U.S. BUi^EAu 0? SOILS 
 
 Descriptions of Soil Types 
 Established arxd Changes in 
 Classification since the Publi. 
 cation of Bulletin 78, 
 
Gass '^ - - 
 Book-> A^ 
 
 ^H 
 
 <i-«r-UM, 2L- 
 
Issued November 6, 1911. 
 
 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 6i,i BUREAU OF SOILS. 
 MILTON WHITNEY, CHIEF. 
 
 DESCRIPTIONS OF SOIL TYPES ESTABLISHED AND 
 CHANGES IN CLASSIFICATION SINCE THE PUBLICA- 
 TION OF BULLETIN 78. 
 
 CHANGES IN CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 Transfer of the Berks series from the Piedmont Plateau province 
 to the Appalachian Mountain and Plateau province. 
 
 Transfer of the Montalto series from the Appalachian Mountain 
 and Plateau province to the Piedmont Plateau province. 
 
 The soil mapped as Oktibbeha silt loam in Oktibbeha County, 
 Miss., has been changed to Pheba silt loam. 
 
 The soil mapped as Alamance silt loam in Alamance County, N. C., 
 and now known as York silt loam, has been changed back to the Ala- 
 mance silt loam, as originally mapped. 
 
 The soil maj^ped as Cecil stony loam in Adams County, Pa., has 
 been changed to Montalto stony loam. 
 
 NEW TYPES ESTABLISHED. 
 
 ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTAL PLAINS PROVINCE. 
 
 SANDS. 
 
 Scranton sand. — The surface soil consists of 3 or 4 inches of ashy 
 to dark-gray sand, usually grading into sand of a coffee-brown color. 
 The subsoil, beginning at depths ranging from 8 to 12 inches, is a 
 white medium textured sand, compact and usually saturated with 
 water. The surface is quite rich in organic matter. SaAv Palmetto 
 is a conspicuous plant. The type occurs as poorly drained flat areas 
 near streams or "bays," and requires ditching to fit it for cultiva- 
 tion. It occupies an intermediate position between the Norfolk and 
 the Portsmouth sand. Reclaimed areas give rather poor results with 
 cotton, but better yields of corn and oats. (Bullock County, Ga.) 
 9426°— 11 1 ' 
 
2 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SOIL TYPES. p.^ 
 
 Scranton loamy sand. — This type consists of a dark-gray to black 
 sand or loamy sand rich in organic matter, resting, at an average 
 depth of about 10 inches, on a compact light-yellow material of about 
 the same texture as the soil. This is in turn underlain at 20 to 30 
 inches by light-yellow sticky sand to sandy clay, sometimes slightly 
 mottled with drab and red. The surface is flat and the underdrain- 
 age poor, the subsoil being nearly, or quite, saturated throughout a 
 good part of the year. Ditching is necessary to bring the land into 
 proper condition for cultivation. With moderate fertilization a 
 bale of cotton j)er acre has been secured. Sea-Island cotton makes a 
 rank growth, but yields rather lightly. Corn does quite well, as do 
 also sugar cane and a number of vegetables. (Bullock County, Ga.) 
 
 FINE SANDS. 
 
 Bienville -fine sand. — This type consists of a surface soil of light 
 yellowish gra}^ medium to find sand 8 inches deep, underlain to a 
 depth of 36 inches by orange-colored sand. It occurs as low ridges 
 in the alluvial bottom lands, but is not subject to overflow. The 
 topography is almost level. Very little of this type is cultivated. 
 It should prove a valuable soil for early truck. (Ellis County, Tex.) 
 
 Susquehanna fine sand. — The surface soil, to an average depth of 
 about 24 inches, is a rather loose fine sand, gray in the immediate 
 surface portion and pale yellow below. The subsoil is a reddish to 
 mottled, red, yellow, drab, and gray plastic clay. The type gen- 
 erally occurs on the crests of ridges and knolls. The natural drain- 
 age is excessive. With heavy fertilization and the incorporation of 
 large quantities of organic matter fair crops of cotton, corn, and 
 forage are secured. Melons, sweet potatoes, and a number of other 
 vegetables do well. (Lauderdale Count}', Miss.) 
 
 SANDY LOAMS. 
 
 Ruston sandy loam. — The surface soil, to a depth of about 6 to 
 15 inches, consists of a gray loamy sand. The subsoil is a fairly 
 friable yellowish-red sandy clay, the color being intermediate be- 
 tween the red of the Orangeburg and the yellow of the Norfolk soils. 
 Iron concretions and ironstone fragments are encountered here and 
 there on the surface and throughout the subsoil. The surface is 
 predominately rolling, probably averaging rougher than either 
 Orangeburg or Norfolk areas. Grayish mottling is sometimes en- 
 countered in the lower portion of the subsoil and frequently the 
 subsoil is less friable than that of the Orangeburg or Norfolk soils. 
 The type is adapted to about the same crops as the Norfolk sandy 
 loam, but gives usually somewhat lighter yields. Cotton, corn, pea- 
 nuts, and forage crops give good results under careful treatment. 
 (Pike County, Ala.) ~-^^ ^ 
 
ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTAL PLAINS. 3 
 
 Greenville coarse sandy loam. — The surface soil of this type varies 
 ^ from a coarse loamy sand to a heavy sandy loam, the immediate 
 ..^ surface portion usually being much coarser than the subsurface. In 
 IN color there is a range from dull reddish brown to a pronounced 
 ^ reddish brown. The subsoil is a dark reddish brown to dark-red 
 ^ sandy clay of a rather stiff, firm structure and a remarkable capacity 
 for holding moisture. The topogxaphy varies from undulating on 
 interstream divides to sloping along the descents to streams. In 
 the latter situation the soil loses the series characteristics and be- 
 comes more like the Orangeburg soil. With good drainage and 
 power to hold moisture this is a soil of high agricultural value, 
 especially when the coarse texture of the surface soil is taken into 
 consideration. Much of this land has been in cultivation 50 years or 
 more, and is still producing good yields of cotton, corn, oats, cowpeas, 
 and sorghum. (Pike County, Ala.) 
 
 Hoffman coarse sandy loawb. — The surface soil is a gray coarse 
 sand, carrying generally considerable quantities of small gravel. The 
 subsoil is a rather stiff sandy clay, mottled bright red^ white, and 
 drab. The type occurs mainly as small knolls. On account of its 
 open character it does not hold moisture well and only moderate 
 yields can be expected except where heavy applications of fertilizers 
 and organic manures are used. (Bullock County, Ga.) 
 
 FINE, SANDY LOAMS. 
 
 Hoffman ffne sandy loam. — The surface soil consists of a light-gray 
 to yellowish fine sand to loamy fine sand from 12 to 15 inches deep. 
 The subsoil is a rather stiff, plastic sandy clay, distinctly mottled 
 purplish and pinkish red, gray, and yellow. Some pebbles and frag- 
 ments of iron-cemented sandstone occur here and there. The topog- 
 raphy is somewhat broken, being usually rougher than that of the 
 Norfolk fine sandy loam. The type is generally considered a rather 
 poor soil, although with careful handling much of it gives fairly 
 good results with cotton, corn, peanuts, sweet potatoes, cowpeas, and 
 velvet beans. (Bullock County, Ga.) 
 
 Pheba -fine sandy loam,'. — The surface soil is a gray to light-brown 
 fine sandy loam from 6 to 10 inches deep. The subsoil is a yellowish- 
 brown heavy fine sandy loam, gradually passing into fine sandy clay 
 or silty clay. The lower subsoil is usually mottled with reddish- 
 yellow and gray colors. A heavy clay substratum is encountered at 
 3 to 6 feet. The surface is flat to gently rolling or undulating. Ditch- 
 ing is necessary in some of the more nearly level areas. The type is 
 deficient in organic matter. Cotton, com, peanuts, oats, rye, cowpeas, 
 soybeans, and sorghum give very good results with proper treatment. 
 (Noxubee County, Miss.) ' 
 
4 DESCKIPTIONS OF NEW SOIL TYPES. 
 
 Plummer fine sandy loam. — The surface soil is a gray loamy fine 
 sand sometimes faintly mottled with brown. At 8 to 18 inches a 
 compact loamy fine sand, gray or streaked with brownish or yellowish 
 colors, is encountered. Below this is found a mottled gray and yellow 
 fine sandy clay or sticky fine sand, with pockets or layers of yellowish 
 plastic fine sandy clay. On account of its flat surface and low posi- 
 tion the type is usually poorly drained. Cypress, pine, and cabbage 
 palmetto constitute the main timber growth. The soil is typically 
 developed in the flatwoods country of the Coastal Plains. Veiy 
 little has been utilized for farming, but with drainage oats, corn, and 
 sugar cane would probably give good results. Vegetables, especially 
 onions, lettuce, and cabbage, would also prove profitable. (Jackson- 
 ville area, Fla.) 
 
 The soils of the Plummer series belong in the key to the soils of the 
 Coastal Plains province, under the heading: Piedmont-Appalachian 
 Material — Drainage poorly established — Gray soil (attached to the 
 Lufkin leg) — Gray subsoil mottled with yellowish streaks — Pockets 
 and layers of clay material common to lower subsoil — Flatwoods of 
 Atlantic and East Gulf Coastal Plains. 
 
