■^. .^^ ,^" 'c^. ^y. <^' ^- .\^ ^'^ V H r.. % .S^^ -^ /^^r^^^^/l.o:^ ^-ey^^ THE MARYEL OE 1^ATI01[S. OUE COUNTRY. ITS PAST, PRESENT, and PUTUPE. QXJK NATIONAI^ KNIBLE^NX. j^-< " ^— "^r/\ ;\/i' III/ ft (^ ii» OUR COUNTRY : Its Past, Present, mb Future AND WHAT THE SCRIPTURES SAY OF IT. By UI^IAH SMITH, Professor of Biblical Exegesis in Battle Creek College, Thirty Years Editor "Review and Herald," Author of "Thoughts on Danielandthe Revelation," " Man's Nature and Destiny," " Parliannentary Rules," etc. Seventieth Thousand. REVIEW & HERALD, PUBLISHERS, BATTLE CREEK, MICH. ; PACIFIC PRESS, OAKLAND, CAL.; PRESE^TT TKUTH, GREAr GRIMi-BY, ENGLAND. 18 8 7. A\K ^ni i:!^r !^ ]-!\ A i ' '"- A''.'»T^ %*.vl. >. r, -TMfciiJWf^* " Westward the Course of Empire takes its way, Tiie first four Acts already past, A fiftfi shall close the drama with the day, — Time's noblest offspring is the Last." —BISHOP GEORGE BERKELEY. WRITTEN ABOUT 1726. Copyrighted by Review & Herald, battle creek, mich., 1885. 1 APR 10 1919 IE hav otic citiz^ est in all that ^ is, and is to be iligent and patri- ublic, feels an inter- try — in what it has been, While he looks with just pride on its past unparalleled progress and noble achievements, and surveys with satisfaction its present position of national exaltation and influ- ence, with its free government, immense wealth, and exhaustless resources, he cannot be indifferent to probabilities affecting its future, so far as they may be legitimately calculated from lessons of history, from principles established in our own Constitution, and from the tendency of influences already actively and widely at work in different parts of our land. In this direction, the mind of every one must turn with peculiar interest ; and while many unquestionable conclusions relative to our future may be established on the gi-ounds already referred to, we believe there is another source of instruction, almost wholly overlooked or ignored, which sets forth more explicitly and more fully startling developments which days not far to come have in store for us. It is designed in this work to call particular atten- tion to these matters. We do not purpose here to enter largely into the history of this government. There are works already published which leave nothing to be desired in this direction. Neither is it our object to make in these pages either political economy, arithmetic, or geography, a specialty, though something will be referred to unddr each head. The leading title of the book is given as "The Marvel of Nations ;" and we propose to inquire somewhat into the significance of this "marvel." If we believe that there is a God who rules in the kingdoms of men ( Dan. 5 : 21 ), we must look for his providential hand in human history, in the rise, career, and fall of the nations and peoples of the world. But as a prominent and inevitable object in this line of thought lies the i'aquiry, what providential design we are to look for in a nation which has been so suddenly and rapidly developed as this has vi PREFACE. been, and wliat grand purpose God has to work out through this goodly heritage of ours. This inquiry will not be pressed even to the verge of fancy or speculation ; for, if we mistake not, enough will be found to instruct us, perhaps surprise us, on these points, in the solid and sober realm of fact. Many of the most studious, careful, and critical minds of the present generation, have been led to the conclusion that numer- ous lines of prophecy, spanning many ages and embracing many lands, find their focal point in our own times ; may we not add, also, in our own country ? Certainly, the present age seems to be illuminated by the light of current prophetic fulfillments above all others. Here we find the most emphatic touches of the inspired pencil ; and the events to transpire and the agents therein con- cerned are brought out in a most vivid and startling light. Has the United States any part to act in these scenes ? What do the Scriptures say on this question? None but those who do not be- lieve that God ever foretells the history of nations, or that his providence ever works in their development and decline, can fail to be interested in a consideration of these topics. That this little treatise is exhaustive of the subject which it es- says to bring briefly before the reader, is not claimed ; but many facts are presented which are thought to be worthy of serious consideration, and enough evidence, it is confidently hoped, is produced in favor of the positions taken to show the reader that the subject is not one of mere theory, but one of the highest prac- tical importance, and so enough to stimulate thought, and lead to further inquiry. If the views presented in the following pages are correct, the subject is destined soon to become one of absorbing interest ; and information respecting it is necessary to an understanding of our duties and responsibilities in the solemn and important times that are upon us. In this light we commend it to the candid and se- rious attention of the reader. U. 8. Battle Creek, Mich., ) August^ 1885. ) CHAPTEE I. EXPECTATIONS AND PREDICTIONS OF EMINENT MEN. Prominence and influence of this nation — Ten striking facts — Remarkable declarations and jDredictions by Sir Thomas Browne, Rev. Andrew Burnaby, John Adams, Galiani, Adam Smith, Governor Pownal, David Hartley, Count dAranda, Bishop of St. Asaph, George Herbert, De- Tocqueville, G. A. Townsend, and Rev, J. M. Foster. .13-21 CHAPTER II. A century's progress. Testimony of Emile de Girardin, the Dublin (Ireland) Nation, Mitchell — First settlements — Population — Close of the Revolution — Territorial growth — Increase of Population — Development of cities — Industrial growth — First cot- ton-mills and railroads — Great American inventions — Agriculture — Cotton industry — Live stock — Manufactures — Iron and other metals — Mining — The gold discovery — Commerce — Banking and insurance — Arts and sciences — Literature — Printing — Postal and telegraph service — America the great cattle raiser — Lumber interests — The great coal producer — Most notable structures in the world — Progress in one generation 22-70 CHAPTER in. POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE OF THE NATION. Civil and religious liberty — Constitutional guarantees — A [vii] viii CONTENTS. nation on a new model — The magnet of America — The asylum of the oppressed — Morality and religion — Organ ized liberty — Constitution-making — Our Constitution pro- nounced in England the most sacred political document in the world — American literature abroad — Stability of our government — The model republic 71 -8b CHAPTEE lY. IMPORTANT PROBABILITIES CONSIDERED. A miracle of growth — Providence conspicuous in our history — Why nations are mentioned in the Bible — Why should not our own be mentioned ? — Survey of Biblical symbols — Conclusions 89-38 CHAPTEK y. A CHAIN OF PROPHECY. Second symbol of Revelation 13 — The prophecy located — The Church of God the prominent object — Symbols explained — Historical facts considered — Chronology, location, character, work, continuance, and overthrow of two important symbols 94-104 CHAPTEE YI. LOCATION OF THE GOVERNMENT REPRESENTED BY THE SECOND SYMBOL OF REVELATION 13. Leading symbolic features — Religious elements — Not in the Eastern Hemisphere — The ten kingdoms of Western Eu- rope — Testimony of Machiavelli, Bishop Kewton, Faber, and Dr. Hales — Time's noblest offspring — The Western Hemisphere — The eyes of all Europe upon us — Sayings of Talleyrand ^ 105-113 CONTENTS. ix CHAPTEE YIL WHEN MUST THE GOVERNMENT INDICATED BY THIS SYMBOL ARISE ? Chronology an important consideration — The head of the government — Rome's seven forms of government — A deadly wound — Papal overthrow in 1798 — Testimony of Geo. Croly, A. M. — Three important chronological proofs — Survey of the Western Hemisphere — The United States the leading nation here 114-123 CHAPTEE YIIL THE UNITED STATES HAS ARISEN IN THE EXACT MANNER INDICATED BY THE SYMBOL. Comes up in a new territory — Comes up peacefully — Yiew of J. P. Thompson, LL. D. — Burke on the American Revo- lution — The expression used by the Apostle John — Gr. A. Townsend's testimony — Edward Everett on English exiles — Corroborated by statistics of progress 124-130 CHAPTEE IX. THE TWO GREAT PRINCIPLES OF THE GOVERNMENT. How the Scriptures symbolize power and strength — A Church without a pope and a State without a king — Civil and religious liberty — Republicanism and Protestantism — A youthful power — Declaration of Independence — A noble profession — Law of symbols 131-135 CHAPTEE X. INCONSISTENT UTTERANCES. Points made — Religious bigotry of the past — Danger of ecclesiastical power — How a government speaks— Dan- CONTENTS. gerous tendencies — Opposition to dissenters — ^A warning by D'Aubigne — Political corruption — Spirit of the Dark Ages still alive — Cbarles Beecher on Protestant apostasy — Principles of the French Revolution — Time the teacher 136-145 CHAPTER XI. HE DOETH GREAT WONDERS. Modern discoveries in the arts and sciences — Wonderful in- ventions — Religious wonder?— Meaning of 2 Thess. 2 : 9, 10 — Spiritualism — Experiments by Prof. Zollner — Judge Edmonds's testiroony — To the kings of the earth — Extent of this work 146-158 CHAPTER XII. CHURCH AND STATE. The government republican — A Protestant nation — Collusion with the papacy — What is possible in this government — Influences at work — Condition of Christianity — Warn- ings from the Scriptures — Existing expectations — A great American Catholic Church called for 159-167 CHAPTER XIII. THE SUNDAY QUESTION. Agents identified — Acts ascribed to each — The coming issue — A fearful sin denounced — Bishop Newton on the use of a mark — The characteristics of Ro- man Catholicism — What it has attempted in the re- ligious world — Agreement between Daniel and Paul — How a person shows himself a follower of the papacy — What the Roman Catholic Church claims to have done — Relics of Romanism retained by Protestants — The Re- formers vindicated 168-186 CONTENTS. xi CHAPTER XIV. INDICATIONS OF COMING CHANGES. Movements toward Church and State — Influence of Spiritual- ism — Efforts for a union of all Churches — Sunday reform movements — Religion in politics — The National Reform Association — Seeking to amend the Constitution — A "Politico-Theological movement" on foot — History of the National Reform movement — Strong resolutions — The Pittsburg Convention — Progress of the work — Intu- itions of Liberalism — The die cast — Inconsistent profes- sions — The Independent humorously unveils the movement — The Church to rule — Religious tests for office — Religious legislation called for — Compulsion for dissenters — Equal rights ignored — A political party on a religious platform — The Sunday movement in foreign lands — Combined strength of religious bodies — Sunday as a political insti- tution — Secretary Thompson's position — A hypocritical distinction — Religious discrimination — Demands of Liber- alism — Religious tyranny impending — Desperate deter- minations — Change in public sentiment — Surrender of the Reformation — Our position defined — Inevitable result of the proposed movement — "The old Philadelphia lie" — Consent of the governed — Religious oppression begun — Unmistakable indications for the future 187-268 APPENDIXES 275-289 LIST 0F ILLUSTRATieNS. — -^^m — PAGE. Steel Portrait of Author, 2 Our National, Emblem, -------.. 4 Plymouth Eock, ...„ 21 Map, Showing our Several Accessions of Territory, - 25 Chicago as It Appeared in 1833, = 28 Great Chicago Fire, .=. 28 Bird's-Eye Vieay of Chicago in 1880, - . - . = 29 First Dutch Settlement of New York in 1612, - - - 31 New York City in 1648, .-..--.= 31 New York City in 1880, , . = . 32 Agricultural Yignette, -------- 34 Mining Scenes, -- = -39, 40 View on the Erie Canal, ------- ^ 42 The First Locomotive, - 43 A Common Kailroad Scene, 44 Signal Station on the Pennsylvania Eailroad, - - 45 A Wood Engraver Plying his Profession, - - . 47 The Old Franklin (Ramage) Press, _. = -.= 50 The Hoe Perfecting Press, ....... 51 Battle Creek Tabernacle, -.- 52 Ministering to the Fallen, ----..= 53 Home for the Homeless, ------.. 53 A Bird's-Eye Vieav of the United States, - - - = 56 Lumber Yignette, ---------- 57 Capitol Building at Washington, D. C, - - - - 59 The Washington Monument, -=. 60 Bartholdi's Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World, 62 The Brooklyn Bridge, -..---_- 53 Fulton's First Steamboat (1807), ------ 65 The "Sound" Steamer Pilgrim (1885), 65 The Great Prairies of the West, ------ 67 The Mayflower (From a Model in Pilgrim Hall), - 69 Meeting of the Orient and Occident, ----- 70 American Progress (PLATE), ----'--- 71 Let There be Light, --.-_-_.- 104 Small Globe, Showing the Greatest Amount of Land, 113 Our National Emblem, 123 American Yignette, 130 Lamblike Symbol, 135 A Storm, .-_. I45 Increase of Knowledge, --- 149 Signers of the Declaration of Independence, - - 253, 269 [xii] OUR COUNTRY: ITS PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE. CHAPTER I. EXPECTATIONS AND PREDICTIONS OF EMINENT MEN. [T is but a little more than one hundred years since the nation known as " The United STATES OF America " began to exist. A hundred years is not a long period in the history of nations. Let the eye run back upon the path of history, and mark the condition of nations when only a hundred years of age. Ancient Rome, the most notable of them all, when it had attained the age of a hundred years, was scarcely known outside the few provinces of Italy which composed its territory. Not so with this new empire of the West. Ere a hundred years had elapsed, its fame had encircled the earth, exciting the wonder and envy of the aged and stagnant kingdoms of other lands. It began with a few small settlements of earnest men, who, fleeing from the religious in- tolerance of the Old World, occupied a narrow area along our Atlantic coast. Now, a mighty nation, with a vast expanse of territory stretching from ocean to ocean, and from regions almost arctic on the north to regions as nearly torrid on the south, em- bracing more square leagues of habitable land than [13] 14 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. Rome ruled over in its palmiest days, after more than seven centuries of growth, here holds a position of in- dependence and glory among the nations of the earth.* And the sound of this new nation has gone into all the world. It has reached the toiling millions of Europe ; and they are swarming to our shores to share its blessings. It has gone to the islands of the sea ; and they have sent their living contributions to swell its busy population. It has reached the Orient, and opened, as with a pass-word, the gates of nations long barred against intercourse with other powers ; and China and Japan, turning.from their beaten track of forty centuries, are looking with wonder at the prodigy arising across the Pacific to the east of them, and catching some of the impulse which this growing power is imparting to the nations of the earth. Precisely one hundred and nine years ago, with about three millions of people, the United States be- came an independent government. It has now a pop- ulation of over fifty-five millions of people, and a ter- ritory of more than three and a half millions of square miles. Russia alone exceeds this nation in these par- ticulars, having thirty millions more of people, and, including the vast and dreary regions of Siberia, nearly five millions more square miles of territory. f * In a speech at the " Centennial Dinner " at the Westminster Palace Ho- tel, London, July 4, 1876, J. P. Thompson, LL. D., speaking of the United States, said : " They have proved the possibility of free, popular govern- ment upon a scale to which the Roman Republic of five hundred years was but a province." — The United States as a Nation^ p. xvii. f The area of the two countries is given in " Lippincott's Gazetteer of the World," as follows: — United States, 3,580,242 square miles. Russia, 8,352,940 square miles. EXPECTATIONS AND PREDICTIONS. 15 Of all other nations on the globe whose laws are framed by legislative bodies elected by the people, Brazil, which has the largest territory, has but little more than three millions of square miles ; and France, the most populous, has not by many millions so great a number of inhabitants as our country. So that in point of territory and population combined, it will be seen that the United States now stands at the head of the self-governing powers of the earth. Occupying a position altogether unique, this gov- ernment excites equally the astonishment and the ad- miration of all beholders. The main features of its history are such as have had no parallel since the dis- tinction of nations existed among men. 1. No nation ever acquired so vast a territory in so quiet a manner. 2. No nation ever rose to such greatness by means so peaceable. 3. No nation ever advanced so rapidly in all that constitutes national strength and capital. 4. No nation ever rose to such a pinnacle of power in a space of time so incredibly short. 5. No nation in so limited a time has developed such unlimited resources. 6. No nation has ever existed, the foundations of whose government were laid so broad and deep in the principles of justice, righteousness, and truth. Y. No nation has ever existed in which men have been left so free to worship God according to the dic- tates of their own consciences. 8. In no nation and in no age of the world have the arts and sciences so flourished, so many improvements been made, and so great successes been achieved in the arts both of peace and war, as in our own country during the last fifty years. 16 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. 9. In no nation and in no age has the gospel found such freedom, and the churches of Christ had such liberty to enlarge their borders and develop their strength. 10. No age of the world has seen such an immigra- tion as that which is now pouring into our borders from all lands the millions who have long groaned under despotic governments, and who now turn to this broad territory of freedom as the avenue of hope, the Utopia of the nations. The most discerning minds have been intuitively impressed with the idea of the future greatness and power of this government. In view of the grand re- sults developed and developing, the discovery of America by Columbus, not four hundred years ago, is set down as " the greatest event of all secular his- tory." The progress of empire to this land was long ago expected. Sir Thomas Browne, in 1682 predicted the growth of a power here which would rival the European king- doms in strength and prowess. In Burnaby's " Travels through the Middle Settle- ments of North America in 1759 and 1760," published in 1775, is expressed this sentiment : — "An idea, strange as it is visionary, has entered into the minds of the generality of mankind, that empire is traveling westward ; and every one is looking forward with eager and impatient expec- tation to that destined moment when America is to give the law to the rest of the world." John Adams, Oct. 12, 1775, wrote : — " Soon after the Reformation, a few people came over into this New World for conscience' sake. Perhaps this apparently trivial incident may transfer the great seat of empire to America." EXPECTATIONS AND PREDICTIONS. 17 On the day after the signing of the Declaration of Independence, he wrote : — "Yesterday the greatest question was decided wliich was ever debated in America, and a greater, perhaps, never was, nor will be, decided among men." In 1776, GaHanI, a Neapolitan, predicted the grad- ual decay of European institutions, to renew them- selves in America. In 1778, in reference to the ques- tion as to which was to be the ruling power in the world, Europe or America, he said, — *'I will wager in favor of America." Adam Smith, of Scotland, in 1776 predicted the transfer of empire to America. Governor Pownal, an English statesman, in 1780, while our Revolution was in progress, predicted that this country would become independent, and that a civilizing activity, beyond what Europe could ever know, would animate It ; and that its commercial and naval power would be found In every quarter of the globe. Again he said : — "North America has advanced, and is every day advancing, to growth of state, with a steady and continually accelerating motion, of which there has never yet been any example in Europe." . David Hartley wrote from England in 1777 : — "At sea, which has hitherto been our prerogative element, they [the United States] rise against us at a stupendous rate ; and if we cannot return to our old mutual hospitalities toward each other, a very few years will show us a most formidable hostile marine, ready to join hands with any of our enemies." Count d'Aranda, one of the first of Spanish states- men, in 1783 thus wrote of this Republic : — "This Federal Republic was born a pygmy, so to speak. It re- quired the support and forces of two powers as great as Spain and 18 THE MARVEL OF JSFATIOKS, France in order to attain independence. A day will come when it will be a giant, even a colossus, formidable in these countries." * Sir Thomas Browne, referred to above, in 1684 pub- lished certain ''Miscellany Tracts," one of which, en- titled "The Prophecy," is the one which contains his reflections on the rise and progress of America. Dr. Johnson says of it: "Browne plainly discovers his expectation to be the same with that entertained lately with more confidence by Dr. Berkeley that 'America will be the seat of the fifth empire.'" It is in verse, and the lines relating to America are : — "When Kew England shall trouble Kew Spain, "When America shall cease to send out its treasure. But employ it at home in American pleasure ; When the new world shall the old invade, Nor count them their lords, but their fellows in trade.'* — Duyckinck's American Literature, vol. i.,p. 179. In 1773 the Bishop of St. Asaph (Wales) before the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, said : — "The colonies of North America have not only taken root and acquired strength, but seem hastening, with an accelerated prog- ress, to such a powerful state as may introduce a new and imj)or- tant change in human affairs." — Ld. The transfer of religion to this land, and its revival here, was also expected. George Herbert in a poem entitled "The Church Militant," published in 1633, said : — ** Religion stands on tiptoe in our land. Ready to pass to the American strand." — Id. Of these prophecies, some are now wholly fulfilled, * These quotations are from au article by Hon. Charles Sumner, entitled "Prophetic Voices about America," published in the Atlantic Monthly of September, 1867. EXPECTATIONS AND PREDICTIONS. 19 and the remainder far on the road to fulfiUraent. This infant of yesterday stands forth to-day a giant, vigorous, active, and courageous, and accepts with dignity its manifest destiny at the head of powers and civilizations. A question of thrilling interest now arises. This government has received recognition at the hands of men sufficient to satisfy any ambition. Does the God of heaven also recognize it, and has he spoken con- cerning it 1 In other words, does the prophetic pen, which has so fully delineated the rise and progress of all the other great nations of the earth, pass this one by unnoticed .? What are the probabilities in this matter 1 As the student of prophecy, in common with all mankind, looks with wonder upon the un- paralleled rise and progress of this nation, he can- not repress the conviction that the hand of Providence has been at work in this quiet but mighty revolution. And this conviction he shares in common with others. Governor Pownal, from whom a quotation has al- ready been presented, speaking of the establishment of this country as a free and sovereign power, calls it— "A revolution that has stranger marks of divine interposition, su- perseding the ordinary course of human affairs, than any other event which this world has experienced." De Tocqueville, a French writer, speaking of our separation from England, says : — "It might seem their folly, but was really their fate ; or, rather, the providence of God, who has doubtless a work for them to do in which the massive materiality of the English character would have been too ponderous a dead weight upon their progress." Geo. Alfred Townsend, speaking of the misfortunes 20 TBE MARVEL OF NATION'S. that have attended the other governments on this continent (New World and Old, p. 635), says : — "The history of the United States was separated by a beneficent Providence far from the wild and cruel history of the rest of the continent." Again he says : — "This hemisphere was laid away for no one race. ' Mr. J. M. Foster, in a Sermon before the Reformed Presbyterian Church in Cincinnati, O., Nov. 30, 1882, bore the following explicit testimony to the fact that the hand of Providence has been remarkably displayed in the establishment of this government ; — "Let us look at the history of our own nation. The Mediator long ages ago prepared this land as the home of civil and religious liberty. He made it a land flowing with milk and honey. He stored our mountains with coal, and iron, and copj^er, and silver, and gold. He prepared our fountains of oil, planted our forests, leveled our plains, enriched our valleys, and beautified them with lakes and rivers. He guided the Mayflower over the sea, so that the Pilgrim Fathers landed safely on Plymouth Rock. He directed the course of our civilization, so that we have become a great na- tion." riymoutli Rock. The spot where the Pilgkim Fathers landed from the "Mayflower," Dec. 21, 1620. A rtion of this granite rock has been removed from the water-side, and located in front of Igrim Hall, protected by an iron fence. The original portion on Water Street, is covered by suitable canopy, in the top of which are the bones of the original settlers. Plymouth is 37 lies southeast from Boston, Mass. 121] CHAPTER II. A CENTURY'S PROGRESS. ^AVE the foregoing predictions been justified, M\ and the expectations of these great men been '^i^ fulfilled ? Every person whose reading is or- dinarily extensive has something of an idea of what the United States is to-day ; he likewise has an idea, so far as words can convey it to his mind, of what this country was at the commencement of its history. The only object, then, in presenting statistics and testimony on this point, is to show that our rapid growth has struck mankind with the wonder of a constant miracle. Said Emile de Girardin in La Liberie (1868) : — " The poj)ulation of America, not thinned by any conscription, multiplies with prodigious rapidity, and the day may before [long be] seen, when they will number sixty or eighty millions of souls. This parvenu [one recently risen to notice] is aware of his impor- tance and destiny. Hear him proudly exclaim, 'America for Amer- icans ! ' See him promising his alliance to Russia ; and we see that power, which well knows what force is, grasp the hand of this giant of yesterday. "In view of his unparalleled progress and combination, what are the little toys with which we vex ourselves in Euroj^e? What is this needle gun we are anxious to get from Prussia, that we may beat her next year with it? Had we not better take from Amer- ica the principle of liberty she embodies, out of which have come her citizen pride, her gigantic industry, and her formidable loy- alty to the destinies of her republican land?" The Dublin (Ireland) Nation^ already quoted, about the year 1850 said ; — [23] A CENTURY'S PROGRESS. 23 "In the East there is arising a colossal centaur called the Rus- sian empire. With a civilized head and front, it has the sinews of a huge barbaric body. There one man's brain moves 70,000,- 000. [In 1870, 87,795,987.— Zzppmco^.] There all the traditions of the people are of aggression and conquest in the West. There but two ranks are distinguishable — serfs and soldiers. There the map of the future includes Constantinople and Vienna as out- posts of St. Petersburg. " In the West, an opposing and still more wonderful American empire is emerging. We islanders have no conception of the ex- traordinary events which amid the silence of the earth are daily adding to the power and pride of this gigantic nation. Within three years, territories more extensive than these three kingdoms [Great Britain, Ireland, and Scotland], France, and Italy put together, have been quietly, and in almost 'matter-of-course* fashion, annexed to the Union. " Within seventy years, seventeen new Sovereignties, the small- est of them larger than Great Britain, have peaceably united themselves to the Federation. No standing army was raised, no national debt was sunk, no great exertion was made, but there they are. And the last mail brings news of three more great States about to be joined to the thirty, — Minnesota in the northwest, Deseret in the southwest, and California on the shores of the Pa- cific. These three States will cover an area equal to one-half of the European continent." Mitchell, in his "School Geography" (fourth revised edition), p. 101, speaking of the United States, says : — ''It presents the most striking instance of national growth to be found in the history of mankind." Let us reduce these general statements to the more tangible form of facts and figures. A short time be- fore the great Reformation in the days of Martin Luther, not four hundred years ago, this western hemisphere was discovered. The Reformation awoke the nations, that were fast fettered in the galling bonds of superstition, to the fact that it is the 24: THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. heaven-born right of every man to worship God ac- cording to the dictates of his own conscience. But rulers are loth to lose their power, and religious in- tolerance still oppressed the people. Under these circumstances, a body of religious heroes at length determined to seek in the wilds of America that measure of civil and religious freedom which they so much desired. Two hundred and sixty-five years ago, Dec. 22, 1620, the Mayflower landed one hun- dred of these voluntary exiles on the coast of New England. *' Here," says Martyn, "New England was born," and this was " its first baby cry, — a prayer and a thanksgiving to the Lord." Another permanent English settlement was made at Jamestown, Va., thirteen years before this, in 1607. In process of time other settlements were made and colonies organized, which were all subject to the English crown till the declaration of independence, July 4, me. The population of these colonies, according to the United States Magazine of August, 1855, amounted in 1701, to 262,000 ; in 1749, to 1,016,000 ; in 1775, to 2,803,000, Then commenced the struggle of the American colonies against the oppression of the mother country. In 1776, they declared themselves, as in justice and right they were entitled to be, a free and independent nation. In 1777, delegates from the thirteen original States, — New Hampshire, Mas- sachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Vir- ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, — in Congress assembled, adopted Articles of Confed- eration. In 1783, the war of the Revolution closed with a treaty of peace with Great Britain, whereby A CENTURY'S PROGRESS. 25 our independence was acknowledged, and territory ceded to the extent of 815,615 square miles. In 1Y87 the Constitution was framed, and ratified by the fore- going thirteen States ; and on the first day of March, 1789, it went into operation. Then the American ship of State was fairly launched, with less than one million square miles of territory, and about three millions of souls. Such was the situation when our nation took its position of independence, as one of the self-govern- ing powers of the world. Our territorial growth since that timehasbeen as follows : Louisiana, acquired from France in 1803, comprising 930,928 square miles of territory ; Florida, from Spain in 1821, with 59,268 square miles ; Texas, admitted into the Union in 1845, with 237,504 square miles; Oregon, as settled by treaty in 1846, with 380,425 square miles ; California, as conquered from Mexico in 1847, with 649,762 square miles ; Arizona (New Mexico), as acquired from Mexico by treaty in 1854, with 27,500 square miles ; Alaska, as acquired by purchase from Russia in 1867, with 577,390 square miles. This gives a grand total of three million, six hundred seventy- eight thousand, three hundred and ninety-two (3,678,- 392) square miles of territory, which is about four- ninths of all North America, and more than one-fif- teenth of the whole land surface of the globe. And while this expansion has been thus rapidly going forward here, how has it been with the other leading nations of the globe .? Macmillan & Co., the London publishers, in announcing their " Statesman's Year Book" for 1867, make an interesting statement of the changes that took place in Europe during the 26 THE MABVEL OF NATIONS. half century between the years 1817 and 186T. They say : — "The half century has extinguished three kingdoms, one grand duchy, eight duchies, four principalities, one electorate, and four republics. Three new kingdoms have arisen, and one kingdom has been transformed into an empire. There are now forty-one states in Europe against fifty-nine which existed in 1817. Not less remarkable is the territorial extension of the superior states in the world. Russia has annexed 567,364 square miles; the United States, 1,968,009; France, 4,620; Prussia, 29,781; Sar- dinia, expanding into Italy, has increased by 83,041 ; the Indian empire has been augmented by 431,616. The j)rincipal states that have lost territory are Turkey, Mexico, Austria, Denmark, and the Netherlands." We ask the especial attention of the reader to these particulars. During the last half century, twenty-one governments have disappeared altogether, and only three new ones have arisen. Five have lost in territory instead of gaining. Only five, be- sides our own, have added to their domain. And the one which has done the most in this direction has added only a little over half a million of square miles, while we have added nearly two millions. Thus the United States government has added over fourteen hundred thousand square miles of territory more than any other single nation, and over eight hundred thousand more than have been added by all the other nations of the earth put together. In point of population, our increase since 1798, ac- cording to the census of the several decades, has been as follows: In 1800, the total number of inhabitants in the United States was 5,305,925 ; in 1810, 7,239,- 814 ; in 1820, 9,638,191 ; in 1830, 12,866,020 ; in 1810, 17,069,153 ; in 1850, 23,191,876 ; in 1860, 31,115,089 ; in 1870, 38,555,983 \ in 1880, 50,000,000 ; and now A CENTURY'S PROGRESS. 27 (1885) estimated as not less than 65,000,000. These figures are almost too large for the mind to grasp readily. Perhaps a better idea can be formed of the rapid increase of population by looking at a few rep- resentative cities. Boston, in 1792, had 18,000 inhab- itants ; it now has [census of 1880] 362,839 ; New York, in 1792, 30,000 ; now, 1,206,299. Chicago, about fi fty years ago, was a little trading post, with a few huts ; but yet it contained at the time of the great conflagration in October, 1871, nearly 350,000 souls, and now has 650,000. (See illustrations.) San Francisco, fifty years ago, was a barren waste, but contains to-day 233,956 inhabitants. Our industrial growth has been equally remarkable. In 1792, the United States had no cotton-mills ; in 1850, there were 1,074, employing 100,000 hands. Only fifty-five years ago the first section of the first railroad in this country — the Baltimore and Ohio — was opened to a distance of twenty-three miles."^ We had, Jan. 1, 1883, 115,634 miles in operation, costing * The first timid experiment in railroads was a tramway in Quiney, Mass., built in 1826, chiefly by Thomas H. Perkins and Gridley Bryant, of Boston. Its only purpose was for the easier conveyance — by horses — of building-stone from the granite quarries of Quiney to tide-water. It was the germ, however, of a mighty movement in this country. The first railway in America for passengers and traffic — the Baltimore and Ohio — was chartered by the Maryland Legislature in March, 1827. The capital stock at first was only half a million dollars, and a portion of it was sub- scribed by the State and the city of Baltimore. Horses were its motive power, even after sixty-five miles of the road were built. But in 1829 Peter Cooper, of New York, built a locomotive in Baltimore which weighed one ton, and made eighteen miles an hour on a trial trip to Ellicott's Mills. In 1830 there were twenty-three miles of railway in the United States, which were increased the next year to ninety-five, in 1835, to one thousand and ninety-eight, and in 1840, to nearly three thousand. — Bryanfs History of the United States, yo\. iv., p. 314, The Great dticago Fire, 1871- (Loss $150,000,00a See p. 27,) || 1281 1 30 TEE MARVEL OF NATIONS. $5,750,000,000. It was only forty-five years ago that the magnetic telegraph was invented. Now the esti- mated length of telegraph wire in operation is over 250,000 miles. In 1833, the first reaper and mower was constructed, and in 1846 the first sewing-machine was completed. Think of the hundreds of thousands of both of these classes of machines now in use. And there are now more lines of telegraph and railroad projected and in process of construction than ever before, and greater facilities and larger plans for man- ufactories of all kinds than at any previous point of time. And should these industries increase in the same geometrical ratio for a few years, the figures we now chronicle would then read about as the records of a century ago now read to us. Since the last edition of this work was issued, the electric light, the phonograph, the microphone, and the telephone have appeared in this country, and as- tonished the world with their marvelous achievements. And recently notices appeared in the papers of anew application of elec|:ricity, by which one is actually en- abled to see the person who is addressing him at the other end of the telephone, many miles, perhaps, away. This would seem to be reaching the last possible re- sults in the way of the annihilation of time and space in regard to both hearing and seeing. We take the following article from " The Centen- nial History of the United States," published in 1876 at Hartford, Ct., pp. 768-779 :— "Here, on the verge of the centennial anniversary of the birth of our Republic, let us take a brief review of the material and in- tellectual progress of our country during the first hundred years of its political independence. " The extent of the conceded domain of the United States, in Wl zn^nu^ K/m^fterdcaTz op d^JMan/ui-ttmS , — ^^:^g First Dutch Settlement of IVew York (New Amsterdam) 1019. (See p. 27.) ICew TorU in 1648. (See p. 37.) [81] A CENTURY'S PROGRESS. 