flight of birds: 8 r'''. Swan (note); 11 9, Barnacle (loose. 58 2^ oft'i" Ix'orghloojm. Alexander Neckham, /)e A'atiiris Reriiiii, chap, lii (Rolls Series, 1863, p. 103), says of swallows: 'Quaedam enim domos inhabitantes in eis nidificant . . . quaedam in abruptis montium mansionem eligunt.' As I have noted. A/. L. N. XXI, 103, this may well apply to the Cliff Swallow, Iliruttdo fulva. 58 2-3 Our poem finds an interesting analogue in the well-known lines of Virgil {Aeneid, xii, 473-477) = Nigra velut magnas doniini cum divitis acdes Pervolat et pennis alta atria lustr;it hirundo Et nunc porticibus vacuis, nunc humida circum Stagna sonat. In commenting upon this passage, Gilbert White of Selborne uses words equally applicable to the English riddle (Letter XIX, Feb. 14, 1774): 'The epithet A'igra speaks plainly in favor of the swallow, whose back and wings are very 196 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK black [compare 58 2-3, hiace sun^e, \ srvearte, salopade'\, wliile the rump of the mar- tin is milk-white, its hack and wings blue, and all its under part white as snow.' Note also the iirl vdra fx^Xatva of the Rhodian carol of the Swallow, preserved by Athenaeus (Hook viii, chap. 60). 58 3' -salopside. The word is a nonce-usage, but sa swalawan on him sieton and sungon. Twa swalewan . . . heora sang upahofon.' lilsewhere in the Riddles, hh'ide cirme is used of the song of a bird (g 3). 58 4-(' It needs no Virgil or Aldhelm or Neckham (see references, supra) to tell us that swallows ' fare in flocks ' and that they are found ' in remote and se- cluded woods and swamps as well as about the habitations of men.' 58 6 NeninaO' liy sylfe. This has been variously rendered. Thorpe proposes 'Name them yourselves.' In Spr. II, 280, Grein wavers between ' Sagen selbst wie sie heissen ' and ' Sagt wie sie heissen ' ; but translates in Diclit. 'Nun meldet ihren namen.' So Trautmann, i5/?. XIX, 200: ' Nennet sie selber.' Brooke, /:f. iT. Lit., p. 149, renders ' Let them call their own names.' I prefer the Thorpe read- ing, because the verb-form is the 2d pi. imperative, and because swallows are cer- tainly not onomatopoetic like cuckoos and bobolinks. RIDDLE ;")!» Dietrich (XL 477) offers the solution ' Ziehbrunnen,' 'Well with a well-sweep,' which has been accepted by all scholars. ' This has one foot, the prop upon which the cross-beam rides, moreover a long tongue (the pole at the upper end of the cross- beam, which carries the bucket down), it has a heavy tail (the stone weight which helps to press down the lower end of the cross-beam and to raise up the bucket), it paces the earth-grave (the dug-out well), and carries !as;iifdd (hyperbolical for water) into the air.' Dietrich, reading />?t/ii, p. 17, sustains Dietrich's rdd-hiirna by pointing to 'Radbourne' in Derl^yshire and ' Redboum ' ; but these names prove little, as not the 'well ' but the 'brook' or 'burn' is their etymological source. Holthausen, who reads (/. F. IV, t^^-j) fitrnia for MS. ftiriim, suggests rod instead of Grein's rdd-pyt. Then it is the pole or well-sweep that is described. Rod in the sense of ' pole ' appears only in the compound sei:;l-rdd. Prehn rightly mentions in this connection Symphosius 71, NOTES 197 Puteiis, and ~i. Tubus; but tlie relation lies only in the likeness of Kid. 59 11' -12-^ to the third line of each, ' Et trahor ad superos alieno ducta labore ' and ' In ligno vehitur medio, quod ligna vehebat.' The interesting ' Puteus' enigmas of Virgil's third eclogue and of Scaliger (Reusner I, 170) have nothing in common with RiJ. 59; while the Low German Put or 'Draw-well' problem (Woeste, Zs.f. d. M.\\\, 191) interests us only by its title and by its allusion to its steert (compare Rid. 59 7 steort). In an illustration of the marriage feast of Cana in a Cotton manuscript of the early twelfth century, Nero C. IV (Wright, Domestic Manners, p. 86; Knight, Pictorial History, p. 284), a servant raises water from a well by means of a loaded lever. Wright comments upon the drawing thus : ' It may be remarked that this appears to have been the common machinery of the draw-well among our fore- fathers in the middle ages — a rude lever formed by the attachment of a heavy weight, perhaps at the end of the beam, which was sutificient to raise the other end and thus draw up the bucket.' Wright refers to illustrations of this in manu- scripts of various periods, and presents in cut No. 57 an excellent drawing from MS. Harl. 1257 of fourteenth century. Aldhelm thus mentions the draw-well or puteus {/)e Laudihus I'iri^iiiuni, Giles, p. 142) : Xec putei laticemspernendum ducimus altum Antlia qiiem sursum solet exantlare cisternis. 591 anfetc. The word is a nonce-usage; but the riddle-subjects in 33 6, 81 3, 93 25, have also one foot. 59 2 Wide lie ferecT. Cf. 4 71, wide fere ; 95 3, fere (MS. fere"5) wide. 59 3 Cf. 32 S, no hwacl're fleogan ma;g ne fela gongan. 59 4 J7urli scTrne gled bord, |faer seleste ; Brun. 53, naegledcnearrum. 596'' nionegiiiii tlduin. So Gu. 89. Cf. 402, miclum tidum. 59 9''' iseriies «1}S1. Cf. 564'', seolfres dSl. 59 13-14 The spirit of comttatus in the Kiddles has been discussed in the Introduction ('Form and Structure'). KIDDLE (iO This ria-d, see Shipley, p. 26. 604' (lod iu'r<>i'iulo. Cf. C//r. 361, nergende God. 60 5'' Avord ii'i'tei" c^A'se'S. So />c-c>7l\ 315. 609 lu eagiia gesih'S. Cf. .•///t) is supported by 67/;-. 1 205-1 206, Drylttiies . . . do/g; and by a similar reading in T^IS. 852, dri/it for drilitcn (see note). The transference of dd)i to the second half-line completes the othenvise defective s^vd J^us Kujgcs. No fault can be found with the line as emended, ond drylitnes dolg, don s'uuT J>tcs f'Pagcs. This readjustment involves in the next line the change of MS. ne nurg hic>£ bene, a very faulty half-line, to ne /><7;v bene vurg, for the sake of the alliteration. These slight changes not only greatly improve the meter and sense of the passage, but supply the two gaps in the Grein-NViilker text. We may now render 607-12 as follows: 'Brightly into his mind the dumb thing (the Chalice) brought the name of the Lord, and into his eyesight, if he was able to perceive the token of the very noble gold and the wounds of the Lord, (and) do just as the wounds of the ring proclaimed.' 60 13 uiijii'THllodre. Grein, Dic/it., S/r. IL 621, renders ' unerfiillt,' and 15. -T., p. 1 107, 'unfulfilled.' I accept this translation, for three reasons: (i) it retains the case of the MS. reading, ungafuIlodre\ (2) it is justified by the meaning of gefulUan, 'to become full, perfect,' in />V. Horn. 191.23; (3) it is demanded by the sense of the absolute construction (11. 12-14): 'The prayer of any man being unfulfilled, his spirit can not attain to (seek) God's city,' etc. This seems to be far better both in form and sense than Cosijn's ungefiillodra 'of the unbaptized,' which, though a common word, departs from the MS., and is not in accord with the construction or meaning of the passage. 60 15-16 Compare the closing formula of Kid. 44. 60 iS -wloncra fulniiiiii. This recalls 31 5-6, where the Cross (or the Water?) is passed from hand to hand by the proud. RIDDLE 01 Dietrich (XT, 452) has indicated by parallel columns the close correspondence between this 'Reed' problem and the Ariindo enigma of Symphosius (No. 2): Dulcis arnica dei, ripae vicina profundae (61 1-2), Suave canens Musis (61 S-io) ; nigro perfusa cokire Xuntia sum linguae, digitis stipata (Kiese. signata) niagistri (61 14-17). NOTES 199 Dietrich errs, however (p. 477), in liniiting the two riddles to the 'Reed-pipe' {/i-u'/s//c-). As Miiller, C. /'., p. 18, and I'rehn (pp. 236-23S) have pointed out, the last half of the Latin enigma and the last lines of the Anglo-Saxon doubt- less refer to the Pen ('calamus' or hreiydwrit). Brooke {E.E.Lit, p. 135) in his spirited translation of the major portion of /vV(/. 61, confines its application to 'Reed-flute'; and Tadelford, who quotes the riddle in full {O. E. Musical Terms, PP- 5'~5-)' is evidently of the same mind. The Symphosius enigma is popular in literary history ; and the Kiinstrdtsel in various languages invite comparison with our version (J/. Z. A'. XVIII, 9S-99). An incorrect Latin text of the riddle is crudely rendered into fifteenth-century German in the Volksbtich version of the Apollonius of Tyre story (Schroter, Mittli. der dciitschen Gesellscli. ziir Erfor- schimgvaterl. Spracke, etc., V, 1S72, il, 66; cf. Weismann, Alexander, Frankfort, 1S50, 1,80). In the sixteenth century Thylesius Consentinus (Reusner L 311) develops the Symphosius puzzle into a long-winded problem : ' Fluminis undiso- nas ripas praetexit arundo ' etc. It appears a hundred years later in an elabo- rately descriptive sixteen-line French version (Menestrier, La Philosophie des Images Enigmatiques, Lyon, 1694, p. 241): Je suis de divers lieux, je nais dans les forets, Tantot pres des ruisseaux, tantot pres des marais. Other explanations of our problem overlook completely its origin and ana- logues. Morley {English Writers II, 3S) suggested 'A letter-beam cut from the stump of an old jetty.' Trautmann {Anglia, Bl>.\, ^o; Padelford, p. 53) offers without discussion the answer ' Runenstab.' Blackburn, whose solution of Rid. 31, Beam, has already been presented, advanced the theory {Joiirn. Germ. Philology III, I f.) that Rid. 61 is not a riddle at all, but should be united with the poem that follows in the MS., f. 123 a, The Husband's Message, into a lyric, A Love- Letter. This view he seeks to sustain by translation and by dovetailing of parts. That Rid. 61 was ever classed among the Riddles was due, Blackburn believes, to a mistake of the Exeter Book scribe. ' He copied here from a manuscript in which the riddle (31 b) had been joined to the poem (61) on the supposition that it belonged with it, and in its solution is found an explanation of the mistake of some former scribe.' Cook and Tinker ( Translations from O. E. Poetry, pp. 61-63) follow Blackburn's arrangement. The theory is pretty and ingenious, but it calmly ignores the very real relation between Rid. 61 and Symphosius. As Padelford points out (p. 82), the pipe or whistle is mentioned more than once in the Anglo-Saxon glosses: /Elfric, Gloss., WW. 311, 22, pipe o&&e Invistle, ' musa ' ; 311,27, Inuistle, ' fistula ' ; WW. 268, 20, 352, 22, wistle, ' avena ' ; 406, 23, 519, 15, zi'istle, ' fistula.' Pipere o&&e h'cuistlere glosses ' tibicen ' in .(tlfric's Gram- mar, 40, 8, and elsew^here ; and reodplpere appears as a gloss to 'auledus ' (WW. 190,7). The fistula — the true Latin equivalent of the reed-pipe and the Greek avpty^ (see //arper's Latin Diet., %.\. fistula, for many classical references to the reed, both as pipe and as pen) — is included among the musical instruments copied by Strutt (//orda, pi. xxi, i) and Westwood {Eacsimiles, pi. Ivii) from MS. Cott. Tib. C. VI, and the T'lOulogne Psalter, f. 2. 200 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK 6i 1-7 Brooke {E. E. Lit.,'^. 135) notes: 'The sixty-first riddle tells of a desert place by the shore, traversed by a channel up which the tide flowed, and where the reeds grew,' etc. Brooke compares with this the scenery of Rid. 23. As I have pointed out above, there is no doubt that the poet has in mind the 'ripae vicina profundae ' of Symphosius 2 i, although he wisely omits the reference to Pan in ' dulcis amica dei.' We may find a parallel in Shelley's Euganean Hills : Where a few gray rushes stand, Boundaries of the sea and land. Such beds of reeds as are here described are mentioned more than once by Anglo-Saxon writers (B.-T., s.v. kreodbedd): Guthlac, 9, Godwin, 50, 15, Da was '5Sr on middan '5am mere sum hreodbedd; Exodus ii, 3, Heo asette hyne on anum hreodbedde be hss flodes ofre. 61 I sie^vealle neah. So Beow. 1925. 61 2 set inerefarojje. Grein renders well, Dicht., ' an des Oceans Wellen- schlag.' See Krapp's discussion oi faro& and 7uaro& {Mod. Phil. II, 405-406). 61 3 friiinsta]7ole fyest. The phrase is suitable only to reeds or plants ; cf. Gu. 1248-1249, sta)>elum freste . . . wyrta geblowene. See Rid. 35 8, 71 2-3. — fea lenig. Cf. Geu. 2134, fea ane ; Ps. 104 n, feawe . . . Enige. 61 6 y5 sio brune. Cf. Met. 26 29-30, sTo brune | y5; And. 519, brune ySa. 61 9-10 Much of the secular music of Old English times is associated with the beer-hall, as Padelford has pointed out (pp. 10-12). See the Bagpipe's part at the feast in Rid. 32 11-12. In an illustration in MS. Harl. 603 (Wright, Domestic Manners^ p. 34), the cup-bearer serves the guests with wine, while jninstrels make merry with harp and pipe. To cite but one of many examples from the poetry, this accords with the lines in the Fates of Men, 77 f. : Sum sceal on hearpe hselejjum cweman, blissan a-t beore bencsittendrum, Jiar h\\> drincendra dream se micla. Music and feasting are closely associated in Bede's story of Casdmon's life at Whitby {Eccl. Hist.'w, 24): 'In gebeoiscipe, honne haer wses bUsse intinga gede- med, )>3et heo ealle scealden hurh endebyrdnesse be hearpan singan.' These entertainments led to such excesses that the Canons of Edgar, 58, at the time of the monastic revival, forbid priests to be ale-poets {ealii-scop) and Wulfstan thunders against the beer-halls with their harps and pipes and merriment {Horn. 46, 16): ' Hearpe and pipe and mistlTce gliggamen drema'5 eow on beorsele.' 61 10 w^orduin ivrixlan. So Beozv. 875, Soul 117; cf. Mod. 16, wordum wrixlaS. 61 10-17 The 'nigro perfusa colore' and the 'nuntia linguae' of Symphosius certainly suggest a pen ; and in the last lines of the Anglo-Saxon the riddler has evidently in mind, not music, as Brooke supposed, but written speech (1. 15 b, ^rendspr^ce), which is hidden from all but the pen and his master. It is this reference to a letter that misled Trautmann and Blackburn. 61 12-14 These lines, which describe the shaping of the 'calamus,' may have arisen from a misunderstanding of the ' digitis stipata (signata) magistri ' of NOTES 20I Symphosius ; compare seo swt/>re lioiul \ eorlcs higehonc, etc. The lines have not a little in common with Rid. 27 5 f. Wattenbach, Scliriftwesen, p. 189, cites Isidore, Orii^iiies \\, 13: ' Instrumenta scribae calamus et penna. Ex his enim verba paginis infiguntur, sed calamus arboris est, penna avis,' etc. So we are told by the letters in the gloss (MS. Royal 12, C. XXIII) to the hicerta tnaf/e of Aldhelm's 'Alphabet ' enigma, iv, i 5 (Wright, Stitiriiiil Poets II, 549): 'Ignoramus utrum cum penna corvina vel an- serina sive calamo perscriptae simus.' Three kinds of pens were thus known to the Anglo-Saxon : the raven-quill, the goose-quill, and the reed. The first of these is described in the striking periphrase of A'/V/. 9326-28 (see notes); it is doubtless the second that is alluded to by the riddlers of 27 7 f. and 52 4 ; while the reed-pen {hreoihvrit) is the subject of the last lines of Rid. 61. Westwood, p. 35, pi. xiii, notes that the figure of St. Matthew in the Lindisfarne Gospels, Cott. Nero D. IV, is writing with a reed-pen. 61 12 seaxes ord. Cf. 776, seaxes orde ; 276, Chr. 1140, seaxes ecg. See 93 15-18. — seo swTJ^re honcl. See Spr. II, 511. 61 14 J>ingum. Grein renders, Dicht., ' zu den Dingen ' ; and Spr. II, 593, 'potenter, violenter (?) ' ; while Sweet and B.-T. suggest 'purposely.' The inst. thus employed is a nonce-usage. 61 16 abeodan bealdllce. Cf. Har. 56, abead bealdllce. Only in this Riddle passage is this verb found with the uiil> construction instead of the dative. RIDDLE 62 The subject of this riddle according to Dietrich (XI, 477) is ' Shirt ' ; according to Trautmann (^Aiiglia, Bh. V, 50), ' Shirt of Mail.' Trautmann is perhaps attracted by the picture of the early Englishwoman arming her lord for battle, but the tone of this poem, despite the blending of dignity with its dirt, hardly seems to warrant such a conception. Cyriel or Hrergl seevns to me to fit all the conditions of the problem {infra). No Latin sources or analogues have been discovered ; and the 'Shirt' riddles of Strassburg Rb., No. 181, and the Recueil des Enigmes de ce Temps, Rouen, 1673, -^^i 77' ^""^ ^'^^ the Anglo-Saxon one only in pruriency. 62 2 on earce. This is a reference to the hnegl-cyst, ' clothes-chest ' (Thorpe, DiplomatariuDi, 53^, 20). 62 4 holdiiiii Jjeodne. Roeder, Die Favtilie bei den Atigelsar/iseii, p. iio, cites this passage as proof 'dass man die eheliche Gemeinschaft als ein Komitats- verhaltniss ansieht.' Other evidence of this conception of the marriage-relation is not wanting : ' Der Mann erscheint als der Herr und Gebieter der Frau : Gen. 2225 nennt Sarah ihren Gatten driliten niln, oder er heisst ihr nian-drihien, 2242, . . . 2'j2() frea-dri/iten, ebenfalls von Abraham. 2783 apostrophiert ihn Sarah: nun swUs fr?a^ See also Beotv. wjo, freo-drihten niln (Wealhtheow to Hrothgar). Lawrence, Mod. Phil. V, 395, cites these passages to sustain the wifely relation of The Banished Wife's I.ainoit. 625-6 Dietrich thus comments (XI, 477): ' Wer es anzieht steckt ihm dem umgekehrten den kopf ins innere. denn es wurde nicht von unten sondern von 202 Ri 1)1)1. 1'ls oi" rill'; i:xi':'ri:K hook ol)eii her angezogen, clinch die kopfulTiuing, die daher miid. Iiouhctloch, bei den Noiwegein unci Isliiiulern /lo/ii&smii (hauptschmiege) hiess.' So Slrutt points out, //,'/■(/,!, !>. 1(1, tli:il • liu' liose-coat \_ a synonym for />yriu\ 'the mail-coat' (Leh- mann, Ihiiinu- iiint llclm^ p. 1^). 62'' on iiciiro IT'fido. C'f. 26.1, fegeN mec on fa-sten ; 63 s, on ncaro nathwair. In all three |)huis is the sanu' ( oarse suggestion. 627 . i'liis is a common formula which is discussed at length by Kiapp in his note to .///(/. 45S-.i()0. C'f. ',',';.'. 573, I'onne iiis elien deaii ; ./;/,/. .|0o, gif liis I'ilen deali ; etc. It is the OKI English version of the foiniula 'l''orluni' favins the bra\ e,' wiiich Cook derives from Latin lileialnn' (.1/. /. .\. \1 II, so). 62 s nu'c l'r;r(\>'/>. IX, 358, would retain MS. nice /net- 'iOcdiic instead of luld. fri,/:>u-i/r. but lie iloes not e.xiilain how he would adapt this to the conle.\l. Tiie omission of /.r makes tiie construction clear. 62s ■) nietricii notes (XI, 477): ' I'as raujie was es beim erwachsenen fullen soil, ist ilei- haarwuchs.' The (i'//(7was ofltn woin nt'xl to the skin, as, in many cases, it was tiie only garment; cf. .I'^freil's /.ii:i's, 3() (.Sclimid, p. (>::) ; 'Ciif nion iia'bbe buton iiufeald hra'gl hine mid to wreonne iiISNe to wciianne,' etc. 62 es nathwa-t. The obscene imjilication is obvious. — \i;vi\ Inva't \v iii;T>in'. Ci. Sal. 236, Saga hvva't ic mSne. The X//c>///i'// passage has oilier traits of a riddle besiiles this closing fornuila. KIDDI.I', (J;? Dietrich's first suggestion, 'nohier' (\i, 478), (its the (piery at every jioint save one: it is hard and sii.np, strong of I'liliaiue, swift in faring, clears a way for itself, it is urged on from Inliiiul, it is sometimes di.iwn out hot imm the hole, and sometimes fares again into the narrow place, lail how lo explain TCdi/c- itiiiter waiiibe (3 a), whicii haicllv seems suited to • l!orei ' 01 '(limlet,' unless the tapping of a cask or like work be described? Later ' iioiuer' liddles (cf. .sy/v/.f.!- /'//;;;,'■ A'/'., 170) are of a tlilfeient sort. \et, doulilful as it is, this answer, which is favored by Miiller, C. /'., p. 18, seems to me far less forcetl llian Dietrich's other answer, ' I'\)ot and Shoe' (XI,. 178), which sadly wrenches the meaning of the problem, better than either of these is Trautmann's ' Hrandpfeil ' {Aiii^lni, Jib. V, 50), if by this lie me. ins the onlin.uv ' I'oker" or ' l''ire rod.' This 'fares under the belly ' (of the o\ en), .iiid, held by the man's garment (on account of the heat), is pushetl violently into tlie lire, and is drawn out 'hot from llu' hole'; this satis- lies all the other demands of the riildle. The Ccrrjd list (.///cs from (1. 2). 632'^ for'OsIpcs from. Cf. If. M. 41, forSsI)>es georn. For the construc- tion oi from with gen., see 7327, fcringe from; And. 234, gfiSe fram (Krapp's note). 63 3-4 Cf. Dream, 8S-S9, serl'an ic him lifes weg [ rihtne gerymde reordberen- dum." See also 54 8-10. 63 5, In t,y& and tj>/i&, as in 64 2, 5, 6, onheon, beo^,, J>y^, the meter demands uncontracted forms instead of the contracted. For other examples see Madert, p. 53, and my Introduction. 63 8 on nearo. Cf . 62 0. 63 9 sri]7ernc socj?. In the AtlaH'i&a, § 2, the same phrase, seg,s^r iiiii sii&rq^iii, is ap])lied to Knefrii&r, the messenger of Attila. Cleasby-Vigfusson, s.v. sit&r- mci&r, Sii&rri/ci, points out that the word is used by the Scandinavians of Ger- mans, indeed of all people of central and southern Europe. In Old English, on the other hand, the epithet is coupled with a spear or javelin cast by a Norse sea- warrior (siermc) at Byrhtnoth in the Battle of Maldoii, 1. 134, sfij>ertie gar \ but is not ' from the south ' merely direction ? Though in the Glosses and Leechdoms the word may indicate plants and medicines from the south of Europe (B.-T., s.v.), I doubt if it carries any other idea here than that of ' foreign.' As the actor in one of the obscene riddles, ' the southern man ' is obviously in the same class as 'the dark-haired Welsh,' the churls and esnes, often people of un-English origin, who figure in these folk-products. There seems no reason to suppose that the word is used, like Chaucer's 'Southern man' {Canterbury Tales I, 42) and the later ' Southron,' of a South-Englander. Perhaps some personal or topi- cal reference is intended, in which case we might as profitably seek the identity of 'the man from the South' who burns his mouth with cold porridge in the nursery rhyme. RIDDLE G4 As Dietrich points out (XI, 47S), this 'Beaker' riddle has much in common, with Aldhelm's enigma (vi, 9) De Calice Vitreo. Unlike the Latin writer, the Anglo-Saxon says nothing of the origin and little of the appearance (3 a) of the Beaker. But in both poems the drinking-vessel is a woman who yields readily to caresses; compare with 644-7 Aldhelm vi, 9 5-9: Nempe volunt phnes collum confringere dextra, Et pulchrae digitis lubricum comprendere corpus, .Sed nientes muto dum labris oscula trado. Dulcia compressis impendens bacchia buccis, .-\tque pedum gressus titubantes sterno ruina. The overthrow that follows kisses of the wine-cup is perhaps the theme of the fragmentary close of the Exeter Book poem. 204 KIDDLES OF THE KXiyil'.R HOOK As I have already shown, Ilolmi- Riddles (No. 12S) otters a niodcin treatnieiit of the same motive : Q. As j was walking late at night, j tlirougli a window chanced to spy : a gallant with his hearts delight, he knew not that j was so nigh: — he kissed her & close did sit to little pretty wanton (iill until he did her favour get & likewise did obtaine his wille. A. A yong man in a tavern drinkirjg a (iill of sack to chear up his spirits & so ohtaind his will. Trautmann ignores completely the history of the riddle in his answer, ' Flute.' Scherer, KUitie Schiiften, Berlin, 1S93, II, 9 (cited by Ki)eder, Die Familie bet den An};elsac/iseii, Halle, 1899, p. 122) says of this riddle : ' Die einzige Liebesszene in der alten angelsiichsischen Foesie aus der wir sonst vieles lernen ist dem Lateinisclien nachgebikiet iind sie schildert — audi luu indirekt — sinnlichen Genuss.' The jirobleni has too much in common with the other double entente riddles of the collection to merit this comment. Dietrich (I.e.) points out that while ei-ae and sleap, two common words for 'beaker,' are masculine, bune is feminine and therefore suited to the gender of the riddle. Hut in the Kiddles little stress is laid upon grammatical gender {supra'). Akerman, Remains of Pagan Saxondoni, p. 51, and De Baye, T/ie Industrial Arts of the Ani^lo-Saxons, pp. 106 f., have discussed at length the glass beakers of the Anglo-Saxon. I note in the (libbs collection of the British Museum two from h'aversham in Kent, which resemble closely those in Akerman 's plates. One is light green, the other (dive, and both are ornamented by rude jagged I)ands running from near the mouth to the bottom, where they converge. They are footless, and, like the horns (whose shape is copied by other glass vessels), they must have been emptied before being relaid upon the table. In outline the grave-finds resemble the illustrations'of cups in the manuscripts (Claudius B. IV, ff. 63 r., 102 v. ; Tib. B. V., Strutt, I/orda, pi. x), and accord with the descrijition in /jVcTf. 495, hroden ealowaege ; 2253-2254, faited waige,| dryncf;vt deore. As Sharon Turner points out, /list, of Ant^lo-Saxons VII, chap, vi, the precious metals were used constantly for basins and beakers, and the wills often bequeath cups of gold, silver, and silver-gilt [64 3, gla'd mid golde]. See also Brincker, Germ. Altertiimer in Juditli, 1S9S, p. 21. 64 I Si'Cfja seledreaiiu'. Cf. ./;/(/. 1656, secga seledream. 643 }"la'ser guman druncan ; 56 i, 57 n, hajr h.vlecS thuncon; 15 12, I'Sr weras drinca'^"; 21 12, l>Sr hy meodu drincalS. 64 4 I'ofaii. Sievers {PBB. X, 497) cites many e.xamples from the poetry to support his rejection of a long root-syllable in this word: And. 1006, in l>am mor'^'orcofan ; /iV. 833, in heostorcofan, etc. The present instance argues for a long syllable ; but verses of form _£. X X X | ^^ X are rather frequent in the Riddles (ib., ])..(54). — «'y.sse'ff iuuJh'. So it is said of the Horn, 15 ?, luvllum weras cyssaiN; see also 31 6. Other Latin riddles besides that of Aldhelm (cited supra) allude to the kiss of the wine-cup: Lorsch 55, ' Dulcia (|uin bibulis tradunt et bassia buccis'; MS. liern. 611, 60 {.h/t/;. Lai. I, 353), ' I'.t aniica libens oscula ])orrigo cunctis.' 64 5 tillic t'siip. So 55 s, 64 7 AvyrceA' his Avillaii. Cf. 551., woihtc iiis wiiJan. NOTl'-.S 205 KIDDMi Of) Dietrich (XI, 479-480) combines tin- ihiiteeii runes W I B E H A (> E F A (the reading of Tii., C,n., for >t) [A S P int.. PEABEAHSWIFED (for » A, ' Ring- tailed peacock'; and refers to Aldlieim's ' I'avo' enigma (i, 16), ' I'ulclier et ex- cellens specie, mirandus in orbe.' 15ut Ilicketier (//wi,'//*;, X, 597) has pointed out many objections to this unhaj)py solution : the change of t> to D in 1. 4 is opposed by the alliteration ; the form s',vifeiia is not only a hapax legomenon, but an incredible coinage ; all predicates and attributes of the riddle are left unex- plained, and sylfes Jitcs folces is totally disregarded ; finally, the same sound ea in pea and bi-ah can hardly be represented in one case by the rune [A, in the other by two runes E and A. To Dietrich's solution Sievers {Aitglia XIII, 19, note) objects on ])honetic grounds : ' Eine form bi-a/i mit dem spiiten ausl. h fiir,;,'- und ohne palatalumlaut ist ausserdem fiir die mundart der ratsel undenkl)ar; das wort hiitte in deren orthographic nach massgabe aller altesten angl. texte als bilg- zu erscheinen. Und wie ware die vertauschung der (/rune mit /> zu erklaren ? ' Even less credible is Grein's learned solution {Ch'rm. X, 309) : ' Aspi))(d)e-uv(f) — Aspis et hie vultur (bubo = uf) = schlangenfressend Raulivogel.' In his answer, Ilicketier has solved the problem. He marks that each group of runes is used to signify the word which it spells in part : WIcg, BEorn, HA(o)foc, t^Egn, FAlca and EA, SPearhafuc. The first four words give no trouble and are supported by the problem's companion-piece, Rid. 20. J'hUc)lca, which he does not find elsewhere in Anglo-Saxon, Ilicketier supports by reference to O. II. G. fulko (cf. Baist, Ilaupts Zs. XXVII, 65), and to such a compound as Westei-faica (Thorpe, Atii^lo-Sixxon Cliroiticle I, 30b). Ea, 'water,' which is presented by a single rune, is in keeping with the context. Spear liafuc, Ilicketier points out, is a very common word, and is not unnaturally suggested by its synonyms, Ilafoc and P'alca. Trautmann i^Bb. V, 50; Kyne-vulf, 46) follows Ilicketier in part, but suggests for the later words J>egnas or l>eo7s.'as, liafoc, earh, speru. As he offers no explana- tion of these forms, it is necessary to supply his reasons. His (objection Xn falca probably rests upon the non-appearance of the word elsewhere; but this word is sup])orted not only by the arguments of Ilicketier (supra) but by the runes F and A, and by the demands of the alliteration in 65 5. So there is really no warrant for Trautmann's hafoe. I lis plural J>egnas or J>eowas is probably suggested by 65 6, folees ; but it is open to the very strong objection that since in our riddle's mate, 204-5, liil(lehi'yh>: is in apposition with the singular luoii (N M), it seems reason- able to infer the same relation between /iry/ja . Cf. 20 s-i,, fur . . . sil'fa't. 653 lia'I)lM'iis liyht. Cf. 95 ■;, liTl'eiulia hyht. 65 4 ]7l'ii(^ii). In lliis plate, tlie /'/■■{.K") seems to he tlie attendant of tlie />'/:'{<>/■>/). 'I'lial till' word is early api)lied to 'servant,' tlie many references in Schn\id, (.ic-svtzr, '(ilossai,' \i\). 0().i f,, and I!.'!"., ]>. 1043, show. Indeed in Matt, xxiv, 46, 'ser\us,' l,ind. reads &i\i;ii, where i\ush. <\ui<\ and West Saxon /ii'07(i. It is difficidt to determine the meaning elsewhere in the A'u/d/c's, but /.f,i,''« is opposed to f.iv/f 55 7. Ilollhausen />'/'. IX, 358, notes that if Assmann's read- inj; 1^ for \) l)e acceiJted as tiiat of the MS., the two runes W and E indicate 7('c'r, 'man'; hut the alliteration is clearly against this. 655 KA(rli). This reading is supi>orled l)y (he context, hy the natural appo- sition of /■'.■l{r/i) .uul .S7'((V(), and linaliy hy the e\idence of J\n/. 20, with its ■;oi\^i^\!^(l r e(piivalent. A ^\'est Sa.Non worker has therefore been busy among these runes, as in A'li/. 43 (see Introduction), sim e the Northern form is surely not fur/i \ comiKue /.c/d. Kid. 13, aMigfaMa. 65^1 llicketier ]3oints out the irregularity of sylfc.<: h't's folccs. Either simply /)«■•.» or/.