Class_E.a^ Book_i_p^':|___ Copyright N^ COPYRIGHT DEPOSrr. A Complete Analysis OF AMERICAN HISTORY WITH Especial Reference to the Political Institutions of the United States BY J. H. SCHOOLER A Teacher, West Carlisle, Ohio Press of Advocate Printing Co, Newark, O. THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, T>vc Copies Received JUL 22 1903 Copyiight &ntty CLASS «- XXo. No. COPY 8. Copyright, 1903, by J. H. Schooler. PREFATORY NOTE A Complete Analysis of American History must perforce omit much that is of importance to the student, but in this little book wc have attempted to call attention to the most important facts, and to lead from one to the other by logical sequence and thus introduce to the learner the fact that United States History is not a haphazard affair, but is a matter of growth from cause to the natural result. Be our success small or great the work is left to the student to make use of, as he sees fit. West Carlisle, O., May 20, 1903. J. H. S. COMPLETE Analysis of American History 1 History. Def. — A record of the changes that have occurred since man's advent upon the earth and that are due to his action upon his various environments. II. Origin: It seems that historical composition as now known* was first cultivated among the Greeks about the sixth century. B. C. Herodotus ( about 484-402, B. C.) one of the most pop- ular but not the most philisophical historian of thr^ time, was born at Halicarnassus, in Asia Minor. He lived in a story-telling age and he is himself, an inimitable story-teller. To him we are indebted for a large part of the tales of antiquity. He was a voluminous writer. His central theme seems to have been the Persian Wars, the struggles between Asia and Greece, and the stories of the nations of antiquity which he groups around them. In this vivid description, he may be likened to our modern writers of historical romance, and well deserves the name, "Father of History." III. Periods of American History: 1. Aboriginal Period;— 986. 2. Period of Voyage and Discovery, A. D. 968-1607. 3. Period of Colonization; A. D. 1607-1775. 4. Period of Revolution and Confederation; A. D 1775-1789. 5. Period of Nationality; A. D. 1789.— *The Hieroglyphics of Nineveh, Babylon and Egypt, and the writings of the Chinese precede our historical writings by centuries. Analysis of American History. THE STORY OF THE NORTHMEN. To whom shall we attribute the first real discovery of America? Is a question that is difficult to answer when we understand that we are on historical ground. It is difficult even to tell which nation first found men courageous enough to cross the unknown waters. There are traditions, however, that the Chinese did so and that these Buddhists wandered down to the California shore and went deep into the country that we now know as Mexico. There are tradi- tions, too, that the Breton fishermen cast their lines upon the Newfoundland coast. The Welsh, also, have a tradition, which is peculiarly romantic. Two brothers, David and Madoc, -quarreled for the Welsh throne. The younger (Madoc) gave up his right, and, sailed westerly. On his return, he claimed to have found a "rich and fair country." He called upon his friends to rollow him, and filled ten ships with men, women and chihlren. They left port, never to be heard of again. This was about 1170. But the journeys of the Northmen are much batter known. They were splendid seamen and splendid fighters. Their most noteworthy characteristic was the read'ness with which they laid aside their own manners, habits, ideas and insti- tutions, and adopted those of the country in which they established themselves. Iceland became the literary center of the Scandinavian world. They began their conquest of Russia in 862, under Ruric. Under Canute they held Eng- land from 1016 to 1042. They began their conquest of Gaul, under the renowned Rollo in the time of Charlemange. Tradition tells how this great king, catching sight one day of some ships of the Northmen, burst into tears as Tie re- flected on the sufferings that he forsaw the new foe would entail upon his country. They having previously laid bare portions of his country and stabled their horses in his palace. Thus, we see where ever they went they seemed to conquer until at last they were driven from Scotland. The most interesting and important of the literary memor- ials that we possess of the Teutonic peoples are the sages that had been preserved and transmitted orally by the bards. A little later (about the Twelfth Century) these Analysts of American History. y poems and legends were gathered into collections known as the Elder, or poetic, Edda, and the Younger, or prose Edda. These reflect faithfully the beliefs, manners, and customs of the Norsemen and the wild adventurous