33 1776, was not more than half a million square miles ; now [when the word now appears in this relation it means the year 1875] it is more than three million, three hundred thousand square miles. Its population then was about a million and a half ; now it is forty million. "The products of the soil are the foundations of the material wealth of a nation. It has been eminently so with us, notwith- standing the science of agriculture and the construction of good implements of labor were greatly neglected until the early part of the present century. "A hundred years ago the agricultural interests of our country were mostly in the hands of uneducated men. Science was not ajDplied to husbandry. A spirit of improvement was scarcely known. The son copied the way Siafh^ fe-ther. He. worked with no other implements and pursued im otlur methods nf cultivation ; antl he who attempte#a ^auge was' regarded>^s a vi^ioii|Lry or an innovator. Very litfle associa^^ 1^^*/ f^rQimprovemeM; in the business of farming \i^s then seen. TKifir^^BBOciatiomffor such a purpose was formed\itlf^ South, and was knowrljb^ie 'South Carolina Agricultural So(^ftitj^(iT^^i^|g^^^7^^2j^»'^milar soci- ety was formed in PennsylvamaTTftwHfeiHippwifg'^year. Now there are State, county, and even town agricultural societies in almost every part of the Union. "Agricultural implements were rude and simple. They con- sisted chiefly of the plow, harrow, spade, hoe, hand-rake, scythe, sickle, and wooden fork. The plow had a clumsy, wrought-iron share with wooden mold-board, which was sometimes plated with old tin or sheet-iron. The rest of the structure was equally clumsy; and the implement required in its use, twice the amount of strength of man and beast that the present plow does. Improve- ments in the construction of plows during the past fifty years save to the country annually, in work and teams, at least $12,000,000. The first patent for a cast-iron plow was issued in 1797. To the beginning of 1875, about four hundred patents have been granted. "A hundred years ago the seed was sown by hand, and the en- tire crop was harvested by hard, manual labor. The grass was cut with a scythe, and 'cured' and gathered with a fork and hand- rake. The grain was cut with a sickle, threshed with a flail or the treading of horses, and was cleared of the chaff by a large clamshell-shaped fan of wicker-work, used in a gentle breeze. The 3 84 Tnm MARVEL OF KATIOKS, drills, seed-sowers, cultivators, mowers, reapers, threshing- machines, and fanning-mills of our day, were all unknown. They are the inventions of a time within the mem- ory of living men. Abortive attempts were made toward the close of the last century to introduce a threshing-machine from England, but the flail held sway until two generations ago. Indian corn, to- bacco, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, and hay were sta- ple products of the farm a hundred years ago. Tim- othy and orchard grass had just been introduced. At the present time these products amount annu- ally, on an average, in round numbers, as follows : Indian corn, 900,000,000 bushels ; wheat, 270,000,- 000 ; rye, 23,000,000 ; oats, 300,000,000 ; po- tatoes, 165,000,000 ; and buckwheat (intro- duced within the century) 15,000,000. The hay crop averages about 28,000,000 tons ; the to- bacco crop, about 265,000,000 pounds ; flax, 28,000,000 pounds ; and hemp, 12,- 000 tons. To these agricultural products there have been added, within the century, barley, cotton, and sugar. The barley crop av- erages about 28,000,000 bush- els ; cotton, about 2,000,000,- 000 pounds ; and sugar, 120,000 hogsheads of 1,000 pounds each. The expan- sion of the Cotton I COPYRIGHTED A ZEESE gc'cffl A CENTTIBY'S PROGBEISS. 35 culture has been marvelous. In 1784, eight bales of cotton sent to England from Charleston were seized by the custom-house authorities in Liverpool, on the ground that so large a quantity could not have come from the United States. The progress of its culture was slow until the invention of the gin, by Mr. Whitney, for clearing the seed from the fiber. It did the work of many persons. The cultivation of cotton rapidly spread. From 1793 to 1800, the amount of cotton raised had increased from 138,000 pounds to 18,000,000 pounds, all of which was wanted in Eng- land, where improved machinery was manufacturing it into cloth. The value of slave labor was increased, and a then dying insti- tution lived in vigor until killed by the civil war. The value of the cotton crop in 1793 was $30,000 ; now its average annual value is about $180,000,000. " Fruit culture a hundred years ago was very little thought of. Inferior varieties of apples, pears, peaches, plums, and cherries were cultivated for family use. It was not until the beginning of the present century that any large orchards were planted. The cultivation of grapes and berries was almost wholly unknown fifty years ago. The first horticultural society was formed in 1839. Before that time fruit was not an item of commercial statistics in our country. Now, the average annual value of fruit is estimated at $40,000,000. Our grape crop alone exceeds in value $10,000,000. "Improvements in live stock have all been made within the present century. The native breeds were descended from stock sent over to the colonies, and were generally inferior. In 1773 "Washington wrote in his diary: *With one hundred milch cows on my farm, I have to buy butter for my family.' Now 11,000,- 000 cows supply 40,000,000 inhabitants with milk, butter, and cheese, and allow large exports of the latter article. At least 335,000,000 gallons of milk are sold annually. The annual butter product of our country now is more than 500,000,000 pounds, and of cheese, 70,000,000. There are now about 80,000,000 horned cattle in the United States, equal in average quality to those of any country in the world. *'A hundred years ago, mules and asses were chiefly used for farming purposes and ordinary transportation. Carriage horses were imported from Europe. Now, our horses of every kind are equal to those of any other country. It is estimated that there 36 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. are about 10,000,000 horses in the United States, or one to every four persons. " Sheep husbandry has greatly imjDroved. The inferior breeds of the last century, raised only in sufficient quantity to supply the table, and the domestic looms in the manufacture of yarns and coarse cloth, have been superseded by some of the finer varieties. Merino sheep were introduced early in this century. The embargo before the war of 1812, and the establishment of manufactures here afterward, stimulated sheep and wool raising, and these have been important items in our national wealth. There are now about 30,000,000 sheep in the United States. California is taking the lead as a wool-producing State. In 1870, the wool product of the United States amounted to 100,000,000 pounds. "Improvements in the breed of swine during the last fifty years have been very great. They have become a large item in our na- tional commercial statistics. At this time there are about 26,000,000 head of swine in this country. Enormous quantities of pork, packed and in the form of bacon, are exported annually. "These brief statistics of the principal products of agriculture, show its development in this country and its importance. Daniel Webster said, 'Agriculture feeds us; to a great extent it clothes us; without it we should not have manufactures ; we should not have commerce. They all stand together like pillars in the clus- ter, the largest in the center, and that largest — Agriculture.' "The great manufacturing interests of our country are the product of the century now closing. The policy of the British government was to suppress manufacturing in the English- Amer- ican colonies, and cloth-making was confined to the household. When non-importation agreements cut off supplies from Great Britain, the Irish flax-wheel and the Dutch wool-wheel were made active in families. All other kinds of manufacturing were of small account in this country until the concluding decade of the last century. In Great Britain the inventions of Hargreaves, Arkwright, and Cromptou, had stimulated the cotton and woolen manufactures, and the effects finally reached the United States. Massachusetts offered a grant of money to promote the establish- ment of a cotton-mill, and one was built at Beverly in 1787, the first erected in the United States. It had not the improved English machinery. In 1789, Samuel Slater came from England with a full knowledge of that machinery, and in connection with A GBWTUBY*S PU0GBE88. 37 Messrs. Almy and Brown of Providence, R. 1., established a cot- ton factory tliere in 1790, with the improved imj)lements. Then was really begun the manufacture of cotton in the United States. Twenty years later, the number of cotton-mills in our country was one hundred and sixty-eight, with 90,000 spindles. The business has greatly expanded. In Massachusetts, the foremost State in the manufacture of cotton, there are now over two hundred mills, employing, in prosjDcrous times, 50,000 persons, and a capital of more than 130,000,000. The city of Lowell was founded by the erection of a cotton-mill there in 1822 ; and there the j^rinting of calico was first begun in the United States soon afterward. "With wool, as with cotton, the manufacture into cloth was confined to households, for home use, until near the close of the last century. The wool was carded between two cards held in the hands of the operator, and all the processes were slow and crude. In 1797, Asa Whittemore of Massachusetts invented a carding-machine, and this led to the establishment of woolen manufactures outside of families. In his famous report on man- ufactures, in 1791, Alexander Hamilton said that of woolen goods, hats only had reached maturity. The business had been carried on with success in colonial times. The wool was felted by hand, and furs were added by the same slow process. This manual labor continued until a little more than thirty years ago, when it was supplanted by machinery. Immense numbers of hats of ev- ery kind are now made in our country. "At the time of Hamilton's report, there was only one woolen- mill in the United States. This was at Hartford, Connecticut. In it were made cloths and cassimeres. Now, woolen factories may be found in almost every State in the Union, turning out an- nually the finest cloths, cassimeres, flannels, carpets, and every variety of goods made of wool. In this business, as in cotton, Massachusetts has taken the lead. The value of manufactured woolens in the United States, at the close of the civil war, was estimated at about $60,000,000. The supply of wool in the United States has never been equal to the demand. '* The smelting of iron ore and the manufacture of iron has be- come an immense business in our country. The development of ore deposits and of coal used in smelting, are among the marvels of our history. English navigation laws discouraged iron man- ufacture in the colonies. Only blast-furnaces for making pig- 38 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS, iron were allowed. This product was nearly all sent to England in exchange for manufactured articles ; and the whole amount of such exportation, at the beginning of the old war for inde- pendence, was less than 8,000 tons annually. The colonists were wholly dependent upon Great Britain for articles manufactured of iron and steel, excepting rude implements made by blacksmiths for domestic use. During the war, the Continental Congress were compelled to establish manufactures of iron and steel. These were chiefly in Northern New Jersey, the Hudson High- lands, and Western Connecticut, where excellent ore was found, and forests in abundance for making charcoal. The first use of anthracite coal for smelting iron was in the Continental Armory at Carlisle, in Pennsylvania, in 1775. But charcoal was univers- ally used until 1840 for smelting ores. "Now, iron is manufactured in our country in every form from a nail to a locomotive. A vast number of machines have been invented for carrying on these manufactures ; and the pro- ducts in cutlery, fire-arms, railway materials, and machinery of every kind, employ vast numbers of men and a great amount of capital. Our locomotive builders are regarded as the best in the world ; and no nation on the globe can compete with us in .the construction of steam-boats of every kind, from the iron-clad war steamer to the harbor tug. ** In the manufacture of copper, silver, and gold, there has been great progress. At the close of the Revolution, no manufactures of the kind existed in our country. Now, the manufacture of copper-ware yearly, of every kind, and jewelry and watches, has become a large item in our commercial tables. "The manufacture of paper is a very large item in the business of our country. At the close of the Revolution there were only three mills in the United States. At the beginning of the war, a demand sprung up, and Wilcox, in his mill near Philadelphia, made the first writing-paper produced in this country. He man- ufactured the thick, coarse paper on which the continental money was printed. So early as 1794 the business had so increased that there were in Pennsylvania alone forty-eight paper-mills. There has been a steady increase in the business ever since. Within the last twenty-five years, that increase has been enormous, and yet not sufficient to meet the demand. Improvements in printing- presses have cheapened the production of books and newspapers. A CENTUBT'S PROGRESS. 89 and the circulation of these has greatly increased. It is estimated that the amount of paper now manufactured annually in the United States for these, for paper-hangings, and for wrapping-paper is full 800,000,000 pounds. The supply of raw material here has not been equal to the demand, and rags to the value of about $3,000,- 000 in a year have been imported. "The manufacture of ships, carriages, wagons, clocks and watches, pins, leather, glass, Indian rubber, silk, wood, sewing- machines, and a variety of other things wholly unknown or feebly carried on a hundred years ago, now flourish, and form very im- portant items in our domestic commerce. The sewing-machine is an American invention, and the first really practical one was first offered to the public by Elias Howe, Jr., about thirty years ago. A patent had been obtained for one five years before. Great im- provements have been made, and now a very extensive business in the manufacture and sale of sewing-machines is carried on by different companies, employing a large amount of capital and costly machinery, and a great number of persons. A Miuiug Scene. " The mining interests of the United States have become an em- inent part of the national wealth. The extraction of lead, iron, copper, the precious metals, and coal, from the bosom of the earth, is a business that has almost wholly grown up within the last hun- dred years. In 1754 a lead mine was worked in Southwestern Vir- ginia ; and in 1778, Dubuque, a French miner, worked lead ore deposits on the western bank of the upper Mississippi. The Jes- 4:0 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS, uit missionaries discovered copper in the Lake Superior region more than two hundred years ago, and that remains the chief source of our native copper ore. That metal is produced in smaller quantities in other States, chiefly in the West and Southwest. "A lust for gold, and the knowledge of its existence in America, was the chief incentive to emigration to these shores. But within the domain of our Republic, very little of it was found, until that domain was extended far toward the Pacific ocean. It was unsus- pected until long after the Revolution. Finally, gold was discov- ered among the mountains of Virginia, North and South Carolina, and in Georgia. North Carolina was the first State in the Union to send gold to the mint in Philadelphia. Its first small contribu- tion was in 1804. Prom that time until 1823 the average amount produced from Korth Carolina mines did not exceed $2,500 annu- ally. Virginia's first contribution was in 1829, when that of North Carolina, for that year, was $128,000. Georgia sent its first con- tribution in 1830. It amounted to $212,000. The product so in- creased that branch mints were established in North Carolina and Georgia in 1837 and 1838, and another in New Orleans. " In 1848, gold was discovered on the American fork of the Sacramento River in California, and soon after- ward elsewhere in that region. A gold fever seized the people of the United States, and thousands rushed to California in search of the precious metals. Within a year from the discovery, nearly 50,000 people were there. Less than five years afterward, California, in one year, sent to the United States mint full $40,000,- 000 in gold. Its entire gold product to this time is es- timated at more than $800,000,000. Over all the far Western States and Territories the precious metals, gold and silver, seem to be scattered in profusion, and the amount of mineral wealth yet to be discovered there seems ;==-_ to be incalculable. Our coal :^ fields seem to be inexhaustible ; and out of the bosom of the earth, in portions of our country, flow millions of ^^^^^::^ barrels annu- A CENTUBY'S PROGRESS. 41 ally of petroleum, or rock-oil, affording the cheapest illuminating material in the world. "Mineral coal was first discovered and used in Pennsylvania at the period of the Revolution. A boat load was sent down the Susquehanna from Wilkesbarre for the use of the Continental works at Carlisle. But it was not much used before the war of 1812 ; and the regular business of mining this fuel did not becoMie a part of the commerce of the country before the year 1820, when 365 tons were sent to Philadelphia. At the j)resent time the amount of coal sent to market from the American mines, of all kinds, is equal to full 15,000,000 tons annually. "The commerce of the United States has had a wonderful growth. Its most active development was seen in New England. British legislation imposed heavy burdens upon it in colonial times, and like manufactures, it was greatly dej)ressed. The New Eng- landers built many vessels for their own use, but more for others ; and just before the breaking out of the Revolution, there was quite a brisk trade carried on between the English- American colo- nies and the West Indies, as well as with the mother country. The colonists exported tobacco, lumber, shingles, staves, masts, turpentine, hemp, flax, pot and pearl ashes, salted fish in great quantities, some corn, live stock, j)ig-iron, and skins and furs j)ro- cured by traffic with the Indians. Whale and cod-fishing was an important branch of commerce. In the former, there were 160 vessels employed at the beginning of 1775, and sperm candles and whale oil were exported to Great Britain. In exchange for New England products, a large amount of molasses was brought from the West Indies, and made into rum to sell to the Indians and fish- ermen, and to exchange for slaves on the coast of Africa. The entire exports of the colonies in the year 1770 amounted in value to $14,262,000. "At the close of the war, the British government refused to en- ter into commercial relations with the United States government, believing that the weak league of States would soon be dissolved ; but when a vigorous national government was formed in 1789, Great Britain, for the first, sent a resident minister to our govern- ment, and entered into a commercial arrangement with us. Mean- while a brisk trade had sprung up between the colonies and Great Britain, as well as with other countries. From 1784 to 1790 the exports from the United States to Great Britain amounted to $53,- 4:2 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. 000,000, and tlie imports from Great Britain to |87,000,000. At the same time several new and important branches of industry had appeared, and flourished with great rapidity. "From that time the expansion of American commerce was marvelous, in spite of the checks it received from British jeal- ousy, wars, piracies in the Mediterranean Sea and elsewhere, and tlic ffects of embargoes. The tonnage of American ships, which in 1789 was 201,562, was in 1870 more than 7,000,000. The ex- ports from the United States in 1870 amounted to about $464,- 000,000, and the imports to about $395,000,000 in gold. "The domestic commerce of the United States is immense. A vast sea-coast line, great lakes, large rivers, and many canals, af- ford scope for inter-State commerce and with adjoining countries. View on tlie Erie l^aiial. not equaled by those of any nation. The canal and railway sys- tems in the United States are the product chiefly of the present century. So also is navigation by steam, on which river com- merce chiefly relies for transportation. This was begun in the year 1807. The first canals made in this country were two short ones, for a water passage around the South Hadley and Montague Falls, in Massachusetts. These were constructed in 1792. At about the same time the Inland Lock Navigation Companies in the State of New York began their work. The Middlesex Canal, connecting Lowell with Boston Harbor, was completed in 1808, and the great Erie Canal, 363 miles in length, was finished in 1825, at a cost of almost $8,000,000, The aggregate length of canals built in the United States is 3,200 miles. "The first railway built in the United States was one three A CENTUBY'8 PROGRESS. 43 miles in length, that connected the granite quarries at Quincy, Mass., with the Neponset River. It was completed in 1827 ; horse power was used. The first use of a loco- motive in this country was in 1829, when one was put upon a railway that connected the coal mines of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Comjiany with Honesdale."^ Now, railwaj^s form a thick net-work all over the United States east of the Mississippi, and are rapidly spread- ing over the States and Territories beyond, to the Pacific ocean. To these facilities for commercial op- erations must be added the Elec- tro-Magnetic Telegraph, an American invention, as a method of transmitting intelligence, and giving warning signals to the shipping and agricultural interests concerning the actual and probable state of the weather each day. The first line, forty miles in length, was constructed between Baltimore and Wash- ington in 1844. Now the lines are extended to every part of our Union, and all over the civilized world, traversing oceans and riv- ers, and bringing Persia and New York within one hour's space of intercommunication. " Banking institutions and insurance companies are intimately connected with commerce. The first bank in the United States was established in 1781, as a financial aid to the government. It was called the Bank of North America. The Bank of New York and Bank of Massachusetts were established soon afterward. On the recommendation of Hamilton, in 1791, a national bank was established at Philadelphia, with a capital of $10,000,000, of which sum the government subscribed $2,000,000. Various bank- ing systems, under State charters, have since been tried. During the civil war, a system of national banking was established, by which there is a uniform paper currency throughout the Union. The number of national banks at the close of 1863 was 66 ; the * This was for freight only. in 1830, as statecj on page 27. The first passenger railway was opened 44 THE 3IABVEL OF NATIONS. number at the close of 1874 was not far from 1,700, involving capital to the amount of almost $500,000,000. "Fire, marine, and life insurance companies have flourished greatly in the United States. The first incorporated company was established in 1792, in Philadelphia, and known as the ' Fire In- surance Company of North America.' Another was established in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1799, and another in New York in 1806. The first life insurance company was chartered in Mas- o & « ^ © CD B P M ^ m 5 ft o p s r IS B ^ 46 TEE MARVEL OF NATIONS, sachusetts in 1825, and tlie * New York Life Insurance and Trust Company ' was established in 1829. All others are of recent or- ganization. As a rule, the business of insurance of every kind is profitable to the insurers and the insured. The amount of capital engaged in it is enormous. The fire risks alone, at the close of 1874, amounted to about $200,000,000. " Our growth in population has been steadily increased by im- migration from Europe. It began very moderately after the Rev- olution. From 1784 to 1794 the average number of immigrants a year was 4,000. During the last ten years the number of persons who have immigrated to the United States from Eurojoe is es- timated at over 2,000,000, who brought with them, in the aggre- gate, $200,000,000 in money. This capital and the productive labor of the immigrants have added much to the wealth of our country. This immigration and wealth is less than during the ten years preceding the civil war, during which time there came to this country from Europe 2,814,554 persons, bringing with them an average of at least $100, or an aggregate of over $281, 000,000. " The Arts, Sciences, and Invention have made a great j^rogress in our country during the last hundred years. These at the close of the Revolution, were of little account in estimating the ad- vance of the race. The practitioners of the Arts of Design, at that period, were chiefly Europeans. Of native artists, C. W. Peale and J. S. Copley stood at the head of painters. There were no sculjJtors, and no engravers of an}^ eminence. Architects, in the proper sense, there were none. After the Revolution a few good painters appeared, and these have gradually increased in numbers and excellence, without much encouragement, except In portraiture, until within the last twenty-five years. We have now good sculptors, architects, engravers, and lithographers; and in all of these departments, as well as in photography^, very great progress has been made within the last thirty or forty years. In wood engraving, especially, the improvement has been won- derful. Forty years ago there were not more than a dozen prac- titioners of the art in this country ; now there are between four and five hundred. At the head of that class of artists stands the name of Dr. Alexander Anderson, who was the first man who en- graved on wood in the United States. He died in 1870 at the age of ninety-five years. In bank-note engTaving we have at- A CENTimTS PROGRESS. 47 tained to greater excellence than any other people. It is con- sidered the most perfect branch of the art in design and execu- tion. " Associations have been formed for improvements in the Arts of Design. The first was organized in Philadelphia in 1791, by C. W. Peale, in connection with Ceracchi, the Italian sculptor. It failed. In 1802 the American Academy of Fine Arts was or- ganized in the city of New York, and in 1807 the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, yet in existence, was established in Phila- delphia. In 1826 the American Academ}^ of Fine Arts was su- A Wood. Engraver plying his Profession, perseded by the National Academy of Design, in the city of New York, which is now a flourishing institution. "In education and literature our progress has kept pace with other things. At the very beginning of settlements, the common school was made the special care of the State in New England. Not so much attention was given to this matter elsewhere in the colonies. The need of higher institutions of learning was early felt ; and eighteen years after the landing of the Pilgrims from the Mayflower, Harvard College was founded. When the war for independence began, there were nine colleges in the col- onies ; namely. Harvard, at Cambridge, Mass. ; William and 48 i'HE MAJiVEL OF J^ATIOJSB. Mary, at "Williamsburg, Ya.; Yale, at ^ew Haven, Conn.; College of New Jersey, at Princeton; University of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia; King's (now Columbia), in the city of New York; Brown University, at Providence, R. 1.; Dartmouth, at Hanover, N. H.; and Rutgers at JNew Brunswick, N. J. There are now about 300 colleges in the United States. ''At the period of the Revolution, teaching in the common schools was very meager, and remained so for full thirty years. Only reading, spelling, and arithmetic were regularly taught. The Psalter, the JNew Testament, and the Bible constituted the reading-books. JN o history was read ; no geography or grammar was taught; and until the putting forth of Webster's spelling- book in 1783, pronunciation was left to the judgment of teachers. That book produced a revolution. "As the nation advanced in wealth and intelligence, the ne- cessity for correct popular education became more and more manifest, and associated efforts were made for the improvement of the schools by providing for the training of teachers, under the respective phase of Teachers' Associations, Educational Period- icals, Normal Schools, and Teachers' Institutes. The first of these societies in this country was the 'Middlesex County Asso- ciation for the Improvement of Common Schools,' established at Middletowu, Connecticut, in 1799. But little of importance was done in that direction until within the last forty-five years. Now, provision is made in all sections of the Union, not only for ''■ the supj)ort of common schools, but for training-schools for teachers. Since the civil war, great efforts have been made to establish common-school systems in the late slave-labor States, that should include among the beneficiaries the colored popula- tion. Much has been done in that regard. "Yery great improvements have been made in the organization and discipline of the public schools in cities within the last thirty years. Free schools are rapidly spreading their beneficent in- fluence over the whole Union, and in some States laws have been made that compel all children of a certain age to go to school. Institutions for the special culture of young women in all that pertains to college education, have been established within a few years. The pioneer in this work is Yassar College, at Pough- keepsie, N. Y., which was first opened in the year 1865. "Besides the ordinary means for education, others have been A OENTXTBT'S PROGRESS. 49 ^'^/^ ^^. established for special purposes. There are Law, Scientific, Med- ical, Theological, Military, Commercial, and Agricultural schools, and seminaries for the deaf, dumb, and blind. In many States school- district libraries have been established. There are continually enlarging means provided for the education of the whole people. Edmund Burke said, ' Education is the cheap defense of nations.' " Our literature is as varied as the tastes of the people. No sub- ject escapes the attention of our native scholars and authors. At the period of the Revolution, books were few in variety and numbers. The larger portion of them were devoted to theological subjects. Booksellers were few, and were only found in the larger cities. Various subjects were dis- cussed in pamphlets, not generally in newspapers, as now. The edi- tions of books were small, and as stereotyping was unknown, they became rare in a few years, because there was only a costly way of reproduction. " In the year 1801, a new impetus was given to the book trade by the formation of the ' American Company of Booksellers ' — a ind of 'union.' Twenty years later, competition broke up the association. Before the war of 1812, the book trade in the United States was small. Only school books had very large sales. Webster's spelling-book was an example of the increas- ing demand for such helps to education. During the twenty years he was engaged on his dictionary, the income from his spelling-book supported him and his family. It was published in 1783, and its sales have continually increased to the pres- ent time, when they amount to over 1,000,000 copies a year. Other school books of every kind now have an immense an- nual circulation. The general book trade in this country is now immense in the numbers of volumes issued and the capital and labor employed. Readers are rapidly increasing. An ardent thirst for knowledge or entertainment to be found in books, magazines, and newspapers, makes a very large demand for these vehicles, while, at the same time, they produce wide-spread in- 4 50 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. telligence. The magazine literature, now generally healthful, is a powerful coadjutor of books in this popular culture ; and the newspaper, not always so healthful, supplies the daily and weekly demand for ephemerals in literature and general knowl- edge. To meet that demand required great improvements in printing machinery, and these have been supplied. " The printing-press, at the time of the Revolution, is shown in that used by Frank- lin, in which the pressure force was ob- tained by means of a screw. The ink was applied by huge balls ; and an expert work- man could furnish about fifty impressions an hour. This was improved by Earl Stanhope in 1815, by substituting for the screw a jointed lever. Then came inking machines, and one man could work off 250 copies an hour. Years passed on, and the cylinder press was invented ; and in 1847 it was perfected by Richard M. Hoe of New York. This has been further improved lately, and a print- ing-press is now used which will strike off 15,000 newspapers, printed on both sides, every hour. " The newspapers printed in the United States at the begin- ning of the Revolution were few in number, small in size, and very meager in information of any kind. They were issued weekly, semi-weekly, and tri-weekly. The first daily newspaper issued in this country was the American Daily Advertiser, estab- lished in Philadelphia in 1784. In 1775 there were 37 newspa- pers and periodicals in the United States, with an aggregate is- sue that year of 1,200,000 copies. In 1870 the number of daily Old. Franklin (Rainag-e) Press. 52 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. newspapers in the United States was 542 ; and of weeklies, 4,-425. Of the dailies, 800,000,000 were issued that year ; of the weeklies, 600,000,000; and of other serial publications, 100,000,000; making an aggregate of full 1,500,000,000 copies. To these figures should Battle Creek Tabernacle. This commodious edifice for divine worship, is 105 by 130 feet, with en- trances at each corner, and has a seating capacity for 3,200 persons. It has a gallery on three sides, and three large vestrys, which may be- come a part of the main auditorium by simply raising the sliding par- titions, whicli are of ground glass. This beautiful structure is espe- cially convenient for Sabbath- school work and General Conferences, and IS frequently used for moral lectures and the commencement ex- ercises of the Battle Creek Public Schools. be made a large addition at the close of 1886 There are now about forty newspapers in the United States which have existed over fifty years. A CENTURY'S PROGRESS. 53 "In the providing of means for moral and religious cul- ture and be- nevolent en- ter prises, the^e lias been great progress in this country during the century now closing. The various re- ligious de- nominations have i n - Ministering to the JPallen. creased in membership fully in proportion to the increase of pop- ulation. As^dums of every kind for the unfortunate and friendless have been multiplied in an equal ratio, and provision is made for all. [The vignettes on this page show common works of 2Dhilanthrop3'. ] " One of the most conspicuous exam- 23les of the growth of our Republic is pre- sented by the postal service. Dr. Frank- lin had been Colonial Postmaster - General, and he was ajipointed to the same office for one year by the Con- tinental Congress in the summer of 1775. He held the ]30sition a little more than a year, and at the end of his official term Ilouie lor- ilae llojueiess. there were about 50 u TUB MAnvwL 6P T^ATmm post-offices in tlie United States. All the accounts of the General Post-Office Department during that .period were contained in a small book consisting of about two quires of foolscap paper, which is preserved in the Department at Washington City. Through all the gloomy years of the weak Confederacy, the bus- iness of the Department was comparatively light ; and when the national government began its career in 1789, there were only about seventy-five post-offices, with an aggregate length of post- roads of about 1,900 miles. The annual income was $28,000, and the annual expenditures were $32,000. The mails were carried by postmen on horseback, and sometimes on foot. Now the num- ber of post-offices is over 33,000; the aggregate length of post- routes is 256,000 miles ; the annual revenue, $23,000,000, and the annual expenditures, $29,000,000. " We may safely claim for our people and country a progress in all that constitutes a vigorous and prosperous nation during the century just passed, equal, if not superior, to that of any other on the globe. And to the inventive genius and skill of 'the Americans may be fairly awarded a large share of the honor ac- quired by the construction of machinery, which has so largely taken the place of manual labor. In that progress the American citizen beholds a tangible prophecy of a brilliant future for his country." The following paragraphs which went the rounds of the papers a few years ago, present a good sum- mary of the success " Brother Jonathan " has achieved thus far in his career : — "Brother Jonathan commenced business in 1776, with thirteen States and 815,615 square miles of territory, which was occupied by about 3,000,000 of civilized human beings. He has now a family of 43,000,000, who occupy thirty-seven States and nine Territories, which embrace over 3,000,000 square miles. He has 65,000 miles of railroad, more than sufficient to reach twice and a half around the globe. The value of his annual agricult- ural productions is $2,500,000,000, and his gold mines are capable of producing $70,000,000 a year. He has more than 1,000 cotton factories, 580 daily newspapers, 4,300 weeklies, and 625 monthly publications. He has also many other things too numerous and too notorious to mentio.n." A CENTURY'S PROGBESS. 55 " The United States of America issues more newspapers, in number and in aggregate circulation, than all the rest of the world combined. America outnumbers the press of Great Britain, six to one, and has nearly half a dozen daily papers which print more copies every issue than doe . the London Times." The rate of growth maintained in this country since the compilation of the foregoing figures in ISTC, may be best shown by comparing them with the figures on some of the items named above from the census of 1880. Thus the people of the United States, at this last-named date, possessed, in round numbers, 38,000,000 cattle and 48,000,000 swine. This is a larger number of cattle than any other na- tion can show, India having but 30,000,000, and Rus- sia 29,000,000.' We have 10,500,000 horses, being surpassed in this respect only by Russia, which has 20,000,000. We come fourth in the list of sheep-raising nations, having 3G,000,000 ; but in the food-produc- ing animals, cattle and hogs, our country leads the world. According to returns for the year 1882, our corn crop amounted to 2,700,000,000 bushels ; wheat, 520,- 000,000 bushels ; hay, 32,000,000 tons ; coal, 80,000,- 000 tons ; petroleum, 27,500,000 barrels ; pig iron, 4,000,000 tons ; manufactured steel rails, 900,000 tons. And nature herself, by the physical features she has stamped upon our country, has seemed to lay it out as a field for national development on the most magnificent scale. Here we have the largest lakes, the longest rivers, the mightiest cataracts, the deep- est caves, the broadest and most fertile prairies, and the richest mines of gold and iron and coal and cop- per, to be found upon the globe. Wl a e 9i 2 ce i M r3 (U ^ ^ aZ '=^ o a; S g ^ >'C o i=l '^ o o H O O) f-'^ .^ g s a ^ rj (V, a;i o)^ ^ (V a--H !^ "-I -tJ rH ^ oCC O^ H !^ lS|s| 5-1 fl a> M eg O rt . C. The entire len2:th of the Capitol is 751)^ feet, and its gi-eatest depth, in- ckiding porticoes and steps, is 348 feet. The gi'ound covered by the entire building is a little over 3)4 acres. The walls of the Central Building are of sandstone, painted white. The Extensions are of white marble, slightly variegated with blue. The Dome is of cast- iron, 135)^ feet in diameter, and rises to a hight of 287K feet above the basement floor. On the top of the Dome is a bronze statue of LiBEKTY, 19X feet high. [59] Tlie WasSalng-ton Monument, This is the tallest structure yet erected by tlie hand of man. It was commenced in 1848, completed in 1884, and dedicated on Washington's birthday, Feb. 22, 1885. The shaft rises to a hight of 500 feet 6)4 inches. This is sunnounted by an apex of 7-inch marble slabs 55 feet high, making the total hight 555 feet 5}^ inches, which is 597 feet 3 inches above low-water level in the Potomac. Cost $ 1,187,710.31. 60 A GENTUBY'S PB OGRES 8. 61 Following the first Atlantic cable, soon came a sec- ond almost as a matter of course ; and following the Central Pacific Railroad, a southern line has been opened, and a northern line has more recently been completed. And what results are expected to flow from these mighty enterprises ? The Scientific A^ner- lean of Oct. 6, 1866, says : — " To exaggerate the importance of this transcontinental high- way is almost impossible. To a certain extent it will change the relative positions of this country, Europe, and Asia. . . . With the completion of the Pacific Railroad, instead of receiving our goods from India, China, and Japan, and the 'isles of the sea,' by way of London and Liverpool, we shall bring them direct by way of the Sandwich Islands and the railroad, and become the carriers, to a great extent, for Europe. But this is but a portion of the advantage of this work. Our Western mountains are almost literally mountains of gold and silver. In them the Arabian fable of Aladdin is realized. . . . Let the road be completed, and the comforts as well as the necessaries furnished by Asia, the manufactures of Europe, and the productions of the States, can be brought by the iron horse almost to the miner's door ; and in the production and possession of the precious metals, the blood of commerce, we shall be the richest nation on the globe. But the substantial wealth created b}'^ the improvement of the soil and the development of the resources of the country, is a still more im- portant element in the result of this vast work." Thus, with the idea of becoming the carriers of the world, the highway of the nations, and the rich- est power on the globe, the American heart swells with pride, and mounts up with aspirations to which there is no limit. And the extent to which we have come up is fur- ther shown by the influence which we are exerting on other nations. Speaking of America, Mr. Town- send, in the work above cited, p. 162, says : — *' Out of her discovery grew the European reformation in re- BartTioldi*!