«\r syljaii is in better accord with idiom (see Barnouw, p. 216). Tlie source of this ' Onion ' riddle has already been considered hy me under Kid. 26. Its final motif, ' the biter bitten,' is found in Sym])ln)sius, 4.1 : Morileo niorili'iitcs, ultrd nnn uKirdco (nicnuiuaiu ; Sed sunt mordenteni nudti niordere parati. Nenu) timet niorsiini, dentes quia noii iial^et ullos. The bile of the Onion is a comnKuiplace of I'olksrdl.u-l {\') in 41 82 f. — probably an effort of this translator to improve upon his first very slovenly venture. Ilolthaus, Ans^lia VII, Anz. 123, believes that Rid. 67 is written by an imitator of Rid. 41 : 'The theory of identity of authorship leads to a dilemma, in that the poet would neither work over his bad stuff in order simply to give a translation from the Latin, nor is it conceivable that he would recast his good work in bad form.' My theory, as set forth in my notes to Rid. 41, meets this objection. P'or the relation of 67 and the fragment 94, see the notes to the later riddle. 67 1-3 The comparatives are consistently feminine, whereas in Rid. 41 the gender fref|uently varies, /''runiscea/t, 'creatura,' is, of course, feminine. 672 leolitrc ];oiiii<; iiioiia. In Rid. 303, the Moon is called lyflf(rt IcuhtlTc. 673 8\vil"tre J7011110 suiiiic. So of the Sun in 30 n'', forS onette. ^i; Met. 2931, Se bilS I'Sre sunnan swiftra (eveiiiiii; s/ur). in the Prose Edda i^Ciylfa- gitifiitig, § 12), ' the sun speeds at such a rate as if she feared that some one was pursuing her for her destruction.' 674 fohlaii bcariii. Cf. Bcoto. 11 38, fSger foldan Ijcarm ; Gen. 1664, geond foldan bearm (MS. beam). 675 greiie ^von}!;as. So Rid. 132; 6V7/. 1657; cf. Men. 206, wangas grene. See Rid. 41 51,83, ))es wong grena. — <;i-uiidin gealdrc (The Word), Rid. 49 7, guman galdorcivide (sacred speech) ; 68 13, li'oda Idrcmv, the teacher, through whom men live eternally, can only be the l>ook of Books (cf. 27 18 f.), and 68 3 snytt\rd\ suggests .sacred wi.sdom. The adornments of the subject recall those of the Book in Rid. 27 (cf. 68 17, golde gegierwed ; 27 13, gierede mec mid golde). The books in Aldhelm's enigma J')e Area Libraria (ii, 14) are called ' divinis verbis' and 'sacratos biblos '. 6817'', kicr guvian druneon, does not militate against the solution, as a similar phrase is found in the riddle of the ' Cross' (56 i). Other ' Bible ' riddles, I.denzkar Gd/ur, jj^, 805, 999, and S/ras.tbnrg Rb., 43-50, have little in common with this problem. 681 ]?eo(l<'yiilriK«'S. Only once elsewhere {Son/, Verc, 12) is /^'odeyning ap- plied to Ciod, and in that place the Exeter text reads ire dryliten. 208 RIDDLES OF IHK EXETER BOOK 68 .s iia'iinc mxi'S hafa'A'. In 40 12 the M()()n(?) has no moiitli, ;/<• m/lrf' Itafa&, and in 61 ^) tlic I''lute is ' mouthless.' 68 <) fCt lie f[olin(']. Cf. 28 15, fnla nc folnia ; 327, fet ond fohiie ; 40 10, fot ne folm ; Jhinv. 745, fcl ond folma. 6810 Avolan oft saca'iV. Tiie liible often 'chides' or 'contends against' worldly wealth: I's. Ixii, 10; Ixxiii, 12; Prov. xxiii, 5 ; Jer. ix, 23; Matt, xiii, 22; MaiU iv, 19; Luke viii, 11; etr. 6814 [an'a to] oaldro. This reading of Ilolthausen, .iiv^lia XXIV, 264, is sustained by many instances of the phrase in the poetry (^Sp7-. I, 46). 68 15 ]»oiulon inonii busJiff- (^"f. Pit. \ 57-1 S«S, l>£r no men buga'S | card ond e)>el. 681(1 <'or]jaii sceatas. So Gcii. 2206; Si-af. 61; And. 332; cf. Hecnv. 752, eor|>an sccata. 6817 f;olr'/'. V, 50, follows Thorpe's division. The first two lines, which correspond to A'/i/. 37 1-2 and constitute an opening formula, certainly seem not only super- fluous but misleading here ; and yet we can neither discard them nor give them a separate place. Grein, who takes the three lines together, suggests {/y/V>/. II, 410) ' Winter,' and Dietrich (XI, 480) ' Ice.' Though Dietrich is certainly right, 69 3 has notliing in common with A'/W. 34, ' Iceberg.' Dietrich thinks that the riddle may once have been longer; but the single line is, as an enigma, admirably complete. 693 Compare the descrijition of the freezing of the water in ,-/;/ur/i sida/i refers to the holes for fingering ; se siveora woli \ orhouciim geworlii, to the fanci- fully carved neck and mouthpiece [' wry-necked fife '] ; eaxle twd, to the ])rotrusion of the body beyond the neck.' Dietrich describes the instrument (XI, 4S0) : ' Die NOTES 209 sclialinci dcr liirteii mil /wei seitenklappen, dem hautboi iihnlich [eux/c-], veisehen und mil eineni geliogenem mundstiick besetzt, welches ich selbst an hirtenfioten gesehen habe.' Although the shawm was well known at the time of the Minne- singers (Schultz, yjds hofische Leben I, 434), the name (O. F. chaletnie, 'a little pipe made of a reed or of a wheaten or oaten straw ' — Skeat, Etym. Did. s. v.) does not appear in Knglish until long after the Conquest ; and Padelford finds no trace of the instrument in the Anglo-Saxon manuscripts cited by Strutt and Westwood. Despite such negative evidence, the thing may have been in use at our early period. Trautmann offers without explanation {Anglia, Bb. V, 50) the answer 'Roggen- halni' or ' Kornhalm.' 70 i'' Cf. 73 2S-20, Wiga se he mine wisan | [so)'e] cunne. 70 2 sinf;<''0' pui'li sidan. So of the Bagpipe, 32 3, selllc Hng singan on raecede. 70 4 on ffesryhlruiii. So 41 103. — gesoeapo [dreosecV]. Grein's addition was doubtless made with his eye on Ph. 210, gesceapu dreoge'S ; Ily. 11 7, gesceap dreoge^". RIDDLE 71 Dietrich's answer to this problem (XI, 480), ' Cupping Glass,' is hardly con- vincing. It is true that 71 3-4, 'the leaving of fire and file,' recalls Aldhelm iv, 8, Ciiciima, 1. 7, ' Malleus in primo memet formabat et incus.' But this is the only resemblance to the Latin ; nor has our problem aught in common with the fa- mous 'Cupping Glass' enigma of the Greeks, cited by Aristotle, Rhcto}-ic\\\, 2, 12 (Ohlert, p. 74) : ' I saw a man who on a man had soldered brass by fire,' Hi'dp e'ldov TTvpl xa^'^^" ^t' dv^pi KoWria-avra. 71 5-6, ivepe& Inviimn for gripe mtiuini fits the given answer well enough, and i b, reade be'wcc/ed may refer to blood ; but i a, ' property of rich ' (cf. 6 b), 2 a, ' stiff and steep plain,' and 2 b-3 a, ' station of bright worts,' are fairly remote from the solution. Miiller, C. P., p. 18, is certainly right in rejecting the solution ' Cupping Glass ' : ' Das angelsachsische Rathsel ist zu sehr verstiimmelt, um auf etwas Bestimmteres als ein geschmiedetes, gefeiltes Werk- zeug zu schliessen.' The Aldhelm analogue Miiller sets aside, as the De Cuctinia enigma does not treat of a ' Cupping Glass ' (' cucurbita '), but of a pot or kettle. The right answer is one suggested and rejected by Dietrich (XI, 480), a 'Sword' or ' Dagger.' /c com rices u;ht (i a) well applies to a weapon {Kid. 79; 80 I, 'Horn'). Rcade l>e"un7fed (lb), may refer to blood-stains ('breeched with gore'), but more probably to the gold with which the Sword is adorned {Kid. 21 6-8, 56 14, the gold adornments of the Sword ; 49 r,, rcadan goldes). StT& ond steap 'wotig, stajiol wd -ivlitigan wyrtiim firste . . . on stahokuonge. Cf. Aldhelm iv, 10 i. Dagger, ' De terrae gre- miis formabar primitus arte.' AYi eom 'wrd/>ra Id/, \fyres 07id feole (3b-4a)can only refer to the Sword, as Grein recognized (cf. Spr. II, 152, s. v. laf\ Keller, A.-S. Weapon Xnnies, p. 174). Y^'iih. fccsie geitear'wad ci. 21 13. Wire ge-weor/xid (5 a) exactly fits the interpretation (cf. Rid. 21 32, 'Sword,' wirum dol ; 21 4, wlr ymb bone wxlgimm). Wipe& hwllutn \ for gripe mhmm (71 5-6'^) refers, of course, to the sweord-gripe {Jul. 48S). Se J>e gold wige& {'jy 6'') is sometimes a periphrasis for the Sword itself {Rid. 21 6,8, ' Sword,' ic sine wege . . . gold ofer geardas), but 2IO RIDDLKS OF THE EXETER BOOK here it seems to indicate the wounded warrior {Beorv. i8Si, guiSrinc goldwlonc). Dietrich forces the meaning oi yfian (7 a) into ' entleeren (des blutes),' but else- where in poetry it is used only in the sense of 'destroy' {Beim<. 421 ; IVtxiui. 85), and so it must be defined here ; this is well said of the Sword (Aldhelm iv, 10 4). Hriiigiim gehyrsted (8a) accords with the gifts to the Sword (2123'', )>e mc hringas geaf), and with Becnu. 673, hyrsted sweord. And the fragmentary line (9) drvlUite nun parallels the many allusions to the lord of the Sword in Kid. 21. Trautmann {Aiig/ici, Bb. V, 50) offers ' Der Elsenhelm.' 71 1-2 Grein and WUlker (Assmann) both put a comma at end of line i, and regard 7voiig as being in apposition with iclit\ and Grein translates {Dic/it.) ' Ich bin eines Reichen Besitz, rot bekleidet, ein starkes steiles Feld.' Is it not far better to close line i with a period, and to construe 7ooiig as forming with s/a/iol the predicate of a second sentence, ' I was a hard, high field, the station of beautiful plants'? This inttMpretation is supported by 35 8, on sta/>oki.>oi!ge, and by the beginning of the ' Mail-coat ' riddle, 36 {siifra), as well as by the context ; 7'tCL's ielit refers to no ])lain, hut to the Sword itself, which is the possession of the rich exclusively (see my notes to 21 s, n>). 71 3-4 Avraprji liif, | I'yrcs oiid feole. Cf. 6 7, honiera lafe (^swords) ; Beow. 1033, felk laf (.fTiWi/). 71 6 Holthausen's inversion of MS. mJitum gripe prevents the alliteration fall- ing upon the second stress of a li-type. See, however, 91 S. RIDDLK 72 Dietrich (XI, .iSo) and Prehn (p. 243) answer 'Axle and Wheels,' and defend their solution by pointing to the ' quattuor sorores ' of Symphosius's ' Rotae ' enigma (No. 77). But the 'four dear brothers' (5b-6a), as Grein pointed out {Spr. II, 526, s. V. teoit'), are ' mamillae vaccae,' and the subject of the riddle is the 'Ox,' an answer supported by Brooke (A. K.Lit., p. 136), and by Trautmann {Aitglia, Bb. V, 50). The riddle therefore falls in the same class as Rid. 13, 39, and has been discussed incidentallv under those heads. The youth of the Ox, its nourishment, its later wanderings aiul sulTeiing, antl its unite endurance are the present themes. 72 I le iva's lyfel. .\11 ' Bull ' aiul ■ ( )x ' riddles refer to the creature's youth. See analogues in my notes to Rid. 13. 72 5 fe(i'<:^ is su])portcd by 54 4, feddan fSgre ; 51 s, fcdaiS hine fSgre. 72 5-6 ff'owcr . . . swa-se bro]>or. These are ' the four wells ' of Rid. 39 3 (see note). The teats of a cow are 'four brothers* in the Bukowina riddle (Kaindl, /..■;. d. V. f. I'k. VIII, 319), and 'four sisters' in the Lithuanian ([uery (Schleicher, \t. 211). 72 7 driiicaii sealde. Cf. Rid. 13 5, drincan selle. 72 S J>iT'h. There is no reason to accept Holthausen's hdh {Bb. TX, 358); /("// is the Northern form of West Saxon Jit-a/i (Sievers, Gr.^, 163, n. i ; Madert, p. 53). Cf. 5 S, bdg for bi'ag. 72 9-10 These lines do not mean, as Brooke supposed {E. /■'.. Lit. p. 136), 'I was with the swart herdsman,' but ' 1 left that (i.e. the milking) to the cow-herd.' NOTES 211 Brooke adds, ' The swart herdsman is a Welsh slave. Swart is the usual epithet of the Welsh as against the fairer Englishman.' See my note to 13 s. 729'' iinforlet. Grein and Wiililingc ('arator') unscen)> \am yrMincge wel gefylde and gewa^terode.' Wiilker points to Bede's account of Ca^dmon, Hist. Eccl. iv, 24, to neata scypene, )>ara heord him W3es I'Sre nihte beboden. 'Bubulci' is the lemma to oxciiliyrdas (WW. 90, 17; 91, 23; Ifaupts Zs. XXXIII, 23S). For the rights and duties of ox-herd and cow- herd, see Rectitiidines Singularum Personarum, 12, 13, Schmid, p. 380. 72 lo-ii Brooke says {E. E. Lit., p. 136): 'We are brought into another part of the country, where in Riddle 72 the Ox speaks and tells how weary he was among the rough paths of the border moorland.' Compare the description of Ur in Kun. 4-6 : W (ur) byj> aiimSd and oferhyrned, felafrecne deor, feohte^i mid liornum miere morstapa ; Jixt is niodig wiiht. But the animal of our riddle is thoroughly tamed — certainly not one of the wild cattle that at this day and for centuries afterwards roamed through the forests of England (Bell, British Quadrupeds, pp. 368 f. ; llarting, Extinct British Animals, pp. 213 f.). 72 12 The use of oxen for plowing has already been discussed at length in connection with Kid. 22, ' Plow.' Notice the geiukudan oxan of ^Elfric's Colhx/ny (WW. 90). The work of the ox among the Anglo-Saxons and the other Ger- manic nations is considered at length by Heyne, Eiinf Biicher II, 198-208. 72 13 ^v('()^<• ]J^d^Vil(le. So Bemo. 1722; cf. Ap. 80, weorc ^rowegan. 72 It <'iirf<)<>a (liX'l. So Gen. 180; Deor, 30. — Oft mec Tsern scod. For the use of the goad, as illustrated by the Colloquy and illuminated MSS., see my notes to the 'Plow' riddle (22). The Smith is a maker of goads as well as of plow-shares and coulters {^Colloquy'), and the Gere/a mentions the gddiren among agricultural implements (§ 15, Anglia IX, 263). The pricks of the goad are finely called ordsticpe (72 17). RIDDLE 73 All authorities agree upon the answer 'Spear' or 'Lance.' Like the weapon in Rid. 54, this has flourished as a tree, the ash, until, subjected to a cruel change of fate, it comes into a murderer's hands ; like that, it boasts of its deeds of battle, and vaunts its fame. In its description of its origin, the 'Spear' has some faint likeness to Aldhelm vi, 8, ' Sling' ; and, like this, it delights in battle. But the re- semblance between the two — Prehn's labored comparison (pp. 244-247) to the contrary — seems conditioned, by the likeness of topics, and does not preclude complete independence of composition. 212 RinOLKS OF THE KXETI:R BOOK The closest analogue lo our riddle is found in the descripli(Mi of the Ash, both as tree and s])ear, in Run. 81 ; I* (;l'sc) l)i|> oferheali. ulihuii (lyre, still "" sta|uile, stetle rihte liylt, lieah liini feohtaii on liras nionige. For (CSC as tree, see my note to Kid. 43 .,, se torhta ivsc ; and as spear, see Rid. 23 II ; And. 1099; etc. {Spy. I, 58). As I have noted under Rid. 54, ourcjuery belongs to the same class as the world-riddle of Oak-Ship (Wossidlo 78), which is based upon the same motives as the descrii)tion of ./<-, 'the oak,' in /v'«//. 77-80 (see note to 56 9). In Anglo-Saxon interments the spears occur in much greater number than any of the other weapons. The cemetery at Little Wilbraham produced 35 spears, but only 4 swords (Neville, Sci.xoii ObseqKie.s, 1852, ]>. 8; Ilewett, Ancient Armor, i860, p. 24); and other grave-finds yield similar results (Roach-Smith, Cat. of A.-S. Antiquities at Favers/iam, 1873, pi. xi). The Anglo-Saxon spear is represented not only by the heavy weapon for hurling and thrusting, but by the lighter dart for casting only, the daro&, or//7 (Keller, p. 21). Spears were used by the early Eng- lish not only for war but for hunting (see the September illustration in the Anglo- Saxon calendar, Tib. 15. IV; Jul. A. VI). The weapon consisted of three parts: the spear head, almost lozenge-shaped, the shaft, to which the head was attached, and the iron into which the wood of the shaft was fitted. De Baye, Industrial Arts of .■}n^i;'/o-S(i.\cins, p. 22, notes that the distinctive feature of the Anglo-Saxon spear is a rather short socket. It is the ash shaft (cf. Beoic. 330, garas, . . . aescholt ufan grieg ; Maid. 310; Hand. 99; A'/V/. 23 n) that speaks in our riddle. Brooke remarks {E. E. Lit., p. 124, note): ' Gclr is the usual word for "sjjear" — {i^dr-J)ene = spear Danes). Gdr was the javelin, armed with two of which the warrior went into battle, and which he threw over the " shield-wall." It was barbed, but the other, shaped like a leaf without a barb, was called the s/>ere, the lance, concerning whiiii is (ynewulf's riddle. Tiiis was shod on the top of the handle with a heavy metal ball, to give it weight, just as the sword was.' That such a distinction was always felt to exist between ^rfr and sperc is more than doubtful in the light of their identical appearance in the poetry and their com- mon lemmas, 'jaculuni," •hasia'; although it is true that 'telum,' 'piluni," words for javelin, are frequent synonyms of t^dr. In any case, it is clear that barbed lances were not used as missile weapons, although we occasionally find in Anglo- Saxon graves a missile weapon the two blades of which are not in the same plane (De Baye, p. 22). But j.^/;- is hardly limited to this missile. ' The Spear mourns that it was taken away from the tield (as a sapling of the forest land) where eartli and heaven nourished it; tiiat its nature has been changed and forced to bow to the will of a murderer, ^'et as it learns to know its master better, it sees that he is no murderer, but one who will fulfill a noble fame. Then the spear changes its thought, and is prouil of its small neck and fallow sides, when the glow of sunlight glitters on its point, and the warrior be- decks it with joy, and bears it on the war-path with a hand of strength upon its sliaft and knows its ways in battle' (Brooke, A". /-.'. Lit., p. 124). NOTES 213 73 1-7 Notice the close likeness to the opening lines of Kid. 54, ' Battering-ram.' At that place I drew attention to the affinity (pointed out by Cook, Dream of Rood, p. I.) between our riddle passages and Dream 2S-30. 733 gearuni frOcliic. Cf. /'//. 154; Gen. 2381, gcarum f rod ; /'//. 219, fyrn- gearuni f rod ; Rid. 54 4, frod dagum ; 93 6, dajgrime frdd. 733-7 I'lehn, p. 245, points to Tatwine, 321-2, Sagitta, ' Armigeros inter Martis me bella subire obvia fata juvant,' and 34 4, Pliaretra, ' Non tamen oblectat nee sponte subire duellum.' But there is surely no direct connection between the English and the Latin. Cf. also Rtd. 24 (>, se waldend, se me \>tct wite gescop. 73 9 g'f his clleii hea]70sig«'l. Grein, Spr. II, 41, and B.-T., pp. 523-524, agree in deriving the first member of the compound from hca&ii, ' the sea.' The first translates ' sol e mare progrediens,' and the second explains ' The prefix seems to be used from seeing the sun rise over the sea (cf. merecondeiy Sweet, however, derives from hea&o, ' battle,' which is very common as the first member of compounds, and which is well suited not only to the associations of war in the present passage, but to the description of the sun elsewhere in Riddles (7 1,5, 30^-10). See also Sievers {FEB. X, 507). 73 21 on fynl \viKt'?f. Cf. Gen. 2044, on fyrd wegan fealwe linde. 73 22 on liirftc. After the riddle-fashion, the poet is playing upon the double meaning of hirfl, 'handle' and 'confinement.' 73 24 untler bra'giiloi'an. Thorpe suggests, in his note, hro-gllocan for M.S. hrcegnlocan, and translates 'among wardrobes.' Grein, Bibl. II, 400, follows the MS., but does not translate {Dicht.). Dietrich (XI, 482) says: ' Wahrscheinlich ist hragn ein korpertheil und sein verschluss das innere des leibes ; ich stelle dazu bis auf weiteres das engl. riiie, die hirnhaut.' In Spr. II, 137, Grein pro- poses brcegnlocan, which B.-T. renders, p. 556, 'that which incloses the brain,' ' the skull ' ; and Sweet, ' the head.' 73 26 frl'S lia'fde. Cf. Gen. 1299, friS habban ; Geti. 2471, friS agan. 73 27 Feringe from. See my note to 63 2 ', forSsI)>es from. 73 2S-29 Here is a serious difficulty. Shall we place with Thorpe a comma after li'iciim, and refer wiga to he, or with Gn., W., a colon, and regard wiga as voc. with 2 pers. imp. saga ? In favor of the first it may be said that the sudden introduction of the third person in line 27 seems to demand an appositional phrase of explanation ; in favor of the second, that tviga se />e mine \ wisan ciinne may well be a part of the closing formula (cf. 68 18-19, 70 i). But neither of these interpretations meets the further difficulty, that in the MS. transmission there is no alliteration in line 29. .So Merzfeld, p. 70, suggests that at least two half- lines have been omitted between cntine and saga. But, as we have seen, there is no lacuna in the MS. or gap in the sense. To meet metrical demands we might read Wiga se be mine wIsan [so^ie] cunne, saga hwast ic hatte. 2 14 RIDDLES OF IIIE EXETER BOOK Kl 1)1)1,1'; 74 The subject of Kid. 74 must satisfy many conditions. The monster must be at once a woman, both old and young, and a handsome man. It must fly with the birds and swim in the flood. It must dive into the water, dead with the fishes, and yet when it steps on the land it must have a living soul. 'l"he riddle has troubled scholars sorely. Dietrich admits (XII, 24S) that his solution 'Cuttle- fish' (XI, 4S2 ; compare Aldhelm i, 18, LoI/\ifo) was wide of the mark; but tlie changes have been rung upon this answer by Prehn and \\'alz {Harvard Studies V, 266). Midler {C.P., p. 19) suggests 'Sun,' and points to its different genders in Latin and the Germanic languages. Trautmann (/)'/'. V, 48) proposes ' Water,' and labors over its various forms {BB. XIX, 202): a spring ('a young woman '), a cake of ice ('a hoary-headed woman '), and snow (' a handsome man '). These identifications he chanii)ions by reference to grammatical gendei-. 1 have already objected (.1/. L. X. XXI, loj) that mythology thus becomes the creature of declensions, and that water has not a living soul; and have twice presented and defended the solution 'Siren' {M.L.A. XVIII, 100; XXI, 103-104). I can do little more than repeat my earlier comments upon the problem. The answer easily meets every demand of the te.\t. The Siren is both aged and young : cen- turies old, and yet with the face of a girl. It is not only a woman but sometimes a man. To establish the two sexes of our creature, I have already pointed to the male 'Siren' of Orotdel 94. Philippe of Thaun tells us of the 'Siren' in his Bcstiaire, 1. 683, '//cante en tempeste ' ; and in two of Philippe's sources (Mann, .■liiL^'-Ha IX, T,i)(^) we have 'figuram hominis,' and in a third 'figuram feminis.' In two Latin riddles of Keusner (I, 177; II, 77) the Siren is not only '/emina ' but 'avis,' 'piscis,'and 'scopulus.' In Greek and Etruscan and Roman art the Sirens were represented as bird-women (Schrader, Die Sireiien, Berlin, 1868, pp. 70-112; Harrison, Myths of the Odyssey, London, 1882, chap, v, 'Myth of the Sirens'; Paumeister, Deiikmiiler des Klassischen Altertiims, Munich, 1S88, s. v. ' Seirenen ') ; but, as Harrison and Paumeister point out, at an early period of the Middle Ages (•vom 7. Jahrhundert ab') the Teutonic conception of a fish-woman or mermaid met and mingled with the clas.sical idea of a bird-maiden. The identity of Siren and Mermaid is seen in many Anglo-Saxon glosses (P.-T., s.v. inere-tneii,\:). 6S0). I'liililipe de Thaun, Bestiaire, 664 f., tells us that 'the Siren has the make of a woiuan down to the waist, and the feet of a falcon, and the tail of a fish.' So the creature is presented in the illustration of the Old High German Gottweih J'hysi- ohi^iis (Heider, Physiolof^tis, Vienna, 1851, p. 10, pi. iii). And Laurens Andrewe {The Babees Book, E.E. T.S. XXXII, 237-23S) gives a like account. The com- bined bird and fish aspects explain 74 i, fleah mid fiii^him oiid on flode sworn . As no one will doubt the appositeness of the last line of the riddle, there remains to be discussed only 744, deaf under yhe dead mid fiscum. Every student of myths knows that ' when Ulysses or the Argonauts had passed in safety, the Sirens threw themselves into the sea, a)id loere transformed into rocks' (Harrison, p. 152, note). In its narrative of these creatures the Orphica Argonautiea, 1293-1295 (Latin translation of Cribellus, Hermann edition) furnishes apt explanation of our enigmatic lines: NOTES 215 Ab obice saxi Praecipites sese in pelagus misere profunchiin, Seel fonnam in petras, generosa corpora mutant. That this 'scopulus' phase of the Siren appears in Anglo-Saxon will surprise no one who recalls the persistence of the tradition of the death-dive of the Siren in a well-known illustration in Herrad von Landsperg's Ilortus Deliciannn, 11 60 A.n. (lingelhardt, Stuttgart, 18 18, cited by Harrison, p. 171). Every condition of Kid. 74 finds natural explanation in this widely-spread myth. The careful re- view of the history of the 'Siren-Mermaid' by W. P. Mustard {M.L./V. XXIII, 21-24, January, 190S) confirms me in the above views contributed by me to M.L.A'. XXI, 103-104, April, 1906. My article, of which Dr. Mustard was unaware, furnishes, I think, the desired link between classical and Teutonic super- stitions. 74 I feaxhar owoiie. Feaxhdi- occurs only here, but liar is often used as an epithet of age (Spr. II, 14). Ilicketier fails completely in his effort to prove (Anglia X, 577) that cwene is here contrasted as ' meretrix ' vixiV fHinne ('a bash- ful girl'). Nothing could be farther from the riddler's meaning. 743 fleah mid fiigliim. Cf. Rid. 524, fultum fromra, fleag on lyfte (MS. fu- glum frumra fleotgan lyfte). 74 4 deaf under yj^t'- So 52 5. 74 (-5 I'V his pointing, a colon after slop, Trautmann (/?/?. XIX, 201) makes the final clause, .luefde fer& cioiai, distinct from the context ; but I prefer to regard line 5 as the antithesis of line 4 : ' I dove under water, dead with the fishes; and (when) I stepped on the ground, I had a living soul.' — ha'fde fcr'O CAvifU. The reading yi-;-^ for "hl^. for& is sustained by 11 6, ha-fde feorh cwico ; 143, haefdon feorg cwico. Cosijn i^PBB. XXIII, 130) finds the same substitution in Chr. 1320, 1360. RIDDLE 75 This short runic riddle has in common with Rid. 20 not only the method of inverting runes, but the phrasing (see 20 1-3 and 65 1). Read backwards, the four runes as restored (see text) spell H U N D, 'dog.' Dietrich, XI, 4S3, conjectures that this was the introduction to a longer riddle. 75 1-2 Swift dogs were in great demand among the Anglo-Saxons. The hunter tells us, /Elfric's Colloquy, WW., 92, 14, mid stvifttim Jiiinduin ic beliece wildcor; and the fowler (id. 95, 1 2) readily offers a hawk in exchange for a swift hound. Wright, Domestic Manners, p. 69, prints from Ilarl. MS. 603 a picture of a dog- keeper {/iinuhueal/i) and his two dogs. Sharon Turner, VII, chap, vii, recalls the evidence of William of Malmesbury {De Gestis Regiim Angloriim II, chap. 1), that iTLthelstan made North Wales furnish him with as many dogs as he chose, 'whose scent-pursuing noses might explore the liaunts and coverts of the deer,' and that Edward the Confessor was fond of liunting with fleet hounds and of hawking. For the appearance of liund'xn the Anglo-Saxon vocabulary, see Jordan, AUenglische Sdugetiernamoi, pp. 46 f. 2l6 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK RIDDLE 70 Dietrich (XI, 483) suggests that perhaps the single line Ic dve geseah idese sittan forms the introduction to Kid. 77, as the subject of that riddle, ' Oyster,' is of feminine gender (Lat. ostrea\ A.-S. ostre), and, being footless, she sits upon the rocks; but the change from the third person in 76 to the first in 77 is quite suffi- cient to destroy this conjecture. Grein, Bibl. 1\, 401, queries whether the subject was not originally given in runes as in liid. 75. Trautmann, Auglia, Bb. V, 50, re- gards the line as a fragment. RIDDLE 77 Dietrich is doubtless right in his answer, ' Oyster.' The riddle has only the topic in common with the last line of Aldhelm's 'Crab' enigma (iii, 26), ' Ostrea quem metuunt diris perterrita saxis ' ; but it tinds apt comment in Ausonius's 'Ostrea' griphos in his letter to Theon {^Kpistolae vii. Opera, 1785, p. 246) : 'Ostrea . . . Dulcibus in stagnis reflui maris aestus opimat,' and in yet another epistle of the Latin writer (ix, ib. p. 249): Ostrea nobilium coenis suniptuque nepotum Cognita diversoque maris defensa profundo, Aiit refugis niidata vadis aut scnipea subter Antra et niuriceis scopuldrum niersa lacunis. Our riddle bears no resemblance to Scaliger's 'Ostrea' (Reusner I, 173), which describes the strange nature of the house. But an English riddle {^Wit N'ewly Revived, i7So(?), 21) contains the final motives of Kid. 77 (43-8): Stouthearted men with naked knives Beset my house with all their crew ; If I had ne'er so many lives, I must be slain and eaten, too. The Anglo-Saxon fisherman takes in the sea (/Elfric's Colloquy, WW. 94) haerincgas and leaxas, mereswyn and styrian, ostran and crabban, muslan, pine- winclan, siecoccas, fage and floe and lopystran and fela swylces (see Ileyne, Fiiiif Binlifr II, 250). So in the Ecrl. Hist. i. i (Miller, 26, 7), her beo|> oft numene missenlicra cynna weolcscylle i muscule, etc. From Lccchdoms II, 244, 2, we see that raw oysters (77 8, unsodene) were not deemed a healthy food (Whitman, Auglia XXX, 3S1). 77 I Ste inec te(l. Both here and in unsodene (1. 9), the grammatical gender of ostre is rcLrarded. NOTES 217 77., iiiufl onfyiKlc. Cf. Whale, 53, 'Sonne se mereweard mfuN ontyneS. 77 I. souxes orde. Prehn, p. 250, notes the part played l)y the knife's point in the KiJdles: 276, seaxes ecg; 61 12, seaxes ord. See my note to 276 for a dis- cussion of the seax. 777 hyum bewrigene ; 77 2, mec y^a wrugon. On account of these very recurrences of thought, we cannot regard 78 as a mere con- tinuation of 77; but rather as a development of a similar theme. 78 3 Holthausen,. '/wi,'-/w XXIV, 265, would read \_h'\ydd; but my reading, [d]yi/i- me to mose, is supported by And. 27, dydan liim to viose, and by the parallel of thought in 77 [snpi-a). 787'' y|>uin bewrigene. Cf. 3 15, y^a . . . \i. 156, bewrigen mid flode; Gen. 1460, bewrigen mid wa:trum; Met. 8 59, bewrigen on weorulde waetere o\>\>e eor'San. RIDDLE 79 Dietrich (XI, 483), regards this single line as ' merely a variant of the first line of Kid. 80.' 