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CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 History of The Two Americas 
 
 BEING A COMPLBTE EPITOME UF 
 
 All the Events of Importance and Interest connected with the Western Hemisphere, 
 from the Year 458 to the Year 1878. 
 
 [Copvritrlited. 1878, by Heniiy S. Allen.] 
 
 /It-I .X 
 

 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 PRB-niSTOEIO EACE9. 
 
 Authentic American liistory dates hack only 
 about four centuries. Previous to that period, 
 through an almost unlimited age, the existence 
 of a vastly numerous and pre-historic race may 
 be traced through the ruins of their cities, their 
 wonderful caves, and subterranean habitations, 
 in which skeletons of some of their ancient in- 
 habitants, stone implements of warfare and hus- 
 bandry, and pieces of pottery and earthen ves- 
 sels of rare and peculiar workmanship and color- 
 \v\a. are found. In some of these more perfectly 
 constructed mounds, tools of copper, Drass, ana 
 silver, and vases of pottery, ornaments, and 
 precious stones, have been found. These ancient 
 inhabitants also worked the copper mines of 
 Lake Superior, and their old pits are still called 
 the " ancient diggings." In one of these mines 
 a mass of copper was found which weighed over 
 forty tons, and which had been separated from 
 the original vein by removing the eartli and 
 ore, and the surface made smooth by pounding. 
 About this huge piece of copper were found the 
 very tools those ancient miners had used — stone 
 Lajnmers, copper chisels and wedges, OB if the 
 workmen liad departed, intending soon to re- 
 turn. Upon some of these deserted mines, the 
 largest forest trees are found growing, and upon 
 a mound near Marietta, Ohio, irere found trees 
 which, at least, nmst have seen eight centuries. 
 The most marvelous and peculiar of all the relics 
 of these ancient inhabitants, are found in the 
 valleys of Arizona. Here almost every hill-top 
 within a range of 10,000 square miles is cov- 
 ered with broken pottery, so perfectly glazed, 
 that its bright and varied coloring is well pre- 
 served. Here, also, are ruins of buildings four 
 stoiies in height, and with walls two feet thick, 
 reservoirs, irrigating canals, and fortifications, 
 where multitudes of caves are cut in the solid 
 rock, and closed by mason-work of stone and 
 cemont, which is well preserved. These caves 
 are only accessible by means of ladders, and 
 the larger ones are bastioned and loop-holed ; 
 and an entrance, large enough to admit one 
 person only, was made at the top, which con- 
 nected with a series of chambers that honey- 
 combed the whole mountain, while their walls 
 are still black with the smoke from the fires of 
 their ancient dwellers. These subterranean 
 caverns were evidently prepared with a vast 
 iiraount of labor as asylums against a fierce and 
 invading foe; and long and cruel must h'ave 
 been the warfare which forced them to forsake 
 their villages and cultivated fluids and make 
 their homes in the roeky depths of the mount- 
 ains. Where and liow the last of this numerous 
 and wondeiful race were blotted out of existence, 
 leaving behind no tradi ion of its origin, will 
 forever remain a mystery. 
 
 The ruins of Si)anish cathedrals and towns 
 which were in all their glory, when a few half 
 Btarved English refugees from oppression were 
 struggling for existence on the shores of the 
 Potomac Kiver and Plymouth ]5ay, are still scat- 
 
 tered over the wilds of New Mexico and Arizona, 
 but their earliest records give no account of 
 these wonderful ancient inhabitants. Neither 
 did the intelligent and semi-civilized Montezu- 
 mas, nor the vast tribes of Indians subject to 
 them, have any knowledge, or dim tr.idition 
 even, concerning these monuments of a long- 
 forgotteu age and people. 
 
 AMERICAK INDIA2J8. 
 The earliest explorers of the American Con- 
 HnpTit. found here a numerous race of inhabitants, 
 which they called Indians, because Columbus 
 and the early adventurers supposed they had 
 discovered the long-sought eastern shores of 
 India. Various theories have been advanced in 
 regard to their origin, the truthfulness of which 
 can not be determined, as none of them could 
 possibly be demonstrated. The time of their 
 occupancy of the country or the date of their 
 origin cen not be known. 
 
 TEAK. 
 
 458. Chinese tradition alleges the discovery 
 of Fu Sang (Mexico) by the Buddh- 
 ists. 
 861. The Normans discover Iceland. . . page 2 
 889. The Normans discover Greenland . . . . 2 
 985. Greenland peopled by the Danes under 
 Eric Raud, or Red Head. 3 
 
 1002. Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, "Winland 
 dat Gode " (the good wine country), 
 supposed to be the coast of New En- 
 gland, discovered by Biron, an Ice- 
 lander, and afterward visited by Lief, 
 a Greenlander, according to Icelandic 
 Sagas 2 
 
 1001. Natives were first discovered in New- 
 foundl.and 2 
 
 1002-lOOG. Icelandic adventurers repeatedly 
 visited the New World, exploring the 
 country and bartering with the na- 
 tivrs 3 
 
 1000. A ricl] Iirlaiiil.r, named Thorfln Karl- 
 .'^clni, <|irii( three winters on the coast 
 of Mas.siichiisctts, where his wife bore 
 him a son, whom he named Snorri, 
 said to be the first child born of Eu- 
 ropean parents on the continent of 
 America page i. Introduction. 
 
 1170. Madoc, a Wilsli jirince, supposed to have 
 discovered .\nu-rica 3 
 
 1380. Zeno, a Venetian, began voyages of dis- 
 covery 3 
 
 COLUMBUS. 
 
 1447. Christopher Columbus supposed to h.ave 
 been born at Genoa — exact date dis- 
 puted 5, 76 
 
 1461. Columbus went to sea at the age of four- 
 teen — his first voyages were confined 
 to the Mediterranean 5, 70 
 
 1467. At the age of twenty Columbus visited 
 Iceland and the Northern seas, ad- 
 
 vancing several degreea within tho 
 polar circle 6, 76 
 
 Columbus next entered the service of a 
 famous sea captain of his own name 
 
 and fiimily 5, 76 
 
 -1474. Columbus conceived the idea that 
 by sailing west he could reach the 
 East Indies by a shorter route^lso 
 that another continent must lie-in that 
 direction 5, 76 
 
 Columbus began applying for aid, suc- 
 cessively to the Senate of Genoa and 
 the courts of Foriugal, Spain, and 
 England. He was repeatedly refused, 
 spending several years in negotia- 
 tions 5, 77 
 
 Apr. 17. Ferdinand 'and Isabella of 
 Spain grant Columbus a commission 
 to go on a voyage of discovery, consti- 
 tuting him High Admiral in all seas 
 and continents discovered by him, 
 Isabella fitting out the expedition at 
 her own expense 6, 7b, 79 
 
 Aug. 3. Columbus sailed from the port 
 of Palos with three small vessels and 
 ninety men, to venture upon strange 
 seas and to discover an unknown 
 world 6, 79 
 
 Aug. 13. Columbus arriving at the Ca- 
 nary Islands, repaired his ships and 
 procured supplies 6, 79 
 
 Sept. 6. Columbus left the Canaries, 
 and when out of sight of land his crew 
 became dejected, «nd importuned him 
 to return. He encourages them, and 
 restores their confidence 6, 79 
 
 Oct. 1. Not yet discovering land, his 
 officers and crew threaten mutiny. 
 With extraordinary efforts he quiets 
 them 6, 80 
 
 Oct. 12. Columbus discovers land. In 
 the sudden revulsion of feeling his 
 men prostrate themselves at his feet 
 and implore his forgiveness 6, bO 
 
 lie proceeds to land with great pomp 
 and martial display. The shores are 
 
 lined with naked inhabitants 80 
 
 Columbus plants the cross and pro- 
 coeds to take jiossession of the island 
 in the name of the crowns of Castile 
 
 and Leon G, 80 
 
 Columbus named this island San 
 Salvador. He continued his voyage in 
 search of gold 6, 80 
 
 Oct. 38. He discovers Cuba, and soon 
 afterward numerous islands, all of 
 which are inhabited, and finds gold in 
 
 small quantities 6, 81 
 
 He exchanged beads and trinkets 
 for gold with the natives, who are ex- 
 tremely docile and kind 6, 81 
 
 Dec. 6. Columbus sailed eastward. Dec. 
 24th he encountered a storm and lost 
 one of his vessels ofi^ an island (Hayti, 
 or Hispaniola). The natives aid him 
 
 ^^1^'^ 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 737 
 
 to land and treat him with groat kind- 
 ness ('), 81 
 
 He makes a stand here and erects 
 a fort, planting the guns from the 
 wreck. 
 
 Jan. 4. From here he returns to Spain, 
 and leaves a colony of thirty-eiglit 
 men 0, 81 
 
 Mar. 15. Columbus arrived in Spain 
 after a tempestuous voyage. He was 
 received with every mark of distinc- 
 tion and gratitude at court, and with 
 general rejoicing by the pcoi)Ie. . 6, 82 
 
 May 25. The King and Queen of Spain 
 cciufirm their former treaty, and make 
 the ofBce of Viceroy of the West Indies 
 hereditarv in his fiimily C, 82 
 
 Sept. 25. Columbus returns on his 
 second voyage to the West Indies with 
 a fleet of seventeen ships and fifteen 
 liundred persons, with everything req- 
 uisite for conquest or seltlement. 0, 83 
 
 Nov. 22. He arrives in Hayti and finds 
 his colony and fort destroyed. He 
 plants another colony on the oppo- 
 site side of Hayti, naming it Isa- 
 bella .^ C, 83 
 
 Columbus while at "llayti suppressed a 
 conspiracy, and sent the leaders to 
 Spain in vessels sent for fresh supplies 
 and reinforcements. He discovers 
 large quantities of gold. He builds a 
 fort, and calls the place St. Thomas. 83 
 
 Apr. 24. He continues hi,s voyage 
 among the West Jndia Islands, dis-^' 
 covering Jamaica and Porto Rico. He 
 becomes very ill and nearly loses his 
 Ure....\ 6, 83 
 
 Sept. 27. He returned to Hayti and 
 there found his brother Bartholomew, 
 whom lie had sent to the court of En- 
 gland in 1481. He had returned to 
 \^ Spain in time to take charge of three 
 
 ^^ips wliicli were ready to sail with 
 provisions for Hayti 6, 84 
 
 Mar. S4. Columbus was compelled to 
 subdue the natives by force of arms. 
 He levied a tax ujwn them, thereby 
 procuring gold in larger quantities. 84 
 
 June 11. Columbus learning of enemies 
 in Spain, who were working his over- 
 throw, repaired to court with the tro- 
 phies of his adventure in gold and the 
 products of the New World, convinc- 
 ing bis patrons of his success and the 
 importance of his enterprise 7, 85 
 
 June 24. John and Sebastian Cabot, 
 Italians, in the sei-vice of Henry VII., 
 King of England, discover Labrador 
 and Newfoundland 10 
 
 May. Sebastian Cabot sailed upon a 
 second voyage to the New World. He 
 was but a little more than twenty-one 
 years of age, and during this voyage 
 he explored the coast from the extreme 
 norili to Florida, and finding no break 
 in the shore which promised the pas- 
 sage to India, he returned to En- 
 gland 11 
 
 May 30. Columbus sailed from Spain on 
 his third voyage to the New World 
 with ten ships, after a delay of nearly 
 two years 7, 86 
 
 July 31. He discovers Trinidad and the 
 river Oronoeo 7, 86 
 
 Aug. Columbus discovers the continent 
 of South America, and lands on the 
 coast of Paria. He proceeds to His- 
 paniola, and on his way discovers Ca- 
 bagua and Margarita 7, 86 
 
 Columbu3 superseded as Governor of the 
 West Indies by Francis Bovadilla, who 
 
 takes command of the colony in his 
 absence 7, 88 
 
 May IG. Americus Vespucius, a Flor- 
 entine, sailed with Alonzo de Ojeda 
 from Spain to explore the New World. 
 He follows the course of Columbus, 
 aided by his charts, and lands upon 
 the coast of Paria. He proceeds as far 
 as Cape de Verde, and returns to 
 Spain 10, 87 
 
 Columbus was sent to Spain in irons by 
 Bovadilla 7, 88 
 
 Pinzon, a companion of Columbus on 
 his first voyage, visited the coast of 
 Brazil and discovered the Amazon. 
 
 Apr. 23. Cabral was shipwrecked on the 
 coast of Brazil, and took possession 
 for the crown of Portugal 87 
 
 Nov. 5. Culunibiis arrives in Cadiz. 
 Isabella and Ferdiniiu<l, becoming 
 ashamed of their course toward him, 
 invite liim to court and openly apol- 
 ogize for the conduct of the new Gov- 
 ernor 7, 88 
 
 Dec. Ovando appointed successor to 
 Bovadilla. 
 
 May 4. The Government of Spain send 
 Columbus upon his fourth and last voy- 
 age, equipped with four vessels and 
 one hundred and twenty men, to dis- 
 cover a passage to the East Indies by 
 the west 7, 89 
 
 Aug. 14. Columbus discovers Honduras, 
 soon afterward the Gulf of Dariln and 
 the adjoining coast 7, 89 
 
 Negro slavery first introdyccd into the 
 West Indies by the Spaniards 96 
 
 Columbus attempted to found a colony 
 at Vcragua under command of his 
 brother, but was prevented by the lios- 
 tility of the natives. This was the 
 first attempt to found a colony on the 
 continent of America 89 
 
 June 24. His ships being disabled, he 
 run them aground upon Jamaica. 8, 90 
 
 Basque, Norman, and Breton, fishermen, 
 then, and for some time previous, hacl 
 taken cod on the great bank of New- 
 foundland, and on the shores of the 
 island and neighboring continent, and 
 also of the whole Gulf of St. Law- 
 rence. It is not known at what pre- 
 cise time they began to fieqnent these 
 shores, nor when the great bank was 
 discovered. 
 
 Aug. 13. Columbus again arrives in St. 
 Domingo 8, 90 
 
 December. Columbus arrives at San 
 Lucca, Sppin 8, 90 
 
 John, of Honfleur, published a map of 
 the coast of Newfoundland and vi- 
 cinity. 
 
 May 20. Columbus died at Valodolid, 
 in his fifty-ninth year 8, 90 
 
 The gold mines of Hayti yield immense 
 wealth to Sjjain 91 
 
 Solis and Pinzon discover Yucatan ... 91 
 
 A Canadian Indian was seen in France, 
 taken to that country by Thomas 
 Aubert, a Dieppe pilot. 
 
 De Soils and Pinzon cross the equator and 
 coast along Brazil, erecting marks of 
 their taking possession for the crown 
 of Castile 87 
 
 John de Esquebel, a Spaniard, made a 
 settlement in Jamaica. 
 
 Don Diego, son of Columbus, succeeds 
 Ovando as Governor of Hispaniola (or 
 Hayti) 93 
 
 Ponce de Leon, a Spaniard, conquered 
 the Island of Porto Rico by order of 
 Don Diego Columbus 93 
 
 1509. Nicuessa began a settlement at Nombr* 
 deDios, which proved unsuccessful. 92 
 '' EncLso, one of Ojerla's cajjtains, founded 
 tlie old city of Santa Maria on the 
 banks of the Dariin. This was the first 
 Ep scopal city on the continent, and 
 existed but nine years, when the in- 
 habitants and Episcopacy were trans- 
 ferred to Panama 93 
 
 " Balboa appointed Governor of the settle- 
 ment of Santa INIaria Iiy the voluntary 
 suffrages of his as<-ociates 92 
 
 1511. Ferdinand permitted the importation of 
 
 negro slaves in greater numbers. 
 
 " Velasquez conquered Cuba by order of 
 
 Don Diego Columbus, Governor of 
 
 Hispaniola 93 
 
 1513. April 2. Juan Poi;rc dr Lion discovers 
 Florirlain si :in I, nl'il,,- ijl.lnl ''Fount- 
 ain of Pci-|)-;i]:ii ^<lMlll ■■ 94 
 
 1513. Sei:>t. 26. Balboa, al'ln-rxpl,, ring Centi-al 
 
 America, crosses the Isthnins of Daricn, 
 and discovers the great (Pacific) ocean 
 on the west 94 
 
 1514. Don Pedraiias, Governor of Darien, be- 
 
 gan settlements in the provinces of 
 Santa Maria and Cartagenia. 
 
 1515. Alonzo de la Rua, a Spaniard, began the 
 
 discovery of Peru 
 " A Spaniard, named Diego de Albitez, 
 discovered Chagres River in Panama. 
 
 1516. Espinoza founded Nata, the first Spanish 
 
 city on the Pacific coast. 
 " Jan. Juan Diaz de Solis discovers the 
 Rio de la Plata, and was destroyed, 
 with several of his crew, by canni- 
 bals 94 
 
 1517. Charles V. legalized negro slavery in the 
 
 West Indies by granting a patent for 
 an annual import of 4,000 negroes from 
 
 Africa 96 
 
 " Frances Hernandez Cordova explores 
 Yucatan 97 
 
 1518. June 9. Grijalva discovers Mexico, and 
 
 obtains considerable quantiiies of 
 gold 98 
 
 MONTEZUMA AND COETEZ. 
 
 1519. March 4. Hernando Cortez, commissioned 
 
 by Velasquez, arrived at the river To- 
 basco, in Mexico, with 600 men, to ex- 
 plore and conquer the territory. . . 119 
 
 " April 2. Cortez receives messengers 
 from the oflicers of Montezuma, the 
 monarch of Mexico, inquiring the ob- 
 ject of his visit 120 
 
 " Cortez assures Montezuma of his friendly 
 intentions, and sends him presents of 
 trinkets and curiosities. Montezuma 
 dispatches 100 natives. laden with rich 
 presents of gold, pearls, and precious 
 stones, commanding Cortez to instantly 
 h-ave his dominions 120 
 
 " Aug. 30. Cortez plants a colony at Vera 
 Cruz. He renounces his allegiance to 
 Cuba, and his followers elect him chief 
 justice of the colony and commander- 
 in-chief of the army 121 
 
 " Nov. 8. Cortez, with all his array, enteis 
 the City of Mexico by invitation of 
 Montezuma, and is hosintably enter- 
 tained 124 
 
 " Dec. 4. Cortez betrays the confidence of 
 Montezuma and makes him prisoner in 
 his own capiial, burning his son and 
 five principal oflicers upon a pile of 
 weapons taken from the city ar. 
 mory 125 
 
 1520. Montezuma, through fear of Cirtez, sur- 
 
 renders his supremacy to the King of 
 
 Spain 126 
 
 " Montezuma accompanies his submissioa 
 
738 
 
 CHRONOLOCxY. 
 
 witli a magnificent present to the King 
 of Spain 1 20 
 
 Marcli :n. Fernando Jfagalhaens (Ma- 
 };i'il:ni) discovered Patagonia, and 
 wintered in a harbor on its coast, re- 
 siniiing his journey in Aug. (which is 
 sjiring in that latilmlcl. 
 
 Dv Alyon discovers CaKiliTn. A oon- 
 sideralile body of tlie nalivcs were kid- 
 napi)ed and carried into boneiage, 380 
 
 Ajirii. Velasquez, Governor of Cuba, 
 sends an armed fleet, under command 
 of Narvaez, to arrest Cortez and liis 
 ]irincipal olTieers, and send them 
 prisoners f(i Cuba 137 
 
 Jbiy. ( 'cirtez leaves the capital with 15(1 
 soldiers under Alvarado, and with his 
 army marches to meet Narvacz. . . 138 
 
 Cortez surprises Narvaez and his caiup 
 by night, capturing him and liis entire 
 force, with the loss of but two sol- 
 diers 12S 
 
 June 24. Cortez, with his additional 
 force, returns to Mexico in time to save 
 his general and meet the Mexicans, 
 •who are determined to rescue their 
 monarch and drive the enemy from the 
 capital 130 
 
 Cortez compels Montezuma to appear ou 
 the battlements and exhort his people 
 to cense from liostilities 129 
 
 Montezuma is wounded, and, refusing aid 
 or nourisliment, dies of grief and ex- 
 liaustion 139 
 
 July 8. The Mexicans make a general 
 oi\slaught upon the Spaniards, and 
 drive them from the city. With but a 
 handful of his forces, Cortez escapes to 
 the territory of the Tlasealans VM 
 
 Nov. 7. Magellan entered the straits 
 which have since been called by his 
 name. One of his vessels was wrecked, 
 another turned back when half way 
 through, and returned to Spain, leaving 
 him with three vessels. The straits 
 are 300 niiirs \,nvs. and vary in wi.lth 
 from ono nnd a li:iir to tlnity miles. 
 The shores are prn ipilous, rising in 
 some places to a liriL;lit of 3,000 feet, 
 and the water apparently unfallionialile. 
 The navigation is dangerous, owing to 
 currents, reefs, and abriii>t turns. .134 
 
 Nov. 37. He entered the Taeitic Ocean, 
 and saile<i over thn'e months, most of 
 the time becalmed. They suffered in- 
 credilily for want of fresh water and 
 provisions 131 
 
 March 0. ]VrageIlau discovers the La- 
 dronne Islands. March 10. He dis- 
 covers the Philippines 134 
 
 April 20. jragellan was killed in a quar- 
 rel with the natives of the Island of 
 Alactan 134 
 
 IMngellan's expedition was continued 
 under otlier commanders. Nov. 8. 
 'I'll!' Isle of Borneo discovered, also the 
 Ab.lhieeas 154 
 
 April 38. Cortez, reinforced with ships 
 from Ilispaniola, again attacks tlie 
 capital of Mexico. July 3. Cortez 
 destroys the greiiter part of the city, 
 but tlie frantic .Mexicans again repulse 
 liim 133 
 
 July 37. Cortez renews the attack, and 
 besieges the city 133 
 
 Aug. 13. The Mexicans surrender, and 
 tinatimozin. their monarch, successor 
 to Montezuma, attempting flight, was 
 captured 13J 
 
 Sei)t. 7. Sebastian del Cano, commander 
 of the Victon/, one of the ships of Ma- 
 gellan's expedition, returns to Spain, 
 
 having sailed round tlie world iu three 
 years and twenty-eight days, being the 
 first vessel which circumnavigated the 
 
 globe 134 
 
 1533. Oct. 15. Cortez was appointed Captain- 
 General and Governor of New Sjxain 
 (Mexico) l)y the Government of 
 Spain 135 
 
 " C'orlez proceeds to rebuild the capital 
 and open the mines. He enslaves tho 
 Indians and comijcls them to work in 
 the mines 135 
 
 " Bermuda Islands discovered by Juan 
 Bermudez, a Sjjaniard, who was 
 ■wrecked upon them on his way to 
 
 " Coast of Peru explored by Pascu.al de 
 Andagoya. 
 1528. Padro Alvarado, sent by Cortez to con- 
 quer Centr.al .'\meriea, and within two 
 
 vrnrs had subdued the whole country. 
 
 1524. Vrr,i//nii explores the coast of North 
 
 .\iiirri.i, .iillingit New France... 11 
 
 •' Guatiino/in was barbarously executed by 
 
 Cortez without tiial 135 
 
 " By command of Cortez, Sandoval, an 
 officer sicond in rank, burned at the 
 stake sixty Caziques and four hundred 
 nobles, atone time 135 
 
 PIZAEKO AND CONQUEST OF PEEUT. 
 
 Francisco Pizarro .sailed from Panama to 
 attempt the conquest of Peru 130 
 
 . Diego de Almagro sailed from Pivnama 
 to join PizaiTO in the conquest rf 
 
 Peru 130 
 
 Ponce de Leon, commissioned by Charles 
 v., proceeds to Mexico to inquire into 
 Corlez's conduct, and if guilty of 
 treason, to .arrest and bring him to 
 
 Spain 135 
 
 Ponce de Leon dies without executing 
 the commission 130 
 
 . Sebastian Cabot sails alon? the coast of 
 Brazil, enters the Bio de la Plata, and 
 follows it up 120 leagues, finding nu- 
 merous inhabitants 11 
 
 Pizarro explores Peru; the inhabitants 
 were decently clad and cultivated the 
 soil ; gold and silver were abundant, 
 and were used by the natives as ma- 
 terials for ves.sels of commonest use. 
 
 . lie returned to Panama after suflering 
 incredible h.ardships, bringing two 
 young natives, some Uarari^s, and various 
 articles of gold and silverware, as 
 trophies of his enterprise 137 
 
 . Pizarro repairs to Spain, and receives a 
 commission from Charles V. to explore 
 and conquer the territory of Peru, and 
 was invested with military and civil 
 authority over 200 leagues along the 
 coast 137 
 
 . He meets Cortez in Spain, who gives him 
 friendly counsel and aid. He returns 
 to Panama accompanied by three of his 
 brothers 137 
 
 . Fell. Pizarro, with three small vessels 
 and 180 soldiers, sails upon an expe- 
 dition to conquer Peru. He lands in 
 the bay of St. .Matthew, marches south- 
 ward, attacking and driving the natives 
 
 before him 137 
 
 When Pizarro invaded Peru, Huascar 
 and Atahualpa, the sons of Huana 
 Capac, the former Emperor, were at 
 war with each other for the supremacy, 
 and he was left undisturbed in his 
 
 march 138 
 
 April 14. He conquers the province of 
 
 Coaque, and seizes gold and valuable 
 booty. He sends a vessel to Panama 
 with some of his spoils to allure ad- 
 venturers to his .aid 138 
 
 1531. Colonies planted in Brazil by Portujral. 
 1533. Pizarro is joined by adventurers from 
 
 Nicaragua 138 
 
 " May 10. Pizarro founds the first colony 
 in Peru on the river Piura, naming it 
 St. Michael 138 
 
 Pizarro receive. 1 ,-v, rtures from both 
 Atahualpa and llni-cir: 1 nt, iirelorring 
 loremain neutral till lie -ImuM learn the 
 strength of eacli, he nnrclie.l to Caxa- 
 malca, the seat of Ataliual|>a, under 
 professions of friemlsbip 139 
 
 Atahualpa receives I'i/.urio with great 
 conJescension and niecli displ.ay, offer- 
 ing him many valuable presents and 
 the hospitalities of the city 139 
 
 Pizarro and his soldiers, inflamed by 
 the sight of so much gold, resolved to 
 betray and imprison Atahualpa and liis 
 attendants in his own capital, and take 
 violent possession of the country. . 139 
 " Nov. 16. A^t the approach of the Incsi, 
 the Spanis,ii priest. Father Vincent V.al- 
 verde, with a crucifix in his hand, de- 
 manded submission to the Catholic 
 religion and the King of Spain. . . 139 
 
 Upon the refusal of Atahualpa to ac- 
 cept the Spanish religion upon suet 
 authority, PizaiTO and his soldiers 
 rush upon him and his unsuspecting 
 attendants, taking him prisoner and 
 destroying thousands of his subjects 
 "without the loss of a single Spaniard 
 139 
 
 Pi z.arro proceeds to plunder the city, 
 the booty exceeding his greatest ex- 
 pectation. The Spaniards pass the 
 night in the wildest revels 139 
 
 The captive monarch, perceiving 
 their thirst for gold, offered Pizarro an 
 incredible ransom for his liberty. . 139 
 
 He proposed to fill the room in which 
 he was imprisoned (which was 22 feet 
 long and 10 feet wide) with golden 
 vessels as high as he could reach. 
 
 Pizarro agrees to the Inca's terms, 
 and messengers are sent to every part 
 of Atahualpa's realm, .and the golden 
 treasures are poured in for the ransom 
 
 of their king 139 
 
 " Dec. Almagro arrived at St. Michael's 
 with reinforcements from Panama. 139 
 1533. Huascar, brother of the captive king, him- 
 self a captive of Atahualpa, offered the 
 Spaniards a still greater sum if they 
 would aid him in the subjugation of 
 liis brother's realm 139 
 
 Atahualpa, learning of this, secretly 
 sent messengers and had his brother 
 executed 139 
 
 Pizarro's soldiers, impatient of delay, 
 clamor for their share of tho Inca's 
 ransom. Before the vast sum could be 
 collected, Pizarro melted down the 
 treasure and divided it among them 
 according to their rank 140 
 
 So vast was the qiuulity that, after 
 reserving one-fifth for the crown, there 
 remained over $1,50 i,000 to be divi- 
 ded between Pizarro and his soldiers. 
 
 Pizarro refused to release Atahualpa. 
 He concocts a series of charges against 
 him, and proceeds to try him betbre a 
 court composed of Spanish officers. 140 
 
 They condemn him to the stake, 
 but Father Valverde oft'ers to mitigate 
 Ids punishment if he will embrace the 
 Catholic religion 140 
 
CHEONOLOGY. 
 
 739 
 
 The Inca submits to baptism, and is 
 kindly condemned to be strangled. 140 
 Upon the death of the Inca, Pizarro 
 formally bestows the government up- 
 on one of his sous, thinking to gradu- 
 ally supplant the youth, and assume 
 
 the rulership himself 140 
 
 Pizarro's success inflames the mind of the 
 Spaniards in Panama and Nicaragua, 
 and they rush in great numbers to the 
 
 fieUl of conquest 140 
 
 Pizarro, being largely reinforced 
 
 thereby, marches to the conquest of 
 
 Cuzco, the dominion of Huascar. . 140 
 
 AVhile on this expedition the young 
 
 Ir.ca installed by Pizarro dies. . . . 14i 
 
 The Peruvians oppose him with a 
 
 strong force, but he puts them to flight 
 
 ■^•ith great slaughter to their ranks, and 
 
 takes possession of their capital. . 141 
 
 The Spaniards plunder the citv, and 
 
 the spoils exceed the amount paid for 
 
 Atahualpa's ransom, and the rich booty 
 
 seized at the capture of Caxamalca. 141 
 
 Benalcaz:ir, one of Pizarro's officers, 
 
 whom he left over the colony of St. 
 
 Michael, marches to Quito, and, with 
 
 little opposition, takes the city. . . 141 
 
 The inhabitants at his approach seize 
 
 and hide the treasure 141 
 
 Pedro de Alvarado, an officer under 
 Cortez, arrives about tliis time to cap- 
 ture Quito. Finding it in posses-ion 
 of Pizario's officers, he agrees to leave 
 the country if Benalcazar will pay the 
 
 cost of the expedition 141 
 
 Ferdinand, brother of Pizarro, arrives in 
 Spain with the treasure sent by Pizarro 
 as the king's tribute. He was received 
 with distinction. King Charles ex- 
 tended the dominion of Pizarro's con- 
 quest, and confers greater powers upon 
 
 him 141 
 
 Almagro received the title of gov- 
 ernor over 200 leagues of territor,' 
 south of Pizarro's dominion, and Fer- 
 dinand was also rewarded with a title 
 
 of distinction 141 
 
 Apr. 20. James Cartier sailed from St. 
 Malo, France, with two ships of sixty 
 tons and one hundred and twenty-two 
 
 men, on a voyage of discovery 11 
 
 May 10. He came in sight of New Found- 
 land. Soon after visited several har- 
 bors on the opposite coast of Labrador. 
 He circumnavigated the island of New 
 Foundland, and after crossing the gulf 
 to the continent, visited a harbor which 
 
 he railed Baye de Chaleur 11 
 
 July. He took possession of the conti- 
 nent for the King of France. Soon 
 afterward he sailed into the river St. 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 Sept. 5. He returned to France... 
 Havana destroyed by the French. 
 , Jan. 8. Pizarro founds tlie city of Lima, 
 and establishes his palace and the capi 
 tal of his empire there. 
 
 Pizarro invests Blanco Capac, Ijrothei 
 of Atahu.alpa, with tlie government of 
 Cuzco, and appoints his two brothers 
 
 in charge of the troops 141 
 
 Almagro, with 570 men, attempts the 
 
 conquest of Chili 141 
 
 May 19. Cartier sailed on his second 
 voyage with three ships, one of 13i), 
 one of 60, one of 40 tons. He pursued 
 the same course as the ineceding sum- 
 mer, and sailed up the St. Lawrence. 11 
 Sept. 2J5. They pissed the rapids in the 
 iipjier pirt of the Lake Angoleme, now 
 called St. Peter's 13 
 
 1535. Oct. 2. They arrived at the Indian town 
 
 of Hochelaga. To the hill under which 
 the town was built he gave the name 
 
 of Montreal 13 
 
 " Mendoza, a Spaniard, built the city of 
 Buenos Ayres. 
 1.535-1550. Money coined in Mexico, and a 
 jirinting-press introduced: auniver.>-ity 
 and several colleges founded. 
 
 1536. The Peruvians revolt. Manco Capac, the 
 
 Inca, escapes, and mithers the Peruvi- 
 ans in great numbers. They ,>;urprisi' 
 every Spanish settlement, and destroy 
 them indiscriminately, and attack Cuz- 
 co with a force of 200,000 men. . . 14-2 
 Tlioy attack Lima, and surround it 
 with another large force at the same 
 time. All communication being cut 
 off between them, the whole Spanisli 
 army are shut in at these two points, 
 and are besieged for nine months. 143 
 " A fort and trading post was establishe<l 
 on tlic site of the present town of ^isun- 
 cion, S. A., wliich gave it 73 years tlic 
 precedence of James'own, the first 
 European settlement in the United 
 States. This colony greatly prospered 
 under the hands of Martinez, de Irala, 
 a man of great energy and courage, 
 ■who dealt .I'ustly with the Indians, en- 
 couraging hisjnen to take native wom- 
 en for wives, and to respect both the 
 marital and parental relations. 
 
 1537. Almagro returns from Chili, his expedi- 
 
 tion proving a failure. He marches 
 toward Cuzco. The Inca proffers him 
 terms of peace, if he will .join his forces. 
 Almagro rejects his proposals, and the 
 Peruvians attack him. He repulses 
 them with great slaughter, and ap- 
 proaches the city unmolested. .. . 142 
 The Pizarros, suspicious of his mo- 
 tives, receive him as an enemy. Al- 
 magro surprises the sentinels, and en- 
 ters the city by night, captures them 
 both, and compels them to surren- 
 der 143 
 
 " Cortez discovered the peninsula of Cali- 
 fornia, and explored the greater part 
 of the gulf. 
 
 " Pizarro sends a large force under Alonzo 
 de Alvarado to relieve his brothers at 
 Cuzc). Almagro endeavored to bribe 
 him, but failing in this, he surprised 
 hira by night, taking him and his prin- 
 cipal officers prisoners 142 
 
 " Alvarado and Gonzalo Pizarro escape 
 with sixty soldiers of the guard. . 142 
 Pizarro induces Almagro to release 
 his brother Ferdinand aiul send him to 
 Spain, where tiieir respective clai 
 should be settled by the crown, the two 
 factious agreeing meanwhile to keep 
 
 the peace 143 
 
 Upon the release of his brother. Pi 
 arro ignores his treaty, and declares 
 war upon Almagro 143 
 
 " April 26. With a force of 700 men, Gon 
 zalo and Ferdinand Pizarro attack 
 Almagro upon the open plain before 
 
 Cu/,r.r. 143 
 
 Aim :i: i^ '1. IVated, and, attempting 
 lli^hi. I- cipiiircd, and after several 
 niotiili-,' iiiiprisonment, is tried and 
 convicted of treason, and strangled in 
 
 prison 143 
 
 Pizarro continues his discoveries and con- 
 quests in the remaining provinces of 
 
 Peru 143 
 
 9. Almagro's officers endeavor to influence 
 
 thet'ourt of Spain against Pizarro. 143 
 
 Ferdinand Pizarro also appeared before 
 
 the Court, presenting the claims of his 
 
 brother and himself 143 
 
 Christoval Vaca de Castro was commis- 
 sioned by S])aiu to visit Peru and 
 establish order, but Ferdinand Pizarro 
 was dutained and kept in prison. . 143 
 
 upon the wcslirn coast of Florida 
 
 and a herd of swine, to explore the 
 
 country ami search for gold 13 
 
 Pizarro, having assumed the oflice of Dic- 
 tator ution the death of Almagro, di- 
 vieled the territory among his compan- 
 ions. His partiality arouses .jeal.iusy 
 and a thirst for revenge among the ad- 
 venturers. 
 Pedro de V'aklivia, upon the death of Al- 
 raiigro, attempts the invasion of Chili, 
 and founds the city of St. Jago. . . 143 
 Pizarro removes Benalcazar, the con- 
 (|Ueror of Quito, from his comman<l 
 over the province, and appoints his 
 
 brother Gonzalo in his place 141 
 
 Gonzalo Pizairo, with a force of 340 
 soldiers, MO horses, and 4,0U0 Indians, 
 cross the Andes to explore the great 
 unknown world beyond. Enduring 
 incredible hardships from cold and 
 fatigue, they reach the river Napo, a 
 
 branch of the Amazon 144 
 
 Aug. 23. Cartier arrived at the port of 
 St. Croix, upon his third voyage, with 
 
 five ships 14 
 
 He anchors three of his ships iu the 
 mouth of a small river on the St. Law- 
 rence, where he builds a %rt. He 
 sends the other two vessels back to 
 
 France t'lr sn))plies 14 
 
 In the spring Cartier visits New Found- 
 land en. route, for France, where he 
 finds three ships with 200 persons of 
 both sexes, on their way to Canada to 
 found a colony under command of Lord 
 
 Koberval 14 
 
 July. The colony arrives at St. Croix, 
 and proceed to establ sli thcmsdvis at 
 the fort left by Cartiir. They jjassod 
 a tedious winter, sull'iring from sick- 
 ness and privation, and the following 
 summer they abandon the enterprise 
 
 and return to France 14 
 
 De Soto discovers the Mississi])pi River, 
 and explores the country a distance of 
 
 80 leagues north of .Mobile 14 
 
 Fell. Gonzalo Pizarro builds a boat, and 
 places it under Orellana. with 50 sol- 
 diers, to sail to the mouth of the Napo, 
 there to await tin' ai rival of Gonzalo 
 
 and the rest of Ips conuiKind 144 
 
 Upon reachinL,' the Mar.innon (or Ama- 
 zon) he finds Hint (inlliina had deseit- 
 ed him witli his vi s-rl ; he followed 
 the Am.az'm for lllly I. a n^ -, and, be- 
 coming dishearten'' I alal Ji lituteof 
 provisions, they rrlr ic . iln n Mc ps and 
 return to Peru, n <li-tan.r of 1,^00 
 
 miles 144 
 
 Gonzalo Pizarro arrived in Quito, afier an 
 absence of nearly two years, with a 
 h:indful of his men, famished, naked, 
 
 and utterly forlorn 144 
 
 Francisco Pizarro was assassinated in 
 his ])al;ice in Lima, by a band of con- 
 spirators, the friends and adherents of 
 the son of .Mniagro, vliom they (Ic- 
 eland his lanf'nl snciassor and hi r to 
 
 his titles and .luthori y 144 
 
 Almagro, junior, is openly receivid 
 
 by the numerous enemies of Pizirro, 
 
 and is jo:m.d by 800 vUerans of Peru 
 
 144 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 Yacji de Castro arrives in Quito, and de 
 Clares himself Governor of Peru. The 
 loyalists rally around hitn, nnd he pro- 
 ceeds to march toward the cnpital. lie 
 is reinforced on his way, and appoints 
 Francisco de Carvajal commander-in- 
 chief. 145 
 
 From this period to 1821, Peru was gov- 
 erned by a viceroyalty. 
 
 Almngro, hearing of Castro's arrival and 
 tlic numbers who had jo'ncd him, im- 
 mediately set ontforCuzco. lie meets 
 the enemy at Cliiii)az 145 
 
 Sept. IG. They in; ,- !i ii. ' , - iio-agc in 
 battle. After a ,1 ; . i ^ i ; rule, vic- 
 tory is declared i i i • ii I'astri. 
 Of'l,400 combataiil,., .jUi) l.i\ ih ad upon 
 the lield, and a greater number were 
 wounded 14.'5 
 
 Almagro, with 40 of his followers, were 
 executed for treason, and the remain- 
 der banished 145 
 
 King Charles resolves to change the form 
 of government in the American prov- 
 inces, abolishing slavery of the natives 
 and military despotism 145 
 
 lie framed a new code of laws which 
 were very repulsive to the rulers of 
 I'cru, aud appointed Blasco Nugncz 
 Vela Governor and Viceroy over all 
 Peru, with a court of royal audience in 
 Lima. 
 
 Alvarado, successor to De Soto, descend- 
 ed the Mississippi from the mouth of 
 Red River, where De Soto died, to the 
 
 Mai* 4. The new Viceroy arrives and 
 proceeds to prosecute the new adminis- 
 tration with great rigor. lie declares 
 bberty to all slaves, and deprives all 
 officers of their lands and servants. 146 
 Nugnez Vela continues to enforce 
 the !ai\s, and to level all distinctions, 
 and without regard to rank punishes 
 all offenders against the Government 
 
 ■without mercy 146 
 
 Vasca de Castro was loaded with 
 chains and thrown into the common 
 
 jail 146 
 
 The peoijlc clamor for redress, and 
 appeal to (ionzalo Pizano to lead them 
 in throwing off the yoke of this new 
 tyrant, pledging their property and 
 
 their lives to :iid him 140 
 
 Pizarro, after long hesitation, at 
 length raised the standard of revolt. 
 The inhabitants of Cuzco received him 
 with open arms. They elected him 
 Procurator-general of the Spanish na- 
 tion in Peru, nnd ctnpowered him to 
 lay their n iiion-ti a: i ■ In fore the royal 
 Court of .\udi' lice in Lima. 
 
 Upon thi-^ prctexl.and the fear of the In- 
 dians, he marches with an army toward 
 Lima, seizing all the arms and Govern- 
 ment artillery and public treasure on 
 the way 147 
 
 Pizarro is constantly reinforced by the 
 outraged S|ianiards on his route. Ar- 
 riving in Lima, he finds the judges in 
 open revolt against the Viceroy. . . 147 
 
 Sept. 18. They seize the Viceroy and 
 pla<:c him in eoufiuemeut upon a desert 
 island, to be sent to Spain the first op- 
 portunity 147 
 
 Pizarro, with 1,200 men, approache.s 
 withm a mile of Lima, and demmds 
 the appointment of Governor and Cap- 
 tain-! icneral of all the provinces of 
 Peru 147 
 
 The .iudges hesitate, and he takes pos- 
 session of the city liy night, and 
 
 seizes the officers of court obnoxious to 
 his designs, and hangs them without 
 trial. 
 
 The following day the Court of Au- 
 dience granted Pizarro his commission, 
 and he immediately assumed the dig- 
 nity of his office with extraordinary 
 
 pomp 147 
 
 Oct. 28. The judges, having placed the 
 captive Viceroy in irons on board a 
 ship un(li:ii.i-i]iiiiiiaiid of .Ju.an Alvarez, 
 to be sent \<> Spain Alvarez, as soon as 
 they were at s^ a, rdiased hi< prisoner, 
 and declareil him the rightful sovereign 
 of Peru .^ 147 
 
 Nugnez A''ela ordered the pilot to steer 
 toward Tumbez. Upon landing, he 
 raised the royal standard, and his ad- 
 herents quickly rallied around him. 147 
 
 Diego Centeno, a bold officer under 
 Pizarro's Li( ulcnaiit-Governor in Cha- 
 fed him (till- ( i( iitenant), and declared 
 
 for Nu-UL'Z Vcia 147 
 
 The Silver mines of Potosi were dis- 
 covered. 
 Pizarro, with a large force under the brave 
 Carvajal, marche? .ngainst Nugnez Vela, 
 who retreats toward Quito 147 
 
 Pizarro follows him to Quito, from 
 whence Nugnez fled to Popayan.. . 147 
 
 Pizarro dispatches Carvajal to sup- 
 press the rebellion under Centeno in 
 the southern provinces, while he re- 
 mained to protect Quito 147 
 
 Nugnez Vela being reinforced in Popayan 
 byBenalcazar with400 men, he march- 
 ed back to Quito to attack Pizarro. 147 
 Jan. 18. Pizarro hastened to meet him, 
 and after a fierce encounter Nugnez 
 Vela fell pierced with many wounds. 
 Ilis troops fled, bearing their wounded 
 leader. 
 
 Pizarro captured Nngne-?, Vela and 
 cut off his head, placing it upon the 
 public gibbet in Quito, while he en- 
 tered the city in triumph 147 
 
 Carvajal soon suppressed the rebel- 
 lion under Ceuteno, dispersing his 
 troops and compelling him to flee to j 
 the mountains for refuge, where he 
 remained hid in a cave for several 
 months 147 
 
 Pizarro had unlimited control of all 
 Peru, as well as the entire fleet in the 
 South Sea, which he placed under com- 
 mand of Pedio de Hinojosa. 
 
 Pizarro also took possessicm of the 
 Isthmus of Panama, and planted a 
 garrison O])posite Panama, thereby 
 commanding the only direct passage 
 
 from Spain to Peru 147 
 
 Spain sends a new Governor or President 
 in the person of Pedro de la Gasca, a 
 priest of great learning and ability, to 
 
 supersede Pizarro in Peru 148 
 
 July 27. The new President arrives in 
 Nombre de Dios, invested with full 
 civil and military authority. He finds 
 an officer of Pizarro in charge of the 
 port, but being a priest, he is allowed 
 to land .and proceed to Panama. . . 148 
 
 The new President is hospitably re- 
 ceived at Panama, and by his courteous 
 address and priestly office, he soon 
 wins the officers and people over to his 
 cause 148 
 
 Pizarro iircpar^- : • i -' ' the new 
 President wil'i i: :■• 'i' .ihanew 
 deputation tn '-p !:, i i,, n : mi; a con- 
 firmation of hi- ,>,!, i\ ai:l!,ority as 
 Govciuor of I'eiu fur life 148 
 
 He also dispatches commissioners to 
 Panama ordering La Gasca to depart 
 immediately for Spain 148 
 
 Hinojosa, the officer in command at 
 Panamii, ofl'ers Gasca, bv authority of 
 Pizarro, a laro-e sum of money, if he 
 will viilniii:.ril- v.ll.v ,1,,] 1,,|V,- Piz- 
 arroin ]- i ' ■ . . \ '■■ rn. 148 
 
 Gas.-a i,.,,-.:^ ,!. [■ .!,,. stand- 
 ard r.f Spain, and ai; tMeollicers and 
 s.ildiers in Panama Join him. The 
 sviiipatliiis (if tlie p(<)])lc are also with 
 
 him 148 
 
 Pizarro prepares for war. The Court of 
 Audience in Lima proceed to try Gasca 
 for treason, and he is condemned to 
 death 148 
 
 Pizarro, at the head of 1,000 men, 
 the best equi])ped army ever marshaled 
 in Pern, declares war against the new 
 invader 148 
 
 Gasca, meanwhile, had collertcd a 
 large force from Nicaragua ami Car- 
 thagena, and «ith the troojis and fleet 
 at Panama, he was well prepared to 
 
 meet Pizarro 148 
 
 Apr. Gasca ,=ends a squadron with a 
 body of soldiers in advance to Peru, 
 and messengers are sent to all the col- 
 onies declaring his peaceful intentions 
 toward the iieojAe 148 
 
 All who were dissatisfied with Piz- 
 arro's administration rallied around 
 Gasca 148 
 
 Centeno leaves his! r:\vr in the mnnu- 
 tains, and with tit'ly a'tln rnits attarks 
 Cuzco at night, nml captnrrs tlic capi- 
 ital with 500 soldiers, wl.n i^nietly sub- 
 mit to him .". 148 
 
 Pizarro, feeling the danger from 
 Centeno most imminent, marches to 
 Cuzco, and prepares to attack tlio 
 cnemv. Hi-; snldirr- urn- all mounted, 
 and as la- ai>p .-a.liel, al lait -1(111 .Ir- 
 serted him and joiiird I'mt^aio. . , 148 
 Oct. 20. But m.thing daunted, he boldly 
 advance<l, ai:d attacked tlie enemy with 
 double his numbers, ami alter a bloody 
 onslaught I'izarro obtained complete 
 
 victory 148 
 
 The booty was immense, and the punish- 
 ment of the vanquished cruel, Piz- 
 arro's army increased daily iu numbers, 
 but in his absence the citizens of Lima 
 revolt, and erect the royal standard 
 
 under Aldana 148 
 
 Gasca landed at Tumbez with 500 men. 
 At his approach all the settlements 
 south declare for the King, and rally- 
 around him 148 
 
 Gasca marches toward the interior. 
 His kindness and just treatment rapid- 
 ly win all parties to his cause. .... 148 
 Pizarro stubbornly refuses all eflbrts 
 toward reconciliation, determined to 
 settle the contest by the sword 
 alone 149 
 
 Gasca marches with 1,600 men to 
 meet Pizarro, having tried every expe- 
 dient to reconcile him to terms of 
 
 peace 149 
 
 Pizarro and his troops, blazing with the 
 silk and golden trophies of his victory, 
 came out with great military pomp to 
 
 meet the enemy 149 
 
 Just ns they were ready to engage in ac- 
 tion, Cepeda, one of Pizarro's first 
 officers in rank, rode over and sur- 
 rendered to the enemy. The examp'.e 
 was contagious, aud the greater part 
 of his army surrendered and the re- 
 main:!cr dispersed 149 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 741 
 
 1548. In sudden consternation Pizarro also sur- 
 
 rendered to one of Gasca's officers, 
 and, together with his most noted 
 
 ofiScers, was publicly executed 149 
 
 " Chavez founds the first city of Santa 
 Cruz (le la Sierra, which was afterward 
 moved northward. 
 
 1549. Upon the death of Pizarro peace was re- 
 
 stored to Peru, and the new President 
 endeavored to satisfy all parties, receiv- 
 ing no compensation for his labors. 149 
 He continued the exploration and 
 conquest of new territories, suitably re- 
 warding the bold adventurers, thereby 
 queUing the mutinous spirit which had 
 
 so Iciug reigned unchecked 149 
 
 " Ccuteno was commissioned to discover 
 and explore the vast regions bordering 
 on the Rio de la Plata 149 
 
 1550. Fel). 1. Gasca returned to Spain, leaving 
 
 the administration of government in 
 the hands of the Court of Audience, 
 bearing with him the royal revenue of 
 four years, amounting to 1,300,000 
 pesos 1 50 
 
 1553. The entire Indian population in Cuba 
 
 became extinct through the cruelty of 
 the Spaniards. 
 
 1554. Francis de Ybarra, a Spaniard, discovered 
 
 the mines of Santa Barbary, and San 
 Juan. 
 " Havana again destroyed by the French, 
 but was speedily rebuilt. 
 
 1555. Nov. 10. A colony of Huguenots founded 
 
 on an i-<land in the bay of Rio Janeiro, 
 in Brazil, by Villegagnon, a Knight of 
 JIalta. 
 
 15G3. Admiral Cobgni attempted to found a 
 colony of French Protestants, or Hu- 
 guenots, on the coast of Florida — the 
 territory now embraced in the Caro- 
 linas 280 
 
 1563. Negro slavery first introduced into the 
 West Indies by the English. Sir John 
 Hawkins, who decoyed 300 unsuspect- 
 ing negroes from the coast of Guinea 
 on board his vessel, carried them cap- 
 tive to Hi'paniola, and sold them to 
 the Spaniards with great profit to him- 
 self. 213 
 
 1565. The Hugueno s' colony expelled from 
 Brazil. 
 " Sept. St. Augustine founded by the 
 Spaniards and the Huguenots mas- 
 sacred. 
 
 1567. The Huguenots avenged through the 
 massacre of two Spanish garrisons in 
 Florida under De Gourges. 
 " Rio de Janeiro built by the Portuguese. 
 
 1572. Sir Francis Ih-akc, commissioned by 
 Queen Elizabeth, with three small ves- 
 sels, descended upon the coast of New 
 Granada, and plundered the settle- 
 ments, burnt the shipping, and held 
 the whole region at his mercy. He 
 returned to England with enough 
 wealth to make him one of the richest 
 private persons in the kingdom, and 
 Queen Elizabeth received him with dis- 
 tinguished favor. 
 
 feobishee's expeditions. 
 
 1S76. June. Martin Frobisher sailed from En- 
 gland with three small ships, one 30, 
 one 20, and the smallest of only 10 tons 
 burden, to find a shorter route to Asia. 
 Encountering a fearful storm, one of 
 Lis vessels was lost and the other re- 
 turned to England, but nofhing daunt- 
 ed, he kejjt on his course untd he 
 reached Labrador. Skirting the coast 
 
 he entered the strait which bears his 
 name and took possession in the name 
 of Queen Elizabeth. He brought away 
 some soil and stones, among which was 
 found a stone containing gold. This 
 created great excitement, and at once 
 three shii}s were fitted out, and in M.ay, 
 1577, Frobisher sailed again for La- 
 brador. He filled his ships with the 
 
 ore and returned 213 
 
 Enough gold was smelted out of the ore 
 to pay the expenses of the voyage. 
 
 AN IMMENSE ACHIEVEMENT. 
 
 80. Drake, with six ships and IGl men, 
 made another expedition to South 
 America. In sailing thrnugh the 
 Straits of Magellan, three of the ves- 
 sels left him and returned to England, 
 while two others he had emptied and 
 turned adrift, leaving him but one ves- 
 sel to undertake the hazardous enter- 
 prise. He had but 53 men and three 
 casks of water when he entered the 
 Pacific, but he safely reached Peru, and 
 again plundered the Spanish settle- 
 ments, and captured a Spanisli ship 
 laden with gold and silver. He then 
 sailed along the coast to California, 
 which he took formal possession of in 
 the name of the Queen of England. 
 Thinking to find a northern passage 
 back into the Atlantic, he sailed north 
 till he reached the region of eternal 
 cold, but found no gap in the ice- 
 bound coast. Fearing to meet the 
 Spanish cruisers, he resolved to sail 
 westward, and reach England by cir- 
 cumnavigating the globe. He accom- 
 plished his purpose, and reached En- 
 gland in 1580, after an absence of nearly 
 three years. This was regarded as 
 .an immense achievement, and he was 
 knighted by the Queen, who came on 
 board his ship, and partook of a ban- 
 quet. When the Spanish king demand- 
 ed his surrender, as a buccaneer, she 
 refused to give him up. 
 
 Frobisher sailed upon a third voyage 
 to Labrador, with a fleet of 15 ships, a 
 great part of the expense being borne 
 by the Queen. It proved a terrible and 
 disastrous voyage, and the fleet drifted 
 into the straits, since named Hudson's. 
 With difficulty he reached the islands 
 containing the gold, and loading his 
 vessels returned to England, and found 
 the ore to be of little value. 
 
 Sir Humphrey Gilbert obtains a patent 
 from Queen Elizabeth to discover and 
 appropriate all lands unoccupied by 
 Christian powers in North America, in 
 the name of the crown of England. 213 
 Gilbert approached the continent too 
 far to the north, and attempting to 
 land near Cape Breton, lost his largest 
 vessel 214 
 
 Don Juan de Gasca appointed Governor 
 of Buenos Ayres, and much progress 
 was made in the civilization of the 
 Indians. 
 
 Gilbert attempts the settlement of New- 
 foundland, taking possession in the 
 name of the Queen, and established the 
 cod-fisheiies, from -which England has 
 derived more profit than she would if 
 the island had been filled with gold- 
 mines. 
 
 Havana strongly fortified. 
 
 The territory" from Canada to Florida 
 granted by" Elizabeth, tlie virgin queen 
 
 (whence its name, Virginia), to Sir 
 Waller li.aleigh 213 
 
 Sir Waller K:i!ei-ii fitted out t.vo vtss.ls 
 for .American exploration, counnnnded 
 by .\ma ios and Barlow. Tliev ancliored 
 in Koauoko l!ay. The natives xv ere 
 very hospitable, anil tlies.- woi thy En- 
 glishmen diil not betrav til. irtru^t . 214 
 
 Richai-d Grenville, wilh >eve,i vessels, 
 authorized and equii)ped by hir Walter 
 Raleigh, landed 108 men at Roanoke, 
 und(!r charge of Capt. Lane, to found 
 a colony 314 
 
 The colony was abandoned, and the ad- 
 venturers returned to England on board 
 Sir Francis Drake's vessel 214 
 
 Dai is" t^traits discovered by John Davis, 
 an Iliiglishnian. 
 
 Sir liiehard Grenville arrived at Roanoke, 
 and brought fifty more men with pro- 
 visions. Ho left them to hold the 
 position, and departed for England. 214 
 
 Tobacco first introduced into England by 
 Mr. l.ane 1(5 
 
 Virginia Dare, the first cbil.l born of 
 English jjarentage in North America. 
 
 Raleigh sent three ships under Caj)t. 
 White, to join the small colony left by 
 Grenville. Arriving at the post, thev 
 find noihing but the charred ruins of 
 their houses and the bones of their 
 murdered countrymen 214 
 
 Capt. White attempted to fimnd another 
 colony. He rebuilt their houses, and 
 left a larger number of men and more 
 provisions. They attempt friendly 
 relations with the Indians. White re- 
 turns to England to bring them aid and 
 supplies 215 
 
 White, upon his return to the colony, in 
 an engagement with the Spaniards, had 
 his vessel disabled, and returned to 
 England 215 
 
 White returns and finds the colony again 
 destroyed, and, as no tidings could be 
 heard from them, he abandoned the 
 enterprise 215 
 
 Attempts made to colonize Nova Scotia, 
 and some authors declare that it was 
 ■ attempted as early as 1515, and at 
 various periods since. 
 
 Bartholomew Gosnold, an Englishman, 
 in a small vessel and with but thirty 
 men, sailed directly west, and reached 
 the shores of America upon Massachu- 
 setts Hay, naming the point where they 
 caML;!it iii.any <()ilfish Cape Cod. He 
 (li-eivrrc.| >iir:lia's Vineyard. 17,215 
 
 Two \e->r!-, \\iv<- fitted out, and sailed 
 upon Go..iiold's track. They re'.urn 
 CO. .firming his discoveries 215 
 
 June. JIartin Pring visits the coast of 
 New England 40 
 
 EXPEDITIONS OF CHAMPLAIN. 
 Cliamplain, with two small vessels, one of 
 twelve tons and the other fifteen, sailed 
 from France and entered the St. Law- 
 rence River. He jiassed the promon- 
 tory, ujjon wliieli (luelii c now stauds, 
 to fill' island upiii ivliieh has been 
 
 With a motley cre.v, ( liani|;Iain again 
 visited Canada and attempted a settle- 
 ment on an island in Passamaquodily 
 Bay. The ships returned to France, 
 leading seventy-nine men, who experi- 
 enced the horrors of a Canaili an winter, 
 thirty-nine of them dying of scurvy 
 before spring. Their wiuo froze solid 
 in the barrels, and was served out to 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 them by the pound. They were re- 
 lieved in the spring by a vessel from 
 France, and Chauil)lain explored the 
 coast of New EnL;1an<l as far as Cape 
 Cod. Rrtiiriiin- Ic tlie settlement, 
 they passed nimthcr winter, which was 
 much uiiMir, anil in the spring of 1005 
 he returned to France ". 34 
 
 Guiana settled by the French. 
 Settlement establislied at Port Royal, 
 N. S., by the Huguenots under De 
 Montz 24 
 
 New Brunswick first colonized. 
 
 April 20. North America, between the 
 34tli and .'iMth degrees of latitude, 
 grantid by cliarter of King James I. of 
 England, to tlie Plvmouth Company, 
 ami from the 41st to the 45tU to tlie 
 London Comi^any. 
 
 Sir John Popham attempts to found a 
 colony on the Kennebec Kivcr at Saga- 
 dahock, Maine. 
 
 Jlay 13. Colony at Jamestown, Va., 
 planted under Christopher New- 
 port 21(5 
 
 Jamestown colony reinforced by 130 men 
 and a large stock of provisions and 
 implements of husbandry 217 
 
 Champlain retvirns to America and founds 
 the City of Quebec 'M 
 
 Scfit. 10. Capt. Smith chosen President 
 of the Council of the colony at James- 
 town 218 
 
 Pocahontas saved the life of Capt. 
 Smith 217 
 
 Champlain discovered the lake which 
 bears his name, and defeated the 
 Iroquois in a battle. For 26 years, 
 t'hamplain presided over his colony, 
 and died at Quebec, Dee., H);3.3. 
 
 DISCOVERY OF THE HUDSON. 
 
 Sept. 21. Henry Hudson, an English- 
 man, in the employment of the Dutch, 
 discovered the river which hears his 
 name, and sailed U|) the stream as far 
 as the head of navigation, and explored 
 it in aboat to a jwiut as high, probably, 
 as Troy 300 
 
 May 23. England grants a new charter 
 to the Virginia colonies, and sends 
 over a set of outlaws and imposes them 
 upon the colonies 218 
 
 Smith nearly loses his life through an 
 (explosion of powder. He returns to 
 England, leaving 500 persons in the 
 colony, which were reduced in six 
 montiis, by famine and disease, to (iO 
 
 pirdon< 21!) 
 
 Lord Delaware arrived with three 
 ships and a number of settlers, with a 
 1 irge store of provisions. He is made 
 Ca[)taiu-(!eneral of the colony. . . . 219 
 
 Lord De aware visits Delaware Bay, 
 giving it its name. He returns to En- 
 gland on account of sickness, and Sir 
 'i'homas Dale takes his place 219 
 
 Lord Bacon's company attempt to settle 
 Newfoundland. 
 
 iiudson's last voyage. 
 
 Hudson sailed on his last voyage, and 
 before he had been a month at sea he 
 discovered mutiny among his crew, 
 ■which, with great difficulty, he sup- 
 pressed. After saihng two months he 
 entered the great bay which has since 
 been called by his name, and which he 
 supjiosed was the long-sought passage 
 to the Pacific. Here lie soon tbund 
 himself hemmed in, and d scoveriug 
 
 1619. the fact too late to return to the At- 
 lantic, he saw he must winter in that 
 desolate region, with little provision 
 and a mutinous crew. 
 
 He rcniaincil there eight months be- 
 fore the ice bivikc up around his ship 
 S.I that he could leave. Utterly forlorn, 
 and apprehending the worst results, he 
 ])rcpared for them as best he could, 
 lie gave each of his men a certificate 
 of his services and a statement of 
 wages due him, and divided the re- 
 maining provisions equally among the 
 crew. During these preparations he 
 was often aftVcted to tears. The leader 
 of the mutiny was a man named Henry 
 Green, a proti'g.;- of Hudson, who owed 
 all he had to tlic rni)tain's bounty, and 
 whose life li<. had savi.l. This man 
 insiigated a niajurity of tlie crew to aid 
 him in seizing Hudson and his friends, 
 and the son of Hudson, a mere boy ; 
 and thrusting them into a boat, they 
 threw in some ammunition, a fowling- 
 piece, an iron pot, and a bag of meal. 
 They then cast off the rope, made sail, 
 and left them to their fate. Nothing 
 more was ever heard fiom them, and 
 they must have all miserably perish- 
 ed in a few days, as it was too early 
 for birds to be seen in that frozeia 
 
 Green and his chief abettor were, a 
 few days after, killed in a fight with 
 some Indians, and another died from 
 hunger, and the miseralde remn.ant, 
 emaciated to the last degiee, reached 
 England in Seiitember, where two of 
 their number revealed what had been 
 done 31 
 
 IGIO. The Jesuits decided upon Paraguay as a 
 field for their labors. 
 
 1012. The French Government founded the 
 
 city of San Luiz do Maranhao, Brazi 
 
 " The Virginia charter was enlarged, e 
 
 tending 300 leagues from the coast, 
 
 taking in all the islands included. 21il 
 
 " The nefarious lottery scheme was enacted 
 
 and put into practice in the Virginia 
 
 colony, bringing £29,000 into the 
 
 treasury of the London Company. 220 
 
 " Pocahontas was taken prisoner by Capt. 
 
 Argyl 220 
 
 L613-1755. During this period Nova Scotia 
 was three times dei^opulated through 
 the nearly complete expatriation of 
 the French-speaking colonists, by the 
 English during their wars with the 
 French. 
 " April. Pocahontas was married to John 
 Kolfe 220 
 
 1614. New York settled by the Dutch on Man- 
 
 hattan Island (now New York), and at 
 Orange (now Albany) 300 
 
 " Two Knulish vessels, under command of 
 (■apt .b.ljn Smith and Thos. Hunt, 
 j)rosp,.ct.Ml the shores of New England 
 from Cape Cod to Penobscot. They 
 drew a map of the coast and presented 
 it to Prince Charles, who gave the 
 country the name of New England. 300 
 
 " Ca|it. Argyl, of the Virginia colony, makes 
 a raid upon the settlement of New 
 York, and demands their surrender to 
 English authority. The colony were 
 not able to resist, and for one year they 
 were tribute to the colony of Vir- 
 ginia 301 
 
 1615. Champlain explores the country of the 
 
 Hurons. 
 " Jacob Elkin became Governor of tlie 
 colony of New York, and he defied. 
 
 and successfully resisted, the claims of 
 the Virginia colony. 
 
 The Dutch erect another fort on Long 
 Island 301 
 
 The Portuguese drive the French from 
 their eolonv in Brazil. 
 
 The cultivation of tob.acco first intro- 
 ducrd into \'irLMnia 220 
 
 BnllJn's r.av disr.u.nd by nartin. 
 
 SirTlh.mas Dah' rcl urns to England, and 
 the govirnnient of the colonies com- 
 nnttcd to Mr. Geo. Yeardley 221 
 
 Capt. Argyl succeeds Yeardley in the ad- 
 ministration 221 
 
 Pocahontas died in FnL'lan.l. Iiaving a 
 son, wdio was i'.Idi all d tin re 31 
 
 Lord Delaware ilitd on his ]ias-agi' to 
 Virginia to accept the otlice of Gov- 
 ernor, the people becoming weary of 
 Capt. Argyl's tyranny 22 1 
 
 Mr. Yeardley again accepts the ofBce of 
 Governor of the Virginia colony. . 221 
 
 June 19. First Colonial Assembly in 
 Virginia " 221 
 
 Nov. 10. The Mayjtower anchored in 
 Cape Cod harbor. The first white 
 child born of English parentage in 
 New England, and named Peregrine 
 White 46 
 
 LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS. 
 
 Dee. Landing of the Pilgrims at 
 Plymouth, Mass 46 
 
 England transported 100 felons to the 
 Virginia colony to be used as serv- 
 ants 221 
 
 Aug. A cargo of negroes brought from 
 the coast of Guinea by the Dutch, and 
 sold to the Virginia planters 221 
 
 Paraguay became independent. 
 
 GIRLS SOLD AS WIVES. 
 Cargo of girls sent to the Virginia colony 
 and sold as wives. 
 
 Many of the first settlers who came to 
 Virginia were adventurer.?, and single 
 
 expecting to amass enmigh ^^c ahli in a 
 few years to return to tlnir native 
 country and live at ease; but finding 
 that if fortunes were made, they must 
 be developed by cultivating the soil. 
 Therefore, in order to suicessfuUy es- 
 tablish themselves and build up homes 
 they must procure the " home-keepers," 
 and iis there were none here, they must 
 be "imported," and to pay the expense 
 of their passage, they were sold. 
 
 Ninety young and respectable women 
 were brought over in the first company, 
 and were quickly disposed of, and the 
 enterprise proved so successful that a 
 second company were ordered, and 
 sixty more came over. 
 
 The price of a wife was at first esti- 
 mated at 120 pounds of tobacco, which 
 sold for three shillings per pound, and 
 afierward thry lirought 150 ])ounds. 
 This was con-iilrrid a very honorable 
 transaction, and llir \vi\ as wure received 
 with so much loiulncss, and were so 
 comfortably established, that the jiro- 
 ceeding added much happiness and 
 dignity to the colony 221 
 
 May 12. First marriage at Plymouth, 
 Mass. 
 
 Plymouth Company changed to Council 
 of Plymouth, and a new charter grant- 
 ed. 
 
 The Dutch make a grant of New Nether- 
 lands to their \V. I. Company. The 
 W . I. Company build New Amsterdam 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 743 
 
 (New York), and found the city of 
 Albany 300 
 
 1G20. Schools for Indians established in Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 1631-5. Unsuccessful attempt by Lord Balti- 
 more to settle Newfoundland. 
 
 1622. The Indian massacre at Jamestown. 
 
 Three liundred and forty-seven of the 
 colonists were killed in open day by 
 the savages 232 
 
 " Uruguay settled by Jesuits. 
 
 " Grant of Laconia, parts of Maine and 
 New Hampshire, obtained by Gorges 
 and Mason from the Council at Pl>m- 
 outli. 
 
 " Settlement of Newfoundland attempted 
 by Calvert. 
 
 1623. Maine and New Hampshire settled by the 
 
 English 3(i0 
 
 " A Dutch fleet captured the city of Bahia 
 in Brazil. 
 
 " New Jersey settled by the Swedes and 
 Dutch, and Fort Nassau built on the 
 Delaware River. 
 
 " First white child born of Dutch parent- 
 age at New Amsterdam. 
 1024. King James dissolved the Virginia Com- 
 pany of London, and assumed control 
 of the colonies in Virginia 33i5 
 
 " Havana taken by the Dutch, but soon 
 after restored. 
 1635. Ring James discontinued the House of 
 Representatives in Virginia, and sup- 
 plied a new form of government to tlie 
 colunies 334 
 
 " Death of Iving James. 
 
 " March. Charles I. ascends the throne of 
 England. He appoints Sir George 
 Yeardley over the colonies, at the head 
 of a Council of 12 men 334 
 
 PURCHASE OF MANHATTAN IFLAND. 
 
 1626. York, or Manhattan Island, bought of 
 
 the Indians. 
 
 1627. Partnership of London merchants and 
 
 American settlers dissolved. 
 
 1628. Salem, Mass., settled by a colony of 
 
 Puritans under John Endicot. 
 
 1629. Massachusetts' charter surrendered to the 
 
 settlers. 
 
 " First settlement in New Hampshire. 
 
 '' Charlestown founded by the Massachu- 
 setts Bay colony 344 
 
 " The Dutch took Pernambuco, and ex- 
 tended their conquest from Para to the 
 north coast of Brazil. 
 
 " WoutiT Van Twiller appointed Governor 
 of the Dutch colonies by the W. I. 
 Company 301 
 
 " Sir John Hai-vey succeeds Gov. Yeardley 
 over the Virginia colony 234 
 
 " The Freneli attempt to conquer New- 
 foundland, which they hud long 
 claimed. 
 
 " Quebec taken by the English, who were 
 led by three refugee French Calvinists. 
 
 1630. Boston, Cambridge, Roxbury, and Dor- 
 
 chester founded 344 
 
 " John Winthrop, first Governor of Iilass. 
 
 Bay Colony 59 
 
 " First General Court held at Boston. 
 
 '' Fifteen hundred Puritans, with a fleet of 
 
 17 ships, ariive in New England. . 344 
 " French settle in the islands of Tortuga 
 
 and Ilayli. 
 
 1631. The Puritans pass a law restricting all 
 
 participation in public affiiirs, and all 
 citizenship to church members. . . 244 
 
 FIRST IRON WORKS. 
 1601. First iron works in the U. S. built at 
 
 Captain James, an Englishtnan, explored 
 the country north of Hudson's Bay. 
 
 First vessel built in the U. S., and called 
 tlie Blessing of the Bay. 
 
 Patent issued for the settlement of Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 June. James I. granted a charter of 
 land to Lord Baltimore, which, in honor 
 of the Queen, ho named Maryland. 377 
 
 Canada restored to the French. 
 
 Maryland settled by a Roman Catholic 
 colony under Lord Baltimore, who.se 
 kind treatment of the Indians wins 
 their conlidencc. He purchased their 
 finds, and dealt justly by them, ami 
 e<tal)lished religious toleration... 377 
 
 Elliott Mayhew and John Cotton, emi- 
 nent I'uritan preachers, emigrate to New 
 England on account of persecution in 
 England _. . 344 
 
 First liou^e erected in Connecticut at 
 Windsor. 
 
 Dutch church found a school in New 
 Amsterdam. 
 
 March. Maryland settled by Leonard 
 Calvert 60 
 
 Roger Williams banished from Massa- 
 chusetts for preaching dissenting doc- 
 trines 245 
 
 Representative government established 
 in Slassachusetts 373 
 
 The French make another settlement in 
 
 March 8. First Assembly of Maryland 
 ccmvened, composed of the whole body 
 of freemen 278 
 
 Hartford, Conn., settled. 
 
 The Virginia colonists send Gov. Harvey 
 a prisoner to England, and appeal for 
 redress to the King through a deputa- 
 tion of their own choosing 224 
 
 July 4. Providence, R. I., founded by 
 Roger Williams. 
 
 Slassachusetts' colony makes a treaty of 
 peace with the Narraganset Indians. 
 
 King Charles refuses the Virginia 
 deputies a hearing, and returns Gov. 
 Harvey to the colonies 225 
 
 First^vnod convened at Newton (Cam- 
 bridge), Mass. 
 
 Destruction of the Pequot Indians in 
 Connecticut 240 
 
 RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION. 
 
 Mrs. Annie Hutchinson was banished 
 from Massachusetts for contending for 
 freedom of debate in religious meet- 
 ings. She became a leader of a schism, 
 and John Cotton, Gov. Vane, and a 
 number of prominent ministers were 
 among her followers. In consequence 
 of her banishment. Gov. Vane quitted 
 the colonies and returned to En- 
 gland 248 
 
 Harvard College founded with an appro- 
 priation of £400. 
 
 First Congregational Synod in Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 A fleet of 30 ships arrives in Jlassachu- 
 tetts from England with 8,000 emi- 
 grants 248 
 
 Another massacre of the colonists of 
 Jamestown occurs, instigated by Opech- 
 ananough, successor to I'owhattan, 
 and 5ti0 colonists are kilkd 325 
 
 Nevv Haven founded by Katon and 
 Davenport. 
 
 June 1. Earthquake in New England. 
 
 Massachusetts colony makes a treaty 
 with the Mohegans. 
 
 April. First settlement in Delaware 
 made by the Swedes 301 
 
 1638. Kieft was Governor of New Netherlands. 
 " Harvard college endowed by Rev. John 
 
 Harvard, for whom it was named. 
 
 1639. Gov. Harvey removed from the Virginia 
 
 colony, and SirWm. Berkeley appoint- 
 ed in his place. He established a 
 Colonial Assembly, and founded a sys- 
 tem of English jurisprudence on 
 American soil 226 
 
 FIRST PRINTING-PRESS IN NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 1639. First printing-press in North America, 
 
 set up at Cambridge, Mass., by Stephen 
 
 Day. 
 " Corn-planting was enforced by law in 
 
 Maryland, and a grist-mill erected. 
 " First public hospital in America, founded 
 
 at Quebec. 
 " A written Constitution framed and adoirt- 
 
 ed by the people of Connecticut. 
 '' Newport, Rhode Island, founded. 
 
 1640. Montreal founded. 
 
 " First powder mills erected in the United 
 States. 
 
 " New England numbered 3,100 inhabit- 
 ants, with 100 ministers; £200,000 had 
 been expended in transportation of 
 emigrants 250 
 
 1641. Opechananough shot, and the Indian war 
 
 in Virginia soon after terminated, 225 
 
 (see foot-note.) 
 " Beginning of representative government 
 
 in New Netherlands. 
 " New Hampshire settlers submitted to 
 
 jurisdiction of Massachusetts. 
 
 1642. The English House of Commons, by vote, 
 
 exempt the New England colonies 
 from duties upon goods, either im- 
 ported or exported 251 
 
 " Oct. 9. The first commencement at 
 Harvard College. 
 1642-45. Indian war in Maryland. 
 
 1643. May 19. Union of the New England col- 
 
 onies with the Dutch settlements of 
 New York for mutual protection. . 251 
 
 " The Dutch become involved in a war 
 with the Indians, and the N. E. colonies 
 give them aid and sustenance 351 
 
 " First Union formed by the colonies of 
 Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, 
 and New Haven, under the name of 
 the United Colonies of New England. 
 
 1644. Treaty of peace between the N. E. 
 
 colonies and the French settlements of 
 Acadia 251 
 
 1644-45. Rebellion in Maryland and war with 
 the Indians in Virginia. 
 
 1644. Rhode Island obtained a charter. 
 
 TUE NEW ENGLAND "BLUE LAWS." 
 
 1644^6. "Blue Laws" passed, among which 
 are to be found these peculiar enact- 
 ments : 
 
 Blasphemy, idolatry, adultery, and 
 witchcraft were punished by death, 
 and for any crime committed on Sun- 
 day, the additional punishment of 
 cutting ofl" an ear was added. Kissing 
 a woman on the street was punished 
 by flogging, which penalty was actually 
 inflicted about a century later upon an 
 English sea-captain, who saluted his 
 wife on a street in Boston, after a long 
 separation. Intemperance and all im- 
 morality were jmnished with great 
 rigor, and keepers of inns and public- 
 houses were required to be persons of 
 approved character, and possessed of 
 a competency, as they were licld re- 
 sponsible for the conduct of theirguests 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 and the morality of their houses — a 
 " blue-law," which it would be well for 
 the country were it now in vogue. 
 
 TRIALS Ai^l) ESECUTIONS FOR -WITCnCEAFT. 
 
 1C45. First trials and executions for witchcraft 
 in New England occurred this year, 
 when four persons were put to death 
 in Massachusetts for the "crime of 
 witchcraft." Although the belief in 
 witchcraft had prevailed almost uni- 
 versally in Christian countries, yet the 
 peculiar malady, which was attributed 
 to " witchcraft," did not appear until 
 
 near a half century later 271 
 
 " CleyboruB's rebellion in Maryland. . . 278 
 104C. Massachusetts passes an act for the sjiread 
 of the Gospel anion;;; the Indians, and 
 John Elliot preaches to them in their 
 own tongue. 
 " The Assembly of Maryland (Roman 
 Catholic) pass laws tolerating liberty 
 of conscience in religious belief The 
 first colony of America to grant toler- 
 ance 379 
 
 1C47. Massachusetts made the support of 
 schools compuUory, and education uni- 
 versal and free. 
 " Thomas Mayhew establishes a mission 
 .. among the Indians of Martha's Vine- 
 yard, Nantucket, and Elizabeth Isles, 
 
 and was eminently successful 353 
 
 " Arrival at New Amsterdam of Stuyvesant, 
 Dutch director-general of New Nether- 
 lauds. 
 1048. New London, Conn., settled. 
 UAd. English Parliament formed a missionary 
 society for the conversion of Indians iii 
 America. 
 1C50. Harvard College chartered. 
 " Maryland extends toleration to political 
 
 principles 378 
 
 " Constitution of Maryland settled 279 
 
 1G51. Navigation Act passed by England, re- 
 stricting the commerce of the col- 
 onies 264 
 
 " The English Parliament attempts to sub- 
 ject the colonies of Virginia. They 
 dispatch an armament under Sir Geo. 
 Ayscue. Berkeley hires some Dutch 
 ships, and aided by the colonists, resists 
 them, and compels the English Govern- 
 ment to grant the colonies the same 
 privileges enjoyed by the free jjeople of 
 England, and a right to free trade with 
 
 all nations 220 
 
 " Thirty lashes were inflicted upon Obadiah 
 Holmes for preaching Baptist doctrines 
 in Massachusetts ; and persons who dis- 
 approved of infant baptism, or taught 
 otherwise, were banished from the col- 
 ony 255 
 
 1653. The province of Maine appealed to the 
 colony of Massachusetts for protection. 
 
 Their petition was granted 30 
 
 " The first regular book-seller in America 
 
 was Hezekiah Usher, of Boston. 
 " First mint established in New England, 
 in Massachusetts. 
 
 1053. Cromwell subverted the English Par- 
 
 liament and maintained peace in the 
 colonies till his death 236 
 
 1054. Yale College first projected by Mr. Daven- 
 
 port. 
 
 " Guiana seized by the English. 
 
 " Cleyborne institutes a religious war upon 
 the Catholic colonies of Maryland, and 
 proceeds to reduce them to subjec- 
 tion 379 
 
 1055. Stuyvesant captures the Swedish settle- 
 
 ment in Delaware 230 
 
 1655. Jamaica taken by the English, who retain 
 it by tlie treaty of Madrid. 
 
 PERSECUTION OF THE QUAKEE3. 
 1G5G. Quakers first arrive in Massachusetts. 
 Their persecution by the Puritans. 355 
 " Religious intolerance was carried to such 
 an extent by these misguided zealots, 
 that they actually tormented and ))ut 
 to death by scores the only Christian 
 sect in America who advocated tlie 
 doctrine of peace, and who denied the 
 right of man to take life under auy 
 circumstances. 
 
 1658. The people of Virginia erect the standard 
 
 ofChailea II., and elect Sir VVm. Berke- 
 ley to the Presidency 236 
 
 1659. Four Quakers executed on Boston Com- 
 
 mon 257 
 
 1660. Charles II. restored to the throne of En- 
 
 gland, and Berkeley sent by the col- 
 onies 'to congratulate him. He is re- 
 ceived at the Court of England with 
 royal favor, 226 (foot-note). 
 
 " The Dutch renounced all claims to Bra- 
 zilian territory. 
 
 " Elliot founds an Indian church in Massa- 
 chusetts 2ri3 
 
 " Trial by jiu-y restored by Charles II. . 226 
 
 " Church of England established by Charles 
 II., and no preachers but those regularly 
 ordained by the Bishops of England 
 were allowed to preach in the colo- 
 nies 33(3 
 
 " Quakers prohibited from emigrating to 
 Virginia under severe penalties, ex- 
 cepting, however, such as were trans- 
 ported for violation of English law. 226 
 
 " A dutyof 5 per cent, was levied by the 
 English Government upon all merchan- 
 dise of import or export in the 
 American colonies 337 
 
 " Great English Navigation Act estab- 
 lished 327 
 
 " Supreme authority of the peojjle de- 
 clared in Maryland. 
 
 1662. Three persons hung for witchcraft in 
 
 Hartford, Conn 371 
 
 " Connecticut colony obtain a royal charter. 
 
 1663. New charter granted to Rhode Island. 
 " Popular assembly in New Amsterdam. 
 
 1600- 
 
 EEMAEKABLE EARTHQUAKE. 
 
 " Feb. 5. Remarkalile earthquake lasting 
 wiih short intervals for six months, 
 and extending over the greater part of 
 North America. The face of the coun- 
 try in some localities entirely changed. 
 
 " New Netherlands conquered by the En- 
 glish, and the colonies of New York 
 and New Jersey founded, with Eliza- 
 bethtown as the capital of the latter. 
 
 " Carolina granted to Lord Clarendon by 
 Charles II., and a liberal form of gov- 
 ernment established 3S7 
 
 '' First settlement in North Carolina. 
 1664. Guiana again taken by the French. 
 
 ■' Aug. 27. New Amsterdam surrendered 
 to the English, and Colonel Nichols 
 appointed British Governor 304 
 
 " Elliot translated and printed the Bible 
 in the language of the American In- 
 dians 353 
 
 " A royal charter granted the colony at 
 Albemano, and Drummond appointed 
 Governor with a Council. 
 
 " First permanent settlement in New 
 Jersey. 
 1005. Every town iu MaGfl.-ichusctts had a free 
 school. 
 
 " June 12. New York City incorporated. 
 
 1005. Representative government established 
 in New Jer.sey. 
 Union of New Haven and Connecticut- 
 colonies. 
 1605-70. Jesuit missions founded on Lake 
 •Superior by Pere Allouez. 
 . Wnrquette, a Jesuit missionary to the 
 Indians of tlie Northwest, explored the 
 Mississippi River and adjacent country 
 to Arkansas. 
 1060. Tlic Nir^iiii.i colony convened an As- 
 
 , s.iul.ly 387 
 
 Nv^r,, sl:ivis introduced into Carolina 
 irom the liarl irdoes by Yeamans. . 288 
 
 " Death of Lor<l Baltimore 381 
 
 " The Assembly of Jlirvland pass an act 
 for the naturalization of aliens 281 
 
 " Act of 1049 confirmed, establishing ab- . 
 solute political equality among all 
 Christian denominatinns 283 
 
 " Nova Scotia ceded to the French by the 
 Treaty of Breda 306 
 
 " Samuel Stevens succeeded Drummond as 
 Governor of .Ubemarlc. A more demo- 
 cratic form of government was estah- 
 I'shed 287 
 
 1070. A colony of loyalists and noblemen at- 
 tempt to establi-h an aristocracy and 
 a town at Port Rnvnl, ini.l.r jiatmnage 
 of the Duke of All,, inailr, rilling It 
 Charlestcni, in honor ol the Kini;. . 287 
 
 " First settlement in South Carolina. 
 
 1071. Old Charlestown founded on Ashlt-y River. 
 " Massachusetts colmy make a treaty of 
 
 peace with King Philip, an Indian 
 
 warrior of great renown 633 
 
 1672. First copyright granted by Massachusetts. 
 
 " A mail route established between New 
 York and Boston by way of Hart- 
 ford. 
 1073. The Dutch found a colony on Ashley- 
 River, and call it Jamestown 290 
 
 '' Mississippi River explored by Marquette 
 and Joliet. 
 
 " New England contained 120,000 inhabit- 
 ants. Boston had 15,000, and beggary 
 was unknown in the colonies "263 
 
 " New York retaken by the Dutch 300 
 
 " George Fox, foundur of the Quakers, 
 visits America. 
 1G74. First Legislative Assembly meets in South 
 Carolina. 
 
 " New York restored to the English. 
 1075. June 31-. Commencement of King 
 Philip's war. Attack on Swanzey. 363 
 
 " Indians were snld by New England to 
 the West Indies 3G3 
 
 bacon's rebellion. 
 
 1676. Bacon's rebellion in Virginia. Berkeley 
 
 attempts to suppress it, and a civil war 
 was declared 337 
 
 " Guiana taken by the Dutch. 
 
 " Jamestown burned and the houses of the 
 loyalists pillaged, and their property 
 destroyed 339 
 
 " Aug. 12. King Philip killed and his 
 tribe scattered, and the greater part 
 destroyed chiefly through the great 
 valor and perseverance of Capt. Benja- 
 min Church 659, 696 
 
 " New Jersey divided into East and West 
 •Jersey 317 
 
 " Maryland established a mint 381 
 
 1677. The colony of Massachusetts purchase 
 
 the territory of Maine from Ferdi- 
 nando Gorges, grandson of Ferdinand 
 Gorges, the founder of Maine 363 
 
 " Guiana restored to the French. 
 
 " (Quakers settle West Jersey 320 
 
 " Jamestown, Xa, destroyed. 
 1679-10.S7. La Salle, the French explorer, trav- 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 745 
 
 ersed the great lakes, descended the 
 Oliio River to the falls, and the Missis- 
 sippi to its mouth. 
 1680. Foundation of modern Charleston laid, 
 which soon became the port of trade 
 and the capital of Carolina 2y3 
 
 " Portugal establishes colonies in Uruguay. 
 
 " A war broke out between the Carolina 
 colonics and the Indians, which was 
 speedily terminated by tho Governor 
 oftering a bounty upon every captive 
 Indian 293 
 
 " Indians were sold to the West Indies as 
 slaves in exchange for rum 21)3 
 
 WILLIAM PEXN. 
 
 1G81. March 14. Pennsylvania granted to "Wm. 
 
 I'enn, who colonized it Sa(i 
 
 " Penn starts a colony on the Delaware 
 
 River 336 
 
 " First Legislative Asscmlily of Quakers. 
 " First Legislature of New Jersey convened. 
 
 1682. Oct. 24. Penn arrives in America. . 328 
 " Penn makes a treaty with the Indians, 
 
 and pays them for their lands. . . . 329 
 " Tlie city of Philadelphia founded. . 330 
 " De La Salle takes po-session of the coun- 
 try on both sides the Mississippi River, 
 calling it Louisiana. 
 " Gov. West, of Carolina, holds a par'i.a- 
 ment in Charkston to pass laws for the 
 general protection of the colonies. 293 
 " East Jersey bought by the Quakers. .318 
 " Fir-t Legislature of Pennsylvania. 
 
 1683. Lord Craven appointed Governor of 
 
 Carolina in place of West 293 
 
 " First Legislative Assembly held in New 
 York 308 
 
 " Second Assembly held in Philadelphia, 
 and a new Constitution adopted and 
 new laws passed 330 
 
 " Roger Williams dies in his 84th year. 
 
 ] fi84. Carolina encourages the trafiic in Indians. 
 
 168.5. Piracy in the West Indies was encouraged 
 
 by Gov. Quarry, of Carolina. 
 
 " King James, through Governor Arnold, 
 cancels the charter of Rhode Island, 
 and extends the royal government of 
 New England to that dependency. 267 
 
 " Arnold proceeds to Hartford with a body 
 of troops and demanfls the surrender 
 of their charter. The Assembly were 
 in session. They artfully conceal the 
 charter, and refuse to give it up. . 267 
 1686. First Episcopal parish formed in Boston. 
 
 " Massachusetts deprived of her char- 
 ter 266 
 
 " The Spaniards invade South C'arohna, 
 and destroy the settlement at Port 
 
 Royal 294 
 
 1GS7. First printing-press established near 
 Philadelphia by William Bedford. 
 
 " Revolution in England, and King James 
 driven away. 
 10.8. New York and New .Jersey colonies 
 united to New England. 
 
 A WOIIAN EXECUTED FOE WITCHCEAFT. 
 
 1088. A woman executed in Boston for witeh- 
 cr.aft, after a lonsj and solemn investi- 
 gation, and a book was publ slied with 
 a full account of the proceedings, to 
 w hich was added a preface, by the Kcv. 
 Richard Baxter, in which lie declared, 
 " that any one who disbelieved the 
 truthfulness of the account was a 
 S.adducee " 271 
 
 1689. William III. accedes to the English 
 throne. 
 " Sir Eflmund Andros se:zed and im- 
 prisoned in Boston, and sent h me to 
 
 England. Tho people rise in mass and 
 resort to firms 268 
 
 1089-97. King William's war between the 
 French, with their Indian allies, and 
 New England 369 
 
 1690. Fob. 8. Schenectady burned by the 
 
 French and Indians. 
 
 " Tho colonies attack Quebec, under 
 
 Phipps; reinforcements failing him, 
 
 he retreats with a loss of 1,000 men. 269 
 
 FIRST PAPER MONEY. 
 
 First paper money issued in Massachu- 
 setts. 
 
 Expedition against Port Royal, Nova 
 Scotia, by Sir Wm. Phipps, of Mass.a- 
 chusetis 269 
 
 Trial and execution of Leisler and Mil- 
 bourne, at New York, on a charge of 
 treason. 
 
 New England contained 1.50,000 inhabit- 
 ants. 
 
 Acadia seized and plundered. 
 
 Maryland made a royal province. 
 
 Massachusetts Bay colony and Plymouth 
 colony united under a new charter; 
 Phipps appointed Governor 270 
 
 Sir Edmund Andros appointed Governor 
 of New England by .Tames II 231 
 
 William and Mary College, Virginia, 
 chartered. 
 
 Massachusetts made a royal province, 
 and Pennsvlvania taken from William 
 Penn. 
 
 A PLAGUE ASCELIED TO -WITCnCKAFT. 
 
 1093. Witchcraft in Salem, and many people 
 put to death. A strange and epidem- 
 ical distemper, resembling epilepsy, ap- 
 peared in Salem, which baffled the skill 
 of the physicians, who, failing to ac- 
 count for it, or produce a cure, persuad- 
 ed the poor victims to ascribe it to 
 '•Witchcraft." Impelled by a dark 
 and cruel superstition, the " Christian 
 people " declared these unfortunate 
 creatures to be " po.ssesscd of the 
 devil." Accordingly, solemn fasts and 
 assemblies for extraordinary prayer 
 were held by the clergy. Inflamed by 
 a f\inatical zeal, and inspired by a spirit 
 which was a relic of the dark and bar- 
 barous ages they were just emerging 
 from, these deluded yet truly conscien- 
 tious and pious people, resorted to the 
 most cruel punishments and death, to 
 exterminate a plague which their sol- 
 emn fasts and long-continued prayers 
 and protestations had failed to cure. 271 
 
 1693. Episcopal Church established at New 
 
 York. 
 " First printino:-press established at New 
 York by William Bradford. 
 
 1694. Penn's rights in Pennsylvania restored. 
 1095. Rice tirst introduced into Carolina from 
 
 Africa. 
 " John Archdale appointed Governor of 
 South Carolina. His wise administra- 
 tion established peace in the colo- 
 nies 297 
 
 1696. Archdale resigns and returns to England. 
 
 The grateful acknowdedgments of the 
 colonics accompany him. Joseph Blake 
 
 appointed his successor 297 
 
 " Indian -attack on Haverhill. 
 
 1697. Close of King William's war. 
 
 1698. French colony arrive at the mouth of 
 
 the iMississippi. 
 " Earl of Belmont ajipoiu'ed Governor of 
 New York. 
 
 CAPTAIN KIDD. 
 
 1699. Capt. Kidd, the pirate, apprehended at 
 
 Boston. 
 *' The capital of Maryland removed from 
 
 St. Jlary"s to Annapolis 285 
 
 " Louisiana settled by the French at what 
 
 is now Biloxi, Mississippi. 
 
 1700. Lead mines discovered by Le Sucr, a 
 
 French explorer, at Dnbuque, Iowa. 
 " Death of Gov. Blake, of South Carolina. 
 " Fort Rosalie built near tho present site 
 
 of the city of Natchez. 
 
 1701. Detroit founded by the French. 
 
 " Commencement of Queen Anne's war. 
 " Yale College founded. 
 '' New frame of government given to Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 1702. Mobile settled by the French and became 
 
 the capital of Louisiana. 
 " Episcojial Church founded in New Jersey 
 
 and Rhode Island. 
 " The Jerseys united in a royal province. 
 
 1703. Culture of silk introduced into Carolina. 
 " Duty of £4 sterling laid on imported 
 
 negroes in Massachusetts. 
 
 " Gov. Moore succeeded Blake in South 
 Carolina. 
 
 " An Indian war, instigated by the Span- 
 iards, was prosecuted with great 
 violence in South Carolina. But Gov. 
 Moore speedily suppressed it, and the 
 enemy surrendered and submitted to 
 English rule. The colonies lost 800 
 
 " Fourteen hundred Indians were colo- 
 nized in Georgia. 
 
 1704. Tuuaage duty laid by Rhode Island on 
 
 foreign vessels. 
 " Maryland passed an act to " prevent tho 
 
 growth of Popery." 
 " First newspaper (Boston News-Letter) 
 
 published at Boston by Bartholomew 
 
 Green. 
 " Catholics persecuted by Protestants in 
 
 Maryland 285 
 
 StASSACEE IN MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 " French and Indian massacre at Deerfield, 
 Mass. They burned the village ami 
 killed 47 persons, taking 113 captive, 
 among them many women and young 
 children, who were compelled to march 
 through dense forests and over deep 
 snows to Canacl,a, many perishing by 
 
 the way 646 
 
 1706. Bills of credit issued by Carolina. 
 
 1709. First printing-press in Connecticut set 
 
 up at New London by Thos. Short. 
 
 1710. First colonial post-office at New York. 
 
 " Germans plant a colony in North Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 " Nova Scotia permanently annexed to the 
 British crown. 
 
 1711. South Sea Company incorporated. 
 
 1712. Free schools founded in Charlestown, 
 
 Mass. 
 
 MASSACEE IX NORTII CAEOLINA. 
 " Indian massacre in North Carolina. One 
 hundred and thirty-seven of the colo- 
 nists killed at first attack. Assisted liy 
 South Carolina, the colonists make a 
 general .attack upon the Indians and 
 defeat them with great slaughter, and 
 drive them from the province. . . . 299 
 
 1713. Close of Queen Anne's war. 
 
 " Final cession of Nova Scotia to Great 
 
 Britain. 
 " Slaves are transported to South Carolina, 
 
 by British ships, in great numbers, to 
 
 cultivate lice. 
 
746 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1714. First scliooner built at Cape Ann. 
 
 1715. New Orleans and Natchez founded by the 
 
 French. 
 
 1717. Spanish Government monopolize the to- 
 
 bacro traao. 
 " Yale College removed from Saybrook to 
 New Haven. 
 
 1718. Impost duties laid by Mas<:aehusetts on 
 
 English manufactures and English 
 ships. 
 
 1719. First Presbyterian church founded in New 
 
 York. 
 
 1730. Tea first introduced into New England. 
 " Lead mines first worked in Missouri by 
 
 Keynoult and La Motte. 
 
 1731. Inoculation for small-pox introduced into 
 
 N. E 405 
 
 1733. Paper money first used in Pennsylvania. 
 1735. First newspaper in New York (N. Y. 
 
 Gazette) published by Wm. Bradford. 
 1727. Earthquake in New England. 
 1730. Printing-press and newspaper establi.shed 
 
 atCharlcstown, Soutli Carolina. 
 
 1732. Tobacco and corn made legal tender in 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 BIKTII OF WASHINGTON. 
 
 " Birth of Geo. Washington in Washington 
 parish, Virginia. 
 
 " Firjit printing-press and newspaper es- 
 tablished at Newyjort. R. I. 
 
 " Carolina divided into North and South 
 Carolina 353 
 
 " June. Georgia founded by Oglethorp, 
 and a charter granted. 
 
 1733. Feb. Savannah, Ga., founded. 
 
 FIRST MASONIC GRAND LODGE IN AMERICA. 
 
 1733. July 30. First Grand Lodge of Free- 
 
 masons on the American continent, 
 constituted in New England, and called 
 St. John's Grand Lodge, by Henry 
 Price, a successful merchant of Boston, 
 who received his appointment from 
 Anthony, Lord Viscount Montague, 
 Grand Master of England. Mr. Price 
 is consiiiered the father of Masonry in 
 the United States. 
 
 " First Freemasons' lodge held at Boston. 
 
 " England colonized paupers in Geor- 
 gia 352 
 
 1734. Revival of religion in New England under 
 
 Jonathan Edwards. 
 
 1735. Vincennes, Ind , founded by the French. 
 1736-7. Preaching of the Wesleys in Georgia. 
 
 1737. Eartlujuake in New Jersey. 
 
 1738. CoUeu'c at Princeton, N. J., founded. 
 
 1739. Attack upon the Spaniards in Florida by 
 
 Admiral Vernon 353 
 
 1740. First stove (aca<t-iron fireplace) invented 
 
 by Dr. Franklin, upon which he re- 
 fused to accept letters patent offired 
 him by the Gov. of Pa., wishing to give 
 the benefit of his discovery to the 
 people. 
 
 1741. " General Magazine and Historical Chron- 
 
 icle " pulili-^hed by Franklin. 
 
 " New Hampshire separated from Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 " July 18. Vitus Behring, a celebrated 
 Russian explorer, discovered Alaska. . 
 
 1743. Faneuil Hall built by Peter Faneuil. 
 
 1744. King George's war began. 
 
 1745. Louisbourg, on Cape Breton Island, ta- 
 
 ken by the English under Col. Pep- 
 perel 353 
 
 1746. England and France determined to wage 
 
 a war of exterrainatirm upon each 
 
 other in their American colonies. . 353 
 
 " Gov. Shirley attempted to drive the 
 
 French and Indians from Nova Scotia 
 
 was defeated. He attackiil iIh' ciiciny 
 
 at Crown Point '■'■'>'■'• 
 
 174G. French fleet under D'Auviih- destroy, ■.!. 
 
 1748. New England troops compelled to re- 
 linquish Louisbourg 353 
 
 " New England issues bills of credit. . 353 
 
 1749. Moravian Seminary, first eminent school 
 for girl^, organized at Bethlehem, Pa. 
 
 Ohio Company chart.Ted. 
 
 1751. Sugar-cane first cultivated in the IT. S. 
 l)y the Jesuits, on the banks of the 
 Mississippi River, above N. O. The 
 plants were brought from San Do- 
 mingo. 
 
 1753. Georgia becomes a royal province. 
 
 wounded. Fifteen hundred were killed 
 or carried captive into the wilder- 
 ness '. 335 
 
 The British forces under Gen. Aber^ 
 crombie numbered 50,000 men— the 
 largest army that had ever been mar- 
 shaled in America. 
 
 June 2. I,..uisl.niiri;, on Cai.f Breton 
 
 Isl:; 
 
 ith Is 
 
 Washington's perilous mission. 
 
 1753. Geo. Washington, at the age of 31 years, 
 was sent by Gov. Uinwiddie, of Vir- 
 ginia, to the French commander, on 
 the banks of the Ohio, to ccmfer in re- 
 gard to a settlement of rights of terri- 
 tory. Unsuccessful in his mission he 
 returned on foot, a distance of over 
 500 miles, through a wild and dan- 
 gerous country, with but one compan- 
 ion. The Indians followed him and 
 attempted his life by shooting at him 
 from an amlaish 354 
 
 1754. Columbia College founded in New York. 
 " King's (l^ohnnbia) College chartered. 
 " Tennessee first settled. 
 
 "fort necessity." 
 
 " April 3. Col. Frye w.as sent with a 
 regiment of Virginia troops, aided by 
 Geo. Washington, who was second in 
 command, to occupy the fort of the 
 Allegheny and Monongaliela Rivers. 
 Finding the French had already erected 
 a fort, calling it "Du Quesne," they 
 hastened to attack the French, sur- 
 prising and defeating them. 
 
 Col. Frye dying, Washington took 
 command of the regiment, and, collect- 
 ing his troops at the Great Meadows, 
 he elected a stockade, calling it " Fort 
 Necessity." 
 " July 4. Washington, attacked here by a 
 large body of French and Indians, was 
 
 forced to capitulate 354 
 
 1755. First newspaper (Conn. Oazeite) pub- 
 lished in New Haven. 
 " Col. Monckton destroyed French settle- 
 ment on Bay of Fnndy. 
 " April 14. Gen. Braddock arrived from 
 England in Virginia with a large 
 force. 
 " June. The English take Nova Scotia 
 
 under Lieut.-Col. Winslow 354 
 
 " July 9. The English troops under Gen. 
 Braddock put to flight by the Indians 
 near Fort Du Quesne, and over half 
 the army, otficers and men, together 
 with Gen. Braddock, were lost . . 354 
 " Gen. Shirley became Commander-in- 
 chief, and called a council of war at 
 
 New York 355 
 
 '' Sept. 8. Americans defeated by the 
 
 French near Lake George. 
 " French defeated by the Americans same 
 day. 
 175G. May 19. War declared with France by 
 Great Britain. 
 " First newspaper in Portsmouth. 
 " Aug. 14 The French under Montcalm 
 cdptured Fort Oswego, with valuable 
 
 stores 355 
 
 1757. Fort Wm. Henry taken by the French. 
 The Indians full upon the retreating 
 garrison and mas=acre the sick and 
 
 Gen. Amherst. Two liundretl and 
 twenty-one pieces of cannon, 18 mor- 
 tars, and large stores of ammunition 
 fell into the' hands of the English. 
 Six thousand prisoners were taken and 
 sent to England 35() 
 
 " July. Lord Howe killed near Ticonde- 
 roga. 
 
 " Aug. 37. Fort Frontignac taken by the 
 English under Col. Braristreet. The 
 booty consisted of 00 pieces of cannon 
 and a great number of small arms, 
 military .*;tores, provisions, and a large 
 amount of goods. Nine armed vessels 
 and the fort were destroyed 857 
 
 " Nov. 35. Fort Du Quesne evacuated by 
 the French and taken possession of by 
 the English under Gen. Forbes and 
 Col. Washington 357 
 
 " Peace with the Imlians was secured be- 
 tween the ( »liio l;iver and the lakes. 357 
 
 " Gen. Washington elected to the Virginia 
 House of Burgesses. 
 
 759. July. Niagara, Ticonderoga, and Crown 
 Point taken by the English under 
 Gens. Amherst and Johnson 357 
 
 DEATH OF GENS. WOLFE AND MONTCALM. 
 
 1759. Sept. 13. Battle before Quebec, on the 
 
 Plains of Abraham. Gen. Wolfe, com- 
 manding the American forces, sur- 
 prised and attacked the French army, 
 under Montcalm, at break of day. _ A 
 desperate battle was fought, during 
 which, Wolfe and Montcalm were 
 
 slain 358 
 
 " Sept. 18. Snrrend.T of(Ji..l.,c 3'.l0 
 
 1760. Apr. 28. The Fr. n. li aitnujjt to take 
 
 Quebec, without siuvrs-. 358 
 
 " Montreal capitulates, and the French sur- 
 render Canada 359 
 
 17G1. March 13. Earthquake in New England. 
 
 " George III. ascends the throne of En- 
 gland. 
 1703. Louisiana ceded to Spain by France. 
 
 •' Havana taken by the English. 
 1703. Feb. 10. France surrenders all her pos- 
 sessions in North America, east of the 
 Mississippi River, to Great Britain. 359 
 
 " First newspaper printed in Georgia. 
 
 " Canada ceded to England by France. 
 
 " Havana restored to the Frenci in ex- 
 change for Florida. 
 
 " Feb. 10. Peace concluded between the 
 
 English and French at Paris 488 
 
 Free commercial intercourse between 
 Cuba and Spain granted by the 
 Spanish Government. 
 
 CHIEF PONTIAC'S WAR. 
 
 A p.agacious Ottawa Chief and a former 
 ally of the French, secretly (ifected a 
 confederation of several north-western 
 tribes of Indians, for the ])urpose of 
 expelling the English. Within two 
 weeks he seized nearly all the English 
 posts west of Oswego, but he was soon 
 subdued and his war brought to an end. 
 
 Cape Breton, thrice attacked an I thrice 
 taken from the French and annexed to 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 747 
 
 Mar. Right to tax American colonies 
 voted by the nousc of Commons. 
 
 Ajjr. 5. First act for levying revenue 
 passed by Parliament. 
 
 Patagonia visited by Byron. 
 
 Sugar-making from cane, perfected. 
 
 TDE STAMP ACT. 
 