§{ Statue of Idberty Enliglitening; tlie World. Erected on Bedloe Island in New York harbor. This monument is over 300 feet high. The statue alone, from the heel to the top of the head, measures 111 feet. The torch Is to be lighted with an electric light. This tower is 50 feet higher than the celebrated Colossus of Rhodes, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. It is the largest statue ever erected. 62 A CENTURY'S PROGRESS. 63 Tlie Broolclyn Bridge. The total length of this unequaled structure is 5,989 feet; width, 85 feet ; length of river span, 1,595 feet ; the hight in the center, above high water mark, is 135 feet; tlie four large cables are each com- posed of 6,300 parallel wires, and are 15>^ inches in diameter ; tlie tow- ers are 277 f eef in hight ; and the cost of the whole structure was thirteen millions of dollars. 64 TJJE MARVEL OF NATIONS. ligion ; out of our Revolutionary war grew tlie revolutionary period of Europe. And out of our rapid development among great States and happy peoples, has come an immigration more wonderful than that which invaded Europe from Asia in the lat- ter centuries of the Roman empire. When we raised our flag on the Atlantic, Europe sent her contributions ; it appeared on the Pacific, and all Orientalism felt the signal. They are coming in two endless fleets, eastward and westward, and the highway is swung between the oceans for them to tread upon. AVe have lightened Ireland of half of her weight, and Germany is coming by the village-load every day. England herself is sending the best of her workingmen now (1869), and in such numbers as to dismay her Jack Bunsbys. What is to be the limit of this mighty immigration? " J. P. Thompson ( United States as a Nation, p. 180) says:— "History gives examples of the migration of tribes and peoples for the occupation of new territories by settlement or conquest ; but there is no precedent for a nation receiving into its bosom millions of foreigners as equal sharers in its political rights and powers. With a magnanimity almost reckless, the United States has done this and has survived. Immigration first assumed pro- portions worthy of note in the decade from 1830 to 1840, when it reached the figure of 599,000. In the decade from 1840 to 1850, it increased to 1,713,000; and the report of the Bureau of Statis- tics for 1874, gives for the ten calendar years from Jan. 1, 1864, to Dec. 31, 1873, inclusive, a net immigration of 3,287, 994. Com- pare these figures with the fact that the purchase of Louisiana, over a million square miles, brought with it scarcely twenty thousand white inhabitants, and the nearly a million square miles acquired through Texas and the Mexican cessions, brought only some fifty thousand, and it will be seen how much more formid- able has been the problem of immigration than that of ter- ritory." The AmeiHcaii Traveler, published in Boston, Mass., in its issue of Feb. 24, 1883, says : — "The growth of immigration is one of the most striking facts of the period. In 1881 the total arrivals were 720,000, and in Fulton's First Steamboat, 1807. Tlie "Sound'' Steamer "Pilgrim," 1885. Said to be the most elegantly furnished steamer in the world, 5 65 Q(^ TUB MARVEL OF NATIONS. 1882 they rose to 735,000. These figures are impressive. They foreshadow an addition to our population, by immigration alone, if this rate is maintained, of seven million persons in the next ten years," This would be more than twice the entire popula- tion of the country at the beginning of our independ- ence. It is estimated that last year's immigrants brought with them a cash capital of $62,470,000 ; and if each one is worth, as a producing machine, as is claimed from careful estimates, $1,000, Europe has added to our capital stock, the past two years, the handsome sum of $1,455,000,000. Speaking of our influence and standing in the Pacific, Mr. Townsend, p. 608, says : — " In the Pacific ocean, these four powers [England, France, Holland, and Russia] are squarely met by the United States, which, without possessions or the wish for them, has paramount influence in Japan, the favor of China, the friendly countenance of Russia, and good feeling with all the great English colonies planted there. The United States is the only power on the Pa- cific which has not been guilty of intrigue, of double-dealing, of envy, and of bitterness, and it has taken the front rank in influ- ence without awakening the dislike of any of its competitors, possibly excepting those English who are never magnanimous." And Hon. Wm. H. Seward, on his return from his celebrated trip around the world, said, "Americans are now the fashion all over the world." With one more extract we close the testimony on this point. In the New York Independent of July 7, 1870, Hon. Schuyler Colfax, then Vice-President of the United States, glancing briefly at the past his- tory of this country, said : — "Wonderful, indeed, has been that history. Springing into life from under the heel of tyranny, its progress has been onward, with the firm step of a conqueror. From the rugged clime of 68 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. New England, from the banks of the Chesapeake, from the Sa- vannahs of Carolina and Georgia, the descendants of the Puritans, the Cavalier, and the Huguenot, swept over the towering Al- leghanies, but a century ago the barrier between civilization on the one side and almost unbroken barbarism on the other ; and the banners of the Republic waved from flag-staff and highland, through the broad valleys of the Ohio, the Mississippi, and the Missouri. Nor stopped its progress there. Thence onward poured the tide of American civilization and progress, over the vast regions of the Western plains ; and from the snowy crests of the Sierras you look down on American States fronting the calm Pacific, an empire of themselves in resources and wealth, but loj^al in our darkest hours to the nation whose authority they ac- knowledge, and in whose glory they j^roudly share. ''From a territorial area of less than nine hundred thousand square miles, it has expanded into over three millions and a half, — fifteen times larger than that of Great Britain and France com- bined, — witli a shore-line, including Alaska, equal tp the entire circumference of the earth, and with a domain within these lines far wider than that of the Romans in their proudest days of con- quest and renown. With a river, lake, and coastwise commerce estimated at over two thousand millions of dollars per year ; with railway traffic of from tour to six thousand millions per year, and the annual domestic exchanges of the country running up to nearly ten thousand millions per year ; with over two thousand millions of dollars invested in manufacturing, mechanical, and mining industry ; with over five hundred millions of acres of land in actual occupancy, valued, with their appurtenances, at over seven thousand millions of dollars, and producing annually crops valued at over three thousand millions of dollars ; with a realm which, if the density of Belgium's population were possible, would be vast enough to include all the joresent inhabitants of the world ; and with equal rights guaranteed to even the poorest and humblest of over forty millions of people, we can, with a manly pride akin to that which distinguished the palmiest days of Rome, claim, as the noblest title of the world, 'I am an American citizen.' " And how long a time has it taken for this won- derful transformation ? In the language of Edward A CENTXJBY'S PROGRESS. 69 Everett, '' They are but lately dead who saw the first-born of the Pilgrims ; " and Mr. Townsend (p. 21) says, *' The memory of one man can swing from that time of primitive government to this — when thirty-eight millions of people [he could now say fifty-five millions] living on two oceans and in two zones, are represented in Washington, and their con- suls and ambassadors are in every port and metrop- olis of the globe." The Mayflower. From a model in Pilgrim Hall, at Plymouth, Mass. eg -** si ANIKRICAN PQRKSS. CHAPTER III. POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE OF THE NATION. ^HE great instrument which our forefathers set forth as their bill of rights — the Declaration of ^^ Independence — contains these words : — "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of hap- piness." And in Art. IV., Sec. 4, of the Consti- tution of the United States, we find these words : " The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government." A republican form of government is one in which the power rests with the people, and the whole machin- ery of government is worked by representatives elected by them. This is a sufficient guarantee of civil liberty. What is said respecting religious freedom .'* In Art. VI. of the Constitution, we read : " No religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office of public trust under the United States." In Art. I. of Amendments of the Constitution, we read : " Con- gress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." In reply to questions as to the design of the Con- stitution, from a committee of a Baptist society in Virginia, George Washington wrote, Aug. 4, 1789, as follows : — [TIJ Y^ THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. " If I had tlie least idea of any difficulty resulting from the Con- stitution adopted by the Convention of which I had the honor to be the President when it was formed, so as to. endanger the rights of any religious denomination, then I never should have attached my name to that instrument. If I had any idea that the general government was so administered that the liberty of conscience was endangered, I pray you be assured that no man would be more willing than myself to revise and alter that part of it, so as to avoid all religious ]3ersecutions. You can, without doubt, re- member that I have often expressed my opinion, that every man who conducts himself as a good citizen is accountable to God alone for his religious faith, and should be protected in worshiping God according to the dictates of his own conscience." In 1830, certain memorials for prohibiting the trans- portation of the mails and the opening of post- offices on Sunday were referred to the Congressional Committee on Post-offices and Post-roads. The committee reported unfavorably to the prayer of the memorialists. Their report was adopted, and printed by order of the Senate of the United States, and the committee discharged from the further consider- ation of the subject. Of the Constitution they say : — "We look in vain to that instrument for authority to say whether the first day, or seventh day, or whether any day, has been made holy by the Almighty. "The Constitution regards the conscience of the Jew as sacred as that of the Christian, and gives no more authority to adopt a measure affecting the conscience of a solitary individual than of a whole community. That representative who would violate this principle would lose his delegated character, and forfeit the con- fidence of his constituents. If Congress should declare the first day of the week holy, it would not convince the Jew nor the Sab- batarian. It would dissatisfy both, and consequently convert neither. ... If a solemn act of legislation shall in one point define the law of God, or point out to the citizen one religious duty, it may with equal propriety define every part of revelation, and enforce every religious obligation, even to the forms and POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE, Y3 ceremonies of worship, the endowments of the church, and the support of the clergy. "The framers of the Constitution recognized the eternal prin- ciple that man's relation to his God is above human legislation, and his right of conscience inalienable. Reasoning was not nec- essary to establish this truth ; we are conscious of it in our own bosoms. It is this consciousness, which, in defiance of human laws, has sustained so many martyrs in tortures and flames. They felt that their duty to God was superior to human enactments, and that man could exercise no authority over their consciences. It is an inborn principle which nothing can eradicate. "It is also a fact that counter memorials, equally respectable, oppose the interference of Congress, on the ground that it would be legislating upon a religious subject, and therefore unconstitu- tional." Hon. A. H. Cragin, of New Hampshire, in a speech in the House of Representatives, said : — "When our forefathers reared the magnificent structure of a free republic in this Western land, they laid its foundations broad and deep in the eternal principles of right. Its materials were all quarried from the mountain of truth ; and as it rose majestically before an astonished world, it rejoiced the hearts and hopes of mankind. Tyrants only cursed the workmen and their work- manshi23. Its architecture was new. It had no model in Grecian or Roman history. It seemed a paragon let down from Heaven to inspire the hopes of men, and to demonstrate God's favor to the people of the New World. The builders recognized the rights of human nature as universal. Liberty, the great first right of man, they claimed for ' all men,' and claimed it from ' God him- self.' Upon this foundation they erected the temple, and ded- icated it to Liberty, Humanity, Justice, and Equality. Washing- ton was crowned its patron saint. Liberty was then the national goddess, worshiped by all the people. They sang of liberty, they harangued for liberty, they prayed for liberty. Slavery was then hateful. It was denounced by all. The British king was con- demned for foisting it upon the colonies. Southern men were foremost in entering their protest against it. It was then every- where regarded as an evil, and a crime against humanity." Y4: THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. Again, the Bible, and the Bible alone, is the Prot- estant rule of faith ; and liberty to worship God ac- cording to the dictates of one's own conscience is the standard of religious freedom in this land ; and from the quotations herewith presented, it is evident that while the government pledges to all its citizens the largest amount of civil freedom, outside of license, it has determined to lay upon the people no religious restrictions, but to guarantee to all liberty to worship God according to the Protestant principle. It is these heaven-born principles, — civil and relig- ious liberty, — so clearly recognized, so openly ac- knowledged, and so amply guaranteed, that have made this nation the attraction it has been to the people of other lands, and which have 'drawn them in such multitude to our shores. Townsend ("Old World and New," p. 3il) says :— "And what attached these people to us? In part, undoubt- edly, our zone, and the natural endowments of this portion of the globe. In part, and of late years, our vindicated national char- acter, and the safety of our institutions. But the magnet in Amer- ica is that ice are a republic — a republican people ! Cursed with ar- tificial government, however glittering, the people of Europe, like the sick, pine for nature with protection, for open vistas and blue sky, for independence without ceremony, for adventure in their own interest ; and here they find it ! " Thorhpson (" United States as a Nation," p. 29) gives this view of the religious element that entered into this organization : — " In the movements in the colonies that prepared the way for the Revolution, the religious spirit was a vital and earnest ele- ment. Some of the colonies were the direct offspring of religious persecution in the old country, or of the desire for a larger free- dom of faith and worship ; and so jealous were they of any in- terference with the rights of conscience, that their religion was POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE. 75 fitly described [by Burl^e in his Speech of Conciliation] as ' a refine- ment on the principle of resistance, the dissidence of dissent, and the Protestantism of the Protestant religion.' And the colonies that were founded in that spirit of commercial adventure, or for extending the realm of Great Britain, became also an asylum for religious refugees from all nations, and by the prospect of a larger and freer religious life, attracted to themselves the men of dif- ferent races and beliefs who had learned to do and to suffer for their faith." On page 31, he further says : — " Thus it came to pass that the religious wars and persecutions of Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, were a train- ing school for the political independence of the United States of America in the eighteenth century. Diverse and seemingly incon- gruous as were the nationalities represented in the colonies, — Dutch, French, German, Swedish, Scotch, Irish, English, — they had all imbibed, either by experience or by inheritance, some- thing of the spirit of personal independence, and especially of re- ligious liberty. Gustavus Adolphus designed his colony of Swedes for the benefit of 'all oppressed Christendom.' Penn, the Quaker, established Pennsylvania as ' a free colony for all man- kind,' where the settlers 'should be governed by laws of their own making.' The first charter of the Jerseys — which were largely peopled by Quakers and Scotch and Irish Presbyterians — declared that ' No person shall at any time, in any way, or on any pretense, be called in question, or in the least punished or hurt, for opinion in religion.' And Oglethorpe's Colony of Georgia was founded to be a refuge for ' the distressed people of Britain, and the perse- cuted Protestants of Europe ;' then the German Moravian settled side by side with the French Huguenot and the Scotch Presbyte- rian under the motto, ' We toil not for ourselves, but for others.' " Pere Hyacinthe, after a tour in New England, said he had re- marked in every town three institutions that epitomized Amer- ican society, — the bank, the school, and the church. A true pict- ure. And you see the intellectual and the spiritual are two to one against the material, — the bank, the store-house of gains and savings, the school and the church, the distributing reservoirs of what is freely taken from the bank and given to those educating and spiritualizing forces of society. Y6 THE MARVEL OF NATION'S. " 'The Americans,' says De Tocqueville, ' show by their practice that they feel the high necessity of imparting morality to demo- cratic communities by means of religion. ... In the United States, on the first day of every week, the trading and working life of the nation seems suspended ; all noises cease ; a deep tran- quillity, say rather the solemn calm of meditation, succeeds the turmoil of the week, and the soul resumes possession and con- templation of itself. Upon this day the marts of traffic are de- serted ; every member of the community, accompanied by his children, goes to church, where he listens to strange language, which would seem unsuited to his ear.' This last expression shows that even the ^philosophical acumen of De Tocqueville had failed to penetrate to the secret of religious life in America. That is no 'strange language ' to which the American banker, merchant, farmer, mechanic, listens when he goes to church on Sunday; it is the language he was accustomed in childhood to hear from his parents ; the language that perhaps he himself has used in his own family every day of the week at morning prayer ; the lessons that he inculcates to his children, — ' of the finer pleasures which belong to virtue alone, and of the true happiness which attends it.' It is not on Sunday alone, as De Tocqueville imagined, 'that the American steals an hour from himself, and laying aside for a while the petty passions which agitate his life and the ephemeral interests which engross it, strays at once into an ideal world, where all is great, eternal, and pure.' Thousands upon thousands of the busiest men in America do this every day with undeviating regularity. This is their life, — in that ideal world ; and they bring from this springs and motives to action in the world of affairs."— /(i., pp. 219, 220. The success of the United States in erecting at once a permanent and stable form of government has been an astonishment to other nations. Edouard Laboulaye, one of the foremost patriots and publicists of France, just after the revolution of 1848 said : — " In the last sixty years we have changed eight or ten times our government and our constitution ; have jjassed from anarchy to despotism ; tried two or three forms of the republic and of monarchy ; exhausted proscription, the scaffold, civil and foreign POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE. "l^J war ; and after so many attempts, and attempts paid with tlie fortune and the blood of France, we are hardly more advanced than at the outset; The constitution of 1848 took for its model the constitution of 1791, which had no life ; and to-day we are agitating the same questions that in 1789 we flattered ourselves we had resolved. How is it that the Americans have organized liberty upon a durable basis, while we, who surely are not inferior to them in civilization — we who have their example before our eyes — have always miscarried ? " Thompson ("United States as Nation, "p. 107) quotes the foregoing from " Etudes Morales et Politiques," p. 285, and spends a few moments considering a proper answer to this question which the Frenchman in so much astonishment asks. He makes the an- swer to consist principally in the fact that the Amer- icans conceived and adopted a superior constitution — a constitution which has sprung from the noble principles which have given this nation its political and religious influence, as noticed in this chapter. He says :t- " But in this point of constitution-making, it will also be seen that the Americans, with a rare felicity, succeeded in incorporat- ing the constitution of the nation, which is its life principle, with the national constitution, which gives to the national life its defin- itive form and expression. They not only achieved independence, but, in the happy phrase of the French critic, they 'organized liberty.' This success was due to training, to methods, and to men, or rather to that mysterious conjunction of men and events that make the genius of an epoch akin to inspiration." The value and influence of this constitution is shown in the fact that " to-day a leading organ of opinion in England pronounces the Constitution of the United States ' the most sacred political docu- ment in the world.' " — Id. p. 160. The growing influence of American opinions and 78 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. ideas is still further shown in the recognition of American literature abroad. Says Thompson (p. 231), " Many of us can remember the sneer of the Edinburgh Review, 'Who reads an American book?' The laugh is turned, now that everywhere in England one sees the railway book-stalls, and the shelves of circulating libraries, crowded with American books in ready demand ; that one can count up scores of American authors reprinted in England (in the cat- alogue of a single London publisher, I lately saw- twelve American names) ; that in * The International Scientific Series,' published at London and Leipzig, the names of Cooke, Dana, Draper, Flint, Whitney, appear side by side with Bain, Carpenter, Huxley, Lubbock, Spencer, Tyndall, Bernstein, Lisbreich, Lenckart, Steinthal, Virchow ; that every leading English review now has its department of American literature. The Athenceiun finds much to praise, and even the hypercritical Saturday Review, now and then throws us such tidbits as these : ' Haw- thorne is one of the most fascinating of novelists. Whittier's " Mabel Martin " is enough to make the reputation of any poet.' True we have given birth to no Shakspeare nor Byron ; but with the list of contemporary English poets, from Tennyson down to Swinburne, we need not hesitate to compare our list from Bryant down to Whitman, each after his kind." The stability of our government through the changes and vicissitudes wdiich have revolutionized if not overthrown other governments, is a further evidence of the solid political and religious basis on which its foundations are laid. On this point we POLITICAL AND RELIOIOUS INFLUENCE. 79 quote again from the same volume from which the last few extracts are given, p. 1-iS : — "Frederic the Great died ; and, twenty years after, the Prussia that he had created lay dismantled, dismembered, disgraced, at the dictation of Napoleon. Napoleon abdicated ; and France has wandered through all forms of government, seeking rest and find- ing none. Washington twice voluntarily retired from the highest posts of influence and power, — the head of the army, the head of the State ; but the freedom he had won by the sword, the institu- tions he had organized as president of the Federal Convention, the government he had administered as President of the Union, remained unchanged and have grown in strength and majesty through all the growing j^ears. " American missionaries have gone to all the world, and in numbers and activity hold an equal place with those of any other nation ; while the American Bi- ble Society, in the extent of its operations, sending out millions of copies of the Scriptures in all the leading languages of the world, stands next to the original society of the mother country. This country has now come to be looked upon as the model, after which other governments may prof- itably pattern. Under the title of " The Model Republic," Cyrus D. Foss, pastor of St. Paul's Meth- odist Episcopal Church, New York, preached a ser- mon, which appeared in the Methodist, in December 1867, from which the reader will be pleased to read the following extracts, which may fitly close the pres- ent chapter : — • "Let every thoughtful American bless God that he lives in this age of the world, and in this country on the globe ; not in the dark past, where greatness and even goodness could accomplish 1 so little ; not in the oriental world, where everything is stiffened and is hard as cast-iron ; but now wiiere such mighty forces are at work for the uplifting of humanity, and just here at this focal point of power. 80 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. " In no vainglorious spirit, but with a sincere desire to awaken your gratitude to Almighty God for his astonishing mercies to us as a people, I propose this inquiry : What is the place of America in history ? God gives each nation a work to do. For that work he bestows adequate and appropriate endowments, and to it he summons the nation by a thousand trumpet calls of providence. If those calls are unheeded, if the nation is hopelessly recreant, he dashes it in pieces like a potter's vessel. Witness Assyria ; wit- ness the Jewish people ; nation after nation — a long procession — has faded away at the blast of the breath of his nostrils. "I maintain to-day that God has signalized this great American nation, this democratic republican nation, this Protestant Chris- tian nation, above all the nations that are or ever have been upon the face of the globe, by the place and the work he has assigned it. Look at its place on the globe, and its place among the centuries. What a magnificent arena for a young nation to step forth upon and begin its march to a destiny inconceivably glorious •. Suppose an angel flying over all the earth two hundred years ago, looking down upon the crowded populations of Europe and Asia, and the weak and wretched tribes of Africa, perceiving that humanity never rises to its noblest development, save in the north temper- ate zone — turning his flight westward across the Atlantic, there dawns upon him the vision of a new world — a world unpopulated save by a few scattered and wandering tribes of aboriginal sav- ages, and by thirteen sparse colonies of the hardiest and best of immigrants along the Atlantic coast. He beholds a continent marvelously beautiful with unlimited resources to be developed ; its rivers open all parts of the country, and bring all into com- munication with two great oceans and with the tropic gulf. He sees a soil inexhaustibly fertile ; he sees the mountains (for an an- gel's eye can search their treasures) full of gold, silver, copper, iron, and coal. He sees a country insulated by three thousand miles of ocean from all the nations, needing contiguity with none — a Cosmos in itself. Would not this angel-gazer say, ' My God has assuredly made and endowed this peerless continent for some glorious end. The rest of the world is occupied, and the most of it cursed by occupation. Here is virgin soil ; here is an arena for a new nation, which, perchance, profiting by the mistakes of the long, dark past, may, by the blessing of God, work out for itself and for humanity a better destiny ' ? POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE. 81 " Note again the place of America in the scale of the centuries. Why was this continent hid from the eye of Europe so long ? And why, after its discovery, was it kept unsettled for a century and a quarter longer, the thought of it all that time being only a disturbing leaven in the mind of Europe ? Ah ! God would not suffer it that tyrannical ideas of government or religion should take root here. He veiled the New World from the vision of the Old, until the Old had cultivated a seed worthy to plant the New. No crowned despots, no hooded monks, were to flourish here. No hoary superstitions, no ancient usurpations, were to take root here. Why was the era of this nation's birth coeval with that of the development of inventive genius ? Why was it that this land was comparatively unsettled until the iron horse was ready to career across its plains, leap its rivers, dive through its mountains, and bring its most distant cities into vicinage? — until Leviathan stood waiting to plough the ocean, and bring the nations into brother- hood ? — until the fiery steeds of heaven were being harnessed to fly with tidings in a single instant across the continent or under the ocean? Why was the beginning of our national history de- layed until the doctrines of civil and religious liberty — a thousand times strenuously asserted and bravely defended — had emerged into prominence and power, so that the American freeman of to- day stands upon the shoulders of thirty generations of heroic bat- tles for the right? Why — most remarkable coincidence of all — why does it occur that just at the time of the vigorous infancy of this favored nation, the church of God should awake from the slumber of ages, acknowledge the universal bond of brotherhood, and begin in this age, within the lifetime of men here present, those sublime evangelizing agencies which are the chief glory of the century, and which are to bring this world to the feet of Je- sus ? * No candid man can ponder these thoughts without won- dering what God designs for this young giant which he has so located on the surface of this globe, and on the scale of the cent- uries. " The thesis I shall defend is this : God designated the United * We should be glad if we could sympathize with the speaker in this view. But we are not able to find in the Scriptures any evidence that the world is all to be brought into obedience to Christianity before the sec- ond coming of Christ. 82 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. States of America as the Model Republic and, the great evangelizer of the world. The questions I have just propounded suggest a line of argument which will prove this proposition, and by proving it, devolve upon us here in this country a responsibility, the like of which has never been laid upon any nation. Let me premise two things essential to the argument. America is certainly the observed of all observers. The eyes of all nations are upon her. This free government, this 'experiment at free government,' as European absolutists have sneeringly termed it, fixes the gaze of the whole world. There is no nation, no tribe, civilized or semi- civilized, on the whole earth, that does not look this way, and feel that humanity has a stake in this land. This Hercules, who, when in his cradle, bearded and defeated the British Lion ; who, in his callow youth, repeated that feat on those watery plains, where, till then, the foe had ranged acknowledged lord, and who has just now, in his vigorous manhood, throttled and slain the many-headed hydra of rebellion — secession, treason, and slavery — this Hercules, somehow, has come to be gazed upon by all lands, and, somehow, the oppressed of every nation on the face of the earth have reached the conviction that he is their champion. "The other preliminary thought is this : In stating the mission of America, I have mentioned two things — that God meant it to be a model Republic, and the great evangelizer, and these two are one. We cannot consider them separately, and draw out entirely distinct lines of proof. It is idle for any nation at this age to expect greatness without acknowledging God, and falling into the ranks as an obedient subject of his kingdom. In ancient times, the case was different ; but now Christian nations control the world, and depend upon it, brethren,' the hands will never go backward on the dial. France tried to get on without a God in the time of her first revolution, but Napoleon, for reasons of State, restored the Catholic religion. His most appreciative historian, M. Thiers, gives us a deeply interesting account of this singular passage in his history. Napoleon said : " For my part, I never hear the sound of the church bell in the neighboring village with- out emotion." He knew that the hearts of the people were stirred by the same deep yearnings after God which filled his own, and so he proposed to restore the worship of God to infidel France. The savans of Paris ridiculed the proposal, laughed it to scorn, declared it was weakness in him to yield to a superstition that had \ POLITICAL AND BELIGIOUS INFLUENCE. 83 forever passed, and that lie needed no such aid to government, and that he could do what he pleased. 'Yes,' said he, 'but I act only with regard to the real and sensibly-felt wants of France.' JSTegotiations were opened with the Pope, and the Romish worship was set up, amid the enthusiasm of the nation. The historian utters this reflection : ' Whether true or false, sublime or ridiculous, men must have a religion.' Later, and with deeper meaning, Perrier, successor to Lafayette as prime minister to Louis Philippe, said, on his death-bed : ' France must have religion.' So I say to- day concerning that better faith, which overthrows what Roman- ism sets up ; which breaks the shackles Romanism binds on ; which is the only security of national permanence — America must have religion. In order to be the model Republic, she must be the great evangelizer. " The two evangels of civil and religious liberty are ours. There are two great methods by which God indicates his will con- cerning a nation — by the providential training he bestows upon it, and by the resources he puts within its reach. Now, in the light of these two criteria, let us look at this country and see if God does not proclaim his will as plainly as though he had written it in letters of fire on the sky over every American sunset, or deeply graven it in rocky characters on the crest of every American mountain: 'My will is, that on this new continent, the nation I plant here shall be the model Republic and the great evangelizer of the world.' I have already indicated in general outline this train of argument ; but let us now look first behind us at our his- tory, and then around us at our resources, and see what arc their teachings. While we do not believe in 'manifest destiny,' in the sense of blind fate, or of results absolutely certain without regard to national character and endeavor, we do believe that the breath of God has inspired the heart of America with a sublime idea, and that the hand of God has marvelously led her along toward its realization, and has gifted her with muniti.;ent resources for the completion of this great work. " Glance backward at our history, and keep in mind the ques- tion what it all meant. This country was discovered by a religious navigator, sent out by a religious queen, and the ruling motive in the minds of both of them was a religious one. Isabella and Columbus both intended to give the gospel to the natives of any lands that might be discovered, America was discovered just 84 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. after the art of printing had begun its marvelous quickening of the human mind. Now who shall settle it ? Papists ? They found it. Spaniards ? Frenchmen ? Both wanted it. Ko ; God's plan will be imperiled unless colonists of a certain language, and of a certain religious faith, shall be the first settlers of the land. The settlers must have the truest religious faith there is on the earth, and must speak only that language which, more than any other language, is full of the inspirations of liberty. They come — and for what ? With the noblest motives that ever inspired the bosom of an emigrant, see them land from the Mayflower upon the frozen beach, amid the storms of winter, dropping tears which freeze as they fall and yet tears of gratitude. " ' What sought they thus afar? Bright jewels of the mine? The wealth of seas? the spoils of war ? They sought a faith's pure shrine. Aye, call it holy ground, The spot where first they trod ; They left unstained what there they found — Freedom to worship God.' " They had trouble enough from the aborigines to drive them together, and to drive them to God. They had the utmost sim- plicity of manners, the utmost reverence for the Bible, and the utmost detestation of tj-ranny, whether in the Church or State. They had not for the love of freedom left their homes in the Old World to become slaves in the ISTew. The God who instituted the colonies moulded their history. He kept them connected with the mother country until they were strong enough to stand alone among the nations, and then he overruled the manner of their breaking away so as to inspire them with a perpetual hatred of all oppression. Why the British Parliament should have passed the Stamp Act, and why, in repealing it, it should have re-asserted the false principles underlying it ; why it should have so long persisted in treating Englishmen here as Englishmen there would never have submitted to be treated at all, no man can explain on any other hypothesis than this : that England was judicially blinded, in order that America might be free. " And this is not merely the opinion of Americans spoken a century after. It was the opinion of British statesmen at the time. The halls of Parliament, the whole realm, rang with notes POLITICAL AND BELIOIOUS INFLUENCE. 