79 I ic eoiii aepelinges wht. So of the Sword, 71 i, ic eom rices ieht. RIDDLE 80 Dietrich's answer ' Jagdfalke ' or 'Ilabicht' (XI, 483) is accepted by Prehn (p. 283) and Stopford Brooke (p. 147). Walz, Hariuird Studies V, 267, defends the solution 'Sword' by its relation to its lord (1), its wooden sheath (6), its 'hard tongue' or point (8b), its use as a gift (g-ioa), its brown edge (na). Miiller, C. /'., p. 18, offers the answer ' Horn,' which is accepted by Herzfeld (p. 5). Trautmann, who had not read Miiller, gives (^BB. XIX, 203 f.) many good reasons for rejecting other answers and his own earlier solution, ' Spear'; and now offers convincing support to • Horn.' This is literally the noble's shoulder-companion and the warrior's comrade (1-2); it is the associate of the king (3 a), as a drinking- vessel. So at feasts, the queen takes it in her hand (3 a-5) (and offers it to the heroes); cf. Beo'w. 494 f., 620 f., 1168, 1216, 1981 f., 2021 f. The Horn carries in its bosom what grew in the grove (6) — the mead made of honey ' brought from groves' (Miiller and Trautmann cite 28 2-.v')- As battle-horn, it rides upon a horse at the end of the troop (7-8 a). Its tongue or tone is hard (S b). At the banquet 2i8 Rii)i)Li:s nv 'riiE exicti:r t-ook it offers wine to tlie singer as reward for his song (9-10 a) (cf. Miiller). Its color may well be black (11 a). Trautniann has surely proved his thesis, as Miiller had done before him. Points of likeness with the earliri • Horn ' riddle, A'/i/. 15, are many, as Miiller and Traulmann show: there the Horn rides upon a horse (5!) ()a, i;l) i-ia); it has a filled bosom (8-9 a) ; its voice is dfscrihi'tl ( 16-1 (j a) ; and one may aild that 80 2:\ fyrdrincex iiefanu is paralleled by 15 ■;', J'rcollc fynl- sccorp. 'riie hii'llnm clauses of 80 recall those of the earlier riddle (compare Brandl, GriiiiJriss- II, 972). For a discussion of the Anglo-Saxon horn, see my notes to A'/,/. 15. 802'' IVeaii iiiTiiiiiu leof. So 21 2 (Sword). 803-5 As 'rraiitmann has pointed out (see xiipra'), the Bcoividf, 612, refers to such service by noble women, when Wealhl'covv i)asses the beaker at the feast. So in GV/. Ex. 8JS-QI : (W'if sccal) nu'(>(li)r;T'(k'iinc for gcsIiNma'gcn symlc ;T'ghw;er eodor julicliiiga iiMcst gcgretan, fiirnKui lulk' to fir-.ui lioiul riiciic ,i;i'i Ml ,in. In Bede's lucl. I/ist., bk. v, chap. ,), an earl's wife ' presented the cup to the bisho]! and us (Abbot lierthun), and continued serving us with drink as she had begun till dinner was over.' The same custom prevailed in other dermanic countries. In the )'>ii^/iiii:^(i S(r_i;-a, chap, .j 1 , 1 iildigunn, daughter of King CJranmar, carries ale to the viking Iljorvard. In the ( ourtly verses cited by Vigfusson and Powell (C'o;- f/ts rocticiim I^orcalc II, -iiS) from Olaf's Saga, the poet calls ' I'yll horn, kona . . . Berr nier of ker ! ' (' fill the horn, lady . . . Hear me the cup'). And we are told by (Jeoffrey of Monmouth, in his account of the meeting of \'ortigern anil llengist {/listoria Ihitt'iiiiiii, bk. vi, chap. 12, cited by Budde, Die BedcKtiiiii^ dcr '/'liiiksitten, p. 39), that Rowena, the daughter of the Saxon chieftain, was the Hritish king's cupbearer: 'Ut vero regiis epulis refectus fuit, egressa est puella de thalanio aureum scypheum vino plenum ferens ; accedens deinde propius regi flexis genibus dixit: " Lauerd king wacht heil!"' For Iruntlocccdii, cf. note to 41 gS. In the Ilci&rcks Cntiir, No. 9, light-haired women carry ale. 80 .\ IioikI on 1»'<;('»V. An example of the shortened A-type, with a heavy mon<)syllal)le in the thesis (Ifer/.feld, p. .14). 8os,eorloH ilolitor. Contrast 26(>'', ceoili's dolitor. Tliat riddle is throughout on a lower plane. See, however, 465, lieoilnes dohtor. 80 7 on 'wlonciiiii ■wlcj'O. Cf. Maid. 2.|o, on wlancan I'fun wicge ; Rid. 20 1-2, S R H (liors) hygewloncne. 809-10 As ivo&bora is used in 3224 of the riddle-solver, and as .;'vc,/ is else- where ap])lied to a riddle (56 i.|, see my note), it is easy to fancy that our thirsty riddler is here giving a sly hint. I'or a careful study of the word 'ivo&bora, in its many meanings, see Merbot, Aesl/ietisclie Stiidien zur uy;s. Poesie, pp. 5-7. Budde, p. 33, points out that the frecpient introduction of drinking situations into these enigmas seems to show that riddle-guessing was a part of the entertainment at feasts. NOTES 219 RIDDLE 81 Dietrich (XII, 234-235) rejects his earlier answer, 'Ship' (XI, 483), and ac- cepts Professor Lange's solution, 'Maskenhelm.' lie says in his note: 'Das haupt des an bnist und nacken ausgebognen helms ist der obere erhohte grat oder rand, der das eberzeichen als h?alnic stcort tragt, der fuss ist das nackenstiick, auf dem der helm abgenommen steht, das luard itcbb ist das nasenstiick oder der steg der maske, die den mund unljedeckt liisst ; das elend (regenstrijme, hagel, reif und schnee) erduldet der helm, wenn ihn der krieger, der die lanze {^wudic) regt, auf seinem haupte tragt, wodurch er " wohnung Uber den mannern " hat.' This solu- tion, which IJrooke modifies to 'Visor' {E. E. Lit., p. 127) and translates in part (p. 124), is certainly less apt than the ' Wetterhahn ' or ' Weathercock ' of Traut- mann {^Aiiglia, Bb. V, 50), which meets all the conditions of the problem. It is jniff-breasted and swollen-necked ; it has a head and a high tail, eyes and ears, one foot, back and hard beak, high nape and two sides. It has a dwelling-place over men. It suffers wretchedness when it is moved by the wind, which is de- scribed in the periphrase, 81 7'', se he "wtidn hrere& (so the Wind-storm says in Kid. 2 8, ic tviidit lircre), and when it is beaten by the elements. So one speaks fittingly of a ' Weathercock,' and not of a ' Helmet.' Indeed the wind-motif ap- pears in the German ' Wetterhahn ' riddle, which has an honorable history (Wos- sidlo, No. 104, notes ; Friedreich, p. 207) : Sich in alien Winden erhebet, Und wann die wiiteri, Muss er daiin fleissiger hiiten. No use of the word ' Weathercock' is recorded in Anglo-Saxon — indeed, before the wedercoc of the Aycnbite of Iinoit, E.E. T.S. XXIll, 1.S66, p. iSo (cited by Bradley-Stratmann) — l)ut I note in the excellent illustration of an Anglo-Saxon mansion (MS. llarl. 603, f. 67 V.; Wright, Domestic Manners, p. 15) a pennant- shaped vane (/ana). Weathervanes, not only on land but at sea, are frequently mentioned in the Old Norse sagas (Cleasby-Vigfusson, s.wfuiii). 81 I b.vlf;<'i"rM)st. The MS. form, byledbri'ost, is open to two objections: it is impossible metrically, and the first member of the compound is a hapax unsus- tained by the evidence of cognates. The word suggested satisfies both meter and sense, if byl_^ed is taken in its primitive meaning of 'swollen,' ' inflated' (cf. bylg, belg, 'bag,' 'bellows'). Gcbyljred'x?, found elsewhere (B.-T., p. 37S) in the derived sense of ' made angry,' ' caused to swell.' 81 5'' sag[ol]. Thorpe conjectures sac ('a sack'). latmiiller {W'orterbiich) renders sdg 'onus'; and Grein, Dic/it., ' eine senkung'; but in Spr. 11, 387, ' sag (ndd. seeg), " Hundel," "Last?" ace. ic (sc. scipl) luebbe sag on middan — vgl. jedoch auch mhd. seige and altn. sirgr.' Dietrich explains the word (XI, 483): 'eine offnung auf dem verdeck zum hinabsenkung {.urgan) der waaren (cf. 339, muS wx'S on middan).' B.-T., p. 813, cites the word, l)ut does not translate, and Sweet does not include it in his Diet. The Dicht. translation, 'a sinking,' alone fits the proper solution, 'Weathercock,' and may describe the bird's back between the ' high neck ' (1. 4) and ' high tail ' (1. 2). Mod. Eng. sag is connected by Skeat, 220 kiDDi.i'-.s oi' iiii'; i:\i':ri:K hook /''.tyin. J^iit., s. v., vvitli Swed. .uuku ;nul (icim. \,i/ would llicn lie in u.ilund ajiiiosition to lUird ofcr ,7/(/iiiii (1. (>) antl would ex- plain J,yi r/:i',>ii!i'iii- (1. 1 1). 81 d'' Aj'hir {!;<'. Cf. /)ii)i. 2j>S, )>a;r hie )'a,"t agliic drugon. 81 7 1>;«T iiu'c wcucA. Sievers proposes 7tiuxt-& on melriial grounds, hut our word is elsewhere used, as here, of movement hy the wind {sit/>reah hit wecge wiiul. 'I'lu' half line is of the A-ty])e (S ^\ ^'j x) common in the A'li/- ii(a'i>. C(. 3''', sticainas slahu hialaN (note). Si') !■■ (f. AVi/. 41 5.1-55, se heaida foisl | lunn hrorugrimina. Instead of the [/,i]r.\[/ ,i;rr,7].yf& of llolthausen, /.'/■. IX, j^S, I supply with aid of 1'.. M. [,>//,/ /"]('/m/ [///■]("•('.l•6•c^. Ihrosiiii is the wold always found in like < oiilc.xl : /'//. 60, I'iT'i lie h.igl lie Iniiii linosaiN |o loldan ; // i/z/i/. .(S, hicosan hiiin ond siiaw liagle gciiicni;cd ; U'.i/i,/. 10.', luiiN h 1 coscikIi' ; elf. 81 11 |<>ii| I'.vreUvoiiihiK'. 'I'lu- addition seems necessary to the context, hut not lo the iiiclei, as elscw lui <■ in (he A'/,/,//i:\\ 45 .;, 91 5, the adj. /)J;r/, ' i)erforated,' li.is .1 long lool syll.dilc, while (he noun/>ivv/, 'hole,' has a short one, 16 21, 728. The nicaning, ' ha\ iiig the stomach pierced,' is explained by my reading of sdi^vl for ^■tl^;^ in line 5 (,iv//;v/). Kl 1)1)1,1', H2 The few siallered phrases of this fragmentary riddle give no clue to the solution. 82 i <»r(>a(i> s^v^lg;<•^V. I'ethaps, j,'7V(;/<- .iTiv/'.'vvi' ; cf. (/Vw. 909, |>u scealt greot etan. 82 .( K |<"ll lie II;. 'sc. (I. 77 .;. 82 '■ iiiji'la /Lieliwaiii. » 1. 33 1 .•, geara geliwani ; 61 '>, fihlna gehw.lm. KlDDl.f. S.". TiuMC is lillle diltereiKc ol oi>iinoii .iiiioii!; solvers regarding the answer lo this. Allagieelli.il il is a iiul.il, siilijei led lollie ll.imes ( j h, :; h, .| a). I'.ul Dietrich (\l, .|.S,|) helieves llie suhjeii lo he '()ie'; and Tiaulin.mn, 'Ciold.' It has something in iimuiikui with Svnipliosius iji {/\u iinui) : I'lM.i liii |iiin\ci. l.Ueliiis alisi (inilil.i diiis (.'» terrae) ; Nunc .iliiicl prcliiiin ll.iiniu.ic niinu-n(|ue (leri\ilv iiuiled" (o 10.1) is due lo llie \\e.i]ions 111. ide from iron. Perhaps Ihese lines may refer to chains, or to the e\ ils < .iiised hy money (1 Timothy vi, 10, N()li;.S 22 1 ' tlic love of moni-y is the iodI of ;ill r\ il '). 'I ho l;isl piiil of llu; pidhh'iii { kj li i ,| ) sc'L-ms to luu to indii'iili' ' ( iold ' ;iii(l ils si/ic(\ and y/iirfde l?oJ\- loera, miss the point of the ])assage, though his suggestion of llge is happy, /ieow. 2322-2323 helps us greatly here : II;efcle landwara Uk<' '"'fangcn, biele ond hrmulr. So I was inclined to read in 83 t, \thrf(li- loiid\-,V(irii li^n- hntiiiin/nt, and to regard londwara as an enigmatir reference to the ores, which are surely 'surrounded by flame and purified by fire.' Hut this is contradicted by letter-fragments in 15. M. 832'' bji'los wcard. Tiiis refers, I think, to Tubal (ain, the for/xui /iro/.or of line 5 (see note). 833'' ITrc^ Ih'WiiihIcii. <'f. /u;no. 5146 3147, swogende leg | wope bewnnden ; C/ir. 1538, lege gebnndne ; /\i. Cf. 93 2f), Nu min hord waraiN iilj-enchr feond. 835 «'or]7aii hroljor. The isarth is called '(he mother and sister' of men (liody and Soul) in h'id. 44 . |. Sec! also the /V.-w h'u/dir, cited in my note- to that passage. This phrase, eor/uiii brdj.or, well accords with the Anglo Sa.xoii concei)lion of Tubal-cain, as revealed in the illuminated manusc \\\)\s. In (Oiion Claudius 15. IV, f. 10, a picture of Tubal cain at work at his forge bears the in- scri|)tion '/'nl'iilaiin s? wus (7i,'/.t .i,r Ire>is)ni&. And in the ("a'dmon manuscript (Archaeoloi^ia XXIV, pi. xxviii), he appears in his two roles of smith and plowman — in either case, a 'brother of the earth.' He is thus described in Ge>i. 1082 f. : Swylcc on Sa-re niSgiJe mlga wa;s haten on |>a ilcan tid Tubal Cain, 222 Ki 1)1)1. i:s ()!■■ 'nil". I'.xi'/riCK r.ooK sC- I'lnli sn\li(i spril snii,N ira'ftcga wa'S ami I'utIi iiuhIis m-m\ii(l iiinriiia il'vcst sunn l.iiinlics siillim'wcdrrc-s, liimia wa'S dlcr (dliiaii: siNiNaii lolca beam ;T'ifs cfiiNon aiul isciiics burlisittciidc brfican wide. 83 7 iTfjjr-ltc. Sic\cis, /'/)'/>'. \, si.v t'stalilislies the lci\!;lh of the rool-vowel liy cousideralion of lliis, aiul dtlicr cxainples in \\\v pocivy. 83 s'' Nolo the omission of I lie \fi I) after an auxiliaiv veil). '!"hc half-line recalls the l.u k of ri'dress of the Swoicl (21 17), anil of the lloin (93 i./). 83 !'■ AV<»iif>as is here used as a ])oetieal e.xpression for ' the earth.' .See A'/: 6S0, wonga. 83 M.'' Il;i'l>l>(> !<• wiiiHlrii I'ola. Cf. 22 S, ha-bbe wundra fela (//cti') ; /u'oti'. .|oS, h.ibbe ii' nia-riNa fela (Sarra/.in, neo'iOiilf-Stiiilicii, ]i. 12.S). 83 I-- 11 ('oni])are the final motive of the Moon riddles (30,95). Very striking is llu' veibal likeness between 83 12 and 95 i.(, mine (i.e. swa)'e) bemi|)e nionna gehwylcuni. 83 13 ilegoiriilnc (loin. C'f. I's. 147 9, his domas digle. KTDDI.K 84 Dietrich (XI, 484) gives the answer ' Water,' which remains unquestioned. He points out the likeness of 84.1, Moiior is mouigra »i<7rra ivihta, to Aldhelm iii, I {.Itftm) .(-5 : Nam volucn-s lai-li nantesqiu' jior accniora pisces ()liin suniiisiMunt iw nir pi iniDi di.i vitae, and of 84 (>'' •)' to Aldhehn iv, 1 | (/•iv/.v) 3-4: Quis minierus capiat vrl ([nis latcrciilus acquct \'ita viveiitiuni goncrrni qudt niillia p.ntii. As I'lehn claims (p. -5',), this ]noblcm has certain motives in common with the AiUjiior enigma of I'.usebius, No. j^. t'ompare the wild course of the 'Water' (84 13) with the lirsl line of the Latin, ' Motor curro, fero velox, nee desero sedem'; and the water's burden, 8443, hih stdiiiim />L-str£j>c'f the subject. The ojicning lines of AW. 84 and of I'.usebius Jj are both ins])ired by Aldhelm iv, 14 1 j : Per cava telliuis clam serpo cclerrimus antra, Flexos venarvim gyrans anfractibiis orbes. .\nd in its ])icture of the Water's burdens our riddle is not as close to l'",usebius as to i'liny's ,11 count of W.iter, .\\itiir,i/ History .\x.\i, 2, ' Saepe etiam lapides sub\chunt, poit.mtes ali.i pondera.' Still another motive, that of the ships (84 Ji::), is far more clearly expressed in .Mdhelm iii, i j, ' Dum virtute fero N()ri:s 223 silvarum rohnia niille,' thrin in Kiisol)iii.s 232, 'tarn fjrandia ijoiulura poito.' The description of the Water's cover, 8439, o/t ulait lcceHC, is in striking contrast to Eusebius 233, 'Nix neque me tegit,' etc. Finally, 'Water' riddles with as close resemblances to RUi. 84 are found in other countries and other times (JJrussels MS. 6o.}, 12th century; Mone, Aiizei!:;er VIII, 40, No. 48). 84 r The emendation of Hiilbring (see 'l"e.\t) is sustained l)y Rid. 51 i, Wiga is on eorl'an wundruni Tk enned. 842 hreoli Olid i-<>|><'. //rro/i is often applied to Water (^V//. 1325, /V. TxS 1, Jn?oli 'U'ifler, etc. ; sec A/v. II, 103, for many examples), as is also ;■,'/"' (/"'/. 349, rehe streamas). See Dieiiicii (XI, 4X4). — liarai)' ryiic stroiiKiic. Cf. C,V//. 159, (waiter) |'a nu under rotlerum heora ryne healdaN. The opening lines of 84 sug- gest the Storm riddles (2 — 3 5). 843 KryiiicliiO'. So of Water, /'aii. 7, brim grymetende. — be fii-uiidc I'arcrt'. Cf. A'li/. 22 .;, be grunde gr;vfe. 84.1 Cf. 42 .', mnddor monigra cynna {'water''.) 84 5'' fiinclafli a-iVc. Compare the description of Water in Sal. 392 f. : Ac foriuvSm winneS (Sis wa'ter gcond woroldrlcc, dreogeS deop gesceaft, ne mot on da-g restan, neahtes ne SyS, cra;fte ty S i Ic wilitc ne cann forlnvan se stream ne n)ot slillaii neahtes. This superstition is found in .Slnu^^shiiri^cr Rlitscll'iicli., No. 52, and is there traced Id Aristotle. 846-9 Here the riddler must have had in mind T'salms civ, 25, 'So is this great and wide sea, '.olicrcin are thim^s creeping; innumerable, both small and great beasts.'' Compare the Anglo Sa.xon poetic version (1032.)): His is mycel sie ond on gemajruni wid : )>;er is imrim on ealra cvvycra, niycelra ond ma-tra. 847'' wordiini g«'cy)>aii. Cf. Whale, 2 b, wordum cy[>an. 849 Cf. Gn. Cot. 61-62 : Is seo forcSgesceaft digol (ind dyrnc, Drihten ana wat. Willi the reference lo the Creation (849-ro) cf. 41 i-s. 84 I', or \'ith second stressed syllable short (_^ X ( X ) | 224 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK ^ X) are found elsewhere in the Riddles (i8 n, 24 i, 39 6, 7, 43 n, 47 6, etc.; cf. Sievers, PBB. X, 458; Herzfeld, pp. 44, 49). 28 13-14, streiigo bisfoleii . . . mu-ge>ie biintiiieii, are exactly parallel to the present lines. The metrical a-priorism of Holthausen is dangerous. 8421 wistuin gphladen. According to Grein, Sp}-. II, 721, the Water is so described ' als Heimat der essbaren Fische.' But this and the parallel phrases (11. 21-22) may refer to the ships upon the sea (supra). Of the Ship in 33 n we are told, 7vist in 7vii^t'&. 8425 ^vuklorgimm Avloncmii getenge. Cf. El. 11 14, godgimmas grunde getenge (Herzfeld, p. 19). 84 29 gifrost ond grtedgost. Cf. Seaf. 62, gifre and grSdig; Gen. 793, grje- dige ond gifre ; Sat. 32, 192 ; .Soul 74, gifre ond griedige. 84 30 pjBS ]7e. This is rendered by Thorpe 'from the time that,' and by Grein, Dic/it., ' von allem was.' The use of the phrase after superlatives (see 1. 29) is illustrated by the very similar passage C//r. 71--73: Eala wifa wynn geond wuldres |>rym, fsemne freolicast ofer ealne foldan sceat [>xs \>c a-fre sundbuend secgan hyrdon. Cook renders 'as far as' (see Spr. II, 576); and this may be the meaning in the Riddle line. Cf. also Met. 28 33, /(/"j^ J^e moniutni />iiu'&, ' as far as it seems to men.' In the not unlike clause in the other ' Water' riddle, 42 4, 5, hass deorestan, J>3es he dryhta beam . . . agen, f^irs J^e is the simple relative attracted to the case of its antecedent. In both cases the subjunctive follows (Madert, p. 97). 8431 a'Ida beam. So 95 10; Seaf. 77; cf. lVo>id. 99, Slda bearna ; C/ir. 936, ielda bearnum. 84 32 Grein, reading luczgeit for MS. vicrge, translates {Dic/it.) 'der Weltkinder Menge, wie das webt die Glorie.' Dietrich notes (XI, 485), wtildor — wintdor (90 3, gloriam). But Thorpe was on the right track when he rendered the line 'So that glorious woman {7ii!ildor-7oife&), world-children's daughter.' My change to -wuldor wifa is supported by iMeit. 149, wlfa -witldor, 'glorious woman' (cf. C/ir. 71, ■n'Tfa icy nil, cited supra). I regard the line as parenthetical, and translate ' So (lives) the glorious woman, kinswoman of world bairns.' J\/ccge, which carries the meaning of 'mother' not only in Beow. 1390, Greiidles fiidgan, but in Rid. 10 4, is aptly applied to the Water, which in this riddle is vidd{d)or (11. 4, 20). 84 33-34 This clause, I believe, points back to the superlatives in lines 2S-29 : ' most greedy and rapacious . . . though a man, wise in spirit, learned in mind, may have e.xperienced a multitude of wonders.' That is to say, 'whatever a man's experience, he is yet to learn of anything more greedy,' etc. 84 33 fer]7um glea^v. Cf. 60 2'', mSdum gleawe (note). 84 34 mode snottor. Cf. 86 2, mode snottre ; Fwd. 87, modes snottor. See mod-suottor {Spr. II, 260). 8435-36 These comparatives recall the 'Creation' riddle (cf. 4155). Ilnlsan heardra is clearly a reference to the ice-form of water (see line 39). ' I/d-leJiUfn frodra ist zu verstehen wie 83 i und geht vvieder auf die schopfungsgeschichte, wonach wasser viel eher als der mensch vorhanden war' (Dietrich, XI, 485). NOTES • 225 84 37 ■\vjBstnium tytlre'S. The riddler may have had in mind Ps. 64 n, waeter ymende wa^stme tyddraS. Cf. Ps. 103 16, wasstme tydraS. So in the ' Water ' riddle (Brussels MS. 604 d, Mone, A>tz. VIII, 40) : ' Exeo frigida, sicca satis, nemus exalo, rideo pratis.' 84 3S Cf. Sill. 395, cristna'^" ond clSnsa'5 cwicra manigo (roater). In /Irene dwiesLe& Dietrich (XI, 4S5) rightly finds a reference to holy water, and cites the passage from the Sige-wii/Ji Interrogationes (see MacLean, Anglia VII, 6), in which the Water is declared exempt from the curse placed upon the Earth after Adam's fall, because God had decided ' )'a;t he wolde \>\xx\\. waster J>a synne adylgian j?e se man Jjurhteah.' 84 40 Cf. And. 543, wuldre gewlitegad ofer werl^eoda. So of Water, Sal. 396, wuldre gewlitigaiS. 84 41-44 Cf. Rtd. 4 7-10. 8444 timbred weall. Cf. Gen. 1691-1692, weall stSnenne | up forS timbran. 84 46 hriisan lirlne'O. Cf. 67 5, grundum ic hrine. 84 53 I do not accept the hord ivord\a'\ of Holthausen, Anglia XXIV, 265, be- cause it forces upon us a change in the text, and because word-hord is the ordi- nary phrase. G\es^vuteld\ of Holthausen is a possible addition (see Chr. 9, gesweotula; 8423, gesweotlad). But so are many other words beginning with g. Little is gained by such guesswork. 84 54 Holthausen's emendation \7vtsddm on'\wreoh is supported by El. 674, wisdSm onwreon. RIDDLE 85 As Dietrich has pointed out (XI, 454), the source of this 'Flood and Fish' enigma is the twelfth riddle of Symphosius : Est domus in terris, clara quae voce resultat : Ipsa domus resonat, tacitus sed non sonat hospes ; Ambo tamen currunt, hospes simul et domus una. I have traced the history of this [M. L. A'. XVIII, 3) : it is found in the Dispu- tiitio Pippini et Alhini {//aitpts Zs. XIV, 543), No. 93, in the Flores of Bede (Migne, P. Z., XCIV, 539), in Bern MS. 611, No. 30 {Anth. Lat. I, 360), and in the Apolloniits of Tyre (Weismann, Alexander, 1850, I, 480). So it came into the Gesta R'omaiiorum, cap. 153, and passed then into the possession of the people {Strassbtirg Rb., No. 109; Simrock^, p. 14). The motive is found as far afield as Turkey {Urqiiell IV, 22, No. 10). A second problem {M. L. N. XVIII, 5) with the separate motive of ' the house escaping from robbers (the net), while the guest is captured,' lives at present in many French, German, Italian, and English forms (Holland, No. 71 ; Petsch, p. 13S), and has been noted by me in 13th-century Latin dress (MS. Arundel 292, f. 114; Wright, Altdcutsche Blatter II, 148). The two motives are found side by side in Strasshurg Rb., Nos. 108-109, and are finally combined in a Russian version (Sadovnikon, Zagadki Rousskago A'aroda Sostavil, St. Petersburg, 1876, No. 1623) discussed by Gaston Paris (In- troduction to Rolland, p. i.\). 226 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK Two motives are added by the Anglo-Saxon to those of Symphosius. The first, that of difference between guest and house (3 b-5), is found in the Strass- burg riddle (109) : Etwan (nit wan) die gcst in kurtzer beyt, Floch es von mir on arbcit : Stunden die gest gar still, Gar bald darnoch in kurtzer zeit Die gest audi tiolien wieder streit, etc. and in the Turkish {sjipra), ' Ich gehe, es geht auch ; ich bleibe stehen, es bleibt nicht steiien ' {IVcisser). The second — a 'living and dead' motive — is an addi- tion found only in our query. 85 2-3 Cf. Geii. 903-905, I'il nxdran sceop nergend usser . . . wide si^'as. 85 2 To the yml> \_(iro/it mi)iiie'\ of Holthausen, /. F. IV, 3SS, I greatly prefer yinb line [i/o/utis liyde'] (see Ps. 118 65, 139 12). With drihten for MS. driJit cf. (h-yhtiies for MS. dry /it (60 n). J>ri/U is sometimes used as an abbreviation for all cases of drihten (see 15. -T., jjp. 213, 216). 85 3'' Cf. 41 ra honne he. With stviftre compare streiii^ra and Jireo/itis^ra (1. 4), and note just such inconsistency in gender as in the 'Creation' riddle (passim). 85 5 l*'or vriiaii of MS. and editors I substitute riniiaii, on account of the alliteration. 85 6'' Cf. /•;<■\\ lifge. 85 7'^ ine bid' dead' -vvitod. Cf. 16 n, him bil« dcaN witod. Rimn.E 80 Dietrich's first solution, 'Organ ' (XI, 485), is accepted by Padelford, Old Eng- lish Musical Terms, p. 46. ' Ich denke,' says Dietrich, ' an die orgel des weltlichen gebrauchs, die schon sehr friih bekannt war, und zwar mit tausenden von pfeifen — gestutzt auf Aldelmus de Laud. Virg. s. 13S, maxima millenis auscultans organa flabris^ Later Dietrich recognized (XII, 248, note) that the riddle was simply an expansion of the second line of the ' Luscus allium vendens ' enigma (No. 94) of Symphosius: ' Unus inest oculus, capitum sed milia multa' (3a, 4b). The other traits fit perfectly the solution 'One-eyed Garlic-seller' — as they are not 'mon- ster ' but natural human attributes (see Prehn, p. 255). Miiller, C.P., p. 19, accepts this solution. 86 I Wiht <>^voIll {;oii<5aii. Cf. 35 1, Wiht cwdm . . . lihan ; 55 i, Ilyse cwom gangan. — woras .sieton. Cf. 47 i, wer sa^t a^t wine, etc. 862 inonigc on inaVOle. Cf. jlnd. 1626, manige on meSle; Ove. Dietrich (XI, 485) explained this as 'the thundering wedge' {supra), and Miiller {C. /'., p. 19) as 'the hammer of the smith.' Holt- hausen, Engl. Stud. XXXVII, 210, would read he of on his take, for to him 'der " himmelszahn " ist doch zu kindlich.' Properly interpreted, ' heaven's tooth ' is one of the most striking metaphors in riddle-poetry. It is applied to the Wind, whose bite is the theme of other enigmas ; cf. MS. Bern. 611,414, Afith. Lat. I, 364 : Mordeo sed cunctos silvis campisquc niorantes. See Shakespeare's reference to the tooth of the Wind in Amiens's song, A. V. L. ii, 7, 175. This interpretation exactly accords with the 'Bellows' answer to our riddle. 876 bleow on eage. Cf. 384, fleah J)urh his cage {bellows). See also Wulf- stan. Homilies, 146,27 — 147,6, Heah man ))one garsecg embsette mid byligeon . . . and to Sghwylcum )>aEra byligea waere man geset . . . ond man bleowe mid })am byligeon, etc. 87 7 wanorte. Thorpe and Grein's hancode, for MS. wancode, finds a certain support in the similar riddle-fragment 89 7, honcade, but it is ruled out of court by the alliteration, which here demands a to. To loancode, a nonce-usage unrecog- nized by the dictionaries, I prefer waiiode, ' decreased,' ' diminished,' which is in perfect keeping with meter, context, and subject ' Bellows.' RIDDLE 88 This riddle, according to Dietrich's correct interpretation (XI, 485-486), is one of the Horn riddles (see Rid. 15, 80, 93), and its subject is the Stag-horn, which once stood with its brother, the other horn, on the animal's head (88 12-15'). pro- tected by forest trees from night storms (15 b-17 a), until replaced by fresh antlers (18-20 a). Separated now from its brother, with whom it had shared many battles (29-3')' it is torn and injured by monsters or adverse fates (32-33 a), and is placed 'on wood at the end of a board' (22b-23a). Apart from likenesses of 228 RIDDLES OK THE EXETER ROOK tliis to Rid. 11 and 52 and particularly to Rid. 93, which T note below, the most striking analogue to tlie problem is found in the modern English riddle of Wit N^ewly Revived, 17 So, p. 1 1 : • Divided from my brother now, I am companion for mankind ; I that but lately stood for show, Do now express my master's nund. It is an ox's horn made into a lumting-liorn, etc. by the brotiier is meant tlie other horn that grew with it; and the expressing; of tlie mind hy tlie sounding of it.' But the last line of the modern riddle seems to show that this, like Rid. 88, 93, is an ' Inkhorn ' enigma. The aim and end of our riddle have been completely misunderstood by all scholars. Dietrich (XI, 486) says : ' Wenn nun das horn sagt, jetzt steht es auf holz {Bemo. 13 18, Iieahinidii) am ende des bretes und miisse da bruderlos fest- stehen, so ergiebt sich, es ist das dem giebel des ehedem meist holzernen hauses zum schmuck dienendey?;'.r///(';-//. [Dietrich cites Ruin, 23, heah horngestreon ; Rid. 4 8, hornsalu ; Beow. 705, hornreced.] Um da aufgesteckt werden zu konnen muste der untere theil des homes innerlich ausgebohrt werden, daher die klage iiber das aufreissen (88 33-34), wodurch der suchende, d. h. der pflock der es tragen soil, gelingen findet.' Upon this interpretation of Dietrich, Heyne, Halle Heorot, p. 44, bases the statement that the antlers were divided and that one horn was placed upon the western or southern, the other upon the eastern end of the roof. Brooke, too {E. E. Lit., p. 142), renders 8822-23 'Now 1 stand on wood at the end of a beam (that is, at the end of the roof-ridge of a hall).' It is safe to assert that we have not in our riddle the slightest reference to the stag-horns on the gable (see MS. Ilarl. 603, f. 67 v., Wright, Domestic MiUDiers, p. 14), and that the fantastic picture drawn by Ileyne (1. c.) of the great horn at each end of the roof must be erased, as it is derived from Dietrich's misconception of 8822-25. This riddle, like Rid. 93, is a poem of the Tnkhoin. which 'stands on wood at the end of the board' — the desk or table (for illustrations of this j)lace of the Horn, see MS. Royal 10. A. 13, \Vestwo(^d, I-'arsiniiles, p. 12S; Betiedictioiial of .l-'.thelioold, 12th miniature, ib. p. 132; cf. also ib. jiji. 141, 143). As in 93 IS f., the Horn is hollowed out bv knives (88 32-33), so as to serve for an ink-vessel. He who follows the trail of the ink (88 34, xt ham spore ; cf. 27 8, spyrige {/>eii), 52 2, swearte . . . lastas {ink-tracl-s)) finds prosperity {infra) — and soul's counsel. The back of the Horn is 7vofin oud wiindorlic (88 22) ; so its rim is called hruiiiie l>>-erd (27 9). Or the riddler may have in mind the ink that fills its back and belly (see 9322-23, Nu ic blace swelge | wuda ond wa;tre). As will be shown later, Dietrich is equally unfortunate in his interpretation of certain parts of Rid. 93. 88 I Ic ■weox. The Riddles make frequent reference to the early growth of their subjects : 10 10, n 3, 54 3, 72 i f., 73 i. 887 [st]6isse wonnan niht ; J/t7. 1 1 61, ))a wonnan niht ; A'iJ. 13 9, deorcum nihtum. 88 iS-2o'' The replacing of the old horns by new {i^iiigraii hro^o?-) is described in almost the same words in 93 13-14. 8821 iinga ofcr corpan. Cf. Exod. 403, angan ofer eor'San. 88 12-23 Thorpe, ignorant though he was of the solution, rendered literally and therefore correctly ' On wood I stand at the table's end.' This is strong though unwitting evidence to the naturalness of the 'Inkhorn' interpretation. Bord is fre(]uently used for 'table' both in poetry and prose (A)^r. I, 132-133; B.-T., p. 116; cf. Rid. 15 9 (Horn), l>ordiitn), and preserves this meaning in its later history. 88 25 As the illustrations of the Inkhorn (cited supra) show, it -w^iS fastened to the desk or the table, for security's sake. See note to 27 g"*. 8826-27 This may well be the lament of the Inkhorn for its lost ' brother,' but certainly not of the Gable-horn for its mate at the other end of the roof, as Heyne would have us think (see supra). 88 27 eorjjan soeata. Cf. Kid. 68 16, eorj^an sceatas (note). 88 29 saet'ce to frciiiinaiiiie. Cf. Beow. 2500, sascce fremman. For similar metrical types with uncontracted gerundial endings, see 29 12, 32 23, micel is to hycganne (-enne), etc. With the thought of the passage compare the very different enigmas, Kid. 15 i, Ic waes wSpenwiga (Jtorfi), and liusebius 30 1-2 {horn) : .