 Mar. 22. Passage of the Stamp Act. 
 This act required the people to pur- 
 chase for specified sums, and upon all 
 written documents. Government stamps 
 must be placed. This act caused the 
 most intense excitement and indigna- 
 tion in America. 
 
 First Medical College established in 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 May 29. Virginia resolutions against 
 the right of taxation. 
 
 June 26. Massachusetts proposes a Con- 
 gress of deputies from the colonies. 
 
 Oct. 7. A Congress of 27 delegates con- 
 venes at New York, and publishes a 
 declaration of rights and rules against 
 the Stamp Act. 
 Feb. Dr. Fianklin examined before the 
 House of Commons. 
 
 Mar. 18. Stamp Act repealed. 
 
 First stage route established between 
 Providence and Boston. 
 
 Methodism first introduced into America 
 by Philip Embury and Capt. Webb, a 
 British officer whom Wesley had or- 
 dained as a local preacher. 
 
 June. Taxation laid on paper, glass, tea, 
 and painters' colors 363 
 
 Non-importation agreements adopted by 
 the colonies 305 
 
 MASON AND DIXON S LINE. 
 
 " Mason and Dixon's Line, run by sur- 
 veyors of that name, sent out by the 
 heirs of William Penn and Lord Balti- 
 more, to define the boundaries of their 
 possessions. It afterward became the 
 acknowledged line between the tree 
 and slave States. 
 1708. Feb. Convention of deput'es called by 
 Massachusetts at Faneuil Hall, Bos- 
 ton 3G4 
 
 " The British Government stationed a mil- 
 itary force in Boston. This was the 
 beginning of hostilities, which rapidly 
 engendered a spirit of resistance in the 
 American colonies toward the mother 
 
 country 364 
 
 17C9. House of Burgesses (Assembly) of Vir- 
 ginia dissolved by the Governor, with 
 as little ceremony as a teacher would 
 dismiss a class of boys 364 
 
 " Assembly of North Carolina dissolved by 
 the Governor 365 
 
 " Boston refused to receive goods from 
 Great Britain, and sent them back. 
 
 " Paper-mill erected at Milton. 
 
 1770. Prince Edward's Island separated from 
 
 Nova Scotia. 
 " March 5. Boston massacre. A mob com- 
 posed of citizens of tioston attacks the 
 British soldiers, and during the fray 
 three citizens are killed and five 
 wounded 300 
 
 THE NORTH CAROLINA REBELLION. 
 
 1771. Rebellion in North Carolina against the 
 
 Government officers by the Regulators, 
 a band of citizens who determined to 
 resist the oppression of the English 
 Government, and redress the people. 
 " May 10. The rebellion suppressed by 
 
 Governor Tryon, and six Regulators 
 hanged, which created intense hatred 
 against the British Government. 
 
 1772. June 9. A British man-of-war, the Oaspee, 
 
 burned in Narraganset Bay, by a party 
 of Americans from Providence. 
 
 1773. First Methodist Conference, consisting of 
 
 ten preachers, all of foreign birth. 
 " First asylum for the blind was at Wil- 
 liamsburg, Virginia. 
 
 DESTRUCTION OF TEA m BOSTON HARBOR. 
 .773. Dec. 16. The citizens of Boston throw a 
 cargo of tea into the ocean, which was 
 sent by Great Britain in open disregard 
 and violation of the act of the colonies 
 against receiving any merchandise sub- 
 ject to tariff 368 
 
 774. Shakers founded by Ann Lee, an English 
 woman. 
 
 " May 13. General Gage arrived in Boston 
 harbor as commander of the royal 
 forces of North America. He was also 
 empowered to act as Governor of Mas- 
 sachusetts 371 
 
 '' June 6. Boston harbor was blockaded by 
 the English, and all commerce inter- 
 dicted 368 
 
 '' The executive power was taken from the 
 colonies, and their charter altered with- 
 out consultation of the people. . . . 369 
 
 " Gen. Gage fortifies Boston Neck. 
 
 " The members of the Massachusetts As- 
 sembly resolve themselves into a Pro- 
 vincial Congress 371 
 
 " The colonics all unite in approving the 
 spirit of resentment shown by Massa- 
 chusetts against the oppressive taxa- 
 tion of Great Britain 371 
 
 " Gen. Gage was reinforced by two regi- 
 ments of soldiers and a detachment of 
 artillery and some cannon, and reinforce- 
 ments from Ireland, Halifax, Quebec, 
 and New York, arrived soon after. 371 
 
 " The colonies proceed to enlist and drill a 
 portion of the citizens as minute-men, 
 and appoint committees of safety and 
 supplies 373 
 
 " Masachusetts calls for 12,000 men to be 
 equipped for service 373 
 
 " Gen. Gage orders barracks to be built to 
 protect his soldiers, but he can not 
 find workmen who will build them. 
 He applies to New York for mechanics, 
 and is peremptorily refused ; the mer- 
 chants of New York also refuse to sell 
 him clothing for his soldiers 373 
 
 " Great Britain prohibits the exportation 
 of military stores, upon which the peo- 
 ple of Rhode Island seized 40 pieces of 
 cannon from the public battery, and 
 proceed to arm the inhabitants. 
 
 FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. 
 " Sept. 14. Representatives from twelve 
 colonies met in Philadelphia as a Con- 
 tinental Congress, to enact measures 
 for the regulation of order, and for the 
 
 protection of the people 373 
 
 They prepared an address to the 
 Kiug, declaring their loyalty, but de- 
 manding redress for their grievances. 
 374 
 " Oct. 26. Congress adjoui-ned, to convene 
 
 the 10th of May, 1775 375 
 
 All the colonies, except New York, 
 heartily concurred in the proceedings 
 
 of the Continental Congress 375 
 
 " Great Britain prohibited all the colonies, 
 except New York, Delaware, and North 
 Carolina, from fishing upon the coast 
 
 of New Foundland, and from trading 
 with the West Indies 373 
 
 These colonics spurned the iav<ir, de- 
 signed only to arouse a spirit of 
 jealousy and disunion among the other 
 colonics, and submitted to the restric- 
 tion, much to their pecuniary disad- 
 vantage 373 
 
 Dec. 13. A company of volunteers at- 
 tacked the fort at Portsmouth, N..H., 
 confined the garrison, and seized the 
 
 powder S73 
 
 All law was abolished, except what 
 was vested in the military ofiieers, but 
 the most perfect order and unanimity 
 existed among the people 373 
 
 Cape Breton detached from Nova Scotia. 
 
 Parliament passed an act to provide for 
 the government of the province of 
 Quebec. 
 
 PEYTON RANDOLPH. 
 
 When the first Continental Congress met 
 in Philadelphia, they chose Peyton 
 Randolph, of Virginia, to preside over 
 them. He was descended from one of 
 the oldest families of that Common- 
 wealth. The law was his profession, 
 and, in 1750, he was Attorney-General 
 of that colony. He was chosen Presi- 
 dent of the Second Continental Con- 
 gress in May, 1775, and died in Oc- 
 tober. 
 
 Apr. 14. First Society for the Abolition 
 of Slavery was formed in Philadelphia, 
 with Benjamin Franklin as President. 
 
 BATTLE OF LESINGTON. 
 
 Apr. 19. Battle of Lexington was fought. 
 This was the beginning of open hostil- 
 ities. The British, with 800 soldiers 
 under Lieut.-Col. Smith, marched from 
 Boston on the night of the 18th to de- 
 stroy the stores of the colonists at 
 
 Concord 381 
 
 The people were warned of their in- 
 tention?, and at 5 o'clock in the morn- 
 ing a small company of militia met at 
 Lexington to resist them. Major Pit- 
 cairn, a Biitish officer, rode up to them, 
 ordering them to disperse, discharging 
 his pistol at them, and ordering his 
 soldiers to fire at the " rebels " . . . . 381 
 The miHtia dispersed, but the Hritish 
 soldiers continued to fire upon them, 
 and they returned the fire; a few 
 
 Americans were killed 381 
 
 The royal forces marched to Con- 
 cord, destroyed the stores, and spiked 
 the guns, throwing 500 pounds of balls 
 into the wells. John Butterick, Major 
 of a minute regiment, approached the 
 British with a company, when they 
 fired, kiUing Capt. Isaac Uavis. . . . 381 
 A skirmish ensued, and the British 
 began a hasty retreat toward Boston. 
 But the people, aroused by this bold 
 act of the British, had assembled in 
 arms, and pursued them, attacking 
 them from every direction 381 
 
 The British were reinforced at Lexing- 
 ton by a detachment of 900 soldiers 
 under Lord Piercy. Having two pieces 
 of cannon, the colonists were kept at 
 a greater distance, but they kept up a 
 continual, but irregular fire, which did 
 great execution 381 
 
 The British reached Bunker's Hill at 
 nightfall, and the next morning crossed 
 Charlestown Ferry and returned to 
 Boc>ton, with a loss of 93 men killed 
 
748 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 and taken prisoners, and 185 wound- 
 ed 381 
 
 1775. The colonists had 50 killed and 28 
 wounded and missing. There were 
 never more than 400 of tlie Americans 
 engaged at one time, and no discipline 
 was observed among them 381 
 
 " The Congress of Massachusetts calls upon 
 the N. E. colonies for an army of 
 30,000 men, Massachusetts pledging 
 13,000 of the number 381 
 
 " May. Gen. Gage is reinforced from 
 Great Britain by a large body of sol- 
 diers under Gens. Ilowe, Burgoyne, 
 and Clinton 3S3 
 
 " May 10. Ticondcroga and Crown Point 
 were taken by Ethan Allen, aided by 
 Col. Benedict Arnold and Col. Seth 
 Warner 388 
 
 " Col. Benedict iVrnold captured a British 
 sloop of war. and gained command of 
 Lake Champlaia 388 
 
 " June 15. George Washington was ap- 
 pointed commander-in-chief of the 
 American army 3SC 
 
 BATTLE OF BUNKEK HILL. 
 
 " .Tune 17. Battle of Runker's Hill fought. 
 The American Commanders order 1,000 
 men to intrench on Bunker's Hill the 
 night of the 16th. By mistake Breed's 
 Hill was selected, and before morning 
 a redoubt of eight rods square was 
 thrown up 383 
 
 The British began firing upon them 
 at daylight from their vessels. At 
 noon they landed a force of 3,000 
 men under Gen. Howe, and marched 
 toward Breed's Hill. They kept up a 
 constant artillery fire, under which the 
 Americans continued work on the 
 trenchments 383 
 
 The British set fire to Charlestown on 
 their way, and the citizens of Boston 
 and the surrounding country view the 
 awful scene from every pinnacle and 
 heisht, and the hill-topg are covered 
 with thousands of anxious inhabit- 
 ants 383 
 
 The American forces engaged num- 
 bered but 1,500. They reserved their 
 fire till the enemy were within a few 
 rods, when they poured such a tierce 
 and incessant volley upon them, that 
 they were forced to retreat in dis- 
 order 383 
 
 The British officers urged their sol- 
 diers at the point of the sword, and 
 as they approached the Americans 
 again reserved fire, and when near 
 sent a second volley with such terrible 
 efiect, that they again retreated. . . 383 
 
 The British made a third attack, 
 bringing theu- cannon to bear upon 
 the intrenchments. The fire from the 
 ships, batteries, and artillery were re- 
 doubled, and the intrenchments at- 
 tacked upon three sides. 
 
 The Americans, finding their powder 
 nearly expended, ordered a retreat. 
 The soldiers reluctantly obeyed, fight- 
 ing with their gunstocks until the 
 enemy had taken possession of the 
 trenches 383 
 
 The Britisli attempted to flank them, 
 but were met with so much resistance 
 that they desisted, and the Americans 
 retreated to Prospect Hill, and pro- 
 ceeded to fortify themselves. 
 
 '1 he British retired to Bunker's Hill 
 and prepared for defense. Their loss 
 in this battle amounted to 1,054, among 
 
 whom were 19 commiK.sioned officers, 
 and 70 more wounded. 
 
 The loss on ihe American side was 
 ino killed, among them the brave Gen. 
 Warren. The wounded and missing 
 numbered 314. Tlic Americans lost 
 five pieces of cannon. 
 1775. July 1-2. Gen. AVashington took com- 
 mand of the American Army at Cam- 
 bridge. The combined forces num- 
 bered but 14,000 men, unacquainted 
 with military disoipbne, and destitute 
 of everything which renders an army 
 formidable 383 
 
 GEX. MONTGOMERY. 
 Gen. Montgomery, with a command of 
 1,000 nien, attacks St. Johns, Canada, 
 c.-jpturing the town and a large num- 
 ber of cannon, field pieces, and small 
 arms, taking (iOO prisoners 388 
 
 At the same time Col. Ethan Allen 
 was taken prisoner near Montreal. He 
 was loaded with irons, and sent in that 
 condition to England :;s8 
 
 Montgomery matclii-l i-;m i .(,,Im:s 
 to Montreal. The ];,. . - ; 1 ,:i his 
 approach, but they \\<iv \:,\. r |„i ,„,- 
 ers, with Gen. Prcscort, tiieir com- 
 mander. Elfven vessels laden with 
 provisions, ammunition, and intrer>ch 
 ing tools were abo captured, together 
 with large supplies of clothing 389 
 
 Col. Benedict Arnold, wi'th 1,000 
 men, succeeded in reaching Quebec by 
 traversing the wilderness of Northern 
 Maine and Canada, and sailing down 
 the St. Lawrence 390 
 
 He was reinforced by Montgomery, 
 and they began a bombardment of the 
 town. But their forces were too small, 
 and the enemy were strongly forti- 
 fied 391 
 
 Gen. Jlontgomery was killed in the sec- 
 ond attack, and Col. Arnold wounded 
 and borne ofl' the field. After a des- 
 perate resistance his detachment sur- 
 rendered 30 1 
 
 IIENKT MIDDLETON. 
 Henry Middleton temporarily succeeded 
 Peyton Randolph as President of the 
 Continental Congress. He was son of 
 the first royal Governor of South Caro- 
 lina, and father of Arthur Middleton, 
 one of the signers of the Declaration 
 of Independence. He was a man of 
 great wealth, but did not engjge much 
 in public afl'airs. He remained a mem- 
 ber of Congress until 1776, when he 
 retired from public life. 
 
 JOHN n.\XCOCK. 
 May. John Hancock succeeded Peyton 
 Randolph as President of Congress. 
 He was the son of a Massachusetts 
 clergyman, and was born in tliat prov- 
 ince in 1737. He was educated at 
 Harvard College, trained to mercantile 
 business, and became a leading mer- 
 chant of Boston. He was chosen to 
 the seat of a representative in the As- 
 sembly of Massachusetts in 176G, and 
 became one of the popular loaders at 
 the bc-lMi;l:M: ..: lii ■ i;- v.^lniinn. IL.. 
 
 was a (li I'. ! , li. ' i I : .. li llirli!;d 
 
 Congrr I , ■, I - , rn.l.rr ,,f 
 
 that li.Hi, :i ,:| ■:,>, .,-.r, 1 : ; ;, Nvli.n 
 ill health coiiip-lled him to leave it. 
 He was President of Congress from 
 May, 1775, until that time, and, as such, 
 
 was the first to sign the Declaration of 
 Independence. He was the first Gov- 
 ernor of Massachusetts, when it be- 
 came a State. Jlr. Hancock died on 
 the 8th of October, 1793. 
 i. A navy of 13 vessels ordered by Con- 
 gress. 
 
 Congress ordered the issuing of $5,000,- 
 000, paper money. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin appointed first Post- 
 master-General. 
 1. Jan. 1. Lord Dunmorc burns Norfolk, 
 
 Va 3()4 
 
 Col. St. Chiir marched, with a regi- 
 ment of soldiers, from Pennsylvania to 
 Canada during the extreme cold of a 
 northern winter 391 
 
 Marc'i. Silas Deane, of Conn., sent to 
 France as Ambassador, and obtained 
 arms,_ money, and cordial sympathy 
 for hia country 437 
 
 March 4. Washington fortifies and takes 
 possession of Dorchester Heights. 
 
 March 17. The British evacuated Bos- 
 ton with 7,000 men, leaving their 
 barracks standing, and stores to the 
 amount of £30,000. They shortly 
 sailed for H.alifax, leaving several 
 ships behind laden with arms and 
 camp stores, which the Americans 
 captured and appropriated 30i; 
 
 April. Washington removed his army to 
 New York 308 
 
 June. The Americans retreat from Que- 
 bec. They make a stand at Three 
 Liveis, and attack the jjlace, and are 
 defeated 393 
 
 June 7. Richard Henry Lee made the 
 first motion in Congress for declaring 
 the colonies free 4(17 
 
 June 38. The British were defeated at 
 Charleston, S. C, and their fleet <le- 
 stroyed 393 
 
 July 1. The British vessels under Gen. 
 Howe return from Halifax and anchor 
 off Sandy Hook. They are reinforced 
 by ships from Great Britiiin 398 
 
 INDEPENDENCE DECLARED. 
 
 July 4. The Amorican colonies openly 
 declare' thrir ill. 1. p. aolrnr,. and freedom 
 
 from Biiii,li SMVorri.^^niv 407 
 
 Eleven of the Ihirtri n States estab- 
 lish a second branch of Legislature, 
 
 calling it a Senate 409 
 
 The States unitedly agree in appoint- 
 ing for each a Governor, or head of 
 each State 409 
 
 The States agreed in deriving their powers 
 of government from the people ; and 
 in no case was the smallest title or 
 power to be exercised from hereditary 
 right 409 
 
 All hereditary privileges and religious 
 establishments were declared abolished, 
 thereby destroying the alliance be- 
 tween Church and State, and leveling 
 all social distinctions 409 
 
 BATTLE OF LOXO ISLAND. 
 
 Aug. 27. The battle of Long Island was 
 
 fought 4t)9 
 
 The British forces were commanded 
 by Gen. Clinton, assisted by Gens. 
 Grant and De Heister, the latter com- 
 manding a regiment of Hessians. . 400 
 
 Gen. Washington, aided by Gen. Sullivan 
 and Lord Sterling, had com lu.nd of 
 the American troops. The first attack 
 was made very early in the morning 
 by the Hessians. 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 749 
 
 1776. The action was nvell-supported on 
 both sides for several liours, but the 
 superior numbers and discipline of the 
 English, together with a large force 
 which cut off the rear of the Americans, 
 intercepted a retreat 401 
 
 The Americans fled precipitately, 
 and many of tliem were lost in the 
 marshes. Their total loss amounted to 
 over 1,000 men, including the wounded 
 and prisoners ; among the latter were 
 83 officers, including Gen. Sullivan and 
 Lord Sterling 401 
 
 Gen. Washington called a council of 
 war, and it was determined to remove 
 the army, the greater part of which he 
 had phiced upon Long Island, to the 
 city of New York. 
 
 The wind being favorable, and a 
 dense fog coming on, the troops were 
 all removed during the nii;ht, before 
 the enemy were auare of the move 
 ment 401 
 
 UNSUCCESSFUL MISSION. 
 
 1776. Lord Howe sends General Su'livan on 
 parole with a message to Congress, 
 requesting an interview with a com- 
 mittee of their members as "private 
 citizens," he not having authority to 
 recognize the American Congress, but 
 declared that he was, with his brother, 
 Gen. Howe, empowered to compromise 
 
 the dispute between them 401 
 
 Congress declined to send a commit- 
 tee in a private capacity, but delegated 
 Dr. Franklin, John Adams, and Ed- 
 ward Rutledge, to confer with Lord 
 
 Howe in an official capacity 401 
 
 They were received with great polite- 
 ness, but Lord Howe failed to satisfy 
 them that his authority extended 
 farther than the power to " grant 
 p.ardons" upon submission to English 
 rule. B;it the colonies were not suing 
 for pardon, nor were they willing to 
 relinquish tlicir independence. . . . 401 
 The British, preparatory to an attack 
 on New York, landed their forces un- 
 der cover of their ships of war. The 
 American troops stationed near their 
 landing became demorahzed, and re- 
 treat in confusion 403 
 
 A skirmish between the Highlanders 
 under Brigadier Leslie, and a detach- 
 ment of American soldiers under Col. 
 Knowlton and Maj. Leitch, occurred 
 the next day, in which the most of the 
 men who had disgraced themselves 
 were engaged, and through their 
 bravery the enemy were reiJulsed, and 
 a complete victory gained 402 
 
 " Sept. 15. The Americans evacuated the 
 city of New York and retired to the 
 north end of the island 403 
 
 « Sept. 16. Battle of Harlem Plains, N. Y. 
 The British take immediate posses- 
 sion of the city, and a few days after a 
 disastrous fire consumed near 1,000 
 houses 403 
 
 " Oct. 38. The battle of White Plains was 
 fought. 
 
 " Nov. 10, 18. Ft^rt" Washington and Lee 
 taken by the British. The garrison at 
 Fort Lee was saved by evacuation, 
 leaving their artillery and stores be- 
 hind ; but at Fort Washington they 
 surrendered with 3,700 men. The 
 British lo-s amounted to 1,200. . . 402 
 
 " Nov. and Dec. Gen. Washington and 
 the American forces retreated through 
 
 New Jersey, closely pursued by Gen, 
 Cornwallis 402 
 
 Dec. 26. Battle of Trenton, N. J. . . . 405 
 The soldiers, becoming disheartened, 
 clamored for a discharge, and those 
 whose time had expired abandoned 
 the army. Some of the leading men of 
 New .lersey and Pennsylvania ally 
 themselves to the British cause. 
 
 Dec. Gen. Lee was taken prisoner nt 
 Baskenbridge by Col. Harcourt . . . 403 
 Congress convened in Baltimore, and 
 resolved upon prosecuting the war, re- 
 doubling their energies. Volunteers 
 began to flock to the army from all 
 departments of life 40:i 
 
 Jesuits expelled from Paraguay, and com- 
 pelled to leave their fine residences 
 and splendid clmrches. 
 
 Vice-royalty of Buenos Ayres created. 
 
 During this year Great Britain established 
 the infamous prison-ship system. . 484 
 
 Inhuman treatment of American prison- 
 ets by the British, both in England and 
 America 484 
 
 Great Britain attempts to create discord 
 among the colonies. 
 
 Wool-carding machinery first made by 
 Oliver Evans, of Boston. 
 
 Jan. Washington encamps at Morris- 
 town 411 
 
 Jan. 3. Battle of Princeton. 
 
 March 15. Vermont organized as a State. 
 
 March 33. Destruction of stores at 
 Peekskill. 
 
 Apr. 26. Tryon destroys Danbury, Conn. 
 A large amount of military stores were 
 lost to the Americans 411 
 
 May 23. Meig's expedition against Sag 
 Harbor, Long Island. 
 
 June. Burgoyne invades New York. 
 " Burgoyne holds a council with 
 the Indians. 
 
 July 6. Evacuation of Ticonderoga by 
 Gen. St. Clair 427 
 
 Julv 7. Battle of Hubbardton ; White 
 Hall taken. 
 
 July 8. Battle of Fort Anne. 
 
 ARRIVAL OF LAFAYETTE. 
 
 July 31. Lafayette arrived from France 
 with troops and supplies, and offered 
 his services to the colonies 414 
 
 July 10. Capture of General Prescott by 
 the Americans. 
 
 Aug. 16. Batt'e of Bennington fought by 
 Gen. Starke 429 
 
 Sept. 11. Battle of Brandywine under 
 Gen. Washington. Gens. Lafayette and 
 Woodford were wounded 413 
 
 Sept. 19. Battle of Stillwater 430 
 
 " 36. British troops under Sir Wm. 
 Howe enter Philadelphia 427 
 
 Oct. 6. Capture of Forts Clinton and 
 Jlontgomery on the Hudson. 
 
 Oct. 14. Battle of Germantown 424 
 
 " 7. Battle of Saratoga 4 3 
 
 " 17. Surrender of Burgoyne to Maj. - 
 Gen. Gates at Saratoga 433 
 
 HENET LAURENS. 
 Nov. Henry Latirens succeeded Han- 
 cock as President of the C(mtinental 
 Congress. He was a delegate from 
 S(mth Carolina; was an active patriot, 
 nnd had been prominent in public 
 affairs in his province and State for 
 some time. He occupied the Presiden- 
 tial chair for little more than a year. 
 In 17!S0 he was sent to negotiate a 
 treaty with Holland. He was captured 
 
 on the sea, taken to England, and im- 
 prisoned until the close of 1781. He 
 was one of the signers of the prelimi- 
 naries of peace in 1783. Mr. Laurens 
 died .at Charleston, S. C, on the 8th of 
 December, 1793, at the age of 69 year^. 
 
 Nov. 15. Articles of Confederation 
 adopted by Congress and ratified by 
 all the States. 
 
 Nov. 10, 18. British capture Forts Mifflin 
 and Mercer on the Delaware. 
 
 SinPFEEING AT VALLEY FOEGE. 
 
 Dec. 8. Washington and his army en- 
 camped on the Valley Forge. Desti- 
 tute of sufficient clothing and food, the 
 army suffered incredible hardships in 
 the midst of a rigorous winter. . . . 426 
 
 JOHN JAY. 
 
 John Jay succeeded Mr. Laurens as Presi- 
 dent of Congress. At that time he was 
 Chief Justice of the State of New York, 
 which was his native State. He was 
 born in Dec, 1745, educated at King's 
 (now Columbia) College, and at an 
 early age became distinguished as a 
 lawyer. He was a member of the First 
 Continental Congress, and was author 
 of one of the able State papers put forth 
 by that body. In succeeding Con- 
 gresses, his pen was ever busy. He 
 was sent as Minister to Spain in 1779, 
 and was one of the commissioners for 
 negotiating peace with Great Britain. 
 In 1784 he was appointed Secretary of 
 State for Foreign Affairs, and three 
 years later, assisted in the formation of 
 the National Constituti(m. Washing- 
 ton appointed him Chief Justice of the 
 United States. He became Governor 
 of New York after returning from an 
 embassy to England in 1795. He with- 
 drew from public life in 1801, and 
 died in May, 1829, at the age of 84 
 years. 
 
 Jan. 5. Capt. Cook explored the coast 
 of Alaska. 
 
 A YANKEE DEVICE. 
 
 " Battle of the Kegs."' A contrivance of 
 the Americans to destroy the British 
 fleet. It was composed of a large 
 number of little machines resembling 
 kegs, containing explosive materials 
 which they thought Would set the Brit- 
 ish shipiMng on fire. The British were 
 very much astonished at their appear- 
 ance, and called out their forces to 
 meet their new and mysterious enemy. 
 It resulted in little harm to the fleet, 
 but much consternation to the British, 
 which caused great meiTiment to the 
 Americans. 
 
 Bills were passed by the British Parlia- 
 ment granting all "that the colonies had 
 asked, but Coagress rejected their 
 offers. 
 
 Franklin, Dean, and Lee, sent as Com- 
 missioners to the Court of France. 435 
 
 The British loss, up to this date, amount- 
 ed to 20,000 men and 550 vessels. 
 
 Treaty of commerce and alliance with 
 France 434 
 
 Feb. 6. France acknowledges the inde- 
 pendence of the United States 484 
 
 W.iich. Lord Norths conciliatory bill 
 passed by Parliament. 
 
 March 1. $1 in specie exchanged for 
 
750 
 
 CERONOLOGY. 
 
 $1.75 in paper money ; Sept. 1, for $t; 
 177i), March 1, or$10; Sept. 1, for $18 ; 
 17«0, March IS, for $40; Dec. 1, for 
 §100 ; and 1781, May 1, for from $300 
 to $500. 
 
 1778. March 7. Death of Nicholas Biddlc— 
 
 killed ill naval action — Biograpliy on 
 page 4-l'l. 
 
 A KIDICULOnS AFFAIIJ. 
 
 " May 7. "The Mischianza," a magnifi- 
 cent fete, given in PliiladelpUia by the 
 Britisli field officers and the Tories, in 
 honor of Lord Howe, upon bis depart- 
 ure for England. It was a very extrav- 
 agant, and, considering the circum- 
 stance of war and its terrible concoaii- 
 tants, with the American army sutfi-ring 
 every hardsbip possible, a very ridicu- 
 lous affair, and which Ijrought great 
 and lasting repioach upon the Ameri- 
 cans who participated. 
 
 " June 18. British evacuated Philadel- 
 phia 441 
 
 " June 28. Battle of MonmouUi 440 
 
 " July 3, 4. Massacre at Wyoming. Over 
 1,000 Indians and Tories fell upon the 
 inhabitants, and cruelly put to death 
 the greater part of them, destroying 
 everything in their savage fury. . . 455 
 
 " July 11. Arrival of a French fleet under 
 Coimt D'Estaiug 441 
 
 '' Aug. 30. General Sullivan retreats from 
 Rhode Island 443 
 
 " Nov. 10. Massacre at Cherry Valley, 
 N. Y., by the Indians 456 
 
 " Dec. 39. Savannah taken by the 
 British 451 
 
 1779. Jan. 9. Capture of Sunbury, Ga., by the 
 
 British. 
 " Fcl). 14. Battle of Kettle Creek, Ga. 
 
 Mar. 3. Battle of Briar Creek, Ga. . 451 
 " Mar. 3. Norfolk taken by the British. 447 
 " May 81. Capture of Stony Point, N. Y., 
 
 by the British. 
 " June 1. Capture of Verplanck's Point, 
 
 N. Y., by the British. 
 " June 10. War between England and 
 
 Spain. 
 
 " June 30. Battle of Stono Ferry 451 
 
 " July 5, 7, 8. Fairfield and Norwalk, 
 
 Conn., burned by the British 411 
 
 " July 5-12. Tryon's raid into Connecticut. 
 " July 16. Storming of Stony Point by 
 
 Americans under Gen. Wayne. . . . 449 
 " July It}, llecaptiire of Stony Point by 
 
 the Americans. 
 " July and August. Sullivan's expedition 
 
 against the Indians on the Susquehan- 
 na 459 
 
 " Aug. 13. Castine, Me., captured by the 
 
 British. 
 " Aug. 19. Capture of British garrison 
 
 at Paulus' Hook, N. J. 
 " Aug. and Sept. Sullivan's chastisement 
 
 of the Indians in Western N. Y. 
 " Sept. Siege of Savannah, Ga., by the 
 
 Americans and French. 
 
 JOXES' NATAL VICTORY. 
 " Sept. 3. Paul Jones' great naval victory 
 oflf_ the coast of Yorkshire, England. 
 This was the first American naval vic- 
 tory, and was the most sanguinary 
 battle ever fought between two ships. 
 Paul Jones was commander of a squad- 
 ron of 5 ships. The Bon Homme 
 Itichard, his own ship — an old and 
 clumsy vessel of 42 guns — engaged a 
 British man-of-war, the Serapis, a 
 ijew ship of 50 guns, commanded by 
 
 Commodore Richard Pearson, and 
 manned by .'120 picked men. A des- 
 perate fight ensued. The S'lapis 
 swung around, by the force of the 
 wind, square alongside of the Boii 
 Homme Richard, and their yards being 
 entangled, Jones lashed the two ships 
 together. Then began the most fear- 
 ful encounter recorded in naval his- 
 tory. The cannon of each ship touch- 
 ing, and amid their incessant war and 
 crashing of falling masts, both vessels 
 took fire. At this terrible crisis, the 
 Captain of the Alliance, one of Junes' 
 squadron, began firing broadsides 
 into the stern of the Bo7i Homme 
 Richard, causing her to leak at a fear- 
 ful rate. This dastardly and traitorous 
 act was caused by personal hatred to- 
 ward his superior commander. The 
 fire increasing in the ship, Jones' oflB- 
 cers persuaded him to strike his colors, 
 but he refused to yield, and soon the 
 Beniyis surrendered. 
 
 SAMUEL HUNTrnGTON. 
 
 Sept. 28. Samuel Huntington succeeded 
 Mr. Jay, as President of Congress. Me 
 was born in Connecticut, in 17:52. He 
 was a lawyer by profession, and repre- 
 sented his district in the Colonial 
 Legislature in 1704, and became the 
 King's attorney the following year. 
 He was chosen a delegate of the Sec- 
 ond Continental Congress in 1775, and 
 remained a member of that body until 
 1781. In 1784 he was appointed Chief 
 Justice of Connecticut, and two years 
 later was elected Governor of that 
 State. He continued in that oflice 
 until his death, in Jan., 1790, when he 
 was 63 years of age. 
 
 Oct. 9. Siege of Savannah abandon- 
 ed 451 
 
 Dec. Coal first used in America by some 
 Pennsylvania blacksmiths. 
 
 General war upon the Indians prosecuted 
 under Gens. Sullivan and Clinton, and 
 Cols. Butler, Clark, and Van Shaick. 450 
 
 Death of Patrick Henry, aged 03. 
 
 THOMAS MCKEAN. 
 
 Thomas McKean represented the little 
 State of Delaware in the first Conti- 
 nental Congress, and became President 
 of its successor on the retirement of 
 Mr. Huntington. He was born in 
 March, 1734, and was educated for the 
 practice of the law. He represented 
 the New Castle district in the Legis- 
 lature of Delaware, in 1702, and in 
 1765 he was a delegate in the Stamp 
 Act Congress in New York. He en- 
 tered the Continental Congress as 
 delegate in 1774, and served in that 
 capacity until 1783, holding much of 
 that time the office of Chief Justice 
 of Delaware. He was elected Governor 
 of Delaware in 1799, and held that 
 office until 1808, when he retired from 
 public life. 
 Feb. 0. Congress calls for 35,000 men. 404 
 April 14. Battle of Monk's Corner. . 458 
 May 6. Battle on Santee River. 
 April-May. Charleston, S. C, besieged 
 
 by the British. 
 May 13. Surrender of Gen. Lincoln and 
 American army at Charleston, S. C, to 
 Gen. Clinton 458 
 
 NOTABLE DAEK DAY. 
 
 May 19. Notable dark day in New En- 
 gland. A dense and mysterious dark- 
 ness covered the land, continuing from 
 twelve to fifteen hours, filling all 
 hearts with wonder, and multitudes 
 with fear and consternation, — the 
 superstitious regarding it as the "day 
 of doom," and the learned and scien- 
 tific wholly unprepared to account for 
 the wonderful phenomenon. The dark- 
 ness at midday was so dense that 
 people were unable to read common 
 ])rint, or determine the time of day by 
 clocks or watches, and at night, al- 
 though at the full of the moon, the 
 darkness was so impenetrably thick 
 that traveling was impracticable with- 
 out lights, and a sheet of white paper 
 was equally invisible with the black- 
 est velvet. The atmosphere seemed 
 charged with a thick, oily, sulphurous 
 vapor, and streams of water were 
 covered with a thick scum, and paper 
 dipped in it, and dried, appeared of 
 a dark color, and felt as if it had been 
 rubbed with oil. 
 
 June 23. Battle at Springfield, N. J. 
 
 July 12. Arrival at Rhode Island of the 
 French fleet and army, under Admiral 
 de Ternay and Coijnt de Rocham- 
 beau 465 
 
 July 30. Battle at Rocky Mount, S. C. 
 
 Aug. 0. Battle at Hanging Rock, S. C. 
 
 Aug. 16. Battle of Sanders' Creek, near 
 Camden. Gates defeated 400 
 
 Aug. 18. Defeat of Sumpter at Fishing 
 Creek. 
 
 TEEASON OF AENOLD. 
 
 Sejjt. 23. Treason of Benedict Arnoldi 
 and arrest of Maj. Andre. 
 
 Maj.-<!i iicral Hi'iiedict Arnold was 
 an ofllcir ..fhiu'li r.iiik, and had been 
 greatly ailniirod \\>r his bravery and 
 uncomplaining fortitude and endur- 
 ance during the first years of the war. 
 He had been promoted from the office 
 of Captain to that otMaj.-General, but, 
 being of a proud and haughty nature, 
 and exceedingly ambitious, his envy at 
 seeing others rank above him, laid the 
 foundation of his treachery and treason, 
 which finally culminated in the betrayal 
 of his country to its enemies. He had 
 been stationed in Philadelphia while 
 unfitted for service from wounds re- 
 ceived in a battle near Stillwater, and 
 while there his reckless extravagance 
 caused his censure by Congress, and 
 a trial by court-martial and reprimand 
 from the Commander-in-chief of the 
 army, which was approved by Congress. 
 This disgrace was more than his proud, 
 imperative nature could brook, and he 
 immediately began plotting to betray 
 his country. His correspondence with 
 the British commander. Sir Henry 
 Clinton, was conducted through Maj. 
 Andre, an officer, of great distinction 
 and merit, in the British army. He 
 was captured upon his return from an 
 interview with Arnold, within the 
 American lines, by three privates, who 
 searched his person and discovered the 
 treasonable documents in his boots. 
 Arnold learned of the capture of Andr6, 
 and succeeded in making his escape 
 but a short time before the arrival of 
 Gen. Washington, who had appointed 
 to breakfast with him. 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 751 
 
 1782. 
 
 iijVnging of major andee. 
 
 Oct. 2. MaJ. Andre was hung after a 
 trial by court-martial, upou the un 
 questioned evidence of his guilt. Great 
 sympathy was manifested by both 
 friends and enemies for Maj. Andro, 
 but the inexorable demands and usage 
 of war, and the safety of the country, 
 necessitated his execution as a spy. 
 
 For full biography of 3Iaj. AndrC, 
 see page 465. 
 
 Oit. 7. Battle of King's Mountain.. 403 
 
 Nov. 20. Battle of Blackstock 402 
 
 Dec. 3. Greene takes command of the 
 Southern army 473 
 
 Dec. 30. War between England and 
 Holland 469 
 
 Dec. 80. National Thanksgiving.. . 4S3 
 
 Jan. 1. Revolt of Pennsylvania troops 
 at Morristown 470 
 
 Bank of North America established at 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Expedition of the British into Virginia 
 under Benedict Arnold 473 
 
 Ja.i. 17. Battle of the Cowpens 478 
 
 " 10. Cornwallis joined by Leslie at 
 Charleston 474 
 
 reb. 3. Battle of McGowan's Ford . 474 
 '■ 16. Battle of Guilford's Court- 
 house 473 
 
 Jan. aod Feb. Remarkable retreat of 
 (ieu. Greene through South Caro- 
 lina 474 
 
 Aj)ril 33. Surrender of Fort Watson to 
 Gens. Marion and Lee 470 
 
 April 3.5. Battle of Ilobkirk's Hill. 476 
 
 May 9. Surrender of Pensacola. 
 
 " 10. Camden evacuated 476 
 
 " 13. Fort Schuyler (Utica) destroyed 
 by lire. 
 
 May 13. Fort Mott taken 47G 
 
 '• 15. Bri.ish abandon Nelion's Fer- 
 ry 477 
 
 Juue 6. Augusta, Ga , capitulates. . 477 
 " lS-19. Siege of Ninety-Six, S.C. 
 
 July 6. Battle of Green Spring. 
 
 Aug. 3. Arrival of the French fleet under 
 De Grasse 470 
 
 Aug. 14. American and French allied 
 army march from the Hudson, near 
 New York, to Virginia. Cornwallis 
 hemmed in at Yorktown 481 
 
 Sept. 6. Burning of New London by 
 I3enedict Arnold 482 
 
 Massacre at Fort Griswold, Conn. 
 
 Sept. 8. Batdc of Eutaw Springs; a 
 splendid victory under Gen. Greene. 477 
 
 Oct. 6. Bombardment of Yorktown. 481 
 " 19. Surrender of Corn walHs at Y'ork- 
 town. Gen. Lincoln appointed by 
 \Vashingt(m to receive his sword. 481 
 
 Oct. 24. Indian battle at Johnstown. 
 
 National thanksgiving proclaimed. 
 
 JOHN HANSON. 
 
 Nov. 5. John Hanson was chosen suc- 
 cessor to Mr. McKean. This gentle- 
 man does not appear conspicuously in 
 public records until his election to 
 Congress in 1781, as a representative 
 of Maryland. He entered tliat body in 
 the summer, and became an active and 
 able member. He held that othcc 
 precisely one year, when he left Con- 
 gress. Mr. Hanson died in Prince 
 George's County, Md., in Nov., 1783. 
 
 Watts invented the rotative engine. 
 
 FIRST STEAJIBOAT. 
 
 First boat propelled by steam was placed 
 upon the Potomac River, by James 
 
 Rumsey, a Bohemian, which was seen 
 and certified to by Wiishington. 
 
 32. Pel). 6. Resolutions passed in the House 
 of Commons in favor of peace. 
 
 • April 17. Holland acknowledges the in- 
 dejjendence of the United States, 
 and a treaty of amity and commerce 
 secured through negotiations of John 
 Adams 488 
 
 LAST BATTLE OF THE EEVOLrxiON. 
 
 1783. Juno 24. Last battle of the Revolution- 
 ary War — a skirmish near Savannah, 
 and some slight skirmishes in South 
 Carolina, in one of which the gallant 
 young Col. John Laurens lost his 
 life. 
 
 " July 11. Savannah, Ga., evacuated by 
 the British. 
 
 " Aug. War closed between the United 
 M.ates and Great I^iritain. 
 
 " Nov. 30. Prelin'inaries of peace between 
 the United States and Great Britain 
 signed at Piu-is 489 
 
 ELIAS BOCDINOT. 
 
 '' Nov. 4. Elias Boudinot succeeded Mr. 
 Hanson as President of Congress. He 
 was a descendant of the Huguenots, 
 anil a native of New Jersey, and was a 
 lawyer by profession. He took an 
 active part as a patriot in the Revolu- 
 tion. 
 
 In 1777, the Congress appointed him 
 coumiissary-general of prisoners, and 
 he was elected to a seat in that body 
 the same year, where he remained until 
 1783. He was for six years [1789-1795] 
 a representative of New Jersey in the 
 Congress of the United States, and was 
 a])poinleil Chief Director of the Mint in 
 1790. He was one of the founders of 
 the American Bible Society in 1816, 
 and was ever usefully employed. Mr. 
 Boudinot died in Oct., Is21, aged 81 
 years. 
 
 " Dec. 14. Charleston, S. C, evacuated by 
 the British. 
 
 LOBS DtJKING THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 1783. Seventy thousand men estimated to have 
 been lost diu'ing the Revolutionary 
 War. 
 
 " Oliver Evans introduced first improved 
 grain mill. 
 
 " Fur-trading established in Alaska. 
 
 " Jan. 30. Preliminary treaties between 
 France, Spain, and Great Britain, 
 signed at Versailles. 
 
 " Feb. 5. Independence of United States 
 acknowledged by Sweden. 
 
 " Feb. 35. Independence of United States 
 recognized by Denmark. 
 
 " March 24. Independence of United 
 States acknowledged by Spain. 
 
 " April 11. Peace iiroclaimed by Congress. 
 
 " " 19. Peace announced by Washing- 
 ton to the army 494 
 
 " July. Independence of United States 
 r(!Coguized by Russia. 
 
 " Sept. 3. Defensive treaties of peace be- 
 tween EngUuul and the United States, 
 France, Spain, and Holland. 
 
 " Oct. 18. Proclamation for disbanding 
 the army. 
 
 " Nov. 2. Washington's farewell orders. 494 
 
 THOMAS MIFFLIN. 
 
 " Nov. 3. Thomas Mifflin succeeded Mr. 
 Boudinot. He was a native of Pennsyl- 
 
 vania, where he was born, of Quaker 
 parents, in 1714. He was an active 
 patriot, and entered the Continental 
 army at the close of the First Congress, 
 of which he was a member. He arose 
 to the rank of General, and served his 
 country well during the war. As the 
 President of Congress, he received 
 Washington's commission, when he re- 
 signed it, in Dec, 1783. Gen. Mifflin 
 assisted in the construction of the 
 National Constitution. In 1790 he was 
 chosen Governor of Pennsylvania, and 
 held the oliice nine years. He died in 
 January, 1800, at the age of 56 years. 
 
 Nov. 25. New Y'ork evacuated by the 
 British 494 
 
 Dec. 33. Washington resigns his com- 
 mission 495 
 
 Great distress prevailed in the United 
 States owing to scarcity of money. 
 
 Treaty of peace with the Six Nations at 
 Fort Schuyler. 
 
 First agricultural society in the United 
 States at Philadelphia. 
 
 Methodist Church organized by Bishop 
 Coke. 
 
 Feb. First voyage made from China to 
 New Y'ork. 
 
 RICHARD HENRY LEE. 
 
 Nov. 30. Richard Henry Lee was chosen 
 President of Congress, as successor to 
 tien. Mifflin. He first appeared con- 
 spicuously in public hfe during the 
 Stamp Act excitement. In the First 
 Continental Congress he was an active 
 member; and, in 1776, he submitted 
 the immortal resolulicra which declared 
 the colonies to be "free and independ- 
 ent States." He withdrew from Con- 
 gress in 1778, but was re-elected in 
 1784. He was the first representative 
 of Virginia in the Senate of the United 
 States under the National Constitution. 
 He died in June, 1794, at the age of 03 
 years. 
 
 Commercial treaties between United 
 States and Prussia, Denmark, and 
 Portugal. 
 
 Thomas JeflFerson sent as Minister to 
 France. 
 
 John Adams Minister to London. He 
 was the first ambassador from the 
 United States to Great Britain. 
 
 Copper cents first issued from a mint at 
 Rupert, Vt. 
 
 Financial embarrassment threatens the 
 peace of the country. 
 
 Death of Gen. Greene. For ftill biogra- 
 phy see page 472. 
 
 First cotton mill in the United States 
 built at Beverly, Mass. 
 
 NATHANIEL GORHAM. 
 
 June G. Nathaniel Gorham succeeded 
 Mr. Lee. He was born in Massachusetts 
 in 1738, and was often a memlicr of the 
 Legislature of that Commonwealth. 
 During the Revolution he was an 
 active, though not very prominent, 
 ])atriot. He was elected to Congress 
 in 1784 ; and, after he left that body, 
 became a Judge, and was a delegate in 
 the convention that framed the National 
 Constitution. He died in June, 1796, 
 at the age of 58 years. 
 
 BHAy's REBELLION. 
 
 Dec. Shay's rebellion in Massachusetts. 
 
 After the war there occurred a scries 
 
752 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1786. of outbreaks against tbe Government, 
 which were caused by the impoverished 
 condition of the country, and the feel- 
 ing of discontent and dissatisfaction 
 of the soldiers, who as yet had received 
 iittle toward satisfying their claims, 
 and also, as a consequent result of war, 
 by a demoralizing influence which was 
 ready to be kindled into a finme by 
 every appeal to jjassion or selfishness. 
 
 A rebellion was organized under 
 the command of Daniel Shay, Luke 
 Day, and Eli Parsons, which attempted 
 the overthrow of law and order, and 
 the establishment of mob force. They 
 proceeded to march upon Springfield, 
 and prevent the sitting of court, and, 
 if possible, seize the arsenal. But 
 Governor Bowdoin summoned the 
 militia, numbering over four thousaud, 
 imder command of Gen. Lincoln, and 
 by prompt and decisive measures it 
 was quickly suppressed. 
 
 AETHt7R ST. CLAIR. 
 
 1787. Feb. 33. Arthur St. Clair was chosen 
 
 President of Congress as successor of 
 Mr. Gorham. This soldier of the Revo- 
 lution was born in Edinburg, Scotland, 
 in 1734, came to America with Admiral 
 Boscawen, in 1755. He served under 
 Wolfe in Canada, and after the peace 
 of 1763, was appointed to the command 
 of a flirt in Pennsylvania. lie entered 
 the Continental army as Colonel in 1776, 
 and in August of that year he was ap- 
 pointed a Brigadier-General. He was a 
 faithful officer, with the rank of Major- 
 General throughout the war. He was 
 elected to represent a district of Penn- 
 sylvania, in Congress, in 1786. In 1788 
 he was appointed Governor of the 
 Northwestern Territory, and held the 
 office till 1802. He died in August, 
 1818, at the age of 84 years. 
 
 " May to Sept. Convention held in Phila- 
 delphia of the States to form a Federal 
 Constitution 446 
 
 " Organization of the Northwestern Terri- 
 tory. 
 
 " Sept. 28. The Constitution as it now 
 stands, minus the amendments since 
 added, was laid before the Continental 
 Congress, which sent it to the several 
 States for approval. 
 
 CYEU8 ePvIFFlN. 
 
 1788. Cyrus Griffin was chosen President, and, 
 
 under the provisions of the National 
 Constitution, he was appointed a Judge 
 of the U. S. District Court in Virginia. 
 He was the last of the Presidents of 
 the Continental Congress. He was a 
 native of England, but, for many years 
 previous to the Revolution, a resident 
 of Virginia. He was a firm patriot 
 during that struggle. In 1778 he was 
 elected a delegate to the Continental 
 Congre=s ; and nine years afterward, 
 he was again honored with a seat in 
 that body. Mr. Griffin died at York- 
 town, Va., in December, 1810, at the 
 age of 62 years. The Continental Con- 
 gress ceased to exist in the spring of 
 1789, when the National Government, 
 under the new Constitution, com- 
 menced its career. 
 " First raining done in the lead mines of 
 Iowa, by Julius Dubnque, on the site 
 of the present city of that name. 
 
 INVENTION OF mON BRIDGES. 
 
 i. Iron bridges invented by Thom.as Paine, 
 the author of " Coniniou Sense" and 
 " Age of Reason." lie ni:iili' :i model 
 for an in ra Iiriilu<- In lir Imili ,,.rrtlie 
 Schuylkill, wilh u >\u-ir au h nf ir.m 
 of 400 feet span. 'J'lie idea w us sug- 
 gested to his mind by observing the 
 construction of a spider's web. 
 
 FIRST CONSTITUTIONAL CONGRESS. 
 I. Mar. 4. First Congress under the Na- 
 tional Constitution assembled at New 
 York. 
 Mackenzie, in the employment of the 
 Northwestern Pur C^ompany, made 
 an overland journey to the great polar 
 river pamed fur hira, which empties 
 into the J^rctic Sea. 
 Aug. 23. John Fitch exhibited a loat 
 on the SchuylMll, at Philadelphia, pro- 
 pelled hy steam, and afterward a Stock 
 Company was formed, which built a 
 steam packet that ran till the company 
 failed in 1790. 
 
 THE ORIGINAL THIRTEEN STATES. 
 When the National Government was es- 
 tablished, the number of the States 
 were thirteen, viz.: New Hampshire, 
 Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connec- 
 ticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl- 
 vania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, 
 North Carolina, South Carolina, and 
 Georgia. 
 Congress passed first tariff bill. The de- 
 l^artments of State, War, and Treasury 
 created. 
 
 THE FIRST PRESIDENT. 
 
 " Apr. 30. Inauguration of Geo. Washing- 
 ton as President, and John Adams as 
 Vice-President 496 
 
 " Nov. North Carolina adopted the Con- 
 stitution. Ten amendments were add- 
 ed to the Constitution by Congress. 
 The Judicial system established. 
 
 " John Carroll the first Catholic Bishop in 
 the United States. 
 
 " First Temperance Society formed in the 
 United Slates by 200 farmers in Litch- 
 field County, Connecticut. 
 ?90. District of Columbia ceded to Maryland 
 by Virginia. 
 
 " Laws passed — ordering a census to be 
 taken ; to provide for payment of for- 
 eign debts ; naturalization law; patent 
 law ; copyright law ; law defining trea- 
 son and piracy : penalty for both, hang- 
 ing; status of the slavery question 
 settled; State debts, etc. 
 
 " Congress removed to Philadelphia. 
 
 " District of Columbia ceded to the United 
 States by Maryland, for the location of 
 the National Government. 
 
 '' Rhode Island accepted the Constitution. 
 
 " Oct. 17-22. Harmer defeated by the In- 
 dians on the Maumee in Indiana, near 
 Fort Wayne. Gen. Harmer, with a 
 force of 1453 men, attacked the In- 
 dians with small detachments of his 
 force, and was twice defeated with 
 great loss. 
 
 " First rolling mill introduced into the 
 U.S. 
 
 DEATH OF FRANKLIN. 
 
 " Apr. 17. Death of Rcnjainiu Franklin. 
 Biography on page 433. 
 
 DEATH OF PUTNAM. 
 May 29. Death of Maj.-Gen. Israel 
 Putnam, at Brookline, Conn., aged 73 
 years. Gen. Putnam, although an il- 
 iiteralc man and a backwoodsman, was 
 one of the liravest and most truly pa- 
 trioiic Generals in the American army. 
 For a full biography of Gen. Putnam, 
 see page 448 of this book. 
 
 FIRST CENSUS. 
 
 First census taken — population 4,000,000. 
 
 Samuel Slater, the father of cotton manu- 
 facturing in the United States, set up 
 first machinery for spinning cotton. 
 
 United States JBunk chartered by Con- 
 gress with a capital of $10,000,000; 
 stock all taken the tirst day. 
 
 Congress laid a tax on whisky — the first 
 internal taxation to raise money in tho 
 United States. 
 
 First patent issued for threshing-ma- 
 chines. 
 
 March 4. Vermont admitted into the 
 Union. 
 
 Gen. Wayne appointed Commander in- 
 chief of the American f )rces 498 
 
 Vermont adopted the Constitution. 
 
 Canada divided into Upper and Lower, 
 or afterward. East and West Canada. 
 
 Civil war raged in Hayti, during which 
 England conquered the Western Coast 
 districts. 
 
 ST. Clair's defeat. 
 
 Nov. 4. St. Clair's defeat by the Indians. 
 While encamped with his whole army, 
 2,000 strong, upon a stream tributary 
 to the Wabash, he was surprised early 
 in the morning by a large force of In- 
 dians, under the chief " Little Turtle." 
 The surprise was so complete, the 
 troops having just been dismissed from 
 parade, and General St. Clair not being 
 able to mount his hoise, that the militia, 
 who were first attacked, fled in utter 
 confusion, and rushed into camp, 
 throwing the regular troops into dis- 
 order. Col. Darke, who commanded 
 the left wing, made an impetuous 
 charge upon the enemy, and forced 
 them from their ground with some 
 loss, but the want of a sufficient num- 
 ber of riflemen deprived him of its 
 benefit. The Indians, renewing the 
 attack, broke the right wing, and killed 
 the artillerists almost to a man, and 
 isenetrated the camp. Another bayonet 
 charge was made, driving the Indians 
 from the camp, and a retreat was then 
 ordered, to save the remnant of the 
 army, and a panic ensued, the soldiers 
 fleeing in dismay to Fort Jefferson, 
 some thirty miles away. The Indians 
 pursued them about four miles with 
 great fury, scalping and massacring 
 the captured and wounded without 
 mercy, and their eagerness for plunder 
 jjrevented the destruction of the com- 
 mand. Nearly one-half of the army 
 were slaughtered, being the greatest 
 defeat of American arms by the In- 
 dians 489 
 
 Kentucky admitted into the Union. 
 
 Law passed for establishing a mint. 
 
 Congress passed an act apportioning rep- 
 resentatives under the new census, 
 which gave Congress 105 members. 
 
 Great opposition to the tax on whisky. 
 
 May 7. Cajit. Gray, commander of the 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 753 
 
 American ship Columbia, discovered 
 the Columbia River, naming it after 
 his ship. 
 
 Academy for the education of girls open- 
 ed at Litchfield, Conn., by Miss Prime. 
 
 First daily paper established. 
 
 Insurance Company of North America 
 established in Philadelphia. 
 
 Oldest canals in the United States dug 
 around the rapids in the Connecticut 
 River, at South Hadley and Montague 
 Falls. 
 
 Washington inaugurated the second time 
 as President, with John Adams again 
 as Vice-President. 
 
 Fugitive Slave Law passed. 
 
 John Hancock and Koger Sherman die. 
 
 INVENTION OF THE COTTON GIN. 
 Cotton gin invented by Whitney. A 
 machine for separating seeds from cot- 
 ton ; an invention which revolution- 
 ized the cotton trade, and which added 
 more to the wealth and commercial 
 importance of the United States th;in 
 any other invention or enterprise could 
 have done at that time. 
 
 YELLOW FEVER. 
 
 Telhiio FfviT Jint visited the United 
 Stiitc.^ at I'hiiadelpUa. 
 
 France declared all the inhabitants of 
 llayti free and equal, and appointed 
 Toiiis-aut rOverture, a colored man. 
 commander of the army, which was 
 composed of blacks. lie succeeded in 
 expelling the Spaniards and English, 
 and order was once more restored. 
 
 Automatic signal telegraph introduced 
 and applied in New York. 
 
 Steam first applied to sawmills in Penn- 
 sylvania, by Gen. Bentham. 
 
 President's salary fixed at !j;35,000. 
 
 ■WHISKY EEBELLION. 
 
 . Great whisky rebellion in Western 
 Pennsylvania, caused by the tax levied 
 upon whisky. A large district in 
 Pennsylvania, where the crops of grain 
 were over-abundant, and no dequate 
 m.arket except the great Monongahela 
 distillers, openly resisted the tax by 
 resorting to mob law. Officials an ' 
 loyal citizens were whipped, branded, 
 tarred and feathered, and great excite 
 ment prevailed in all the Northern 
 States. The Union was imperiled, 
 and Washington headed an army to 
 meet the crisis. The rebellion was 
 soon suppressed, and law and order 
 
 established 498 
 
 First woolen factories and carding-ma- 
 chines established in Massachusetts. 
 
 wayne's GKEAT TIOTOEY'. 
 Aug. Wayne's great victory over the 
 Indians, under ''Little Turtle." Gen. 
 Anthony Wayne, or "Mad Anthony," 
 as he was caUed, on account of his reck- 
 less courage, attacked the Indians upon 
 the Maumee, in Ohio, and through 
 his determined and impetuous charge, 
 he routed the whole Indian force 
 from their favorite fighting ground, 
 and drove tlicm more than two 
 miles through thick woods and fallen 
 timber in the course of one hour, caus- 
 ing them to sue for peace on tlie con- 
 queror's own terms. The^ confederacy 
 was completely annihilated 408 
 
 794. Act passed for building ships of war, 
 
 which laid the foundation for the jires- 
 
 ent navy system. 
 " Eleventh amendment to the Constitution 
 
 passed. 
 " American vessels were iirohibited from 
 
 supplying slaves to any other nation. 
 " First sewing thread ever made from cot- 
 ton produced at Pawtuckct, Rhode 
 
 Island. 
 " Treaty of navigation and commerce with 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 795. Spain ceded her part of Ilayti to France. 
 " Treaty of peace with Algiers. 
 
 " Treaty of peace secured with the Indian.? 
 at Greenville 498 
 
 " Great opposition to the treaty with 
 Great Britain. War imminent, but the 
 great firmness and decision of Wash- 
 ington averts it 499 
 
 " First large American glass factory built 
 at Pittsburg. 
 
 796. Tennessee admitted into the Union. 50+ 
 " John Adams and Tlios. Jetferson elected 
 
 President and Vice-President .500 
 
 " Orplian Asylum chartered in Charles- 
 ton, South Carolina. 
 
 " Dec. 7. Washington's last speech to 
 
 Congress, declining further oflice. . 500 
 
 .797. Mar. 4. Inauguration of John Adams as 
 
 President 500 
 
 " Congress enacted stringent laws against 
 privateering. 
 
 " No peaceful nations were to be inter- 
 rupted by privateering, under penalty 
 of Sli',OuO fine and 10 years imprison- 
 ment. 
 
 UNITED STATES AND FRANCE. 
 
 " France, incensed at the neutrality of the 
 United States in their war with En- 
 gland, banished their minister (Mr. 
 Pinckney) from Paris 503 
 
 " The treaty of alliance with France re 
 voked by Congress, and authority 
 given for capturing armed French ves- 
 sels 505 
 
 " Provisions made for raising a small regu 
 lar army 503 
 
 FIRST CAST-IKON PLOW. 
 
 " First cast-iron plow patented by New 
 bold of New Jersey. The patentC' 
 expended $:?0,000 in perfecting aud 
 introducing the plow, and the farmer; 
 refused to use it, alleging that it poi 
 soned the land and promoted tlu 
 growth of rocks ! 
 
 " First American cutlery works at Green- 
 field, Mass. 
 
 " Commercial Advertiser established in 
 New York. 
 
 1798. A direct tax and additional internal 
 
 revenues were laid 503 
 
 " Navy department created and a number 
 of war vessels ordered to sea, in ex- 
 pectation of war with France 5i)3 
 
 " Washington appointed Commander-in- 
 Chief of the army, by President 
 Adams 503 
 
 THE "STATE'S KIGUTS THEORY." 
 
 " Congress passed alien and sedition laws, 
 which called out the first expression 
 of the " State's Rights Theory." 
 
 1799. Naval engagement between American 
 
 and French ships of war. America 
 victorious, and terms of peace are se- 
 cured 503 
 
 First teachers' association, called the 
 Midleses Co. A,s3ociation, for the im- 
 provement of common schools, com- 
 posed mostly of teachers. 
 
 Russian-American Fur Company organ- 
 ized. 
 
 GEOKliE WASHINGTON. 
 
 Dec. 14. George Washington, the first 
 President of the United States, died 
 at Mt. Vernon, Va. He was born in 
 the colony of Virginia in 1733. When 
 a little more than ten years of age, his 
 father died, and his education and 
 care devolved upon his mother, who 
 was a very superior woman. At the 
 age of IG he was a good surveyor, and 
 was employed by Lord Fairfax to sur- 
 vey a large tract of country in the 
 wilds of Virginia. Here he became 
 inured to hardships and familiar with 
 the Indians, their customs and charac- 
 ter, which prepared him for the active 
 and prominent part he was destined to 
 act in the subsequent wars with them. 
 At the age of 19 he was a Major in the 
 Colonial Army which was raised to sub- 
 duo the hcstile Indians. At the age of 
 20 he was sent by the Governor of Vir- 
 ginia as commissioner to the French 
 Commander, stationed upon the banks 
 of the Ohio, a distance of 500 miles 
 from the settlements, w hich lay through 
 an unliroken and dense forest, trav- 
 ersed by roaming bands of savages, 
 littlo superior to the wild beasts in 
 native ferocity. Upon his return from 
 this expedition, his life was attempted 
 by an Indian who was sent upon his 
 trail by the treacherous French, who 
 were plotting the usurpation of the 
 country, and who had enlisted the sav- 
 ages in their terrible warfare against 
 tlie colonies. At 33 years of age he 
 was appointed a Colonel, and placed in 
 command of a regiment of 400 men, 
 to march against the French, and drivo 
 them from the State of Ohio. This 
 was the beginning of a terrible and 
 bloody carnage, lasting three years, the 
 details of which the faithful historians 
 of our country have given us. Upon the 
 close of these terrible scenes, Washing- 
 tnn settled down upon the " Mt. Ver- 
 non " estate, which had descended to 
 him— a si)lcndid tract of 8,000 acres, 
 4,1100 of which were under cultivation. 
 His wife brought with her a dower of 
 ^100,000, and Washington was one of 
 the wealthiest men of the Virginia 
 colonies. His life and habits were 
 singularly pure and simple, and his 
 character was unmarred by a single 
 stain. At the beginning of the Revo- 
 lution, Washington was chosen Com- 
 mander-in-Chief of the American army, 
 and the nolile part he bore, and the 
 gn-at military ,t;inius he displayed is 
 aliundantly leecirded in the annals of 
 American History, and also through 
 the tables of his battles and victories 
 given in the pages of this work. Suf- 
 fice it to sa}', that he accepted the com- 
 mantl of a little handful of colonists 
 unacquainted with the educational dis- 
 cipline of military schools, and desti- 
 tute of military accoutrements and sup- 
 plies, and without a navy to guard 
 I heir coasts. He was to meet the armed 
 battalions of the strongest military 
 and nav.il power upon the globe. Kur 
 
754 
 
 CHEOXOLOGY. 
 
 ■Washington, defeat meant not only 1790. 
 disgrace and ruin, but an ignominious 
 death upon the scaffold. He accepted 
 the position with cheerfulness and rare 
 courage, refusing any promise of re- 
 muneration. His letter of .acceptance 
 addressed to the Continental Congress, 
 contains these words : " I beg leave to 
 assure Congress that, as no pecuniary 
 consideration could have tempted me 
 to accept this arduous employment at 
 the expense of my domestic ea^e and 
 liappiness, I do u.>t wish to make any 
 profit from it. I will keep an exact 
 account of my expenses. These, I 
 doubt not, they will discharge. That 
 is all I desire."' He continued in com- 
 mand of the whole army during the : 
 seven years' struggle, and when peace ^ 
 was declared, he retired from the army ; 
 leaving not an enemy in its ranks, and 
 the whole population, civilians and 
 soldiers, regarded him as the " Saviour 
 of their country." His fiirewell to his 
 officers in .nrms is replete with charac- 
 ter. '• 'With a heart full of love and 
 gratitude I now take leave of you. I 
 most devoutly wish that your latter 
 years may be as prosperous and happy 
 as your former ones have been glorious 
 and honorable. I can not come to 
 each of you to take my leave, but shall 
 be obliged if each of you will come and 
 take me by the hand." Tears blinded 
 Ids eyes, and he could say no more. 
 
 Not a word was spoken as each officer 
 grasped his hand with a silent and 
 sad pressure of farewell. 
 
 In the year ITS?, a general convention 
 was called to deliberate upon the mo- 
 mentous ques'ion of a form of govern- 
 ment, adapted to rule the United Colo- 
 nies. Washington was sent as a dele- 
 giite from Virginia, and was called to 
 preside over the convention. The pres- 
 ent Constitution of the United States 
 was the result of this meeting. For the 
 office of Chief Magistrate of the Na- 
 tion, Washington w^is the choice of the 
 people, and he was inaugurated April 
 30, 17S9. remaining in tbe ch.iir two 
 terms of four years each. When he 
 again retired to private life, the gnite- 
 fiil acknowledgments of a united and 
 happy people followed him to his rural 
 home. Washington was, by inherit- 
 ance, a slaveholder, but the system met 
 his strong disapproval, and in his own 
 language" let him express his feelings. 
 In a letter to Robert Morris, he says : 
 "There is no man living who wishes 
 more sincerely than I do to see a plan 
 adopted for the abolition of slavery."' 
 And in his last will and testament, he 
 arranged for the emancipation of all 
 his slaves upon the death of his wife ; 
 she holding, by right of dower, con- 
 trol of them. But upon his death, his 
 wife relinquished her right, and the 
 slaves were at once emancipated. It is 
 
 gratifying to know the esteem in which 
 Washington was held by illustrious 
 men of the '■ Old World."' Napoleon, 
 in speaking of him to an American, of 
 whom he had inquired concerning his 
 health, s.aid: "Washington can never 
 bo otherwise than well. The measure 
 of his fiime is full. Posterity will talk 
 of him with reverence as the founder 
 of a great empire, when my name shall 
 be lost iu the vortex of revolutions,"' 
 Frederic the Great, King of Prussia, 
 presented his picture to Gen. Washing- 
 ton, and beneath it on the canvas were 
 inscribed these words : " From the 
 oldest General in Europe to the great- 
 est General on earth."' Charles James 
 Fox, the renowned British Premier, 
 said of him : " I c.in not indeed help 
 admiring the wisdom and fortune of 
 this great man ; a character of virtues 
 so happily tempered by one another, 
 and so wholly unalloyed by .any vices, 
 is hardly to lie found on the pages of 
 history." For him it has been reserved 
 to run the race of glory without ex- 
 periencing the smallest interruption to 
 the brilliancy of his career," 
 
 vox HTTMBOLDT. 
 Humboldt visited South America, and ex- 
 plored the mountain regions, and 
 gathered new collections to his v.ast 
 st(>res of scientific facts and natural 
 curiosities. 
 
 18 0. 
 
 Removal of the se,tt of Government to 
 Washington 503 
 
 Temporary treaty with France 502 
 
 General bankruptcy law passed. 
 
 May 13. Disbanding of the provisional 
 army 503 
 
 Nov. " The Democratic, or old Rep'Mkan, 
 partti elected its first candidate for 
 President. 
 
 New York Etening Post established. 
 
 3Iarch 4. Inauguration of Thomas 
 Jefferson as President of the United 
 States, with Aaron Burr for Vice- 
 President 503 
 
 June 10. War with Tripoli com- 
 menced 504 
 
 June 14. Death of Benedict Arnold. 
 See biography 431 
 
 Napoleon "attemlited to rutore s/atery in 
 SoirtL 
 
 Touissant de VOverture was treacherously 
 captured and taken to France, where 
 he shortly after died. Dessalines be- i 
 came his successor. | 
 
 Port of New Orleans closed by the 
 Spanish Government, and United States 
 vessels were forbidden to pass down '. 
 the Mississippi River. j 
 
 First public library founded. _ | 
 
 Academv of Fine Arts established in New 
 York." 
 
 First patents issued for m,aking starch ! 
 
 from corn and potatoes. | 
 
 Santce Canal, in South Carolina, finisheil. 
 
 Ohio admitted into the Union 504 
 
 ISOC. June. Humboldt ascended Chimborazo, 
 S. A., to the height of 19.2S6 feet, 
 
 1503. The French army in Hayti capitulated 
 
 to the commander of an English squad- 
 ron. 
 
 " American fleet sent to punish piriites In 
 
 the B.arbary States and North Africa. 504 1S04. 
 
 " First undenominational tract society, 
 formed, and called " Society for Pro- ; 
 moting Chrisrian Knowledge."' ] 
 
 " Adam and Wm. Brent began the manu- " 
 facture of pianos in Boston. 
 
 " Fir^t effort made toward teaching mutes. 
 
 Louisiana Purchase. 
 
 " April 30. The territory Iving between 
 the Gulf of ilexico and the British 
 possessions, the Mississippi River and 1805, 
 the Pacific Ocean — over 1,000.000 
 square miles — purchased of France for ' " 
 $15,000,000. This vast territory con- 
 stituted the original State of Louisi- " 
 ana .^ 504 
 
 1504. Jan. 1. St. Domingue declared itself an " 
 
 independent Republic, with Dessalines " 
 
 Governor for life. | 
 
 " Feb. 4. Frigate President destroyed at | 
 
 Tripoli by Dei-atur 505 
 
 " Fort Dearborn built — the present site of 
 
 Chicago. 
 " Lewis and Clark exploring expedition 
 
 starts across the plains. 
 " The Delaware Indians cede to the United 
 
 States an extensive tnct of land lying 
 
 east of the Mississippi River, and be- 
 tween the Ohio and Wab.ash Rivers. 505 
 
 Dud Behvcen Alexander Hamilton 
 and Aaron Burr. 
 
 Julv 11. Alexander Hamilton, ex-Sec- 
 retary of the Treasury, shot and killed 
 in a duel with Aaron Burr, Vice-Presi- 
 dent of the United States. 
 
 Aug. Bombardment of Tripoli by Com. 
 Preble 505 
 
 Oct. 8. Dessalines. Governor of St. 
 Domingue, broke the Constitution and 
 assumed the title of "Emi)eror of 
 Hayri,"' and pltmged the island into a 
 series of civil ware by his fantastic at- 
 tempt at royalty. 
 
 Sitka. Alaska, founded by the Russian- 
 American Fur Company. 
 
 Ice first became an article of commerce 
 in the United States. 
 
 England seized sereral armed American 
 Tesseli and inmlteil the national jiag. 
 
 June 4. Peace concluded with Tripoli. 505 
 
 March 4. Thomas Jeiferson re-ina>igu- 
 rated as President, with George Clinton 
 for Vice-President 503 
 
 Columbia River and Oregon Ex- 
 
 flored 
 
 Nov. 15. Clark and Lewis arrived at the 
 
 Columbia River on their exploring 
 
 vovage. 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 755 
 
 1800. Buenos Ayres and Montevideo captured 
 by the English. 
 
 " Scoresby, in command of a whaling ves- 
 sel, reached the latitude of 81°— within 
 500 miles of the North Pole. 
 
 " May 16. "British Orders in ComieU," 
 which declared the whole coast of 
 Europe in a state of blockade 506 
 
 " Slave trade abolished in Jamaica. 
 
 Spo/h-d Fever. 
 
 " The s])otted fever apjicarcd in Massachu- 
 setts, spreading over the other States, 
 and continuing until the year 1815, 
 and proved very fatal. 
 
 " First. Relief Society for widows and 
 children, founded in New York by 
 Joanna Bethune. 
 
 " Total eclipse of the sun at midday. 
 
 " Oct. 11. Dessalines assassinated, and 
 Eastern Hayti returned to Spanish rule. 
 Western Hayti was divided between 
 several rival chiefs. 
 
 " Nuv. 21. Bonaparte'' s ^^ Berlin Decree,^' 
 which forbade the introduction of En- 
 glish goods into any port of Europe, 
 even by the vessels of neutral pow- 
 ers 506 
 
 1807. British vessels ordered to leave United 
 States waters 507 
 
 " June 32. Attack on the American 
 frigate Chesapeake by the British ship 
 Leopard 506 
 
 Aar 
 
 Burr Tried for Treason. 
 
 Aaron Burr was tried for high treason, 
 and was also charged with a conspiracy 
 against the Government, and with 
 being ambitious for dominion, and 
 with contemplating founding a new 
 empire, with himself for sovereign. 
 But the prosecution failed in its legal 
 proofs, and he was acquitted. 
 
 Congress ordered the iirst coast survey. 
 
 Great Britain lays a tribute upon all 
 neutral nations trading with France or 
 her allies 506 
 
 Slave Trade Declared to be Piracy. 
 
 Importation of slaves forhidden by Con- 
 gress, and the traffic declared to be 
 piracy. 
 
 Wooden clocks first manufactured by 
 machinery in Connecticut, by Eli 
 Terry. 
 
 Dec. 17. Bonaparte's "-Milan Decree." 
 He decrees the confiscation of all ves- 
 sels and cargoes violating the " Berlin 
 Decree," or submitting to search by 
 Great Britain, or paying her imlawful 
 tribute 506 
 
 Pec. 23. Emlargo laid by the United 
 States upon all commerce preventing 
 American vessels from sailing for 
 foreign ports, and all foreign vessels 
 from taking out cargoes, and all coast- 
 ing vessels were required to give bonds 
 to land their cargoes in the United 
 States 506 
 
 Fulton s Steamboat. 
 First successful stcamhont built by Robt. 
 Pulton, a native of Pennsylvania, and 
 called the Clermont. Mr. Fulton made 
 his trial trip on the Hudson River, 
 from Nesv York to Albany, and thou- 
 sands of curious spectators tlironged the 
 shores to witness the failure of " Fulton 
 
 the Fanatic." None believed, few 
 hoped, and everyljody jeered. An olil 
 Quaker accosted a young man who had 
 taken passage, in this manner : " JoJm, 
 will tlici- risk thy life in iucli a concern ? 
 I tell thee she is the most fearful mld- 
 foid lii'ing, and thy father ought to 
 restrain thee." But, on Friday morn- 
 ing, the 4th of August, the Clermont 
 lei't the wharf, and went puffing up the 
 Hudson with every berth, twelve in 
 number, engaged to Albany. The fare 
 was seven dollars. Fulton stood upon 
 the deck and viewed the motley and 
 jeering crowd upon the shore, with 
 silent satisfaction. As she got fairly 
 under way and moved majestically up 
 the stre:im, there arose a deafening 
 hurrah from ten thousand throats. The 
 jiassengers returned tlie cheer, but Ful 
 ton, with flashing eye and manly bear- 
 ing, remained speechless. He felt this 
 to be his long-sought hour of triumph. 
 They were cheered all along the pas- 
 sage from every hamlet and town, and 
 at West Point the whole garrison were 
 out and cheered most lustily. At New- 
 burg, the whole surrounding country 
 had gatliered, and the side-hill city 
 swarmed with curious and excited 
 multitudes. The boat reached Albany 
 safely — 150 miles in 32 hours, and re- 
 turned in 30. The Clermont was a 
 success, and Robert Fulton was famous. 
 
 Jan. 1. Slave-trade in the United States 
 (iholished. 
 
 Bonaparte ordered the seizure and con- 
 fiscation of all American vessels arriv- 
 ing in France 506 
 
 First printing office west of the Mississippii 
 Biver established at St. Louis, by Jolin 
 Henkle. 
 
 First Bible Society founded in Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 Guiana taken from the French by the En- 
 glish. 
 
 First woolen mills set up in New York. 
 
 March 1. The Embargo repealed. . . . 507 
 " 4. James Madison and George 
 Clinton inaugurated President and 
 Vice-President 507 
 
 All commercial intercourse forbidden 
 between France and England 507 
 
 Bonaparte s Orders. 
 
 Napoleon Bonaparte ordered the sale of 
 133 confiscated American vessels and 
 cargoes, valued at $8,000,000. 
 
 March. Ba/nbouillet Decree issued by 
 Napoleon, ordering all American ves- 
 sels to be seized and condemned. . 507 
 
 Manufacture of steel pens began in Balti- 
 more. 
 
 First agricultural fair in the United 
 States held at Georgetown, D. C. 
 
 Insurrection in Mexico under Don Miguel 
 Hidalgo. 
 
 Independence of Colombia, S. A., pro- 
 claimed. 
 
 Bolivar sent to London to buy arms for 
 Venezuela. 
 
 Revolution began in Chili. 
 
 Porcelain clay discovered in Vermont. 
 
 Hartford Fire Insurance Company incor- 
 porated. 
 
 May 16. Engagement between the U. S. 
 fiigate President and the British sloop 
 of war Little Belt 508 
 
 Depredations upon American vessels by 
 England and France continued . . . 508 
 
 Plan for plating vessels with iron, as a de- 
 
 fense against shot and shell, devised by 
 R. L. Stevens. 
 
 I'he first steamboat for Western waters, 
 the New Orleans, built by Robert Ful- 
 ton. 
 
 Screws wero made by machinery for the 
 first time at Philadelphia. 
 
 Nov. 7. Battle of Tippecanoe. Te- 
 cumseh defeated by Gen. Harrison . 510 
 
 Dec. Burning of a theatre in Jiichmond. 
 The Governor of Virginia and family, 
 and a large number of persons, perished 
 in the flames. 
 
 Colombia declared independent. 
 
 Chili victorious and independence pro- 
 claimed, with Carrera as President. 
 
 Uruguay attached to Montevideo. 
 
 Buenos Ayres begins a struggle for inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 Mexican insurgents shot. 
 
 Union of Venezuela, Ecuador, and New 
 Granada in the Republic of Colombia. 
 
 J?ule of a Tyrant. 
 
 Independence of Paraguay achieved ; 
 but the power of the Government fell 
 into the hands of Dr. Francia, who be- 
 came absolute dictator. He ruled the 
 country for 29 years with merciless 
 rigor. He stopped all ingress and 
 egress of foreigners, and the shipping 
 rotted in the rivers, and all enteqjrise 
 ceased. Liberty of speech was sup- 
 pressed, and the better class of iJeoiJlc 
 were generally destroyed. 
 
 Uruguay attached to Montevideo. 
 
 Great Earthquake. 
 
 Great and extensive earthquake at New 
 Madrid, Mo., extending nearly 300 miles 
 along the Mississippi, and doing great 
 damage to the country, changing the 
 currents of the rivers and swallowing 
 up large sections of land. 
 
 John Jacob Astor''s Pacific Fur Company 
 established their post at Astoria, Ore- 
 gon. 
 
 Breech-loading rifles were invented by 
 John Hall. 
 
 The number of American vessels captured 
 by England in the preceding Jive yean 
 was 917, by France 558, and 10,000 
 seamen were impressed. 
 
 April 3, Embargo laid for 90 days. 
 " 8. Louisiana admitted into the 
 Union. 
 
 May. Congress levied a tax of $3,000,- 
 000. 
 
 War of Eighteen Hundred and 
 Twelve. 
 
 Juno 18. War declared with Great 
 Britain 508 
 
 June 33. British Orders in Council re- 
 pealed. 
 
 July 12. Hull invaded Canada 508 
 
 " 17. Surrender of Mackinaw. .. 508 
 
 Aug. 5. Van Home defeated. 
 " 8. Miller defeated. 
 " 13. The Essex silenced the British 
 ship of war Alert. 
 
 Aug. 15. Surrender of Gen. Hull at 
 Detroit before the first blow was 
 struck 508 
 
 Aug. 19. Capture of the British frigate 
 Gverrierc by the Constitution ("Old 
 Ironsides ") 508 
 
 Oct. 13. Defeat of the Americans at 
 Queenstown. 
 
75G 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 Oct. 18. Capture of the BrUish brig 
 Frolic by the U. S. sloop of war 
 Waxp 508 
 
 Oct. 25. Capture of the British frigate 
 Macedonian by the frigate United Slates, 
 Capt. Decatur 509 
 
 Dec. 29. Destruction of the British 
 frigate /rt^.^ ..tVtlic .on^t of Brazil, by 
 the Gonntituli'',!. r:ijit, ISninbriflge. 509 
 
 Venezuela rcduri'. I tc Spmish rule. 
 
 Buenos Ayres vieforious over Spain. 
 
 Gen. Miranda sent as prisoner to Spain. 
 
 Massacre hy the Indians at Frenchtoim of 
 American prisoners in care of Gen. 
 Proctor, -who left them unprotect- 
 ed 509 
 
 March 4. James Madison re-inaugurated 
 as President, with Elbridge Gerry for 
 Vice-President 705 
 
 The Creek Indians subdued by Gen. 
 Jackson 511 
 
 The British blockaded the American 
 coast 506 
 
 Duel between General Jaclson and Col. 
 Benton. 
 
 The power-loom introduced into the Uni- 
 ted States. 
 
 Chili invaded by Paroja, a Spanish 
 officer, and reduced to subjection. 
 
 Bolivar marches to the conquest of Vene- 
 zuela. Carraccas capitulates. 
 
 Mexico declared independent, and a 
 National Congress called under Morales. 
 
 First rolling-mills built at Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 Stereotyping first introduced into the 
 United States. 
 
 Feb. 25. The Hornet, Capt. Lawrence, 
 captures the British sloop Peacock. 509 
 
 April 27. Capture of York (Toronto), 
 Upper Canada, by Brig.-Gen. Pike, who 
 lost his life by the explosion of the 
 magazine during the action 5U9 
 
 May 27. Battle of Fort George 509 
 
 " 28. British attack Sackett's Harbor 
 and are repulsed 509 
 
 June 1. Capture of the frigate G/iesnpeake, 
 Capt. Lawrence, by the British frigate 
 Shannon. The captain of the Ghesapteake 
 was killed in the action 510 
 
 July. Attack of British and Indians 
 upon Fort Meigs and Fort Stephenson. 
 
 Aug. 14. American ship Argus taken by 
 the British sloop Pelican 510 
 
 Aug. 30. Massacre of Fort Slimms, Ala. 
 Three hundred persons killed by the 
 Indians 510-11 
 
 Sept. 5. Enterprise captures the Boxer. 
 " 10. Commodore Perry's great victory 
 on Lake Erie 510 
 
 Tccumsch Killed. 
 
 Oct. 5. Battle of the Thames, Canada, 
 between Gen. Harrison and Gen. Proc- 
 tor, with his Indian allies under Tecum- 
 seh, who was killed in the action. 510 
 
 Nov. 11. Battle of Williamsburg. 
 
 Dec. 12. Burning of Newark, Canada. 
 
 Dec. 13. Buffalo burned by the British. 
 " 29. Capture of Fort Niagara, N. Y., 
 by the Biitish. 
 
 Dec. 30. Desolation of the Niagara 
 frontier by the British. 
 
 March 37. Battle of Horse-shoe Bend, 
 liy Gen. Jackson, in the Creek war. 
 The Indians were entirely subdued, 
 and 600 warriors were slain. Peace 
 was soon secured 511 
 
 March 28. Capture of the Essex at Val- 
 paraiso, S. A., by the British fi:igate 
 Phxbe 512 
 
 April 39. Peacock captures the Epervier 
 
 May 5. Oswego bombarded and taken 
 by the British 511 
 
 June 25. The Reindeer captured by the 
 lla.7'. 
 
 July 3. Fort Erie captured from the 
 British 511 
 
 July 5. Battle of Chippewa fought by 
 (icns. Browii and Sett 511 
 
 July 25. Batll,ufl;rid.ic,r„ter,orLund.fs 
 Lane, fought under Gen. Scott, who 
 was wounded 511 
 
 Aug. 9 and 11. Stonington, Conn., bom- 
 barded by the British. 
 
 Aug. 15. IJattle of Fort Erie. 
 "" 34. Battle of Bladensburg. 
 
 Washingtoti Burned. 
 
 Aug. 25. British occupy Washington, 
 and burn the c.apitol and public build- 
 ings 513 
 
 Aug. 29. Alexandria, D. C, taken by 
 the British 512 
 
 Sept. 1. The Wasp captures the Avon. 
 " 5. Attack on Fort Bower (now 
 Jlorgan), Ala. The American loss was 
 219 511 
 
 Se2)t. 11. McDonougKs victory on Lake 
 Chamjilain, near Plattsburg. The 
 British lost in this engagement over 
 2,000 men. 
 
 Sept. 12. Battle near Baltimore. Bom- 
 bardment of Fort Henry. 
 
 Nov. 7. British expelled from Pcnsacola, 
 Fla., by Jackson. 
 
 Dec. 14. Battle on LakeBorgue, La. 513 
 " 33. Battle below New Orleans, 
 L.a 513 
 
 Dec. 24. Treaty of Peace signed at 
 Ghent, Belgium 514 
 
 Jethro Wood 2MtMted his iron mold- 
 board plow. 
 
 First steel plates for eriijr<u-ii,ii made by 
 Jacob Perkins, of M.i.-.s',ir'i,i.-;: r/.-.-. 
 
 First Mexican Constitnti.iii inomulgated. 
 
 Indian maxsacir at h'. rl />. ,irli,,ni (now 
 Chicago). 111.. o„,l th. f.-ii hiinud. 
 
 Bolivar prnclaiiiird liirtut'ir of the west- 
 ern provineis of Veiie/.urla. 
 
 Guiana retaken by the French. 
 
 John Gilroy, first Anglo-Saxon settler in 
 California, settled in the Santa Clara 
 Valley. 
 
 The Spanish General Boves defeated 
 Bolivar, with a loss to the patriots of 
 15,000 men. 
 
 The Spaniards take Carraccas. 
 
 Jacksiin's Great Victory at New 
 Orleans. 
 
 Jan. 8. Battle of Ne-v Orleans. Gen. 
 Jackson commanded the American 
 forces, and Gen. Paokeuham the Brit- 
 ish. Jackson obtained a great victory, 
 the British loss amounting to nearly 
 2,000, while the Americans lost but 13 
 men 512 
 
 Jan. 15. The President captured by a 
 British squadron. 
 
 Feb. 17. Treufy of Ghent ratified by the 
 President. ... 514 
 
 Feb. 20. Constitution captures the Cyane 
 and Levant. 
 
 Feb. 34. Robert Fulton, the lirst suc- 
 cessful inventor and liiiildri' ofii steam- 
 boat, died in New York His first 
 boat built in America was the Cler- 
 ■Moiit, which started upon its trial trip 
 from New York to Albany, Sept. 10, 
 1S07. Mr. FuUon was not the inventor 
 
 of steam-navigation, but by uniting 
 diligence and great genius, he de-' 
 Vi'IopiMl ihe conci|ili()n of niber minds 
 into :i .ini.'liral and lM-ai,!ifnl rralitv. 
 J. MarrI,. ll'.ir.l, ■/,,,■■,,/ ,/■/'/, , I /,//, ,:v . . -,U 
 
 Jlarrli -:;. /!.,rn,/ raplurr^ llir /V/,v"/.v. 
 
 Bra.:i/ r„/s,d to the rank of a Kingduia by 
 Portugal. 
 
 Jlay. l)ecatur sent against Algiers. 
 
 Cartagena taken by Morillo, a Spanish 
 oiBcer. 
 
 June 17. Algcrine frigate captured. 
 
 First axes manufactured in the United 
 States by Oliver Hunt, in East Doug- 
 lass, Mass. 
 
 Great Gale in New England. 
 
 Sept. 23. Great gale and flood in New 
 England. Immense damage was done 
 to property, and much shipping de- 
 btmved in the harbors, and the loss of 
 life 'was great. In Providence, Ithoile 
 Island, vessels were .actually driven 
 over the wharves and throngh the 
 streets. The rain dcsrcndcd in torrents, 
 and in many places families were 
 rescued in boats fruin the upper stories 
 of their houses, Majestic oaks, a 
 hundre<l years old, were torn up by 
 their roots, and twisted into shreds. 
 In Stonington, Conn,, the tide rose 17 
 feet higher than usual. There is no 
 account of a storm or gale, in all re- 
 sjjeets, so remarkable as was this in the 
 history of the United States. In 35 
 hours the fall of rain reached 8.05 
 inches. The damage done by the flood 
 almost equaled that of the hurricane. 
 Millions of dollars of property antl 
 very many livr^ wiie lo-t. 
 
 Dec. 23. Moia'c- ex. cntcd as a rebel. 
 5. " 11. Indiana aduiitted into the 
 Union. 
 
 Second United States Bank chartered 
 with a capital of $35,000,000. 
 
 Steam first apjdied to paper-making at 
 Pittsburg. 
 
 The Poi tuguese take possession of Monte- 
 
 Tlie luiited provinces of La Plata declared 
 
 independent. 
 Janus Miinroe was elected President and 
 
 D>inid C. Tomkins Vice-President.. 515 
 Bolivar proclaimed Commander-in-chief 
 
 of the forces in Venezuela and New 
 
 Granada. 
 Conquest of Guiana by the patriots. 
 Mrs. Emma Willard opened her lamous 
 
 school for girls in Troy, N. Y. 
 This was known as the year without asum- 
 
 r. Pensions granted to Ri volutionary soldiers. 
 
 Indians in Georgia and Alabama 
 subdued by Generals Jackson and 
 Gaines 511 
 
 Eric Canal commenced. 
 
 Dee. 10. Mississippi admitted into the 
 Union 517 
 
 Chili inv.aded by Gen. San Martin. He 
 defeats the Royalists. 
 
 Bolivar defeated 'Morillo after a desperate 
 battle of three days. 
 
 The Spanish forces evacuate the pro\-incc3 
 of New Granada and Venezuela. 
 
 Publishing house of Harper & Brother 
 founded in New York. 
 
 The Columbian Printing-press, invented 
 by Geo. Clymer, was the first impor- 
 tant improvement in printing-presses in 
 this country. 
 
 New England Asylum for the Deaf and 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 757 
 
 Dumb founded by Dr. M. F. Cogswell 
 and T. H. Gallaway. 
 
 1818. Corner-done of the present United States 
 
 Capitol laid. United States flag per- 
 manently remodeled. 
 
 " Jlay 24. Pensacola, Florida, captured 
 from the Spanish by Gen. Jackson. 517 
 
 " Dec. 3. Illinois admitted into the 
 Union 517 
 
 " Chili secured her independence. 
 
 J^/rs/ S/camboat Crossed the Atlantic. 
 
 1819. The American steamship Savannah made 
 
 the tjrst steaui voyage across the At- 
 lantic. 
 
 Odd Fellowship in the United States. 
 
 " April 2G. The first permanent Lodge was 
 formed in Baltimore, Md., by Thomas 
 Wildey, an Englishman, with a mem- 
 bership of five persons, and called 
 Washington Lodge, No. 1. To-day the 
 membership of the Order is numbered 
 by scores of thousands. 
 
 " Bolivar called a National Convention, and 
 an army of 14,000 men was raised, 
 together with powerful aid from En- 
 gland in vessels and munitions of war, 
 with officers from Germany, France, 
 and Poland. 
 
 " Independence of Colombia secured by 
 Bolivar, and a union formed with Vene- 
 zuela and Quito, under name of Re- 
 public of Colombia. 
 
 " Cape Breton re-annexed to Nova Scotia. 
 
 " Dec. 14. Alabama admitted into the 
 Union ' o 17 
 
 Missouri Compromise. 
 
 1820. Missouri Compromise agreed to hy Con- 
 
 gress. 
 In 1818 a petition was presented to Con- 
 gress from the Territory of Missouri, 
 asking authority to form a Constitution 
 for a State. In Feb., 1819, Mr. Talmage, 
 a New York Republican, moved an 
 amendment prohibiting the introduc- 
 tion of slavery into any new State. A 
 stormy debate of three days followed, 
 during which Mr. Cobb, of Georgia, 
 said, " A fire has been kindled which 
 all the waters of the ocean can not pnt 
 out, and which only seas of blood can 
 extinguish." To which Mr. Talmage 
 replied: "If civil war, which gentle- 
 men so much threaten, must come, I can 
 only say, let it come ! .... If blood is 
 necessary to extinguish any fire which 
 I have assisted to kindle, while I regret 
 the necessity, I shall not hesitate to 
 contribute my own." The Senate struck 
 out the amendment, and the measure 
 was lost. In 1820 a bill was passed 
 authorizing Missouri to form a Consti- 
 tution without restrictions, but to which 
 was attached a section prohibiting 
 slavery in all territories north of latitude 
 36^ 30'. This clause is what is known 
 as the " Missouri Compromise," and 
 •was warmly advocated by Henry Clay, 
 and wkich was called " Henry Clay's 
 Compromise Measure." 
 
 " March 15. Maine admitted into the 
 Union 517 
 
 " Oct. Cession of Florida to the United 
 States for $5,000,000, and ratified by 
 Spain 517 
 
 " Heated discussions in Congress on the 
 Slavery Question. 
 
 1820. Percussion caps for guns first came into 
 
 use. 
 "■ Monroe elected President the second time, 
 
 with Daniel C. Tompkins again as 
 
 Vice-President. 
 " A Democratic Government declared in 
 
 the provinces of La Plata. 
 
 Petroleum Discovered. 
 
 '' Petroleum springs were first struck in 
 Ohio, although their existence was 
 known to the earliest settlers around 
 the head waters of the Alleghany River, 
 and oil-creeks were found in Pennsyl- 
 vania and New York from which the 
 inhabitants gathered oil by spreading 
 woolen blankets on the surface and 
 ringing them out. 
 
 " Macadamized roads first introduced into 
 the United States. 
 
 " Death of Daniel Boone, of Kentucky, an 
 American pioneer, explorer, and hunts- 
 man of much renown. 
 
 1821. July 31. Jackson takes possession of 
 
 Florida 517 
 
 " Lithography first introduced by Burnett 
 and Doolittle. 
 
 " Straw hats first made from American 
 straw or grass, in imitation of the Leg- 
 born, by Miss Sophia Woodhouse. 
 
 " Guatemala threw off the yoke of Spain 
 and was annexed to Mexico. 
 
 " Independence of Peru proclaimed under 
 San Martin, liberator of Chili, who was 
 made Protector, but soon resigned and 
 was replaced by Simon Bolivar as 
 Dictator. 
 
 '' Aug. 10. Missouri admitted into the 
 Union 517 
 
 " First settlement of Liberia. 
 
 '' Chili and the Argentine Republic carried 
 their combined arras into Peru. 
 
 ■' Revolution in Brazil. 
 
 '' Uruguay annexed to Brazil the second 
 time. 
 
 " April. Mexico declared independent under 
 Don Augustine. 
 
 " Iturbide was proclaimed Emperor by the 
 army and mob of Mexico under the 
 name of Augustine the First. 
 
 " Dec. Santa Anna proclaimed the Republic 
 at Vera Cruz. 
 
 " Revolution in Brazil. 
 
 1832. Boyer united the two provinces of Hayti 
 
 in one Government with himself as 
 Chief 
 
 '' The first mercantile house opened in 
 CaliTornia by an Engli-h firm from 
 Peru and established at Monterey. 
 
 " Death of Maj.-Oen. Starke. See biog- 
 raphy, p. 439. 
 
 " First cotton-mill huilt in Loicell, Mass. 
 
 " Gas successfully introduced into Boston. 
 
 " First platform-scale made by Thomas 
 EUicott, who became the founder of the 
 Philadelphia Scale- Works. 
 
 Dom Pedro II. Crowned. 
 
 " Oct. 13. Brazil proclaimed an Independ- 
 ent Empire, with Dom Pedro crowned 
 Emperor. 
 
 '' War hy Commodore Porter on the Cuban 
 pirates. 
 
 "Monroe Doctrine." 
 
 1833. June 18. The "■ Monroe Doctrine:' The 
 
 message of I'res. Monroe, for this year, 
 contained the following declarations : 
 "That we should consider any attempt, 
 
 1823. on the part of the allied powers, to ex- 
 tend their system to any portion of 
 this hemisphere as dangerous to our 
 peace and safety," and " that we could 
 not view any interpositiou for the 
 purpose of oppressing governments on 
 this side of the water, whose independ- 
 ence we had acknowledged, or con- 
 trolling, iu any manner, their destiny 
 liy any European power, in any other 
 light than as a manifestation of an 
 unfriendly disposition toward the 
 United States. See biography o( 
 James Monroe. 
 
 1833. Central America formed into a Federal 
 
 Republic, and became independent. 
 " Guatemala became a part of the Central 
 
 American Republic. 
 " First gas company formed in New York 
 
 city, with a capital of $1,000,000. 
 '' First teachers' seminary opened iu Con 
 
 cord, Vermont, by Rev. S. R, Uill. 
 
 Rise of the Owen Communities. 
 
 1824. The i)rinciples and doctrines of Robert 
 
 Owen were quite extensively preached 
 and several communities were formed. 
 But the only one which merits atten- 
 tion is that of New Harmony, Ind., but 
 which proved a failure after a short and 
 interesting career. Over 900 people 
 gathered under the direction of Robert 
 t)wen to inaugurate the Millennium. 
 But when the finances of Mr. Owen 
 were exhausted, the enterprise fell 
 through. Mr. Owen declared himself 
 disappointed in mankind, and to the 
 general depravity of the people he 
 ascribed the failure of his enterprise. 
 
 " Pins first made hy machinery and patented 
 by L. W. Wright, of Connecticut. 
 
 " First reformatory-school founded for the 
 prevention of pauperism and crime, and 
 called the " New York House of Refuge 
 for Juvenile Delinquents." 
 
 " Congress passed a tariff to protect and 
 encourage cotton manuTacturers. 
 
 " Abdication of Iturbide, Emperor of Mex- 
 ico. He was banished, and sailed for 
 London. 
 
 " March 13. Convention with Great Britain 
 for the suppression of the slave 
 trade 518 
 
 " April 5. Convention with Russia in re- 
 lation to the north-west boundary. 518 
 
 " Bolivar defeated the Spaniards at Gunin 
 Aycucho. 
 
 " July 19. Execution of Iturbide, Emperor 
 of Mexico, through the machinations 
 of Santa Anna. 
 
 " Aug. 13. Arrival of Oen, Lafayette on a 
 visit to the United States. For sketch 
 of his life see page 413. 
 
 '' Nov. John Qitincy Adams elected Presi- 
 dent, and John C. Calhoun Vice-Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 " Bolivar became Dictator of Peru. 
 
 " Buenos Ay res organized into a Republic 
 under Las Heras. 
 
 " Brazil adopts a Constitution. 
 
 '' Mexican Congress proclaimed a new 
 Consiitution similar to that of the 
 United States, and a Republic of 19 
 States and 5 Territories formed with 
 Guadalupe Victoria as President, and 
 Gen. Bravo as Vice-President. 
 825. Tiie Capitol at Was hington comjjleted. 
 
 " First edge tool manufactory, established 
 by SamL W. Collins, at CoUinsville, 
 Connecticut. 
 
 " 1 ol via made an independent State, and 
 
(58 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 iianit'il in honor of Simon Bolivar, and 
 a repulilican form of government adopt- 
 fi\, witli (icu. Sucre as President, 
 1835. Bolivar returned to Colombia aud a re- 
 publican government formed. 
 
 J^irsi Overland Journey to Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 " Jedcdiali Smith, a trapper, performed the 
 first overland journey to California, and 
 established a post near the town of 
 
 Fols 
 
 Sept. 7 
 
 7),7-. 
 
 hire of Lafayette for 
 full description of the 
 
 iinouies, and touching 
 tiiliutc (if :i orateful nation to a beloved 
 and hniKirc-d benefoctor, see p. 530. 
 For bioynipliy, see p. 412. 
 July 4. i'hc r,Oth Anniversary of Ameri- 
 can Iiuh-jiciidaicc. A grand jn'l)ilee was 
 universally observed throughout the 
 United States. 
 
 Jo/m Adams. 
 July 4. Death of John Adams, first Vice- 
 President and second President of the 
 "United States. Mr. Adams was born 
 in the town of Braintree, the present 
 town of Quincy, on the 30th of Octo- 
 ber, 1735. He was the son of a farmer 
 of limited means, who toiled early and 
 late for a very frugal support for his 
 family. He was anxious to give his 
 son a collegiate education, that he 
 might become a minister of the Gospel. 
 John entered Harvard College at the age 
 of sixteen, and graduated at twenty. 
 He had received all the aid from his 
 father he could expect, and he there- 
 fore obtained a situation as teacher 
 in Worcester, and at the same time he 
 began the study of law. At twenty- 
 two he opened a law office in his native 
 town and continued to study. He 
 rapidly rose in the esteem of tlie pub- 
 lic and in his profession. At the pas- 
 sage of the Stamp Act, Mr. Adams en- 
 tered the political arena, and his first 
 act was to draw up a series of resolu- 
 tions in remonstrance, which were 
 adopted by the citizens of Braintree, 
 and subsequently, word for word, by 
 more than forty towns in the State. 
 Mr. A dams now entered upon a distin- 
 guished political career. His able de- 
 fense of a sailor who thrust a harpoon 
 through the heart of an English Lieut., 
 who with his press-gang from a British 
 ship were attempting to capture him, 
 gained Mr. Adams great popularity, 
 and established the principle that the 
 infamous law of impressment could 
 have no recognition on American soil. 
 
 Mr. Adams was one of the five dele- 
 gates from Massachusetts to the Conti- 
 nental Ccmp-ess. It became the imper- 
 ative iliity iif this Ci.imress to make a 
 (bcisinii wliicli should tell upon all fu- 
 ture time. Mr, Adams was placed upon 
 the most important committees. These 
 demanded a redress of their grievances. 
 This Congress received tbe following 
 eulogy from Loid Ch dliain : 
 
 "1 have studied niid admired the 
 free Stat, s oT aiitli|iiily, the master- 
 spirits of tin- woiM; Ijut for solidity 
 of reason, force of sagacity, and wis- 
 dom of conclu-ion, no body of men can 
 take the precedence of this Continental 
 Congress." 
 
 The following April the Revolution 
 began. The liattlc of Bunker Hill was 
 fought. Mr. Adams was in t'ongress. 
 but his wile kept him informed of 
 events occurring at Boston. The day 
 following the opening of the battle, 
 Mrs. Adams wrote these words to her 
 husl)nnd : 
 
 " The day, perhaps the decisive day, 
 is come, on which the fate of America 
 
 depends Charlestown is laid in 
 
 ashes The constant roar of can- 
 non is so distressing that we can 
 neither eat, drink, nor sleep." 
 
 John Adams and Thomas Jefitrson 
 were appointed by the committee to 
 draft a Declariitinn of Imlependcnco. 
 
 Mr. Adams was tI]rC„l,,ssiis of debate 
 in the halls n|'( onun ~s. Mr. .btVerson 
 had little skill ill .1. ball. , bill wielded 
 a powerful [nii. When tluv met to 
 perform their task, each urged the 
 other to make the draft. Jlr. Adams 
 finally said : " I will not do it. There 
 are three good reasons wdiyyou should. 
 First, you are a Virginian, and Vir- 
 ginia should take the lead in this busi- 
 ness. Second, I am obnoxious, sus- 
 pected, unpopular ; you are the reverse. 
 Third, you can write ten times better 
 than I can." Jeflerson replied : " Well, 
 if you insist upon it, I will do as well 
 as i can." The result of this cmference 
 we need not dwell u|Hin, saM' that the 
 prosperity and haiipiness of this great 
 nation dates back to tliat hour and that 
 action. Mr. Adams was appointed on 
 a committee with Franklin and Rut- 
 
 confer with Lord II 
 
 Mr 
 
 W( 
 
 we with 
 request 
 I'-rdship 
 Id only 
 letcr of 
 replied : 
 to your 
 IS in anv 
 ■ Mritisii 
 
 ])rop(>sitions. You may vie' 
 
 light you please except tli:it 
 
 subjects. We shall enn-ider ourselves 
 
 in no other character than that in 
 
 which we were placed by order of 
 
 Congress." 
 
 Dr. Gordon said of Mr. Adams : "Tn 
 a word, I deliver to you the opinion of 
 every man in the House when I a<kl, 
 that he possesses the clearest head and 
 firmest heart of any man in Congress." 
 
 In 1777 he was npiiointe.l a .lelegate 
 to France, to take tin- i-laerof Silas 
 Drane, who had berii recall. 'd, and to 
 cooperate with Dr. rraiiklin and Artluir 
 Lee, in the endeavor to obtain assist- 
 ance in arms and money from the 
 French Government. In 1779 5Ir. 
 Adams was sent to Paris to be in readi- 
 ness to negotiati- a Ircatv of piace and 
 commerce with (Ireat i;iil,iiii. 
 
 While wailin- tli,- niolnai of the 
 English Parii.ment, lir \isit.,l Holland 
 and negoiiali'd impoiiant lo.ans, and 
 formed impoManl e.annirri'ial treaties. 
 