85 of warning at that hour. Lord Chatham said : ' The gentleman tells us that America is obstinate, America is almost in open re- bellion. I rejoice that America has resisted. Three millions of people so dead to all the feelings of liberty as voluntarily to sub- mit to be slaves would have been fit instruments to make slaves of the rest.' This was said in Parliament ten years before the Declaration of Independence. Wesley, who is usually represented as having been the foe of our indej)endence, and to whom his- tory has at length done tardy justice, on the very first day after the reception of the news of Lexington and Concord, sat down and wrote to Lord North and the Earl of Dartmouth, each an emphatic letter: 'I am a High-churchman, the son of a High- churchman, brought up from my childhood in the highest notions of passive obedience and non-resistance, and yet, in spite of all my long-rooted prejudices, I cannot avoid thinking these, an op- pressed people, asked for nothing more than their legal rights, and that in the most modest and inoffensive manner that the nat- ure of the thing would allow.' * And if arms were to be resorted to, how could it happen that Great Britain should fail in the con- test ? How could it be that she should not be able, after over- powering the fleets and armies of the first nations of Europe [and this is an Englishman's question], immediately to discomfit the farmers and merchants of America ? ' There is but one exjDlana- tion : * We got not the land in j^ossession by our own sword, neither did our own arms save us ; but thy right hand and thine arm, and the light of thy countenance, because thou hadst a favor unto us.' God released the young giant from the swaddling- bands of colonial dependence. And why should it not be so ? Why should a country like this, the most magnificent of any country on the earth, a country in whose lakes England might have been thrown and buried, whose descending seas make her greatest rivers appear, in comparison, like brooks and rivulets, whose cataracts might have drowned out her cities — why should this magnificent country be shackled by the chains put on it by the selfishness of its parent ? It was not according to the will of God. He chose that here, in an independent career of unparal- leled freedom to man, this country should go forth on its path of progress, and hold its place among the nations unsurpassed by any until human happiness and grandeur this side the grave should be no more. 86 THE MAUVE L OF N'ATIONS. " The ideal of government is popular government. The divine right of kings is an exploded fancy. The best ends of govern- ment can never be realized by the rule of one or of a few. God gave to Israel a king in his wrath. The rights of man, the dignity of man, the direct relation and responsibility of man to God — these ideas stand forth most clearly where there is no king, no noble nor ignoble pedigree, no bar between the poorest boy in the land and the highest post of honor. Many an experiment of re- publican government had failed for the lack of general intelligence and of a pure religion, "Absolutists j)ointed to Rome, to Sparta, to France, and sneered at the democratic idea. For the grandest and final ex- periment of self-government, God reserved this peerless continent. Such a new work, politically, can be best accomplished on virgin soil, where no old castles, no effete conservatism should bind men subserviently to a blundering past — where all things summon them to hold communion, not with dead men's bones, but with nature, with freedom, and with God. "A rapid glance at the resources of this country will deepen our conviction of the grandeur of its mission. We shall see that it has ample resources, material and moral, for the great work to which it is summoned. We have the heart of the continent, the north temjDerate zone. If you will study history, you will find that no great nation has ever existed on the earth except in that zone. There must be the hardening of the muscles and the fiber, and the quickening of the mind, which can be only where sum- mer's heat gives place to winter's frost. "We have also a coast-line greater tlian that of any other na- tion. The relation of this fact to the theme will quickly appear. Arnot counsels fearful Englishmen to turn for comfort from the newspaper to the map. He bids them notice that the coast-line of Great Britain is three times greater than that of France, and thence argues that the commercial and naval supremacy -of Great Britain is forever assured. The argument is sound. Now, our coast-line is several times greater than that of any other nation. We have two oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, and the great lakes ; and rivers piercing the land bring all the country right down to the sea. The commercial and the naval greatness of America can easily be all that they need it to be for the accomplishment of those things which we believe God has assigned for this nation to POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE. 87 accomplish in the world. Our agricultural and mineral resources, and the rajDidly increasing population which is developing them, must have a few words. " Sir Morton Peto, the great railroad manager, whose travels in our own country excited so much attention in financial circles, went back to his own country amazed at our resources, and wrote a book which you ought to read. It would astound you by its revelations of the greatness of our country, which we ourselves do not begin to understand. Let me give you two or three facts concerning our resources. In 1850 the ten Western States produced . 46,000,000, bushels of wheat; in 1860, 102,000,000. The mines of gold and silver are nearly all on public lands, and Oil Wells and Plant of Pumps and Tanks. Governor Walker says : ' They are the property of the Federal Government, and their intrinsic value exceeds our public debt.' It wants only the Pacific railroad to make them yield $150,000,- 000 annually. In Missouri there is an iron mountain 228 feet high, covering an area of 500 acres, and containing 230,000,000 tons of pure ore, and every foot of descent below the surface will give 3,000,000 tons. The upper seam of the coal-field about Pittsburg contains over 53^^ thousand millions tons of coal — that is 2,000 tons for every dollar of our national debt ; and the Key- stone State, which in other ways contributed so nobly to the na- tional cause, came forward in the hour of our sorest need, and poured into our finances an element of marvelous quickening and 88 THE MARVEL OF NJtTlONS. strength — oil, wMcli lubricated the machinery of the government, and helped to illuminate the night of our trial. In 1862, 42,000,- 000 gallons of petroleum were exported, and its benefits extended far beyond its cash value. It employed labor and rewarded capital ; it stimulated internal industry and external commerce. But all our people are emjDloyed ; how, then, can these immense resources ever be developed? — By the rapidly multiplying millions. In 1800, there were in Indiana 4,875 inhabitants ; in 1860, 1,350,- 428. In 1849, in Minnesota, 4,000 inhabitants; in 1864, 350,000. In 1850, there were 1,900 acres of land ploughed in Minnesota; in 1860, 433,276 acres. **Now, what is the bearing of these startling facts upon our argument ? A great nation must be materially great. It must have room to stand on, and a field to work in, for only work can make a man or nation great. These amazing resources are to furnish us the machinery for a splendid career of civil, moral, and religious progress." CHAPTER IV. IMPORTANT PROBABILITIES CONSIDERED. ;^^^UR country's progress, even under so brief a 1\IW s^^v^y ^s that contained in the preceding chap- •^h^ ters, must strike every one as a marvel of na- tional growth. And when we take into considera- tion the convictions expressed by some of the em- inent authors from whom we have quoted, that the hand of Providence has been more conspicuous in the development of this nation than in that of any other, it is calculated to intensify greatly our interest in the subject, and hasten us on to an investigation of the query whether this nation is not, as other na- tions have been, mentioned in that prophetic word which has outlined the great epochs of human his- tory, pointed out the nations, and in some instances the individuals, which were to act a part therein, and described the movements they would make. Cer- tainly if the hand of Providence has been so con- spicuously present in our history, as some of the writers already referred to affirm, we could hardly do less than look for some mention of this government in that Book which makes it a special purpose to record the workings of that Providence among man- kind. What, then, are the probabilities in the mat- ter .? On what conditions might we expect to find mention of it ? If the same conditions exist here, as those upon which other nations have been made sub- jects of prophecy, we should expect to find mention of this also. On what conditions, then, have other [89] 90 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. nations found a place on the prophetic record ? — On these conditions : first, if they have acted any pro- minent part in the world's history ; and secondly, and above all, if they have had jurisdiction over the people of God, or have maintained such relations with them that the history of the latter could not be written without mention of the former. In the prophecies and records of the Bible compared with the records of secular history, we find data from which to deduce the rule here given respecting the pro- phetic mention of earthly governments ; and as it is a very important one, the reader will permit us to state it again : Whenever the relation of God's peo- ple to any nation are such that a true history of the former, which is the object of all revelation, could not be given without a notice of the latter, such na- tion is mentioned in prophecy. And all these conditions are certainly fulfilled in our government. As regards the first, no nation has ever attracted more attention, excited more profound wonder, or given promise of greater eminence or in- fluence among the nations of the earth ; and as touching the second, certainly here, if anywhere on the globe, are to be found a strong array of Chris- tians, such as are the salt of the earth and the light of the world, whose history could not be written without mention of that government under which they live and enjoy their liberty. With these probabilities in favor of the proposi- tion that this government should be a subject of prophecy, let us now take a brief survey of those symbols found in the word of God which represent earthly governments. These are found chiefly, if not entirely, in the books of Daniel and the Revelation. IMPORTANT PROBABILITIES CONSIDERED. 91 In Daniel 2, a symbol is introduced in the form of a great image, consisting of four parts, — gold, silver, brass, and iron, — which is finally dashed to atoms, and a great mountain, taking its place, fills the whole earth, and remains forever. In Daniel 7, the prophet records a vision in which he was shown a lion, a bear, a leopard, and a great and terrible nondescript beast, which after passing through a new and re- markable phase, is cast into a lake of fire, and utterly perishes. In Daniel 8, mention is made of a ram, a he-goat, and a horn little at first, but waxing ex- ceeding great, which is finally broken without hand. Verse 25. In Revelation 9, we have a description of locusts like unto horses. In Revelation 12, we have a great red dragon. In Revelation 13, a blasphe- mous leopard beast is brought to view, and a beast with two horns like a" lamb. In Revelation 17, John gives us a graphic pen-picture of a scarlet-colored beast, upon which a woman sits holding in her hand a golden cup, full of filthiness and abomination. What governments and what powers are repre- sented by all these .? Do any of them symbolize our own } Some of them certainly represent earthly kingdoms, for so the prophecies themselves expressly inform us ; and in the application of nearly all of them there is quite a uniform agreement among ex- positors. 'The four parts of the great image of Dan- iel 2 represent four kingdoms. They symbolize re- spectively, Babylon, or Chaldea, Medo-Persia, Grecia, and Rome. The lion of the seventh chapter also re- presents Babylon ; the bear, Medo-Persia ; the leop- ard, Grecia ; and the great and terrible beast, Rome. The horn with human eyes and mouth, which appears in the second phase of this beast, represents the pa- 92 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. pacy, and covers its history down to the time when it*was temporarily overthrown by the French in 1798. In Daniel 8, likewise, the ram represents Medo-Per- sia ; the he-goat, Grecia ; and the little horn, Rome. All these have a very clear and definite application to the governments named. None of them thus far can have any reference to the United States. The symbols brought to view in Revelation 9, all commentators concur in applying to the Saracens and Turks. The dragon of Revelation 12 is the ac- knowledged symbol of Pagan Rome. The leopard beast of the Revelation 13 can be shown to be identical with the eleventh horn of the fourth beast of Daniel 7, and hence to symbolize the papacy. The scarlet beast and woman of Revelation 17 as evi- dently apply also to Rome under papal rule, the symbols having especial reference to the distinction between the civil power and the ecclesiastical, the one being represented by the beast, the other by the woman seated thereon. There is one symbol left, last but not least, the youngest of the family, that vigorous and sprightly fellow with two horns like a lamb, brought to view in Revelation 13 : 11-17 — what nation does that sym- bolize .? On this there is more difference of opinion. Let us, therefore, before seeking for an application, look at the time and territory covered by those al- ready examined. Babylon and Medo-Persia covered all the civilized portion of Asia, in ancient times. Greece covered Eastern Europe, including Russia. Rome, with the ten kingdoms into which it was di- vided before the end of the fifth century A. D., as rep- resented by the ten toes of the image, the ten horns of the fourth beast of Daniel 7, the ten horns of the IMPORTANT PROBABILITIES CONSIDERED. 93 dragon of Revelation 12, and the ten horns of the leopard beast of Revelation 13, covered all Western Europe. In other words, all the civilized portions of the eastern hemisphere from the earliest times to the present are absorbed by the symbols already ex- amined, respecting the application of which there is scarcely any room for doubt. But there is a mighty nation in this western hem- isphere, worthy, as we have seen, of being mentioned, in prophecy, which is not yet brought in ; and there is one symbol remaining, the application of which has not yet been made. All the symbols but one are ap- plied, and all the available portions of the earth, with the exception of our own government, are covered by the nations which these symbols represent. Of all the symbols mentioned, one alone — the two- horned beast of Revelation 13 — is left ; and of all the countries of the earth respecting which any reason exists why they should be mentioned in the proph- ecy, one alone — our own government — remains. Do the two-horned beast and the United States belong together.? If they do, then all the symbols find an application, and all the ground is covered. If they do not, it follows, first, that the United States is not represented in prophecy by any of the national sym- bols, as, for the reasons already stated, we should expect it would be ; and secondly, that the symbol of the two-horned beast of Revelation 13 : 11-17 finds no government to which it can apply. But the first of these suppositions is not probable \ and the second is not possible. CHAPTER V. A CHAIN OF PROPHECY. 4ET us now enter upon a more particular exami- nation pf the second symbol of Revelation 13, T^r" with a view to determining its application with greater certainty. What is said respecting this sym- bol — the beast with two horns like a lamb — is not an isolated and independent prophecy, but is connected with what precedes ; and the symbol itself is but one of a series. It is proper, therefore, to examine briefly the preceding symbols, since if we are able to make a satisfactory application of them, it will guide us in the interpretation of this. The line of prophecy of which this forms a part commences with Revelation 12. The book of the Revelation is evidently not merely one consecutive prophecy of events to transpire from the beginning to the close of the gospel dispensation, but is com- posed of a series of such consecutive prophecies, each line taking up its own class of events, and trac- ing them through from the days of the prophet to the end of time ; and when one line of prophecy is com- pleted, another is introduced into the narrative, which in order of time goes back into the past, perhaps to the beginning, and follows its own series of events down to the end. That such a new series of prophetic events is introduced in Revelation 12, is evident ; since in the preceding chapter a line of prophecy comes to its completion in the great day of God's wrath, the judgment of the dead, and the eternal [94] A CHAIN OF PROPHEGT. 95 reward of those that fear God and revere his name. No line of prophecy can go further ; and any events to transpire in probation, subsequently mentioned, must of course belong to a new series. Commencing, then, with chapter 12, how far does this line of prophecy extend ? The first symbol in- troduced which can be applied to an earthly govern- ment, is the great red dragon. The second is the beast of Revelation 13, which, having the body of a leopard, may for brevity's sake, be called the leopard beast. To this beast the dragon gives his seat, power, and great authority. This beast, then, is con- nected with the dragon, and belongs to this line of prophecy. The third symbol is the two-horned beast of Revelation 13. This beast exercises certain power in the presence of the leopard beast, and causes the earth and them that dwell therein to worship him. .This beast, therefore, is connected with the leopard beast, and hence belongs to the same line of proph- ecy. The conclusion of the prophecy is not reached in chapter 13, and hence this line of events does not end with that chapter, but must be looked for farther on in the record. Going forward into chapter 14, we find a company brought to view who are redeemed from among men (which expression can mean noth- ing else than translation from among the living at the second coming of Christ) ; and they sing a song before the throne which none but themselves can learn. In chapter 15, we have a company presented before us who have gotten the victory over the beast, his image, the mark, and the number of his name, the very objects brought to view in the concluding por- tion of Revelation 13. This company also sing a song, even the song of Moses and the Lamb \ and they 96 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. sing it while standing upon the sea of glass, as stated in verse 2. Turning to chapter 4 : 6, we learn that this sea of glass is ''before the throne." The con- clusion, therefore, follows that those who sing before the throne, in chapter 14, are identical with those who sing on the sea of glass (before the throne), in chapter 15, inasmuch as they stand in the same place, and the song they both sing is the first glad song of actual redemption. But the declarations found in chapter 15 show that the company introduced in the opening of chapter 14 have been in direct conflict with the powers brought to view in the closing verses of chapter 13, and have gained the victory over them. Being thus connected with these powers, they form a part of the same line of prophecy. But here this line of prophecy must end ; for this company is spoken of as redeemed, and no line of prophecy, as already noticed, can go beyond the eternal state. The line of prophecy in which the two-horned beast stands, is, therefore, one which is very clearly defined ; it commences with chapter 12, and ends with verse 5 of chapter 14. The student of proph- ecy finds it one of vast importance ; the humble child of God, one of transcendent interest. It begins with the Church, and ends with the Church, — the Church, at first in humility, trial, and distress ; at last, in victory, exaltation, and glory. This is the one ob- ject which ever appears the same in all the scenes here described, and whose history is the leading theme of the prophecy, from first to last. Tram- pled under the feet of the three colossal persecuting powers here brought to view, the followers of Christ for long ages bow their heads to the pitiless storm of oppression and persecution ; but the end repays A CHAm OF PROPHECY. 97 them all ; for John beholds them at last, the storms all over, their conflicts all ended, waving palm- branches of victory, and striking on harps celestial a song of everlasting triumph within the precincts of the heavenly land. Having found the line of prophecy of which the symbol before us forms a part thus definitely located and defined, we now enter upon its examination. The first inquiry is, What power is designated by the great red dragon of chapter 12 } The chapter first speaks of a woman clothed with the sun, the moon under her feet, and upon her head a crown of twelve stars. A woman is the symbol of the Church, a lewd woman representing a corrupt or apostate Church, as. in Eze. 23:2-4, etc., which refers to the Jewish Church in a state of backsliding, and in Rev. 17 : 0-6, 15, 18, which refers to the apostate Romish Church ; and a virtuous woman representing the true Church, as in the verse under consideration. At what period in her history could the Church of Christ be properly represented as here described .'* Ans. At the opening of the gospel dispensation, and at no other time ; for then the glory of this dispensation, like the light of the sun, had just risen upon her ; the former or Mosaic dispensation, which, like the moon, shone with a borrowed light, had just passed, and lay beneath her feet ; and twelve inspired apostles, like a crown of twelve stars, graced the first organization of the gospel Church. To this period these repre- sentations can apply, but to no other. The prophet antedates this period a little by referring to the time when the Church, with long expectation, was await- ing the advent into this world of the glorious Re- deemer, and represents the new dispensation as al- 7 98 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. ready opened, and the Christian Church organized, as this was the condition in which Christ was to leave it at the conclusion of his brief earthly ministry. A man child, here represented as the offspring of this woman, appears upon the scene. Verse 5. This child was to rule all nations with a rod of iron, and was caught up to God and his throne. These decla- rations are true of our Lord Jesus Christ, but of no one else. See Ps. 2:7-9; Eph. 1 : 20, 21 ; Heb. 8:1; Rev. 3 : 21. There is therefore no mistaking the time when, nor the place where, the opening of this proph- ecy is located. We mention these facts for the pur- pose of identifying the power symbolized by the dragon, which is the point we are seeking to ascer- tain ; for the dragon stood before the woman to de- vour her child as soon as it should be born. Who attempted the destruction of our Lord when he appeared as a babe in Bethlehem } — Herod. And who was Herod } — A Roman governor. Rome, which then ruled over all the earth (Luke 2 : 1), was the re- sponsible party in this transaction. Rome was the only power which at this time could be symbolized in prophecy, as its dominion was universal. It is not without good reason, therefore, that Pagan Rome is considered among Protestant commentators to be the power indicated by the great red dragon. And it may be a fact worth mentioning that during the sec- ond, third, fourth, and fifth centuries of the Christian era, next to the eagle, the dragon was the principal standard of the Roman legions ; and that dragon was painted red. There is but one objection we need pause to an- swer before passing to the next symbol. Is not the dragon plainly called the Devil and Satan, in verse A CHAIN OF PBOPHEGY. 99 9 ? How, then, can the term '' dragon " be applied to Pagan Rome ? That it is primarily applied to the Devil, there seems to be no doubt ; but that it should be applied also to some of his chief agents, would seem to be appropriate and unobjectionable. Now Rome, being at this time pagan, and the supreme empire of the world, was the great and sole agent in the hands of the Devil for carrying out his purposes, so far as they pertained to national affairs. Hence the use of that symbol to designate, and the appli- cation of that term to describe, the Roman power. Having identified the power symbolized by the dragon, it is not necessary here to enter into other particulars concerning it, the object being to hasten on to the second symbol of chapter 13. We there- fore pass on to an examination of the next symbol, which is the leopard beast of the first part of chapter 13. To this beast the dragon gives his seat, his power, and great authority. Verse 2. It would be sufficient on this point simply to show to what power the dragon. Pagan Rome, transferred its seat and gave its power. The seat of any government is cer- tainly its capital city. The city of Rome was the dragon's seat. But in A. D. 330 Constantine transferred the seat of empire from Rome to Constantinople ; and Rome was given up — to what .-* to decay, desola- tion, and ruin 1 — No ; but to a power which would render it far more celebrated than it had ever before been, not as the seat of pagan emperors, but as the city of St. Peter's pretended successors, the seat of a spiritual kingdom which was not only to become more powerful than any secular government, but which, through the magic of its fatal sorcery, was to exercise dominion over the kings of the earth. Thus 100 THE MARVEL OF KATIONS. was Rome — the seat of the dragon — given to the pa- pacy by the transfer of the throne of the emperors to Constantinople by Constantine in A. D. 330 ; and the decree of Justinian, issued in 533, and carried into effect in 638, constituting the pope the head of all the churches and the corrector of heretics, was the investing of the papacy with that power and author- ity which the prophet foresaw. See Croly on the Apocalypse, pp. 114, 115. It is very evident, therefore, that this leopard beast is a symbol of the papacy. But there are other considerations which prove this. This beast has the body of a leopard, the mouth of a lion, and the feet of a bear. In Daniel's vision of chapter 7, he was shown a lion, bear, and leopard ; and the fact that this beast has the features of each of these, shows it to be some power which succeeded the kingdoms symbol- ized by those three beasts of Daniel's prophecy; and one which retained some of the characteristics of them all ; and that was Rome. But this is not the first, or pagan form of the Roman government ; for that is represented by the dragon ; and this is the form which next succeeded that, which was the papal. But what most clearly shows that this beast repre- sents the papacy, is its identity with the little horn of the fourth beast of Daniel 7, which all Protestants agree in applying to the papal power. 1. Their Chronology. (1.) After the great and terrible beast of Daniel 7, which represents Rome in its first, or pagan form, is fully developed, even to the existence of the ten horns, or the division of the Roman empire into ten parts, the little horn arises. Verse 24. (2.) This leopard beast likewise succeeds the dragon, which also represents Rome in its pagan A CBAIN OF PROPHECY. 101 form. These powers — the little horn and the leop- ard beast — appear, therefore, upon the stage of action at the same time ; i. e., next after the decadal division of the Roman empire, as shown by the ten horns of Daniel's fourth beast, and after the same division into ten parts, as symbolized by the ten horns of the dragon. 2. Their Location, (1.) The little horn plucked up three horns to make way for itself. The last of these, the Gothic horn, was plucked up when the Goths were driven from Rome in 538, and the city was left in the hands of the little horn, which has ever since held it as the seat of its power. (2.) To the leopard beast, also, the dragon gave its seat, the city of Rome. They therefore occupy the same location. 3. Their Character. (1.) The little horn is a blas- phemous power ; for it speaks great words against the Most High. Dan. 7 : 25. (2.) The leopard beast is also a blasphemous power ; for it bears upon its head the name of blasphemy ; it has a mouth speak- ing great things and blasphemies ; and he opens his mouth in blasphemy against God to blaspheme his name, and his tabernacle, and them that dwell in heaven. Rev. 13 : 1, 5, 6. Therefore, they both maintain exactly the same character. 4. Their Work. (1.) The little horn, by a long and heartless course of oppression against the saints of the Most High, wears them out ; and they are given into his hand. Dan. 7 : 25. He makes war against them, and prevails. Verse 21. (2.) The leopard beast also makes war upon the saints, and overcomes them. Rev. 13 : 7. This shows that they do the same worky and against the same class of people. 5. The Tim^e of Their Continuance. (1.) Power was 102 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. given to the little horn to continue a " time and times and the dividing of time." Dan. 7 : 25. A tiine in Scripture phraseology is one year. Dan. 4 : 25. (The '' seven times " of Nebuchadnezzar's hu- miliation, Josephus informs us, were seven years.) Times, that is two times, the least that can be ex- pressed by the plural, would be two years more ; and the dividing of time, or half a time, half a year more, making in all three and a half years. (2.) To the leopard beast, power was also given to continue forty- two months. There being twelve months to the year, this period gives us again just three and a half years. And this being prophetic time, a day for a year (Num. 14 : 34 ; Eze. 4 : 6), and there being, ac- cording to Scripture reckoning, thirty days to a month, or three hundred and sixty days to the or- dinary Bible year (Gen. 7 : 11, 24 ; 8 : 4), we have in each case twelve hundred and sixty years for the continuance of the little horn and the leopard beast. Thus we see that they continue the same length of time. 6. Their Overthrozv. (1.) At the end of the ** time, times, and a half," the dominion of the little horn was to be taken away. Dan. 7 : 26. (2.) At the end of the forty-two months, the same length of time, the leopard beast was also to be slain, politically, with the sword, and go into captivity. Rev. 13 : 3, 10. These are points which prove not merely similar- ity, but identity. For whenever two symbols, as in this instance, represent powers that, — 1. Come upon the stage of action at the same time^ 2. Occupy the same territory ^ 3. Maintain the same character. A CBAIN OF PnOPHECT. 103 4. Do the same worky 5. Continue the same length of timey and 6. Meet the same fate ^ — Those tzvo symbols must represent one and the same power. And in all these particulars there is, as we have seen, the most exact coincidence between the little horn of the fourth beast of Daniel T and the leopard beast of Revelation 13 ; and all are fulfilled by one power ; and that is the papacy. For 1. The papacy succeeded to the pagan form of the Roman empire ; 2. It has, ever since it was first established, occupied the seat of the dragon, the city of Rome, building for itself such a sanctuary — St. Peter's — as the world no- where else beholds ; 3. It is a blasphemous power, speaking the most presumptuous words it is possible for mortal lips to utter against the Most High ; 4. It has worn out the saints, the "Religious Encyclopedia" estimating thatthe lives of fifty millions of Christians have been quenched in blood by its merciless imple- ments of torture ; 5. It has continued a " time, times, and a half," or " forty-two months," or twelve hundred and sixty years. Commencing in 538, when the decree of Justinian in behalf of papal supremacy was first made effectual by the overthrow of the Goths, the papacy enjoyed a period of uninterrupted supremacy for just twelve hundred and sixty years, to 1798 ; and 6. Then its power was temporarily over- thrown, and its influence permanently crippled, when the French, under Berthier, entered Rome in triumph, and the pope w^as taken prisoner, and died in exile. Can any one doubt that the papacy is the power in question, and that the interpretation of this sym- bol brings us down within eighty-seven years of our 104 TEE MARVEL OF NATIONS. own time ? We regard the exposition of the proph- ecy thus far as clear beyond the possibility of refuta- tion j and if this is so, our future field of inquiry lies within a very narrow compass, as we shall presently see. CHAPTER VI. LOCATION OF THE GOVERNMENT REPRESENTED BY THE SECOND SYMBOL OF REVELATION 13. FOLLOWING the leopard, or papal beast of Rev- T elation 13 in consecutive order, comes another ^^ symbol whose appearance the prophet deline- ates, and whose work he describes, in the following language : — Verse 11. And I beheld another beast coming up out of the earth ; and he had two horns . like a lamb, and he ^pake as a dragon. 12. And he exerciseth all the power of the first beast before him, and causeth the earth and them which dwell therein to worship the first beast, whose deadly wound was healed. 13. And he doeth great wonders, so that he maketh fire come down from heaven on the earth in the sight of men, 14, and decciveth them that dwell on the earth by the means of those miracles which he had power to do in the sight of the beast ; saying to them that dwell on the earth, that they should make an image to the beast which had the wound by a sword, and did live. 15. And he had power to give life unto the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak, and cause that as many as would not worship the image of the beast should be killed. 16. And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads ; 17 "• and that no man might buy or sell, sr.ve he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. These few verses, with an allusion to the same power under the name of " the false prophet " in Rev. 16 : 13 and 19 : 20, furnish all the testimony we have respecting the two-horned beast ; but brief as it is, it gives sufficient data for a very certain appli- [105] 106 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. cation of the symbol in question. As an example of the world of meaning which prophecy can condense into a few words, a portion of the first verse of the foregoing quotation may be instanced. Here, within a compass of nineteen words, only three of which are words of more than one syllable, six grand points are made, which, taken together, are sufficient to deter- mine accurately the application of this symbol. The prophet says, first, that it is " another beast ; " sec- ondly, that when his attention was turned to it, it was ''coming up;" thirdly, that it came up "out of the earth ;" fourthly, that it had " two horns ;" fifthly, that these horns were like those of " a lamb ; " and sixthly, this symbol is introduced after the preceding beast went into captivity. The two-horned beast, then, is " another beast," in addition to, and different from, the papal beast which the prophet had just had under consideration ; that is, it symbolizes a power separate and distinct from that which is denoted by the preceding beast. This which John calls " another beast " is certainly no part of the first beast ; and the power symbolized by it is likewise no part of that which is intended by that beast. This is fatal to the claim of those, who, to avoid the application of this symbol to our own government, say that it denotes some phase of the papacy ; for in that case it would be a part of the preceding or leopard beast. To avoid this difficulty, it is claimed that the two- horned beast represents the religious or ecclesiastical, and the leopard beast the civil, power of Rome under papal rule, and that these symbols correspond to the beast and woman in Rev. 17, the one representing the civil power, the other the ecclesiastical. But this WHERE LOCATED f 107 claim also falls to the ground just as soon as it is shown that the leopard beast represents the religious as well as the civil element of that power. And nothing is easier than to show this. Take the first symbol, the dragon. What does it represent ? — Rome. But this is not enough ; for Rome has presented two great phases to the world, and the inquirer wants to know which one is intended by this symbol. The answer then is. Pagan Rome ; but just as soon as we add "pagan," we introduce a religious element ; for paganism is one of the might- iest systems of false religion ever devised by the archenemy of truth. It was, then, the religious ele- ment in the empire that determined what symbol should be used to represent it ; and the dragon rep- resented Rome while under the control of a partic- ular form of religion. But the time comes when another symbol is intro- duced upon the scene — the leopard beast arises out of the sea. What power is symbolized by this } The answer is still, Rome. But the dragon symbol- ized Rome, and why not let that symbol continue to represent it .