 Dur'ant very fine sandy loam. — This soil type consists of a yellow- 
 ish-brown very fine sandy loam, imderlain by a pale yellowish gray 
 very fine sandy loam slightly heavier than the surface soil. The soil 
 varies in texture from a heavy very fine sandy loam to light loam. 
 Thin layers of limestone occur throughout the type and fragments 
 of this rock are occasionally scattered over the surface. The topog- 
 raphy is broken and hilly, as the surface is cut by numerous 
 V-shaped valleys. Little of this type is under cultivation. The 
 greater part is used for grazing, for which purpose it is best adapted. 
 The areas are generally too hilly and badly eroded for tillage. 
 (Ellis County, Tex.) 
 
 SILT LOAM. 
 
 Ruston silt loam. — The soil of this type to an average depth of 
 about 7 inches is a gray to grayish-brown silt loam. In places the 
 content of very fine sand is high. The subsoil is a yellowish-red to 
 dull-red silt loam, grading quickly into a silty clay loam. In the 
 lower subsoil the material is mottled with gray and the structure is 
 slightly plastic. The type occupies undulating to gently sloping or 
 gently rolling country. With moderate applications of fertilizers 
 and organic manures cotton, corn, oats, and forage crops give good 
 yields. (Lauderdale County, Miss.) 
 
 CLAY LOAMS, 
 
 Greenville gravelly clay loam. — The surface soil to a depth of 4 or 
 5 inches is reddish-brown heavy sandy loam with sufficient clay to 
 impart the working qualities of a friable clay loam. In places the 
 
ATLANTIC AND GULP COASTAL PLAINS. 5 
 
 texture is decidedly a clay loam.- The subsoil is a reddish or dark- 
 red sandy clay, frequently becoming heavier with increase in depth. 
 Iron concretions are abundant over the surface, in the soil, and less 
 so in the subsoil. The surface configuration ranges from undulating 
 to gently rolling, giving good surface drainage without destructive 
 erosion. Cotton, corn, oats, rye, and forage crops give very good 
 results. (Sumter County, Ga.) 
 
 CLAYS. 
 
 Durant clay. — This soil consists of 9 inches of dark-brown to almost 
 black clay. The subsoil from 8 to 36 inches is a stiff, heavy, pale yel- 
 lowish-drab or sometimes dark-bluish clay. Scattered over the sur- 
 face and throughout the soil and subsoil are lime concretions or 
 gravel. The type is derived from marly clays of the Eagle Ford 
 formation. The topography varies from level to gently rolling. 
 Cotton yields one-third to three-quarters bale per acre, corn 30 to 40 
 bushels, and oats 40 to 50 bushels. (Ellis County, Tex.) 
 
 Ellis clay. — This soil, to a depth of 6 inches, is a yellowish-brown 
 clay. The subsoil is a yellowish heavy plastic clay to a depth of 3 
 feet or more. In many places there are scattered over the surface 
 and through the soil and subsoil fragments of hard, brown limestone. 
 The soil is very sticky and plastic when wet and bakes on drying. 
 The surface features vary from rolling to hilly or even broken. 
 The broken areas are badly eroded. The type is derived from the 
 marly clays of the Eagle Ford formation and from the Taylor marl. 
 Because of the difficulty of cultivation, owing to the heavy texture 
 and uneven surface, the greater proportion of the type is not culti- 
 vated. It is better suited to cotton than to any other crop, yielding 
 from one-quarter to one-half bale per acre. (Ellis County, Tex.) 
 
 The proper place for the Ellis series in the key to the soils of the 
 Coastal Plains province is under the heading " Calcareous material," 
 attached to the drainage well established leg, as follows : Yellowish- 
 brown soil — Yellow subsoil — Derived from marly clays — Surface 
 hilly. 
 
 Pheba clay. — The surface soil consists of 8 inches of light-brown 
 clay or silty clay. Over this there occasionally is a shallow covering 
 of fine sandy material. The subsoil is a rather plastic clay of 
 brownish or yellowish color, mottled at lower depths with gray. 
 The surface drainage of the flatter areas is frequently poor. The 
 type is usually deficient in organic matter and is inclined to bake. 
 It is best adapted to wheat, grass, and forage crops. Cotton, corn, 
 and oats give fair returns. (Noxubee County, Miss.) 
 
 Henderson stony clay. — This type consists of a surface soil of 
 greenish-gray, sticky clay, carrying varying proportions of frag- 
 mental limestone. There usually is a thin mantle of fine sand over 
 
6 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SOIL TYPES. 
 
 the surface of the less stony areas. The subsoil is very heavy and 
 tenacious. In the lower part the decomposed limestone or a marly 
 material occurs. The soil is derived from Tertiary limestone. It 
 has not been seen under cultivation, and probably would j)rove of 
 low agricultural value on account of the intractable character of the 
 material. (Pike County, Ala.) 
 
 The Henderson series belongs in the key to the Coastal Plains 
 province as a leg attached to the Sumter soils, under the heading 
 " Calcareous material," drainage well established, as follows: Yellow 
 soil — Greenish-gray, sticky subsoil — ^TVeathered limestone fragments 
 and marly material abundant. 
 
 Houston stony clay. — This type consists of 4 to 15 inches of dark- 
 brown or black clay, underlain by chalky white limestone. Lime- 
 stone fragments of varying size are scattered over the surface. The 
 type is eroded, and small outcrops of the parent rock are frequently 
 seen on the hillsides and on the summits of knolls. Owing to the 
 shallow soil the type does not stand drought well, and the yields 
 depend largely upon the season. In years of normal rainfall good 
 crops of cotton, corn, wheat, and oats are secured. (Ellis County, 
 Tex.) 
 
 Lauderdale stony clay. — This type consists of a yellow to nearly 
 white, stiff clay carrying on the surface and throughout the soil 
 to 36 inches from 25 to 60 per cent of stone fragments, consisting of 
 rather soft white to yellowish or reddish siliceous rock, of locally 
 cemented reddish sandstone, and of a hard siliceous rock resembling 
 quai'tzite. There is no distinct line of demarcation between soil and 
 subsoil. The type is derived from the Tallahatta buhrstone forma- 
 tion of the Claibourne stage. The type is locally called " white hills " 
 and " white rock land." It chiefly occupies the crests of narrow, 
 high, winding ridges and the tops of hills, though occasionally de- 
 veloped on lower slopes. The topography is too rough for profitable 
 farming. (Lauderdale County, Miss.) 
 
 The Lauderdale series belongs in the Coastal Plains province 
 under the heading: Piedmont- Appalachian material — Drainage well 
 established — Gray soils — Mottled tenacious clay subsoil (changed to 
 subsoils plastic). Here it will connect as a separate leg — Subsoil 
 white — Eesidual from soft, siliceous, gray rock (Claibourne forma- 
 tion) . 
 
 SLTBORDINATE TYPES. 
 
 Sumter stony sandy loam. — The surface soil, with a depth of about 
 5 to 12 inches, is a yellowish-gray to yellow sandy loam. The sub- 
 soil is principally composed of partially weathered limestone of the 
 Vicksburg-Jackson formation, the interstitial material being a yel- 
 lowish sandy clay. The surface is strewn with limestone and chert 
 
PIEDMONT PLATEAU. 7 
 
 fragments. These fragments also are usually so plentiful as to inter- 
 fere materially with cultivation. The type occupies ridges and 
 slopes where erosion has exposed the underlying rock. Cultivated 
 areas give good yields of the general farm crops. Peaches do es- 
 pecially well. (Sumter County, Ga.) 
 
 The position of the Sumter series in the key to the soils of the 
 Coastal Plains is as follows : Calcareous material — Drainage well es- 
 tablished — A third leg reading : Yellow soil — Yellow subsoil — Frag- 
 ments of weathered Vicksburg-Jackson limestone common. 
 
 Sitsquehanna stony sandy loam. — The surface soil is a grayish or 
 grayish-brown medium to coarse sand to sandy loam. The subsoil 
 is usually a stiff, plastic red or reddish-yellow clay, with little sand. 
 It is often mottled with gray. In places the lower subsoil is com- 
 posed of a reddish micaceous sand with very little clay. The type 
 is characterized by its rough topography and the presence of an 
 abundance of ironstone and ferruginous gravel on the surface. It 
 has little value except for Bermuda pasturage. (Pike County, Ala.) 
 
 Greenville coarse sand. — The surface soil is a brown to reddish- 
 brown coarse loamy sand of more coherent structure than the Norfolk 
 and Orangeburg coarse sand. The subsoil is usually very similar 
 to the soil in texture, averaging a little lighter. It has usually a 
 brighter red color than the surface soil. The type is often typically 
 developed on the lower slopes of divides on which the heavier mem- 
 bers of the Greenville series occur. For such a coarse textured soil, 
 the agricultural value is surprisingly high. This is due largely to a 
 greater power of conserving moisture than less ferruginous, lighter 
 colored coarse sands. This soil is not well adapted to general farm 
 crops, but cotton and oats give fair results. Watermelons, sweet 
 potatoes, and a number of vegetables do particularly well. 
 
 PIEDMONT PLATEAU PROVINCE. 
 
 SOUTHERN PIEDMONT. 
 
 DurJianh fine sandy loam. — The surface soil is a gray to yellowish 
 fine to medium sandy loam, 8 to 10 inches deep. The subsoil is a 
 friable yellow fine sandy clay. The topography is predominately 
 undulating to gently rolling and the drainage is good. The type is 
 derived principally from fine-grained granite and gneiss. It is 
 well suited to bright tobacco, peanuts, sweet and Irish potatoes, gar- 
 den peas, cowpeas, crimson clover, watermelons, and cantaloupes. 
 With fertilization rye, corn, oats, and cotton give fair to good 
 yields. " (Granville County, N. C.) 
 