•\rmorum fueram vice, meque tenebat in arniis Fortis, et armigeri gestabar vertice taiiri. 88 30 ellen cycTdo. Cf. Becnv. 2696, ellen cySan. 88 32 unsceafta. This is not included in any of the dictionaries, but is ren- dered by Thorpe 'monsters,' by Grein, Dickt., ' Ungeschick.' Both renderings are consistent with the meanings of gesceaft, but the first accords better with the context. The ' monsters ' are, of course, the iron and steel weapons that scrape and hollow out the Inkhorn, 93 15-18. 88 33 1)0 Avoinbe. Of the contents of its womb or l)elly tlie Inkhorn speaks twice in 93 23, 28. — ic ge\veiidan ne ina>g. The thought is antithetical to the next line : ' I may not turn myself (i.e. move in any way), yet in my spoor or track, etc' 88 34 spore and sped recall the speddropum and spyrige which describe the Ink-tracks 27 8. The spoor of the Ink is the path of life in Bede's /-'lores, xii (Afod. Phil. II, 562), for 'Viae ejus sunt semitae vitae ' refers to the holy words traced by the pen. So Aldhelm v, 3, De Penna Scriptoria : Scmita quin potius millcno tramite tendit, Quae non crrantcs ad caeli culmina vexit. 8835 sawlc rSdos. So Met. 21 9; Leas. 42. RIDDLE 89 This fragment, which is not printed by Thorpe and Grein, is, as Trautmann says {Bb. V, 50), ' giinzlich zerriittet.' IViht womhe Iinfd (1. 2) and lehre (3) recall the ' Leather Bottle' (19 3) and the ' Bellows' (38 i, 87 1), but the subject's 'belly' 230 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK is mentioned in many riddles. J>}\s[aii (1. 6) and swiFseiidutit (1. S) suggest that we have to do with an article used at table — possibly a Leather Flask. But comment upon these few disjointed words and phrases is futile. RIDDLE !)0 Dietrich (XI, 4S6), regards the different meanings of lupus as the subject of the Latin enigma, Rid. 90. ' A lupus is held by a lamb and disemboweled : the pike. The two wolves which stand and trouble a third, and which have four feet and see with seven eyes, are two rows of hops which entangle a wolf and which have five eyes or buds.' Later (XII, 250) Dietrich believed 'that by the first lupus a perch (Epi)ial-Erftcrt Gloss. 592, bccrs), not a pike, was intended, and that the enigma was a play upon the name of Cynewulf, as, in Anglo-Saxon, names made from 7oulf (^yEtkehvulf, Widfstan') are commonly Latinized into Lupus.' In three places {Atif^lia VI, Aiiz. 166; XVII, 399; Bb.\, 51) Trautmann opposes Dietrich's solution, but suggests no adequate answer. In the first of his articles he hints at a connection between the four ' lupi ' of this riddle and the fourfold mention of 'cculf, Rid. I. Holthaus, Anglia VII, Aiiz. 122, finds in the enigma no proof of such wordplay or reference to the name Lupus ; but Hicketier, Aiiglia X, 582 f., stoutly supports Dietrich. He thinks, however, that the first lupus refers not to a fish (lambs are not fish-eaters) but to the hop-rows. Henry Morley, Eiiglish Writers II, 224-225, proposes 'the Lamb of God.' 'The marvel of the Lamb that overcame the wolf and tore its bowels out is of the Lamb of God who overcame the devil and destroyed his power. The great glory then seen was of the lamb that had been slain, the Divine appointment of the agony of one of the three Persons of the Trinity. The four feet were the four Gospels ; and the seven eyes refer to the Book of Revelation, where the seven eyes of the Lamb are the seven Spirits of God sent forth into all the earth. . . . The two wolves might be the Old and the New Testament troubling the devil and having the four Gospels upon which their teaching stands.' As I have shown (^/. L. A'. XVIII, 105), Morley's apocalyptic solution is strongly supported, at least in its first part, by the enigma of Aurelius Prudentius (Reusner I, 295): Christus .-^gnus Agnus vice mirifica Agnus hiare luiKini prohibes, and by the last line of the German prol)lem, Pfiilzer MS. 693, f. 27 (Mone, Anz. VII, 3Si,No. 312): Do quam ein kim und benam dem vvolfe d)' herte Solutio Der arge wolf, das ist Luciper . . Das lam, das waz der werde Got. We have ample evidence that the devil is identified with the wolf in early religious literature. Jordan declares {^Die alteiiglischoi Sdugetieriuj>?ieu, p. 64) : NOTES 231 ' Alltnahlich aber, wohl mit clem Eindringen christlicher Anschauung iiberwuegt der Eindruck des Unheimlichen, Abstossenden in der Auffassung des Wolfes; in der christlichen Prosa ist er der Typus der Grausamkeit und Hinterlist. Das Bild des Evangeliums [John x, 12] vom Wolf, der den Schafen nachstellt, kehrt in den Iloniilien haufig wieder; der Wolf wird ein Sinnbild des Teufels.' Cf. /Elfric, Homilies 1,36, 15, J>ast se ungesewenllca wulf Godes seep ne toscence ; I, 23S, 29, se wulf is deofol ; I, 242, 3, wulf biS eac se unrihtwTsa rica ; Laws of Canute I, 263, p. 306 (Wulfstan, Iloviilies 191, 16), l>onne moton l-a hyrdas been swySe wacore . . . )>a;t se w5dfreca werewulf to fela ne abite of godcundre heorde. Professor Cook in his note to Christ, 256, se dtvy7-gda wulf, cites Gregory, IIoiii. in Evang., lib. i, horn. 14 (Migne, P. L. LXXVI, 1 128) : ' Sed est alius lupus qui sine cessatione quotidie non corpora, sed mentes dilaniat, maligitus videlicet spiri- tus qui cautas fidelium insidians circuit et mortes animarum quaerit.' See also the Marien Iliminelfahrt {//aupts Zs., V, 520), 1. 190, 'do der vil ungehore helle- wolf.' When the devil wishes to tempt Dunstan he assumes the form of a wolf (Eadmer's Vita, § 11, Stubbs, Memorials of Dunstan, Rolls Ser., p. 183). As Ilolthausen has clearly shown {Engl. Stud. XXXVII, 210-21 1 ; see text), rime demands in the second line ' obcurrit agnus [rupi] et capit viscera lupi.' Now if agnus be 'Christ,' and /////' 'the Devil,' there seems to be little douljt that rupi refers to the rock (Peter) upon which the Church is built (Matt, xvi, iS). Christ, through his Church, destroys the Devil. Morley's interpretation of go 4-5 seems overwrought (see Bradley, Acadetny, 1888, I, 198); but I am unable to find a satisfactory explanation of these enig- matic lines. The phrase 'cum septem oculis ' certainly smacks of the Apocalypse. Recently the attempt has been made to interpret the Latin riddle as a very complicated logogriph and charade upon Cynewulf's name. In Her7-igs Archiv CXI, 1903, 59 ff., Edmund Erlemann discusses the problem at length. He says: ' Ich lose auf ^"^"^^ „ . Lupus-wulf, c-S, ab ai^no-etvu, 4-6, tcnetur (gleichsam 12345678 ^ -^ ^ , ,. . im Maule); darum mirutn ,videtur mihi . . . ohairrit agnus: dem die emzelnen Buchstaben verfolgenden Auge des Dichters scheinen die drei : e, 7<\ u = 4-6, dem Wolf, wulf = 5-8, entgegenzulaufen. Et capit viscera lupi: ahnlich wie vorher tenetur, und nimmt die Eingeweide, d. i. das Innerste des wulf, niimlich die beiden Buchstaben 7.:' und ;/. Das ankniipfende dtcm starem et mirarem zeigt deutlich, dass die Scharade weitergeht. . . .' This solution was suggested to Erlemann by Trautmann's interpretation of the runic passage in the fuliana, 703-71 1 (^Kyne^oulf, pp. 47 f.): cyti, ewu (sheep), If {licftrt, body); but he does not accept Trautmann's rendering of If and be- lieves that in the true equivalent of / and / will be found the ' duo lupi ' of the Latin enigma. To Eriemann's article (p. 63) is added Dr. Joseph Gotzen's solu- tion of the latter part of the riddle. ' Duo lupi = wu, nicht wie oben vermutet, = l/; tertium = I; quattuor pedes = cyne; septem oculi = cynewul, die sieben Buch- staben. Die Losung des zweiten Teiles lautet also : zwei dastehende (Buch- staben) von -wulf (w «), den dritten (/) hedrangend, hatten vier Fiisse {c y n e\ d. h. cyne ist " Fuss " — nach bekannter Ratselterminologie — zu 7uul) ; mit sieben Augen sahen sie (namlich alle in v. 4-5 ervvahnten Buchstaben). Die abnorme Siebenzahl ist gewahlt, um eine Spitzfindigkeit in das Rjitsel hineinzubringen ; 232 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK der achte Buchstabe /" war ja schon durch n'lil/'m v. 1 festgelegt. Das quattnor pedes — cyne beriicksichtigt auch gut den ersten Bestandteil des Namens, der ja in V. 1-3 leer ausgegangen war.' Fritz Erlemann {Herrigs y/;r///r' CXV, 391) thus modifies the views of his namesake : ' Mit Edmund Erlemann und Gotzen fasse ich liipi als Genitiv und duo als Neutrum auf, und zwar letzteres mit hinweisender Bedeutung ; unter duo lupi sind also die zwei Buchstaben des Wortes eivu (vom dem zuletzt die Rede war) verstanden, die gleichzeitig auch zu 7£^//^" gehoren, = ivu. Der noch iibrig- bleibende dritte Buchstabe ist e. Es bleiben also wu stehen {statttes), verdrangen aber das e (tribulantes). So erhalten wir das aus sieben Buchstaben bestehende Wort Cyf^nlf {cum septem oculis videbanf). Unter quattuor pedes sind die vier letzten Buchstaben dieses Wortes also 7011// z\x verstehen.' The mantle of Profes- sor Victor is over the Erlemann solution (ib. p. 392) ; and Professor Brandl has recently accorded it full approval {Grjuidriss'^, II, 972). Far-fetched and unconvincing though all this seems, it must be frankly ad- mitted that such over-subtle playing with names was a common amusement of the mediaeval mind. A striking parallel to the Erlemann interpretation appears in the first riddle of the Leys d'Ainor (I, 312), which is thus explained by Toh\eic,Jhrb. fiir Rom. uitd Engl. Lit. VIII (1867), 354: ' Trefflich erscheint und schones Wuchses die i^Raimondd), so mit dem Kopfe (d. h. der Anfangssylbe, rai, sie scheert) die Ilaare abschneidet und mit ihrem Bauche (d.h. der Mittelsylbe, mon. Welt) triigt was nur Mann und Weib sieht, und mit ihren P'iissen (der Schluss- sylbe, da, sie gibt) oftmals gil)t oder schlagt zu Krieg, Frieden oder Zlichtigung oder um zu dienen. Doch wenn sie den Kopf verliert, werdet ihr sofort sie sauber und rein finden {rnottdu, reine). ... In einen Mann [Raimoii) werdet ihr sie verwandelt .sehn.' In his Enigmas Boniface plays upon 'Liofa' (' Caritas '), and in his Epistles he twists into complex runic acrostics the names of two women friends, ♦ Susanna ' and ' Brannlinde ' (Ewald, jVetie Archiv VII, 196 ; Hahn, Boni- faz 7ind Lul, 1883, p. 242 N. ; Jaffe, Bibliotlieca, 1866, III, 12, 244). As is well known, both Christine de Pisan and her contemporary Langland perpetrate clumsy charades upon their own names. So, while the Erlemann solution does not compel acceptance, it surely invites close attention. As the Latin riddle shows, particularly in its last two lines, such obvious indi- cations of medial rime, Holthausen has wisely emended the text {Engl. Stud. XXXVII, 210-21 1) by accepting Thorpe's inversion of videtur and ;;///// in the first line, by adding riipi to the incomplete first half of the second line, and by changing magnam at the close of the third line to tiie better /artv«. RIDDLE 01 As Dietrich shows {XI, 453, 486), this is a riddle of the ' Key,' and resembles, in at least one of its traits (see Prehn, pp. 255-25S), the ' Clavis ' enigma of Symphosius, No. 4 : Virtutes magnas de viribus affero parvis. Pando domos clausas, iterum sed claudo patentes. Servo domuni domino, sed rursus servor ab ipso. NOTES 233 As Prehn has remarked (1. c), the riddler here has made no attempt to mislead solvers, hut has developed his subject so clearly and tiioroughly that at the end all doubt has vanished ; and one feels perfectly safe in rejecting Trautmann's in- appropriate answer ' Sickle ' {Bb. V, 50). Certain words and phrases have been misinterpreted by scholars {infra). I translate and explain as follows: ' My head is beaten with a hammer, wounded with cunning darts, polished with a file. Often I bile that which against me sticks (the lock), when I shall push, girded with rings, hard against hard, and, bored through from behind, shove forward that (i.e. the catch of the lock) which protects my lord's heart's joy (treasure, wealth) in mid- nights. Sometimes, with my beak, I backwards draw (unlock) the guardian of the treasure (again, the lock) when my lord wishes to receive (or take) the herit- age of those whom he caused to be slain by murderous power, through his will.' J\hL 91 has little in common with the obscene query of the Key, Kid. 45. Wright, Celt, Roman and Saxon, pp. 488-490, notes that among the objects found suspended at the girdle of an Anglo-Saxon lady were scissors, small knives, tweezers, the framework of a chatelaine, — and latch-keys, if the implements found by Rolfe in the cemetery at Osengal (Collectanea II, 234) were used for that purpose. Among the Anglo-Saxon grave-finds in the British Museum is an iron key, four inches long with two bits, found below Farndon Church, Newark, Notts. Weinhold remarks {Altnordisches Leheti, p. 235), ' Samtliche Kasten und Kastchen waren verschliessbar; die SchlUssel hatten die Gestalt der Dietriche ; aus jiingerer Zeit finden sich wirkliche SqhlUssel mit Bart und kunstreichem Griffe.' And in his Deutsche Frauen, II, 30, he notes, ' Als Verwalterin des Hauswesens, wofiir die Schlussel am Giirtel die Ausserzeichen waren, hatte die Frau eine grossere Freiheit in Geldsachen.' All this corresponds to the informa- tion furnished by a law of Canute (II, 76, § i, Schmid, p. 312) : 'and buton hit under J>3cs wifes cSglocan gebroht waere, sy heo cliene, ac bSra cSgean heo sceal weardian, Jiaet is hire hordern and hyre cyste and hire tege (scrinium).' B.-T. s. v. cceg-loca points to a similar provision in the old Scottish law {Qiton Attachi, xii, c. 7), and in the Statutes of William xix, c. 3. ' Store-room and chest and cup- board' were thus under lock and key. Heyne's discussion of the treasure-chamber of the Anglo-Saxons is to the point {Halle Ileorot, p. 30) : ' Insofern in den alten Zeiten das Schatzespenden die Gehiilter der Mann und Dienerschaft vertritt und daher die Macht eines Herrn wesentlich von seinem Reichtum an Gold, Schmuck, kostbaren Gewandern und andern Gegenstanden abhangt, ist der Raum, wo diese Schatze aufbewahrt werden, das Schatzhaus ("gazophylacium," nid&vi-lius\ " thesaurium,"^^^/-//();v/) einer der wichtigsten der Burg. Daher ist es wohl verwahrt und der SchlUssel {Kid. 91) kann sich riihmen dass er das W^erkzeug sei durch das seines Ilerren Ilerzens- freude in Mitternachten geschiitzt wird u.s.w.' Wright, History of Domestic Manners, p. 79, copies from MS. ITarl. 603 ihe manuscript of the Psalms, the illustration of 'a receiver pouring the money out of his bag into the cyst or chest, in which it is to be locked up and kept in his treasury.' ' It is hardly necessary,' he adds, ' to say that there were no banking- houses among the Anglo-Saxons. The chest or coffer, in which people kept their money and other valuables, appears to have formed part of the furniture of the 234 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK chamber as being the most private apartment ; and it may be remarked that a rich man's wealth usually consisted much more in jewels and valuable plate than in money.' gi I homere gepruen (MS. geh'tren). Cf. Beo7v. 1286, hamore gej^ruen (MS. gejjuren). Heyne [Beowulf, 'Glossar' s. v.) derives ge/>uren irom gef>wore>i ( oitd heard, and in 45 2^' forau . . . J^yrcl. 91 6 forff iistTifan. Grein's rendering {Dic/it.) ' hinwegschieben ' completely inverts the meaning of the passage (91 2-7). The riddler is describing the locking of the treasury-door, later (gi S-n) contrasting with this the unlocking (see Sym- phosius 42). Dietrich translates rightly ' hervorschieben,' and Sievers, Aiiglia XIII, 4, ' vorschieben.' — frean mines. With the inversion of mines aud freau cf. 71 6, 73 *^- gi 7 inodf*. Dietrich and Grein both understood this rune as wen, the former rendering the clause (XI, 453) ' was die sorge meines herren in mitternachten beruhigt,' the latter (D/e/il.) ' was meines waltenden Herrn Gemiitshoffnung schiitzt in IMitternachten.' Afterwards (XI, 4S6) Dietrich suggests modzuylm rather than niodzoen. Sievers has shown conclusively [Ajiglia XIII, 3-4) that in Anglo-Saxon poetry (not only in Rid. gi 7, but in El. 1090, 1264; C/ir. 805; .-//. 100; Kuii. 8) W always demands the interpretation 7vyu, a rendering of the rune sustained by the Anglo-Saxon alphabet in the Salzburg MS. (Wimmer, Ruuensclirift, p. 85). Sievers further shows that in the present passage viodwyii is but a periphrase of ' treasure ' ; and points to Chr. 807 f., llfwynna dsel (feoh) ; Beow. 2270, hordwynne ; A)id. 11 13, nass him to ma'Sme wynn ; etc. gi S All editors, including Sievers {Anglia XIII, 4), read InvTluiii ic under bivc bregde nebbe ; but Holthausen, Engl. Stud. XXXVII, 21 1, assigns bregde to the first half-line, and prefixes brilnre or beorhtre or bldcre to nebbe. The emendation is absolutely unnecessary, hzoilum ic under btrc is a verse of the B-type (cf. 41 86, nis under me), the second stressed syllable, biec, carrying the alliteration. For B-type with alliteration in second foot, see Sievers {PBB. X, 289). 918-9 Grein, Dicht., translates ' Ich schwinge bisweilen den Schnabel riickwarts, ein IlUter des Hortes.' And Heyne follows him {Halle Heorot, p. 30) : ' Ein Hiiter des Hortes, wenn er seinen Bart riickwarts dreht.' But bregde is transitive with hyrde as its object, and nebbe is the instrumental. See my translation {supra). NOTES 235 91 ,i hynlc ]7aes hordes. Cf. I>f07cK SS7, hordes hyrde. 'I'his heroic phrase is here very aptly appHed to the lock. 91 10 lafe J7irj;an. Cf. Fates, 6i, welan ))icgan ; ib. 81, feoh hicgan ; El. 1259, maSmas I'ege. 91 II ^vtcIc^aefte. CJrein, reading ivtrlcnr/t, misses the whole sense of the passage {Du/it.) : 'die er vom Leben hiess treiben nach seinem Willen todliche Kraft.' See my translation. RIDDLE 92 This fragment is not printed by Thorpe and Grein, so it is not solved by Dietrich. Trautmann {Anglia, Bh. V, 50) suggests with confidence the answer 'Beech.' My reasons for accepting this solution will appear in my notes to the various enigmatic phrases of the problem. While the ' Hainbuche' {Carpinits betnlns) does not appear among the Anglo- Saxons (Hoops, IVb. It. A'p., p. 257), still the beech ox fagiis is well known (contra Ilolthausen, Engl. Stmi. XXXVII, 211) : ' Und da die Buche in der angelsachsi- schen Periode wiederholt in Urkunden auftritt und, wenigstens in Siidengland, durchaus den Eindruck eines altheimischen Baumes macht, ist sie sicher auch zur Romerzeit vorhanden gewesen und nur Caesars Beobachtung entgangen. . . . Doch hat die Buche in England nie die Verbreitung und Bedeutung als Wald- baum erlangt wie in Deutschland und Danemark.' (Hoops, ib. p. 259.) 92 I brunra refers to the swine that subsisted on the beech-mast. In I\!il. 41 107, the dearg dwelling ' in the beech-wood " is called 7aon, a close synonym to l>n7n {Spr. I, 145; Mead, 'Color in O.E. Poetry,' P.M.L.A. XIV, 187, 194). Holthau.sen's change to briinna (Engl. Stud. XXXVII, 211) — ' the boast of wells or springs' — is therefore totally unwarranted. 92 2 freolic feorhbora. This finds ample illustration in the gloss to De Crea- titra 49 (MS. Royal 12, C. XXIII, f. 103 v.) : ' Fagus et esculus arbores glandifere ideo vocate creduntur qua earum fructibus olim homines vixerunt cibumque sumpserunt et escam habuerunt.' I have already discussed (notes to 41 105, 106) the use of beech-woods as swine pastures. The oak is another life-giver and feeder of flesh (see note to Rid. 56 9). 923 wyniistaj7oI, which Ilolthausen {Engl. Stud. XXXVII, 211) would change needlessly to -wyiin on sta/>ole, may refer to the joyous station of the beech-tree ; compare Run. 82, sX.\\> on stahule {us/i) ; Rini. 37, wyn on eHe {ye7c') ; Rid. 54 2, treow wass on wynne. But the word almost certainly indicates the book, which is called J>as strangan staJ>ol in the Bookmoth riddle (48 5-^). See also Sal. 239, gestaSeliaS staSolfasstne geJ>oht (books). — wnfes sond. In like manner the staff that bears the husband's message, //. I\[. i, 12, tells us that ' it is sprung from the tree-race.' We are reminded of the phrase of Tacitus, Germania, chap. 10, 'notis virgae frugiferae arboris impressis,' and of the lines of Venantius Fortunatus in the sixth century {Carinina vii, iS, 19, cited by Sievers, Pauls Griindriss^ I, 24) : Barbara fraxineis pingatur runa tabellis, Quodque papyrus agit, virgiila plana valet. 236 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK Though Sievers (I.e.). like many earlier scholars (B.-T., p. 113), calls into ques- tion the traditional etymology, every Anglo-Saxon found the origin of 'book' (boc) in the ' beech-tree ' {boc-ireo7v), for, as our riddle shows us, beech-bark was used by him for writing (see N.E.D. s. v. ' Book ; ' Kluge, Etyni. IFtb. s. v. 'Buch'). 92 4 gold on gearduiri. Holthausen, Ajii^lia, Bb. IX, 358, would change gold to god, but the emendation is unwarranted, as gold may well refer to the adorn- ments of the Book ; see Rid. 27 13^, gierede mec mid golde (booh'). Cf. 21 8, gold ofer geardas {s-ioord). 92 5 hyhtlic hiklewtSpen. That the beech, as well as the ash, is used for weapons, is shown by the bequest of a beechen shield in the Wills (Tliorpe, Diplovtatariiim Anglicztm, 561, 5, A.D. 938) : ' Ic ge-ann SiferJ'e mines bocscyldes.' RIDDLE 03 As in the companion-piece, 7\id. 88, the subject is 'the Inkhorn, made from a Stag-horn' Dietrich (XI, 486-487). Though it does not appear in the diction- aries of B.-T. and Sweet, blicc-liorn glosses ' atramentarium ' in Oxford Glosses 4, 245, T,T, {//origs Archiv CXIX, 185), and High and Low German cognates are noted by Dietrich, I.e. The riddle, like Kid. 88, vividly pictures the Horn's change of state from its glad free life on the head of the stag to its wretched lot as a swallower of black fluid after the shaping knives have done their cruel work. 93 2 Avilhiiii sTiiiiiii. So 91 11''. 93 5 f. The hunter, after describing the entangling of game in nets, tells us in /Elfric's Colloquy, 92, 14, mid swift urn huiiditiii ic bciicie wildi'or; and MS. Ilarl. 603, f. 24, contains a striking picture of a stag pursued by two dogs. Sharon Turner, VII, chap, vii, translates from the Life of Dunstan (see Auctor B, Stubbs, Memorials, p. 24) an accoimt of a hunt of King Edmund: 'When they reached the woods, they took various directions among the woody avenues; and lo, from the varied noise of the horns and the barking of the dogs, many stags began to fly about. From these, the King with his pack of hounds selected one for his own hunting and pursued it long through devious ways with great agility on his horse, and with the dogs following. . . . The stag came in its flight to a precipice and dashed itself down the immense depth, with headlong ruin, all the dogs following and perishing with it.' 93 6 dtcgriiiK' frod. Cf. 54 4, frud dagum ; 73 3, gearum frodne. 937-12 Brooke's lively rendering [E.E. Lit., p. 142) may be changed to the proper third person : ' At whiles, my lord (the stag) climbed the steep hillsides mounting to his dwelling. Then again he went into the deep dales to seek his food — his strengthening [better, 'his safety'], strong in step. He dug through the stony pastures, when they were hard with frost, then (as he shook himself and tossed his head, the rime) the gray frost flew from his hair.' Brooke adds: 'Scott himself could hardly have said it better: lUit ere his fleet career ho took. The dewdrops from his flanks lie shook.' The Lithuanian riddle (Schleicher, p. 201) is an interesting parallel: 'Was triigt dfu Thau auf seinen Hornern ? I)er Ilirsch.' NOTES 237 93 7 stealc Iili]70. Cf. RiJ. 3 7, on stealc hleoha ; 4 26, stealc stanhleol'u. 93 9 ill df'op (lain. Cf. Clir. 1531, on |>at deope dajl ; Geii. 305, on |>a deopan dalo ; Gen. 42 1 , on |'as deopan dalo. — e hSNstapa hiindum geswenced, heorot hornum truni holtwudu sece, feorran geHymed, etc. 93 10 strong on sta?pe. Cf. 28 13 strong on spriece. The half-line is of the shortened A-type {_L X | ^j/ X ), not uncommon in the Riddles (see Herzfeld, p. 49). 93 11-12 hara . . . forst. Only once elsewhere in the poetry is hdr similarly ap- plied: And. 1257-1258, hrimond forst | hare hildestapan(cf. Krapp's excellent note). 93 12 on fusuni. MS. and Edd. read here of, which seems to me inapt and point- less ; cf. Grein [Dic/it.), ' Ich ritt von dem Beeilten (.''),' and Thorpe, B.-T., p. 349, ' I rode from the ready [men].' On the other hand, Ic on fit sum rdd, ' I rode on the quick one,' exactly accords with the preceding description of the stag in flight. 93 '3-14 The appearance of this motive in Rid. 88 18-20 has been already noted. 93 15-1S See the fate of the Horn, 88 32-33. The knife inflicts equal pain upon the Book, 27 5-6, and the Reed, 61 12-13. 93 15-16 isorn . . . brun. The adjective is often applied to weapons ; cf. Rid. 188, brunum beadowSpnum. Brun is the epithet of ecg, Beoiv. 2578-2579; and hriitiecg of seax, Becnu. 1547, of bill, Maid. 163. 93 i6''-i7 Cosijn, PBB. XXI, 16, compares with this passage And. 1 240-1241, Idod J'J>um weoll \ hdtan heolfre, which he amends to Jidt of Jirehre. But Krapp in his note (p. 139) has shown that the passages are not parallel and that the emendation is unwarranted. 93 19-20 The Horn's inability to wreak vengeance upon its enemies recalls the similar helplessness of the Sword, 21 17-18, and of the Ore, 83 8''. — wrecan . . . on ^vigan IT'ore. Cf. 21 iS, wrSce on bonan fcore. 93 21-22 eallo . . . ]7a'tte bord bitoii. The phrase puzzles Grein, who renders, Dicht., 'die Elendgeschicke welche Brette bissen (?) ' The Shield (bord) says in Rid. 6 8-9, mec . . . hondweorc smiha | bItaS in burgum. So in our passage, ' all who bit the shield ' is simply a periphrase for ' the handiwork of smiths ' or all cutting or wounding weapons — see isern, style (11. 15, 18). Similar enigmatic cir- cumlocutions appear, 81 7, 93 27. 93 22''-23 Compare the drink of the pen in the riddle of the Book, 27 g'^-io'', beamtelge S7vealg \ streames dicles, and mark the mediaeval receipt for ink-making cited in my note to that passage. The riddler indulges himself in a sly word-play upon the two meanings oi blace {blicce),\.he instr. form, ' black ' or' ink ' — thus laugh- ing in the face of the solver : ' Now I swallow black ' (or ' ink '), etc. Compare the double-meaning of blicd, 38 7, and of larfte, 73 22. Grein {Dicht) completely mi.sses the point in his rendering, ' Blinkend schlinge ich Waldholz nun und Wasser.' Eorpl^els ndtlnvat (93 25) is another reference to the ink, which is poured into the belly of the Horn. 238 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK 93 26-27 Dietrich (XI, 487) would read /iordwariJ&, and finds here a reference to the other Horn of Rid. 88. He believes that the wjil/es gehlej>an is the dog which it tossed (zvlde bcrr) when the stag was at bay. But this explanation is far- fetched and will not serve. We have to do with an Inkhorn riddle. The plunder- ing enemy {/nj>ende feond) who guards my treasure [iinii hard wara&\ cf. Rid. 32 21, 83 4) is the pen or quill, which emerges from the belly of the Inkhorn (1. 28). Line 27, se f>e ier lolde bar ivnlfes geJilI'liaii, finds its explanation in the gloss to Aldhelm's ' Alphabet ' enigma, iv, i 5, in MS. Royal 12, C. XXIII (Wright, Satirical Poets etc. II, 549) : ' Ignoramus utrum c\vm. peiina corviiia vel anserina sive calamo perscriptae simus.' The pen of our riddle is \.\\& penna corviiia, the common crow- quill ; and the raven, which ' it once bore widely,' is properly called ' the companion of the wolf,' as these creatures of prey are always associated in Anglo-Saxon poetical thought (ci. Bemv. 3025-3028; Exod. 162-168; Jjui. 205-207; El. iiof.; Brim. 61-65 ; Brooke, E. E.Lit., pp. 129-132). In the Old Norse, Eagrskin>ia § 5 (Munch and Unger, 1847, p. 4), the raven is called arnar ei&bro&ir, ' oath-brother to the eagle.' With this periphrasis for the pen compare the others in the Riddles: 27 7, fugles wyn ; 52 4, fultum fromra (MS. fuglum frumra). 93 2S The editors have overlooked the oft me of MS. and B. M. Be-cmden does not mean ' ausgehohlt ' (Dietrich XI, 487 ; Spr. I, 97), nor ' deprived ' (Sweet, Dic- tionary, S.V.), but 'emerged.' ' Often emerging from my belly he (the quill) fares, etc.,' aptly accords with 93 22-23, where the Inkhorn refers to the ink contained in its belly. With oft me of ivoDibe cf. 18 6, //// me of hrife ; 77 6, me of stdan. 93 2>)'' So of the Pen in 27 ni'', stop eft on mec {parc/n/ieiit). 93 30 daegcondel. See Krapp's Andreas, p. loi (note to line 372, wedercandeP). 9332 eaguin ^vllte(T. So Ps. 656; cf. Jl7iale, 12, eagum wliten ; Gen. rc6, eagum wlat ; 1794, eagum vvlltan. RIDDLE 94 The few surviving phrases of this badly damaged fragment exhibit a striking likeness to the comparatives of the 'Creation' riddles, 41 and 67: 942, hyrre )>onne heofon (cf. 67 6, heofonas oferstlge) ; 94 3, [hra;]dre honne sunne (cf. 67 3, swiftre honne sunne) ; 947, leohtre I'onne w (cf. 41 76). Possibly this was another handling of that theme of universal interest. RIDDLE 95 Rid. 95 has long been the theme of minute yet fruitless discussion — I quote largely from my article in M. L. A'. XXI, 104. Dietrich's solution, 'Wandering Singer' (XI, 4S7), which has been accepted by Prehn, p. 262, and Brooke, E. E. Lit., p. 8, defended by Nuck {Anglia X, 393-394) and Hicketier (ib. 584-592), is rightly rejected by Trautmann {BB. XIX, 208) on many grounds. Yet his own answer, ' Riddle,' thrice championed by him {Anglia VI, Anz. 168 ; VII, Anz. 2iof. ; BB. XIX, 209) and attacked at length in the articles of Nuck and Hicketier, seems to me even more unfortunate than that of Dietrich. His inteipretation everywhere refutes itself by its academic viewpoint and its consequent failure to NOTES 239 grasp the naive psychology of riddling (contrast with this rendering the riddles on the ' Riddle ' cited by Pitre, pp. xix-xxi), by perverted meanings and violent forcings of text {infra). I believe the answer to be 'Moon' {M.L.N'., I.e.), and I find three motives common to Rid. 95 and 30, ' Moon and Sun.' These are the fame of the subject among earth-dwellers, its capture of booty in its proud hour, and its later disappearance from the sight of men. I repeat here my translation and analysis of the problem : ' I am a noble being, known to earls, and rest often with the high and low. Famed among the folk (so of the Sun, 30 8, seo is eallum cuS eorSbuendum), I fare widely (Thorpe's reading of 3 b, fere). And to me, (who was) formerly remote from friends (so the Moon refers to his periods of lonely darkness), remains booty (see notes), if I shall have glory in the burgs (compare 305, the Moon "would build himself a bower in the burg") and a bright god (Trautmann, " course "). Now wise (learned) men love very greatly my presence (notes). I shall to many reveal wisdom (notes) ; nor do they speak any word on earth (the Moon's teachings, unlike those of an earthly master, are conveyed and received in silence). Though the children of men, earth-dwellers, eagerly seek after my trail, I sometimes (that is, when my light wanes) conceal my track from each one of men ' (notes). 