spirit of their Sea-Kings. The first of these that we have con- nected with our history is that of Bjarne Hurfulson who in 986 sailed from Iceland to - Greenland — driven by adverse winds — he sailed along Mass., Newfoundland and Nova Scotia but did not attempt to land. He went to Iceland with the tales of what he had seen. After giving them to Erik the Red he was greatly surpiised and insisted that his son, Lief Erikson called "Lief ih3 Foruinate," m'ght go ou a similar expedition. After due deliberation he bought Bjarne's ship from him, tooi: thirty-five seamen and sailed in a south-westerly direction. They landed in New- foundland which they called Helluland and in Nova Scotia which they termed Markland. After jooking about theso countries a little he sailed south and entered a sound where he found lucious grapes growing wild, from which wine could be made with ease. A German, named Tyrker, called the country Vinland. This is what we probably call Martha's Vinyard now. This was in the year 1000. After his return his brother Thorbald, in 1002 made a similar ex- ploration, after staying three years he is said to have been killed by a poisoned arrow and buried on the banks of the Fall River in Mass. In 1005 the last son of Erik the Red, Thorstein, started in search of Thorbald, he lost his course, and never reached h'.> destination. Next came Thorfinn accompanied by his wife, Gudrid, and with them one hundred and fifty-one men and seven women. They remained three years, and probably wrote the inscriptions on the blocks near Taunton River a shoit distance from Newport. While here, Snori was born, the first child of European blood in America. They perhaps built the tower that stands at Newport. It has two windows and a fire- place, the cement with which *he stone are fastened to- gether is still perfect and with its dense ivy covering furn- ishes a beautiful spectacle for tourists. Thorfinn died 1016. and was probably the greatest of the "Viking" explorers Analysis of American History. Other stories are related of the Norsemeu in the year.-;. 1011 and 1121 and even as lato as 1347, of their explora tions on the Florida coa?t; but, io of little value. In 1871 the Icelandero celebrated the thousand th anniversary oi the settlement of this island, an event similar to our cen- tennial of 1876. If we are to judge an event by its consequences we would surely have to say that the Icelandic discoveries re- sulted in nothing and the result remains as though it had never happened. The veil which had been lifted, but momentarily was again hung from horizon to sea and the American continent still lay in an unseen future. NOTE — Why? Because the fighting, carousing spirits of those earlier days so permeated the Northmen that their ideas were not in advance of the peoples occupying the continent. THE MOUND BUiLDERS. i. Location of Settlements. A region about our Great Lakes, the valleys of the Mississippi, the Ohio, the Missouri and th.^ regions watered by the affluents of these rivers and a wide irregular belt along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico; alsc a few traces in North and South Carolina. II. Fate — Unknown. . III. Date of Existence — Unknown. IV. Origin of Race, like the Indian — Conjectural. Theories: a. That they were decendants of the Asiatic Mongols, who, crossed Bering strait; while the two continents were connected at this point. b. That they were decendants of the great Toltec race who oc(?Lipied Central America and Mexico before they were driven cut bv the Aztecs — prefe-able. V. Plans of Settlement — Chiefly ii Communities. Analysis of American History. g y]. Evidences: a. Chief evidences are mounds and contents. The mounds vary from ten to fifty feet in height with widely varying baf^ep. VII. Shape of Mounds: Circular, pyramidal, square and polygonal; some in form of birds, beasts and human beings. VIII. Purpose of Mounds. 1. Altars for sacrifice — they were sun worshipers. 2. Performance of imposing ceremonies. 3. As the sepulchers of the dead. 4. For points of observation. IX. Plans of Burial. a. Sitting posture, adorned with shells, beads and ivory. b. Cremation . X. Proofs of Civilization — Revealed by Excavation. a. Arrow-heads, spades, rimmers, borers, eels, axes, fieshers, scrapers, pestles, water jugs and drinking cup* made from porphyry, greenstone and feldspar. XI. Knowledge of Arts. a. Carved wood, — proof oi ihe knowledge of tobacco, woven cloth, basket work and spun thread, proof of some deft invention or mechanical device, copper chisels, knives, pottery, kettles and bracelets. XII. Primeval Mining. a On the shores of Lake Superior we find grent ex- cavations indicating extensive and skillful mining of cop- per — ihey never learned the art of smelting iron. THE INDIAN