 Mecklenhurg 'sandy loam. — The surface soil, to a depth of 6 to 12 
 inches, consists of a dark-brown to reddish-brown light loam to 
 sandy loam. The subsoil is a yellowish-brown to ocherous-yellow, 
 
8 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SOIL TYPES. 
 
 heavy, plastic, impervious clay, underlain at 20 to 36 inches by dis- 
 integrated rock of the parent diorite, micadiorite, gabbrodiorite, or 
 metagabbro. Hardwoods, principally oak and hickory, constitute 
 the chief growth of forested areas. Under ordinary methods of cul- 
 tivation corn yields from 15 to 30 bushels per acre and oats from 15 to 
 40 bushels. Wlieat, cowpeas, and soy beans do fairly well. (Cabar- 
 rus County, N. C.) 
 
 The position of the Mecklenburg series in the key to the Southern 
 Piedmont Plateau province is as follows : Igneous and metamorphic 
 rocks — Diorite and diabase — Red soils — Yellow plastic subsoils — 
 Disintegrated rock substratum. 
 
 Iredell loam. — This type consists of light-brown heavy fine sandy 
 loam to light loam, 4 to 8 inches deep, underlain by a yellowish- 
 brown, impervious, waxy, sticky clay, passing at 20 to 30 inches into 
 disintegrated rock. Black iron concretions are common over the 
 surface and throughout the soil. The topography is flat or undu- 
 lating to gently rolling. Surface drainage is good, except in the 
 more nearlj'' level areas, which need ditching. The type is derived 
 chiefly from diorite. Blackjack oak is a prominent tree, although 
 other oaks, some cedar, and old-field pine are seen. The type is 
 highly prized for oats, cotton, wheat, corn, and grasses. (Cabarrus, 
 Granville, and Mecklenburg Counties, N. C.) 
 
 MecMenhurg loam. — The surface soil consists of 6 to 8 inches of 
 reddish-brown to red loam or light loam. The subsoil is a yellowish- 
 brown or ocherous yellow plastic, tenacious clay, becoming more fri- 
 able at a depth of 24 to 30 inches, owing to the presence of fragments 
 of the parent rock. A mass of disintegrated rock is usually encoun- 
 tered within the 3-foot section. In places the subsoil resembles that 
 of the Iredell soils, giving a section somewhat the appearance of 
 Cecil material over Iredell. The topography is usually undulating 
 to gentl)^ rolling and the surface drainage good. The characteristic 
 timber growth is white, red, post, and blackjack oak, with consid- 
 erable hickory and a sprinkling of cedar and pine. The type is well 
 adapted to corn, cotton, oats, wheat, grass, and forage crops. From 
 15 to 30 bushels of corn, 15 to 40 bushels of oats, and from one-half 
 to 1 bale of cotton per acre are ordinary yields. (Mecklenburg 
 County, N. C.) 
 
 Alamance silt loam. — This type consists of a yellowish-gray to 
 white, floury, rather compact silt loam, 6 or 8 inches in depth, over- 
 lying a pale yellow heavy silt loam, which quickly grades into a 
 rather dense yellow silty clay. Fragments of the parent rock are 
 scattered over the surface, sometimes in sufficient abundance to de- 
 velop patches of slate loam. The subsoil does not have the greasy 
 feel that is frequently noticed in* the subsoil of the York soils. The 
 
'' PIEDMONT PLATEAU. 9 
 
 type occupies nearly flat to rolling topography. White oak, post 
 oak, blackjack oak, and pine constitute the principal vegetation. 
 The soil is low in organic matter and is inclined to compact. It is 
 considered an excellent grain soil, and when properly supplied with 
 vegetable matter and moderately fertilized good yields of corn, cot- 
 ton, and forage crops are secured. (Cabarrus, Granville, and 
 Mecklenburg Counties, N. C.) 
 
 Georgeville silt loam. — The surface soil is a reddish-brown, rather 
 heavy silt loam, 4 to 8 inches deep. The subsoil is a red heavy clay, 
 underlain to about 36 inches by partially decomposed rock, which 
 in turn is underlain by hard bed rock at depths of 40 to 50 inches. 
 The type is derived from slate rocks closely related to those giving 
 the Alamance soils. The reddish color is believed to be due to the 
 higher content of iron-bearing minerals. The topography is very 
 undulating to broken along streams. The timber growth consists 
 principally of oak, hickory, dogwood, and pine. This is a better 
 agricultural soil than the Alamance silt loam. It is well suited to 
 oats, wheat, corn, and forage crops. Cotton matures late and is 
 sometimes killed by frost. (Cabarrus and Granville Counties, N. C.) 
 
 The Georgeville series belongs in the key to the soils of the South- 
 ern Piedmont. It should be attached to the Alamance series leg — 
 Carolina slates — Eeddish-brown soil and red subsoil. 
 
 Mecklenhurg clay loam. — The surface soil consists of reddish-brown 
 to red loam to clay loam, with an average depth of 8 inches. The 
 subsoil is a yellowish-brown or ocherous-yellow. stiff, plastic clay. 
 At 18 to 24 inches the partially decomposed parent rock is encoun- 
 tered. Iron concretions occasionally occur on the surface. The 
 topography varies from undulating to gently rolling. Along stream 
 slopes it is sometimes slightly broken. Drainage is good, except in 
 some of the more nearly level areas. Wliite, post, red, and black- 
 jack oak, hickory, pine, and cedar constitute the usual forest growth. 
 Cotton yields from one-half to 1 bale per acre ; corn, from 20 to 40 
 bushels ; oats, from 20 to 40 bushels ; and wheat, 12 to 20 bushels per 
 acre. Clover, vetch, soy beans, cowpeas, and Johnson grass do well. 
 (Mecklenburg and Cabarrus Counties, N. C.) 
 
 Alamance slate loam: — The surface soil, to an average depth of about 
 8 inches, consists of a gray to nearly white silt loam, to which numer- 
 ous small fragments of slate rock impart a gritty feel. In some places 
 there is a thin layer of yellow silty clay subsoil, but usually the gray 
 silt loam soil is underlain by the slate. Fragments of this rock up 
 to an inch or more in diameter are present in the soil in sufficient 
 quantities to interfere materially with cultivation. The topography 
 varies from gently rolling to rolling or sometimes broken. Much of 
 the type is covered with valuable forest, cx>nsisting principally^ of 
 9426°— 11 2 
 
10 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SOIL, TYPES. 
 
 oak, pine, and hickory. Owing to the rolling topography, open 
 structure, and the proximity of bed rock to the surface the drainage 
 is usually excessive. The average yields are low, but where the soil 
 is less slaty and the depth to underlying rock deeper than normal 
 moderate yields of cotton, wheat, corn, and oats are secured. Cer- 
 tain varieties of apples, pears, and peaches do w^ell. (Cabarrus 
 County, N. C.) 
 
 Iredell stony loam-. — The surface soil of this type consists of 6 
 inches of greenish-brown loam. The subsoil is somewhat variable 
 but is prevailingly a yellowish-brown silty clay loam, quickly pass- 
 ing into a plastic, sticky reddish-yellow heavy clay, which in turn 
 grades into greenish-brown material of like character. At about 24 
 inches partially decomposed greenish rock is found. Fragments of 
 schistose rocks, of diorite, and sometimes of quartz are scattered over 
 the surface and disseminated throughout the soil in sufficient quan- 
 tities to hinder cultivation. Rock outcrops are also frequent. The 
 type is derived from andesite, altered andesite, and diorite. Of the 
 crops ordinarily grown, wheat, oats, and grass give the best results. 
 (Granville County, N. C.) 
 
 NORTHERN PIEDMONT. 
 COARSE SAND. 
 
 Granville coarse sandy loam.. — The surface soil is a grayish coarse 
 sandy loam, which usually at a depth of about 5 inches becomes pale 
 yellow in color and slightly hea\der in texture. The subsoil is a 
 yellow sandy clay, sometimes mottled with gray and occasionally 
 including, especially in the lower depths, a plastic clay of Indian 
 red color. A typical section is very similar to that of the Durham 
 coarse sandy loam, though differing in the frequent occurrence of 
 Indian red and grayish colored clay in the lower subsoil. The sub- 
 soil also is somewhat more plastic than that of the Durham coarse 
 sandy loam. Galled spots, representing areas from which the surface 
 soil has been washed off, are of common occurrence. In such areas 
 the soil is usually a plastic claj^, of Indian-red or grayish color. The 
 topography is gently undulating to rolling or slightly hilly, and the 
 drainage good to excessive. The type is derived from Triassic sand- 
 stone. The agricultural value is about the same as that of the Dur- 
 ham coarse sandy loam. Good yields of a fine grade of bright yellow 
 tobacco are secured. Corn, oats, peanuts, sweet and Irish potatoes, 
 forage crops, and a number of vegetables do well. (Granville 
 County, N. C.) 
 
 The soils of the Granville series belong in the key to the soils of the 
 Piedmont Plateau province. They fall under " yellow subsoil " of 
 the Lansdale leg, by adding " deep subsoil, mottled gray and Indian 
 red (Penn material) — Granville." 
 
GLACIAL AND LOESSIAL. H 
 
 GLACIAL AND LOESSIAL PROVINCE. 
 SANDS. 
 