 In 17S-'', iil'lor a L^nat anionnt of dip- 
 lomatic maneuvering, a detiuite treaty 
 was eflected through the agency of 
 
 Adams, Franklin, 
 Jefl'erson. The ci 
 and excitement 
 Adams haet passe 
 fever and his lif 
 
 irens, .lay, anti 
 ant anxietv, toil, 
 ■nigh wbic'h Mr. 
 lirew him into a 
 as for a time in 
 
 danger. Upon his recover 
 paired to England, where he : 
 
 he re- 
 mained 
 a short time, wdien lie was again or- 
 dered to visit Holland and obtain an- 
 
 other loan. In 1785 Mr. Adams was 
 appointed Envoy to the Court of St. 
 James. He was now to meet, face to 
 f ice. ihe King of EnglaneJ, as the first 
 Minister to that court, from the power 
 which had so recently humbled them. 
 It was a very trying as well as a tri- 
 umphant position. But Mr. Adams 
 was. sufficient for the occasion, and 
 in the interview with his August 
 Majesty, showed less embarrassment 
 and full as much dignity as the king 
 himself. This was a day of proud 
 victory for America, and for her noble 
 and patriotic Minister; and we 1 did 
 he discharge his duty, and gallantly 
 and modestly did he wear his honors. 
 In 1Ts!1 Mr, Adams was chosen for 
 Vieed'nsidrut, with George Washing- 
 ton, w hieh ollice he held for two terms, 
 and upon the close of the second term 
 he was placed in the Presidential chair. 
 Upon his retirement from this high 
 office, which he had filled with a con- 
 scientious regard for duty, but which 
 had been a stormy and difficult admin- 
 istration, he repaired to his fiirm at 
 Quincy. Party politics had run high, 
 and the Vice-President, Jett'eison, liis 
 staunch fi-iend, was called to side with 
 the opposition. This was a severe trial 
 for Mr. Adams, and caused a breach in 
 their remarkable friendship of thirteen 
 years duration. 
 
 Mr. Adams never again entered pub- 
 lic life, except to draw up an able pa- 
 per exposing the atrocities committed 
 by the English Government up<m 
 American ships, in searching them and 
 
 Adams lived to see his cherished son, 
 .lolin liuincey, in the Presidential chair, 
 lie was now ninety years of age. The 
 year following upon the anniversary of 
 "the national independence he departed 
 this life. His last act was to send a 
 toast to be presented to the celebration 
 at Quincy on the following fourth of 
 July. Wfien appealed to, he said : " I 
 give you Independence forever." His 
 last words were, " Jefferson still lives," 
 but Jefterson had departed this life an 
 hour before. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson. 
 July 4. Death of Thomas Jefferson, third 
 I'resident of the United States. Jlr. 
 Jefl'erson was born in Albemarle Coun- 
 ty, Virginia, on the 3d of April, 1743. 
 His father was a man of wealth and 
 culture, and his mother an intelligent 
 and accomplishe I woman, reared in 
 London and accustomed to the society 
 of the refined, and the luxuries derived 
 from wealth and pi sition. Thomas 
 was the eldest of a fiimily of eight 
 children. His father died when he 
 was but fourteen years of age. At the 
 age of seventeen he entered William 
 and Mary College, in an advanced 
 class. 
 
 Upon leaving college he entered the 
 law office of Mr. Wythe, one of the 
 most distinguished lawyers in the 
 State. He was then not twenty-(me 
 years of age, and continued his intense 
 application to study. As a young 
 man, Mr, Jefferson was possessed of a 
 singularly pure and exemplary char- 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 182G. actcr. Giimbling he thoroughly de- 
 tested. Ardent spirits lie never tasted, 
 and tobaceo he never used in any form, 
 and he was never heard to utter an 
 oatli. 
 
 Mr. Jefferson rapidly rose in dis- 
 tinetion at the bar, not as a public 
 speaker, but as a profound and deep 
 thinker, and an accurate reasoner. In 
 1709 Mr. Jefferson was chosen to fill a 
 seat in the Legislature of Virginia. 
 He was the largest slave-holder in the 
 House, yet be introduced a bill em- 
 ])owering slave-holders to manumit 
 their slaves, which was rejected by an 
 overwhelming vote. At this time Mr. 
 JefJ'erson was possessed of an estate of 
 nearly 5,000 acres, tilled by about fifty 
 slaves, and, together with his practice 
 at the bar, his income amounted to 
 $5,000 a year. In 1773 he married 
 a wealthy and accomplished young 
 widow, who brought him 40,000 acres 
 of land and 185 slaves, thus making 
 him one of the largest slave-holders in 
 Virginia; yet he labored with all his 
 energies for the abolition of slavery. 
 He declared that institution to be a 
 curse to the master, a curse to the 
 slave, and an oflense in the sight of 
 God. 
 
 In 1774 Mr. Jefferson became an 
 active agent, together with Patrick 
 Henry and the two Lees, in calling a 
 General Annual Congress, in consider- 
 ation of the encroachments of Great 
 Britain upon the rights of the colonies. 
 He also wrote a pamphlet entitled "A 
 Summary View of the Rights of British 
 America," which had a large circula- 
 tion in this country, and was exten- 
 sively published in England. At the 
 first outbreak of hostilities, Jefferson 
 was in fuvor of decisive measures. 
 His pen was active and powerful in 
 stimulating the colonies to a defense 
 of their liberties and rights. In 1775 
 Mr. Jefferson took his seat in the 
 Colonial Congress at Philadelphia. 
 His reputation as a writer had pre- 
 ceded him, but his ever prompt, frank, 
 explicit decisions, and his native 
 modesty and suaviiy of manner capti- 
 vated his opponents, and it was said 
 he had not an enemy in Congress. In 
 five days after he had taken his seat he 
 was appointed to prepare an address 
 upon the causes of taking up arms. It 
 was one of the most populai' documents 
 ever written, and was greeted with en- 
 thusiasm by all classes. It was read at 
 the head of the armies amid the roar of 
 cannon and the wild huzzas of the 
 soldiery. Yet Thomas Jefferson suf- 
 fered the reputation of the authorship 
 to rest with one of his fellow-committee- 
 men, Dickinson, all his life, and not 
 until after his death was it publicly 
 known that Jefferson was the real 
 author. Such traits of character de- 
 veloped the real heroism and nobility 
 of the man. 
 
 The pen of Thomas Jefferson drafted 
 the Declaration of Independence, 
 which was presented to Congress on 
 the 28th of June, 1776, and which 
 passed a fiery ordeal of criticism of 
 three days' debate, during which Jeffer- 
 son opened not his mouth. But his 
 champion was his co-worker and ear- 
 nest sympathizer, John Atlams, who 
 fought fearlessly for every v. ord of it, 
 
 with a masterly power and an eloquence 
 that was irresistible. Upon the 4th of 
 July it was adopted, and signed, amid 
 the hush and silence of the most mo- 
 mentous and thrillingly sublime occa- 
 sion it was ever permitted a citizen of 
 any nation upon earth to witness or to 
 participate in. Upon that day a nation 
 was born, whose glory and magnificent 
 l)r<)gross has excelled" every people and 
 nation of the earth. 
 
 In 1779 Mr. Jefferson was chosen 
 Governor of Virginia. He was then 
 thirty-six years of age. During the 
 War of the Revolution, he earnestly 
 and zealously sustained General Wash- 
 ington. In 1781 a party rose in Vir- 
 ginia which ojiposed Mr. Jefl'erson and 
 atteiiiptc'd to drive him from his office 
 anil tlie State. At the same time his 
 wife, to whom he was devotedly at- 
 tached, was dying of a lingering dis- 
 ease. He resolved to retire from pub- 
 lic life and devote himself to her. But 
 in the confinement of a sick-room and 
 at the bedside of a dying wife, his 
 enemies still pursued him, reproaching 
 him with weakness and a neglect of 
 his duties as a citizen and pa'riot. 
 L^pon her death he was so overwhelmed 
 with sorrow that he became entirely 
 insensible, and for three weeks he kept 
 his room, seeing no one but his faithful 
 daughter, who was his sole companion. 
 He never again married, and forty-four 
 years after the death of his wife there 
 were found in a secret drawer in his 
 private cabinet looks of her hair and 
 various little souvenirs of his wife, 
 upon the envelopes of which were 
 written words of endearing remem- 
 brance. In 1783 Mr. Jefferson was ap- 
 pointed Minister Plenipotentiary, to 
 negotiate a treaty of peace with En- 
 gland, but the treaty being secured 
 before bis preparations were completed, 
 it became unnecessary for him to go 
 upon that mission. In 1784 he was 
 appointed, with Mr. Adams and Dr. 
 Franklin, to act as Minister Plenipoten- 
 tiary in negotiating treaties of com- 
 merce with foreign nations. Upon his 
 arrival in Paris, Dr. Franklin resigned, 
 from age and infirmity, and returned 
 to America, leaving Jefl'erson his suc- 
 cessor. 
 
 He became very popular in Paris, 
 whither his great reputation had pre- 
 ceded him. No foreign minister ex- 
 cept Franklin had ever before been so 
 caressed. Yet all the honors which he 
 received from the gayest and most flat- 
 tering of earthly courts produced no 
 change in the simplicity of his republi- 
 can tastes. Invited by the National 
 Assembly of France to attend and par- 
 ticipate in their dchberations, he 
 wisely though delicately declined 
 the lionor, as inconsistent with his 
 position as a recognized ambassador 
 to the French Court. In September, 
 17S9, Mr. Jefferson returned to America. 
 In ITUU he accepted the appointment 
 of .Secretary of State from Washington. 
 L'lJou the election of John Adams to 
 the Presidency, Mr. Jefl'erson became 
 Vice - President. His administration 
 was anything but a smooth and tran- 
 quil path. Party jealousy and strife 
 ran high. Jlr. .Jefl'erson was a thorongli 
 and staunch Republican, and opposed 
 cvcrytLing wLich tended toward the 
 
 growth of an aristocracy in the heart 
 of the young and free Government. In 
 1801 Thomas Jefferson was made 
 President of the United Stiitrs. llis 
 eleeliun was hailed with great .lemou- 
 strations of joy bj' tlie masses, f'rr he 
 was truly ''the jieople's choice.'' In 
 1801 he was re-elerted with great 
 unanimity, with George Clinton as 
 Vice-President. At the close of his 
 second term of ofti.-e lii^ fellings can 
 
 '■i\e\-er iliil a |iii<ciihr. n liM-^rd from 
 
 shaking off' the shackles of power. 
 . . . . I thank God far the opportunity 
 of retirinn; from them without censure, 
 and Tarrying with me the nio.^t con- 
 
 lelVeriMii-sliiKpitulity 
 
 fiftv persons as LCnesis al nneliuie. In 
 his'tUmilvhe was -natlv heli. veil— al- 
 most adired. lli-s , 1.1: -I ilau-hter, 
 the accomphshed .Mrs. liamlolpli, thus 
 writes of tier adored fatlier: "Never, 
 never did I witness a particle of in- 
 justice in my father; never speaking a 
 harsh -wohI, never manifesting sullen- 
 iiess, iir aii:;ir, or irritation. We 
 Venerated Ijini as somtthing better and 
 wiser than other men. He seemed to 
 know everything — even the thoughts 
 of our minds, and our untold wishes. 
 AVe wondered that we did not fear 
 him ; and yet we did not, any more 
 than we did companions of onr own 
 age." Never was there a more beauti- 
 ful exhibition of parental love than 
 that exhibited by Thomas Jefl'erson. 
 
 No man ever lived wlio was more 
 greatly beloved by those who inti- 
 mately knew him. His slaves regarded 
 him more as a father than a master. 
 He was a member of no church society, 
 and hated shams and hypocrisy, es- 
 pecially in religious proles-ion. with 
 great intensity; yet his admiration of 
 Christ and His character, as portrayed 
 by the evangelists, was Imundless; and 
 hehadgiva' i- p it i > llie Bible as a 
 bookof ui' H 1 ill ill :r i\ wisdom, and 
 spent mueli ii:i:e in i^ li nu- and copy- 
 ing from its pag.-. li: iileliarac- 
 
 ■ tor was without /■,. ,,,1 \ri, be- 
 
 cause he made no | ■ [I -ion of 
 religion, he was diiio nr..; i- ni ■■in- 
 fidel." In reading carefully the history 
 of his life, the reader will" see that it 
 was less from unbelief in the doctrines 
 of (,'lnistiaiHty than from the corrupt 
 
 wearing their religion as a cloak to 
 cover their moral deformity. 
 
 Greal Anfi-Maso?i Excite moil. — 
 
 Abduction of Wm. Morgan. 
 
 Thni-liw Wecfl's ntmini.^cenccs nf the nf- 
 
 fiiir. 'IS ,1 M'liihir i<f !}!•: tiiristbjaHng 
 
 ( \nlt la i'f' ' 'll thr tint'' "f til'' frif/IS(lC~ 
 
 tl"„. .Mr. Wild ga\e 'llie following 
 account ut llic .Morgan atl'air in a letter 
 to the N. Y. Herald of Aug. r\ mr,, 
 and wliich was copied by tlie Chicago 
 I'rihunc the same month : 
 
 "I did not personally know Wm. 
 Morgan, who was for more than two 
 months writing his book in a house 
 adjoining my residence in Rochester, 
 
7G0 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1826. N. T. When aijplietl to by Mr. Dyer— 
 my npxt-donr neighbor, where Morgan 
 bo irdert — to print the book, jjurportinj; 
 to disclose the secrets of Masonry, I 
 declined to do so, believing that a man 
 wlio had t.aken an oath to keep a se- 
 cret had no right to disclose it. Al- 
 though not a Freemason, I had favor- 
 able opinions of an institution to which 
 Washington, Franklin, and Lafayette 
 belonged. On my refusal to print the 
 bonk, Morgan removed to liatavi^, 
 ■vvhcrc he made tlie acquaintance of 
 David C. Miller, editor of the Ad- 
 v:ic<iti\ also a Mason, who became his 
 pulilisher. I pass briefly over a series 
 of facts which were judicially estab- 
 lished, embracing the arrest of Mor- 
 gan, liis conveyance to and continement 
 in the county jail at Canandaigua, from 
 which he was released and conveyed 
 by niglit, in close carriages, through 
 Rochester, Chirkson, and along the 
 Ridge Hoad to Fort Niagara, in the 
 magazine of which he was confined. 
 While thus confined a Knight Tem- 
 plar Encampment was installed at 
 i.eiviston; when at supper, the zeal 
 and enthusiasm of the Templars hav- 
 ing been aroused by the speeches and 
 wine. Col. Wm. King, of Lockport, in- 
 vited four men (Whitney, Howard, 
 Chubbuck, and Garsidc) from the seats 
 at the banqueting table, into an ad- 
 joining room, where he informed them 
 that he had an order fnmi the Grand 
 Master (De Witt Clinton), the execu- 
 tion of which required their assistance. 
 This party was then driven to Niagara, 
 reaching the Fort a little before 12 
 o'clock. Upon entering the magazine, 
 Col. King informed Morgan that his 
 friends had completed their arrange- 
 ments for his removal to, and residence 
 upon, a farm in Canada. Morgan 
 walked with them to the wharf, where 
 a boat was held in readiness for them 
 by Elisha Adams, an invalid soldier, 
 into which the party passed and rowed 
 away, Adams remaining to -warn the 
 boat ofl^ by sigual, if, on its return, any 
 alarm had been given. It was nearly 
 3 o'clock in the morning when the boat 
 returned, having, as Adams expressed 
 it, hist one man, only tive of the six 
 being on board when the boat returned. 
 AVlien the boat reached the point where 
 the Niagara River empties into Lake 
 Ontario, a rope being wound around 
 Morgan's body, to citlier end of which 
 a sinker was attached, he was thrown 
 overboard. It is due to the memory 
 of Gov. Clint(m to say that Col. King 
 had no such order, and no authority 
 to make use of his name. It is proper, 
 also, to add, that none of these men 
 survive. John Whitney, of Rochester, 
 wliom I knew so well, related all the 
 circumstances connected with the last 
 act in the tragedy, to me at Albany in 
 If^ol, in tlie presence of Simeon B. 
 Jewett, of Clarkson, and Samuel Bar- 
 ton, of Lewiston." We glean the fol- 
 lowing notes from Mr. Weed's letter : 
 '■In Oetolier, 1837, more than a year 
 after the abduction of Morgan, a body 
 drifted on shore near a small creek 
 wliich emptied into Lake Ontario. 
 An inquest was lield, and it was pro- 
 nounced 'the body of an uuknown per- 
 son.' Morgan's friends demanded an- 
 other inquest. Mrs. Morgan and a 
 
 M, 
 
 ave a complete 
 m, and also of 
 liiih was fully 
 .Iv fciind, .and 
 r-llltr,l in the 
 
 .r \Vm. 
 ^Iv dis- 
 
 Im„1v 
 
 n.,wliir ,,,,,.1 ,„,.,il,, |,:,.i nn!„.'st,'.ry 
 remains, .\ i ,,ii >,|,,,ic \.y \Ur name of 
 Timolhy Muiiro-, liaii I.iccmi swept over 
 the Niagara Falls eleven days before 
 tlie discovery of the body. His wife 
 appeared, and demanded another in- 
 (jucsi u]ioii it. She gave a very minute 
 description of his clothing, which fully 
 identiiied that found upon the body, 
 but her description of his person was 
 very inaccurate, yet, the result of the 
 inquest was, that it was the body of 
 Timothy Monroe."' Thus ended the 
 mysterious -'Jlorgan aflair." 
 
 Humholdl. 
 
 Visit of Baron Alexander von Humboldt, 
 the great German naturalist, geologist, 
 and distinguished scientist, to the 
 United States. This great and learned 
 mau was born in Berlin September 14, 
 1709, and was educated with great care 
 at an early age in the natural sciences. 
 He was also a student of the University 
 of Prankfort-on-the-Oder. He traveled 
 over the Continent, and his researches 
 among the Alps and Pyrenees were 
 extensive. The King of Spain granted 
 liim a passport to all his dominions 
 with free use of all astronomical and 
 other instruments which would aid the 
 advancement of science. Such exten- 
 sive privileges had never before been 
 granted a traveler. 
 
 He proceeded to South America and 
 explored all the mountainous regions, 
 volcanoes, great rivers, and natural 
 scenery and botany. lb' as ciidcfl the 
 highest peaks of t'li.- Amirs, an.l slood 
 upon the cloud-caii|H ,1 h, i^lils wliere 
 the foot of man had iicy, r l„ fore ven- 
 tured. He measured their vast pro- 
 portions, and sounded the depths of 
 burning volcanoes, weighing them in 
 the balance of his mighty mind, giving 
 to the world a new revelation. 
 
 After his visit to America, he pub- 
 lished a scries of volumes under the title 
 of Kosmos, and several other works. 
 Agassi/, says of him: "The personal 
 intliience he exerted upon science is in- 
 calculable. With bini ends a great 
 period in tin- liistory of science, a 
 ])eriod to wliii li ( 'uviir, Laplace, Arago, 
 Gay, Lussai-, He Candolle, and Robert 
 Brown l.cloni;r,i.'' 
 
 Oct. L'li, (>i., i< nil] of the Erie Canal icith 
 
 First 
 
 factured in the United 
 
 Due} lie) ircen Henry Clay and John Ran- 
 (lo/ji/i, caused by personal insults flung 
 openly in the Senate Chamlier at Mr. 
 Clay, as Secretary of State. Both of 
 these illustrious men lived in times 
 when, and were educated under a code 
 of morals which r. cognized no other 
 meansof sati-lVni- in-nlt-.l h.mnr. It 
 was much |ir,i(iiir.[ in tlir early days 
 of "Southern cliiva'ry," I'ut wliich was 
 ever regarded by the cool and more 
 philosophical statesmen of the North 
 as a pernicious, disliouorable, and 
 
 brutal custom. Mr. Randolph refused 
 to retract, and also refused to take the 
 life of his antagonist, and resolved not 
 to return the fire of Mr. Clay, yet he 
 made every preparation lor death, as far 
 as his worldly affairs were concerned. 
 Upon the cr'ound, the iiisfol of Mr. 
 Randolph :M-.i.l.ni,allv wmiI ..If while 
 
 Iiurcly accidental. Two shots were 
 exchanged, Randolph's first loilging in 
 a stump in the rear of Mr. Clay, and 
 the latter's ball striking the earth 
 several feet behind Ui. Randolpli. 
 The second firing resulted the same, 
 except that Mr. Randolph discharged 
 his pisti'l in the air. He remarked to 
 C..I. Urnton, jii-t after the first fire : " I 
 y\nul 1 Hut li,iv( srfi] him fall mortally, 
 or oMu dnul.tfilly wounded for all the 
 land th.it is watered by the king of 
 flood, ami all his trihnla'rv streams." 
 
 .Mr. (lay, upon seeing mV. liandolph's 
 pistol (liscliarged in llie icr, a]iproached 
 
 trust in God, my (ieav sir, \on arc un- 
 touched ; after what has oecnrrcd, I 
 would not have harmed you for a 
 thousand worlds." The antagonists 
 formally exchanged cards, and their 
 relations of courtesy were restored. 
 Thus ended an "affair of honor," 
 wliieh in the progress of ciyilizatiou 
 has become in tlic eyes of all honorable 
 men a barbavous and inhuman prac- 
 tice. 
 
 Brazilian independence acknowledged 
 by Spain. 
 
 Constitution for confederation of Buenos 
 Ayres framed. 
 
 Spanish forces driven from Peru. 
 
 Uruguay declared for independence. 
 
 Brazil declared war against the Argen- 
 tine Kepublic. 
 
 City of Buenos Ayres blockaded by 
 Brazil. 
 
 J^irsf Fire-proof Safes. 
 
 Jesse Delano patented an improvement 
 on fire-proof safes of French invention. 
 
 Fell, 'treaty with the Creek Indians con- 
 eluded 533 
 
 Treaty with the Kansas Indians .533 
 
 Treat v with the Great and Little 
 Osages 533 
 
 May. A general treaty of peace, naviga- 
 tion, and commerce between United 
 States and the Republic of Colom- 
 bia 533 
 
 Qreot I'.rrih III! iitiirer the "3Iorffr!n aff'iiir," 
 and ei'eat ojipo^itiou to Freemasonry. 
 Poiitical 1 apilal made out of the alleged 
 murili r (.>f ilorgan. 
 
 Fuvt rnilruad ill the United States built 
 at Quincy, Mass., and operated by 
 horse-power. 
 
 Congress piissed a protective tariff, which 
 caused much opposition at the South. 
 
 Sand-paper and emery-paper first made 
 at Philadelphia. 
 
 First locomotive introduced from England 
 by the Delaware and Hudson Canal 
 Company, being the first steam-engine 
 used in the United States. 
 
 Baltimore and Ohio R. R. begun. 
 
 Cowjress made provision to pay the offieers 
 of the Rroolutionnry War r>33 
 
 Names of ''Democrat" and "Repub- 
 lican " chosen this year for the parties 
 still bearing that name. 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 7G1 
 
 Oen. Andreic Jackson and John C. Calhoun 
 chosen to fill the offices of President and 
 Yicc-Prcsidait. 
 
 Chili adopts a Constitution 537 
 
 Internal war in Mexico. 
 
 Treaty of peace between Brazil and 
 Buenos Ayres. 
 
 Gen. Sucre assassinated. 
 
 Brazil declares war against the Argentine 
 Kepublic. 
 
 Planing-niill patented by Wm. Wood- 
 wortii, of New York. 
 
 Si>ain attempts to regain Mexico. She 
 sends a force of 4,000 troops under 
 Gen. Barradas. He was forced to 
 capitulate, and his troops were sent to 
 Havana. 
 
 Mexican independence recognized ly the 
 United States. 
 
 Mexico expelled all the natives of Spain 
 fiom her territory. 
 
 First coifee plantations started in Costa 
 Kica. 
 
 Marisciil Santa Cruz elected President of 
 Bolivia ; and a revolution began, last- 
 ing ten years. 
 
 Jan. 26. Daniel Webster's great speech 
 defending the Constitution 538 
 
 Feb. 30. Resolutions passed by the Vir- 
 ginia House of Delegates against the 
 United States Tariff Bill. 
 
 May 3. Hail falls in Tuscaloosa, Ala- 
 lama, to the depjth of tweUe inches. 
 
 May 17. Death of John Jaij^ at Bedford, 
 New York. 
 
 Sept. 15. Slavery abolished in Mexico. 
 
 Nov. 9. Separation of Yucatan from 
 Mexico, and union with Central Amer- 
 ica. 
 
 Dec. 4. Revolution commenced in Mexico. 
 
 First Asylum for the Blind. 
 
 " Perkins Institute and Massachusetts Asy- 
 lum for the Blind established through 
 the eftorts of Dr. John D. Fisher, wiih 
 Dr. Samuel G. Howe as Director, who 
 held the position forty-three years. 
 
 " First Horticultural Society founded in 
 this country. 
 
 " President Jackson removed 700 officehold- 
 ers, which established the precedent 
 since so closely followed. He is 
 credited with the saying : " To the 
 victor belong the spoils." 
 1830. Jan. 20. Bolivar risigns his military and 
 civil commissions. 
 
 " Jan. 37. City of Ouatemala nearly de- 
 stroyed by earthquake. 
 
 " April 4. Yucatan decl.ires its independ- 
 ence. 
 
 " Uruguav adopted a Constitution. 
 
 " Death of Bolivar at San Pedro. 
 
 " South Carolina asserts '^ Stale's Bights.''' 
 
 Rise of Mormonism. 
 
 April C. Mormon Church founded upon 
 the supernatural pretensions of Joseph 
 Smith, an ignorant, dissolute, but pre- 
 tentious young man, who had no repu- 
 tation for good in the community where 
 he lived, in Palmyra, N. Y. Smith 
 was the pretended author of a new rev- 
 elation, which he called the " Book of 
 Mormon;" or, "Golden Bible." He 
 dictated the contents to Oliver Cow- 
 dery, while seated behind a blanket 
 hung across the room, to keep profane 
 eyes from beholding the " sacred rec- 
 ords," or metallic plates which he 
 
 claimed to have exhumed by direction 
 of the Holy Spirit ! Tliese he professed 
 to be reading, with the aid of the 
 Urim and Thumuiim — the ancient 
 stones revived — by looking through 
 which, the strange characters were 
 converted into English I The true ori- 
 gin of this book is claimed to be the 
 manuscript of an eccentric preacher, by 
 the name of Spaulding, who became 
 involved in debt, and undertook the 
 composition of a historical novel, en- 
 titled "Manuscript Found;"' by which 
 means he hoped to liquidate his debts. 
 The MSS. were written in 1813, and 
 left in a printing office where Sydney 
 Kigdon was a workman. In 1816 Mr. 
 t-'paulding died. When the new Bible 
 appeared, Mr. Miller, a partner of 
 Spaulding, also Mr. Spauldins's wife, 
 recognized the plagiarism, and testified 
 lo a great portion of the book as being 
 the production of Spaulding's pen. 
 The characters, names, etc., were ver- 
 batim from Spaulding, but mixed up 
 with Scripture quotations, together 
 with Bible doctrines, and altogether 
 forming a book of several hundred 
 pages. The main features of th£ Mor- 
 mon religion were the pretended " gifts 
 of the Church," by which the same 
 miracles which were wrought by Christ 
 were claimed to be wrought by Smith 
 and his apostles, even to the raising of 
 the dead. Kirtland, Ohio, became the 
 headquarters of the Mormons in 1831, 
 and they began rapidly to increase. 
 A body of tlieni started a church in 
 Jackson Co., Mo., where their num- 
 bers increased so rapidly that the old 
 settlers becoming alarmed, held pub- 
 lic meetings, protecting against the 
 invasion of the new sect. The citi- 
 zens demanded the suppression of 
 their paper, which being refused, it 
 was destroyed by a mob. The excite- 
 ment prevailed to such an extent, that 
 some of their houses were destroyed 
 and their leaders whipped, and during 
 a fray several lives were lost on both 
 sides. Persecutions but strengthened 
 the zeal of the fanatics. They moved 
 about from place to place, and iinally 
 settled down in Nauvoo, 111., where 
 they began the erection of a Temple. 
 They now took the name of " Latter- 
 Day Saints." In 1833 Brigham Young 
 was converted to the new faith. In 
 1837 the Mormons carried their new 
 religion to the Old World, where super- 
 stition and ignorance abounded. There 
 it flourished and took deep root among 
 the lower classes, who have ever been 
 the dupes of designing religious pre- 
 tenders. The light of reason and edu- 
 cation always dispels the dark clouds 
 of superstition and bigotry, and no 
 sect, founded upon superstition and 
 pretended wonders and miraculous 
 demonstrations, can longer hope to 
 flourish where an open Bible, free 
 schools, and a free press abound. In 
 1839 the " Latter-Day Saints," under the 
 leadership of Smith, united their forces 
 and began a settlement and the build- 
 ing of their Temple in Nauvoo. Polyg- 
 amy was now introduced by "revela- 
 tion to Smith," as a special privilege 
 to the head of the Church. During 
 1843-3-4 Smith was repeatedly arrest- 
 ed on charges of murder, treason, and 
 adultery, but managed to avert punish- 
 
 lil the summer of 1814, when, 
 brother Hiram, he was sent 
 r l>v thi- Governor cif Illinois 
 
 y, : '-.yy-x- \v. ■■: v.. r ;,r,v>ted 
 
 into the jail and summarily killed 
 them both. Great mourning and 1 im- 
 entations went up from the afliicted 
 Mormons. Thoy sent word to all the 
 faithful far and near, that the ''Lord's 
 Prophet" was killed. Brigham Ycmng 
 was appointed succe>^sor to Joeph 
 Smith, nmch to the chagrin of Sydney 
 Kigdon. 
 
 The Mormons were now compelled 
 to abandon their ciiy and Temple. 
 They proceeded at once to establish 
 themselves beyond the bounds of civil- 
 izaticm, where they could carry out 
 their dark and di vilish designs, and 
 lay the foundation of tlnir unholy 
 schemes, unmolested by law, order, or 
 even decency. A desolate region near 
 the shores of the Great Salt Lake was 
 chosen for the seat of their city and 
 government, for they aspired to no less 
 pretensions than the "Veritable King- 
 dom of God," and Brigham Young His 
 chosen Prophet, Priest, and King, 
 temporal, or rukr of the " Saints of 
 God" — could mortal man aspire to 
 greater dignity or power ? But — 
 '■Mirabile dicta,!''— this chief of im- 
 postors actually succeeded in establish- 
 ing a form of government in the very 
 center of the United States, with him- 
 self as g-overnor, with laws to suit him- 
 self, defying the Government and all 
 law and leterference upon the pn tendid 
 authority of •' Divine Rividation" and 
 '■appointment!" Herein the heart of 
 the sri'at wilderness they began to 
 build the "New Jerusalem'' — since 
 called Salt Lake City. Here they 
 flourished like " a green bay tree" and 
 imported their devotees from the igno- 
 rant and oppressed classes of Eui;ope 
 by thousands, under pretense of bring- 
 ing them to the "land of promise." 
 They rapidly increased until they num- 
 bered many thousands, and became a 
 teiTor to emigration and civilization. 
 Under the disguise of Indians, they 
 waylaid whole emigrant trains, rob- 
 bing, plundering, and murdering the 
 helpless victims at their will. The 
 great " Mountain Meadow Ma'isacre," 
 designed and prosecuted by the Mor- 
 mon leaders, was, after twenty years' 
 successful evasion, brought to light, 
 and one of its leaders executed by 
 United States authorit.v. But it is 
 pretty generally believed that Brigham 
 Young and his apostles were instru- 
 mental in nearly all the depredations 
 committed throughout the great plains 
 of the West, which were attributed to 
 the Indi.ins. One great secret of the 
 indiflVnnce of the Government to the 
 alarming growth of this monstrosity 
 in the heart of her territory, was its 
 remoteness from the very borders of 
 civilization, and the astounding success 
 of its leaders in founding a city and a 
 government, populated and improved 
 by dint of systematic industry and 
 perseverance which challenged the ad- 
 miration of all who visited that oasis 
 of the Great Desert— the far-famed Salt 
 Lake City. The G overnment and mill- 
 
7C2 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 iflk 
 
 iicwspaptr correspond- 
 vuti, anil proiniiii'iit men of the nation 
 who visited L'tah were feted and flat- 
 tered, and sometimes Vowjht xip by 
 that great disnitary, Brigham Young, 
 who held unlimited sway over a vast 
 territory of willing subjects, and who 
 controlled, not only the press, the 
 schools, and the religion, but the 
 finances of a large territory representing 
 immense resources and wealth. But 
 the onward march of civilization is 
 fast accomplishing to-day what a tardy 
 Government should have done at the 
 start; for no great oppressive power 
 can long exist surrounded by the ele- 
 ments of freedom. 
 
 " Dec. 0. Building of the South Carolina 
 Railroad. 
 
 " American Institute of Learning founded 
 in Boston. 
 
 Haffk of the Giants. 
 
 " Great debate in the United States Senate 
 between Webster and Hajne, called 
 the " Battle of the Giants " 528 
 
 " Charter granted by the Legislature of 
 Pennsj Ivania to Col. Stephen Long for 
 the American Steam Carriage Com- 
 pany. 
 
 " First locomotive iuilt in the United States 
 liy Peter Cooper, the ijhilanthropist, 
 alter his own design. 
 1831. Gniit jHilifieirl excitement over Tariff and 
 Free Trade. 
 
 " " The Liberator," an anti-slarcrrj paper, 
 started in Bo-ton by \Vm. Lloyd Gar- 
 rison. 
 
 " Jan. 12. Remarlalile eclipse of the sun. 
 
 " April 7. Dom Pedro abdicated in favor 
 of his son, Pedro II. 
 
 James Monroe. 
 Julv 4. Death of James Monroe, fifth 
 President of Ibe United States. Mr. 
 i\bnir.)e\v:is l»,rn in \V. stmoreland Co., 
 \iri;ini:i, April -.'S I 7. "is. At the age 
 of l(j lie entered William and Mary 
 College, and in ]77(>, when but two 
 yeas in college, and upon the adoption 
 of the Declanition of Independence, he 
 relinquished his studies and hastened 
 to Gen. Washington's headquarters in 
 New York, and enrolled his name as a 
 cadet in the army. In the battle of 
 'I'rrnfon, (liirini.' wliirh he was wound- 
 ed, he cliMiiiLniish,.! liiniself for his 
 bravery, :nid u as piuni..led to the rank 
 of Captain. Soon after he received a 
 commission as Colonel, but the army 
 was so depleted tliat no command could 
 be furnished him, and he returned to 
 Virginia, and entered the law office of 
 Thomas Jeftcrson. In 1782 he was 
 elected to the Virginia i\ssembly, and 
 appointed a member of the Executive 
 touncil. In 1783 Mr. Monroe was 
 chosen a delegate to the Continental 
 Congress lor a term of three years, 
 where he proved himself an efficient 
 member, and was instrumental in bring- 
 ing al)()ut the General Convention at 
 Philadelpliin, which developed the 
 )irrs,.ni < '.Mwlitntion. He married a 
 ]\li,~ K,.iiii-iii, of New York, an intel- 
 liuviit aihl a. riiniplished Udy, who, in 
 his siiiise(juent high career, was every 
 «ay titteu for the companion of so dis- 
 tinguished a man. Mr. Monroe was 
 a member of the Virginia Convention 
 
 ent. 
 
 As a Repnblieau, ^Ir. Monroe opposed 
 every measure which tended to central- 
 ize the Government and give it too 
 much controlling jinwer over the States. 
 He feared tlir trndeiiriis of the people 
 toward an aiisl ciai y. In t'le war be- 
 tween Franc.' and i:n:_i'and Mr. Monroe 
 deeply s.'.nipa'liize.l with Trance, and 
 biliciiy o|i|i'wc,l the r.cntralily ])roc- 
 
 L^fuse 
 
 her .aid I,, France ,„ In r si r aiugle with 
 the ,lc;|,nlic pouvi-s ..fKun.jic. Presi- 
 dent Wasl.inuloii iiiagnaninioiisly ap- 
 ))oiiited Jauu'.s Monroe as Minister to 
 that Government. He was received 
 with the most enthusiastic demonstra- 
 tions of joyous welcimie. The Presi- 
 dent of the National Convention ad- 
 drissed him in a congratulatory speech, 
 and puiiliclv embraced him at "its close. 
 The Hags of the two republics were 
 intertwined in the As-crcMy Hall. 
 Mr. Monroe's frank ami coidial ni.anner, 
 and his open syni|ial!iv willi France 
 was so exlrcnielv aii: ci-a . ,., I'.M^land 
 and to the IVh n- ..: I ., I md in 
 America, thai he !■. ; l i;,;,,- the 
 close of A\'asliin-lo;,'., „i;uii;ii..Uation. 
 Shortly after his return he was elected 
 Governor of Virginia. Mr. Monroe 
 was sent to France to negotiate for the 
 purchase of the Louisiana Territory in 
 connection with Mr. Livingston, the 
 Jlinister to France. Their efforts were 
 successful. He next visited England 
 
 mieot 
 
 ;'rnment i 
 
 Pai'is, and witnessed 'ti' 
 Napolc.n Bonajiart.'. 
 deavored to settle a boi 
 relating to the Loni< 
 
 Fiance, .and 
 c. l.nt tailed 
 .Mr Monroe 
 rl,.rFngland 
 he remained 
 y which they 
 
 the Govern- 
 ■s was so un- 
 
 Senate.' Mr. 
 
 clined to snlmiil il lo tlic h 
 Monroe now retired to h 
 Virginia, where he remained until 
 called to the Secretaryship of State un- 
 der President Madison. 
 
 Upon the burning and sacking of 
 Washington by the British, :\Ir. Mon- 
 roe assumed tiie additioaal duties of 
 Secretary of War, that ollieer having 
 resigned his position, and most effi- 
 ciently and nobly he discharged the 
 duties of each. The country was in a 
 deplorable condition — her treasury ex- 
 hausted and credit gone, and in the 
 midst of a war with the strongest na- 
 tion upon earth. Yet in this terrible 
 crisis James Monroe pIe<lLred his own 
 individual ere, lit as snbsidi.irv to that 
 of his eonnlry, tlicr, l.\ enabling her 
 to make a suci-cs-lul d. icnsc against 
 
 all directed to the salvation "and wel- 
 fare of his country, and his faithful 
 and prompt measures enabled the 
 
 army to triumph gloriously over their 
 cruel and inveterate enemy. Upon the 
 close of the war Mr. JFonroo resigned 
 theSecrefaryslii|i of \\',ar, and continued 
 the dischar^i' of th • ,l;it c, ..f Secretary 
 of State till th.Mnd ,./ I'lc-idcnt Madf- 
 son's adniini.^tra!ion, when he was 
 elected to that impi rtant office by a 
 large majority. A lietter choice at 
 that time could not well have been 
 made. He continued in the Presiden- 
 tial chair eight year.s, his administra- 
 tion giving general satisfaction. He 
 m.ade crreat exertion to secme a pen- 
 sion lau torewardlhevchran soldiers. 
 Jlr. Monroe »,■,- the anile. r of ti.e pa- 
 per called ■■Tlie .Monroe liocirine," the 
 object of which was "to introduce and 
 establish the American system of keep- 
 ing out of our land all foreign powers : 
 of never pcrnntting those of Europe to 
 intermeddle with the affairs of our na- 
 tion. It is to nniintain our own princi- 
 ])lc. not to depart from it,'' and "that any 
 attempt on tlie part of the European 
 powers l<ic\i(iid their system to any 
 ])oiti<ai of lliis hemisphere would be 
 regard. (1 by the United States as dan- 
 gerous to onr piai (■ ami safety." Mr. 
 Monroe died a poor man. He gave his 
 time so exclasively to his country that 
 his iirivide jnlcrests were neglected, 
 anil he beciine involved in debts which 
 reduced l.im to the estate of a "poor 
 man" m wcildly possessions, but his 
 wealth of character and reputati(m far 
 outweighed the miser's hoarded gains. 
 He died at the residence of his son-in- 
 law in New York, at the age of seventy- 
 three, honored and beloved by a grate- 
 ful nation. 
 
 Oct. 1. Free Trade Convention at Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Get. 26. Tariff Convention at New 
 York. 
 
 Miniiiiiig moiriiig-macliine patented (the 
 fir^t iisifiil iiiiiiring-macliine ninde). 
 
 Chlnr.'fonii ,1i:^r,,r,red by Samuel Guthrie, 
 of Saekelfs Harbor, N. Y. 
 
 Stciim IniffiiHi-iiiocliine first used, at 
 Albany, N. Y., by Timothy Bailey. 
 
 Dr. Howe, of New York, invented the 
 first practical machine for making pins. 
 
 Confederation of Buenos Ayres, Corri- 
 entes, Entre-Rio, and Santa Fe. 
 
 Uruguay became an independent State. 
 
 Limitation of slave trade in iirazil. 
 
 Ecii.ador becomes independent. 
 
 Re|iul)lic of Colombia dissolved. 
 
 Buttons first made by machinery in the 
 United States by Joel Ilayden, of Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 Gil'bs, the Pirate, E.xecutcd. 
 
 Cnpittire and e.rcrntion of Gihlis, the most 
 ni'ted pirate of the centuri/. He was 
 called the "Scourge of the Ocean." In 
 his confession he stated that he had 
 been concerned in robbing over forty 
 vessels, and he gave the names of near 
 a score of vessels taken by the pirates 
 under his command, the crews of 
 ■which were murdered. 
 
 Western College of Teachers established 
 in Ohio by Albert and Joha Picket 
 and Samuel Lewis. 
 
 Congress passed a new protective tariff 
 bill. Great oppo.sition in the South. 
 Soiith Carolina threatened secession. 53S 
 
CHEONOLOGY. 
 
 7G3 
 
 Gen. Jackson Vetoes Secessmi. 
 
 President Jackson ordered tbe naval and 
 military furcos to Charleston to enforce 
 the laws, wbicb put an end to tbe se- 
 cession 538 
 
 Feb. 6. Attack on Qualla Batoo, in 
 Sumatra, by tbe United States frigate 
 Putomac. 
 
 First Appearance of Cholera. 
 
 June 8. Cholera at Quebec; tbe first 
 case in America. 
 
 June 21. First case of Asiatic Cholera in 
 the United St'ites, which scourge swept 
 over the entire land, hurrying thou- 
 sands into a sudden and terrible 
 death 528 
 
 AuCT. 27. Blach Hawh War, and cajiture 
 ofBlach Hawh 534 
 
 Sept. 26. University of New York organ- 
 ized. 
 
 Andrew Jad'son chosen for President and 
 Martin Van Bureii Vice-President. 
 
 Death of Qkarles Carroll of Carrollton, 
 tbe last surviving signer of tbe Decla- 
 ration of Independence. 
 
 President Jackson vetoed the United States 
 Bank hill. 
 
 Dec. 28. John C. Calhoun resigned his 
 office as Vice-President. 
 
 Electro-Magnetic Telegraph invented hj 
 Professor Morse. (See biography.) 
 
 Asiatic Cholera appeared again in New 
 York City, lasting two months, and re- 
 sulting in 3,400 deaths. 
 
 Chloroform Invctitcd. 
 
 Dr. Samuel Guthrie first published his 
 
 discovery of chloroform. 
 Patent granted to E. & T. Fairbanks for 
 
 their " Hay Scales," or a balance for 
 
 weighing heavy bodies. 
 Yellow fever again appeared in New 
 
 York and vicinity, producing a great 
 
 panic. 
 Mar. 4. Andrew Jackson inaugurated 
 
 President for a second term. 
 
 Jackson Closes the United States 
 Bank. 
 
 President Jackson being informed that 
 tbe United States Bank was using 
 large sums for political purposes, re- 
 moved tbe deposits and closed all 
 operations, contrary to the advice of 
 Ijis Cabinet, and in direct opposition 
 to Congress. Great excitement was 
 caused by this act, and two attempts 
 were made to take his life. Thomas 
 H. Benton and John Forsyth supported 
 the President in the Senate, but Clay, 
 Calhoun, and "Webster united in the 
 opposhion. The name " Whig " was 
 adopted by the opposition party. . 533 
 
 The Southern States held a " State's 
 Kights" Convention. 
 
 May 3. Congress passed Henry Clay's 
 comjiromise tariff law. 
 
 Santa Anna inaugurated President of 
 Mexico. 
 
 Cholera broke out among tbe United 
 States troops who were engaged 
 against the Indians in the West, nearly 
 destroying several companies. 
 
 Yellow fever again visits the United 
 States in a more virulent form. 
 
 First practical safe invented by J. C. 
 Gavler, and called the " Salamander." 
 
 John Randolph. 
 
 May 24. Death of John Kandolph, a dis- 
 tinguished United States Senator from 
 Virginia. He w.as born in Virginia, 
 June 2, 17T3, and was a direct descend- 
 ant of, and the seventh generation 
 from, Pocahontas, daughter of the In- 
 dian Chief Powhattan, and deliverer of 
 Capt. John Smitli. Mr. Kandolph was 
 an eloquent and eccentric man, and 
 was much feared in Congress and also 
 ill the Senate, for his sarcastic and 
 srathing rebukes and expositions of all 
 that he considered trickery and secret 
 combinations. He was regarded as 
 an upright and straightforward repre- 
 sciitalive, and advocated only what he 
 belie-ved to be right. 
 
 Removal of several Indian tribes beyond 
 the Mississippi. 
 
 First double cylinder printing-press con- 
 structed by Hoe & Newton. 
 
 First useful reapers patented. 
 
 Caloric engine invented by John Ericsson. 
 
 First Newsboy. 
 
 First copy of New York Sun printed by 
 Bcnj. H. Day, and sold for one cent per 
 copy. Its sale on the streets created 
 the "first "newsboy" that ever cried in 
 the streets of an American city. 
 
 Nov. 13. Great meteoric shoioer l-nown as 
 the "falling stars." which created a 
 great sensation all over the country. 
 Much fear and consternation were ex- 
 cited among the superstitious, many 
 supposing the '• end of the world " had 
 come. 
 
 Chili revised her Constitution. 
 
 Slaves emancipated in Jamaica. The 
 planters immediately combined to put 
 wages down to the lowest possible rate, 
 and increased the rents of the huts 
 which the negroes occui)ie(l. The 
 negroes deserted the plantations and 
 settled in the mountains. The agita- 
 tion resulting therefrom threatened a 
 revolt against the Government. Chinese 
 laborers were imported, but without 
 success. 
 
 Flying-Machine. 
 
 A model flying-machine was constructed 
 by Rufus Porter, of New Britain, Conn., 
 who kept experimenting, until about 
 fourteen years later he produced a 
 model propelled by steam, which he 
 exhibited at Washington and in the 
 Merchants' Exchange, New York, and 
 a journal of the duy declared "it made 
 tlie circuit of the rotunda eleven times 
 like a thing animatwl with life." Still 
 later he constructed a full working 
 machine, but whieb he never completed 
 because it was found imiiossible to 
 procure a varnish or coating for the 
 canvas covering -which would prevent 
 the leakage of the gases to an extent 
 that wholly destroyed the lifting power 
 of the balloon. The balloon was cigar- 
 shaped, and a little below was suspended 
 a car, conf rming on a small scale to 
 the shape of the balloon, which carried 
 the motive power for propelling the 
 whole, arid was provided with a pair 
 of screw propellers and a four-leaved 
 rudder. In 1869 Mr. Porter's principle 
 was revived, with certain additions, at 
 Shell Jlouud Lake, Cal , by Frederick 
 Marriot, and operated by a small 
 
 1833. steam-engine. The apparatus worked 
 well in a slill atmosphere, butpro>ed 
 a failure in brisk winds. 
 
 1834. Mar. Vote of censure by the Senate 
 against the President for removing the 
 Bank (leposiis, but was soon after ex- 
 punged 533 
 
 The whole United States dclit paid off. 
 Lucifer matches first made in America. 
 
 First Seunng-Machiuc. 
 
 Si'icino-mnehine invented by Walter Hunt, 
 of Ni w Yor-lc, with a curved eye- 
 poiiitr.l nci'.llr and shuttle, making a 
 l.-ck-slitch; hilt he failed to perfect it 
 or t.i uvt a p:it( nt for it. 
 
 Iliised :,lpli;it.i'l invented by Dr. Howe 
 for the use nl lllc liliud. 
 5. Bciar/.,,/./,' vnl.l iriiiter all over the 
 Uniti-d States — snow falling in the 
 Southern JStates one foot deep ; orange 
 and fig trees 100 years old were killed. 
 
 Congress established branch mints in 
 Georgia, North Carolina, and Louisiv 
 ana. 
 
 The Cherokees sold their land to Gov- 
 ernment for .15,200,000. 
 
 April 18. French indemnity bill passed 
 the Chamber of Deputies. 
 
 May. A'ew York Herald estahUshed by 
 James Gortlon Bennett. Sec biog- 
 r.iphy. 
 
 July 0. Death of Chief Jti,<^ice Marshall, 
 who had filled this high office nearly 
 35 years. 
 
 Roger Brooke Taney, of Maryland, ap- 
 pointed to fill his place. 
 
 Renewal of war with the Seminole In- 
 dians, which lasted seven years longer, 
 and cost the Government $15,000,- 
 000 533 
 
 Great Fire in Nc70 York. 
 
 Dec. 16. Great fire in New Yor'K city; 
 123,000,000 worth of property burned. 
 
 Mexican Constitution abrogated, and the 
 Confederation of States consolidated 
 into a republic, with Santa Anna Presi- 
 dent and Dictator. 
 
 Repulilic of Central America dissolved, 
 and the separate Republics of Guate- 
 mala, Honduras, San Salvador, and 
 Co,-ta Rica formed. 
 
 Illuminating gas first introduced into the 
 city of Philadelphia. 
 
 First gold pens, with diamond points, 
 made by Levi Brown, a Detroit watch- 
 maker. 
 
 Guano fir.st became an ar'iclc of com- 
 merce in the United States. 
 
 Dec. 28. Maj. Dade and his command 
 massacred in Florida. 
 
 Gen. Thompson and his companions were 
 also murdered. 
 
 Arkansas admitted into the Union. 
 
 April 21. Battle of Sau Jacinto, in Tex- 
 as. Santa Anna defeated and taken 
 prisoner. 
 
 Berpiest of James Smith-on to the United 
 States, oi' S".l,";.l(;'.l fill- tlie "geneial 
 dill'i!>inn nl kn.iwK-li;.' among men." 
 The .\mithsiii,i,in Inslirut. at Wadiing- 
 ton was founded with the proceeds of 
 this bequest. 
 
 > 
 
 Afadiso 
 
 June 2S. Death of .Tames Madison, fourth 
 I'rciident of the United States. Jlr. 
 Madison was born in Orange County, 
 
764 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 183(i. Virginia. lie graduated at Princeton 
 College at the age of twenty, with 
 a (Minslitution enfeebled with con- 
 st;int study, but with a cliaraoter of 
 111 1 1 plr mi she 1 jiurity, and a mind richly 
 stciriMl uilii all that makea youth at- 
 frartive and lionorable. Being natu- 
 rally (if a liberty-loving nature, and 
 also highly endowed with religious 
 sentiments, he early gave liis mind to 
 theological study. He soon, however, 
 became strongly impressed with the in- 
 tolerance of Church power in this 
 country. He saw the injustice of in- 
 discriminate taxiition to support the 
 Established Church of England. His 
 first public etl'orts were directed against 
 this o])pressi()n. With Thomas JciTer- 
 son he fought for religious liberty. 
 1'he battle was fierce, and the oppo- 
 nents of religious intolerance were 
 denounced as the enemies of Christi- 
 anity. But liberty triumphed, and re- 
 ligious freedom was established in Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 In 177G he became a member of the 
 Virginia Convention to frame the Con- 
 stitution of the State. He lost the 
 election to the General Assembly the 
 next year because he refused to treat 
 the whisky-loving voters. In 17^0 he 
 was elected a member of the Conti- 
 nental Congress, and was immediately 
 assigned to a conspicuous place. In 
 17b7 he was an eminent member of 
 the great National Ccmvcntion. Mr. 
 Madison was one of the leading spirits 
 in calling this convention, and also in 
 bringing aljout the great and all-im- 
 )ortant result — tlie "Constitution of 
 the- United States." When this inval- 
 uable document; was to be submitted 
 to the people of the United States, Mr. 
 Madison was selected to write the ad- 
 ilrcss, expounding its principles and 
 urging its adoption. 
 
 In ITDii Mr. Madison found himself 
 fast drifting to the side of the Repub- 
 lican party. Yet he was so courteous 
 and c<inscientions in all his manners 
 ami imasures that he retained the con- 
 lidcnie of his former party friends. 
 In IT'.IJ he was the avowed leader of 
 Ihr ]!(|)ul>licau I larly in Congress. In 
 iT'.iT it ua^ tl r wish of many that Mr. 
 Madison shniild become the candidate 
 for rn-s.dciit, but he declined the hon- 
 or. Mr. Jeflerson wrote, C(mceming 
 his qualifications for the position, 
 " There is not another person in the 
 ITuited States with whom, being placed 
 at till' Inliii of our atl'airs, niy mind 
 would lie so coiniibtely at rest for the 
 fortune of our jxiliticiil liark." 
 
 At the .age of 43 he married the ac- 
 complished Mrs. Todd, who was the 
 belle of New York. She proved to be 
 a worthy companion of so distingnishcd 
 a m.an, and was a t;ri-at aitiaction and 
 social power at tlic "Whili' Itniise," 
 and in the society at Wasliin^ton, as 
 the wifeof tlie President. 
 
 Upon the election of Thomas Jeffer- 
 son to the Pu'sidency he appointed 
 3Ir. TMadisou Secretary of State. He 
 discharged the duties of this responsi- 
 ble office during the eight years of 
 Mr. Jeflerson's administrat'on. Mr. 
 Jefferson lieing a widower, Mrs. Madi- 
 s(ni was called upon to discharge the 
 duties and honors required of the 
 mistress of the Presidential mansion. 
 
 at tiie samr liiiio Il:ns,- true womanly 
 instincts and that IreLilom of manner 
 wliicli drew all hearts to her witli a 
 truly magnetic attraction. She never 
 
 L-ry 
 
 lt.tr 
 
 husband and of thr administration 
 were rcceiveJ witli a welronie and cor- 
 diality that made them forget tlie bit- 
 tiriu-ss of jiarty strife in tlie presence 
 of tliis noble and truly acc<unplishcd 
 woman. Upon the close of Mr. Jeffer- 
 son's second term, Mr. Madisnn was 
 elected to till his place. He was also 
 elcrti'd fir a second term in the midst 
 of till' war w iili England, during which 
 tlic riiv of Washington was invaded 
 by I'.iilisli troo|is, and the President 
 and Lis lamilv wliv (aHniH-llrd to tlee. 
 
 inj;s w.ir hiirned. In |sir .Mr. Madi- 
 son retired from tlie Presidential chair, 
 and repaired to his beautiful home 
 at Montpelier, where he spent the re- 
 mainder of bis days in the quietude 
 and peace of a rural home. He died 
 at the age of 85 years, and his memory 
 was treasured with love and gratitude 
 by the nation he had so long served. 
 
 Oct. Gov. Call, of Georgia, invades the 
 Seminole country. 
 
 Oct. 23. Sam. Houston elected President 
 of Texas. 
 
 Nov. Martin V.ni Burcn elected Prcsi- 
 iJciit, and Ilicliard JI. Johnson Vice- 
 President. 
 
 Dec. 15. Burning of the general Post- 
 oiBce and Patent office at Washington. 
 
 Texas declared independent. 
 
 Pern - Bolivian confederation formed 
 under the Presidency of Santa Cruz, a 
 Bolivian. 
 
 Trial of Jlk-Mrd P. RoUiuonfor the mnr- 
 Jer of Miss Helen Jeicett, a beautiful 
 courtesan of New York. 
 
 Samuel Colt invented his famous re- 
 volver. 
 
 First National Temperance Convention, 
 held at Saratoga, N. Y. 
 
 /. Q. Adams' Great Debate. 
 
 Jijlin Quinccy Adams^ eleven days' conflict 
 for the right of petition, in Congress. 
 Single-handed and alone Mr. Adams 
 founlit this great battle, and achieved 
 for tlu! American people a victory 
 which slidiild be commemorated while 
 the mition lias an existence. 
 
 Brail, nf Aaron Jiiirr. 
 
 Sioux and Winnebago Indians sold their 
 lands and went beyond the Mississippi 
 Kivcr. 
 
 Gen. Scott subdued the Creek Indians in 
 (ieorgia. 
 
 Wm. Crimipton, of Worcester, Mass., in- 
 venti'd the " fancy loom," which pro- 
 duced figures in weaving. 
 
 Jan. 20. iMichigan admitted into the 
 Union. 
 
 Mai/iiijieent display of aurora iorealis. 
 The whole arch of the heavens was 
 covered with a canopy of brilliant and 
 various hued rays, converging in the 
 zenith in a deep red color. 'Ibis phe- 
 nomenon was witnessed in nearly every 
 part of the United States. 
 
 Okk.^t fin.\nciai, CR.\sn and pakic. 
 250 houses in New York stopped pay- 
 
 ment during' the first three weeks in 
 A]iril. i'ailiirrs in New Orleans in two 
 days reaclie.l ::;L';,Oiin,nO(). Eight States 
 fiileil, and the United States could not 
 pay its debts. 
 Peru decliiivd war against C'hili, and also 
 became iiivohicl in civil war. 
 
 utionary jjro- 
 
 ■>id. 
 
 Me 
 
 Ma 
 
 Martin Van 
 
 0)ii;;in of the Express Business. 
 
 The express business originated in the 
 United States with Wm. T. Harnden, 
 a young man who carried parcels from 
 New York to Boston in a satchel, lie 
 soon procured a trunk, and in a short 
 time an " Kx]iress dllice " was estab- 
 lished in both citii s, with mc-sencers 
 
 Commencement of the Canadian rebel- 
 lion. 
 
 First zinc produced in the United States, 
 at the United States .\rscnal at Wash- 
 ington, and found in larur (piantities 
 in N.'w York and IVniisvh ani.a. 
 
 Dtlrl l:,hr,,i, \y. J. I,' r,ir, /,,„,/ .Jutiathan 
 
 ('ill.:,. boMi .Mcmbrrs of Congress. 
 
 .n to llie. South Pole 
 md (■)■ ( 'aiit, Ctiaries 
 
 loll, 
 
 jiension of tlie majority of the banks in 
 
 the United States, causing a great 
 
 panic. 
 Peace restored between Chili and Peru, 
 
 and Gamara chosen President of Peru. 
 Mormon war in Missouri. 
 
 Log-Cabin Campaign. 
 
 Great political excitement. The AVhigs 
 nominate Wm. Henry Harrison fir 
 President, which introduced the " Log- 
 Cahiu Campaign." 
 
 Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized 
 rubber. 
 
 Siege of Montevideo began, lasting nine 
 years. 
 
 Honduras became an independent Re- 
 public. 
 
 Continued revolution in Mexico ; the 
 Constitution suspended. 
 
 Peru-Bolivian confederation overthrown. 
 
 First Ste, 
 
 Fire-Eng 
 
 John Ericsson, a Swedish engineer, per- 
 fected the first steam fire-engine in the 
 United State=, for which he received 
 the great gold medal from the Me- 
 chanics' Institute. He had been in 
 this country but one year at the time. 
 Mr. Ericsson planned and superin- 
 tended the building nf the first "J/wt!'- 
 ior," at Greenpoint, N. Y., which at 
 its first trial disabled the iron-clad ram 
 "llen'imac." 
 
 June 30. Sub-Treasury bill became a 
 law. 
 
 First Washingtonian Society, founded 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 7G5 
 
 upon "total abstinence," established in 
 Baltimore by sis men of intemperate 
 habits, and a"t its first anniversary 100 
 reformed drunkards marched in pro- 
 cession. 
 
 Adams' Express Company founded. 
 
 Nov. Gen. Harrisira elected President, 
 and .John Tyler Vice-President. 
 
 Death of Francia, Dictator of Paraguay. 
 
 Dom Pedro H. crowned Emperor of 
 Brazil, at the age of fourteen years. 
 
 Antarctic Continent discovered by Capt. 
 Wilkes. 
 
 Mar. 4. Inauguration of Gen. Harrison 
 as rresi'leut. 
 
 Win. Henry Harrison. 
 April 4. Death of Wm. Henry Harrison, 
 the ninth President of the United 
 States. Mr. Harrison was born in Vir- 
 ginia, on the banks of the James River, 
 the 9th of February, 1773. His lather 
 was one of the distinguished men of 
 his day, and an intimate friend of 
 George Washington. He was a mem- 
 ber of the Continental Congress, a true 
 patriot, and one of the signers of the 
 Declaration of Independence, and sub- 
 sequently Governor of Virginia. Wil- 
 liam Henry was a graduate of Hamp- 
 den Sidney College, and upon leaving 
 college he began the study of medicine 
 with Dr. K.ish, in Philadtlphia, but 
 upon the outbjeak of the Indian depre- 
 dations on the Western frontier he 
 abandoned his studies and repaired to 
 the scene of action, and offered his 
 services, having previously received a 
 commission of ensign from President 
 Washington. He was then but nine- 
 teen years of age. This was soon after 
 the disastrous defeat of Gen. St. Clair, 
 which spread consternation over the 
 whole frontier. He was soon promoted 
 for his valor to the rank of Lieutenant 
 under Gen. Wayne, and was with him 
 when he fought the Indians at Maumee 
 and utterly routed them, driving them 
 from their old fighting ground and 
 causing them to sue for peace. The 
 young Lieutenant was soon after pro- 
 moted to the rank of Captain, and 
 placed in command at Fort Washing- 
 ton. In 1797 Mr. Harrison resigned 
 his commission in the army, and was 
 appointed Secretary of the North 
 western Territory, and ex officio Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor, under Gen. St, Clair, 
 who was then Governor of the Terri- 
 tory. He was sent as a Delegate to 
 Congress from the Northwestern Terri 
 tory, and in the spring of 1800 he was 
 appointed Governor of the Indian Terri 
 tory, and immediately after also Gov- 
 ernor of Upper Louisiana. He was tli us 
 Governor of almost as extensive a realm 
 as any sovereign upon the globe, besides 
 being Superintendent of Indian Aflairs. 
 His faithful an;l able discharge of these 
 responsible duties caused him to be 
 four times elected to this ofiice. While 
 Superintendent of Indian Affairs he 
 was sole Commissioner, and effected 
 thirteen treaties with the Indians, by 
 which the United States acquired si.xty 
 millions of acres of land. He had 
 ample opportunities to enrich himself, 
 but he never held a single acre of land 
 except through a legitimate and legal 
 title, and it was said of him " that no 
 man ever disbur-ed so large an amount 
 
 of public treasure with so little diffi- 
 culty in adjusting his accounts." In 
 October, 1813, Indian hostilities be- 
 came so open that Governor Harrison 
 made every preparation for defense 
 and marched to the Indian encamp- 
 ment on the Tippecanoe Kiver, to 
 bring about if possible a peaceable set- 
 tlement with them. Tecumseh and 
 his brother, the Prophet, were at the 
 head of all the hostile tribes. Governor 
 Harrison arrived within three miles of 
 tlieir encampment, when three Indians 
 made tlieir appearance, demanding his 
 intentions. After a short conference, 
 .nrrangements were made for a Council 
 with "the Chief the following day. 
 Before day the Indians in full fon-e, 
 led by the "Prophet," nttncked the 
 troops. But Gen. Harrison, knowing 
 tlie treachery of their character, was 
 fully prepared for the attack, and the 
 victory over the savages was complete. 
 He was himself twice hit, but not 
 severely wounded, and one horse was 
 disabled under him. This achieve- 
 ment greatly added to his reputation. 
 After the war with England was fully 
 inaugurated, Governor Harrison was 
 appointed by President Madison Com- 
 mander-in-Chief of the Northwestern 
 Army. His campaign w.as a difficult and 
 hazardous one, and involved a vast 
 amount of suffering among his troops, 
 and required the greatest energy and 
 valor of their commander. The British 
 trooiis were allied with the Indians, and 
 what cruel and treacherous devices their 
 savage natures were incapable of in- 
 venting, their more civilized and Chris- 
 tian allies su|iplie'.l, to torture and 
 bring to a lingering and terrible death 
 
 groat vi. tory, the l)attlc of the Thames, 
 which gave jjoiice to ti.c fr iitier, and 
 in which Tecumseh, the aeknoivl- 
 edged Chief aud warrior of all the 
 hostile tribes, was killed, was fought 
 under Gen. Harrison's immediate com- 
 nuvnd. Upcm the close of the war he 
 was ajipointed to treat with the Indian 
 tribes, which negotiations he conducted 
 so skillfully as to secure the approba- 
 tion of both the Government and the 
 Indians. In 1816 Gen. Harrison was 
 chosen a Member of the National 
 House of Representatives for the Dis- 
 trict of Ohio. In 1819 he was elected 
 to the Senate of Ohio, and in 1824 to 
 the Senate of the United States. In 
 the latter part of 1828 John Quincey 
 Adams appointed Gen. Harrison Minis- 
 ter Plenipotentiary to the Republic of 
 Colombia, but through personal ani- 
 mosity Gen. Jackson, upon his inaugu- 
 ration, recalled him. Upon his return 
 he retired to his farm in North Benrl, 
 Ind., where he remained tmtil again 
 asked to serve his countrv in the office 
 of their Chief Magistra'c". In is:5ti he 
 was made a candidate for the Presi- 
 dency, but the opposition party elected 
 their candidate, Martin Van Buren. 
 In 1840 Gen. Hanison was elected 
 President by an overwhelming majority. 
 Never was there a more popular candi- 
 date with "the people." His Cabinet 
 was a most able and brilliant one, with 
 Daniel Webster at its head as Secretary 
 of State. His prospects were most 
 flattering and the hopes of the country 
 unbounded. But in the midst of all 
 
 these prospects. Death, the great enemy 
 of all human kind, and the great lev ler 
 of all distinctions, with one fell blow 
 blasted the nation's hope, and sent to 
 an untimely grave one of her noblest 
 and most illustrious heroes. President 
 Harrison died the 4th day of .April, 
 just one month after his triumphant 
 and mo>t happy ii.auguration. His 
 last words, though uttrred in delirium 
 as though specially addressed to his 
 successor, are well befitting the man, 
 and couid have been no more wisely 
 chosen if uttered in the full possession 
 of his mind : 
 
 " Sir, I wish you to understand tho 
 piinciples of the Government : I wish 
 them carried out. I ask nothing 
 more" 53<) 
 
 April 6. Inauguration of John Tyler as 
 President 536 
 
 ^Vchstefs Dictionnry a]ipi'(ired. 
 
 Aug. 9. Sub-Treasury bill repealed. 
 
 Aug. 18. Bankruptcy act beeame a law. 
 
 Upper and Lower Canada utiited in one 
 Government. 
 
 Servile insurrection in Brazil, and war 
 with Buenos Ay res. 
 
 Cold-blooded murder of Samuel Adams 
 by John C. Colt, in New York. 
 
 Imprisonment for debts due the United 
 States abolished. 
 
 New York "Thibune" established by 
 HouACE Greeley. 
 
 Bunler Ilill Monument completed; great 
 eelcbrati(m. 
 
 War with the Seminoles terminated- 
 
 Lvcifer matches first made l>y machinery. 
 
 Attcmi)t3 to re-establish a National Bank 
 vetoed by the President 537 
 
 Dorr's BchclUon in Rhode Island in sup- 
 port of a new Constitution and the 
 rights of suffiage. It was soon put 
 down. 
 
 Mormonism became prominent and re- 
 ceived large accessions to its numbers. 
 
 i'ar. 3. liankrupt Act repealed. 
 
 Aug. 9. Treaty of Washington negoti- 
 ated by Daniel Webster and Lord Ash- 
 burt(m, defining our north-eastern 
 boimdary, and for suppressing the 
 slave trade and giving up fugitive 
 criminals. This closed the Aroostook 
 war. 
 
 Oct. 2. Death of Dr. Chanmng. 
 
 Boycr was expelled from Hayti, and it 
 was formed into an independent re- 
 public under the name of .'^^anto Do- 
 mingo. 
 
 Fremont's Expedition. 
 
 Fremont made his first expedition to the 
 Rocky Mountains. He explores the 
 Great West, and discovers the South 
 Pass, that wonderful gateway to the 
 golden shores of the Pacific. 
 
 Thomas Kii>(iford produced his first sam- 
 ple of pure corn starch. His great 
 starch factory at Oswego now produ< es 
 21, -500,000 lbs. annually, or 3'> tons a 
 day. Average number of workmen 
 700. 
 
 ]\[utiny in the A'avy. 
 
 First mutiny in the United States Navy 
 instig;ited by Jlidshipman Spencer, son 
 of alTiiited" States Cabinet oliicer, on 
 board (he United States brig-ol-war 
 Soiricrs. Capt. A. S. McKenzie. Spen- 
 cer and his comrades were hung to the 
 yard arm. 
 
7CG 
 
 CHKONOLOGY. 
 
 Fourier Excitement. 
 
 sluirii of many of its i';iii;itic:il anil ri- 
 diculous fealurt's. and miiiiberud amonj,' 
 its ailvoratcs many iiitillini'ut and eu- 
 ti i|irisini;- 1 ili/,i n^." Coniiminities were 
 cstaiilislir.l in .liiriiTiit States, which, 
 l(ir a time, Ihiiviil rapiilly, Ijut which 
 soon fell into disrepute. The most ex- 
 tensive of these was in Genesee Co., 
 New York, and among its membership 
 wore some of the leading literary char- 
 acters of the day. But perhaps the 
 most successful one in pointof har- 
 mony and age was that established at 
 t'l ifseo. Wis. One was established in 
 Mirhiuan, called the Adelphi Phalan.f, 
 to wliirh over 3,000 members belonged, 
 but it soon fell under its own weight. 
 Tlie North American Phalanx, of New 
 Jersey, was for a short time considered 
 the " Star Community." Horace C4ree- 
 ley and several other prominent New 
 Yorkers were stockholders. But this 
 also suffered the tate of all the others, 
 and died s. prcmaiiire death. 
 
 The End of the World. 
 Great and extensive excitement, caused 
 by the preaching of William Miller, 
 that the speedy coming of Christ was 
 at hand. This plain, simple New En- 
 gland farmer bscame impressed from 
 reading the Scriptures and the history 
 of nations that the projiliecies whicli 
 foretold the second coming of Christ 
 were speedily to be fuliilled. The 
 manner of his preaching was simple in 
 the extreme. He read from the pro- 
 phetic wiitings, and compared the de- 
 scriptions with events in the world's 
 history, and made his applications in 
 a cooi and candid manner. But the 
 topic was so intensely interesting, and 
 the occasion, manner, and earnestness 
 of the speaker aroused such a spirit of 
 solemnitv, that the great majority of 
 candid li'stiiiers were deeply impressed 
 Willi ilii' tiullifu!ness of the speaker 
 ami his sul'jict. His great error con- 
 sisted in seitiug the time for the com- 
 ing of Christ, unci as many of his fol- 
 lowers were fanatics, they brought dis- 
 repute upon their leader aud the doc- 
 trines he advocated by their extrava- 
 gant conduct. After the passage of 
 the "time," Mr. Miller was the subject 
 of extensive ridicule and ] persecution. 
 But. those personally ai(|ii:iinted with 
 him and his teaeliing, held him in 
 great respect for his ii insistent and 
 Christian character. This Bible-reader 
 was advertised from one end of the 
 world to the other, as "setting the day 
 for tlie Lord to coaie and burn up the 
 world ! '' and his followers were de- 
 scribed as a " band of lunatics, wearing 
 lonj!; white robes, ready to ascend at tlie 
 sight of every white cloud floating in 
 the lieavens." That there were many 
 fanatics among these sincere and 
 worthy people no one would deny, 
 and perhai)s a few became really in- 
 sane, but that one-tenth part of the 
 mischief and absurd theories attriljuted 
 to them was true, no intelligent per- 
 
 son 
 Mr. 
 lisl 
 1''-' 
 
 acquain 
 Miller « 
 
 v\ a 1" 
 
 ted 
 ill f 
 
 with the ti'iehings of 
 ,i,n Ml. Milhr'pub- 
 ,f bctu.rs u|irm the 
 niel. which were then 
 n:dn by all those who 
 :1 interpretation of tlie 
 
 \\ 
 
 
 
 ijiOO to Samuel F. B. 
 a his telegraph lines— 
 
 ,)(. 
 
 nTnp'tl 
 
 
 ]ih <\rj,n-Tit!,m to the 
 Ore-Mill, ;i!id from that 
 illamrt Viilirv to Kla- 
 
 anil cold, over granite peaks and 
 through deep ravines, without trail, 
 and March 0, 1844, he reached the 
 southern slope of the Sierras. 
 
 Great Comet of 1843. 
 lar. Sudden aiipearanee of a great 
 
 lot, jirc 
 
 till 
 
 ami ^t irilrd ilie rouiiti-y by its sudden 
 ami l.nlliiint mlvriil. .Alany regarded 
 it as a siL^ii of the coming end of the 
 world, and others of revolution or war. 
 It was visible to the naked eye for 
 weeks, when it suddenly disappeared. 
 
 Death of Noah Webster, aaiXiox of the Dic- 
 tionary. 
 
 First patent for fire-proof fafe (Wildcr's). 
 Patent granted to Daniel Fitzgerald. 
 
 Chili established a colony at Port Fam- 
 ine, Patagonia. 
 
 Feb. 28. Ex}ih>sion of the ^' Peacemaker," 
 a large gun on board the Princeton, 
 killing the Secretary of State, Abel P. 
 Usher, and Secretary of the Navy 
 Thomas W. Gillman 537 
 
 First Treaty with China. 
 Commercial treaty with China, negotiated 
 by Caleb Cushman, being the first treaty 
 iiiade by China with any Christian na- 
 tion 538 
 
 First Telegraph Line. 
 
 Flnt telegraph line, stretched from Wash- 
 ington to Balfiniore. The first messag( 
 srnt, '-rulinhi irliKt (_!,<,} hath wrought.'" 
 
 Fii"! inili-x!'ir, n/ iiiii-l ii/iife nominated 
 iiir I'rcsidrnt,' .James G. Birney, of 
 Michigan, who received 170 votes. 
 
 Mexico resumes her Constitutional Gov- 
 ernment, with Santa Anna President. 
 
 Lopez becomes Dictator of Paraguay. 
 
 Tisho/s Onderdo 
 of t 
 
 nk. 
 
 Trials and suspension of the Bishops 
 Onderdonk, of tlie E|iisropal Church, 
 for immoral conduct imd dnnikenness. 
 The Mhhi><, a small In], -nil -rlinimer, pro- 
 pelled bv sl.-im-«..ikiii- MTcws, was 
 the first Ai.M riraii -tr:i,i:lMi:,t that went 
 round tin t .qi- .'fd-iHl II. ,1,,.. 
 8. Insurrcctiniis <if tlir ncgroi s suppressed 
 in Cuba, and during the latter year 
 In.noO negroes perislied. 
 Annexation of Texas was the campaign 
 
 question of this year 5*58 
 
 James K. Polk elected President and 
 George M. Dallas Vice-President.. 538 
 
 Mormon War. 
 
 Jbirmon war in Illinois. Murder of 
 
 Joseph Smith, the Mormon Proiijiet, 
 
 and selection of Brigham Young to fill 
 
 his place. 
 Co)qicr excitemerit in Michigan. 
 Miction of Polk announced hij telegraph, 
 
 the first news item conveyed over the 
 
 wires. 
 Lake Superior copper mines opened, one 
 
 of which — the Calumet, and Hecia — 
 
 yielded in 1873, S,01)n tons of pure 
 
 copper, worth $.")(I0 per ton. 
 
 Texas admitted into the Union 53!) 
 
 Mar. 3. Florida admitted into tlio 
 
 Union. 
 Jlar. 4. Inawjuration of James K. Polk 
 
 as President. 
 July 4. Texas framed a new Constitu- 
 tion, preparatory to admission as a 
 
 State. 
 Naval School at Annapolis opened. 
 
 Howe's Seiving-Machine. 
 
 Elias Howe produced his first sewing- 
 machine. (See biography). 
 
 Texas admitted as a State. Mexico takes 
 .iffcnse. 
 
 Qr.al dr.: i:i PitUlnirg. Pa. 
 
 Fire in New ^'ork. 300 buildings hurne I. 
 
 Ih'aUi ,>f dnxiph Ktory, the great jurist. 
 
 Files first made in the United States. 
 
 Ecuador received a Constitution. 
 
 Castilla made President of Peru. 
 
 Auu'. Gen. Zaclnry Taylor advanced 
 with 4.000 soldiers to Corpus Christi, 
 the western boundary of Texas. . . . 539 
 
 Great Britain and France united with 
 Brazil in an attack upon Buenos Ayres. 
 -7. Slave trade iu Cuba almost entirely 
 suppressed. 
 
 Santo Domingo. 
 :. First negotiation relating to the annex- 
 ation of Santo Domingo, a Democratic 
 measure which had in view the acqui- 
 sition of shiM' tiirilory in the 'West 
 Indies to balincc tlie increase of free 
 States in the North ; but they were de- 
 terred from pushing this measure 
 through fear of the disastrous results of 
 adding a Republic in which the negroes 
 were free and their equality recognized 
 by law to a Republic where they were 
 held as slaves, and having no social or 
 pohtical rights as citizens. The first tit- 
 tempt was made by President Polk, 
 through Mr. Hogan as Commissioner to 
 the Islands, and resulted favorably as to 
 its importance as a financial measure; 
 but the freedom and social equality of 
 the negro threw a damper upon the zeal 
 of its slave-holding and Democratic 
 friends. In 1854 Capt. George B. Mc- 
 Clellan was commissioned to visit the 
 Island, but with a similar though more 
 favorable result. The necessity of an 
 American naval station in the West 
 Indies brought up the questicm in a 
 more important light; and therefore, 
 in 18G7, Mr. Seward, Secretary of State, 
 and a nuuil)er of officers visited the 
 Dominican capital, and had an inter- 
 view with the authorities, but any 
 further action was postponed in view 
 of more important projects of annexa- 
 tion by the Johnson Administration. 
 Under the Administration of Gen. 
 Grant the subject was again brought to 
 notice by overtures from the Baez Gov- 
 ernment, which had control of the Bo- 
 public; but the unfortunate purchase 
 of Alaska, together with the recent 
 disastrous earthquake in Santo Do- 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 7G7 
 
 mingo, caused a reaction against the 
 acquisition of territory. Ancithcr effort 
 was made by President Grant, through 
 Gen. E. 0. Babcock, and the project of 
 a treaty signed by the Doiuiuicau Gov- 
 ernment, a"nd ra'itied by the l)ominican 
 people, signed also by the U'asliington 
 Administration, awaited ratificalion 
 by the Senate, but a stormy opposition 
 was developed, and it lingered until it 
 expired by its own limitation. While 
 the measure was pending, a very im- 
 portant and responsible Conimi-sii>n 
 was appointed and committed lo Benj. 
 F. Wade of Ohio, Andrew D. White 
 of New York, and Samuel ,T. Howe of 
 Massachusetts, aided by Judge Burton, 
 ex-Minister to Bogota, uith^Frederiek 
 Douglas and Gratz Brown as Secre- 
 taries, to visit and make a thorough 
 survey and examination of tlie Island 
 and make out a report. This company 
 sailed Jan. 17, 1871, and tlieir work 
 was prosecuted with great cire, and 
 accomplished within ninety days, and 
 their report was published in Congress, 
 but for various reasons the enterprise 
 was abandoned. 
 
 Andrew Jackson. 
 
 June 8. Death of Andrew Jackson, 
 seventh President of the United States. 
 Born in the wilderness of South Caro- 
 lina in 1765, in the midst of the most 
 abject poverty, and under circum- 
 stances of peculiar sadness — ^jnst three 
 weeks after the death of his father. 
 'Jhere is nothing but hardship an<l 
 privation of the keenest character to 
 record of the early life of this great 
 man — great in deeds and character 
 .alone — ^for earth's blessings and boun- 
 ties were most scrupulously denied 
 him. He was fourteen years of age 
 when Cornwallis with his army rushed 
 upon the little settlement of Waxlianl, 
 where he was born, and where he lived 
 with his mother, and where but a short 
 time before his eldest brother had 
 died in the heat and exhaustion of 
 battle, when Tarteton invaded the 
 Carolinas. The settlers fled for their 
 lives, but returned to their ravaged 
 homes a few months after, when a 
 band of Tories attacked at midnight 
 the house of a Whig. Andrew and his 
 brother were there among the guard, 
 wliere he displayed great bravery for 
 a boy of his years. This was liis tirst 
 experience in military service, but for 
 whicli he paid very dearly, as Corn- 
 wallis sent a detachment to aid tlie 
 Tories, which captured the band, and 
 Andrew and his brother were taken pris- 
 oners, and carried to Camden, South 
 Carolina. They were brutally treated, 
 aud exposed to every indignity. The 
 small-pox broke out in their c 'iitracted 
 camp, and Andrew and his brotlur 
 fell victims to it. His mother hasteneil 
 to their aid, and succeeded in deliver- 
 ing them from danger, and had ju.st 
 reached home with her sick boys, after 
 a journey through forty miles of wil- 
 derness upon horseback, when the elder 
 one died. As Andrew was recovering, 
 the sons of her sister, prisoners at 
 Charleston, were also sick with the 
 dreadful scourge, and she hastiued to 
 their relief. She soon fell sick nnd 
 was buried in an unknown grave, and 
 
 a little bundle of her clotliing was all 
 that remained to the poor orphan boy. 
 Homeless, without father or mother, 
 brother or sister, and without a dollar 
 he could call his own, this boy of four- 
 teen years was thrown upon the world 
 to battle with its inhospitalde elements. 
 Pjut as weeds thrive more rapidly than 
 the cultured plant, so this neglected 
 and friendless boy, destitute of a 
 uujther's love and everything needful 
 for his jihysical and moral comfort and 
 culture, grew up amid poverty, igno- 
 rance, and vice; an adept in all that 
 constitutes the "rough " and the "bul- 
 ly ; " and was considered the most rol- 
 licking, reckless rowdy in the ct untry. 
 At the age of eighteen he resolved to 
 study law. He could barely read and 
 wr tc, and knew a little of arithmetic, 
 but was thoroughly versed in card- 
 playing, horse-racing, and profanity, 
 lie remained in the law-office of Mr. 
 IMcCoy, of Salisbury, N. C, two years, 
 but he did uot trouble the law-books 
 much. He spent the most of his time 
 with horses, and among his rude com- 
 panions. But notwithstanding his 
 vices and recklessness, he displayed 
 some rare traits of character. He spent 
 a year after leaving the law office in a 
 country store as clerk, waiting for an 
 opening to practice his profession. At 
 this time the Indians were becoming 
 very hostile, and the remote settlcTnents 
 beyond the AUeghanies were exposed to 
 their savage fury. Nashville was then 
 a distiict of Washington County, the 
 present State of Tennessee. Andrew 
 Jackson was appointed public prose- 
 cuior for that district. It was an office 
 of little honor and great peril, and few 
 could be found brave enough to accept 
 it. Jackson, with a band of emigrants 
 numbering nearly one hundred, includ- 
 ing women and children, all mounted 
 on horseback, with baggage carried 
 on paek-horsps, started upon the jour- 
 ney to Nashville. Following an Indian 
 trail, they began their march into the 
 wilderness. One night, while Jackson 
 was standing sentinel, he detected the 
 Indians in ambush near the camp. He 
 silently aroused the sleeping emigrants 
 and they stole softly away, and es- 
 caped. An hour after they left the 
 camp, a party of hunters came and 
 halted for the night in the same spot. 
 Before dawn the Indians surprised 
 and killed all hut one. 
 
 Pleaching Nashville, young Jackson 
 began the practice of law. It was 
 the c'nef p irt of his duty as a prose- 
 cutor to collect del)ts. This exposed 
 him to bad and dangerous men. The 
 country swarmed with hostile Indians, 
 and Jackson's travels through the wilds 
 of Tennessee, between the places where 
 the courts were held, a distance of 300 
 miles, were amid pathless forests where 
 ho WbS liable to be shot at any moment. 
 
 But Andrew Jackson knew no fear. 
 He was a rough and daring adventu- 
 rer, and inured from earliest infancy 
 to danger and to hardship. When 
 Tennessee became a State, she was en- 
 titled to but one member in Congress, 
 and Andrew Jackson was <'li(iscn to 
 illl that seat. His rnii.:li m i[in-r> mid 
 
 dress and peculiar y \ , i- it mce 
 
 attracted much attin i 'ini.uiil- 
 
 phia, the seat of Aiueiicui culuiiu aud 
 
 aristocracy. Jackson was a bold and 
 earnest advocate of the Democratic 
 party, and a resolution was passed by 
 Congress, which was warmly advocated 
 by Jackson, that the National Govern- 
 ment should pay the expen.ses of an 
 expedition which Tennessee had fitted 
 out against the Indians, contrary to 
 the pohcy of the Government. The 
 passage of this resolution made him 
 popular in Tenne-see, and he was 
 elected a member of the United States 
 Senate. But his rashness and irasci- 
 ble temper made him unpopular in 
 Congress. In 1798 he resigned his 
 scat and returned to Tennessee. He 
 was soon after chosen Judge of the Su- 
 preme Court of that State, and filled the 
 otiice satisfactorily as far as his judi- 
 cial decisions were ccncerned; but be- 
 coming entangled in a quarrel with the 
 Governor he resigned, and soon after 
 was chosen Major-General of militia. 
 About this time an unfortunate affair 
 took place, which blighted the fame 
 of General Jackson, and for a time 
 greatly injured his popularity. In a 
 quarrel with a young lawyer by the 
 name of Dickei son, Jackson challenged 
 him to a duel, and insisted upon an 
 immediate fight. Dickerson had the 
 first fire, but which only broke one of 
 Jackson's ribs. Then Jackson, taking 
 deliberate aim, was about to fire, when 
 appalled by the sure fate awaiting him, 
 Dickerson fell back a step, when Jack- 
 son's second shouted, "Back to the 
 mark, sir." The doomed man stepped 
 to his place ; Jackson again taking cool 
 and deliberate aim, pulled the trigger, 
 but the pistol did not po off. He exam- 
 ined and re-adjusted it, and the third 
 time, with unrelenting coolness and de- 
 liberation, shot him through the body. 
 
 The unfortunate victim of this cruel 
 and barbarous act lingered in excruci- 
 ating agony till night, when he died. 
 Word had been sent to his young wife, 
 who was frantically hastening to his 
 side, when she was met the following 
 day by the wagon containing his corpse. 
 
 I5ut in faithfully recording the faults 
 of Andrew Jackson, let us here pause to 
 give him the meed of praise of which 
 he is well woithy. In his domestic re- 
 laiiims he was the kindest and most 
 gentle and affectionate of men. His 
 ^\ife was his idol, and his servants re- 
 ceived liis kind consideration and 
 care, and it is said of him that he 
 never was impatient, even, with a single 
 member of his family. When the war 
 of 1812 began, Jackson offered his 
 services with those of twenty-five 
 hundred volunteers. His offer was ac- 
 cepted, and he assembled his troops at 
 Nashville, but not being called into 
 action, the men were dispersed. In the 
 fall of 1813 Jackson again raised a large 
 body of troops, and entered into a 
 vigorous war with the Indians. His 
 dcsjierate encountirs. his sufferings and 
 wonderful powers ef endurance, and 
 his tenderness toward the helpless and 
 dependent, would fill a volume in hia 
 praise ; and yet there are acts con- 
 nected with his military career, the 
 heartless and unrelenting rigor of 
 wliich would blacken all the glory of 
 its pages. His military career is well 
 represented in the viar record of both 
 the '■ History of The Two Americas" 
 
768 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1845. and tlie "Clironolngy." SuiEco it to 
 say that his successful termination of 
 the Creek war niarte him famous and 
 established his popularity in the liearls 
 of the grateful pioneers, who were de- 
 livered from the constant terror of the 
 Indians. He was immediately made 
 IMajor-Cieneral in the United States 
 Army. His Ik.1.1 invasion of Florida 
 and defeat of the British, and his bril- 
 liant and unprecedented victory at New 
 Orleans, have been also detailed. After 
 the war he was appointed Governor of 
 Florida, and in 1823 United States 
 Senator. In 18'28 Andrew .Tackson was 
 elected President of the United States. 
 Just before his inauguration he met 
 with the most terrible affliction of his 
 tlite in the death of his wife, to whom 
 he was attached with almost singular 
 devotion, and from the shock of wliich 
 he never recovered. With the masses 
 Andrew .lackson was extremely popu- 
 lar. He iilled two terms in the Presi- 
 dential chair, and retired to the quiet 
 of his hermitage and the grave of his 
 beloved wife, wliere in retirement he 
 sought that i)eace of mind and quietude 
 from the stormy labors of his life which 
 his feeble health and declining years 
 demanded. His last days were full of 
 suflerings, which so softened his harsh 
 nature that he sought refuge from the 
 ills of body and mind in the consola- 
 tions of religion, and died a devout 
 member of the Church. The character 
 of General Jackson presents the most 
 marked and contrasting extremes. 
 Early education and culture might 
 have softened these, and produced a 
 more harmonious blending of the op- 
 posing forces of his nature. But 
 Andrew Jackson was bom a gifted 
 man, and the peculiarly sad and un- 
 fortunate circumstances of his child- 
 hood and youth would have entirely 
 crushed a nature of less fortitude and 
 heroism than his. 
 " Free Soil party originated. "Watchword, 
 '■^Free soil for a free jicople.^'' 
 
 Mc.xia 
 
 n\ 
 
 1846. Mar. 28. Oen. Tnylnrmnrched with .^,500 
 men to tln' llin i;r:inde. He built a 
 fort dirr(tly "ii|in-itr i\latamoras, the 
 head<inarti IS dlth'- .Mexicans. 
 
 " The Mexicans ordered him to retire to 
 the river Nueces within twenty-four 
 hours, or "arms and men alone must 
 decide the question" 539 
 
 " Fremont, Kearney, and S'ockton, with a 
 handful of men, took possession of 
 California, holding it till the close of 
 the Mexican war. 
 
 " The Mexicans captured Col. Cross, who 
 was riding outside the American lines, 
 and murdered him, beating out his 
 brains with the butt of a pistol. 
 
 " Capt. Thornton, with a small body of 
 dragoons, went in search of him, and 
 were attacked and the whole party 
 killed. This was the first blood shed 
 in the Mexican war. 
 
 " May 8. Battle of Palo Alto, on the Rio 
 Grande. The American forces num- 
 bered but 3,000 men, who fought 
 against 6,000 Mexicans and forced 
 them to retreat. American loss forty- 
 seven wounded and nine killed. Major 
 Samuel Ringgold among the number. 
 
 " May 9. Another battle fought at Kesaca 
 
 de la Palma. The Mexicans again out- 
 numbered the Americans three to one, 
 and the Americans gaining the victory, 
 which was due to the bold and daring 
 charge of Capt. May, who took their 
 battery and captured their command- 
 ing officer. Gen. La Vena 540 
 
 July iS. Kew tariff bill passed. 
 
 Aug. 3. President Polk vetoed the river 
 and harbor I)ill. 
 
 Aug. (i. Pvevolution in Mexico in favor 
 of Santa Anna. 
 
 Congress authorized the President to ac- 
 cept of 50,000 volunteers, 300,000 offer- 
 ing their services. 
 
 May 13. Prodanxationoftrar mil Mexico. 
 
 Aug. 8. The President called upon 
 C.mcrress for ?;3,000,000 to negotiate a 
 trciitv «itli .Mi'xico. 
 
 Tlh' ■■ W iliii'il |)roviso" against the ex- 
 trusion of slavery passed the House, 
 but not the Senate. 
 
 Boundary between Oregon and British 
 possessions settled. 
 
 President Polk vetoes the French spolia- 
 tion bill. _ 
 
 Gmi-cott'in inrented. 
 
 Three hundred buildings and other 
 property burned in Louisville. Ky. 
 
 Ether first used as an anaesthetic by Dr. 
 Charles Jackson, of Boston. 
 
 Aug. IS. Gen. Kearney took possession 
 of Santa Fe, New Jlexico, without a 
 blow, having marched from Fort 
 Leavenworth, a distance of 900 miles. 
 
 Au;. 19. Commodore Stockton block- 
 ades the Mexican ports on the Pacific. 
 
 Sept. Gen. Taylor advanced to Monterey 
 with GOflO troops. The city was 
 strongly fortified and garrisoned with 
 10,000 men. 
 
 Surrender of Monterey. 
 
 Gen. Worth crossed the mountains in the 
 rear of Monterey, took the fortified 
 heights, and reached the walls of the 
 city, cutting off its supplies. 
 
 Sept. 33. Gen. Taylor made the grand 
 attack, and the city soon surrendered, 
 under Gen. Ampudia. 
 
 Gen. Taylor granted an armistice of eight 
 days, expecting the Mexicans to pro- 
 pose peace. 
 
 Sept. 36. California expedition, with 
 Col. Stevenson's regiment of 780 ofBcers 
 and luen, sails from New York 540 
 
 Oct. 25. Tobasco, Mexico, bombarded 
 by Commodore Perry. 
 
 Oct. 30. Gen. Wool arrived in Mexico 
 with 3,000 troops of volunteers, whom 
 he trained on the march over deserts 
 and mountains. 
 
 Nov. 14. Commodore Conner takes 
 Tampico. 
 
 Dec. 6. Gen. Kearney defeats the Mexi- 
 cans at San Pasqual 541 
 
 Dec. 25. Col. Doniphan defeats the Mex- 
 icans at Brazito, near El Paso. 
 
 Pec. 28. Iowa admitted into the Union. 
 
 Gen. Taylor advanced to Victoria, where 
 he learned that Santa Anna was ap- 
 proaching with 20,000 men. Just on 
 the eve of a l.attle, Gen. Taylor received 
 the word that he was superseded by 
 General Scott, who was en route for 
 Mexico, and who called for the '' flower 
 of his army." 
 
 General Taylor sends a courier to 
 Gen. Wool, asking him to hasten to 
 his aid, and in two hours the General 
 was on his way to Victoria. 
 
 Bombardment of the Mormon city of 
 Nauvoo, 111., and the exit of the Mor- 
 mons at the point of the bayonet. 
 
 First comet discovered by an American 
 astronomer, Wm. C. Boyd. 
 
 Lotiin Affassiz visited the United States 
 to deliver a course of lectures in Bos- 
 ton, and to study the geology and nat- 
 ural history of this country. 
 
 War of races in Jamaica caused by the free 
 trade principles, and competition be- 
 tween the fiee labor of Jamaica and 
 the slave labor of Culia and Brazil. 
 The English Government suppressed 
 this war with great severity. 
 
 Jan. 8-9. Battles of San Gabriel and 
 Mesa, in California, under Gen. Kear- 
 ney. The enemy were defeated. 
 
 Jan. 8. Mexican Congress resolved to 
 raise $15,000,000 on the property of 
 the clergy to carry on the war. 
 
 Jan. 14. lievolt of 'the M>xkans in New 
 Jlexico against the United States au- 
 thorities. 
 
 Jan. 24. Battle of Canada, in New Mex- 
 ico — Americans under Col. Price are 
 victorious. 
 
 Feb. 23-23. Battle of Buena Vista, by 
 Gen. Taylor, aided by Gen. Wool. The 
 Mexicans were led bv Santa Anna with 
 greatly superior numbers, but the Mex- 
 icans were obliged to retreat and yield 
 the victory to inferior numbers, but 
 superior generalship 54 1 
 
 Feb. 2S. Battle of Sacramento. Col. 
 Doniphan, with 934 Americans, de- 
 feated 4,000 Mexicans. 
 
 Mar. 1. Gen. Kearney declares Califor- 
 nia a part of the United States. . . . 543 
 
 Capture of Vera Cruz. 
 
 Mar. 39. Vera Cruz taJcen by Gen. Scott 
 and Commodore Perry with army and 
 fleet. This was considered, with the 
 exception of Quebec, the most strongly 
 fortified city in America. 
 
 April 3. Alvarado taken by Lieut. Hun- 
 ter. 
 
 April 18. Battle of Cerro Gordo fought. 
 Santa Anna was strongly intrenched 
 with a large army. Lee and Beaure- 
 gard engineered the mountain attack 
 while the army in front simultaneously 
 opened fire upon them. The Mexicans 
 abandoned their works and beat a 
 hasty retreat. 
 
 Tuspan taken by CommoJore Perry. 
 
 Lynch' s Expedition to the River 
 Jordan and the Dead Sea. 
 May. Lieut. W. F. Lynch, of the United 
 States Navy, made an application to 
 the Hon. John Y. Mason, the head of 
 the Navy Department, for permission 
 to circumnavigate aad thoroughly ex- 
 ])lore the lake Asphatites, or Dead Sea. 
 After some delay, a favorable decision 
 was given to his ajjplication. The 
 United States storeship Supply was 
 placed under his command, and was 
 laden with stores for the American 
 squadron in the Mediterranean. She 
 also carried two metallic boats, one of 
 copper, the other of galvanized iron, 
 for the use of the expedition. The 
 members of the expedition were four- 
 teen in number. The ten seamen ship- 
 jjed to serve as crews of the boats were 
 of temperate habits, all of them having 
 pledged themselves to abstain from all 
 intoxicating drinks. 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 7G9 
 
 1847. The expedition set out from New 
 
 York, November 38, 1847. After stop- 
 ))ing at Port Mahon, the Supphj on 
 February 16tli anchored before Smyrna. 
 Tlience Lieutenant Lynch ])roceeded 
 to Constantinople, where, by the influ- 
 ence of Mr. Carr, the United States 
 resident Minister, an audience of the 
 Sultan was granted, and a firman pro- 
 cured, giving permission to explore the 
 Dead Sea and the River Jordan. From 
 Constantinople he returned to Smyrna, 
 and thence proceeded to Beirut anil 
 Acre. On April 1, 1848, the party 
 pilched their tents cm the south banli 
 of the Belus, having parted from the 
 storeship Supply, whirh now stood 
 out to sea. The expedition directed 
 its route toward the Si'<i. <if Galilee, 
 or I'iberias, as the first point in their 
 tour of observation. 
 
 Lieutenant Lynch, in order to trans- 
 port his baggage and boats to navigate 
 the inland seas, made the novel ex- 
 periment of substituting camels for 
 draught-horses, which proved success- 
 ful. Having mounted his boats on 
 low-wheeled carriages or trucks, three 
 of these huge animals were attached 
 to each carriage, two abreast and one 
 as leader. The first attempt to draw 
 the trucks by camels was witnessed 
 by an eager crowd of people. The 
 successful result taught them the ex- 
 istence of an unknown accomplish- 
 ment in that patient and powerful ani- 
 mnl, which tliey had before thought fit 
 only to plod along with its heavy load 
 upon its back. On the 4th of April 
 they took up their line of march, fol- 
 lowing the boats with sixteen horses, 
 eleven loaded camels, and a mule. The 
 party numbered sixteen in all, includ- 
 ing the dragoman and cook. They 
 were accompanied by fifteen Bedouins, 
 all well mounted. The metal boats, with 
 flags flving, rattling and tuuibling 
 along, mounted on carriages drawn by 
 huge camels, the officers and mounted 
 sailors in single file, the loaded camels 
 the sherilFand Sheikh with their tufted 
 spears — all had the appearance of a 
 triumphal march. 
 
 On the 6th of April the party reached 
 the Sea of Galilee. " Unable to restrain 
 my impatience," says Lieut, Lynch, " I 
 now rode ahead with Mustafa, and soon 
 saw below, far down the green sloping 
 chasm, the Sea of Galilee, basking in 
 the sunlight ! Like a mirror it lay 
 embosomed in its rounded and beauti- 
 ful, but treeless hills. How dear to the 
 Christian are the memories of that lake, 
 
 the lake of the New Testament 
 
 The roadside and the uncultivated 
 slopes of the hills were full of flowers, 
 and abounded with singing birds ; 
 there lay the holy lake, consecrated by 
 the presence of the liedeemtr ! . . . . 
 Near by was the field where, according 
 to tradition, the disciples plucked the 
 care of com upon the Sabbath ; yet 
 nearer was the spot where the Saviour 
 fed the famishing multitudes, and to 
 
 the left the mount of Beatitudes 
 
 Not a tree ! not a shrub ! nothing but 
 green grain, grass, and flowers, yet 
 
 acres of bright verdure Beyond 
 
 the lake and over the mountains, rise 
 majestic in the clear sky the snowy 
 peaks of Mount Hermon." 
 
 On the 8th of April, having arrived 
 
 at Tiberias, the two boats, after some 
 difficulty in getting them down the 
 mountain, were launched into the Sea 
 of Galilee with their flags fl.ving. 
 " Since the time of Josephus and the 
 Romans, no vessel of any size had sailed 
 upon this sea, and for many, many 
 years, but a solitary keel had furrowed 
 its surface." In order to assist the 
 transportation of his goods. Lieutenant 
 Lynch purchased the only boat used 
 by the misgoverned and listless inhab- 
 itants to navigate the beautiful lake 
 of Tiberias, a lake which was filled 
 with fl-b and abounding with wild 
 fowl. This boat w,as purchased for 
 about twenty-one dollars, and was used 
 l>y the inhabitants merely to bring wood 
 from the opposite side of the lake. 
 
 On the luth of April, the expedition 
 started from the foot of the lake, and 
 commenced the descent of the river 
 Jordan. Notwithstanding the most 
 diligent inquiry at Tiberias, they could 
 not procure any reliable information 
 respecting the river. They tound, to 
 their consternation, that the Jordan 
 was interrupted in its course by fre- 
 quent and fearful rapids. In some 
 instances they had to clear out old 
 channels, to make new ones, and some- 
 times plunged with headlong velocity 
 down appalling descents. So great 
 were the difficulties in passing down 
 the river, that on the second evening 
 they were but twelve miles in a direct 
 line from Tiberias. So tortuous is the 
 course of the Jordan, that in a space of 
 sixty miles of latitude, and four or five 
 of longitude, it traverses at least two 
 hundred miles ! 
 
 On the 18th of April they reached 
 the Dead Sea, and found its northern 
 shore an extensive mud-flat, with a 
 sandy plain beyond, and the very type 
 of desolation. Branches and trunks of 
 trees lay scattered in every direction ; 
 some charred and blackened by fire, 
 others white with an incrustation of 
 salt. The waters of the sea they found 
 a nauseous compound of bitters and 
 salt. As they passed on, they found 
 scenes " where there was no vegetation 
 whatever ; barren mountains, frag- 
 ments of rocks blackened by sulphur- 
 ous deposits, and an unnatural sea, 
 with low, dead trees upon its margin, 
 all within the scope of vision bore a 
 sad and sombre aspect." 
 
 JS'ear the southern extremity of the 
 Dead Sea, the water became very shal- 
 low, from one to two fathoms deep. 
 When near the salt mountain of Usdum, 
 or Sodom, thev were astonished at the 
 appearance of a lofty round jjillar, 
 s'aading apparently detached from the 
 general mass, at the head of a deep, 
 narrow, and .abrupt chasm. "We im- 
 mediately pulled in fir the shore," 
 says Lieutenant Lynch, " and Dr. 
 Anderson and I went up to examine it. 
 The beach was a soft, slimy mud, in- 
 crusted with salt, and a short distance 
 from the water covered with saline 
 fragments and flakes of bitumen. We 
 found the pillar to be of solid salt, 
 capped with carbonate of lime, cylin- 
 drical in front and pyramidal behind. 
 The upper or rounded part is about 
 forty feet high, resting on a kind of 
 oval pedestal, from forty to sixty feet 
 above the level of tlie sea. It slightly 
 
 decreases in size upward, crumbles at 
 the top, and is one entire mass of 
 crystallization." A similar pillar is 
 mentioned by Josephus as having been 
 seen by him, and he in his History ex- 
 presses the belief of its being the 
 identical one into which Lot's wife was 
 transformed. 
 
 While j)assing over and encamping 
 on the borders of this remarkable sea, 
 the figures of each one of the expe- 
 dition assumed a dropsical appearance. 
 The lean had become stout, and the 
 stout almost corpulent ; the pale faces 
 had become florid and ruddy ; more- 
 over, the slightest scratch festered, 
 and the bodies of many of the party 
 were covered with small pustules. The 
 men complained bitterly of the irrita- 
 tion of their sores, whenever the acrid 
 water of the sea touched them: still all 
 had good appetites, and they hojKd 
 for the best. 
 
 On the 2d of May the party made 
 au excursion to Kerak, containing a 
 population of about 300 families, of 
 whom three-fourths professed Chris- 
 tianity. They found these Christians, 
 though impoverished and oppressed, 
 as kind and obliging as the Moslems 
 were insolent. On the 10th of May 
 tliey left the Dead Sea, after spending 
 twenty-two days in its exploration. 
 
 '■ AVe have," says Lieutenant Lynch, 
 " carefully sounded this sea, determined 
 its geographical position, taken the 
 exact topography of its shores, ascer- 
 tained the temperature, width, depth, 
 and velocity of its tributaries, collected 
 specimens of every kind, and noted 
 the winds, currents, changes of the 
 weather, and- all atmospheric phe- 
 nomena The inference from 
 
 the Bible, that this entire cha«m was 
 a plain sunk and 'overwhelmed' by the 
 wrath of God, seems to be sustained by 
 the extraordinary character of our 
 
 soundings We entered upon 
 
 this sea with conflicting opinions. 
 One of the party was skeptical, and 
 another, I think, a professed unbeliever 
 of the Mosaic account. After twenty- 
 two days' close investigation, if I am 
 not mistaken we are unanimous in the 
 conviction of the truth of the Scriptural 
 account of the destruction of the cities 
 of the plain." 
 