95 1-3^ Compare not only the description of the Sun, 30 8, cited above, but that of the Moon, 40 1-3, s-*^- 95 I indryhten is aptly used of the Moon or of the Soul, 44 i, but certainly not of a Riddle, as Trautmann would have us think. 95 2 ricum oncl hcanum. Cf. Rid. 33 13, rice ond heane ; Jnd. 234, ne heane ne rice ; Gti. 968, ne ricra ne heanra. 95 3 folcum gefraege. So Beow. 55, Meti. 54. In each of these passages the phrase means ' famous among the folk,' nowhere ' ein gegenstand des fragens ' (Trautmann). — fere wide. Cf. 4 71, wide fere : 59 2, wide ne fere'5. The Moon tells us, Bern MS. 611, 593, Anth. Lat. I, 369, ' Quotidie currens vias perambulo multas.' See also the joumeyings of the Moon, 40 16-17. 95 4 Here I read with Brooke {E. E. Lit., p. Z) fremdum instead of MS./remdt's (the text is corrupt) ; but I interpret the passage very differently. From its posi- tion at the end of the first half-line iSr can hardly be a preposition governing frl'ondtan, but is rather an adverb modifying fremdum (compare 45 7^, efenlang ar), which qualifies 7ne and is followed by the usual dative construction {Sp?-. I, 338). For stondeh in the sense of ' remains,' cf. IVond. 57, swa him wTdeferh wuldor stonde'S. This interpretation of the line is certainly better than to change cer to /(?;-, to regard frcotidiiin as dat. sg. pres. part of freogait, freon, and to render stonde& as 'droht ' (Trautmann). 95 i"" hlj^endra hyht, ' the delight of plunderers,' which has given much trouble to Trautmann and Hicketier (I.e.), is but a circumlocution for huk, 'booty' (302'', 4''), as 27 t^ fugles wyn is a periphrase oi feher, 'quill,' or as 65 3" hccbbeiides liylit is equivalent to ' the thing possessed.' ' Booty,' as in Rid. 30, refers to the light captured from the Sun, ' the bright air-vessel ' of the earlier riddle (30 3"). NAlxxc tells us, ' se mona ond ealle steorran underfo'S leoht of hiere miclan sunnan ; ond heora nan nncf S nEnne leoman buton of I^Sre sunnan Icoman ' {De Temporibiis, Leechdoms, III 236). 240 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK 956 bla'd is used in the present sense of 'glory of light' in CIn-. 1 238-1239, hy . . . It'ohte blica)', | blSde end byrhte, ofer burga gesetu, and in Clir. 1291, Geseo'5 hi ha betran blcede sclnan. — in burgiini. Cf. 30 5^ (Moon), on hSre byrig (note). It is noteworthy that in Chr. 530, /;/ hiirguin refers to Heaven, which may be the meaning here. But compare Met. 5 1-3 : Du meaht be J'iPre siinnan sweotole geKencean ond be a-ghwelcuni 6'Srum steorran, ))ara l>e aefter burgum beorhtost seine 5. If MS. beorhtjie god demands emendation, we may gratefully accept Traut- mann's gong, as no word could better suit the Moon's path in heaven. But it is not necessary to depart from the manuscript reading, as classical and Germanic belief assigns a god to the Moon (Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, pp. 705, 1501), and our poet may be recording old tradition. An Anglo-Saxon manuscript of the treatise of Aratus (MS. Tib. B. V) contains the figures of Sol in a quadriga and of Luna in a biga (Westwood, Facsimiles, p. 109, pi. 48). Various details are modified to suit the taste of the Anglo-Saxons. In a picture of the crucifixion (Publ. Libr. Camb. No. F. f. i. 23; Westwood, p. 120) 'Sol' and 'Luna' are seen weeping above the arms of the cross; and similar designs are found in MS. Titus D. 27 (Westwood, p. 124). In the Utrecht Psalter (Westwood, p. 20), the Sun of the first psalm is personified as a male half-length figure holding a flam- ing torch. But our tiddler's thought here may be wholly Christian ; cf. Beoiv. 570, beorht beacen godes {sun). The riddle, like its mate (see notes to 30), is at times reminiscent of Ps. xix. 95 7'^ snottre. The word is used by Byrhtferth of scholars of this sort of lore (Anglia VIII, 330, 1. t,o)- Another Handboc passage (ib. 308, 19-24) shows the love of English ' wise men ' for the Moon and his ' wisdom ' : ' Uton jerest gleaw- llce swyiSe witan hwaet he [se m5na] sy to so'iie ond hwanon he c5me ond hwaet he do on )'am gerime o'SJSe hwy he sy swa gehaten, o^"^'e hwa hine gemette, oSSe hine hacs wur'Sscipes cu'Se J^aet he sceolde gestandan on J'am rimcra;fte. Ic wat gere J^set he ys heodscipes wyr'Se.' 95 g'"* wisdom «'yj>an. The Moon is the source and center of Anglo-Saxon ' wisdom ' or scientific knowledge (ivtsdotn is used of the sciences, Boethiits 7, 3). Its orbit and ' leap,' its cycles, its epacts, its relations to the weather, its effect upon the tides, are the leading themes of /Elfric's De Temporihiis [Leec/idoms III, 248,264-268,282). The Moon is invaluable in prognostications (ib. 150-162, 177- 197), and sets, of course, the time of Easter {Handboc, pp. 322-330). — no ]7aer word spreca'd'. With this compare the account of the Moon, 40 12'', ne wi)» monnum sprasc. 95 10 fcenig ofer eortJan. So 41 21, Gu. 727. — R'lda beam. So 84 31. 95 io'-i3 The same motive, somewhat similarly phrased, appears at the close of the ' Ore ' riddle, 83 12-14. The thought is exactly parallel to 30 13-14 (' Moon ') and to Bern MS. 61 1, 59 1-2, ' Luna ' {Anth. Lat. I, 369) : Quo movear gressu nullus cognoscere tentat, Cernere nee vultus per diem signa valebit. GLOSSARY The vowel «• is treated as equivalent in rank to a ; S' follows i ; the order otherwise is alphabetic. Arabic numerals indicate the classes of the ablaut verbs according to Sievers's classification ; Wi, etc., the classes of the weak verbs ; R the reduplicating, PP the preteritive- present verbs. When the designations of mood and tense are omitted, ' ind. pres.' is to be understood ; when of mood only, supply ' ind.' if no other has immediately preceded, other- wise the latter. When a reference or group of references is given without grammatical indi- cation, the description of the preceding form is to be understood. The Old English form is omitted, when it corresponds to the caption. Forms from the ' First Riddle,' and all edi- torial additions to the text, are given in brackets. A = rttne F^ : 20^'^, 25^, 6^^'^. a, aa, adv., eTgr, always : a 85® ; aa 35®. aba'dan, Wl, ward off, restrain : 3 sg. abSd (=rabSdeS) 56'^. abcl^an, 3, irritate, make angry: i sg. abelge 21^2. abeodan, 2, utter, anttotitice : inf. 61^*'. abidaii, l, await, expect, abide: inf. 6^. abrecan, 5, break down, take {fortress) : pret. opt. 3 sg. abrjece 56'. abregan, Wl, frighten, terrify : inf. 41'-. ac, conj., but: 4', G^-^^ 16I", 21-^, 23^, 37I0, 3S6, 408.13.16,21^ ^ J 99,101^ 616^ ^f'^-, 8812.24, 9321. ac, m. I. oak: ns. 56^. — 2. name of rune A : np. acas 43^". acennan, Wl, bring forth, bear (child) : pp. acenned ^i**, 51I, 84^. adela, m., filth : is. adelan 4i^''_ adio, f., disease : ns. 44*. adrlfaii, l, drive away : pret. 3 sg. adraf aefensfoop, m., e7'ening bard: ns. 9^. aefre, adv. i. ever, at any time: 40I'', ^,0.05,07, rn'*. — 2. always: 84^. aftanweard, adj. ,/>'(';// behind, i/i otie's rear : asm. aeftanweardne 63''. aefter, prep. w. dat. i . after : 1 31^, 281^ 29", 80I0. — 2. along :t,^^ ; a;fter \iow\um, frofn hatid to hatid 31^. — 3. according to : 40!^ 73^". a;fter, adv., afterward, then : 2121, 402^, 606, 88i«. aiftera, adj., second: nsm. wk. asftera 54I2. tefterweard, adj., following, behind: nsm. 1 61*. agan, PP, have, possess : opt. 3 pi. agen 42*; inf. 44^. ^V^ nagaii. agen, adj., own: nsn. [agen] 8821; asn. 106, 45S 553. agetsm, Wl, destroy: pret. 3 sg. agette _83^. ffgh^va, pron., every one : nsm. 66^. ieghAVHT, adv. i. ei'erywhere : 41 13. 18.30,37 .50.8-2. _ 2. anywhere: 41"". a'gh\va; 33®; asm. anne 50^, 561^ 86", 93^6, Snne 8i3; asf. ana 57I, 74^, 76^; asn. 86"; isf. anre 84-^^; gp. anra 14^, 37!". — 2. alone: nsm. 841*^, wk. ana 37^, 4i-i'^'^; dsm. anum 26-'; dpm. anum 61 1^. See anforla-tan. iinad, n., solitnde: ds. anSde 61''. and, see ond. aJifete, adj., onefooted: asf. 59I. aiifoii, R, receive: pret. 3sg. anfeng43'". auforltCtan, '^, forsake, abandon : pret. 3 sg. anforlet 72'-'. anga, adj., sole, only: nsm. 8S-I. iiiiliaga, m., solitary, recluse : ns. 61. ^nig, adj. pron., any: nsm. 4r'^i, 61^; nsf. 41*'''; gsm. jenlges 60I'' ; dsm. ieni- gum 24I aengum 14°, 72I''; asn. 40-", 95!'^ ; ^ ienig 841^. See njvnig. a'nlic, adj., inconiparalde : nsm. 74-. asnlicp, adv., incomparably: [Snllce] 41^^^. anstellaii, Wl, cause, establish : i sg. anstelle 4^^. • anwalda, m., ruler (the Lord) : ns. 41*. St, adv., before, formerly, once : 2I'-, 3!^, f, 12IO, 14W, 24^ 2812, 299, 45T, 50II, 559, 618, 662, 734,26^ 8418^ 8828, 932V, _95*- ter, conj., before: 3I1, 6", 56". arieran, Wl, raise, establish : i sg. arjere 83^ ; pp. arEred 38'^. w:vexvf\{iixx\.^^^,bear tidings: inf. [jer] en- dean 49I. fereiidsprtec, £., message : as. Srend- sprffice 6ii^ jerest, adv., first: Srist 36^ (Leid. serest), 41'', 83^. aretan, \Vl, make glad : i sg. arete 7". a;rigfjeru, see earhfaru. arisaii, l, arise: 3 sg. arlse'5 4'^''. arliOQ, adv., honorably, kindly, gently: \d\ 44-4. airor, adv., before, formerly : Sr[()r] 24^. ierra, comp. Tid]., first: nsm. 54I2. arsta'f, m. (only in pi.), kindness, bene- fit : ip. arstafum 272*. arypan, \Vl, tear off: 3 sg. arype'S 77'^. a?sc, m. 1. ash-spear : ip. asscum 23I1. — 2. name of rune JE : 43^. ascufaii, 2, sho-i'e fortvard : inf. 91''. asocgan, Wn, declare, proclaim : inf. z"_ asettan, Wl. i. place: inf. 30". — 2. with srrf, to make a Journey: inf. 10". astigaii, 1, arise: I sg. astige 2"; 3 sg. astlge.N 4-4". asAvapan, R, sweep a-way: 1 sg. aswape 24^ set, prep. w. dat. i. at, in {time, place, and circumstance) : 41-*, 22*, 32I2.15, 353, 36^ (not in Leid.), 4ie'"^ 43I'"'. 44G, 55", 6i2, 78^, 88«+. — 2. from (at the hands of) : 2 1 1^. iet, m., food : gs. setes 41 •''5. ateon, 2, draw out, take out : pret. 3 sg. ateah 622. a'tgjedere, adv.,/(?4'6*///dV-: astgasdre 54II, 5611. See togjedre. atiiiibran, Wl, build, rear: inf. 30'''. GLOSSARY 243 atol, adj., '''"V, .^'/v'.f/r, »t(W(>/^j- : nsni. 24'*. :i-(s<>iiin(>, adv., together: 23^, 43", 85''. ilttor, w., poison : as. 24^. jittorsperc, !!.,/(>/>('««,■(/ j-/tv/;-: ip. attor- s]>fiiim iS^. iltylitiui, Wi, froiiiice : pp. atyhted 5 1 •'. [a<>ccf;aii, \\'\, gir'e food to ?, oppress ?: inf. al>ecgan i'-".] a'«>Vlo, adj., )ioble: nsf. a.-l>elu So^ ; sup. gsn. wk. a?)'el[est]an 60^. aeO'eliug, m., prince, noble, atlieling: gs. asl'dinges 79^, So^ ; iii). a.'J'elingas 50*^; gp. a-helinga 47". ie'd'elii, f. I. origin, ancestry: ip. a;he- liim 44^. — 2. nature: ap. jc^elu 56*. ji'rtringan, 3, /'//;-j/ forth, rush : i sg. al'iinge 4I-. iiAriiitaii, ;), swell : pp. ajirunten 3S-. a^veaxall, 6, ^r^^tc up : pret. i sg. awox I r'', aweox 73I ; pret. opt. j sg. aweox[e] 10^''. aweccan, Wi, awake, arouse: pp. np. aweahte 14**. awefan, :>, 'weaTe : pret. 3 pi. awaifan 36' {Lei (I. auefun). awoorpan, 3, cast aside: ? aweorp ? 84'*; pp. aworpen 41'*^. a^veriaIl, a^vo^Kan, Wi, gird, bind: opt. 3 sg. awerge 41^". a^vro<•an, 5, drive atiHiy: inf. 91 1^. awWr { = ahAvaeiJer), pron., cither : ns. aw)>er SS^^ "■^vyrgcd, pp. accursed: 21I". B IJ = rune 5 : over 18, 65^. biec, n. I. back: ns. 8S-^ ; ds. ba;ce 4*5, 16'^. — 2. Vii\(\.vv\>:vv, backwards: 23!", 9I^ ba'l, n.,/ire,JIame: gs. baeles 83-. ban, n., bone: ds. bane 69"; as. 40^'. banir-as, adj., boneless : asn. wk. ban- lease 46^. biiT, adj., /^<7;-t', naked: nsf. .' 32-"-; asn. 66*. bfernan, Wl, burn, consume: i sg. bffirne 2", 7^. .SVv byriiaii. ba"0, see seolhba'O. baSiaii, \\-i, bathe: pret. 3 pi. ba|>edan 28'''. be, prep. vv. dat. i. by, beside, along {local): 222, 2316,611, 7o5, 84^, 8828.33. — 2. by {temporal): 2%^"^. See \i\. beadu, f., Jight, buttle : gs. beadvve 88«. [beaducaf, adj., battlcprompt, warlike: nsm. wk. beaducafa i^]. beadii\va'p(»ii, n., war-iveapon : ap. beadowffipen i63; ip. beaduvvSpnum 188. beadu\veorc,n.,/', 61IG. bealo, see feorhbealo. bCain, m. i. tree: ns. 92I ; gs. beames 56^; as. 54I; ap.beamas 2^. — 2. beam, yoke: ds. beame 72I'-. — 3. timber : gs. beames 11'^. &^ ■\viidiib("am. bf'aintelg, m., tree-dye {ink) : is. beam- telge 27''. bears, m., harrowpig: ns. 4ii''6. beariii, m., breast, bosom : ns. 67* ; ds. bearme 44I2 . ^^ ^:i bearn, n., child: ns. 21I'*, 84II ; as. lo^; np. 27I8, 4i96, 424", 8431, 95IO; gp. bearna 58''; dp. bearnum 16^, 40I8. See frum-, ^vorii Id bearn. bearngestreon, \\.,begetting of children : gp. bearngestreona 21'-'^. bearonaes, m., wood-ness, -woody protn- ontory : ap. bearonaessas 58^ beam, m., grove, wood: ns. 31*; ds. bearwe 54I, 80^, (MS. bearme) 22"; dp. bearwum 28'-; ap. bearwas 2^. 244 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK beatan, R, beat: 3 pi. beata'5 -f, 81*. becnan, Wl, indicate, signify: 3 sg. becnej' 40-'' ; 3 pi. becnal> 25!". bed, bedd, n., bed: d.s. bedde id^; as. bed 5^. See grundbedd. bedrlfan, l, drive: pret. 3 sg. bedraf (MS. bedrSf) 309. befte'ffmaii, Wl, infold, contain: i sg. befxNme 93-^ beestolene 12''. See bistelan. bestreSan, Wl, heap up: \>\>. l)estrel'ed S4^^'. betan, W^l, make better, impro-'c: i sg. liCte (MS. betan) 7'" ; ? bete 71^ 92^. betera, adj., better : nsf. belre \\-^. See god, selra. betynan, Wl, close, shut: pp. betyned 41II. beVTenean, Wl, ijitr/ist: opt. j pi. be- )>encan (MS. behuncan) 49". GLOSSARY 245 Ix'AVniian, Wi, (stretch cn'er), cover: pret. 3 sg. bel'enede 27^2. be\vav: 45^- See be. biogan, Wl, buy: 3 pi. bicga'S 55I-. bid, n., delay, abiding : as. 4^. bidan, l. 1. await, expect: 3 sg. bidej? 32I2; 2 pi. bidaS 425; inf. 161^. — 2. remain : i sg. bide 16^ ; pp. biden 832. biddan, b, pray: pret. 3 sg. ba;d 60''. bite K : over 9, 20'. raf, sec beaduoaf. fiT'fje, f., key: gs. caegan 43^-. culd, adj., colli : comp. nsm. caldra 41^''. See >vlnterfeald. oalu, adj., bald: nsm. 41^^. <-aru, f., sorroiv: as. care 44*. (•r-ap, sec .soarocPap. (■(>apiaii, sec geof-apian. ccastiT, f., camp, city: as. ceastre 60^^. ceuc, adj., bold: comp. nsm. cenra 41I8. ccnnan, Wl, bring forth: pret. 3 .sg. cende 36^ {Leid. caend[ce]) ; pp. canned 40I5. See acennau. rPol, f., s/u/>, keel: ds. ceole 4-*, 19*, 34-- coorfan, 3, citt: pp. corfen 29*. fcorl, m., churl, cou7itry7nan: gs.ceorles 266 ; as. 288. <'f'Osan, see geoeosan. cirniaii, Wl, cry: i sg. cirme 9^; 3 pi. cirma^' 58* ; pret. 3 sg. cirmde 49*^ c'laiii, m., bond, fetter, fastenhig: ap. clamme 43^"-, clomme 4^^. c'lcT'ngeorn, adj., yearning after purity: nsf. S42G. clengan, Wl, adhere, remain: 3 sg. clenge'S 29^. clif, n., cliff: ap. cleofu 4-^. cloiii, see clam. <-lyinpro, f. ?, clump, mass: ns. 41"-^. clyppan, Wl, embrace: 3 pi. clyppalS 2 7-<'. See ymbclyppaii. cneo, n., knee: ap. 45^. cnosl, n., kindred, family : gs. cnosles 19*, 448. See geoguSenosl. cnyssan, Wl, smite, press: inf. 36^ {Leid. cnyssa). (•o«'or, m., quij'er : dp. cocrum Leid. 14. cofa, m., chamber, bo7ver: ds. cofan 64*. <-oinp, m., fi;ht: gs. compes 21^^; ds. compe 7-. ^OInp^va'pcn, n., 7oar-weapon: ip. comp- wSpnum 21^. condcl, see da?gcondel. craeft, m., skill, cu7tning: gs. cra;ftes 831"^; as. 32^^; is. cra;fte 22'', 43^^, 7322.23, 8428; ip. crasftum 2,2^^, 36^ (so Leid.) ; ? cra;ft 841-''. See heah-, sundor-, Avael-, wundorcra-ft. crteftig, see hyge-, searocraeftig. creodan, 2, crowd, press : 3 sg. cryde^ 428. Crist, m., Christ: ns. 72. ouiiia, m., guest, stranger: ns. 44^''. See Avih'uma. cuinaii, 4, come: 3 sg. cymeS [i2'"], 4*^, 38*', 41^^; opt. I sg. cyme 648; opt. 3 sg. Clime 16^", cyme 6^; pret. i sg. cwom 1 1^, 662 . pret. 3 sg. cw5m 23I, 30^ 34I, 55I, 861, com 931s ; inf. 8819. See for«Tciiinan. ouunan, PP. i. know : 3 sg. conn 61II, 70I ; opt. 2 sg. cunne 732°. — 2. be able: 2 sg. const 37I2; opt. 2 sg. cunne 33I3; (jpt. -J sg. cunne 68^8; pret. 3 sg. cuj'e 60'". QvSS, adj., known: nsm. 95I ; nsf. 30^; nsn. 7322, cuh 34I1 ; asn. wk. cuj^e 45^. See iinforcutJ. CAvealm, see \va*lc^^'ealin. o^velan, 4, die: i sg. cwele 66^. c'wellan, Wl, kill: i sg. cwelle 21^; pret.? sg. cwealde 78®. fwf'n, f., queen: ns. 80^; np. cwene 50^. (•\v<"ne, f., woman : ns. 74I. o-\ve(Tan, 5, say: 3 sg. cwihe'N 68" ; pret. I sg. cwas'5 661 ; pret. 3 sg. cwje'S 49+, 60''; pret. 3 pi. cwiedon 6o'2; pret. opt. 3 pi. cwseden 60I8. See go-, 011- cwc'iVan. cwic, adj., aliTC : nsm. 73*, cwico 661; asn. cwicu 74^ cwico ii^, 14-'; gpf. cwicra 298 ; apm. cwice 72, 39''. cwide, m., speech, discourse : as. 48*. See galdor-, soS-, wordc>>ide. cyme, see seld-, upcyme. cymlic, adj., comely: nsf. 342. -cyiid, see gecynd. cyne^vord, n., fitting word: ip. cyne- wordum 441^. 248 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK cyning, m., king: ns. 2i^ 41^; gs. cyninges 80^; np. cyningas 50^. See heah-, tfeod-, ^vuldorcyning. cynn, n., race, kind: gs. cynnes 34^, 61*; ds. cynne 4^°; as. cyn 50^; gp cynna 42^, 562, 84*; gp. cy[nna] 84^^ } cynn 68", 782, 84I8. See from-, gum-, liSce-, mon-, -wiepnedcynn cyrran, Wi. i. turn : 3 sg. cyrreS 32^° pp. cyrred 29*. — 2. return : pret. 3 sg cyrde 23^''. cyrten, adj., beautiful : nsf. cyrtenu 26® cyssan, Wl, kiss: 3 sg. cysseS 64* 3 pi. cyssa'5 152, 31^ a (/' gecyssa'S) See gecyssan. cystig, adj., bountiful: nsf. 84'-8. cySan, Wl, announce, make knozun, re- veal : opt. 3 sg. cyhe 44!^ ; pret. 3 sg. cy«de 8830; inf. cyhan f, 32^3, 959. ^^^ gecySan. D D = r7ine M 75^. dsed, f ., a'^^a' : is. daede 1 z'. daeg, m., day : gs. dseges 2831', 50" ; as. 21'', 59*; dp. dagiim lo^; ip. dagum 6^*, 54*. daegcondel, f., sun : ns. 933". daegrim, n., number of days : is. daeg- rime 938. daegtid, f., day-time: ip. diegtidum (by day) 1 83, 72^^. dael, n., valley, dale: ap. dalu 93^. d£el, m., pari: ns. 29I, 6ii°, 65*; as. 56*, 59^, 72I* ; is. dSle 27I0 ; ? dSl 738. da;lan, see gedielan. daro'3, m., dart: np. daro^"as 57*. dead, adj., dead: nsm. or nsf. 74* ; asm. deadne 10^. deaf, adj. deaf: asm. deafne 502. deagol, see degol. deall, adj., fraud: nsf. 32^2; apm. dealle 23II. dearnunga, see undearnunga. deaS, m., death : ns. 16", 85'^ ; ds. deajje 13I5, 29"; ?deaSe 84« deaSslege, m., deadly blow : ap. 6^*. deaSspere, n., deadly spear : ap. dea^- speru 4^3 deaw, m., dew: ns. 30^2. degol, adj., secret: asm. degolne 1621 ; apn. deagol 4i39. degolful, adj., secret : asm. degolfulne 8313. delfan, 3, dig, delve : 3 pi. delfa'5 4i9^ deman, Wl, declaim : inf. 29II. denu, f., valley : dp. denum 283. deop, adj., deep: nsm. 23^; asn. 1'^^ ; gpn. deopra 57''; apm. deo[pe] 93^; apn. 939. deope, adv., deeply : 54^. deor, adj., brave: nsf. 32^^; dsm. deorum 13^. deoran, \N\, praise, extol: 3 pi. deoraj^ deorc, adj., dark: nsf. 421 ; npn. 4*^ ; ipf. deorcum 13^. deore, adj., ^/^ 501° ; pret. 3 sg. dyde 10^2, 212=, 27^, [d]yde 783, [dyde] 852 ; inf. 6o''i. See gedon. draedan, see orKlrtedan. dream, see seledream. GLOSSARY 249 drefan, \Vl, disturb, stir up: (wado, lajjii drefan = j«v'/«): i sg. (wado) dreie S- ; jiret. 3 sg. (lagu) drefde -J ■ dreogan, 2, siiffer, endure, perfortn : 1 sg. dreoge 81^; 3 sg. dreogeS 33'" ; 3 sg. [dreogeS] 70* ; pret. 3 sg. dreag 52^ 57^ ; inf. 40", 59I. dreoht, see dryht. drifan, 1. drive: 3 sg. drifeh 41'^*. See bcdrifan. drinc, sec ntandrinc. drincan, 3, drink: 3 pi. drincaS 15^2^ 21I-, 64'''; pret. 3 pi. druncon 56^, 57", 681^ inf. 136, 72^. drohtaT^, m., condition, manner of life: as. 7I0. dropa, see speddropa. druncmcnnen, n., drunken maidserv- ant: ns. 13^. drygc, adj., dry : nsm. 41'^'. dryht,f., multitude, (pi.) ?nen: gp.dryhta 29", 42*; dp. dryhtum 131^, z,i-; dp. dreohtum (MS. dreontum) 4*^. dryhten, m. i. lord, master : ? dryhtne 71^ — 2. Lord: ns. 41^2^ driht[en] 852 ; gs. drj-htnes 60^, dryht [nes] 60^1. See in-, niondryhteii. dryhtfolc, n., multitude : gp. dryht- folca 27I". dryhtgestreon, n., noble treasure : gp. dryhtgestreona 18'. dufan, 2, dive : pret. i sg. deaf 74^ ; pret. 3 sg. deaf 52^. dugan, PP, avail, hold 07it: 3 sg. deag 73''; pret. 3 sg. dohte 62''. dugu'5, f . I . benefit, advantage : dp. dug)'um 50^". — 2. safety : ap. duguj^e 93'- dumb, adj., dumb : nsm. 54^, wk. dumba 50^'', 60^ ; nsf. 32!" ; asm. wk. dumban 50^; dpmf. dumbum 51-. dun, £., /////, down : ns. 4-I ; gs. dune (MS. dum) i62i; dp. dunum 2%^; ap. duna 39^. durran, PP, dare: 3 sg. dear 16^''. duru, f., door: dp. durum 16^^, 29'^. diist, n., dust : ns. 30I-. d\viesoan, Wl, extittguish: 3 sg. dwaesceN 84^^. d^v^'lan, see gedwelan. dwellan, Wi, mislead: i sg. dwelle 12^. dyfan, Wl, dip : pret. 3 sg. dyfde 27^. dygan, see gedygan. dyn, see gedyu. dynt, m., bhnu : dp. dyntum 28^'^. dyp, n., t/ie deep, sea : ds. dype 421. dyre, adj., dear, precious : nsf. 84^2 ; gsm. wk. dyran 83I* ; apn. 418^ ; ? dyre 84^3 ; comp. apn. dyrran 50^. See deore. dyrne, see undyrne. dysig, a.d]., foolish : apm. dysge 12^. E E = rune H : 206, 652-*. EA = rutie T : 65*. eac, adv., also, likewise, moreover: [i^^], 37I2, 4 1 40, 64I3, 778. eacen, adj., increased, endowed, mighty. nsm. lo^ ; nsf. 34^^, 8420'26 . npn. 6^^. ead, n., happiness, bliss : as. 2f-^. eadig, adj., happy, blessed, prosperous: dpm. eadgum S4-". eadignes, f., happiness : gs. eadignesse [Ead^vacer, m., Eadwacer [Odoacer ?) : as. or vs. i^^.] eafora, m., offspring, progeny: ap. ea- foran \6^-; ip. eaforan 2121. cage, n., eye : ns. 26" ; as. 38*, 86^ 87^ ; np. eagan 41II; gp. eagena 40^1, eagna 60^ ; dp. eagum 16^ ; ap. eagan 37'', 8r'; ip. eagum 84^1, 93^2. eald, adj., old, ancietti: nsm. 9^; dsm. ealdum 41^'^; asm. ealdne 28^; comp. nsm. yldra 41 ''2, 72^. ealdor, n., life: ns. 10^; ds. ealdre 68". ealdorburg, f., royal city : as. 60". ealdorgesceaft, f., condition of life : ns. 4o23. 250 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER ROOK call, adj., all, the wltole of: nsn. 94''; gsn. ealles (adv., close) 16'*; asm. ealne 41^*, 67''; asf. ealle 41^"; asn. eal 4i33,40,84. npm. ealle 56^°, 67'''; gp. ealra 14I, 34^^ 40", 4i*'88, 47^; dpm. eallum 30^, 52^ ; ap. ealle 84^, 93-1 ; ipn. eallum 41!"^. call, adv., ivliolly, oitirely : eal 6'', 838. callfelo, adj., all-fell, 7'ery baleful: asn. ealfelo 24'^ . eallgcaro, adj., all-readv, eager: nsf. 24*. r>ain, m., uncle : n.s. 47". ear, m., sea, ocean : is. eare 4^2. earc, f., c/iest : as. earce 62^. eard, m., dwelling; place, region : ns. 881* . ds. earde 34^ 73^, 838, 93" ; as. 616, 678, S16, 8819. oare] 4i**'*. eaAVunga, adv., openly : 73^5. eaxl, f., shoulder •.'i eaxle 73!"; ap. e.xle -^^^ ; ap. ea.xle 70^, 860. eaxlf»estealla, m., shoulder-companion : ns. 80I. ece, adj., eternal, everlasting : nsm. 4 1 1 ; ipf. wk. ecan 41^"^. ccg, f., edge : ns. 4*2, (MS. ecge) 276 ; ds. ecge 4''2 ; np. ecge 34* ; gp. ecga 61"; ip. ecgum 6". See heard-, sti'fl- ecg. ednnve, adj., re/iewcd : nsf. ednlwu 42I. efeiilang, cid].. Just as long: asn. (MS. efelang) 45". efiie, didv., Just, even, exactly: 41^, 40^'', 661. efiietan, 5, eat as much as: inf. ^\^^. eft, adv. I. again: 3I*, 438.M 79, 2-]^-^^, 38", 63'', 66-, 8(/, 938. — 2. backwards: 24I. — 3. on the other hand, still: 2113. egesfiil, adj., fearful, terrible, awful: nsm. 34*. egle, adj., hateful, deadly: npf. 72"; ipn. eglum iS'-'. [f'gloiid, n., /.f/(///(/ : ns. i''.] eg.sa, m., fear, terror: ns. 433.40. gs_ egsan Leid. 13. ell, n., horse : ap. 23". ehtuwe, num. adj., eight: 37*. elleii, n., strength, force, courage : ns. 62'', 739; as. 8830. elleiirof, adj., powerful, strong, brave: npm. ellenrofe 23-''. ellorfn.s, adj., eager for the Journey: npm. ellorfuse 44I3. ende, m., end: ns. S4I"; ds. 808, 88-3,24, eiKlleofan, num. adj., eleven : np. (MS. XI) 233. engel, m., angel: gp. engla 678. engii, f., lujrrow place, confinement: ds. enge j^-^-. eodor, m., enclosure: ns. iS"-. eofor, m., boar: ds. eofore 41I8. eoretliiuecg, m., horseman : np. cored- macgas 23". eored'Oreat, m., band, troop : ns. eored- I'lcat 4«. eorl, m., chief, hero: gs. eorles 6ii3, 8o''' ; gp. eorla 47'; dp. eorlum 9^, 32II, 568, 95I; ap. eorlas 23II. eorp, adj., dark, dusky : nsm. 50II ; gsn. eoip[e]s 93-''; npf. wk. eoqian (MS. eaq^an) 4''- ; .' eorp 73!^. GLOSSARY 2U eorffbuontl, m., liweller on earth : dp. eoriSbuendum 30*. eortfe, f., earth : ns. eorhe 54''' ; gs. eor)>an 4i'*'-^ 6SI6, 83^, 882^. ds. eor- |>an 2'', 4*'^, 7^, 28*, 36II {Leiii. eorSu), 4i4o.6o.82^ 42**, 51^ 77^; as. eorj^an 3-, 173, 28I6, 3012, 4 1 1.21, 678, 84", 8821; as. eor'San gsi** ; ? eorj^an 84!^. eorOjurii'f, n., iiiell,pit: as. 59^. esiic, m. I. servant: ns. 445.8. 16. — 2. youth, man: ns. 45*, 55^, 64^ ; as. (MS. efne) 28^ ; ap. esnas 281^. esol, m., ass: gp. esla (MS. esna) 23I'. est, mf., grace, favor : ip. estum {gladly) 272*. otan, 5, eat: 3 sg. itej' 591", iteS 778. eO't'l, m. I. home, abode; ds. e'Sle i6i2; as. ehel 67", 93**. — 2. land, domain : ns. e)'el 17^. eOclffPStcn, n., land'' s fastness, fortress: as. e)>elfa2Sten 732^*. e'3elstol, m., paternal seat, habitation : ap. el'elstol 4". e?Jum 30". falca(?), m.,y;7/i-<';/ : ns. FA[lca] 65^. fa-Isian, see gefSIsian. fam, x\.,foam : ns. 3^. faniig, a.A]., foamy: nsm. 4^^. ficniig, i\d]., foamy: nsm. 4^2. ftemno, f., maid, bride, woman : ns. 43^, fa.'r, m., danger, peril: as. 54I2. -fara, see geftira. faran, 6, go, fare, depart : 3 sg. fare 5 4", 1 8", 243, 63^ 843, fKre« 22*; 3 pi. faraX 4*'"'; pret. 3 sg. for 37^; inf. 33*8, faroO', see merefaro'S. faru, f., carryi)ig, tratisfer : as. fere (< fxMe) yi^^. See earh-, Avolceii- farii. ftest, z.d.\., firm, fixed, secured: nsm. 182, 6i3; nsn. [i^], 2213; npn. 35^; gpm. fffistra 53" ; apf. faeste 35'^. See bid-, card-, hyge-, sige-, tfryin-, avTs- ffest. faeste, zdw, fast, firmly: 4I, 13^, 17I1J, 24", 2726, 534, 57G, 62I, 7i4, 8825. faesten, n., prison, confinement: as. 26^. See f'flVlfjcston. fa>t, see lyft-, siO'-, Ava'gfa»t. fa?t, ^.d]., fat: comp. nsm. fajttra 4ii°5. fieted, pp., rich, ornamented: asn. 52'. faethengcst, m., road-horse: ns. 23!*. fa}(Jm, m. i. embrace, embracing arms: is. fae'Sme 64^ ; dp. fasj^mum ^^^, 2j-^ ; fas'Smum 11^, 674. — 2. bosom, breast: ds. fctSme 13II. See lagufteSm. fip'd'nian, see beffieiVniaii. fpa,adj.,_/6'w: nsm. fea (Snig) 61^; npm. -ft'a, see gefea. fcaldan, R,fold: pret. 3 pi. feoldan 27'^. feallan, R, fall: 3 sg. fealle]? 221^, fealleX Sii", 9324 ; pret. 3 sg. feol 30I2 . inf. 446. fcalo, adj., fallow, yelhnvish : nsn. 16I ; nsm. \vk. feahva 56I''; npf. fealwe 73I8. feax, n., hair of head, locks: ds. feaxe (M.S. feax) 93I2. See -wonfeax. foaxhar, adj., hoary-haired: nsf. 74I. fedaii, \^\,feed, 'nourish, sustain : 3 sg. fede'5 352; 3 pi. feda^ 51*; pret. 3 sg. fedde 10*, 72^, 77I ; pret. 3 pi. feddon 73I, feddan 544. 2C2 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK fegan, Wljyf.v: 3 sg. fegeS 26^; pret. 3 sg. fegde 626. fela. I. indecl. n., many. 9II, 22*^, ^t,^, 35"' 83^'', [fela] 83I. — 2. adv., w//f// : 328, 593. fSlan, W\,/ee/: 3 sg. felejj 26^, fele'5 84*9 ; 3 pi. fela-5 78. felawlonc, adj., 7'e7-y proud: nsf. 13^. feld, v£\., field: ap. feldas 33^. fell, n., skin, covering: gs. felles 77^; np. 143; ?[f]ell 82'». felo, see eallfelo. fen, \\., fen, swamp, morass: ns. ^v^^ \ [ds. fenne i^]. -fenga, see ondfenga. fenyce, f.,/t'«-/>-t»^: ns. 4i''i. feoh, n. I. cattle, herd: as. 35'. — 2. 7noney, fee: is. feo 55^^^. feohtan, 3, fight, contend: inf. 7^, 17I; ptc.npf. feohtende 4*^. 6"<'an 1 5^^. feorh, n., life, soul: ns. 10-, 13'' ; ds. feore 21^^ QJ""* (tefre to feore = forever) 41®^; as. feorg 14^, feorh 11^, i6^^ 40^*^; is. feore 4^2, 24I'', 27^ feorhbealo, n., life-bale, deadly evil: as. 24^. feorhberond, m., life-hearer, man : gp. feorhberendra 40*'. feorhbora, m., life-hearer: ns. 92^. feorm, see swiSfeonn. feorniian, Wa, cleanse, polish : 3 sg. feormaiN 73^1. feorr, adv. ,/ 2\^^. flrgenstream, m., mountain-streatn, ocean: ip. firgenstreamum Ii2. iiso, m.,fish : dp. fiscum 74''. (GLOSSARY 253 flour : 3 sg. forswilge'S(MS.ferswilgeS) 50II; pret. 3 sg. forswealg 48^. fortf, adv. i. forth, forxaards : 22", 3o".i3, 6428, S55, 91O. — 2. forthwith : 2 1 24. for'ffciinian, 5, come forth : pp. njMTi. foriScymene 14IO. forSgesceaft, f., creation : ns. 84^. for'Son, adv., therefore, consequently: forhon 1612, 21-30^ 0-1.3^ 6S1''. 254 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK for'Ssu'V, m., going forth, departure: gs. for(Ssil)es 63-. for'Sweard, adj ., forward, prone : nsm. 73-'^; nsn. 22!-^ forSweg, m., forth faring, journey: gs. forSweges 31^. forweorO'an, 2, perish, die: opt. piet. I sg. forwurde 6^. fot, m., foot: ds. fote 32I', fet ^f'^ as. 3220, ^qIo, 9325, foot Si''; np. fet 32'' ; gp. fota 2S15, 57*^ ; ap. fet 37^ 689, SG'*; ip. fotum ii,'^', 41", 82*. fracoO'lIfC, adv., hostilely : [fracjadllcas Leid. 14. frSge, see gefriege. frtet^van, \Vl, adorn, deck: 3 pi. fra;t- waS 36!'' {Leid. frcetuath); pp. frsetwed 15II, 296, 32^0; pp. asm.fraetwedne 62^. See gefra't^v(i)an. frjetAve, fpl., ornaments, decorations : np. (wings) 8^; dp. fraetwum 41^''; ap. 14^'^; ip. fraetwum 15''. frea, m., /ord, master : ns. 4I, 7^, 93^''', (MS. freo) iS^; gs. frean 466, 45'-, 738, 916; ds. frean 212.2*, 44IO, ^gio, (..i, 632, So2. ft'et'ne, adj., dangerous, perilous: asf. 6*. frei'iie, adv., severely, savagely: 2\^^. frefraii, Wl, console, comfort: i sg. fre- fre 7T. fremde, adj., strange, foreign, remote: nsm. 17'^; dsm.fremdum(MS.fremdes) 95*- freinnian, Wl, do, perform : i sg. fremme 212^; inf. 32^, 73^^; ger. fiemmanne 882^. freininoiid, see tilfremniend. frenm, £., comfort, ad7'antage : ip. fre- mum 51**. freo, adj., free, noble, precious: gpm. freora 16^^. freogan, W3, love : 3 pi. freogaS fireolic, adj., /(?