 Miami sand. — The soil is a yellowish to brownish-gray medium 
 sand, about 8 inches deep, underlain by lighter colored, loose, inco- 
 herent sand of the same texture. Comparatively little stone occurs 
 in this type, though a small quantity of cobbles and gravel is found 
 in local areas. The topography is usually rolling and sometimes 
 hilly. The type occurs not infrequently in the form of moraines. 
 The drainage is so free as to make the soil droughty and the agri- 
 cultural value is consequently lower than in the case of the Miami 
 types of finer texture. In moist seasons such crops as rye, corn, and 
 potatoes produce fair yields. (Waukesha County, Wis.) 
 
 SANDY LOAMS. 
 
 Plain-field sandy loam. — ^The surface soil of this type is a brown 
 loamy sand to sandy loam, 16 or 18 inches deep. The subsoil becomes 
 lighter in color and somewhat coarser in texture as depth increases 
 and at about 30 inches is usually a yellow sand possessing but little 
 coherency. The material often extends to depths of many feet. For 
 the most part it has been laid down by rushing glacial waters rather 
 than as present-day alluvium, and occurs in broad fiUed-in valleys 
 along the streams and as glacial outwash in the glaciated region of 
 the Great Lakes and also in the driftless area of Wisconsin. It has 
 a level to slightly undulating topography. While subirrigated the 
 soil is now above all overflow. It produces light yields of corn^ hay, 
 rye, and some of the other general farm crops. Dairying is an 
 important industry on some of the type. (Iowa County, Wis.) 
 
 FINE SANDY LOAMS. 
 
 Plainfield fine sandy loam. — The surface soil varies from yellowish 
 to brownish in color. In texture it is a fine sandy loam. It extends 
 to a depth of about 10 inches. The subsoil is usually somewhat 
 looser and coarser than the overlying soil, and small gravel is usually 
 present. The type occurs as nearly level to gently undulating out- 
 wash plains, the materials forming Avhich are often many feet in 
 depth. The underdrainage is free. In seasons of a moderate amount 
 of moisture the type produces fair crops of potatoes, corn, and other 
 general farm crops. (Waukesha County, Wis.) 
 
 Farmington loam. — This type consists of a light-brown silt loam, 
 from 6 to 10 inches deep, resting upon thin-bedded shaly limestone. 
 The shallow soil contains more or less angular fragments of lime- 
 stone, together with a small percentage of glacial gravel and stones, 
 though the possibilities of cultivation are rather more dependent 
 
12 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SOIL TYPES. 
 
 upon the depth to the limestone than upon the presence of loose stone. 
 The topography is nearly level and drainage is good. The type occu- 
 pies valley positions Avhere a large part of the glacial material origi- 
 nally present has been swept away by glacial streams. The soil is 
 partly residual. This type is well adapted to potatoes, beans, corn, 
 oats, and clover, depending upon the depth to the underlying rock. 
 (Ontario County, N. Y.) 
 
 The Farmington series belongs in the Glacial and Loessial province, 
 under the heading, " Thin glacial material," and under the subdi- 
 vision, " Limestone material " — " shaly limestone," attached to the 
 pendant under " light-brown soil " — substratum of limestone. 
 
 PJainfield loam. — This type consists of a light-brown medium loam, 
 about 10 inches deep, underlain by a yellowish or yellowish-brown 
 subsoil of slightly heavier texture, containing a small quantity of 
 sand and fine gravel. The gravel content increases below 18 inches, 
 and the subsoil frequently grades into a gravel bed. The tjq^e is 
 easy to cultivate and the presence of the underlying gravel gives good 
 drainage. In prolonged dry seasons crops are liable to suffer some- 
 what from lack of water, but in seasons of normal rainfall the type 
 is a good general purpose soil and is particularly well adapted to 
 corn and potatoes. The topography varies from level to somewhat 
 undulating. (Waukesha County, Wis.) 
 
 SrLT LOAMS. 
 
 Plainf.eld silt loam. — This type consists of a light-gray to light- 
 brown silt loam, varying from 8 to 12 inches in depth, underlain by 
 a yelloAvish-brown heavy silt loam or clay loam subsoil. At from 
 about 18 inches to 3 feet fine gravel is usually found. This under- 
 lying gravel provides good subdrainage. so that the soil can be 
 cultivated under a rather wide range of moisture conditions. The 
 topography varies from nearly level to somewhat undulating and 
 the type usually forms outwash plains. It is a fairly good general 
 farming soil and produces moderate yields of ordinary crops, includ- 
 ing grains, root crops, etc. (Waukesha County, Wis.) 
 
 SUBORDINATE TYPES. 
 
 Miami gravel. — The Miami gravel consists of a gray to brown 
 gravelly loam or slightly sandy loam. Cobblestones, gravel, and 
 bowlders form a large percentage of the material. The coarser mate- 
 rial is made up of a variety of angular and sometimes rounded frag- 
 ments of granitic or gneissic rocks and of limestone. The topography 
 is usually hummocky and often quite largely formed of the rounded 
 hills and knolls of moraines. In many localities the type is subject 
 to considerable erosion and the agricultural uses are limited. Its 
 principal value is for pasturage. (Waukesha County, Wis.) 
 
GLACIAL LAKE AND RIVER TERRACE. 13 
 
 Miaimi gravelly sandy loam. — This type is a light-brown to grayish- 
 brown sandy loam, containing a small quantity of fine and medium 
 sized gravel and stone, underlain by a subsoil containing enough clay 
 to make it slightly sticky. The soil proper has a depth of about 10 
 inches. At 18 to 24 inches the gravel content increases and there are 
 not infrequently numerous cobblestones and bowlders. The topog- 
 raphy varies from undulating to rolling and somewhat hilly. The 
 surface drainage is always good. Some artificial drainage is neces- 
 sary in localities where the subsoil is heaviest and the stone content 
 least. The type is subject to some erosion. It is a very fair soil. 
 Oats and rye are well adapted to the type. Clover is one of the more 
 important crops. (Waukesha County, Wis.) 
 
 Waukesha gravelly loam. — This type consists of a brownish to 
 black loam, 8 or 10 inches deep, resting upon a subsoil soiliewhat 
 lighter in color and containing more fine gravel and sand. At a 
 depth of 18 inches to 2 feet the gravel increases in quantity, often 
 occurring as beds showing marked stratification. The topography 
 varies from level to undulating or slightly rolling. The type is best 
 adapted to such crops as rye and oats, though in seasons of consider- 
 able rainfall corn gives fair yields. (Waukesha County, Wis.) 
 
 GLACIAL LAKE AND RIVER TERRACE PROVINCE. 
 
 SANDY LOAMS. 
 
 Chenango sandy loam. — This type consists of light-brown sandy 
 loam, about 6 inches deep, overlying a yellowish-brown somewhat 
 incoherent sandy loam or loamy sand. Small gTavel is found at the 
 surface and in the subsoil. The type occupies stream terraces above 
 danger of overflow, and is well suited to the production of truck 
 crops and small fruit. (Erie County, Pa.) 
 
 Chenango loam. — The Chenango loam is characterized by a light- 
 brown or reddish-brown loam soil, about 8 inches deep, underlain by 
 a somewhat lighter and occasionally mottled loam or silty loam sub- 
 soil. Fine shale fragments and rounded gravel occur in the soil 
 and subsoil. The type is found on stream terraces. The gravel in 
 the subsoil usually makes the type well drained. The flatter areas 
 are sometimes improved by tiling. This is a good soil for general 
 farm crops and for cabbage and potatoes. Fruit does well where 
 topographic and climatic conditions are suitable. (Erie County, Pa.) 
 
 SILT LOAMS. 
 
 Chenango silt loarrb. — This type consists of about 9 inches of brown 
 silt loam, overlying a silt loam or silty clay loam subsoil of somewhat 
 
14 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SOIL TYPES. 
 
 lighter color. Variable quantities of fine gravel occur in soil and 
 subsoil. The type occupies terraces lying above overflow along 
 streams, and the toj^ography is level to slightly undulating. The 
 soil is easily cultivated and is well adapted to corn, grain, and grass 
 crops, and to pear and apple orchards where suitably located. (Erie 
 County, Pa.) 
 
 SILTY CLAY LOAMS. 
 
 Clyde silty clay loam. — This type is composed of a dark-brown to 
 black silty clay loam, ranging from 6 to 10 inches in depth, underlain 
 by a drab or gray usually mottled clay subsoil. The topography is 
 level and the drainage is naturally poor, so that ditching is necessary 
 before crops can be profitably grown. When reclaimed the type is 
 strong and productive and good yields of corn and general farm crops 
 are secured. Such crops as cabbages and onions are also very well 
 suited to this type. Timothy and redtop produce from 1 to 2^ tons 
 per acre on reclaimed land. (Waukesha County, Wis.) 
 
 Livingston silty clay loam.: — The soil of this type is a brown to 
 light-brown heavy loam or silty clay loam, about 10 inches deep. 
 The subsoil consists of a dense silty clay loam or clay of mottled gray 
 color. The topography is nearly level to gently undulating and the 
 natural drainage is inadequate both on account of the unfavorable 
 surface topography and the impervious nature of the subsoil. The 
 principal forest growth consists of different species of oaks, hickory, 
 and some elm. "VAlien well drained the type is adapted to corn, wheat, 
 beans, and hay. (Ontario County, N. Y.) 
 