 Alter leaving the Dead Sea, the 
 party proceeded towtrd Jerusalem, 
 where they arrived on the 17th of May. 
 After visiting va-ious places of interest 
 in and about the citv, they proceeded 
 to Jaflii. From Jaffa they went to 
 Acre, in two parties — one under the 
 command of Lieutenant Lynch, in au 
 Arabian brig; the other by the land 
 route, under the command of Lieu- 
 tenant Dale. From Acre they went to 
 Nazareth, Nain, Mount Ta'ior, Tiberias, 
 Bethsaida, to the source of the Jordan, 
 and thence to Damascus and Beirut. 
 As they approached the latter pl.ice, 
 many of the paity sickened ; and on 
 the 25th of July Lieutenant Dale died 
 at a \'illage in the vicinity of Beirut, 
 at the house of the Rev. Mr. Smith, of 
 the American Presbyterian mission. 
 From Beirut they proceeded to Malta, 
 where, on the 12th of September, the 
 Supply being ready, the expedition re- 
 embarked for tlie United States, and 
 arrived there early iu December. 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 Aug. 20. Battles of Contreras and Cliu- 
 riibusco 540 
 
 Sept. 8. Gen. Worth storms Molina del 
 Kay 546 
 
 Sept. 13. Storming the citadel of Cliapiil- 
 tepec 546 
 
 Sept. 14. The American army enters 
 the City of Mexico, carrying every post 
 and fortiflcation, sweeping every ob- 
 stacle before them. Niglit alone s.aved 
 the terrible destruction of Santa Anna's 
 army, as under the cover of darkness 
 the Mexicans fled, and at sunrise the 
 American army entered the city, and 
 the Stars and Stri|>(S were soon float- 
 ing above the ll.ills of the Montezu- 
 mas 547 
 
 Sept. 13 to Oct. 13. Siege of Pucbla, 
 held by the Americans against the 
 Mexicans. The Mexicans were re- 
 pulsed by Gen. Childs 547 
 
 Oct. 9. Iliuimantla taken by the Ameri- 
 cans under Gen. Lane. 
 
 Oct. 20. Port of Guiiyamas bombarded 
 ami captured by the Americans. 
 
 Dec. 31. The .several Mexican States 
 occupied by the American army placed 
 under niilitary contributions. 
 
 War with Mexico ended. 
 
 Agassiz joined the coast survey expedi- 
 tion. 
 
 Comet discovered by Maria IMitchel at 
 her private observatory in Nantucket. 
 
 Spirit Rappings. 
 
 Great excitement at Rochester, N. Y., 
 and surrounding country caused by 
 mysterious knocks, noises, and pecul- 
 iar and strange demonstrations. The 
 first appearance of these knockings was 
 at Arcadia, Wayne County, N. Y. The 
 femily where they first made their ap- 
 pearance fled from the house, and it was 
 alterward occupied by Mr. John Fox. 
 His daughters were the first mediums 
 through which this mysterious agency 
 professed to communicate. The fiimily 
 removed to the city of Rochester, and 
 the strange manifestations accompa- 
 nied them. Very soon these strange 
 proceedings were characterized by the 
 name of '• Spirit rappings," and nu- 
 merous ''mediums" were soon devel- 
 oped, and public lectures and private 
 seances, where table-tipping and writ- 
 ing were introduced, were held. The 
 subject attracted universal interest and 
 attention, and within three years the 
 follower^* of this new sensation num- 
 bered hundreds of thousands, with a 
 force of thirty thousund mediums. 
 Several ]>rominent persons publicly 
 advocated the manifestations as com- 
 munications from the "Spirit Land." 
 Books were written, and hundreds of 
 lecturers thronged the public plat- 
 forms; private and darh circles and 
 seances were held, to which, chiefly, 
 the "demonstrations" were confined. 
 From this origin has sprung the great 
 and world-wide doctrine known as 
 Modern Spiritualism. The sect claims 
 millions of converts, scattered through 
 all parts of the world. 
 
 Voyage of the United States ship Jnmes- 
 town, with a cargo of food for the 
 starving in Ireland. 
 
 Los Angeles, the capital of California, 
 taken by Gen. Kearney, Com. Stockton, 
 and Col. Proracmt. Kearney, after or 
 gimizing a system of government for 
 
 his conquered territory, set out on his 
 march for Mexico. 
 Costa Rica a<loptpd a Constitution, pro- 
 
 vidiui,' lnr;i l'i-,..i,l,.nl ;ind Vice-Presi- 
 dent, i\r,tr~\ I'll- -i-. \r:iT-, :in.l a IIoUSC 
 
 of lielirisriualivrs r,',ini>.--rd uf twelve 
 
 _/(?//« Qiiinccy Adams. 
 Feb. 31. Death of John Qninr-v Adams, 
 
 i^ixtli I'rr i.leMi <.' ill- i 1. 1^.1 States 
 slrirkni ,luui, I r,' I 1 IJ..U1 the 
 llM.a- .rf (',,ii;:r. ; :, .), 'lie act of 
 
 a<ldiv.;-in- llif ; |., v.. I, ha U:ng but a 
 
 Mr. Adiuus was Fmni .Iiilv II. 1767,"'in 
 Quincy, Ma^s. Ho was' tin- son of 
 John Aeanis, the second I'li-ident of 
 the United States. Wlini l.nl il. \', n 
 years old he accompanied lii- lallier in 
 Paris, and asfain wlien hi-, f itlier wa.s 
 sent to laipl.'iiid as tlie first Minister 
 Plenipotentiary to tliat Court, he ac- 
 companic<l liim, and spent the time in 
 school, first in Paris, then Amsterdam. 
 aadattheLeyden University. When but 
 fourteen years of age, Mr. Dana, United 
 Stiites Minister to Russia, employed 
 him as his jjrivate secretary. At the 
 age of fifteen he iourneycd alone from 
 St. Petersburg to Holland, through 
 Sweden, Denmark, Hamburg, and 
 Bremen. In 1785 he returned to 
 America, leaving his fiitlier at the 
 Court of St. James. Here he entered 
 Harvard Colle^'e. and iipnn li s gradua- 
 
 an oralicii \\\vx\\ atliarled much at- 
 tention, and which w..s iiuMi^lied and 
 widely distributed, an event (il rare <>e- 
 currence. Mr. Adams lutered im- 
 mediately upon the study of law with 
 Hon. Theoiihilus Parsons, of Newbury- 
 piirt. In i7i)0 he oj)cned a law-oftice 
 in Boston. His first public eflbrts were 
 in defuse ,.r I're-i.leiit Washington's 
 neiitralii'. I ■■■ ■ I ill il'i'i In 1 itU, when 
 i\\v\\y\~-' '. h ;: I' I I ;i>je, tlie Presi- 
 dent a]i|ii. line. 1 I v-i-lriit Minister at 
 
 theJNetherlanils. In .Inly, i;'.)7, hewas 
 appointed Minister Pleni|iii(entiary to 
 Portugal. Upon his way lie was married 
 in London to Miss Lmiisa C.atharine 
 
 pre\ 
 
 Johnson, to whom he had lieei 
 ously engaged. She was the di 
 of the American Consul in London, a 
 lady of much beauty and intelligence. 
 Wliile in London lie was directed to 
 repair to the Cour; <>1' ISirlin, where he 
 ably fulfilled all tlie dbje, ts ,,f his mis- 
 sion. In 1803 he was'cliosen as State 
 Senator for Massachusetts, and in 1804 
 he entered the United States Senate 
 for a term of six years. He was alike 
 the firm friend of \VasIiini;-ton and 
 Jeireis.ii. His rei)Ulalii]n immediately 
 placed liim aiie.-M (he most influential 
 iiiciulie s 111 |;at lH,.|y. He .sustained 
 the ( HIM iniiiciit in its measures of re- 
 sishince lo llir eie r.Mcliments of Great 
 biilaii. In 1 SI!.-, Ml Adams was chosen 
 Pinf.s ,.r ,,r i;',eiuri, in Harvard Col- 
 lide, and lourilivi- with his indefatig- 
 able Sen: ial diuii's, he added a 
 
 course of lectures to be delivered be- 
 fiire the class, which were carefully 
 culled and prefaced by a review of the 
 classics and a vitforous study of the 
 literature nf the Old World. 
 
 rjiMii tlieniiiraue.it t he British Gov- 
 
 tlie Lto^iiiril, upon tlie American frigate 
 
 Chesapeal-e, Mr. Adams presented reso- 
 lutions in the indignation meeting 
 called in Boston, of such a pionounced 
 and determined character against the 
 act as caused him to be denounced by 
 the Federal party, of which he was a 
 member. The Legislature of Massa- 
 chusetts were so much displeased with 
 1 is course that he immediately resigned 
 his seat in the Senate. He was bitterly 
 persecuted by his old party friends, 
 but he maintained his ccmvictions of 
 duty and retired to his profession. In 
 1S09 President Madison appointed him 
 Minister to St. Petersburg. Mr. Adams 
 now abandoned the Federalists and 
 allied himself with the Republican party. 
 A w arm friendship grew up between 
 till lauperorAlexanderand Mr. Adams, 
 w hi ' 1 laid the foundation of the terms 
 of I il nilship and peace which have 
 cxi-iid liet'veen the two natious until 
 111, |iie-, .,t iliy. While in Russia Mr. 
 Adams li.eil ill a plain way, as became 
 the iMinister of a Republic, avoiding 
 the public and costly entertainments of 
 the foreign Ministers, and gave him- 
 S' If to the study of the language and 
 liistiuy (if lUissia, and to the subjects 
 in wliiili bis Government were most 
 iniercsteil. In 1811 President Madison 
 niiniiiialed JIi-. Adams to a seat on the 
 bench of the Sujjreme Court of the 
 United States, but he declined the 
 honor, preferring to serve his country 
 in a more active and efficient yvay. 
 Mr. Adams was subsequently called, 
 ■with Mr. Gallatin .and Mr. Bayard, to 
 iiegiitiate a treaty of peace with En- 
 gland, which was secrued at Ghent, 
 .Mr. Adams taking the leading part. 
 Ill isl.j he was again appointed Minis- 
 ti r to the Court of England, and in 
 1817, upnn the inauguration of Presi- 
 dent iMonroe, he was chosen as Secre- 
 tary of State, and returned to his native 
 country after an absence of eight years, 
 to again take up the active duties of 
 the Government at home. Mr. Adams 
 discharged the honorable duties of his 
 office during the eight years of Mr. 
 Monroe's Administration, and those 
 duties were never more ably dis- 
 charged. 
 
 Upon the 4th of March, 1825, John 
 Quineey Adams became President of the 
 United States, after a most exciting 
 campaign. Party spirit ran high, and 
 the disappointed candidates united in 
 their assault upon the President. 
 Never was an Administration so cruel- 
 ly assailed, and never was an Adminis- 
 tration more pure in principles and 
 more thoroughly devoted to the best 
 infcre-ts of the country. No man ever 
 s it ill the Presidential chair more ably 
 qualilied to fill the high station of 
 Chief Magistrate of a nation, and never 
 •was exalted ability and genuine virtue 
 of character so ungratefully and cruelly 
 maligned. 
 
 Upon his retirement from the Presi- 
 dential chair, Mr. Adams repaired to 
 his home at Quincy and to his studies, 
 which he was ever prosecuting with 
 unabated zeal. In every place and 
 every department of life Mr. Adams 
 was a close student, and never re- 
 linquished his unceasing search after 
 knowledge. But he was not long to 
 remain in retirement. In Nov., 1880, 
 he was elected Representative to 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 771 
 
 Congress. Hero was an opportunity 
 for him to furtlier serve his country, 
 and he shrunk not from stepping into 
 a lower position of usefulness when his 
 services were needed. And most hero- 
 ically and nobly did lie serve lier 
 during the remaining seventeen years 
 of his life. Upon entering Congress 
 he announced that he would be bound 
 to no party. He was first in his seat 
 in the morning, and last to leave it in 
 the evening. Not a measure escaped 
 his scrutiny. His battle for freedom 
 against the combined pro-slavery in- 
 fluence of the South was one of daring 
 heroism and sublimity. He was re- 
 peatedly threatened with indictment 
 by the Grand Jury, with expulsion 
 from the House, and with assassina- 
 tion, but nothing could intimidate him 
 or move him from the one grand pur- 
 pose of his life, the defense of the 
 principles of freedom involved in a 
 true republic. Once Sir. Adams pre- 
 sented a petition, signed by several 
 women, against the annexation of Texas 
 for the purpose of converting it into 
 slave States. A member from Mary- 
 land said: ''These women have dis- 
 credited not only themselves, but their 
 section of the country by turning from 
 their domestic duties to the conflicts 
 of political life." In reply, Mr. Adams 
 demanded to know '' where the gentle- 
 man got this principle." " Did he find 
 it in sacred history " that " women are to 
 have no opinions or actions on subjects 
 relating to the general welfare? " Here 
 Mr. Adams unrolled the long and bril- 
 liant list of illustrious women in sacred 
 and profane history who not only enter- 
 tained " opinions," but who expressed 
 and enforced them, and commemorated 
 them by deeds of valor and suffering 
 unsurpassed by the examples of men in 
 history. In the enthusiasm of his elo- 
 quence and zeal he overwhelmed and 
 silenced his antagonists. Mr. Adams 
 as eloquently pleaded the cause of the 
 slave as that of his Anglo-Saxon 
 brother. "The rights of the people,"' 
 was his grand motto, and for these be 
 fought. At the age of seventy-four 
 years he ap])eared in the Supreme 
 Court of the United States to plead the 
 cause of a few friendless negroes — the 
 Amistead captives — who had escaped 
 from the grasp of the man-stealers. 
 His eflbrt was crowned with succes-;, 
 and the poor Africans, liberated and 
 furnished abundantly with implements 
 of civilized Hfe, were returned to their 
 homes from which they had been so 
 ruthlessly torn. 
 
 His great debate of eleven days' 
 duration, when he withstood the whole 
 House, for the right of petition in 
 Congress by the American peoijle, was 
 the triumphant act of his Congressional 
 career. It was one of the graiidest and 
 most heroic, moral, and intellectual 
 triumphs ever accorded to mortal man ; 
 an'l the results of that glorious achieve- 
 ment will be enjoyed by the unborn 
 millions of this great Republic while 
 it shall have an existence. 
 
 His unique, bold, and unprecedented 
 victory over the assumed authority of 
 the Clerk of the House, when he held 
 that august body for' four days in 
 status quo upon a point of precedence 
 and " parliamentary usage," was one 
 
 which will long be remembered by 
 members of that Congress and by the 
 American people as a masterly stroke 
 of policy and power worthy an Alex- 
 ander. Said Mr. Wise, of Virginia, to 
 Mr. Adams upon that occasion : " Sir, 
 I regard it as the proudest hour of 
 your life ; and if, when you shall be 
 gathered to your fathers, I were asked 
 to select the words which, in my judg- 
 ment, are best calculated to give at 
 imce the character of the man, I would 
 inscribe upon your tomb this sentence, 
 ' I will put the question myself.' " At 
 the age of seventy-five years Mr. Adams 
 met the combined pro-slavery element 
 in Congress, who came crowding to- 
 gether into the House prepared to 
 crush forever the gray-haired veteran 
 of freedom. In view'of the eflTorts the 
 South were making to overthrow the 
 Government, Jlr. Adams had presented 
 a petition from forty-five citizens of 
 Haverhill, Mass., jiraying for the peace- 
 able dissolution of the Union. The 
 stormy scene which followed bafiies 
 description. They met in caucus and 
 prepared resolutions accusing him of 
 high treason, and of insulting the Gov- 
 ernment On the 38tli of January 
 they met to present their resolutions to 
 the House. Mr. Marshal, of Kentucky, 
 during a breathless silence, read them. 
 Mr. Adams stood alone. The whole 
 pro-slavery party were hurling their 
 secret anathemas against him. When 
 Mr. Marshal closed, every eye was fixed 
 upon that brave old man, whose scat- 
 tered locks of snow seemed like a halo 
 of glory to light up his grand and 
 m.ajestic face. Casting a withering 
 glance of defiance at his assailants, in 
 a clear voice, yet deep with suppressed 
 emotion, he said : " In reply to this 
 audacious, atrocious charge of high 
 treason I call for the reading of the 
 first paragraph of the Declaration of 
 Independence. Read it, read it! and 
 see what that says of the right of a 
 ])eople to reform, to change, and to 
 dissolve their Government." During 
 the reply of Mr. Adams and the read- 
 ing of that paragraph the impressive- 
 ness of the silence and the emotion of 
 the speaker were overwhelming. Never 
 was there a grander or a more signal 
 triumph. After several ineffectual at- 
 tempts, his discomfited assailants gave 
 up vanquished, and their ignominious 
 resolution was laid upon the table. 
 The following year Mr. Adams took a 
 tour through the State of New York. 
 Such an ovation as greeted bim at 
 every point had never before been con- 
 ferred ujjon any man. Every one was 
 anxious to get a view of that " Old 
 Man Eloquent," who had so long and 
 80 valiautly fought the naticm's battles 
 for freedom in her halls of Congress. 
 
 At the age of seventy-eight he par- 
 ticipated in the great debate on the 
 Oregon question, and the intellectual 
 power he displayed and his great ac- 
 curacy and extent of knowledge upon 
 the subject under discussion, excited 
 the admiration of the whole nation. 
 On the 17th of November following he 
 had an attack of paralysis while on the 
 street in the city of Boston, but he so 
 far recovered as to resume his official 
 duties the following winter. As he 
 entered the House on the 16th of Feb? 
 
 ruary every Member rose to his feet, 
 and two of the Members formally con- 
 ducted him to his seat. But he took 
 little part in the active labors of Con- 
 gress. On the 21st of February, 1848, 
 he rose to present a paper, and in the 
 act of addressing the Speaker he was 
 again suddenly stricken down with 
 paralysis. He was caught in the arms 
 of the Members near him and borne to 
 a couch in the rotunda. As he revived 
 to consciousness he opened his eyes 
 and calmly gazing around him, ex- 
 claimed : " This is the end of earth." 
 After a pause of a moment he added, 
 " I am content." In a short time he 
 expired, beneath the dome of that 
 Capitol which had so often resounded 
 with his eloquent pleadings and his 
 masterly logic. 
 
 Feb. 2. Treaty of Gnadaloupe Hidalgo, 
 by which New Mexico and Upper Cali- 
 fornia were ceded to the United States, 
 and the western boundary of Texas 
 fixed at the Rio Grande. This war 
 cost the United States nearly 35,000 
 men and $100,000,000. 
 
 Feb. 18. Gen. Scott relinquishes the 
 command of Mexico to Gen. Butler. 
 
 Go/d Discovered in Calif or7iia. 
 May. Gold discovered in CaHfornia, 
 at Sutter's Mill, near Sacramento, by 
 James Marshall. The news soon spread 
 over the State, and great excitement 
 prevailed. All classes rushed to the 
 mines. Ships were deserted by their 
 crews. Soon the whole world was elec- 
 trified by the report that a new Gol- 
 conda had been discovered. Thou- 
 sands rushed to the new gold fields 
 from every State and from almo<t 
 every civilized country. In a little 
 over a year California had a sufficient 
 number of inhabitants to entitle its ad- 
 mission as a State. The city of San 
 Francisco grew up like ''Jonah's 
 Gourd." Its streets were soon thronge.l 
 with daring and reckless adventurers 
 from all p.aris of the world. Gambling 
 became the daily pastime of the idle 
 arid the successful miners, and murder 
 was of almost daily occurrence. Vigi- 
 lance committees were appointed, and 
 for five years justice was administered 
 in this manner with telling effect. In 
 185G law and order was established, 
 and for many years California flourished, 
 and was the great El Dorado of the 
 West in point of mineral wealth, agri- 
 culture, and general prosperity. . . 549 
 
 Perfectionists. 
 
 The Oneida Community, in the State of 
 New York, another Socialistic order, 
 was established, also a branch at Wal- 
 lingford. Ct. This is a religious com- 
 munity of very peculiar ideas, among 
 which are "personal holiness," "com- 
 plex marriage,'' " community of goods," 
 etc. They are a very industrious and 
 peaceable community, and jn point of 
 wealth are a success. But they num- 
 ber, after nearly thirty years' cxpcvi- 
 ment, less than four hundred members 
 
 May 29. Wisconsin admitted into the 
 Union. 
 
 Jlissouri Compromise repealed 553 
 
 Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore 
 tcere elected President and Vice-Pnsi- 
 dint. 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 ISiS. CorntT-stone of Washington Monument 
 laid. 
 
 " Aiii;-. \". Oregon territorial bill, with 
 prohibition of slavery, passed by Con- 
 gress. 
 
 " Dec. 8. First deposit of California gokl 
 in the mint. Great rush for California. 
 1849. Vmt of Father Mathew, the Catholic 
 Apostle of Temperance, to the Uuiied 
 States. 600,000 are converted to total 
 abstinence principles through his la- 
 bors. 
 
 " President Taylor issues a proclamation 
 against the Cuban filibusters. 
 
 " Captain Minnie invented the Minnie con- 
 ical bullet. 
 
 " Survey of the boundary line betvpeen 
 Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Mary- 
 land, comprising the greater part of 
 Mason and Dixon's line. 
 
 " Cholera again visited the United Staten, 
 spreading far and wide ; the victims 
 in St. Louis and Cincinnati number- 
 ing 0,000 each. 
 
 " Convention of delegates met at Monterey 
 to frame a Constitution for California. 
 
 " Great riot at the Auto?- Place Opera 
 House, instigated and led by the friends 
 of Edwin Forrest, the great American 
 trai^'eilinii, uimn the attempt of Mac- 
 rc-iily, the einiiicut English actor, to 
 play tipun the boards of that theatre. 
 See biography of Forrest. 
 
 " Great lire in St. Louis. $3,000,000 lost. 
 
 Murder of Dr. Parkman. 
 
 " Nov. 23. Murder of Dr. George Park- 
 man, a noted millionaire of Boston, by 
 Professor John W. Webster, of ilarvanl 
 College. This was one of the most 
 remarkable and surprising murders 
 ever recorded in the annals of history. 
 The parties were both men of eminent 
 ])osition and respectability. The boily 
 of Dr. Parkman was discovered 
 tlirough the suspicions of the janitor 
 of the college, and the continued search 
 of the Professor's laboratory and rooms 
 adjoining. A portion of the body was 
 found at the bottom of the vault of a 
 private closet opening off from a labo- 
 ratory on the basement floor, whieli 
 contained a furnace. Buried in tan in 
 a tea-chest, and covered witli speci- 
 mens of minerals, were other porlions 
 of the body, and in the ashes of the 
 furnace were foun<l a shirt button, a 
 human tooth, blocks of mineral teeth, 
 and a large number of fragments of 
 bone belonjinfj to a human bodv. A 
 laru-c hinitin--kinh', a dn,il,|,.<Mlged 
 shcalh liiiilr, a ^a«\ hainiii, ]■. and other 
 articles wen- also loiiiid. I [.on this 
 evidence Professor Webster was ar- 
 rested. The whole community and 
 country were appalled. The cause 
 seemed so insignitic:int — a dispute about 
 the payment of a small sum of money 
 which the Professor was owing Dr. 
 Parkman — and the murder so cruel and 
 apparently so well planned, that it 
 seemed impossible, considering the 
 high character of Prof. Webster as a 
 scholar and professed Cliristian. Upon 
 his arrest he swallowed a strychnine 
 powder, which he had prepared and 
 carried in his pocket, but his great 
 nervous agitation prevented its action, 
 j(nd he survived, was tried and sen- 
 tenced for murder in the first degree, 
 and was bupg upon a scaffold in full 
 
 :. Polk, 
 
 Pnitcd 
 
 igrate 
 
 I'nd . ..■• l.ir liM roiiud. 
 
 Pailianual !iu,i ■ - i,i Montreal, Upper 
 
 CoiisiilutiDii l.iibiilding slavery adopted 
 
 for C'alitornia. 
 golouque, President of Santo Domingo, 
 
 assumed the imperial title. 
 
 Jarnes K. Polk. 
 
 June 15. Death of James 
 eleventh President of tl 
 States. He was born in 'W 
 County, North Carolina, ^'i 
 His father was a farmer, and 
 to East Tennessee. In Is],-,, at the ap:e 
 of twenty, hi' entered the t niversitv of 
 North Canilina, at Caapel Hill, and 
 piniluated with lii-h Imnors in 1818. 
 He very soon enteral the law office of 
 F(li\ (irnndv in Xasjiville, and when 
 he had linisiied Ins k-al studies, he 
 establi.shed himself in Columbia, the 
 seat of M,aury County. His success 
 w'as very rapid. Mr. Polk had stored 
 his mind with knowledge, and sub- 
 jected it to a strict disciiHine, and with 
 temperate and frugal haliits his success 
 was placed beyond jeopardy. He soon 
 became popular as a public speaker, 
 and was an effective campaign orator 
 for his party. His manners were 
 courteous and winning, and he won 
 many friends. In 1823 he was elected 
 to tiie Legislature of Tennessee. His 
 tlrst important act was in jirocuring 
 the p.assage of a law to prevent duel- 
 ing. He early imbibed State's Rights 
 principles, and gave his influence to 
 strengthen the State Governments. In 
 1825 Mr. Polk was chosen a Member 
 of Congress, and for fourteen consecu- 
 tive jears he was continued in that 
 ollice, when he withdrew to accept 
 the Governorshii> of Tennessee. In 
 Congress Mr. I'olk was a popular Mem- 
 ber, always (ourteons and prompt, and 
 an easy and pleasing speaker, and was 
 appointed Chairman of the Committee 
 of Ways and Means. He was a warm 
 supporter of President Jackson and 
 bis measures, and during five sessions 
 of Congress he was Speaker of the 
 House, and never had a personal alter- 
 cation with a single Member during 
 his fourteen years in Congress. Mr. 
 Polk was the avowed champion of the 
 annexation of Texas, and in 1845 the 
 Democratic party made him their.can- 
 didate for President, and he was 
 elected by a large majority. His first 
 Message urged the immediate an- 
 nexation of Texas as a State. War 
 with Mexico was soon announced, and 
 Mr. Polk's Administration pushed it 
 forward with great vigor. The Mexi- 
 cans were hopelessly defeated and 
 awfilly slau-litcred. " Not only wa.s 
 Texas annexed, but all of the vast 
 terri;oiy of New Mexico and Upper 
 and bower ( alifornia was added to 
 the terril'.rial ;irea of the United 
 states. 
 
 The annexation scheme was a pro- 
 slavery measure, and Texas was de- 
 signed by the South for a slave 
 Stiite, ami the Administration called 
 for $3,000,00 I to satisfy Mexico and 
 induce a voluntary sorrendcr of Texas. 
 
 To this appropriation the Northern 
 Democrats attached what was cilled 
 the " Wilmot Proviso," which excluded 
 the annexation of territory for slavo 
 States. To this the Administrat on 
 and the whole South were violen'ly 
 opposed, and a war in Congress ensued. 
 The " dissolution of the Union " was 
 threatened, and the Proviso was re- 
 considered and rejected. In 1849 Mr. 
 Polk retired from office and rejjaired 
 to his home in Nashville, where he 
 ilied the 15tb of June of that year. 
 Col. Lopez attempts to revolutionize 
 Cuba, but was unsuccessful. 
 
 John C. Calhoun. 
 March 31. Death of .John Caldwell 
 Callioun, an eminent American states- 
 man of South Carolina. Mr. Calhoun 
 graduated at Yale College in 1804, 
 and afterward studied law. He 
 entered t'ongress in 1811 at the age 
 of twenty-nine years, as a Donocrat 
 and leader of the war party. In 1817 
 lie was chosen Secretary of War by 
 President Monroe. - He was elected 
 Vice-President in 1834, also in 182S, 
 and became an advocate of free tr.aile 
 and State sovereignty, and was the 
 author of the South Carolina exposi- 
 tion, which affirmed that a State may 
 nullify nnconstitntional lius of C'on- 
 
 I'nite.l States Senate.' Mr. Calhoun 
 finaily aeee|ite.l the '■ tariff com| ro- 
 mi^e ' ,>| Mr. flay. As a deba'er, Mr. 
 Calhoun lanked foremost among the 
 American Senators, and \v;is excelled 
 bv none except Clav ;ind Wei sler. In 
 1S44 he was appointed Secretary of 
 State by President Tyler, and in 1845 
 he retiniieil to the Senate, where he 
 r.i.iaiued till his death. Mr. Calhoun 
 op|iosed the Mexican war. His private 
 character was without reproach. He 
 was the author of two works on " Gov- 
 ernment," which are held in big i 
 esteem by men of his school of pol- 
 itics. 
 
 Oregon Market for Girls. 
 
 Congress passed the Donation Law, giv- 
 ing every lona fide settler of Gregon 
 320 acres of land ; also, giving the 
 same amount to a wife, upon conditions 
 of settlement upon it within a given 
 time and remaining four years. Very 
 soon nearly all the girls over fourteen 
 years of age were married off, and old 
 maids were scarce in Oregon. 
 
 May 19. A filihustering expedition of 
 GOO men under General Lopez attempt- 
 ed the liberation of Cuba from Spanish 
 rule. The town of Cardenas sur- 
 rendered to them. 
 
 Unele Tom's Cabin. 
 
 " Uncle Tom's Cabin," a novel written 
 upon slave-life in the South, and pub- 
 lished in the National Era. This book 
 caused great excitement all over the 
 Ts'orth and was extensively read in the 
 South. It was translated and sold in 
 every civilized conntiy on the globe, 
 and was probably the most popular 
 and sensatnmal novel ever written. 
 
 ■Watches were first made by machinery in 
 
CHEONOLOGY. 
 
 773 
 
 1850. the United States at Roxbury, Mass., 
 by Denison & Howard. 
 
 Fugitive Slave Lata. 
 " Passage of tbe notorious "Fugitive Slaee 
 Law,'''' introduced by Henry Clay in his 
 great '^Omnibus Bill.'''' This law made 
 every foot of free soil upon this broad 
 Republic a hunting-ground for slave- 
 nolders to hunt fugitives who had 
 escaped from a life of slaverj% And 
 every citizen who aided or harbored 
 fugitives was subject to flues and 
 punishment. 
 
 Zacliary Taylor. 
 " July 9. Death of Zachary Taylor, twelfth 
 President of the United States. Mr. 
 Taylor was boru on the 24th of Novem- 
 ber, 1784, in Orange County, Virginia. 
 While very young his father emigrated 
 to Kentucky, a few miles from the 
 present city of Louisville. His ad- 
 vantages for education and culture 
 were very limited. In 1808 he received 
 a commission as Lieuienant in the 
 United States Army, and he joined the 
 troops in New Orleans. At the be- 
 ginning of the war of 1813 be was pro- 
 moted to the rank of Captain and put 
 in command of Fort Harrison, which 
 ■was one of the lirst points of attack by 
 Tecumseh. His gallant defense of this 
 fort, when attacked the 4th of Septem- 
 ber by the Indians, gained him the 
 rank of Major by brevet. At the close 
 of the war Major Taylor resigned his 
 commission and returned to private 
 life. He soon, however, returned to 
 the army, and was stationed at Green 
 Bay, Wis. He was promoted to the 
 rank of Colonel, and participated in 
 the Black Hawk war. He continued 
 for twenty years in the defense of the 
 frontiers against the Indians, but be- 
 ing so remote from civilization that 
 his fame extended little beyond the 
 limits of his acquaintance. He was 
 also engaged in the Seminole war, 
 after which he obtained a change of 
 command, and was appointed over the 
 Department of the Southwest, and 
 established his headquarters at Baton 
 Rouge, where he remained for five 
 years. 
 
 In 1845 Gen. Taylor was ordered to 
 advance into Mexico. He accordingly 
 marched with 1,500 troops, which 
 were soon increased to 4,000, and 
 established his little army at Corpus 
 Christi ; but in 1846 he received ex- 
 plicit orders from Government to march 
 to the Rio Grande, which he did, im- 
 plicitly obeying the orders he had re- 
 ceived, although the Mexicans pro- 
 tested, and declared it to be an inva- 
 sion of their country. The result of 
 this expedition we have given in full 
 in the notes on the Mexican war, also 
 a detailed account of the bravery and 
 generalship of Zachary Taylor. His 
 brilliant victory at Buena Vista secured 
 his fame as a great General, and in the 
 enthusiasm of the triumph the Whig 
 party, taking advantage of the "favor- 
 ing tide," placed his name upon their 
 banner as their future President ; and 
 well did they use the prestige of his 
 popularity. He was elected in the fall 
 of 1848 to the highest office in the gift 
 
 of the people. General criticism pre- 
 dicted a great failure in this plain, 
 homespun, illiterate soldier; but his 
 short career of but one year and four 
 months proved that tlie nation had 
 another Jackson in firmness and in- 
 tegrity of character, and a Harrison in 
 simplicity and honesty of purpose. 
 He died universally respected and re- 
 vered, and left not an open enemy in 
 the world. 
 
 Arctic Expedition. 
 
 Grinnell Expedition to the Arctic Seas, 
 under command of Lieut. E. J. De- 
 Ilaven, Dr. E. K. Kane accompanying 
 the expedition as naturalist and sur- 
 geon. 
 
 Sept. 9. California admitted as a Free 
 State. 
 
 Sept. 9. New Mexico and Utah organ- 
 ized as Territories. 
 
 Jenny Lind. 
 
 Sept. 13. Jenny Lind, the '^Sicedis}i 
 Nightingale,'''' gave her first concert in 
 the United States at Castle Garden, 
 New York. The receipts were about 
 $30,000, and the enthusiasm exceeded 
 anything ever witnessed at a public 
 concert or dramatic entertainment in 
 the United States. She gave one 
 hundred concerts under engagement 
 and direction of P. T. Barnum, in all 
 the large cities of the Union, involving 
 nearly a million dollars in total re- 
 ceipts. 
 
 The first ticket for her New York 
 concert was purchased by Genin, the 
 hatter, for which he paid |225. The 
 proceeds of this concert were devoted 
 to charitable objects. Ossian E. Dodge 
 paid |635 for a ticket in Boston. The 
 highest price paid for a ticket to 
 any of her concerts was |650 by Col. 
 Wm. C. Ross, of Providence. 
 
 During her stay in Washington she 
 was visited by the chief and eminent 
 men of the land, and the most dis- 
 tinguished honors were paid her in 
 every city that she visited. When 
 Jenny Lind bade adieu to America, she 
 bore the hearts of the American people 
 with her. Never before had prima 
 donna, or queen of song, so thorough- 
 ly captivated the whole nation, as did 
 this plain, simple Swedish maiden with 
 her pure, sweet nature, and her unpar- 
 alleled gifts and sweetness of voice and 
 heart. 
 
 Dahlgren's cast-iron gtm invented by 
 Admiral Dahlgren. 
 
 Abolition of slave traffic in Brazil. 
 
 Great Sea-Serpent. 
 Appearance of a great sea-serpent in the 
 Atlantic along the coast of Maine and 
 Massachusetts. It was first seen in 
 Penobscot Bay by higldy respectable 
 parties who had a close view of the 
 monster, and who gave a de.'icription 
 of it at the time. They saw him rest- 
 ing on the water, and afterward dart 
 swiftly out to sea. He was also seen by 
 several sea captains in this vicinity. 
 A similar serpent was seen off Plymouth 
 Harbor, Mass., within a quarter of a 
 mile of those who saw him. He was 
 also seen by several prominent men of 
 Boston, and described by them quite 
 
 1851. accurately. The witnesses all agree in 
 the main, and describe his length from 
 50 to 100 feet, and his size from two 
 to three feet in thickness. He some- 
 times apiieared to have large bunches 
 along the entire length of his back, 
 at other times they were not promi- 
 nent, and were probably caused by the 
 motion of his body in swimming. The 
 large number of reliable witnesses, and 
 the general harmony of their testi- 
 mony, removes any doubt of the ex- 
 istence of an animal in the Atlantic 
 waters, commonly called the " Sea- 
 Serpcnt." 
 
 " April. Erie Railrtad completed. 
 
 " July 4. Corner-stone of Capitol exten- 
 sion laid, Daniel Webster delivering 
 the oration. 
 
 " Return of the Grinnell Arctic Expedition. 
 Dr. Kane reported having discovered 
 an open polar sea. 
 
 Leu/is Kossiit/i. 
 
 " Dec. 5. Arrival of Louis Kossuth, the 
 distinguished Hungarian exile. He 
 was received at New York with public 
 honors, such as had been shown to no 
 foreigner since the departure of La- 
 fayette. He made an extended tour 
 through the country, and was every- 
 where welcomed as the eloquent and 
 distinguished exponent of the down- 
 trodden cause of Democracy in Hun- 
 gary and in Europe. 
 
 " First asylum for idiots in the United 
 States, established in New York. 
 
 California Vigilance Committees. 
 " Reign of Vigilance Committees in Cali- 
 fornia, which proved elfcctual in check- 
 ing crime and restoring order and 
 public safety to the citizens. 
 " Revolution in Chili. 
 " Echenique chosen President of Peru. 
 Revolution under Castella. 
 
 American Yacht Victory. 
 " Victorious race of the yacht America, 
 in the great international regatta in 
 Londiin, the prize being the "Cup of 
 all Nations." She was built by George 
 Steers, of Brooklyn, and commanded 
 by Com. John C.Stevens, of New York. 
 
 Frightful Catastrophe. 
 
 " A i^anic, caused by a false alarm of "fire,"' 
 occurred in a New York public school, 
 containing 1,800 pupils. Nearly 50 
 children were instantly killed by suffo- 
 cation, and many seriously injured by 
 lumping from windows, and from 
 fright. 
 
 " Lopez heads another expeditien to Cuba 
 with .500 armed men, among them Col. 
 Crittenden. Not meeting with the ex- 
 pi cted support on the part of the Cu- 
 bans, both Lopez and Crittenden were 
 taken prisoners and executed. 
 
 Henry Clay. 
 
 1852. June 20. Death of Henry Clay, an Amer- 
 
 ican statesman and orator of great aliil- 
 ity and renown. He wa^ born in Vir- 
 -ginia. He wai thrice a candidate for 
 President, and once very nearly elect- 
 ed. Henry Clay was admitted to the 
 bar in 1797, though not of age. He 
 
774 
 
 CHKONOLOGY. 
 
 set up an office in I,i xinulon. h:y.,aiiil 
 soon acquirod a lucraiivi' ihih (ice He 
 was a favorite urainr iliirinu tin- Presi- 
 dential canvass for Jefferson, and was 
 chosen to represent Fayette County in 
 the Legislature in 1803, and in 1806 
 chosen to fill a vacancy in the U. S. 
 Senate, though but 29 years of age. He 
 was again, in 1807, elected to the House 
 of Representatives, and chosen Speak- 
 er of the House, where he proposed 
 that each Member should clothe him- 
 self in American fabrics, which was so 
 sharply stigmatized by Mr. Humjjhrey 
 Marshall that it led to a duel between 
 them, wherein both parties were slight- 
 ly wounded. In 1811 he was elected 
 to Congress, and was the first day 
 chosen Speaker. During his term the 
 United States declared war with Great 
 Britain. He remained in Congress 
 during the war until sent by President 
 Monroe to Europe to negotiate for 
 peace, a seiTice which he rendered 
 with eminent ability. In 1825 Presi- 
 dent Adams chose Mr. Clay as Secretary 
 of State. In 1844 Mr. Clay again re- 
 turned to the Senate, where he re- 
 mained till his death, which was in his 
 76th year. In conversation and on the 
 rostrum Mr. Clay possessed a magical 
 influence even over his enemies and 
 political antagonists. 
 
 Daniel Webster. 
 
 Oct. 24. Death of Daniel Webster, 
 LL.D., an American statesman of great 
 renown. Mr. Webster was for years con- 
 sidered the lion of the United States 
 Senate. He was born in Salisbury, 
 N. H.. Jan. 18, 1782, of poor parents, 
 and received but few educational ad- 
 vantages, and prepared himself for col- 
 lege chiefly by private study, supporting 
 himself at college by teaching school 
 during winters. Young Webster be- 
 came distinguished while in college for 
 great proficiency in his studies and in the 
 debating societies of the college. He 
 graduated in 1801, and began the study 
 of law immediately after, and during 
 his studies acted as principal of an 
 acailemy in Maine, also doing copying 
 and office-woik to aid him. He was 
 admitted to the bar in 1805, and soon 
 rose to eminence at a bar where Samuel 
 Dexter, Joseph Story, and Jeremiah 
 Mason were at the height of their 
 fame. He was elected to Congress in 
 1812, and was appointed Commissioner 
 of Foreign Atl'airs, taking a prom- 
 inent part in the debates on the war 
 and finances. He was re-elected in 
 1814, and was admitted to practice at 
 the bar of the Supreme Court at Wash- 
 ington in 1816, and removed to Boston 
 the same year. In 1818 he ranked 
 among the most distinguished jurists 
 of the country. He was elected a Mem- 
 ber of Conj;ress from the city of Boston 
 in 1823, and in a great speech made 
 on the Greek Revolution, established 
 liis reputation as one of the first states 
 men of the age. On June 17, 1825, ir 
 his address at the laying of the corner 
 stone of Bunker Hill Monument, he made 
 great addition to his fame as an orator. 
 In 1827 he entered the United Stat 
 Senate, and retained his seat in that 
 body until 1841. In 1S30 he made his 
 ''great speech" in rejily to Hajne, of 
 
 '■outh Cir 
 In ls?(, he 
 
 Ot ^ll 1(1 
 
 111 'III 
 
 ihm 
 rtcii 
 
 llsi ft 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 i\ 1 
 til ( lit 
 In 1 11 h 
 
 
 I ^11 ictiry ol 
 St iti li\ Prisidiiit '[iiiison uid con 
 tinuid in the oftce by fjki, but rL 
 si^nid his post m Mav 1S43 In 1813 
 hi il.liMr. <1 ispl, ndid orttion at the 
 foiiipliti 111 I * 1 iiiikii Hill Mminmont 
 11, 1 1111 I I 111 It 111 tliL Unitul 
 
 stittss, iiit, nilM> u (I nppostil tiic 
 admittmCL ot Icxi^ is a sUve htate 
 and the prosecution of the Mexicm 
 ^s ar Although anti slavery in h s 
 con\Ktions lu snpportefl the comjaro- 
 
 pir 
 
 t> UncUi 1 rt ident iillmorc he i.,xiu 
 became becrctiiy o± State His \\^\, 
 ])ublic effort at speech-making (ctccpt 
 his argument m the Good>cai pxttnt 
 case at Trenton N J ls")3) was at 
 the liymg of tla roinii stom of the 
 Cipitol extension it A\ ishni^ton, July 
 4, 1851 In May, lb">2, he w c thiown 
 from his carriage and seriously injured, 
 near Plymouth, Mass., and died in 
 October of the same year. 
 
 Expcdiiio7i to Japan. 
 
 Expedition to Japan under Com. Perry, 
 resulting in the opening of the ports 
 of that Empire to American trade and 
 commerce 550 
 
 First street railway in New York, 
 
 Treaty of commerce between Chili, 
 France, Great Britain, United Status, 
 and Sardinia. 
 
 Inde])c'ndence of Paraguay recognized 
 by Great Britain, and Lopez becomes 
 Governor. 
 
 Revolution broke out in Buenos Ayrcs 
 and it declared for independence. 
 
 Branch mint established in San Fran- 
 cisco. 
 
 Whig Convention in Baltimore. 
 
 Gen.'Winfield Scott nominated for Presi- 
 dent, and Jlr. Graham, of North Caro- 
 lina, Vice-President 550 
 
 Aug. Free Soil Convention in Pitfsliurg, 
 nominated John P. Hale for I'rosiilent, 
 and George W. Julien, of Iiid., Vice- 
 President 550 
 
 Crystal Palace. 
 
 Grand International Industrial Exhibi- 
 tion in New Yuik, held in the Crystal 
 Palace, a colossal building composed 
 of glass and iron, and erected ex- 
 pressly for the great exhibition. 
 
 Mar. 4. Franklin Pierce inaugurated 
 President. 
 
 Treaty with Mexico for the purchase of 
 Arizona. 
 
 New Constitution granted Buenos Ayres, 
 copied from the Constitution of the 
 United States. 
 
 IndriKudence of Paraguay recognized by 
 Great Britain. 
 
 Treaty with Russia. 
 
 tr;il|!y <il tlTc I iiiiimI Stairs in ttie war 
 oniic alliiM |,Muvrs.if Kiiro|ir a;;ainst 
 that [lower, and recognizing the prop- 
 
 1853. erty right of neutral nations wherever 
 found 551 
 
 " Exploration for a Pacific Railroad. 
 
 " Tcllmo Fever again visited the United 
 States ; and in the city of New Orleans, 
 in the space of three months, ten per 
 cent, of the whole population fell vic- 
 tims to the scourge. 
 
 " July 2. Koszta's release demanded of 
 Smyrna by Capt. Ingraham. 
 
 " Children's Aid Society founded in New 
 York by Charles L. Brace. 
 
 Filibustering. 
 " Fililiustering expedition of William 
 AValker to Sonora, Mexico. He landed 
 at a small town called La Paz, and 
 meeting with little resistance, he pro- 
 claimed "An Independent Republic of 
 Lower California," with himself Presi- 
 dent. He very soon evacuated the 
 premises to save himself and company 
 from starvation, lie surrendered him- 
 self to the United States authorities at 
 San Diego, and was tiied in San 
 Francisco for a violation of the neu- 
 trality laws and acquitted 552 
 
 Kncnv-Nothings. 
 
 1854. Americnn or Know-Nothing Society iorvaQii, 
 
 which carried the elections in nearly 
 all the Northern States, their watch- 
 word being, " Put none hut Americans 
 on guard." ^' Let Americans rule 
 America." 
 " rrohihition law passed in New York and 
 Pennsylvania 552 
 
 Loss of the ^'Arctic." 
 
 " Loss of the steamship Arctic, Collins 
 line, through collision with the iron 
 steamer Vesta, during a fog. Ilun- 
 ilreils of lives and millions of treasure 
 ■(vcre lost. 
 
 " Fell. 2S. American mail-steamer Black 
 Viirrior seized at Havana. 
 
 " War. 31. Commercial treaty between 
 United States and Japan signed.. . 551 
 
 " Stephen A. Douglas' popular sovereignty 
 or Kansas-Nebraska bill passed, which 
 caused great excitement in Congress 
 and all over the country 532 
 
 " Virtual repeal of the Missouri Compro- 
 mise 553 
 
 " First Railroad from Lake Michigan to 
 the Mississippi — the Rock Island. 
 
 " June 12. Bombardment of Greytown, 
 Central America, by the American ship 
 Cyarie, upon refusal of the authorities 
 to pay alleged damages for the de- 
 struction of United States prop- 
 erty 551 
 
 " Aug. 2. Reciprocity treaty with Great 
 Britain ratified respecting the New- 
 foundland fisheries, international trade, 
 etc 551 
 
 " Sliooting of Malcolm Taylor by McCrea, 
 a lawyer in K msas, during a political 
 discussion. Much excitement ensued, 
 and the people threatened to lynch 
 McCrea 5-)3 
 
 " Invention of the iron-tower for iron-clad 
 vessels by Ericsson. 
 
 1855. Attack upon the United States steamer 
 
 11 liter Wllch in the River Parana, by 
 the Paraguayans. 
 
 " Comiiletion of Niagara Suspension 
 Bridge. 
 
 " United Stales Court of Cla'ms estab- 
 lished. 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 775 
 
 4855. Groat emigration to Kansas. Opposi- 
 tion Govern monts were lormed by tlie 
 pro-slavery and anti- slavery partii-s. 
 Election riots ensued 552 
 
 Walker, the Filibuster. 
 
 " Nicaragua invaded, during a revolution, 
 by William Walker, with a band of 
 filibusters. After considerable skir- 
 mishing he captured the city and gar- 
 rison of Granada, and Nicaragua was 
 in his power. A negotiation and 
 treaty of peace was agreed upon be- 
 tween him and Corral, the leader of 
 the Legitimists, and Don Patricio lii- 
 vas was declared Provisional President, 
 with Walker as General-in-chief of the 
 army. But soon after, detecting Cor- 
 ral in a plot to upset the new Govern- 
 ment, Walker had him arrested, tried 
 by court-martial, and shot in the pres- 
 ence of the whole army. 
 
 Walker's success emboldened him (o 
 aggressive acts, which soon brought 
 his overthrow, and he was compelled 
 to flee to the United States. He after- 
 ward undertook two other expeditions, 
 which in like manner failed. His last 
 expedition was directed against the 
 Bay of Islands, in possession of Great 
 Britain, but which was about to be 
 ceded to Honduras. He whs captured 
 by British officers and delivered to the 
 Honduran authorities, by whom he 
 was imprisomd, trierl, and shot. . . 553 
 
 " July. Dispute with Great Britain con- 
 cerning the attempt to recruit for the 
 Crimean army. 
 
 " Sept. 7. First Hebrew Temple in the 
 Mississippi valley consecrated at St. 
 Louis. 
 
 " Oct. 17. The bark Maiiray seized at 
 New York on suspicion of being in- 
 tended for the Russian war service — 
 discharged the 19th. 
 
 " Oct. 24. Snow in Louisville, Ky., and 
 Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 " Dec. 23. I^ritish discovery ship liexohite, 
 abandoned in the Arctic Sea by her 
 crew, was brought to New London, 
 Ct., by a whaler. 
 
 Hoosac Tunnel. 
 
 1856. Hoosac Tunnel begun. This tunnel is 
 one of the grandest achievements in 
 modern engineering. It is cut through 
 the Hoosac Mountain, near the town 
 of Adams In the north-western part of 
 Massachusetts; and — except the Mt. 
 Cenis Tunnel through the Swiss Alps — 
 is the longest tunnel in the world, 
 being 4} miles long, and in its widest 
 point 26 feet by 21), and 24 feet high, 
 and admits of two lines of railroad 
 trains. It is on the Troy and Green- 
 field line, and was begun by that rail- 
 road, but in 185+ the State passed an 
 Act authorizing a loan of the State 
 credit to enable them to complete it. 
 In 1862 the State assumed the entire 
 responsibility and control of the pro- 
 ject. 
 
 " John Brown's victory at Ossawattomie. 
 
 " Ocean telegrajjh projected. 
 
 " Republican party established. There 
 were three parties in the Presidential 
 campaign, Democratic, Know-Nothing, 
 and Republican (or Free Soil). 
 
 " Type-setting machine invented by Timo- 
 thy Aldcn. 
 
 Jan. 23. Loss of the Collins steamer 
 Pacific, Capt. Asa Eldridge, which left 
 Liverpool for New Yoik on tliis date, 
 after wliiili \\ v~:,- <■.. ». , I;eard from. 
 
 Pel). Coiif,:-' ' ..f the HoiLsc 
 
 of Hepresnii ,, ; , r ! i ii; two months, 
 settled by [iLiMti ■, \:ii liaiiiel P. Banks, 
 of Massachusttts, in tlie chair. 
 
 April 11. Great bridge across the Mis- 
 sissijjpi at Rock Island completed. 
 
 April. 15. AflTray at Panama between 
 the passengers of the American Transit 
 Company and the natives. Thirty pas- 
 sengers killed and tweuty woundccl. 
 
 Assault upon Sumner. 
 
 May. Brutal assault of Preston S. Brooks 
 upon Charles Sumner in the Senate 
 Chamber, occasioned by his speech, 
 " Crime against Kansas." For full par- 
 ticulars, see biography of Sumner. 
 
 May 18. Trial and execution of the 
 murderers Casey and Corey, by the 
 San Francisco Vigilance Committee. 
 
 First wood-type made by machinery by 
 Wm. H. Page. 
 
 President Pierce, in his Message, de- 
 clared the creation of a free State Gov- 
 ernment in Kansas an act of rebel- 
 lion 552 
 
 May 28. Dismissal of Mr. Cramptnu, 
 the British Envoy at Washington, by 
 our Government 552 
 
 Juno 17. First nominating Republican 
 Convention held at Philadelphia. 
 John C. Fremont chosen for President, 
 and William L. Dayton, Vice-President. 
 The two important planks in the new 
 platform being anti-slavery and anti- 
 polygamy 552 
 
 Introduction of sorghum, or Chinese 
 sugar-cane. 
 
 July. Raising of the safe of the Ameri- 
 can Express Company, which was lost 
 on the steamer Atlantic in 1852, by a 
 Buflalo diver. Its contents were well 
 pre-erved. 
 
 Aug. 10. Lost Island, a summer resort 
 on the Louisiana coast, submerged 
 during a violent storm of three days; 
 17o persons were lost. 
 
 Aug. 21. Famous Charter-oak at Hart- 
 ford blown down. 
 
 Aug. 28. Dudley Observatory at Albany 
 inaugurated. 
 
 Nov. 9. Death of John Middleton Clay- 
 ton, at Dover, Del. ^^ 
 
 Dec. The Resolute purchased from its 
 discoverers, and refitted Isiir the United 
 States, is presented to the British 
 Government, at Portsmouth, England, 
 by Capt. Hartstein, on behalf of the 
 United States. 
 
 Loom patented for weaving Axminster 
 carpet-;, by Alexander Smith and Hal- 
 cyon bkinner. The looms of this es- 
 tablishment at Yonkers, upon the Hud- 
 son River, produce annually 200,000 
 yards, which equals the whole amount 
 produced annually in England. 
 
 Political alliance between Chili, Ecuador, 
 Peru, and Costa Rica. 
 
 Fenians. 
 
 Organization of the Fenian Brother- 
 hood under the name of the Emmett 
 Monument Association. 
 
 Feb. 16. Death of Elisha Kent Kane at 
 Havana. 
 
 March 4. James Buchanan inaugurated 
 
 President, with John C. Breckenridge 
 
 for Vice-President .... 5.")2 
 
 Robert J. Walker app anted Territorial 
 Governor of Kansas by the Presi- 
 dent ! SIW 
 
 Dreii Scott Decision. 
 
 Mar. 6. The fomous Dred Scott De- 
 cision, by Chiif Justice Taney, was 
 made known ; a [jassage in which 
 these words foimd expression, "Slaves 
 have no rights which the white man is 
 bound to respect," and which were 
 generally attributed to that document 
 for their origin, but which the defend- 
 ers of Judge Taney claim whs but a 
 quotation of the sentiments of the peo- 
 ple ;it the time the Consiitution was 
 writtrn 5.^:1 
 
 Fir.-ii altcmpt to lay the Atlantic Cable. 
 It was coiled upm two vessels, the 
 Unitrd Mites steamship Niagara and 
 the iiritish f.\.i:&mcr Agamemnon. They 
 I'roceedid to mid-ocean, and each ves- 
 sel sailed toward their respective coun- 
 tries, laying the cable. After the wire 
 had twice broken, the attempt was 
 abandoned, but renewed again, the 
 end being fastened at Valencia Bay, 
 and payed out again til! exhausted, 
 when the other vessel joined the 
 wires and completed the enterprise. 
 This cable worked well for a time, but 
 was finally abandoned. 
 
 Patent issued to Charles Alden for con- 
 densed milk. 
 
 Great Financial Crisis. 
 A great and extensive financial " crash," 
 caused by wild speculation, extrava- 
 gance, and "'stock gambling." The 
 terrible effects of this "crisis" were 
 felt the whole length and breadth 
 of the land. The rich were ruined by 
 thousands, and great distress prevailed 
 among tlie poor. 
 
 Murder of Dr. Burdell. 
 Mysterious murder of Dr. Burdell, a 
 wealthy New York dentist, in his own 
 office. Arrest and trial of Mrs. Cun- , 
 iiingham, the well-known "mistress" 
 of the doctor. The evidence, which 
 was piu-ely circumstantial, was of a 
 vtry strong character, and the com- 
 munity and the whcde country were 
 convinced of her guilt, but she was ac- 
 quitted by the jury for want of legal 
 proof A deep-laid scheme was revealed 
 soon after her acquittal, which con- 
 firmed her guilt in the minds of the ^ 
 public. She at first endeavored to 
 prove that she was the legal wife of 
 Dr. Burdell, but her certificate of mar- 
 ria;j;e was proven a " sham." She next 
 attempted to prove that she was about 
 to become a mother, and actually pre- 
 tended to be in labor, when the phy- 
 sician whom she had engaged to at- 
 tend her turned State's evidence, and 
 revealed the whole plot. He had con- 
 nived with the District Attorney, and 
 at the time of her pretended confine- 
 ment the officers of the law were let 
 into the house, and the whole shame- 
 ful and fraudulent transaction was ex- 
 posed. A new-born infant was pro- 
 cured by her ''physician " from a Iios- 
 ])ital, aud for which Mrs. Cunningham 
 herself had, in disguise, appeared with 
 a basket, and carried to her house. 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 'I'lii' \',I].il. Iran ,11 lion was published 
 
 l:i; ::■ i ^^ ■!' ^ ' ' .r„S thoroVf/hh/ 
 
 "i the crime of 
 iniii'!. ] ;, ■ I il.r liH III the hands of its 
 niiini|iulali.rs lu'lil tliis lioUl, bad w Om- 
 an innocent of the murder of Dr. Bur- 
 dell, and slie was allowed to remain 
 unmolested after the revelation of the 
 terrible plot which she had laid to se- 
 cure his property ! 
 
 Zoss of the " Central America.'" 
 Foundering of the steamer Central 
 
 America off Cape Hatteras. Over 400 
 
 lives and $3,000,00(1 lost. 
 Trouble with the Mormons in Utah. 
 
 Col. Johnston, with a military force, 
 
 sent out to enforce the laws. 
 
 Mexican Revolution. 
 -GO. The Congress of Mexico adopted a 
 Constitution and provided for a popu- 
 lar election. In July, General Comou- 
 fort was elected President. A military 
 rebellion ensued, and the new Presi- 
 dent was driven from the capitol and 
 General Zuloga was appointed in bis 
 place. Meanwhile Juarez, the great 
 Indian statesman, master-spirit and 
 representative of IJepuMicanism, who 
 was also Chief Justice of the Supreme 
 Court, and President itro tern., accord- 
 ing to the Constitution, proceeded to 
 establisli his Government at Vera Cruz. 
 A reign of terror and outlawry ensued, 
 and no foreign or American citizen 
 was safe in Mexico. The Republicans 
 at last triumphed, and peace was re- 
 stored. 
 
 Sept. 15. Brigbam Young forbids any 
 armed force entering Salt Lake City on 
 any pretense; he orders the Mormon 
 troops to hold themselves in readiness, 
 and declares martial law. 
 
 Sept. 215. The Philadelphia banks sus- 
 pend specie payments. 
 
 Oct. 14. New York banks suspend specie 
 payments. 
 
 Oct. 15. Boston banks suspend sjiecie 
 payments. 
 
 Dec. 13. New York l>anks resume specie 
 payments. 
 
 Dec. 14. Boston banks resume specie 
 payments. 
 
 Religious Revival. 
 
 -8. Great religious revival, apparently the 
 result of the "crash" in the business 
 and tinancial world, the ruin of which 
 was wide-sj^read. Daily prayer-meet- 
 ings were held in every city and town. 
 
 Morphy, the Chess-Flayer. 
 
 Wonderful performances of Paul Morphy, 
 the young American chess-player. He 
 was considered a " prodigy " at chess 
 when a lad, and at the age of 22 he 
 was voted the " World's Chess Cham- 
 pion." 
 
 April 10. Death of Thomas Hart Ben- 
 ton at Washington, aged 70. 
 
 April 30. Congress passed a bill admit- 
 ting Kansas into the Union, under 
 the Lecompton (pro-slavery) Constitu- 
 tion 553 
 
 Exciting Campaign. 
 Lincoln ((ml Boxiglai Mmpaign in IlUnois. 
 
 Hilar 
 
 il'iifi to a seat in 
 till- fnih I'll, < iir made a tour 
 of tlir Si .: iiig the merits 
 
 of their I' [' 1 1 \ i-iiia-;. It was one 
 of the most uuled politiL-al campaigns 
 upon record. 
 May IS. Minnesota admitted to the 
 Union. 
 
 Morrissey and Hccnan. 
 
 Bloody and brutal prize-fight between 
 Jolin Morrissey and John C. Heenan. 
 The stakes were $2,500 a side. Mor- 
 rissey was declared the victor, and 
 liailed as the champion of America. 
 See biography. 
 
 Jan. 14. "Governor Cummiiig, of Utah, 
 jwrih.nsall tr.ason iin.l snliliun here- 
 
 117//,.//« 11. ,SV,r„r,/ a.iiiinin.aal Ills "Irre- 
 pressible Coullicf doctrine, which 
 startled the country and aroused the 
 pro-slavery element to much opijosi- 
 tion. 
 
 Aug. 3. The people of Kansas voted to 
 reject the Lecompton Constitution by 
 an overwhelming majority 553 
 
 Aug. 16. First message sent across the 
 Atlantic by cable from Queen Victoria 
 to President Buchanan. 
 
 Broderick and Terry Duel 
 
 Sept. 13. Duel between Hon. David 
 Broderick, United States Senator from 
 California, and Hon. D. S. Teri-y, Chief 
 Justice of that State. Broderick was 
 mortally wounded and died the 15lh. 
 Terry escaped on a steamer and landed 
 in Sacramento. 
 
 Two American vessels captured by a 
 Peruvian steamer by order of Castella, 
 
 Bur> 
 
 of the "Austria." 
 
 Sept. Burning of the steamship Austria, 
 from Hamburg to New York, with SbS 
 persons on board, and but 07 of all the 
 living human freight were saved. The 
 ship took fire from abucketof tar wliich 
 was used, with a hot iron, for fumigat- 
 ing the shij). This was one of the most 
 terrible and shocking disasters at sea 
 ever recorded. 
 
 The Fenian Organization perfected waAcr 
 the active and efficient agency of John 
 O'iMahoney, who became its " head 
 center" in the United States. 
 
 Feb. 10. Treaty between United States 
 and Paraguay. 
 
 F(b. 14. Oregon admitted into the 
 Union 553 
 
 Petroleum. 
 
 First oil-well bored at Titusville, Pa., by 
 Col. Drake, of New Havrn, Conn., anil 
 during the 17 years following, the total 
 yield from the Peniisvlvania oil-wells 
 was 55,401,3111 bbls. of4U gals. each. 
 
 Great Flood. 
 
 Great storm and flood extending over the 
 entire Middle and part of the Northern 
 and Southern States — rain tailing in 
 torrents forty consecutive hours — re- 
 sulting in immense loss of property and 
 many lives. 
 
 The Sickles Affair. 
 
 Feb. 37. Shooting of Philip Barton Kev, 
 District Attornev for the District of 
 . Daniel E. Sickles, 
 - - fmn-i New York, 
 I his wife upon her 
 iLih sncia! I'osition 
 -lal.ilitv i.r Ihepar- 
 li.hiMii-nlah'e affair, 
 ' pularityof 
 
 Columbia, by lb 
 Member of ( m;- 
 for the si-.lu.-iii.n 
 confession, 'i'lii- 
 and eminent re.s| 
 ties concerned in 
 and the great bea 
 
 Mrs. Sickles, produced the mist wide 
 spread and intense interest and excite- 
 ment. 
 
 Mr. Sickles met Mr. Key upon the 
 public streets of Washington, in open 
 day, and, accusing him of his crime, 
 shot him dead. He was immediately 
 arrested, and Ihe following April was 
 frii.I lor nuinh-r. <;rrat ' (-x.-ilenient 
 ])r, vaih-ililiirinu- tln-uhoh- trial, which 
 was i.iil.lisheil i-ntin- in all tlu- leading 
 newsjjapers of the laud. At the con- 
 clusion of the trial he was acquitted. 
 As the words "not guilty" fell from 
 the lips of the foreman, there arose one 
 wild and tumultuous hurrah from the 
 vast concourse which thronged the 
 court. Cheer after cheer went up, 
 which was repeated by the multitude 
 outside. Mr. Sickles was immediately 
 surrounded by a host of Iriends, who 
 bore him in triumph from the court- 
 room. The news of his acquittal 
 spread like wildfire throughout the 
 city and country, and was received 
 with general satisfaction. 
 
 Mr. Sickles had but one child, a 
 lovely little girl, of but few years of 
 age. 
 
 Mrs. Sickles manifested the most in- 
 tense grief and remorse, and in every 
 possible way expressed her sorrow and 
 repentance to her husband and friends. 
 In a short time after the trial her hus- 
 baiul forgave his erring wife, and re- 
 ceived her into his heart and home 
 again. But this ruined and sorrowful 
 woman lived but a few years after this 
 teriible tragedy. 
 
 Mr. Sickles afterward served, with 
 honor and distinction, in the war, and 
 was promoted to the rank of Major- 
 General. He was also sent as Minis- 
 ter to the Court of Spain immediately 
 after the flight of Queen Isabella. 
 
 March. The Free-State party of Kansas 
 met at Wyandotte and framed a new 
 Constitution, which was duly ratified 
 by the people 553 
 
 March 2a. Quito destroyed by an earth- 
 quake. 
 
 May 11. Vicksburg Convention resolves 
 in favor of opening the slave trade. 
 
 Guayaquil, S. A., destroyed by fire. 
 
 Worcester's large Dictionary published. 
 
 July 9. Gen. Harney occupies San Juan 
 Island, W. T. ; danger of collision with 
 Great Britain. 
 
 Grand March of the "Potato Pug." 
 
 First appearance of the " Colorado 
 beetle," or " potato bug," in districts 
 where the cultivated potato was raised. 
 This insect had been observed as quite 
 common on the Upper Missouri in 1824, 
 feeding on a wild plant called the 
 sand-burr, which belongs to the same 
 genus with the potato. Its first 
 arrival among " civilized " potatoes 
 was about 100 miles west from Omaha, 
 where the insect soon increased and 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 777 
 
 spread at a marvelous rate. It in- 
 vaded Iowa in 1861 ; Wisconsin, 1863; 
 and by 1866 it had spread over the 
 entire country west of a line from 
 Chicafjo to St. Louis. In 1874 it had 
 reached the Atlantic coast in numerous 
 places, thus showing their rate of 
 travel to have been 1,500 miles in a 
 direct line within fifteen years, besides 
 spreading over an area of 500,000 
 square miles. 
 
 John Brown's Capture of Harper s 
 Ferry. 
 Oct. 16. Captain .John Brown, a veteran 
 Abolitionist, had long cheiished a de- 
 sire to liberate the negroes of the South 
 from slavery. lie had been a life- 
 long enemy of the system, and a rad- 
 ical anti-slavery man. He was in the 
 Kansas battles for freedom, and par- 
 ticipated in the battle of Ossawattomie, 
 from which he derived the name of 
 " Ossawattomie Brown." He had en- 
 listed a few followers in his scheme 
 of invading Virginia and freeing the 
 slaves, and fully expected that his ap- 
 pearance among them would he a 
 " watchword for freedom," and that, 
 when the first blow was struck, they 
 would unanimously rise and assert 
 their liberty. His plans seem like 
 those of an insane mind, more than 
 those of a general, or an experienced 
 statesman. With a little handful of 
 men, of whom seventeen were whites 
 and five colored, this mistaken philan- 
 thropist and fanatic invaded the State 
 of Virginia, and succeeded in captur- 
 ing the Government Armory buildings, 
 containing a vast quantity of arms 
 and ammunition, the railroad bridge, 
 and taking prisoners the keepers of 
 the Arsenal, the watchmen, and bridge- 
 tenders. To the prisoners, who in- 
 quired as to the object of his proceed- 
 ings, he answered: "To free the 
 slaves."' To the question by what 
 authority it was done, he replied : 
 "By the authority of God Almighty." 
 Brown seemed to be impressed with 
 the idea that God had chosen him to 
 be the instrumentality in freeing the 
 negroes from slavery. 
 
 Soon the tidings spread, and an 
 armed force appeared. They attacked 
 the engine-house where Brown and 
 his associates were gathered, and were 
 repulsed by the brave old man. Several 
 ■were killed on both sides. Great ex- 
 citement prevailed. Military com- 
 panies arrived from diflFerent places. 
 
 The news spread to Washington, 
 Baltimore, and Richmond, and pro- 
 duced the wildest excitement, and 
 troops were instantly ordered to the 
 scene of action. Col. Robert D. Lee, 
 with a company of United States Ma- 
 rines and two field-pieces, was sent 
 from Washington, and with their com- 
 bined force lirovvn and his men were 
 finally captured. He was greeted with 
 execrations, and one of the Government 
 officers struck him with a sabre several 
 times in the face, which knocked him 
 down, and another soldier ran a bay- 
 onet twice into the body of the pros- 
 trate old man. But he was protected 
 from further violence by the soldiers. 
 He was immediately indicted for 
 treason and murder by the Virginia 
 
 authorities. He asked for time, on 
 account of his severe wounds, which 
 was denied, and he was tried on the 
 36th of October in Charlestown, Va. 
 Brown being unable to sit up, lay upon 
 a mattress during his trial, which 
 lusted three days. He was found 
 guilty of the charges i^referred, and 
 sentenced to be hung on the 3d of 
 December. On being asked why sen- 
 tence should not be passed upon him, 
 he replied, in a gentle and mild voice : 
 " I deny everything but the design on 
 
 my part to free the slaves That 
 
 was all I intended. I never did in- 
 tend murder, or treason, or the destruc- 
 tion of property, or to excite or incite 
 the slaves to rebellion, or to make in- 
 surrection." His kind, gentle, and 
 patient manner, and his sincere re- 
 ligious fervor deeply impressed even 
 his enemies ; and his great courage 
 and bravery elicited the admiration of 
 all who witnessed both his defense at 
 the Arsenal and his manly fortitude 
 during his trial. Governor Wise said 
 of him : " He is a bundle of the best 
 nerves I ever saw, cut and thrust, and 
 bleeding in bonds, lie is a man of 
 clear head, of courage and fortitude, 
 and simple ingenuousness. He is cool, 
 collected, and indomitable, and in- 
 spired me with great trust in his in- 
 tegrity as a man of truth." Two of 
 his sons were shot and eleven of his 
 men were killed ; four escaped and 
 the rest were taken prisoners. 
 
 Upon the arrival of the hour for his 
 execution he walked coolly and calmly 
 out of the jail, his countenance radiant 
 anil his step elastic. A colored woman, 
 with a child in her arms, stood near. 
 He paused, and stooping, kissed the 
 child. The colored people, as he 
 passed, blessed him. His proud and 
 manly bearing as he ascended the 
 scaflbld and calmly gazed about him, 
 and his great courage and insensibility 
 to fear, filled even the armed soldiers 
 with amazement. His firmness an<l 
 courage continued to the last. He 
 died like a hero, winning the admira- 
 tion of the military, the sheriff, the 
 jailor, and the undertaker. The citizens 
 were not permitted to witness his 
 execution. His body was sent to his 
 family at North Elba, N. Y., where an 
 eloquent eulogy was pronounced by 
 Wendell Phillips at the place of bur- 
 ial 553 
 
 Nov. 11. Buenos Ayres reunited to the 
 Argentine Republic. 
 
 Kansas Free. 
 
 Dee. 6. An undisputed election was held 
 in Kansas under the new Constitution, 
 and Republican oSieers and Members 
 of Congress elected 553 
 
 Great Bonanza Mine. 
 
 Com stock Lode originally discovered by 
 James Fennimore, known as "old 
 Finney," who, not knowing its value, 
 sold it to P. Comstock for an old, bob- 
 tailed Indian pony and a quantity of 
 whisky. Comstock himself being 
 ignorant of the immense value of the 
 lode, disposed of his entire claim for 
 some $4,000 or $5,000, which property, 
 in less than a year, sold for more 
 
 than 11,000,000. Under the manage- 
 ment of Flood & O'Biicn, it has snce 
 proved to be the richest silver mine in 
 tliC woild. 
 
 The Uniied States sent Mr. iicLane to 
 recognize the GovernnKnt of Juarez, 
 witli w honi he negotiated a treaty 
 satisfactory to both Governments. 
 
 Triumph of Mexican liheralism under 
 Juarez, over the Church party, after a 
 revolution of near twcntv years. 
 
 Fmbgssy from Japan. 
 Grand Embassy from Japan, with a treaty 
 of peace and commerce, to the United 
 States, being the first Ambassadors 
 ever sent to any nationality by that 
 empire. 'I'lio Ambassadors were treated 
 witli great rrspict Ky the Government 
 otheials and the (itizcns of Washing- 
 tun. The peculiarity of their dress, 
 customs, and manners excited much 
 curiosity. 
 
 Prince of Wales. 
 
 Tour of Ihr Prince of Wales through the 
 Uniied States. He was everywhere 
 received with marks of respect and 
 dislinction, and the unbounded hospi- 
 talities of the nation and people were 
 extended to him. 
 
 Expedition of Charles Francis Hall to the 
 Polar Sea in search of Dr. Franklin. 
 
 April 33. Democratic Convention met 
 at Charleston, S. C, to nominate can- 
 didates for the office of Pre-ident and 
 Vice-President. The delegates from 
 the " Cotton States" withdrew, and the 
 Convention adjourned to meet in Bal- 
 timore in June 554 
 
 Chicago "JFigwam." 
 May 19. Republican Convention met in 
 Chicago, in a vast building erected for 
 the purpose, and called the " Wig- 
 wam," and nominated Abraham Lin- 
 coln for President, and Hannibal Ham- 
 lin, of Maine, for Vice-President . . 554 
 The Constitution Union (late "Ameri- 
 can" party) also met in convention, 
 and nominated John Bell, of Tenn., for 
 President, and Edward Everett, of 
 Mass., Vice-President 554 
 
 Doug/as' Nomination. 
 
 June 18. Democratic Convention met, and 
 Stcjjhen A. Douglas was nominated 
 for President, and Herschel V. John- 
 son for Vice-President 554 
 
 June 18. The same day the seceding 
 delegates from the "Cotton States" 
 nommated .John C. Breckenridge, of 
 Ky., President, and Joseph Lane, from 
 Oregon, Vice-President 554 
 
 The " Great Eastern." 
 
 June 38. Arrival at New York of the 
 English iron steamship Oreat Eastern, 
 J. V. Hall, commander, being the 
 largest vessel ever constructed since 
 "Noah's Ark," and was capable of car- 
 rying 10,000 soldiers, besides her crew 
 of 4C0. Her arrival had been expect- 
 ed, and great interest and excitement 
 were caused upon the announcement. 
 The wharves, buildings, adjoining 
 streets, and, indeed, every available 
 si)ot which afforded a view of the 
 
778 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 18G0. mammoth steamer was densely crowd- 
 ed willi anxious spedators. The har- 
 bor and river were alive with all man- 
 ner (if craft to get a near view of the 
 great and wonderful, world-renowned 
 ship. 
 
 The passage over the liar, which was 
 considered a very c riii'nl nn '. rtaldng, 
 was conducted by Mr, Mui|iliy, who 
 silently, with a siin|)li' w:i\r of the 
 hand, indicating to the helmsman the 
 course to be pursued, safely and skill- 
 fully guided this^hnge monster ofthe 
 waves over the dangerous bar and into 
 the North Kivi'r. Grandly and proudly 
 slie iiiovi.l amid a sea of sails, gay 
 with l.iiimer- and streaming pennants 
 like a Miiixlitv kviathan in the mid-t 
 of a seliool of tlvint; tish. The boom- 
 ing of cannon, ringing of bells, and the 
 slnill shrieking of liiuidreds of steam- 
 whistles, together with the music of 
 brass bands, and the climes of Trinity 
 Church pla\ing "Rule, Britannia," al- 
 togi ther made a scene long to be re- 
 membered by those who witnessed it. 
 For many weeks after her arrival, the 
 Great Eastern was visited by tens of 
 thousands, who were eager to insjjcct 
 the marvelous structure. Her length 
 was 680 feet, and she was of aliout 
 20,000 tons burden ; 10,000 tons of iron 
 were used in constructing her hull. 
 The force used in moving the ma- 
 chinery of this immense ship would 
 drive forty of the largest cotton mill 
 which give employment to over 30,000 
 operatives. The Great Uastern was 
 used for laying the Atlantic cable, and 
 proved to be of indispensable value 
 
 Impending Crisis- 
 
 Great agitation in Congress over a book 
 entitled "The Impending Cri^i3," 
 written by Hinton R. Helper, showing 
 by arguments, statistics, and examples 
 that slavery was injurious to the inter- 
 ests of the South 554 
 
 July. Death of Charles Goodyear, the 
 inventor of the process of harden 
 ing india-rubber. Mr. Goodyear en- 
 dured every trial which the poor in- 
 ventor is subject to, and at last died 
 poor, to leave a rich legacy to the pub- 
 lic, by which hundreds and thousands 
 have become wealthy, and the public 
 greatly benefited. 
 
 Magnificent Reception. 
 
 Oct. 12. Grand ball given in honor of 
 the Piince of Wales at the Academy of 
 Music in New York. It was the greatest 
 affair of the kind ever known in this 
 country. Over 3,000 of the elite of 
 New York present. 
 
 Election of Lincoln. 
 
 Nov. 6. Abraham Lincoln was elected' 
 President, with Hannibal Hamlin for 
 Vice-Pnsident. Great excitement pre- 
 vailed all over the Union. Universal 
 rejoicing (with very few exceptions) at 
 tlie North, and general dissatisfaction 
 at the South. Threats of secession and 
 fears of civil war caused great depres- 
 sion in business, and the Government 
 credit was shaken 554 
 
 Buchanan favors Secession. 
 
 Dec. 3. President Buchanan, in his 
 Message, ndvised nn nniendment of the 
 
 Constiti 
 ing the ri 
 property 
 
 tlic'l'. 
 
 - whriv ^liivi'ry does 
 in laxor of llieir pro- 
 ■ss in tlii-, rii,dit in all 
 .il:nlnntlr,l us States; 
 and :Jd, in lavor of the right of the 
 master to capture his slaves who had 
 escaped to another State — thereby at- 
 testing the validitv of the Fiiriitive 
 SJ.ir, "r./-- Tl,' a'i, vi-c fiirtlior de- 
 
 Great agitation was caused in Congress 
 by this Message, both pro-slavery 
 and anti-slavery members denouncing 
 it ; 504 
 
 Secession of South Carolina. \ 
 
 " Dec. 20. Convention met in Charleston, 
 S. C, which passed an ordinance of se- 
 cession, and ordered the seizure of the 
 Federal property within the limits of 
 the State 554 
 
 " Dec. 21. A Senatorial Committee of 13 
 met to consider the distracted state of 
 the country, tivc of the committee 
 being Kepuijlicaus, five from the slave- 
 liolding States, and three Northern 
 Democrats. The committee failed to 
 
 " Dec. 29. Major Anderson, with a small 
 band of Federal soldiers, transferred 
 his command from Fort Moultrie, in 
 Charleston Harbor, to Fort Sumter, the 
 principal fort of defense. The remain- 
 ing forts were immediately seized by 
 the State authorities, and additional 
 defenses were made to protect the 
 city 554 
 
 " Ecuador invaded by Peru under Gen. 
 Castella, whose assassination was at- 
 tempted. 
 
 " The Parro't gun introduced by Robert 
 R. Parrott, and was extensively used 
 during the war of the Rebellion. 
 
 Secession of the South. 
 
 18G1. Jan. 7. Florida passed a secession or- 
 dinance 554 
 
 " Jan. 9. Mississippi joined the seceding 
 States 554 
 
 " Jan. 11. Alabama passed a secession or- 
 dinance 554 
 
 " Jan. 19. Georgia united with the seces- 
 sion States 554 
 
 " Jan. 25. Louisiana joined the seceding 
 States 554 
 
 First Act of Rebellion. 
 
 " Jan. First overt act of the Rebellion was 
 the tiring upon the Government steam- 
 er Star if the West by the South Caro- 
 lina State troops 554 
 
 " Feb. 1. Texas joined the seceding 
 States. 
 
 " Fell. 4. Peace Convention assembled in 
 Washington. Delegates from all the 
 Northern States assembled 555 
 
 " Feb. 4. Delegates from the seceding 
 States assembled at Montgomery, Ala- 
 bama, and formed a new compact, 
 called the "Confederate States of 
 
 America," and established a Provision- 
 al Government, with Jefferson Davis as 
 President and Alexander H. Stevens as 
 Vicp-President 555 
 
 Abraliam Lim ,,Iii, the President-elect of 
 the fnitrd ;-lates, left his home in 
 Spiinntirld. 111., amid the sorrowful 
 and luiiviisal icunt and secret forebod- 
 ings of Ids I'liends, to repair to the 
 cipit.il of the n.itinii, and enter upon* 
 tlie arduous duties of his office. . . 555 
 
 Feb. 14. Jefferson Davis made President 
 of the Confederates. He raised troops 
 ami armed for w.ar. 
 
 Fell. 2'2. The President tarried in Phila- 
 ilclplda to phmt the flag of the Union 
 upon the Hall of Independence, but the 
 eatlnrini; stonn in Baltimnre led his 
 friends to fear for his safety, and he 
 was iHTsuteleil to take the ni'ght train 
 for Washington. He tu rived' safely at 
 the capital the follouiug moining._ 555 
 
 Feb. 2ii. West Virginia was admitted 
 into the Union 55G 
 
 Inauguration of Lincoln. 
 
 March 4. The inauguration ceremonies 
 of President Lincoln were attended 
 with the protection of the United 
 States troops under Lieut.-General 
 Scott 555 
 
 Overtures for a peaceful separation from 
 the South rejected by the North. 
 
 March 11. Tlie seceding States met at 
 Jlontgomery an<I adopted a Constitu- 
 tion, with "slavery as a chief corner- 
 stone 555 
 
 March 11. Kansas, Colorado, and Dakota 
 organized into Territories 555 
 
 Seizure of Southern Forts. 
 
 The South seized the most of the defensive 
 fortifications within their borders, 
 some 30 in number, mounting over 
 3.000 guns, and costing |20,000,000. 
 Also the navy yard and arsenals were 
 seized, together with the entire army 
 of the frontier, with all its equipments, 
 revenue cutters, mints, custom-houses, 
 and sub-treasuries, amounting to ^20,- 
 000,000 more 555 
 
 Sumter Bombarded- 
 
 April 12. Bombardment of Fort Sum- 
 ter. Gen. Beauregard opened fire from 
 all the forts and batteries. Edmund 
 Ruffin, of Virginia, a white-haired old 
 man, fired the first gun. Maj. Ander- 
 son, with but a handful of men, and 
 without an ounce o.f bread in store, 
 bravely defended the old fort for 34 
 hours, Capt. Doubleday firing the first 
 gun. He received the unceasing fire from 
 47 heavy guns and mortars, throwing 
 2,300 shot and 980 shells into the fort, 
 during which not a man was hurt. 
 After the barracks had been burning 
 for several hours, the magazine sur- 
 rounded by fire and the main gates of 
 the fort destroyed, Maj. Anderson sur- 
 rendered the fort to the rehels, but 
 only upon the most honorable condi- 
 tions.. 55G 
 
 Lincoln Calls for 75,000 Troops. 
 April 15. President Lincoln issued a call 
 for 75,000 troops to suppress the Rebel- 
 lion in the South, and was answered 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 779 
 
 liv 300,000 volunteers eager to en- 
 list 550 
 
 Blockade Frodatnation. 
 
 April 17. President Lincoln issued a 
 proclamation announcing the blockade 
 of tlic Southern ports. 
 
 April 17. Virginia resolved to secede 
 from the Ilniim, and steps were taken 
 to secure the Federal property 550 
 
 Baltimore Mob. 
 
 April 19. The 6th Massachusetts Regi- 
 ment, in passing through Baltimore, 
 were fired upon by a secession mob ; 
 a company of the regiment returned 
 lire, and 11 of the mob were killed 
 and four wounded. Three of the sol- 
 diers were slain and eight wounded. 
 Ten unarmed Companies of the Phila- 
 delphia Washington Brigade were also 
 attacked and retired to Philadelphia. 
 'J his was the first blood shed in the 
 Rebellion. 
 
 April 20. Larp;e amount of property at 
 the navy yard and fort at Norfolk, Va., 
 destroyed by the Union commander, 
 Capt. McCauley, upon the approach of 
 a rebel military force to seize it. . . . 556 
 
 April 24. The rebels occupy the fort 
 and hoist their flag 550 
 
 Maryland Loyal. 
 
 April 27. The Legislature of Maryland 
 decided not to secede from tlie 
 
 Colonel Ellsworth. 
 
 May. Colonel Ellsworth, a brave and 
 efficient officer in coDimand of the 
 New York Fire Zouaves, was shot by 
 Jackson while removing a secession 
 flag from his hotel in Alexandria. 
 Jaclson was in turn sliot by Frank E. 
 Brownell, a Union soldier 558 
 
 May 2. Missouri turned over to the reb- 
 els the entire control of the military 
 and ijccuniary resources of the 
 State 557 
 
 May 3. Government calls for 42,000 ad- 
 ditii>nal volunteers for three years, and 
 ten regiments were added to the regu- 
 lar army 556 
 
 May 4. A large Union meeting held in 
 Baliimore. 
 
 May 6. Tennessee passed an ordinance 
 of secession — East Tennessee voting 
 largely against it. 
 
 Arkansas seeded from the Union. 
 
 May 10. Capt. Lyon, aided by Col. 
 Blair, at the head of 6,000 armed 
 Union volunteers, surrounded the State 
 Guard formed at Fort Jackson, in the 
 interests of theRebelHon, and demand- 
 ed its surrender, which was imme- 
 diately complied with 557 
 
 May 12. Gen. Wm. S. Harney took com- 
 mand of the Union forces in Missis- 
 sippi. He entered into a compact with 
 Gen. Price, the rebel leader, to re- 
 store peace to Missouri, which act was 
 repudiated by the Federal Govern- 
 ment, and he was replaced by Gen. 
 Lyon 557 
 
 May 13. Gen. Butler occupied the city 
 of Baltimore 556 
 
 West Virginia Repudiates Secession. 
 
 "West Virginia met in Convention, and 
 formally repudiated the secession of 
 the State 556 
 
 May 16. The rebels burn several bridges 
 on the Baltimore and Ohio li.R.. . . 557 
 
 May 20. North Carolina passed a seces- 
 sion ordinince. Arkans.is also re- 
 solved to secede and join the Con- 
 federates 555 
 
 May 20. 'J'he arsenal at St. Louis was de- 
 fended by its commandant. Gen. Lyon, 
 and secured to the Government, and 
 its contents transferred to Springfield, 
 111 557 
 
 Contraband- 
 Hay 22. Gen. Butler took command of the 
 Union forces at Fortress Monroe, com- 
 jjosed of 15,000 raw recruits, but who 
 proved gallant soldiers. Gen. Butler 
 protected some fugitive slaves, and re- 
 fused to surrender them to the order 
 of their master, declaring all rebel prop- 
 erty contraband 558 
 
 May 34. 10,000 Union troops advanced 
 into Virginia by order of Gen. Scott. 
 
 Fremont in Command. 
 
 General Fremont appointed to the com- 
 mand of the Western Department. 
 He took vigorous measures to put 
 down the Rebellion — confiscating the 
 property of the rebels, also their slaves. 
 For this he lost prestige with the War 
 Department, and was shortly super- 
 seded by Hunter. 
 
 Gen. Seott submits four courses of action 
 to the President, from which he must 
 choose. 1. To surrender to slavery 
 half the tvrrilnni ii,:i„irnlor to be ac- 
 quired. 2. 7- hh.Aa.l.' all revolted 
 ■ports. 3. To s:nj I., Ill, s.rcding States, 
 " Wayward ^/.^^ /m, ;/" in peace ; " or 4. 
 To conquer the iSou'h. 
 
 June 1. Gen. Patterson, with 20,000 
 men, advanced from Chambersburg, 
 Pa., to Hagerstown, Md 558 
 
 June 1. The Savannah, a rebel privateer, 
 captured a Union merchantman . . . 561 
 
 Stephen A. Douglas. 
 June 3. Stephen Arnold Douglas, ar 
 American statesman, died at Chicago, 
 He began the practice of law at Jack- 
 sonville, 111., and before he was twenty- 
 two years of age was elected Attorney- 
 General of the State. In 1835 he be- 
 came a Member of the Legislature ; in 
 1837 he was appcinted Register of the 
 Land-Office at Springfield ; in 1840 he 
 was appointed Secretary of the State; in 
 1841 he was elected Judge of the Su- 
 preme Court of 111.; in 1843 he was elect- 
 ed Member of Congress, and re-elected 
 to a second terra ; in 1847 he was chosen 
 United States Senator for the term of 
 six years, which position he continued 
 to hold until the time of his death ; 
 in 1852 he was candidate for President 
 of the United States, and again in 
 1856, and received a nomination also 
 again in 1860. In politics he was a 
 Democrat. Mr. Douglas died in the 
 midst of a splendid political career, 
 and :U the l)eu'inning of the great Ciril 
 war. llrlivi-.l long evi'i\i'i\i.- to express 
 til, xi rii,,j, si 1,1 lings of loyalty to the 
 UoL-u-nniint, and a warm sympathy for 
 
 its noble defenders in their struggle to 
 m.aintain its Union. 
 
 June 1 1 . Battle at Komney. Va. 
 
 June 11. West Vir;;inia, set a] art as a 
 new State by the unanimous vote of the 
 State and (Jcixirnnient, was formed in 
 a'-cordance with the Federal Constitu- 
 tion 556 
 
 Jnne 14. Johnson evacuated Harper's 
 Ferry. 
 
 June. Gen. Price attacked Gen. Ma- 
 grnder, and after four hours' action, 
 loth sides retreattd. 
 
 June. Battle at Fairfax Com t-House ; 
 the enemy driven out 558 
 
 An attack upon the Confederate battery 
 at Big Bethel repulsed 558 
 
 July 4. Congress met in extraordinary 
 ses.sion. 
 
 July 5. Battle near Carthage, Mo. 
 
 July 11. B.ittle at Rich Mosntain, Va. 
 
 July 18. Battle near Centreville, Va. 
 
 Bull Bun Defeat. 
 
 July 21. Battle of Bull Run, commanded 
 respectively by Generals McDowell and 
 Beauregard. 
 
 The North, impatient of delay, wero 
 crying, " On to Richmond." Gen. 
 McDowell, with 30,00'l troops, mostly 
 volunteers, attacked the main body of 
 the rebels at Hull Run. The recruits 
 f night hi;ii;hi, and the enemy leere 
 rei,nU,,I, lial tiling reinforced by Jack- 
 son's brigmle, th<y rennced the fight. 
 The Union troops fou-ht gal antly and 
 gained the plateau, %chen the enemy 
 were again reinforced by Joseph E. 
 Johnston^s army under Kirby Smith. 
 The Union army now began a retreat, 
 after thirteen hows of severe action, 
 not having once been reinforced. Sud- 
 denly a strange panic seized them, and 
 they fled in wild disorder, leaving 
 everything behind them. In this bat- 
 tle the rebel Gen. T. J. Jackson received 
 the name whii h he carried throughout 
 the war — " Stonewall Jackson " — given 
 him by one of his officers, who said, 
 " There stands JacJcson, liie a stone 
 wall," facing the enemy while his army 
 were preparing to retreat SHn 
 
 Destruction of the Petrel, a rebel pri- 
 vateer, by the United States frigate 
 St. Lawrence. The Petrel sank at the 
 first broadside of the St Lavrence. 
 
 July. Stonewall Jackjon invaded .Mary- 
 land 558 
 
 July. Battle of Laurel Hill. Gen. VlcClel- 
 lan, with Gen. Kosecranz, attacked 
 the rebel forces under Generals Garnett 
 and Pegram, driving them across the 
 mountains to Monterey 557 
 
 Aug. 10. Gen. Sigel repulsed and Gen. 
 Lvon killed in battle at Wilson's 
 Creek 560 
 
 Aug. 16. Gen. Butler succeeded by Gen. 
 Wool. 
 
 Aug. 28. Bombardment of rebel forts — 
 Hatteras and Clark— by Gen. Butler. 
 
 Aug. 29. The forts surrendered by Com. 
 Barron 561 
 
 Aug. 30. Fort Morgan abandoned by 
 the rebels. 
 
 Aug. 31. Fremont issues a proclama- 
 tion freei7ig the slaves in Missouri. 
 
 Sept. 3. Massacre on Hannilial and St. 
 Joseph Railroad ; Platte bridge burned. 
 
 Sept. 10. Battle of Camifex Ferry, be- 
 tween Generals Rosecranz and Floyd. 
 A short, but severe action took place. 
 
780 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1861. resulting in the retreat of Floyd in the 
 
 night 557 
 
 " Sept. K^. Kebel privateer Judah de- 
 
 strnyed l>y tlie Fi'diTjlisls. 
 *' Itelicls twice cl<-l'eifod in attacks on 
 
 Cheat jMountiiin, West Virginia. Col. 
 
 John A. Washini;ton, proprietor of 
 
 IMount Vernon, killed 558 
 
 " Sept. 20. Col. Mulligan surrenders 
 
 Lexington, Mo., to the re! 'el Gen. Price 
 
 niter tifty-nine hours without water. 
 
 IjOss, 3,500 prisoners and a large 
 
 amount of gold. 
 " Oct. 3. Battle of Green Brier, Va. 
 
 Kebels defeated with considerable loss. 
 " Oct. 5. Heliels attack the Union troops 
 
 at Chicomacomico, N. C, but were 
 
 destructively shelled by the gun-boat 
 
 Mo/itiolh and driven off. 
 " The Sin-annah captured by the U. S. brig 
 
 iVn-y ..5(;i 
 
 " Oct. 9. Rebels repulseil by Wilson's 
 
 Zouaves at Santa liosa Island 5()1 
 
 " Oct. 11. The rebel privateer Nashville 
 
 ran the blockade at Charleston and 
 
 burned an American mercliantman in 
 
 British waters. 
 " Oct. 12. Kepul.se of the rebel ram and 
 
 iireships by the Union fleet at S. W. 
 
 Pass. 
 " Escape of Slidell and Ma.son from Charles- 
 ton. 
 " Oct. 21. Battle of Fredericktown, Mo. 
 
 Jeff. Thompson's flight 5i;0 
 
 " Oct. Lexington, Mo., recaptured by 
 
 Union troops. 
 " Gen. W. T. Miirmaii appointed to the 
 
 coMiniaQd of the Kentucky forces over 
 
 Gen. Anders..n ." 5<50 
 
 " Oct. 21. Alliaiic-c between England, 
 
 Prance, and Spain lo take j.iint pos- 
 
 tracted, an^l i uIiml:.'- eiminiitted ujiou 
 
 Get. 'Jl. liaiile i.f i;>IIV i;lnff. Colonel 
 Laker killed, and the Unionists de- 
 feat .1. The slaughter was fearful, and 
 Ge 1 Stone was charged with inef- 
 tieiency. 
 
 Oct. 2!). Rebels defeated at Springfifld, 
 Mo., by Zagonyi. 
 
 Nov. 1. Soldiers' Aid Society formed at 
 Detroit. 
 
 Nov. 2. Qen. Fremont superseded ly 
 Ocn. Hauler, and his bodyguard, com- 
 posed of the best material and enlisted 
 for three vears, was mustered out by 
 (,.„. Mrci.li.n, 5C.0 
 
 K..V. f.. Gen. (ii ant .attacked Gen. Polk, 
 Miutinj,^ iiMil burning his camp, raptur- 
 in^Mbe en,,-, and. hiving the en. -my to 
 t ;.• ]-\.r. <;.n. L..lk, i.inlui-e.-.l, took 
 
 saved 
 
 rms. 
 
 Union l.iss 40U. Rebel loss t^uO. 
 Nov. den. Seott was placed on the retired 
 list with full pay, and McClellan made 
 Geneud-iu-ehief 502 
 
 Mason ami SliikU. 
 
 Nov. 7. Capture of the reliel envoys. 
 Mason and Slidell, on board the British 
 ste.ini. r Tri'nt, in the Bahama channel, 
 by Captain Wilkes, of the U. S. steam- 
 ship Snii .hiiiiitd- They were brought 
 back to ti.e Uiiit.'.l States and confined 
 atfoit Wairrii, n, r IListon, but were 
 fina ly surn ml. n.l l.i Creat Britain by 
 Seeretarv S.nvar.l. n|...n the illegality of 
 the act — Oaj)!. Wilkes' failure to bring 
 
 the Trent into port for adjudication by 
 the U. S. a\ithorities. 
 Nov. 7. Port Royal bombarded and 
 taken by (_ien, Sherman and Com. Du 
 
 Nov. 7. S)irinL,dield, ^fo., abandoned to 
 th.- .ai.any by order of Gen. McClellan, 
 niu.l, t.i IIm' ilisadvantage of the Union 
 l'..r..s in Mi-s(Miri 5(i0 
 
 Nov, !i. (I.n. Nelson's victory in East 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Nov. y. Gen. Schocpf's flight from E. 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Battle of llehnont, Mo. Gen. Crant attacks 
 the rebels, .laniauins tli.aii s.ri.iusly. 
 
 Nov. 12. G.ai. Hall. I k !,|i|...iiit..l to the 
 c.imniand olth.- .Miss.ni'i 1 1. |i,rtnieut. 
 
 Nov. L'ai.l of I'riee through .Missouri, 
 burning villages and ilc^troying rail- 
 road tracks, an.l rcgaiinng i.exington 
 and other points on the Missis- 
 f^ippi 574 
 
 Nov. 10. Missouri passed an ordinance 
 of secession. 
 
 Dec, 3. Gen. Phelps lands on Ship Island 
 with the advance of Gen. Butler's ex- 
 ])cdition. 
 
 Dec. 4. John C. Breckenridge expelled 
 from the United States Beiiate by a 
 unanimous vote. 
 
 Dec. 6. Beaufort taken by Gen. Sher- 
 man. 
 
 Dec. 15. Gen. Pope routed the Con- 
 federates from Lexington, capturing 
 70 sujjply wagons and 300 prison- 
 ers ■.' 562 
 
 Dec. 17. St. me fie. t sunk to block up 
 the mouth of >av.innah Liver. 
 
 Dec. 17-18. Col. JetfC. Davis captured a 
 Confi'derate camp at Millbrd, consist- 
 in- of 3 c.ilonels, 17 captains, 1,000 
 men, an.l L't'iO stand of arms, with 
 
 slipi 
 
 strength- 
 ans under 
 
 ■ king tl 
 
 Gen. I'.'i" .l.l.ats the rebels with great 
 
 less at Shawn..' Mound, Mo. 
 Dec. 211. G.n. Ord, commander of the 
 
 .'!d Pennsylvania Brigade, was attacked 
 
 by the Confederate forces under Gen. 
 
 Stuart. I'll.' enemy were defeated with 
 
 a less ot 2eO men. The Union loss 
 
 beinu' '.» killed an.l (iO woun.le.l. . . 563 
 De.-. 20. Bailie of Drainsville. Gen. 
 
 McCall defeats the rebels. 
 Dec. 20. Tybee Island, commanding the 
 
 approach to Savannah, taken. 
 Dec. 21. Cliarleston harbor shut by 
 
 sinkini; a stone fleet at its mouth. 
 Dec. 27. Vera Cruz occupied by French 
 
 tr.Kips, an.l the city placed under 
 
 Dec. 
 
 !e of Huntcrsville 558 
 
 .■.1 Stall's forces to-day 
 
 iil,ii71, 22,000 sailors, and 
 
 th I.S1I2 guns. 
 
 II. Grant led an expedition 
 
 from Cairo to Belmont, a rebel en- 
 
 canipin.nt nn.ler Gen. Polk. Polk 
 
 1h ini: I-, intnr.-.'.l. (ir.-int ri'trcatcd.. ."lOa 
 
 Union steain.T /■■,//,/,//, loa.led with stores, 
 
 Union forces attack the rebels on Croa- 
 tan Sound by land and water, entirely 
 routing them. The slaughter was 
 immense on t le rebel side, as there was 
 n.. .s.ap.', Ii.iui; sinrouiideil by tlie 
 l.an.l aii.l naval liirces 561 
 
 Ton, C.>rwin a .[..intclas United States 
 Minister to >Uxuo. 
 
 Bi 
 " 31. U 
 
 uumlierc.l 
 
 24f, ships 
 
 Dec. Brit,r.-( 
 
 Liberalism Triumphs in Mexico. 
 President Juarez removes all special 
 
 privileges from the priesthood, and 
 
 sold the Church property to the people. 
 Name of New Granada exchanged for 
 
 United States of Colombia. 
 Gatling gnn invented by Richard J. 
 
 Galling, of North Carolina. 
 
 RareVy the Horsc-tamcr. 
 Wonderful exploits of Rarey, the great 
 horse-tamer. lie tamed the wil.lest 
 and most furious horses in a short 
 time, rendering them as traetrtble and 
 gentle as lambs, without the use of the 
 whip. His great success was achieve. 1 
 solely by kindness and through his 
 powerful magnetic influence. 
 
 Sam. Houston. 
 Oct. 8. Death of Sam. Houston, of Tex- 
 as, lie was raiseil in Tennessee, and 
 gain.'.l a little clncation, when he went 
 
 th.m'three yiars, an.l wis a.l.ijite.l by 
 an In.li in chi.f as his son. In 1811 
 he returned to his Tannly, and started 
 a school for his maintenance and suc- 
 ceeded well. In 1813 he enlisted as a 
 common soldier in the U. S. army, and 
 by his good conduct was promoted to 
 an en>igncy; in 1814 he was en- 
 gaged under Gen. Jackson in fighting 
 the Creek Indians, and was three 
 times severely wounded. He succeed- 
 ed in gaining the lasting friendship of. 
 Jackson, who promoted him, and he 
 was employed to make a treaty with 
 the Cherokces. The winter following 
 he went to Washington with a delega- 
 ti.m of Indians. In 1818 he threw u^ 
 \\\A commissi. in and settled in Nash- 
 ville .an.l began the study of law, and 
 was a.lmitted to the bar after six 
 mouths' stuily. and one year after was 
 elected District Attorney for the David- 
 son District. In 1823 he was elected 
 Member of Congress, and re-elected in 
 1825. In 1827 he was chosen Gov- 
 ernor of Tennessee. In Jan., 1829, he was 
 married, and in three months sep,arated 
 from his wife, when he again went to 
 the Cherokee Nation, who received 
 him kindly, and admitted him to all 
 the rights and privileges of their na- 
 tion. He remained with them till 
 1832, when he went to Washington to 
 defend them against the wrongs in- 
 flicted upon them by the Government 
 agents. Mr. Houston received the aid 
 of Covernment in exposing the frauds 
 of the agents — five of whom were re- 
 moved. With one of those — Mr. 
 Stansbury — he had a personal rencoun- 
 ter, and his opponent was severely 
 beaten. Mr. Houston was arrested 
 and brought before the House and 
 publicly censured, tried, and fined 
 $500, but the President remitted him 
 his fine. Soon after he removed to 
 Texas, and was there drawn into a 
 Convention, where he was appointed 
 upon a committee to draft a form of 
 Constitution for the ne-v State. Mr. 
 Houston exerted a powerful influence 
 in Texas, and at the con.mcncement of 
 the Texan war with Mexico he was ap- 
 pointed General of a force of troops. 
 In 1>*35 he was elected Commander-in- 
 chief of the Texan army. Ho defeated 
 
CHEONOLOGY. 
 
 781 
 
 18G1. the Mexicans at San Jacinto, and took 
 tlieir General (Santa Anna) prisoner. 
 After tlie war, he was elected President 
 of the Republic of Texas, and at the 
 close of his term he became a Mem- 
 ber of Congress. Leaving the finances 
 of Texas in a prosperous condition, 
 after his return he was again elected 
 her President, and upon her admission 
 into the Union he was elected a U. S. 
 Senator. He was ever a friend of the 
 Indians, and was a bold, straightfor- 
 ward defender of what he considered 
 to be right. He was strongly opijosed 
 to the secession of the South. In 1859 
 he was elected Governor of Texas, hut 
 retired from ofSce, refusing to take 
 the oath required by the State Consti- 
 tution. 
 
 Minnesota Massacre. 
 
 18G3 Indian massacre in Minnesota. The 
 Sioux, under Little Crow, fell upon the 
 white settlements at New Ulm, Yellow 
 Medicine, Cedar City, Fort Ridgely, 
 and Fort Abercrombie, and butchered, 
 in the most cruel and shocking man- 
 ner, some 500 persons, chiefly defense- 
 less women and children. The citi- 
 zens were unprotected, and their only 
 escape was by flight. Great conster- 
 nation ensued all through the North- 
 west, and troops were immediately 
 sent to their rescue. The Indians in 
 that district were finally subdued, and 
 the leaders in the massacre were exe- 
 cuted 584 
 
 " Jan. 1. Fort Pickens breaches Fort 
 Barancas and burns the navy yard. 
 
 " Death of Lopez, President of Paraguay. 
 
 " Gen. Sam. Kanion chosen President of 
 Ecuador. 
 
 " Jan. 8. Battle of Blue Gap, Va. Rebels 
 defeated. 
 
 " Hospital boats were established on the 
 Western rivers, and cars on the rail- 
 road leading from the seat of war. 
 
 " Jan. 10. Johnson and Polk, of Missouri, 
 expelled from the U. S. Senate. 
 
 " Jan. 13. Edwin M. Stanton succeeded 
 Simon Cameron as Secretary of War. 
 
 " Jan. Col. Garfield attacks the Confed- 
 er.-.tes in S. E. Kentucky, and forces 
 them to retreat to Virginia 503 
 
 John Tyler. 
 
 ^ Jan. 18. John Tyler, tenth President of the 
 United States, died in Richmond, Va. 
 In 1836 Mr. Tyler identified himself 
 with the Whig party, and was, by that 
 party, nominated to the Vice-Presi- 
 dency on the ticket with Gen. Harri- 
 son, and upon the death of the latter, 
 he became President of the United 
 States. His administration was very 
 unpopular, and before its close every 
 member of his Cabinet had resigned, 
 and he lost the confidence of the Whig 
 party by his measures. lie was in the 
 Confederate Congress at the time of 
 his death. 
 