NATIONS. I. Race: Ganawanain — Bow a nd Arroww Race. II. Origin — Wholly Traditional. III. Tribal Divisions. (1) Algonquins. a. Location — Nearly all southern Canada, nearly all of U. S. east of Mississippi River and north of thirty- seventh paralell. lO A?ialysis of American History. b. Families, eleven m all — many subordinate tribes. Most important — Ottawas, Miamis. Mohegans, Sacs, Foxes, Pequods, and Meuomonies. c. Subordinate tribes — Kickapoos. Illinoi, Shawnees, Cliippewas, Pottawatomies, Lenni Lenape, Abenakis ana Nanicokees. d. Character — Warlike, veiy little development other- wise. 2. Huron Iroquois. a. Location — From Georgian Bay and Lal^e Huron, to Lakes Erie and Ontario, south of this to the valley of the Upper Ohio, and eastward to the River Sorrel. b. Families — Nine allied nations. c. Tribal Names — "Five Nations" — Senecas, Cajaigas, Oneidas, Mohawks and Onoadagaes, joined by the Tuscar- awas, 1722. d. Subordinate Tribes — Kurons Proper, Eries and Andastes. e. Character — Brave, and eloquent Dut wholly averse to industry — yet best developed ot the tribes. 3. Mobilians. a. Location — Occupied the territory between the lower Mississippi and the Atlantic Ocean. b. Families— Eight in all, including Ihe Natchez and Uchees. c. Tribal Names — Choctas, Chickasas, Cowetas, Musk- hogees or Creeks, Yamassees and Seminoles. d. Character — Very crude, yet evidences of temple building south of the thirty-second paralell. 4. Dakotahs or Sioux. a. Location — From the Arkansas River to the land of the Esquimaux and westward to the Rocky Mountains. b. Families, thirteen in all — many subordinate tribes. c. Tribal names, principal — Assin?boines, Sioux, Win- nebagoes, (Wis.) d. Subordinate — Arrapahoes, Mandans, Omahas, Osages, Missouris, lowas, Kansas and Ottoes . e. Character — Warlike, revengeful, sluggish and rov- ing. Analysis of Aiiwrh'an Histo)y. 1 1 5. Shoshones. a. Location — West of the Rocky Mountains and soutti of the Arkansas River. b. Principal tribes — Apaches, Athabascans, TJtahs, Comanches, Pawnees and Nez Perces. c. Allied tribes — Navajos, Lapans, Boise, Bruneaux and Bannoes. d. Character — Very low — no intellectual development. 6. Coastal Indians — Three well defined Nations. 1. Californians: Location, California. a. Sub-divisions — Yumas, Acagchemens, Mutsuns, Makaws and Olamenthes. 2. Klamaths: Location, Oregon. a. Sub divisions: Eurocs, Cahrocs and Modocs. o. Selish — Location, "Washington, Montana and Britis'i Columbia. a. Subdivisions — Okanagans, Kootenays and Flatheads. 7. Aztecs and Toltecs. a. Location — South Pacific slope. b. Character — Most civilized, best builders in wood and stone and least war-like of any of the aborigines. PERIOD OF VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY; A. D. 986-1607. Program for Recitation. The following prepared lessons arranged in topical out- line may be found useful in class recitations and written exercises. Similar outlines may be used for preparing lessons about other persons or events. Each topic will be found easy to develop, connect, systematize and supple- ment. COLUMBUS. Birth. Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, one of the chief cities of Italy, about the year 1435. He was the old- est of four children. 1 2 Analysis of Ajuerican History. II. Parentage. His father, Dominico Columbo, was a weaver. His ancestors had followed the same employment. III. Early Life. He was educated chiefly at the University of Pavia; his chief studies being Mathematics, Geography and Astron- omy. Left school at the age of fourteen. Made many voyages with Columbo and Colon. Lived in Portugal from 1470 to 1484. IV. Marriage. He married the daughter of a man named Prestrello, governor of the Maderia Islands. Two sons, Diego and Fernando. He obtained from his father-in-law and Toscan- elli valuable information in the way of maps, and drew plans of how one might reach India, Tartary, Cathay and Cipango — Meeting of Icelandic explorers. V. Voyages. He made four voyages to the New World. First voy- age he had three vessels: Santa Maria, La Pinta and La Nina. Commanded by Columbus, M. A. P.nzon and V. Y. Pinzon, respectively. VI. Assistance. Went to Henry VII of England; the King of Portugal and the cities of his own country. Finally he went to Cordova where Ferdinand and Isabella were. After much pleading — seventeen years — Isabella agreed to help him. About $9?..000 was used in fitting out the expedition, of which Isabella contributed about $62,000. VII. Character. He was resolute and energetic, yet sensitive almost to a fault and above all a man of prayer. VIII. Agreement. Columbus was to be made High Admiral and Viceroy in these new lands and given one-eight of the possible pro- fits in return for the eighth of the cost which he advanced. This he expected to use in freeing the Holy Sepulchre from the Moslems. Analysis of Ainer lean History. 