 LIMESTONE VALLEYS AND UPLANDS PROVINCE. 
 
 SILT LOAMS. 
 
 Brooke silt loam. — The surface soil is a light-brown mellow silt 
 loam, 8 to 10 inphes deep. The subsgil is a heavy tenacious clay, rang- 
 ing in color from light brown to slightly reddish brown, occasionally 
 mottled in the lower portion with grayish colors. The type occupies 
 plateau areas, the tops of hills, and ridges. It is a very productive 
 soil and is largely under cultivation. Corn yields from GO to 100 
 bushels per acre; oats, 30 to 60 bushels; wheat, 18 to 30 bushels; and 
 hay, 1^ to 3| tons. Bluegrass, timothy, and clover thrive. (Wash- 
 ington County, Pa.) 
 
 Pocahontas silt loam. — The surface soil is a yellowish-gray to light- 
 brown silt loam of friable structure, with a depth of 9 to 12 inches. 
 The subsoil is a yellowish silty clay or silty clay loam. The type is 
 derived from shales with some included limestone. Its topography 
 is well suited to agriculture. Good yields of Avheat, corn, cowpeas. 
 
LIMESTONE VALLEY, AND UPLANDS. 15 
 
 grass, and clover are secured. With proper management alfalfa 
 would probably do well. (Cape Girardeau County, Mo.) 
 
 The Pocahontas series belongs in the Limestone valleys and Up- 
 lands province, as follows: On the Murrill leg, coming out directly 
 under the description of the subsoil and above the colluvial slopes. 
 
 Tilsit silt loam. — The surface soil of this type is a pale-yellow to 
 brownish-yellow silt loam. The upper 2 or 3 inches may have a 
 gray color. The soil differs from the Hagerstown silt loam in being 
 yellow rather than brown. There is present occasionally consider- 
 able quantities of fine and very fine sand. The subsoil is like the 
 soil, a pale yellow to brownish-yellow soil, with a faint reddish tinge. 
 At depths ranging from 10 to 24 inches the subsoil is slightly heavier 
 than the soil and often has a somewhat lighter color. Below 24 
 inches the subsoil is mottled yellow, gray, and brown. It is derived 
 from a fine-grained sandstone lying between beds of limestone in the 
 Limestone Valleys and Uplands province. It is influenced more or 
 less by material from the limestone. (Cape Girardeau County, Mo.) 
 
 The Tilsit series belongs in the key of soils to the Limestone Val- 
 leys and Uplands province on the Colbert leg, under limestone and 
 sandstone, as follows: Brownish-yellow to gray soil — Brownish- 
 yellow subsoil — Deep subsoil mottled yellow, brown, and gray — 
 Tilsit. 
 
 SILTY CLAY LOAMS. 
 
 Colbert silty clay loam. — The surface soil is a grayish compact 
 heavy silt loam to silty clay loam having an average depth of about 
 5 inches. The subsoil in the upper part is yellow heavy silty clay 
 loam. This usually grades into plastic silty clay, the lower subsoil 
 frequently being quite sticky and tenacious. The type is derived 
 from pure limestone, or limestone including some sandstone. The 
 topography varies from flat to gently undulating. Drainage is im- 
 perfectly established. The characteristic forest consists of red oak, 
 post oak, blackjack oak, hickory, pine, and elm. The type is adapted 
 to shallow-rooted crops, such as wheat and grasses. (Walker 
 County, Ga.) 
 
 CLAYS. 
 
 Pennington clay. — This type consists of a yellow to light-brown 
 clay of variable depth, resting on a subsoil of tough yellowish clay 
 mottled with light blue. A thin covering of colluvial material is 
 encountered in places. At present none of the type is used for agri- 
 culture. Throughout most of the year the soil is soggy from accu- 
 mulation of seepage waters. It requires artificial drainage before 
 any crops can be grown. (Rockcastle County, Ky.) 
 
 The position of the Pennington soils in the key to the Limestone 
 Valleys and Uplands province is as follows : Attached to " limestone 
 
16 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SOIL TYPES. 
 
 and shale " leg, above " brown soil." Yellow soil — Stiff clay subsoil, 
 mottled yellow and blue. 
 
 Colbert stony clay. — The surface soil is a gray to grayish-brown 
 compact silty clay loam to silty clay, 4 to 6 inches in depth. The 
 subsoil is very plastic, tenacious, sticky, yellow clay. Ledges and 
 fragments of the limestone from which the type is derived are of 
 very common occurrence. The type forms flat to undulating valley 
 lands and some lower slopes bounding escarpments. Oak, cedar, and 
 hickoiy constitute the principal forest growth. This is a very diffi- 
 cult soil to plow. It is best suited to the production of grass for hay 
 or pasturage. (Walker County, Ga.) 
 
 APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS AND PLATEAUS PROVINCE. 
 FINE SANDY LOAMS. 
 
 Allen fine sandy loam. — The surface soil is a brown to reddish- 
 brown fine sandy loam, from 6 to 8 inches deep. The subsoil is 
 reddish-brown to red compact heavy fine sandy loam. Kounded 
 sandstone fragments are more or less abundant on the surface and are 
 occasionally encountered in the soil. The type occupies level to slop- 
 ing situations about the mouth of gorges. The soil consists of De- 
 catur material mixed with Dekalb material, washed from adjacent 
 higher lands. The drainage is well established. Cotton, corn, oats, 
 cowpeas, and sorghum give good results. (Walker County, Ga.) 
 
 The place of the Allen series in the key to soils of the Appalachian 
 Mountains and Plateaus province is as a separate leg headed : Sand- 
 stone, shale^ and limestone — Brown soil, red subsoil, mixed Dekalb 
 and Decatur material. 
 
 Westmoreland -fine sandy loam. — The surface soil is a brown to 
 yellowish-brown fine sandy loam, averaging about 8 inches in depth. 
 The subsoil is a lighter-colored heavy fine sandy loam to fine sandy 
 silt loam or silty clay loam. The type occupies high plateau areas, 
 mainly where the drainage is good to excessive. It is derived from 
 fine-grained micaceous sandstone and is influenced to a variable 
 degree by limestone material from associated limestones. It is a 
 very good general farming soil, producing from 25 to 50 bushels of 
 corn, 20 to 40 bushels of oats, and 10 to 15 bushels of wheat per acre. 
 Grass gives only moderate yields. Vegetables do well. (Washington 
 County, Pa.) 
 
 The position of the Westmoreland series in the key to the soils of 
 the Appalachian Mountains and Plateaus province is attached to the 
 Conasauga pendant, under the heading: " Shale and sandstone with 
 some interbedded limestone " — Brown soil — Yellow friable subsoil — 
 Sloping to rolling topography. 
 
APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS AND PLATEAUS. 17 
 
 Conasauga loam,. — This type consists of a light-brown silty loam, 
 underlain at 12 to 15 inches by yellow silty clay loam to silty clay. 
 It forms gently rolling valley lands. It is derived from interbedded 
 fine-grained sandstone, shale, and siliceous limestone. It gives very 
 fair yields of cotton, corn, oats, wheat, and forage crops. (Walker 
 County, Ga.) 
 
 Lickdale shale loofm. — The surface soil is a gray to light-brown 
 silt loam, averaging about 6 inches in depth. The subsoil is a yellow 
 silty clay, mottled with gray and dull-bluish colors in the lower por- 
 tion. At depths from 12 to 24 inches the parent shale rock is en- 
 countered. Fragments of gray, olive, bluish, and brown shale are 
 scattered plentifully over the surface and throughout the soil mass. 
 The type occupies lower slopes, usually bordering stream bottom or 
 terrace soils. It is kept in a soggy condition by seepage a good part 
 of the year. On the other hand, it is subject to excessive drainage 
 in dry periods. Chestnut, oak, hickory, and pine constitute the 
 principal tree growth. Little of the type is used for agriculture. 
 Grasses, such as redtop and meadow fescue and Japan clover, do 
 well. (Eockcastle County, Ky.) 
 
 SILT LOAMS. 
 
 AUis silt loam. — The surface soil of the Allis silt loam consists of 
 8 to 10 inches of light-brown to gray silt loam, containing small 
 quantities of rounded gravel and soft shale fragments. This overlies 
 a subsoil of gray sticky silty loam or clay loam. The surface soil is 
 friable and cultivation is carried on without much difficulty. The 
 topography is level to undulating, though drainage is usually poor 
 on account of the heavy character of the subsoil. The soil of this 
 type is derived from the intermixture of glacial material of foreign 
 origin with residual material formed through weathering from the 
 soft Salina shales. Most of the previously existing glacial drift has 
 been removed through glacial stream erosion. The type is adapted 
 to the production of corn, oats, wheat, and hay, good yields being 
 secured. (Ontario County, N. Y.) 
 
 Conasauga silt loam. — This type consists of a light-brown silt loam 
 underlain by a yellow silty clay loam to silty clay. It occurs as 
 level to gently rolling valley lands. The type is derived from the 
 Conasauga formation or from similar :^ocks. Under proper man- 
 agement good yields of corn, oats, wheat, grass, and forage crops are 
 secured. Cotton also does fairly well. (Walker County, Ga.) 
 