 " Jan. 19. Gen. Geo. H. Thomas took 
 command of the Union forces in Ken- 
 tucky, with a force of 8,000 men. . 563 
 
 " Jan. 19. Gen. Thomas was attacked by 
 Gen. Geo. B. Crittenden. A desperate 
 conflict raged, resulting in the retreat 
 of Crittenden's army, with the loss of 
 Gen. Zollicoffer and nearly 300 men. 
 The rebels escaped through the night. 
 
 leaving 13 guns and equipments, 
 1,500 horses, and all their army mate- 
 rial 503 
 
 Jan. 30. Ericsson's Monitor launched at 
 Greenpoint, L. I. 
 
 Capture of Fori Henry. 
 
 Feb. 2. Com. Foote, with seven gun- 
 boats, and Gen. Grant, with 15,000 men 
 on steamboats, attacked Fort Henry 
 and captured it. 
 
 Feb. 7-8. Battle of Roanoke Island. 
 Biirnside takes the island, with 2,500 
 prisoners. 
 
 Fort Donclson Siarcndcrcd. 
 
 Feb. 16. Surrender of Fort Donclson to 
 Gen. Grant by Gen. Buckner, after 
 84 hours of fighting and watching, 
 taking 13,000 prisoners, the fort being 
 abandoned by General Floyd and Col. 
 I'orrest 564 
 
 Feb. 18. First regular Rebel Congress 
 
 assembled at Richmond. 
 Feb. 19. C(d. Canby confronted by a 
 band of Texas Rangers at Valverde, 
 New Mexico. Upon the death of Lieut. 
 McCrae and the loss of his battery, the 
 Union infantry became demoralized 
 and fled precipitately 5ti3 
 
 Feb. 21. Gordon, the slaver, hung at 
 New York. 
 
 Feb. 23. Cumberland Gap abandoned 
 to the Unionists, and a Confederate 
 camp surprised and captured by Gen. 
 Garfield 503 
 
 Feb. 23. A general advance toward 
 Richmond ordered by President Lin- 
 coln 568 
 
 Feb. At Coche, Ky., Gen. Curtis was 
 attacked by a band of Texas cavalry, 
 under General Albert Rush, which he 
 routed after a short engagement, by 
 an impetuous charge of 1st Indiana 
 Cavalry. Gen. Curtis then marched 
 to Helena, taking a large number of 
 negroes whom the rebels had em- 
 ployed building roads, and which 
 were entitled to their freedom .... 562 
 
 Feb. 23. Jeff. Davis inaugurated Presi- 
 dent of the Confederate States for six 
 years. 
 
 Feb. Retreat of Gen. A. S. Johnston 
 from Bowling Green to Nashville be- 
 fore Gen. O. M. Mitchel, bringing con- 
 sternation to the citizens of Nashville, 
 hundreds of whom fled in terror from 
 the city. Gen. Johnston continuing 
 his flight South, and the Government 
 and Legislature, also the bankers, with 
 their specie, following. 
 
 Feb. 24. Nashville surrendered to Gen. 
 Buell, and Gen. Nelson and his troops 
 took possession of the city 564 
 
 Mar. 3. Columbus, Ky., abandoned by 
 the rebels at the approach of Com. 
 Foote and Gen. Sherman 564 
 
 Battle of Pea Ridge. 
 
 Mar. 7. Battle of Pea Ridge, fought by 
 Gens. Curtis, Sigel, Osterhaus, and 
 Jeff. C. Davis, lasting three days, and 
 resulting in the complete victory of 
 the Union forces. The rebel forces 
 were 30,000 strong under Gens. Price, 
 Van Dorn, McCulloch, Slack, and Mc- 
 intosh. The Federal loss was 1,351. 
 Rebel loss not ascertained, but must 
 have been mueh more. Gens. McCul- 
 
 loch and Mcintosh killed, and Gens. 
 Price and Slack wounded 5G3 
 
 Mar. 8. The Oitin'bcrland and Coiif/reas 
 destroyed by the rebel ram Mcrrl- 
 mac .508 
 
 Mar. 9. The Merrimac disabled and pnt 
 to flight by the little Monitor, which 
 also disabled the Yorltotrn. 
 
 Mar. 10. Reliels evacnate Manassas Jimc- 
 tion, and LTnion forces occupy it. 
 
 Mar. 13. New Madrid evacuated bv the 
 Confederates, after a heavv canndnad- 
 ing by (ien. Pope, who took immediaic 
 possession. The enemy left thiriy-three 
 cannon, several thousand siumU arms, 
 and a large amount of other war ma- 
 terial 5(i4 
 
 Mar. 14. B'lttle of Neinliern, N. C. Gen. 
 llurnside defeats the Confedeiates, and 
 occupies the city; ca|)turing 6'J can- 
 non, two steamboats with large quan- 
 tities of munitions, and 5u6 prison- 
 ers 568 
 
 Mar. 23. Battle ot Winchester, Va. 
 Rebels badly defeated, losing l.OOU, 
 besides prisoners. 
 
 Mar. 25. Fort Mason occupied by Union 
 forces. 
 
 Mar. Soldiers' Home opened at Cairo 
 by the Chicago IJranch Committee. 
 
 April 4. ISeginninp; of Peninsular cam- 
 paign. Army of Potmiac advance 
 toward Yorktown. 
 
 Battle of S/iiloli, or rittsburg 
 Landing. 
 
 April 6-7. Surprise and attack of the 
 Union army under (irant, Sherman, 
 and Prentice at Pittsburg Lamling ; 
 their panic and retreat. Generals 
 Buell and Lew Wallace come to the 
 rescue, and the tide turned. The 
 rebels were driven back to Corintli. 
 Gen. Halleck taking command, he 
 attacked the enemy at Corinth and 
 gained possession of that imjjortiint 
 railroad center. 
 
 April. The allied powers against Mexico 
 disagree, and the English and Spanish 
 commanders of the expedition re- 
 turned to Europe and left the French 
 alone to settle the difficulty with 
 Mexico. 
 
 Island No. 10. 
 
 April 7. Gen. Pope, having cut a canal 
 twelve miles long across the Missouri 
 peninsula opposite Island No. 10, at- 
 tacked the rebel stronghold under 
 Gen. McCowu, who sunk the boats 
 and transports, and escaped eastward, 
 leaving Gen. McCall to surrender the 
 Island, with 3 Generals, 273 officers, 
 6,700 soldiers, 123 pieces of heavy 
 artillery, 7,000 stand small arms, and a 
 large quantity of ammunition and other 
 stores reported in the capture 564 
 
 April 11. Surprise and capture of 
 Huntsville, Ala., together with a large 
 number of locomotives and cars, by 
 Gen. O. M. Mitchel. At Russelville, 
 Gen. Mitchel captured a large amount 
 of Confederate property without loss. 
 
 April 11. Fort Pulaski surrendered I y 
 the rebels after thirty hours' bombaid- 
 ment. 
 
 April 16. Slavery aluUshed in District 
 of Columhia. 
 
 April 17. Bombardment of Fort Pillow 
 
782 
 
 CHEONOLOGY. 
 
 1802. by Commodore Foote, lasting two 
 weeks, wiih little efi'cct. owing to the 
 liigh water, wliicli prevented the co- 
 operation of the land forces 56-1 
 
 Fi.u-mi;iit's Great Feat. 
 
 " April 'U. C'.im. Fiirra-iit ran tlie bat- 
 tni.'-(i:i tlic Mississippi liiver at Fort 
 .Jac'ksDii. (listKiyiiii,^ th.it fort and Fort 
 St. I'nilip, also twelve Confederate 
 gun-boats, lie proceeds to New Or- 
 leans. 
 
 " April 2+. Surrender of Fort Henry and 
 Fort Donelson to C^om. Foote and Gen. 
 Grant by Gen. Buckncr. 
 
 " April 35. Fort Macon, N. C, taken after 
 eleven hours' fighting. 
 
 Surrender of New Orleans. 
 
 " April. Com. Farragut with his fleet ap- 
 proaches New Orleans. The Confeder- 
 ates burn their shipping and a vast 
 amount of property — 15,000 bales of 
 cotton, and ve-sels richly freighted 
 with merchandise — estimated at from 
 $8,000,000 to $10,000,000. But the 
 city ma^e no resistance, and surrender- 
 ed to the American fleet. 
 
 " April 29. Gen. Mitchel defeats the rebels 
 and captures Bridgi-port, Ala. 
 
 " May 1. Arrival of Geu. Butler in New 
 Orleans. lie takes possession of the 
 city, marching thrmigh the principal 
 s'reitsi, from the Lcecc to the Giistom- 
 JI,u:,.-, 'i„ th>' hn„- of •-¥.,!, Ir,- Dnudh:' 
 
 " Way. The French assume the oflensive 
 and attack the Mexicans at Chiquihuite, 
 but were repulsed with great disaster 
 to their f )r.es. 
 
 " May 4. .Mc(_Mrllan enters Yorktown, the 
 rrl.rl, ha in- llr,l ill tlir night. 
 
 '■ Ma. 1. I'iulit ImUvi . 11 rrlicl ram jWflZfory 
 an I llir fnion nun-'. rat Cineinnnti ; 
 1. til ve-srU .i s:il>lr.l and snnk; the 
 rrlM-U ivtr atim' u,,.|,i- .■.un- ,,f smoke 
 frniii til- lnii-nini,r unn-l.oats which the 
 Cinriiiu ,1, r.rc.l lu'fore sinking. 
 
 " May ■■). Ualllc of Williamsburg hetwcen 
 (H.n. llii<>l<(i- and Gen. Magruder. 
 Kebcls cvacu.ite in the night. 
 May 7. Battle of AVest Point, Va. 
 
 Kcbels driven over Chiekahoininy. 
 May 8. Skirmish at Bull Pasture Mt. 
 between Generals Sclienck and Milroy 
 on the Union side, and Johnston and 
 Jackson of the Confederates 569 
 
 Surrender of Norfolk. 
 
 " May 10. Norfolk surrendered to Gen. 
 Wool, the enemy having evacuated it, 
 together with the navy yard and 
 Portsmouth, which Gen. Wool also re- 
 po.ssesseil. 
 
 " May Ifl. Severe naval fii;ht on the Mis- 
 sissippi near Fort Wright. Rebels 
 defcatLd 
 
 '• May II The lebels destioved then 
 ctkbrited iron-clvd Vhihikc and 
 spiked 300 c\nnon befou leaving 
 Gen Ilonk.r fought dcspcritely for 
 
 nil! 1 Mil t I it and superior 
 
 t I / 1 1 oops undtt 
 
 V I irhuh were not 
 
 J ' n 5(.9 
 
 " May I beiniLi I'luuler run out of 
 Charleston by Robert Smalls, a negro. 
 
 " May 17. Puebla surrendered to the 
 
 French with 15,000 men, including 
 
 1,000 officers. 
 May 20. McClellan within eiglit miles 
 
 of Richmond. 
 May 22. AtFront Royal, a force of 900 men 
 
 under Col. Kenly was captured by a 
 
 drlai'liinint of rebel cavalry under 
 
 in position, live mili 
 
 Jlay 'S.l Jai-agciaent at Louisburg, W. 
 Va., between Col. Crook, United States 
 Army, and Gen. Heath. Unionists 
 victorious. 
 
 May 25. Gen. Banks defeated at Win- 
 chester ; retreats to the Potomac. 
 
 May 30. Halleck's troops occupy Cor- 
 inth ; the rebels evacuating 5t)9 
 
 Mav :'.l. McClellan badlv beaten at Fair 
 (■)aks l.v Cell. Hill. 
 
 Jlay :;i . .'l uarez rciiiove.l tlie seat of Gov- 
 ernment from Mexico to San Luis 
 Potosi. 
 
 Union troops enter Little Rock, Ark. 
 Rebel Government running oQ". . . . 570 
 
 June 1. Battle of Fair (_)aks renewed 
 under Gen. Sedgwick, and the Union- 
 ists recover much of their losses. 
 
 Junel. Gen. Mitchel summoned to com- 
 mand Poll Hoval, S. Carolina 566 
 
 Freiiioiit .iilvaijciiig up the valley, occu- 
 pies Straslmrg. 
 
 June 4. Fort Pillow and Fort Randolph 
 evacuated by the rebels 505 
 
 Surrender of Memphis. 
 
 June 6. Surrender of Memphis to Com- 
 modore Uavis after a desperate fight on 
 the river between the rebels and Union 
 gun-boats, the rebel fleet lieing nearly 
 annihilated, while not a man was 
 killcl on the Union tli^et. 
 
 The liiion -nn-lioat .!/"'//»/ CVfy blown 
 up Ijv a nlnl liall, wliicli passed through 
 her steam dniiii, at St. Charles, and 
 nearly all on hoard perished. 
 
 June 8. Attack on Sprin^'tield, Mo., by 
 the rebel Gen. Marmaduke, with 4,000 
 men, wlio was gallantly repulsed by 
 Gen. Browne, of the Missouri militia, 
 with a little band of 1,200 men. . . 583 
 
 June S. Battle of r'roi<!<l-ei/><, Va. Union 
 forces vnJer Fremont, 'rebels led by 
 Ewell. Desperate fighting, and retreat 
 of the rebels duriug'the night ... 569 
 
 June 9. Shields, with 3,000 men, re- 
 pulsed at Fort Republic by Jackson, 
 with a force of 8,000 570 
 
 June 10. Gen. Forey, with the French 
 troops, entered Mexico, and published 
 a manifesto to the people and silenced 
 the Press. 
 
 June 14. Union troops repulsed, with 
 much loss, on James' Island, near 
 C'harleston. 
 
 June 16. Gen. H. S. Wright advanced 
 with 6,000 men and attacked Seces- 
 sionville, commanded by Col. Lamar, 
 but were repulsed with a loss of over 
 
 584 
 
 Suncnilrr of the powerful 
 M/, 11,1.1 to (apt. John Rogers, 
 iJiairkiii, ofUrio minutes^ en- 
 
 5O0. 
 
 of the II 
 gaijemen 
 
 June 19. Slavery abolished by act of 
 Contcress in all the Territories. 
 
 June 23. The rebel General Dick Taylor 
 captured Brashear City, the Unionists 
 losing 1,000 prisimeis, 10 heavy guns, 
 and $3,')0'),000, and many thousand 
 
 negroes, liberated by Banks, were 
 
 forced back into slavery 579 
 
 June 24. McClellan begins to ^•change 
 his iase " to James River. 
 
 Pope in Command. 
 
 June 26. Gen. Pope placed in command 
 over the army of Virginia, 50,000 
 strong. 
 
 June 36. Biittle of Mcchanicwille hctween 
 Fitz John Porter and Jackson. Heavy 
 losses on both sides, the enemy re- 
 treating 570 
 
 June 27. Battle of Gaines Milk. Gen. 
 Porter engaged with 85,000 against 
 Gen. Lee's forces of 60,000. under Gen. 
 Jackson. McClellan holding at the 
 same time 60,000 troops on the other 
 side of Chickahominy, idly watching 
 the rebels, who were stationed near 
 with but 25,000 men. The Union 
 forces were compelled to retreat from 
 overwhelming odds, after a desperate 
 and long-continued struggle. ... 570 
 
 June 27. Hooker occupied Frederic City. 
 
 June 27. Meiale /ihiced in command of the 
 Arm;/ of the Potomac. 
 
 June 28. llooler mpjerseded hy Meade. 
 
 June 28. Rebel General Early invaded 
 York, Pa., and levied a large sum of 
 money upon that place. 
 
 June 39, Meade advanced to South 
 Mountain. 
 
 June 39. Longsfreet and Hill march 
 toward Gettysburg and order Ewell to 
 meet them tliere. 
 
 June 29. Battles of Sarage Station and 
 Peach Orchard. 
 
 June 30. Bottles of Wteite Oak Swamp 
 a7id Charles City Cross-roads, Jeff. 
 Davis and Lee attending in person. 
 Union-forces led by McCall, Franklin, 
 and Slocum, reinforced by Hooker late 
 in the day. 
 
 June 30. Battle npcm the James River, 
 with Conrnodore Porter's fleet and 
 Ileintzehnan upon the field. McCall 
 capturcil, and the Union forces retreat 
 to Malvern Hill on James River.. . 571 
 
 July 1. President Lincoln calls for 600,- 
 000 volunteers. 
 
 July 1. Attack of the rebels on Malvern 
 Hill ; their repulse and the decided 
 victory of the Union forces 571 
 
 July 2. Evacuation of Malvern Hill — 
 where the army was stron;j;ly posted — 
 by order of Gen. McClellan. 
 
 The Union losses during the seven 
 days' battles amounted to 15,249. 
 
 July 5. Murfreesboro, Tenn., captured by 
 the guerrilla chieftain, Forrest. 
 
 July 7. Battle of Bayou de Cache, 
 Arkansas. Gen. Curtis severely defeats 
 Pike. 
 
 July 7. Raid of Morgan on Cynthiana, 
 Ky., and bis repulse by Green Clay 
 Smith. 
 
 July 8. Surrender of Port Hudson by 
 Gen. Gardner to Gen. Banks 578 
 
 July 8. Gen. Lee withdrew his forces to 
 Richmond. 
 
 I/a/leek General-in-Chief 
 
 July 11. Gen. Halleck appointed Com- 
 mander-in-chief of the Union army at 
 Washington. Gen. Grant succeeding 
 him at Corinth 5ii.) 
 
 July 13. Murfreesboro, Tenn., taken bv 
 rebels, capturing the gairisou wish 
 Gen. Crittenden. 
 
CHEONOLOCxY. 
 
 783 
 
 1862. July 14. Gen. Pope takes comniand of the 
 
 Army of Virginia, and issued address. 
 " July 15. ^Battle of Fayetteville, Arli. 
 
 Major Miller tlioroughly beating Geus . 
 
 Rain3, Coffee, and otliers. 
 " July 32. Vicksburg canal completed and 
 
 fouud useless. Siege postponed. 
 
 Martin Van Buicti. 
 " July 24. Death of Martin Van Iiuren, 
 the eighth President of the United 
 States. Sir. Van Buren was burn in 
 the town of Kinderhook, on the Hudson 
 River, in the State of New York, and 
 was of Dutch parentage. He was a 
 very precocious boy, beginning the 
 study of law at the age of fourteen. 
 He remained in the law-office seven 
 \ears, when he was admitted to the 
 Bar. 
 
 Mr. Van Buren early became an 
 active politician, and sided with the 
 Jeffersonian party, and was a consist- 
 ent advocate of tlie principles which he 
 avowed. 
 
 In 1813, when 30 years of age, he 
 was chosen to the State Senate, antl 
 gave his support to Mr. Madison's Ad- 
 ministration. In 1818 he was appoint- 
 ed Attorney-General. 
 
 Mr. Van Buren was a strenuous op- 
 poser of " Universal Suffrage," and, 
 contended that suffrage should he pro- 
 tected hy intelligence, virtue, and some 
 2iropertp-interest in the welfare of the 
 State. In 1821 he was elected to the 
 United States Senate, and also as a 
 member of a convention to revise the 
 Constitution of his native Stale, in 
 which his cuurse secured the approval 
 of all parties. In 1837 he was re-elect- 
 ed to the Senate. In 1828 Mr. Van 
 Buren was chosen Governor of the State 
 of New York. In politics Mr. Van 
 Buren was justly termed a "wire- 
 puller," for his schemes were always 
 conducted privately, and he often out- 
 witted the clearest heads, and brought 
 about results which were thought to be 
 impossible by party leaders. 
 
 In the Presidential campaign wliich 
 ran the names of Adams and Jackson 
 as candidates, Mr. Van Buren was the 
 chief agency through which Gen. Jack- 
 son was elected, i'resident Jackson 
 appreciating his services, tendered him 
 the otBce of Secretary of State, which 
 was accepted. 
 
 President Jackson was a stanch 
 friend of Mr. Van Buren, and urged 
 his nomination as his successor. He 
 appointed him Minister to the Court of 
 St. James, but the Senate refused to 
 ratify the nomination. He was shortly 
 after elected as Vice-President at the 
 re-election of Jackson, and succeeded 
 hira in the Presidential chair, which 
 he filled but one term. Mr. Van 
 Buren, as a citizen, was respected and 
 beloved for his many virtues. Great 
 powers of self-control, blended with 
 the most genial and happy of tempers. 
 made him a favorite in the social 
 circle and in private life. Martin Van 
 Buren died, at the age of eighty years. 
 Id his elegant home at Lindenwald, on 
 the Hudson. 
 " Aug. Maj. Foster, with a force of 800 
 men, at Lone Jack, was defeated by 
 Cohmels Hughes and Cotl'er with a 
 force of nearly 2,000 foot soldiers and 
 
 1863. cavalry, and Gen. Blunt in turn drove 
 Coffer across the Arkansas line. 
 " Aug. 3. Gen. Pope's advance crosses the 
 Rapidan and occupies Orange Court- 
 house 571 
 
 " Aug. 3. Gen. Ilalleck orders Gen. 
 McClellan to retire from, the Peninsula 
 with all his forces 571 
 
 " Rebel Gen. Jelf. Thompson defeated with 
 great loss near Memphis. 
 
 '' Au;,' 4. Draft of 300,000 men ordered, 
 unless volunteering should prevent. 
 
 " Auir. 5. Unsuccessful attack on Baton 
 Rouge by the Confederates under Maj.- 
 Gen. John C. Breckenridge, with a 
 loss of 400 men and one of their G 
 erals (Clarke) 5K7 
 
 " Aug. 6. Rebel ram Arl-ansas destroyed 
 near Vicksburg by Com. Porter. 
 
 " Aug. 0. At Kirkville, Mo., Col. John 
 McNeil, with a force of 1,000 cavalry 
 and guns, att.acked a band of Mis- 
 souri partisans, numbering tsvice his 
 own, under Col. Porter, and after four 
 hours' severe fighting, defeated them, 
 killing 180, wounding 500, and taking 
 a large quantity of arms 502 
 
 " Aug. 8. Battle in New Mexico. Gen. 
 Canby routing rebels under Gen. 
 Sibley, who was killed by his own 
 men. 
 
 " Aug. 9. Battle of Cedar Mountain. 
 Banks defeated by Jackson. Rebel 
 Gen. Winder killed and Union Gen. 
 Prince taken prisoner. 
 
 " Aug. 11. Gen. Buell surrendered the 
 garrison at Independence, consstirg 
 of 312 men, to a rebel band of 800 
 under Col. Hughes 503 
 
 " Aug. 16. Cavalry raid of Col. J. J. 
 Phillips into Mississippi as far as 
 Granada, destroying fifty locomotives 
 and five hundred cars. 
 
 '' Aug. 24. Gen. Bragg's army invades 
 Middle Tennessee and Kentucky, and 
 retreat of Unicm Gen. Geo. W. Morgan 
 to the Ohio River. 
 
 " Aug. 26. Skirmish at Lewisburg be- 
 tween Union Gen. W. W. Averill and 
 Col. Geo. S. Patton 581 
 
 " Aug. 28. Union victory at Centreville 
 under comniand of Pope, aided by 
 Kearney and Sigel, and reinforced by 
 Hooker and Reno late in the day. 
 Longstreet commanding the rebel 
 forces 572 
 
 " Aug. 29-30. Pope defeated near Bull 
 Run and Centreville 572 
 
 " Aug. 39. Defeat of the Union force 
 under Gen. Nelson at Richmond, Ky., 
 by Gen. Kiiby Smith. 
 
 Surrender of Memphis. 
 
 " Surrender of Memphis to Com. Foote, 
 giving the Union army the control of 
 the Memphis and Charleston Railroad. 
 
 Race between Bragg and Buell. 
 
 " Gen. Bragg's raid into Kentucky, and 
 race of 300 miles between Bragg and 
 Gen. Buell, with their respective 
 armies, to gain Louisville. Bragg 
 being detained by a burning bridge, 
 Buell reached Louisville in advance of 
 him. 
 
 " Buell attacks Bragg, and a desperate 
 ba'tle was foughtat Perryville. Bragg 
 retreats by night, taking an immense 
 quantity of plunder. 
 
 " Sept. The Union forces suffer several de- 
 
 feats and quite severe losses from ill- 
 ndvised expeditions in Southern Louis- 
 iana 579 
 
 Sept. 1. Battle of Chantilly, Va. Union 
 army victoiious, with the loss of Gen. 
 Phil. Kearney and the brave Gen. 
 Isaac J. Stevens 572 
 
 Sejit. 3. Gen. Pope sent to the Northwest 
 to conduct a campaign against the 
 Sioux Indians 573 
 
 Beau Hickman. 
 
 Sept. 3. Death of Robt. S. Hickman 
 (known in Washington for many years 
 as "Beau Hickman"). He was the 
 most successful " dead beat" that ever 
 humbugged the Capital, and was 
 noted for the elegance of his dress and 
 manners. He lived an aimless and 
 useless life, and died in the most abject 
 poverty. 
 
 Sept. 3. Attack on the i-ebels under Col. 
 i'oindexter at Chariton River by Col. 
 Guitar, who drove them north, where 
 they were met by Gen. Loan and 
 again attacked by Gen. Guitar, who 
 utteily annihilated the command. 
 
 Sept. .S. Gen. McClellan takes command 
 of Pope's division. 
 
 Sept. 4. Lee's army cross the Potomac 
 at Poolesvillc, Md. 
 
 General Porter was, in like manner, 
 driven back upon Gen. McNeil by Gen. 
 Loan, and compelled to disperse his 
 command to save it from destruction. 
 These skirmishes drove the enemy 
 entirely south of the Missouri River, 
 where they remained during the 
 war 563 
 
 Sept. 1 0. Death of Lopez, Dictator of 
 Uruguay. Succeeded by his son, 
 known as Marshal Lopez. 
 
 Sept. 11. Battle of South Mountain, con- 
 ducted by McClellan, Gen. Hdl aiding 
 the rebel iforces. Union arms victorious. 
 Maj.-Gen. Jesse L. Reno killed. . . . 573 
 
 Sept. 15. Surrender of Harper's Ferry to 
 the rebels by Gen. Miles 573 
 
 Battle of Antietam. 
 
 Sept. 16-17. Battle of Antietam, between 
 Gen. McClellan and Gen. Lee. Nearly 
 100,000 men engaged on each side. 
 Battle raged for fourteen hours, extend- 
 ing four miles along the line. Gen. 
 McClellan was aided by Burnside, 
 Hooker, Mansfield, Sumner, and Frank- 
 lin ; Gen. Lee by Hood, Hill, Walker, 
 and McLaw. The Union arms were 
 victorious. Lee retreated across the 
 Potomac, leaving behind 40 of their 
 colors and 25,0u0 men either dead or 
 taken prisoners. 
 
 Sept. 19. Gen. GrifBn crossed the river 
 by night and carried eight rebel bat- 
 teries on Virginia Bluffs. 
 
 Sept. 19, Battle at luka. Rosecranz 
 wins, against superior forces under 
 Gen. Price, who retreats in the night 
 with the loss of 1,438 men 574 
 
 Se|)t. 20. Gen. Porter was ambushed hy 
 Gen. Hill and driven back to the river 
 with great slaughter. 
 
 Sept. 23. Re-occupation of Harper's 
 Ferry by Union forces under Gen. 
 Sumner. 
 
 Emancipation Proclatnation Issued. 
 
 Sept. 23. President Lincoln issues a 
 jiroclaniation abolishing slavery in all 
 
784 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1802. the States tliat should be in tlie rebel- 
 lion on the 1st of January, 1863. 
 
 " Gen. Schofield, in command of Missouri, 
 was superseded by Gen. Curtis. Gen. 
 Scbofield, -with 10,000 men, drove the 
 Confederates from Southwestern Mis- 
 souri 568 
 
 " 8e]it.'J4. PiiiclaniatidU of suspension of 
 irrit ,tf' /i,:l„,i^ i-nr/uis iii miUtiinj cases. 
 
 " Ort. 1 he .Mcxirans ))r(:pare to resume 
 hostilities, (itu. liazaine appointed 
 Commander-in-chief of the French 
 forces — Gen. Forey having repaired to 
 Me.xico. 
 
 " Oct. The French forces in Mexico are 
 reinforced by an army of 35,000 under 
 Gen. Forey, who marched upon Pu- 
 clila, and were repulsed by heavy loss 
 liy .luarez. 
 
 '' Oct. 3^1. Battle at CoHnth.. Desperate 
 fighting between Rosecranz and Price. 
 A "Bunker Hill" encounter — the reb- 
 els throwing away their arms, and flee- 
 ing in wild disorder. The Union 
 forces ensiaged numbered 15,700, and 
 the Conf.'^lrrati- :;s(iii() 575 
 
 " Oct. 8-9. llatllr at INiryville, Ky.. be- 
 tween JkCi'.ik's .li vision of Buell's 
 army and Ucn. Br.igg. Surprise and 
 desperate charge by the enemy, then 
 their defeat and precipitate retre.at, 
 through a timely and rapid charge by 
 Phil. Sheridan 574 
 
 " Oct. 10-12. Stuart's rebel cavalry raid 
 into Pennsylvania; they seize and rob 
 Chambersburg. 
 
 " Oct. Buell superseded by Maj.-Gen. 
 Rosecranz 574 
 
 " Oct. 22. Gen. Blunt routs the rebels at 
 Maysville, Ark. 
 
 " Gen. JVIcClellan, after repeated orders, ad- 
 vances into Virginia. 
 
 " Nov. 8. Gen. Burnside assumed com- 
 mand of the army of the Potomac, and 
 began a rapid march toward Freder- 
 icksburg. Gen. jMcClellan relieved. 
 
 Burnside' s Expeiiition. 
 
 " Gen. Burnside, with 11,000 troops, and 
 flag-officer Goldsborough in command 
 of the fleet, conduct an expedition 
 against Roanoke. They destroy the 
 rebel fleet and capture the forts, and 
 gain command of the whole coast of 
 North Carolina. 
 
 " Nov. 28. Gen. Blunt defeats the rebel 
 Gen. Mavmaduke at Cave Hill, Ark., 
 with heavy loss. 
 
 " Dec. Battle at Prairie Grove between 
 Gen. Blunt, aided by Gen. Heron, and 
 Confederate Gen. Hindman, resulting 
 in victory to the Union arms; Gen. 
 Stein, aide to General Hindman, was 
 killed 563 
 
 Battle of Fredericksburg. 
 
 " Dec. 13. Battle of Fredericksburg; 
 100,000 men engaged on the Uni(m 
 side, and 80,000 on the rebel. The 
 Union army led by Burnside, Confed- 
 erates by Gen. Lee. The rebels were 
 thoroughly posted on the terraced 
 heights above the city, and well sup- 
 ported, and the fighting on both sides 
 was valiant and desjierate. The Union 
 army nearly destroyed the city, but 
 failed to gain any advantage, and, at 
 the earnest solicitation of his offi- 
 cers, Burnside withdrew from action, 
 and at the close of the 15th removed 
 
 his forces across the river. The Union 
 loss during this bloody day summed 
 up 13,771, including killed, wounded, 
 and missing. The rebel loss 5,000. 
 
 Banks Supersedes Butler 
 
 Dec. 14. Gen. N. P. Banks superseded 
 Gen. Butler at New Orleans; Butler 
 having gained 4,000 soldiers, including 
 three regiments and two batteries of 
 negroes. He collected .$1,088,000 by 
 taxation and confiscation, after feed- 
 ing the poor of the city to the extent 
 of $525,000, which sum he turned 
 over to the U. S. Treasury. His rignr- 
 ons adminUtration of law and justice 
 caused a remird ^/$io.OOO to le offered 
 f,,r hlx linili/ d,,id ,,r iilire. by a leading 
 VelHt ,,fcliail.-l..n, S. C 507 
 
 Fir:<t i,.in ,.f i:r.,uh.,.-l.s. 
 
 Dec. iiO. Col. iMurpliy surrendered Holly 
 Springs, witli 2,ii0ij men, including a 
 large hospital filled with sick and 
 wounded, and $4,000,000 woith of 
 property to Gen. Van Dorn, under com- 
 mand of Sherman. 
 
 Dec. 23. Jiff. Davis ismes a proclama- 
 tion niitlinriiig (ren. Butler. 
 
 Dec. ','r,. ((iin. i'-.rttr's j;un-boats opened 
 
 Dec. 'JT-'.!^. Sherman attacked Vicks- 
 burg by land, and carried two" lines of 
 rifle-pits, but finding the city irapreg- ] 
 nable, he retired with a loss of 1,734 
 
 Dec. Sherman suj)erseded hj McCler- 
 nand. 
 
 Battle of Murfrceslwro. 
 
 Dec. 21 to Jan. 3. Rosecranz defeats Bragg 
 after successive and exhausting com- 
 bats atraiiist supirior numbers. The 
 Union'foncs ainoumr,! to about 40,- 
 000, f.nd thr C.iiil.aerate 60,000. 
 Union loss 1,5:J3 killed, 7,243 wound- 
 ed, 2,800 missing. The killed and 
 wounded of the enemy amounted to 
 14,560. 
 
 Dec. 31. Monitor founders at sea off 
 Cape Ilatteras. 
 
 Emancipation Proclaimed. 
 
 Jan. 1. Great Emancipation Proclama- 
 tion announced to be in force. It was 
 long contemplated, but as a "war 
 measure" was delayed until a pro- 
 pitious moment, when it was an- 
 nounced, and enthusiastically received 
 at the North. By this act more than 
 3,000,000 slaves were made free. 
 
 Jan. 1. Gen. Magruder attacked the 
 Massachusetts troops at Galveston, 
 Texas, retaking the place. In co-oper- 
 ation with Magruder, three rebel rams 
 attacked the Union fleet, blockading 
 the bay, and capturing the Harritt 
 Lane, and forced the commander of the 
 Weatjield, Renshaw, to blow her up, in 
 which act he lost his life 578 
 
 Lyman Beccher. 
 
 Jan. 10. Lyman Beecher, D.D., died in 
 Brooklyn," N. Y., at the age of 87 years. 
 He was an American clergyman, and 
 author of great eminence, and father of 
 Henry Ward Beecher and Mrs. H. B. 
 Stowe. Mr. Beeclier enjoyed a large 
 popularity as an elo<iuent and able 
 
 minister of the Gospel, and an unblem- 
 ished reputation. In 1832 he was 
 called to the presidency of the Lane 
 Theological Seminary in Cincinnati, 
 Ohio, which post he maintained until 
 his death. 
 
 Jan. 11. Gen. Banks attacks the enemy 
 at Carney's Bridge, defeating them and 
 destroying the gun-boat Cotton... 578 
 
 Jan. 11. Arkansas Post surrendered to 
 Gen. McClernand. 
 
 Jan. 12. The gun-boat Hatteras sunk by 
 the rebel privateer Alabama at Galves- 
 ton 578 
 
 Jan. 21. Two rebel gun-boats Ciiptured 
 at the mouth of the Sabine 578 
 
 Jan. 27. Bombardment of Fort JlcAllis- 
 tcr, on the Ogeechee, by tha Monitor. 
 No results. 
 
 Jan. 28. Gen. Hooker succeeded Burn- 
 side over the Army of the Potomac. 
 
 Feb. Soldiers' Home established in 
 Liiuisville by the Kentucky Branch 
 Commission. 
 
 Fell. •!'<. Act. to provide a national cur- 
 rency becomes a law. 
 
 Feb. 2S. Rebel steamer Nashrille de- 
 str(iye<l by tlie Moatauk oa the Ogee- 
 chee River. 
 
 March. Soldiers' Home established in 
 Cairo by the Chicago Branch Commis- 
 sion. 
 
 March. Col. A. D. Streight was captured 
 by Gen. Forrest, after a running fight of 
 nearly InO miles. Ho was sent to 
 Libby Prison with his men, numbering 
 1,365. 
 
 March 8. Twenty-three rebel steamers 
 captured up the Yazoo River. 
 
 March 9. Gen. Custer succeeded by Gen. 
 Schotield in command of the Depart- 
 ment of Missouri 584 
 
 Miireli 14, Sivere bombardment of Port 
 llii'lsdu, ami attempt by fleet to pass 
 rrbri Latteries. 
 
 Mareh :.'0. ( ol. A. S. Hall defeated Gen. 
 Morgan, at Milton, against forces vastly 
 superior to his own 57f 
 
 March 20. Small-pox, in a very malig- 
 nant form, broke out in the Frencli 
 camp at Vera Cruz, and reinforcements 
 were called for. 
 
 March 20. The French attack Puebla, 
 and begin the bombardment of the 
 place. 
 
 March 25. Rebel fort destroyed opposite 
 the Union center, by spr nging a mine, 
 and after a bloody encounter the Union 
 forces took possession 518 
 
 March 30. At Sonier.set, Ky., Gen. Gil- 
 more, with a force of 1,200, routed the 
 rebel Gen. Pegram, with two thousand 
 five hundred men 583 
 
 April 1. Farragut runs batteries at 
 Grand Gulf and ravages Red River 
 country. 
 
 April. The French occupy one-half of 
 the city of Puebla. 
 
 April 7. Unsuccessful attempt by Com. 
 Dupont to take Fort Sumter, with 
 serious slaughter to his fleet. 
 
 April 10. Van Dorn repulsed at Frank- 
 lin by Gordon Granger 570 
 
 April 16. Com. Porter successfully ran 
 the latteries at Vicksburg with his fleet 
 of gun-boats, losing but one boat, the 
 Tigress, and a part of the barges. . . 577 
 
 April 27. Chancellorsville campaign 
 begins. 
 
 April 29. Com. Porter attacked the rebel 
 batteries of Grand Gulf, but Gen. 
 Grant decitling to discontinue the as- 
 
 h 1 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 785 
 
 sault, Porter ran their batteries without 
 
 injury to his fleet 577 
 
 May 1. Attaclc on Fort Giljsou by Mc- 
 Clernand, which, with Grand Gulf, were 
 Boon evacuated by the rebels 577 
 
 Battle of ChanceUorsvillc. 
 
 May 2-5. Battle of ChancellorsTille under 
 Ilooker and Lee. Union forces en- 
 gaged, 70,000 ; rebel forces, 50,000. lie- 
 suits undecided, but losses were very 
 heavy on both sides. The rebel Gen. 
 Stoucwall Jackson mortally wounded, 
 and Gen. Hooker stunned and insen- 
 sible for a time, from a cannon-ball 
 striking a pillar against which he was 
 leaning. 
 
 May 2. Col. Grierson's force roaches 
 Baton Rouge safe after fifteen days' 
 ride through Mississippi. 
 
 Vala/idigham' s Arrest. 
 
 May 4. Arrest of Valandigham for 
 publicly expressing sympathy with the 
 South, and for treasonable language 
 against the military aud civil adminis- 
 tration. 
 
 May 10. Death of Stonewall Jocksnn. 
 
 May 15. Battle of Edwards Station. 
 Enemy defeatel by Grant, and pursued 
 to Ulack River 577 
 
 May 15. Battle of .Jackson, Miss. Logan 
 and Crocker defeating the rebels and 
 taking their place. 
 
 May 16. Battle of Baker's Creek. Grant 
 completely routes Pemberton, who 
 loses 4,000 men and 39 guns. 
 
 May 17. Battle of Black River Bridge. 
 liefeat and retreat of Pemberton to 
 Vicksburg. Grant captures 18 guns 
 and 1,500 prisoners. 
 
 Siege of Vicksburg Began. 
 
 May 18. Gen. Grant closes in on Vicks- 
 burg and begins the siege 577 
 
 May 111. Haines' Bluff evacuated by the 
 enemy 578 
 
 May 25. Admiral Porter had destroyed 
 $10,000,000 worth of property up the 
 Yazoo. 
 
 June. A cavalry force under Col. Saun- 
 ders entered East Tennessee, and caj)- 
 tured 500 prisoners, burning several 
 important bridges, and destroying 
 a large quantity of rebel stores. . . . 583 
 
 June. Gen. Rosecranz captured Shelby- 
 ville and Tullahoma en route for Chat- 
 tanooga 583 
 
 Surreniier of Fort Hindman. 
 June 11. Fort Hindman, or Arkansas 
 Post, surrendered to Gen. McClernand 
 with 17 cannon, 3,000 stand of arms, 
 seven stand of colors, 5,000 prisoners, 
 and large quantities of munitions. Gen. 
 McClernand destroyed the works, and 
 returned to Miliken's Bend 577 
 
 Rebel Scare. 
 
 Tho rebels captured the Union rams 
 (^ueoi of the Wed and India/tola. I)ut 
 blew up the latter on the approach of 
 a counterfeit ram — made out of a flat- 
 boat, with pork-barrels for smoke- 
 stacks, and mud-furnaces — sent down 
 the river by Com. Porter 577 
 
 Rebels under Lee moving North — Hook- 
 er starts to meet them. 
 
 1803. Henry Ward BeecJier msits England, and 
 successfully niCLts the oijpositlon to 
 our (loverument amid vast aud tumult- 
 uous molls, sil<n(iug them, and win- 
 ning applause instead of hisses. 
 
 " June 14. Attack on the Union forces 
 under Gen. Mihoy at Winchester by the 
 rebel Gens. Ewell and Longstiect, with 
 a large force. Milroy having but a few 
 regiments, maintained his ground un- 
 til the afternoon of the 15th, when he 
 retreated toward Martinsburg. Four 
 miles out. he was again attacked by 
 another division, and his force routed 
 and dispersed. Hundreds of his fugi- 
 tive soldiers were taken prisoners, and 
 the loss of artillery and wagons was 
 extensive. 
 
 " June 15. The whole rebel army enters 
 Pennsylvania, and march North to 
 within 13 miles of Hiirrisburg. Great 
 excitement prevails in the Northern 
 States. President Lincoln calls on the 
 nearest Stat's for militia, and was 
 promptly r. .,,0,,, l.d t... 
 
 " June 17. Re!" 1 iMiii .I//./;,?*/ captured by 
 the Wechnr!,,,. in \r, minutes. 
 
 " June 36. Andrew Hull Foote died in 
 New York. He was an American 
 Rear-Admiral, who served in the civil 
 war with great dis^tinction. 
 
 " June 28. Gen. Meade supersedes Hooker. 
 Lee's forces within four miles of Har- 
 rislnirg. 
 
 " July 1. Judge Cooley, of the New Or- 
 leans Bar, vas shot in a duel by Col. R. 
 B. Khett, a political opponent. 
 
 Morgan's Raid. 
 " July 3. Morgan began his r.aid through 
 the border States, capturing prisoners 
 and destroying property, and commit- 
 ting the meanest acts of depredation 
 anil^ hostility; robbing the mail, and 
 plundering private citizens. He was 
 captured, with over 2,000 guerrillas, 
 near New Lisbon, O., by Col. Shackle- 
 ford, and, with several of his officers, 
 confined in the Penitentiary at Colum- 
 bus, from which he escaped in Novem- 
 ber, and reached Pvichmond. Va., and 
 again entered the rebel service, and 
 was killed the following year 581 
 
 Battle of Gettysburg. 
 " July 1-4. The battle of Gettysburg, be- 
 tween Gens. Meade and Lee, was one 
 of the most bloody and hard-fought 
 battles of the war. The armies were 
 each about 80,000 strong. They fought 
 desperately for three days, but finally 
 victory crowned the Union arms. To- 
 tal Union loss was 23,186. Meade cap- 
 tured 41 flags and 13,621 prisoners. 
 Lee made no reijort, but his supposed 
 loss was 18,000 killed and wounded, 
 and 10,000 un wounded prisoners. . 580 
 
 Surrender of Vicksburg. 
 July 4. Surrender of Vicksburg. Tlie 
 (Gibraltar of the Jlississippi, with 
 31,000 men, surrendered to Gen. Grant. 
 The campaign had been car.ied on 
 with great vigor for several months. 
 The inhabitants had been obliged to 
 burrow in caves and holes dug out of 
 the ground to protect themselves from 
 the fiery storm of shot and shell which 
 continually poured upon them. Desti- 
 tute of ranuiunition and necessary 
 
 provisions, the rebels at last capitu- 
 lated. To Gen. McPhcrson was granted 
 the honor of formally receiving tho 
 surrender. 
 July 8. Surrender of Port Hudson, with 
 7,000 men, to Gen. Banks, and the 
 Mississippi is thus opened. 
 
 Maximilian declared Emperor of 
 Mexico. 
 
 July 10. The Provisional French Gov- 
 ernment, set up in Mexico by the name 
 of Assembly of Notables, numbering 
 215 persons, assembled and declared 
 for an imperial form of Government, 
 and Archduke Maximilian of Austria 
 was proclaimed Emperor. 
 
 July 10. Gen. Gilmore begins his at- 
 tack on Forts Wagner and Gregg, 
 Charleston. 
 
 July 13. Lee recrosscs the Potomac into 
 Virginia. 
 
 Riot in New Vork. 
 
 July 13-15. Great anti-draft riot in New 
 York. The mob destroyed the Draft- 
 oflice, burned the buildings and the 
 whole block, preventing the fire depart- 
 ment from doing their duty. March- 
 ing through the city, they took pos- 
 session of, and destroyed every build- 
 ing which the Government officers 
 occupied, ga'ning entire control of the 
 city, and holding it for four days. 
 Negroes were indiscriminately beaten 
 and murdered in the most inhuman 
 manner. $2,500,000 damages were 
 claimed, and the number of lives lost 
 was variously estimated from 500 to 
 1,000. The mob was finally quelled, 
 partly by the militia, partly by tho 
 efforts of Gov. Seymour, and partly 
 by Archbishop Hughes, but chiefly by 
 the suppression of the draft and the 
 bounty which was offered in its stead. 
 
 July 15. Riot in Boston, which was soon 
 suppressed, and one rioter killed and 
 several wounded. 
 
 Aug. 16. Rosecranz begins his march 
 upon Chattanooga. 
 
 Quant rell's Raid in Kansas. 
 
 Aug. 21. Quantrell's raid upon Lawrence, 
 Kan. A band of 300 rebel guerrillas, 
 headed liy Quantrell, a desperado, en- 
 tered the quiet town of Lawrence early 
 in the morning, and surprised the sleep- 
 ing inhabitants, burning 185 buildings, 
 and murdering in cold blood 140 men 
 (many of them in their beds), robbing 
 stores, banks, and private dwellings 
 promiscuously. They then fled like so 
 many wild savages of the forest from 
 the avenging hand of Justice. The 
 inhabitants pursued and killed 100 of 
 their number. 
 
 Aug. 23. Shells thrown by the Union 
 fleet into Charleston, nearly six miles. 
 Beauregard protests. 
 
 Sept. 3. Gen. Burnside occupies Knox- 
 ville, Tenn. The loyal people of East 
 Tennessee receive him with expressions 
 of intense joy at their deliverance. 
 
 Sept. 6. The rebels evacuate Forts Wag- 
 ner and Gregg and Gilmore occupies 
 them. 
 
 Sept. 9. Surrender of Cumberland Gap 
 to Burnside, with 2,000 men 583 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 General MeCook. 
 
 1863. Sept. 11. Death of Gen. Edward Stan- 
 ton McCook. He w.as Territorial Sec- 
 retary, at one time, and Acting Gov- 
 ernor of Dakota. He was assassinated 
 at Yankton, by W. P. Wintermute, a 
 banker of Yankton, who aspired to his 
 position. Gen. McCook was the fifth 
 son of Gen. Daniel McCook, of New 
 Lisbon, Ohio, who, with his eight 
 sous, took active part in the late wai- ; 
 the father and three sons sealing their 
 patriotism with thoir blood. 
 
 Battle of Chiekamaiiga. 
 
 " Sept. 19-20. Battle of Chicamauga 
 fought by Rosecrauz and Gen. Bragg. 
 Union army defeated the second day, 
 and withdrew to Chattanooga, except 
 Gen. Thomns, who stood his ground, 
 with a few divisions, for several hours, 
 against the whole rebel army of 70,000 
 men, till night closed the bloody scene. 
 The total Union loss was 10,351, and 
 Gen. Bragg reported a loss of 18,- 
 000 583 
 
 William Wheelwright. 
 
 " Sept. 2G. William Wheelwright, a phi- 
 lanthropist, died in London, Ergland, 
 at seventy-eight years of age. He was a 
 citizen of Newburyport, Mass., long 
 engaged in engineering in South 
 America. He Jiuilt the first railway, first 
 gnu-irnrt-f:. fir.-f irafcr-irvrls, and the first 
 ■iron i.irr. i r, r .si<iWshed ill South Amcr- 
 I,;,. \h: ^^■A< tlir founder of the Pacific 
 Mail Co., and gave to benevolent pur- 
 poses, during his life, more than ^600,- 
 000, and at his death, left nearly $1,- 
 000,000 to found a scientific school in 
 Newburyport, Mass. 
 
 Sherman's March. 
 
 " Oct. Gen. Sherman, with his whole 
 array, moved from Vicksburg south 
 into Alabama, repairing the railroad 
 and subsisting on the invaded 
 country 583 
 
 Wheelers Raid. 
 
 " Oct. 3. A large cavalry force, under 
 cbel Gcu. Wheelor, crossed the Ten- 
 nessee and burned a train of eight 
 hundred wagons — destined for Thomas 
 at Chattanooga— at Anderson's Cross 
 Roads, a large quantity of .supplies at 
 McMinnville and Warren. He was re- 
 pulsed at Murfrecsboro and Farming- 
 ton, and recrossed the Tennessee, hav- 
 ing destroyed a million dollars worth 
 of Government property, but with a 
 loss of 2,000 men 583 
 
 " Oct. 17. President Lincoln calls for 300,- 
 000 more men. 
 
 " Oct. 18. Oen. Grant assumed command 
 of the DepaHment of the Ohio. Cum- 
 berland and Tennessee armies soon 
 after arrived in Chattanooga 583 
 
 " Oct. 20. Gen. Thomas succeeds Rose- 
 crauz in his command. 
 
 •' Oct. 27. Gen. Hooker encamped in 
 Lookout Valley. 
 
 " Oct 28. Hooker's forces take Lookout 
 Mountain 583 
 
 " First Sanitary Fair, for the relief of 
 
 soldiers, held in Chicago, the uet pro- 
 ceeds of which were $73,000. 
 
 First Fenian Congress held in the United 
 States. 
 
 Nov. 6. Gen. Avcrill routed a rebel 
 force, under Gen. Echols, at Dioop 
 Mountain 581 
 
 Nov. 0. Col. Shackleford attacked at 
 Kogersvillc by Gen. \V. E. Jones, and 
 750 men captured. 
 
 Nov. 7. Gen. Meade crosses the Rappa- 
 hannock southwar.l. Lee retiring. 
 
 Col. Woolford, witli 3,000 men. att^acked 
 by 7,000 of Lonaxfn ,1^ nn n. md after 
 fighting several houi%. Wc^^ilord cut 
 his way out, leavinu' his l.aiti ly and 33 
 wagons, but saving the most of his 
 command 583 
 
 Nov. 17. Longstreet begins the siege of 
 Knoxyille, occupied by Burnside. 
 
 JSattle of Chattanooga. 
 
 Nov. 24. Battle of C!iaftano<iga, extend- 
 ing from Lookout Mountain, on the 
 left, to Missionary Riilge, on the right. 
 Hooker sweeps up the sides of Lookout 
 Mountain and reaches the summit 
 under a thick fog, driving the enemy 
 down the precipitous eastern sides of 
 the mountain, while Sherman at'acks 
 the enemy's riglit at .Missionary Ridge, 
 andGeu.Tliomas, with 3.5, 000, attacked 
 the center before Chattanooga. The 
 battle raged along the whole line, and 
 at midnight the enemy was in full re- 
 treat, leaving their strong positions 
 with 6.0O0 si.l.lii rs, 40 pieces of artil- 
 lery, an.l 7,<»nn ,.t ui<l of small arms in 
 the hands of llir rnimiists. The Union 
 losses auiounlcd to 5,010; the rebel 
 loss not reported 583 
 
 Nov. 38. Morgan, and six of his officers, 
 dig out of Ohio State Prison. 
 
 Nov. 28. Longstreet repulsed, with a 
 loss of 800 583 
 
 Nov. 29. Rebels repulsed, with great 
 slaughter, in their attack on Knoxville. 
 
 Banks' Expedition to Texas. 
 
 Gen. Banks' expedition into Texas. He 
 captures the rebel forts Esperanza, 
 Brazos Island, Point Cabel, and Browns- 
 ville, and driving out the enemy west 
 of the Colorado. By order of the 
 Government, Gen. Banks reluctantly 
 abandoned Texas and returned to New 
 Orleans .579 
 
 Erertim, of the Great Organ in the Bos- 
 ton Music Hall, the largest and most 
 perfect instrument of its kind in 
 America. Its weight is 70 tons, and 
 has 5,474 iiipes. Its cost was $60,000. 
 
 Dec. Kehel Gcu. Forrest raided through 
 W. Tennessee. 
 
 Dec. 1. Meade crosses the Rapid.au. 
 Grant concentrates his army at Chat- 
 tanooga. 
 
 Dec. 5. Longstreet raised the siege of 
 Knoxville and moved east 5S3 
 
 Dee. 6. Monitor Wechawlen sinks at her 
 anchorage at Charleston, and 31 men 
 lost. 
 
 Sanitary Fair held in Cincinnati. Net 
 proceeds were $335,000. 
 
 Dec. 8. The President issues his amnesty 
 proclamation. 
 
 Dec. 16. Gen. Averill's raid destroys 
 vast reljel supplies at Salem in S. VV. 
 Virginia. 
 
 1SG4. Jan. Second voyage of Hall to the polar 
 
 " Jan. 1. Emancipation anniversary cele- 
 brated by many colored people. 
 
 " Advance of the Union forces toward 
 Richmond, and attack of the enemy's 
 works at llatclier's Run, but failing iu 
 success, retire! to their position before 
 Petersburg 589 
 
 '' Jan. 25. Congress gives a vote of thanks 
 to Cornelius Vanderbilt for his gift of 
 the steamer Vaiulcrhilt to the United 
 States, worth $800,0(J0. 
 
 " Jan. 39. Gen. Palmer occupies Tunnell 
 Hill, Ga. ; the rebels evacuating in the 
 
 " Jan. Oen. Tl ■•■ r<'!,- .r:=n,ned command 
 of the Ih I" ^!'s..,iiri.... 587 
 
 " Feb. 1. lir<i '■ <! I' "ti men ordered. 
 
 " Feb. 7. (liliiuiiv-^ :p|,:ince lands at 
 J.acksonvillo, Fla., under Gen. Sey- 
 
 " Rash and unsuccessful expedition of Gen. 
 Seymour into Florida, and battle at 
 Lake City, where he lost half bis force 
 and guns. His retreat to Jacksonville, 
 leaving the dead iu the enemy's 
 hands 586 
 
 " Feb. 8. Coifs aimni^, II;, lifoi-,!, Ct., de- 
 stroyed by lire. Ln..-, s 1 .liOii.iKKi. 
 
 •' Feb. 17. I'iiii.'iitbiiiic sunk at t_1)arlestou 
 by rebel torpedo-boat 1/aois, which also 
 sank. 
 
 " Feb. Gen. Sherman advanced to Me- 
 lidi.in. destroying a great amount of 
 railroad |uo|Hrly, and captured 400 
 1 ri-niurs, liiiMl white and 5,000 negro 
 refugees 501 
 
 " Feb. 30. Gen. Seymour, with Gilmore's 
 troops, severely defeated at Olustee, 
 Fla. 
 
 " Feb. 31-33. Gen. Smith has three days' 
 running light with Forrest and others, 
 in I\Ussissi]i|)i, and at last defeats them. 
 
 " 23. (!en. Palmer drives the rebels at 
 Tunnell Hill, Ga. 
 
 Kilpatrick's Raid. 
 ■' Feb. '.;!s. Kil|);itrick's raid into Virginia. 
 He :ipiiioi(lMS within two miles of 
 RieliinoiMl. (ieii. Dahlgren killed in 
 
 .■xpedi 
 
 Gen. Grant in Command. 
 
 Mar. 3. Gen. Grant made Lieutenant- 
 Gencral of the Union armies, and i)ro- 
 ceeded to re-organize the forces. 
 
 Mar. 4. A free State Government for 
 Louisiana was inaugurated, with Gov. 
 Halm at its head, before an immense 
 and enthusiastic multitude in Lafayette 
 Square, New Orleans 586 
 
 Red River Expedition. 
 Mar. Ad. Porter's expedition sailed up 
 the Red River to Alexandria, captur- 
 ing Fort De Russa, with ten guns, and 
 283 prisoners on the way 586 
 
 Thomas Starr Ring. 
 M,ar. 4. Thomas Starr King, an eminent 
 Unitarian clergyman, author and ora- 
 tor, died in San Francisco. Mr. King, 
 like the great majority of emi- 
 nent Americans, was born poor, and 
 was dependent upon his own exertions 
 from the age of twelve to twenty for 
 his own support and education, and 
 the support of his widowed mother and 
 
CHEONOLOGY. 
 
 787 
 
 family. At the age of 22 he was es- 
 tablished in his father's pulpit aud over 
 his congregation, which he filled with 
 great acceptance. He was called to 
 Boston in 1848, and in 1S60 to San 
 Francisco. He had in the meantime 
 acquired a very high reputation, as an 
 eloquent and effective lecturer, as well 
 as preacher, and had addressed large 
 audiences all over the United States, 
 Mr. King was eminently popular in 
 San Francisco, and all over the Pacific 
 coast, and died regretted and deeply 
 mourned by hosts of friends and ad- 
 mirers all over the Northern and West- 
 em States. 
 Mar. 15. The President calls for 200,000 
 
 more men to he drafted April 15th. 
 Mar. 16. Arkansas votes to become a 
 
 free State. 
 Mar. 16. Alexandria surrendered to 
 
 Porter without a struggle 586 
 
 Mar. 17. Oen. Oraiit assumes entire com- 
 truind of all the armies of the United 
 States. 
 Mar. 28, Battle of Crane River, La. 
 Gen, Smith's forces defeat the rebel 
 Gen. Taylor. 
 Mar. 31. Juaez, with his Cabinet, Gov- 
 ernment oflicials, and a band of sol- 
 diers, took possession of Monterey, and 
 established the national capitol. 
 April 4. Gen. Steele attacked by Kirby 
 Smith, at Jenkins' Ferry, Ark., with 
 superior forces under Price, but after 
 a furious battle. Price was defeated, 
 ■with a loss of 2,300 men and three 
 
 Geuerfils 587 
 
 April 4-23. New York Sanitary Com- 
 mission Fair, receipts over $1,000,000. 
 April 8. Defeat of Gen. Banlcs at Sabine 
 
 Cross Roads by Kirby Smith. 
 April 9. Smith repulsed by Banks at 
 
 Pleasant Hill 586 
 
 April 12. Fort Pillow Massacre un- 
 der orders of the notorious guerrilla, 
 Forrest, which was a relentless and 
 wholesale murder of colored men, 
 ■women, and children, by the most cruel 
 and savage means, many being fastened 
 in the tents and burned alive, and the 
 wounded and sick were made to stand 
 up and be shot down like cattle ; the 
 only plea being that the loyal white 
 Southerners were " home-made Yan- 
 kees," and the colored troops "nig- 
 gers." This dastardly and savage 
 slaughter will remain a black stain 
 upon the history of Southern warfare 
 as long as the story of the •' Great Re- 
 bellion " is remembered. 
 April 15. Maximilian accepts the crown 
 of Menco from the French deputation. 
 April 19. Porter's fleet aground in Red 
 
 River by low water 586 
 
 April 30. Plymouth, N. C, surrendered 
 to the rebels by Gen. Wesseh, with 
 1,600 prisoners, 25 guns, and valuable 
 
 stores '. . 586 
 
 April 24. Banks defeats the rebels un- 
 der Gen. Bee at Crane River 586 
 
 April 28. Washington, N. C, evacuated 
 by Union troops; the ram Albemarle 
 controls the Sound. 
 
 Sherman's Grand March. 
 
 May. Sherman began his march to the 
 sea through the heart of the South. 
 This was the closing drama of the 
 campaign. He swept everything be- 
 fore him. Atlanta taken aiid burned; 
 
 Fort McAllister captured ; Savannah 
 abandoned by the Confederates and 
 taken ; Columbia, S. C., burned, and 
 Raleigh, N. C, taken ; the Confederate 
 army under Johnston surrendering at 
 the latter place. Charleston also was 
 evacuated after a siege of 543 days. 
 
 Sherman before Atlanta. 
 
 May. Gen. Sherman, with 100,000 men, 
 comprising the army of the Cumber- 
 land under Gen. Thomas, the army of 
 Tennessee under Gen. McPherson, 
 and the army of the Ohio under 
 Gen. Schofield, together with 554 
 pieces of artillery, began the campaign 
 against Atlanta. The rebel army op- 
 posing him under Gen. J. Jolmston, 
 numbered 60,OU0, was divided into 
 three corps, led by Generals Hardie, 
 Hood, and Polk. 
 
 May 3. Col. Bailey builds dams across 
 Red River, and by raising the water, 
 saves Porter's entire fleet 586 
 
 May 4. Gen. Butler, in co-operation with 
 Grunt, occupied City Point up the 
 James River, and began intrench- 
 ments, while Col. West, with a cavalry 
 force, moved up the north bank and 
 occupied Bermuda Hundred. 
 
 May 4. Grant's army crosses the Rapi- 
 dan 587 
 
 May 5. Sea-fight in Albemarle Sound 
 with the ram Albemarle, which is 
 driven ofl". 
 
 £att/e of the Wilderness. 
 
 May 5. The battle of the Wilderness be- 
 gan. This was the longest and most 
 terrible engagement of tlie war, lasting 
 from the 5th to the 21st, with great 
 loss to both armies. The weather was 
 intensely hot, the air still and stifling. 
 The thickets caught fire, and amid 
 the fearful carnage and din of war, 
 the flames added fresh horror to the 
 terrible scene. The smoke and heat 
 blinded and nearly suflbcated th 
 soldiers, who fought and fell amid the 
 trampling legions which swept < 
 them in their mad fury, leaving them 
 to the mercy of the flames. 
 
 General Meade reported the Union 
 loss at 39,791. The rebel loss was not 
 ascertained. 
 
 May 7. Sherman advances from Chat 
 tanooga on his Atlantic campaign. 
 
 May 9. Gen. McPherson forces his way 
 through Snake Creek Gap. 
 
 May 10. Gen. Averill beaten at Wyther- 
 ■ville by a heavy force under John 
 Morgan 590 
 
 May. Gen. Crook repulsed by Gen, 
 McCausland near Dublin Station. . 590 
 
 May 10. Johnson evacuated Dalton, and 
 retreated to Resaoa 591 
 
 May 11. Sheridan's raid to the enemy's 
 rear, destroying ten miles of the Vir- 
 ginia Central liailroad and a large 
 quantity of supplies, aud liberating 
 400 prisoners. Reaching the tust line 
 of works around Richmond, ho en- 
 countered the enemy and killed their 
 General, Stuart. 
 
 May 15. Engagement between Gen. 
 bigel and Gen. Breekenridge, who 
 commanded a large force. Sigel was 
 defeated and driven to Cedar Creek, 
 losing 700 men, 6 guns, and a part of 
 his train 589 
 
 May 15. I'attle of New Market, W. Ya 
 
 Sigel defeated. 
 May 15, Banks' troops defeat the rebels 
 
 at Aroyelle's Prairie, La. 
 May 15. Johnston evacuates Resaca and 
 
 retreats in the night to Oostenaula 
 
 River, pursued by the Union army. 
 May 16. Butler attacked Beauregard at 
 
 Drury's Bluff and was driven into his 
 
 intrenchments with a loss of 4,000 
 
 men. 
 May 19, Howard's forged proclamation 
 
 for 400,000 troops appeared, 
 
 Nathaniel Hawthorne. 
 
 May 19. Death of Nathaniel Hawthorne' 
 an author, at Plymouth, N. H. Mr. 
 Hawthorne was the author of several 
 widely -known romances, the most 
 noted of which are " The Scarlet Let- 
 ter," a weird and thrilling tale, and 
 " The House with Seven Gables." 
 Mr. Hawthorne was appointed United 
 States Consul at Liverj5ooI by President 
 Pierce, who was his life-long friend. 
 
 May 21. Grant advances toward Rich.- 
 mond to the North Anna. 
 
 May 23-34. Grant crosses the North 
 Anna. Lee still retiring. 
 
 May 28. Sheridan had a cavalry en- 
 gagement with Fitzhugh Lee and 
 routed him, with a loss of 800 to the 
 rebels. 
 
 May 28. Attack of Johnston upon Mc» 
 Pherson at Dallas, Johnston repulsed 
 wich a loss of 3,000 , 591 
 
 May 89. Maximilian arrises at Vera 
 Cruz. 
 
 May 31. Cold Harbor seized by Sher- 
 idan 588 
 
 June 1, Sheridan skirmishes around the 
 left of Lee and routes a body of cavalry, 
 under Wade Hampton, at Trevillian 
 Station, taking several hundred prison^ 
 ers. 
 
 June 1. Johnston evacuates Allatoona 
 Pass, and falls back to Keneaaw Moun- 
 tain, and Sherman occupies it. 
 
 Battle at Cold Harbor. 
 
 June 3-8. Grant's advance engage the 
 enemy anil hold their ground at a cost 
 of 2,000 men. 
 
 June 3. Grant makes a grand assault on 
 the enemy, which was resisted with 
 terrible force, The engagement lasted 
 l)Ut twenty minutes. 
 
 June 5. Oen. Hmiter, having succeeded 
 Bigel, had an encounter with Gen. W, 
 E. Jones at Piedmont, completely 
 routing him, and capturing 1,500 
 prisoners, 3 guns, and 3,000 small 
 arms. Gen. Jones and a large nura-- 
 ber of his men were killed 590 
 
 June 13. Grant's army crosses the 
 Chickahominy, and take position on the 
 south side of the James River. Grant 
 hastens to Bermuda to aid Butler in 
 the capture of Petert^burg, which But- 
 ler had already attacked 589 
 
 Maximilian in Mexico. 
 
 June 12, Maximilian enters the City of 
 Jlexico amid scenes of great pomp and 
 military parade. 
 
 June 12. Gen. Burbridge defeats Mor- 
 gan at Cynthiana, recapturing many 
 prisoners. 
 
788 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1864. June 13-15. Grant moves bis army to 
 the south side of James River. 
 
 " June 13. Fugitive slave law repealed. 
 
 " June l-t. Engagement between Sherman 
 and Johnson. Gen. Polk killed. 
 
 " June 14. tihennan still advancing. 
 
 " June 15. Battle of Pine Mountain. Sher- 
 man drives the rebels back to their 
 works. 
 
 " Juno 15. Fifty Union officers, prisoners, 
 placed under lire at Charleston by the 
 rebels. 
 
 Gra/ii at Petersburg. 
 
 " June 16. Grant makes a, grand assault 
 on Petersburg ; Lee, with the most of 
 his army, having arrived during the 
 previous night. The day closed with 
 heavy loss to the Union side, and no 
 advantage gained 589 
 
 Siege of Petersburg. 
 
 " June 18. Grant again assaults the enemy 
 before Petersburg, and is again re- 
 pulsed with loss. He now intrenched 
 his army, and besieged the city. . . 589 
 
 " June 18. Hunter attacks Lynchburg, 
 but finding it heavily reinforced by the 
 arrival of General Lee, he retreats, 
 sharply pursued across the Alleghany 
 to Meadow Bluff, in W. Va 590 
 
 ^^ Kearsarge" Sinks the '^Alabama." 
 
 " June 19. Naval fight between the rebel 
 cruiser Alabama, Capt. Semmes, and 
 the United States gun-boat Kearsair/e, 
 Capt. Winslow, off Cherbourg, France. 
 After an hour's engagement the Ala- 
 hama ran up the white flag. Capt. 
 Semmes jumping overboard, was taken 
 on board the British yacht Deerhouml. 
 The Alahama sank immediately. The 
 Kearsarge picked up a part of her crew. 
 She did not lose a man in the action, 
 and but one was mortally wounded. 
 
 " June 33. Hood attacks Hooker at Kene- 
 saw, and fails, with a loss of 800 
 men 593 
 
 '' June 23. Emancipation amendment sub- 
 mitted to the States by Congress. 
 
 " June 33. Butler occupied Deep Bottom, 
 ten miles from PJclimond, and throws 
 a pontoon bridge over the James at 
 that point. 
 
 " June 34. Maryland Constitutional Con- 
 vention adopts emancipation clause. 
 
 " June 35. Sheridan has a successful 
 cavalry fight on the Peninsula. 
 
 " June 37. Tliomas and McPherson re- 
 j)ulsed at Kenesaw, by Johnston's 
 forces, with heavy loss. Gens. Barker 
 and McCook among the killed. . . . 5'Jl 
 
 " June 28. Wilson and Kautz attacked, 
 and their troops dispersed at Double 
 Bidge, on Nottoway Kiver. 
 
 Chase Resigns. 
 
 " June 30. Salmon P. Chase resigned his 
 post as Secretary of the Treasury, after 
 a faithful and wonderfully successful 
 discharge of the duties of the oflice. 593 
 
 Party s Raid. 
 
 *' July 3. Early caused Sigel to retreat 
 from Martinsburg to Maryland Heights, 
 leaving heavy stores behind. 
 
 " July 3. Sherman occupies Marietta and 
 
 Kenesaw Mt., having flanked Johnston, 
 and compelled hiui to evacuate. . . 5u2 
 
 July 5-13. Early's raid into Maryland. 
 
 July 9. Joliustoii retires to Opulika, 
 and is soon tuprrseded by Hood, who 
 assumes the oli'cMsive 592 
 
 July '.!. Attack of the rebels upon Gen. 
 VVall.ice near Frederick, who was 
 forced to retreat. 
 
 July 10. Pousseau, with 3,700 men, 
 move^ into Aliiliiuna on a raid. 
 
 Kel). lien. ISiallcv 'I'. Johnson aiiproaches 
 Bultimore, rdiMiig a Philadelphia 
 mail-train ami the passengers 590 
 
 July 13. E'irlii's aitire army withinai.e 
 miles of W'ifihiiKjtjiii. A skirmish en- 
 sues, and dison-cring the Union forces 
 to be more than doul.lr his own, he 
 retreats across the rnionui'' witli a 
 vast amount of plnivhr 500 
 
 July 13-15. Gen. Smith .IdV-itK Forrest 
 and others in five battles in Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 Jul/ 15. Six steamers, worth $300,000, 
 Inirncd at St. Louis bv inrcndinries. 
 
 July 16. Gold about this time at its 
 highest in New York, viz. , -si per cunt. 
 
 July 17. Hood succociU .Johnston in 
 command at Atlanta. 
 
 July 17. Jaques and Gilmore in Rich- 
 mond vainly suing for peace. 
 
 July 18. Rousseau destroys an immense 
 value in railroads and provisions in 
 Alabama. 
 
 July 18. Oi-edcjfs negotiatiovs roith the 
 rehels at Niagara i-ome to naught. 
 
 July 19. Gen. 'Wright, following in 
 ])ursuit of Early, was repulsed near 
 Island Ford 590 
 
 July 30. Averill defeats a division of 
 Early's command, and captures four 
 guns. 
 
 Hood's Defeat. 
 
 July 30 Hood witli his entire army 
 
 de 1 SI 1 an five It. t om At 
 
 1 ta an 1 a \ ^o o sly lei lei 
 
 w tl a loss ot 5 000 i cli hn seve al 
 
 ( n ral Un lo s 00 50 
 
 J ly J I st 1 1 1 c tio ot statement 
 
 u the Oidti of Ame le n 
 
 1 It 
 
 J Iv si 1 1 to wtlin 
 
 t 1 1 \ 1 I 5J 
 
 J ly II I I I itt cl 
 
 j / tl t c s losing 
 
 1 001 n 1 I'd bt nl i lois ant 
 
 m 11 r Uui n 1 bS 3 "^ 
 
 1 1 n C 1 AIcPl I on among 
 
 tl 1 11 1 5J2 
 
 J I 1 11 1 a la g fo ce falls 
 
 1 tl t 1 t C ook a 1 Aver U 
 
 1 1 t M r 1 1 w th a 
 
 111 1 1 ( M 1 
 
 11 
 
 1 wh 
 
 J h tl ^I 
 
 u 1 
 
 nl 1 n 
 
 1 cl 1 
 
 t n nl 
 
 J ly i / 
 
 h/ I 
 
 t tl 
 i t 
 / tl 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 1 1 cros 1 g the t 4 400 
 kill 1 wo n lei a It ken i lis 
 
 Farragut s Fight in Mobile Bay. 
 
 Aug. 3. Commodore Farragut's splendid 
 achievement in Mobile Bay. He si- 
 lenced the forts at the entrance of the 
 ]!:iy, fought the whole Confederate 
 fl.ct, and eaptured the monster ram 
 Tviiiiensee, with her attendants. Forts 
 Morgan and Gaines soon after capitu- 
 lated. 
 
 Aug. 7. Averill totally defeats McCaus- 
 land and other rebels at Moorefield, 
 AVest Virginia. 
 
 Aug. 7. Oen. Sheridan takes commando/ 
 the Midilte Department 590 
 
 Aug. 8. Fort Gaines, at Mobile, surren- 
 dered to Parragut and Granger. 
 
 Aug. 10. Canal at Dutch Gap, below 
 Kichmond, begun. 
 
 Aug. 18. Battle at Reams' Station. 
 Warren holds his position on the rail- 
 road. 
 
 A\ig. 33. Fort Morgan, at Mobile, sur- 
 reudiTcd to Farragut and Granger. 
 
 Auu'. 33. The 5th Illinois captured by 
 SIhII.v iirnr Little Rock, Ark 587 
 
 Au- ■■' i'. S, c.n.l luittle at Reams' Sta- 
 tion the r.l.cis win. 
 
 Auu. -1. MiChllan nominated for Presi- 
 ilent at Chicago 593 
 
 Evacuation of Atlanta. 
 
 Aug. 31. Hood hastily evacuated At- 
 
 l.inta, blowing up magazines and 
 
 stores, destroying seven locomotives 
 
 and 81 cars, and a large amount of 
 
 Sei>t. 1. The guerrilla, Morgan, shot by 
 (oilman's men at Greenville, East Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 Sejit. 5. Sherman's united forces occupy 
 Atlanta, and he orders a removal of 
 (lie I itizens either North or South, as 
 
 IC. Rebels drive 3,500 cattle safe 
 loni Ijehiud Gen. Kautz's lines. 
 
 Early s Retreat. 
 
 Sept. 19. Battle on the Opequan Creek, 
 near Winchester, between Sheridan 
 ;\ii<l Early, and precipitate retreat of 
 Early through Winchester to Fisher's 
 Hill, leaving behind his dead and 
 wonnded, and nearly 3,000 prisoners, 
 with five pieces of artillery and nine 
 battle flags. The Union loss was 
 about 3,000, including Gen. David A. 
 Russell, killed. The rebels lost two 
 Generals 590 
 
 Sept. 19. Lake Erie steamers. Parsons 
 and Island Queen, seized by rebels. 
 
 Sept. 23. Sheridan pursued Early, and 
 again routed him at Fisher's Hill, tak- 
 ine- 1,100 prisoners and 16 guns. Ear- 
 ly K.ntinues his flight, with Sheridan 
 at his heels, btu-ning and devastating 
 the whole valley in his passage, as far 
 as Brown's Gap in the Blue Ridge. 
 
 Battle at Pilot Knob. 
 
 Sept. 37. Price attacked Gen. Ewing at 
 Pilot Knob with a force of 10,000. 
 Ewing, having but 1,300 men, stoutly 
 resisted him till night, when he blew 
 up his works and retreated to Rolla. 
 Price moved North, and was followed 
 by A. J. Smith, with 6,000 men. . 587 
 
 Sept. 39. Battle at Chapin's Farm, near 
 James River ; rebel works taken. 
 
 Sept. 39. Butler captured Fort Uai-ri- 
 
CHEONOLOGY. 
 
 789 
 
 1864. son, one of the outposts of Richmond, 
 with fifteen guns. 
 
 " Oct. 5. Benlli of G. R Lamar, celebrated 
 as a banker and cotton speculator 
 during the war, and was financial 
 agent for the Confederate Government, 
 procuring the priming of their notes 
 and bonds in New Yorlv city. He was 
 arrested by order of the Secretary of 
 War, and confined in the Old Capitol 
 prison at Washington, and after his 
 release was tried for bribery, and sen- 
 tenced to several years' imprisonment; 
 but his sentence was remitted by Pres- 
 ident .Johnson. 
 
 " Oct. 9. Battle of Round Top Mountain. 
 Torbert chasing Rosser twenty -si.x 
 miles. 
 
 ♦' Oct. 9. Sheridan attacked by Rosser with 
 a large body of cavalry, but he defeated 
 him, and took 300 prisoners and 11 
 guns, causing him to flee rapidly for 
 20 miles 590 
 
 " Oct. 13. Death of Roger Broole Taney, 
 Chief-Justice of the United States. He 
 was appointed to this high office by 
 President Jackson, as successor to 
 Chief-Justice Marshall in 1836, which 
 office he held until his death. 
 
 " Oct. 18. Price reached Lexington, driv- 
 ing Gen. Blunt, with a force from 
 Kansas, before him 578 
 
 Battle at Marias des Cygnes. 
 
 Fight between Price and Pleasanton and 
 the united forces of Curtis, on tlie Big 
 Blue River, Ark. Price routed and 
 fled southward, pursued by Pleasan- 
 ton 587 
 
 Sheridan visits Washington, leaving his 
 army under command of Crook. . . 590 
 
 Battle of Cedar Creek. 
 
 Oct. 19. Early being heavily reinforced, 
 hearing of Sheridan's absence, made a 
 forced and secret march, and reached 
 the Union camps at Cedar Creek during 
 the night. At break of day, under a 
 dense fog, with a deafening yell, and 
 amid the blaze and crash of 10,000 
 muskets, he captured the camps, and 
 the panic-stricken army fled in con- 
 fusion before a line of battle could be 
 formed. The army pursued to the 
 third position, occupied by Gen. 
 Wright, who covered the retreat of 
 the fugitive army, himself retreating 
 while the enemy were plundering the 
 deserted camps 590 
 
 Oct. 19. Rebel refugees from Canada 
 rol) banks and citizens at St. Albans, 
 Vt. 
 
 Sheridan's Ride. 
 
 Oct. 19. Returning from Washington, 
 Gen. Sheridan slept at Winchester, 
 and was leisurely riding along, thirteen 
 miles from the front, when he heard 
 the sound of battle, and soon met 
 the flying fugitives of his army. 
 Putting spurs to his horse, he 
 reached the front by ten .\.M., and 
 cheering the disheartened soldiers 
 with assurances of success, and assur- 
 ing them by his presence, the retreat- 
 ing and crestfallen army turned and 
 were suddenly transformed into valiant 
 soldiers, eager for victory. At three 
 P.M. the order was given for the entire 
 Union line to advance. In an instant 
 
 1864. it moved swiftly and solidly on the 
 enemy's position, under a tremendous 
 fire of artillery and musketry. Palling 
 back, they were again roused to one 
 grand overwhelming charge by their 
 gallant commander, when the rebels 
 gave way, and the late victorious and 
 exulting rebel army were in turn now 
 fleeing, a panic stricken mob, before 
 the cliarge of the brave and gallant 
 Sheridan, who pursued them through 
 Strasburg to W^oodstock, flfteen miles 
 beyond. The Union army slept that 
 night, as it had fought all day, without 
 food. They captured 1,500 prisoners 
 and 2.S guns, besides retaking the 24 
 lost in the morning. This notable vic- 
 tory closed the war in Shenandoah 
 
 Valley 590 
 
 " Oct. 25. Price again routed by Pleasan- 
 ton at Marias lies Cyijnes,Ark., leaving 
 8 guns, 1,000 prisoners, two Generals, 
 and other officers 587 
 
 Lieutenant Cushing's Feat. 
 
 " Oct. 27. JMtel ram Albemarle destroyed 
 by a torpedo in the Roanoke, which 
 Lieut. Gushing secretly affixed to her, 
 and swimming back under a heavy fire 
 he escaped to the Union vessels in the 
 offing 586 
 
 " Oct. 31. Plymoutu retaken by a fleet 
 under Com. McComb 586 
 
 Union Supplies Burned. 
 
 Burning of Union sujjplies and vessels to 
 the amount of $1,500,000 at Johnson- 
 ville, Tenn. The store buildings took 
 fire from the union vessels, which 
 were burned to prevent their capture 
 by the enemy 593 
 
 Nov. 8. McClellau resigns his com- 
 mission. 
 
 Lincoln's Re-election. 
 
 Nov. 8. Abraham Lincoln was elected 
 by an overwhelming majority to a 
 second term in the President's Chair, 
 with Andrew Johnson, of Tenn., as 
 Vice-President, the soldiers voting 
 nearly four to one in his liivor — the 
 Repulilican platform being " The Re- 
 establishment of the Union without 
 Slavery." The Democratic platform, 
 with McClellan for its candidate, was 
 either the separation of the Union or 
 its re-establishment with slavery. . 593 
 
 Nov. 11. Sherman sent his last message 
 by the telegraph connecting with the 
 North, Revered the last wire, and 
 moved from Atlanta, scattering the 
 rebel forces before him, and destroying 
 the railroads, and subsisting upon the 
 invaded territory, and accumulating 
 stores for the future supply of his 
 army. 
 
 Nov. 25. A gang of rebel incendiaries fre 
 several hotels in New York, and Bar- 
 num's Museum, but fortunately without 
 success. 
 
 Nov. 30. Battle of FranMin, Tenn. 
 Hood attacks SchoSeld, and after a 
 fierce and savage fight with bayouets 
 and clubbed muskets, the battle ceased 
 at ten p.m., with victory on the side of 
 the Unionists — the rebels losing 0,000 
 and Union loss 3,300 548 
 
 Dec. 1. Hood prepares for siege before 
 Nashville. 
 
 Slavery Abolished. 
 
 Dec. 0. The Thirteenth Amendmen'; 
 to the Constitution passed, abolish- 
 ing and forever prohibiting slavery 
 throughout the United States. 
 
 Dec. G. Salmon P. Chase appointed 
 Chief-Justice in place of Roger B. 
 Taney, deceased. 
 
 Dec. 10. Savannah completely beleaguer- 
 ed, and Sherman communicates with 
 the fleet 595 
 
 Dec. 13. Capture of Fort McAllister. 
 
 Dec. 15-16. Battle of Nashville. Hood's 
 army, fatally defeated by Gen. Thomas, 
 fled in dismay, pursued by Wilson's 
 cavalry. 
 
 Dec. 20, Evacuation of Savannah hj 
 Harden 595 
 
 Capture of Savannah. 
 
 Dec. 23. Sherman enters Savannah with 
 his army and captures 35,000 bales of 
 cotton, 150 cannon, and large quan- 
 tities of ammunition. He sends the 
 news to "President Lincoln as a 
 Christmas present to the nation." . 595 
 
 Dec. 18-20. Gen. Stonemau, raiding in 
 Southwestern Virginia, has a severe 
 fight with Breckenridge, defeating 
 him. 
 
 Dec. 19. The President orders a draft 
 of 300,000 more men unless prevented 
 by voluuteers. 
 
 Dec. 34-25. Butler and Porter attack 
 Fort Fisher, N. C, in vain. 
 
 War between Ecuador and Spain. 
 
 Jan. Surrender of the Republican forces 
 in Mexico, under Diaz, to the Imperial- 
 ists. 
 
 War declared by the Argentine Republic 
 against Paraguay. 
 
 Freedmeiis Bureau. 
 
 Establishment of the Freedmen's Bureau, 
 an organization to protect the liberated 
 slaves, the refugees from the tyranny of 
 the secessionists, and for the further 
 jjrotection of the rights of Government 
 property, and of the loyal people in the 
 bouth, and especially for the education 
 and protection of the colored race. 
 Gen. Oliver O. Howard appointed its 
 head, or chief commander. 
 
 Jan. 8. Blair and Ringleton visit Rich- 
 mond to treat for peace. 
 
 Jan. 16. Surrender of Fort Fisher to 
 Gen. Terry, after a terrible resistance 
 of three days, and the accidental blow- 
 ing up of the magazine, killing and 
 wounding 300 of the victors 596 
 
 Jan. 16. Sherman sets apart lands for 
 freedmen from Charleston southward. 
 
 Bombardment of Wilmington. 
 
 Jan. 23. Wilmington, N. C, surrendered 
 to Gen. Terry, al'ter suflering a terrible 
 fire for three days. The next morning 
 the magazine blew up, killing 200 
 Unionists and wounding 100 more. 
 
 Jan. 31. Constitutional amendment 
 abolishing slavery submitted by Con- 
 gress to tUe States. 
 
 Feb. 1. Sherman leaves Savannah and 
 starts northward 595 
 
 Feb. 3. President's conference with rebel 
 commissioners. 
 
 Surrender of Columbia. 
 
 Feb. 17. Columliia, the capital of South 
 Carolina, surrendered to Sherman by 
 
790 
 
 CHEONOLOGT. 
 
 Oen. Beauretiard. Gen, "Wade Ilamp- 
 ton setting fire to tlie stores of cotton 
 before lie left; tlie flames were com- 
 municated by a liigli wind to the city, 
 and a great portion of tbe city burned, 
 in spite of the lal)ors of tiie Union 
 soldiers to prevent the spread of the 
 flames 595 
 
 Surremh-r of Charleston. 
 
 Feb. 18. Surrender qf Charleston by it3 
 Mayor, with all its surrounding forts, 
 to Gen. Gilmore, and its occupation, 
 first, by a colored regiment, wearing 
 the National uniform and bearing the 
 National flag. The greater portion of 
 the city was destroyed by the fire from 
 the burning cotton, which the rebels 
 set, and the explosion of large quantities 
 of powder, killing 200 persons... 595 
 
 Feb, 19. Gen. Schoiield captured Fort 
 Anderson. Oeonjetmon hastily evacu- 
 ated 596 
 
 March 8-9. Gen. Can by captures Spanish 
 Fort and Fort Blakely, the defenses of 
 Mobile. 
 
 March 16. Battle of Averysboro, N. C. 
 Hardee withstands Sherman, but re- 
 treats in the night 59G 
 
 Emancipation amendment thus far 
 adopted by 16 States. 
 
 March 19-30. Battle at Bentomille, N. C. 
 Johnston, with his whole army, attacks 
 a division of Sherman's army, under 
 Slocum. Johnston hastily retreated in 
 the night of the 20th 596 
 
 March 2'2. Gen. Thomas sends a large 
 force of cavalry, under Gen. James H. 
 Wilson, to raid in Northern Alabama. 
 They attacked Forrest at Boyle's Creek 
 
 and completely routed him 596 
 
 March 35. Rebels take Fort Steadman, 
 before Petersburg, but are quickly ex- 
 pelled, losing 3,500. 
 Kennedy, the New York hotel burner, 
 
 hanged at Fort I^afayette. 
 March 27. Sherman turns over his whole 
 army to Schofield and hastens to City 
 Point to consult with President Lincoln 
 and Gen. Grant 590 
 
 Davis Flees from Richmond. 
 April 3. La^t grand assault of the ai-my 
 of the Potomac upon the Confederate 
 forces under Gen. Lee, during which 
 the rebel Gen. Hill was killed. A 
 telegram the same day from Gen. Lee 
 to Jett". Davis reached him while in 
 church, stating that Richmond must 
 he evacuated that evening, sent con- 
 sternation throughout the city, and 
 Davis fled to tlie South, closely fol- 
 lowed by Lee. 
 
 Fall of Richmond. 
 Aprils. Richmond, the capital of the Con- 
 federate States, surrendered. Flight 
 of Jefferson Davis, the Confederate 
 President, and conmiander-in-chief of 
 the Southern armies. The city was 
 evacuated by night, and on the morn- 
 ing of the third, Gen. Weitzel, with a 
 colored brigade, entered the city and 
 planted the Stars and Stripes upon 
 fevery prominent point. The morning 
 pf the fourth President Lincoln ar- 
 rived, and leading his little son by the 
 liand, walked from the boat-landing 
 to General Weitzel's headquarters, 
 •rhe colored people thronged about 
 
 him, blessing him as he passed, and 
 he was joyfully received by the re- 
 maining wiiite people — the rebel ele- 
 ment leaving with the Confederate 
 army. 
 
 Lee Pur sited. 
 
 Sheridan and Meade pursued Lee, who 
 was fleeing with the remnant of his 
 army toward Danville. 
 
 April 5. Selma, Ala., captured -n-ith 
 large stores, 2,700 prisoners, and 32 
 guns. Forrest and Rhoddy escaping 
 in the night, 
 
 Sheridan Captures Lee's Forces. 
 
 April 6. Sheridan attacked a portion of 
 Lee's forces near S.ailor's Creek, cap- 
 turing 10 pieces of artillery, and a 
 train of 400 wagons, and being rein- 
 forced, a general attack was made,^ 
 which resulted in a decided defeat of 
 the enemy and a capture of 6,000 or 
 7,000 prisoners, with Gens. Ewell and 
 Custis, and several other oflicers of 
 rank. 
 
 April 7. Grant demanded a sdbren- 
 
 DER OF THE SOCTirERN ARMY. 
 
 April 8. Meade and Sheridan continue 
 the pursuit of Lee, and capture his 
 provision train and 25 pieces of artiU 
 lery, intercepting his flight. 
 
 President's Address. 
 
 April 9. Address at the Executive Man- 
 sion, in AVashington, of President Lin- 
 coln, to a vast concoui'se of people, on 
 the reconstruction of the Government. 
 
 Surrender of Lee. 
 
 April 9. Last cliargc of the defeated 
 enemy, and ^iirivnilrr of the Southern 
 army inidir il.n. Ilnlicrt E. Lee to 
 Lieut.-Gcn. V . S. Craut at Appomattox, 
 
 April 11. Bloeka<le changed by procla- 
 mation to legal closure of ports. 
 
 April 12. Canby's troops enter Mobile, 
 the siege having lasted since March 
 
 Ai)ril 13. Montgomery surrendered to 
 Wihon , 
 
 April 1". President Lincoln instructed 
 the SecritaiT of War to issue an order, 
 l)uttin;,f a stop to liuther drafting, re- 
 ceiviu'^- of or purchase of war ma- 
 terial ; and announced the speedy re- 
 moval of restrictions upon trade and 
 commerce. 
 
 April 14. The anniversary of the sur- 
 render of Fort Sumter to the rebels ; 
 its old flag was again raised over the 
 battered walls by the lirave and gal- 
 lant Anderson, who had so valiantly 
 defended it in 1861. 
 
 Assassination of Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 April 14. By the hand of the assassin, 
 John Wilkes Booth, President Lincoln 
 was shot, while witnessing a play from 
 a private box in Ford's Theater, Wash- 
 ington, D. C. The bold perpetrator of 
 the deed rushed madly to the front of 
 the box, and, with a drawn dagger, 
 leaped upon the stan'r IkIdw,^ and 
 escaped, amid tin.' t.nililr cMufusion 
 which ensued. Tin- iim nu-ri.ms and 
 bleeding form of the President was 
 borne across the street to a private 
 house, where he expired at half-past 
 seven the next morning, surrounded by 
 
 his Cabinet and the leading men of the 
 Government, with his family, and at- 
 tended by the ablest medical skill of 
 the city. But nothing could awake to 
 life or consciousness the giant brain 
 whose motion and thought was forever 
 stilled by that fatal messenger of death. 
 As the lightning sped the news of this 
 terrible tr.agedy over the myriads of 
 wires, from one end of this vast re- 
 public to the other, there went up one 
 universal and prolonged wail of grief 
 and anguish from the hearts of its loyal 
 millions, who loved and revered the 
 nnme of Abraham Lincoln, as dutiful 
 children revere the name of a beloved 
 and honored parent. N^ever before was 
 this great nation so shocl-erl, so com- 
 pletely overwhelmed with grief, at the 
 death of any man — ruler or civilian — 
 as that caused by the fall of their 
 chieftain. Strong men wept who were 
 unacq\iainted with tears, and a uni- 
 versal pall hung over the hearts of the 
 whole people like the cloudy curtain 
 which darkened the noonday sun at 
 the Crueiflxion of the Saviour; fur, to 
 millions of aching hearts he had been 
 a deliverer from a cruel bondage as 
 well as the saviour of the country from 
 the hands of its destroyers. There was 
 not a hamlet so humble or remote that 
 did not re-iiond to the sorrowful tidings 
 with tlic cnilikins of mourning, and 
 cities and towns seemed almost to vie 
 witli each other in their solemn and 
 funereal pomp. The orators and poets 
 gave vent to the universal spirit of 
 sadness in lengthened lines of eloquent 
 eulogy and measured metre of mourn- 
 ful song, and all hearts took up the 
 refrain, 
 " Gone, in his noble manhood, do^vn, 
 
 We blindly qnestion, why ? 
 When bells, and guns, and muffled druma 
 
 Alone make sad reply." 
 
 It was truly said that his funeral 
 procession extended fifteen hundred 
 miles— from Washington to Spring- 
 field, III. For miles, in some places, 
 the saddened citizens grouped along 
 the railway, with heads uncovered and 
 eyes overflowing with tears, as the 
 solemn funeral train swept past. lie 
 was finally interred in a beautiful and 
 appropriate tomb in Springfield, where 
 his honored dust is revered as some- 
 thing sublimely sacred. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln, 
 Abr.aham Lincoln was born in the State 
 of Kentucky. His father, Thomas 
 Lincoln, was a poor, laboring man, who 
 could neither read nor write, but who 
 possessed a warm and generous nature. 
 His mother had gifts of mind and 
 person which found little scope for ex- 
 < rilse or display in the rude pioneer 
 jil'e to ^^llieh s!ie was subjected. But 
 tlie hidden Ijeauty and grace of her 
 character was nol)ly and truthfully re- 
 vealed in the Hfe of her son. In speak- 
 ing of her, long years after her death — 
 for Mr. Lincoln lost his mothe: when 
 but ten years of age— the grateful son 
 exclaimed : "ill that I am, or hope to 
 be, I owe to my angel-mother ; bless- 
 ings on her memory." So extreme was 
 the poverty of his parents, that after 
 more than ten years of struggle with 
 hardship and privation, his father sold 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 791 
 
 18G5. his little farm and removed to the 
 wilderness of Indiana, and all the 
 effects of the lamily, with themselves, 
 were carried, a seven days' journey, on 
 the backs of three horses! Here the 
 sturdy pioneer began life anew, in the 
 forest. Their home was as cheerless 
 and comfortless as it is possible for the 
 reader, in this land of plenty, to con- 
 ceive. And here grew up, amid poverty 
 and privation in every form, the boy 
 who was destined, not only to fill the 
 highest place of honor in a great and 
 enlighteued nation, and who should be 
 revered and almost idolized by the 
 people, but who should be regarded, by 
 the great nations of the Old World, as 
 was expressed by a London journal, 
 after his assassination, " as the best, if 
 not the ablest, man then ruling over 
 any country in the civilized world." 
 Step by step, through adversity and 
 trials, through poverty and the most 
 menial and laborious toil, this coura- 
 geous and noble boy climbed the ladder 
 which leads to the heights of worldly 
 honor and fame. 
 
 But upon the threshold of life, when 
 laying the foundation of his future 
 greatness, "the boy gave promise of 
 the man" in the clear integrity of 
 character, the devotion and honesty 
 of purpose and principle, the modesty 
 of manner, and the respect and ven- 
 eration of superior worth and age — all 
 together, forming the basis of a char- 
 acter so noble and so pure and upright 
 that no temptation could swerve and 
 no power could corrupt. There is a 
 peculiar charm and satisfaction blended 
 in the history of nearly every great 
 and good man which this country has 
 produced. One by one they have 
 risen from the humble walks of life 
 and from the lowly vale of poverty and 
 the field of manual labor, to occupy 
 positions of honor and trust, as the 
 choice of a free people, which the 
 pampered, and often despised, heredi- 
 tary ruler of a realm might well envy. 
 One incident in the character of the 
 boy will illustrate the principle of the 
 man. He was employed to attend a 
 store and mill, by some parties for 
 whom he had faithfully discharged the 
 duties and trust of an arduous under- 
 taking, and while waiting upon custom- 
 ers in the store, he took six and a 
 quarter cents too much in settling a 
 bill of goods with a woman. He did 
 not discover his mistake until late at 
 night, when reckoning up his accounts 
 for the day, but before he slept he 
 walked two and a half miles and 
 carried the money to her. Again, in 
 weighing out some tea for a woman, he 
 found, by an accidental defect in the 
 scales, that he had given her scant 
 weight by four oimces. lie carried her 
 the tea as soon as he discovered his 
 mistake, and before he ate his break 
 fast in the morning. At the present 
 day, and under the prevailing n^oral 
 code among tradesmen, such scrupulous 
 adherence to the principles of honesty 
 would meet with ridicule, and would 
 often cost a young man his situation. 
 
 In 1833, when the Black Hawk in- 
 vasion called for volunteers, Abraham 
 was one of the fii-st to respond. When 
 the Captain of their company was to 
 be chosen, there were but two can 
 
 didates : one, a Mr. Kirkpatrick, a 
 man of extensive influence, and for 
 whom Abraham had once worked, but 
 who was so overbeariug and tyrannical 
 that he left his employ, and the other 
 was Abraham Lincoln. The mode of 
 election was as novel as it was simple. 
 The candidates were placed apart, and 
 each one was at liberty to take his 
 place by the candidate of his choice. 
 Nearly the whole company were soon 
 gathered arouud Lincoln. This he 
 felt to be the proudest day of his life. 
 They marched to the scene of action. 
 Zachary Taylor was the Colonel of the 
 regiment in which Lincoln was Captain. 
 Black Hawk was taken prisoner and 
 his band routed. Upon his return 
 home, he managed to borrow a few- 
 books, and began to prepare himself 
 for the study of the law. His student- 
 life would appall the heart of any mod- 
 ern law student. His study was usu- 
 ally the shade of an oak tree, or the 
 one room of a log-cabin, by the light 
 ofthelog-flre or a dim tallow candle. 
 In 1834 Mr. Lincoln was elected to the 
 Legislature of Illinois. When it as- 
 sembled, he trudged on foot a dis- 
 tapce of one Ijundred miles to the 
 capital, with his "baggage" tied in a 
 bundle, which he carried upon his back. 
 At the close of the session ho walked 
 back, and continued his studies, sup- 
 porting himself by surveying, a knowl- 
 edge of which he had acquired by 
 private study. In 1836 he was re-elect- 
 ed to the State Legislature. He was 
 now 27 years of age, and a prominent 
 man in the State. He was already a 
 fluent and eloquent speaker. It was 
 in this Legislature that Mr. Lincoln 
 first met Stephen A. Douglas, and here 
 he made his fli'st protest against the 
 slave power. 
 
 At the close of the session he en- 
 tered the law-office of Major Stuart, of 
 Springfield, as his partner. The capital 
 was removed to Springfield, and Mr. 
 Lincoln, by successive elections, was 
 continued in the Legislature, and was 
 recognized as the leading Whig mem- 
 ber. His success at the bar was rapid 
 and brilliant. He soon gained the 
 confidence of the public, as he never 
 would advocate a cause which he did 
 not believe to be just, and no cause 
 was too impopular for him to advo- 
 cate where he thought his client was 
 in the right. He never refused to ad- 
 vocate the cause of a fugitive slave, 
 or to defend a man who was charged 
 with the crime of helping a fugitive 
 on his way to Canada. In 1847 Mr. 
 Lincoln took his seat in the national 
 Congress, having been elected by a 
 very great majority. Here he advo- 
 cated the reform measures, and strenu- 
 ously opposed the Mexican war. At 
 the end of his term he resumed the 
 practice of law. Upon the abrogation 
 of tlie Missouri Compromise, which 
 threw open the great and free terri- 
 tories of the Northwest to the inva- 
 sion of slavery, the indignation of 
 Mr. Lincoln was thorouglily aroused, 
 and he became convinced that there 
 would be no cessation of the conflict 
 until either slavery or freedom should 
 gain the victory. 
 
 Mr. Douglas, with whom he had 
 been intimately associated, was re- 
 
 sponsible for the bill which repealed 
 the Compromise, and which the 
 North regarded ms his bid for Sonth- 
 ern votes to secure the Presidency. 
 He was a man of giant intellect and 
 great popularity, and in iiublic speech- 
 es he was defending the "Kansas-Ne- 
 braska " liill. There was alreaily great 
 excitement aroused Concerning it, and 
 the whole Nortli were stirred to a feel- 
 ing of intense opposition to the arbi- 
 trary encroachnunt of the slave power. 
 Mr. Lincoln having allied himself 
 with the Hepubliean party, was pre- 
 pared to defend its issues, and there- 
 fore he challenged Mr. Douglas to 
 canvass tlie State of Illinois with him, 
 both to speak upon their respective 
 party issues before the same audience. 
 Mr. Douglas accepted the challenge, 
 and arrangements were made to speak 
 in seven leading towns. These meet- 
 ings were attended by a vast concourse 
 of people, and created the most in- 
 tense excitement throughout the West. 
 The speeches were published in a 
 pamphlet, and used as a campaign 
 document. The universal verdict was 
 that Mr. Lincoln was the victor. 
 There is no doubt but the popularity 
 he acquired in this campaign secured 
 his nomination for the Pre.'-idency. 
 During a speech he was at one time 
 making upon the issues of the hour, 
 he was interrupted by a voice from 
 the crowd: "Mr. Lincoln, is it true 
 that you entered this State barefoot, 
 driving a yoke of oxen ? " For a mo- 
 ment Mr. Lincoln paused, during 
 which there was breathless silence, 
 then deliberately he answered: "I 
 think that I can prove the fact by at 
 least a dozen men in this crowd, any 
 one of whom is more respectable than 
 the questioner." Resuming the elo- 
 quent strain, as if he had not been in- 
 terrupted, he said: "Yes, we wil! 
 speak for freedom and against slavery 
 as long as the Constitution of our 
 country guarantees free speech ; until 
 everywhere on this wide land the sun 
 shall shine, and the rain shall fall, and 
 the wind sliall blow upon no man who 
 goes forth to unrequited toil." 
 
 To illustrate the peculiar and happy 
 vein of humor that was a chief attrac- 
 tion of his nature, the following wit- 
 ticism is apropos : When asked by a 
 friend how he felt after his defeat in 
 the Senatorial election, he replied, " I 
 felt like the boy who had stubbed his 
 toe — too badly to laugh, and too big 
 to cry." 
 
 On the IGth of June, 18G0, the Re- 
 publicans met in Convention at Chi- 
 cago. There were at least 25,000 
 delegates and straugers in the city, 
 who were drawn by the Convention. 
 Tlie citizens of Chicago erected an im- 
 mense building, which they called the 
 " Wigwam," for the accommodation 
 of the meeting. There were eleven 
 candidates for whom votes were cast. 
 It was generally expected that Wm. 
 II. Seward would be the nominee. 
 He was a statesman of great promi- 
 nence and popularity. On the first 
 ballot, Mr. Seward received 173^ voles 
 and Abraham Lincoln 172. The bal- 
 loting was now confined to these two 
 candidates. At the third ballot, Lin- 
 coln was elected, by the transfer of the 
 
792 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1865. four Ohio votes to him. Such a 
 scene ;!S followed baffles description. 
 Pen is iiia.Iennate to iiortrav the wild, 
 
 ri'iieated in a [iriii-( t uinprsl ot lniZ7.as 
 by the immense tliron^ outside the 
 building who awaited the results, 
 which were signaled by a man from 
 the roof of the " Wigwam." " Fire 
 the salute ! Abe Lincoln is nominated ! " 
 the secretary shouted ; and the tuaiult- 
 uous cheering inside, blending with 
 roars of applause on the outside, was 
 so deafening that the thunders of the 
 cannon were unheard by many upon 
 the platform. AVhen the committee 
 who were to await upou Mr. Lincoln 
 with the formal announcement arrived 
 in Springfield, his friends sent in 
 several hampers of wine for their en- 
 tertainment, but true to his principles 
 of" abstinence,'' he returned them with 
 words of kindness and gratitude. 
 The committee met in Mr. Lincoln's 
 parlor. At the close of the ceremony 
 he said : " As a suitable conclusion of 
 an interview so imiDortant, courtesy 
 reiiuires that I should treat the com- 
 mittee with something to drink." 
 Stepping to the door he called, " Mary ! 
 JIary ! " A young girl appeared; he 
 spoke to her in a low tone, and closed 
 the door. Presently the j;irl entered, 
 bearing a large waiter with a pitcher 
 and several tumblers, which she placed 
 upon a table in the center of the room. 
 Mr. Lincoln arose and said : " Gentle- 
 men, we must pledge our mutual 
 healtlis in the most healthy beverage 
 which God has given to man. It is 
 the only beverage I have ever used or 
 allowetl in my family, and I can not 
 conscientiously depart from it ou this 
 occasion. It is pure Adam's ale from 
 the spring." Taking a tumbler, he 
 touched it to his lips, and his guests 
 followed his example. When it was 
 known that Alic Lincoln, the " rail- 
 splitter" and the " alM.litionist " was 
 elected, the rage of liic South knew 
 no bounds. No hin^u;i;j>' \v:is liitter or 
 strong enough to turni;-ili tlicni with 
 invectives. No name was vile enough 
 for them to apjjly to the hated 
 "Yankee" who would sit in the 
 Presidential Chair the following 4th 
 of March. Four days after his election, 
 a bill was introduced into the Legis- 
 lature of South Carolina calling for 
 10,000 volunteers; her two United 
 States Senators resigned their seats, 
 and a Secession Convention was called. 
 From this time on the South insanely 
 swcllrd the liilo ot trrason, and State 
 :dt. 1 Slate fill into liur, and defied the 
 L'niird Stairs (oiTcrnment, insulted 
 her tlag, captured her fcrts and arse- 
 nals, and flaimted their declarations cf 
 war and their menaces upou every 
 breeze. Ui)on the approach of the 
 Pnsiilcnt clrft to Washington, the 
 s]iirii ol sici.-sion was so rampant that 
 ]\lr, Linrolii uelded to the entreaties 
 of his friends and secretly took a 
 night train at Baltimore, thus evading 
 the assassinators who boldly threat- 
 ened his life. His inauguration was 
 attended by a large military force, 
 under General Scott. Openly every- 
 thing passed ofl" quietly, Imt secretly 
 the " demon of destruction " was 
 
 plotting vengeance and death to the 
 nation and her noble defenders. On 
 the Vlth of April the long-smoulder- 
 ing volcano burst in its fury upon 
 Sumter. Like a shock from an electric 
 liattcrv, the news at first jjaralyzed 
 the whole Noi-lli, but in a sudden re- 
 action, cvoiy lov.il mill ^pniiiu' to his 
 feet eager to ui\i- liis lil'r ior liis crjun- 
 try. Never sliirr tlir I'.rilisl. lired the 
 first shot at L.v\in-loi. uriv the loval 
 heaitsof Aiiirrira so u.-oimht up, and 
 
 to defend their national lite and lionor; 
 and nobly thev fullilled their pledues. 
 The history of that fearful homicidal 
 struggle is written in the blood of six 
 hini.'lrnl thousaml victims to the 
 "IomI III' \\':ij-," The national Govern- 
 niriii riili-li 1 ■.'.r.'iii, :,■>:! soldiers, and 
 the a--iv-ili' lo.t of til.- war to the 
 
 aside fi'om ih,' ,i o|:,ii,,m ,,nl nii,,' 
 
 of action. The North urgeil the issue 
 of a prcolamation of emancipation. 
 Mr. Lincoln replied : " I do not wish 
 to issue a document that the whole 
 
 At Icn-lh, oM S 
 
 |il. 
 