/■;•, comely, noble: nsm. 922; nsf. 842*^, freollcu 62^; asn. 15^''; np. freolico 47*. freoiKl, xr^., friend: ds. freonde 21^"; gp. fieonda 2721 ; dp. freondum 95*. freorig, adj., freezing, frozen : nsm. 36^ (so Leid.). freoTJian, W2, care for, protect, cherish : 3 sg. freol'aJS 91"; piet. 3 sg. freol'ode 10''. See fri?yian. fretjin, 5, devour, consume : pret. 3 sg. fi-ffit 48I; inf. 77^ friogan, f>, ask: imp. 2 sg. frige 15'^, 171'j, 2726, 2S15. 6tv gefriogan. frigiian, see gefrignaii. fri(J, n., peace, protection : as. 73'-''. fri(J, adj., stately, beautiful: nsf. frl)>e io«. fri«5ende, see fer'OfriZfende. fri'Sheiigest, m., horse of peace: ap. fri^'hengestas (MS. fridhengestas) -J • friO'ian, \^% protect: inf. fri)'ian 17". See freoSiau. fri'iJosped, f., peaceful happiness : gs. fri)iospe[de] 6o"^ f rod, adj. 1. wise, prudent, sage : apm. frode 6o'' ; comp. npm. frodran 2721. — 2. old, aged: nsm. 54'*, 93"; nsn. 83I ; asm. frodne J^^; comp. nsm. frodra 84^^. frofor, f., comfort, consolation : gs. frof re 6-* ; ds. frSfre 40I9. from, prep. \v. dat., from, away from : o,-2:) ^.W ,,1-2 - ' 1 -J I 44 • from, adj., strong, bold, swift: nsm. 632, 73"" ; gP^- fi'omra (MS. frumra) 52*; sup. nsf. fromast 842^. See orlegfrom. fromcyiin, n.,(?;/6V.r/ri': ns. S3I; as. 83'''. fromlice, adv., strongly, boldly, swiftly: 16I', 41'^'; comp. fromlTcor 41^''. friima, m., beginning, commencement : is. fruman {at first) 83'^. friimbearn, n., first-born : np. 47''. friimsocaft, f., creation : ds. frumsceafte 4". friiinstaSol, m.. original station : is. frumstal'ole 61''. fryiiiTJii, f., beginning: ds. fryml'C 4i^'^''. GLOSSARY 255 ftigol,m., /'/;■(/: ns. fugul 37'; gs. fugles 27", 37^1 ; ds. fugele 32" ; dp. fuglum 74^. See s»«Vl'ugol. fill, :s,A)., full : asm. fulne 4*^ ; comp. nsf. fulre 64*. See ffrymful. ful, adv., very: 26«, 316, 4il0'», %f, 8S15. ITil, adj., yi;///, dirty, unclean: nsm. wk. fula 41*8 ; comp. nsf. fulre 4121. full, n., receptacle (of water), cloud: as. 438. fullestan, \\\, help, give aid: 3 sg. fuUC'steS 258. fiillwcr, m., complete iver, full atone- »icnt: as. 24^'*. fiiltiini, m., prop, support: ns. (MS. fuglum) 52*, (MS. furum) 59^''. fiiiidiaii, Ws, stri'i'e, intend, desire : 3 sg. fundaS 84''' ; piet. 3 pi. fundedon 23^. fiir'iYiiiii, adv.. //r.f/' : 4'-'. fus, 2t.d].,protnpt, ready, eager: nsm. 31^, 73-"; dsm. fusum 93^'-; np. 4'*^. See cllorffis. fy\\i\n,\\l,t/irowdo7ijn,fdll: i sg.fyHe2^. fyllaii, Wl,///: inf. 628. .Vtt .iefyllan. fyllo, i., fullness: ns. (MS. felde) 38-'; gs. fylle 18^; as. 43^. tyr,x\.,fre: gs.fyres7i*; ds.fyrei3i'; as. 4r8 ; is. fyre 4*^ 31^ S3'*. fyrd, f., expedition : as. 73-^ fyrdriuc, m., -warrior: gs. fyidrinces So-. fyrdstM'orp, n., -war-ornantent : as. 15^3. fyrii, adj., ancient, old: nsf. 84^. c; Cl = rune X 20", 25'^. gafol, n., tribute, gift : as. 39^ ; as. gaful jj ■ Kill, scc hygegal. ^alan, 6, chant, cry : 3 sg. gasleS 2\^. ;;al'^. gtiestberend, m.., possessor of spirit, liv- ing man : ap. 218. gat, i.,goat: ns. 25-. [gcartor, adv., together: i^^.] gear, n., year : gp. geara 2iZ^^' 'P- g^^" rum -jf. gf'ara, adv., already, formerly : 21 29. geard, n., dwelling, home : dp. geardum 44^, 92*; ap. geardas 218. See iiiid- dangeard. gearo, adj., ready : comp. nsm. gearora 84^^. See eallgearo. goaro, adv., swiftly : 41 1^. gearAve, adv., 'well, readily : 83*'. geat, see hordgeat. geat\vaii, \V 1 , make ready, adorn, equip : pp. geatwed 29*'. geatAve, fpl., ornaments : dp. geatwum 36^° {Leid. geatum). gobelgan, 3, anger, enrage: pp. gebol- gen 4 1 19. gebennian, Wa, rcound: pp. gebennad gobiiulan, 3, bind: pp. gebunden 57''; ]:>p. asm. gebundenne 58. gcblaiidaii, R, mix, mingle : pp. ge- blonden 4--, 248. gobre*', n., noise, crash, thunder: njx gebrecu 4''* ; gp. gebreca 4*'. gobroO'or, mpl., brothers: np. gebro|ior 14-- gobysgian, W2, occupy, busy, agitate : pp. gebysgad 3i^(? (/^ gemylted). geceapiaii, W2, buy, purchase : 3 sg. geceapab 24!^. geoeosau, 2, choose, elect: pp. gecoren 32IO. 256 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK gecrod, see lilo(Sgeorod. gec\ve"flan, 5, stjy, announce : pret. 3 sg. gecwaeS 49^. geoynd, f., nature, kind, condition : ds. gecynde 73* ; dp. gecyndum 40^^. gecyssan, Wi, kiss : 3 pi. gecyssa'5 31^ ^ (a cyssa'5). gecytfan, Wl, announce, tnake known: inf. gecyhan 84^. geA^\a,n,\^ \, separate: 3pl.ged2elai?85''. gedolgian, Wa, wound: pp. gedolgod 54«. gedon, anv., do, make, cause : pret. 3 pi. gedydon [i^*], 73®. gedreag, n., tumult {sea) : as. y^'^. gedwelan, 4, err, 7nislead \ pp. npm. gedwolene,/^rz'^rj-^, wrong, 12'^. gedygan, Wl, survive: 3 sg. gedyge'S 398 ; 3 pi. gedygaS 4^^. gedyn, m., din, noise: is. gedyne 4*^. gef^elsian, Ws, cleanse, purify : pp. gefielsad 83*. gefara, m., companion : ns. 80-. gefea, m., Joy, gladness: ds. gefean 42^. gefeon, .'>, rejoice, exult, he glad: pret. 3 sg. gefeah 65^ geferan, Wl, accotnplis/i, experience : pp. gefered 38*. gefeterian, W2, fetter, bind: pp. npm. gefeterade 53*. gefraige, adj., known, renowned, fam- ojts : nsm. 95''. gefra;t\v(i)aii, Wl,2, adorn, deck: pp. gefrastwed 54^, gefraetwad 32-. ? gcfriogan, 5, lear7i by hearsay : pp. [gefrigen] '&^^'^. gefrigiiaii, 2, learn by asking, find out, Iiear: pret. i sg. gefraegn 46^, 48^, 49I, 681. gefiillod, sec ungefuUod. gefyllan, Wi, fill: i sg. gefylle 67^; 3 sg. gefylleS 1 5^ ; pret. 3 sg. gefylde 45^ PP- gefylled 18-. gegier^van, see gegyr\van. gegnpa'«5, m., hostile way, hostile path : ds. gegnpal'C 16-^. gegyrdan, Wl,^>(/: pp. npf. gegyrde -7 -.16 gegyrwan, W^l, adorn, furnish, equip: pp. gegyrwed 2x2, gegiervved 29^, 30^, 372, 681^ 692. gehabban, W3, hold, hold fast: inf. 1 7 10. gehajlan, Wl, heal, save : pret. 3 sg. gehslde 6^- ; opt. 2 sg. gehiele 49^ gchladan, 6, load: pp. gehladen 84^1. gehleSa, m., companion, comrade : as. gehle^an 93-^. See -wilgehlgOa. gehnast, see hop-, ^volcengehnast. gehrefan, Wl, roof cover : pp. gehrefed 2l0_ gehreodan, 2, adortt : pp. gehroden 8422. geh^va, pron., each : dsm. gehwam 3^2, 12^; dsf. gehwam 55^; dsn. gehwam 34!^; ism. gehwam T)T,^'^, 61^; isn. gehwam 82^. gehAvylc, pron., each, all, every : nsm. 72''; gsm. gehwylces 14^; gsn. ge- hwylces 41^^; dsm. gehwylcum 42*, 83!^ 9513. [gehyran, Wi, hear: 2 sg. gehyrest 1 16.] gehyrstan, Wl, adorn: pp. gehyrsted gela'dan, Wl, lead, conduct, bear : inf. 1 620. gelTc, adj., like: np. gellce 32". See ungelu'. geliones, f., likeness, image : ns. y]^^. gelonie, adv., frequently, constantly : J- ■ goina'dan, Wl, madden, make foolish : pp. npm. gemiedde 12". gcnisenan, Wl, utter: I sg. gemiene 25*'. geiiia'iie, adj., mutual, in common : np. 723. gemaniaii, W2, warn, admonish : pp. gemanad 4^''. geinct, n., measure: is. gemete 51". gen»i«'lian, W2, enlarge, magfiify : pp. gemiclad 842^, nsf. gemicledu 2i20. GLOSSARY 257 gcmlttan, Wi, meet: 3 pi. gemittaS 4-'. geiiionjj, n., lompaiiy : ds. gemonge -.-.4.11 j- geiiiot, n., meeting, coinitig togethe?--. gs. gemotes 6'", 261". See giicTgeinot. geniiiiian, PP, remember, bear in miini : I sg. gemon 83''; 3 pi. gemunan iSi'. geiuylUm, \Vi, cause to melt, soften : pp. gemylted 31^ b (a gebysgad). geinynd, f., memory, rei:ollection : as. 60". gen, adv.,y<'rw^rr/)' : gien z\-^. See vm gen, (Jii gen. gena, adv., iv/: 41^^, geno 21 29. geiiiogan, Wl, attack, assail: 3 sg. genJegeS 211^. genanina, m., companion : ns. (MS. ge- namnan) 54^^ ; np. genamnan (MS. genamne) 53". geniSstsin, Wi, contend : 3 sg. genSste'S 2S1''». geneahhe, adv., sufficiently, abundantly, freas 31 5. gesoin, adj., united: npm. gesome SS29. gesoinnlan, W2, join, unite, collect : pp. ge.somnad [i^^], 31^. gest, see gjest. gestealcl, see wuldorgesteald. gestealla, see eaxlgestealla. gestillan, Wl, still, qiciet, calm : 3 sg. gestilleS 4^^. gestreon, n., treasure, xvealth : gp. ge- stieoiia 2 r'l, 29''. See beam-, dryht- gpstreon. gostiiii, n., ivhirhuind : ds. gestune gesiind, adj., safe, sound: npm. 23-I, gesunde 44^' ; comp. npm. gesun- dran 27^". ges^veostor, fpl., sisters : np. 47^. ges^vcotlIlian, Wa, manifest : pp. ge- .sweotlad 84-^. geswican, l, cease, leave off, desist: 3 .sg. geswice^ 28^^ . ^ pi. ge.swica)' 1210. gesyiip, adj., seen, visible: nsf. 40'; njjn. 1 4''. gotSfiiian, Wa, betoken, signify : pp. getacnad 64I''. gcta'se, adj., convenient, pleasant: nsf. S4--;-. gctenge, adj., near to, close to: nsm. 7^ S*, ii-*, S4-5 ; nsf. 535 ; nsn. 57^; asf. 772. gotreoAVO, :\.d]., fait/iful, trusty: gpm. getreowra 27^^. gcO'oiK'an, Wl, reflect, consider: ger. ge|>encanne 42**. gecJeou, Wl, tame, oppress : inf. ge}>eon 41^1. .^tv ge?fy Avail. ge<5oiio, see ingeOom-. geTfrajc, n., crowd, press : ns. gehrjec 23" ; as. gejraec 3^, 401 ; ap. gejircecu 36'* {Leid. gicSrnec). ge'flriiig, n., tumult, crowd: ns. ge- l-ring 4"^ ge«Tringan, 3, sTvell : pp. asf. gelnungne S72. geSrfien, isolated pp., pressed, forged: gel'iuen (MS. ge))uren) 91^. ge'ffAviere, adj., gentle, calm: nsm. (adv.?) gejiwaere 51*'; npf. gel^wiere -,15 J • ge'Sy\van, Wl, press, urge, compel: pret. 3 pi. gej'ydan 61^*. See geiSeon. geAviede, n., garment: ns. 36I'* ; as. (MS. gewiedu) 36I- {Leid. giiiSde). gOAvealcaii, R, roll: pp. gewealcen -,4 geAveald, n., power, rule, dominion : ds. gewealde 4I*' ; as. 28^*. gcweaxaii, {i,gro7i',gro'U' up : pret. 3 sg. geweo.x 80^. geAvefan, 5, weave: pp. gewefen 41^^. ge\vendan, Wl, turtt oneself: inf. 88^^. ge\veor(Jan, 3, become, be : inf. geweor- ban 4i«. ge^veortJian, Wa, honor, adorn : pp. geweor^ad 71^, 84-*. geAvin, n., contest, strife : gs. gewinnes 17'; as. 21^, 24-. 6\'£.' gu(J-, streain- gowin. gewiiidan, 3, ^cind, t-ioist: pp. apm. gewundne 4i^'''. gcAvinna, see la?SgeAviniia. gcAvit, n., mind, understanding: as. 40J''. gewitan, PP, knoiv: pret. 3 sg. ge- wiste 30^*. gCAVitan, 1, go, depart: i sg. gevvTte 3I, 4'''', 17-13 ^S- gewTte'5 40^ ; pret. 3 sg. gewat 30I013, y.8. pret. 3 pi. gewTtan 14II. ge\vlitigian, W2, adorn, beautify : pp. gewlitegad 32^, 332, 84^"^ ge-\vregan, Wl, stir up : pp. gewreged 3'- (GLOSSARY 259 p;«'^v^it, 11., 7i'/-///'//j,', 1>/c: up. gewritu ge^viinian, Wu, d-.vc-il : pret. i sg. ge- wuniide 61-'. ge^vyrraii, Wl, make, create: pp. ge- worht 70^. gey^van, Wl, shou<, 7-eveal: pp. geywed gled, n. I. word, speech : a.s. 48'''. — 2. song; [as. giedd i^^]; ds. giedde So^*^. — 3. riddle: gs. gieddes 561-'. -giel, see widgiel. giolc<>Tii;iii. jiin-ira, .-cc <;('()ii<». <:;iiiiiaii, sec oiigiiiiian. filtsiaii, \\'2, desire, crave: 3 sg. gitsaS gla' gong[e«] 824; jnf. 3.8, 86I, gangan 55I; ptc. nsm. gongende 41I", nsf. [g]ongende 82^, dsf. gongendre 22^. — 2. happen, turn out: 3 sg. gonge'S 40^3. — 3. go, be turned, be: 3 sg. gongcS 353; opt. 3 .sg. gonge 37I''. See ofer-, togongan. gop, m., slai'e, servant: gs. gopes 5o3. gor, n., dung: gs. gores 41"-. gos, f., goose : ns. 253. griT'dan, Wl, cry: i .sg. griiede 25^. gra-dig, vlA]., greedy : nsm. 39-; sup. nsf. grSdgost 8429. gra»f, see eorSgraef. grafan, 6, dig, break into: i sg. graefe 22'-; pret. 3 sg. grof 34^ 93!". grteg, see flintgrti'g. 26o RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK grap, see nearograp. grapian, Wa, yi'tV, g>-asp : pret. 3 sg. grapode 46-'. grass, n., ^^''-f^ : as. 16^. great, c\.d]., g>-eat : ? gieate 82-. grene, adj., green : nsm. wk. grena ^j5i.83. ,is,^ 22^; asn. 16*'; npm. 67*5 ; apm. 1 3-. greot, m., i/ust, sand : ds. greote 25*- gretan, Wl, greei, visit, address: pret. 3 sg. grette 89^ ; inf. 5^, 456. grim, adj., fierce, bitter, cruel: nsm. wk. grimma 44- ; asf. wk. grimman 4^" ; sup. isn. grimmestan 29^. See heoru-, hete-, waelgrim. grima, m., specter, phantom : ns. 41^'. griiiiniau, 3, rage, roar : 3 sg. grimme'S J ■ griniine, adv., grimly, fiercely: 51^, S45. grindan, 3, grind: inf. t^-^. See be- grindan. gripan, 1, grasp, seize, lay hold of : 3 sg. gnpe'JS 26^ ; pret. 3 sg. grap 87*. gripe, m., grip, grasp : ds. 71^. grom, z.di]., fierce, hostile: npm. grome 73^; gpm. gromra zi'^^. gromheort, adj., hostile-hearted : dp. gromheortum 5''. groAvan, R, ^row, spring, sprout : inf. gruiid, m. I. ground, earth : ds. grunde 22^, 23!^, 84^. — 2. depth, abyss : as. 3*, 41^3; dp. grundum 67^ See sirgrund. grundbedd, w., ground : as. 84^^. grymetian, \V2, rage, roar : 3 sg. gry- meta■^' 84'. gryrelif, adj., horrible, terrible: nsm. gtima, m., man : np. guman '^Z^'^y 49^' 64'*, 681'' . gp gumena 24!"^ 29^, 83^. gumcynn, n., mankind, men : gs. gum- cynnes 882". gumrinc, m., man : ns. 87*. gue 2i25; is. gu)>e 21^9. giiSfiigol, m., /vVi/ of war, eagle: gs. guMugles 255. guSgeiiiot, n. battle-Tneeting, battle : gs. gul'ge motes 1 6-". gu?fge\vin, n., battle : gs. gu^gewinnes 66. gutfwiga, m., warrior : gs. guSwigan 92^. gylden, adj. golden : asm. gyldenne 6o^ gyinan, \N\. care for, heed : 1 sg. gyme 2 1 35. gyrdaii, Wi, gird, bind round: pp. gy rd e d 91'*. See gegy rdan . gyrdels, m., girdle, belt : ds. gyrdelse 55"; as. 55". gyrn, n., grief, sorrow, afiJiction : ns. 16^ ; ds. gyme 83^. gyrAvan, \Vl, adorn : 3 sg. gyrweS 21^; pret. 3 sg. gierede 271^. See gegjT- %\'an. H H = rune N: 20-'^, 25^, 65^, 75^. habban, W3, have : i sg. hasbbe 2^^, 192, 228, 806, 81 2, 83W, 9325, hafu 365 {Leid. hefas), 41^8; 3 sg. hafa'5 3221, 352, 4o3.10.12. 16.18^ 5^7^ 663, 688, 842, iiafa)' 70^; 3 pi. habba'5 321^, 56'!, habba)' 27'-! ; opt. 3 sg. [haebbe] 84^3 ; pret. I sg. haefde 11^, 27^, 72I2, 74^; pret. 3 sg. haefde iqH, 20*, 32^, 2^, 373.6, 388, 7326, 863, [h^fde] 83I, hsfd[e] 892; pret. 3 pi. hasfdon 143, 233 ; inf. 466, 2 1 28, gjS ; ptc. gsm. haeb- bendes 653. See gehabban, uabban. had, xn., person : ap. hadas 2I2. hafoc, m., haiok : ns. 25', 416', COF(0)AH = HA{0)FOC 2o"-8, HA- [foc] 653. hfeft, n., haft, handle {captivity) : ds. haefte 7322. hseftan, \Vl, bind, confine: pp. hasfted haeftenyd, f., captivitv: as. h3Eft[e]nyd haegl, m. i. hail: ns. 81^. — 2. name of r tine H : np. haegelas 43II. GLOSSARY 261 ha^ostoald, 11., celibacy, bachelorhood : ds. hagostealde 21^^ ha<<;osteaUIiiioii, m., bachelor, warrior : IIS. 15'-. liagsiealdmon 55''. liiTlan, sec <^i^\\ii'\i\i\. -ha-Ic, sec oiiliiTle. Iia>l<>n(l, m., Healer, Savior: as. 60®. ha'h'rt, m., hero, man: ns. 2']'^'^, 63*, np. 28^ 56^, 57^1 ; gp. haslel'a 2', 4^, 8^ 2i3i, 4i9*'; dp. haelehum 9^", 272^, 36*2 (Z^/V/. heliiNum), 49I, 60''^, 70^, §^22.35.53^ (MS. Sldum) 48*. tiali<>;, adj., holy : nsm. 27-*. luT'lo, f., safety : as. 49^. \\A\'iyVC\..,neck: ns. 16^ ; ds. healse 72^2, halse 32'-''. halsrefe'Ser, f., pillcnv-feather, down : ds. halsrefej>re 41^*^. hals^v^iiffa, m., necklace, chain for neck : as. hals\vri)>an 5^. ham, m., /lome : ds. 30^ 35*, 44^, 78^, ham[e] 30''. hiT'ined, n., sexual intercourse : as. 2r-^«. h a? mediae, n., sexual intercourse, wed- lock-game : gs. hSmedlaces 43^. hilmleas, adj., homeless : nsf. 40^. ha-ii, f., he)i : ns. H/EN 43^"ii. haiia, m., cock: ns. HAN A 43*"^^ har, adj., hoary, gray : nsm. 22^, wk. hara 41''*, 93^1. See feaxhar. hiT-r, see her. liaso, adj., gray: nsf. wk. heasewe 41*^^; asm. wk. haswan 25*; npm. haswe 2^; apf. haswe 14'. \\i\st.tia.'^,'!ii}i\., of gray color \ nsn. 12^ h;T-st, see hest. hat, adj., hot, fiery: nsm. wk. hata 44'' ; asm. hatne 63" ; com]), nsm. hatra 41'*". hatan, R. i. command, order: 3 sg. hatel> 7^, 41"^; pret. 3 sg. het 91^'', hcht 41*; pp. haten 62*. — 2. call, name: inf. 36^2. pass, i sg. hatte 2'5, 472, 9H, ,,", 131-5, I5I9, I7IO, 20«, 24I6, 2726, 2SI5, 639, 67IO, 7329, 80", 831s 86' ; 3 sg. hatte 4029, 44i''-', 56I6 ; pp. haten 25^, npf. hatne 43^^. he, pron., he: nsm. [i^-^], 4*', 16^*, 2S"'12, 335.9, 415.6,7,19.65,94.108^ ^^7^ ^gfi^ 492, 5x5.8, 344,8^ 351^ 36«, 6oi^ 665, 7327, 76G, 853.'«.5, 9111; nsf. heo io"'i2, 2l33, 26^ 32l3.1*,356, 4o5.27,4i26.28_ 6^,2, he[o] 397, hlo 32i«'2i, 357, 378, 3^6^ 40-.8.io.i6,i8.2o,2i,29_ (]\IS. hie 6) 559, 62^ 68*, 8o5, 8427, 87G.' ; nsn. hit[iio], 30''; gsmn. his 16^5, zi'^'^, 362 (so Leid. 2), 38^ 4i^^>^\ 449, 454.6, 471,2, 3i3, 54^ 55'•^ 5613, 608, 64', -JO*, 739, [his] 84II, 8830; gsf. hyre 106 2\^^»*, 32^. 13.21, 348 ; dsmn. him 453.54, 16II.25, 20*, 386, 392, 444, 5o"9, 515.6.6, 6o7, 784?, 838, 856, 89% 93I3 ; dsf. hyre 42, 305.10, 32I7.21, 33.3, 555.10 ; asm. hine [12.'], 429, 23I3, 24I2, 515.8.10, 34.?, 3615. asf. hie 55I, 594; asn. hit 38*, 40*, 4147, 61I6; np. hi 78, 12!", 175, 236, 31', hy [i2.7], 146, 21 10, 23I9, 27I9, 446,12, 54I0, 84I4?, heo 126; gp. hyra 78, 142,5, 239.18,21, 2723, 47.3, 4^8, 3,6. dp. him [ii], 128, 178, 32I5, 447.11, 318. ap. hy 2724, 586, hi 2725. heador, see heatfor. heafod, n., head: ns. 16I, 91 1; gs. heafdes 549; ds. heafde 2212,4198,102. as. 268, 597, 625, 663, 8i2; is. heafde 45''^; gp. heafda 864; ap. heafdu 378. hejjfodbeorht, adj., harming a bright head: asm. heafodbeorhtne 2o2. hoafodleas, adj., //^rt(//^j-j : nsm. 151°. heafodAvoIff, f ., voice: is. heafodwol'e 93. heah, adj., high, lofty, exalted: nsm. 70«, 8828, 933 . nsf. hea 84 ; nsn. 427.63 . dsm. heaum 2319 ; asm. heane 8i2, hean 4122; npm. hca 237; apm. hea 424 ; ipf. heahum comp. nsm. hyrra 88i5; comp. nsf. hyrie 41^8, 942; sup. n?sn. wk. hyhste 84I2. .SV^ steapheah. heah, adv., high: \2^. hf'ahfra'ft, m., excellent skill: asm. 364 {Lad. hehcrcEft). 262 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK heah<'yiiiiij>',m.,/' /<,'■// -/Jv«^'', God: 113.41^^. heahlaii, K. 1. hold: i sg. healde 4r'"; 3 sg. healde S 2ii-^; pret. 3 sg. heold 43^'*. — 2. hold to, coiifiniie : I sg. healde 9'*. — 3. c/u-ris/i, foster : pret. 3 sg. heold 10^. — 4. /-it/t;, gov- ern: 3 sg. healde'JS 41''^, healdej> 41--. See be-, bihealdan. healdend, m., holder, possessor: ds. healdende 21-^. healf, f., side: ds. healfe 228, SS^s. heall, f., hall : ds. healle ^G^^^ 60I". heals, see hals. hean, adj. i. hnv, deep: nsm. (MS. heah) 4^^. — 2. poor: npm. heane 331-^; dpm. heanum 95-. — 3. iiieau, vile : comp. nsf. heanre 40^. heanniod, adj., y/iea/i of spirit: npm. heanmode 43^". heap, m., troop, eroiod, flock : ip. hea- pum 58'*. heard, adj., hard: nsm. 15!'^, 34', 63^, (MS. heord) 4^, wk. hearda 41", 569, 81^ ; nsf. 275, 80^ ; nsn. 45'', 93I" ; dsn. wk. heardan 41™; asii. 81*; npm. hearde 88^3. dpm. heardum 910 ; apm. hearde 53- ; comp. nsm. heardra ^i54.78^ 84''''; sup. isn. wk. heardestan 29-. See hriinijiheard. hearde, ■^^&^ ., fiercely, severely '■ 91^. heardecg, adj., hard of edge : npn. 6^. hea?fogleiii, m., wound: gp. heaj'o- glemma 57^. heaSor, n., restraint, confineinent : ds. hea))ore 2ii-', headre 66^. heaSosigel, m., sun {of battle) : ns. hea- J^osigel 73I9. hebban, 6, raise, lift : 3 sg. hefe'iS 45'' ; pret. 3 sg. hof 55^ ; inf. 46^. See a-, oiihebban. hefiji, adj., Iteat'v : asm. hefigne 59"; comp. nsf. hefigere 41'^. hel, f., hell : ds. helle 40^'! ; as. helle 676. helm, m. i. protector: as. 27^'^. — 2. co7'eri>ig : ns. SS^*^ ; as. 4'''*. See suiidheliii. helpeiid, m., helper : vs. 49^. helwarii, f ., people of hell : gp. helwara 56«. hengest, see fa^t-, fri?J-, inerehensest. heofoii, m., heaven : ns. 94- ; gs. heofo- nes 4i*'33, 875 ; ds. heofone 41^^; as. 41-2; (jp. heofonum 30I'-, 40-''; ap. heofonas 67*'. heofoinvoleii, n., cloud of heaven, rain : ns. (MS. heofon wlonc) 73-. heolfor, n., hlood, gore : ns. 93''. heord, f., family, flock : gs. heorde 18I. heort, see groinheort. heorte, f., //t'i/;/: ds. heortan 43^"*; ip. heortum 27-'^ heorugrlni, adj., 7'ery fierce : nsm. wk. heorugrimma 41^*^. heoruseearp, adj., very sharp: npn. heoroscearp 6**. her, adv., here: 4132.49.01.77.81^ .^.e^ 4_^i6^ 50W, 88^3. her, n., hair: np. i6'*; dp. herum 27^; ip. hierum 36'' {Leid. herum). here, m., army, host, troop : gs. herges 808. heresi?f, m., military expedition, war- marching: ds. heresi)>e 30''. \i€^i,i., violence, hostility: as. 16-*; is. hSste (MS. haetst) 4^. hetegrliii, adj., malignantly fierce : nsf. heterun, f ., charm causing hate : as. heterune 34". higora, m.,y,/r: GAROHI = HIGORA 25^-«. hild, f., battle, flght: ds. hilde i^''; is. hilde 34^. hildegiest, m., enemv : ds. hildegieste hildepil, m., ^oar-dart : np. hyldepilas iS'^; ip. hildepllum 16-^. liilde'ffryQ', f., strength in 7oar, tvar- force : as. hildej>ry)?e 20'*. • hildewa'pen, n., war-'weapoti : ns. 92^. hilted, see goldhilted. GLOSSARY 26' liiiidan, adv., from behind: 91''; on liiiKian, behind, 3SI, Sg'*. liiiideweard, adj., hinthvard, from be- hind: dsf. hindeweardre 22I''. \\\\\'^iM\^^,xv.., departure : gs. hingonges (MS. ingonges) 63I. hrd'aii, Wl, plunder, lay waste, ravage: 3 sg. hll'eiN 35*; ptc. nsm. hil>ende 34". 93-'"'. gpni- l^il'endra 95". hladaii, 6, load: i sg. hlade 4''''; pret. 3 pi. hlodan 23!^. See gehladan. hlivdor, f., ladder : as. hlSdre 56''. hiaford, m.. lord, master: ns. 5*, 2i^-^^, gi'*; gs. hlafordes 59^^; ds. hlaforde 44^ 57". Idal'oiMlleas, adj., /o^vZ/^j-j : nsm. 21--. hla-st, n., load, burden : ap. 2^^. lilcalitor, m., laughter, noise: ns. 34^. lilf'o, ni., shelter, cover: ds. 28'''. hlf'obord, n., corrr, bindi/ig: ip. hleo- bordum 27'-. hieor, n., cheeh : dp. hleoruni iG'*. hloortorht, adj., briglitofface: nsf. 70''. lileosi'eorp, w., protecting garment : is. hleosceorpe 10^. hleoSor, n., voice, speech, song: ns. hleoj'or 32^"; as. hlcohor 25^; is. hleoKe g'', 15"*. -hle<5a, .f^v gohlf-cKa. hlidan, see onhlldaii. hlifian, \V2, toiver, stand out : 3 pi. hlifiatS 1 6-*; inf. 54I. hliiiiinan, :<. i. roar: 3 sg. hlimme'5 3'''. — 2. soioid: 3 sg. hlimmeS 36'' (Leid. hlimmith). liliii, m., maple}: ns. 56^ Iiliii, ni., noise, clamor, din : ns. 2". lilinc, ni., link, linch, hill: ap. hlincas hiinsian, W2, resound, make a din : pret. 3 sg. hlinsade 34^. hli'd, n., cliff, mountain-slope : ap. hleol'a 3", hlil'O 93". See beorj;-, burg-, stiinhliff. hloiffpfccrod, n., press 0/ troops, congre- gated band : ns. 4,^^. hlfid, adj., lo7id: nsm. 4,-'^, 85' ; isf. hlude 49- ; sup. nsn. hludast 4'*''. hlude, adv., loudly : y\ 4''-, 8", g-''^", 34''', liliitter, adj., bright, clear : asm. hlut- terne zv. lilyitTaii, see behlyO'an. hiieoca, m., neck : as. hneccan Sr"*. hiH»s(',adj.,jt7/if: comp.nsf. hnescre 41^". hiiT»'an, \, betid, bow down, descend : 1 sg. hnlge 4*'''. See on-, underhiiigan. Iinitaii, \, push, thrust: inf. gi*. Ijnossian, W2, strike, beat : 3 pi. hnos- sia'5 6'. [hogian, Wa, think : pret. i sg. hogode (MS. dogode) i^.] hoi, n., hole: ds. hole 63'; as. 45^. hold, adj., kindly, loving, gracious : nsf. lo'*; dsm. holdum 62*. holdlicc, adv., gently, sweetly: 35'*. liolen, m., holly : ns. 56^". holm, m., ocean, water: as. 4''^^; is. holme 2^'^ holmmaegen, n., force of waves, holm- mass : is. holmmajgne 3^. holt, n. I. holt, wood: gs. holtes 22'^; ds. holte 92I ; np. SS^^. — 2. wood [piece of) : as. 57^. homer, m., hainmer : is. homere 91^; gp. homera 6". hon, see blhoii. hond, f,, hand: ns. 13I-, 61I'; as. 50^, 80^; dp. hondum 31''^; ap. honda86^; ip. hondum 46'*, 55''. hoiidAveorc, n., handiwork: as. 21'; np. (MS. -)\veorc) 6^. hond-\vyrm, m., itch-mite : ns. 41''', 67-. hongian, Wa, hang: i sg. hongige 15^1 ; 3 sg. hongah 22^1, honga'5 45I ; pret. 3 pi. hongedon 14''. hopgehnast, n., dashing of 'wares in a bay : gs. hopgehnastes 4-". hord, hoard, treas7tre: gs. hordes 91^; as. 32-1, 54^^, 93^; gP- horda 12^; ip. hordum 84— ; ? hord 84^-. See Avomb- hord. 264 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK hordgeat, n., door to treasitre : gs. hord- gates 43". horn, m., horn : dp. hormim (MS. horna) 30'-^. \voti\s,?r\,w., galyle-hall : np. hornsalu 4^. hors, n., horse: ns. SROH 26^- \ gs. horses 37" ; as. 37^ ; ap. 23I0. horse, adj., wise, sagacious, quick-witted: nsm. 2^. hraed, adj., quick, speedy, rapid: nsm. 54II ; comp. nsm. hrasdra 41'^^. See hre?J. hraegl, n., garment: ns. S^, 12^, 14^; ds. hraegle ii'^; as. 45*, 55*; is. hrasgle 46*, 63^. ? hraffe, adv., quickly: hr[a]t>e 77". hreddan, Wi, recover, rescue: inf. 151^. See ahreddan. hrefau, see gehrefan. hreodan, see gehreodan. hreoh, adj., rotigh, fierce: nsf. 84'^. hreosan, % fall, rush : 3 sg. [hrjeose^ 81 w. hreran, Wl, move, stir, shake: i sg. hreru 4^, hrere 2^; 3 sg. hrere'5 81' ; opt. pres.(?) pi. hreren 84^^. hretf, adj., quick, speedy: comp. nsf. hrehre 41''^. ^S"^^ hraed. hre, 73^; ds. hru- san 4i55, 8435.46 ; as. hrusan f, 81, 28". hrutan, 2, make a noise, whiz : ptc. nsf. hrutende {Leid. hrutendi) 36^. lirycg, m., back : ds. hrycge 2^-, 46, 20^, 376; as. 4^5, 22", 8f*, hryc[g] 86^; is. hrycge 28^1 ; ip. hrycgum 43^. hu, adv., how : i8^ 32I9, 37I4, 4023, 43IB, 44I5, 56I6, 60I6, 6 1 12, 848. hund, num., hundred: 86*. hund, m., dog: ns. 252 ; gs. hundes 37" ; as. (MS. DNLH = HUND) 752. hungor, m., hunger : ns. 443. hunig, m., honey: ds. hunige 41^^. huts, f., spoil, booty: as. hu^e Tp^''^'^- hwa, pron., who ; neut. ivhat, of what kind: nsm. 22.14, 3I3, ^35^ 473,74^ 83'; nsn. hwaet 4''2^ ^8^ jjii^ j^i9^ 20^, 24^^, 2726 28^^ 2q12 -?224 -J-'14 -7614 --yS 4o29, 428, 639, 67I0, 6819, 7329^ 80", 83I4, 86^ ; asn. hwast 62^; nsn. or asn. hwxt 64!'^. See a?g-, gehwa, nat- h^v8et. hwa?l, m., 7vhale: ns. 4182. h\va»lmere, m., sea : ns. 3^. hwiUr, adv., where : SS'-s. See nat- hwier. h^vfvt, adj., stout, bold, brai'c : comp. npni. hwastran 272^. See blcdhwaet. hwaetfer, see {egh^vaeSer. hwieSre, adv., yet, however : hwaej're [Il2], 454, 23", 328.9.", 40I8, 538, 395, [hwa^hre] 324 ; hwaej^re se J7eah 36II {Leid. hudrae suse ^eh). hwearft, m., circuit, expanse : ds. hwearfte 41 33. [hwelp, m., whelp : as. 1 1'^.] See ^v^el- hAvelp. GLOSSARY 265 hweorfan, ;t. i. tu7n, depart: 3 pi. hweorfat; 44I- ; inf. 21-'-. — 2. wander, roam: 3 sg. hweorfeX 41^; inf. t,'^, 40^; ptc. asn. hweorfende 57^. See hwyrfan. hwt'ttan, \Vl, incite, instigate: i sg. hwette 12^. hwO, f., a while, space of time : a.s. hwlle 29^ ; ip. hwililm 3I, 4i.n.36,38.G8,08, 69,70 r8 y6.7 33 I ,4,6,6,7, 10 j ,-8,4,5,6,8,9. 11,18,16,17^ 1 87^ 21 S'l^ 252.2.8,3,4,5,6^ 265, 28^, 50*, 578, 585, 622, 636•^ 64*, 7i5, 737 .•■^, 8o3.7, 839, 856, 886, gi8, 934,7.8,11, 95I2, [hjwilum 93^. hwit, adj., 7t'///V^, y: nsm. 16^; npf. hwlte II**; apm. hwlte 41^^. h^vltlo^, adj., with fair hair: nsf. 43^. hwitloi'i-ed, adj., fair-haired: nsf. hwitloccedu 80''. hwonan, see ohwonan. hAVonne, adv., when, until: i6i°; hwonne ser, whenever 32^8. hwylc, pron. inter, i . who, 7vhich : nsm. 2^ 43^^ — 2. pron. ind., any one, each one: nsm. 21^'*, 68^'-'; dsm. hwylcum 24^". See xg-, gehwyU'. hwyrfan, Wl, turn, move about: 3 sg. hwyrfeS 13^2 ^ee hweorfan, on- hwyrfan. h^A-j'rft, .rev ymbh^\'yrft. h^vyrftAves, m., escape: gs. hwyrft- weges 4". hycgan, \Vi, think, consider, tneditate : ger. hycganne 29^2, hycgenne 2-^^- hyd, f., skin, hide : as. 77"; is. hyde 27>2. hygcbirOo, adj., glad at heart: comp. npm. hygeblTl>ran 2720. hygecrseftig, a.d].,zvise, sagacious, keen of wit : nsm. 2^. hygefaest, 2t.(l].,fast in mind: asf. hyge- faiste 43^''. hygogal, adj., lasci'oious, wanton: gsf. wk. hygegalan 13I-. hygp'ffoii(',m., thought : ip. hygehoncum 36'' {Leid. higido[n]cum). hygc^vionc, adj., prond : nsf. 46^ ; asm. hygewloncne 20-. hyht, m., joy : ns. 65'*, 95^ ; ds. hyhte 26^ ; ? hyht 93^. hyhtlTc, adj., delightful: nsn. 92^; asn. 36I2 (so Leid.). liyhtplega, m.. Joyous play, sport: gs. hyhtplegan 2\'^^. hyldepil, see hildepll. hyll, m., hill: gs. hylles 16-^. hyran, Wl, (hear), hearken to, obey: I sg. hyre 21^4; 3 sg. hyre'5 44^, 59I3 here^ 51^; inf. hyran 4^*, 52, 24I5. See gehyran. hyrde, m., keeper, guardian, herd: ds. 72^" ; as. 91^. hyred, m., company : ds. hyrede 60^. hyrgan, see onhyrgan. hyrst, f., ornament, equipment : np. hyrste (wings) 8*, 1 1^ ; 1 2}, ip. hyrstum 1311,3220, 54^ 8815. hyrst, m., copse, wood: dp. hyrstum 416I. hyrstan, see gehyrstan. hyse, m., hoy, youth : ns. 55I. I = rune I: 25^, 65^. Ic, pron., /: ns. (271 times); gs. min 27I*, 36* ; for possessive, see min ; ds. me [ 1 12,12], 212,45,16,36.65, 34.10, (gg times); as. mec [i"], 22.", 311,13,15, 41,13,13,73.74, (90 times); as. me [i^^], 13^^ 2ii8'i^, 2713, 4134, 48I, 665, 732, 834, S55; nd. wit 645, 85^ 88i*'293i ; gd. uncer 8830 ; dd. unc 6 1 15, 64IG, 852, 88I8 ; ad. unc 72-', S5T, 8815.1" ; np. we 37I6, 4 1'''', 426", 723; for genitive, j^^ user; dp. US [i^.^], 43I6, 565. ides, f ., woman : ns. 622 ; as. idese 76I ; gp. idesa 47I [leg, ig, f., island: ds. lege 1*, Tge i".] in, prep. w. dat. and ace. i. in, on, within, among (w. dat.); 6^, 9*', 13I*', 286, 35I, 38^ 4i^», 426, 44-. 54«-^^ 55'. 5613, 59", 60II", 832, 95"; after case 266 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK 85''. — 2. into, Jipoii (\v. ace.) : 1 6", 53^, 561, 6o"'9, 938.0. in, adv., in, witliiu : '^'^^■ indryhtpii, adj., noble: nsm. 95^; asm. indiyhtne 44I. inst'tJoiK", ni., thougJtt, mind: n.s. inge- I'onc 6ii'\ iiinan,adv.,7<;'/M/;/ : iS", 88''''-; in innan 10'', 29^. innanweard, adj., inward, internal: asm. iimanweardne {^.vithiii) 93^^. innii'iV, m., inside ofhodv, stomach, iLwmb: ns. I SO ; ds. innal'e 36- {Leid. innaSa;) ; as. 38". inne, adv., within, inside : 47'*, 57^. insittendc, ptc, sittini^ 'within : gp. in- sittendra 47". irnan, see riiinan, fipirnan. isern, n. i. iron: gs. Isernes 59O. — 7.. sword, knife: ns. 93^^ ; is. Iserne 6'. — Z-goad: ns. 72'*. lu ifa, adv., once, formerly, of old : lu l-a 712. i^v, m., lY'Ti': ns. 56O. Li — rune |^ : over 18. lar, f. ?, gift: [as. ii]; ip. lilcum 50''. See ha'niedlao. lacan, R. i. Jly,Jloal: piet. 3 sg. leolc 57**. — 2. fight, strive : i sg. lace 31 '. — 2. modulate: inf. 32IO. .S'tvlx'lacan. liececynn, n., leech-kin, race of physi- cians : as. 6"^. laidan, Wl, lead, bring, carry: inf. 30-; pp. ISded 29". See geltSdan. laf, f. I. leaving {of f re, fie, hammer): ns. 71^; np. lafe 6"; ap. lafe 57!'