-^ Whoever attempts to answer this question must say that it is because a change had taken place in the power. What change } Two kinds of changes are conspicuous in the history of Rome, — changes in the form of government, and a change in religion. But this cannot denote any change in the form of government ; for the seven different forms of government that Rome consecu- tively assumed are represented by the seven heads of the dragon and the seven heads of the leopard beast. The religious change alone must therefore be denoted by this change of symbols. Paganism and 108 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. Christianity coalesced, and the mongrel production was the papacy ; and this new religion, and this alone, made a change in the symbol necessary. Every candid mind must assent to this ; and this assent is an admission of the utter absurdity of trying to limit this symbol to the civil power alone. So far from its representing the civil power alone, it Is to the ecclesi- astical element that it owes its very existence. The ecclesiastical is therefore the essential element, and without it the symbol could not exist. That the leopard beast represents ecclesiastical as well as civil power is further shown in the arguments already presented to prove that this beast is identical with the little horn of the fourth beast of Daniel T, which symbolizes the papacy in all its component parts and through all its history. It is the leopard beast alone that is identical with this little horn, not the leopard beast and the two-horned beast taken together. Again, Pagan Rome gave its seat to the papacy. The dragon gave his seat to the leopard beast. If it takes both the leopard beast and the two-horned beast to constitute the papacy, the prophet should have said that the dragon gave his seat and power to these two beasts combined. The fact that this transfer was to the leopard beast alone, is proof pos- itive that that beast alone symbolizes the papacy in its entirety. When, therefore, John calls the two-horned beast "another beast," it is certain that he does not mean any particular phase, or any part, of the papal power. It is claimed by others that the two-horned beast represents England ; by still others, France ; and by WHERE LOG A TED ? • 1 09 some, Russia, etc. The first, among- many other fatal objections to all these applications, is, that the territory occupied by all these powers is already ap- propriated by preceding symbols. The prophecy does not read that the lion, the bear, or the leopard re-appeared under a new phase ; or that one of the ten horns of the leopard beast became another beast. If the two-horned beast symbolized any of these, it would be a part of other beasts instead of '* another beast," separate and distinct as it must be from all the rest. It is a law of symbols that each one oc- cupies territory peculiarly its own, that is, the ter- ritory which constituted the original government was no part of that which had been occupied by the previous powers. Thus, Babylon had its territory ; and Medo-Persia rose on the territory not occupied by Babylon ; and Medo-Persia and Babylon together covered all that portion of Asi-a known to ancient civilization. The Grecian, or Macedonian, kingdom arose to the west of them, occupying all Eastern Europe, so far as it was then known to the ancients. Rome rose still to the west, in territory unoccupied by Grecia. Rome was divided into ten kingdoms ; but though Rome conquered the world, we look for these ten kingdoms only in that territory which had never been included in other kingdoms. We look not to Eastern Europe, for that was included in the dominion of the third beast ; nor to Asia, for that constituted the empires of the first and second beasts ; but to Western Europe, which territory was unoccu- pied until taken by Rome and its divisions. The ten kingdoms which rose out of the old Ro- man empire are enumerated as follows by Machia- vel, indorsed by Bishop Newton, Faber, and Dr. 110 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. Hales : 1. The Huns ; 2. The Ostrogoths ; 3. The Visigoths ; 4. The Franks ; 5. The Vandals ; 6. The Suevi ; 7. The Burgundians ; 8. The Heruli ; 9. The Anglo-Saxons ; and 10. The Lombards. These king- doms have since been known, says Scott, as the " ten kingdoms of the Western empire," and they are dis- tinguishable at the present day, some of them even by their modern names ; as, Hungary from the Huns, Lombardy from the Lombards, France from the Franks, and England from the Anglo-Saxons. These ten kingdoms being denoted by the ten horns of the leopard beast, it is evident that all the territory in- cluded in these ten kingdoms is to be considered as covered by that symbol. England is one of these ten kingdoms ; France is another. If, therefore, we say that either of these is the one represented by the two-horned beast, we make one of the horns of the leopard beast constitute the two-horned beast. But this the prophecy forbids ; for while John sees the leopard beast fully developed, with his horns all com- plete and distinct, he beholds the two-horned beast coming up, and calls it *' another beast." We are therefore to look for the government which this beast symbolizes in some country outside the territory oc- cupied by the four beasts and the ten horns already referred to. But these, as we have seen, cover all the available portions of the eastern hemisphere. Another consideration pointing to the locality of this power is drawn from the fact that John saw it arising from the earth. If the sea from which the leopard beast arose (Rev. 13 : 1) denotes peoples, na- tions, and multitudes, as John expressly affirms that it does in Rev. 17:15, his use of the word "earth" WHERE LOCATED? Ill here would suggest, by contrast, a new and previ- ously-unoccupied territory. Being thus excluded from eastern continents and impressed with the idea of looking to territory not previously known to civilization, we turn of neces- sity to the western hemisphere. And this is in full harmony with the ideas already quoted, and more which might be presented, that the progress of em- pire is with the sun around the earth from east to west. Commencing in Asia, the cradle of the race, it would end on this continent, which completes the circuit. Bishop Berkeley, in his celebrated poem on America, written more than one hundred years ago, in the following forcible lines, pointed out the then future position of America, and its connection with preceding empires : — ** Westward the course of empire takes its way. The first four acts already past, A fifth shall close the drama with the day ; Time's noblest offspring is the last." By the " first four acts already past," the bishop had undoubt«d reference to the four universal kingdoms of Daniel's prophecy. A fifth great power, the no- blest and the last, was, according to his poem, to arise this side the Atlantic, and here close the drama of time, as the day here ends its circuit. To Avhat part of the American continent shall we look for the power in question } — To the most pow- erful and prominent nation, certainly. This is so self-evident that we need not stop to pass in review the frozen fragments of humanity on the north of us, nor the weak, superstitious, semi-barbarous, revolu- tionary, and uninfluential kingdoms to the south of us. No ; we come to the United States, and here 112 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. we are held. To this nation the question of the lo- cation of the two-horned beast undeviatingly leads us. As an objection to this view, it may occur to some minds that the two-horned beast exercises all the power of the first beast before him (Greek, huTrcovy literally, in his eyes, or before his face), and does wonders in his sight ; and how can the United States, separated by an ocean from European kingdoms, hold such an intimate relation to them ? We answer, Space and time are annihilated by the telegraph. Through the Atlantic cable (an enterprise which, by the way, owes its origin to the United States), the lightnings are continually picturing to European be- holders the affairs of America. Any important event occurring here is described the next hour in the jour- nals of Europe. So far as the transmission of an ac- count of our proceedings to the people of the Old World is concerned, it is as if America lay at the mouth of the English Channel. And the eyes of all Europe are intently watching our movements. Says Mr. Townsend (New World and Old, p, 583) :— ** All the great peoples of Europe are curiously interested and amazed in the rise of America, and their rulers at present compete for our friendship. 'Europe,' said tlie prince Talleyrand long ago, ' must have an eye on America, and take care not to offer any pretext for recrimination or retaliation. America is growing every day. She will become a colossal power, and the time will come when (discoveries enabling her to communicate more easily with Europe) she will want to say a word in our affairs, and have a hand in them.' " The time has come, and the discoveries have been made, to which Talleyrand referred. It is almost as WHEBE LOCATED? 113 easy now to communicate with Europe as with our nearest town. By these things the attention of the world is drawn still more strongly toward us ; and thus whatever the United States does, it is done in the sight — yes, even before the eyes — of all Europe. One strong pillar in the argument is thus firmly set. The terms of the prophecy absolutely fix the location of the power symbolized by the two-horned beast ; and that location is in this western hemisphere. It can be nowhere else. And the conclusion is just as unavoidable that our own nation is the power in question. CHAPTER VII. WHEN MUST THE GOVERNMENT INDICATED BY THIS SYMBOL ARISE? ^^AVING become satisfied where the power sym- bolized by the two-horned beast must be lo- cated, we now inquire respecting the time when we may look for its development. At what period in this world's history is theorise of this power placed in the prophecy ? On this point, as on the preced- ing, the foundation for the conclusions at which we must arrive is already laid in the facts elicited in ref- erence to the preceding, or leopard beast. It was at the time when this beast went into captivity, or was killed (politically) with the sword (verse 10), or (which we suppose to be the same thing) had one of its heads wounded to death (verse 3), that John saw the two-horned beast coming uj). If the leopard beast, as we have conclusively proved, signifies the papacy, and the going into captivity met its fulfill- ment in the temporary overthrow of the popedom by the French in 1798, then we have the epoch definitely specified when we are to look for the rising of this power. The expression, " coming up," must signify that the power to which it applies was but newly or- ganized, and was then just rising into prominence and influence. The power represented by this sym- bol must, then, be some power which in 1798 stood in this position before the world. That the leopard beast is a symbol of the papacy, [114] WHEN DOES IT RISE? 115 there can be no question ; but some may want more evidence that the wounding of one of its heads, or its going into captivity, was the overthrow of the pa- pacy in 1798. This can easily be given. A nation being represented by a wild beast, the government of that nation, that by which it is controlled, must, as a very clear matter of course, be considered as an- swering to the head of the beast. The seven heads of this beast would therefore denote seven different governments ; but all the heads pertain to one beast, and hence all these seven different forms of govern- ment pertain to one empire. But only one form of government can exist in a nation at one time ; hence the seven heads must denote seven forms of govern- ment to appear, not simultaneously, but succes- sively. But these heads pertain alike to the dragon and the leopard beast, from which this one conclu- sion only can be drawn ; namely, that Rome, during its whole history, embracing both its pagan and pa- pal phases, would change its government six times, presenting to the world seven different forms in all. And the historian records just that number as per- taining to Rome. Rome was ruled first by Kings ; secondly, by Consuls ; thirdly, by Decemvirs ; fourthly, by Dictators ; fifthly, by Triumvirs ; sixthly, by Em- perors ; and seventhly, by Popes. See ** American Encyclopedia." John saw one of these heads wounded as it were to death. Which one .^ — Can we tell } Let it be noticed, first, that it is one of the heads of the beast which is wounded to death, and not one of the heads of the dragon ; that is, it is some form of govern- ment which existed in Rome after the change of symbols from the dragon to the leopard beast. We 116 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. then inquire, How many of the different forms of Ro- man government belonged absolutely to the dragon, or existed in Rome while it maintained its dragonic, or pagan form ? These same seven heads are again presented to John in Rev. 17 ; and the angel there explains that they are seven kings, or forms of gov- ernment (verse 10) ; and he informs John that five are fallen, and one is ; that is, five of these forms of government were already past in John's day, and he was living under the sixth. Under what form did John live ? — The imperial, it being the cruel decree of the emperor Domitian which banished him to the Isle of Patmos, where this vision was given. Kings, Consuls, Decemvirs, Dictators, and Triumvirs were all in the past in John's day. Emperors were then rul- ing the Roman world ; and the empire was still pagan. Six of these heads, therefore, — Kings, Con- suls, Decemvirs, Dictators, Triumvirs, and Emperors, — belonged to the dragon ; for they all existed while Rome was pagan ; and it was no one of these that was wounded to death ; for had it been, John would have said, I saw one of the heads of the dragon wounded to death. The wound was inflicted after the empire had so changed in respect to its religion that it became necessary to represent it by the leop- ard beast. But the beast had only seven heads, and if six of them pertain to the dragon, only one re- mained to have an existence after this change in the empire took place. After the Emperors, the sixth and last head that existed in Rome in its dragonic form, came the Popes, the only head that existed after the empire had nominally become Christian. The " Ex- arch of Ravenna" existed so ''short a space" (Rev. WHEN DOES IT RISE? 117 17 : 10) that it has no place in the general enumera- tion of the heads of this power. From these considerations it is evident that the head which received the mortal wound was none other than the papal head. This conclusion cannot be shaken. We have now only to inquire when the papal head was wounded to death. It could not certainly be till after the papacy had reached that degree of development that caused it to be mentioned on the prophetic page. But after it was once estab- lished, the prophecy marked out for it an uninter- rupted rule of 1260 years, which dating from its rise in 538, would extend to 1798. And right there the papacy was, for the time being, overthrown. Gen- eral Berthier, by order of the French Directory, moved against the dominions of the pope in January, 1798. February 10, he effected an entrance into the self-styled " Eternal City," and on the 15th of the same month proclaimed the establishment of the Roman Republic. The pope, after this deprivation of his authority, was conveyed to France as a prisoner, and died at Valence, Aug. 29, 1799. This would have been the end of the papacy had this overthrow been made permanent. The wound would have proved fatal had it not been healed. But, though the wound was healed, the scar (to ex- tend the figure a little) has ever since remained. A new pope was elected in 1800, and the papacy was restored, but only to a partial possession of its former privileges. Rev. Geo. Croly, A. M., speaking upon this point, says : — "The extinction of torture and. secrecy is the virtual extinction of the tribunal. The power of the pope, as a systematic persecutor, 118 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. has thus been annulled by the events growing out of the Repub- lican era of 1793." — Croly on the Apocalypse, p. 257. Let the reader look carefully at this event. It furnishes a complete fulfillment of the prophecy ; and it is the only event in all Roman history which does this ; for, though the first six heads were each in turn ex- terminated, or gave place to a succeeding head, of no one of them could it be said that it received a deadly wound, which was afterward healed. And as this overthrow of the papacy by the French military must be the wounding of the head mentioned in Rev. 13 : 3, so, likewise, must it be the going into captiv- ity and the killing with the sword mentioned in verse 10 ; for it is an event of the right nature to ful- fill the prophecy, and one which occurred at the right time ; namely, at the end of the time, times, and a half, the forty-two months, or the 1260 years ; and no other event can be found answering to the rec- ord in these respects. We are not left, therefore, with any discretionary power in the application of this prophecy ; for God, by his providence, has marked the era of its accomplishment in as plain a manner as though he had proclaimed with an audible voice, '' Behold here the accomplishment of my pro- phetic word ! " Thus clearly is the exact time when we are to look for the rise of the two-horned beast indicated in the prophecy ; for John, as soon as he beholds the cap- tivity of the first or leopard beast, says, " And I be- held another beast coming up." And his use of the present participle, "coming" up, clearly connects this view with the preceding verse, and shows it to be an event transpiring simultaneously with the going into captivity of the previous beast. If he had WHEN DOES IT RISE? 119 said, '* And I had seen another beast coming up," it would prove that when he saw it, it was coming- up, but that the time when he beheld it was indefinitely in the past. If he had said, *' And I beheld another beast which had come up," it would prove that al- though his attention was called to it at the time when the first beast went into captivity, yet its rise was still indefinitely in the past. But when he says, ** I beheld another beast coming- 7ip" it proves that when he turned his eyes from the captivity of the first beast, he saw another power just then in the process of rapid development among the nations of the earth. So, then, about the year 1798, the star of that power which is symbolized by the two-horned beast must be seen rising over the horizon of the na- tions, and claiming its place in the political heavens. In view of these considerations, it is useless to speak of this power as having arisen ages in the past. To attempt such an application is to show one's self ut- terly reckless in regard to the plainest statements of inspiration. Again, the work of the two-horned beast is plainly located, by verse 12, this side the captivity of the first beast. It is there stated, in direct terms, that the two-horned beast causes *' the earth and them which dwell therein to worship the first beast, whose deadly wound was healed." But worship could not be rendered to a beast wdiose deadly wound was healed, till after that healing was accomplished. This brings the worship which this two-horned beast enforces unmistakably within the present cent- ury. Says Eld. J. Litch (Restitution, p. 131) : — 120 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. " The two-horned beast is represented as a power existing and performing his part after the death and revival of the first beast." Mr. Wesley, in his notes on Rev. 14, written in 1754, says of the two-liorned beast : — "He has not yet come, tliough he cannot be far off ; for he is to appear at the end of the forty-two months of the first beast." We find three additional declarations in the book of Revelation which prove, in a general sense, that the two-horned beast performs his work with that generation of men who are to behold the closing up of all earthly scenes, and the second coming of our Lord Jesus Christ ; and these will complete the ar- gument on this point. 1. The first is the message of the third angel, brought to view in the 14th of Revelation. It is not our purpose to enter into an exposition of the three messages of that chapter. We call the attention of the reader to only one fact, which must be apparent to all ; and that is, that the third of these messages is the last warning of danger and the last offer of mercy before the close of human probation ; for the event which immediately follows is the appearance of one like the Son of man, on a white cloud, com- ing to reap the harvest of the earth (verse 14), which can represent nothing else but the second advent of the Lor-d from heaven. Whatever views, therefore, a person may take of the first and second messages, and at whatever time he may apply them, it is very certain that the third and last one covers the closing hours of time, and reaches down to the second com- ing of Christ. And what is the burden of this mes- sage } It is a denunciation of the unmingled wrath of God against those who worship the beast and his WHEN DOE 8 IT RISE? 121 image. But this worship of the beast and his image is the very practice which the two-horned beast en- deavors to enforce upon the people. The third mes- sage, then, is a warning against the work of the two- horned beast. And as there would be no propriety in supposing this warning to be given after that work was performed, since it could appropriately be given only when the two-horned beast was about to enforce that worship, and while he was endeavoring to enforce it, and since the second coming of Christ immediately succeeds the proclamation of this mes- sage, it follows that the duties enjoined by this mes- sage, and the decrees enforced by the two-horned beast, constitute the last test to be brought to bear upon the world ; and hence the two-horned beast per- forms his work, not ages in the past, but among the last generation of men. 2. The second passage showing that the work of the two-horned beast is performed just before the close of time, is found in Rev. 15 : 2^ which we have shown to refer to the same company spoken of in chapter 14 : 1-5. Here is a company who have gained the victory over the beast and his image, and the mark and the number of his name ; in other words, they have been in direct conflict with the two-horned beast, which endeavors to enforce the worship of the beast and the reception of his mark. And these are " redeemed from among men " (14 : 4), or are translated from among the living at the sec- ond coming of Christ. 1 Cor. 15 : 51, 62 ; 1 Thess. 4 : 16, IT. This, again, shows conclusively that it is the last generation which witnesses the work of this power. 3. The third passage is Rev. 19 : 20, which speaks 122 THE MABVBL OF NATIONS. of the two-horned beast under the title of the false prophet, and mentions a point not given in Rev. 13 ; namely, the doom he is to meet. In the battle of the great day, which takes place in connection with the second coming of Christ (verses 11-19), the false prophet, or two-horned beast, is cast alive into a lake of fire burning with brimstone ; and the word *' alive" signifies that this power will be at that time a living power, performing its part in all its strength and vigor. This power is not to pass off the stage of ac- tion and be succeeded by another, but is to be a ruling power till destroyed by the King of kings and Lord of lords when he comes to dash the nations in pieces with a rod of iron. Ps. 2 : 9. The sum of the argument, then, on this matter of chronology, is this : That the two-horned beast does not come into the field of this vision previous to the year 1798 ; that it performs its work while the last generation of men is living on the earth ; and that it comes up to the battle of the great day a living power in the full vigor of its strength. As it was shown in the argument on the location of the two-horned beast that we are limited in our application to the Western Continent, so we are lim- ited still further by its chronology ; for it must not only be some power which arises this side of the At- lantic, but one which is seen coming up here at a particular time. Taking our stand, then, in the year 1798, the time indicated in the prophecy, we invite the careful attention of the reader to this question : What independent power in either North or South America was at that time " coming up " in a manner to answer to the conditions of the prophecy } All that part of North America lying to the north of us WHEN DOES IT RISE? 123 was under the dominion of Russia and Great Britain. Mexico, to the southwest, was a Spanish colony. Passing to South America, Brazil belonged to Port- ugal ; and most of other South American States were under Spanish control. In short, there was not then a single civilized, independent government in the New World, except our own United States. This nation, therefore, must be the one represented in the prophecy ; for no other answers the specifications in the least degree. It has always taken the lead of all European settlements in this hemisphere. It Avas " coming up " at the exact time indicated in the proph- ecy. Like a lofty monument in a field all its own, we here behold the United States grandly overtower- ing all the continent. So far as God's providence works among the nations for the accomplishment of his purposes, it is visible .in the development of this country as an agent to fulfill his word. On these two vital points of LOCATION and CHRONOLOGY, the arguments which show that OUR COUNTRY IS THE ONE represented by the symbol of the two-horned beast are ABSOLUTELY CONCLUSIVE. CHAPTER VIII. THE UNITED STATES HAS ARISEN IN THE EXACT MANNER INDICATED BY THE SYMBOL ISHE manner in which the two-horned beast was k: seen coming up shows, equally with its location ^J and its chronology, that it is a symbol of the United States. John says he saw the beast coming up *' out of the earth." And this expression must have been designedly used to point out the contrast between the rise of this beast and that of other na- tional prophetic symbols. The four beasts of Dan. 7 and the leopard beast of Rev. 13 all arose out of the sea. Says Daniel, ''The four winds of the heaven strove upon the great sea ; and four beast came up from the sea." The sea denotes peoples, nations, and tongues (Rev. 17: 15), and the winds denote political strife and commotion. Jer. 25 : 32, 33. There was, then, in this scene, the dire commotion of nature's mightiest elements, — the wind above, the waters be- neath, the fury of the gale, the roaring and dashing of the waves, and the tumult of the raging storm ; and in the midst of this war of elements, as if aroused from the depths of the sea by the fearful commotion, these beasts one after another appeared. In other words, the governments of which these beasts were symbols owed their origin to movements among the people which would be well represented by the sea lashed into foam by the sweeping gale ; they arose [124] MANNER OF ITS ELSE. 125 by the upheavals of revolution, and through the strife of war. But when the prophet beholds the rising of the two-horned beast, how different the scene ! No po- litical tempest sweeps the horizon, no armies clash together like the waves of the sea. He does not be- hold the troubled and restless surface of the waters, but a calm and immovable expanse of earth. And out of this earth, like a plant growing up in a quiet and sheltered spot, he sees this beast, bearing on his head the horns of a lamb, those eloquent symbols of youth and innocence, daily augmenting in bodily proportions, and daily increasing in physical strength. If any one should here point to the war of the Rev- olution as an event which destroys the force of this application, it would be sufficient to reply : 1. That war was at least fifteen years in the past when the two-horned beast was introduced into the field of this vision ; and 2. The war of the Revolution was not a war of conquest. It was not waged to over- throw any other kingdom and build this government on its ruins, but only to defend the just rights of the American people. An act of resistance against con- tinual attempts of injustice and tyranny cannot cer- tainly be placed in the same catalogue with wars of aggression and conquest. The same may be said of the war of 1812. Hence these conflicts do not even partake of the nature of objections to the application here set forth. The same view of this point is taken by eminent statesmen here and elsewhere. In a speech at the "Centennial Dinner," at the Westminster Palace Hotel, London, July 4, 1876, J. P. Thompson, LL. D., said : — 126 THE MARVEL OE NATIONfi, "I thank God that this birthday of the United States as a na- tion does not commemorate a victory ol arms. War preceeded it, gave occasion to it, followed it ; but the figure of Independence shaped on the Fourth of July, 1776, wears no helmet, brandishes no sword, and carries no stain of slaughter and blood. I recog- nize all that war has done for the emancipation of the race, the progress of society, the assertion and maintenance of liberty it- self ; I honor the heroes who have braved the fury of battle for country and right, I ajDpreciate thiC virtues to which war at times has trained nations as well as leadelrs and armies ; yet I confess myself utterly wearied and sated with these monuments of victory in every capital of Europe, made of captured cannon, and sculpt- ured over with scenes of carnage. I am sick of that type of his- tory that teaches our youth that the Alexanders and Caesars, the Frederics and Napoleons, are the great men who have made the world ; and it is with a sense of relief and refreshment that I turn to a nation whose birthday commemorates a great moral idea, a principle of ethics applied to political society — that government represents the whole people, for the equal good of all. No tide of battle marks this day ; but itself marks the high water line of heaving, surging humanity." — United States as a Natio?i, pp. xiii, xiv, Hon. Wm. M. Evarts quotes with approval a say- ing of Burke, respecting our Revolution, as follows : — "A great revolution has happened — a revolution made, not by chopping and changing of power in any of the existing States, but by the appearance of a new State, of a new species in a new part of the globe. It has made as great a change in all the relations and balances and gravitations of power, as the appearance of a new planet would in the system of the solar world. ' The word which John uses to describe the manner in which this beast comes up is very expressive. It is ava^aivov (anabaifion), one ^f the prominent defini- tions of which is, " To grow or spring up as a plant." And it is a remarkable fact that this very figure has been chosen by political writers as the one convey- ing the best idea of the manner in which this govern- MANNER OF ITS RISE. 127 ment has arisen. Mr. G. A. Townsend, in his work entitled, " The New World Compared with the Old," p. 462, says : — "Since America was discovered, slie has been a subject of rev- olutionary thought in Europe. The mystery of her coming forth from 'vacancy, the marvel of her wealth in gold and silver, the spectacle of her captives led through European capitals, filled the minds of men with unrest ; and unrest is the first stage of revolu- tion." On p. 635, he further says : — "In this web of islands — the West Indies — began the life of both [North and South] Americas. There Columbus saw land, there Spain began her baneful and brilliant Western Empire ; thence Cortez departed for Mexico, De Soto for the Mississippi, Balboa for the Pacific, and Pizarro for Peru. The history of the United States was separated by a beneficent Providence far from this wild and cruel history of the rest of the continent, and like a silent seed ice grew into empire [italics ours] ; while empire itself, beginning in the South, was swept by so interminable a hurricane that what of its history we can ascertain is read by the very lightnings that , devastated it. The growth of English America may be likened to a series of lyrics sung by separate singers, which, coalescing, at last make a vigorous chorus, and this, at- tracting many from afar, swells and is prolonged, until presently it assumes the dignity and proportions of epic song." A writer in the Dublin Nation, about the year 1850, spoke of the United States as a wonderful em- pire which was " emerging,'' and *' amid the silence of the earth daily adding to its power and pride." In Martyn's '' History of the Great Reformation," Vol. iv. p. 238, is an extract from an oration deliv- ered by Edward Everett on the English exiles who founded this government, in which he says : — " Did they look for a retired spot, inoffensive from its obscurity, safe in its remoteness from the haunts of despots, where the little church of Leyden might enjoy freedom of conscience ? Behold the 128 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. mighty regions over which hi peaceful conquest — mctoria sine clade — they have borne the banners of the cross." We now ask the reader to look at tnese expres- sions side by side, — *' coming up out of the earth," ** coming forth from vacancy," '* emerging amid the silence of the earth," *'like a silent seed we grew into empire," '' mighty regions " secured by " peaceful conquest." The first is from the prophet, stating what would be when the two-horned beast should arise ; the others are from political writers, telling what has been in the history of our ozvn government. Can any one fail to see that the last four are exactly synonymous with the first, and that they record a complete accomplishment of the prediction ? And what is not a little remarkable, those, who have thus recorded the fulfillment have, without any reference to the prophecy, used the very figure which the prophet employed. These men, therefore, being judges, — men of large and cultivated minds, whose powers of discernment all will acknowledge to be sufificiently clear, — it is certain that the particular manner in which the United States has arisen, so far as it con- cerns its relation to other nations, answers most strikingly to the development of the symbol under consideration. We now extend the inquiry a step further : Has the United States "come up" in a manner to fulfill the prophecy in respect to the achievements this govern- ment has accomplished } Has the progress made been sufficiently great and sufficiently rapid to cor- respond to that visible and perceptible growth which John saw in the two-horned beast ? In view of what has already been presented in Chapter II., this question need not be asked. To MANNER OF ITS RISE. 129 show how the development of our country answers to the *' coming up " of the symbol, would be but to repeat the evidence there given. When was the wonderful national development indicated by the two-horned beast to appear ? — In the very era of the world's history where our own government has ap- peared. Where was it to be witnessed } — In that territory which our own government occupies. We call the attention of the reader again to the wonder- ful facts stated in Chapter II. Their significance is greatly enhanced by the representations of that por- tion of the prophecy we are now considering. Read again the staten'.ent from Macmillan & Co., on p. 26, showing that during the half century ending in 1867, the United States added to its domain over fourteen hundred thousand square miles of territory more than any other single nation added to its area, and over eight hundred thousand more than was added to their respective kingdoms by all the other nations of the earth put together. Its increase in population and all the resources of national strength during the same time were equally noteworthy. And this mar- velous exhibition has occurred, be it remembered, at that very epoch when the prophecy of the two-horned beast bids us look for a new government just then arising to prominence and power among the nations of the earth. According to the argument on the chronology of this symbol, we cannot go back of the present century for its fulfillment ; and we submit to the candid reader that to apply this to any other gov- ernment in the world but our own during this time, would be contrary to fact, and utterly illogical. It follows, then, that our own government is the one in question ; for this is the one which, at the right time 9 130 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. and in the right place, has been emphatically " com- ing up." The only objection we can anticipate is that this nation has progressed too fast and too far, — that the government has already outgrown the symbol. But what shall be thought of those who deny that it has any place in prophecy at all ? No ; this prodigy has its place on the prophetic page ; and the path which has thus far led us to the conclusion that the two- horned beast is the prophetic symbol of the United States, is hedged m on either side by walls of adamant that reach to heaven. To make any other applica- tion is an utter impossibility. The thought would be folly, and the attempt, abortion. CHAPTER IX. THE TWO GREAT PRINCIPLES OF THIS GOVERNMENT. ^]^^ AVING given us data by which to determine t) the location, chronology, and rapid rise of this power, John now proceeds to describe the ap- pearance of the two-horned beast, and speak of his acts in such a manner as clearly to indicate his char- acter, both apparent and real. Every specification thus far examined has held the application impera- tively to the United States, and we shall find this one no less strong in the same direction. This symbol has " two horns like a lamb." To those who have studied the prophecies of Daniel and John, horns upon a beast are no unfamiliar features. The ram (Dan. 8 : 3) had two horns. The he-goat that came up against him had at first one notable horn be- tween his eyes. Verse 5. This was broken, and four came up in its place toward the four winds of heaven. Verse 8. From one of these came forth another horn, which waxed exceeding great. Verse 9. The fourth beast of Dan. 7 had ten horns. Among these, a little horn with eyes and mouth, far-seeing, crafty, and blasphemous, arose. Dan. 7 : 8. The dragon and leopard beast of Rev. 12 and 13, denoting the same as the fourth beast of Dan. 7 in its two phases, have each the same number of horns, signifying the same thing. And the symbol under consideration has two horns like a lamb. From the use of the horns on the other symbols, some facts are apparent which may guide us to an understanding of their use on this last one. [131] 182 THE MAUVE L OF NATIONS. A horn is used in the Scriptures as a symbol of strength and power, as in Deut. 33 : 17, and of glory and honor, as in Job 16 : 15. A horn is sometimes used to denote a nation as a whole, as the four horns of the goat, the little horn of Dan. 8, and the ten horns of the fourth beast of Dan. .7 ; and sometimes some particular feature of the gov- ernment ; as the first horn of the goat, which denoted not the nation as a whole, but the civil power, as cen- tered in the first king, Alexander the Great. Horns do not always denote division, as in the case of the four horns of the goat, etc. ; for the two horns of the ram denote the iinion of Media and Persia in one government. A horn is not used exclusively to represent civil power ; for the little horn of Daniel's fourth beast, the papacy, was a horn when it plucked up three other horns, and established itself in 538. But it was then purely an ecclesiastical power, and so remained for two hundred and seventeen years from that time, when Pepin, in the year 755, made the Roman pontiff a grant of some rich provinces in Italy, which first constituted him a temporal monarch. (Goodrich's History of the Church, p. 98 ; Bower's History of the Popes, vol, ii, p. 108.) With these facts before us, we are prepared to in- quire into the significance of the two horns which pertain to this beast. Why does John say that he has " two horns like a lamb " .'* Why not simply " two horns".'* It must be because these horns possess pe- culiarities which indicate the character of the power to which they belong. The horns of a lamb indicate, first, youthfulness, and secondly, innocence and gen- tleness. As a power which has but recently arisen, TEE TWO GREAT PRINCIPLES. I33 the United States answers to the symbol admirably in respect to age ; while no other power, as has al- ready abundantly been proved, can be found to do this. And considered as an index of power and char- acter, it can be decided what constitutes the two horns of the government, if it can be ascertained what is the secret of its strength and power, and what re- veals its apparent character, or constitutes its out- ward profession. The Hon. J. A. Bingham gives us the clue to the whole matter when he states that the object of those who first sought these shores was to found " what the world had not seen for ages ; viz., a Church without a pope, and a State without a king." Expressed in other words, this would be a govern- ment in which the church should be free from the civil power, and civil and religious liberty reign su- preme. And what is the profession of this government in these respects } As already noticed, that great in- strument which our forefathers set forth as their bill of rights — the Declaration of Independence — affirms that all men are created on a plane of perfect equality ; that their Creator has endowed them all alike with certain rights which cannot be alienated from them ; that among these are life, of which no man can right- fully deprive another, and liberty, to which every one is alike entitled, and the pursuit of happiness, in any way and every way which does not infringe upon the rights of others. So much for the department of civil liberty. In the domain of spiritual things the position of this government is no less explicit and no less broad and liberal. In the Old World what multitudes have been deprived of " life, liberty, and the pursuit of happi- 134 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. ness," on account of a peculiarity of belief in religious matters ! What woes have been inflicted upon hu- manity by the efforts of spiritual tyrants to fetter men's consciences ! What a grand safeguard is erected against these evils in the noble provisions of our Constitution, that no person shall be prohibited from freely exercising his religion (on the implied condi- tion, of course, that no other person's rights are in- fringed upon) ; that Congress shall make no law in regard to any religious establishment ; and that no religious profession shall qualify, and no lack of it de- bar, a person from any office of public trust under the United States. Thus the right of worshiping God ac- cording to the dictates of his own conscience is guar- anteed to every man. In the chapter on the political and religious influ- ence of this nation, these points are brought out more fully. And to the matter of that chapter the reader is again referred. Here, then, are two great principles standing prom- inently before the people, — Republicanism and Prot- estantism. And what can be more just, and innocent, and lamb-like than these } And here, also, is the se- cret of our strength and power. Had some Caligula or Nero ruled this land, we should look in vain for what we behold to-day. Immigration would not have flowed to our shores, and this country would never have presented to the world so unparalleled an ex- ample of national growth. One of these two lamb-like horns may therefore represent the great principle of civil liberty in this government ; and the other, the equally great prin- ciple of religious liberty, which men so highly prize, and have so earnestly sought. As says Mr. Foss in THE TWO GREAT PRINCIPLES, 135 his sermon before quoted, " The two evangels of civil and religious liberty are ours." How better could these two great principles be symbolized than by the horns of a lamb ? This application is warranted by the facts already set forth respecting the horns of the other powers. For (1.) the two horns may belong to one beast, and denote union instead of division, as in the case of the ram (Dan. 8) ; (2.) a horn may denote a purely ecclesiastical element, as the little horn of Daniel's fourth beast ; and (3.) a horn may denote the civil power alone, as in the case of the first horn of the Grecian goat.