 Westmoreland silt loam. — The surface soil is a grayish-brown to 
 brown mellow silt loam, 7 to 12 inches deep. The subsoil is yellow- 
 
18 . DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SOIL TYPES. 
 
 ish-brown to yellow silty clay loam to silty clay, usually becoming 
 heavier in texture and lighter in color with increasing depth. The 
 type is derived from shales and fine-grained sandstone, with inter- 
 bedded limestone and calcareous shales. The topography ranges 
 from rolling to quite steep, many areas being so steep as to erode if 
 cultivated. In the main the soil has excellent drainage. It is, 
 though, sufficiently retentive of moisture. The principal trees in 
 forested areas are oak, hickory, locust, black gum, maple, and beech. 
 This type is admirably suited to the production of corn, oats, wheat, 
 grass, potatoes, apples, peaches, plums, cherries, and berries. (Wash- 
 ington County, Pa.) 
 
 SILTY CLAY LOAMS. 
 
 Armuchee silty clay loam. — This type consists of a brown to red- 
 dish-brown silty clay loam, 4 to 6 inches deep, resting on a red silty 
 clay. The type occupies moderately rolling valley lands and is 
 derived from interbedded fine-grained sandstone, shales, and lime- 
 stones. It is very well suited to corn, grain, and forage crops. 
 (Walker County, Ga.) 
 
 The position of Armuchee series in the key to the Appalachian 
 Mountains and Plateaus province is as a leg attached to the Cona- 
 sauga leg under " Shale and sandstone with some interbedded lime- 
 stone," Brown soil — Red subsoil. 
 
 Dehalb silty day loam. — The surface soil of this type is a light- 
 brown to yellowish-brown heavy silt loam to silty clay loam, 4 to 8 
 inches deep. The subsoil is a compact, brittle, yellow silty clay 
 loam to silty clay. On the steeper slopes fragments of the fine- 
 grained sandstone and shale from which the type is derived are of 
 common occurrence. The type occupies gentle to steep slopes, the 
 crests of ridges, and the tops of hills. Grass gives only moderate 
 returns. Corn and small grains do fairly well, as do also certain 
 varieties of apples. (Clarksburg area, West Virginia.) 
 
 Upshur silty clay loam. — The surface soil is a grayish-brown to 
 light-red silty clay loam, 8 to 12 inches deep. The subsoil is a heavy 
 red silty clay loam to silty clay, which at a depth of about 24 inches 
 changes into an Indian-red heavy, plastic clay. While the surface 
 color is often grayish the subsoil has the typical red of the Upshur 
 series. The type is developed mainly on comparatively low hills, 
 the topography being somewhat less rolling than that of the Upshur 
 clay. The type is derived^ from red shales and fine-grained sand- 
 stone, with some gray shales. It is well suited to apples, bluegrass, 
 corn, and wheat. Yields are not quite so heavy as those secured from 
 the Upshur clay, but are considerably better than those from the 
 Dekalb silt loam. A number of vegetables can be grown with fair 
 success. (Point Pleasant area. West Virginia.) 
 
APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS AND PLATEAUS. 19 
 
 Westmoreland silty clay loam. — The surface soil is a grayish-brown 
 to light-brown silty clay loam, 4 to 10 inches deep. The upper 
 subsoil is a yellow silty clay loam. This quickly grades into yellow 
 silty clay, somewhat sticky and plastic. Sometimes the lower sub- 
 soil has an olive green color, especially close to the underlying lime- 
 stone. Where the type overlies limestone the texture averages 
 heavier, those areas derived mainly from the limestone and not 
 markedly influenced by material from the associated shales and sand- 
 stones really representing local developments of Brooke silty clay 
 loam. The typical soil is derived from interbedded, fine-grained 
 sandstone, shale, and limestone. It occupies principally smooth 
 slopes and has excellent drainage. The type is a very valuable soil, 
 being suited to corn, small grains, bluegrass, timothy, and clover. 
 Much of it is used for bluegrass pastures, and affords excellent graz- 
 ing. (Clarksburg area. West Virginia.) 
 
 SUBORDINATE TYPES. 
 
 Dekalb loamjy sand. — This type consists of a light-brown loamy 
 sand, underlain to an average depth of 8 inches by pale yellow loamy 
 sand, where it changes to a light sandy loam, becoming coarser with 
 increase in depth. Areas of this type are developed on or near the 
 crest of ridges. These are excessively drained. The type is de- 
 rived from coarse-grained sandstone. Where liberal quantities of 
 vegetable matter are incorporated with the soil and moderate appli- 
 cations of fertilizers are made, fair yields of corn, wheat, oats, rye, 
 and a number of vegetables are secured. (Point Pleasant area. West 
 Virginia.) 
 
 Hanceville stony loamj. — The surface soil is a light-brown to red- 
 dish-brown heavy fine sandy loam to light loam, 8 to 10 inches deep. 
 The subsoil is a red clay loam or fine sandy loam of friable structure. 
 Fragments of ferruginous red sandstone are so abundant as to inter- 
 fere materially with cultivation. The type is confined mainly to 
 slopes. It is derived from ferruginous sandstone. It is best suited 
 to forestry. (Walker County, Ga.) 
 
 W estinoreland stony lowm. — The surface soil is a light-brown silt 
 loam to silty loam, about 10 inches deep. The subsoil is lighter in 
 color than the soil, and contains a higher percentage of clay. It 
 grades into a silty clay loam, which rests upon rock at about 2 to 3 
 feet. Small sandstone fragments are present in the soil in sufficient 
 quantities to interfere with cultivation. The type occupies the crests 
 of hills, narrow ridges, and steep slopes, where erosion is often de- 
 structive. Drainage is good to excessive. Peaches give good results. 
 Where the surface admits of proper cultivation, corn yields from 50 
 to 80 bushels per acre ; wheat, 12 to 25 bushels ; oats, 20 to 40 bushels ; 
 
20 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SOIL TYPES, 
 
 and hay, 1 ton to 2 tons. In dry seasons the yields are considerably 
 reduced. (Washing:ton County, Pa.) 
 
 RIVER FLOOD PLAINS PROVINCE. 
 
 Cahaba sand. — The surface soil is a light-brown to brown rather 
 loamy sand. The subsoil is a light-brown or yellowish-brown loamy 
 sand, the content of silt and clay increasing with depth. The lower 
 subsoil frequently has a reddish tinge. Below 36 inches the material 
 becomes a reddish-brown sandy loam, sometimes grading into a sandy 
 clay and having characteristics similar to those of the Orangeburg 
 subsoil. The type occupies comparatively high terraces and has an 
 undulating surface. Drainage is for the most part good. This is a 
 productive soil, giving, under good management, as much as 1 bale 
 of cotton per acre. Corn, forage, oats, and a number of vegetables 
 do well. (Pike County, Ala.) 
 
 Sarpy sand. — This type consists of a broAvnish-yellow to yellowish- 
 brown light sandy loam to rather loose sand, about 4 to 8 inches deep, 
 underlain by a loose sand, faintly mottled with shades of yellow and 
 brown. In typical areas the sand continues to a depth of 3 feet or 
 more, but in some cases a silty clay loam or clay is encountered in the 
 lower part of the profile. This soil also occurs in a mixed phase with 
 the Sharkey soils. Such " mixed land " is characterized by hum- 
 mocks or small mounds of sand ("sand blows") of Sarpy sand and 
 intervening depressions of Sharkey soils, so intermingled that separa- 
 tion is impracticable. The hummocks are more or less rounded in 
 shape and range from 8 to 15 inches above the bottoms of the depres- 
 sions. Between the typical Sharkey clay in the center of the de- 
 pressions and the typical Sarpy sand in the center of the mounds 
 there are frequently gradational types or phases of these soils. The 
 uneven surface of such areas interferes with cultivation, but never- 
 theless they are used for farming. The typical Sarpy sand is of 
 rather low agricultural value, being deficient in humus and irre- 
 tentive of moisture. By keeping the soil liberally supplied w^ith 
 organic matter and with liberal applications of fertilizers good crops 
 of melons, sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, and a number of vegetables 
 can be secured. "Where the depth to clay is 3 feet or more the general 
 farm crops ordinarily give poor results. (Pemiscot County, Mo.) 
 
 FINE SANDS. 
 
 Sarpy -fine sand. — This type consists of light-brown to grayish- 
 brown fine sand, sometimes containing minute mica flakes, resting on 
 a subsoil of yellowish-brown fine sand, in places faintly mottled with 
 shades of brown. The type is developed on natural levees along 
 
EIVEE FLOOD PLAINS. 21 
 
 stream courses and bayous. It is highest nearest the stream front, 
 sloping gradually away to blend with heavier types. Cotton,- corn, 
 oats, cowpeas, and a number of vegetables do fairly well, especially 
 where the organic-matter content is maintained and the soil occasion- 
 ally manured or fertilized. (Jackson County, Mo.) 
 
 SANDY LOAMS. 
 
 Bibh sandy loam. — This type consists of nearly white to ashy gray 
 moderately coarse sand, underlain by somewhat plastic sandy clay of 
 a grayish color, frequently mottled with yellowish. It occupies first 
 bottoms of streams. It is subject to frequent overflow and is poorly 
 drained. Grasses give better results than other crops. (Pike 
 County, Ala.) 
 
 St. Catherine sandy loam. — This type to a depth of about 10 inches 
 consists of a medium to rather fine sandy loam or sand of a yellow- 
 ish color. Below this depth the subsoil consists of about the same 
 material, though occasionally grading into sticky sandy loam at 30 
 inches. Gravel is present usually in both soil and subsoil. The type 
 occurs along the foot of loess bluffs as narrow strips having a slight 
 slope toward the contiguous true alluvium. It is derived from wash 
 from the Lafayette and Port Hudson formations and includes very 
 little loess. The soil is inclined to be droughty. Early vegetables are 
 the best crops to grow. (Adams County, Miss.) 
 