^. — 2. heritage,. bequest: ap. lafe 91 1"^. laain, m., lake of rain, water: gp. lagustieama i^'^. laud, see loud. lang, see loii};-. lar, f., teaching, doctrine: ip. larum 4022. livran, Wl, teach, instruct: pret. 3 sg. lairde ^x''^. larooAV, m., teacher : ns. 68'-^. la's, n., the less: as. 10'^. l^ssa, adj., less: nsf. ISsse 41^*^, 67^. last, m., track, trdce (on last, on laste, behind): ds. laste I4>1, 72i''; as. 421 ; is. laste 40^; np. lastas 5^2; ap. lastas 95^1. See s^veart-, AVHlhlst. la^t, see iinla>t. liT'tan, R. i. let, allo-w: i sg. ISte ^'^\ 3 sg. ISteS 4^6, 2ii'', 35", 51^"; 3 pl. ISta'S 4*''; pret. 3 pl. leton 14I0. — 2. let go: opt. 3 sg. liete 3^^ See forla»tan. lattf'ow, m., leader, guide: ns. 3II. la'd, adj., ^^'•/•/Vr'w/.f, //(-//(.y)//: [nsm. 1^2]; comp. gsn. lajran 6^'^ la'(>f;'«'>viiina, m., hated opponent, enemy: ds. laiNgewinnum 1620. la(](ian, Wa, ini'ite, summon : i sg. laiNige i5i«. lead, n., lead: gs. leades 41"^. leaf, f., leaf: ip. leafiim 571'^ lean, see wordlean. leaniaii, W'J, re-ward, requite: 3 sg. IcanaN 51'*. leas, sec ban-, bro'iVor-, lT'an 34I; ptc. dsm. lil'endum 11^. — 2. gro7v upl: pp. liden 34II. loe, see ll^vItIoe. loea, see briegiiloea. loee, m., hair, lock: np. loccas 411"*; ap. loccas 41 ^8. See wundenloec. loeeed, see h>vitloeeed. lof, mn., praise: gs. lofes 2l'^ loiid, n. I. dry latid, shore: ds. lande 23^2^ londe 342. — i.groiitid, earth : ds. londe 4I' ■•'•', 57^. — 3. estate: as. 13^*, 1 4^1. — 4. district, province: gp. londa 34^1 See eg-, iiiearelond. londbiiend, m., cartli-dwcller: gp. lond- buendra 95'^ long, adj. 1. long {space): asf. lange 59** ; comp. nsf. lengre 24'. — 2. long {time): nsn. 4022; asf. longe 29''. See liplong. longe, adv., long, a long time: 16"'-*, 41^, 6813. losian, Wa, depart, escape : 3 sg. losa'5 133; inf. 311. lucan, see bi-, onhiean. lufe, f., love: gs. lufan 2725. lufian, W2, love : 3 pi. lufiah 95". \\i«,ty m., Joy, pleasure : as. 72'^ Ij-ft, f., air, sky: ns. 4", 8^ ii^, 58I ; gs. lyfte 4'^*; ds. lyfte 23I6, 41SI, 52*, 578, 59I2, 8430, lifte 28*. Ij'ftfait, n., air-vessel: as. 30^. lyt, adv., little: 61". lytel, adj., little, small: nsm. lytel 72^; nsm. wk. lytla 41"'^; asn. 59"; apf. lytle 5SI. See uulytel. 31 31 = rune V\ : 2a>. ma, n., more: np. I9'*, 61I''; ap. 2721. maeeg, m., man: np. majcgas 51". See eoredinteeg. mSdan, sec geinaidan. niieg, f., woman, kinsruoinan : ns. 10^, 32--^^. ina?g, m., kinsman, brother : np. magas 8S«. niagan, PP, may, can, be able : i sg. ma;g 3W l619, I9I, 4l62.64.66, 435, 557, 64IO, 8833; 3 sg. mJEg 328, 4 1 16.20.52.69. 90, 442, 593, 60I2, 84C.I6?; I pi. magon 42^; I (?) pi. mag[on] 681^; 3 pi. ma- gon 84*2; opt. 2 sg. ma!ge 402^ ; opt. 3 sg. maege 22, 512, 32^; ])ret. i sg. meahte 6II, 93^^; pret. 3 sg. meahte 268 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK lo^", 30*", 41*^''''; pret. 3 pi. meahtoii 235. maEgbiirg, f.,/;?;////!' : ns. 21-'^ ; as. mSg- burge 16^'^. mage, f., kius-iVovuDt : n.s. mege lO'', miege 84''-; gs. niagan 44'''. iiitege, see iiiagc. iiia^gen, n. i. mii^lit, sirengt/i, powe?-: ns. 842^^; ds. micgene 41''^; as. 54'*, 83^1 ; is. maegene 28", 84-", masgiie 24''', 2)-^^- — 2. force, /lost, troop : ns. 84^'^, macgn 23^^. See holiimicegen. maegenrof, adj., 7'ery strong: nsm. wk. ni.xgenrofa 38"''. iiiH'gonstroiig, adj., strong tit poiver, Dtighly : nsm. 87'. ma'genrtisc, f., '••iolcnce, force : ds. maegenl'isan 28'". magoriiic, m., youth, -iVarrior : np. niagorincas 23''. iiia'gO', f., virgin, maiden : np. masge'S 51^ gp. macg'Sa 15^, 34«. mjel, n., tijue, occasion : gp. mSla 82**. iiia^ldan, sec meldan. mail, sec iiion. ma'iian, Wl. i. relate, tell of: 3 sg. mseneS 21I1 ; pret. opt. 3 pi. mcEnden 61^''. — 2. tiieart, signify : 1 sg. niSne 62^. See gema'iiaii. mandriiic, m., a'il drink, drink of death : as. 24^''. maniaii, see genianian. mitra, sec iiilcel. miiTan, Wl, make ktiown, celebrate: opt. 3 pi. (sg. form) mjere 27^". inaere, ■&.6\., famous, glorious, re>i07vned : nsm. 272", 84"; nsm(f). 41'''': gpf. mjcrra 84'* ; dpm. mSran 88^**. ma'r'du, f., glorious deed: ap. niSrvNa 7^3"- ma^st, see micel. iiuriSel, n., assembly : ds. mas'Sle 862. inaelade 39^. iiia'd'in, m., treasure : as. 56'''. miv\v,m..sca-iiicw,gull: gs. mSwes 25''. meaht, f., might, pmver: ns. 84^2"; gp. [meahta] 84II ; ip. meahtum 2^^, 4'5*', 148, 4i««. meahtelice, adv., inightily : comp. meahtelTcor 41 ''2. meahtig, adj., mighty, pomerful: nsm. mearo, f., mark, region: as. 15''. mearc'lond, n., rvastedand, sea-coast: ds. mearclonde 4'-'''. mearcpa^Jf, m., country path : ap. mearc- pa^as 72^1. medaii, see oiimedan. medwi.s, adj., not wise, foolish : dsm. medwisum 5"^. mf'ge, sec mage, meldaii, Wl, declare, announce: inf. 29I'-; maeldan 19-. meldiau, Wa, declare, atmounce : pret. 1 sg. meldade 72^*'. meiigo, f., multitude, croivd : ds. 21 '2; as. 84''<. morinen, see rtruiK'iiieniieii. mco; meotudes 84". meo^vle, f., maid, woman : ns. 5^, zG, 62I. mere, m., sea : as. 23''. See liwaelmere. meretaroiS, m., sea-waves, surge of the sea: ds. merefarobe 61-. mereliengest, m., sea-horse, ship : ns. merestream, sea-stream, sea : ap. mere- streamas 67^. mesan, Wl, eat: inf. 41*'-. -met, sec gemet. [metelist, f., want of food: is. meteliste lis.] mleel, adj., great, much : nsm. 4''", 87", wk. micla 41^^; nsn. 29I-, 3228; asf. micle 87I; asn. 38^, 41™; isn. miile 445.61, (adv.?) 40-*, 41^2.74.80^ [micle] 4123 ; ip. miclum 40'-; ? micle 84''2; GLOSSARY 269 conip. nsm. mara 41^2.105; oomp. nsf. mare iS*, 67^; comp. asm. maran 40* ; sup. iism. mSst 4''^, .■' maest 84'''^. iiili'Iaii, .XV ••'('iiiiclaii. inicliaii, .mv ;;(>inicliiiii. inid, prep. i. w///i {assot:ta/io7/),\v.da.t. 6«, 1 6«io, 3 1 1, 40-, 4 1°9, 43IO, 47I, 743.4, niith /,£/e 9* ; inf. mi|)an 64IO. See bciiirSan. mod, n., ?nind, lieart, spirit: [ns. i !•'']; gs. modes 28" ; is. mode 1 2^ 84**, 86- ; ap. j' ; ip. modum 6o2. See forhtinod, heaumod. modig, adj., brave, high-spirited: npm. modge 3 18 A (a monige). modor, f., fnother: ns. io2, 349, 84*, moddor 422, 8420 ; gs. 4 !■'•'•, nioddor 44". modtfrea, m., torment of mi)id, terror ; ns. modhrea 4^0. modwlono, adj., haughty : nsf. 26^. modwyn, f., heart' s Joy, property: ns. (MS. modp*) 91^. mon, m., man: ns. [1^.18], 36II, 39^, 41*", 44I'*, 8436, man 388; gs. monnes 37I1, 6oi3; ds. men 5I0, menn 29 13; as. monn 37*, NOM = mon 20^; vs. 3I3; np. men 3I, iSH, 40*, 55I1, 95'^, menn 681*; gp. monna 4''0, 23I, 61*, 721^ 77*, 83I2, 9513 ; dp. monnum 192, 318(7 ((^mongum), 40I2, 4i'*5; ap. men 13*, 6o2. See rynemon. niona, m., moon : ns. 672. moiu'ynii, n., tnankind, men : ds. mon- cynne y^, 402, 4127. mondryhteii, m., lord: ds. mondryhtne 56I3, [monjdryhtne 59''. monig, adj., tnany : npm. monige 66*, 862, monige 318 « {b modge); gpm. monigra 7*; gpf. monigra 84''; gpn. monigra 422; dpm. monigum 958, mongum 40!^, mongum y^ b {a mon- num) ; ipf. monegum 59**, mongum 9I. monna, m., tnan : as. monnan 665. mor, m., moor, waste land: ap. moras 72". mos, n., /('('(/: ds» mos[e] 783. -mot, see n;e.iii<5t. motan, anv., may, must: i sg. mot 4I5.73, ,5.20, 2x27, 838; 3 sg. mot 4020.: 270 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK 3 pi. 41^''^, moton 17^; opt. i sg. mote 2i2'-2; opt. 3 sg. mote ^-^'^'i piet. I sg. m5ste ^i^si'W. pret. 3 sg. moste inotTffe, f., »n>/// : ns. 48^. iiiunan, scf •^cniiiiiaii. iiiiiiid, JYV lT-(>eiiiiiiie 25'', 64'' ; ip. mu|>um 14**. iiinflilf'as, adj., moitthless: nsm. 61^. Jiiyltaii, see '•ciiiyltau. -iiiyiid, see goiiiyiKl. inyrO', see j»eogiid'iiiyrO\ N N = rune ^ : 20'', 75^. iia, adv., ;/(', not: Leid. 13, 37^. nabban = ne liabban, W;), luit Jnwe, be witliout: pret. 3 sg. nafde t^^t^. naca, m., boat, ship : ns. 59^. niSfre, adv., nez'er : [i i*], 610, 4o"'20, 72I6, 88-''o. nasan = nc a^an, PP, not luu'e: i sg. nah 4'' ; 3 sg. nab 28^*. iia'gan, see <;oiia'j>an. iia'j;io(lbord, adj., with nailed planks : nsm. 59''. iifej>-l{i)an, \Vl,2, nail, rivet: pp. asm. nffigledne 20^. nales, adv., not at all, bv no means : [ 1 1-^], 27". iiaina, m., name : ns. 27-''', noma 24^ ; ds. naman 59I'* ; as. naman 56", 60** ; ap. naman 43^. nan, adj., not one, none: asm. n^nne 688. n^nig, pron., not any, none: nsm. 30^'', 84''; dsm. nSngum 26'^; asm. nSnigne 598. nard, m., spikenard : gs. nardes 4129. iia>s, see bearonfes. iia-staii, see gcnu'stan. i\ivtiin,\\ \,ajlict, distress : i sg. nSte 7*. nath^va'^, adv., (j/eseio (/no), in some unknown place, somewhere : 26'', 638. nath«'a>t, pron., {nescio quid'), some- thing unknown : nom. 62^, 93-'^ ; acc. 461, 55'- ne, adv.. //o/: 31'^, 41^.53^ 6'*,'88, (5iS times): ni Leid. 3,5,9. ne, conj., nor, neither: 2iii-'\ 23''^ (34 times); ni Leid. 5,6,8. neah, prep. w. dat., near: 4-^, 57^, 61 1; comp. (adj. or adv.) near 4''"*. iieahbru'ud, m., neighbor: dp. neah- bfmdum (MS. -buendum) 26-. nearo, adj., luxrrow, strait: asf. nearwe 16-*; ip. nearwum 53^. nearo, f., conjinetnent, durance : ds. nearwe ii^, nearowe 54^^; as. 62^, 638. nearoji rap, f ., close grasp : ns. 84''. nearwiaii, W2, compress, confine : 3 sg. nearwaN 26I". See genearwian. neb, n., beak, face : ns. 1 1^, 22^, 32^, nebb 35''; as. nebb 8i''; is. nebbe 91^. See saloneb. nefa, m., nephew : ns. 47". nellaii, see \vil!aii. neinnan, \Vi, name: i pi. nemna'S 41'"''; 3 pi. nemnaiN 25"; imp. pres. 2 pi. nemna'N 58*' ; pret. 3 sg. nemde 60'' ; inf. 50''. neol, adj., prone, low, deep down: nsf. 22I, 84«. neoffan, adv., beneath, from beneath : neot>an ii^, 26^, 32-"; nioj'an 62*^. nergan, '^\,save: inf. i6^''; ptc. asm. nergende 60*. See genergaii. ne'iVaii, Wl, venture, dare: 3 sg. nel'e'i? 26'' ; inf. 54I3. niht, f., night: ns. 301-'; as. 40"; ip. nihlum 6", 138, S8i«. See niiddel- niht. niinaii, t, take, draw : ojjt. 3 pi. ni[m;vn] Leid. 14. See biniinau. GLOSSARY 271 iiT75, m., troKhIc, affliction : ds. nihe y*. iil'rt'orwfard, adj., Jinvniuard : nsn. iu|>er\veard 22I, 32*', 35''^. nnysoea'd'a, m., Dtaligiuini enemy: ns. ni^'scea|>a iC-*. iiitra'as, m., pi. men: gp. niM'a 58*^; dp. luluim 27-". niwian, see gennvlan. no, adv., net, no : y*, 29^^ 2-*'^ '< 4°^' 93'^ 95'- noma, see nania. nowiht, n., nothing: ace. 12''. nu, adv., now: 15I, 25^ 27l^ 28^, \\^-'^^'^, 43^°, 548, 56". 6818, 7,3, 738, 774, 83s 8818.32, 934, 9322.26, 9^7.10. nu gen, ad\.,/iirt/ier, yet : 50^. nyd,i., Name 0/ rune N: 43*. ^V^haeft- nyd. iiydaii, Wl, ?/7\f't% press: 3 sg. nydej? ^63". nyde, adv., of necessity: 41-^. nym<5e, conj., unless, except: 42", nymhe 2i22, 241c, 263, 4121, (MS. nympl'e) 66^. nyt, f., use: ds. nytte 272', [32^], 358, 50^, 512, 706. nyt, adj., useful: nsm. 33^, 55"; nsf. 262, 59^; gsf. nyttre 12^; npn. 56II. nyttung, see ^viildornyttung. O O = rune p : lo'^-^''-'^, 25^. of, prep. w. dat., of out of from : 31^, ^7.12.16,47,48, j jClO, 136, , ^15, 1 612, 186, 22^ 2321, 248-12, 28-'2.3.8, 30*, 362, 41T9, 5,2, 63T, 73*.5.28, 776, 838, 91IO, 5312,14, "•28; ob Leid. 2, 14. ofer, prep. A. w. dat., over, aboTe: 2', _jl0.U.21.40.48,45, jgS, 6l9, Sl^. — B. W. ace. I. Ofer, abofve, upon: 4^2, 7I0, 83.6, nil, 156,7, 2j8, 235,12,18, 279, 30", 338, 455, 52', 547, 582, 65i'5, 678.— 2. throughout: 36", 4121, 42^, 84'*i, '8821,9510. — 3. contrary to: 301". ofer, m., bank, shore : np. ofras 23". ofergongan, anv., come upon (sleep) : 3 sg. ofergongejj 411*^. oferstlgan, ], surmount, rise above: i sg. oferstige 67". ofersAvicVan, \Vi, overpoiuer, overcome: I sg. ofers\vi)je 4i'--'; inf. oferswIJ>an 4i'-i. ofest, f., haste : ds. ofeste 63'' ; ip. ofestum 41 11. ofgifari, t^, abandon : pret. i sg. [ojfgeaf 8SII; pret. 3 pi. ofgeafun iqI. oft, adv., often : f, &, 72, 17I, i83, 218. 15,32, 3 1 5, 3,11, 457, 502.7, 5,4, 54IO, 55II, 5612, 59I1, 621,641, 68i0'i6, 72^.1*, 773, 7SI, So", 8439.<-, 8810.15, gi.3, c,328, 95'-- oh'W'onan, adv., from anywhere. 36^ {Leid. ou[ua]n[a]). on, prep. A. w. dat. or instr. i. on, upon: [i*.''], 2".12.", 44.6.36, 50, 122, I5I-, I44II, 1 62.3.4.25,26, 20*, 225.8.9.10,12, 261.14 273 '•2I4.2O -^ r8 -37I.6 Ji25,7",102, 103, 43^ 5I'•^ 59^ 70^ 7212.13, 73I.22, SO^.S, 887.22.23.24, 5320, (MS. of) 93I2. — 2. in, withifi: 4^1, 6", 9'', iqI, lii'3.7, I3II, 1 616, ig4, 2X10.13, 231-1.16, 28S 30^, 323.4,11.17, -.412,13,4,61,81,81,106, 46I, C41.2.5, 578, 5921, 62I.5, 634, 644.6, 652, 663, 674, 681, 693, 7313, 743, 806.6, 81 5, 862, 921.4. — ^. at, in{manner) : 21 18, 2813, 4123,28. 85, 61II, 64II, 93I0. — 4. during: 3I2, lol, 20T, 21 31, 4 1 87, 446,10, 523. — B. w. ace. I. upon, in: 22.11, 3'', 43.21.28,30,35, l621, 2ll.26, 226.13, 2->9.20, 242, 26^, 274-10, 2S16, 3012, 406, 463, 562, 5712, 691, 728, 73-1, 742.5, 9329__2. into, to: [l2.7], 40,35, 2 1 14, 622.6, 638, 66*, S76, 9322.— 3. according to: 394,413, -j-^ ,.^ /^, for, as: 392, 513. — C. after or separated from case : 4I3, f, 2i29, 635, So*, 88". on, adv., on, upon : 87*. onbfigan, 2. i. bend: I sg. onbfige 243. — 2. bend aside, escape: inf. 4I5. oucweSan, 5, ansiver, respond: i sg. onewej'c 5". ond, eonj., and. All occurrences are represented in the MS. by the abbre- viation. 272 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK ondfenga, m., receiver : gs. ondfengan 62". ondrtedan, K, /ear: 3 sg. ondrjedej' 453. ondswaru, f., answer, reply : as. ond- sware 56^^. oiiettaii, Wl, hasten, bestir otteself: pret. 3 sg. onette (MS. onette^) 30", onnette 55''. oiifiiidan, 3, Jind out, discover : 3 sg. onfindeS 16'', 28^. onga, m., arrow : ns. 24*. ongean, prep. w. dat., opposite to, against: 77^, 918. ongean, adv., opposite : 28^. ongietan, 5, per.ceive, understand: opt. 3 pi. ongietan 49^ ; inf. 60^''. onginnan, 3, begin : 1 sg. onginne 18"; 3 sg. onginneS 2<)^^, 32^; pret. 3 sg. ongon 10^, 55^"; pret. 3 pi. ongunnon 238. onhsele, adj., hiddeti: asf. 16''. onhebban, 6, raise, exalt: I sg. on- line bbe 31". onhlTdan, 1, open : imp. 2 sg. onhlid onhnigan, l, bend down, bow, incline: 3 sg. onhnigab 2'^'^b (a onhingaj'). onhw^yrfan, Wl. i. turn, cliange:^r&i. 3 pi. onhwyrfdon 73-. - 2. im>ert: pp. onhwyrfeS 24I. onhyrgaii, Wl, imitate: i sg. onhyrge onlicnes, f ., likeness : as. onllcnesse 4 1 37. onlucan, 2, unlock, open : pret. 3 sg. onleac 43^'". oninedan, W^X, presume, take ttpon one- self: opt. 3 sg. onmede 56^^. onoogan, ^Nx, fear: i sg. onoegu na (MS. ondegun) Leid. 13. n\\s\tt-AX).,b, fear, dread: inf. 162^ onsundran, adv., apart, separately : 72_«. ontynan, Wi, open : pret. i sg. ontynde onSeon, 1, 3, succeed, prosper, prevail: pret. opt. 3 pi. on))ungan 88^1 ; inf. on)>eon 64-. ? oni^nniaii, Wq, S7vell out, exceed bounds: inf. on))unian (MS. onrinnan) 4i<'i. onwald, m., power : is. onwalde 4113. onwendan, Wi, turn, change : pret. 3 Pl- 73^- openian, see gcopenian. or, w., beginning, origin: ns. 84'^; as. 4*^^. ord, n. point: ns. 6i^'^-^'^; is. orde 77''; ip. ordum 18", (toes) 16^. ordstapu, f., prick of spear (goatf) : np. ordstacpe J2^''. orlege, n., strife, battle: gs. orleges 4^*. orlegfrom, adj., strong in battle: asm. orlegfromne 21*^. orcJonc, mn., understanding, skill, art: as. orJ>onc 78^ ; ip. or|>oncum, skill- fully, ingeniously, 70^. ortfonrbend, f., skillfully contrived bond: ip. orJ>oncbendum 43^^. orO'oncpiI, n., cunning spear ( = share) : ns. or)>oncpil 22^-. oSberan, 4, bear forth : pret. 3 sg. oiSbar _ 23i«. 0?fer, pron., other, another : nsm. ol>er 43^ ; 6J>er . . . ol>er {the one . . . the other) 57^; nsf. ol'er 41*''; nsn. oher 2212; gsn. ohres 7^; dsm. obrum 4'*i, 2 1 15, 386, 44", 535, 545.10, 846; dsf. [ol>erre i''], ol>re 221"; asm. oherne 2320 ; asf. obre 40''; dpm. obrum 12*, 92''?; apn. b\>re 50^; ? ober 84'^. o?Jforgan, Wl, bear away : inf. o)>fergan I A o', see gegii-, mearopfetF. pa'OVJan, Wi, treaJ, tiaverse: 3 sg. pivheiN 59'^; pret. i sg. pae'Sde 72II. peniex, ni., = Lat. per nix, adj., swift (mistaken for name of a bird) : ns. 4 1 •'■'''. pil, see hilde-, orO'oiio-, searopH. ploga, sec hyhtplofta. plogaii, \\\, phiy, sport: inf. i,-^^. pyt, see radpyt. R K = rune 1^ : 20I, 25^. rieoan, Wl, reach, extend: i sg. rjece 67". See gera>can. raeced, n., hall, building: ds. raecede 3 2'' ; as. 53^ ; ap. 2". rad, f. I. riding, course: ds. rade 20". — 2. name of rune R : 20^. rii'd, m., counsel, advice: ns. 16^''; gs. rffides 88^. See unrsed. riedan, R, read {a riddle), explain : opt. 3 sg. rxde 6o'5; imp. 2 sg. r5d 62^. ra'dolle, f., riddle, enigma : as. rSdellan 4j • radpyt, m., draiv-well with sweep: rad- [PYT?] 59H-15. radAvfTig, adj., weary of riding, 7ueary of journeying: asm. radwerigne 2ii'*. ra'piiijj;, m., captive: ap. rSpingas 53I. rifraii, Wl, raise: opt. 3 sg. rxre 4^"'; pret. 3 sg. rSrde 56®. See arieran. TiT'saii, Wl, rush: 3 sg. rxse'6" 26". See flu I'll ra'san. rOad, adj., red: nsm. wk. reada 27^''; gsn. wk. readan 49^; npf. reade 12-. rf-aflc, adv., red: 71*. rf-af, n., robe, garment: ds. reafe 12-; is. reafe 14". reafian, \V2, plunder, rob, despoil: i sg. reafige 2", 13''*; 3 sg. reafa'S 26^, 662. rvv, m., smohc, reck : np. rccas 2^. reccan, Wi, care, reck: w. gen. 3 sg. recceS 77''. reccan, Wl. i. rule, direct, guide: i sg. recce ^i^; inf. 41^5. — 2. explain, interpret: imp. sg. rece ^i^'^- reccend, m., ruler (God): ns. 41''. recene, adv., quickly, straightway: 40^^. regn, m., ;•(//,'/ : as. 4-''^ regnwyriii, m., earthworm : ns. 41''*. -ren, see gcren. [rcnig, adj., rainy: nsn. i^".] reod, adj., red: asm. reodne 26^. reofan, see bireofan. reord, f., speech, voice, tone: as. reorde 255 ; ip. reordum 9I. See gereord. [reotig, adj., weeping: nsf. reotugu i^".] resele, f., 7-iddle : as. reselan 40^8. restan, Wl, rest, rest oneself : i sg. reste 85S, 952 ; inf. ^^. retan, see aretan. retfe, adj., fierce, cruel: nsm. re^e 2^, 842; gsm. re|>es 16^^. rib, n., ;■/■/' : gp. ribba 2)3^. rice, adj., rich, powerful: nsm. 41 3; gsm. rices 7ii; npm. t^'^'^; dpm. rlcum 952. rice, n., authority, master : is. s,^^. ricel.s, n., incettse: ns. 412*. ridan, I, ride: i sg. ride 80^; 3 sg. rlde'S 4'^i 59''; pret. i sg. rad 93^-; inf. 482^ 232. riht, see ryht. rim, see da^g-, iinriin. rinc, m., man: ns. 63^ 64^^, 742 ; dp. rincum43''; ap. rincas 15I6. Seefyrii-, gum-, iiiagorinc. riiinan, .T, run : inf. (MS. yrnan) 85^. risaii, see arisan. rod, f., cross: gs. rode 56^. rodor, m., heavens, sky: gp. rodera CqI'^, rodra 14'''; dp. roderum 56^. rof, adj., strong: asm. rofne 20"; npf. rofe (MS. rope) 58^. See ellcn-, maegen-, mundrof. rose, f., rose: ns. 4i2''. ruh, adj., rough, hairy: nsm. 26^; gsn. ruwes 62^. 274 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK rum, see gerum. run, see lieteruu. runstfef, m., runic letter: np. runstafas 59i'5 . ap. runstafas 43^. -ryde, see geryde. ryht,adj. i, straight, direit: asm.rihtne 63*. — 2. right, true: isn. i^hte 51"; npm. ryhte 59^^ ryht, n., right: as. 41-^; is. ryhte \\^^. See geryht. ryniau, Wl, clear (?<;wi'), open: 3 sg. rymeS 54I0. See geryiiian. rync, m., course: as. 84-. ryiie, n., mystery, 7nysterious saying : as. 49*'. rynegiest, m., rain-foe : gs. rynegiestes 45^. ryiieuion, m., one skilled in mysteries : ap. rynemenn 43^''^. ryiiestrong, adj., strong in course : nsm. 26'. S S = rune H : before and after 7, 20^, 65^. ste, mf., sea, ocean: ns. 4-'', 77^; gs. or ap. sEs 67'^ saean, 6, fight, contend: i sg. saecce I?"; 3 P^- saca'5 68^'^. \ sacu, £., strife, battle: gs. saecce 4-^; ds. sace 21^; as. sascce 88-^. sagol, m., rod, staff: as. sag[ol] Si^. s^grund, m., depth of sea, hottotn of sea : ap. sSgrundas -^^. sael, n., hall: gs. sales 53-. See burg-, folc-, hornssel. sivl, m., time, opportunity : gs. sSles J- • sSlan, see tosa'Ian. sSled, see searosteled. sSllg, see geste lig. salo, adj., dark, dusky: nsm. SqIi. saloneb, adj., darkfaced : nsm. 50''. salopad, adj., dark-coated : npf. salo- pade 58^. SfelAvong, m., fertile plain : ds. siel- wonge 42 ; as. 20^. sfcne, adj., slow, sluggish : nsf. 34^. sang, see song. sar, adj., sore: comp. nsf. sarre 14^. sare, adv., sorely : 72!°. sa\van, R, soiu : 3 sg. sa\ve|> 22^. sai'weall, m., sea-wall, shore : ds. sie- wealle 61^. sawel, f ., soul : gs. sawle 88'^° ; as. sawle 40^'^. sceacan, 6, shake, depart, fiy : pret. 3 sg. scoc 93I1 ; inf. 21". -sceaft, see ge-, iin-, Avonsceaft. sceani, m., white horse: ap. sceamas scearp, adj., sharp : nsm. 4''i, 63^ ; asm. [scjearpne 93-' ; npf. scearpe 34'' ; apf. 70'* ; ipn. scearpum 4^- ; sup. isn. scearpestan 29'^. See heoruscearp. sceat, m. i.regioti, part (of earth): as. 42^ ; gp. sceata 88-'^ ; ap. sceatas 681^. — 2. lap, bosom : ds. sceate 10", 452. si'Pax^a, see feond-, ni?Jscea(Ta. scea^ven"""<-'^ female jester : ns. 9". sootian, Wa, s/zocf : 3 pi. scotiafi 4^^. scra'f, see wraflstTjel'. srri'd'aii, l, t/tove, glide, stalk: 3 sg. sciiheJS 36^ (Z«V/. scelfaeiS) ; ptc. npn. scn|>ende 4'''-. scfifaii, see ascfifan. sculaii, anv., shall, »iust, have to: i sg. sceal 4n.34.G5.68, 5I, 1^9,14.17, i6i2", 17I.7, 2r-».30, 318, 4i9i, 64I, 71^ 831^ 88-*, gi*. 95^'^; 3 sg. sceal 2S11, T^f, 34^-. 36*, 385, 4o8.ic.-;i, ^38, 440, 855, 882T ; .? sceal 826 ; 3 pi. sculon 8Si» ; opt. 3 sg. scyle 4^^ ; pret. i sg. sceolde 6j8.14 . pret. 3 sg. sceolde 62*, 73*^, 93" ; pret. 3 pi. sceoldon 14*'. scur, m., s/iower, storm : dp. scurum 881'^. See sceor. soyldni, see spscyldru. scyppan, C, create, destine, prepare : pret. 3 sg. scop 85-; pp. sceapen 21^, 242. See gescyppan. scyppend, m., creator (God) : ns. 4ii>ioi. soyrian, see boscyriaii. se, sf'o, "Sivt. I. dem. pion., def. art., t/ie, this, that: nsm. se [i"], 4^9, iG-S 173, 246, 27!^ 36I (so Leid:), 4ii.2i.5't. 68.-4.92.96, 4,9, 442.3.8,15,16, 4^4, 458, 49B, 304.10, 3411.11, 369,10.16, 375, -o2, 8 1 9, 8810 ; nsf. seo lo^, 29I3, 3219, 34I2, 395, 4oi-", 42^, slo 2x20, -i^f^^^ 6i6'i2, 8420, [sio] 32^4 ; nsn. hset [i^], 5", 16^^ 2&-^, 379, 4o2-«, 422.', 44", 48I, 61I0, 84II.32; gsm. haes 12", 2x28, 56^ 60^1, 62''; gsf. hSre 30", 37I* ; gsn. bass 4"^, 78,9, j jS, 1-4,5, 2X35, 24IO, 34IO, 4 1 72, 423.3.4.4,7, 434.11, 3310, 6o9, 656, 9x9; dsxn. ham 2x23, 30*, 38^ 44^; d.sf. hEre 30^ 57^, 60^2, 734 . dsn. j,ain 4", 3o-', 88=^ ; asm. )>one 2X'', 24I3, 25*, 93^3; asf. }>a 430, 30^, 38^ 39I, 43^3, 6q1, Q3I8 . asn. J>aet [x^^j, 22, 485. 57, 178, ,86, 245.*, 289, 332, 435, 463, 482, 308, 6816, 729; is. J,y IqW.", \±^'^, xS*, 208, 27i9.19.20.20.21.21, 292.2.3, 4o9, 486, 64l^ 8S".i5, )>on [1I2], 4x16; np. :7' 42', 43' ; gp- para 43^ 47", 53^, 66^, 84*1^.^'' ; dp. bam 172, 50*, 579, 7328 ; ap. )>a 2I5, 82, 23!'^, 35<'. '', 'Sa 4*3. ip_ j,am 48''. — 2. rel. pron., 7i>ho, which: nsm. se 4I3, 2X^.29, 24^, 411.3,22.90, 302,5615,635,835,8828; nsf. seo 308, 352, 372, 336, 6819, gjQ 325, 4x81; nsn. baet 22I5, 34I0, 4132.69, 3612, 6i5, 7326, gi3,G, fj324 ; gsm. J'tES (attrac- tion) 565 ; dsm. bam 442 ; asm. bone 4i"3, 5i3; asn. bast 249, 45"; bast = double relative, ' id quod,' 2I2, 4-56.65, 17", 18II, 24", 50W, 55", 806; np. ba 2723. 582, 733; gp. bara 5915, 726; ap. ba 7', 50^. See se ?fe, iJaes, Sees' Se. sealt, n., salt : ns. 94^. searo, n. i. art, skill: ip. searwum {skillfully, cit7i7jingly)T,o'^, 57^, S4'*8. — 2. 7vork of art: as. 333. searobunden,adj., ctinningly fastened: asn. 56*. searoceap, m., curious thing, 'work of art: ns. 33". searocraeftig, adj., cunning, 7oi/v : nsf. 34^ searolic, adj., ingenious, wonderful: nsm. 61II. searopil, n., dart clcT'erly made: gp. searopTla 912. searosailed, adj., cunningly bound : nsf. 24I6. searo?Jonc, m., cunning thought, skillful device : ip. searoboncum 3613. searo(Joncol,adj., sagacious, wise: npm. searoboncle 419". seaAV, n., Juice, sap: ap. 4'*'. seax, n., knife: gs. seaxes 27^ 61I2, 77^ is. seaxe 4x97. secan, Wl. i. seek, look for : 3 sg. seceb i625, sece'5 355, se[ce^"] 883*; 3 pi. seca'5 9512; pret. 3 sg. s5hte 935 ; inf. 939. — 2. visit, goto: inf. 32, X72, 2SII. See geseoan. secg, m., man : ns. 55, 639 ; npm. sec- gas 4x9''; gpm. secga (MS. secgan) 64I ; dpm. secgum 49*. See garsccg. 276 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK secgan, W3, say, tell, declare : 3 pi. secga'S 40^'^^ ; opt. 3 sg. secge 68^^ ; imp. 2 sg. saga 2^*, 3^^, 4'^'-^, 9^, 11^^ 13^^, 20^, 24i«, 3613, 378, 40-9, bf, 6710, 7329, So", 831'*, 86''; pret. 3 sg. saegde 34^; inf. 43*', 568'^^ ; ger. secganne 40-^. See gesecgan. sefa, m., fniinl: ds. sefan 61 ". segnbercnd, m., stanJard-bearei', war- rior : gp. segnberendra 41-''. selda, see geselda. [seldcynie, m., rare visit : np. seldcymas I".] sele, m., /lall, house : ns. 85^ ; gs. seles 14*; ds. 2 1 10. seledream, m., jov in hall: ds. sele- dreame 64I. sellan, see syllan. sellic, adj ., strange, ivonderfiil, excellent : nsf. 84^8, sellTcu 33^ ; asn. 32^, 338. sSlra, adj., comp. and sup. only, better : comp. apm. sellan 13*; sup. gsn. wk. selestan 42''. Bemningii, adv., steddenfy : 41^". seiidaii, Wl, send: 3 sg. sende^ 4-, 50'^; 3 pi. sendacS 31^; pp. sended [seoc, adj., sich : asf. seoce i^*.] seolfor, n., silver: gs. seolfres 56*; is. seolf re 2 1 ^'^, 68^'' ; is. sylf re i 5-. seolhba»o 1 1^^. seoniian, Wa, rest, lie : 3 sg. seoma'S 2i-i. seoii, 5, see, behold: 1 sg. seo 6''; opt. I sg. sy (w. gen.) 41^^; pret. i sg. seah 14I, 20I, 323, 333, 43I, 52>, 53I, 54I, 56I, 60I, 65^ 87I; pret. opt. 3 .sg. sawe 8431. See geseon. settan, Wl, place, set: pret. 3 sg. sette 27*, 41'^. See a-, gesettan. se i5e, pron., 7vho, which : nsm. se he 3^^ 28«, 395, 4l93,96^ 44U 6o5.15, 6818, 7 ,G^ 7328, 8i^ 883*, 9327; se be = bone be 44-'^ ; nsf. seo be 261" ; gsm. ba;s ... be 4I''; gsn. b^L'S be 32I'''', 33I2, 42^; dsm. bam be i6-^ 61^^ 70I ; np. ba be 35". 36W (^Leid. %z. tii) ; gp. bara be 4'^-'^8, 612, 299, 40I5.26, 4189, giio. dp. bam be ^4^^ 27^ 43'- se iSf'ah = swa d'eah, adv., however, itevertlielcss, yet : 5*, 87^ ; hwfejjre se peah [Leid. hudra; suje ^eh) 36I1.; efue se peah 40-^, 66I. See swa Seah, s^va tfeana. se Tfeana, conj., yet, nevertheless: se beana 88i°. See swa Seana. sib, see gesib, ungesib. sid, adj., 2vide, spacious: apm. side 3!", 67 10. side, f., side: ns. 14^; ds. sidan 776; as. sidan 22^3, 702; ap. sIdan 8i^ 86'^; np. sidan 16^, 73I8. siex, num. adj., six : 25!"^, 378, (MS. vi) 142. sigefaest, adj., victorious: comp. npm. sigefaestran 271". sigel, see heatJosigel. sigor, m., victory, triufiiph : gp. sigora -sihade 72^''; pret. 3 sg. slj>ade 27^1 ; inf. slHan 52^. BiifSfi., journey : ds. sIJ>J'e 65"^. sidiSan, conj., since, after: sij^^an 12^, 16-'", 24«, 77C, 832; [si]H.an(adv. ?) 64". si<9i9an, adv., afterwards: si^han 10^, iiW, i622, 272.5.11, 285, ^oJ3, 41O, 77", 89', 93^5 J siS^an 62^. sixtig, num. adj., sixty: (MS. i.x) 23I. sl^p, m., sleep : rvs. 41I0. sliepan, R., sleep : opt. pret. i sg. slepe 4i9. slaBp>verig, adj., sleep-weary: asm. slSpwerigne 55. siege, see deaOslege. slitan, 1, tear, rend: i sg. sllte 13^; 3 pi. slltaS 88*2; inf. 148. ptc. npm. slitende 17''. ^I, adj., slender: nsm. 73I8. smeah, adj., Jrti^//^? : comp. nsf. smeare 945. snii'd, m., smith : ? smi)' 94I ; gp. smij'a 6^ 21", z-]'^''. snsegl, m., snail: ns. 41"". sna\v, m., snmu: ns. 81^". snel, adj., quick, swift: comp. nsm. snelra 41"''. snrflian, 1, cut: pret. 3 sg. snaS 27^. snottor, adj ., wise, sagacious : nsm. 84** ; npm. snottre 862, ^^7. snyttro, i., prudence, loisdotn : snytt[ro] 68^. snycTian, Wa, hasten, go as a dog with nose to ground (S\v., H.-T.) : i sg. snyl'ige 22''. sn.vJTffaii, see besnyCflan. soden, sec iiiisoden. -som, see gesom. some, adv. (always in combination, 8\va some, likewise, as well) : i6\ 43"- somne, see tosomne. somnian, see gesomnian. somod, adv., together, in cotnpany : 2^*, 172, 23^, 61^^; samed 522; [somod] 20^. iionHy a.A.\., soon, imtnediafely : 17'', 26^, 28-.9, 64IS. sond, n. i. sand: ds. sonde 2^* ; is. sonde 3'. — 2. shore: ds. sonde 61^. sond, £., fnessage: ns. 92'^ song, m., song: ns. 256; gs. sanges 58''. so'ff, adj., true, sooth : nsm. 4^, y^ ; nsn. 4025 ; gpm. soKa 2722; ipn. sofjum _4o23. 803, n., sooth, truth : as. y]^^. SoScwide, m., true saying: ip. s65- cwidum 36^^. socTe, adv., truly, correctly : [s6|)e] 732^. sp^etan, Wj, spit: i sg. spiete 18*, 24*. sped, f., success, prosperity: ns. iS*; as. 88**, [sp]ed 84"; on sped, suc- cessfully 5^2. ^gg fritSosped. speddropa, m., useful drop : ip. sped- dropum 27*^. spel, n., answer, solution : as. 5I2. spere, n. spear: as. SP[ere] 65^. See attor-, es 555; asm. stD'ne 17^; asn. stT5 93-9. stiSecg, adj., sharp-edged: nsn. 931". stiSvveg, m., hard wav, stornipath : as. 4-35. stnvita, m., officer of household, steward : dp. stiwitum, household 41*^. stol, see eSel-, gleowstol. stondan, 6, stand: i sg. stonde 26*, 88^2, 932*; 3 sg. stonde)> 41^^, stonde'S 95* ; 3 pi. standa'5 i6'^; opt. 3 sg. stonde 70^; pret. I sg. stod 8S12, [st]6d 88^; pret. 3 sg. stod 57^; pret. i pi. st5dan SS»; inf. 34I3, 358^ ^^2^ S825, standan 50I; ptc. dsf. stondendre 558, asm. (uninfl.) stondende 81^. See for- stondaii. storm, m., storm, tempest: ip. stormum 84*^1 strjel, f., arrotu : ap. strsle 4'''''. Strang, see strong, strtet, f., street, road: as. striete 16^*. &tre-Am,m., stream, fiood: gs. streames 27!'^; np. streamas t,^-^*, 23^, Si^; ap. streamas [4^^]. 4"°, [strejamas 93^. See lirgen-, lagu-, nierestream. streamgeAvin, n., strife of waters : gs. streamgewinnes 42^. strengu, f., stre7igth, po"wer: ns. 8^ ; is. strengo 28^^. See ■woruldstrengu. -streon, see gestreon. stre?fan, see bestreiTan. strong, adj., strong, powerful: nsm. 2^, 435, 174, 28", 559, 63I, 93IO; gsm. wk. GLOSSARY 279 strangan 48^; dsn.wk. strongan 41™; asm. strongne 84-; npni. stronge 23" ; ipn. strongum 49'^ ; comp. nsm. strengra 4i^''^, 85* ; comp. nsf. strengre 4 1 ^". Sde forstrang, maegen-, ryue- strong. .sti-ri'tes, adj., o'wn, dear : npf. swase 47^ ; gpm. swiesra lo^^, 27--; apm. swsese i&^ 726. swiesende, vs.. , food, repast: dp. swie- sendum 89^. s\\-a;tan, \Vi, sweat: 3 pi. swseta'S 4'*'5. s\va^3, n., track: ns. 221"^; as. 22^; np. swal'u 52''. sw^a Seah, conj., jjv?, ^levertheless : swa ))eah 59II. See se Seah. sAva Seaiia, conj., yet, )ievertheless : swa )>eana 591-'. See se Seana. swaSu, f. I. track: as. swaj>e 95^2. — 2. on SAvaJ^e, behind: ds. 16^, 75I. SAve, see swa. s^vea^t, adj., swart, black: nsm. 50^; nsn. 22!", wk. swearte 41^^; dsm. sweartum 72IO; asm. sweartne 131-' ; isf. sweartan 4i^''; npm. swearte 52-; npf. swearte 58-^; apm. swearte 13'* ; apn. 4'*'^ ; ipn. sweartum iS" ; sup. gsn. wk. sweartestan 42^. sweartlast, adj., leaving a black track: nsf. 27". sweg, m., noise, sound: gp. swega 43^. swelgan, 3, s-wallow : i sg. swelge 93-- ; 3 sg. swelge)> 59I'', swilge'S 50-, 82-^ ; pret. 3 sg. swealg 27^, 48*'; inf. 15I5, 1 8^. See forswelgan. sweora, m., neck : ns. 70-, swiora t^^ ; as. sweoran 86^. sweord, m., sword : as. ^(r>^^. sweorfan, :i, polish : pp. sworfen 29*, 28o KIDDLl'.S OF THE KXK'IKK HOOK sweostor, f., sister: ns. 72'; gs. 44'''; np. 14'^. See gesweostor. HWeotol, adj., manifest, dear, open: nsf. 40-'; nsn. 22'"; npii. 14''. KvvtMitiile, adv., clearly, openly: 25"'. swcutiiliaii, see f?