^ On the basis of these facts, we have these two elements. Republicanism and Protest- antism, here united in one government, and repre- sented by two horns like the horns of a lamb. And these are nowhere else to be found ; nor have they appeared, since the time when we could consistently look for the rise of the two-horned beast, in any na- tion upon the face of the earth except our own. And with these horns there is no objection to be found. They are like those of a lamb, the Bible sym- bol of purity and innocence. The principles are all right. The outward appearance is unqualifiedly good. But, alas for our country ! its acts are to give the lie to its profession. The lamb-like features are first de- veloped, but the dragon voice is to be heard hereafter. CHAPTER X. INCONSISTENT UTTERANCES. ^ROM the facts thus far elicited in this argument, we have seen that the government symbolized by the two-horned beast must be, — 1. Some government distinct from the powers of the Old World, whether civil or ecclesiastical ; 2. That it must arise this side the Atlantic ; 3. That it must be seen coming into influence and notoriety about the year 1798 ; 4. That it must rise in a peaceful manner ; 5. That its progress must be so rapid as to strike the beholder with as much wonder as the perceptible growth of an animal before his eyes ; 6. That it must be a republic ; 7. That it must exhibit before the world, as an in- dex of its character and of the motives by which it is governed, two great principles, in themselves perfectly just, innocent, and lamb-like ; and 8. That it must perform its work in the- present' century. And we have seen that of these eight specifications just two things can be said : First, that they are all perfectly met in the history of the United States thus far ; and secondly, that they are not met in the his- tory of any other government on the face of the earth. Behind these eight lines of defense, therefore, the ar- gument lies impregnably intrenched. And the American patriot, the man who loves his country, and takes a just pride in her thus-far glori- ous record and noble achievements (and who does - [136] INCONSISTENT UTTERANCES, 137 not?), needs an argument no less ponderous and im- movable, and an array of evidence no less clear, to enable him to accept the painful sequel which the re- mainder of the prophecy also applies to this govern- ment, hitherto the best the world has ever seen ; for the prophet immediately turns to a part of the pict- ure which is dark with injustice, and marred by op- pression, deception, intolerance, and wrong. After describing the lamb-like appearance of this symbol, John im.mediately adds, '' And he spake as a dragon." The dragon (Pagan Rome), the first link in this chain of prophecy, was a relentless persecutor of the church of God. The leopard beast (the Papacy) which follows, was likewise a persecuting power, grinding out for 1260 years the lives of millions of the followers of Christ. The third actor in the scene, the two-horned beast, speaks like the first, and thus shows himself to be a dragon at heart; "for out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh," and in the heart actions are conceived. This, then, like the others, is a persecuting power ; and the reason that any of them are mentioned in prophecy, is simply be- cause they are persecuting powers. God's care for the church, his little, flock, is what has led him to gi^Q a revelation of his will, and point out the foes with whom they would have to contend. To his church, all the actions recorded of the dragon and leopard beast relate ; and in reference to the church, there- fore, we conclude that the dragon voice of this power is uttered. The ''speaking" of any government must be the public promulgation of its will on the part of its law- making and executive powers. Is this nation, then, to issue unjust and oppressive enactments against the 138 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. people of God ? Are the fires of persecution, which in other ages have devastated other lands, to be lighted here also ? We would fain believe otherwise ; but notwithstanding the pure intentions of the noble founders of this government, notwithstanding the worthy motives and objects of thousands of Christian patriots to-day, we can but take the prophecy as it reads, and expect nothing less than what it predicts. John heard this power speak, and the voice was that of a dragon. Nor is this so improbable an issue as might at first appear. The people of the United States are not all saints. The masses, notwithstanding all our gospel light and gospel privileges, are still in a position for Satan to suddenly fire their hearts with the basest of impulses. This nation, as we have seen, is to exist to the coming of Christ ; and the Bible very fully sets forth the moral condition of the people in the days that immediately precede that event. Iniquity is to abound, and the love of many to wax cold. Matt. 24 : 12. Evil men and seducers are to wax worse and worse. 2 Tim. 3 : 13. Scoffers are to arise, saying, "Where is the promise of his coming.-^" 2 Pet. 3:3, 4. The whole land is to be full of violence, as it was in the days of Noah, and full of licentiousness, as was Sodom in the days of Lot. Luke IT : 26-30. And when the Lord appears, faith will scarcely be found upon the earth (Luke 18:8); and those who are ready for his coming will be but a "little flock." Luke 12 : 32. Can the people of God think to go through this period, and not suffer persecution .'^ — No ; this would be contrary to the lessons taught by all past experi- ence, and just the reverse of what we are warranted by the word of God to expect. " All that will live INCONSISTENT UTTERANCES. I39 godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer persecution." If ever this was true in the history of the church, we may expect it to be emphatically so when, in the last days, the world is in its aphelion as related to God, and the wicked touch their lowest depths of iniquity and sin. Let, then, such a general spirit of persecution arise as the foregoing scriptures declare will in the last days exist, and what is more probable than that it should assume an organized form ? In this country the will of the people is law. And let there be a gen- eral desire on the part of the people for certain op- pressive enactments against' believers in unpopular doctrines, and what would be more easy and natural than that such desire should immediately crystallize into systematic action, and oppressive measures take the form of law } Then we should have just what the prophecy indicates. Then would be heard the voice or the dragon. And there are elements already In existence which furnish a luxuriant soil for a baleful crop of future evil. Our nation has grown so rapidly in wealth that it stands to-day as the richest nation in the world. Wealth leads to luxury, luxury to corruption, corrup- tion to the breaking down of all moral barriers ; and then the way is open for the worst passions to come to the front, and for the worst principles to bear rule. The prevailing condition of things is graphically de- scribed by the late distinguished and devoted J. H. Merle D'Aubigne, author of the "History of the Ref- ormation." Just previous to his death he prepared a paper for the Evangelical Alliance, in which he gave utterance to the following weighty and startling words : — 140 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. ** If the meeting for which you are assembled is an important one, the period at which it is held is equally so, not only on ac- count of the great things which God is accomplishing in the world, but also by reason of the great evils which the spirit of darkness is spreading throughout Christendom. The despotic and arrogant pretensions of Rome have reached in our days their highest pitch, and we are consequently more than ever called upon to contend against that power which dares to usurp the divine attributes. But that is not all. While superstition has increased, unbelief has done so still more. Until now the eighteenth century — the age of Yoltaire — was regarded as the epoch of most decided infidelity; but how far does the present time suri3ass it in this respect ! . . . But there is a still sadder feature of our times. Unbelief has reached even the ministry of the word." Political corruption is preparing the way for deeper sin. It pervades all parties. Look at the dishonest means resorted to to obtain office, — the bribery, the deceptions, the ballot-stuffing. Look at the stupen- dous revelations of municipal corruption lately dis- closed in New York City, — millions upon millions stolen directly and barefacedly from the city treasury by its corrupt officials. Look at the civil service of this government. Speaking on this point, The Nation of Nov. 17, 1870, said :— "The newspapers are generally believed to exaggerate most of the abuses they denounce ; but we say deliberately, that no denun- ciation of the civil service of the United States which has ever ap- peared in print has come up, as a picture of selfishness, greed, fraud, corruption, falsehood, and cruelty, to the accounts which are given privately by those who have seen the real workings of the machine." Revelations are continually coming to light, going beyond the worst fears of those who are even the most apprehensive of wrongs committed among all classes of society at the present time. The nation stands aghast to-day at the evidence of corruption in high INCONSISTENT UTTERANCES. 141 places which is thrust before its face. Yet a popular ministry, in their softest and most soothing tones, de- clare that the world is growing better, and sing of a good time coming. The Detroit Evening- News of March 4, 18T6, refer- ring to Secretary Belknap's fall, said : — *'The revelations of corruption in connection with the adminis- tration of the Federal government have gone further than any- body's worst fears, in the humiliating intelligence of Secretary Belknap's disgrace. That among the underlings there were to be found rascals, might have been expected in such times as these, but that a minister of the Cabinet should have turned out to be nothing better than a vulgar thief is something which must fill this nation with dismay, and the civilized world with contempt. Where is all this to stop ? Are we so utterly rotten as a people that noth- ing but vileness can come uppermost, — that we cannot preserve even the gTeat offices of the Cabinet from the possession of ras- cals ? " Again the News says :— " Wa^ington seems to be ingulfed in iniquit} and steeped in corruption. Disclosures of fraud in high places are pushing one another toward the light. Belknap, Logan, Delano, Ingalls — and where the black list will stop. Heaven only knows." Since the foregoing was written, who will say that there has been any real improvement in the tone of public morals } And further enumeration is here un- necessary. Enoftgh crops out in every day's history to show that moral principle, the only guarantee for justice and honesty in a government like ours, is sadly wanting. And evil is also threatening from another quarter. Creeping up from the darkness of the Dark Ages, a hideous monster is intently watching to seize the throat of liberty in our land. It thrusts itself up into the noonday of the nineteenth century, not that it 142 THE MARVEL OF STATIONS. may be benefited by its light and freedom, but that it may suppress and obscure thern. The name of this monster is Popery ; and it has fixed its rapacious and blood-thirsty eyes on this land, determined to make it its helpless prey. It already decides the elections in some of our largest cities. It controls the revenues of the most populous State in the Union, and appro- priates annually hundreds of thousands of dollars raised from Protestant taxes, to the support of its own ecclesiastical organizations, and to the furtherance of its own religious and political ends. It has attained such a degree of influence that it is only by a mighty effort of Protestant patriotism that any measures against which the Romish element combines its strength can now be carried. And corrupt and un- scrupulous politicians stand ready to concede its de- mands, in order to secure its support for the advance- ment of their own ambitious aims. Look at the so- called "Freedom of Worship" bill, by which Papists would compel the general public to support in public institutions its own peculiar form of worship and priestly influence, — a bill which has been, and in all probability is destined more fully to be, an occasion of wrangling in the New York Legislature. Rome is in the field, with the basest and most fatal intentions, and with the most watchful and tireless energy. It is destined to play an important part in our future troubles ; for it is symbolized by the very beast which the two-horned beast is to cause the earth and them that dwell therein to worship, and before whose eyes it is to perform its wonders. Rev. 14 : 12. And in our own better Protestant churches there is that which threatens to lead to most serious evils. On this point one of their own popular ministers, who INCONSISTENT UTTERAy JES. I43 is well qualified to speak, may testif} ^ A sermon by Charles Beecher contains the following statements : — "Our best, most humble, most devoted servants of Christ, are fostering in their midst what will one (Jay, not long hence, show itself to be the spawn of the dragon. They shrink from any rude word against creeds with the same sensitiveness with which those holy fathers would have shrunk from a rude word against the ris- ing veneration of saints and martyrs which they were fostering. . . . The Protestant evangelical denominations have so tied up one another's hands, and their own, that, between them all, a man cannot become a preacher at all, anywhere, without accepting some book besides the Bible. . . , And is not the Protestant Church apostate ? Oh ! remember, the final form of apostasy shall rise, not by crosses, processions, baubles. We understand all that. Apostasy never comes on the outside. It develops. It is an apos- tasy that shall spring into life within us, — an apostasy that shall martyr a man who believes his Bible ever so holily ; yea, who may even believe what the creed contains, but who may happen to agree with the Westminster Assembly, that, proposed as a test, it is an unwarrantable imposition. That is the apostasy we have to fear, and is it not already formed ? . . . Will it be said that our fears are imaginary ? Imaginarj^ ! Did not the Kev. John M. Duncan, in the years 1825-6, or thereabouts, sincerely believe the Bible ? Did he not even believe substantially the Confession of Faith ? And was he not, for daring to say what the Westminster Assembly said, that to require the reception of that creed as a test of ministerial qualification was an unwarrantable imposition, brought to trial, condemned, excommunicated, and his pulpit de- clared vacant ? There is nothing imaginary in the statement that the creed-power is noF beginning to prohibit the Bible as really as Rome did, though in a subtler way. "Oh, woful day ! Oh, unhappy Church of Christ, fast rushing round and round the fatal circle of absorbing ruin ! . . . Daily does every one see that things are going wrong. With sighs does every true heart confess that rottenness is somewhere, but, ah ! it is hopeless of reform. We all pass on, and the tide rolls down to night. The waves of the coming conflict which is to convulse Christendom to her center are beginning to be felt. The deep heavings begin to swell beneath, us. *A11 the old signs fail.' ' God answers no more by Urim and Thummim, nor by dream, nor 144 TEE MARVEL OP NATIONS. by prophet/ Men's hearts are failing them for fear, and for look- ing after those things that are coming on the earth. Thunders mutter in the distance. Winds moan across the surging bosom of the deep. All things betide the rising of that fatal storm of di- vine indignation which shall sweep away the vain refuge of lies." In addition to this, we have spiritualism, infidelity, socialism, free-love, the trades unions, or labor against capital, and communism, — all assiduously spreading their principles among the masses. These are the very principles that worked among the people, as the exciting cause, just prior to the terrible French Rev- olution of 1789-1800. Human nature is the same in all ages, and like causes will surely produce like ef- fects. These causes are now all in active operation ; and how soon they will culminate in a state of an- archy, and a reign of terror as much more frightful than thr F'rench Revolution as they are now more widely extended, no man can say. Such are some of the elements already at work ; Such is the direction in which events are moving. Ari'l how much further is it necessary that they should prog'-ess in this manner before an open war-cry from the masses of persecution against those whose simple adherence to the Bible shall put to shame their man- made theology, and .whose godly lives shall condemn their wicked practices, would seem in nowise start- ling or incongruous } But some may say, through an all-absorbing faith in the increasing virtue of the American people, that they do not believe that the United States will ever raise the hand of persecution against any class. Very well. This is not a matter over which we need to in- dulge in any controversy. No process of reasoiiing nor any amount of argument can ever show that it INCONSISTENT UTTERANCES. 145 will noth^ so. We think we have shown good ground for strong probabilities that this government may yet commit itself to the work of religious persecution ; and we shall present more forcible evidence, and speak of more significant movements hereafter. As we interpret the prophecy, we look upon it as inev- itable. But the decision of the question must be left to time ; we can neither help nor hinder its work. Time will soon correct all errors, and solve all doubts, on this question. 10 CHAPTER XI. HE DOETH GREAT WONDERS. 'N further predicting the work of the two-horned beast, the prophet says, *' And he exerciseth all ^ the power of the first beast before him, and caus- eth the earth and them which dwell therein to wor- ship the first beast, whose deadly wound was healed." This language is urged by some to prove that the two-horned beast must be some power which holds the reins of government in the very territory occu- pied by the first, or preceding beast, which is the pa- pacy ; for, otherwise, how could he exercise his power ? If the word ''before" denoted precedence in time, and the first (or papal) beast passed off the stage of action when the two-horned beast came on, just as Babylon gave place to Persia, which then exercised all the power of Babylon before it, there would be some plausibility in the claim. But the word ren- dered "before" is euuiriop (enopion)^ which means, lit- erally, '' in the presence of" And so the language, instead of proving what is claimed, becomes a most positive proof that these two beasts — the leopard pa- pal beast and the two-horned beast — are distinct and contemporary powers. The first beast is in existence, having all its sym- bolic vitality, at the very time the two-horned beast is exercising power in his presence. But this could not be, if his dominion had passed into the hands of the two-horned beast ; for a beast, in prophecy, ceases to exist when his dominion is taken away. What [146] HE DOETH GREAT WONDERS. I47 caused the change in the symbols, as given in the seventh chapter of Daniel, from the lion, representing Babylon, to the bear, representing Persia ? — Simply a transfer of dominion from Babylon to Ptrsia. And so the prophecy explains the successive passing away of these beasts, by saying that their "lives were pro- longed," but their " dominion was taken away" (verse 12) ; that is, the territory of the kingdom was not blotted from the map, nor the lives of the people de- stroyed, but there was a transfer of power from one nationality to another. So the fact that the leopard beast, here in Rev. 13, is spoken of as still an existing power, when the two-horned beast works in his pres- ence, is proof that he is, at that time, in possession of all the dominion that was ever necessary to constitute him a symbol in prophecy. What power, then, does the two-horned beast ex- ercise ? Not the power which belongs to, and is in the hands of, the leopard, or papal beast, surely ; but he exercises, or essays to exercise, in his presence, power of the same kind and to the same extent. The power which the first beast exercised, — that alone with which the prophecy is concerned, — was a terri- ble power of oppression against the people of God (verse 7) ; and this is a further indication of the char- acter which the two-horned beast is finally to sustain in this respect. The latter part of the verse, ** And causeth the earth and them which dwell therein to worship the first beast, whose deadly wound was healed," is still further proof that the two-horned beast is no phase nor feat- ure of the papacy; for the papal beast is certainly competent to enforce his own worship in his own country, and from his own subjects. But it is the 148 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. two-horned beast which causeth the earth (the terri- tory out of which it arose, and over which it rules), and them which dwell therein, to worship the first beast. This shows that this beast occupies territory over which the first beast has no jurisdiction. " And he doeth great wonders, so that he maketh fire come down from heaven on the earth in the sight of men." In this specification we have still further proof that our own government is the one represented by the two-horned beast. That we are living in an age of wonders, none can deny. Time was, and that not twoscore of years ago, when the bare mention of achievements which now constitute the warp and woof of every-day life, was considered the wildest chimera of a diseased imagination. Now, nothing is too wonderful to be believed, nor too strange to hap- pen. Go back only a little more than half a century, and the world, with respect to those things which tend to domestic convenience and comfort, — the means of illumination, the production and application of heat, and the performance of various household op- erations ; with respect to methods of rapid locomo- tion from place to place, and the transmission of in- telligence from point to point, stood about where it did in the days of the patriarchs. , Suddenly the waters of that long stream over whose drowsy surface scarcely a ripple of improvement had passed for three thousand years, broke into the white foam of violent agitation. The world awoke from the slumber and darkness of ages. The divine finger lifted the seal from the prophetic books, and brought that predicted period when men should run to and fro, and knowl- edge should be increased. Then men bound the ele- ments to their chariots, and, reaching up, laid hold 150 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. upon the very lightning, and made it their message- bearer around the world. Nahum foretold that at a certain time the chariots should be with flaming torches and run like the lightnings. Nahum 2 : 3, 4. Who can behold, in the darkness of the night, the locomotive dashing over its iron track, the fiery glare of its great lidless eye driving the shadows from its path, and torrents of smoke and sparks and flame pouring from its burning throat, and not realize that ours are the eyes that are privileged to look upon a fulfillment of Nahum's prophecy.'^ But when this should take place, the prophet said that the times would be burdened with the solemn work of God's " preparation." " Canst thou send lightnings," said God to Job, " that they may go, and say unto thee. Here we are "i " Job. 38 : 35. If Job were living to-day, he could answer, Yes, It is one of the current sayings of our time that " Franklin tamed the lightning, and Prof. Morse taught it the English language." So in every department of the arts and sciences, the advancement that has been made within the last half century is without precedent in the world's his- tory. And in all these the United States takes the lead. These facts are not, indeed, to be taken as a fulfillment of the prophecy, but they show the spirit of the age in which we live, and point to this time as a period when we may look for wonders of every kind. The wonders to which the prophecy (Rev. 13) re- fers are evidently wrought for the purpose of deceiv- ing the people ; for verse Itt reads, '' And deceiveth them that dwell on the earth by means of those mir- acles which he had power to do in the sight of the beast." HE DOETB GREAT WOlTDEnS. 151 THE TWO-HORNED BEAST THE SAME AS THE FALSE PROPHET OF CHAPTER 19. The work attributed in verse 14:, just quoted, to the two-horned beast, identifies this power with the false prophet of Rev. 19 : 20 ; for this false prophet is the agency that works miracles before the beast, " with which," says John, " /le deceived tJieni thai had I'c- ceivcd the mark of the beast, and tJiein that zvoi^shiped his image!' — the very actions which the two-horned beast is to cause men to perform. We can now as- certain by what means the miracles in question are wrought ; for Rev. 16 : 13, 11, speaks of spirits of devils working miracles, which go forth unto the kings of the earth and of the whole world, to gather them to the battle of the great day of God Almighty ; and these miracle-working spirits go forth out of the mouths of certain powers, one of which is this ve7y false prophet, or two-horned beast. Miracles are of two kinds — true and false, just as we have a true Christ and false christs, true prophets and false prophets, and true apostles and false apos- tles. By a false miracle we mean, not a pretended miracle, which is no miracle at all, but a real mir- acle, a supernatural performance, wrought in the in- terest of falsehood, for the purpose of deceiving the people, or of proving a lie. The miracles of this power are real miracles, but are wrought for the pur- pose of deception. The prophecy does not read that he deceived the people by means of the miracles which he claimed that he was able to perform, or which he pretended to do, but which he had power to do. They, therefore, fall far short of the real intent of 152 THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. the prophecy, who suppose that the great wonders wrought by this power were fulfilled by Napoleon when he told the Mussulmans that he could command a fiery chariot to come down from heaven, but never did it ; or by the pretended miracles of the Romish Church, which are only shams, mere tricks played off by unscrupulous and designing priests upon their ig- norant and superstitious dupes. Miracles, or wonders, such as are to be wrought by the two-horned beast, and, withal, as we think, the very ones referred to in the prophecy, are mentioned by Paul in 2 Thess; 2 : 9, 10. Speaking of the second coming of Christ, he says, " Whose coming is after [/cara, at the time of, 2 Tim. 4 : 1]"^ the working of Sa- * The one whose coming is referred to in 2 Thess, 2 : 9, is shown by the connection to be the same as the one whose coming is spoken of in verse 8; and that is Christ. In the original the connection is very direct; thus, Karagyr/aet ri) eTzccpaveia ri/g Tzagovoiaq avrov^ ov kariv ij iragovoia kut' kvigyeiap tov ^aravd, etc. There would seem to be no question but that the relative ov must refer to the preceding avrov as its antecedent ; for the sentence literally reads, "And shall destroy with the brightness of Ms coming, of whom the coming is after the working of Satan," etc. In this case we cannot give to Kara the definition of " through," " by means of" or ".according to," as it frequently means; for the coming of Christ is not "by means of," or "according to," the working of Satan. But Kara has another definition when used with an accusative, and when referring to time. It then means, " within the range of, during, in the course of, at, about." (Bagster's Analytical Greek Lexicon.) It is here used with the accusative, — kvegyetav, — and although the word is not directly a noun of time, it is a word which necessarily involves the idea of duration ; for the working of Satan must occupy time. We submit, therefore, that it may here receive one of the definitions last mentioned, and be rendered " at the time of." The whole passage would then read: " Whom the Lord shall consume with the spirit of his mouth, and shall destroy with the brightness of his coming ; whose coming is at the time of the working of Satan with all power," etc. Thus rendered, the passage becomes parallel to that of 2 Tim. 4 : 1, where KaTo, is properly rendered " at," meaning " at the time of ; " thus, "I charge thee therefore before God, and the Lord Jesus Christ, who shall judge the quick and the dead at his appear- ing [/cara rfjv £TTcw?^"f' ^. • • j powers from the consent 2re instituted ft'no°?„frwHENEVER any Mum Sr government becomes grxHE oovEaNED^-iiiAr ^:L"^^ev^'>j^5uT all the LAND TO ALL PROCLAIM UBERT Y THKUU unuu 1 Hui- ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^ rESTKUCT.VE OF THESE ENDS IT^^ JHE lUG.^^^ U^^ .^^ foundation on «n abolish it, ana to insiiiuit? » ur ,^,.^, j^^ ^fj-^.^., tho.r .,?.hp°ncip"e'. and orB.n;3in? its rowers m such ff^^^l;'^ "-(.^lT' DICTATE THAT GOVERN S^fIty AND UAPPl^f%--'^u"?,rt^„At be ohan-'ed for light and transient ments Ions established, should not be oian^t a lo^ |^^ ^E rSl^N-D AccoRmNOLY^ ALL exp™^^ PROVINCE OF PENNS BY ORDER OF THE ASSEMBLY ur i n«^ ^^^^^^ .j,iian to rioht them UOBE DISPOSED TO SUFFER. WHl^^^^^ ^^^^ accustomed. But, yhen a selves by abolishing the forms ^" ."'.'. hi. the same object, evinces a design to reduce foig train of abuse, and "'-P^'^r^'-^C r;°i, " t i tll^ir d"; to th'row off such Government and them under absolute dearotismit.sthurngM.t b^en the patient sufferance of these colony. Jo provide new guards for their future "' "I^'f • """^ rtrains them to alter the.r former eyslem. Imf such IS now the necessit, which con p ^ | LA D^ .ent king of Great Britain >s a ^-^^oryot of Government. The histor, of the pre in direct object, the establishment of an repeated injurie. and usurpations, ^1 '" M DCCLIII ve this, let facts be submitted to a candid .biolute tyranny over these ''t""'"- „^° P",/:' " j^h^lesome and necessary for the public f ""/•-"'T'^^, ^!^d;n^:-aJ^:^'^;^rr,^mr^^^^^-;^.-^^^ cntherightsofthepeople.-Hehasrefu sed for » l»"K ' "" h",e returned to the people at large for their « :^-f?h:^:at:^:l:^"^i^rs:^fei;p::i't^^i5Wo^ oTne- a'rroT'iat on. o'f land..-ll. has o bstruct.d '*>°°<'-'";t's',^:,,°lre "for 'the tenure of their offices, and th. S:nfiiiKt?^'^a,^-^J ^"-i"?^Hr:st'^^ iS. ihem hv a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they "'""'^ " ""i ^onsent.-For depriving us, in many yofcutZgo'ffortraJ.wiVh all prrts of the world. F°' '-!r'"^'"\%rbr?r7ed forp^etendelofflnc.s.-For aboli.W cLcVof tli benefits of trial by jury.-For transport .ng "'>''°°J,^;;^ '° ^^ ^ tJ^^^^^ "-' enlarging its boundaries • si- uur'charters, abolishing our most valuable laws nod a: OWE Legislalurc., and declaring themselves invested with ^ ment here, by declaring us out of his protection, and vvag town., and deftroyed the lives of our people. — lie. is at Ihie death, dejolation and tyranny, already begun with circums toUlly unworthy the head of a civilized nation. -Be has cons Country, to become the eiecutioners of their friends and l.ret amongst us, and ha. endeavored to bring on the inhabitants ot linguiahed destruction of all ages, seiaa, and conditions.— in every repeated petition, have been answered only by repeated ininry.— .^ lo be the ruler of a free people,— Nor have we been wanting in atlen by their legislature to cxlonl an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We haye .ippeaUd to their native justice and mw;nn dred. to dUavow these nsurpations, which would inevitably interrupt onr .sagulnitT.- We muit, therefore, acquiesce in the necessilv which denoun M)-ds.— W.. therefor., the nepresentstives of the United Stales of Amen TUDE OP OUR INTENTIONS, 1)0. IS TUB NAME. AND B\ THE A and deelnre, that these United Colonies are, and of right (11 allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between th lodtiwodoDt Slate., tbe; bava full p««M to Uvy wwr.couulude peac, contract 10 enlarging its boundL... Colonies.-For taking away nments —For suspending our , __ . ,g, fund'amentally, the powers ot °"T ""•°;^ _i,e' has abdicated Govern ^- w:^is':!::^^-si\;;sl^>^;errr^r.a^ <»^ ^r;rof^:i^X"Mr:ca^5[j^.^,;-^:,nf^^^^ trained our fellow-citi^ens taken captive on t^ohigns j„n>e6tic 'nsprrection. hren. or to full themselves by their *"'"'l'--"V'r„ „„ .„)^ of warfare is an undi» our frontiers the merciless Indian ^"''e^-X^^a.esTm the most humble terms; our .tage of t><-««PP"»r""Th^rm\'rk?db7e'ery act which may define a tVJ"'' ''.""".'a prince whose character IS thus markert ^^ ""' ," from time to time, of attempts man tion to our British brethren.-We have warned them trom t^ , ^^^ eettlement he We have reminded them of the, circumstances »' J""^. '"'j^ f oMV COmMOn I nimity, and we have ••""J"':«"«l t''«'J^;,''jiZf to the\oice of justice and connections and correspondence.- I ney, too, n^»o • _,„);|„^. enemies in war, in j UTHORiTY OP THE G"'J»PS'°'^^V«.l*QfntPR- that they Breftbsolved ought to be. Free and In''«'P«"^«"* f ♦j'^f t^^.Uy d.S-. •"'' '*-''dr:t^f irnc'i:!-:sti'bth%?«rrctr^^^^^^ may of rig Mdo. And for the sup port of this De claration. with ft Ann reliaDC« on the protection of DiTine rroTtdeno e, wo mutnally pi* dge to each other OUT livea. oar fbr%an«o, ft bd o«r ftftO ilPPE^NDIX. ^^[INCE the foregoing pages went to press, events have tl^l transpired in Arkansas and Tennessee, going to show ^^ very clearly what the practical workings of the Sunday law will be whenever and wherever it may be secured. It is but a short time since the attention of the people in some places in Arkansas, began to be called to the importance of observing the seventh day of the week as the Sabbath according to the fourth commandment of the decalogue, by the advocates of that faith. As converts to that view and practice began to appear, it excited strong opposition on the part of some, as it has in other places, and as truth has always done ever since error has endeavored to usurp control over the minds of men. How far the action which has since fol- lowed has been owing to this opposition, we do not say. We only state the facts, and leave the reader to draw his own conclusions. In the winter of 1884-5, ^ ^^ "^^s introduced into the Legislature of that State to abolish the clause in the existing Sunday law which exempted from its operation those who conscientiously observed the seventh day. Up to this time the laws of that State had been very just and liberal in this respect. But now a petition was presented that the exemption clause be stricken out, bringing all alike, without regard to their religious faith or practice, under subjection to the enactment to keep the first day of the week as the Sabbath. The petition claimed to have been called out by the fact that certain Jews in Little Rock, regarding the seventh day as the Sabbath, kept open stores and transacted their usual business on the first day of the week. Considering the fact that their [275] 276 APPENDIX. places of "business were open also on the seventh day, this brought them into unfair competition with the other merchants of the place. There was certainly no necessity for a change of the law to meet this difficulty ; for the law exempted those only who conscientiously observed the seventh day; and these Jews, by keeping open places of business on the seventh day, showed that there was no such conscientious observance on their part, and consequently that they could not justly claim the exemption of the law. But ostensibly on this ground the petition was urged, and the repeal of the exempt- ing clause secured. What has been the result? We have not learned that the aforesaid Jews in Little Rock, or any other part of the State, have been molested ; that railroads, hotel-keepers, livery men, or those engaged in any like vocations, have been in anywise restrained. But those persons above referred to, who, from a Christian point of view, had commenced to ob- serve the seventh day in preference to the first; who were not engaged in such business as brought them into con\petition with others; who, having conscientiously observed the seventh day, proposed to go quietly and industriously about their lawful business on the first day of the week, — these soon found that they were not overlooked. Warrants were promptly issued for the arrest of some five or six of these, one of them a minister whose offense was that he was engaged one Sunday in painting a meeting-house erected by his people. The trial of these persons came off at Fayetteville, Ark., the first week in November, 1885. In making up the indict- ment, an observer of the seventh day was called in to testify against his brethren. The following examination substantially took place : — *'Do you know any one about here who is violating the Sunday law ? — Yes. Who ? — The Frisco railroad is running several trains each way on that day. Do you know of any others? — Yes. Who? — The hotels of this place are open and doing a full run of business on Sunday as on other days. Any others? — Yes; the drug stores and barbers. Any others? — APPENDIX. 27Y Yes ; the livery-stable men do more business on that day than on any other." As these were not the parties the court was after, the ques- tion was finally asked directly, '^Do you know of any Seventh-day Adventists who have worked on Sunday?" Ascertaining that some of this class had been guilty of labor on that day, indictments were issued for five persons accord- ingly. At the trial, the defendants employed the best counsel ob- tainable — Judge Walker, ex-member of the United States Senate. The points he made before the court were that the law was unconstitutional, — First, because it was an infringement of religious freedom, or the right of conscience, inasmuch as it compelled men to keep as the Sabbath a day which their conscience and the Bible taught them was not the Sabbath; Secondly, because it was an infringement of the right of property, taking from seventh-day keepers one-sixth part of their time ; and the time of a laboring man being his property, the law was in its nature a robber j and — Thirdly, because it took away a right that God had given — the right to labor six days and to rest one. All this was overruled by the judge, who charged that the law rested equally upon all, requiring that all men should rest one day, and that the first day of the week ; which re- quirement rested alike on the Methodists, the Baptists, the Congregationalists, the Sabbatarians, the Jews, worldlings and infidels ; and if our religion required us to keep another day, that was a price we paid to our religion, and with that the State had nothing to do. He ruled, moreover, that no one had a right to set up his conscience against the law of the land From these denials of the rights which the Author of their existence has given to all men — namely, their right to labor six days, and to rest on the seventh, and the right to obey God rather than man, when man's requirements conflict 278 APPENDIX. with his, the counsel for the defendants of course took appeal ; and the case went up to the supreme court of the State, to be tried in May, 1886. After the argument of the counsel had been presented, the defendants were given opportunity to speak for themselves, whereupon the minister before referred to occupied about forty minutes in presenting to the court a clear and concise argument from the Scriptures, showing the duty of all men to keep the seventh day and that alone. By-standers remarked that the spectacle of a minister of the gospel pleading in court from an open Bible for God-given rights which the laws of men denied him, was one not often witnessed since long by- gone days of religious intolerance and persecution. One other case besides those of the observers of the seventh day — that of a hotel runner, came up for trial; but he was cleared in about five minutes, while the seventh-day keepers were convicted. Many think this case was thrown in merely as an attempted cover of the true spirit of the prosecutions, which came from professors of religion. During the same time a similar work has been going on in Tennessee, where seventh-day views have of late been more extensively agitated. Eld. S. Fulton, of Springville, Henry Co., Tenn., writes that eight in that State have been prosecuted for Sunday labor. Three of the number have been convicted on a charge of " flagrant violation of the Christian Sabbath." The charge was preferred by a professor of religion ; but two of the men were quietly plowing in their fields a full half mile from the house of the one who lodged complaint against them. In these cases a fine of ^20 and costs was imposed on each. Appeal has been taken to the supreme court of the State, which convenes in Jackson in May next (1886), the parties having meanwhile to give bail of ^250 each for their appearance in court at that time. In regard to the state of public sentiment in Tennessee on this question. Eld. F. writes: — *' Public sentiment is fast changing here in favor of Sunday legislation. Some seven years ago, a Mr. Thomason, a lawyer APPENDIX. 