 -Dili, Mr. Lincoln 
 
 sul.niitte.l tlir M 
 
 
 ird Prorlamafion 
 
 of Emancii.alioi 
 
 to 
 
 hi. Caliinet, and 
 
 the 2-M it UMs |. 
 
 Mi- 
 
 ml to ilu' world. 
 
 It took elR-ct til.' 
 
 til- , 
 
 il.iyof January, 
 
 ISUS. Great e>: 
 
 itn 
 
 lent followed its 
 
 final annoiinciai 
 
 cut. 
 
 and tlie loval 
 
 people of the Ni 
 
 nil 
 
 vnv little Irss're- 
 
 joiced than were 
 
 the 
 
 lliivi- millions of 
 
 slaves whom it 
 
 ill,., 
 
 itnl for via- from 
 
 a cruel bond,age. 
 
 ( );-, 
 
 liir Ifh of March, 
 
 1803, Abraham 
 
 Lin 
 
 ■oin was inaugu- 
 
 rated the second t 
 
 imr 
 
 is President of the 
 
 L'uited States, an 
 
 i.iu 
 
 t one month from 
 
 that time the c; 
 
 
 1 of the Southern 
 
 Coilfrdeivirv IMI, 
 
 '".1 
 
 its foriorn Presi- 
 
 diaitlled in'i'i ! 
 
 
 ' 'ing refuge and 
 
 finding iHM- 
 
 
 '■:iuse was lost, 
 1 Mid ruined, and 
 
 theii.sclvrs iliMl- 
 
 Iiol 
 
 -d. But with a 
 
 drspnation honi 
 ofsc. i-siiiiiatl.a 
 
 ofl 
 
 llll.- 
 
 U.lnr-S, the spirit 
 
 lon,.|;i.t despair- 
 
 ing l)lo\v at till- 1 
 
 tVi 
 
 flheCovernment. 
 
 A .secret and diabol 
 
 cal plot was laid. 
 
 which involved 
 
 the 
 
 assassination of 
 
 every member 
 
 of 
 
 the Cabinet, but 
 
 which, from some 
 
 mknown reason. 
 
 faileil of aceomi 
 
 lish 
 
 nent. beyond the 
 
 murder of the 
 
 Pies 
 
 ilent and the at- 
 
 tempted assassination of Secretary Sew- 
 
 No more fitting or more beautiful 
 tribute could be paid the character of 
 this truly great ami good man, than to 
 c|iiotr till' rlosinu' paragraph of his last 
 iiiaiimual iiililivss, delivered in the 
 hour of hi- rountry's triumph, and 
 from the supreme height of Came to 
 ■which he had steadily and surely ad- 
 vanced in the mighty march of human 
 events. The lovinsr and fi)rgiving 
 
 frayed in tlirs- «onls, are more the 
 lan-uage of the meek ami lowly follower 
 of Jesus, than that of a great and world- 
 renowned ruler of a mighty nation: 
 
 " ' Woe unto the world because of 
 offenses, for it must needs be that 
 offenses Come ; but woe to that man by 
 whom the ottense Cometh.' If we shall 
 suppose that American slavery is one 
 
 18G5. of these offenses, which, in the provi- 
 dence of God, must needs come, but 
 which, having continued through His 
 appointed time. He now wills to re- 
 move, and that He gives to both North 
 and South this terrible war, as the woe 
 due to those by whom the oflfense came ; 
 sliall we discern therein any departure 
 from those Divine attriivatcs which the 
 believers in a living God always ascribe 
 to Him ? Fondly do wc hope, fervently 
 do we pray, that this mighty scourge 
 of war may soon pass away. Yet, if 
 God will that it continue until all the 
 Wealth jiiled up by the bondman's two 
 hundred and fifty years of unrequited 
 toil shall lie sunk, and until every drop 
 of blood drawn with the lash shall be 
 paid with another drawn with the 
 sword, as was said three thousand 
 years aLjo, so still it must be said : ' The 
 Jill mints of the Lord are true and 
 lijliiioiis altogether.' With malice 
 low mil none, with charity for all, with 
 tiiiniiess in the right— as God gives us 
 to see the right— let us strive to finish 
 the work we are in, to bind up the 
 nation's wounds, to care for him who 
 shall have Imine the battle, and for his 
 willow mill his orphans, to do all which 
 miy achieve and cherish a just and 
 lasting peace among ourselves and with 
 all nations." 
 
 Assault upon Secretary Setvard. 
 " April 14. Attempted assassination of 
 Secretary Seward by Payne, Booth's 
 confederate. He entered the sick 
 chamber of Mr. Seward under pre- 
 tense of bringing a prescription from 
 his physician— assaulted and wounded 
 Mr. Seward's son at the door, fell upon 
 ]Mr. Seward upon his bed and stabbed 
 him several times before he was 
 arrested. Great consternation ensued 
 when it was learned that it was a result 
 of a great conspiracy, among the rebels, 
 to assassinate the " President and his 
 Cabinet and take violent ijossession of 
 the Government. 
 
 Valentine Mott. 
 
 " April. Death in New Y'ork of Valentine 
 Mott, M.D., at the age of eighty 
 years, caused by the shock of the 
 iiews of the death of President Lin- 
 coln, which he received in perfect 
 health, and Which completely pros- 
 trated him. He lived but ten days 
 .alter receiving the sad news, and 
 gradually sank away like one whose 
 vitality had been wasted by a long and 
 fatal disease. He wjis the most emi- 
 nent surgeon America ever produced, 
 and a man of rare ability and large 
 sympathies, which the long practice 
 of surgery had not blunted, and with 
 which the manner of his death provetl 
 him to be eminently endowed. 
 
 " April 15. Inauguration of Andrew 
 Johnson as President of the United 
 States. 
 
 " April IG. Cohnnbus tahen ly Wilson. 
 
 " April 16. Wed Point, with its garriscv, 
 captured hi/ La Gruvge 5'JO 
 
 Sherman s Peace. 
 " April 18. Agreement between Sherman 
 and Johnston for suspension of hostili- 
 ties with a basis for peace, which was 
 rejected by the President. 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 793 
 
 Surrender of Macon. 
 1865. April 21. Wilson entered Macon, and 
 1,200 militia, with five Generals, were 
 surrendered by Gen. Howell Cobb. 597 
 
 Capture of Booth. 
 " April 25. Booth discovered in a baru in 
 Virginia, and, refusing to surrender, 
 was shot 5'Jl 
 
 Jo/uistoit's Surrender. 
 " April 36. Siu-iender to Gen. Sherman 
 and disbandment of Johnston's army 
 upon the same terms of Lee's sur- 
 render. 
 
 Loss of the " Sultana."" 
 " April 2S. Steamer Si/Jtana burned near 
 
 Memijhis. 1,500 souls lost out of 
 
 2,106. 
 " May 1. An alliance formed between 
 
 Argentine Republic, Uruguay, and 
 
 Brazil to conquer Paraguay. 
 " May 4. Surrender of Oen. Dick Taylor 
 
 to Oen. Canhy. 
 " May ',». Assassins of Mr. Lincoln put upon 
 
 trial at Washington. 
 
 Capture of Jeff. Davis. 
 " Slay 11. Capture of the rebel President, 
 Jefferson Davis, near Irwinsville, Ga., 
 by a force of Wilson's company at 
 Macon, commanded by Lieut.-Cols. 
 Pritchard and Harden. He was dis- 
 guised as a woman. 
 
 Grand Review of the Army. 
 « May 23-24. The Union army at Wash- 
 ington pass in grand review before the 
 President and Cabinet, Foreign Minis- 
 ters, and a vast concourse of people. 599 
 
 Gen. Smith's Surrender. 
 
 " May 26. Surrender of Gen. Smith, witli 
 his entire command, to Gen. Canby, in 
 Texas. 
 
 Last Conflict. 
 
 " May 27. Last conflict of the w.ar on land 
 took place on the Rio Grande. Gen. 
 Stoiighton, with a superior force, drove 
 Col. Barrett, with a loss of 80 men, into 
 Brazos. 
 
 " May 29. President Johnson proclaims 
 an amnesty with 14 different excep- 
 tions. 
 
 " May 30. Second Sanitary Fair at Chi- 
 cago. A fund raised of $200,000. 
 
 Burning of Union Stores. 
 
 " June 10. Great fire at Nash'oille,'burnin(j 
 light or ten million dollars worth of If. 
 S. stores and property. 
 
 " June 15. Last rebel fort yielded. Gal- 
 veston quietly occupied by Admiral 
 Thatcher. 
 
 " June 23. Up to this date tlie pirate 
 Shenandoah had destroyed 10 whalers. 
 
 " Trade restrictions removed and blockade 
 ended. 
 
 Llanging of the Assassins. 
 " July 7. The assassins, Harrold, Payne, 
 Atzeroth, and Mrs. Surratt, liung at 
 Washington ; the others, Arnold, Mudd, 
 Spangler, and McLaughlin, imprisoned 
 for lite. 
 
 July 13. Barniini's Museum., New Fori,' 1865. 
 destroyed bi/ fire. \ 
 
 Aug. 14. Great Ketchum forgery, of 
 some $2,000,000, discovered in New 
 York. 
 
 Aug. 15. Wirz, keeper of Andcrsonville 
 prison, put upon trial. 
 
 Mississippi inillin,d k,,;.-<.s/,j/i. ordinance 
 and accepted ciiianciiiMlinii. 
 
 Sept. 13. Ahibiiiini ili,-l,in:l t!ic ordinance 
 of secession mill mul mnl, abolished 
 slavery, and ri|ni(li;itiil llic rebel debt. 
 
 Sept. 14. KclKlliiiliaii t hi. fs sign treaty 
 of loyalty with the UnitL'd ytates. 
 
 Sept. 15. Snith Carolina repealed the se- 
 cession ordinance and declared slavery 
 abolished. 
 
 Sept. 23. Alabama Convention recognized 
 emancipation. 
 
 Sept. 29. Gov. Sharkey, of Mississippi, 
 recognized by proclamation the rights 
 of the negro. 
 
 Oct. 2. Government of Cuba surrendered 
 the pirate Stoneicall to the United 
 States. 
 
 Oct. 7. North Carolina declared secession 
 null and void, prohibited slavery in the 
 State forever, and repudiated the rebel 
 debt. 
 
 Oct. Earthquake shock in California. 1865- 
 Considerable damage done to prop- 
 erty, and much excitement caused. 
 
 Oct. 11. Alex. Stephens and other 
 prominent rebels released from Fort 
 Warren. 
 
 Oct. 11. Ferguson the guerrilla hung 
 in Nashville, and Magruder the guer- 
 rilla hung in Louisville. 
 
 Oct. 12. Martial law declared ended in 
 Kentucky by the President. 
 
 Oct. 25. Florida annulled the secession 
 ordinance. 
 
 Nov. The pirate-ship Shenandoah cruised 
 in the Pacific, capturing numerous 
 Union merchant ships and whalers, 
 and during this month proceeded to 
 the Mersey and surrendered to the 
 English Government. 
 
 Nov. Napoleon III. repudiates Maxi- 
 riiilian and his Government in Mexico. 
 
 Execution of ll'irz. 
 
 Nov. 10. Wirz executed at the Old Capi- 
 tol prison. 
 
 Nov. 13. South Carolina passed the Con- 
 stitutional Amendment. 
 
 Dec. 1 . Writ of habeas corpus restored 
 in the Northern States by the Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 Dec. 2. Alfifirima ratified the Anti-slavery 
 
 Dec. 4. lliiii-qiii di'i-lared slavery abol- 
 ished, nii.l in'illijiul her tear debt. 
 
 Dec. 6. Florida declared slavery abol- 
 ished. 
 
 Thomas Corwin. 
 Dec. 18. Death of Hon. Thomas Corwin, 
 an eminent American statesman, in 
 Washington, D. D. In 1818 Mr. Corwin 
 was admitted to the bar, and by his 
 ability as an advocate, he soon gained 
 an extensive practice, and was first sent 
 to the Legislature of Ohio in 1822, and 
 served seven years, and to Congress in 
 1830. In 1840 he was Governor of 
 Ohio. In 1844 Mr. Corwin was elected 
 to the United States Senate. In 1850 
 he was aiipointed Secretary of the 
 United States Treasury, and at the 
 expiration of his term he was again 
 
 elected to Congress, and re-elected; 
 and when Mr. Lincoln became Presi- 
 dent, he apijoiiitcd NIr. Cor.vin Minis- 
 ter to Mexico. As an orator, Mr. 
 Corwin was singularly captivating, 
 and his kind, genial nature made him 
 a general favorite, although his sar- 
 casm was cutting, yet S|) ced and soft- 
 ened by a sparkling and genuine wit. 
 
 Dec. 18. Sec. ^^oward officially de- 
 clared slavery abolished throughout 
 the United States. 
 
 Dec. 28. Florida ratified, the Thirteenth 
 Amendment. 
 
 Henry Winter Davis, of Maryland, died. 
 
 Agassiz visits Brazil. 
 
 Peru rejects a treaty with Spain and 
 forms an alliance with Chili. 
 
 Dom Pedro emancipates the Onrernmenl 
 slaves. 
 
 There were 354 fires this year, where the 
 loss was upward of $20,000. at which 
 property valued at $43,419,000 was de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 Losses by fire fnan \S"> to ISnS, inclu- 
 sive, amountrd to ^214 58s,000. 
 
 Smithsonian Institute ;it Washington 
 badly burned ; the nietrorulogical de- 
 partment sufl'ered severely. 
 1870. War between Brazil and Paraguay 
 terminated. 
 
 Jan. 12. Order by Gen. Grant for the 
 protection of loyal citizens in the 
 South. 
 
 Jan. 22. Free Si-hool bill defetded in the 
 Tennessee Senate. 
 
 Apr. 2. Proclamation of the President 
 declaring the insurrection ended in 
 the rebellious States. 
 
 Civil Rights Bill. 
 
 Apr. 2. Civil Rights bill pnssed the 
 Senate over the President's veto by 
 a vote of 33 to 15, and the House on 
 the 9th, by a vote of 122 to 41, and 
 became a law. 
 
 May 10. Peru and Chili, aided by Bo- 
 livia and Ecuador, declared war with 
 Spain. 
 
 The Spaniards defeated, withdraw from 
 Peruvian waters. 
 
 Brazil opens her important rivers to the 
 commerce of foreign nations. 
 
 May 21. Academy of Music and Uni- 
 versity Medical College in New York 
 burned. 
 
 General Scott. 
 May 29. Death of Brevet Lieut.-Gen. Win- 
 field Scott. In 1807 Gen. Scott obtained 
 a commission as Captain of light artil- 
 lery. Recruiting a company, he was 
 stationed at Baton Rouge, La. In 
 1813 he was a Lieut.-Col. in the 3d 
 artillery, and was stationed at Black 
 Rock. He was taken prisoner at the 
 battle of Queenstown Heights, and was 
 exchanged in January following. He 
 was wounded in the battle of Fort 
 George, and again at the battle of 
 Luudy's Lane, and for his bravery he 
 was breveted "Major -General," and 
 Congress voted him a gold medal, and 
 he was tendered a position in the 
 Cabinet as Secretary of War, which he 
 declined. Gen. Scott commanded the 
 troops in the Black Hawk war of 1832. 
 In 1835 he was in the Creek war. He 
 was nominated as Whig candidate for 
 President in 1840, but declined in 
 favor of Harrison. In 1841 he wai 
 
794 
 
 CHEONOLOGY. 
 
 plnocd at the head of the army as Gcn- 
 eral-iu-chief, and upon the outbreak 
 of the war with Mexico, he was ordered 
 there, and arrived in time to capture 
 Vera Cruz. April 18th he defeated the 
 Jlexiean army under Santa Anna at 
 C'crro (".onld," ;ind c.inlinur.l his con- 
 (,u,sls (v.TV stinim-l„.M falling- b.'fore 
 his victuriiiiis iu:nvli, until tlu' 1-lth of 
 >I.iy lie entered tin City of :\Iexieo in 
 triumph. This virtually ended the 
 war. In 1853 Gen. Scott was again a 
 candidate for President, and was de- 
 feated by Franklin Pierce. In Feb., 
 1855, he was breveted Lieutenant-Gov- 
 
 ernor for his bra 
 
 in Mc 
 
 At 
 
 the commencement of the Rebellion 
 he was offered every inducement by 
 the South to join their sidr, but his 
 loyalty withstood Ihcni ; and his noble 
 answer to a commander from Virginia 
 speaks more for his honor than volumes 
 written in his praise : " 1 have served 
 my covmtry under the flag of the Union 
 for more than fifty years, and so long 
 as God permits me to live I will defend 
 that flag with my sword, even if my 
 own na"tive State assails it." Feeling 
 too infirm with age to discharge the 
 duties of Commander-in-chief, Gen. I 
 Scott rctited from his otBce Oct. 31, 
 1861, and in Nov. sailed for Europe for 
 liis health. Gen. Scott was the author 
 of several valuable military works, and 
 his Autobiography. As a man, Gen. 
 Scott possessed great physical sym- 
 metry, beauty, and strength. He was 
 courteous and dignified, and a_ gentle- 
 man of unsullied honor, and his char- 
 acter was without a stain. 
 
 Fenian Invasion. 
 June 1. Fenian invasion into Canada, 
 under command of Col. O'Neil, but 
 ■which was soon suppressed by the 
 Canada Volunteers after a sharp skir- 
 mish. A number of the Fenians were 
 taken prisoners, and nine Volunteers 
 killed and several wounded. 
 
 Fourteenth Amendment. 
 June 8. The Uth Constitutional Amend- 
 ment passed the Senate by a vote of 
 33 to 11, and the House, on the 13th, 
 by a vote of 120 against 32. 
 
 Lewis Cass. 
 June 17. Death of Hon. Lewis Cass, an 
 American statesman. Mr. ^Cass was 
 admitted to the bar at the age of 20, 
 and in 1806 he took a seat in'the Ohio 
 Legislature. He drafted the law which 
 enabled the authorities to arrest .'\aron 
 Burr. In 1807 Mr. Cass was Marshal 
 of the State of Ohio, and in 1812 he 
 entered s< rvirc in the war as Col. of 
 the 3d ohi.i Viilunl( crs. He was after- 
 ward piiMiMitcd lo the rank of Brig- 
 adier-ticncral. In lsl3 he was ap- 
 pointed civil Governor over the Ter- 
 ritory of Michigan, and Supt.-Coramis- 
 sioner over Indian Aflairs. He was 
 appointed Secretary of War under 
 President Jackson, and in 1836 Minis- 
 ter to France. In ls4o he was elected 
 to the United States Senate, and in 
 1848 nominated as candidate for Presi- 
 dent. In 1851 he was re-elected to 
 the Senate, and under President Bu- 
 chanan was appointed Secretary of 
 
 Slalr. I'ul \\\»i\\ the President's refus- 
 in: l.i .li^|i ilrli troops and supplies to 
 jMajor All. I. r, on at Fort Suinter, Mr. 
 Cass rcsiuni ,1 his ^Secretaryship, there- 
 by tlosinu' up a jiiiMic career of 50 
 years of continuous dnraticjii. 
 
 B limine; of Portland, Me. 
 July 4. A fire caught from a fire-cracker 
 thrown among some shavings in a 
 cooper-shop by a boy, which spread, 
 and swept away one-h.alf of the city of 
 Portland, passing over the entire busi- 
 ness porti<m of the city, and leaving 
 not a vestige of property in its track 
 of one and a half miles long by one- 
 fourth of a mile in width. Hundreds 
 of fimilii'S were mailc desti'ute, and 
 scores of wealtliy men beeaiiie poor in 
 an hour's time. l.ond l.uiMinijs 
 burned; $15,000,000 destroyed; in- 
 surance $3,500,000. Supplies of food 
 and clothing poured rapidly in for the 
 immediate wants of the iieople, and 
 aid was liberally tenden-l by neieh- 
 boring States and eili.s. This was 
 the first of a series ..r .lisas'.rous tins 
 which in a few years followed, sweep- 
 ing from the face of the earth whole 
 cities, villages, and large sections of 
 timbered country. 
 
 July 23. Tennessee Representatives and 
 Senators admitted to Congress, by a 
 resolution passing both Houses. 
 
 July 24. File in Nashville, Tenn. Loss 
 $1,000,000. 
 
 July 27. Successful laying of the Atlan- 
 tic cable. 
 
 July 30. New Orleans massacre. 
 
 Visit of Queen Emma, of the Sandwich 
 Islands, to the United St.ates. 
 
 Indians massacred 93 soldiers near Fort 
 
 KeariKA-. Neb. 
 
 Jlililaiy noMinment established in the 
 ribellioiis States over the veto of the 
 President. 
 
 Tenure of Office bill pnssed by Congress, 
 limiting the powers of the President to 
 removal of ofiicials. 
 
 Jan. 4. Congress passed the Confiscation 
 and Amnesty bill. 
 
 Jan. 11. A National Equal-Rights 
 League Convention of colored men met 
 at Washington and adopted an address 
 to Congress '"'01 
 
 Jan. 12. The New York Excise bill 
 went into operation. 
 
 A Daring Feat. 
 
 The Konpariel, or American Life-Raft, 
 with three men, crossed the Atlantic 
 Ocean, from New York to Southampton. 
 It was a fr.ail craft, 12i feet by 24, and 
 was constructed by lashing three point- 
 ed cylinders together and placing a 
 flooring of canvas and boards upon it. 
 It arrived safely, without leakage or 
 damage of any sort. 
 
 Jan. 18." Samud DoiDiing, thelast Revo- 
 lutionary whlier, died in Edinhiirgh, 
 N. r., u'jed 105. 
 
 iV. F. Jl'ii/is. 
 Jan. 30. Death of Nathaniel Parker Wil- 
 lis, an American poet, essayist, and 
 journalist of wide reputatiim. He was 
 the author of about 30 volumes, besides 
 doing constant editorial work, whch 
 he laboriously prosecuted until the time 
 of his death. 
 
 Feb. 5. All Mexico, except the cities of 
 Mexico, Puebla, Queretaro, and Vera 
 Cruz, was in the hands of the Re- 
 publicans, and Maximilian evacuated 
 the City of Mexico and repaired to 
 Queretaro. The Republicans, under 
 Gen. Marquez, immediately occupied 
 the city. 
 Feb. 7. Mr. Peabody gave $3,100,000 
 
 for education at the South. 
 Feb. 17. Death of Dr. A. D. Bache, Chief 
 
 of the Coast Survey. 
 March 1. Nebraska made a State— the 
 
 37th. 
 March 3. Alaska was ceded to the 
 United States in consideration of the 
 sum of $7,200,000. 
 April 26. Japanese Commissioners in 
 
 Washington. 
 May. By an Act of British Parliament 
 the Canadian provinces of Ontario, 
 CJuebec, New Brunswick, Prince Ed- 
 wards Island, and Nova Scotia were 
 federally united into one Dominion of 
 Canada, 
 Canada purchased the Territory belong- 
 ing to the Hudson's Bay Co. 
 May 13. Jeff. Davis hailed for $100,- 
 
 000. 
 
 May 15. Surrender of Maximilian and 
 
 his army to the Republicans, brought 
 
 about by the treachery of Lopez, the 
 
 bosom friend of Maximilian, who, it 
 
 was said, received the sum of $48,000 
 
 as the price of his treason. 
 
 June 13-14. Trial of Maximilian and his 
 
 leadine (Hinrals, Miramon and Meja, 
 
 all of whom were sentenced to be shot. 
 
 June 10. Execution of Maximilian and 
 
 his two leading officers. 
 Negotiations opened for the settlement 
 
 of the Alabama Claims 603 
 
 July 1. ''New Dominion of Canada" 
 
 liiaui^airated at Ottawa. 
 July l"i. 'ieii. Juarez returned to the 
 capital of .Mexico, after an absence of 
 four years, during which he was 
 constantly fighting in the defense of the 
 Government. He was enthusiastically 
 received by the RepuWicans. 
 Aug. 12. President Johnson removed 
 Mr. Stanton, as Secretary of War, and 
 authorized Gen. Grant to act in hia 
 place ad interim. 
 Earthquake in Peru. 
 Oct. 6. Juarez elected to the Presidency 
 
 of Mexico. 
 Y'ellow fever in New Orieans. 1,673 
 dying from it in the month of Septem- 
 ber. It was still more severe through- 
 out Texas. 
 
 Elias Howe. 
 Oct. 13. Death of EUas Howe, inventor 
 and patentee of the sewing-machine. 
 Mr. Howe completed his first sewing- 
 machine at Camlnidge, Mass., in 1835, 
 through the aid of an old friend and 
 school -fellow, George Fisher, who 
 loaned him the money to complete hia 
 work ; but receiving nothing but ridi- 
 cule and censure from the incredulous 
 croakers and selfish manufacturers, and 
 without money to procure his patent, 
 again his friend Fisher came to Lis 
 rescue, and soon the machine was pat- 
 ented. But it required a large sura to 
 manufacture the machines and intro- 
 duce them to the public, and his friend 
 becoming discouraged, ceased to aid 
 him further, and he abandoned the 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 enterprise for a time. At last, througli 
 the aid of liis father and brother, he 
 took it to Enfjland, and there found a 
 man — Mr. Wm. Thomas — who was 
 willing to risk a sum sufficient to in- 
 troduce the machine into his manufiic- 
 turing establishment, but beyond this 
 Mr. Howe could get no aid or encour- 
 agement, and after suffering incredi- 
 ble hardships, pawning his model and 
 patent papers to procure the means to 
 return home, he arrived in New York 
 with a half-crown in his pocket— after 
 an absence of two years — to learn that 
 his wife was dying of consumption, 
 lie bad not enough money to reach 
 her, but after a few days' delay, he ar- 
 rived in Cambridge just before her 
 death. The vessel in which he had 
 shipped his little effects in England 
 was lost at sea, and it seemed that 
 fate indeed was against him. But he 
 soon learned that in his absence his 
 mach'ne had become famous. In- 
 genious mechanics had constructed its 
 facsimiles, and which had been intro- 
 duced into manufacturing establish- 
 ments. Mr. Howe soon found friends 
 and money to defend his riglits, which 
 it took four years to fully establish. 
 But his luck now all turned, and his 
 annual revenue increased from $300 to 
 $300,000, and on the 10th of Septem 
 ber, 1867, his patent expired, when 
 it was calculated he had realized about 
 $2,000,000, besides the gold medal of 
 the Paris Exposition, and the Cross of 
 the Legion of Honor, as a compliment 
 to his skill and accomplishment. Dur- 
 ing the war, Mr. Howe enlisted and did 
 scroice as a common, soldier, and used 
 largely of his means to aid his country 
 in prosecuting the war. 
 Nov. 19. Death of Gen. Fitz Greene 
 
 Halleck, at Guilford, Ct., aged 77. 
 The Fourteenth Amendment ratified by a 
 
 m.ijority of the States. 
 Jan. 0. Death of Samuel Nicolson, in- 
 ventor of Nicolson pavement, at Bos- 
 ton, aged 76. 
 Jan. 21. Senate transfers jurisdiction 
 over the Southern States from Presi- 
 dent Johnson to Gen. Grant. 
 Feb. 24. House of Reijresentatives voted 
 
 to impeach President Johnson 003 
 
 May 19. Nomination of Gen. Grant for 
 President at Chicago by the Soldiers" 
 and Sailors' Convention. 
 May 23. National Republican Conven 
 tion met in Chicago and nominate < 
 Gen. Grant for Prisident and SchuyUi 
 Colfax for Vice-President; Grant poll 
 ing 650 votes of the Convention. 
 
 A7/ Carson. 
 
 May 23. Brevet Biig.-6en. Christopher 
 Carson, better known as "Kit Carson," 
 a famous mountaineer, traf>])er, and 
 guide, died trom a rupture of an ar- 
 tery in the neck at St. Lynn, Col. He 
 was better known to a large number of 
 Indian tribes than any other white man. 
 He was the guide and companion of 
 John C. Fremont in his expedition to 
 California, and in 1853 he drove 6,500 
 sheep over the Rocky Mountains to 
 California — a hazardous undertaking. 
 He was several times in Washington 
 on official business, and once with a 
 delegation of Indians. 
 
 The President censured by Congress for 
 the removal of Gen. Sheridan from the 
 
 Governorship of the Fifth Military 
 District (Texas and Louisiana). 
 
 James Buchanan. 
 June 1. Death of James Buchanan, 15th 
 President of the United States. Mr. 
 Buchanan was an eminent lawyer in 
 Pennsylvania for a period of 19 years, 
 also a .Member of the State Legislature 
 from 1814 to 1820, when hj was chosen 
 a Member of Congress, and was re- 
 elected fimr times. He was appointed 
 l\linister to Russia by President Jack- 
 son, but held the place only two years, 
 ,nnd on his return in 1833 was elected 
 United States Senator, continuing in 
 the Senate twelve years, where he was 
 considered a leader of the Democracy. 
 In 1845 he entered Mr. Polk's Cabinet 
 as Secretary of State. He was a con- 
 sistent pro-slavery advocate during all 
 his public life. President Pierce ap- 
 pointed liim Minister to the Court of 
 St. James. In 1856 Mr. Buchanan was 
 nominated for President by the Demo 
 cratio party, and was elected over ex 
 President Fillmore and Col. Fremont 
 as opposing candidates. In his ad 
 ministration he favored the South ir 
 all points of difference, and claiming 
 to be desirous of preventing a Revolu- 
 tion ; yet he declared it to be out of 
 his power to use coercion to prevent it. 
 
 Mathew Vassar. 
 June 23. Mathew Vassar, founder of 
 Vassar College, died in PoughkeeiJsie, 
 N. Y. He donated an aggregate of 
 $800,000 for its cndownient, repair, 
 and fumishing. He died very sud- 
 denly while addressing the trustees at 
 the anniversary of its opening. 
 
 Daring Train Robbery. 
 May 22. A daring robbery was perpe- 
 trated on a night -express train, at 
 Marshfiekl, Ind., a station about 31 
 miles out from Jeffersonville. The en- 
 gineer stopped the train to take water 
 at 11:45 p.m., and while engaged in 
 oiling the machinery, a party of five or 
 six men stepped out from behind the 
 Water-tank and knocked him down, 
 one of them standing over him with a 
 pistol, threatening to blow his brains 
 out if he dared give the first alarm. 
 Another of the party knocked the fire- 
 man down and stood guard over him 
 with a drawn weapon. The others 
 ])assed to the rear of the express car, 
 uncoupled it from the passenger car, 
 and mounting the engine, started up 
 the road, leaving the passenger car 
 and its unsuspecting occupants in 
 lilissful ignorance of the cause of the 
 delay. After running some distance 
 up the road, the robbers entered tl 
 express car, and with drawn revolvers 
 seized the express messenger and 
 threw him overboard. The gang then 
 broke open the safes and robbed them 
 of their contents — $90,000 in green- 
 backs. By the time they had fully 
 accomplished this work they had got 
 nearly in sight of Seymour. Here they 
 disembarked, leaving the car on the 
 track. Had they selected the night 
 previous for their raid, they would 
 liave captured more than double the 
 amount. 
 
 Second Train Capture. 
 July 10. Another attempt was made 1o 
 rob an express train by members of 
 the same gang, which was fortunately 
 frustrated. From a gathejing of 
 thieves at Seymour, it became csident 
 tiiat anotlier rolibery was contemplated. 
 James Flanders, an engineer of the 
 Ohio and Mis issippi Railroad, was en- 
 al)l( d to gain their confidence, and 
 promised to stand in with them in 
 ihcir robbery. He immediately in- 
 formed tlie Express Company, and a 
 guard of six men, armed to the teeth, 
 were placed in charge of the treasure. 
 When the attempt was m.ide, tin'V 
 were warmW rceeiv. d, and the leader 
 of the rolibers, Vol. Klli- < r !:ili"t. as 
 hewascallul, was slinl in iIm slioiiMer 
 and captured. If was alleruard Nam- 
 ed that the wnuldlH- n.l.lKJS were Vol. 
 Elliot, the leader; Jolm Al.iore, I'ruik 
 
 ten, and Harry Jarrell. 'f- parks had a 
 finger shot off, and Moore was wounded 
 twice in the body. The robbers re- 
 treated, and were hotly pursued to 
 Rockford, Ind. Cros-ing the river, 
 they gained sii;lit of (he robbers, and 
 succeeded in (-aptiiriiig Charles Rose- 
 bery and Philip Clilton ; tlic dmse 
 thiekets prevented their capturing the 
 others. These men were known to be 
 members of the famous Keno gang, 
 who had committed the first express 
 robbery, and who had for years been 
 the terror of that portion of Indiana, 
 committing murders, highway rob- 
 beries, and robbing trains, until their 
 presence became unendurable. 
 
 Indiana Vigilance Cotnmittee. 
 To protect themselves against a re- 
 curring of these outrages, the people 
 of Seymour organized a Vigilance 
 Committee. None but the members 
 knew who actually belonged to it, but 
 it was said that the most respectable 
 and best men in the community were 
 members. The order had its grips, 
 signs, pass-words, and tokens of recog- 
 nition, so that any member could in- 
 stantly tell another by night or day 
 without uttering a single word. Its 
 motto was, " Law and Order, Peace and 
 Protection, at all hazards." At least 
 500 men were supposed to belong to 
 the organiziiticm. < )n the 20th of July, 
 by some means unknown to outsiders, 
 the Vigilance Committee secured in- 
 telligence that the three men, C^lifton, 
 Rosebery, and Elliot, were to be taken 
 by the officers to IBrownstown that 
 night, and the committee, too impatient 
 to await the course of law, determined 
 to take the responsibility upon them- 
 selves and mete out justice to the three 
 villains as they saw tit. 
 
 Lynch-Law. 
 That night they quietly gathered at a 
 spot about two miles west of Seymour. 
 There was no noise or confusion about 
 the gathering, and there was no ex- 
 citement in the town. The train was 
 signaled to slop, and when it had done 
 so, was entered liy a number of men, 
 ■who demanded that the three prison- 
 ers be given to them. The guards 
 were slow to comply, but they could 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 offer no effectual resistance, and tlic 
 men were torn from tUem and taken 
 out. TIk^ criiiiinals saw in the stern, 
 ri-\Tii'_:[>l'iil f:f,-^ ,,r tlicir captors, the 
 trnililr iiiipuri nl' I'lc inomeiit. In the 
 iiiicUt III' till' .liiikncss, with scores of 
 excilcl .inil iiii'iiili-s nun arniiKUhem, 
 tlicy wiMT hurricl mvay, while the train 
 was alloucil to move on, anil t;ikonafow 
 fcft upananou lane. I Icrr their (loom 
 was pronounird, anil a few minutes 
 giventhcni to |iri')K'' _ ..i meet their fate. 
 Few words |i:i-.srd liitween the crim- 
 in ds and Ihiii- ixrniliuucrs. Words 
 wiiiild do nil i;iHi.i, :iiid ndien all hope 
 had ll.'il, thr iiiri}, with the exception 
 of Cliltim, a>snniid :i dodged anil tle- 
 terniiutd air, and neither made confes- 
 sions nor asked for mercy. Clifton 
 died like a coward. He fell on his 
 knees and wept like a child, swore that 
 he was innocriit "I' all riiini', and im- 
 plond them to >:ivr his Ulr. Elliot, 
 when asUnl to coiil'i ss and disclose the 
 names <if those who were with him in 
 the robbery, said, with a contemptu- 
 ous sneer: " Confess hell! I'll tell you 
 nothing. You've got me here — a 
 thousand of you — now do your worst." 
 Rosebery said nut a word. The mob 
 was growini; ini[iatirnt, even at a mo- 
 menl's deUiy, and clamored for their 
 deatli. A large spreading beech tree 
 was chosen by the committee, and 
 while a score of hands were tying the 
 prisoners' arms behind them, low, 
 stont brandaes were found, and rough 
 ropes were twisted quickly round the 
 necks of the three men. All was in 
 readiness, and as a howl of vengeance 
 went up from the mob, Volney Elliot, 
 Charles Rosebery, and Frelinghuysen 
 Clifton will' swiui'^- into the air, and 
 hum,' by thr link until tliey were dead. 
 It is said Ihiv slrum,dcd greatly and 
 died haul, 'liu- v. rdirt of lynch-law 
 cxri-!iti'il, thr rriuMi qiiicklv dispersed, 
 and Irfl tlir IiimII,.. Ii;,n,-in'.,'. At 11 
 o'clock thr iiir.ui 1- luuiinlid to the 
 spot, cut the bouies down, and held an 
 inquest over them. The verdict simply 
 was, that they came to their death 
 from straniiulaliou at the hands of 
 l>arties uukiinwn. After the very little 
 
 elusion, the ivm;iins weivTiiviu to their 
 relatives, and ^hnit'.y aftir luiried in 
 rougli eollin^, in tic ^eyn^our t^emetcry. 
 The men «Imi thus suffered death at 
 th hands i>r :i;i iritr,ii;ed people were 
 r.iiseil in Sevnnen, iind all had respcct- 
 
 neiu'liliiii iioiid. Ilie\- all had oppor- 
 
 ative avoea ions, but thev preferred to 
 live in idleni-s, .,,,,1 to einnlate the CX- 
 aiujile- of thei liino Brothers' family in 
 acquiring by robberv wh it means were 
 necessary for their support. 
 
 Notice of the Vigilance Committee. 
 
 On the morninif after the lynching 
 
 of Elliot, Hosebcry, and Clifton, the 
 
 foUiwing hand-bill was posted at 
 
 Seymou'r : 
 
 Attention, T/iieres 
 
 ings of the 
 
 'Seymour Vigilance Committee' last 
 night. We are detertnined to follow 
 this up until all of the classes above- 
 named, whether imported or to the 
 'manor born,' are driven from our 
 midst. Threats have been made of re- 
 taliatum in case we resort to capital 
 puui.shment. In answer we say, should 
 one of our committee be harmed, or a 
 dollar's worth of proiierty of any honest 
 man be destroyed by iiersmis unknown, 
 we will swinu by the mek until they 
 are dead i vei y thievini,' eliaraeter we 
 can lay nur h.imls mi, without inquir- 
 ing whetlur we li:ne the persons who 
 committed ihe |i;irlieiihir crime or not. 
 This apiilie- nut leily t'i Seymour, but 
 along til- kiiie iif tlie two roads, .and 
 
 and order inu^t |.ri ,:iil. By order of 
 the Vi'.;ilai:ce ( 'ouimittee. Seymour, 
 lud., July 31, ISUS." 
 
 Second Execution. 
 The work of the committee was still not 
 accomplished. Frank Sparks, John 
 Moore, and Ilenrv J'irrell were arrested 
 at .Etna, I'.il.s Co., Ilk, iind were taken 
 to Seymi.iii-, iimler -u.uM, 'the eniii- 
 neer of the tr.iin leleL;ni|ilied to the 
 Vigilance Cimimitteu at Seymour that 
 the men were aboard the train. When 
 the train arrived at Seymour, the 
 robbers were taken and placed in a 
 wagon, to be carried to Brownsville, 
 Ind. When near the place where the 
 others were so summarily executed, 
 men suddenly arose from all sides, 
 seemingly out from the ground, and 
 were all well armed. Tlie priscmers 
 were taken to the same tree on which 
 the others were hung, and immediately 
 executed. Moore was hung in sight of 
 the house where he was born. The 
 coroner's verdict, in this case, as in the 
 others, was '' death caused by hanging 
 by unknown parties." 
 
 Tragedy at Neiv Albany — T/ie Reno 
 Brothers. 
 
 Another tragedy was enacted at New 
 Albany, Ind., on Dec. 22. The cele- 
 brated " Reno Brothers " (Simeon, 
 Frank, and William) and Charles 
 Anderson, who were engaged in the 
 Express roliliery of May 22, and were 
 the mo-t iiiitiimin robbers in the 
 country, e-ciqud t i Canada, but were 
 arrested, extradited, and taken to the 
 New Albany jail. The Seymour 
 Vigilance Committee, nearly 100 strong, 
 ■wearing red iiannel masques which 
 completely concealed their features, 
 arrived at New Albany, on the train 
 from Jeffer-sonville, about 3 o'clock in 
 the morning. They placed patro's 
 along the streets and around the jail, 
 aroused the guards in the sherifl's 
 office, and tied them hand and foot. 
 They next entered the sheriff's room, 
 and in flie struL:-le wliieh ensued, he 
 was knocked dmui and shot in the 
 elbow. They secured the keys of the 
 jail and cells, and took the prisoners 
 out and hung them from the corners of 
 the c rridois. The committee were not 
 in the jail to ixeee i tive minutes, and 
 immeiliatel\ lilt on the train. For 
 years this gaiiLC had been a terror to 
 the citizens of Jackson Co., and had, 
 
 probably, been guilty of nearly all the 
 burglaries and murders committed in 
 that part of the State of late years. 
 The most of the gang were young men 
 from good families, near Seymour. 
 William Reno protested his innocence 
 to the last, and was confirmed by his 
 brothers. Thus ended the scenes 
 of swift and terrible vengeance meted 
 out by an outraged community. 
 
 There is no doubt hut the provocation 
 was very great, and that these and 
 other noted criminals had repeatedly 
 escaped through the " technicalities of 
 the law " in the hands of its manipu- 
 lators. Yet the example and effect of 
 lynchdaw is contagious and very de- 
 moralizing in any community. And 
 where law and order jjrevail, there is 
 no reason why good citizens should 
 turn criminals in order to punish crime. 
 Neither will they do so. 
 
 Br. Noit. 
 
 Eliph.alet Nott, D.D., died at the age of 
 'J2 years. He was President of Union 
 College, Schenectady, N. Y. He was 
 one of the last of those representative 
 men who lived in the period of our 
 cauiitry's infancy and purity. When 
 A\ ashington, Jefferson, Monroe, and 
 Adams were in the zenith of their 
 grainleiir and usefulness in the civil 
 history of the young Republic — when 
 it was molded by men of great truth- 
 fulness, earnestness, and simplicity, 
 and a degree of loyalty to country and 
 to principle which is so rare in these 
 days of iiolitical intrigues and personal 
 arabiiions — Dr. Nett reached his ma- 
 jority, and was ordained as a miiiister 
 of the Gospel when Washingbm was 
 serving his second term as President 
 of the" United States, and when the 
 State of New York (to which he had 
 emigrated from Connecticut) was "out 
 West," and Schenectady was in the 
 wilderness and upon the borders of 
 civilization. Here, in this wild region. 
 Dr. Nott, with his young wife, settled, 
 having performed their wedding jour- 
 ney from Connecticut on horseback. 
 He remained here but ten years, when 
 he was called to Albany to jjreach in 
 one of the principal churches, and 
 there he laid the foundation of his 
 future usefulness and greatness, in his 
 talented and eloquent sermons, and his 
 manly and consistent character. He 
 was but a little over 30 years old when 
 he was elected President of Union 
 College, and where he spent the re- 
 mainder of his days in laboring to 
 build up that grand old in.stitution in 
 the days of its poverty and infancy ; 
 not neglecting, however, his calling 
 as a minister of the Gospel, and his 
 duty to society and the worhl. He had 
 the good fortune to be the inventor of 
 a stove which gained great popu- 
 larity — being the first stove patented 
 which burned anthracite coal success- 
 fully. It became a source of immense 
 revenue to the Doctor, and in his old 
 age he was enabled, by his princely en- 
 dowments, to place Union College upon 
 a firm and lasting foundation, and to 
 reap the reward of a life devoted to 
 usefulness and duty. 
 
 July 4. The Pre-ident issued a full par- 
 dim and amue-ty pi oelaiv ation. 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 797 
 
 July 23. Wyoming Territory organized. 
 
 July 28. Mr. Seward, Secretary of State, 
 issued a final proclamation tliat the 
 Fourteenth Amendment to the Con- 
 stitution of the United States had been 
 adopted. 
 
 Aug. 3. Death of Gen. Cliarlcs G. H.al- 
 pine (Miles O'Reilly) at New York. 
 
 Thaddms Stevens. 
 Aug. 11. Death of Thaddcus Stevens, 
 an American statesman and reformer. 
 Mr. Stevens was a graduate of Dart- 
 mouth College in 1814, when he be- 
 came a school-teacher, and studied law 
 through tlio intervals of his school 
 hours and at night. He was admitted 
 to the bar after many discouragements, 
 and arose to eminence in his profes- 
 sion. In 1838 he became an active 
 politician, taking part with the Adams 
 party. In 1836 he was a member of 
 the Pennsylvania State Constitutional 
 Convention, taking an active part in 
 the discussions relative to framing the 
 Constitution ; and he refused to sign 
 the document because it restricted 
 suffrage on account of color. He was 
 a Member of the Pennsjlvania Legis- 
 lature during the intense political ex- 
 citement that followed the adoption 
 of the Constitution. From 1838 to 
 1848, Mr. Stevens took no especial 
 part in politics, practicing his profes- 
 sion the most of the time ; but in the 
 last-named year he was elected to the 
 Ihirty-second Congress, and ardently 
 opposed the repeal of the Missouri Com- 
 promise, the Fugitive Slave law, and 
 the Kansas-Nebraska bill. In 1859 
 Mr. Stevens was again returned to Con- 
 gress, and continued there for seven 
 terms, during the last of which he met 
 his death. 
 
 Great Earthquake and Tidal 
 Wave. 
 
 Aug. 10. Greatest earthquake and tidal 
 wave ever known on the continent of 
 America occurred on the coast of 
 Ecuador and Peru, extending from 
 Bolivia to Chili, and 100 miles inland. 
 More than a score of cities and large 
 towns were utterly destroyed, besides 
 a great many small villages and settle- 
 ments ; 32,000 lives and $300,000,000 
 were lost. Tidal waves forty feet hij^h 
 deluged the land, carrying ships in- 
 land for half a mile, and leaving them 
 perfectly wrecked. 
 
 Sept. Spanish Revolution led to a rising 
 of the friends of Cuban independence. 
 
 Cornell Univernty, Ithaca, N. Y., opened 
 for pupils of both sexes. This mag- 
 nificent institution was built and 
 endowed by the benevolence of Ezra 
 Cornell. See biography. 
 
 Earthquake. 
 
 Oct. 21. Severe earthquake in Califor- 
 nia, doing much damage to property 
 in San Francisco and other j)laces. 
 All business was suspended, and great 
 excitement prevailed. The shock ex- 
 tended over a great portion of the 
 State. 
 
 Revolution in Peru against President 
 Prado. Prado resigns and embarks 
 for Chili. July 28, Col. lialta pro- 
 claimed President. 
 
 Oct. 10. Manuel Carlos Cespedes issues 
 an address to the Cubans, jjroclaiming 
 the Rej)ublic and its separation from 
 Spain. 
 
 Oct. 20. First encounter between the 
 Cubans and Spanish at Las Tumas. 
 
 Nov. 3. Gen. Grant was elected Presi- 
 dent and Schuyler Colfax Vice-Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 Dec. 14. House of Representatives de- 
 nounces repudiation of the national 
 debt. 
 
 Franklin Pierce. 
 
 Death of Franklin Pierce, the fourteenth 
 President of the United States. His 
 father was a Revolutionary soldier, and 
 a stanch Democrat of tlie JctTcrsonian 
 school. 
 
 Franklin was bom in Hillsborough, 
 , N. H., Nov. 23, 1804, and was a bright, 
 handsome boy, beloved by all who 
 knew him for his kind and amiable 
 disposition. At the age of sixteen he 
 entered Bowdoiu College, at Brunswick, 
 Jle., where he became a general favor- 
 ite. He ranked high as a student, and 
 graduated at the age of twenty, when 
 lie began the study of law with Judge 
 Woodbury, a distinguished lawyer. 
 Soon after his graduation at law he 
 was elected to the State Legislature, 
 and served four years. In 1833 he was 
 elected to Congress, where he warmly 
 advocated the principles of the Demo- 
 cratic party, and was a strong sup- 
 porter of the Administration, and a 
 personal friend of President Jackson. 
 In 1837 Mr. Pierce was chosen as 
 United States Senator. It was just 
 after Mr. Van Buren had entered upon 
 Icis Administration, and he was the 
 youngest member in the Senate. In 
 1838 he removed to Concord, the capi- 
 tal of his native State, and devoted 
 himself to his profession. As a law- 
 yer Mr. Pierce was always courteous 
 and kind, and it is said "that he was 
 never known to insult, browbeat, or at- 
 tempt to terrify a witness. Upon the 
 accession of Mr. Polk to the Presi- 
 dency he appointed Mr. Pierce At- 
 torney-General of the United States, 
 which ofBce he declined, also the nom- 
 ination for Governor of New Hamp- 
 shire. 
 
 When war with Mexico was declared 
 Mr. Pierce received the appointment 
 of Brigadier-General and repaired to 
 Newport, R. I., where he embarked 
 with a portion of hi.s troops for Mexico. 
 He landed at a place called Virgara, 
 and found no preparation for his ad- 
 vance, which had been ordered. There 
 were but five hundred wild, unbroken 
 mules for h's use, and the remainder 
 had to be caught on the open prairies 
 and tamed to the bridle and harness. 
 This was an arduous and difficult task, 
 as the heat of the sun was so intense 
 that the men could not be exposed be- 
 tween the hours of 9 A.M. and 4 p.m. 
 Yet with great exertion the wild ani- 
 mals were caught and timed, and the 
 march began July 14tli, through a 
 wilderness infested with roving bands 
 of guerrillas, who watched every chance 
 to attack them from every height and 
 possible ambuscade. The heat of the 
 sun and the he ivy .s;indy roa<ls made 
 their progress slow, but on the 7th ot 
 August they reached the main body of 
 
 the army under (ien. Scott at Puebla. 
 He arrived with his company of 2,400 
 men safely, without the loss of a single 
 wagon, although his company had suf- 
 fered quite severely from sickness 
 caused bv the extreme heat. Gen. 
 Pierce arrivr.l in time to take an act- 
 ive 1 art in llic cl.i-in- scenes of the 
 war. UlJ'iu Ins r. turn X.irtli he was 
 warnil.v r.r, iv( d l.\ his liiciuls and the 
 snp^Mii I- di ilir war measures. The 
 (I. Ill II 1,1 ii>ures met his hearty 
 ;i|i|i: . .: Mill -!renuouslv advocated 
 tlic ] 1,^111 >, ^l.n-c Law" Thi's en- 
 deared llill, In ll,r Suulll. ;w :, •■ Vortll- 
 ern man with Sen: In in |irinii|.lrs " was 
 alwavsan cspninl t'lvorilc :it llu' Snuth. 
 He was iiccor.lingly nominated, June 
 13th, 18.')2, aa tlie candi<late of the 
 Democratic party for the Presidency, 
 and was elected with great unanimity. 
 His Administration was a stormy one, 
 and favored in every way the slave 
 power. The "irrepressible conflict" 
 grew mure viilrut and strong with 
 eviiv IVi -li an. -> im <,f the slave power, 
 until U\\ HI- diMcL'arilcd, and in the 
 West, rn In nlirr< mob law ruled. The 
 jjolls were taken possession of by an 
 armed body of rutSans from Mis-ouri, 
 and slavery was established upon the 
 free soil of Kansas. Their legal enact- 
 ments would have disgraced savages; 
 yet President Pierce deemed it his duty 
 to recognize this bogus Legislature 
 and their enactments. But the citizens 
 arose en ma»se and prot<!sted in a peace- 
 able manner against such an invasion, 
 and sent a petition to the General Gov- 
 ernment for redress. The President 
 in reply issued a proclamation declar- 
 ing the Legislature of Kansas legiti- 
 mate, and that its laws must be obeyed 
 or the strong arm of the Government 
 would be put forth to enforce them. 
 This act entirely alienated the North 
 from the President, and he became so 
 unpopular that his quondam Southern 
 Iriends also forsook him, and he re- 
 tired to the jirivacy of his home, never 
 more to be disturbed by political pref- 
 erences or emoluments. He main- 
 tained, however, his loyalty to the 
 Democratic party, although he took no 
 active part in politics. In social life, 
 Mr. Pierce maintained his high reputa- 
 tion as a kind and genial neighbor, a 
 firm friend, and an amiable and accom- 
 plished gentleman. 
 Jan. The United States Senate refused 
 to approve the act of the President in 
 suspending the Secretary of State, Mr. 
 Stanton. Upon this Gen. Grant re- 
 signed the office, and President John- 
 son immediately appointed Generiil 
 Thomas in his place. The Senate 
 declared the President had no au- 
 thority to remove the Secretary of 
 State, and Mr. Stanton refused to va- 
 cate the office. Gen. Thomas was ar- 
 rested, but was immediately released, 
 as it was the President, and not Gen. 
 Thomas, the Senate were fighting. . G03 
 
 Impeachment Trial. 
 
 Feb. Andrew Johnson, President of the 
 United States, tried tor high crimes 
 and misdemeanors; thirty-five M m- 
 bers found him guilty, and nineteen not 
 guilty ; he was acquitted. 
 
 Feb. 0. Nolle prosequi ends prosecutiou 
 against Jeff. Davis. 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 Feb. 25. Passage of the, FlfleeiUh Amend- 
 ment 1)111 enlVanchisiug the colored 
 man. 
 
 March 4. Inaugiiratioa of Gen. Grant as 
 President. 
 
 Maich 16. Amenilment bill presented 
 by Mr. Julian, of Ind., wliicli provided 
 for woman suffrage, but which failed 
 to come hfore the House. 
 
 James Harper. 
 
 March 27. Death of James Harper, an 
 American publisher. He was for more 
 than 50 years the head of the publish- 
 ing house of Harper Bros. 
 
 The Supreme Court pronoimeed Confed- 
 erate nionev tn W worthless. 
 
 April. .1 r..,:.\,lu>ut .U.r,nhhi ,n:,-hi]m,:d 
 
 hiir 
 
 rut ; 
 
 of slavery, and the introchiction of 
 freedom of religion were among the 
 measures decreed by the Assembly. 
 The war was carried on on lioth sides 
 — particularly tliat of the Spaniards— 
 with great severity. 
 
 Pacific Railroad Completed. 
 May 10. The grand event of the 10th 
 century. The completion of the great 
 Pacific Railroad— the length of which 
 is, exclusive of branches, over 2,000 
 miles, and crossing nine distinct 
 mountain ranges, wliich were tunneled 
 in several phices ; also, many wonder- 
 ful bridges were built, spanning chasms 
 of fearful and precipitous depth. This 
 great enterprise was begun in 18(53 
 and completed in 1809. It was 
 built by two separate comp.anies; the 
 eastern portion by the Union Pa- 
 cific Co., which built the road to Og- 
 den, iwd the we,^tern part by the Cen- 
 tral Pacific Co., which built it from 
 San Francisco to that point. As the 
 distance between them grew shorter, 
 the cnmpetition and excitement grew 
 inure intense. About 35,000 men and 
 (i,i)(iO teams were emi)loyed along the 
 route, and as they neared the point of 
 junction every nerve was stretched, 
 "and the excitement almost equ ded in 
 intensity a race between continental 
 giants. The eyes of the whole conti- 
 nent were lixil upon them, and their 
 dailv i.n-jr.ss w :.s r. i.urtrd over tlie 
 
 of anxious listeners were waiting at 
 e:ich end of the route for the s-ijjnal 
 when the la-t blow should be struck. 
 There they stond, and co ild the won- 
 derful telephone have had a develop- 
 ment sufiicient to have reverberated | 
 the sounds of the falling hammer, the 1 
 picture would have been complete. 
 But in their ignorance of this amazing 
 and su' 'Sequent stride of science, they 
 attached the wires to the last rail, 
 that each blow of the sledge should 
 be recorded on every connecting tele- 
 graph instrument between San Fran- 
 cisco and Portland, Me. Indeed, from 
 Boston to New Orleans the wires were 
 held in readiness to receive not only 
 the message " done,'' but tlie very echo 
 or vibration from the falling hammer. 
 In San Francisco, a telegraph wire 
 was attached to a fifteen-inch gun, also 
 to all the flre-bells in the city, which 
 
 were rung simultaneously with the 
 firing of the gun by electricity. All 
 business in the city was suspended, 
 and all classes united in a grand cele- 
 bration. All over the State of Califor- 
 nia the excitement was at fever heat. 
 In New York and "Wnshinu'ton the in- 
 terest was intense. (";ir;r.jn rrlelirated 
 the event on a ni:ii::-ilM > iii -i:,l.-; the 
 procession was verv uni'iur, :in<l was 
 over lour miles li.iiu 'Hie icid from 
 Omalei t.. S;in I'l ;Miei>,e ,',kI SI r,.-|,OllO,- 
 OOii, and re(|uiMMl lln.nim |,,iis cf iron 
 rails, 1,111111,01111 li,h ],licles, ■2.(100,000 
 bolts, l,"),iiO(i,0();i -pikes, :i,.")(HI, (100 cross- 
 ties, l.cside^ millions (if fe.t c.f timber 
 init estimated, lor the construction of 
 bridges, culvert^, and roads. By means 
 (if this wonderful highway the distance 
 irura New York to San Francisco was 
 reduced to seven days' travel ; from 
 New York to Japan 25 days. 
 
 Great Coal Mine Disaster. 
 Avondale Coal Mine disaster in Pennsyl- 
 vania. A fire broke out in the fur- 
 nace, and the shaft was consumed— 
 the 15re extending to the mines ; more 
 than 100 men were suffocated before help 
 could reach them. 
 
 Great Peace Jubilee. 
 June 1.5-20. A peace jubilee and musical 
 festival was held in Boston in honor 
 of the restoration of the Union of the 
 States. There were 10,000 singers, 
 .and an orchestra of 1,000 instruments, 
 .and tens of tliousamls of spectators. 
 It was held in the rnH.wum, an im- 
 mense lidiMiu" ereet(al for the pur- 
 pose, and was conducted by Prof. P. S. 
 Gilmore. 
 
 Grant Favors Labor. 
 
 Eight-hour system with ten hours pay 
 for Government employes ordered by 
 President Grant. 
 
 Colored PenpWs Convention in Washing- 
 ton, Frederick Douglas presiding, pro- 
 nodnced against emigration to Liberia. 
 
 June 18. Death of Henry J. Raymond, 
 founder and editor of the JSfew York 
 Times, in New York city, aged 49 
 years. 
 
 Ju'ly 4. National Democratic Convention 
 met in New York, nominating Sey- 
 mour and Blair. 
 
 July 11. Irish National BepuhKcan Con- 
 vention held in Chicago, adopting a 
 resolution requesting Congress to pass 
 a law for the naturalization of foreign 
 crs af'er one year's residence in the 
 
 Jiilv ■,'!. Freneli Transatlantic cable laid 
 ill the r.av of Mincm, near Brest, reach- 
 
 Auii:, y.iHi'inil Ijiihor Convention met in 
 Pliiladelpliia, re-alfirming the eight- 
 hinir system. 
 
 Aus. 7. 'Total eclipse of the sun. 
 
 Temperance and Prohibition Convention 
 met in Chicago. 
 
 William Pitt Fcssendeti. 
 Sept. 8. Death of Wm. Pitt Fessenden, 
 LL.D , an American statesman. Senator, 
 and financier. In politics, Mr. Fessen- 
 den was a Whig. In 1839 he was 
 elected to the State Legislature. In 
 
 1840 he was elected to Congress. la 
 1843 he declined a renomination, and 
 returned to his profession. In 1843 ho 
 was Kgain elected to fill a vacancy in the 
 Senate ; two years following he served 
 in the Legislature, and in 1845 he re 
 ccived the votes of his party in the 
 Legislature for a seat in the U. S. 
 Senate. In 1854 he again entered the 
 U. S. Senate, and made the most 
 eloquent and efifective speeches ever 
 made against the Nebraska bill, and 
 this made him a leading man of the 
 Senate. In 1859 he returned to the 
 Senate for six years. Throughout the 
 war, Mr. Fessenden was a firm ally of 
 the Union cause, and as Chairman of 
 the Finance Committee, he aided the 
 Secretary of the Tnasiiiy in maintain- 
 ing the National eri'lit. Upon the 
 resignation of Mr, Chase from the 
 office of Seeretarv of (he Treasury, he 
 was appointed in hi- iikec, which was 
 the most iinpoituiit ■ ne in the Cabinet, 
 and the re-pniivil .ililie-; of which he 
 fil!,.,l to the e: tin- sati-fac'tion of the 
 
 people an. 1 thev.llvaliellefthe COUUtry. 
 
 tie was ai,'ain re-elei-teil to the Senate 
 for six years. Mr. Fessenden voted 
 asiainst the impeachment of President 
 Johnson, which made him unpopular 
 for a while, but which soon wore off, 
 consiileiint,' his consistency and great 
 uselulness. Mr. Fessenden's character 
 stood hi.udi in the nation, at home, and 
 abroad. 
 Sept. G. Death of Gen. John A. Rawlins, 
 Secretary of War, at Washington, aged 
 
 Sept. Destructive flood in Virginia ; 
 forty lives lost at Harper's Ferry. 
 Richmond was overflowed, and ferry- 
 boats instead of horse-cars were used 
 in the streets. The loss in property in 
 the State amounted to miUions. 
 
 Black Friday. 
 
 Sejjt. 24. The terrible Wall Street Panic. 
 A memorable dav in New York. The 
 
 panii- was ).roduceil by the gamblers 
 
 (if W all Street, controlled by the Fisk- 
 Gould ring, who produced a "corner" 
 on gold, selling in short sums until 
 about $15,000,000 were thrown upon 
 the market, when the " gambling " be- 
 gan. The railroad stock gamblers had 
 tor weeks bicn playing a desperate 
 game, and the excitement becoming 
 intense, the great gold " manipulators " 
 of Wall Street began their raid. They 
 ran up the price of gold from 187| to 
 106. The '• bulls " went into the fight 
 determined to win if they ran gold up 
 to 200, but at 160 they collapsed. The 
 Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. B(nit- 
 well, with the advice and by order of 
 the I'nsideiit, sold ?;4,lt00,000 of gold 
 on the street. This broke up the " cor- 
 ner, " and saved hundreds from ruin. 
 The Fisk-tJould ring, designing to 
 cimtrol the market, had implored the 
 Secretary to loan them a large amount, 
 but the Government preferred to place 
 the gold in the market. The total 
 depreciation in stocks and gold, for 
 the week ending October 1st, amounted 
 to $100,000,000. 
 
 The Gold-room presented a scene of 
 the wildest excitement. Money was 
 loaned at 500 per cent, per annum. 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 799 
 
 1SG9. Wlicn the bids reached 155, men 
 shrieked and raved like wild beasts. 
 The room was filled with curses, and 
 men rushed about in paroxysms of fury. 
 Speyer, a large operator, became crazed, 
 and raved like a madman, and was 
 taken home by his friends. The Stock 
 E.\change was deserted, all rushing to 
 the Goid-room to witness the death 
 struggles of the " bulls.'' The scene 
 outrivaled any low gambling den — men 
 at a " prize-fight " do not so utterly 
 forget themselves and their humanity, 
 as did these great Wall Street brokers. 
 They were more like a pack of fam- 
 ished wolves coming suddenly upon 
 fresh blood. Outside the excitement 
 was almost as intense. New Street was 
 packed, and all travel was shut out ; 
 all were watching with strained eyes 
 the dial that marked the fluctuations 
 of the Gold-room. The struggle to 
 reach the Gold-room was worse than a 
 scene at a lar.i^e fire ; men were push- 
 ing and jamming to get out, and fight- 
 ing to get in. Fisk and Gould left 
 the streets, and could not be found. 
 Men were everywhere threatening the 
 life of Fisk. The bankere and brokers 
 sent 2,232 messages over their wires 
 on that day, and tlie other lines were 
 in proportion burdened with the ex- 
 citing dispatches. All confidence was 
 destroyed in the markets and in trade. 
 Millionaires were hourly becoming 
 beggars, and mushroom operators sud- 
 denly found themselves worth millions 
 less than Tiothing. Wholesale dry-goods 
 houses refused to sell goods, as they 
 could not determine the prices to place 
 upon them. 
 
 Explosion at India napolis. 
 
 " Oct. 1. Bursting of a portable engine on 
 the fair-ground in the city of Ind 
 apolis. 15,000 persons on the ground ; 
 between twenty and thirty killed, and 
 over fifty injured. 
 
 '' Oct. 14. A terrible hurricane swept over 
 Cuba — the most severe in the present 
 century ; immense damage was done 
 to property, and about 2,000 lives were 
 lost. 
 
 George Peabody. 
 
 " Nov. 4. Death of George Peabody, the 
 eminent and loved benefactor of Eu- 
 rope and America. Mr. Peabody was 
 born in 1795 at Dan vers, Mass. He 
 served as a grocery clerk from 11 to 
 15 years of age, when he went into the 
 dry- goods store of his iMvithcr in 
 Newburyport. At the aere of twenty 
 he became a partner of Mr. Elisha 
 Riggs, in a large dry-goods house in 
 Baltimore — -Mr. Riggs furnishing capi- 
 tal, and young Peabody the business 
 ability. The house rapidly increased 
 in business, and established branch 
 houses in New York and Philadelphia. 
 In 1829 Mr. Peabody became tlie head 
 of the house- — Mr Kiggs retiring. In 
 1837 he settled in London, and four 
 years after he withdrew from the firm 
 and established a bank in London, 
 which soon became the headquarters 
 for American news intelligence and 
 acquaintance. In 1852 Mr. Peabody 
 sent a present of |20,000 to his native 
 town of Danvers to be disbursed in 
 founding a library, an institute, and a 
 lyceum, which he subsequently en- 
 
 dowed to the extent of several hun- 
 dred thousand. To the Grinnell Ex- 
 pedition to the North Pole he gave 
 $10,000. In 1857 Mr. Peabody gave 
 the uiagnificcnt sum of $300,000, as 
 the first installment of $500,000, for 
 the establishment of an institute to 
 promote literature, science, and the 
 arts in Baltimore. Later, he gave 
 $500,000 for the promotion of educa- 
 tion in the South, and which he after- 
 waril increased by several endow- 
 ments, making his public benefactions 
 in America reach above $1,000,000. 
 But his most worthy and princely gifts 
 were to the poor of London. As an 
 experiment he invested the sum of 
 $1,250,000 to aid the industrious poor, 
 lie therefore erected four great build- 
 ings called by his name, in the poorest 
 quarters of London. He reduced the 
 rent to within their reach, but required 
 them to keep them clean — a require- 
 ment which many of the tenants who 
 had lived in squalor all their days 
 considered too great a tax. The en- 
 terprise did not seem to meet with the 
 success which the benefactor wished. 
 A part of this fund was reserved to re- 
 lieve tenants in deserving instances. 
 Mr. Peabody made his last visit to this 
 country on "the 9th of Juue preceding 
 his death. The American sculptor 
 Story made a noble statue of him 
 which was erected in London at the 
 expense of that city, and upon his 
 death Queen Victoria fitted out a ship 
 — which was joined by vessels from the 
 American squadron in the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea — to bear his remains back 
 to his native land, where they repose 
 among the honored and hallowed of 
 our country's great and noble bene- 
 factors. 
 Nov. 11. Death of Robert J. Walker, 
 statesman and publicist, at Washing- 
 ton, aged OS. 
 
 Albert D. Richardso)i. 
 Nov. 25. Assassination of Albert P. 
 Richardson, the well-known author 
 and journalist. He was shot in the 
 New York Trilnme counting-room by 
 Daniel McFarland, upon the alleged 
 intimacy of Richardson with Mrs. 
 McFarland, who had recently been di- 
 vorced from him. Mr. Richardson died 
 on the morning of Dec. 2. In March, 
 18(J7, McFarland had attempted to take 
 the life of Mr. Richardson, who was 
 escorting Mrs. McFarland home from 
 the Winter Garden Theater, where she 
 was employed as an actress. Mrs. Mc- 
 Farland had separated from her hus- 
 band upon alleged cruelty and failure 
 to support her and her children. The 
 situation in the theater had been pro- 
 cured for her by Mr. Sydney Howard 
 (iay, managing editor of the New York 
 Tiihuiie, through the intercession of 
 Mrs. Sinclair, wife of the publisher of 
 that paper, and also of Jlr. Richardson, 
 who was a correspondent of the Trih- 
 ttne. Mrs. McFarland was a woman 
 of fine liter.ary talents and a splendid 
 reader. She had many influential 
 friends, and among them several of 
 the Tribune staff', who were interested 
 in her welfare. She was always es- 
 corted home from the theater by some 
 one of her friends, and on this partic- 
 ular evening Mr. Browne and Miss Gil- 
 
 bert had engaged to see her home, but 
 finding he could not fulfill his engage- 
 ment, Mr. Browne requested Jlr. Rich- 
 ardson to call at the theater and ac- 
 company her to her home. It was a 
 stormy night, and Mr. McFarland had 
 watched her, and crept up behind 
 Richardson and shot him in the back. 
 He fired four shots, but one of which 
 took eff'ect. Mr. Richardson grasped 
 and held him until a policeman arrest- 
 ed him. The wound was not fatal, 
 and Mr. Richardson was confined to 
 his room but one week. Mr. McFar- 
 land claimed that Mr. Richardson had 
 alienated the affections of his wife 
 from him — that there had been a crim- 
 inal intimacy between them ; that a 
 fraudulent divorce had been obtained 
 tiirough Mr. Richardson's eflTorts, and 
 tliat an elopement and marriage had 
 taken place; all of which was openly 
 denied by Mr. Richardson and Mrs. 
 McFarland and her friends. Upon 
 the trial, it was abundantly proved by 
 the most respectable and reliable wit- 
 nesses that every one of these charges 
 were false ; and that not until Mrs. 
 McFarland had formally parted from 
 her husband, and was dependent upon 
 the sympathy and aid of her friends 
 for protection and influence in procur- 
 ing a support for herself and children, 
 did Mr. Richardson show her any at- 
 tention beyond which any bigb-mind- 
 ed and generous gentleman would be- 
 stow upon a lady needing sympathy 
 and aid. It was also abundantly 
 proved that Mr. McFarland was a va- 
 grant — a man of dissolute habits, 
 of a hasty and violent temper, ovcr- 
 beaiing and exacting, and that he had 
 utterly neglected his family and re- 
 fused to support them. It was also 
 proven that Mrs. McFarland was a 
 woman of modest and retiring man- 
 ners, patient and forbearing, indus- 
 trious and studious in her habits, and 
 was much beloved by a large circle of 
 friends; that for many years she had 
 borne in silence his aliusc, which, when 
 he was under the influence of liquor, 
 was of a desperate and dangerous nat- 
 ure. McFarland was tried for the 
 murder of Mr. Richardson in New 
 Y'ork, and was nejuitted upon the plea 
 of insanity. 
 National Woman''s Suffrage Convention, 
 
 Rev. Henry Ward Beecher presiding. 
 Convention in Memphis, Tenn., to dis- 
 cuss the Coolie question. 
 Dec. 10. National Colored Labor Conven- 
 tion, which sent a delegation congratu- 
 lating President Grant, and offering 
 him the support of all colored laborers, 
 because he had opened the gates of the 
 navy yard, and other departmeuts of 
 skilled labor, to their race. 
 Babcock fire extinguisher first patented 
 
 in the United States. 
 10,oOO Protestants in the Argentine Re- 
 public. 
 The cinsus makes the value of the 
 United States $31,000,000,000. 
 
 Edunn M. Stanton. 
 
 Dec. 1 4. Death of Edwin M. Stanton, 
 LL.D., statesman and Cabinet officer.. 
 Jlr. Stanton was born in Steubenville,. 
 O., Dec. 24, 1815, and graduated at 
 Keuyon Colieg>', O , in ls33. He grad- 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 imtcd at law in the office of Judge 
 Tapjjan, an eminent jurist of Ohio, and 
 began practice in Cadiz, O., in 1830, 
 and in 1839 he became a partner with 
 the Judge. In 1843 he was elected re- 
 porter of the decisions of the Supreme 
 Court of Ohio, and prepared the vol- 
 umes for the press. 
 
 In 1860 Jlr. Stanton was appointed 
 to his first position as a Government 
 officer. He received the appointment 
 of Attorney-General from President 
 Buchanan, as successor of Judge Black. 
 January 11, 1862, President Lincoln 
 chose Mr. Stanton for Secretary of 
 War. His able and unceasing labors 
 in this department through the war 
 are too well known to require a de- 
 tailed account. His duties and obliga- 
 tions were more arduous than were those 
 of any other member of the Cabinet, 
 the " weight of the war" resting upon 
 his shoulders. Under President John- 
 son hi-* stanch fidelity to the interests 
 of the Union, and his uncompromising 
 adherence to the principles of loyalty, 
 and to the vigorous prosecution of tlie 
 war, caused him to be feared by the 
 President and hated by the enemies of 
 the Government, both North and South. 
 Mr. Johnson sought in every way to 
 force his resignation, which Mr. Stan- 
 ton as stoutly resisted. Finally, in 
 August, 1807, the President superseded 
 liim, placing Gen. Grant in his seat, 
 cul interim. But Mr. Stanton refused 
 to vacate, holding his seat through the 
 impeachment trial of the President, 
 but resigning upon the failure of the 
 jury to find him guilty. 
 
 He now sought rest and the restora- 
 tion of his health, which had been 
 greatly impaired by his incessant and 
 herculean labors. In December, 1869, 
 President Grant nominated him for 
 Assistant Justice of the Supreme 
 Court, in the place of Judge Grier, re- 
 signed; but Mr. Stanton died before 
 his commission was made out, and 
 died a poor man, not leaving a sufficient 
 support for Ids family. Congress voted 
 a year's salary as Justice of the Su- 
 preme Court to be paid to his family, 
 and the friends of Mr. Stanton through- 
 out the country made up a memorial 
 fund and presented to them. Mr. Stan- 
 ton made some enemies by his arbi- 
 trary manner, which was greatly ag- 
 gravated by the perplexing and re- 
 sponsible position which he held as Sec- 
 retary of War through the great Re- 
 belli(m ; but his loyalty to the Govern- 
 ment, and his strict integrity of char- 
 acter as without a blemish ; his 
 great ability as a statesman was never 
 questioned. 
 Schenck's bill, requiring all national ob- 
 ligations to be paid in coi 
 
 Terrible Explosion. 
 Dec. 16. Explosion of 3,000 pounds of 
 gunpowder, 500 pounds of compound, 
 and 3,000 pounds of nitro-glycerine at 
 once in a torpedo factory at Titusville 
 Pa. This terrible explosion took place 
 about one mile from the center of the 
 town, and shook the whole city. For 
 100 yards in every direction the earth 
 was torn up as in a newly-plowed 
 field ; trees one foot in diameter were 
 cut off and toru into fragments ; heavy 
 
 logs were hurled through the air and 
 over the tree tops a distance of one- 
 ciijlith of a mile; doors nnd windows 
 fully olir-iou.tb ..r :i .,p1.' :i.^^lV wrre 
 driven ill ;ii,<l l.r,.kr,, 1- li',^ r- ; ani- 
 mals and fowls wnv l,i;j l.l.ni'd and 
 fled in every direction ; uieu were 
 stunned by the shock ; and not a build- 
 ing in the city but felt the effects of the 
 terrible concussion. 'fliere was but 
 one man inor i.l.oiit tlir l.ir Miiiixs, and 
 ho was litcr.-illv M-uh inin lr:miii.-nts. 
 The effect ii|ioii ihr |hm|.v .-.iM build- 
 ings in till' viriiiifN V, :i- iirrcisrly 
 likr fiiat jiro.hirr,! hv an carflMiuake. 
 3/<v.v I'.nr.ir. C.h.ni.h: ,ri>l.u'i,„i ,ri„,li- 
 iioi, s!„rtnl ui,l. Til.' rxi.e.lition was 
 organized at Normal, 111., by Major 
 Powell, of the Normal University. 
 
 Cuban Insurrection. 
 
 Insurrection in Cuba. The insurgents 
 desired to have the independence of 
 Cuba recognized liy lln- United States, 
 but the Governivieiit (l.c'inel, and 
 maintained an attitmle of ik utrality, 
 except that she endeavored to negoti 
 ate v/ith Spain in reference to settle- 
 ment of the Cuban troubles favorable 
 to Cuba. 
 
 Fifteenth Amendment, giving the ballot 
 to the colored man, became a part of 
 the Constitution. 
 
 Geo. D Prentice. 
 
 Jan. 22. Death of Geo.Dennison Prentice, 
 an American journalist of considerable 
 note, and of much publicity in the 
 West. He became the editor-in-chief 
 of the LoidsviUe Journal in 1831, and 
 under his charge it rose to be the lead- 
 ing journal of the West. As a writer, 
 Mr. Prentice was graceful in style, 
 spicy in humor, and sarcastic and 
 severe in criticism. When the South 
 began the secession movement, Mr. 
 Prentice stoutly opposed the efforts to 
 drag the State of Kentucky into the 
 vortex, and it was largely due to the 
 unceasing fidelity of that journal that 
 they did not succeed. Being embar- 
 rassed in linanees during the war, the 
 eonlrulliiiL;- inlliienei' of the paper 
 jiasseil into other liamls, who were less 
 rigorous in maintaining the Union, and 
 for a short time he withdrew from the 
 editorial charge. The loss of a son 
 who fell in battle in the Southern 
 army, and other afflictions and trials, 
 rendered his declining years sad and 
 sorrowful. BIr. Prentice was also a 
 poet of no mean ability, and althougl 
 he never ]inMishe<l his jioeuis in book 
 form, "tliev still live." lb was also a 
 contributor to Unrp.r-^ Mmilhhj. He 
 was a bitter opponent, I)ut a warm and 
 generous friend. 
 
 Wesley Harper. 
 
 Feb. 14. Death of Wesley Harper, of 
 the firm of Harper & Bros. Wesley 
 was the literary correspondent of the 
 firm, ami dniiuL': the forty years in 
 whichliee(.ndiiet.(l t he correspondence, 
 it was sai.l of him that he never for- 
 got to be courteous or considerate of 
 the feelings of others, and that he had 
 not an enemy among the thousands 
 wdth whom he corresponded. He died 
 
 as he had lived, : 
 with all men. 
 
 :diarity and peace 
 
 Anson Burlingame. 
 Feb 33. Anson Burliugame, an Amer- 
 ican statesman and diplomatist, died in 
 
 liV, an.l 
 
 1 Powers troni 1«0T to 
 ilingame was educated 
 itv of Michigan, and in 
 r,:nv-'5(dinoi: He was a 
 e ::|th. :;.-.th, an.l 30lh 
 
 Hi, -e:,lhilrj- r.l.ukc of 
 
 oks lor his as,-,ult upon 
 
 reiehiim- ( liftoii, Canada— the spot 
 i!( -i'^n.iled liy Mr, llnrlingame. Mr. 
 lliiiliMLianie ilied in the midst of his 
 j)ol)\ilaritv, and just before he had 
 completed the greatest diplomatic 
 work ever assigned an American Min- 
 ister. 
 
 Battle of the Blondes. 
 Feb. 24. Horse-whipping of Willnir F. 
 Storey, editor of the Chicago Times, 
 for alleged slander, by Lydia Thomp- 
 son andMiss Markham, olthe " I'donde 
 Burlesque Troujie." d'li.se ladies, in 
 company with j\lr. JIarkham, business 
 manager for the troupe, and several 
 others, met Mr. Storey iu front of his 
 residence on Wabash Avenue, and in- 
 flicted some twenty lashes upon his 
 head and person with a rawhide. Mr. 
 Storey stoutly resisted, and the whole 
 assaulting party were t!iken before the 
 Armory police court on a charge of dis- 
 orderly conduct, and were tried and 
 fined $100 eacli. 
 
 General Thomas. 
 March 28. Death of Geo. Henry Thomas, 
 Maj.-Gen. of the U. S. A., one of the 
 ablest and most suecessrul of tlie mili- 
 tary chiefs of the ei\il war. General 
 Thomas was born .ami raised in Vir- 
 ginia, and belonged to the F. F. V.'s. 
 He was educated at West Point. Vet, 
 when Sumter was fired upon, he de- 
 clared for his country, and the day the 
 flag was lowered from the walls of Fort 
 Sumter, he reported for duty at Car- 
 lisle barracks, Pa,, and in May he led a 
 brigade into Maryland, from Chambers- 
 burg to Williamsport, and on Juno 
 16 he crossed the Potomac in full uni- 
 form, to invade Virginia, and fight his 
 old commanders, who had turned 
 traitors to the Government he loved 
 and cherished. All through the long 
 and Idnody strif ■, Gen, Thomas was in 
 the ticld, an active, laitht'ul, and effect- 
 ive (.|li.-er, i)e\er tlineliing from duty, 
 never lieira\ing discouragement. Or a 
 lack of those high and moral principles 
 which engaged his invaluable services 
 iu defense of his countr3''s life and 
 honor. In private life, Gen. Thomas' 
 reputation was without a stain, and he 
 died in the enjoyment of his country's 
 confidence, admiration, and gratitude. 
 
 Mrs. Willard. 
 
 April 15. Jlrs. Emma Hart Willard 
 
 died in Troy, N. Y. She was an edu- 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 801 
 
 1870. cator and author, and the pionoor in tlio 
 higher education of women in this 
 country. She was next to the youngest 
 in a family of 17 children, and per- 
 formed her allotted share of the domes- 
 tic duties of the family, while prosecut- 
 ing, with a wonderful energy, the 
 studies which presented themselves to 
 her; mastering astronomy in her 14th 
 year, studying it chiefly by moonlight 
 on the horse-block in front of tlie 
 door. She had two years' study in the 
 village academy, and then engageil as 
 teacUer in the district school, wliere 
 she became noted as a proficient teach- 
 er. Her marriage to Dr. .John Willard 
 interrupted, for some time, her calling 
 as a teacher. In 1814, financial re- 
 verses, however, induced her to open 
 a boarding-school for girls in Middle- 
 bury. Her school prospered, and licr 
 sphere enlarged, for which she qualified 
 herself by hard study at nights, 
 mastering the advanced sciences, 
 which, one by one, she introduced 
 into her school. But feeling the need 
 of enlarged privileges, slic Laid her 
 desires and plans before Gov. Clinton, 
 who gave the movement a warm sup- 
 port, and in 1819 she opened her 
 school in Waterford In 1820 the 
 citizens of Troy offered her a building 
 if she would remove her school to that 
 city. She accejited it, and in 1821 
 opened her subsequently famous Sem- 
 inary there. In 1825 her husband 
 died, and the entire charge of the in- 
 stitution rested upon her. She con- 
 tinued to successfully manage the 
 school till 1838, when her son and his 
 wife relieved her of further eiire. .\fter 
 her retirement she bceanie mimIi inter- 
 ested in common seliuoU, aitM I, ill. .red 
 for their elevation. In l"..l ii-' iiilnul- 
 ed the World's Editoriall ...i-n ss in 
 London. She published succLssively a 
 series of geographies and atlases, a 
 history of the United States, and 
 many other important historical and 
 miscellaneous works of much value. 
 She was a woman who lived and moved 
 a generation, at least, in advance of her 
 age, and her wonderful achievements 
 in behalf of a higher life and educa- 
 tion for woman will attach her name 
 to the list of the world's great movers 
 and benefactors. 
 " May 4. Death of Zcrah Colhurn, the 
 great locomotive engineer, manufac- 
 turer, and editor. He was nephew and 
 namesake of the celebrated mathema- 
 tician of New England. Jlr. Coll)urn, 
 through overwork of brain and mental 
 depression, became perfectly insane, 
 and while in one of his fits, he strayed 
 away from his friends, and died by his 
 own hand. 
 " Julv 13. Admiral Daldgren, of the 
 United States Navy, died in Washing- 
 ton from a gun-shot wound received in 
 action. He w.as the inventor of the 
 celebrated gun bearing his name, also 
 of a smaller rifled cannon. He was a 
 brave and cfiicient oflScer, and a digni- 
 fied and courteous gentleman. His 
 death was a great loss to the nation. 
 
 The Nathan Murder. 
 " July 28. Murder of Benjamin Nathan, a 
 wealthy and influential meml)cr of tin' 
 Stock Exchange, an.l brotlier-iii-law 
 
 of Judge Cardozo, in his own bed- 
 chamber in his elegant brown-stone 
 mansion near Fifth Avenue, New York. 
 His two sons and two daughters, a 
 man and a woman-servant were in the 
 house at the time — the woman-servant 
 sleeping in a room adjoining Mr. 
 Nathan's room — and not an inmate of 
 the house was disturbed. The win- 
 dows of his room were open toward 
 tlie street, and the hackmen opposite, 
 and the clerks and watch at the 
 Fifth Avenue Hotel never heard a 
 sound. A policeman wa? stationed 
 at the corner, but a few rods from the 
 hi)U>:e, yet he had no knowledge of any 
 irregular acts or deeds of violence be- 
 ing committed in the neighborhood. 
 Yet the appearance of the body and 
 the room indicated a terrible struggle 
 between Mr. Nathan and his mur- 
 derers. His body was covered with 
 blond, and nine distinct and fearful 
 gashes and bruises were found upon 
 ills head and face. The ceiling, door- 
 posts, and the carpet around the body 
 were covered and soaked with lilood. 
 The safe in the room adjoining had 
 been opened, and the contents were 
 scattered about the room. Two gold 
 watches were takeu, and the diamond 
 s^tuds were torn from his shirt bosom. 
 Mr. Nathan was a native of the United 
 States, and was 59 years of age. The 
 greatest excitement prevailed, and the 
 utmost vigilance and perseverance 
 were used by the police and detective 
 officers, yet no clew or suspicion of the 
 crime could be attached to any indi- 
 vidual. A reward of $30,000 was 
 offered by the Mayor of the city for 
 the arrest and conviction of the person 
 or persons who committed the murder, 
 and the following rewards for the re- 
 covery of property taken: $1,000 re- 
 ward was offered for the identification 
 and recovery of each and every one of 
 the diamond studs; $1,500 for the 
 identification and recovery of a fine 
 gokl watch or the chain and seals at- 
 tached ; $300 for information leading 
 to the recovery of an old-tashioned gold 
 watch ; $300 for the recovery of a gold 
 medal, the size of a silver dollar, and 
 $100 for a full and detailed description 
 of this medal ; $1,000 for the identifi- 
 cation of the instrument used in the 
 commission of the deed, and which 
 was found lying in the vestibule be- 
 tween the inner and outside door lead- 
 ing to the street. It was a piece of 
 wrought-iron, IG inches in length, and 
 turned up at each end, and sharp. It 
 is known as a " dog," and is used by 
 ship-carpenters and other mechanics. 
 Also, $800 were ofi'ered to the man 
 who, on the night of the murder, was 
 seen to ascend the steps of Mr. Nathan's 
 house and pick up a piece of paper 
 and walk away with it, if he would 
 come and return the paper. The pay- 
 ment of these rewards was guaranteed 
 by Mrs. Emily Nathan, the widow of 
 the murdered man. In additi(m to 
 these rewards, the sum of $10,000 was 
 offered by the Stock Exchange for the 
 arrest and conviction of the assassin. 
 Washington Nathan, the second son 
 of 5Ir. Nathan, was closely watched 
 and strictly examined for a season, but 
 no evidence leading to a reasonable 
 susj)icion of his guilt was found. The 
 
 coroner's verdict was rendered in the 
 following language : " That Benjamin 
 Nathan came to his death by wounds 
 inflicted upon his head by an instru- 
 ment known as a ' dog ' in the hands 
 of a person or persons to the jury un- 
 known, on the morning of July 2'J, 
 1S70." 
 
 Farragut. 
 
 Aug. 14. Death of David Olascoe Far- 
 ragut, Admiral of the United States 
 Navy, and one of the most illustrious 
 of naval commanders. His father 
 served seven years in the American 
 army, and during the Revolution was 
 promoted to the rank of Major. David, 
 at the age of eleven years, was admit- 
 ted as midshipman on board the fa- 
 mous frigate Emex (Commodore David 
 Porter) during her celebrated two 
 years' cruise in the Pacific and her 
 final capture, when 155 men were lost 
 in the fight. David was slightly 
 wounded, paroled, and sent to New 
 York. He accompanied Mr. Folsom 
 (the Consul to Tunis), where he con- 
 tinued his studies, becoming familiar 
 with the Arabic and Turkish languages, 
 also later with most of the European 
 languages. When the war broke out 
 he was living in Norfolk, Va., and 
 was so bold in his expressions of 
 abhorrence at the disloyalty of the 
 citizens that they informed him he 
 could not remain in Norfolk and ex- 
 press such sentiments. When the 
 navy yard at Norfolk was destroyed 
 by Commodore McCauley, Farragut 
 left Norfolk destitute of funds to con- 
 vey him, and with difficulty reached 
 Nevv York. After placing his family 
 in safe quarters, he offered his services 
 to the Government, but he had no ship, 
 and for nine months this great and 
 noble naval officer had to remain idle, 
 Waiting for an opportunity to aid the 
 Government, while unworthy, disabled, 
 and incompetent officers were being 
 tested and discharged. Jan. 20, he 
 was appointed to lead the fleet in the 
 attack on New Orleans, and Feb. 3d 
 he sailed in the Hartford from Hamp- 
 ton Roads. He arrived at Ship Island 
 the 20th, and was two months in plan- 
 ning and preparing for his grand 
 attack on the metropolis of the 
 .southwest. Overcoming difficulties 
 which would have appalled a man 
 of less energy and daring, he finally 
 made the assault, which terminated 
 in one of the grandest achievements 
 ever accomplished. Commodore Far- 
 ragut was promoted to the highest 
 naval oflnce in the gift of the nation, 
 and presented with a purse of $50,000 
 from the merchants of New York for 
 his invaluable services rendered to the 
 national commerce, as he had been (oo 
 busy fighting the enemy to m.ake 
 profits either in capturing blockadc- 
 lunners or seizing cotton. After the 
 war closed, he went abroad on a cruise 
 in the FraiilUn, and he everywhere 
 met with the most distinguished con- 
 sideration and regard. 
 
 Aug. 22. President Grant issued a proc- 
 lamation of neutrality in relation to 
 the Franco-German war, and also pro- 
 hibiting the American forts frirm be- 
 coming depots for materials of war. 005 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1870. Admission of Revels, the first colored Sen- 
 ator, to Congress. 
 
 " Rcconstructiou of tbc South accomplish- 
 ed by the admission of Representatives 
 in Congress from Va., Miss., and Tex 
 
 '' Aug. National Labor Convention held 
 in Cincinnati, which voted the im- 
 mediate formation of an independent 
 political organization known as the 
 National Labor Uo-'brm party. 
 
 " Aua;. 33. Proclamation of neutrality is- 
 sued by Prcs. (irant, enjoining Ameri- 
 can citizens not to take any part in the 
 Franco-German conllict. 
 
 " Irish National Congress in Cincinnati. 
 
 Ku-Klux Klan. 
 
 " Ku-Rliixism investigated, and a dark 
 revelation of murder, whipping, and 
 violence used to intimidate the Union 
 men and negroes for political purposes 
 by that secret and dangerous organiza- 
 tion. 
 
 Gen. Lee. 
 
 " Oct. 12. Death of Robert Edward Lee, 
 LL.D., an American soldier and educa- 
 tor, and son of Gen. Henry Lee, " the 
 Light-horse Harry '" Lee of the Revolu- 
 tionary war, the personal and political 
 friend of Gen. Washington. Robert E. 
 Lee was a graduate of West Point in 
 1839. He was a Captain in the regular 
 army when the Mexican war broke out, 
 and when Scott invaded Mexico Lee 
 was appointed chief-engineer of the 
 army under Gen. Wool ; and Gen. Scott 
 attributed the reduction of Vera Cruz to 
 his skill; and in recognition of his valu- 
 able services he w.as placed on the Gen- 
 eral's btatl', and after the battle of Cerro 
 Gordo, he was breveted Major ; and 
 for his gallant and meritorious conduct 
 at Contreras and Cliurubusco he was 
 raised to the rank of Lieut.-Col., and 
 in September of the same year he re- 
 ceived tbe brevet rank of Colonel for 
 services at Chapultepec. In 1853 he was 
 assigned the important post of Super- 
 intendent at West Point, retaining his 
 field rank. In 1855 Col. Lee took com- 
 mand of a cavalry regiment which had 
 been ordered to Texas, where he re- 
 mained till 1859, fighting Indians and 
 performing garrison duty. He then 
 returned to Washington "and toot an 
 active part in capturing John Brown, 
 and hunting down his feeble band; but 
 it is recorded of him that his vigilance 
 and firmness saved the prisoners from 
 the fury of the mob. On the IGth of 
 March, 1861, he was commissioned 
 Colonel of the First Cavalry, and on 
 April 20th he sent in his resignation 
 to Gen. Scott. He was soon after ap- 
 pointed commander of the Confederate 
 forces in Virginia, and served after- 
 ward for a time on the coast with 
 headquarters in Charleston ; but he was 
 shortly placed in command of all the 
 Confederate forces, which position he 
 occupied to the end of the war, or until 
 his final surrender to Gen. Grant. Gen. 
 Lee was a man marked by native gen- 
 ius, and highly endowed with manly 
 courage and physical beauty, and was 
 greatly endeared to the South, who 
 truly mourned their chieftain. 
 
 Albert Barnes. 
 " Dec. 24. Dcatli of Albert Barnes, D.D., 
 an American clergyman, scholar, and 
 
 author, in Philadelphia. He was 
 of the New School Presbyterian de- 
 nomination. Tie wn« tried" f(ir lierrs-^ 
 
 1837. He was thr iiiilli..r <.l '-Note; 
 on the New Testaimni "' in ( l^ven vol 
 umes, also "Inqiiii V i'lto tlic Striptun 
 views of Slavrr-v." ' I.ifi- nl' St. Paul,' 
 etc. He ;ic.|iiir.M llir lillr ,,f D.D. 
 
 from tw ■ i!:r. (• , m||, j, : in the 
 
 United states, mul Iroin a fiTcign uni- 
 versity. 
 
 First narrow-gauge railway in the world 
 built — the Denver and Rio Grande. 
 
 The ])npuIation of the United States 
 numbered 40,000,000. 
 
 Manitoba made into a separate province. 
 
 Lopez, President of Paraguay, killed, since 
 which Paraguay has been, though nomi- 
 nally a republic, under control of Brazil. 
 
 Great earthquake in Guatemala. 
 
 The treaty of Wa.shington. 
 
 Impeachment of Gov. Holden, of North 
 Carolina, for malfeasance in office. 
 
 Ku-Khix hill passed by Congress and en- 
 forced in Southern districts infested 
 by them. 
 
 Agitation of the Civil Service question, 
 and a Board of Commissioners ap- 
 pointed. 
 
 Labor Reform, Woman Suff"rage, and 
 Colored Conventions held in St. Louis. 
 
 Meeting of the Alabama Claims Commis- 
 sioners in Washington, Fish presiding. 
 
 Congress passed an Act creating an im- 
 mense pulilic park near the head waters 
 of the Yellowstone. 
 
 George Ticknor. 
 Jan. 20. Geo. Ticknor, LL.D., an eminent 
 scholar, professor, and author, died in 
 Boston. Mr. Ticknor was a graduate of 
 Dartmouth College in 1807. In 1830 he 
 became Professor of Languages, Liter- 
 ature, and Belles Lettres in Harvard 
 College, from which he retired in 1835. 
 In 1849 Mr. Ticknor published his 
 " History of Spanish Literature." As 
 a scholar, perhaps few men in America 
 excelled liini, while none, unless ex- 
 cepting Ivlward Kverrtt. bad a mem- 
 
 ations ^vitll luiiliaiil lilriaiy men and 
 women of tliis eoimtrv and Europe. 
 He was a i>erso„.al friend of Goethe, 
 Lord Byron, Sir A\'alter Scott, Madame 
 de Stael. Wordsworth, and many other 
 distinguished persons. To Jlr. Tick- 
 nor, more than any one else, were the 
 peopleof Boston iiulelited for tlie plan- 
 ning and organization of tlieir great 
 public library, wliich labors he per- 
 formed after his sixtieth year. His pre- 
 liminary report led Mr. Bates to make 
 his magnificent donations. 
 
 Aliee Cary. 
 Feb. 12. Miss Alice Cary, an American 
 poetess and literary writer of wide 
 reputation, died in New York city. 
 She enjoyed the jjublic favor to a far 
 greater extent than many later and 
 more brilliant w; iters for the press. 
 Her writings were characterized by a 
 native grace and sweetness, and a con- 
 scientious regard for the true and the 
 beautiful, rarely found in literary writ- 
 ers of the present day. She was, 
 
 n. though an invalid much of her life, an 
 unceasing worker, and her active 
 mind never lacked resources to fill the 
 flying moments with sweet snatches 
 of song or fairy talcs of romance. 
 She was the author of many volumes, 
 besides being a cimstant contributor 
 to the leading literary j.iurnals of the 
 day. For nearly thirty years Alice 
 and her sister Phebe lived in a quiet 
 little home in New York city, which 
 was ever the fiivorite resort of the 
 literati of the country. Her last ill- 
 ness was long and painful, yet it was 
 borne with a cheerfulness rarely found 
 upon a bed of death. 
 
 mtro-GIycerine. 
 May 19. _ Explosion of 400 lbs. of nitro- 
 glycerine in cans loaded upon a wagon 
 en roiite from Titusville to Tideoute, 
 Pa. The driver, horses, and wagon 
 were blown to atoms. A large circular 
 excavation, four or five feet deep and 
 twelve feet in diameter, was made in 
 the middle of the road. Tlie fences 
 anil trees for a considerable distance 
 around were shattered into fragments. 
 A barn, forty rods away, was blown to 
 pieces, and the whole vicinity was a 
 ).'erfect wreck. The butt end of the 
 driver's wbip was driven a distance of 
 one-fouith of a mile through a win- 
 dow, and knocked a woman senseless. 
 Sevi ral jH I .;ons remote from the scene 
 Were so stunned by the terrific shock 
 a- lo In, ,,nie quite ill. The shock was 
 elescribed as very similar to that of an 
 earthquake. 
 
 Vallandigham. 
 
 June 17. Death of Clement L. Vallandig- 
 ham, a Democratic political leader in 
 iiliin. Mr. Vallandigham was suc- 
 ee^^ively a teacher, lawyer. Member 
 of 1 I ui-latiire, and editor of a news- 
 paper, Tiif Jhiyftm Empire. He ran 
 for Congress in 1857 against Lewis D. 
 Campbell, and though declared de- 
 feated, contested the seat and won it; 
 He served in the Thirty-sixth and 
 Thirty- seventh Congress, and was 
 conspicuous for his bold atterancea 
 against the Administration. Upon his 
 return to Ohio from Congress, his 
 jmlilic spi lilies against the war and 
 tile .\ibninistration were of such an in- 
 fiapjDiatoiy. bitter, and violent nature, 
 that Gen. Burnside, the Commander 
 of that department, ordered his arrest. 
 He was court-martialed, ccmvicted, 
 and sentenced to close confinement 
 during the war. President Lincoln 
 changed his sentence to banishment 
 across the lines. He was coldly re- 
 ceived by the Southern leaders, and 
 soon escajjed through the blockade to 
 Canada by the Bermudas. While in 
 exile he was nominated for Governor 
 of Ohio, but was defeated by Hon. 
 John Brough by over 100,000 votes, 
 lie returned undisturbed to Ohio, and 
 was a member of the National Demo- 
 cratic Congress at Chicago in 1864 ; 
 and just before his death he advocated 
 the Democratic " New Dej)arture." 
 
 July 13. Great riot in New York be- 
 tween the Irish factions — the Orange- 
 men and Roman Catholics ; 07 killed 
 and 117 wounded. 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 803 
 
 July 10. First exposure of " Tammany 
 King " iu the New York Times. 
 
 Phcbe Gary. 
 
 July 31. Miss Phebe Cary died at, Ncvv- 
 ]iort, R. I. She was sister to Alice 
 Cary, the poetess ; herself a poetess 
 and writer of much note. Phebe be- 
 gan writing verses .at the age of 17 
 years, and soon her hymns, songs, and 
 household lyrics became eagerly sought 
 for, and read in thousands of homes. 
 She was the " housekeeper " in the 
 little home of the sisters (Alice being 
 an invalid), and her spare time was 
 devoted to contributing her rich an:l 
 varied thoughts and fancies to the 
 literary press of the day. Iler death 
 soon followed that of her sister, for 
 whom her grief was intense and incon- 
 solable. 
 
 Aug. 4. Mrs. Lydia Shankland, a cente- 
 narian in Hillsboro, N. C, died at the 
 age of 113 years. At the time of the 
 Revolutionary war she was a young 
 woman. 
 
 Oct. 9. Earthquake shocks felt in the 
 Atlantic States. 
 
 Burning of the City of Chicago. 
 
 Oct. 8-9. This was the most destructive 
 conflagration recorded in the history of 
 civilized nations, sweeping over 2,134 
 acres of ground, or 73 miles of streets, 
 destroying 17,450 buildings and their 
 contents, with a loss of $300,000,000 
 and hundreds of human lives. The 
 wind had been blowing strongly from 
 the south-west for several days, and 
 not a drop of rain 'had fallen for 
 •weeks. The fire originated in a small 
 shed or stable in the rear of 137 De 
 Koven Street, on the west side of the 
 city, at half-past nine o'clock Sunday 
 evening. When once started, among a 
 class of wooden buildings and shanties, 
 and adjacent to a number of shingle 
 and planing mills and factories, no 
 ])ower could arrest the flames. They 
 leaped and darted across streets and over 
 high blocks, consuming everything in 
 their mad fury. The river afforded no 
 barrier to their progress, and often the 
 flames started up several blocks in ad- 
 vance, ignited by burning shingles, 
 boards, and soraelimes heavy planks, 
 which were carried like feathers before 
 the wind. The water-works were de- 
 stroyed early in the night, and no 
 further efforts could be made to arrest 
 the progress of destruction. The wind 
 increased to a perfect gale, tilling the 
 air with coals, brands, and burning 
 fragments of every description, often 
 hurling heavy doors and sections of 
 roofing and awnings through the air 
 with relentless fury, rendering passage 
 through the streets extremely perilous. 
 After all hope of saving the city was 
 abandoned, then began the wild rush 
 of thousands of human beings for a 
 place of safety. 
 
 By four o'clock Monday morning all 
 the bridges were burned except one on 
 the main branch, and the tunnels 
 were but furnaces, through wliich the 
 smoke and flames poured with the fury 
 of a hurricane. Soon escape was im- 
 possible for a large number tvho were 
 hemmed in on the south side. There 
 
 was but one avenue left, and that the 
 lake. Already the shipping was on 
 file, and every large building adjacent 
 to the water was in flames. But, with 
 the desperation of despair these un- 
 fortunate creatures rushed into the 
 water. A few boats and vessels had 
 escaped, and some were rescued on 
 these, and the railroad cars from the 
 south bore away the flying fugitives 
 until the burdened trains began to 
 take fire. It was, indeed, a race for 
 life, and for a time the flames seemed 
 sure to win. On and on they swept 
 to the northward, through the old 
 cemetery and over Lincoln Park, 
 carrying destruction to everything in 
 their march. But one house in the 
 long and devastating track of this 
 fiery hurricane was left standing, 
 and that, being in the center of "a 
 block, and defended by a score of 
 hands, had been covered by wet carpets 
 and blankets, which were constantly 
 replenished with water from a large 
 cistern. No tongue, or pen, or human 
 power can depict that fearful carnival 
 of flame which surged, with resistless 
 power, for over thirty hours. At last it 
 reached the northern limits of the city, 
 and there expired for want of prey. 
 