 The proper place for the St. Catherine series in the key to the 
 Eiver Flood Plains province is under the heading, " Coastal Plain 
 material," attached to the " Drainage well established " leg as fol- 
 lows: Yellow soil — Yellow subsoil — Outwash from Lafayette and 
 Port Hudson lying under loess. 
 
 Genesee sandy loam. — This type consists of a yellowish-brown 
 sandy loam, about 9 inches deep, overlying a light-brown or yellow- 
 ish sandy loam subsoil. Stratified sand and fine gravel not infre- 
 quently appear in the subsoil and sometimes extend to the surface. 
 The type usually occupies level areas in the first bottoms of streams 
 and is subject to more or less overflow. It is easily cultivated, and 
 adapted to corn, oats, hay, and potatoes. (Erie County, Pa.) 
 
 FINE SANDY LOAMS. 
 
 Btbh fine sandy loam. — This type consists of a light-gray fine 
 sandy loam, underlain by gray fine sandy clay mottled with yellow. 
 It represents first bottom alluvial material derived principally from 
 noncalcareous Coastal Plain soils. It is subject to frequent overflow. 
 Drainage and applications of lime are needed to bring the land into 
 proper fanning condition. A number of wild grasses and lespedeza 
 flourish, affording good pasturage. (Lauderdale and Noxubee Coun- 
 ties, Miss.) 
 
22 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SOIL TYPES. 
 
 Miller very fine sandy loam. — The surface soil consists of a pinkish- 
 red or chocohite-red friable very fine sandy loam, with a depth of 20 
 to 30 inches or more. The subsoil may consist of darker colored 
 material or there may be very little change in the material from the 
 surface downward throughout the 3-foot profile. Cotton, corn, and 
 alfalfa should do well. (Concordia Parish, La.) 
 
 Wabash very fine sandy loam. — ^This type consists of a nearly 
 black or black friable very fine sandy loam, rich in organic matter, 
 overlying, at a depth of about 18 or 20 inches, lighter colored and 
 somewhat heavier material. It mellows readily with little tendency 
 to clod and is a desirable, productive soil, adapted to vegetables like 
 cabbage, onions, and potatoes. Corn and oats should give fair 
 yields. (Concordia Parish, La.) 
 
 Yazoo very fine sandy loam. — The surface soil is a light-brown or 
 grayish-brown, rather loose, very fine sandy loam, ranging in depth 
 from about 8 inches to 20 inches. The subsoil is a brown or light- 
 brown very fine sandy loam, more or less mottled with rusty brown. 
 The type is typically and mainly developed along river fronts, where 
 it occupies well-drained natural levees. It is easily tilled, but re- 
 quires frequent replenishment of organic matter in order to supply 
 crops with sufficient moisture during dry spells. A number of vege- 
 tables do well. Corn and cotton make fair yields. (Concordia 
 Parish, La.) 
 
 Buchner loam,. — The surface soil is a dark-brown to nearly black 
 loam, 12 to 15 inches deep. The subsoil is brown but lighter in color 
 than the surface soil. It is also often lighter in texture than the soil. 
 The type is developed on terraces of flat-topped ridges and is essen- 
 tially a second bottom soil. It is well suited to cotton, corn, grain, 
 and forage crops. (Jackson County, Mo.) 
 
 The position of the Buckner series in the key to River Flood 
 Plains province is under the head " Loessial material " — " Drainage 
 well established" as a separate leg, as: Black soil — Brown subsoil — 
 Second bottom. 
 
 SILT LOAMS. 
 
 Altavista silt loam,. — This type consists of a gray to yellow com- 
 pact silt loam to silty clay loam, underlain by a compact yellow silty 
 clay, mottled slightly in the upper portion with red and in the lower 
 portion with gray. The type is alluvial in origin and occupies well- 
 defined terraces lying above normal overflow. Drainage is needed 
 over most of the type, as the flat surface favors the standing of rain 
 water. Properly drained, fertilized, and cultivated, good yields of 
 grass, corn, wheat, and oats are secured. (Granville County, N. C.) 
 
RIVER FLOOD PLAINS. 23 
 
 Buxin silt loam, — The type represents a shallow covering of red- 
 dish silt loam of Miller material overlying stiff, plastic, mottled 
 drab, bluish, and brown clay of Sharkey material. With reclama- 
 tion it should prove a very fine soil for corn, cotton, and probably 
 for alfalfa. (Concordia Parish, La.) 
 
 The position of the Buxin series in the key to River Flood Plains 
 province soils is under the heading " Residual Prairie material," at- 
 tached to the " Drainage poorly established " leg as follows : Red 
 soil (Miller material) — Mottled drab, bluish, and brownish plastic 
 subsoil (Sharkey material). 
 
 Congaree silt loam. — The surface soil is a brown, reddish-brown, 
 or chocolate-brown silt loam. The subsoil differs little from the 
 soil until a depth of about 24 inches is reached, where it usually is 
 a friable brown silt loam of somewhat lighter color and more or less 
 mottled with shades of brown. Strata or pockets of sandy material 
 are frequently encountered in various parts of the soil section. The 
 type is a first-bottom^ alluvial soil and subject to overflow. It is 
 admirably adapted to corn, oats, forage crops, and grass. Cotton 
 also does well under favorable seasonal conditions. (Granville 
 County, N. C.) 
 
 Elk silt loam-. — This tj^pe consists of a grayish to light-brown silt 
 loam soil, 6 to 12 inches deep, underlain by a com.pact silt loam sub- 
 soil of a lighter color than the surface. In the lower portion, where 
 the texture is usually a silty clay, the material is sometimes faintly 
 mottled with yellowish and grayish colors. At about 4 feet gravelly 
 material is frequently encountered. The type occurs on second ter- 
 races lying largely above overflow. The surface is sometimes flat 
 and drainage poor. Much of the type should be ditched or tiled. 
 Corn, with the usual methods of culture, yields from 15 to 30 bushels, 
 wheat 10 to 15 bushels, oats 15 to 25 bushels, and hay 1 ton to 1| 
 tons per acre. (Rockcastle County, Ky. ; Cape Girardeau County, 
 Mo. ; Washington County, Pa. ; and Clarksburg area. West Virginia.) 
 
 Holly silt loam. — The surface soil is a gray to light-brown silt 
 loam, 6 to 8 inches deep. The subsoil is a compact gray silt loam, 
 mottled with yellow and brown, the lower portion being more in- 
 tensely mottled, bluish and drab colors being frequently prominent. 
 The type is rather clammy and cold-natured, remaining in a soggy 
 condition throughout a good part of the year. It occurs in the first 
 bottom of streams and is subject to frequent overflow. Grass, espe- 
 cially redtop and a number of wild water-loving varieties, afford- 
 good grazing and make fair yields of hay. Corn and oats do well 
 in seasons of normal rainfall, especially where the drainage has been 
 improved by ditching or tiling. (Walker County, Ga. ; Rockcastle 
 County, Ky. ; and Cape Girardeau County, Mo.) 
 
24 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SOIL TYPES. 
 
 CLAY LOAMS. 
 
 Sharkey clay loam. — -The surface soil varies from dark-brown 
 heavy loam to light-brown or grayish-brown light clay loam. The 
 subsoil is a plastic clay loam or clay mottled drab, bluish, and rusty 
 brown. The type represents in places a gradational soil between the 
 Yazoo or higher lying and lighter textured river front soils and the 
 heavy Sharkey clay. The topography ranges from flat to slightly 
 ridgy, being cut in places by old stream channels. The type is well 
 adapted to corn, cotton, sugar cane, and rice. (Adams County, 
 Miss.) 
 
 Congaree silty clay loam. — This type is composed of a brown to 
 reddish-brown silty clay loam soil, underlain by a subsoil slightly 
 lighter in color but very nearly the same in texture, except in occa- 
 sional strata of sandy material, encountered especially in its lower 
 portion. Particles of mica are frequently present throughout the 
 soil mass. The type occupies first bottoms of streams, and consists 
 of alluvial material derived mainly from the Piedmont. It is sub- 
 ject to overflow. A considerable proportion of the type can be suc- 
 cessfully used for corn, grass, oats, and forage crops, overflow not 
 being frequent enough to make this unprofitable. Other areas may 
 be reclaimed. (Cabarrus County, N. C.) 
 
 Genesee silty clay loam. — This type is characterized by brown or 
 grayish silty clay loam soil, averaging about 8 inches deep, under- 
 lain by drab, brown, or reddish-brown, mottled, compact clay. The 
 topography is level, the areas occupying first bottoms along streams, 
 where the materials have been deposited by comparatively recent 
 overflows. The surface drainage and underdrainage are both poor. 
 "VVTien drained the type is very well adapted to the grasses and to 
 corn, oats, and wheat. The native trees are chiefly elm and soft 
 maple. (Ontario and Erie Counties, N. Y.) 
 