2t9 of Paris, Tennessee, in consulting with our brethren on the question of Sunday labor, advised them to pursue their work on Sunday, claiming that they could not be harmed for it, as the constitution granted them that right. Since then, he has professed religion and joined the Presbyterian church, and now says that we must quit work on the Christian Sabbath or suffer punishment by law; and there is no avoiding it." Speaking of the trial, he says: ''In the court room, the attorney for the defendant asked the question if Sunday was the Sabbath; and the judge ruled it out as not a proper question ; neither would he permit a statement to be made why our brethren worked on Sunday. In his charge to the jury, it was easily seen that he was determined to have them punished. The jury had hardly left the room when they re- turned a verdict of ' Guilty,' and a fine of ^20 and costs was imposed on each. Our brethren then appealed to the su- preme court, in the hope that some justice may be shown them there." It is the opinion of some that the decision will be reversed in the higher court. A prominent lawyer whom Eld. F. has consulted gives his views of the case in the following letter, which we are permitted to lay before the reader : — ** Huntingdon, Tennessee, Jan. 6, 1886. " Eld. Samuel Fulton, " Springville^ Tennessee. " Dear Sir, — " Your letter of yesterday received and duly considered. In reply I have to inform you that I cannot furnish you with the opinion of the judges in Tennessee in relation to the statute under which members of your church are being prosecuted for working on Sunday, except in so far as the question has been before our supreme court. The constitutionality of our act of Assembly, making it an offense, punishable by a fine of ^3, to work on Sunday, has neve^- 280 APPENDIX. been passed upon by our supreme court. It has, however, been decided by our supreme court that it is not nuisance for a man to work on Sunday, and therefore not indictable. See yth Baxter 95. In a later case the same court decided that * hunting or fishing on Sunday may be done in such a manner as to subject the party guilty to indictment for a nuisance.' See I B. I. Law Reports, page 129. " From what I have learned in relation to the prosecutions in Henry county, I would say that if our supreme court does not go back on the question decided in the case of the State vs. Lossy 7 Baxter page 95, before referred to, the case now pending on writ of error in said court will be reversed, remanded to the circuit court, and dismissed on the ground that to work on Sunday is not an indictable offense. But should the court overrule the case last mentioned, we may be able in that case to make the constitutional question; but in- asmuch as I have not seen the record as made up, I cannot say positively. In the 7 Baxter case, the judge, delivering the opinion of the court, incidentally remarked that the defendant was guilty of violating the statute prohibiting work on Sunday, but that the offense was not indictable. The question of the constitutionality of the Sunday statute was not before the court in that case. It seems to me that if our Sunday laws, as against members of your church, can be sustained at all by the courts, it must be on the ground that the legislature pos- sesses the power to require the citizen to rest on any one day in the week, Sunday, Monday, or any other one of the seven. I know our courts, both State and Federal, have gone a great way in upholding certain legislation on the ground of the police power of the States. However, I don't want to be understood as saying that the legislature possesses the power to pass the statute under consideration, as I have not had the time necessary to a proper investigation of the question. But I feel confident that if the question can have the consideration at the hands of courts that its importance demands, your people would be allowed to observe their Sabbath and to APPENDIX. 281 work the remaining six days of the week. I am, however, fearful that much prejudice, bigotry,, and intolerance must be overcome before success can be predicted with confidence. ''Very respectfully, * =}< ^k *" Still later reports from Eld. F. represent that the opposi- tion there is growing still more active, and is becoming so persistent and bitter as to threaten serious injury to their work. Too many, under the most favorable circumstances, will quail before the opposition sure to be visited upon un- popular truth, in only a social point of view, from their friends and neighbors. But when, in addition to this, they are threatened with almost certain prosecution, fewer still will be found to yield to the voice of conscience, though they may be quite well convinced that the observance of the sev- enth day is in accordance with the Scriptures. We do not apprehend that human nature in Arkansas, Ten- nessee, and Pennsylvania differs materially from human nature in any and all of the other States ; and in every community there will be found plenty to oppress their neighbors in the matter of Sabbath-keeping, if once the law can be secured to give them that privilege. The issue of these cases will be watched by many with great interest. ■aPPE^NDIX II. ^HIS book having come to another edition at the date of this writing, December, 1886, we are now able to state the issue in the cases referred to in the preceding Appendix. The first reported to us was the trial in Tennessee. We lay it before the reader in the language of an eye-witness — Eld. G. G. Rupert — who says : — ^ 'Owing to the ill health of Eld. Fulton, I was requested by him to attend the trial of our brethren, which was to take place at Paris, Tenn., Sept. 27. The charges against them, as reported to the court by the Attorney-general, read as follows : — " 'The Grand Jurors for the State upon their oaths present that , on the — day of April, 1885, in said county and State and at divers other times before and up to the time of taking this inquisition, did unlawfully and unnecessarily engage in his secular business, and did perform his com- mon avocation of hfe, on Sunday, by working on the farm, plowing, hoe- iDg, grubbing, chopping wood, making rails, and doing various other kinds of work on said Sabbath day, said work not being necessary or a matter of charity; and it was and is to the great disturbance of the citizens, and a public nuisance in that community, prejudicial to the public morals, de- cency, etc. So the Grand Jurors aforesaid present and say that the said , at the date aforesaid, in the manner and for aforesaid, was guilty of a public nuisance which was and is prejudicial to public morals, contrary to the statutes in such cases made and provided, and against the peace and dignity of the State. " 'Joseph E. Jones, Attorney-general.'' ''When men can call the pursuit of our lawful labor on the first day, according to the Scriptures, 'prejudicial,' 'im- moral,' 'nuisance,' 'indecent,' etc., it would be going but a step farther to clothe the persons so charged with fantastic [282] APPENDIX. 283 garments, as in the days of the inquisition, branded with the word Mieretic,' and ornamented with pictures of devils. '•'THE COURT ROOM. " The building is of brick, situated in a town of twenty- five hundred inhabitants. It makes a nice appearance from without ; but upon entering, we are reminded of what Christ said about the whited sepulchers. On one side is a rostrum for the judge. In front is an enclosure for the attorneys, in- side of which are tables for their convenience. The floor is well saturated with tobacco. The tables reminded us of boxes in front of country stores, which loafers while away their time in whittling. The fume of strong drink mingled sensibly with that of the tobacco. ^' THE TRIAL. ''In this place three men, one thirty-five, the others be- tween sixty and sixty-five, years of age, were brought to trial on the religious question of first-day observance, for which there is no law nor instruction in all the Scriptures. On ex- amination, the question was asked if the defendant had worked on Sunday. He said he had. The reply from the judge, without another question or privilege to speak, was, — " 'We fine you ten dollars and costs [amounting to nearly forty dollars]. Sheriff, take this man in charge until this amount is secured.' * ' This case is a sample of all the rest. " THEIR LAWYER. "Having employed a lawyer to defend them, and con- tracted with him for forty-five dollars, they supposed that he at least would be a friend, and try to do something in their behalf; but not so. After the trial was over, he having made no plea in the matter whatever, gave his clients this advice : — " 'Pay your fine and costs, and be more careful hereafter; and if you can't keep from working on Sunday, I should go to another land.' 284: APPENDIX. "^ THE JAIL. "The brethren knowing that they had done no evil, and feeling that to pay their hard-earned money on such a charge would be to put a premium on injustice, decided to go to jail, and suffer for the truth's sake. The jailer manifested a spirit of kindness, taking them home to supper with his own family, and otherwise doing all the law allowed him to do for their comfort. Being desirous of seeing the jail, I was permitted to enter. From the hall we entered the rooms oc- cupied by the prisoners. The one our brethren occupy is about 8xio ft. Upon the floor were mattresses made of sea- grass, with blankets for covering ; but no pillows nor bed linen, nor a piece of furniture of any kind. In this apart ment our brethren are placed, to remain nearly six months, for serving God according to their own consciences and in obedience to the Scriptures. Is it any wonder the prophet, as he was shown the acts of this Government, said that it spake like a dragon ? Can our opponents say longer that observers of the seventh day will never be persecuted ? To deny it to be religious persecution would be to deny the plainest facts in the case. If it is not, why do business men, hack drivers, livery-stable keepers, saloon keepers, hunters, fishers, etc., do whatever they please on Sunday, and yet go free, while these men who conscientiously keep the seventh day and then go quietly about their work on Sunday, are torn from their homes, deprived of their freedom, and im- prisoned ? As I bade our brethren farewell, I realized as never before the truthfulness of our position. Never had I so felt the importance of doing what lies in our power to ad- vance the cause while it is our privilege to do so. "the effect upon the cause. " Eld. ^'ulton informs me that this treatment of our breth- ren has tended strongly to the advancement of the work. Before this, canvassers were hard to obtain. Since the pros- ecution commenced, men have given their time to the work, APPENDIX. 285 and hundreds of dollars' worth of publications have been sold. I am sure nothing will advance the cause so fast, and nothing will drive us so near to God. " May God grant grace to these brethren to be faithful. Especially do the ca'ses of the two aged brethren call for our s-ympathy. They have served the Lord for years in the past, and should be granted peace in their declining days. Now that they are thus taken from their homes, deprived of their maens and their freedom, the sympathy of every heart should be aroused. Let us ' remember them that are in bonds as bound with them.' " In Arkansas the case which was made a test and appealed to the Supreme Court, was that of Eld. J. W. Scoles, the minister referred to on p. 276, whose noisy occupation of painting a meeting-house so disturbed the people of that vicinity. In this case also the decision of the lower court was confirmed ; and as the reader will be interested in the findings of the Supreme Court in reference thereto, we give them according to the copy which has been furnished us by Eld*. Scoles: — " Decision of the [Arkansas] Supreme Court, J. W. Scoles vs. State — appealed from Washington county. ''The indictment charges that the defendant ' on the 3rd day of May, 1885, the said day being Sunday, unlawfully was found laboring and performing other services, the same not then and there being customary household duty of daily ne- cessity, comfort, or charity.' ''The particular act that constitutes the alleged offense is not set out, and appellant urges that the indictment is not sufficient. " Held : The language of the statute which creates the of- fense is employed in the indictment, and nothing more is re- quired in a statutory misdemeanor, where the general lan- guage of the statute is sufficient to apprise the defendant of the nature of the accusation against him. We cannot sav that the indictment is insufficient under this rule, but think that 286 APPENDIX. the defendant would be enabled to prepare his defense and plead the judgment in bar of a second prosecution for the same offense. . ^' The proof shows that defendant was found painting a church on a Sunday. He offered to prove that he was a member of a religious society known as the Seventh-day Ad- ventists, one of the tenets of which is the observance of Sat- urday as the Sabbath instead of Sunday, and that he had reg- ularly refrained from all secular work and labor on Saturday, agreeably to his religious faith and that of his church. But the court rejected this testimony,' and the defendant was con- victed and has appealed. ''The offense was committed after the repeal of section 1886 of Mansfield's Digest by the legislature of 1885. The appellant contends, however, that the effort to repeal section 1886 was ineffectual; and if it was not, the law without the exception made by that section, gives a preference to other religious denominations over that of the appellant, thereby violating section 24, art. 2, of the Constitution ; and more- over, denies to him the equal protection of the law within tlie meaning of the Federal Constitution. *' Held : The argument against the repeal of section 1886 is based upon the idea that if the law is read without that provision, the penalty of the statute is 'extended ' to the ap- pellant without a re-enactment of the law, thereby violating section 23, art. 5, Constitution. But it will be observed that that provision of the Constitution does not in terms prohibit the repeal of a law by reference to its titles, and the prohibi- tion can be extended by implication only. The power of the legislature is not to be cut oiTby inference, save where the in- ference is too strong to be resisted. We look to the Consti- tution, not to see whether power is granted, but to ascertain if it is withheld ; and when there is a doubt as to the existence of a power, it must be resolved in favor of the legislative action. "It is well settled that this provision does not make it nec- essary, when a new statute is passed, that all prior laws modi- APPENDIX. 287 fied, affected, or repealed by implication by it should be re- enacted. This would be an absurd and impracticable con- struction. If the legislature had undertaken to amend the section, the provision under consideration would have, re- quired the section as amended to be set forth in extenso, and the old section upon the passage of the new one would have been repealed, if not expressly^then by implication. In that event there would have been no necessity for re-enacting the other parts of the chapter, in which the section is found. When there is an express repeal of a section without a substitute for an amendment to it, what greater necessity for re-enact- ing the other sections that are affected only incidentally by the repeal ? The section has been repealed, and the chapter is intact without it. *' The constitutionality of our Sunday laws is not affected by the repeal of section 1886. (For the reason commonly given for sustaining these acts, see Commonwealth vs. Has, 122 Mass. 4.) It is said that every day in the week is ob- served by some one of the religious sects of the world as a day of rest ; and if the power is denied to fix by law Sunday as such a day, the same reason would prevent the selection of any day; but the power of the legislature to select a day as a holiday is everywhere conceded. The State from the begin- ning has appropriated Sunday as such. On that day the bus- iness of our courts and public offices has always been sus- pended; the issuance and service of legal process prohibited ; presentment and notice of dishonor of commercial paper not allowed ; and the performance of an act in execution of a contract which matures on Sunday postponed to the next day. This observance of Sunday as a day of refrainment from sec- ular business has always been required of the people generally without reference to creed, and they continue to observe it, without complaint that as a municipal institution it violates any of their constitutional or religious rights. The principle which upholds these regulations underlies the right of the State to prescribe a penalty for the violation of the Sunday 288 APPENDIX law. The law whicn imposes the penalty operates upon all alike, and interferes with no man's religious belief; for in limiting the prohibition to secular pursuits, it leaves religious profession and worship free. ''The appellant's argument, then, is reduced to this : that because he conscientiously believes that he is permitted by the law of God to labor on Sunday, he may violate with impu- nity a statute declaring it illegal to do so. But a man's relig- ion cannot be accepted as a justification for committing an overt act made criminal by the law of the land. If the law operates harshly, as laws sometimes do, the remedy is in the hands of the legislature. It is not in the province of the judiciary to pass upon the wisdom and policy of legislation ; that is for the members of the legislative department ; and the only appeal from their determination is to the constit- uency." In relation to the foregoing, it may be remarked that the assertion that all days are kept by different classes, and therefore the State could not fix upon any day as a holiday without taking somebody's Sabbath, is not true. Only three days are regarded as sacred days. These are the Sabbath of the Lord, and the two thieves between which it is crucified — the Friday of Mohammed, and the Sunday of the pope. The plea that the Sunday law interferes with no man's i ligion is a specious one, but one which is shown by a ni' ment's reflection to be utterly false. A man's religion is i terfered with, when discrimination is made in favor of ar other man's religion and against his own, and when he c . not be true to the convictions of his own conscience in regard to those spiritual duties which he owes alone to God, without incurring in consequence hardship and loss. And this is precisely what the Sunday law does in reference to observers of the seventh day. But it is said that the State in its legis- lation has no reference to the religious character of Sunday. This is too flimsy a pretext behind which to hide ; for it is written all over the transaction in characters which cannot APPENDIX. 289 be hidden, that Sunday is elevated to the position of the State rest-day simply and solely because so many church people regard it as a religious institution. It is utterly im- possible to separate it from this idea, or to attribute it to any other cause. Any defense attempted on this line is sheer sophistry. And the doctrine set forth in the foregoing document, that the law of the land can make acts criminal which God permits in our worship of himself, is little short of monstrous. At the General Conference of S. D. Adventists, held in Battle Creek, Mich., Nov. i8 to Dec. 6, 1886, it was decided to appeal the case of Eld. Scoles to the Supreme Court of the United States. 19 — "<«^-^» — Above God— how ? 173 A Catholic challenge to Protestants. 180 A conflict inevitable. 198 Adam Smith's prediction. 17 Additions by immigration. 66 A fair proposition. 184, 256 A false charge. 184 A false issue. 228 A glance at the past. 187 Agreement between Daniel and Paul. 174 A head wounded to death. 115 Aims and efforts of Romanism. 142 Alarming apathy of Christians. 261 All Christian. 244 All people "consent" to their government. 254 A logical sequence. 187 A marvelous continent. 80 Amendment to Pennsylvania law defeated. 258 America invites the world. 14 American Bible Society. 79 American literature abroad. 78 American Traveler on immigration. 64 America signalized by God above all nations. 80 An accomplice of the papacy. 161 An act of faith. 187 An American Catholic Church called for. 167 A new political party calls for Sunday enforcement. 216 An Oakland (Cat.) D. D. on enforcing Sunday. 213 "Another beast." 106 Another "irrepressible conflict." 198 An unavoidable conclusion. 93 Application of Rev. 12:12. 153 A proper subject of prophecy. 89 A prophecy remarkably fulfilled. 118 A prophetic mile-stone not a hundred years old. 103 A question of prophecy. 145 Area of the United States and Russia compared (note). 14 A religious strike for Sunday. 221 A remarkable scene in Westminster Abbey. 242 A Spanish view (Count dArandaj. 17 Astounding statements. 254 [290] INDEX. 291 A taking war-cry. 260 A thankless task. 181 A victorious company. 121 A warrant offered for Sunday-keeping. 178 Beginning of the prophecy of Rev. 13. 94 ' Berkeley's poem " The Course of Empire." Ill Berthier enters Rome. 117 Birth of New England. 24 Bishop A. Cleveland Coxe on "National Christianity." 222 Bishop Foster on the state of religion in Europe. 23.2 Bishop Newton on the mark. 171 Bishop of St. Asaph (quotation from). 18 British views of the American Revolution. 84 Brooklyn Bridge. 63 Burke on American Revolution. 126 California Convention goes wild over Sunday laws. 218 Campbell convicts Protestantism of Romish traditions. 182 Capitol building at Washington. 59 Catholic and Protestant can unite in the proposed reform. 191 "Catholic Catechism of Christian Religion." 177 " Catholic Christian Instructed." 178 Catholic claims waived. 241 Catholicism never changes. 243 Catholic proof that the Church can change the law. 179 Catholics admit that Sunday is not enjoined in the Scriptures, 179 Catholics on Sunday observance. 240 Catholics welcomed as allies. 241 Caused to receive the mark — what. 263 Cause of present infidel activity. 235 Causes of theFrench Revolution. 144 "Centennial History" on American progress. 30 Centennial of adoption of the Constitution — grand celebration pro- posed. 223 Change in the law by papists. 175 Change of front. 223 Change of front by the Christian Press. 235 ' Change of law predicted. 174 Change of the Sabbath— how Catholics regard it. 180 Characteristics of the government of Rev. 13:11. 136 Character of America's first settlers. 84 Character of the National Reform Movement. 200 Character of the papacy. 103 Chas. Beecher charges Protestantism with apostasy. 143 Chas. Beecher on the theological situation. 143 Chas. Beecher's testimony. 166 Chicago Express declares that every cause which led to union of Church and State in Europe, now exists in this country. 233 Christ falsely charged. 181 292 INDEX. Chrisiian Instructor calls for religious amendment. 238 Christian laws can be abrogated only'through blood. 233 Christians in the churches. 164 Ghristian Siatesman on Sunday-breaking Congressmen. 210 Chronology of Rev. 13 : 11. 114 Civil and religious liberty symbolized. 133 Claims of the Catholic Church. 177 Coast-line of the U. S. 86 Condition of Western Hemisphere in 1798. 123 Conditions fulfilled. 90 Congressmen denounced for Sunday-breaking. 210 Constantino paganized Christianity. 232 Constitution, Art. II. N. R. Association. 229 Constitution of U. S., character of. 72 Contemporary powers. 146 Continuance of the papacy. 103 Croly, quotation from. 117 Cyrus D. Foss, sermon by. 79 Dangers anticipated from infidel aggression. 234 D'Aubigne to the Evangelical Alliance. 139 David Hartley on U. S. naval power. 17 ^ Defining heresy. 207 Demand of Liberalism. 230 Description of second symbol of Rev. 13. 105 De Tocqueville on our separation from England. 19 Detroit Evening Neics on official corruption. 141 Different organizations for Sunday. 222 Discovery of America an enterprise undertaken iu the interest of religion. 83 Doctrines common to Christendom. 162 Dublin Nation notes the manner of our development. 127 Dublin Nation on American Empire. 22 Edward Everett on English exiles. 127 Effect of apostasy. 166 Effect of deceitful wonders. 159 Elements now at work in this nation. 144 Emile de Girardin on American prospects. 22 End of the prophecy of Rev. 13. 96 England on U. S. Constitution. 77 Enumeration of the ten divisions of Rome. 109 Equal rights to give way before religion. 214 Europe has an eye on America. 112 Evils in Protestant churches. 143 Evils involved in the amendment movement. 247 Examiner and Chronicle shouts both yea and nay. 236 Exposition of 2 Thess. 2 : 9. 152 Ex-President Fillmore on Sunday legislation. 215 Extract from Burnaby's travels. 16 INDEX. 293 False claims of Spiritualism. 154 False definition of Church and State. 204 F. E. Abbott's estimate of the N. R. movement. 197 First-day keepers and the mark. 184 First railroad in America. 27 Form of government in St. John's time. 116 Frederic, Napoleon, and Washington. 79 Galiani's prediction. 17 General Conference of M. E. Church indorses amendment move- ment. 238 Geo. A. Townsend on the ^HQ^enX politico-theological movement. 192 Geo. A Townsend, providence in America, 20 Geo. Herbert's poem. 18 God chose America's first settlers. 84 God not iu the Constitution. 190 God's question to Job. 150 Governor Pownal's views of America. 17, 19 Great judgments attributed to Sunday-breaking. 217 Great wonders. 148 Grounds on which image can be erected. 162 Heaven's judgments justified. 186 History of the National Reform Association. 192 Hon. A. H. Cragin, speech of. 73 How does a government spealf? 137 How the miracles of Rev. 13 : 13- are wrought. 151 How the papacy rose. 100 How revolutions are accomplished. 192 Identity between the little horn of Dan^ 7: 25 and leopard beast of Rev. 23. 100 Idle talk. 205 Inconsistency of the National Reform Movement. 201 Incorporation of the National Reform Association. 196 Independent American Catholic Church. 167 Infant baptism not enjoined in the Scriptures. 179 Influence of the U. S. in the Pacific. 66 Intention necessary to change. 176 Inter Ocean's report of Liberal convention. 231 In the forehead and hand explained. 266 Iowa Baptist Association indorses amendment movement. 239 Jefferson on origin of ''just powers." 252 J. Litch on chronology of Rev. 13: 11. 120 J. M. Foster (extract from sermon). 20 John Adams's expectation. 16, 17 Joseph Cook argues for Sunday as a civil institution, 225 J. S. Smart on the political duties of Christians, 189 Justinian's decree, 100 294 lNt)BX. Lansing State Bepubhcan on the religious amendment. 208 Lashes and swords poor ambassadors for Christ. 233 Last apostasy the worst. 170. Last day prophecies. 153 Law in Dan. 7:25. 172. Law of symbols as to territory. 109 Legislation must favor Christians onl}^ 214 Liberty enlightening the world. 62 Location of government represented by the second symbol of Rev. 13. Ill Louisville, Ky., pronounces Sunday a civil institution. 225 Lying wonders defined. 151 Lyman Beecher's testimony. 166 Macmillan on national changes. 25 Magistrates may enforce Sunday as a civil institution. 215 Making an image. 159 Mark of beast — by whom enforced. 169 Mark of the beast— what ? 172 Meaning of Greek avaf^alpov. 126 Meaning of Greek kvuTriov. 112 Meaning of Greek nara in 2 Thess. 2: 9. 152 Meaning of Greek x^^Q^yi^^^- 1*^1 M. E. Conference in Missouri indorses amendment movement. 238 Men must have a religion. 83 Missionary operations of Americans.* 79 Mistake of Protestantism. 163 Mitchell's testimony. 23 Moral condition of the last days. 138 Moral law— what ? 175 Mormon polygamy. 254 Motto of International Sahhath Association Recorder. 223. Mr. Haven's testimony. 167 Napoleon's pretended wonders. 152 Nature of existing elements. 139 Necessary conditions of the church at the second advent. 185 New York Independent on the inconsistencies of the National Re- form Movement. 205 New York Sabbath committee. 189 No concessions to Jews and S. D. Baptists. 226 No objection to Sunday laws. 256 No rights for the minority. 228 No Scripture for Sunday-keeping. 173 Not a pleasing picture. 165 Number of Spiritualists. 157 Number of the beast — what ? 267 Occurrence of the word "mark." 171 Oppression of conscience. 228 Organized opposition. 139 INDEX. ^95 Origin of Spiritualism. 156 Our position defined. 245 Oui two evangels. 83 Out of the Dark Ages. 182 Out of the earth. 124 Overthrow of the papacy in 1798. 103 Papacy and the law. 172 Paul's testimony in 2 Thess. 2:8. 173 Penal power to enforce Sunday called for. 213 Persecution in Pennsylvania. 257 Petitions to Congress. 194 Petroleum. 87 Political and religious liberty guaranteed. 71 Political necessities of Christianity. 199 Population of U. S. Colonies. 24 Population of U. S. to 1850. 26 Position of Mr. Brunot on the Pennsylvania law. 258 Position of Nebraska State Journal. 251 Power exercised by the symbol of Rev. 13 : 11. 147 Prediction by Banner of Light. 167 Prideaux on the mark. 171 Probabilities of trouble. 138 Prof. Zollner's experiments. 155 Prospects of X\\q amendment movement. 259 "Protestant branch of the great Catholic Church." 243 Protestant inconsistency exposed by Catholics. 179 Protestantism surrendering. 243 "Protestant portion of the Catholic Church of Rome." 244 Recognizing God in the Constitution. 248 Relation of Romanism to our government. 142 Religion in politics. 199 Religious discrimination. 227 Religious element in our national organization. 74 Religious element in Rome's two phases. 107 Religious, not civil, observance of Sunday sought for. 224 Religious rights of the State defined. 254 Remarkable instances of city growth. 27 Remarkable scene in a political convention over a religious ques- tion. 218 Remodeling the government. 207 Republicanism and Protestantism, 134 Resources of America. 86 Respect for Sunday rests on individual preferences, not on law. 190 Result of the religious amendment movement. 211 Result of transferring the seat of the Roman empire to Constanti- nople. 99 Revelation 18 : 4 — when to be fulfilled. 165 Reversing the theory of our government. 262 296 INDEX. Roman Catholics commended for favoring Sunday. 213 Rome reproduced. 208 Rome's spiritual kingdom. 99 Romish miracles. 152 Rule for introducing nations into prophecy. 90 Russia, population of. 23 Schuyler Colfax's testimony. 66 Scientific American on Pacific railway. 61 Scott's testimony. 110 Sea, as a symbol, explained. 124 Second Timothy 3 : 1-5 fulfilled. 164 Secretary of the Navy on Sunday legislation. 223 Settlement at Jamestown. 24 Seventh-day arguments in France. 221 Seventh-day keepers must attend court. 213 Shadows of the Dark Ages. 141 Shameful Sunday technicality in New York. 226 Short race predicted for seventh-day observers. 213 Signers of Declaration of Independence, portraits of. 269 Significance of the expression "coming up." 119 Signs and wonders of Spiritualism. 155 Sir Thos. Brown's prediction. 16, 18 Some modern names of Rome's ten kingdoms. 110. Spirit of apostates. 186 Spiritualism. 154 Spiritualism and kings of the earth. 157 Stability of the U. S. government. 76 Startling character of Spiritualism. 156 Striking in the dark. 181 Sunday agitation in Europe, 219 Sunday agitation in the United States. 219. Sunday as a civil, not religious, institution. 223 Sunday closing in England. 220 Sunday desecration over Grand Duke Alexis. 215 Sunday enforcement in India. 221 Sunday in politics. 215 Sunday-keeping agitated in Austria. 221 Sunday-keeping agitated in Germany. 221 Sunday legislation the object of the N. R. Movement. 209 Sunday reform. 189 Sunday rest to be compulsory. 228 Sunday sophistry. 227 Survey of the field of prophecy. 90 Symbol of horns explained. 131 Taming the lightning. 150 Teaching the lightning to speak. 150 Terms defined. 168 Territorial changes in last half century. 26 INDEX. 297 Territorial growth of the U. S. 25 Territory of U. S. in 1783. 24 Testimony of Geo. Bush. 264 The anti-Sunday movements. 245 Theater of the coming struggle. 198 The Atlantic cable. 112 The battle of the amendments. 198 The book unsealed. 148 The California Sunday issue. 217 The Church in America becoming a political machine. 232 The Church in the prophecy of Rev. 12-14. 96 The Church seeking political power. 189 The Cincinnati Convention. 193 The civil observance of Sunday not a religious act. 224 The "civil" rest-day always Sunda}^ — why? 255 The coming test. 158 The "consent" of all governed. 254 The creed evil. 163 The dragon, Rev. 12, explained. 98 The Exarch of Ravenna. 116 The false proj^het. 122 The false prophet of Rev. 19 : 20. 151 The ideal government. 86 The image— what? 263 The issue that is to come. 186 The leopard beast of Rev. 13 explained. 99 The magnet of America. 74 The mark defined. 175 The ministry sought for. 260 "The Model Republic." 79 The most improbable feature of the prophecy coming to pass. 191 The National Reform Association. 190 The National Reform Association — of what classes composed. 190 The Nation on the civil service of the U. S. 140 The N. Y. Independent wheels into line. 225 " The old Philadelphia lie." 252 The outlook from 1798. 122 The papacy re-instated. 117 The present compared with the age of Voltaire. 140 The question settled. 182 The real issue. 249 The Revolution not a war of conquest. 125 The right plant for the new world. 81 The Rochester circular. 164 The Saviour's prediction. 153 The seal of God— what ? 183 The seven forms of Roman government. 115 The symbol of a woman explained. 97 The symbol of Rev. 13 : 11 a republic. 160 The thirteen original States. 24 298 INDEX. The Tulare (Cal.) Times denounces the amendment movement as leading to religious tyranny. 231 The U. S. at the head of self-governing powers. 15 The U. S. the great evangelizer. 82 The U. S. will remain through all time to come. 122 The war of 1812 not a war of conquest. 125 The wonders of Rev. 13 : 13. 150 Third message of Rev. 14. 120 Thompson on American immigration. 64 Thompson's "Centennial Dinner" speech. 125 Townseud on the development of the U. S. government. 127 Treatise of thirty controversies. 177 Unbelief in the ministry. 140 Union of Church and State disavowed. 202 Union of Church and State indorsed. 203 Union of Church and State strangely ignored. 194 Union of churches called for. 166 Universalists in convention favor the religious amendment. 237 Verbs of action, signification of. 264 Vicarius Filii Dei, meaning of. 266 Warning of the third message, Rev. 14 : 9-12. 169 Washington Monument. 60 Washington on religious liberty. 72 Wesley on chronology of Rev. 13 : 11. 120 What a horn may denote. 135 What classes have embraced Spiritualism ? 157 What constitutes the two horns, Rev. 13 : 11 ? 162 What Spiritualism teaches. 154 What the Churches united can do. 222 What the image does. 169 What the proposed amendment is designed to secure. 204 What will constitute the image? 161 When can the mark be received? 185 Where a fulfillment is to be expected. 187 Wholly Christian or infidel, which? 198 Who will decide what are Christian laws? 207 Who will have the mark? 185 Why should not the Jew be made to keep Sunday? 212 Wicked sophistry. 251 Winds as a symbol explained. 124 Wonderful condensation of instruction in prophecy. 106 Working-man's Lord's-day Rest Association in England. 220 Work of little horn of Daniel 7. 172 -^^"^^-^'^^^^tt—^^^''^^ VALUABLE RELIGIOUS PUBLICATIONS. I BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, TRACTS, AND REGULAR PERIODICILS. Also, Works in Other Languages. B^^ For anything in this Catalogue, address REVIEW & HERALD, Battle Creek, Mich., Or, PACIFIC PRESS, Oakland, Cal. s£ THE YARIOUS PUBLICATIOITS Noticed in tiie following pages, are but a part of the works issued by this PUBLISHING HOUSE. Full Catalogues of all our books in English, and other languages, sent free on appli- cation. Address, REVIEW &. HERALD, Battle Creek, Mich. HISTOET OF THE SABBATH — AND The first DAT of the WEEK, From Creation down to the Present Time, in Tivo Parts,- Biblicai and Seouiar. By the late JOHN NEVINS ANDREWS, Formerly Missionary at Bale, Switzerland, Editor of " Les Signes des Temps,'' and numerous Religious Works. THE leadingsubject of the day is The Sabbath Question. From the pulpit and the press, in social circles and in legislative halls, the great demand of the hour is that the Sabbath be more strictly observed. To assist the intellectual- minded of our land to have correct views of this important question, a book has been prepared which thoroughly discusses the Sabbatic Institution in its various phases. This volume IS A MINE OF INFORMATION On the Sabbath question. It carefully treats the matter from a Biblical and His- torical stand-point. All the passages of Scripture, in both the Old and the New Testaments, which have any bearing on the subject, are carefully and critically' examined. The various steps by which the change from the Seventh Day to the First Day was made, and the final exaltation of the Lord's Sabbath, are given in detail. THE COMPLETE TESTIMONY OF THE FATHERS, Immediately following the time of the Apostles, in reference to the Sabbath and First Day, is presented, and the comparative merits of the two days are clearly shown. A COPIOUS INDEX Enables the reader to readily find any passage of Scripture, or statement of any historian. This great work is the result of ten years' hard labor and historical research. The volume contains 528 pages, is printed in large type on good paper, and is well bound. New revised edition just out. Price, post-paid. _ - _ _ $1.50. The Atonement, An Examination of a Remedial System in the Light of Nature and Revelation. By J. H. WAOOONER. THIS volume is a critical and exhaustive treatise on the plan of salvation as re- ' vealed in the Holy Scriptures. No other work on this important subject has treated it in the same manner. It fully refutes the idea so extensively held, that an atonement is inconsistent with reason. This book sheds much light upon the work of Christ as our Great High Priest in the Sanctuary above. Every Minister and Bible Student in the land should have a copy of this ralaable work. 368 Pages, bound in Cloth, post-paid, - - $1.00 4N INTERESTING AND INSTRUCTIVE BOOK. "THOUatiTS ON DiilEl ME D THE R EIELimM, By URIAH SMITH. A Book which Scientisfs, Historians, Scriptun'sfs, and all Lovers of Good Literature can Read with Interest and Profit. [t LL know that the books of Daniel and the Revelation are two of the ^^ most wonderful books in the Bible. The author of this work gives us the result of nearly thirty years' study, and throws such a flood of light on these two books as no other work in any language has ever done. No fanciful theories are presented, but arguments are drawn from ancient and modern history and the most reliable authorities, in great abundance, to make clear the meaning of these important books of the Bible, verse by verse, and convey an amount of information which cannot elsewhere be found in so concise a form. mE G^REAT mmX OF m STORY. In reading this book, our minds are carried through the history of the rise and fall of four great nations of the past, which are represented by the great image of gold, silver, brass, and iron, from the old Assyrian em- pire down to the division of the Roman, and on through the Dark Ages in which Roman power and Mohammedan superstition were felt and seen all over the earth. The great Revolution in France in 1793-1798, which is fresh in the minds of all readers, and the Eastern Question, which is now attracting the attention of all the leading statesmen of the world, are carefully con- sidered as waymarks on the great stream of time. OUn OWX GOVEilXMEXT, The youngest power in history, and the greatest marvel of national devel- opment — a nation which began its independent existence a little over one hundred years ago, with 815,615 square miles of territory, and a population of about 3,000,000, but has now increased its territory to 3,678,892 square miles, and its population to over 54,000,000 — is treated from a standpoint which will make it a subject of great interest to all. The author believes this nation to be a subject of prophecy, — a prophecy which not only de- scribes its present exalted position, but points outfits future course and destiny. "Thoughts on Daniel and the Revelation" is a volume of 840 pages, printed on fine paper, handsomely bound, and illustrated with appropriate colored plates. Sold by Subscription only. Agents Wanted. Send for Special Terms. Circulars free. <1 MMMBLE TESTlMmmiS. k From B. L. COZIER^ Late Principal Public Schools, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa: — I believe it to be the best work of the kind extant. From B. F. WEIGHT, Probate Judge, Flandreau, Dak. Ter. :— I very cordially recommend it to all persons disposed to the considera- tion of ancient history, especially in its Connection with the Sacred Writ- ings. Fro7n Prof. H. R. GLASS, Supt. Pub. Instruction, Lansing, Mich. : — The subjects considered by him are discussed in a dignified and mas- terly manner. I am sure the book will be of value to all Bible students. From Rev. Mr. LOCKE, M. E. Pastor, Flandreau, Dak. Ter, :— I most heartily recommend it to the public. From Ex- Gov. J. L. CHAMBERLAIN, Pres. Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me. :— I think it a good book. Fro7n I. T. GOODSELL, Supt. Elect for Moody Co., Dak. Ter. :-^ Such books deserve to be read and studied by every lover of historical facts. From Rev. E. K. TOUNG, D. D., Pastor First M. E. Church, Des Moines, Iowa:— Unquestionably a valuable book. I do not hesitate to commend it. From J AS. SUMMERBELL, Pastor S. D. Baptist Church, Richburg, JSf. Y.:— An interesting, instructive, and profitable work on the most important of all themes. From JOSEPH D. WILSON, Rector of the Reformed Episcopal Church, S7th St., Chicago, Ml. :— " Thoughts on Daniel," by Dr. Smith, is a good popular commentary. From Prof. C. 0. NEPPER, Heidelberg College, Tiffin, Ohio:— The more I read, the more I am interested and delighted. From Prof. D. MOURY, Principal Normal Department Central Tennessee College:— I am glad it is being circulated among the people. From Rev. R. S. BELLEVILLE, Pastor of Presbyterian Church, Prlnce- ville. III. : — I have never before seen so readable a book as " Thoughts on Daniel and the Revelation." From D. WEBSTER COXE, D. D., Rector of St. Paul Church, Fremont, Ohio:— I think, take it all in all, it is the best commentary on the prophecies I ever read. From H. R. HANCOCK, Attorney at Latv, West Union, Iowa:— Can cheerfully recommend this work to the general reader. iJ^^^This work can also be had in the Danish, Swedish, and German languages. THE MARVEL OF NATIONS. Its Fast; PrESEnt; and Futurs; and "Wliat tliE BiblE says nf It, — ^ — By URIAH SMITH, Author of " Thoughts on Daniel and the Revelation," "The Sanctuary and Its Cleansing," "Smith's Diagram of Parliamentary Rules," " Man's Nature and Destiny," etc. ^ VM" he past of our Country is read in history ; its present is before the eyes of every Vm/ wide-awake observer; its future— what is that to be? Like Patrick Henry, we may judge something of the future by the past and the evident tendencies of the present. But who would not like to read it in a more certain light? A BOOK IS NOW OFFERED, carefully and candidly discussing this most fascinating theme. Present issues are accounted for, and future results clearly shown. Is tlie Bible an Obsolete Book? or do its predictions reach to our own times? Other great nations of the world are .subjects of prophecy ; WHY NOT OUR OWN ? The author, having made Biblical themes his study for over thirty years, claims to know the difference between fact and fancy, sound sense and sophistry. The writings of such men as Keith, Sir Isaac Newton, Bishop Newton, Faber, Hales, Home, Boothroyd, Clarke, Scott, Doddridge, Nelson, Henry, Jenks, Barnes, etc., are standard in the religious world. The line of interpretation largely followed by these men, is here adopted, and carried a step farther. In other words, prophecy is brought Abreast of the Times, and it is shown how the Bible should be read in the light of the present, and the present interpreted in the light of the Bible. They still belong together. We have not yet progressed beyond the Bible. As surely as history is history and logic is logic, the Scriptures predicted nearly eighteen hundred years ago the rise of this Government, showing that it would — I. Arise in the Western Hemisphere — 2. Arise in the present century — 3. Occupy territory previously unknoxvn — 4. Come 7ip peacefully — 5. Reach great porver — 6, Proclaim civil and religious liberty — 7. Be a republic — 8. Be a Protestant nation — 9. Be the birth-place of Modern Spiritualism, and — 10. Present the most marvelous exhibi- tion of national develop?nent the world has ever seen. So explicit is prophecy in regard to this nation ; and the reader will find every point sustained by indubitable Scripture evidence and historical testimony. If the Bi- ble is what it declares itself to be, "a lamp to OHt feet »nd a light to our path," it is the only certain light in which to interpret passing events. TTHE: SUNDAY QUESXION, Fast coming to be a leading political issue, is discussed from the standpoint of its rela- tion to the Government. This book, "THE MARVEL OF NATIONS/' Has now reached its 15 th edition, and is selling rapidly. It treats upon no fossil theo- ries, but fresh the^nes and living issues. These questions are COMING TO THE FllONT, and he who would be familiar with current thought on current subjects, should give them an examination. " THE MARVEL OF NA TIQNS" is a volume of nearly 300 pages, and con- tains many useful illustrations. The type is large and clear, and the printing and papei excellent. Bound only in cloih, and sent post-paid for - - $1.00. o great is the demand for this book that the later editions are run in 20,000 lots. The Coming Conflict: — OR — THE GREAT ISSUE NOW PENDING IN THIS COUNTRY. By ^W. H. LITTLEJOHW. T HIS book gives a complete history of the rise and work of the well-known nATIOKAL REFORM PARTY, And what they are attempting to accomplish in behalf of religion by State legislation. This volume enters a most vigorous protest to all such efforts, believing that they are simply tending to a union of Church and State. This is most emphatically a book for the times, and should be in the hands of every true American. Let it be widely circu- lated ! Bound in muslin, 434 pages, price, post-paid. $1.00 SY^OP OF THE PRESENT TRUTH. By URIAH SMITH. 71 VOLUME of 333 12 mo. pages, devoted to an exposition of those truths which the ^^ author regards as eminently pertinent for these days. The following TABLE OF CONTENTS Will give a good idea of the nature of this volume. The Great Image of Daniel XL— The Vision of Daniel VII.— Vision of Daniel VIII. —The 70 Weeks and 2300 Days — The Sanctuary — The Three Messages of Revelation XI v.— Revelation XII. and XIII.— The Sabbath— Bible View of the Sabbath— Sabbath Theories of Akers, Jennings, Mede, and Fuller — Sabbath and Sunday: Their Secular History — Nature and Destiny of Man — State of the Dead — Destiny of the Wicked The Seven Last Plagues — The Millennium— Matthew 24— The Seven Churches— Seven Seals — Seven Trumpets — Signs of the Times — Spiritualism — The Second Advent — The Two Laws — The First-day Sabbath — Baptism — Gifts of the Spirit — Predestination — The 144,000 — Ministration of Angels — The Saints' Inheritance. ^f These subjects are essentially the same as those presented by the author in Biblical institutes and in his lectures to theological classes. Bound in cloth, price, post-paid, $1.00 20 Mjffl'S Nature — OR — The State of the Dead ; the Reward of the Righteous ; and the End of the Wicked. By URIAH SMITH. Author of " The Sanctuary and its Cleansing ; " " Thoughts on Daniel and the Revelation ; " " Synop- sis of the Present Truth ; " " The Marvel of Nations ; " "A Word for the Sabbath ; " "Diagram of Parliamentary Rules," etc. THIS work is a thorough canvass of the great question of a Future Life, the nature of man in the present life, and the conditions of immortality, from a logical and Scriptural stand-point. EVERT TEXT IN THE BIBLE, which has any possible bearing upon these points, is taken up and carefully explained, thus giving the most comprehensive view of the subject that has yet been presented. Scholarly men upon both sides of the Atlantic have written at length upon the great question, MAN, HERE AND HEREAFTER; but it may be safely averred that none of these learned treatises can take the place of the work under consideration. TOPICALLY CONSIDERED, This volume is made up of Thirty-eight Chapters, the following being a synopsis of the subject-matter of the work : — An introduction, showing the nature of the subject. A direct inquiry into the Bible use of the terms " mortal," "immortal," and " im- mortality." An examination of statements supposed to prove man immortal ; as, the " image of God," the "living soul," and the "breath of life." An examination of the terms "soul" and "spirit," with their definitions and uses. An examination of every text, consecutively, which uses the word " spirit " in a way which is supposed to prove that it is conscious in death, or is immortal. An examination of every text, consecutively, which uses the word " soul " in a way which is supposed to show that it is conscious in death, or is immortal. An examination of all other statements supposed to prove man conscious in death ; as, Matt. 22 : 32 ; Luke 16 : 19-31 ; 23 : 43 ; 2 Cor. 5:8; Phil, i : 23 ; etc. A positive argument on the nature of death, as illustrated in the death of Adam, and a discussion of the questions of the resurrection of the dead and a future Judg- ment, as related to the question of man's nature and destiny. The life everlasting, showing what it is, and who will be entitled to it. The wages of sin — an examination of every text supposed to prove future unending misery for the lost. A positive argument showing what the end of the wicked will be. A vindication of God's dealings with his creatures. The claims of philosophy, an examination of the metaphysical argumeat. An historical view of the question. The tendency of the doctrine advocated in this work. As before observed, the great subject of MANS' PRESENT STA TE^ and his FUTURE REWARD OR PUNISHMENT, is here covered in a concise and direct manner. There are THREE COPIOUS INDEXES TO THE WORK, so that the reader can readily refer to any author quoted, or turn to any text or argument, with fa- MAN'S NATURE AND DESTINY Contains 444 pages, and is printed from clear, new plates, on heavy paper, and is at- tractively bound in green muslin, with gilt side and back titles. Facing the title page is an appropriate Frontispiecb, designed especially for the work. Orders promptly filled, by mail or express, to any extent. Price of Single Copy, post-paid, _ _ _ $1.50. MATTER PD SPIRIT; , OR Xlie Problem of Hitman Tlioiaglit. By D. M. CAHRIGHT. A PHILOSOPHICAL ARGUMENT ON AN IMPORTANT THEME. TABLE OF CONTENTS : Organization of Matter Imparts to it New Qualities — Confessions of Eminent Men — What is Matter? — What is Vegetable and Animal Life? — How Different Species of Plants and Animals are Perpetuated — God has Organized Matter in Certain Forms so that it does Think — The Beauty and Power of Matter Lies in its Organization — Cause and Effect Confounded — Instinct and Reason — From whence Comes the Immortal Spirit? — The Disembodied Spirit — Material and Immaterial— Cause of Infidelity among Scientists — Is Matter Naturally Corrupt? 66 pages, pamphlet form. Price, post-paid, - - - - -10 cts. HISTHRY HF THE WflLHENSES By J. A. ^A;^YLIE. THIS is a plain and well-written narrative concerning this remarkable people from their earliest history to the present time. The faith, persecutions, martyrdom, and wholesale massacres of the Waldensian brethren ; their schools, missions, and itinerant work ; their mountain fastnesses ; the fierce wars waged against them ; their exile, and re-establishment in the Valleys, are all set forth with historical accuracy. An excellent book, and one which should have a wide circulation. 212 pp., on tinted paper, illustrated. In muslin covers, post-paid, per copy, - -90 cts. Note. — The regular price of this work is ^1.25, but by importing a large stock, the Office is able to sell them at the above low rate. CHRIST AUD SATAK From Creation doYin to the End of Time. In Fonr 12 iiift. Volumes of over 400 pages each. By Mrs. E. O. WHITE, Volume I. Commences with the fall of Satan, and the beginning of sin, upon which great light is shed. Next it treats upon the creation of the earth; the temptation and fall of our first parents ; and then opens the great plan of salvation in a most instructive and deeply in- teresting manner. Thence it traces the history of redemption as illustrated by the lives ot good and evil men down to the time of the flood, which it narrates in a very instruct- ive chapter. It dwells very minutely upon the wanderings of the Church in the wilder- ness, in the time of Moses, and continues the record till the time of Solomon. Volume II. Continues the history of redemption as illustrated in the Birth, Life, Ministry, Miracles, and Teachings of Christ. This volume furnishes invaluable aid in studying the Life of our Lord Jesus Christ as set forth in the four Gospels. One of the pleasing features of this volume is the plain and simple language with which the author clothes thoughts that glow with truth and beauty. Volume III. Presents the facts concerning the Death, Resurrection, and Ascension of Heaven's Mes- siah, and the lives and miristry of the Apostles. This volume gives a deeply interest- ing account of the labors and death of the heroic Apostle Paul. Volu?ne IV. Commences with our Lord's great prophecy, while viewing Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives. The volume covers the entire Christian Dispensation to the end of time. It calls attention to the persecution of the first centuries, and the rise of the Papacy. Speaks particularly of the Dark Ages, and the work ot the Reformers and martyrs. Considerable space is given to the life and teachings of later reformers and religious teachers, such as Whitefield, the Wesleys, and William Miller. The closing chapters give a vivid picture of the warfare of the Church and the final triumph of the people of God. The Destruction of Satan and all his followers closes the great Controversy be- tween the Son of God and the Powers of Darkness. 'This series of works is invaluable to place in the hands of skeptics. It is also most excellent reading for Christian people of every name. These writings are being translated, either in whole or in part, in the French, Ger- man, Danish, and Swedish languages. Vol. t., 416 pages. Price, post-paid, . , $1.00 Vol. II., 400 pages. Price, post-paid, . . ,1.00 Vol. III., 400 pages. Price, post-paid, . . 1.00 Vol IV., 500 pages {with illustrations). Price, post-paid, 1.50 fW"Volume IV. is furnished separately, and is being rapidly circulated in large editions. A WORD FOR THE SABBATH, — OR — FALSE THEORIES EXPOSED. By URIAH SMITH. fHIS is a poetic monograph upon the Sabbath Question, treating it metrically in seven chapters, under the respective headings of " Truth and Error" — The Sab- bath Instituted at Creation — The Sabbath a Memorial — The Sabbath Not Abolished — Apostolic Example — Sabbath and Sunday — Vain Philosophy This little lyric pretty thoroughly canvasses the entire ground of this important subject. Numerous texts of Scripture are referred to, which are given in the margin. It is a very enjoyable book, and few persons will begin the poem without reading the entire work. In glazed pnper covers, post-paid, - - 15 cis. In muslin covers, post-paid, - - - -30 cts. THE H0LY SBIRIT : Its Gifts and Manifestations to the End of the Christian Age. By J. H. WAGGONER. ^HIS is a brief and comprehensive argument on the solemn and important subject j of the Spirit of God, and its GIFTS MED MMWESfiTimS. The chapters of this work fully discuss the following interesting topics : — The Holy ISpirif of Proini§e ; Tlie Poorer from on High ; Circumcision of the Heart ; The Unity of the Faith ; The LaAV and the Te§timony ; Try the Spirits ; The Ore at Reformation ; Oifts in the Reformation ; In the Present Century ; Spirit of Prophecy Restored. This little book is of special interest to those who believe we are in the closing hours of the Gospel Dispensation, and that the Church must prepare to meet her Lord. Bound in paper covers. 144 pages. Price, post-paid, 15 cts. TM BIBLE FROM miAYM: A Summary of Plain Arguments In Behalf of the Bible and Christianity. By D. M. CANRIGHT. 'T'^HIS neat volume is all that it professes to be, a series of strong arguments in behalf -*- of the Bible, written in very simple language. In its thirty chapters it presents in the main all the valuable arguments in behalf of the Bible which are found in large and expensive works. The book should be in every household. It is dedicated to " Can- did Skeptics, and the Young Men and Women of our Time,*' but is equally adapted to those of riper years. Bound in cloth, 12 mo., 300 pages, post-paid, - 80 cts. MATTHEW TWENTY- FOUR. By JAMES ^WHITE. n^HlS able pamphlet presents a critical explanation of our Lord's great prophecy, as he viewed the doomed city of Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives. At least fifty thousand copies of this exposition have been printed. The author (now deceased) was one of the most careful expositors of the Scriptures. The book treats upon the entire chapter. God has blessed the reading of this pamphlet to the salvation of many souls. 64 pages, 12 mo., paper covers, price, post-paid, . 10 cts. rpHE Scripture testimony on the doctrine of the ^E^PETUITY of SPimrU^L GIFTS. Illustrated by narratives of incidents, and sentiments carefully compiled from the emi- nently pious and learned of various denominations. The whole drift of this book is to show that in ages past, among many different denominations, God has manifested the gifts of his Spirit somewhat as in the days of the apostles. Put up in paper covers. 128 pages. - -15 cts. A History of the Doctrine of the Soul, AMONG ALL RACES AND PEOPLES, ANCIENT AND MODERN, INCLUDING THEOLOGIANS, PHILOSOPHERS, SCIEN- TISTS, AND UNTUTORED ABORIGINES. By D. M. CANRIQHT. THIS is a 12 mo. volume of 186 pages, and treats with great care a topic of special in- terest in this day. The book is the outcome of years of extensive reading and care- ful study. Great care has been taken in giving references, so that the quotations may be relied upon. This book has an important place in the great field of Truth. Bound in cloth. Price, post-paid, - -75 cts. WISE. iiony ^u^ecU and (M^^ation^, By J. H. WAGGONER. ^iPJJHIS is an able treatise on this much-contested subject. The pamphlet tells very — ' clearly what baptism is, and who are the proper ones to receive the ordinance. The writer also presents unanswerable arguments against Trine Immersion, as held by the Dunkards and some others. Put up in paper covers, 192 pages. Price, post-paid, 25 cts. THE SJiXeTU^^Y And tlie ^300 Days of Daniel 8:14. By URIAH SMITH. TTTHIS work sheds very great light upon the types and shadows of the Mosaic dispen- ■»■ sation, and is equally clear in regard to the place and work of Christ, as our Great High Priest, in the present dispensation. The subject of a remedial system for fallen man, and the nature and time of the atonement, as well as the work of the Judgment it- self, are all very clearly treated in this valuable book. This is just the volume to coimteract the notions of certain classes of Adventists who are continually setting the day for Christ to come the second time. Bound in cloth, 382 12 mo. pages, price, post-paid, - $1.00 FACTS FOR THE TIMES : A COLLECTION OF VALUABLE HISTORICAL EXTRACTS, On a great variety of Subjects, of special interest to the Bible Student, from eminent authorities, Ancient and Modern, Revised, by Geo. L BUTLER. This volume contains about One Thousand separate Historical Statements. The edition comes down to the year 1885. The general subjects elucidated are as follows : — The Holy Scriptures ; Tradition against Reform ; Likeness of Catholicism to Paganism ; The Prophecies ; Fall of Babylon ; United States in Prophecy; The Second Advent ; Signs of the Times; The Law of God; The World Waxed Old: The Bible Sabbath; The Temporal Millennium ; Baptism — Immersion ; Is the Soul Immortal? Death of Christ; Miscellaneous. The extracts contained in this work cover a wide range of subjects, many of them of deep interest to the general reader. We know of no book of its kind containing so many interesting quotations on important subjects of general interest. Remarkable fulfillments of prophecy ; interesting comments upon difficult Scriptural texts from the best commentators ; striking occurrences of natural phenomena ; important facts in the growth of our country ; useful statistics concerning population, intemperance, war, and crime ; and the present condition of the religious, political, and physical world, are among the subjects treated by the various authors quoted. Bound in Muslin, 284 pages, sent post-paid for - 50 cts. THE lilERITANCE OF THE SAINTS — IN — By J. N. LOUGHBOROUQH. The following are the Topics discussed in this interesting pamphlet : — The Earth Promised to the Meek— God's Purpose Concerning the Earth— Special Promises Respecting the Earth— The Promise made to Abraham — The Purchasetl Pos- session—The Rest that Remains for the People of God— The Disciples of Christ Ex- pected a Literal Kingdom — The Time for the Establishment of the Kingdom — The Thousand Years of Revelation 20— Description of the Kingdom— The New Jerusalem, In pamphlet form, 82 pages. Price, post-paid, - . - ~ - 10 cis. TEE raiSTRATIOH OF AKGELS, AND THE ORIGIN, HISTORY, t DESTINY OF SATAN BY D, M-. CANRIGHT. T^HE following is the Table of Contents: — FflHT FIRST ^ MINISTRATION OF GOOD ANGELS. Introduction— They are not the Spirits of Dead Men— The Heavenly Family— Num- ber of Angels — Angels Real Beings — Their Exalted Character — Different Orders of Angels — They are Ministering Spirits — They execute God's Judgments — Saints have Guardian Angels— Angels Record the Deeds of Men— Angels Assist in the Judgment — Angels will Gather the Saints. PflHT SECnNH; ORIGIN, HISTORY, AND DESTINY OF SATAN. Introduction — Devils are Real Beings— Why does God Permit Satan to Exist? — Or- igin of Satan — Satan a Wanderer — Satan Gains Possession of the Earth — Order of the Fallen Angels — Possessed" with Devils — Satan an Accuser — Man in Prison — The Mission of Jesus— Redemption of Man — Satan Bound— Judgment of the Wicked- Will Satan be Destroyed ? Paper Covers, 144 pages. Price, post-paid, - 20 cts. _. _. ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^ y/f/ <^f/ M f/ ,/ #/ i 11/11 II M ^ If 10, REVISED AND ENLARGED. ->ll^ A FAMILY PORTFOLIO OF NATURAL HISTORY AND BIBLE SCENES. — -m- — 100 ILIvUSTRAT^IONS. THE life mission of some people seems to be to "scatter sunshine" wherever they go. A happy disposition, which makes the best of everything, looks on the bright side, and ever bears in mind that "the darkest cloud has a silver lining," is the means of brightening the lives of all who are brought under its influence. While this is true of individuals, it is equally so of other objects which have an iniluence on the mind, and most emphatically true of some kinds of books. The work entitled "Sunshine at Home " has been prepared for this purpose, as indicated by its title. Its mission is to brighten the lives of those who peruse its pages, by its entertaining sketches, and beau- tiful pictures. NEARLY ONE-HUNDRED THOUSAND ALREADY SOLD. Owing to the increasing demand for this justly popular book, we are compelled to issue a Special Edition, in extra gilt binding, for the benefit of those who use it as a gift book. In this field ^lone, it is having a very large sale. TRANSLATIONS. We have also translated this beautiful book into Swedish, which is meeting with good acceptance among the Swedes, several editions having been already sold. A translation into German is nearly ready, and a Danish edition will be issued as soon as possible. THE NEW REVISED EDITION Comprises 128 large, quarto pages (10 x J2% inches), and 190 illustrations, and is printed on fine, calendered paper, in the best style of typographic art. It is handsomely and substantially bound in two styles ; viz., fine green cloth, with red edges, and fine red cloth, with gilt edges, beautifully embossed in jet and gold, making a handsome orna- ment ror any center-table, or an adornment to any library. THE WORK OF ITS PREPARATION Has been carefully performed, every page having been submitted to the most exacting scrutiny, and with special reference to the end in view. Its reading matter is from the pens of some of the ablest writers, and is not only entertaining and attractive, but in_ structive and profitable. It comprises choice poetical selections, descriptive sketches accompanying the engravings, interesting geographical descriptions, entertaining articles on natural history, zoology, etc. THE ILLUSTRATIONS Comprise beautiful scenes from nature, romantic castles, stately ships, light-houses, his- torical places, and events on sea and land, renowned men, birds, animals, plants, home life, and numerous Bible scenes. THE LITERATURE Of this book is of the most select nature, calculated to elevate the thoughts and motives, and to cultivate a taste for that which is pure and ennobling. Such thoughts and illus- trations have been carefully selected as would teach some valuable life lesson. THE BOOK IS DESIGNED FOR ALL. The little ones wiU find stories suited to their fancy, and the pictures will help them to spend many a pleasant hour ; while the older ones will find many articles of interest from which to derive instruction, as well as entertainment. ITS FIELD OF USEFULNESS. The character of this work is well calculated to give it a wide circulation. Bright and sparkling, without being frivolous or trifling, moral in its tone, without being som- ber or dogmatical, it finds a ready sale in all classes of society, and exerts its beneficent influence wherever it goes. It readily commends itself to all who see it. It will make a beautiful holiday gift for any person, and we commend it to those who are desirous of making presents to their friends, — at any time. SOLD BY SUBSCRIPTION ONLY. None need to be out of employment. All can be making money, and scatter rays of sunshine into the homes of many. Canvasser's outfit (the book itself) sent post-paid for ^1-50. The choice of territory is, and should be, a great consideration with all agents; this we can only a-pportion jus ily in the order in which applications are re- ceived. We therefore advise agents to send for outfit at once. Green and Gold, Red Edges, - - - $1.50. Red and Gold, Gilt Edges, - - - -1.75. 4@= For Special Terms to Agents, address this Publishing House. NATTURK AND TKNDKNCY — OF — MODERN SPIRITUALISM. BY J. H:. A?V^A^GOO]S[ER. THE Nature and Tendency of this world-wide delusion are most fully set forth in this little book. Without doubt it is THE MOST THOROUGH EXPOSURE OF SPIRITUALISM That has ever been published. The writer has carefully studied the subject, and gives copious extracts from accredited writers and speakers, by which the entire system stands self-condemned. It is also clearly shown from the Scriptmes of Truth that Spiritualism is one of the most impressive signs of the times. The book contains 184 i2mo pages, and is put up in pa'oei covers. Price, Dost-paid, ^0 cts. Regular Periodicals English, German, French, Danish, Sn/edish, Italian, and Roumanian languages. The Advent Keview and Sabbath Herald. Published weekly at Battle Creek, Mich. This is a i6-page Religious Family Newspaper. Its dis- tinctive features are, a fearless discussion of the claims of the Sabbath of the Bible; the Signs of the Times, as illustrated in the natural, moral, and political woild ; Harmony of the Law and Gospel; What we must do to be saved, and other Bible questions. This is the oldest and largest paper published by the denomination; presents all the do- ings of the cause in its various missions, colportage work, reports of ministerial labor, camp and tent-meetings, Conferences, etc. Any person who wishes to know all about this cause, should take the Review and Herald. Terms, in advance, $2.00 a year. The Youth's Instructor. Published at Battle Creek, Mich. A 4- page illustrated weekly paper, for the Sabbath-school and family. Without doubt this is by far the best Youth's*paper published. It has two editors, who supervise its pages with the greatest cars, and it is printed on beautiful super-calendered and tinted paper. Price, in advance. - - - -- - -75 cts. a year. The Gospel Sickle. A live bi-weekly paper, devoted to those important Bible doctrines which are especially applicable to the present time. Pub- lished at Battle Creek, Mich. Single copies, post-paid, - - 50 cts. a year. Oood Health. (Published by the Sanitarium at Battle Creek, Mich.) A live monthly journal of hygiene, devoted to Physical, Mental, and Moral Culture. This is a 32-page magazine, and an invaluable aid to all who would live heathfully, or regain lost health. It should be in every family. Terms in advance, $1.00 a year. The Herold der Wahrheit. A 1 6-page semi-monthly paper, in the German language, published at Battle Creek, Mich. It is devoted to brief exposi- tions of the Prophecies, the Signs of the Times, practical Religion, and kindred Bible topics. A valuable paper in every respect. Terms in advance, - $1 .00 a year, Sandhedens Tidende. A i6-page Danish-Norwegian semi-monthly paper, issued at Battle Creek, Mich. This paper is devoted to expositions of Proph- ecy, the Signs of the Times, and Practical Religion. It is in all respects a first-class Religious Paper. Terms, in advance, . . - . $1.00 a year. Sanningens Harold. A i6-page Swedish semi-monthly, in maga- zine form, of the same character as the Danish magazine just noticed. Published at Battle Creek, Mich. Terms, in advance, . - - - $1.00 a year. Regular editions of both the Tidende a.nd Harold, the Danish and Swedish jour- nals just mentioned, are issued in Christiania, Norway, from duplicate plates. The Signs of the Times. Issued at Oakland, California. A 16- page weekly religious paper, presenting a large variety of most useful reading. It en- joys a very large patronage, being circulated in all countries wherever the English lan- guage is spoken. It is the general pioneer paper of the denomination which publishes it. Terms in advance, ------- $2.00 a year. Pacific Health Journal and Temperance Advocate. Devoted to Temperance Principles and the Art of Preserving Health. 32 pages, bi-monthly, published at Oakland, California. Price, - - - - 50 cts. a year. The Present Truth. A i6-page religious semi-monthly, issued at Grimsby, England, under the auspices of the British Mission. This is a live periodical, being both doctrinal and practical, and is used largely by ship colporters and canvass- ers. It enjoys a large circulation, and its influence on the side of unpopular truth is fe't all over Great Britain. Subscription price, - - - 75 cts, a year. The Bible Echo and Si^ns of the Times. A 1 6 page monthly, published at Melbourne, Australia. A vigorous exponent of those Bible truths which are of especial importance at the present day. ... $1.00 a year. Les Signes des Temps. A semi-monthly religious paper, issued at Basel, Switzerland, in the French language. This able journal is both doctrinal and practical as to its contents, and is an earnest exponent of the signs of the times. Terms, .---.--.. $1.30 a year. Slindhedsbladet. A i6-page Danish health and temperance monthly, published at Christiania, Norway, - - .go cts. a year. Helso-OCh SjuliV^rd. A Swedish health and temperance monthly, issued at Christiania, Norway. Price, - . . . gQ gtg, ^ year. Herold der Wahrheit. A i6-page religious semi-monthly, pub- ished at Basel, Switzerland, in the German tongue. Price, - $1.00 a year. L'Ultimo Messaggio. An Italian religious quarterly, 8 pages in size, issued at Basel, Switzerland. Price, - - - 25 cts. a year. Adevarulu Present. An 8-page religious quarterly, in the Rou- manian language published at Easel, Switzerland. Price, - - 25 cts. a year. 4®°" A paper in the Holland tongue will be issued as soon as practicable. VALUABLE RELIGIOUS TRACTS: Doctrinal and Practical. ^Ipf/HESE Tracts are in size from 4 pages to 32, and may be ordered singly or in ■^ quantities. The following subjects are set forth in their pages, and from this data the reader can pretty clearly determine what he wants : — The Nature of Man— State of the Dead— The Punishment of the Wicked — The Final Inheritance of the Saints — The Second Advent — The Signs of the Times — The Judgment— Redemption— Our Faith and Hope— The Sabbath, in its Several Phases and Obligations— The Sanctuary of the New Covenant— The Unchangeableness and Perpetuity of the Law of God— The Millennium : When and What?— Spirit- ualism, the Last Deception of Satan— The Covenants of the Old and New Testa- ments—The Two Laws— The Poet Milton on Man in the State of Death— The Bible Student's Assistant, etc., etc. 4®°" Catalogues, giving full particulars, sent free. PRICE : Any or all of the above list of Tracts furnished at the rate of 8 pages for one cent. PUBLICATIONS in OTHER LANGUAGES. >^ ANY of the publications noticed in this catalogue can be had in the Danish, Ger- man, Swedish, French, Italian, and Holland languages. These publications are generally translations from the English originals, many of which appear in this list. They are also furnished at the same prices. , Tracts may be had at the rate of Eight Pages for One Cent The Bible-Reading Gazette CONTAINING One Hundred and Sixty-two Bible-Readings. DOCTRINAL, PRACTICAL, and PROPHETICAL ANY person who is interested in the subject of Bible-Readings should have this vol- ume. These Readings were prepared by ministers and Bible-students, and mor' of them have been presented to the public orally. Bound in Muslin, 288 pages. Price, post-paid. $1.00 ealt^ apd Temperance ( PUBLICATIONS. •-;?-7*HIS Publishing House carries a large assortment of sterling Books, Pamphlets, ( (sh and Tracts on Temperance and Hygiene. These works are mostly from the pen ^~^ of Dr. J. H. Kellogg, a writer of extensive fame, and the Physician-in-Chief in the Great Sanitarium at Battle Creek, Michigan. We give the names and prices of a few of these books, and a list of the tracts : — DIGESTION AND DYSPEPSIA. By J. H. Kellogg, M. D. 176 pp. , , , Price, 75 cts. DIPHTHERIA. By J. H. Kellogg, M. D. 64 pp. . . . Price, 25 cts. USES OF WATER IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. By J. H. Kkllogg, M. D. 136 pp; . . . Price, 60 cts. ALCOHOLIC POISON. By J. H. Kellogg, M. D. 128 pp. , . . Price, 25 cts. PRACTICAL MANUAL OF HEALTH AND TEMPERANCE; with a large appendix teaching HOW TO COOK. By J. H. Kellogg, M. D. 320 pp. . . . Price, 75 cts. The Tracts treat upon Alcohol — Alcoholic Medication — Alcoholic Poison — Causes and Cure of Intemperance — Tea and Coffee — Tobacco, in all its hurtful Aspects — Wine and the Bible — Pork, as an unscientific and unhygienic article for food — True Temperance — Our Nation's Curse — The Drunkard's Arguments, etc. 4S* These tracts are all furnished at the rate of 8 pages for I cent. Csbtalosues sent free on applica,tion. -TTHE;- illllCil^SlITII DEVOTED TO The Defense of American Institutions, the Preservation of the United States Constitution as it is, so far as regards Religion or Re- ligious Tests, and the Maintenance of Human Rights, both Civil and Religious. 1 JpF* HIS JOURNAL will ever be uncompromisingly opposed to anything tending ■^Ij J toward a union of Church and State, either in name or in fact. -^S The founders of our noble Government recognized the necessity of having C^^Z) ^ SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE. They had seen the baleful influ- of^CD ences of having the two united, and, therefore, guarded against this terrible oOo evil by introducing the following plain declaration into the Constitution : — l\ " Congress shaU make no lauu respecting an establishment of religion or ^ prohibiting the free exercise thereof." So far, this principle has generally been carried out, and the marvelous growth of our nation is largely owing to this freedom of conscience. But there are those who feel that there is now Just <3ause for iilarm, And that there is danger that this freedom of consciecne will be denied the people. It is well known that there is a large and influential Association in the United States, bearing the name of the "National Reform Association," which is endeavoring to se- cure such a religious amendment to the Constitution of the United States as will "Place all Christian laws, institutions, and usages of the Government on an undeniably le- gal basis in the fundamental law of the land. While there are many persons in this country who are opposed to, or look with suspicion upon this movement, there are fev/, outside of the party, who realize what the influence of this amendment would be. The OlDject of the ilmerican Sentinel Will be to vindicate the rights of American citizens, which we believe are threatened by this Association. It will appeal to the very fundamental principles of our Govern- ment, and point out the consequences which would be sure to follow should they secure the desired amendment to the Constitution. The Sentinel will contain nothing contrary to the principles of morality and re- ligion. So far from that, we shall try to set before our readers the true relation of mor- ality and religion, and show that this relation is not correctly presented by the party seeking this religious amendment. Every position taken will be carefully guarded and fortified by sound argument. Due respect will always be paid to the opinions of others, but the rights of conscience will be fearlessly maintained. The publishers are determined to make this a Hue paper, and one that will be read with interest by all classes. The American Sentinel is published monthly, by the Pacific Press Publishing House, 1059 Castro Street, Oakland, Cal. TERMS: Single Copy, one year, 50 Cents. Specimen Copies Free! Address, AMERICAN SENTINEL, 7059 Castro Street, OAKLAND, CAL t:e3:e Gospel Sickle: A BI-WEEKLY, 8-PAGE PAPER, Devoted to Important Bible Doctrines, which are Especially Applicable to the Present Time, — SUCH AS — The Second Coming of Christ — The Signs of the Times — The Nature of Man — The State of the Dead — Future Rewards and Punishments — The Law of God— The Plan of Salvation — Modern Spiritualism — Satan's Final Deception, and Many other Bible topics OF GENERAL INTEREST TO THE READER. The SICKLE is a live paper, and most of the articles are prepared especially for its columns. Address, REVIEW & HERALD, Battle Creek, Mich. Spiritualism a Satanic Delusion. SUCH is the title of a vigorous tract of 32 pages, which is a most thorough expose., from a Bible stand-point, of this IvATXER-DAY DELUSION, which is entrapping multitudes by its bewitching fascinations. Let this little tract be circulated everywhere. Single copies post-paid, .... 4 cts. Who Changed the Sabbath? i.?;^,"^?: iS„t'ltwl!,'I ir„"; the Sabbath of Creation has been supplemented by the First Day of the Week. Should be read by everybody. Price, 3 Cents. Address, REVIEW k HERALD, Battle Creek, Midi. Thp T nc;f TimP OllPClfinn a stirring tract of 24-pages, which most lliC UJ^h 1 iillC UUC::3U1U11. effectually dissipates the fog and sophis- try thrown about this phase of the Sabbath Question. Price, 3 Cents. Address, RETIKW & HERALD, Battle Creek, Mich. The Poet Milton on the State of the Dead. A Treatise of 40 pages on the State^of Man in Death, by the great English Poet, JOHN MILTON, taken from his the^Wical writings. This great scholar held to the correct view in regard to man's urfejLis*i^)usness in death, and the fact should be more widely known. 40 pages. PiV^ o'^ents. Address, ^. ^^ REYIEW & HERALD, Battle Creek, Mich. "tP .<;x ^.. ^%^ .^ .^ . ^f V V ^ V ,x^ . ^' x^ C^ -^r. -'^ y^ ?^ vX\ 0'' .^^ "^^^