 The news of this terrible disaster 
 reached the farthest extent of civili- 
 zation before the smoke had cleared 
 away, and from every nook and corner 
 of this wide continent began to pour in 
 such large supplies of food, clothing, 
 and everything necessary for the sus- 
 tenance of life, that in less than forty- 
 eight hours there was abundance for 
 present need. Millions of dollars 
 besides were sent to support the 
 '■pauper city," and to build liouses 
 and store them for the shelter of 
 tliousauds through the cold winter. 
 $7,000,000 were contributed for this 
 purpose. 
 
 The nations of Europe sent proffers 
 of sympathy and aid. And while the 
 Samaritans were busy at their work of 
 mercy, the thieves and plunderers were 
 also on the alert, and a reign of terror 
 was imminent. But Gen. Phil. Sheridan, 
 with a detachment of regulars, soon 
 restored order and afforded protection 
 to life and property. The wonderful 
 charities which were so treely be- 
 stowed were only paralleled by the 
 marvelous energies displayed by the 
 citizens of Chicago in her restoration. 
 In less than three years scarce a vestige 
 of the great fire remained, and the 
 city was rebuilt more solidly and beau- 
 tifully than before, and the business 
 part greatly extended. It seemed like 
 the work of magic, and is a striking 
 illustration of the enterprise of the age 
 in which we live. 
 
 Great Forest Fires. 
 Oct. 9. G rent Jlrcs in the. forests of North- 
 ern Ilichiijatt and Wisconsin, sweeping 
 over large districts of heavily-timbered 
 country, burning the green pinetrees as 
 though they were the driest tinder, 
 and enveloping small villages, settle- 
 ments, and saw-milis with a cordon of 
 fire, rendering all efforts to escape 
 futile. Millions of dollars in properly 
 and hundreds of human lives were 
 thus destrovcd. 
 
 Burning of Peshtigo. 
 1871. Oct. 9. The burning of this little town 
 with nearly every one of its inhabitants 
 was the saddest and most shocking 
 feature of any of the great and disas- 
 trous fires which swept over the country 
 during this ever memorable year. This 
 was a village of several hundred inhab- 
 itants, who were engaged in the lum- 
 ber business, there being large saw-mills 
 upon the stream. The fire came with 
 a tornado of wind ; suddenly, and with- 
 out a moment's warning, it fell like a 
 vast flaming thunderbolt from heaven 
 and wiped the little hamlet out of ex- 
 istence. The frantic people ran for the 
 river and the cleared fields; the water 
 was filled with floating logs and tim- 
 bers, and the poor distracted cattle also 
 took refuge in the river ; many of 
 the people were crushed and drowned 
 who were not burned upon its banks ; 
 and all who sought shelter in the forest, 
 or in the open fields, were burned — 
 literally roasted alive. A few only es- 
 caped to tell the dreadful tale. The 
 spectacle after the fire was exhausted 
 was one of the most heart-rending that 
 ever was witnessed. Thousands of 
 people visited the spot, and to the 
 few survivors aid was jaromptly given. 
 
 Gen. Anderson. 
 
 " Oct. 3G. Maj.-Gen. Robert Anderson died 
 at Nice, France. Gen. Anderson was a 
 graduate from West Point as an artil- 
 lery officer. He served as a Colonel in 
 the Black Hawk war, and served in the 
 Florida war with great acceptance. 
 He was aide-de-camp to Gen. Scott, and 
 in 1841 he was promoted to a cap- 
 taincy of artillery. He was in the 
 IMexican war under Scott, and was 
 wounded at the battle of Molino del 
 Rey. He was, for his bravery, breveted 
 Major. Until the breaking out of the 
 Rebellion he was a very useful and 
 effleient ofliccr in the U. S. Army, and 
 Governor of a Military Asylum at 
 Harrodsburg, Ky., which institution he 
 founded. Gen. Scott selected him to 
 command the fort at Charleston from 
 full confidence in his integrity, al- 
 though he was by birth and marriage 
 a Southern man. John B. Floyd, a 
 noted secessionist, was Secretary of 
 War under Pres. Buchanan, and on 
 Anderson's appointment to the post, 
 they refused him a battalion, allowing 
 him but two skeleton companies, and 
 alter his arrival at Fort Moultrie he 
 constantly appealed, but in vain, for 
 reinforcements and supplies (see notes 
 on Fort Sumter). 
 
 •' Hall made a third and last voyage to the 
 Arctic seas. 
 
 " Nov. Russian Minister Catacazy dis- 
 missed for discourtesy to the United 
 States authoiities. 
 
 " Nov. 8. Death of Capt. Hall on board 
 the Polaris in the Arctic seas. 
 
 " Nov. 38. Death of Mrs. Bridget Carroll, 
 au Irish centenarian, in N. Y. city, 
 aged 102 years; married at 33 and had 
 10 children, 37 grandchildren, and 4 
 great-grandchildren. At the age of 
 94 she had not an unsound tooth in 
 her head, and just before her death 
 she could thread the finest cambric 
 needle without the aid of spectacles. 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 Grand Duke Alexis. 
 
 Visit of the Grand Duke Alexis, son of the 
 Emperor Alexander of Russia, to tlic 
 United States, his extended tour over 
 the land, and his generous welcome by 
 the people. 
 
 Thomas Ewing. 
 Death of Thomas Ewing, LL.D., an 
 American jurist and statesman. Mr. 
 Ewing was the fiither of Gen. Thomas 
 Ewing, Jr., and father-in-law of Gen. 
 William T. Sherman. Mr. Ewing re- 
 ceived in 1815 the first bachelor's de- 
 gree ever granted in Ohio. He then 
 studied law, and was admitted to the 
 bar in 1816. In 1831 he entered the 
 U. S. Senate. In politics Mr. Ewing 
 was a Whig, and was associated with 
 Clay and Webster in opposition to 
 President Jackson. In 1841 he became 
 Secretary of the Treasury under Har- 
 rison. 
 
 Stanley. 
 
 Visit of Henry M. Stanley, of the "■Her- 
 ald Expedition," to Africa, in search of 
 the lost traveler — Dr. Livingstone. 
 Mr. Stanley reached Zanzibar in due 
 time, and after a tedious journey 
 through the wilds of Africa, he met 
 the object of his search in Ujiji in 
 November. Remaining with Living- 
 stone about four months, in August he 
 reached London ; and "upon the wings 
 of the wind " the whole world was 
 made acquainted with the result of his 
 wonderful travels through the jungles 
 of Africa, the peculiar and almost mi- 
 raculous meeting with the celebrated 
 Dr. Livingstone, whom the world re- 
 garded as lost, electrified all the civil- 
 ized nations of the earth, with a pecul- 
 iar sympathy in the great traveler and 
 his already famous discoverer. Mr. 
 Stanley immediately began writing a 
 book witli a detailed account of his 
 journey, with which the world is al- 
 ready familiar. 
 
 Revolution in Guatemala. 
 
 British Columbia taken into tho Do- 
 minion. 
 
 City of Buenos Ayres visited by yellow 
 fever, and 26,000 persons died in 100 
 days. 
 
 The Ku-Klux bill passed by Con- 
 gress 606 
 
 Civil Service Reform question agitated, 
 and a board of civil service commis- 
 sioners appointed 606 
 
 Statistics of the United States census for 
 1870 published, giving the population 
 of the United States 38,113,353 606 
 
 A Joint Commission appointed between 
 the United States and Great Britain 
 to examine all cases in dispute. The 
 Commission met at Washington on 
 Feb. 37th, and, after a lengthy discus- 
 sion, the Washington treaty was 
 signed 607 
 
 Agassiz started on a voyage round Cape 
 Horn. 
 
 Credit Mohilier. 
 This year the great '' Credit Mohilier''^ 
 scandal, which involved several promi- 
 nent Government official-:, including 
 the Vice-President, was developed. It 
 was an extensive corporation of stock- 
 holders of the Union Pacific Railroad, 
 pf which Oakes Ames, a United States 
 
 ( ■,,ii'jir-,-in:iii iVom Massachusett'', was 
 til'' I':mI)!i_ -lirit. It was claimed 
 tlial, lliiMiili 'MihiTY, prnminent Con- 
 gressmen ;.'i.i ruii,' I ^'l;,!,.. ,,fficials 
 had voted ! ,; I , . ! ': .for the 
 
 building .il tlir ' , Hi i ' .. : lailroad. 
 Large proliN \,r; • ,h, ■!•,,• I iVom this 
 money over the actual fo-,t of construc- 
 tion, a sliaro of which fell to the stock- 
 holders of this corporation. 
 
 Stokes-Fisk Tragedy. 
 Jan. 6. James Fisk was shot by Edward 
 S. Stokes at the Grand Central Ho- 
 tel, in New York. A woman the 
 cause of the crime — Mrs. Helen Jose- 
 phine Mansfield, an actress, playing in 
 minor parts in AVestern towns. In 
 her travels she met an actor, Frank 
 Lawler, to whom she was afterward 
 married. She was a showy woman, 
 and upon her appearance in New York 
 she was at once surrounded by a num- 
 ber of admirers. Her husband becom- 
 ing jealous, she applied for and ob- 
 tained a divorce. Hearing of Mr. 
 Fisk's generosity toward unfortunate 
 actors and actresses, she sought an in- 
 troduction, and it soon became appar- 
 ent that she had captured Fisk's heart. 
 She accompanied him to balls, thea- 
 ters, and parties, ami rode with him 
 behind his lour-in-liand, at all times 
 occupying the post of honor. At the 
 grand public bull in the Acndemy of 
 Music she was gazed at by the throng 
 on the floor, as she sat like a queen 
 in the best proscenium box. At this 
 time she was living in her own house, 
 presented by Fisk, which cost §20,- 
 000, and was mortgaged for $30,000 
 more — the furniture costing $10,000. 
 The lawful wife of Mr. Fisk was living 
 in Boston at this time. The acquaint- 
 ance between Fisk and Stokos at this 
 date was of a purely business charac- 
 ter. Becoming moie intimate, Fisk 
 invited Stokes to dinner at Mrs. Mans- 
 field's house, when he bceuiiie capti- 
 vated by the handsfiiiir fa,, nfits mis- 
 tress, and as Stoki > wi- Immm ,.mc and 
 gay,andmuch sup, 1 i,,r I,. I'i K in social 
 attainments, Mrs. -Maii-ii,_M "took a 
 fancy" to her guest. Fisk, though 
 naturally unsuspecting, soon became 
 jealous of his rival ; and the ijreference 
 which his mistress showed her new 
 lover exasperated him, and he watched 
 for an opportunity to dislodge his ri- 
 val. Stokes soon gave him an oppor- 
 tunity. Being mutually interested in 
 an oil company, Stokes drew heavily 
 from the treasury, and Fisk had him 
 arrested for embezzlement. War was 
 now declared, and Mrs. Mansfield took 
 open sides with Stokes. Fisk had the 
 money, but Stokes had possession of 
 the woman. Fisk caniid nn the war 
 so hotly .against Slukcs thai be sued 
 Fisk for libel, huviiiL; prcvio:i-,ly sued 
 him for false impriscnnicut in 'the al- 
 leged embezzlement case, and which 
 Fi-k settled by paying $10,oOO dam- 
 ages. The day of the trial, Stokes 
 appeared " dressed up like a count," 
 in company with Mrs. Mansfield ar- 
 rayed in the height of fashion. Fisk 
 was not present, but was represented 
 by his counsel. The trial that day was 
 an exciting and stormy one, and was 
 adjourned for one week. While at 
 
 lunch at Delmonico's, immediately 
 after the trial, Stokes learned that 
 Fisk had procured an indictment 
 a_ lin-i liiia fnr conspiracy. He im- 
 ]a I all I I. , aired to the Grand Cen- 
 ti I II. ail 111 earchofFisk. Arriving 
 a: lie h, i,| of llie stairway on the sec- 
 laei iliinr, lea,linir IViiin tlie lailics' en- 
 ti:MMe, li,. .aw Ki.k a-e,ai.ling the 
 saiiis, aii.l laising a revolver lie imine- 
 oialely lireel two shots at his enemy, 
 muttering some unintelHgible words at 
 tlie same time. One of the shots en- 
 tered Fisk's abdomen, and he stag- 
 gered back a dying man, and was car^ 
 ried to one of the hotel parlors. 
 Stokes made no attempt to escape, 
 and was soon under arrest. He was 
 identified by Fisk, and then locked up. 
 btokes was indicted for murder in 
 the lirst degree, and on Jan. 6, 1873, 
 111- was sentenced to be hanged on the 
 'jsili (if the following month, but a new 
 liial was granted and the death-sen- 
 ti IK c annulled, and he was finally sen- 
 ten, ,il, on Oct. 39, to four years im- 
 ]nisiiniiunt in New York State prison. 
 He, however, was detained in the 
 Tomlis about one year and nine months 
 before being sent to Auburn, during 
 which time he was the most noted 
 criminal in the country, as many as 
 GOO applications for passes being 
 aranted in one day to persons who 
 wished to get sight of him. His 
 father and lirother were his most con- 
 stant visiti'is, but neitlier his wife or lit- 
 tle sevcn-vear-iil.l ilanuhter ever visited 
 him. He' kept tlic picture of his little 
 daiiiihter hanging on the cell wall. 
 His wife obtained a legal divorce from 
 him, and Mrs. Mansfield immediately 
 repaired to Paris, where she had sev- 
 eral romantic adventures, one of which 
 was with a rich Count, whose flnanc'al 
 ruin she accomplished. She after- 
 ward returned to the United States 
 and took up her residence in Phila- 
 delphia. The whole period of Stokes' 
 imprisonment in the Tombs, Sing Sing, 
 and at Auburn, was four years, nine 
 months, and twenty-one days. He 
 was discharged from Auburn Oct. 28, 
 1876. 
 
 Jim Fisk. 
 
 James Fisk was the son of a peddler, and 
 barely received a common school edu- 
 cation. After serving as a waiter in a 
 hotel and member of a circus company 
 for a time, he joined his father in ped- 
 dling, and after a time he bought his 
 father out, and then employed him to 
 visit the rural districts, while he him- 
 self visited the larger towns and vil- 
 lages. His horses were always gay, 
 and his wagons bright and showy, and 
 himself sparkling with wit, humor, and 
 good - natured impudence, for which 
 he afterward became so famous. He 
 prospered very rapidly, and soon be- 
 came a salesman in the Boston house 
 where he bought his supplies. Soon 
 he liecame a partner. He made some 
 excellent bargains with the Govern- 
 ment during the war, and, it is said, 
 made a happy stroke smuggling cotton 
 through tlie lines. ]n four years Mr. 
 Fisk retired from the firm with cajntal 
 enough to start a store of his own, 
 and in four months his money was all 
 
CHEONOLOGY. 
 
 805 
 
 1873. gone. He soon after appeared in New 
 York, and opened a'tjrokcr's office in 
 Broadway, liis entire capital consisting 
 in (if reports can be believed) a bor- 
 rowed silver watch ; and when he in- 
 troduced himself to the favor of Daniel 
 Drew, by negotiating for him the sale 
 of the Bristol line of steamboats, he 
 was practically penniless. Mr. Drew 
 first set him up as a broker in partner- 
 ship with Belden, and employed the 
 new firm in carrying on his famous 
 war with Cornelius Vanderbilt for 
 possession of the Erie Kailroad. In 
 Oct., 1867, Fisk was one of three con- 
 testants for the office of Director, and 
 a compromise resulted in the election 
 of Fisk and Gould as Directors of the 
 Erie Kailroad; and from this point 
 dates Mr. Fisk's memorable and 
 stupendous railroad and commercial 
 schemes, the magnitude, daring, and 
 success of which almost surpass com- 
 prehension or belief, and reads more 
 like an Arabian or fairy tale than 
 practical and real business transactions. 
 Fisk and Gould now began their spec- 
 ulations and gambling in railroad 
 stocks, and were soon able to enumerate 
 their gains by millions. Not satisfied 
 with these brilliant gains, Fisk and 
 his partners began to speculate in gold, 
 and in September, 1869, they brought 
 on that crisis which will long be re- 
 membered in the history of "Wall 
 Street" as "Black Friday." Next 
 Fisk purchased the Eighth Avenue 
 Opera House, New York, and leased a 
 part for the Erie Railroad ofiSces ; he 
 managed the theater himself He then 
 bought the Fifth Avenue Theater, a 
 summer-garden in the city, for the 
 purpose of a restaurant; two lines of 
 steamboats plying between Fall River 
 and New York and Bristol and New 
 York, and bought a ferry line across 
 the Hudson. He became Colonel of 
 the Ninth Regiment of the New York 
 State Guard, and was figuiiug for a 
 Brig.-Generalsliip at the time of his 
 death. He bought coaches, express- 
 wagons, and lands; liouses, too, which 
 he furnished with barbaric splendor, 
 and filled them with opera-bouffe sing- 
 ers and other celebrities of like grade. 
 
 Samuel F. Morse. 
 
 " Samuel F. Morse, LL.D., the inventor of 
 the electric telegraph, a painter and 
 author, died this year. Mr. Morse was 
 one of the founders of the National 
 Academy of Design in New York, and 
 its first President, and a lecturer on 
 fine arts at the New York Atbensum. 
 Mr. Morse was also a fine portrait 
 painter. His great invention was 
 virtually per'ected while on a home- 
 ward voyage from Europe, in 1833, and 
 the recording apparatus and essential 
 features were sketched upon paper 
 before leaving the vessel, but it was not 
 till 1835 that a line was put up, con- 
 sisting of a half-mile of wire, and the 
 experiment tested. In 1837 he gave 
 publicity to his enterprise, by an ex- 
 hibition at the University, and the 
 same year filed his caveat at the Patent 
 Office in Washington, but not till ls43 
 could he get the attention of Congress 
 or any material aid to his enterprise, 
 and only in the extreme hurry of the 
 
 last session, at the hour of midnight, 
 alter his hopes had all departed, did 
 Congress grant him the sum of $30,000 
 to experiment upon his invention. 
 And when but $7,000 of the money was 
 left, and he proved the laying of the 
 wires in the ground a failure, Mr. Ezra 
 Cornell came to his rescue, and sug- 
 gested the elevation and stretching of 
 the wire upon poles ; this proved a 
 success, and saved Mr. Morse from tlis- 
 couragement and defeat. With the 
 details of the history of the telegraph 
 the public are familiar, and its grand 
 achievements are acknowledged by 
 every nation under the sun. 
 
 Congress voted the abolition of all po- 
 litical disabilities i^laced upon the 
 Southern people, excepting those who 
 had been leaders in the Rebellion. 
 
 Northwestern Boundary Question settled 
 by tlie Emperor of Germany, who 
 acted as arbiter between England and 
 America, granting and establishing 
 the claims of the United States. 
 
 Jan. 18. Severe storm at Aspinwall; the 
 shipping and mole were damaged to 
 the extent of $500,000. 
 
 " New Departure '' of the Democratic 
 party undeV the initiative of Vallandig- 
 ham, and supported by Adams and 
 Chase. 
 
 Labor Refurm Convention. 
 Feb. Labor Reform party held a Con- 
 vention in Columbus, O., nominating 
 .Judge Davis, of 111., for President and 
 Joel Parker, of New Jersey, for Vice- 
 President. Mr. Davis declined, and a 
 convention of workingmen met at 
 Philadelphia and nominated Charles 
 O'Couor, of New York, President. .607 
 
 Colored Convention. 
 
 National Colored Convention met in New 
 Orleans, indorsing Grant's Adminis- 
 tration, and tendering thanks to Charles 
 Sumner for his continued efforts in be- 
 half of the colored people 607 
 
 Feb. 17. The Ministers Plenipotentiary 
 of Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, 
 and San Salvador signed a treaty for 
 the formation of a Central American 
 Union, consisting of the several inde- 
 pendent republics. 
 
 March. A ship-canal successfully sur- 
 veyed across the Isthmus of Panama, 
 by an expedition from New York. 
 
 Greeley's Nomination. 
 
 May 1. The Liberal Republican party 
 held a Convention in Cincinnati, Ohio, 
 nominating Horace Greeley for Presi- 
 dent and Gratz Brown, of Missouri, 
 for Vice-President. 
 
 June 5. Regular Republican Convention 
 met at Philadelphia, nominating by 
 acclamation Ulysses S. Grant for Presi 
 dent and Henry Wilson for Vice- 
 President. 
 
 July 9. Regular Democratic Convention 
 held in Baltimore, indorsing the nom 
 ination of Horace Greeley by the Liberal 
 Republicans. 
 
 James Gordon Bennett. 
 June 1. Death of James Gordon Ben- 
 nett, a noted and remarkable journal- 
 ist, cngagci.1 for fifty years in the press, 
 
 and founder, editor, and proprietor of 
 the iV. T. llrrald. He was a nominal 
 Catholic, but liberal in faith. Was 
 born in Scotland, and sent to school to 
 study for the priesthood, but soon 
 found he had mistaken his calling. 
 Reading the Autobiography of Frank- 
 lin, he determined to emigrate to 
 America, and landed with but $25 in 
 his pocket. He finally arrived in Bos- 
 ton without any funds, and wandered 
 about hungry for two days, looking 
 for work. He found a job, reading 
 jwoof, in the publishing hou^e of Wells 
 & Lilly. He next went to South Caro- 
 lina as a teacher ; next to New York 
 in 1834, and started a commercial 
 school, which failed ; then he tried 
 lecturing on political economy, which 
 also proved a failure. Again he tried 
 the newspapers as reporter, paragraph- 
 ist, poet, and general utility man. In 
 18'25 he bought the Sunday Courier 
 on credit, but soon gave it up. He next 
 cciiincctcd Iiiiiisulf with the Democratic 
 jS'.ilioinfl AJ.-i /'f/'s, r, and that journal 
 cbiiiiuinLC li:inils .-iiid politics, he left it 
 and ji/uK'd lliij kite M. M. Noah as as- 
 sistant editor of the Enquirer. Mr. 
 Bennett now interested himself in pol- 
 itics, and joined the Tammany Society, 
 and soon manifested that cynical spirit 
 which was so characteristic of his 
 writings. In 1828 he went to Wash- 
 ington as correspondent for the En- 
 quirer, and there made his first de- 
 cided hit. He read the letters of Hor- 
 ace Walpole in the Congressional Li- 
 brary, and attempted a similar vein in 
 his correspondence for the Enquirer, 
 which attracted much notice, and was 
 extensively copied. 
 
 Mr. Bennett was earning at this 
 time, from various labors with his pen, 
 from $5 to $13 per week. At his sug- 
 gestion the Enquirer was consolidated 
 with another paper as the Courier and 
 Enquirer, under James Watson Webb, 
 with young Bennett as assistant, and 
 which soon became the leading news- 
 jjaper of the times ; but after three years 
 the editor and young Bennett sepa- 
 rated from a difference of political opin- 
 ion, and Bennett started a cheap party 
 paper, devoted to the support of Jackson 
 and Van Bureu, which lived but thirty 
 days. Then he went to Philadelphia 
 "with the wreck of his savings "and 
 placed them in a Jacksonian paper 
 
 called The Penmylvanian, and ap- 
 pealed to the party for help, which was 
 refused; and giving up the venture, 
 he returned to New York. He en- 
 deavored to get employment on the 
 Sun, but failed. Herein really lay his 
 first good luck, for he resolved to trust 
 no more to politicians, and the result 
 was The New York Herald, the first 
 number of which appeared in May, 
 1835, price one cent, and for sale every- 
 where. Two young printers agreed to 
 print It and take the risk of sharing 
 the profits or losses, under the firm of 
 "James Gordon Bennett & Co." The 
 publishers' office was a deep cellar at 
 No. 20 Wall Street, where all the busi- 
 ness of the concern was transacted, 
 with a plank supported by two flour 
 barrels for a desk. The paper was a 
 small, four-page, independent, sharp, 
 cynical, and witty little sheet, and soon 
 became very popular. It offended all 
 
CHKONOLOGY. 
 
 parties and all creeds ; was denounced 
 by the Catholic-; for blasphemy, and 
 shocked the sense of decency of the 
 Protestants, but pcojyfe would lay it. 
 When four mouths old the paper was 
 burned out, but he raked it out of the 
 ashes and started again as sole proprie- 
 tor, doing all the labor, writing, office- 
 work, reporting, and everything him- 
 self. In seven years, unaided, he made 
 the paper worth $1,000,000, with a cir- 
 culation of 20,000. During the war 
 the circulation was more than doubled. 
 It employed, in addition to its regular 
 force, 03 war correspondents at a great 
 expense. He always paid liberally for 
 news items, and once gave to a news 
 reporter $35 for a mus trlii,'nim of 
 three words, which li:i>l cnst hut .fl. 
 At another time lie .uMrrcd -SlOii to be 
 paid to a contributor tor au article of 
 six columns which had been contracted 
 for at $8 per column, adding to the 
 editor, by way of explanation, "He 
 may have sometliing else as good," in 
 which he was not deceived ; the corre- 
 spondent proved to be very valuable to 
 the paper. His one object was tlie 
 success of the Hemhl, which he sought 
 regardless of means or consequences, 
 and never endeavored to please any one 
 but himself, and succeeded in that and 
 was happy. Mr. Bennett was a strictly 
 temperate and virtuous man, with 
 neither low habits or idle hours, and 
 was an indefatigable worker. In these 
 things his great success lay. 
 
 Alabama Claims. 
 Final settlemerU of the Alabama Claims, 
 which grew out of the acts of several 
 vessels, some of them built and man- 
 ned in Great Britain, and others sailed 
 from Confederate ports under command 
 of the secessionists, and were used as 
 cruisers by the rebels. They destroyed 
 millions of dollars worth of United 
 States property ou the seas, and were 
 permitted to sail into English ports 
 and take on supplies of provisions and 
 coal. $10,250,000 were awarded to 
 the United States by Great Britain. 
 
 Fcfer Cartw right. 
 
 Sept. 25. Death of Peter Cartwright, an 
 eccentric, but useful Methodist preacher 
 in Sangamon Co., III. His lather was 
 a soldier of the Revolution, and about 
 1790 removed with his family to Ken- 
 tucky, and here, in this Western 
 wilderness, Peter Cartwright was 
 raised, and his education was acquired 
 by hunting, tishing, horse-racing, 
 dancing, and all Kinds of jollity and 
 mirth, amid the nilds of the far West, 
 and amid all the hardships possible to 
 a pioneer life. When 16 years of age 
 he was convicted of his sins at a camp- 
 meeting, where hundreds were con- 
 verted, and he was soon pronounced 
 jDflnverted, when he immediately started 
 iput as a local fireacher, and soon was 
 admitted into the regular ministry of 
 the M. E. Church. He continued to 
 preach, and, at times, engaged in 
 politics. He was once elected to the 
 Legislature of Illinois, and was victor 
 in many contentions by his ready wit 
 and resolute spiiit. He was. for more 
 jthan fifty years, a Presiding Elder, and 
 
 saw the M. E. Church rise in the U. 
 S. from a membership of 72,874 to 
 1,008,314. He was a powerful preacher 
 and laborious pastor, and much beloved 
 by the Church. 
 
 Epizootic. 
 Scjjt. 30. First appearance of the epizootic 
 in America was in Toronto, Ontario, 
 and in New York, ( 'r-t 1 ", v.liPii in ten 
 days 40,000 horse- i ■ . ^1 hv it, 
 and 13,000 in I'l : n i , i in 'less 
 than two months ii IlkI ii :,i hd over 
 the entire Atlantic -!<iin, iiiiiicnriiiir in 
 
 (iaiveston. Tex;, 
 
 , ;iiiil ir,.,rh:n.,' Colo- 
 
 rado, Wvomin-, 
 
 •m.l ^-c^:cl:, in .Jan., 
 
 1873, and Caliloi 
 
 ni:. a lew days later. 
 
 The disease pro 
 
 ■ed to he a very old 
 
 one under a nc 
 
 w name. It began 
 
 about 415 B.C., re 
 
 -appealed in A.D. 330, 
 
 d at intervals, to the present time, 
 although this was, perhaps, its first 
 visit to the New World, and was 
 evidently an epidemic, and during its 
 prevalence was the cause of much iu- 
 conveuience to man and great suiferiug 
 to domestic animais. 
 
 Oct. 10. Death of Mrs. Sarah Payson 
 Willis Parton, authoress, better known 
 as Fanny Fern, in New York, aged 61. 
 She was the sister of the noted'author 
 and poet, N. P. Willis, and wife of the 
 jiopular historian, James Parton. Mrs. 
 Parton was one of the most spicy and 
 ])opular newspaper essayists and au- 
 thors of tliis country. She was widely 
 known from her newspaper sketches, 
 called " Fern Leaves," also as the author 
 of several interesting works of fiction. 
 
 Nov. At the election in Uoeliester. N. 
 Y., Susan B. Anthony and tifteen 
 other ladies voted, for which illegality 
 they were duly arrested. 
 
 Gi-n. George Meade. 
 Nov. 6. Death of Geoi-ee (hadon Meade, 
 LL.D., Mai.-(!en. I'.S. .\. Cen. Meade 
 was agradii.ite ofvre-l l',.int in 1JS35, 
 and ill ls3ri lie ^lsi^;]e^l liis commis- 
 sion ill the ai-iherv on :,ecn,„,t of ill- 
 health, an. I heeiune ;, eivil uie'ineer. 
 lint in is),' he ;m;ii:i eiiiercil tlie army 
 
 'ropoura|ihie:il Tiil: i iieei s, ;iiid served 
 
 upon till' stiir of (on. 'i'aylor, and 
 afterward tint of Scott, in which 
 service he di-t inuui-led himself, and 
 was promoted ui.oii lii- k turn to Phila- 
 delphia. Diniije the interval between 
 the Mexican ami Civil wars, Mr. Meade 
 was engaged in the survey of the 
 northern lakes. But upon" the call 
 of the Government for men, he was 
 ordered to report at Washington, where 
 he was made a Brig.-Gen. of Volunteers 
 in command of the Second ihigade. 
 In the advance on i;ichniond. Gen. 
 Meade was severely woninli.l, bat was 
 able to conduct iiis coimuaud with 
 bravery throughout the Maryland 
 campaign. At Antietam he was 
 slightly wounded, and had two horses 
 shot under him. On Nov. 2'.i, 1863, he 
 was appointed Maj, -Gen. of Volunteers, 
 and took part in the liattle of 
 Fredericksburii'. In .June, 1S(;3, he was 
 unexpiitidly eiLlledto succeed Hooker 
 ill e neuhi oi the Army of the Poto- 
 mac nnnii.eiinu- 100,000 men. 
 
 Jlis army loiight in the battles of the 
 
 Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court-house, 
 and Cold Harbor, and was employ ed 
 in the siege of Petersburg. In 'the 
 next year Gen. Meade was promoted 
 to a Brigadier-Generalship in the U. 
 S. A. Gen. Meade was a true patriot 
 and brave soldier, and was greatly 
 esteemed by his fellow-citizens, and 
 u])on his death the funer.al honors jjaid 
 to his remains were only excelled by 
 those bestowed upon the martjTed 
 President. 
 
 The National Grangers. 
 
 Being a secret organization or move- 
 ment among the laboring classes, 
 especially the fiirmers, to unite the 
 jieople through a system of universal 
 co-operation between producers and 
 consumers. The movement extended 
 nearly over the entire Union, embrac- 
 ing all laboring or producing classes. 
 
 Oct. Conspiracy against the Govern- 
 ment of Costa Rica discovered and 
 defeated. 
 
 Great Boston Fire. 
 Nov. 9. A fire broke out in the heart of 
 the city of Boston and destroyed 800 
 buildings, chiefly of fine granite and 
 marble, which, as in the great fire of 
 Chicago the year previous, crumbled 
 down like chalk before the devouring 
 flames. Nearly 65 acres, covered with 
 1 onimercial palaces and fine and ap- 
 ]>arcntly indestructible buildings, were 
 su ept over, and left a mass of shapeless 
 and charred ruins. The most as'onish- 
 ing feature of the Boston lire is that 
 there was no gale as at Chicago, yet 
 the flames were perfectly uncontrollable, 
 (iunjjowder was extensively used in 
 blowing up the buildings; but the 
 stieets were so narrow and the build- 
 ings so high that the firemen were 
 baffled in their eflforts. At last, after 
 many of the brave fellows had lost 
 their lives, and the very heart was 
 burned out of the city, they gained a 
 victory over the " fiery demon " and 
 stayeil the progress of his march. 
 The loss was estimated at |85, 000,000 
 and the number of lives considerable. 
 
 Horace Greeley. 
 Nov. 29. Horace Greeley, an American 
 reformer and founder of the New York 
 Trlhune, died in Westchester Co., N. Y. 
 J\lr. Greeley was born of poor parents, 
 in the town of Amherst, N. H., in 1811, 
 and worked upon a farm till he was 15 
 jears of age, when he entered the 
 printing-office of the Northern Spec- 
 tator in East Poultney, Vt., as an ap- 
 prentice, where he remained over four 
 years, mastering his trade in all its 
 liranches. He then went to Erie, Pa., 
 and found employment in a news- 
 jjaper office, where he made many 
 friends, and was offered a partnership 
 in the business, though but twmty 
 years old. In Aug., ISil. Horace 
 Greeley arrived in New York with 
 only ten dollars in his pocket, and a 
 scanty wardrobe tied up in a bundle. 
 He had never seen a city of such size, 
 and was utterly ignorant of its ways 
 and wonders. He began to seared for 
 work, but his verdant appearance was 
 mucli against liim, and he was told by 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 807 
 
 Mr. David Trail, the editor of the 
 Journal of Commerce, that he believed 
 him to be a ruuanay apprentice fvom 
 some country printiug-office. Becom- 
 ing discouraged, and his money about 
 gone, he resolved to leave the city, but 
 in the evening he fell in with some 
 young Irishmen vrho took an interest 
 in the wandering printer, and directed 
 him to the printing-office of Mr. Jolin 
 T. West, who had a piece of work so 
 difficult that no printer acquainted in 
 the city could be induced to accept it. 
 It was the composition of a miniature 
 New Testament in a curiously intricate 
 style of typography. But nothing 
 daunted, this " green country boy " 
 undertook the job, and by laborious 
 and constant application from twelve 
 to fourteen hours each day he could 
 earn si.x dollars per week. Mr. Greeley 
 next entered the office of the Spirit of 
 the Times, and becoming soon on in- 
 timate terms with the foreman of the 
 office, the two entered a partnership to 
 establish a job printing-office, and took 
 a contract to print a cheap daily news- 
 paper to be sold on the streets, but 
 owing to the incompetency of its editor 
 it proved a failure, but the job office 
 ccmtinued to prosper. His partner was 
 soon after drowned, and he procured 
 another, and in a short time the new 
 film started a weekly newspaper called 
 The New-Torl-er, Mr. Greeley being 
 the editor and his companion the pub- 
 lisher. This paper lived for over seven 
 years, and arose from one dozen sub- 
 scribers to over 9,000, but being con- 
 ducted on the credit system, was a los- 
 ing speculation financially. Next Mr. 
 Greeley became editor of the Jeffersoni- 
 an, a Whig campaign paper, which at- 
 tained a subscription of 15,000, and was 
 admirably conducted. During the Har- 
 I'ison campaign Mr. Greeley conducted 
 the Log Cabin, which was subsequently 
 merged into the iV. T. Tribune, which 
 paper Mr. Greeley was identified with 
 till the time of his death. The orig- 
 inal list of Tribune subscribers num- 
 bered 600, and at the end of the first 
 year its success was established. The 
 high character of thi;t journal under 
 Mr. Greeley's supervision is so well 
 established that it is unnecessary to 
 detail its history. Mr. Greeley was a 
 AVhig in politics, and a liberal thinker. 
 He was elected to Congress in 1 848 to 
 fill a vacancy, and never afterward was 
 a member of any deliberate body ex- 
 cept the late Constitutional Conven- 
 tion of New York. His greatest power 
 was exerted in the editorial chair, 
 although his career as a lecturer was 
 successful. Mr. Greeley was the author 
 of several minor works, the most in- 
 teresting of which was " Recollections 
 of a Busy Lifs," which was his auto- 
 biography. Mr. Greeley joined the 
 Re|)ublican party at its start, being 
 one of its founders. When the war 
 was over (which he aided in every 
 laudable way) he was exceedingly 
 anxious for peace, and bearing no 
 malice to the South, he became one of 
 the bondsmen to Jeflf. Davis, which act 
 lost him an elec'ion to the Senate and 
 made him very unpopular for a while; 
 but he still claimed he had done right. 
 Upon his nomination to the Presideucy 
 in 1872, the stormy campaign and 
 
 72. vitupcrous abuse of the press, together 
 with tlic sickness and deatli of his 
 wife, and lastly liis defeat at the elec- 
 tion, and his continued mental labors, 
 all culminated in the wreck of his 
 noble intellect and his sad death. But 
 whatever may have been said of Mr. 
 Greeley during the excitement of a 
 political campaign, no man could bear 
 him any malice, for his character was 
 singularly pure and his nature one of 
 the most frank and unselfish upon the 
 ])olitical records of any nation or 
 people. 
 
 Wm. H. Saaanl 
 
 ' Wm. ITenry Seward, LL.D., an eminent 
 American statesman, died at Auburn, 
 N. y. .\t a very early age Mr. Sew- 
 ard evinced a great fondness for 
 books by running away from home to 
 go to school, and at nine years of age he 
 was sent to Farmers' Hall Academy 
 in Go.shen, and before he was fifteen 
 he was pronounced ready for college. 
 In 1816 he entered Union College, fiom 
 which he graduated with high honors. 
 He studied law with John Anthon, in 
 New York, and afterward with Ogden 
 Hoflman and John Duer, in Goshen, 
 and was admitted to the bar in 1822, 
 and the year following he formed a 
 partnership with Judge Miller, in Au- 
 burn, whose daughter he married in 
 1824. He soon became distinguished 
 at the bar for originality and inde- 
 pendence, and shortly acquired a large 
 practice and high reputation. In 1827 
 jlr. Seward became the champion of 
 the Greeks, and by his eloquence se- 
 cured large contributions to the funds 
 raised in this country for their defense. 
 In 1828 Mr. Seward was called to pre- 
 side over one of the laro;est political 
 conventions ever held in the State of 
 New York, which duty he discharged 
 with great ability. In 1830 Mr. Sew- 
 ard was elected State Senator by the 
 anti-Masonic party, and at the same 
 time he became ex officio a judge in 
 the liighest Court in the State, and the 
 peer of venerable and distinguished 
 men, and he then began his active la- 
 bors in the field of reform, all the re- 
 forms of the day receiving his earnest 
 support. In 1833 Mr. Seward visited 
 Europe, and his published letters— 80 
 in number — written during his few 
 weeks' travel, added greatly to his 
 growing popularity. When but 33 
 years of age he was nominated for 
 Governor of New York, but his youth 
 was the argument against him, and he 
 was defeated by Marcy. In 1838 he 
 was elected Governor by 10,000 major- 
 ity over Gov. Marcy, and took his seat 
 at 37 years of age, as the first Whig 
 Governor of the Empire State, and his 
 inliuence was largely felt in shaping 
 the political issues which followed 
 during the next 20 years ; also, in re- 
 forming many erroneous statutes, and 
 expunging some inhuman and unjust 
 laws from the statute books. Mr. Sew- 
 ard's career as a lawyer was a very 
 brilliant one, and his gubernatorial 
 administration was marked with many 
 noble and reformatory acts. In poli- 
 tics Mr. Seward was a Whig, and 
 acted with his party in all its measures 
 until 1852, when he refused to support 
 the platform, although approving its 
 
 1872. candidate for President— Gen. Scott. 
 Mr Seward, in 1848, took a decided 
 stand for freedom against slavery, 
 wliicli he subsequently so graphically 
 expressed in liis great speech on the 
 "hrciircssililr Coiifliet." Mr. Reward 
 w.is rl.vir i u: ;':.. Ihlir.l States Sen- 
 ate' ill 1 s l;- III lied in the Sen- 
 
 :'tr 1:11 !i'- ; ; . ■ '\ Secretary of 
 
 Stall' liy I'l. jiliit l.iiiciln. He was 
 a champion of the Itepublican party 
 in the Senate almost from its first rise, 
 and fought valiantly for its measures 
 for freedom. As a "statesman he had 
 no superior, and he filled the office of 
 Secretary of State with great ability 
 and acceiitanee to the Government. 
 At till ((iiiviiition which nominated 
 Aliniliiiiii I. inn, In for President, Mr. 
 Siwaril ii'iiviil 173 votes for the of- 
 fice. At Hie same time the President 
 was assassinated, an accomplice at- 
 tempted tiie life of Mr. Seward, who 
 was upon a sick-bed. He was stabbed 
 in the throat, and his life was de- 
 spaired of for some time, but he finally 
 recovered, and remained in the Cabi- 
 net till the close of Mr. Johnson's 
 Presidency, carrying out the policy of 
 Mr. Lincoln and the Government, al- 
 though often assaulted by politicians 
 and severely criticized by the public; 
 yet time has confirmed muny acts, 
 which at the period of gieat excite- 
 ment seemed inconsistent with the 
 principles of his party. In 18ti9 Mr. 
 Seward journeyed through California 
 and Mexico, and in August, 1870, he, 
 with several members of his family, 
 set out upon a tour around the world, 
 visiting all the principal countries, and 
 was everywhere received with great 
 honor, and everywhere making him- 
 self familiar with the Governments, 
 policy, races, productions, and com- 
 merce of the countries he visited, and 
 returned from his tour October !lth, 
 1871, and prepared a narrative of his 
 journey, which was published soon 
 after his death. Mr. Seward was a 
 voluminous writer, but his speeches, 
 essays, and State papers have not as 
 yet been fully collected. 
 
 Eihcnn Forrest. 
 " Dee. 12. Edwin Forrest, an eminent 
 American tragedian, died in Philadel- 
 phia, his native city. At the age of 
 eleven Mr. Forrest exhibited a strong 
 aptitude and taste for declamation and 
 tragedy, and participated in representa- 
 tions before the Amateur Dramatic 
 Club of Philadelphia, of which he was 
 a member. His first appearance upon 
 the regular stage was in the Walnut 
 Street Theater, Nov. 27, 1820, acting 
 the part of Norval in Home's play 
 of " Douglass." In 1825 he first met 
 Edward Kean, whose attention and 
 commendation he attracted while act- 
 ing Ia(jo to his Othello. From this 
 time forw.ard his success was assured, 
 and he soon after made an engage- 
 ment at $800 per annum. His first 
 great triumph was in the Bowery, 
 N. Y., where he remained nearly three 
 years, and then he aecejjted an en- 
 gagement at the Park, where he re- 
 mained, and long enjoyed a high i)op- 
 ularity. At the age of 28 .Mr. Forrest 
 was a man of magnificent personal 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1872. presence and masculine beauty. He 
 possessed a voice of marvelous power 
 and sweetness, and enjoyed the un- 
 liouiided popularity of liis country as a 
 tr:is;i-di;in, witli tlic fullest conlidence 
 in liis own iiowcrs that he was the 
 prc;it('stofiiviiu,' tr.i^r.H:ins. In 1835 he 
 faiird lor i:iirn|ii. ; and in October, 
 IH'iii, lir a|)]irii('d at Drury Lane as 
 Sjiurf/rnx ill tiic " (Gladiator "—a play 
 ])ri)duccd in ls31, and written with a 
 special view to fit his peculiar talents. 
 In London Mr. Forrest became the lion 
 ol' the hour, and at that time received 
 esp.'eially kind treatment from Mr. Mac- 
 nady, who afterward became his most 
 bitter enemy and rival. In 1837 he mar- 
 ried Miss Catherine Norton Sinclair, an 
 English lady, and soon returned to 
 America, making his first professional 
 appearance in Philadelphia, where he 
 was enthusiastically received, afterward 
 visiti ni,' New York and other cities.where 
 his popularity steadily increased. In 
 184') he made his second visit to London 
 in company with Mrs. Forrest, and they 
 were welcomed in the best and most 
 intelligent society in London and Edin- 
 burgh. At the Princess Theater, Lon- 
 don, Mr. Forrest was hissed in his 
 ]ilay of Miiihcth—a, character vrholly 
 unsuitcd to h s style of acting— which 
 Mr. Forrest highly resented, and at- 
 tributed to the influence of Macready, 
 and hastily indulged in the most bit- 
 ter aspersions against him. He visited 
 the theater in Jidinhurgh where Mac- 
 ready was playing Hamlet, and stood 
 up conspicuously in a private bos and 
 hissed him. This rash act nearly cost 
 Mr. Forrest his great popularity in 
 Groat Britain. About two years after 
 his return to America, Macready was 
 playing Muchcth in Astor Place Opera 
 House, N. Y., when a mob, composed 
 of Mr. Forrest's friends, assaulted 
 him, when a fearful scene ensued, re- 
 sulting in killing 22 men and wound- 
 ing 36 others. The succeeding year 
 Mrs. Forrest sued for a divorce, which 
 •was granted in her favor, on all points, 
 two years afterward, witli an alimony 
 of $3,000 a year, the payment of which 
 Mr. Forrest resisted for twenty years. 
 Mr. Forrest continued his career as an 
 actor till 1858, amassing a large fortune, 
 ■which he used extensively in the pur- 
 chase of a fine residence and a mag- 
 nificent dramatical library in Philadel- 
 phia. In I860 Mr. Forrest again re- 
 turned to the stage, and continued 
 playing, at intervals, till 1871, when ill- 
 ness compelled him to retire. 
 " Judge Bernard's removal and disqualifi- 
 cation for corruption in otBce. 
 
 George CatUii. 
 Dec. 33. George Catlin, an American 
 artist and author, died, at the age of 
 76. In 1829 Mr. Catlin began studying 
 the life and habits of the Aborigines of 
 Anierira, with the view of preserving 
 their history u])on canvas. In 1831 he 
 visited most of the tribes east of the 
 Mississippi, and painted the portraits 
 of their chiefs and celebrities. H 
 visited Black Hawk and painted his 
 portrait. He next descended the 
 Missouri River from the mouth of the 
 Yellowstone to St. Louis, with two 
 men, in a canoe, steering it himself the 
 
 lole distance, 
 ne, the nurac 
 
 I 
 
 ling the 
 
 
 ,^ York 
 
 
 1 subse- 
 
 , , 111 II 
 
 1 ntitlod 
 
 ni; til 
 
 North 
 
 In ls4i 
 
 he went 
 
 painlin 
 
 j:s, which 
 
 ye; 
 
 In is-i-i lie r\pl..i,d the inleiior of 
 Siiuth Anicrii i inti rnrw iiii; its various 
 trilMS ol ^\ild Indi ins Mr. Catlin 
 traveled very extensively in his own 
 land, and was considered the best in- 
 formed man in the world on Indian 
 life and customs, lie was the author 
 of several valuable books. 
 
 Book-sewing machine patented by Henry 
 Thompson, of Connecticut. 
 
 United States had 60,853 miles of rail- 
 road. 
 
 A fatal and unknown distemper visited 
 Brazil and carried off, in three towns, 
 13,000 out of 18,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Feb. Death of a centenarian. Miss Becky 
 Kitchen, of Southampton Co., Va., 
 aged 120 years. 
 
 Feb. 17. Extensive fire in Sing Sing, N. 
 Y., $150,000 damages. 
 
 March 2. Death of Eld. Jacob Knapp, 
 the famous revivalist, at Kockford, 111. 
 
 Wreck of the ''Atlantic." 
 April 1. Wreck of the ocean steamer 
 AtlantU: 535 lives were lost. 
 
 Modoc Massacre. 
 April U. Gen. R. A. Canby was 
 murdered by the Modoc Indians in the 
 Lava Beds of N. California. He was a 
 graduate of West Point in 1S39, in the 
 same class with Gen. Hallcek, and 
 served in the Florida war from 1839 to 
 1842. He served through the Mexican 
 war as First Lieutenant, Captain, 
 Lieutenant-Colonel, Major of Infantry, 
 etc., and attained distinction for his 
 bravery and purity of character. He 
 was employed by the Government to 
 bring the Modncs to accept the terms 
 ofi'ered tlniii l>v the (iovernment; in 
 which cxjH ilitii.n, tlir.mgh the eflbrt to 
 use practiealile measures and moral 
 suasion with the savages, this noble 
 and gallant oiHcer lost his life. 
 
 Colfax Massacre. 
 
 Massacre of over 100 negroes at Colfax, 
 Grant Parish, La., by the "White 
 League" setting fire to the Court-house 
 where nearly 400 negroes were con- 
 gregated for defense, and shooting 
 them down when they attempted to 
 escape. 
 
 Salmon P. Chase. 
 
 May 7. Death of Hon. Salmon P. Chase, 
 LL.D., an American statesman. Gov. 
 of Ohio, Secretarv of the Treasury, and 
 Chief- Justice of the United States. 
 The first act which brought Mr. Chase 
 into pulilieal notice was his defense of 
 Jas. t;. i;iriie\ , :is tlie jircservcr of his 
 life, -when the latter was attacked by 
 a pro-slavei y mub in I'^SO in Cincin- 
 nati, during which Mr. Birney's paper 
 was destrovcd. Also, in 1837, Mr. 
 Chase's nolde defense of a fugitive 
 
 slave woman, upon the occasion of 
 which one of the oldest and ablest 
 lawyers in the Court remarked : 
 "Tiiei-e is a ])iomis:ng young man 
 who his Jul ruined himself " From 
 this tinu' onward Mr. Chase was a 
 bold, able, and eonsistent opiwnent of 
 the slave i)ciwer. \'. i l.iie; :i iialional 
 influence in the I ; :: ' •. Senate, 
 and in all his h ;: -i m > . .ons and 
 judicial acts carrxiiiL; out llu. pnueiples 
 "of humanity and justice which made 
 his name a power to his party and a 
 teiror to his opponents. Mr. Chase 
 was the acknowledged champion of 
 the anti-slavery party, defending them 
 and building up their jjrinciples with 
 his masterly logic and legal prowess. 
 In the Senate he made his talents 
 particularly noticeable by his able 
 advocacy of economy in the national 
 finances of the Pacific Railroad by the 
 shortest route, the homestead move- 
 ment, cheap postage, ocean navigation, 
 etc. In 1815 Mr. Chase was elected 
 Governor of Ohio, and at the close of 
 his first term he was renominated 
 Governor by acclamation, and elected 
 by the largest vote ever given for a 
 Governor in Ohio. His appointment as 
 Secretary of the Treasury in President 
 Lincoln's Cabinet was the crowning op- 
 portunity for displaying his greatest 
 ability; and his wonderful success in 
 conducting the financial ship through 
 the storms and tempests, and over the 
 rocks nf a jirotracted civil war was a 
 constant and happy surprise both to his 
 friends and the nation. In 1864 Presi- 
 dent Lincoln nominated him for Chief- 
 Justice of the Supreme Court, as suc- 
 cessor to Roger P. Taney, deceased, 
 which was immediatelv confirmed by 
 the Senate. This position he filled 
 with great ability and dieuity, al- 
 though taking the seat witli jihysical 
 strength greatly impaired by the 
 stupendous labors of the past three 
 years. Mr. Chase was called to some 
 duties which had fallen upon no other 
 Chief -Justice presiding before him. 
 The President of the United States 
 was tried for impeachment, and al- 
 though party spirit ran high, no faidt 
 ■was found -with his course as presid- 
 ing officer. That Mr. Chase died a 
 poorer man than when he first accepted 
 office (and this in days of great polit- 
 ical corruption and dishonesty, and 
 when, ■with a word or turn of the 
 hand he might have commanded mil- 
 lions) speaks more in his praise than 
 volumes written in his honor or costly 
 marble monimients erected to his 
 memory. 
 
 Oakes Ames. 
 May 8. Oakes Ames, M.C., an extensive 
 manufacturer, railroad builder, and 
 financial operator, died in Eaton, Mass. 
 He was a large stockholder in the U. 
 P. Railroad, and contracted to build the 
 greater part of the east section of the 
 road, transferring his contract to a 
 corporation called the " Credit Mobilier 
 of America," of which he was one of 
 the largest stockholders. With James 
 Brooks, of New Y'ork. Mr. Ames was 
 censured by the vote of the House of 
 Representatives for the " Credit 
 Mobilier" transaction. Mr. Ames was 
 reputed to be -worth, at the time of hia 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 809 
 
 death, between five and six million 
 dollars. 
 
 Lewis Tappan. 
 June 21. Deatb of Lewis Tappan, a 
 zealous, consistent, and able advocate 
 of anti-slavery principles. Mr. Tappan , 
 ■with his brother Arthur, eatahlislud 
 the Journal of Commerce in 1S3^*. He 
 was also associated, with his l)rothor, 
 in mercantile business, and in the finan- 
 cial crash of 1837, the firm failed, 
 with liabilities for upward of a mil- 
 lion dollars, which were afterward paid 
 in full. Mr. Tappan was subjected to 
 great opprobrium, and often violent 
 persecution, for his principles; also 
 personal violence at the hands of a 
 mob, which sacked his house and 
 destroyed his furniture. He was the 
 most prominent founder of the Amer- 
 ican Missionary Society, also the Anti- 
 Slavery Missionary Organization, and 
 was successively its treasurer and 
 president. He was publishing the life 
 of his brother, and had just sent the 
 sheets to the press, when he was struck 
 with jiaralysis. 
 
 Hiram Pcnaers. 
 June 37. Hiram Powers, an American 
 sculptor, died at Florence, Italy. Mr. 
 Powers acquired his first knowledge of 
 sculpture from a Prussian sculptor in 
 Cincinnati, who was engaged on a bust 
 of Geo. Jackson. Mr. Powers after- 
 ward had charge of the waxwork depot 
 of the Western Museum of that place, 
 for several years. After a short stay in 
 Washington, where he modeled the 
 busts of some prominent men, Mr. 
 Nicholas Longworlh helping him, and, 
 with what money he had saved from 
 his earnings, he visited Florence. 
 After a year's residence in Italy, he 
 produced his statue of " Eve," which 
 masterpiece secured him a reputation. 
 The next year he produced the model 
 of his " Greek Slave," the most popular 
 of all his works. He continued to 
 work and rise, and when the Crystal 
 Palace in England requested represent- 
 ative works from the world's chief 
 artists, Powers produced " America," 
 which added fresh laurels to his fame. 
 Mr. Powers invented a process of 
 modeling in plaster which greatly 
 aided and expedited the labors of the 
 sculptor. 
 
 American Victory. 
 
 June 39. The Great Rifle Contest at 
 Dollymount, near Dublin, Ireland ; the 
 American team beating; Col. Bodine 
 making the last shot. Gross American 
 total, 967; gross Irish total, 939 ; differ- 
 ence in favor of America, 38. 
 
 July. Beecher and Tilton scandal breaks 
 out. 
 
 Great Sncnv-Storm. 
 Great and extensive snow-storm and 
 severe cold in Minnesota and Nebraska. 
 Very many lives were lost. 
 
 Dixon Bridge Disaster. 
 
 Palling of the bridge at Dixon. 111., which 
 
 was covered with people witnessing a 
 
 baptismal rite iL the river. 100 lives 
 
 were lost. 
 
 Salary Grab Bill. 
 Salaries of the Government officers and 
 Jlembers of Congress increased, to 
 which great objection was raised 
 throughout the country. The Members 
 of Congress refusing to draw their in- 
 creased pay, the jiortion of the bill 
 relating to them was repealed. 
 
 Great Storm. 
 
 Aug. A great storm raged along the 
 Atlantic cost. 100 vessels went down 
 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and ITti 
 sailing vessels and 13 steamers lost in 
 the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Aug. 37. National Temperance Society 
 held at Saratoga, N. Y. 
 
 The Great Financial Crash. 
 Sept. 19. Upon this dny culminated the 
 pent-up volcano of financial corruption 
 which had for years been gathering its 
 forces. For months it had been feared, 
 and with terrific force its fury was now 
 poured upon Wall Street, utterly para- 
 lyzing all business. The final crash was 
 the news that the banking-liouse of 
 Jay Cooke & Co., the best-known and 
 most enterprising house in the coun- 
 try, had failed, and that the Wash- 
 ington and Philadelphia branches of 
 the firm had also gone under. Deposits 
 ot corporations and private persons 
 were held by this firm to the amount 
 of $5,000,000. The stock markets 
 broke, and securities were sacrificed ii 
 the most reckless manner. Five im- 
 portant banks followed in the crasli, 
 and ruin and consternation spread 
 throughout the country. The credit 
 and prosperity of the country received 
 a severe shock. The Secretary of the 
 Treasury made the announcement, at the 
 opening" of the Forty-thiid Congress, 
 "That to meet the falling off in the 
 revenues of the Government, he must 
 needs have recourse to taxation." 
 Oct. 3. Execution at Fort Klamath, 
 Oregon, of the Modoc Indians who 
 murdered Gen. Canby and Peace Com- 
 missioner Thomas — "Captain Jack," 
 " Schonchin," " Boston Charlie," and 
 "Black Jim." 
 
 A Great Hunter. 
 
 Oct. 33. Death of Robert Sixbury, at 
 the age of 110 years. He was a noted 
 hunter, living on the " John Brown 
 Tract," in Jefferson County, N. Y. He 
 acquired a great reputation as a hunt- 
 er in New York, where he had slain 
 over 2,200 deer. It was said he used 
 alcoholic stimulants to excess, and 
 "never with any conscientious scru- 
 ples." At 80 years of age he met with 
 an accident which necessitated the 
 amputation of one of his leg.s, and he 
 assisted the doctor in the operation, 
 which he survived for a period of .30 
 years, and retained his vigor to the 
 last. 
 
 Cyrus Wakefield. 
 
 Oct. Sn. Deatb of Cyrus Wakefield, an 
 extensive importer and m.anufacturer, 
 of Boston, Mass. He originated and es- 
 tablished the rattan business in South 
 Reading, Mass., where his business 
 covered seven acres of ground, and the 
 
 pay-roll of which foots up to $35,000 
 per month. The name of the town 
 was changed to Wakelicld in his 
 honor, to which he had cuntriljuted a 
 town hall, costing $100,000. 
 
 John C. Heenan. 
 Oct. 28. John C. Heenan, a noted pugil- 
 ist and prize-fighter, died. He was 
 called the " Benicia Boy," because he 
 worked in a blacksmiiirs shop in Be- 
 nicia, Cal., at the time he first entered 
 the list of " prize-fighters." His first 
 "priz' -fight" wa> with John Morrissey, 
 in 18.'J>i"— Morrissiv winning. The 
 most notable feature in Ueenan'a sub- 
 sequent professional career was the 
 p irt he took in the great '' Interna- 
 tional Match " between England and 
 America — Sayers appearing as the 
 ch;impion of the former, and Heenan 
 of the latter. This brutal and dis- 
 gnu'eful fisht was witnessed by a vast 
 multitude from all parts of the king- 
 dnm and the Continent, including also 
 many from America, and British lords 
 and noblemen not a few. The affair 
 resulted in a drawn battle. Afterward 
 Heenan was beaten in England by 
 King, and never after entered the ring. 
 
 The "Virginius." 
 
 Oct. 31. Capture of the Virginius, an 
 Ameriean ship, near Jamaica, by the 
 Spanish steamer Tornado, and taken 
 to Santiago de Cuba, with 170 passen- 
 gers, 101 of which were shot by the 
 Spanish authorities of Cuba under the 
 pretext that they were filibusters. 
 The United States and British Consuls 
 protested in vain. 
 
 Nov. Loss of the steamship Tille du 
 Earre frnm Europe to New York. 226 
 lives lost. 
 
 Jolui P. Hah: 
 
 Nov. 18. Death of John Parker Hale, 
 LL.D.. an American Senator and di- 
 plomatist. He was a graduate of 
 Bowdoin College and was appointed 
 United States District Attorney for 
 New Hampshire. He was elected by 
 the Democrats to the United States 
 Congre.ss, where, in opposition to the 
 sentiments of his party — then in the 
 height of its power — he took sides 
 with the anti-slavery element. In 1847 
 he was elected to the United States 
 Senate, where he betrayed the same 
 bold and intrepid spirit which char- 
 acterized his stand in Congress, by 
 opposing the compromise measures of 
 Henry Clay, and exposing the intrigues 
 of the slave power with the eloquence 
 and earnestness of an Adams. In 1853 
 he was the candidate of the Free Soil 
 party for President. Mr. Hale was an 
 able and valuable Member of the 
 United States Senate for 16 years. 
 President Lincoln appointed him, in 
 1803, Minister to Spain, which post 
 he tilled for four years, and returning 
 from which, with broken health, he 
 repaired to his home among the New 
 Hampshire hills; since which time he 
 had taken no part in public affairs. 
 
 Stephen Smith. 
 
 Nov. Death of Stephen Smith, a noted 
 
 colored citizen of Germantown, Pa. 
 
810 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1873. At tlie age of 18 he purchased his 
 own freedom, iinil eventually acquired 
 a large fortuue, which he used with 
 great liberality for the benefit of his 
 race. He was a prcaclier in the 
 Methodist Church, and built, at his own 
 expei.se, the " Zion jMethodist Churcli," 
 of Philadelphia. 
 " Nov. 22. Tweed sentenced to twelve 
 years imprisonment. 
 
 Lauis P. Gibhard. 
 " Nov. 30. Lewis P. Gibhard, M.D., an 
 eminent physician and medical writer, 
 died at the age of 83 years. He was 
 the oldest medical practitioner In 
 Philadelphin, and was also the leader 
 in e-tablishini; the first temperance so- 
 ciety in I'eunsylvaiiia — numbering 
 three persons, cliairman, secretary, and 
 tre.isurer — iu liis own parlors. 
 
 Louis Agassiz. 
 " Dec. 14. Death of Louis Agassiz, the 
 most eminent of modern scientists, 
 also a naturalist and author, at Cam- 
 bridge, Mass. 
 
 Sarah Grimke. 
 
 " Dec. Death of Sarah Grimke, an elo- 
 quent and early advocate of anti- 
 slavery principles. She was a daugh- 
 ter of Chief-.Justice Grimke, of South 
 Carolina, and a member of the Society 
 of Friends. She, together with her 
 sister, Angelina, emancipated their 
 slaves, and came North to lecture on 
 slavery. They were educated and ac- 
 complished ladies, and their purity of 
 character and deep-toned piety gave 
 them great influence in their public 
 course. They were ready writers as 
 we 1 as eh)quent speakers, and were 
 also among the earliest advocates of 
 the enlargement of woman's sphere. 
 
 " Dec. Escape of Tweed from the New 
 York County jail. 
 
 " A decision was rendered by the Su- 
 preme Court of Illinois in the case of 
 ;Myra Bradwell against the State of Il- 
 linois, refusing her a license to practice 
 law, on the ground that she was a 
 woman. 
 
 " The population of Patagonia in 1873 
 was !s69. 
 
 " Antnmitio signal telegraph was intro- 
 duced and applied in New York. 
 
 " The free postal <lelivery was adopted iu 
 all cities containing '20,000 inhabit- 
 ants, and the penny postal cards intro- 
 duced. 
 
 March of Mexico. 
 " During the year 1873, Mexico made some 
 gigantic strides toward the freedom 
 for which she had so long struggled. 
 In October she enacted a law severing 
 Church and State, and declared, by 
 civil enactments, " that henceforth no 
 religious denominations were to be 
 specially favored by the Government." 
 "That no religious corporation may 
 possess any property, except under dis- 
 tinct provisions rec'i;;nized in the Con- 
 stitution." Religious oaths in courts 
 o justice were aholished, and a simple 
 declaration substituted in all cases. 
 "That marringe was hencefurth to be 
 purely a 'civil contract,' and its legiti- 
 mization an afl'air of the civil authorities 
 
 1873. alone." " That the State refuses to recog- 
 nize any monastic vows as binding, and 
 that any person belonging to any re- 
 ligious order can leave it at any time 
 of his own free will." 
 
 lVoman\ Crusade. 
 1874. This year witnessed the most wide-spread 
 and intense excitement upon the sub- 
 ii'.'t of ti-uipcrance. It began in a 
 small tow n in Ohio, and was "the result 
 of the I'llorls of a band of women who 
 visited the saloons, holding prayer- 
 meetings and singing religious songs 
 and hymns. When refused admittance 
 to the saloons, they held their meetings 
 upon the sidewalk in front. In some 
 places the saloon-keepers used violence 
 in driving the women from their place 
 of business and from the sidewalks, 
 and in a few instances mobs of lawless 
 men congregated and insulted the 
 women with coarse and brutal language; 
 but in almost every instance, after two 
 or three attempts, the proprietors would 
 politely open their doors and invite the 
 ladies in, and often seated their rooms 
 in anticipation of their visit, and aided 
 them in every respectful way to carry 
 on the meetings. In most places, as a 
 result of these meetings, the majority 
 of the saloons were closed, and the 
 proprietors converted to the temperance 
 cause, many of them professing to be 
 converted to Christianity. 
 
 The efiects of these meetings were 
 most solemn indeed, and often duiing 
 the exercises all business in the town 
 would be suspended, and the people 
 would gather in multitudes to witness 
 the unusual and deeply impressive 
 scenes. Usually the women met 
 together in their churches, and held a 
 season of prayer, and appointed their 
 leaders, arranging their programme in 
 a systematic manner. They then 
 marched in a procession, during the 
 tolling of bells, and the solemn hush of 
 the multitudes, men uncovering their 
 heads, and all countenances betraying 
 the solemnity of the occasion. The lead- 
 ing and influential ladies of the towns 
 who were church- members usually 
 gave their influence to, and aided the 
 movement, and their husbands and 
 the ministers of the evangelical 
 churches sustained them with their 
 countenance and prestige, thereby 
 giving character to the unusual and 
 eccentric proceeding. Dr. Dio Lewis 
 gave the movement his hearty co-oper- 
 ation ; and large and enthusiastic 
 meetings were held, which, for a time, 
 swept everything before Ihini. spread- 
 ing East and West, until nearly cv( I'V 
 Northern State was infectcil with the 
 excitement. The results, for a time, 
 seemed to be very flattering, and a 
 fresh impetus was given to the temper- 
 ance cause. But the reaction which 
 follows all great excitements, in a 
 measure followed this ; yet, in Ohio 
 the cause of iutemiieianee in many 
 towns received a death-blow, and 
 hundreds of thousan.ls thnMiuhout the 
 country signed tin' ]il. d^r. Hut the 
 growing conviction aiuonL; temperance 
 people, that this was not the most 
 judicious manner of promoting the 
 cause, resulted in a gradual decline of 
 the movement. The most effectual and 
 
 lasting results were the co-operatitn 
 which it aroused amcnig the ministers 
 and churches and the creation of a 
 healthy public sentiment in favor of 
 teni Iterance. 
 Bursting of a reservoir at Middlefield, 
 Mass., destroying a great amount of 
 life and property C08 
 
 King Kalakaiia. 
 Visit of King Kalakaua, of the Sandwich 
 
 First inata 
 
 ^ n:i,n,,,l hnij filtering the United tjtaten. 
 Senate ]ia^-iil a bill to resume specie 
 
 The revision of the United States Statutes 
 
 adopted by Congress. 
 Inflation ot the currency voted by Con- 
 Bill to increase greenbacks $400,000,000 
 Coiniironiise currency bill signed by the 
 
 Kellogg Government overthrown in 
 Louisiana and restored by the President 
 in five days. 
 
 Mary Anne Hawkins. 
 
 Mar 3. Death of Mary Anne Hawkins, 
 
 a noted philanthropist and friend of 
 
 JViciidless \v..n..n and children. She 
 \va-. one (if the Ininiders and President 
 ol llic I'c male (iiiai'clian Society and 
 Home for the Friendless in New Y'ork 
 city. 
 
 Charles Sumner. 
 Mar. 11. Charles Sumner, the eminent 
 American statesman, scholar, and au- 
 thor, died in Washington. Mr. Sum- 
 ner was a graduate of Harvard CoUese, 
 having i)reii,,uvlv been a i>n|jil at the 
 Boston Laiin S.h,.,,!. lie ^'lidied law 
 under Mr. Jnslie,. m,,iv. and was ad- 
 
 llluieiL lo NIC liar la I -- , | ; |ii. negau 
 pi'actiee in |;i.-.|,a], ami umi, surpassed 
 the yniina ne n in lii. laof, ..i,,„. Hjg 
 first public olliee uas i;e,M,rler of the 
 United States Court. He published 
 three volumes of Judge Story's decis- 
 ions, at the same time editing the 
 American Jurist. He lectured before 
 the Law School in the absence of 
 .lud-e Slniy and Prof Greenleaf, the 
 hist three winters after his entering 
 the profession, and with so much suc- 
 cess that he was urged to take a pro- 
 fessor's chair. In 1837 he visited Eu- 
 rope, and became acquainted with the 
 mo-t eminent jurists, publicists, and 
 distinguished scientists, and visited 
 the highest courts, and both Houses 
 of the English Parliament. In 1843 
 he began his career as a public lec- 
 turer, lie opposed the Mexican war, 
 anil the i)ni-slavery interests which 
 indueid ii, with great ability and elo- 
 iiuenee. In isli; hc announced before 
 the W hi- Convention bis uncompro- 
 mising hosiilily to slavery. In 1848 
 Mr. Sumner abandoned theWhig party 
 and allied himself to the Free Soilers. 
 Mr. Sumner was a voluminous writer, 
 though everything from his pen was 
 carefully prepared and retouched till it 
 satisfied his fastidious tastes. He suc- 
 ceede<l Daniel Webster in the United 
 States Siaaite. and in his political 
 jiiiiiei|i]e-, he sto'jd aluiost aloue in the 
 tSen;ile ihaniber. From the first his 
 political ojiponents feared his power 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 811 
 
 and eloquence to the extent that they 
 never allowed him to gain the floor, 
 when possible by strategy or device to 
 prevent it, and he was for nine months 
 a Member of the Senate before he 
 found an opportunity to make his first 
 speech. His great speech on " Tlie 
 Crime against Kanfas," made on the 
 I'Jth of Alay, was the direct cause of 
 the barbarous assault upon him by 
 Preston S. Brooks, a Member of Con- 
 gress from South Carolina. This act of 
 blooly violence transpired on the 33d 
 of May — the only instance on record 
 of a great and honored statesman be- 
 ing biutally struck down while in his 
 seat in the Senate Chamber of his 
 country's capital, and left there lying 
 prostrate and insensible until removed 
 by his friends. The injuries Mr. 
 Sumner received at the hands of this 
 ruffian debarred him from public 
 duty for four years. He was a man- 
 to be feared, as well as admired, for 
 his masterly eloquence when directed 
 against any great national evil left no 
 nook or hiding-place for its ghastly 
 form. To his great learning he added 
 the most elegant accomplishments and 
 the sternest purity of purpose and in- 
 tegrity of character. And of Charles 
 Sumner it may also be added, his 
 hands were clear from bribes. 
 
 Mar. 13. Death of Christian Sharps, in- 
 ventor of the celebrated Sharps' rifle. 
 
 Mar. Iliot in Pennsylvania by the work- 
 men of the Erie Railroad at Susque- 
 hanna, but was quelled by State troops 
 without bloodshed COS 
 
 First Regular Lady Physician. 
 Mar. Death of Mrs. Van Tassell, a mis- 
 sionary among the Ottawa Indians, and 
 a physician, commencing her medical 
 studies at 58 years of age. She was 
 the first looman ever admitted to the full 
 course of medical lectures in this coun- 
 try. She spent several years as a 
 medical practitioner in Memphis, Tenn. 
 
 Second Chicago Fire. 
 Another extensive fire occurred in the 
 newly-built portion of the city, destroy- 
 ing a great number of very flue build- 
 ings. The loss was estimated at 
 $1,000,000., 
 
 Gerrit Smith. 
 Gcrrit. Smith, an eminent American 
 philanthropist, reformer, and states- 
 man, died in New York city. His 
 father, Peter Smith, was at one time 
 associated with John J. Astor in the 
 fur trade, and was subsequently the 
 largest land -holder in New York. 
 Gerrit graduated at Hamilton College 
 in 1818 with the highest honors of his 
 class. Upon his 21st birthday his 
 father presented him with a deed of 
 the entire township of Florence in 
 Oneida Co., N. Y. He studied law, 
 that he might the better manage his 
 large interests, and also that he might 
 be able to aid the poor and unfortunate. 
 At a very early age he was employed 
 by his father in the management of his 
 immense landtd estates, and soon his 
 father gave the entire business into his 
 hands; and although the youngest son, 
 his father made him the executor of 
 
 his will. His integrity of character 
 was so great and so well established, 
 that John Jacob Astor loaned him the 
 sum of $250,000, with only a verbal 
 promise that he would execute mort- 
 gages on certain tracts of land as se- 
 curity for its repayment, not requiring 
 even a memorandum of the trans- 
 action. Mr. Smith, the owner of large 
 tracts of land in f .rty-two ,iiit of the 
 sixty counties of the Stiitc. Inrnming 
 convinced tliat l:iiiil iii(iihi|„ily \v;is a 
 wrong to tile jioor, i)ri:cre>le.| in ls43 
 to give away 200,(i(i0 acns. in parcels 
 of about 50 acres, to deserving poor 
 white and black men, and in many 
 cases aiding them to erect cheap and 
 comfortable houses, requiring of them 
 only that they live upon and cultivate 
 their lands. Mr. Smith founded the 
 Orphans' Asylum iu Oswego, N. Y., 
 and helped to maintain it. He also 
 established, at a later period, a farm- 
 ing region in Essex County for 
 colored people, and presented John 
 Brown (" Ossawattomie ") a farm, that 
 he might teach the colored people 
 how to till their lands in a northern 
 clime. His pfts of land and money 
 continued until, at the time of his 
 death, he retained scarcely one-eighth 
 of his original estate. Mr. Smith was 
 one of the very first to become Inter- 
 ested in the condition of the African 
 slaves in this country, and was one of 
 the most genuine abolitionists to the 
 time of his death, and a zealous and 
 able defender of their rights and in- 
 terests. He gave liberally of his means 
 to aid the anti-slavery cause, and l)is 
 voice and pen were ever used in the 
 advocacy of reforms. He was a thorough 
 and consistent temperance man, and 
 an advocate of peace, and labored 
 heartily for the emancipation of woman 
 from hfr legal disabilities, and advo- 
 cated her right to suffrage, and sought 
 earnestly for reform in the management 
 of prisons. In 1852 many voters of 
 both political parties in Madison and 
 Oswego Counties invited him to ac- 
 cept a nomination for Congress, and 
 accepting, he was elected over both 
 the \Vhig and Democratic candidates, 
 lie remained in Congress only through 
 the first session ; his health being 
 somewhat infirm, and anxious for 
 rest, he retired to his home. While 
 in Congress he advocated almost single- 
 handed and alone his views on slavery, 
 temperance, homesteads, reciprocity 
 treaty, and the Nebraska bill. Mr. 
 Smith's hospitality at home was un- 
 bounded, and the black man and the 
 white man were equal guests at his 
 board. His most important books 
 were his " Speeches in Connress, by 
 Gerrit Smith," " The Theologies," 
 "Nature's Theologies," and "Letters 
 to Albert Barnes." 
 Death of Mrs. Beaton, a centenarian of 
 SouthamiJtou Co., Va., aged 10-i years. 
 
 Siamese Twitis. 
 
 Death of the Siamese twins, Chinif and 
 Eng, at Mount Airy, N. C. These un- 
 fortunate creatures were for twenty- 
 five years publicly exhibited in Europe 
 and Ameiica, when after acquiring a 
 .ioiut fortune of about $80,0(10, and at 
 the age of 4.j, they settled down as 
 
 farmers in North Carolina, and married 
 
 two si.sters, liy whom they had each a 
 nniii' I 1 r ^ Iiil 'i rn, two of the num- 
 ber 1 I,, :■ I ^1 dumb. They were 
 cdmii • ■ ! ' I irf at the side by a 
 fl(sli\ > 1) ! ill: i nils l);ind about eight 
 iiubes in length, compelling them to 
 partly face each nther. Chang's death 
 oceurrci^l about two and a half hours 
 before Kng's, anel was caused by con- 
 gestion of the lungs, and Kng's death 
 was from no apparent cause, but the 
 nervous s'lock jji'oduced by the death 
 of bis lirother. 
 Death (if Jlaj.-Gen. Morgan L. Smith, 
 United Stales Vols., a gallant officer in 
 the Mexican and late civil war, and for- 
 mer United States Consul at Honolulu, 
 lie served in most of the battles in the 
 Southwest under Gen. Grant. Gen. 
 Sherman said of him : " He was one of 
 the bravest men in action 1 ever knew." 
 
 Millard Fillmore. 
 Death of Millard Fillmore, thirteenth 
 President of the United States. Mr. 
 Fillmore was born at Sumner Hill, 
 Cayuga Co., N. Y., January 7, 1800. 
 His lather was a farmer in humble 
 circumstances, and unable to give 
 his son an education more than he 
 could receive at the common t^'i trict 
 scliools. At the age of fourteen, Millard 
 was apprenticed to a clotliier, about 
 loo miles from his home, in the wilds 
 of Western New York. Here he found 
 access to a small library, and his 
 evenings were spent in reading. Soon 
 his thirst for knowledge became in- 
 satiable; he read the best works upon 
 history, biography, and oratory which 
 could be procured by his limited oppor- 
 tunities. The elevating influences of 
 his reading afiected- his manners, his 
 speech, and his whole character. At- 
 tracted by the prepossessing appearance 
 of the young clothier, Judge Wood 
 made his acquaintance, and advised 
 him to study law. Having no means 
 of his own, or friends who could help 
 him, he could but state his cirenm- 
 stances, and decline the kindly advice. 
 But the Judge, having so much co i- 
 fidencc in the natur.al abilities and in- 
 tegrity of young Fillmore, oflFered to 
 take him into his own office, and loan 
 him the money required to complete 
 his outfit and meet his expenses. The 
 generous offer was most gratefully ac- 
 cepted, and he immediately entered 
 ujjon the arduous undertaking. 
 
 During the winter months he taught 
 school that he mi^ht not incur too 
 heavy a debt, ir burden the generosity 
 cf his benefactor. .Vfter two years' 
 study in Judge Wood's office he entered 
 a law-office in Buffalo, and in the same 
 m.anner he prosecuted his studies, 
 alternately teaching or by some active 
 labor supporting himself. At the age 
 of 33 he was admitted to the Court of 
 Common Pleas. He now commenced 
 the practice of law in the little village 
 of Aurora, on the banks of Cayuga 
 Lake, and in 1836 he married Miss 
 Abigail Powers, daughter of Rev. 
 Lemuel Powers, a lady of refincmer t 
 and great moral worth. 
 
 In 1839, Mr. Fillmore took his seat 
 in the House of Assembly of the State 
 of New York, as the Representative 
 
812 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1874. from Erie County, and the same year 
 lie entered into partnership with an 
 elder member of the har in Buffalo. 
 In the Assembly, Mr. Fillmore gave his 
 sympatliies and vote with the Whig 
 party, and in the autumn of 1S33 he 
 vras elected to a seat in the United 
 States Congress, which he filled for two 
 years. In 18:37 he was re-elected to 
 Congress, and industrio.islv applieil 
 himself to the, lutirs devolved upon him. 
 His labors often re,,uired the draft- 
 ing of re-oliili(ins in the Committee- 
 room, wiiieli he was able to defend 
 against sk.llful opponents. His mental 
 resources :ind abilities as a debater 
 were above the average of our Repre- 
 sentatives. Mr. Fillmore declined a 
 third term, although nominated by 
 acc'amation in a convention of his con- 
 stituents. In the year lft47 he was 
 ejected Comptroller of the State of New 
 York, and therefore he removed to the 
 State Capital. It was imiversallv ad- 
 mitted that the duties of this offiee 
 were never more faithfully <lisehargcd. 
 In the fall of ISIX, .Millard Filltnore 
 was electi'd Vice-Pre-ident, with Gen. 
 Zanhary Taylor for President. In .luly, 
 1849, the death of President Taylor 
 occurred, and as a constitutional pro- 
 vision, the Vice-I'ri -i h lit imist till the 
 office for the rcaii.iiie !' i' ni' the term. 
 Accordingly, he was ,luly inaugurated, 
 and proceeded to excente the laws of 
 the United States as their Chief Magis- 
 trate. The odious Fugitive Slave law 
 was in f>ree, and President Fillmore 
 felt it to be his duty to enforce this 
 law, mueli to his injury among liis own 
 party at the North. The famous com- 
 prouiis- iiira-:r. - ',> .■ [■ ■ ailojited, under 
 Mr. Filliu T. ■ Al ml |:,|iou. and th.' 
 expeditinit !•■ I i[' i- -. iii int. lie was 
 warmly a;^|s-, e; it. ,1 ;ii the >outli, as 
 w s ■ur\ .\(.itiMa-n man of pniminence 
 Willi faviinil 'heir measures. In 1855, 
 at the ell) e of his term of office, Pres- 
 ideai Fillmore visi'ed Euro-e, where he 
 spent a year, receiving marks of dis- 
 tinguished favor, such as his position 
 demanded. In 18")li his name was 
 again brought out as candidate for the 
 Presidenc/ bv the " Know-Nothinir '' 
 party, but Mr. Buchanan, the Demo- 
 cratic candidate, wis elected. Mr. 
 Fillmore lived in re iieneut in the in- 
 te.icr of New Vn.k, mil 11 his lieath. at 
 the a.^e.if 7! veai-. His s- iui)athies, 
 
 if not with 
 
 he S,a 
 
 th ill II 
 
 e Itebellion, 
 
 were never 
 
 'Xtiai. 
 
 •d t,. 1 
 
 e Morth by 
 
 word or dee 
 
 1, a. el 
 
 he \\as 
 
 leeordlngly 
 
 f rgotteu b^ 
 
 both. 
 
 Such : 
 
 le the vicis 
 
 situdes of h 
 
 aniau 1 
 
 fe and i 
 
 vents. 
 
 Judge Edmonds. 
 «' Aprils. Peath nf .Tiidue Kdmond.s, an 
 ahlcNew Y.uk jurist ami ]ihilanthro- 
 pist. F(ir s \eu Mats he iiei iipied the 
 positions of rireiiit .liel-e, .Iii.lgeofthe 
 Supreni.' Cnuil, and .Indue of the 
 Ciant of Appeals, ■fhnuieh his efforts 
 
 the New York State prisons, and a 
 series of rewards for good behavior in- 
 stituted. Judge Edmonds was a zeal- 
 ous devotee of Spiritualism, himself a 
 medium, and the author of a work en- 
 titled '' Spiritualism." 
 
 A Great Iin'ciitor. 
 " April 13. Death of James Bogardus, an 
 
 1874. eminent American scientist and in- 
 ventor. Among his numerous inven- 
 tions were the ■' rinp;-fiicr " for cotton 
 spinning now in general use, an ec- 
 centric mill, an engraving machine 
 which cut the sti'cl die for the gold 
 medal for fin Am ri< m liislitutc'and 
 
 dry ga 
 
 Bi 
 
 tlle 
 
 apiilieaiils. lie iiiMiitil a machine 
 for pressine -lass, lie Imilt the first 
 cast-iPiu I. nil. ling in the United States 
 in ^;e\v Vnrk — a building five stories 
 lii-h iimI niiMly te, I in'length ; and 
 he sii'is ■nuenily beraine a contractor 
 for biiildiiig irmi wari'houses. He also 
 inveiitcl a pyrometer of great delicacy 
 .and tieeuraey. 
 
 Ajiril 'JC. The President vetoed a bill 
 for inconvertible paper money. 
 
 President Craiit settled the Arkansas 
 gubernatoritil warhiie liy recognizing 
 Baxter as Governor, and warning 
 Brooks and his fellow insurgents to 
 disperse. 
 
 Mill River Disaster. 
 
 May 10. A terrible disaster occurred in 
 the town of Williamsburg, Hampshire 
 Countv, Alass., by which 147 persons 
 lost iheii- \\\v- and l,-,'(lii were left des- 
 tiliiie. (i\ei- si iiii'i, 111)0 of property 
 was ile,irii\iil It \vas Caused by a 
 (lefietiM K SI 1-,, 111- of 100 acrcs in ex- 
 tent. Three villages were almost en- 
 tiri 1\ swept a\\av, and twelve miles of 
 teiiituiv laid waste. Twelve mills 
 weiv deslri.Neil, and hundreds of cattle 
 and lea-s,.s pe,i-|,,,l it, the Hood. It 
 
 hid for a ham- t ■ be,,; ennsidercd 
 
 iiiseeaic, as il \\as l.iit all earthen dam, 
 wile as ,,i,e,,.,Tll,,u al the nutlet of the 
 resr]..,iif. \\hieh sliiMi:.! liaMlieeu built 
 eiitiieK ,,f seliil mas.aiiv. but the fru- 
 e-alitv of the .nvneis oveiaanie their 
 better ind-nient, and a cheap dam Wiis 
 built, the result of which cupidity cost 
 over loo peo|ile their lives and several 
 linndred their homes, their earnings, 
 and all. The shock was as sudden as 
 it was appalling. The mills were in 
 full operation, and with but a moment's 
 warning the frightened operatives 
 rushed from the buildings but to be 
 
 overtaken with the il Iwliich swept 
 
 through the streets with tlie vel..cilv 
 of afastrailroailtraiii,beariiiu'/,/„vxti. 
 the height of ihirtv fe, t before it. 
 The liu-gest brick buildings viclded to 
 the flood, and wen- .rushed like an 
 egg-shell. Those iiulv escaped who 
 reacheil the hills. e\,ep( .a 'ii's^- who 
 
 were saved ill llnatin- Ira Iwellings. 
 
 '11 1 e \ allev pri si iitisl a liui i ibli' picture 
 to those vhu relnineil ti. witncs.s tlie 
 ruin. . I' till ir In. in.-s. their property, and 
 to e,.,t|„i- up ihrir dead. Scattered all 
 through that winding valley of death 
 were the relics of once happy homes, 
 trees torn from their roots, liuge boil- 
 ers battered and bruised, wrecks of 
 buildings, and the hudies of the dead, 
 all kit in one wild waste of ruin, either 
 buricl ia the ininl, ,.r entangleil amid 
 the tr-e top, ;,nd aiuid the .l.hri.t of 
 destruc lion, tnin, mangled, and ghastly, 
 a scene never to be forgotten. $05,01)0 
 
 w.ro raised in New England towns 
 and New York for the immediate re- 
 lief of the inhabitants. 
 
 May 23. Senate passed the Civil Rights 
 bill. 
 
 Juno 1. Gen. Bristow confirmed by the 
 Senate as Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 Henry Grinnell. 
 Juno 30. Death of Henry Grinnell, an 
 eminent New York merchant and phi- 
 lanthro)iisf, and one of the mendjers of 
 
 the I'MeUsive sl,ippi,,e house of Grin- 
 nell, .Miniuni .V Co, In bsaii Mr, Grin- 
 
 expe.l 
 lin, th 
 
 ■I'oVt 
 
 
 IMor 
 
 this 1 
 
 11 Frank- 
 vpciition 
 
 f\^ 
 
 Tin la 
 
 ■fhe 
 itu. 
 
 • 1.") 
 
 1 of 1 
 
 icHt E. J. 
 land dis- 
 1 bv this 
 
 ex pel 1 
 
 tiiiii \ 
 
 as 1 
 
 luiei 
 
 < il'iu 
 
 ell Land. 
 
 To^et 
 
 ler wi 
 
 h .\ 
 
 r. (i( 
 
 
 .body, in 
 
 ise;;,i 
 
 c cxpc 
 
 idcd 
 
 S.")!!,! 
 
 III n]>' 
 
 .1 another 
 
 exped 
 
 tion, w 
 
 lael 
 
 was 
 
 
 in charge 
 
 of Dr. 
 
 Kane 
 
 II 
 
 W lis 
 
 also 
 
 iiiich in- 
 
 teres ted in 
 
 .be 
 
 
 ilion 
 
 of Capt. 
 
 Hall. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chi 
 
 rch 
 
 and 
 
 State 
 
 
 Struiiule of the Roman Catholic priest- 
 hoo.l in llrazil for the Mipi.aiiacy of 
 power. The Cahiint Miiiist.r, Vis- 
 count Caravclla, d. aland 'that the 
 s.iv.acientv of Brazil can n.it admit 
 auoth.a- sov.n.lun o\.r it," also, "that 
 the r.ishop of (Hill. la, by his interdict 
 against th.' Fmanasons. had violated 
 tlic Constituti(m of the empire." 
 
 Grasshopper Raid. 
 Great devastation caused by the grass- 
 hoppers throughout the Northwest, 
 especially in Kans.as, Nebraska, Jlis- 
 souri, Iowa, and Minnesota, during 
 this and the iollowdng year. 
 
 Charlie Ross. 
 
 July 1. The abduclicn of a little boy of 
 four years of age, son of Christian K. 
 Ross, of Germantown, Pa., a suburb 
 of Philadelphia, He was, with his 
 brother, aged six years, playing upon 
 the sidewalk before his father's house, 
 when two men in a wagon enticed 
 them with candy and a promise of 
 fire-crackers to get into the wagon and 
 fake a ri.le. They drove in a zigzag 
 direction about eight miles, when they 
 gave the eldest hoy twenty-five cents, 
 and told him to go into a shop and 
 buy some tire-crackers. As soon as he 
 enteri'd th.' store they drove off with the 
 lilih' .ine, an.l were never seen or heard 
 fioiii amiiii, until they were both shot 
 while in the act of committing a bur- 
 glary four months al'ttr. In about a 
 week alter fhe child was stolen, one 
 of the ab,luetors wrote Mr. Ross a let- 
 ter, in which he proposed to deliver 
 up the cliil.l for a large ransom. This 
 was the first case of brigandage, or 
 holding a person or child for a ransom, 
 evir alfeni])tcd in this country. In 
 th.' correspondence between the father 
 and the abductors, they offered to de- 
 liver the child, safe and sound, to his 
 parents, for the sum of $20,000, pro- 
 vided Mr. Ross would pledge his .sa- 
 cred word and honor that they should 
 suffer no harm from the transaction. 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 813 
 
 1874. The detectives and cliiefs of police 
 were much opposed to Mr. Ross ac- 
 cepting such a priipoaition, as the re- 
 sult would prove very disastrous to 
 the safety of little children in the fu- 
 ture, as they felt very positive in 
 being able finally to discover the child 
 and secure his abductors. 
 
 The subsequent unsuccessful search, 
 the bold and desperate attempt of his 
 abductors to procure a largo ransom 
 for the stolen chiM, their actual cor- 
 respondence with the father during a 
 period of four months, and their final 
 capture and tragical deatli while rob- 
 bing a house, and the utter failure of 
 the combined eflbrts of the police and 
 detective forces of the country to dis- 
 cover the child, altogether fomi a 
 story of startling and thrilling interest 
 in the annals of crime. The news 
 soon spread over the entire civilized 
 world, and anxious and sympathetic 
 parents from all parts of Europe and 
 America sent letters of condolence and 
 sympathy to the afflicted parents. The 
 sleepless vigilance of anxious and out- 
 raged humanity was constantly on 
 the alert, and hundreds of letters and 
 dispatches from all parts of the coun- 
 try were received by Mr. Ross, de- 
 scribing children who were found, or 
 had been seen under suspicious cir- 
 cumstances, and whom, it was claimed, 
 answered the description of the " lost 
 Charlie." The constant and terrible 
 anxiety of the parents, and their cease- 
 less efforts to find their lost darling ; 
 the wasting of a fortune in the fruit- 
 less search, together with the thrilling 
 sturynf his abduction, with the details 
 of the correspondence and search, also 
 the killing of his abductors, are all re- 
 lated in a simple yet graphic manner 
 in the book entitled "Charlie Ross, 
 the Kidnapped Child," by his father. 
 Christian K. Ross. Mr. Ross has 
 spent over §50,000 for the recovery 
 of his child, and still hopes to find 
 him. The Governor of Pennsylvania 
 recently appointed Mr. Ro?s to a pub- 
 lic office, he being now a poor man. 
 On the 14th of December two burglars 
 were surprised and shot while in the 
 act of robbing a house in Bay Ridge, 
 Ij. I., by Mr. Van Brunt and his son. 
 One of the burglars was shot dead on 
 the spot, and the other lived but a 
 short time. Before he died he con- 
 fessed that he and his coiupanion were 
 the alxluctors of Charlie Ross; that 
 their names were Moshier and Doug- 
 lass, and that Moshier, the m.an who 
 was shot dead, was the one who held 
 the child in custody, but that he 
 (Douglass) could not tell where the 
 child was secreted. This is the last 
 tluat has ever been heard from Charlie 
 Ross. 
 " July 14. Another large fire in Chicago, 
 destroying a vast amount of prop- 
 erty G08 
 
 Great Flood at Pittsburg. 
 
 July 27. Great flood at Pittsburg and 
 Alleghany City; about 200 lives and a 
 vast amount of property destroyed . 608 
 
 Aug. Tlie steamer "Pat Rogers'''' de- 
 stroy edhyjire on the Ohio Kiver, and 25 
 lives lost G08 
 
 Aug. Riots at Austin, Jliss., between 
 
 negroes and whites; also insurrection 
 in Trenton, Teiin. 
 Aug. 7. A snow-storm occurreJ in New 
 Hampshire 008 
 
 £zra Cornell. 
 
 Dec. 9. Ezra Cornell died at New York. 
 Mr. Cornell was a philanthropist and 
 patron of education. lie acquired his 
 fortune in connection with the tele- 
 graph business, conceiving the idea of 
 supporting the wires upon poles — as 
 now universally practiced — and con- 
 structing the principal lines through 
 the Eastern States. Mr. Cornell's first 
 public benefaction wns a gift of a pub- 
 lic library and building to the city of 
 Ithaca, N. Y. His second and munificent 
 gift to the public was the founding an<l 
 endowment of " Cornell University." 
 
 At the chise of this year there were 72,- 
 623 miles of railroad in oiieration in 
 the United States. 
 
 NearUi $6,000,000 of tlie Public Debt can- 
 celed th'isjixcal year. 
 
 There iccrc^^^ZO failures in business this 
 year. 
 
 Beccher Trial. 
 
 Trial of Henry Ward Beecher, pastor of 
 Plymouth Congregational Church, 
 Biooklyn, N. Y., for adultery with 
 Jlrs. Theodore 'i'ilton, as charged by 
 her husband. Mr. Tilton being a 
 prominent literary man, and editor of 
 the New York Indeiiendent, also a very 
 intimate friend of Mr. Beecher. The 
 trial was the most noted and intensely 
 exciting one of the kind in the annals 
 of the world's history. Its results were 
 most indefinite and unsatisfactory to 
 the people, the jury disagreeing, and 
 no verdict rendered. The leading 
 witnesses were prominent Christians 
 and intelligent and inlhicntial citizens, 
 and bore the most einiiliiiuni l.xtlnaan/. 
 
 Jan, 9. Death of Dr. Sawarl Uridlcy 
 Dowe, the distinguished philanthro}iist, 
 arjed 74 years. 
 
 Jan. 10. Death of Gen. Gordon Granger, 
 at Santa F6, Mexico. 
 
 Jan. 1.'). Gold the lowest for this ye.ar, 
 lUf. 
 
 Jan. 25. Death, in Fitchburg, Mass., of 
 Rev. George T. Trask, the anii-tobacco 
 apostle, aged 78 years. 
 
 The Kcclcy Motor. 
 
 Invention of a motive power which 
 seemed to promise a revolution in the 
 entire mechanical world. It is claimed 
 by Mr. Keeley, the inventor, that he 
 has discovered a new power or force 
 in nature which will ])roduce a pnssure 
 of 5O,ii00 poiniils to the sqmirc inch, by 
 the condensation i.f air and water, and 
 that it will atcompli.sh all tli.it steam 
 or gnnpowder can do, and yet render 
 an explosion harmless. Alsi, that an 
 engine of 5,000 horse-power will occupy 
 no more space than an orJinary steam- 
 engine. This subject has caused a great 
 deal ofexcitemirnt among nieclianieal 
 and scientific men. Several prominent 
 scientists and practical machinists 
 have examined it and tested its power, 
 and pronounce it a success. But it 
 yet remains fir the public to be C(m- 
 vinccd of the practicability of the 
 wonderful claims of this new discovery. 
 
 as it has not yet been made a practi.yd 
 success. 
 
 Feb. 15. Great fire at Port au Prince, 
 llayti. 500 houses burned. 
 
 Feb. 25. Falling of a wall upon the roof 
 of St. Andrew's Church in New York 
 city, during religious service. A pmic 
 ensued, and five persons were killed 
 and thirty wounded. 
 
 March. Colorado admitted to the 
 Union as a State. 
 
 March 8. Damages of $6,537, niio award- 
 ed against Tweed in civil suit. 
 
 M.arch 20. Destructive tornado in 
 Georgia. Great loss of life and prop- 
 erty. 
 
 Mari'ii-.April. Yellow fever in the city 
 of Buenos Ayres, S. A.; the number of 
 victims exceeded 1 .'5,000. 
 
 April 13. Death of SamujI R. Wells, well 
 known professor ol i.lnvn.iloLjy, and 
 proprietor of the Vhrn,,.l,„ii,-,i} .li.Ni-naL 
 He wa-J, for many years, ass.ii iatcd with 
 the Fowlers in the advunceiuent of the 
 science ot Phrenology, 
 
 April 22. John llar])er, senior member of 
 the firm of ■' llaiper Brothers," died, 
 aged 78. 
 
 Aprd 25. Burning of three ste.amers at 
 the New Orleans levee; liltv lives were 
 lost. 
 
 Aprd-May. Great floods in the South. 
 Lar^iC portions of Arkansas and I.oui-i- 
 ana inundated. Great sufiering among 
 the inhabitants, especially among the 
 laboring classes and freedmen. Large 
 contributions were sent from the 
 North. 
 
 May. Extensive forest fires in Michigan, 
 Pennsylvania, New Y'ork, and Canada, 
 with great loss of property and some 
 lives. 
 
 Appearance of grasshoppers in Iowa in 
 great numbers. 
 
 Trial of Prof. Stuing. 
 May 5. Trial of Prof. Swing, by the 
 Presbytery of Chicago, upon the 
 charges ofhere-^y and unfaithfulness in 
 duty as a pastor, preferred by Mr. Pat- 
 ton. In other words, Prof Swing was 
 arraigned bef ire the Chicago Presby- 
 tery for not being faithful to the doc- 
 trines of the Westminster Confession. 
 The trial lasted fifteen days, and re- 
 sulted in his acquittal by the Presbytery 
 of Chii-ago by a three-fourths vote. 
 Prof. Swing .subsequently withdrew 
 from the Presbytery, and Mr. McVick- 
 er's theater was hired lor church 
 services on Sunday mornings, where 
 he has since preached to very large 
 audiences as pastor of a new and in- 
 dependent congregation, called the 
 "Central Church." Prof. Swing's ser- 
 mons have since been regularly re- 
 ported and published in the leading 
 newspapers of ttie city. 
 
 T)r. Susan Dimmick. 
 May 9. Dr. Susan Dimmick, of Roston, 
 was lost on the ,Sr/iiUer, which was 
 wrecked on the coast of Cornwall, Eng., 
 and over 300 lives were lost. She 
 was twice refused adndttance into the 
 Medical School of Harvard University, 
 and went to Zurich, Switzerland, where 
 she graduated with high honors. She 
 also studied in Vienna, and returned 
 to Boston, where she became resident 
 
CHEONOLOGY. 
 
 physician of a Iiospital lor w( 
 children. 
 
 and 
 
 John C. Brcckcnriili^e. 
 May 17. Deatli of .lohn C. Breckenridge, 
 at Lexington, Ky. Mr. Breckenridge 
 ■was chosen for Vice-President of the 
 United States, witli .Mr. .lames Bu- 
 clianan Preidcnt, and in ls(iO he was 
 the candidate for President of a section- 
 al party at tlir S<iUth, and in the same 
 year he was elretcd as U. S. Senator 
 and defendi'd tin- Soiiiliern Confederacy 
 and seces-ion in the Senate. Soon 
 aft rr lie joined the ( 'onfi-derate army, 
 and in i)eeenil.er, ISCl, «as expell('<l 
 from the Senati'. In the summer fol- 
 hiwing he was apiinintc 1 a Major-Gen- 
 eral by the Conl'-dcracv, and served 
 through the war of till- Kriirllion. He 
 was Sen-etarv of War in .TrllVrson Davis' 
 Caliiiirt :it thr time ..f (hr surrender of 
 (he S.mlh, and wrut i niiiir.ljatelv to 
 Knni,,.., where he remain.d till ISOS. 
 when he returned and devnted himself 
 to his profession as a lawyer. 
 
 Great Eartliquakc. 
 
 May 18. Earthquake in New Granada, 
 y. A. Si.x eities destroyed. The city 
 of Cucuta entirely obliterated ; 16,0u0 
 lives were lot. 
 
 May 37. Burning of the French Catholic 
 Church at Ilolyoke, Mass., during a 
 celelnation. 7.') lives were lost. 
 
 May :10. Loss of the steamer YiaUlmrg, 
 from Montre il to Liverpool. She went 
 down in a tield of ice. 83 lives were 
 lost. 
 
 June 1. National Temperance Conven- 
 tion met in Chicago. 
 
 June 14. Death of Samuel O. Drake, a 
 niitid American antiquarian, and 
 author of early American and Indian 
 histories. 
 
 June IG. Explosion in a manufactory of 
 fireworks in Bost m, Mass. Six per- 
 sons killed and three seriously injured. 
 
 Riot in South America. 
 June 20. Terrible riot at San Miguel, a 
 
 authorities by' a iuil.i ii.iniol I'alacois. 
 Tlie garrison were ueaily all assassi- 
 nated, and many prominent persons 
 killed. The town was then liurued by 
 pouring kcrosenr nv. a I-iildlngs, The 
 British ship /'.■. i la large 
 
 company of niaiis. (.iied to 
 
 the rescue. '1 lie dim .;.■,' ,\,i- r-timated 
 at §1,000,000. 
 
 '' Doesticlar 
 
 June 2.5. Dea'h of Mortimer Thompsoui 
 a humorous writer, well known as 
 "Doesticks." He married, fur his 
 second wife, tlie daughter of Mrs. James 
 I'arton, or " Fanny Fern." His literary 
 name was " Q. K. Philander Doesticks, 
 P. B." 
 
 July 5. Bailroad collision on Long 
 Island ; fifteen persons killed and over 
 twenty injured. 
 
 Mrs. Celia Burleigh. 
 
 July 7. Death of Mrs. Celia Burleigli, 
 
 at Syracuse, N. Y. She was a preacher 
 
 and reformer, and the widow of Wm. 
 II. Burleigh, a strong and popular ad- 
 vocate of anti-slavery and Woman's 
 liighls piinciples. Jlrs. Burlei;,'h was 
 the first President of tlie Woman's 
 Club of Brooklyn, and took an active 
 part in the advorarv of Wmuau Suffrage 
 and othri- ivfiinii iih.m nunl.. U|.on 
 tlie ili-ath III' hi r liii-Iiair I. -hr prepared 
 hcrstlf for the minislry. ami was pastor 
 of a Unitarian Church in Hrooklyn. 
 Conn. Mrs. Burleigh Iiad a wide repu- 
 tation as an able writer and eloquent 
 speaker. 
 
 Frank Blair. 
 July S. Death of Hon. Francis Preston 
 Blair, Jr., at St. Lmiis, an eminent poli- 
 tician ami ruiioris-iiian. He was in 
 lSG8acan.liil.,lr f,.i \ i,e-President on 
 tlie ticket wilh (,nv. Seymour, of New 
 York, as President. 
 
 Donaldson s Balloon Ascension. 
 July I.-;. P,a!lorai ascension of Prof. 
 Jionaldson and Xiwtnii S. Grimwood, 
 a <'lii,-n,f,, ,1,, II null n-porter, from the 
 Hippodrome in Chicago. These bold 
 and daring adventurers ascended 
 amid a vast and tumultuous crowd of 
 spectators at n o'clock p.m. A stiflF 
 breeze was blowing from the south- 
 west at the time, which took them in 
 a north-east direction over the lake. 
 Tlie breeze swelled to a hurricane be- 
 fore midnight. A small schooner 
 siglited the balloon at 7 o'clock about 
 twelve miles north of Cliicago and 
 thirty miles from the sliore, and but a 
 mile and a half from the vessel. It 
 was skimming along the surface of the 
 lake. The captain realizing their 
 danger, headed his vessel in their di- 
 rection, but before he conkl reach it 
 there was a sudden lightening of the 
 car and the balloon shot rapidly up- 
 ward and \yas soon lost to si.ght. That 
 w.iv thr last I liat was ever heard of the 
 balloiin and its daring and reckless 
 aeronaut. Professor Donaldson. The 
 globe was a cotton one, and badly bat- 
 tered and patched, and presented a 
 threadbare and flimsy appearance, and 
 many of the spectators preiUcted its 
 destruction and the sacrifice of its bold 
 occupants at the time of starting. 
 