 Sarpy silty clay loam. — The soil is a brown or dark-brown silty 
 clay loam, with an average depth of 15 inches. The subsoil is a light- 
 brown vei-y fine sandy loam, usually mottled faintly with rusty brown 
 or yellow. The type is developed typically in positions intermediate 
 between the higher front-land Yazoo soils and the lower heavier 
 Sharkey soils or upon slight ridges. It has very fair natural drain- 
 age, owing to its light subsoil and slightly elevated position. The 
 type owes its origin to deposition of silty clay loam over the lighter 
 textured material of old sandbars or sandy front lands. Cotton, 
 corn, and oats give fair yields. Alfalfa should do well. (Concordia 
 Parish, La., and Pemiscot County, Mo.) 
 
 Sharkey silty clay loam. — The surface soil consists of 10 or 12 
 inches of light-brown or brown heavy silt loam to silty clay loam, 
 
EIVEE FLOOD PLAIN'S. 25 
 
 often slightly mottled with rusty brown. The subsoil ranges from 
 heavy very fine sandy loam through silt loam to silty clay loam, and 
 usually has a light-brown color, mottled with drab and rusty brown 
 and in places with bluish-gray. Fairly good yields of corn and cot- 
 ton are secured. Protected from overflow and properly cultivated, 
 heavy yields of a number of crops would be secured. Cabbage, gTass, 
 and rice should do well. (Adams County, Miss., and Pemiscot 
 County, Mo.) 
 
 Tyler silty clay loarrh. — This type consists of a gray to grayish- 
 brown compact silty clay loam, underlain at about 10 to 12 inches 
 by a rather plastic silty clay of grayish-brown or pale-yellow color, 
 sometimes mottled with gray in the lower portion. The material 
 represents old alluvium occurring on second terraces and in some 
 cases in abandoned stream vallej^s. The type is sometimes called 
 " crawfish " land. It is a rather clammy, cold-natured soil of mod- 
 erate productiveness. The type is best suited to grass. With liming, 
 liberal incorporation of vegetable matter, and the establishment of 
 good drainage conditions, general farm crops, such as corn, wheat, 
 and oats would give moderate to good yields. (Point Pleasant area, 
 West Virginia.) 
 
 Yazoo silty clay loam. — The surface soil is a brown silty clay 
 loam, with an average depth of 18 inches. The subsoil is a light- 
 brown very fine sandy loam to silty clay loam, mottled with rusty 
 brown, yellowish, and sometimes bluish colors. The type occupies 
 an intermediate position between the sandier Yazoo front lands 
 and the heavy Sharkey clay of the lower back lands of the Mississippi 
 flood plains. Owing to its position and the sandy or fine sandy tex- 
 ture in many areas, it usually has good drainage. ^Vliere the subsoil 
 is heavier ditches or tile drains are necessary. The type__ gives good 
 yields of corn, oats, and cotton. (Concordia Parish, La.) 
 
 CLAYS. 
 
 Kahnia clay. — This type of soil consists of a thin mantle of gray- 
 ish or yellowish compact very fine sandj^ loam to silty loam, resting 
 upon yellow very fine sandy to silty clay, which in the lower portion 
 is mottled with grayish and reddish colors. It occupies second ter- 
 races of streams and lies above overflow. The type is rather difficult 
 to cultivate, but when brought into good tilth gives fair yields of 
 oats, corn, cotton, and forage crops. (Clarendon County, S. C.) 
 
 Sarpy clay. — The surface soil consists of a yellowish-brown to 
 grayish-brown, or sometimes drab, heavy compact silty clay, ranging 
 from about 15 to 24 inches in depth. The subsoil is a silt loam to 
 very fine sandy loam of a friable structure. Rusty-brown and drab 
 
26 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SOIL TYPES. 
 
 mottlings are common in the surface soil and subsoil. The type is 
 developed in depressions and flat areas in the river bottoms. Corn 
 is grown with success on this soil where drained, giving yields of 
 50 to 75 bushels per acre. On thoroughly drained areas alfalfa 
 would probably do well. (Pemiscot County, Mo.) 
 
 Yazoo clay. — The surface soil to a depth of 20 inches is a brownish 
 clay, faintly mottled with grayish, reddish, or rusty brown. The 
 subsoil is a dark-drab or gray very fine sandy loam to silty clay loam, 
 mottled with brown or rusty-brown. The surface is usually level or 
 gently sloping. Notwithstanding the light textured subsoil, ditches 
 are usually needed to carry off the surplus water after heavy rains. 
 Fine yields of corn, cotton, and rice are secured. Sugar cane and 
 alfalfa should do well. (Concordia Parish, La.) 
 
INDEX 
 
 Name. 
 
 Alamance silt loam : 
 
 Alamance slate loam 
 
 Allen fine sandy loam 
 
 AUis silt loam 
 
 AltaVista silt loam 
 
 Armuchee silty clay loam 
 
 Bibb fine sandy loam 
 
 Bibb sandy loam 
 
 Bienville fine sand 
 
 Brooke silt loam 
 
 Buckner loam 
 
 Buxin silt loam. 
 
 Cababa sand 
 
 Chenango loam 
 
 Chenango sandy loam 
 
 Chenango silt loam 
 
 Clyde silty clay loam 
 
 Colbert silty clay loam 
 
 Colbert stony clay 
 
 Conasauga loam 
 
 Conasauga silt loam 
 
 Congaree silt loam 
 
 Congaree silty clay loam 
 
 Dekalb loamy sand 
 
 Dekalb silty clay loam 
 
 Durant clay 
 
 Durant very fine sandy loam . 
 
 Durham fine sandy loam 
 
 Elk silt loam 
 
 Ellis clay 
 
 Farmington loam 
 
 Genesee sandy loam 
 
 Genesee silty clay loam 
 
 George ville silt loam 
 
 Granville coarse sandy loam. . . 
 Greenville gravelly clay loam . 
 
 Greenville coarse sand 
 
 Greenville coarse sandy loam. . 
 
 Hance ville stony loam 
 
 Henderson stony clay 
 
 Hoffman coarse sandy loam... 
 
 Hoffman fine sandy loam 
 
 Holly silt loam 
 
 Houston stony clay 
 
 Iredell loam 
 
 Iredell stony loam 
 
 Kalmia clay 
 
 Lauderdale stony clay 
 
 Lickdale shale loam 
 
 Livingston silty clay loam. . . . 
 
 Soil province. 
 
 Piedmont 
 
 ....do. 
 
 Appalachian 
 
 ....do 
 
 River Flood Plain. . . 
 
 Appalachian 
 
 River Flood Plain . . . 
 
 do 
 
 Coastal Plains. 
 
 Limestone 
 
 River Flood Plain. . . 
 
 do 
 
 do , 
 
 Glacial Lake ". . 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 ....do 
 
 Limestone 
 
 do 
 
 Appalachian , 
 
 do 
 
 River Flood Plain . . . 
 
 do 
 
 Appalachian , 
 
 do 
 
 Coastal Plains 
 
 do 
 
 Piedmont 
 
 River Flood Plain.. 
 
 Coastal Plains 
 
 Glacial and Loessial. 
 River Flood Plain . . 
 
 do 
 
 Piedmont 
 
 do..... 
 
 Coastal Plains 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Appalachian 
 
 Coastal Plains 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 River Flood Plain . . 
 
 Coastal Plains 
 
 Piedmont 
 
 do 
 
 River Flood Plain . . 
 
 Coastal Plains 
 
 Appalachian 
 
 Glacial Lake 
 
 27 
 
28 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Mecklenburg clay loam 
 
 Mecklenburg loam 
 
 Mecklenburg sandy loam 
 
 Miami gravel 
 
 Miami gravelly sandy loam .... 
 
 Miami sand 
 
 Miller very fine sandy loam . . . . 
 
 Pennington clay 
 
 Pheba clay 
 
 Pheba fine sandy loam 
 
 Plainfield fine sandy loam 
 
 Plainfield loam 
 
 Plainfield sandy loam 
 
 Plainfield silt loam 
 
 Plummer fine sandy loam 
 
 Pocahontas silt loam 
 
 Ruston sandy loam 
 
 Ruston silt loam 
 
 St. Catherine sandy loam 
 
 Sarpy clay 
 
 Sarpy fine sand. 
 
 Sarpy sand 
 
 Sarpy silty clay loam 
 
 Scran ton loamy sand 
 
 Scran ton sand 
 
 Sharkey clay loam 
 
 Sharkey silty clay loam 
 
 Sumter stony sandy loam 
 
 Susquehanna fine sand 
 
 Susquehanna stony sandy loam . 
 
 Tilsit silt loam 
 
 Tyler silty clay loam 
 
 Upshur silty clay loam 
 
 Wabash very fine sandy loam . . 
 
 Waukesha gravelly loam 
 
 Westmoreland fine sandy loam. 
 
 Westmoreland silt loam 
 
 Westmoreland silty clay loam. . 
 
 Westmoreland stony loam 
 
 Yazoo clay 
 
 Yazoo silty clay loam 
 
 Yazoo very fine sandy loam 
 
 Soil province. 
 
 Piedmont 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 Glacial and Loessial . 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 River Flood Plain. . . 
 
 Limestone 
 
 Coastal Plains 
 
 ....do 
 
 Glacial and Loessial . 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Coastal Plains 
 
 Limestone 
 
 Coastal Plains 
 
 do 
 
 River Flood Plain . . . 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Coastal Plains 
 
 do 
 
 River Flood Plain . . . 
 
 do..... 
 
 Coastal Plains 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Limestone , 
 
 River Flood Plain. . 
 
 Appalachian 
 
 River Flood Plain. . 
 Glacial and Loessial . 
 
 Appalachian 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 River Flood Plain . . 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
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