<'svveotiillan. swCte, adj., sweet: comp. iism. .swctra 4 1 lis. swetnes, f ., sweetness : is. swctnesse 4 1 '"^. svvTcan, see geswican. swifaii, 1, move, pass, sweep (intr.) : 3 sg. .swifeJS i^i*"; inf. 33''. swift, adj., swift, fleet: nsm. 4''^, 16^, 52", wk. swifta 4 i''" ; asm. swiftne 20''', 75'; c(>ni]i. iisiii. swiftra4i™; comp. nsf. swiftre 67'', 85''. swigc, adj., silent, still: nsm. 4", 85'. swiglan, Wa, to be quiet, silent: 3 sg. swIgaS 8^ ; pret. i sg. swTgade 72^''; ptc. nsm. swTgende 49^ npm. swTgende (MS. nigende) c/'. Bwliniiian, 3, switn : pret. r sg. sworn 74''; pret. 3 sg. sworn 23^^. swin, n., swine: ns. 4110^. Kwiiigore, m., scourger: ns. 28''. Bwiiisian, Wa, make melody, make music: 3 pi. swinsiaS 8'^. swTora, see 8^veora. svvi'O', adj. I. strou}:;, potverful : comp. nsm. swThra 41''''; comp. npm. swTl>ran I 7'' ; sup. nsf. swihost 842**. — 2. comp. rii,'lit (liand) : nsf. swit-re 61^'-. swrSan, see ofcrswiffaii. swrSe, adv. i. very, exceedingly : swihe 7^, I r^ 52^, 58^. — 2. soon, rapidly: swII'C 20", 27'', 33''. — 3. violently; swit'C 63*. — 4. eagerly: swil'e 95^-. — 5. •~:\\\). chiefly, especially : svvT|>ast 9/- Swi'fllV'onii, adj., strong, -ciiolenl: nsm. swil'feorm 4''-. Bwogaii, R, make a noise, resound : 3 pi. swogacN 8''. 8\vylc', pron., suck, suck a one, suck a tking; asf. swylce 898; asn. 61'^; gpm. swylcra 20". swylce, adv., /;/ like manner, also: 2\\ 2 5«, 4 r^'J.wi.'J6, 641-', Cs'*. swylfc, conj. i. like as, as well as: 7'*, 84'"; swylce swe iG'*. — [2. just as tkougk : i^] sylf, pron. i. self, one's own: nsm. 2f^; sylfa 38", Gf, 80", 85!; gsf. sylfre 34*; gsn. sylfes 65"; dsm. sylfum 21"; is. sylfum 67!"; npm. sylfe 58''. — 2. JjU't sylt'i", tn like manner : 5^''. sylfor, see seolfor. syllaii, Wl, give, grant: i sg. selle 13''; pret. 3 sg. sealde s*, 62'', 72^; inf. 38'\ syiriln'l, n., feast: ds. symble 32'-. syiiiU', adv., ahvays, ever: 38'', ^i''^'^; G8'». syii, f., eye, sigkt, vision : as. syne 33'' ; is. syne 41''*. sync, see gcsyiic. T tacii, n. I. sign, token: as. 56''. — 2. signification : as. tacen 60^''. ticciiaii, Wl, sko7v, point out: 3 sg. tfficneN 4I*', tScne)' 52". tacniaii, see gctitcniaii. tan, m., tivig, branck : ip. tanum 54-. -ttT'sc, see gcticse. tcala, adv., well, rigktly: 22^^, teale 16"', tila 49'-. telg, m., (/i'6': ns. 27I''. .Stv bcaintcly-. teon, 2. I. draw : 3 sg. tyhS 63'^ ; pret. 1 sg. teah 23*'', 72''. — 2. go, proceed: 3 sg. tyhS 35'*. See ateon. tcon, n., Iiurt, annoyance : as. 5r'. teorian, W'j, tire, gro7v laeary : pret. 3 sg. tcorode 55^. tid, f., ///nr, kour: as. 4-"', 74-; ip. tidiini .)o'-, 59". See dicgtid. til, adj. I. good, serviceable: nsm. 18''. — 2. excellent, kind: gpm. tilra 27-''. tila, see tcala. tilfrcninii'iid, part., doing good : gpm. tillfremmendra 60''. GLOSSARY 281 t\Uu',adi.,_<^0(yt/,fa/>af)/g: nsm. 55^, 64''. tiiiibrun, Wl, build: pp. timbred 84'". See atinibraii. to, prep. w. dat. i. to, unto, tozoards, into, upon: [i^"], 4I8, i^*-^', 16^°, si", 2321^', 28^ 2C,\ 30*.9.12, 3,7, 342, 354, 40''*', 41'^ 56^, 60^'', 69^. — 2. as, for {/'ur/'ose): 7-, 272", 40^^, 4165, 425, ^o».w ^,2^ 706, 73", 78-', 83«. — 3. on, at, among: [i^-], 13", 41^''. — 4. of, from : 49*. — 5. w. ger. 29I-, 32-^ 37^^, 4022.25, 4,8, 8829. t6,adv. I. too: 23^34^ — 2. t/tit/ter: ^c^-. toberstaii, 3, iurst to pieces : 3 sg. tobirsteJS 39". tOgcPdre, adv., together : 53''. togongan, anv., pass away (impers. w. gen.) : 3 sg. togongeS 24I0. torht, adj., bright, splendid, glorious: nsm., 51^, wk. torhta43^; asm. torhtne •49'-, 54'-; ipf. \vk. torhtan 57^. See hieor-, wlitetorht. torlite, adv., clearly: 8**, 60'^. tosielan, Wl, impers. i. fail, not suc- ceed: 3 sg. tosJelel' 17^. — 2. lack, be 7io\\ 41^^. — [2. therefore: to l>on 1I2.] toSvxa^iva.f'i, press asunder, drive apart : I sg. to|)ringe 4^''. tredaii, .'>, tread, tread upon : i sg. trede 81 ; 3 .sg. trideb842^, triedeiS 13^ ; 3 pi. tredaS 58*; pret. 3 sg. trasd 72"; inf. 14'. treow, n.,/;-cv: ns. 542, 57^. ^V^-wudu- t^eo^v, wullhr'alodtreo. treo\ve, sec getrCovve. tiinge, f., tongue : ns. So** ; ds. tungan 492 ; as. tungan 59^. turf, f., turf, grass, greensward: ds. tyrf 4 1 25; as. 14I. tAvegen, num. t~i'o: nm. 43^", 472'-''; nf. twa 43I", 472 ; n. (m. and f.) tfi 64-'> ; nn. tu 16*; gn. twega 40'^, 43"; dm. twam 61I0, 88^^; d. (m. and f.) twam 5i2; dn. twam 47I ; am. 532, (MS. Il) 86*; af. twa 43I, 70^ Si^, SG^^.' ; an. tu 37T. twelf, num. adj., twelve: 37^, (MS. xii) 86*. tydraii, Wl, be prolific, teem: 3 sg. tydrecS 84'*". tyhtaii, see atylitan. tyn, num. adj., ten: (MS. x) 14I. tynan, see be-, ontynan. tyr, m., glory, honor: as. 272*. D D = rune [> : G^*. 9a, adv., then, thereupon : )>a 10^, 23^'i'', 30^'^, 41^^. See lu 3a. <5a, conj., when: l^a ii^'^, 41^ 4S2, 60I". Oa gen, adv.,^'t'/: l^a gen io2. Sfcgr, adv., there: hJer [i^], 424.28.33^ ^11, x&, 24H, 32", 37W, 40", 43*. 47", 56^ 57I, 61*, 959. iSser, conj., tvhere: )'Sr 4^, 1512, 16^, 21I2, 2^, 27*, 316 b (a haet), 38*, 55I, 56I, 571-9'", 643.5, 68IT, 73I, 81^, 861, 881.12, 9324. Saes, adv., so : J'a;s 2I1. ♦Va^s, conj., as: ha;s 42''. iffaes O'e, conj., as far as: Jiaes )>e 84-''°. 'ffaet, conj. i. that, in noun clauses: |>ffit 5*, 6^ 126, 2I18.20, 26", 28", 40I, 48', 61^, 732^. — 2. that, so that, in order that, in result and purpose clau.ses: \>xt 2^, 415.21,31, 22", 231^, 245.i">, 316^ {b Vxr), 34I2, 37!^ 419.16. 35.91.1(18^ 5,14, 736, 84'*1.*2. 3a;tte, pron., which : baette [i^*], 9322. (Je, indecl. particle, 7ciho, which, that : \>e 2I5, 3I5, g9, 1314^ 2I*.21.23, 28I6, 41*9.77,78, 43", 44I6, 5o9, 5 [10, 628, 660, 7o5, 73*, 88", [be] 4 125.106. ffe, conj., since, because: he 48®. 282 RIDDLKS UF THE EXETER BOOK Seata, conj., though, although : ))eah 14'', IQ-^, 4i*''''>^ 492, 8o5, Seh Zi'/V/. 14. 'ffeah, adv., however : j'eah 7". ^'tY' se OT'ah, swii Scah. 5eah O'c, conj., though, although: J>eah ).e4r-i^84'".50, 93I7, 9310. dearie, adv., abundantly : ^earle 72". Sea^v, m., conduct, behavior : gs. J)eawes 128. 3'eceaii, Wj, cover: 3 sg. )>ece'S 15I, 81^; opt. 3 sg. J>ecce 2"; pret. 3 sg. I'cahte 46**, 77I; inf. )>eccan lo''; pp. beaht 1 1*, 17'^ AVf bitfeccan. (Jecen, f., co^'ering{i;arment) : as. J>ecene 46'-2 ; is. J>ecene 84''". ffccgaii, see aO'ecgaii. 3'egn, m., sej-vant, attendant, man : ns. )>egn 382, 5oS 55", 872, t)E[gn] Gs-* ; ds. hegne ^'^^. t^cg'itiaii, Wa, serve: 3 sg. I'cna'S 22", 44^; 3 pi. l>egniaiS 51*'. (Jeiicaii, see geffciican. (Jenden, conj., 7ohile: henden 13'^, 68^'', 856. (TrMiiaii, see «>V'>iiian. (Voiiiiaii, see bi'O'eiiiiaii. O'eod, f., people: ds. )>eode 73^''; gp. I'eoda 42*. See wer'fl'eod. ?Jeodcyniii{;, m., king 0/ the people, God : gs. jieodcyninges 68^. (Jeodeu, m., lord, master : gs. j'eodnes 46^; ds. )>eodne 21-", 59", 62'*. 3eof, m., thief: ns. )>eof 48* ; gs. J)eofes (Teoh, n., thigh : ds. )>eo 45'. Scon, 1, grow tip, Jlourish, prosper: pret. I sg. I'ieh 72*^. See <»c-, oiiaieoii. 3eotaii, 2, sound {in oozing out) : inf. I'eotan 39''. ?Jeow, m., ser7>ant: ns. )>eow 4"^. ffeovviaii, Wa, serve : 1 sg. j'cowige 1315. 2 sg. Jieowah 51*"'. ?Jes, pron., this : nsm. J>es 32^, 33\ 4i'*-' 43,48,61.76.83^ ^gl, d']'^'^ ; Hsf. K'OS 8^ 58I; nsn. ))is 36", 4i8i.« 946; gsn. Hsses 56^*; asm. Jjisne 40I'', 417.12,15, -■^; asf. )'as 401"-", 4i^'"^; asn. ^is 4i'^8 ; dpm. J)issum lo'; apn. t>as 41'''. 'Olcce, adj., thick: apn. )jicce 41*^ Tfiegan, 5, partake of, receive : 3 sg. J>igeS32i''; inf. j'icgan 911"; ?))ygan 89". [ffin, pron., tliy: npm. )>Ine li''; npf. Hne ii''.] TVindaii, :i, swell up : inf. j'indan 46^. O'iiif;-, n., thing: ns. )'ing 40'-*; ds. Hnge 68^ ; as. )nng 32-', 46^ ; gp. J'inga 4I''*' ; ap. t'ing 41*'; ip. \nng\xm, purposely 61". -(i'iso, see ina?seii(Tise. 'd'ulian, Wd. i. suffer, endure: 1 sg. ))olige 93"^ — 2. hold out, stand strain : 3 sg. ))ola5 17**. — 3. lach: inf. J^olian 21*. 'A'onaii, adv., tlience : )'onan 27-', 30^*^, 'Ooiic, m., thanhs, gratitude : ds. on ponce, acceptable, grateful, 5'' ; as. on Jjoiic 21-". ^>^ liyge-, or-, searo- Oonc. iSonclan, Wa, thank : pret. 3 sg. ))oncade 89-. (Joncol, adj., -loise, thoughtful: nsm. honcol 3'-. .SVt' scaroSoncol. tfonne, adv., then: )>onne 4-"'', 8-'', i^^^, 216, 29". iffonne, conj. i. lohen : l)onne [i^""], 23,8 ^8.14 ^27,41,61,60,73,74 y5,9 31,8 q6 172, 243, 31^ 32I, 385, 4119.55,4412, 45*, 642.8, 71", 73I9, 9i*.9, 93.30. _ 2. than: honne 17^, 24^ 4126,28,31^ ^j48,61,64,59,74. 76,83,92,94,96^ cc9, 671.2.2.3, 8?^, g42.3.5.0,7. tJraec, see geffraic. tfrffid, m., thread: ns. )irSd 36" {Leid. ■^Sret). (i'raflan, W2, urge, press: 3 sg. l^rafaS 4''. 'ffrag, f., ti?ne, space of time : as. j'rage 898; ip. J>ragum, at times 2*, 4''", 55'', 85*. tJra'gan, Wl, run: inf. ))ra2gan 20''. 'd'ragbysig, adj., periodically employed (B-.T.) : nsm. ))ragbysig 5I. GLOSSARY 283 tTrea, see mod'Orea. t(rSat, m. i. hoop, nntltttude : gp. Jneata 36*^ {Leiii. ■5iea[t]un). — [2. -ioaiit, stitjits: as. hreat i^".] 6"^^ C'oredtfreat. An'olitiR, adj. laborious: comp. nsm. |>reohtigr;i S5'*. driiii. Sec- dryiii. (Yriiidaii, 3, swe//: ptc. asn. )>rindende 'Oiriii;;, sc-e ftctTring. Orini^aii, ;i, press on, force a loay : 3 sg. Jjringeii (MS. bringeS) 12^; inf. J)rin- gan 4''i. See a-, ftc-, oQ-, toSrinsan. Sriutaii, see a'd'rintan. tfrist, adj., holJ, audacious : gp. Jristra (MS. kista) -jf^ OrTO", see 'd'ry'3. «5ro\viaii, Wa, suffer, endure: pret. i sg. hrowade 72^''. 3ry, num., three: nm. )'iy 41''^-, 59^*. ?Jryin, m., force, po'iuer, might: .^ )'rym 84''5; is. brimme 4^^, Jrymme 41^^; gp. hrymma 4*. (Jrymfa'st, ■bA]., glorious, inighty: asm. l)r)'mfa;stne 48'*. <5ryiiifiil, adj., glorioics, mighty: nsm. I'lymful 2*, 46T. tfrytJ, f., strength. i. in pi., forces, troops: gp. J5ryl>a 65^. — 2. ip. O'ry- t^iini, mightily, greatly : l>ry)nmi 87'-, jrll'um 38'-. See hikle'ffrycJ. (Ju, pron., thou: ns. ]m [i^''], t,2^^, 37^'-' 1-, 40-", 41^^; ds. or as. j^e 61I*. 7(uniaii, W->. i. stand up, s'well: inf. I'unian 46-. — 2. resound, thunder: I sg. l>unie 2*. .Stv oniffuniaii. 3urfan, PP., need, have reason to: i sg. hearf 1622, 21". t(urh, prep. w. ace. i. through {place) : Jjurh 455.CI; 1 618.21.27.28, isii, 22II, 3220, 38'*, 4I^^ 72*. — 2. through, duri>ig {time): \>\xx)\ 21", 59*. — 3. through, by means of, because of {condition and agency) : )>urh 6^^, 9^, 3220, 36* {Leid. •Serb), 36« (Z^/r/. «erih), 436, 508, 548, 702, 78-, 84". tJurhra'.san, Wl, rush through : i sg. )'u ill raise 4-"'. (Jurst, m., thirst : ns. j'urst 44^. -?f^\a>re, see geJJwtT're. JJyncan, \Vl, seem, appear : 3 sg. }>ynce5 4!'^, )nnce'5 32I* ; pret. 3 sg. Jnihte 48I, 873. 'Oyiino, adj., thin: apn. J^ynne 41^8. (Syrol, n., hole, aperture: as. jjyrel 1621, Oyrcl, adj., perforated : nsn. I'yrel 452, 9i5. Sfyrelwomb, adj., having the stomach pierced: asm. )?yrelwombne 81^1. ?fyiTaii, Wl, dry: pp. hyrred 29^. O'yrs, \\\., giant: ds. jiyrse 41*^ <5y-''t'*0, f., darkness, gloom : ds. j^ystro 48^ ; dp. )>ystrum 4''. iffywan, Wl, urge, press : 3 sg. by 5 138, 22^, 63^, 64*' ; inf. {)y\van 4!*. U V = rune fl (MS. r) : 752. ufan, adv. i. from above, dozvn: 4i".55. •'^ ii'*, 932'*. — 2. above: ufon 376. iifoi", adv., above, higher than : 41^8. uhta, m., early moriiing, time just be- fore dawn : gp. uhtna 61*^. Ulcaims, m., Vulcan : gs. Ulcanus (Lat. Vulcani) 4i5';. iinbuiiden, adj., unbound: ns. 24!*^. uiicer, pron., of us twain : [asm. un- cerne i^", asn. ii^] ; npm. uncre 88I* ; apm. uncre 61^'. undearnun^a, adv., without conceal- ment, openly : 432. under, prep., under, beneath : A. w. dat. 42, 10", 23I5, 285, 37.-$, 4183,40.86, 434, 45^ 55". 72^^ 8430 ; B. w. ace. 32, 46*, 2310,17, 306, 525, 532, ss*, 633, 73-24, 74'', 918; C. ease indeterm. 4^^. under, adv., under, beneath : 22^1. underflo^van, R, flow under : pp. underflowen i \-. iinderlini<;an, 1, descend beneatfi : i sg. underhnlge 67'J ; inf. 4''^. 284 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK undyrne, adj., not hidden, revealed, manifest: nsn. i,'^^- unforcu'ff, adj., 7iot ignoble, honorable, faithful: nsm. 63^. wi\^v-^\\\\o(\.,-A^y, unfulfilled: ds. unge- fullodre (MS. ungafullodre) dd^'''. [unseliv,a.d]., uHlii'e,di^erent: nsn. i''.] [iingt'lice, adv., otherwise, differently : iingesib, adj., unrelated: dsm. ungesib- bum 10**. un;?o(I, n., evil, ill: as. 21^. iiiila't, adj., unwearied, quick: nsm. 54". unlytcl, adj., not little, great : nsf. 41^'' ; asn. 83". unraid, m., evil course, folly : gs. un- rzedes 12I0, zS^'^. unriSdsrff, m., foolish luay, foolish course: ap. unrSdsn>as 12''. unriiii, adj., innumerable : apn. unrimu iiiiriin, n., countless number: as. 44". iiiisccal't, f., monster ? : np. unsceafta .SS-«. uii80■ : 20*^, 65^, 91''. wa, interj., woe! 12*. ■\vacan, 6, be born, spring : pret. i sg. woe 21^1. >V{i'can, Wi, soften : pp. wieced 29-^ wau'can, Wl, watch, wake: ptc. asf. waeccende 41". waed, n., water, sea : ap. wado 8^. wajd, f., dress, clothes : dp. wiedum 43* ; ip. wedum 10^. wadan, G, go, proceed: i sg. wade 63'' ; pret. 3 sg. wod 23^^, 93^^. See be- vvadau. wtCde, see gewaede. Marfan, see beAVfSfan. Avafiau, Wa, waver, be amazed: 3 pi. wafiaS 84". wag, m., -vail: ds. wage 15^2; jg. wSge 1 4*. ^vteg, m., 7uave: ns. 4^0; ds. w5ge iii"^, 17', 2321, wege 34^, 69'; is. wSge 3**. wJT'gffct, n., water-vessel, cloud: ap. waigfatu 4-'^. wagiaii, Wa, iiitr., shake, totter : 3 pi. wagiaiN 4** ; pret. 3 pi. wagedan 55''. ■WBPgn, m., wagon, wain : ns. 23''-; ds. wacgne 22^; as. 23^. wa'gsta'iS, n., shore, bank: ds. wag- sta'l'e 232. Wicl<'ra'l't, m., deadly power: is. wx-1- crxfte 91 '1. AVfPlcAvealin, m., death-pang: ns. 2**. -wald, see on^vald. Avaldend, m. \. possessor, ??iastcr : ns. 2i'», 24«. — 2. Lord (Christ, God): ns. 7', 41'^''; gs. waldendes 41'^. waldeiido, adj. (\->ic.), powerful : comp. nsf. waldendre 41^^. Wale, f., (Welshwoman), female slave: ns. \f, 53«. ■vva'lgiin, m., gem of death : as. 21''. wa'lgrini, adj., cruel, bloodthirsty: nsm. 16*. wa'Ihwelp, m., death-7ohelp : gs. wael- hwelpes i62'^ GLOSSARY 285 [wsrlrCow, adj., cruel, bloodthirsty: npni. wcclrcowe i''.] ^valllb, sec ■\voinb. %vaiiiaii, see ^vonian. ■wa'pen, n., weupon: ns. 4'*"; as. 56^^; ip. wSpiium 4''2, 2in ^^^ beadu-, coiiip-, hildewiepen. ^VcT'pcn\v^{;a, m., lueaponed 70iirrior, armed warrior : ns. 15*. \va'pne(loynn, n., male kind, male sex : gs. wSpnedcynnes 39^ >var, n., seaweed: is. ware 3^. >varian, W2, guard, hold, possess : 3 sg. waraS 32", 83*, 9326. waroO", n., seaweed: ns. 41*^. -ovarii, see hel^varu. waestin, mn. i. growth, form: as. 32^. — 2. fruit: ns. 92^; ip. waest- mum 84'". wiet, adj., wet, moist: nsn. 26II; nsm. wk. wSta 36^ {Leid. ueta). ] waeta, m., moisture, liquid: as. w5tan 4** ; is. wjetan 59^^. >vStaii, \Vl, wet, moisten : 3 sg. wieteS 13"^; pret. 3 sg. wStte 27'^. waetcr, n., 7vater : ns. 54^, 69-'' ; gs. wnetres 23^2 ; ds. woetre 13^'', 27^; is. \\\xtre III, g-j2.3 wa'5, f., wandering, journey: as. wabe 2II. ■«'{¥"ffan, Wl, hunt: 3 sg. wEJ^eS 35^. wa>van, R, blow, be moved by the wind: 3 sg. wSwe"5 41*1. wSa, m., woe, misery: gs. wean 72^^. \vpalcaii, see ••cwealoaii. -«t'alveaxan. web, see god>veb. weecan, see awecean. wecgan, Wi, 7nove, shake : 3 sg. wege'S 13^, 22^, 81"; pret. 3 pi. wegedon 73^- wed, see wted. weder, n. [i. weather: ns. i^".] — 2. air: ds. wedre 31 2. wefan, see a-, gewefan. wefl, f., 7voof, thread: np. wefle 36^ (Leid. ueflae). ■\veg, m., way: ds. wege 37^, 70^; as. 1 6-1, 40", 54*, 63'', 69I ; ap. wegas 4^^, 526. See flod-, forS-, hwyrft-, on-, stiSweg. weg, see waig. w^egan, 5, bear, carry: i sg. wege 21*'; 3 sg. wigeS 33", 5i3, 716, rf^; 3 pi. wegaS 1 5" ; pret. 3 pi. wagun 28' ; pp. wegen 22^. ■\vel, adv., -well, very : lo'*, ^v\ i)2^'}. ■\vola, m., -wealth : ? vvelan CSif*. See fodorwela. wella, m., fotmtain : ap. wellan 39-'. \ven, f., hope, expectation, lotigitig: ns. 4'^; [np. wena i^^; ip. wenum i^]. Aveiian, Wl. i. hope, expect: i sg. wene 6''; inf. 21^''. — 2. ween, suppose: 3 pi. wenal' 3I ; pret. i sg. wende 61'. 286 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK ■\vcne '?■*; 3 sg. -weorhe^ 16", ii"^ ; 3 pi. weortSaS 6^^, weorJ>aJ> 3I* ; pret. 3 sg. wears I0^ 401**, 54^ 68I-, 6r/; pret. 3 pi. wurdoii 73'' ; pret. opt. 3 sg. wurde 84'^o ; inf. weor)>an 4''i, 51I0. — 2. happen, come to pass: pret. 3 sg. wear'5 69'^ See for-, geweor'flan. ■weor'd'ian, Wa, praise, celebrate : 3 sg. weorhaS 211". See j^eweor'Sian. wopan, R, iceep: pres. 3 sg. wepe'5 ■jv'; pret. i sg. weop 93^^. -\vor, m., W(?// : ns. 24I*, 47^ ; gs. weres 45I; np. weras [i'"'], \^^-^^, 23^'2i, 31'', 84'»i, 861 ; gp. wera 2^, 4^, 27l^ 301*, 35!, 48«, 83S, 88'^6. dp. werum 28I, -,o4.i4 -,-.11 .->n . -,i«; 3- ' jj ' 4- ' 4j • werj>an, .r^^ aworsaii. ■\verig, adj., iveary, exhausted : nsm. 6^, 55!'^. See ra 3», 5«, 16IO, 173, 18*, 2l24, 229.1I'', 29^ 35^'^ 38^ 4o9, 848.20.24,27.43. , pi. beo)j 64^; 3 pi. beo^ 17^, 271^*, 36^ {Leid. bla'S), 41 n, sind 5S2, 59H, 67^, sindon [i*'], 43I', 5610, sindan 66" ; opt. 3 sg. .sy 29W, 36", 40l.", 4 1 24.27,00, 429, 681", So^ 84^^^ (MS. ry) 946, sie 3224, 33I4; pret. I sg. wa:s 15I, 19*, 4i«, 57I, 61 1,661 2, 712, 721.9,741 ; pret. 3 .sg. wafs [,10,12,12.18], I02, III, 145, 208, 236, 324.6, 339, 343, 372,9,10, 38I, 474, 48.^ 52^ 535, 542.11, 337, 369, 576.9, 60", 6l«, 624, 64i'', 652, 692, 83I, 84I8 ?, 885.14, 89-5?, 92I; pret. I pi. wSron 88i''.29; pret. 3 pi. wjeron 10'', ii^, 14I, 34*, 47^ 53'''' 57*. wSran 522; pret. opt. 3 sg, w5re 37*, 40!^ 72!'^; inf. 43**, 44I". Avcst, adv., zuest, westward : 30I0. wlc, n,, 7'illage, dwelling, abode: dp. wicum 9", 5o4, 7328 ; ap. 82, 16*. ■\vicg, n,, horse : ns. wycg 1 5^^ ; ds. wicge So"; as. Wl[cg] 65I ; is. wicge 1514; np. 2321 ; ap, 239; ip. wicgum 232. ■wicstcd*', m., dwelling-place : np. 49. wid, adj., wide: asf. wide 19*^. wide, adv., widely, far: 2II, 4'''""i, 8", III", 21I6, 27I8, 28I, 36" {Leid. uldx-), 40", 4i»^ 59^ 677, 7322,8310,9327, 953. comp. widdor loio, 61I'', 721°. WTdeferh, ■Ad.\ ., forever : 408.21. widgiel, adj. i. wide-spreading, spa- cious: comp. nsm. wTdgielra 4i'^i, wldgelra 418'^ — 2. wandering, rov- ing: dsf. wTdgalum 21''. widlast, adj., wide-wandering: nsm. 20"; [ipf. wTdlastum i"]. wido, see wudu. ^vTf, n. I. woman: ns. 26II, ^\^; gs. wifes 37I2, 92-'^; ds. wife 21 "2; as. wiif GLOSSARY 287 37*! "P- 31"; gP- '^^■'f^ (MS. wife'S) 84^'-. — 2. 'ii'i/e : dp. wifum 47^. Avifcl, ni., weez'il: as. 41'''. w\'^, n.,Jig/it, battle: as. 6'', 16^''. wlga, m., warrior: ns. 16*, 51I, 52", 73'^ ; gs. -.vigan 9320. Scc- fok- sufl-, •WH'poinviga. ■wi'ij'ar, m., s/'cur : as. wegar or wigar ( p- n X r P:) 20^. ■\viht, f. I. 7vight, creature: ns. 19^, 21I, 24-, 25I, 26I, 291-', 30", 32-'i»--', 33'-". 34^ 3'A 40I, 41", 42^ 6819, 70I, 82I, S4I, 861, 89I ; gs. wihte 30", 37" ; ds. wihte yj'^; as. 30I, 35I, 37I, 39I, 57-', 592, 68-, 69I, 87I, wihte 38I, 69I, wiht[e] 40-''''; np. wihte 431" ; gp. wihta 29*, 401*, 43^, 84'1 ; ap. wihte 5SI, wyhte 43I, wuhte 52I. — 2. aui^ht, attyt/iiitg: as. 5II. — 3. with neg. naught, not a 70/iit : ne wiht 321'*, 591'^, 661 . ]ig -vvihte 48''-*^. See 110- ^viht, owilit. ^viIclllna, ni., loclconie thing: gp. wil- cumeiui 9II. ■wilgchlf'A'a, m., pleasant companion : ap. wilgehlehan 15^. Avilla, m. I. zc'ill, wish, desire: as. wil- lan 21^3, 3ol^ 556, 64", 73"; ip. willum 87', 91 11, 93"-. — 2. pleasant thing, de- sirable thing: ns. 79I ; gp. wilna 29!'^ \villan, anv., ivill, wish, desire : i sg. (ne) wilie 50I'' ; 3 sg. wile 36" {Leid. uil), 40^ 441", 45^ 77^, 9I^ wille 44", 6oi^; 3 pi. willa^' [i-'"], 17", 271*; pret. 3 sg. walde 30'*, wolde 87" ; w. neg. I sg. nelle 24!^ 3 sg. nele i6i*'. %vilnian, W2, desire: 3 pi. wilnia^" 50". ■\viii, n., wiite: ds. wine 15I'', 431", 47I. ■\vincel, m., corner : ds. wincle 46I, (MS. wine sele) 55'-. >vinfl, m., wind: ns. ii"\ 41'"'^; ds. winde 17I, 31I, 41*1; is. winde 151'*. ■\\'inclan, 3, roll, tn'ist: pp. wunden 29-'', asn. wunden 56^ npm. wundne 411**; npf. wundene 36" (Leid. uundnae). See be-, f»('-, yiiil)\\ iiidan. -Avinn, see ge\\'inn. \viniiaii, a, stri-'c, struggle, labor : i sg. winne 4"', 7" ; 3 sg. winne^ 4!^ ; inf. 17I; ptc. nsm. winnende 3^, 4'**', 52'', asf. winnende 57-. ?-\vintor, m., winter: gp. [wintra] 83I. ^vlntel•(•cal(I, adj., wintry-cold : nsm. 5^. ■\vir, m., wire, pi. ornaments: ns. 21*; is. wire 271'*, 7i5; ip. wirum 18^, 21''-, 41^'. ^vil•bog"a, m., tiuisted wire: ip. wirbo- gum 15''. AVIS, adj., 'iC'ise, learned: nsm. jji'' ; dsm. wisum 322'*. See medwls. Avisdom, m., zoisdom : as. 95^; is. wTs- dome 68^. Avlse, f. I. nature, matiner : ns. 371*, SqI'^; as. wisan 12*^, 21II, 66*, 70I, 73''' 2^, 84^; ip. wIsum 32^, 332. — 2. mel- ody : as. wisan 9''. See sceawend- W'Tso. AvTsftest, adj., wise, learned: nsm. 36i'i ; dsm. wisfaestum 291^ ; gpm. wisfrestra 6813 ; dpni. wisfaestum 42^. •«'isian, Wa, guide, direct : 3 sg. wisa'5 4", 2 1 5, 222. Avist, f., susteitaitce, food: as. 33II, wiste 44'; ip. wistum 84^1. Av rnid- Avist. -Avit, see geAA'it. Avita, see sti-, vuiAA'ita. AA'itaii, PP. know: I sg, wat 12^, 36'^ {Leid. miat), 44I, 50I, 59', SS'-^'' ; 2 sg. wast 37I2; 3 pi. 44"; opt. I sg. wite 5II ; opt. 3 pi. 371-', witen 40'* ; pret. 3 sg. wisse 552. See be-, geAAitan. Avitan, see gcAvItan. AA-ite, n., pain, torment: as. 24^. See dolAAltO. Avitian, \V2, decree, appoint: pp. nsm. witod i6^'ii, 85", nsn. witod 21-^, ap. witode 44". AA'i'ff, prep., against, with : A. w. dat. 420.42^ ,72.2^ 28 w 334, 40I2, 881", 9 1 5, wih 4'*i, 17I1, 2 1 2", 4oi2; B_ ^v ace. 431^ wil' 179, 61 1*. 288 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK witJ, adv., in reply : 291*^. wlanc, see wlonc. wlitan, 1 , look, gaze : 3 sg. wlite'S 9332. wlite, m., aspect, appearance : ns. 37'^^ 8424; as. 84T; 71IO ?. wlltetorlit, adj., brilliant, splendid: gpf. wlitetorhtra 71". wlltig, adj., beautiful, comely: ns(.''). 84I''; nsm. 15I-; nsn. \?>^^ ; apf. wk. wlitigan 35^. wlltigian, Wa, beautify : 3 sg. wlitiga'S 84*^. See gCAvlitigian. wlonc, Tad]., proud, high-spirited : nsm. 15^; nsf. wlanc 43'*; dsn. wloncum 80^; asm. wloncne 51^''; npm. wlonce 31^; gpm. wloncra 60'*; dpm. wlon- cum iSi^, S4-''; apm. wlonce 15I''. See fela-, liyge-, modwlonc. woh, adj. I. curved, bent, twisted : nsm. 22*, 70^; ipm. woum 15^. — 2. per- verse, wrong, evil: asf. won 12* ; npm. weo ?? 57''; npn. 40^*. wolrpn, mn., cloud : gp. wolcna 8^'. See hool'oinvolcii. woh'oiilarii, f., drifting of clouds: as. wolceiifare 4'^^. woleeiigeliiiast, f., collision of clouds : is. wolcengehnaste 4*''^. ■woin, mn., evil word : as. 21*'. vvoiii, adj., evil, foul: apn. 4i'". womb, f., womb, belly : ns. 38^ ; ds. wombe 4'"', 37-', 88^3; as. wombe 19", 86-'', 87I, 89'-, 9328^ wambe 63^; is. woml)[e] 93*'. See (Tyrclwoiiib. woiiiblionl, 11., ivomb-hoard, contents of belly: ns. iSW. won, adj., dark, swarthy: nsm. 41^'^'', wk. wonna 50*; nsf. wonn 4^'' ; nsn. wonn SS-'-'; apn. 4'"; ipf. wonnum 54^ .^'^"•• w^onfah, adj., dark-colored : nsf. 53'"'. ^vonfcax, adj., dark-haired \ nsf. 13^. wong, m., field, plain : ns. 36^ {Leid. uong) ; ns. 4188.51, yfi. jg wonge 22^, 32^*, 592, 73I ; as. 65I ; np. wongas 67^ ; ap. wongas 1 32, 831*^. See sail-, Stan-, stavo3', f., voice, song: is. wo^e 9^1. See lieafodwo'i'^. woSbora, m., j///i_'-tv, speaker: ds. wo5- boran 322^, 80''. WoSgicfii, f., i^ift of song : ns. 32I**. WTsacvn, see Avrerca. wrtT'd, f., band, bond: as. wriede 4^3 wrtS.snan, Wl, 7'aiy, change the tone: I sg. wrSsne 25^. wr^st, adj., delicate, elegant: comp. nsf. wrjestre 412*'. wrseste, adv., delicately: 41-'". AvrJT't, f., ornament: ip. wra3ttum 322, 33-- ■wra'tlic, adj. i. wondrous, curious: nsf. 242, 70^ wrietllcu 34I, 482; nsn. 32^**, 402-', 45I ; asf. wrjetllce 682; ^sn. 563 ; apf. wrjetlTce 43^ 52^. — 2. artis- tic, elegant: gsn. wk. wrStlican Go^^' ; npn. 2j^^. CLOSSARY 289 WTa'tlioo, adv., -wotidroits/v, iiirioiisly : 37-, 4 I <;.'*■''. i".2.i"-», 69-, 70^ >vriira ^,\^'^ \ gpn. wrahra 71'''; dpm. \vraj>um i 5'". — 2. bitter : conip. nsf. wral're 41*''^. ■wnTfl'srra'f, n., /'ci/l ,/<■// : ap. wraN- scrafu 41'". AVrct'aii, .1. I. ilrii-e, press on: 3 sg. \VIice^" 4''; pret. opt. 3 sg. wrSce 2-; pp. nsn. wrecen 22'!. — 2. aven^s;e: pret. opt. 3 -Sg. wrSce 21"*; inf. 93'". See Swrecaii. Avrcooa, m., exile: ns. wraecca (MS. wrasce) 2'* ; gs. wieccan 40", (MS. wrecan) 2'^ ; as. wreccan 30!". wrej^aii, Wi, rouse, excite: i sg. wrcge 4'' ; inf. 4^". See j»e\vroj;jaii. ^vroIK', m., niotluhition of the 7>oice : ip. wiencum 9'-. ^vl•eon, I, 2, coTcr: imp. 2 sg. wreoii S4""' ; pret. 3 sg. wiaii 10^, 27", wreah 2^- ; pret. 3 pi. wrugon 3''', 77-, 88^''. See be^vreoii. ^v^e'ff^an, see be>vre7Siaii. wre'ffstu'tfu, f., prop, support : ip. wreN- stul'um 41-. Avri;»ian, W2, strive, push one's 700 y: 3 sg. wiiga|) 22^^. writ, see {jcwrit. ■\vrian 60^. See lialswriSa. ^VI•l^yaIl, 1, I'ind : 3 sg. wrlS 51''; pp. wri|>en 54". ^v^lxIan, Wl, chani;e (r-o/Vf), .r/;/;-- : i sg. wri,\le 9-; inf. 611". ? wrohtsta'f, ni., injury: dp. wroht- stafuni (MS. wroht stap) T^^. ^v^otan, R, root up (of s7C'ine) : \tt.c. nsm. wrntende 41''^''. Avudu, m. I. -.oooJ {material), thing of'ivood: ns. i,\^^, 57^; ds. wuda i p'', 8822; as. wido 572 ; is. wuda 932''.— 2. tree: ns. 54'', 561^. — 3. wood, for- est: [ds. wuda i'"] ; as. 2^, 81'. — 4. ship : ns. 4-'^. AviKlubr'ani, m., forest tree: gp. wudu- heama .SiS'". w\n\uirl^ow,n., forest tree: as. 56^. Aviildor, n., ,i,'lory : ns. 84''2 ; gs. wuldres 67" ; is. wuklre 31-. wuldorcyiiinf"-, m., Kiris^of glory {God) : gs. wuldon yninges 4021. ■\viil=^-i'']; gs. wulfes [i«], 93'--''. ■wiilfhr'afodtreo, n., galUnvs, cross ? : ns. 56i--i. Aviill, f., wool: gs. wuUe 36-' {f.eid. uullan). wii lid, f., 7i '('//■//.-T .) : nsn. 26^^ Aviindiaii, \V2, 7c>ound: opt. 3 pi. wun- digen 84''^ ■\viindor, n., 7oonder, marvel: ns. 69^; gs. wundres 61^'' ; as. 482 ; gp. wundra 22**, S3I'', 84^; ip. vvundrum, 7vonder- fully. 36I (so Leid), 372, 51I, 682, (^^1^ S4i2i.4'i. ?wundor6S«. ■wiindorora'ft, m., 7iwndrous skill: is. wundorcraefte 41^5 AviiiidorlTc, adj., 7oonderful : nsf. wun- dt-rlicu 19!, 21^ 25^, 26^, wundorlTcu 30"; nsn. 882'-; asf. wundorlice 30'. 87I ; comp. asm. wundorlicran 32^^. ^VIlIl-' Battering-ram 54 Beaker 04 Beam 31 (. f. 56) Bee 35, 46 Beech 92 Beer 29 Bell 5, 9 Bellows 38, 87 Bible 68 Bird and AN'ind 30 Boat 37 Body and Soul 44 Book 27 Bookcase 50 Bookmoth 48 Borer 63 Bow 24 Bridge 23 Broom 53 Bubble 1 1 Buckets ^3 Bullock 39 Butterfly (OcoDn 14 Cage 50 Cask and Cooper S7 Chalice 60 Chicken.s 14 Chopping-block 6 Churn 55 Citadel ('Burg') 18 Cloud and Wind 30 Cock and Hen 43 Cocoon 1 4 Communion Cup 60 Cooper and Ca.sk 87 Crab 78 Creation (' Creatura ') 41, 67,94(?) Cross 315-fl, 56 Crowd 32 Cuckoo 10 Cupping-gla.ss 71 Cuttle-fish 74 Cynewulf i, 90 Dagger 71 Dagger Sheath 45 Day 40 Dog 51. 75 Dough 46 Dragon 52 Draw-well 59 Earth 42 Earthquake 411''' Earthquake, Submarine, 3 Falcon 21, 80 (cf. 20, 65) Fiddle 32 Field of grain in ear (' Ahrenfeld ') 31 201 Fingers and Gloves 14 Fingers and Pen 52 Fire 42, 51 Fire-rod 63 Fish 78 Fish and River 85 Flail 5, 53, 57 Flute 611-10, 64 Foot and Shoe 63 Gallows 56 Cimlet 63 Gloves and Fingers 14 Gnats 58 Gold 12, S3 Hailstones 58 Harp 29, 56 Hawk 21, 80 (cf. 20, 65) Hedgehog 16 Helmet 71,81 Hemp 26 Hen and Cock 43 Hip (' Rosenbutz ') 26 Horn 15, 80, 88, 93 Horse (cf. 20, 65) Horse and Wagon 52 Hurricane 4 Ice 69 Iceberg 34 Inkhorn 88, 93 Jay 9. 25 Key 45, 91 Kirtle 62 292 RIDDLES OF THE EXETER BOOK Lamb of God 90 Lance 73 Leather 13 Leather Bottle 19, 89 Leek, 26, 66 Letter-beam 61 Letters of alphabet 14 Lock and Key 45, 91 Loom 57 Lot, his two daughters, and their two sons 47 Lupus 90 Mail-coat 36, Leiden Mail-shirt 62 Man on horseback with spear and hawk 20, 65 Martins 58 Mead 28 Measuring-worm 14 Millstone 5, 33 Mime 25 Month 23 Moon 40, 95 Moon and Sun 30 Mustard 26 Night 12 Nightingale 9 (Obscene riddles 26, 43, 45. 46, 55, 62. 63, 64) Ocean-furrow 1 1 One-eyed Garlic-seller 86 Onion 26, 66 Ore 83 Organ 86 Oven 18, 50, 55 Owl that eats snakes (Aspule-ilf) 65 0x72 Oxen, Yoke of, 53 Oxhide 13 Oyster 76, 77, 78 Paten 49 Peacock with rings on tail 65 Pen 611017 Pen and Fingers 52 Pipe 9, 61 '10, 70 Plow 22 Poker 63 Porcupine 16 Pyx 49 Rain-drops 58 Rainwater 31 Rake 35 Reed 61 Reed-pen 61io-i7 Reed-pipe 6II-10 Kiddle i, 95 River and Fish 85 Rune-staff 61 Rye-straw (' Roggen- halm ') 70 Scabbard 56 Scop 95 Shawm 70 Sheath 45, 56 Shield 6. 56 Ship 33, 37, Si Shirt 62 Shoe and Foot 63 Sickle 91 Siren 74 Soul and Body 44 Sow with five farrow 37 Spear 54. 73, 80 (cf. 20, 65) Stag-horn 88, 93 Starlings 58 Storm 2^4 Storm at sea 3, 4i"-'6 Storm on land and sea 2 Storm-clouds 5S Submarine earthquake 3 Sun 7, 74 Sun and Moon 30 Swallow and Sparrow 30 Swallows 58 Swan 8 Sword 21, 71, So Sword-rack 56 Ten Chickens 14 Thunderstorm 4-''-*''' Time 40 Tree 31i-*(cf. 54, 56, 73, 92) Turning-lathe 57 Two Buckets 53 Visor 81 Wagon T,i„ 38, 72 Wagon and Horse 52 Wake (of ship) 1 1 Wandering Singer 95 Water 31, 42. 74, 84 W^ater-lily 1 1 Weathercock 81 Web and Loom 57 Well with well-sweep 59 Wheels and Axle 72 Whip 28 Wine 12 Wine-cask 29 Winter 69 Wisdom 42 Wolf in two hop-rows 90 Wolves and Lamb (Apocalyptic) 90 Woodpecker 25 Wood-pigeon 9 Word of God 95 Young Bull 39 ■^^ ■''^^ "^^ v^ ,s -^.1 .c,- ■^■<'-\ \ ■'V v^ .,^^^• -.. ^>^ v^ \^^ "^^^ '^ ^ vV P, .5 -:;- -7^, % ,^\^^' ^^• '^. ^ -r, o5 -^t aN ■ •^'' V- V