 Andrew Johnson. 
 July ;!1. Death of Andrew Johnson, 
 seventeenth President of the United 
 States, in Carter County, East Tennes- 
 see. Mr. Johnson was born at Raleigh, 
 N. C, Dec. 2!i, ISDS. His father died 
 when he was but four years old, and at 
 ten he was aijprenticcd to a tailor, 
 whom he served seven years. He was 
 m.t at schnnl a day of his life. Wliile 
 Irarniim his trad.' iir Irarunl his letters, 
 
 and boriMUrd I k, and learned to 
 
 read. When lir had Irarurd his trade, 
 h.i found .■iiipli.Mn.nt as a journeyman 
 tailor t\yo Mars, and aftrr working a 
 short tiiiir in Kal.ij^di. he (migrated to 
 Tennessee, taking wil'i liiiii his mother, 
 wlio was now dipi nd. iil on him for 
 support. He niaiiiiil in i drenvitle, 
 Tenn., and comnn in . d lin-iiuss there. 
 Hi- wil'r taii-ht Ida, ti. urite and 
 eipli.r, and tin- tirsl uxWv h- held was 
 Ihat oi' .Mil. riiiaii, l.i wliii-li he was 
 elected in 18:;s, and which he held for 
 
 three years. In 1830 he was chosen 
 ]\!ayor of his town, and in 183.5 was 
 S( nt to thr State Legislature, and again 
 '■' '-'' ''• ' large majority. In 1841 
 111 IV - .l-i'id to the State Senate, 
 ami III I ! ; In Congress, iu which he 
 
 ■■' ' '■" '''' and \yas a conspicuous 
 
 I'li'iil I'nil-.'s measures. 
 < 1 lirti'il liovi rnor of 
 i-i l.iii'd in ls.5,5, and 
 '. S. xi,,:i!i. n.r a full 
 I'liimj lit I 111 M ar he was 
 -I'll' III liir I'liion, de- 
 ii'ii III a l„,|il and im- 
 
 advocati 
 In 18.5;! 
 Tenne-si 
 in 18.57 
 trriu. (I 
 
 reserved 
 popular a 
 he \yas In 
 
 uuteers. 
 
 ut Lin- 
 al Gov- 
 
 He ruled Tennessee upon terms of 
 justice and strict loyalty to the Federal 
 Government, and brought her back 
 int.. the liiii.ti. In 1m;4 he was elected 
 A ill' I'l. -ilk lit \\\K\\ .Mr. I.inco'n re- 
 el ii.. I as I'll sal. ait, ami upon the as- 
 sa->illati.nl ..I tlm lattrr he tnok the 
 I'r. ^i.l.nt\ iliair .\|iril 1.5, l.sr,5. His 
 cll.irt-j 1.1 ri.'iiii-iriirt Ik.' tnion were 
 11. . I u.'ll ivn, iM'.l l.y (nn-r.'-s. and the 
 ]li|.nliliiaiimajiiiii\ ri| im I i;,tri| his acts, 
 ami pi'iicrnli il tor.v.m.tni.t theSouth- 
 i-ni Slalrs upon a .lillia. nt basis. 
 From this lime on he was at variance 
 with Congress, and vetoed no less than 
 nineteen bills. His enmity of the Sec- 
 retary of War was so great that on 
 Aug. I-J, ksc,:. h.' sus|rm|r.| hini from 
 nllici- ami ap]ii.inir,| c, n. Ciaiit in his 
 jilaen. 'fk. Siaialn i.IiimjiI ti. sanction 
 the act, au 1 Gen. Grant resigned the 
 office into Mr. Stanton's hands. Upon 
 making the second attempt to remove 
 Stanton, the House of Keprescntatlves 
 ])a^si'.l a r.s,,!utiou that Wxa President 
 bi- impi a' III il. At the close of the 
 tii il. M.iv joih, at the final vote, thirty- 
 liyr \.ii.d ■guilty" and nineteen "not 
 guilty. " .V two-thirds vote not being 
 (ilitaiimd, thr I'resid. nt was acquitted. 
 His list .1.1 in opposition to Congress 
 was in December, 1M>8, when he issued 
 a proclamation of full pardon to every- 
 liody who had participated in the Re- 
 bellion. Upon his return to Tennessee 
 hi v.,,s .1. fiatnl as a eandiilate, both 
 
 elected 111 Iki i . S. Si iiale, holding his 
 seat duriiiLi: tin' Iniir extra session in 
 March. .Mr. .l.ikiis.in's career as Presi- 
 dent was M, at yariance with his loy- 
 alty during the outbreak of the Rebel- 
 lion, aii.l also during his political 
 career through and after the war, unlil 
 he became Vice-President, that it was 
 regarded as enigmatical and suspicious 
 by the North ; and the bright fame he 
 enjoyed from his true and uncompro- 
 mising loyalty was shadowed by a dark 
 cloud which settled over the closing 
 years of his otherwise noble and useful 
 life, 
 
 Ncv'ton S. Grimwood. 
 
 ug. The body of Newton S. Grini- 
 woolI, the companion of Prof. Donald- 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 815 
 
 1875. son in his disastrous aerial voyage, was 
 found on the eastern shore of Lake 
 Michigan, between Stony Creek and 
 Montague, by a mail carrier, in a partial 
 state of decomposition, and partially 
 buried in the sand. A bursied life- 
 preserver was fastened around liis 
 body. The whole country adjacent to 
 the lake was thoroughly searched for 
 Prof. Donaldson and his missing bal- 
 loon, but they were never heard from 
 
 Ku-Khix in Illinois. 
 A band of outlaws and desperadoes in 
 disguise infested portions of Illinois, 
 whipping and murdering citizens and 
 destroying their property. The citi- 
 zens formed themselves into committees 
 of scouts, under permission of the 
 Governor, and scoured the whole 
 country. The band was linally broken 
 up and dispersed. 
 
 Troubles in Mexico. 
 
 Threatened revolution in Mexico caused 
 by the passage of liberal laws. The 
 Ultramontane clergy incited the masses 
 to resistance and bloodshed. The 
 priests placed themselves at the head 
 of armed bands and imposed contribu- 
 tions upon the defenseless villages. 
 The national troops, however, over- 
 powered them, and those that did not 
 escape to the mountains were hanged. 
 Bands of insurgents bade defiance 
 to the Government, and plundered and 
 pillaged the citizens along the line, 
 both in Mexico and Texas, which 
 threatened trouble with the United 
 States. 
 
 Aug. 6. Assassination of Don Gabriel 
 Garcia Moreno, President of Ecuador, 
 in the royal palace at Quito, by mem- 
 bers of a secret society, wliich were 
 numerous in South America and 
 Europe. 
 
 Aug. l(j. Death, at Oberlin, of Kcv. 
 Chas. G. Finney, President of Oberlin 
 College, also evangelist and reformer. 
 
 Aug. 23. "Wm. Cyrus Nutt, D.D.. late 
 President of the University of Indiana, 
 died at Bloomington, Ind. lie was 
 the first President of Asbury Univer- 
 sity, at Greencastle, Ind., organizing 
 that college with three scholars in a 
 room 12x 15 feet. 
 
 Aug. 26. Sudden suspension of the 
 great California Bank. Intense excite- 
 ment in San Francisco, resembling 
 " Black Friday " in New York, and 
 $1,400,000 were paid out this day. The 
 bank had a capital of $5,000,000. 
 
 William Ralston. 
 Aug. 27. Suicide of William Ralston, 
 President of the California Bank, liy 
 drowning. Mr. Ralston was the '• Jay 
 Gould " of the Pacific Coast ; a man 
 of large liberality and princely hospi- 
 talities. He lived in a large "baronial 
 mansion, twenty-five miles south of San 
 Francisco, at San Mateo, and drove a 
 splendid team of horses to the ciiy al- 
 most daily. 
 
 Mr. Ralston began life as a shoe- 
 maker, but soon found a more con- 
 genial position as a clerk on a Missis- 
 sippi steamer. From this jiosition he 
 became connected with a line of Cali- 
 
 fornia steamers, and finally settled down 
 in San Francisco and started a bank. 
 His great abiUtses as a financier were 
 soon developed, and he became Presi- 
 dent and Director of the Bank of Cali- 
 fornia, which, under his management, 
 grew to colossal jjroportions, and was 
 considered the great financial pillar 
 of the State. But the almost universal 
 example of the extravagance and wild 
 spirit of adventure and reckless squan- 
 dering of money, gained by specula- 
 tion and gambling, and also of the 
 quick departure of wealth so suddenly 
 made, was strikingly repeated in the 
 history of Wm. Ralston. His style and 
 manner of living were more than 
 l)riacely. Like his prototype, .lim Fisk, 
 lie must invest in a hotel, which 
 should, when completed, be pronounced 
 the grandest in the world, and which 
 would cost the modest sum of three 
 million dollars. Mining and " stock 
 gambling " formed another feature in 
 which Ralston imitated Fisk, and upon 
 which he " staked a fortune," but un- 
 like Fisk, he lo»t. Unfortunately for 
 him, the great " bonanza" holders and 
 controllers of the Comstock mine 
 (Flood and O'Brien) were better versed 
 in that department of gambling than 
 their victim. They sold him rapidly, 
 advancing shares at "fancy prices" 
 and in fabulous amounts. He had 
 risked the capital of the bank as freely 
 .IS he did his own personal property. 
 Soon the shares began to fall faster 
 than they had risen. A run came 
 upon the bank, its credit was shaken, 
 and worst of all, the heartless con- 
 trollers of that vast monopoly turned 
 bankers also, and refused all accommo- 
 dation to the rival house; and when 
 the crash came, nothing was left the 
 doomed man but a choice of death by 
 his own hand, or a life of reproach, 
 humiliation, and poverty. 
 Sept. Trial of William Weaiervelt for 
 complicity in the abduction and con- 
 cealing of the " stolen chilil" Charlie 
 Boss. He was found guilty, and sen- 
 tenced to the Penitentiary for seven 
 years. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Fasl Mail. 
 
 17. Arrival of the first fast mail 
 in in Chicago at 6.31 a.m., which 
 left New York at 4.17 a.m. the 16th. 
 The train was brought into Chicago 
 Viy Mr. Frank Osgood, of Elkhart, Ind., 
 who had to make twenty five minutes 
 of lost time in one hundred and one 
 miles. He fainted in the cab when 
 the train reached the depot, so great 
 had been the strain upon his nerves 
 and his mental anxiety. They arrived 
 several minutes before the expiration 
 of the allotted time. 
 
 Sept. Severe hurricane on the Island of 
 St. Thomas. 
 
 Sept. 38. Terrific gale at Charleston, 
 S. 0. ; damages $350,000. 
 
 Oct. 5. The highest price of gold for 
 the year 1875 was on this day, 117^. 
 
 Oct. 7. Town of Iquique, Peru, de- 
 stroyed by fire. 
 
 Invention of the life or surf-car, by Capt. 
 Ottinger, for saving people on wrecked 
 vesssls in storms, when the life-boat 
 can not be used. 
 
 Oct. 11. Death of Isaac Merrill Singer, 
 
 inventor of the Singer Sewing Ma- 
 chine, in Torquay. Eng. 
 Oct. 26. Great fire in Virginia City, Ne- 
 vada ; the business portion completely 
 " Loss estimated at $4,000,- 
 
 Nov. 4. Steamship PaeAfic foundered 
 between San Francisco and Portland ; 
 nearly 300 lives lost. 
 
 Nov. 9. Burning of the steamship City 
 of Waco oif Galveston bar ; nearly 70 
 lives lost. 
 
 Nov. 17. Coast packet Empire lost at 
 New Orleans ; 14 passengers and sev- 
 eral of the crew lost. 
 
 Henry Wilson. 
 
 Nov. 22. Henry Wilson, Vice-President 
 of the United States, died of apoplexy 
 at Washington, D. C. Ho was born 
 in Farmington, N. H., Feb. 6th, 1812. 
 His father's name was Colbath, and 
 was a ]ioor farm laborer, and appren- 
 ticed his son, at the age of ten years, 
 to a farmer in his native town. He 
 went to school about one year, at in- 
 tervals, during the eleven years of his 
 apprenticeship. At the age of 21, by 
 an act of the Legislature, he assumed 
 the name of Henry Wilson, and the 
 same year he walked to Natick, Mass., 
 and hired himself to a shoemaker till 
 he learned the trade. He worked two 
 years, and earned some money and re- 
 turned to New Hampshire, and studied 
 in the academies of Stafibrd, Wals- 
 borough, and Concord, but losing his 
 earnings by the failure of the man to 
 whomhe had intrusted them, he was 
 compelled to return to Natick and re- 
 sume work as a shoemaker. Here he 
 took an active part in forming and 
 sustaining a debating society among 
 the young men of the town. In 1835 
 he took an active part in the anti-slav- 
 ery discussions, then so prominent a 
 question in debate. In 1838 he made 
 his first visit to Washington, and 
 there the vivid impressions made upon 
 his mind by the slave-trade and prac- 
 tice in the District of Columbia for- 
 ever fostered an undying hatred of the 
 system in his manly and generous nat- 
 ure. His first active participation in 
 politics was in the " Harrison cam- 
 paign" of 1840, and during the next 
 five years he was three times elected a 
 Representative to the Legislature from 
 Natick, and twice a State Senator from 
 Middlesex County. In 1845 he took 
 an active part in opposing the admis- 
 sion of Texas as a slave State. In 
 1846 he ofi'ered a resolution in the 
 Legislature against slavery, and sup- 
 ported it by an elaborate and compre- 
 hensive speech. In 1848 he was a 
 delegate to the Whig National Con- 
 vention in Philadelphia, and withdrew 
 from the Convention, atier making his 
 protest, on the rejection of' the anti- 
 slavery resolutions. He edited the 
 Boston liepiihlican fir- two years in the 
 interest of the Free Soil party. In 
 1850 and '51 he was again a Member 
 of the Massachusetts State Senate, and 
 was President of the Senate both 
 terms. In 1853 he was President of 
 the Free Soil National Convention, at 
 Pittsburg, Chairman of the National 
 Committee, and candidate for Con- 
 gress, but failed in the elec'.ion by 1)3 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1875. votes. In 18-55 he was elected to suc- 
 ceed Edward Everett in the United 
 States Senate. Sir. Wilson aided in 
 organizing the Republican party on 
 tlie basis of opposition to the extension 
 of slavery, and when, on the 23d of 
 May, 1850, Mr. Sumner, his colleague, 
 ■was assaulted by Preston S. Bi-ooks, 
 of Soudi Carolina, Mr. AVilson, in a 
 speech to the Senate the next morning, 
 denounced the act as " brutal, murder- 
 ous, and cowardly,'" and for this lan- 
 guage he wa-; challenged by Bro<^ks for 
 a duel, but lirl].in..ru..|y<lrrliiu'.l on llie 
 ground thai <liKlii!L;- is :i 1 la; b:;ri>us ami 
 unlawful iiractirc, wliilr lie statrd that 
 he belkctd in tJi.e rijiU <>fntlf-d<Jaixc in 
 the Iroadest sense. From this time on, 
 Mr. Wilson was constantly in public 
 political service, and rapidly rose in 
 popularity, and soon became one of 
 the acknowledged champions of Ameri- 
 can liberty, independent of caste or 
 color, in the Senate, the press, and at 
 the ballot-box. In 1873 Mr. Wilson 
 was elected to the Vice-Presidency 
 with Gen. Grant. In 1873 he was 
 stricken with paralysis, from which 
 he never fully recovered. He was the 
 author of the following works : " His- 
 tory of the Rise and Fall of the Slave 
 Power," in two volumes ; " History of 
 the Anti-Slavery Measure in Congress ; " 
 " Military Measures of the United 
 States Congress," and several others. 
 Mr. Wilson's pubHc life was not cloud- 
 ed by one dishonorable act, and he 
 maintained his loyalty and political 
 integrity to the last of his career, and 
 he was deeplv and sincerely mourned. 
 " Nov. 23. Nearly one-half of the town of 
 Tuscumbia, Ala., destroyed by a storm 
 of wind and rain ; 13 persons killed. 
 
 William B. Astor. 
 
 Nov. 34. Death, of Wra. B. Astor, eldest 
 son and principal heir of John .Jacob 
 Astor. Mr. Astor contributed largely 
 to public charities, and made several 
 private presents of value while living. 
 Mr. Astor, following the example of 
 his father, invested largely in real 
 estate, and built mostly first-class 
 houses. His rent-rolls were enormous, 
 and at 80 years of age he is said 
 to have owned 720 houses; in 1875 
 he paid taxes on $16,000,000 worth 
 of real estate in New York city, and 
 the probable value of his estate at the 
 time ofliis death was about $45,000,000. 
 
 Dec. 1. Sinking of the steamer Sunny- 
 side on tha Hudson River; 11 persons 
 drowned. 
 
 Dec. 4. Escape of Tweed from the cus- 
 tody of the Sheriflfof New York County 
 
 Dec. 17. Burning of the Pacific Mai 
 steamer Japan, troni San Francisco to 
 Yokohama; a great number of lives 
 lost. 
 
 Dec. 38. Fire-damp explosion in the 
 Hutchinson mines, near Kensington, 
 Pa. ; several lives were lost. 
 
 Dec. New Constitution of Nebraska 
 ratified by the people. 
 
 During the present year the public debt 
 was reduced $14,344,514.84, and the 
 contract for refunding it renewed. 
 
 Bolivian Revolution suppressed and the 
 leaders banished. 
 
 Religious agitation in Mexico. The 
 
 Church party endeavor to incite the 187G. 
 mob clement to deeds of violence. 
 
 Moody and Saiil;cy. 
 
 Beginning of the great revivals con- 
 ducted by Moody and Sankey. Their 
 first meeting was held in JSrooklyn, 
 N. Y., in a skating-rink, there being 
 no other building large enough to hold 
 the audiences. In Philadrljihia the 
 meetings were held in a In iL:ht (Icpnt 
 fitted up for the purposi'. ami in ('hi- 
 cago a " Tabernacle " was built by .John 
 v. Farwell expressly for the meetings, 
 seating comfortably 8,000 people. In 
 every place where tliese evangelists 
 labored great and intensely interested 
 audiences attended, and the most per- 
 fect order and quiet reigned through- 
 out the exercises. The preaching was 
 not of a nature to excite fanatical dem- 
 onstration, but was deeply impressive, 
 and thousands of people claimed to 
 have been converted. The singing of 
 Mr. Sankey was the great and attract- 
 ive feature which drew the masses 
 outside of the churches, and which 
 charmed every ear that heard it. 
 
 Forest fires in Pennsylvania. Property 
 to the amount of .$ 3",0(J0,0u0 destroyed. 
 
 Oreat inundation, in Texas. Four hun- 
 dred lives leere iost. 
 
 Severe storms in the South. Three hun- 
 dred lives lost. 
 
 Threatened disturbancis in Louisiana 
 checked by the military under Gen. 
 Sheridan. 
 
 Amnesty Bill. 
 
 Jan. Debate on the Amnesty bill, a Demo- 
 cratic measure, which proposed grant- 
 ing pardon to all the participants in 
 the Rebellion who had been excluded 
 from previous pardons The bill re- 
 ceived the support of 173 votes, 97 
 voting against it; a two-thirds ma- 
 jority not being secured it was declar- 
 ed lost. A second debate followed, 
 which was characterized by a great 
 deal of bitterness and party strife, with 
 like results. 
 Serious difficulties between the Ameri- 
 cans and Chinese in California, and 
 great opposition to Chinese emigra- 
 tion. The white population in Contra, 
 Costa County, expelled the Chinese by 
 force and burned their houses and 
 property. 
 
 Whisky War. 
 
 Wtu upon the " Whisky Rings," by Sec- 
 retary Bristow, of the United States 
 Treasury. 
 
 Indictment of Gen. B.abcock, Private 
 Secretary and personal friend of Presi- 
 dent Grant, for complicity in the 
 whisky frauds. A general investiga- 
 tion revealed the most corrupt and 
 wide-spread combination among rev- 
 enue officers, distillers, and wholesale 
 venders to defraud the Government. 
 
 Feb. 5. The gallery in Robinson's Opera 
 House, Cincinnati, gave way during a 
 Sundaj'-school festival; twelve lives 
 were lost and a score of pcrsoni 
 injured. 
 
 Feb. 8. Destructive fire on Broadway, 
 N. Y. Loss $3,000,000. 
 
 Feb. 10. Death of Hon. Reverdy John 
 son, the distinguished jurist, in An 
 napolis, Md., aged 79. 
 
 Feb. 13. Explosion in a colliery at West 
 Pitt,sburg, Pa.; several killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 Feb. 17. Death of Rev. Horace Bushnell, 
 DD., in Hartford, Ct., aged 00. 
 
 Charlotte Ciishman. 
 
 Fell. IS. Death of Chariotte Cushman, 
 great American singer and actress. She 
 was one of the most talented and ac- 
 complished women of her day. As a 
 singer, her career was short ; losing her 
 voici", she studied for the stage, and as 
 an arlnss, her fame was world-wide. 
 Slie aripiind a large fortune and the 
 uiiivei-sal respect and esteem of all 
 (^lasses at home and abroad. 
 
 Feb. 3-3. Sleeping-car thrown from the 
 track and burned on the Harlem Rail- 
 road extension; several were killed, 
 among wdiom Mr. Bissell and son, of 
 the Sherman House, Chicago, were 
 burned in the car. 
 
 Maieh. Terrible ravages of the hog 
 cholera tlinmsihout the Western States, 
 
 Mairl 
 
 hiining of the Old People's 
 atholic charitable institution, 
 I II, N. Y. Eighteen aged and 
 men were sutibcated and 
 
 March li. t'nieht train, with one pas- 
 senger e.ii', tell tlironyh abridge on the 
 Baltimore .t ( >hio Kuilroad and killed 
 eleven persons. 
 
 March 30. Bursting of a reservoir at 
 Worcester, Mass. The flood carried 
 everything before it for nine miles, and 
 finally settled upon a large tract of 
 meadow land. Millions of dollars 
 worth of property was destroyed, but 
 no lives were lost. 
 
 Alexander T. Stewart. 
 
 April 10. Death of Alexander T. Stew- 
 art, the proprietor of the largest retail 
 dry-gooils house in the world. His 
 personal wealth was estimated at $50,- 
 000,000 at the time of his death. He 
 left no blood relatives, and the bulk of 
 his e-tate was given to his wife. He 
 bequeathed «l,000,Oi)0 to Judge Hilton, 
 whom he made one of the executors ot 
 his will .Airs. Stewart was api)ointed 
 in his will *o carry out all his charitable 
 plans, one of which was the building 
 of a mammoth and magnificent hotel 
 at Fourth Avenue and 32d Street, New- 
 York, as a "Home for Working 
 Women." The house was built and 
 o|)cned under the supervision of Judge 
 Hilton, but the terms were in keeping 
 only with high-salaried clerks, and the 
 restrictions were such as no high- 
 minded and intelligent woman could 
 submit to. Therefore the '' Home for 
 Working Women" became a magnifi- 
 cent failure, and was converted into 
 a hotel. Mr. Stewart's public charities 
 were munificent. He sent a ship-load 
 of provisions to Ireland during the 
 famine of 1846, a ship-load of flour to 
 France for the sufiorers in the Franco- 
 German war, and to the sufferers by the 
 Chicago fire he sent $50,000. 
 
 May 7. Death of Buell Sprague, at 
 Flushing, L. I., an eminent American 
 clergyman, and author of many rehgioun 
 and literary works. 
 
 May 17. Boiler explosion on the steamer 
 
CHEONOLOGY. 
 
 817 
 
 Pat. Cleykiurne on the Mississippi 
 River; nine persons, inclii(lin<f tlje 
 captain, were killed. 
 May 18. Greenback National Convention 
 met in Indianapolis, and nominated 
 Peter Cooper, of New York, for I'rcsi- 
 dent, with Senator Booth, ot'Califoruia, 
 for Vice-President. 
 
 General Custer. 
 
 May 35-36. Shocking massacre of Gen. 
 Custer and his entire comp.any by the 
 Indians of Big Little Horn River, 
 Yellowstone country. The prudence 
 of Major Reno, and the timely arrival 
 of Gen. Terry, saved the whole ex- 
 pedition from the same fate. Gen. 
 Custer was a valued and brave ofBccr 
 in the war of the Rebellion. His first 
 position was that of Staff Ofiicer under 
 I3rig.-Gen. Kearney. He was one of 
 Gen. McCIellan's aides during the Pe- 
 ninsular campaign, and was afterward 
 made Brigadier-General of cavalry, 
 having two horses shot under him at 
 the battle of Gettysburg, and his 
 brigade led the column in Sluridan's 
 raid toward Richmond. In .luly, ISCiCi, 
 he was made Lieutcnant-Coloinl of U. 
 S. cavalry, with the brevet rank of 
 Major-General, and was thereafter en- 
 gaged in the frontier service. Gen. 
 Custer was one of the most courageous 
 and dashing cavalry leaders in the 
 service. His achievements during the 
 war were of the most brilliant kind. 
 
 May 30. Great fire in Quebec ; nearly 500 
 houses destroyed. 
 
 Sitting Bull. 
 
 This year is memorable for the Indian 
 war between Sitting Bull with his hos- 
 tile bands and Gen. Crook with his 
 command of 2,000 men, wlio, during 
 eight months, marched 3,301) miles. 
 3T0 Indians were captured, 350 killed, 
 450 wounded, 395 lodges destroyed, 
 which represented the homes of 3,000 
 Indians. 
 
 Centennial Exposition. 
 Grand Centennial Exposition, or celebra- 
 tion of the one hundredth birthday of 
 the United States Republic, in Pliila 
 delphia. The whole nation was repre- 
 sented by the most skillful and com 
 plcte workmanship of her artisans 
 All enterprises and industries being 
 represented, from the simplest 
 chanical contrivance to the grandest 
 achievements of art. All nations of the 
 earth were invited to partieipate, a'ld 
 most of them were represented with 
 their beautiful wares and the products 
 of their wonderfiil skill and workman- 
 ship. The main building, C(nnposcd 
 of iron and glass, covered an area of 
 more than twenty acres, and costin<4 
 upwards of |l,50il,000. The horticul- 
 tural grounds occupied a space of about 
 forty acres. The sum of ^(1,500,0011 
 was expended in buildings and getting 
 the grounds in order. The total re- 
 ceipts more than doubled that of any 
 ■world's fair, being $8,122,409. The 
 Centennial Exposition was a grand 
 success, nothing happening to hinder 
 the progress or mar the perfect order 
 of the programme from beginning to 
 end. It opened July 4th witli most 
 
 appropriate and imposing ceremonies, 
 and was attended by the chief digni- 
 taries of our own country and many 
 eminent representatives from the vari- 
 ous nations of the earth. Dom Pedro 
 II., Emperor of Brazil, was the only 
 crowned representative of earth's mon- 
 archies present. 
 June 3. A bill passed in the Senate 
 authorizing the President to appoint 
 five commissioners to treat with the 
 Sioux Inrlians for the cession of the 
 Black Hills region. 
 
 Santa Anna. 
 June 20. Death of Antonio Lopez De 
 Santa Anna, a Mexican General, in 
 the City of Mexico. Santa Anna began 
 liis military career in 1831 against the 
 Royalists, and in 1833 was given the 
 command of Vera Cruz, but his in- 
 stibordination led to his dismissal, and 
 he took revenge by aiding in the 
 downfall of the Emperor Iturbide, after 
 he had repelled the Spanish invasion 
 under Borradas. In September, 1839, 
 he was made Minister of War and 
 C(mimander-in-chief of the army, and 
 subsequently he.aded two successful in- 
 surrections, and in March, 1833, he was 
 mtide President, but though a favorite 
 with the army, he was unpopular with 
 the nation, toeing suspected of aiming 
 at the imperial crown. During hi 
 Pre.-idency several insurrections broke 
 out, the most formidable of which was 
 crushed by him on May 11, 1835. 
 Upon the insurrection in Texas, Santa 
 Anna took the field in person, and was 
 instrumental in the perpetration of 
 several savage massacres, and was 
 ronted and taken prisoner by Sam. 
 Houston at San Jacinto and banished. 
 He was recalled to Mexico in 1846 and 
 appointed Generalissimo of the Mexi- 
 can army and Provisional President, 
 and was defeated in every battle; and 
 soon after the fall of Mexico he re- 
 signed the Presidency, and with the 
 permission of the American Com- 
 mander-in-chief he sailed for Jamaica 
 on April 5, 1848. In 1853 Santa Anna 
 returned to Mexico, and was received 
 with enthusiasm by the people, and 
 appointed President ; but he soon 
 fomented a new revolution and was 
 appointed President for life. But his 
 despotic rule brought about the revolu- 
 tion under Alvarez, which resulted in 
 the abdication of Santa Anna and his 
 exile to Havana. During the French 
 invasion he returned to Mexico, but 
 rising disturbances led to his banish- 
 ment in 1864. He was appointed Grand 
 Marshal of the empire by Maximilian, 
 but was implicated in a conspiracy 
 against the Emperor in 1865 and he 
 again retired f om Mexico. In 1867 
 he made a last attempt to gain the 
 .ascendency in Mexico, but was taken 
 prisoner at Vera Cruz and condemned 
 to death. He was pardoned by Juarez 
 on consideration of his quitting the 
 jMexican soil forever, and he came to 
 the United States. After the death of 
 Juarez he was permitted to return to 
 Mexico. 
 June 27. Democratic National Conven- 
 tion met at St. Louis, nominating Gov. 
 Samuel J. Tilden, of N. Y., for Presi- 
 dent, with lion. Thomas A. Hendricks, 
 of Indiana, for Vice-President. 
 
 June. Winslow released at London. 
 Extradition thus ended. 
 
 July. Hamburg, S. C, massacre of negro 
 militiamen by Butler and others. 
 
 July 4. Terrific storm in Iowa. Forty- 
 two persons drowned in the village of 
 Rockdale. 
 
 July 9. Castle Garden, N. Y. City, de- 
 stroyed by fire. 
 
 July 10. Burning of the propeller St. 
 Clair on Lake Superior. Seventeen 
 passengers and ten of the crew lost. 
 
 Sullivan — Hanford. 
 Aug. 7. Shooting of Fr.ancis Hanford, 
 Principal of the North Division High- 
 School, Chicago, 111., by Alexander 
 Sullivan, Secretary of the Board of 
 Public Works, upon the alleged public 
 insult offered his wife in charges pre- 
 ferred against her by Mr. Hanford be- 
 fore the City Council, and which Mr. 
 Hanford refused to retract. In the 
 communication (which Mr. Hanford 
 declared to have been a confidential 
 note to one of the Aldermen, and 
 which he very injudiciously read be- 
 fore the Council) Mr. Hanford charged 
 Mrs. Sullivan with "being the insti- 
 gator of all the deviltry connected 
 with the legislation of the Board of 
 Education. That her influence with 
 the Mayor had secured the dismissal 
 of the Secretary of the Board of Public 
 Works, and the appointment of her hus- 
 band in his place; also of being con- 
 nected with a 'ring' which controlled 
 the Board of Education, and which 
 was hostile to Mr. Pickard, the General 
 Superintendent of the City Schools," 
 etc. Mr. Sullivan arrived at the Coun- 
 cil Chamber just after the communica- 
 tion had been read, and upon receiving 
 a cojjy of the same, also being in- 
 formed that Mr. Hanford was the au- 
 thor, he repaired immediately to the 
 house of Mr. Hanford, in company 
 with his wife and brother, and in the 
 presence of several of Mr. Hanford's 
 friends, also of Mrs. Hanford, he de- 
 manded an immediate and written re- 
 traction, that he might have it pub- 
 lished in the morning papers, to coun- 
 teract the statement which had been 
 read before the Council, and which 
 would also appear. Mr. Hanford de- 
 clared that he was able to fully sub- 
 stantiate what he had said, and would 
 proceed to do so at the proper time 
 and place. Mr. Sullivan demanded 
 immediate retraction, and Mr. Hanford 
 refused, whereupon Mr. Sullivan, call- 
 ing him a villain ami a dog, struck 
 him, and they both fell to the ground. 
 The parlies were here separated, when 
 Mrs. Sullivan and her husband's broth- 
 er came up, and a scuffle ensued be- 
 tween them and Mr. Hanford, during 
 which Mrs. Sullivan called out that 
 Mr. Hanford had struck her. Mr. 
 Sullivan immediately produced a pis- 
 tol and shot Mr. Hanford, who was 
 carried into the house, where he died 
 in half an hour. Mr. Sullivan was ar- 
 rested and examined before a coro- 
 ner's jury, who rendered the following 
 verdict : 
 
 " That the said Francis Hanford, 
 now lying dead at No. 267 Oak Street, 
 in the city of Chicago, County of 
 Cook, and State of Illinois, came to 
 his death on the 7th day of August, 
 
818 
 
 CHEONOLOGY. 
 
 1876. 1876, from a pistol-shot wound inflict- 
 ed by a pistol or revolver in the hands 
 of Alexamlrr Sullivan, and therefore 
 •we, the jiirv, rK.iiiimcnd the coroner 
 to hold sail! Ali.xaiiilcr Sullivan for 
 further examination lici'ore the Crim- 
 inal Court without bail." 
 
 Siinivatis Trial. 
 " The first trial of Alexander Sullivan for 
 the murder of Francis Hauford, began 
 October 16th, in the Criminal Court 
 of Chicago, liefore Judge McAllister, 
 the only Judge in the county who, as 
 alleged, was not prejudiced against 
 him. The Court was crowded with 
 spectators. Great difficulty was ex- 
 perienced in securing a jury. The 
 fourth day the 12tli juror was secured, 
 and proceedings began. Counsel for 
 the defense, W. W. O'Brien, Thomas 
 Moran, and Leonard Swett; Col. Van 
 Arman assisted Charles Reed, the 
 State's Attorney, in the prosecution. 
 On Wednesday, Oct. 34th, at 5.30 p.m., 
 the jury retired. When tliey returned, 
 they declared a disagreement of eleven 
 to one; whereupon Judge McAllister 
 discharged the jury, and admitted Mr. 
 Sullivan to bail. After the trial there 
 was a good deal of dissatisfaction ex- 
 pressed as to its results. A petition 
 was circulated, and signed by 8,000 
 persons, citizens of the county, pray- 
 ing the resignation of Judge McAllis- 
 ter. The petition was presented to 
 him in the Court-room by a commit- 
 tee of respectable and dignified gentle- 
 men of the county, to which he paid 
 no attention, except to order his clerk 
 to put it on file. 
 
 The second trial of Mr. Sullivan for 
 the murder of Francis Hanford began 
 Feb. 28th, 1877, and closed March 9th, 
 when the jury returned a verdict of 
 "Not guilty," and Mr. Sullivan was 
 released, and walked out of Court a 
 free man amid the cheers and con- 
 gratulations of his friends. 
 
 '' Aug. 1-5. Entire business portion of 
 Westport, N. Y., destroyed by fire. 
 
 " Aug. 19. Death of Hon. Michael C. 
 Kerr, Speaker of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives, aged 49 years. 
 
 " Sept. 1. Isaac Washburn died at Liver- 
 more, Me., at the age of ninety-one 
 years. He was the fother of ex-Gov. 
 AVashburn, of Maine, Eliliu B. Wash- 
 burn, Minister to France, and ex-Gov. 
 Cadwalader C. Washburn, of Wiscon- 
 
 " Sept. 4. Town of St. Hyacinthe, Ontario, 
 destroyed by fire. 600 houses burned 
 and 4,000 people homeless. 
 
 T/ie Yon!;er Brothers and Hie 
 Norihfield Bank Robbery. 
 
 " Sept. 7. Bold attempt of eight armed 
 desperadoes on horseback to rob a bank 
 in open day, in Northfield, Price Coun- 
 ty, Minn. Five of tbe gang remained 
 outside to guard the entrance, shoot- 
 ing indiscriminately to frighten the 
 citizens, while the other three entered 
 the bank, springing over the counter, 
 and holding a knife at the throat of the 
 cashier, J. C. Haywood, ordering him 
 to open the vault, while the other two 
 compelled the assistant cashier and 
 clerk to hold up their hands. Hay- 
 
 wood refused to open the vault, and 
 they shot him dead on the spot. They 
 then ordered his assistant to open it, 
 but he denied knowing the combina- 
 tion, and ran out of the back door, re- 
 ceiving a wound in the shoulder. 
 Meanwhile the citizens collected, and 
 opened fire upon the robbers outside, 
 killing two and wounJing one. The 
 remaining five escaped, carrying the 
 wounded one along. They failed, how- 
 ever, in securing the money. Great 
 excitement prevailed, and the whole 
 country were aroused and in hot pur- 
 suit. But for two weeks they were 
 unable to capture them. Upon the 
 31st of September, four of them, on 
 foot, entered tbe farm-house of Mr. 
 Sanborn, eight miles from Medalia, to 
 procure food. A son of the farmer, 
 seventeen years of age, against the 
 wishes of his father, took a horse from 
 the stable and rode as fast as he could 
 to Medalia, and aroused the citizens, 
 and about fifty men, armed and on 
 horseback, pursued them. They came 
 upon the robbers five miles west of 
 the town, while they were crossing a 
 marsh, which the pursuers could not 
 cross with their horses. They sur- 
 rounded the marsh, and found them 
 secreted on one sid" in tin- Ini^hcs and 
 tall grass. The r.rkh ,^ f, Hows fire 
 upon their pursuur-, \\hi> nturned i 
 wounding three and killing om 
 Three of the gang confessed to being 
 the notorious " Yonger Brothers," well 
 known as robbers and highwaymen. 
 They were the most cool and desperate 
 of characters, and defended themsel 
 to the last with a courage worthy of a 
 better cause. They w'cre tried and 
 plead guilty, and were sentenced to 
 three years "in the Penitentiary. 
 
 Sept. 8. Tweed arrested at Vigo, Spain, 
 and returned to the United States. 
 
 Sept. 13. Death nf Eenry Alexander Wise, 
 Governor of Virginia and Brig.-Gen. in 
 the Confederate army, aged 70 years. 
 
 Bishop Janes. 
 
 Sept. ] 8. Death of Rev. Edmund Slover 
 .Janes, Senior Bishop of the M. E. 
 Church. 
 
 Sept 23. Disaster on the Pan-Handle 
 Railroad near Columbus, O. Four cars 
 rolled down an embankment. Over 
 thirty persons seriously injured and 
 four killed. 
 
 Yellow fever at Savannah, Augusta, and 
 Brunswick, Ga. Out of a population 
 of 3,500 in Brunswick, there were 600 
 cases. The Howards of New Orleans 
 sent physicians and nurses. 
 
 Mollie Maguires. 
 
 Oct. Trials, sentences, and executions of 
 Mollie Maguires in the mining districts 
 of Pennsylvania. A dangerous Order 
 and secret organization which com- 
 mitted many cold-blooded murders. 
 
 Oct. 13. A terrible boiler explosion in 
 Pittsburg, Pa. Sixty persons buried 
 in the ruins ; iifty-seven killed and 
 wounded. The shock was felt dis- 
 tinctly two miles from the wreck. The 
 ruins took fire and the scene was 
 heart-rending. 
 
 Nov. AVoman's National Temperance 
 Conventicm held in Cleveland ; sixteen 
 States represented. 
 
 1876. Dam of the great Lynde Brook Reservoir, 
 near Worcester, Mass., gives way, and 
 a vast amount of property destroyed. 
 
 Attetnpi to Bob Lincobi's Grave. 
 
 Nov. 7. Dastardly attempt to rob the 
 grave of President Lincoln, at Spring- 
 field, 111., by a couple of desperadoes, 
 IMullinS and Hughes. They were 
 tried June 1, 1877, found guilty, and 
 sentenced to one year each in the 
 Penitentiary. 
 
 Senate passed a bill reducing the salaries 
 of all Government officials. 
 
 Nov. 16. Rcuohition in Mexico; defeat of 
 the Government army under Gen. Diaz. 
 
 Nov. 18. Fall of Puebla. 
 
 Nov. 31. Flight of President Lerdo from 
 the capital with half a million in 
 money, escorted by 1,000 men, 16 
 carriages, and 100 extra horses. 
 
 Nov. 33. Gen. Diaz enters the City of 
 j\Iexico in the midst of splendid demon- 
 stration, and the leading towns and 
 cities declare allegiance to his Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Nov. 34. Lerdo's escort forsake him, 
 leaving him but 300 men. 
 
 Nov. 3oT Gen. Diaz was officially an- 
 nounced as Provisional President. 
 
 War lietween San Salvador and Guate- 
 
 Revolution in Honduras. 
 
 Col. Balta, President of Peru, was mur- 
 lered, and was succeeded by Prado, 
 who was elected for four years. 
 
 Burning of the Brooklyn Theater. 
 Dec. 5. Burning of the Brooklyn Theater, 
 which took fire from the wind blowing 
 one of the flies upon the stage against 
 a gas-jet, which w.as unprotected. 376 
 lives were reported lost, among whom 
 were H. S. Murdock, a very popular 
 actor, and Claude Burroughs, a young 
 actor of rising reputation. The 
 majority of these unfortunate victims 
 were from the third tier, and the great 
 destruction was caused by the stair- 
 ways and lobby giving way, precipitat- 
 ing the whole mass below, kdling and 
 smothering them in a great heap, for 
 the terrible holocaust awaiting them. 
 
 E.xtraordinary Meteor. 
 Dec. 31. Passage of an extraordinary 
 meteor from S. E. to N. W., which was 
 witnessed from Kansas to Pennsylvania 
 and from Wisconsin to Kentucky, and 
 described as being as large as an 
 ordinary washtub, with a tail nearly 
 400 feet in length, producing a noise, 
 in some places, which was described. 
 as louder than a whole battery, and 
 lighting up the sky with a vivid 
 glow. 
 
 Cremation. 
 
 Dec. 6. The first furnace built at Wash- 
 ington, Penn., by Dr. F. J. Le Moine, 
 and cost |1,600. 
 
 Dec. 6. The first public cremation was 
 that of the body of Baron de Palm. 
 The body was placed in the retort at 
 8J A. M., and at 10.4') the cremation 
 was declared to be complete. The 
 direct cost of the operation was |7.04. 
 Tlie body was wrapped in a sheet 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 saturated with alum, to i^revent ex- 1 187 
 poBure after tlie cloth was burned away, 
 aud was surrounded with flowers and 
 
 rgreens. 
 
 About an hour after the 
 
 burning began, a rose-colored, misty 
 light surrounding the body was ob- 
 served, lu another hour, the body 
 had become red-hot, and the rosy mist 
 bad turned to a golden color. The 
 ashes of the deceased were placed in an 
 urn made for that purpose. 
 
 Ashtabula Horror. 
 Dec. 29. A disaster, the most appalling 
 in its nature which ever occurred in 
 the history of railway travel, took place 
 at a bridge near Ashtabula station in 
 Ohio, at about eight o'clock in the 
 evening. A passenger-train of eleven 
 cars, bearing 160 human beings, went 
 down with the bridge into a dreadful 
 chasm 70 feet in depth and into the 
 creek below, the wreck taking fire im- 
 mediately. The weather was extremely 
 cold, and a blinding snow-storm was 
 driving before a furious gale. One 
 hundred persons were killed outright 
 or burned to death. The flames spread 
 so rapidly, and the heat was so great, 
 that those buried in the di'bris or held 
 fast in the wreck could not be extricated, 
 and were left to their fate. But two 
 or three of the sixty persons rescued 
 escaped injury, and several died from 
 their wounds. Taken altogether, this 
 was the most terrible railroad disaster 
 which has ever occurred in this coun- 
 try. Mr. P. P. Bliss, the noted revival 
 singer, with his wife, were among the 
 victims. 
 
 The Coroner s Verdict. 
 The verdict of the coroner's jury in 
 the Ashtabula disaster, was " that the 
 fall of the bridge was the result of de- 
 fects and errors made in designing, 
 constructing, and erecting it ; that 
 the railroad company continued to use 
 this bridge for over ten years without 
 attempting to discover the defects, 
 which were perfectly apparent to any 
 practical engineer; also, that the cars 
 were not heated with a proper ap- 
 paratus, so that fire could be imme- 
 diately extinguished in case of acci- 
 dent ; that the failure to use the steam- 
 pump in the pumping-house, and the 
 means prepared to extinguish the fire 
 was the direct fault of those who were 
 first on the ground ; also, that the 
 chief engineer failed to use the fire- 
 engine and hose in extinguishing the 
 flames before the bodies of the victims 
 were consumed ; and for the casualty 
 and its fearful results the railroad com- 
 pany were responsible. 
 
 Belknap's Fall. 
 This year was noted for the exposure of 
 " official corruptions " and " wicked- 
 ness in high places." The " Whisky 
 Frauds," involving the President's 
 Private Secretary and several revenue 
 officers ; the ' ' Emma Mine " scandal, 
 involving the name of Gen. Schenck ; 
 and last, tliough not least, the Secretary 
 of War, Gen. Belknap, charged with 
 " bribery," or with selling Govern- 
 ment appointments. Mr. Caleb B. 
 Marsh testified to paying the wife of 
 
 Secretary Belknap $12,000 per annum 
 for the post tradership of Fort Sill. 
 After a time he found that he could 
 not atibrd to pay such a premium, and 
 Mi-s. Belknap agreed to accept of 
 $6,000 per annum while he held the 
 post. One of the worst features of 
 this fraud was the fact that this money 
 was directly extorted from the poor 
 soldiers, who were compelled to pay 
 exorbitant prices for all their supplies, 
 as the post trader, in order to make 
 sufficient profits to meet this " pre- 
 mium," and also make his own esti- 
 mated profits, must sell an inferior 
 article of goods at advanced prices. 
 Marsh also testified that this money 
 was paid Mrs. Belknap through her 
 husband, the Secretary of War. Mr. 
 Belknap did not deny the charge, but 
 immediately sent in his resignation, 
 which was accepted by the President, 
 who was, however, not aware of the 
 Secretary's bribery at the time. Mr. 
 Belknap was immediately arraigned 
 before the Senate and tried for im- 
 peachment — 37 voting " guilty " and 
 25 " not guilty." A two-thirds vote 
 being required to convict him, it was 
 ordered that a judgment of acquittal 
 be entered, and this court of imiieach- 
 ment adjourned iine die. 
 
 Blue Glass Mania. 
 
 Jan. "Wonderful experiments of Gen. 
 Pleasonton with blue glass as a healing 
 medicine, and the marvelous cures 
 which he claimed as resulting from its 
 use in windows, caused a general 
 excitement throughout the country, 
 and advertising received a fresh im- 
 petus. " Blue glass " was offered for 
 sale in wonderful quantities and at 
 marvelous prices. Ilis theory claimed 
 that the sunlight admitted through blue 
 glass gave a fresh impetus to the 
 growth of vegetation and imparted life 
 and health to the sick. 
 
 Jan. 3. Great fire in Lykens (Pa.) coal 
 mines. 1,000 men thrown out of em- 
 ployment. 
 
 Terrific fire-damp explosion in a coal 
 mine near Pittsburg ; six men killed 
 and seven wounded. 
 
 At a fire in Montreal, Ontario, the red- 
 hot walls of a burning brick building 
 fell outward and buried over a score of 
 firemen beneath them ; nine were 
 killed outright and ten were very 
 seriously injured. 
 
 Great Political Excitement. 
 
 Great excitement prevailed over the 
 whole Union in consequence of the 
 contested election of the President. 
 According to the official returns, 
 Rutherford B. Hayes was declared 
 elected by a majority of one. The con- 
 test arose over the official correctness 
 of the certificates of Florida, South 
 Carolina, and Louisiana, which were 
 questioned by the Democratic party. 
 A committee was chosen to investigate 
 the matter, composed of Senators, 
 Representatives, and Judges of the 
 Supreme Court, which decided in 
 fiivor of the election of Hayes over Mr. 
 Tilden, the Democratic candidate. 
 Federal troops withdrawn from South 
 Carolina and Louisiana. 
 
 Raivhide — Duel. 
 Jan. 3. James Gordon Bennett, proprietor 
 of the New York Herald, was publicly 
 whipped on Fifth Avenue, New York, 
 by Frederick May, whose sister Ben- 
 nett was engaged to marry. The 
 trouble originated in the alleged dis- 
 respect shown Miss May and her 
 fiimily by his failure to appear upon 
 the evening set for the marriage 
 ceremony to take place. This alterca- 
 tion resulted in a challenge from Ben- 
 nett to fight a duel, which took place 
 Jan. 8th, in Maryland. Neither of the 
 principals were injured, and Bennett 
 sailed immediately for Europe. 
 
 Vanderbilt. 
 
 Jan. 4. Death of Cornelius Vanderbilt. 
 a great capitalist and railroad king. 
 He was born on Staten Island in 1794. 
 At the age of 16 he bought a vessel, 
 and at the age of 18 he owned two and 
 was captain of another, and when 19 
 he married, and bought sloops and 
 schooners, and when 23 years of age 
 was worth $9,000, and free from debt. 
 When he was 30 years old he had full 
 control of the Gibbons line of steam- 
 ers, which he brought up to paying 
 $40,000,000. Mr. Vanderbilt now turned 
 his attention to railroad speculations, 
 buying, building, and controlling them, 
 until he was the acknowledged " Rail- 
 road King." He managed a line of 
 road 2,128 miles" in length, the aggre- 
 gate value of which was estimated at 
 $149,000,000, half of which belonged 
 to Mr. Vanderbilt and his family. At 
 the time of his death his wealth was 
 variously estimated at from $60,000,- 
 000 to $100,000,000, all but $15,000,000 
 of which he left to his son William. 
 His will, however, was contested. 
 William succeeded his father as Presi- 
 dent of the New York Central Railroad. 
 Mr. Vanderbilt gave $700,000 to Van- 
 derbilt University in Nashville, Tenn., 
 and $.50,000 to the Church of the 
 Strangers in New York. 
 
 Reign of Terror in South America. 
 
 Jan. 12. Civil war in Colombia between 
 the Liberals and Conservatives. Gen. 
 Pena, at the head of 2,500 wild and 
 reckless desperadoes and drunken 
 thieves, advanced from town to town, 
 sacking, robbing, and destroying every- 
 thing in their path, killing every Con- 
 servative without distinction. The 
 city of Coli was utterly ruined, and the 
 most of its male citizens destroyed 
 with their homes and property. 
 
 Jan. 13. Heavy earthquake in Southern 
 California. 
 
 Jan. 24. Fire in Bolton collieries ; 15 
 lives lost. 
 
 Commodore Wilkes. 
 
 Feb. 8. Death, in Washington, of Charles 
 Wilkes, an American naval officer and 
 explorer of much renown. He sailed, 
 in 1838, with a squadron of five vessels, 
 to explore the southern seas and 
 islands, the Pacific coast, and the 
 Columbia River. He returned in 1842, 
 and published a description of his ex- 
 pedition. During the war of the Rebel- 
 lion Capt. Wilkes did excellent service 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 in the navy, and was commissioned as 
 Commander, and placed first on the 
 list. lie captured the notorious rebel 
 commissioners, Mason and SlidcU, for 
 ■which he received a vote of thanks 
 from Congress, but his action was not 
 approved by the President, upon the 
 ground of illegality, and the commis- 
 sioners were surrendered. In 1866 he 
 received the commission of Rear Ad- 
 miral on the retired list. 
 
 Feb. 37. Meeting of the Alabama 
 Claims Commissioners, in Washington, 
 ■with Secretary Fish presiding. 
 
 Mar. Bursting of the Staffordsville reser- 
 voir, on the east branch of the Wil- 
 limantic. Conn., causing great destruc- 
 tion of property. 
 
 Execution of Lee, the ''Mountain 
 Meadnv " Murderer. 
 Mar. 23. Execution of John D. Lee, 
 one of the leaders in the "Mountain 
 Meadow " massacre, a wholesale butch- 
 ery of an emigrant train by the Mor- 
 mons over twenty years before. Lee 
 was shot on the very ground where the 
 massacre occurred. He made out a 
 ■written statement, confessing com 
 plicity in the crime, but declared that 
 he was forced to carry out the "orders 
 of the council," which were given by 
 Bishop Geo. A. Smith, Brigham 
 Young's first counselor and right-hand 
 man, and that he was sacrificed by the 
 Mormon leaders, and was not responsi- 
 ble for the massacre; that he repented 
 having anything to do with it at the 
 time, but that he was forced to carry 
 out the project or lose his life. The -wit- 
 nesses in the case, however, proved the 
 entire guilt of Lee. They were Mor- 
 mons, and bore united testimony, yet 
 a Mormon .jury refused to convict the 
 participators. 
 
 The evidence in the case showed 
 that the emigrants were decoyed from 
 their camp under pretensions of friend- 
 ship and assurances of protection, 
 when they were suddenly fired upon, 
 and all but the youngest children, who 
 would not be able to remember the oc- 
 currence, were killed. The wounded 
 had their throats cut or their brains 
 were beaten out by the Indians, as it 
 was claimed. They were left on the 
 ground, piled in heaps, for the wolves 
 and wild beasts to devour. Their 
 property was sold at auction under the 
 express order of President Young. Over 
 100 innocent victims perished in this 
 bloody slaughter by the hands of a 
 class of people claiming to be the 
 "Saints of God," ami the only true 
 Church of Oud on earth! That other 
 participators in this bloody butchery, 
 and especially the "heads of the 
 Mormon Church," were not arrested 
 and brought to justice, is a standing 
 question for our Government to answer, 
 and will remain a lilack and cursed 
 Btain upon its honor while it has a 
 history. 
 
 SQuthern Hotel. 
 April 11. Burning of the great Southern 
 Motel, at St. Louis, six stories in height 
 and covering nearly a block. Twenty 
 jicrsons perished and several others 
 supposed to be lost. A number lost 
 their lives, or were maimed for life, by 
 
 
 was a torrilile disaster, and caused a 
 general inquiry into the best means of 
 protecting life by fire-escai^es, and also 
 into the" best mode of constructing 
 fire-proof hotels. 
 
 " Parson BrownlouK'' 
 
 April 29. Death of William Ganaway 
 Brownlow, a clergyman, journalist, and 
 politician, at Knoxville, Tenn. _ Mr. 
 Brownlow was boru in Virginia in 
 1805 ; entered the Methodist minis- 
 try in 1826, and for ten years was an 
 itinerant preacher. Mr. Brownlow be- 
 came interested in polities during the 
 Administration of John Quinccy Adams, 
 and opposed the "XuUification Meas- 
 ures" of the South. He lu-c^an edit- 
 ing the Kno.rvilh: Whi^j in l^^:'.7, and 
 was soon known ;is tlic " li;;hting par- 
 son," from his riuliral and cduibative 
 editorials and lectures. lu politics 
 Mr. Brownlow was a Democrat and 
 pro-slavery, but he was loyal to the 
 Government, and a virulent opposer of 
 secession. He was arrested for treason 
 against the Confederacy in 1861, and 
 was imprisoned till March. Is62, when 
 he was sent within the Union lines. 
 He traveled and k-ctund extensively 
 through the Nortli, and rctunie(l t( 
 Tennessee in 1S04, becoming its t!ov- 
 ernor in 186.5. In ISOtt he was elected 
 to the United States Senate for a term 
 of six years, after which he again re- 
 sumed the editorial control of the 
 Whig. 
 
 Chishobn Tragedy. 
 
 April 39. Cold-blooded assassination of 
 Judge Chisholm, of Kemper County, 
 Miss., and the killing of his little son 
 and wounding of his brave young 
 daughter of 18, who died of her 
 wound soon after. This tragedy, and 
 the fact that every ]iliysi(i:,n in the 
 place refused to atdnil upon her dying 
 father and hersrli', r. v,:il tlir state of 
 terrorism which luivaih^'l under the 
 
 reign of tl Wliite l.cauur " in the 
 
 South. An arnird liau.l ..f 'JuO " chiv- 
 alrous " white men attaeked this 
 family, and after the brave young girl 
 had, with her right arm, parried the 
 guns of several of those " courageous 
 defenders of tlieir rights," which were 
 placed almost au'iuist her father's 
 breast,- while « ilh tin- ..th.T arm around 
 her wounded lather's nick, she received 
 a wound which shattered her right 
 hand, and was six times wounded in 
 one of her legs. Her father at last 
 fell, pierced with eleven balls. He stdl 
 lived, and with the h. Ip of one of the 
 guards, this heroic -iri lielped to liear 
 her father to their home, a distance of 
 over 100 yards. Her young lirother of 
 thirteen years was shot dead while 
 clinging to his father. Gov. Stone, of 
 Miss., refused to send aid and protec- 
 tion to this distressed family. The 
 great crime for which Judge Chisholm 
 was guilty was his stanch adherence 
 to the Government, and his a'tempt to 
 enforce the laws as sheriff of the 
 county. 
 May. Yellow fever in Florida. 
 
 May. Terrible forest fires in Northern 
 New York. Whole counties devas- 
 tated and everything swept away ; the 
 ]icople left destitute and fleeing in 
 every direction for their lives. 
 
 Jlay 6. Surrender of 900 hostile Indians 
 under Crazy Horse, at the Red Cloud 
 Agency. 
 
 Mav. Fire-ilamp explosion at the Wadeg. 
 ville Shaft Colliery of the Philadelphia 
 and Reading Coal and Iron Co. Seven 
 lives were lost. 
 
 May 9. Earthquake and tidal wave in 
 I'eru; several towns destroyed and 
 6n0 lives lost; many ships were de- 
 stroyed. Loss of property amounted 
 to $30,000,000. 
 
 May. Land slide in St. Genevieve, Cana- 
 da ; ten persons buried alive. 
 
 Mav 9. Death of Commodore Benjamin 
 J. Totten, aged 71. 
 
 Rockford Disaster. 
 May 11. The fall of the dome of the 
 new Court-house at Rockford, 111., kill- 
 ing nine men outright and wounding 
 eleven more. The coroner's jury de- 
 cided that the cause was produced by 
 the incompetency and neglect of the 
 architect, also the neglect of the super- 
 visors to examine the work and see 
 that it was properly executed. 
 
 Wholesale Poisoning. 
 
 May 14. Poisoning of sixty miners at 
 Sheator, 111., the result of a quarrel 
 among the striking employes. All of 
 the miners recovered. 
 
 P. T. Barnum. 
 
 Jlav I!'. V. T. Barnum ofiered a reward 
 oVsIil.iiOO for the restoration ofCharlie 
 i;o-s to his jiarents, pledging his honor 
 ]iot to take any steps to seek out or 
 jiunish the parties involved in his sur- 
 render. This offer was sanctioned by 
 the parents of the lost child. 
 
 Fletcher Harper. 
 May 29. Death of Fletcher Harper, the 
 last of the four brothers who founded 
 the House of Harper Brothers in New 
 York. Fletcher had charge of the 
 Literary Department, and suggested 
 both the Weelly and the Bazar. 
 
 End of Fcnianism. 
 
 May 29. A gathering of Fenians, to the 
 nund:ier of 1,500, was dispersed at Ma- 
 lone, N. Y., by a body of United States 
 troops. They were congregated with- 
 out means of carrying on an aggressive 
 warfare — without money or friends to 
 back them, and were at the time the 
 troops arrived subjects of charity in 
 the city. Their prominent officers 
 agreed "to diseountenjince any further 
 hostilities <m the American Continent. 
 The memhcrs were generally discour- 
 aged, and willing to disband and 
 aband in the enterprise and go home. 
 
 Great Forest Fires. 
 
 Mav 30. Great forest fires in Wisconsin 
 and Michigan ; over 1,500,000,000 feet 
 of standing pine logs burned. 
 
 May. Great forest fires in Saguenay 
 County, Canada. Over 1,000 families 
 
CHKONOLOGY. 
 
 821 
 
 1877. were rendered homeless and perfectly 
 destitute. The conflagration covered 
 a space of 1,500 square miles ; 15 per- 
 sons known to liave lost their lives. 
 
 John Lothrop Motley. 
 
 " Death of John Lothrop Motley, LL.D. 
 Mr. Motley was a historian of consid- 
 erable fame. He was the author of 
 tlie " History of New Netherlands," 
 "Rise of the Dutch Republic," and 
 other works. 
 
 " June 1. Onota, Mich., burned; 300 
 people rendered homeless. 
 
 " I June 4. Destructive tornado in Illinois, 
 at Mount Carmel. Sixteen lives were 
 lost, and property amountin<r to five 
 hundred thousand dollars destroyed. 
 
 " June. Fire in Marblehead, Mass. Sev- 
 eral large shoe-factories and about 
 seventy dwellings burned. 
 
 Ostracism. 
 " June 13. Refusal of Judge Hilton to 
 admit James Seligman, a well-known 
 and influential banker of New York, 
 and his family to his hotel in Saratoga, 
 the Grand Union, declaring that he 
 could not open his house to Jews on 
 account of a prejudice existing against 
 them among the class who patronized 
 his hotel. The afRiir created a great 
 deal of newspaper comment and criti- 
 cism througliout the country, the press 
 generally condemning Judge Hilton 
 in severe terms. A great deal of 
 excitement was aroused among the 
 Jews as a class, since Mr. Seligman 
 had, with his family, for a period of 
 half a score of years, been regular sum- 
 mer guests at Hilton's hotel 
 
 Great Fire in St. John. 
 '' June 20. Destructive fire in St. John, 
 N. B. The principal part of the city, 
 or forty blocks, were destroyed, and 
 thirteen lives reported to be lost, and 
 many were missing. The loss in prop- 
 erty was valued at from 110,000,000 to 
 $ia,000,000. It was a terrible disaster 
 to the Province, as the fire was, in 
 proportion to the size of the city, 
 greater than even that of Chicago or 
 Boston, and the same appalling cir- 
 cumstances attended this also. The 
 very elements seemed combined to 
 overpower the might and wisdom of 
 man, and make the destruction com- 
 plete. Aid was immediately forwarded 
 from Canada and New England, and 
 subscriptions were raised in most of 
 the large cities tliroughout the Union 
 for the relief of the sufferers. 
 
 Robert Dale Omen. 
 " June 24. Death of Robert Dale Owen, 
 an American author, at Lake George, 
 N. Y. He was the son of Robert 
 Owen, of Socialistic renown, and like 
 his father, advocated to an extent 
 similar principles. He was for a long 
 time a resident of New Harmony, the 
 society and town wliich his father 
 established. Mr. Owen was, from 1843 
 to 1847, a Member of Congress, and 
 was one of the founders of the Smith- 
 sonian Institute. In 1850 he was a 
 member of the Convention which 
 amended the Constitution of Indiana, 
 
 in which, and also in the St.ate Legis- 
 lature, he introduced measures secur- 
 ing to the women of Indiana independ- 
 ent rights of property. From 1855-8 
 he was Minister to Naples. Mr. Owen 
 was for many years a strong advocate 
 of Spiritualism, and wrote several 
 works in its defense ; also a number of 
 works on reform. 
 June 25. Violent wind-storms in Ohio, 
 Illinois, low.a, and Nebraska, doing 
 much damage to property and destroy- 
 ing many lives. 
 
 Mollic Magiiires. 
 
 June 27. Hanging of six Mollie Ma- 
 guires at Pottsville, Pa. This organi- 
 zation dates back to 1842, and to Ire- 
 land for their origin. They were 
 then known as Ribbonmen of Ireland, 
 and were organized in resistance to 
 paying rents. A branch of this so- 
 ciety was organized in the United 
 States, and known as the "Buckshots," 
 who became so formidable in 1863 
 that the courts in Carbon Co., Pa., 
 were powerless to execute a criminal 
 who belonged to that Order. The Order 
 known as the "Ancient Order of 
 Hibernians," became merged into the 
 Mollie Maguires, which society was 
 instituted in New York, March 10, 
 1871, and was also incorporated under 
 the laws of the State of Pennsylvania. 
 James McParlan, an agent of Allan 
 Pinkerton, the great United States 
 detective, was emi^loyed to search out 
 the nature and secrets of this society, 
 and he was for a long time a recognized 
 member of the Order and participator 
 in their operations, in so far as he 
 could do so without committing any 
 overt criminal act. He discovered 
 their crimes and their extensive opera- 
 tions, and was the means of detecting 
 a large number of the ring-leaders and 
 bringing them to justice. Vigilance 
 Committees were formed, and the Mol- 
 lies were hunted and vigorously pur- 
 sued. The mountains were infested 
 with them, and murders were of fre- 
 quent occurrence. 
 
 Colorado Stone Man or Petrified 
 Giant. 
 
 Again were the public humbugged and 
 the scientists hoodwinked by another 
 " petrified man." This last wonder was 
 " dug up " at Colorado Springs, and 
 Barnum's agent was forthwith dis- 
 patched to " interview " it ; an interest 
 was purchased, and preparations were 
 made to "bring it out" under the 
 auspices of the "great showman." But, 
 alas, for the aspirations of the devoted 
 modern humbuggers, the wonder was 
 exposed, and another " Cardifl^ giant " 
 was revealed with all his "perfections 
 of art " The thing was concocted by 
 the same gigantic brain, and per- 1 
 fected in a remote hamlet of Pennsyl- 
 vania and carried to Colorado and 
 buried. Its original cost was $41.45. 
 It was composed of Portland cement, 
 and cast in molds separately and put 
 together. 
 
 Extra session of"Congress called by the 
 President. 
 
 July 7. Pensatikee Station, III., de- 
 stroyed by a tornado; six lives were 
 lost. 
 
 Railroad and Labor Strikes. 
 
 July-Aug. Great and extensive labor 
 strikes occasioned by a general reduc- 
 tion of ten per cent, in wages. The 
 strike began with train hands on the 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad on July 
 14th, and spread rapidly over all the 
 roads between New England and the 
 Mississippi River. No freights were 
 allowed to move either way on several 
 roads. On the 18th the Governor of 
 West Virginia called upon the National 
 Government for aid. The President 
 responded promptly by sending a mili- 
 tary company, and is^ing a proclama- 
 tion to the rioters. The strike now 
 extended to the Pennsylvania and 
 Erie Railroads, and at Pittsburg it as- 
 sumed its most formidable proportions. 
 The freight men refused to go out with 
 their trains because the company had 
 increased their work without increasing 
 their pay. The Governor of Maryland 
 called out the troojis, and the rioters 
 attacked them while marching through 
 Baltimore. The regiment returned the 
 fire, killing eight and wounding many 
 others. The Governor of Pennsylvania 
 sent the 18th Regiment to suppress the 
 riot at Pittsburg. They were so 
 stoutly resisted by the mob that they 
 resorted to the round-house for defense. 
 They were vigorously besieged here by 
 the rioters, who had procured three 
 cannon and sufficient arms to make a 
 formidable assault. The mob now 
 began burning the property of the rail- 
 road company. A mile in length of 
 cars were on fire, and the greater por- 
 tion of them were filled with merchan- 
 dise. Some of these burning cars they 
 pushed against the round-house, setting 
 it on fire, and driving out the soldiers 
 and causing them to retreat. The 
 flames rapidly spread, but the fire de- 
 partment were powerless to protect the 
 railroad property, as the mob forbid 
 their attempting it. But the property 
 of citizens was protected, and when any 
 building of a private citizen caught 
 fire, the rioters immediately helped to 
 suppress the flames. The railroad 
 company lost about $5,000,000, and 
 about 50 men were killed and 100 
 wounded. The depredations were 
 mostly committed by tramps, vaga- 
 bonds, and thieves, who swelled the 
 ranks of the rioters and plundered 
 the trains and the property of private 
 citizens. The originators of the strike 
 proposed only to prevent any work or 
 passage of freights over the difierent 
 roads, but tramps and thieves made it 
 an occasion to pillage and plunder, and 
 flocked like vultures to the banquet. 
 It soon reached Chicago, but the labor 
 element had become somewhat appalled 
 by the forward movement of the roughs 
 and idle vagabonds who were deter- 
 mined to take everything into their 
 own hands and ruin the city. A mob 
 of nearly 1,500 collected and marched 
 through the streets to the different car 
 shops and freight houses, also to 
 several manufacturing establishments, 
 compelling the workmen to cease. 
 They also took possession of the stock 
 yards, and labor and business was for 
 a short time suspended. A few depreda- 
 tions were committed, and street cars 
 and omnibuses, in a few places, were 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1877. stopped. After several slight skir- 
 mishes the police finally succeeded in 
 quelling the mob. 
 
 Slaiih- 
 
 Return. 
 
 Aug. Return of Henry M. Stanley, tlie 
 great African explorer, from his sec- 
 ond visit to Africa, where lie remained 
 nine months making many geographic- 
 al and scientific discoveries. Since 
 his return he has prepared a larfce 
 work, with a full account of his travels 
 and discoveries. 
 
 Burning of a piano fiictory in New York 
 many lives were lost. 
 
 Wi 
 
 B. Ogden. 
 
 Aug. 3. Death of William B. Ogden in 
 New York City. Mr. Ogden was born 
 in Delaware County, N. Y., and went to 
 Chicago in 1835. He was its first 
 Mayor, and one of its founders, being 
 largely interested in its enterprises and 
 progress. In 1860 he was a Member 
 of the State Senate. Mr. Ogden was 
 the founder of a large lumbering estab- 
 lishment in Peshtigo, Wis., and built 
 up almost the entire town, which, to- 
 gether with his large mills, were de- 
 stroyed by the great hurricane of fire 
 that swept over the country, Oct. 9th, 
 1871, leveling Chicago, and whole 
 townships and large districts of coun- 
 try in Michigan and Wisconsin. Mr. 
 Ogden's lumbering establishment at 
 Peshtigo was one of the largest in the 
 world. Mr. Ogden was a man of 
 great energy of character, and was in- 
 terested in everything that advanced 
 the public good, and was a very prom- 
 inent man in the West. He was the 
 first President of the Pacific Railroad 
 Company, and also the first President 
 of Rush Medical College. He also 
 gave encouragement and aid to all the 
 scientific and benevolent societies of 
 Chicago. Mr. Ogden removed to New 
 York in 1860, where he devised a 
 plan for an underground railway 
 through the city in connection with 
 the question of rapid transit. 
 
 Brigham Yoioig. 
 Aug. 29. Death of the great Mormon 
 leader. Gov. Young, of Utah. He was 
 Mormon President, Prophet, and High- 
 Priest, and the founder of Salt Lake 
 City. Also the founder, in the very 
 heart of the Continent, of the nefarious 
 and heathenish system of polygamy, 
 and successfully defied the great and 
 powerful Government of the United 
 States, and set up a religious and po- 
 litical, or Church and State Govern- 
 ment, with himself as the head and 
 chief ruler, and instituted and en- 
 forced laws and regulations, and ex- 
 ecuted the violators of the same with- 
 /QUt rnercy or interference, by a secret 
 .order pr system known as the Danites, 
 of which ije was chief. He was aided 
 by twelve cliosen agents, whom he 
 was pleased to call the " Twelve Apos- 
 tles." The United Staies sent Govern- 
 ment oflicials there aijd established a 
 United Slates District Court, with 
 Judge Drumraond to preside. But he 
 was compelled to adjourn his Court 
 sine die, at the point of the bo^yicr 
 kijife by a Mormon mob, instigated by 
 
 1877. sermons from the heads of the Church. 
 Brigham Young ruled in C'linrch and 
 State with more power than any mon- 
 arch of earth. He was grand tithing 
 master, and never gave any account of 
 or reiiorted the amount of receipts ; 
 and at the time of his death had ac- 
 cumulated a large fortune. At the 
 time of his death. Young had twenty 
 living wives and eight dead, besides 
 54 " spiritual wives," senled to him for 
 eternity, and was the father of sixty- 
 four children. 
 
 " Sept. 28. Great fire in Providence, R. I. ; 
 loss $675,300 and three lives. 
 
 " Sejrt. 29. Death of Henry Meiggs, the 
 great railroad contractor, in Peru, South 
 America. 
 
 " Oct. 10. Loss of the schooner Magellan 
 on Lake Michigan ; _eight lives lost. 
 
 " Oct. 19. Army appropriation bill passed. 
 
 " Oct. 20. Great fire in Portland, a sub- 
 urb of St. John, New Brunswick; loss 
 $300,000 and several lives. 
 
 " Oct. 24. Loss of the Huron off the coast 
 of North Caroliua; nearly 100 lives 
 lost. 
 
 Oliver P. Mortem. 
 
 " Nov. 1. Death of Oliver Perry Morton, 
 United States Senator and great " war 
 Governor " of Indiana. He raised funds 
 for carrying on the State Government 
 and for the support of the Federal 
 authorities during the war on his own 
 responsibility, as the Democratic Legis- 
 lature opposed his using the State 
 funds for that purpose. He wielded 
 more influence in the Republican party 
 than almost any other man since the 
 war. Mr. Morton was the champion 
 of the Fifteenth Amendment, and re- 
 ceived the second highest number of 
 votes on the Republican ticket for 
 President in the canvass that elected 
 Hayes. 
 
 " Nov. 4. Earthquake shocks felt in New 
 England, Middle States, and Lower 
 Canada. 
 
 " Nov. 15. Earthquake shocks felt in 
 Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Dakota. 
 
 " Nov. 23. Fishery Commission sitting 
 at Halifax, N. S., gave a verdict against 
 the United States, and awarded Great 
 Britain the sum of $5,500,000. 
 
 " Dec. 5. Loss of the Pacific steamship 
 Atamca. otf Chili, with 73 lives. 
 
 " Dec. 8. True bill found against General 
 Bal.icock by the grand jury of St. 
 Louis. The verdict of the trial was 
 favorable to Gen. Babcock. 
 
 " Dec. 20. Explosion in a confectionery 
 manufactory. New York City ; 10 killed 
 and 42 injured. 
 
 " Ku-Klux hill prrssed by Congress. 
 
 " Loss of the steamer Alabama, with 70 
 lives. 
 
 ■' Agitation of the civil service question, 
 and a Board of Commissioners ap- 
 pointed. 
 878. Jan. Agitation of communistic princi- 
 ])les among the laboring 
 pecially active in Chicago. 
 
 " Jan. Mexican raids into Texas. 
 
 Nitre- Glyeerine. 
 Jan. 2. Fearful nitro-glycerine explo- 
 sion on board a freight train on the 
 Northwestern Railroad, near Lake Su- 
 perior. Seven men were instantly 
 killed and several seriously injured. 
 
 1878. Jan. 13. Wreck of the steamer Metrop- 
 olis, from Philadelphia to Brazil, on the 
 coast of North Carolina ; 100 lives were 
 lost. 
 " Jan. 16. Death of Samuel Bowles, 
 editor of the Springfield, Mass., Re- 
 jiiiUicMn, and one of the most noted 
 journalists of America, aged 52 years. 
 
 Great Theologieal Discussion. 
 
 " Jan .-Feb. Great discussion throughout 
 the theological world upon the nature 
 of future punishment, and concerning 
 the existence and origin of a place 
 called " Hell." The discussion was 
 started by a sermon preached by Rev. 
 Henry Ward Beecher, in which he ig- 
 nored the existence of a place of tor- 
 ment and the doctrine of literal tor- 
 ment or pu7iisliment after death. 
 
 " Feb. 11. Death of Hon. Gideon Welles, 
 ex-Secretary of War, in Hartford, Conn., 
 aged 75 years. 
 
 Cremation. 
 
 " Feb. 15. The body of Mrs. Pittman, 
 wife of Benn Pittman, of Cincinnati, of 
 jihonographic notoriety, was cremated 
 at Washington, Pa., by Dr. Le Moyne. 
 
 " Mar. 2. Tornado in Casey County, Ky. 
 Great destruction of property and sev- 
 eral lives lost. 
 
 Ben. Wade. 
 
 Mar. 2. Death of Benjamin Franklin 
 Wade, an American Senator of great 
 ability and moral force of character. 
 Mr. Wade, like the great majority of 
 American statesmen, arose from ob- 
 scurity and worked his way up, by his 
 own manly and untiring exerti(ms, to a 
 position of great eminence and respon- 
 sibility in the Government. He was 
 first an Ohio State Senator in 1837, and 
 a United States Senator from 1851 to 
 1869. He was ever a firm and consist- 
 ent opponent of slavery and the slave 
 power, and opposed all its measures. 
 Upon the assassination of President 
 Lincoln he became President of the 
 Senate pro tern, and acting Vice-Presi- 
 dent. Mr. Wade was a stanch and noble 
 defender of the rights of the people, 
 and especially of the African slave, and 
 politically he was never contaminated 
 by compromise of principle or political 
 corruption. 
 
 Mar. 4. Bayard Taylor's appointment as 
 Minister to Germany confirmed by the 
 Senate. 
 
 Blood in California. 
 
 Mar. Disastrous flood in California. The 
 levees of the Sacramento River gave 
 way, and a vast amount of farming 
 lands flooded. Houses were swept 
 away, and large numbers of horses, 
 cattle, and sheep were drowned. The 
 damage amounted to several millions. 
 
 Orangemen and Catholics. 
 
 Mar. 18. Riot in Toronto, Canada, on 
 the occasion of a lecture by the Irish 
 champion, O'Donovan Rossa. A mob 
 of 7,000 roughs surrounded the hall, 
 breaking all the window -glass with 
 missiles, and driving the speaker and 
 audience from the building; 300 per- 
 sons were injured— 30 by pistol-shots. 
 
CHBONOLOGY. 
 
 The affair ended in a prolonged fight 
 between the Orangemen and Catholics. 
 
 Mar 34. Hanging of three MoUie Ma- 
 guireg in Bloomsburg, Pa. 
 
 Mar. Overthrow of Ultramontanism, or 
 rule of the priesthood, in Lower Cana- 
 da. The Church had controlled all 
 the offices in the Province until the 
 Government assumed the entire juris- 
 diction. 
 
 Gray's Telephone. 
 
 Practical development of the telephone, 
 invented by Elisha Gray, of Chicago, in 
 1874, which, in the language of the 
 inventor, will transmit vocal sounds 
 telegraphically. It is the object of 
 this invention to transmit the tones of 
 the human voice through a telegraphic 
 circuit, and reproduce them at the 
 other end of the line, so that actual 
 conversation can be carried on by per- 
 sons a long distance apart. This won- 
 derful invention has more than fulfilled 
 the office which its sanguine inventor 
 predicted for it, and has opened up a 
 new era in the marvelous progress of 
 science and the grand march of events. 
 In the summer of 1876 Professor A. G. 
 Bell, of the Boston University, pro- 
 duced an instrument, or telephone ap- 
 paratus, by which articulate speech 
 could be transmitted over an electric 
 circuit and reproduced with distinct- 
 ness. 
 
 Professor A. E. Dolbear also added 
 an improvement to the telephone the 
 same year. In 1878 the invention be- 
 came of practical utility, and was quite 
 extensively used. 
 
 Mr. Thomas A. Edison, of Menlo 
 Park, N. J., has also invented a tel 
 phono. 
 
 Edison's Phoftograph. 
 The phonograph, or sound-recorder, is a 
 device for permanently recording and 
 faithfully reproducing at any time or 
 place all kinds of sounds, including 
 those of the human voice. The speak- 
 ing phonograpii was invented by Mr. 
 Thomas A. Edison, and is a purely 
 mechanical invention, no electricity 
 being used. It is, however, somewhat 
 allied to the telephone, in consequence 
 of the fact that, like the latter, its 
 action depends upon the vibratory 
 motions of a metallic diaphragm, 
 capable of receiving from and trans- 
 mitting to the air sound vibrations. 
 When a person speaks into the mouth- 
 piece of the instiument, which will 
 cause the diaphragm to vibrate, and 
 as the vibrations of the latter corre- 
 spond with the movements of the air 
 producing them, soft and yielding tin- 
 foil will become marked along the line 
 of the groove by a series of indenta- 
 tions of different depths, produced by 
 a peculiar mechanical combination, 
 varying with the amplitude of the 
 vibrations of the diaphragm, or, in 
 other words, with the inflections or 
 modulations of the speaker's voice. 
 These inflections may therefore be 
 looked upon as a sort of visible speech, 
 which, in fact, they really are. If 
 now the diaphragm is removed, and 
 a cylinder turned, we have only to 
 replace the diaphragm and turn in 
 the same direction as at first to hear 
 repeated all that has been spoken into 
 
 the mouthpiece of the apparatus. A 
 stylus by this means being caused to 
 traverse its former patli, and conse- 
 quently rising and falling with the 
 depressinns in the foil, its motion is 
 communicated to the diaphragm, and 
 thence through the intervening air to 
 the ear, where the sensation of sound 
 is produced. 
 
 The articulation and quality of the 
 phonograph, although not yet per- 
 fect, is full as good as the telephone 
 was six months ago. The instrument, 
 when perfected and moved by clock- 
 work, will undoubtedly reproduce 
 every condition of the human voice, 
 including the whole world of expres- 
 sion in speech and song. 
 
 The above brief description of the 
 phonograph was condensed from the 
 article" in Scrihier's Monthly for April, 
 1878, from the pen of C. B. Prcscott. 
 
 April. A riot occurred among the 
 miners at Coal Creek, Ind., in conse- 
 quence of the proprietors hiring ne- 
 groes to work in the mines. There 
 existed a " Union " among the miners, 
 which determined to drive out the 
 colored men. Three negroes were 
 killed in the riot. 
 
 April 7. Burning of a portion of the 
 poor-house of Steuben County, N. Y. 
 One of the insane inmates set fire to 
 the building, and 16 persons perished 
 in the flames. 
 
 W. 
 
 M. Tweed. 
 
 April 13. Death of William Marcy 
 Tweed, the great "Tammany Ring" 
 leader, in the jail in New York city. 
 He was the moving power in the rob- 
 beries connected with the Municipal 
 Government, when $50,000,000 were 
 stolen from its treasury. 
 
 April 14. Earthquake in Venezuela, de- 
 stroying the town of Cucua. 
 
 Cyclone in Iowa. 
 April 31. The most terrific tornado that 
 was ever experienced in Iowa, accom- 
 panied by hail of enormous size, swept 
 over Jefferson County, destroying many 
 lives and a vast amount of prop- 
 ertv. Its track was from one and a 
 half to half a mile in width, and ex- 
 tended forty miles, carrying terror, 
 devastation, and death in its track. 
 
 JoJui Morrissey. 
 
 May 1. Death of John Morrissey, prize- 
 fighter, gambler, and United States 
 Senator, in Saratoga, N. Y. 
 
 Morrissey was born of very poor 
 Irish parents in Ireland, and came 
 with his parents to America when but 
 three years of age. He was raised in 
 poverty, in the city of Troy, N. Y., 
 and ail the education he possessed 
 he acquired himself, independent of 
 schools, learning to read and write 
 after he was 19 years old. He grew 
 up a very strong, athletic boy, and 
 working for several years in rolling- 
 mills and stove - foundries, greatly 
 aided in the development of his 
 muscles. He was for several years the 
 leader of a party of roughs and 
 rowflies in Troy known as the " Down- 
 town party," while the " Up-town 
 party" was led by O'Rourke and 
 
 Mackey, two bullies of local reno-sn. 
 O'Rourke had whipped every bully in 
 the surrounding country. He was 24 
 years of age, and a powerfully-bnilt 
 man. Morriswy was but 18, yet he 
 was then a victor among pugilists. 
 Upon the first attack of O'Uouikc 
 Morrissey gave him a sound thrashing. 
 He was now a " hero," and became 
 noted among sporting-men through- 
 out the coimtry. 
 
 In 1848-9 he was a deck-hand on a 
 North River steamer, and in 1854 
 married the daughter of its captain. 
 In 1850, with a cimipanion named 
 Cunningham, Morrissey started for 
 California. Neither of them had suffi- 
 cient means to carry them there, so 
 they slipped on board a vessel bonnd 
 for the new " Eldorado '" and hid 
 among the storage, and after three 
 days made their appearance. When 
 called upon for their tickets, they con- 
 fessed their plan, and the captain as- 
 sured them that they should never 
 reach California, but that he would 
 send them home by the first steamer, 
 and that they should work their pass- 
 age at heaving coal. But when the 
 vessel reached Chagres, the natives 
 surrounded it in their canoes,_ and 
 Morrissey and his comrade slipped 
 over its side and dropped into one of 
 the boats, and taking the oars, told 
 the native he would save his life only 
 by keeping still. They rowed to the 
 shore and walked to Panama, a dis- 
 tance of nearly forty miles, where, with 
 their small capital, they began gam- 
 bling, and were soon in possession of 
 $700. But this being barely half the 
 amount required to carry them to San 
 Francisco, they continued to gamble 
 until they lost it all. Again reduced 
 to their first extremity, they watched 
 their chance, and when vigilant officers 
 were everywhere on the alert to prevent 
 hundreds of idle fellows from shipping 
 under the same circumstances, they 
 slipped on board the lading schooner 
 which transported the cargo to the 
 Pacific steamer. Arriving alongside, 
 they watched their opportunity, pick- 
 ed up a large packing-case, and 
 carried it on board. They were not 
 discovered, and once safely aboard the 
 vessel, they forgot to return. The 
 next morning, seeing a boy severely 
 boxed by a large, fine-looking man, 
 Morrissey demanded of him his reason 
 for striking the boy, and severely cen- 
 sured the act as mean and cowardly. 
 He was informed that it was the cap- 
 tain of the vessel whom he was repri- 
 manding, and when called upon for 
 his ticket, and being ob'iged to confess 
 his duplicity, the captain said he 
 would put them ashore at Acapulco, as 
 he thought that would be sufficient 
 punishment for them. 
 
 But seemingly destined to good 
 luck, Morrissey and his companion 
 were unexpectedly relieved from their 
 embarrassing situation. The vessel 
 was short of provisions, and a mutiny 
 arose among the steerage passengers. 
 For a reason unknown to Morrissey, the 
 captain appealed to him and his com- 
 rade to stand by him and the officers 
 of the vessel. Morrissey gladly com- 
 plied, and the captain armed them 
 each with a cutlass and two six- 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 sliootiTs, iincl when the mutineers ap- 
 Iicari'd, seeiig Morrissey and Cunning- 
 ham at the head of the force, tliey im- 
 mediately desisted, ami were bi-ought 
 to terms by the expUiuations of the cap- 
 tain, and his promise to do the best 
 for them in his power. The captain 
 gave Morrissey and Cunninsham a 
 state-room and a" scat at the first talile 
 for the rest of the voyage. Arriving 
 in San Francisco, Morrissey's friends 
 raised his fare from Panama among 
 them and tendered it to the captain, 
 wliicli was reluspd, and with tlie 
 money he set up a gambling saloon 
 in the city. He rapidly accumulated 
 means, and when a gold excitement 
 broke oat in the British Possessions, 
 together with several adventurers like 
 himself, purchased a small vessel, 
 well equipped with guns and ammuni- 
 tion, and started fur the place. The 
 character of the vessel, and the ap- 
 parent object of its mission, prevented 
 the Custom-house authorities from 
 giving them a clearance, and they 
 sHpped off in the night without their 
 papers, and sailed as pirates in the 
 eyes of the law. It was a perilous 
 undertaking, as the distance was 3,000 
 miles, and the coast, for a long dis- 
 tance, a rough and dangerous one, and 
 the British men-of-war which they 
 were liable to encoimter would, if they 
 were overhauled and found to be sail- 
 ing without any proper identification, 
 arrest them as pirates and hang them 
 to the yard-arm. But nothing daunted, 
 they sailed on and reached the place 
 without interference ; but finding the 
 prospect a poor one for making their 
 fortunes, they resolved to return to San 
 Francisco. On their way back they put 
 in at Vancouver, a British port, and 
 found a British man-of-war in the 
 harbor. They were in a predicament, 
 and Morrissey advised, as the best 
 show they could make, to board the 
 ship first and state their business, 
 and give the captain all the news they 
 possessed concerning the new gold- 
 fields, and thus detract his attention. 
 The card was a lucky one, and took 
 amazingly, as the British vessel was 
 bound for the new gold region, and 
 the captain thanked them kindly for 
 tlieir information, and asked them t( 
 dine on board the ship. Morrissey'i 
 companions were alarmed at their cle 
 lay, and feared that their comrades 
 had certainly been either placed in 
 irons or summarily dispatched a 
 pirates. But upon their return to th 
 schooner, they had a jollification over 
 their "good luck," and during the 
 night they slipped out of the harbor 
 and disappeared before the British crew 
 could return their friendly visit. Ke- 
 tuming to San Francisco, they sold 
 their vessel ; and as there was great 
 excitement among the roughs on ac- 
 count of a prize-fight which had oc- 
 curred the day of their arrival, and 
 the victor had challenged any man in 
 California to meet him, Morrissev's 
 friends arranged for a fight for |1,000 
 a side. They met, and Morrissey 
 whipped the champion in ten minutes. 
 The same year Morrissey challenged 
 any man in America to fight him at 
 $10,000 a side. The friends of Tom 
 Hyer took up the challenge, but Ilyer 
 
 l)acked out. In 1853 Morrissey whip- 
 ped Yankee Sullivan at .*1,000 a side. 
 Morrissey won in fifty seven minutes. 
 His last fight was with Hoenan, in 
 Canada, at $2,.50O a side, Morrissey 
 beating in twenty-one minutes. He 
 set up a sportinir-house in New York 
 on his reluni IVi.m C.ilirornia, where 
 he made n ^nol di al of nioncy. lie 
 visited Eiiuiand and ircliuid, and wit- 
 nessed the fij,'ht between Heenan and 
 Sayers. 
 
 in 1861 Morrissey began operations 
 in Wall Street ; but he soon lost §.jO,- 
 (ill'l— all that he had— in the raid, with 
 tlic ( niiiiiKiii ( 'ouncil, against Vander- 
 bilr. Jlr Inn ii) wed money and started 
 a cluli-liiiu-ic ill Saratoga. 
 
 Durini;- Ihe war his operations in 
 Wall Streit were very heavy, and he 
 made lar-e sums of monrv." In 18(!G 
 Morris^icy was uoumi:'!' <! i^r : '.-Mu'ress, 
 
 were avi'rse to rL(_i.\u;u/.iui; hua, ana 
 none were \Yilling to introduce him. 
 But Morrissey showed moral, as well 
 as physical, courage, and asked Mr. 
 Garfield, of Ohio, to introduce him. 
 Mr. Garfield assented, and presented 
 John Jlorrissey to the United States 
 Congress, as a Representative from the 
 Fifth District of New York City. He 
 was again elected to Congress, in 18GS, 
 by 13,000 majority. Morrissey was 
 treated with respect, and was never re- 
 fused a favor in Congress. His bear- 
 ing was universally conceded to have 
 been modest, gentlemanly, and intel- 
 ligent, and he was never guilty of ac- 
 cepting a bribe or betraying his con- 
 stituents. In 1869, on " Black Friday," 
 Morrissey lost $000,000, but he paid up 
 every debt, and started anew in a club- 
 house at Saratoga the following year. 
 His house cost $250,000, and was con- 
 sidered the finest of its kind in the 
 world. In 1871 he started a political 
 movement known as '' Young Democ- 
 racy," for which he was expelled from 
 the Tammany Democracy. He joined 
 the new Tammany Hall wdien it was 
 reorganized, and became a leader, but 
 he boasted that he never held office, or 
 held a draft on the treasury, and had 
 never made one dollar out of the City 
 of New York. In 1875 Morrissey was 
 elected to the State Senate of New 
 York, where he served with credit ; he 
 opposed all the measures of the " ring " 
 effectually. In 1877 he defeated Schell 
 as a candidate for State Senator from 
 the Seventh District, one of the most 
 aristocratic portions of New York. In 
 the contest to win, he worked himself to 
 death. When his affairs were all settled, 
 it was found that he was worth only 
 about $30,000. Although controUing 
 
 stra-llv lloll,■^( in his iiioiirvrd transac- 
 tions.' Had 111-, when a lioy, rrctived 
 the education his natural talents re- 
 quired, and had he been fortunately 
 born in a sphere of hfe in which he 
 could have received early moral and 
 religious culture and training, his 
 career would never have been among 
 prize-fighters and gamblers. He hai 
 an innate sense o!" moral rectitude and 
 justice which m.any who were reared 
 under far more favorable surroundings 
 are destitute of. When we consider 
 
 the destitution and ignorance of his 
 condition and surroundings in child- 
 hood and early manhood, the great 
 wonder is that he could maintain any 
 integrity whatever. But that a candi- 
 date fro 11 the metropolis of this great 
 and enlightened republic could be 
 electcil to a seat in its National Con- 
 gress, from the very lowest walks in 
 life, a niau with no reputation but that 
 of a bully or prize-fighter, a gaml)ler, 
 and saloon-keeper; and who had often 
 been indicted for crimes, and who had 
 served a term in the Penitentiary, and 
 was leader among the lowest class of 
 roughs in a great city, is a severe com- 
 ment upon our standard of moral and 
 political i.nritv. It also fairly illus- 
 trate- tla- w: ik iH.int in tin- form of our 
 
 and degraded upon the same liasis as 
 that of the intelligent and educated 
 citizen. 
 
 May 2. Great explosion in the Wash- 
 burn flour mills at Minneapolis, Minn , 
 the largest flouring mill in the world, 
 causing the destruction by fire of 
 several other large mills. Total value, 
 $1,500,000. 17 lives were lost. 
 
 May 10. Senate passed the Bankrupt 
 llepeal bill, which should be operative 
 from Sept. 1. 
 
 May 12. Death of Catherine E. Beecher, 
 sister of Henry Ward Beecher and 
 Mrs. Stowe. She was a well-known 
 author, and a woman of rare sense and 
 virtue. Aged 77 years. 
 
 May 17. Potter's resolurion passed, 
 which proposeil an investigation of the 
 alleged dec lion IVaiids in^Florida and 
 Louisiana. 'I'lie l!e])nldicans refused 
 to vote on the re.-oluliou. 
 
 Cyclone in Wisconsin. 
 May 25. A terrible tornado in Southern 
 Wisconsin, which swept across the 
 State from^lineral Point to Milwaukee. 
 JetVerson County suffered severely; the 
 town of Oakland was swept with the 
 " besom of destruction," and over $50,- 
 000 worth of property destroyed in 
 this town alone. The cyclone passed 
 over Cedar Lake, sucking up the water, 
 which was precipitated with immense 
 force upon the land, which appeared, 
 after the storm had abated, as if the 
 Mississippi had swept over it. There 
 was nothing which could stand before 
 its awful fury. The largest trees were 
 twisted into shreds, or snapped off 
 like pipe-stems. Horses, cattle, men, 
 wagons, and portions of buildings were 
 carried through the air like feathers. 
 The track of this cyclone varied from 
 10 to 150 rods in width, and was but 
 a little over one hour in traversing the 
 State from Mineral Point to Lake 
 Michigan. A large number of persons 
 were injured and many killed. 
 
 William Ciillcn Bryant. 
 June 12. Death of William Cullen Bry- 
 ant, the eminent American poet, at the 
 age of eighty-four years. The last 
 ■work of Mr. Bryant was the delivery 
 of an address at the unveiling of a 
 bust of Mazzini in Central Park, New 
 York. He spoke in the open air, a 
 friend holding an umbrella over his 
 head during its delivery, but while he 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 «25 
 
 was delivering tlie peroration he stood 
 ill tlie glare of the sun. Immerliately 
 upon reaching the house of his friends, 
 ■where he was invited to dine, lie fell 
 insensible upon the threshold, but re- 
 covered so as to reach his home the 
 same day, from which he never again 
 departed until lie was carried to his 
 long home in the beautiful cemetery. 
 Mr. Bryant was born in Cummingtoii, 
 Mass., in 1794. At the age of ten he 
 was a very precocious boy, and an ad- 
 vanced scholar for his years. He be- 
 gan writing verses at that age, and 
 when thirteen he wrote a political sat- 
 ire in rhyme which was widely pub- 
 lished. At sixteen he entered Wil- 
 liams College as a Sophomore, and re- 
 mained two years ; but his father not 
 being able to pay his expenses, he 
 left college and began the study of 
 law, and was admitted to the bar at 
 the age of twenty-one. He continued 
 the practice of law till he accepted the 
 editorial chair of the Ecenii>g Post. 
 He wrote " Thanatopsis " when but 
 seventeen, and six years later his fa- 
 ther, finding it among his papers, sent 
 it to the North Amcriam Review for 
 publication. When twenty -one he 
 was persuaded to publish a volume of 
 poems, which appeared under the title 
 of "The Ages." These, with the lit- 
 erary gem, "Thanatopsis," established 
 his reputation as a poet of the first 
 order. In 182.5 Mr. Bryant became 
 connected with the New York Evening 
 Post, which he has since edited with 
 great ability. Mr. Bryant was quite 
 an extensive traveler, having visited 
 the principal parts of his own country 
 and made several trips to Europe; 
 also a visit to ligypt and Syria. Dur- 
 ing his travels he wrote letters of de- 
 scription to the Post. In his seventy- 
 first year he began the translation of 
 the "Iliad" from the Greek, laboring 
 four years upon it. He then translated 
 the " Odyssey," which required two 
 years. Since the completion of his 
 translation of Homer, in connection 
 with Mr. Gay, he began a history of 
 the United States, which, when com- 
 pleted, would fill several volumes, but 
 which he left unfinished. By this rec- 
 ord of his labors, we see that he was 
 an untiring worker, and whatever his 
 hands or brain found to do, he did 
 with his might, and lived almost to 
 the age oi fourscore and ten. 
 
 Judge Breese. 
 
 June 27. Death of Sydney Breese, 
 Judge of the Illinois Supreme Court, 
 at Pinckneyville, III. For twenty-five 
 years Judge Breese had filled this hon- 
 orable and important position with 
 eminent ability. Be was a finished 
 scholar, a distinguished jurist, a useful 
 and valued citizen, and an honest 
 man. The bar of Chicago joined with 
 that of the State, and sent a delegation 
 to pay their honors to the memory of 
 the venerable and renowned Judge. 
 The Aug of the State-House dome was 
 at half-mast, and special trains were 
 tendered by the Ohio and Mississippi 
 Kailroadon the occasion of the funeral. 
 
 Agitation 'of the third "Presidential 
 term " question, in reference to the 
 election of ex-President Grant for a 
 
 third term as President of the United 
 States. 
 
 June^JuIy. Mots in St. Louis between 
 the Mayor and his marshals and the 
 Metropohtan police ; also between the 
 Illinois and St. Louis Railroad Com- 
 pany and the citizens. 
 
 June-July. Gen. John C. Fremont con- 
 firmed as Governor of Arizona. 
 
 Julv. Indian outbreak in Washington 
 Territory. Battle of Willow Springs ; 
 43 soldiers killed. Generals Howard 
 and Miles finally rout the Indians. 
 
 July. National Hebrew Convention in 
 Milwaukee, Wis., composed of the 
 leading orthodox Jews of the United 
 States. 
 
 July 2. Burning of the Anchor Line 
 steamer " Ciiiiital City," on the Missis- 
 sijjpi Hivcr at Memphis, during a stifi' 
 gale ; the flames communicating with a 
 large elevator, it was also burned down. 
 Twenty bags of Government mail were 
 destroyed, and two lives lost. The 
 total loss from the fire was $250,000. 
 
 From Quebec io the Gulf of Mexico 
 in a Paper Canoe. 
 July 4. Nathaniel H. Bishop started 
 from Quebec, Canada, with a large 
 canoe with sails, to make a trip to the 
 Gulf of Mexico. He exchanged his 
 boat for a paper canoe on the way in 
 one of the New England ports, and 
 went on his way, perlonning the jour- 
 ney pleasantly and safely in nine 
 weeks' time. 
 
 Stitro Tunnel. 
 July 8. Completion of the Sutro Tunnel, 
 which connects the Conistock and Sav- 
 age silver mines in Nevad.a. The tun- 
 nel was designed and constructed by 
 Adolpli Sutro. He was nine years en- 
 gaged in this wonderful enterprise, 
 which, for the vastness of the under- 
 taking, and the many obstacles to 
 overcome, challenges the admiration of 
 the world, as one of the most gigan- 
 tic feats in the history of modern engi- 
 neering. 
 
 This tunnel is located over 2,000 feet 
 below the surface of the earth, and is 
 four miles in length, being ten feet 
 high by fourteen in width. Its object 
 is to facilitate the operations in the 
 mines — to save the enormous expense 
 of pumping water and of hoisting ore 
 2,000 feet by machinery; of transport- 
 ing miners to the different drifts, with 
 increased safety to life and limb ; the 
 enormous saving in wood and steam- 
 power, and securing ventilation in the 
 mines. The cost of this wonderful 
 enterprise was §3,500,000 in gold. 
 
 Mr. Sutro, after repeated efibrts to 
 secure assistance in California among 
 the great mining stockholders, who 
 repeatedly pledged their assistance 
 and as often violated their pledges, and 
 failing to raise sulBcient means iu New 
 York, owing to the adverse influence 
 brought to bear against him by the 
 California capitalists, he repaired to 
 England, and, after repeated efl'urts, 
 succeeded in securing suflicient aitl 
 from the great English house of M. 
 Calniot Bros, to complete his gigantic 
 undertaking. 
 
 Mr. Sutro will be gratefully remem- 
 bered when the powerful moneyed 
 
 1878. capitalists who combined against him 
 and Ids enterprise sliall slumber in 
 forgotten graves, and liis name will 
 long be revered by those who go down 
 into the bowels of the earth to bring 
 forth its treasures to enrich the sods 
 of men. 
 
 Orangemen. 
 
 " July 13. Panic in Montreal caused by a 
 threatened riot among the Orangemen 
 and Catholics upon the contemplated 
 grand parade of the Orangemen on 
 that day. Great excitement prevailed 
 in the city, and mobs were form ng 
 among the Irish Catholic-; to prevent 
 their marching. The alarm became 
 a real panic, when the Mayor sent 
 for several thousand of Government 
 troops, who dis;.ciscd the Orangemen 
 without bloodshed, and quiet was 
 once more restored. This was the 
 second attempt in Montreal to break 
 up the parade of the Orangemen in 
 that city by the Catholic element, 
 a riot having occurred in 1877. 
 
 The histoi-ij of the Oranffemen dates 
 back to Nov. 21, 1088, when the Order 
 first had an existence. It was estab- 
 li.<lied at Kxeter, Kngland, and a dec- 
 laration of its principles was drawn 
 up by Bishop Burnet, the sianera 
 pledging themselves to support William, 
 Prince of Orange, who was a Protest- 
 ant. The Order was then called the 
 " Orange Confederation," and has 
 been perpetuated in England and 
 Ireland under difterent names ever 
 since. The first Orange Lodge dates 
 back to September 21, 1795, its pro- 
 claimed object being self-defense, 
 maintenance of Protestantism, and of 
 British domination. It spread very 
 rapidly. Its first Grand Master in 
 Ireland was Thomas Verner. In 1837 
 it became established in Cana;1a. and 
 has since been one of the institutions 
 of the country. Ogle R. Gowan was 
 the first Grand Master of Canada. 
 They are strongly loyal to the British 
 Government, and a large majority of 
 the public men belong to the Order. 
 It wields a strong politi al influence 
 in Canada, and has 1,()60 lodg. s, with 
 a membership of 200,000. 
 
 Sunstrokes. 
 
 " July 20. During the week ending .July 
 20, 145 persons died from excessive 
 heat in the city of St. Louis, Mo., and 
 over 50 in Chicago. 
 
 " July 20. Death of "Minnie Warren," 
 the dwarf-wife of Maj. Newell (iilso a 
 dwarf) and sister of Jlrs. Tom Thumb. 
 
 " July 29. Total eclipse of the sun, seen in 
 the United States in a path IIG miles 
 wide, extending through the Western 
 Territories, from the British Posses- 
 sions to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 " For the year ending with July, \%7%, fif- 
 teen Mollie Maguires were hung. 
 
 " July-Aug. Unprecedented and ^Jrolonged 
 /(»;< all over the United States. Great 
 suifering and many deaths in conse- 
 quence. 
 
 " Aug. 7. Fearful disaster on the Pan- 
 Handle Railroad, caused by a collision 
 between an emigrant passenger train 
 and a freight train. 15 persons were 
 killed outright and 50 injured. 
 
 " Aug. 7-9. Terrible storms in Central 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1878. Illinois, sweeping across the State, 
 doing much damage. 
 " Aug. 9-10. Uiqirectdented rain-storms, 
 accompanied by the most terrific 
 electrical discharges, and with hail of 
 imusual size, visited New England 
 Northern New York, and a part oif 
 Eastern Ontario, extending over a space 
 of GOO miles. Four persons were killed 
 by lightning, 50 were shocked, and 50 
 buildings were burned and about that 
 number injured. 
 '' Aug.-Sept. Chinese Emlassy, among 
 whom were several Chinese ladies, visit 
 the United States. They arrive in 
 San Francisco and cross the Conti- 
 nent by rail, visiting the chief cities 
 on their way to Washington, where 
 they were cordially received by the 
 President and his Cabinet. 
 •' Sept. 3-8. Grand parade and national 
 tournament of firemen in Chicago ; pro- 
 cession three miles in length. 
 
 Sept. 12. Unprecedented rain-storm, 
 accompanied by heavy wind, through 
 Western Ontario, Ohio, and Pennsyl- 
 vania. 100 bridges swept away in 
 Ontario, and the damage to property 
 in Ntrthern Ohio alone, amounted to 
 $3,000,000. 
 
 Silver BUI. 
 
 Siher hill passed both Houses of Congress 
 by more than a two-thirds vote. It was 
 vetoed by President Hayes, but im- 
 mediately passed again over his veto. 
 Under this law the United States Mint 
 proceeded to coin the new silver dollar. 
 
 Sugar made from the common corn-stalk, 
 by Prof. Collier, chemist of the Agri- 
 cultural Department. 
 
 Sept. 15. Railroad disaster at Tariff- 
 i)ille, Conn. An over-crowded excur- 
 sion train, returning from the Moody 
 and Sankey meetings at Hartford, fell 
 
 through a trestle-bridge, and 16 per- 
 sons were killed and 40 injured. 
 
 Yellotv Fever. 
 
 Aug.-Oct. Terrible visitation of yellow 
 fever in the South. It first made its 
 appearance in New Orleans, and rapid- 
 ly spread to the cities and towns along 
 the Mississippi River, carrying conster- 
 nation and death into every household. 
 The people fled in terror and dismay, 
 until some towns were almost depopu- 
 lated. To October 4th there were 
 10,318 cases and 3,060 deaths in New 
 Orleans, and the fever still raging. 
 The suffering from destitution was 
 fearful, and 40,000 were reported Oc- 
 tober 1st as destitute of the means of 
 subsistence. Immense subscriptions 
 and donations of money, clothing, and 
 food were sent from the North. 
 
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