13 IX. Death. He died May 20, 1506, and the chains that ha.l beau fastened on him by Bobadilla, hung by his bedside. These were placed in his coffin with him. X. Burials. Valladolid, 1506-1513; Seville 1513-1536'; Saint Domingo 1536 to 1796. Havana, 1796-1898; Madrid, 1898-1902; Seville, 1902;.— DISCOVERY OF THE NEW WORLD. I. Date. October 12, 1492, at two o'clock in the morning. Triana one of the crew of the La Pinta was first to discover it. II. Crew. Columbus had on board ninty mariners and thirty adventurers. III. Place. Watling I., — One of the Bahama group. IV. Motives. 1. To spread the Catholic religion — Missir)nary spirit. 2. To reach the Indies by sailing westward. 3. To open by water, a direct commercial intercourse with the Indies. V. Hindrances. 1. Defective maps and poorly laid plans. 2. Character of his crew — superstitious. 3. Ill-built vessels. VI. Results. 1. Gave to the world a New Continent. 2. Strengthened the spirit of discovery. 14 Analysis of American History. S ii> 72 O ri O 'O rt ri 5^ ^ c6 CO +;j Cd O - ^ ce "ti '- o a C ^ cS ^3 o ^ K cS ^ c y7 cS ci ■c c g CIS C/J CD o 5 =£ a c8 ce ':3 .9 >. c 5" C cS 5 s 3 Q "3 ^ U . tJO .2 ^ n cs •^ cc CM O cd 2 S a =* 5 Ph .S c o ^ .^ ^ - ^ Cfi tj tjj ijj - O 13 5 s O r^ bfl cS .« c? -O 1> C ti S O - -s o ^^ r 03 O cS ^ 2 QJ O '"2 EH0-50u:;^CQpqW^ I lO M< ■"*! 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t-i oj c3 j-i 3 .^ Co ►** n=rtO'n500i;ca 0^ 5; = ^ M J 33 0> 01 0) i8 Afialysis of American History. O 0) tc W rf rt O en O T3 o -o ^ -c r- oi '*-' r- r^ t^ -r S O) H > Cr! O O re a t^- oo o O o to T-l o lO o 00 T-l as o o 'X' CO tH c o > Q. ■=■ Qi TO U ;- Q Q U O •J ho U) b;i b( £4 "5 5 5 5 5 i5 2 t, I, fc, 1, •-; 0° p.. Oh Ps c, i: b/) o Analysis of Aj)ierican History. \g PERIOD OF COLONIZATION, 1607-1775. The settlement of Virginia under the first charter. 1609. I. Time. II. Place: Jamestown. III. Charter. In 160(j King James gave to the London Co., the con- trol of the territory lying between the 34th and 38th de- grees of north latitude. IV. Colonists. First company 105 under Newport. Second company imder Newport in 1608. V. Character: Idle, improvident and dissolute. VI. Leaders. Smith, Newport, Wingfield, Sicklemore, Martin, Dr. Russell, Cassen, Kendall, Fetherstone and Gosnold. VII. Object. Financial gain — gold mines. SECOND CHARTER, 1609-1612. I. Time 1609. II. Place, Jamestown. III. Charter. The territory included under this new patent extended from Cape Fear to Sandy Hook, and westward to the Pacific Ocean. IV. Conditions of Charter. 1. Members of the Superior Council, chosen by the stockholders of the company. 2. Vacancies were to be filled by the councillors. 3. Councillors empowered to elect a governor from their own number. 4. Company was to have the profits for twenty-one years after which they were to pass to the Crown. 5. Guaranteed the same rights as if living in England. 20 Analysis of American Histoij. V. Colonists. Arrival of 500 under Somers, Gates and Newport in 1609. Arrival of 170 under Lord Delaware, ip 1610. Arrival of 300 under Sir Thosims Gatss in 1610. VI. Character. Idle, improvident, and dissolute, as before. VII. Leaders. Lord Delaware, iSiewport. Gates, Soaiers, Wainman, Percy, West and Dale. VIRGINIA UNDER THiRD CHAPTER, 1612-1624. I. Time. II. Authority. Tiie London Company. III. Charter. Granted by King James I. JV. Conditions of Charter. 1. Abolished the Superior Council and transferred it? powers to the stockholders. 2. Stockholders authorized to hold public meetings and elect their own officers. 3. Dis- cuss and decide all questions of law and right. 4. Full power to govern the colony on their own responsibility. — This really was a great step toward a democratic form of government. The probable cause of this great changj was the unprofitableness of the colony from a financial stand- point and the bad management by the Council. V. Condition and Growth of the Colony. Through the wise measures of Yeardley (Gov.) and the wisdom of Sa.adys (Treas.) the colony progressed much more rapidly than it did under the first two charters. Agriculture was encouraged. In 1620, 12G1 persons were sent to the colony and by 1623 the colony numbered 2500. After spending eighty thousand pounds sterling, the London Company, became bankrupt, and ceased to exist in 1624, and Virginia became a Royal Province. Anvlysis of Amencan II 'sicry. 2 i VI. Governors Under this Charter. Gates IGlli to 1614; Dale, 1G14 to 1610; Argall, UilG to 1619 (Deputy); Yeardley, 16n> to 1021 and Wyatt, 1021 to 1626 VIRGINIA— THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT. I. Royal Government. II. Time. 1024. King James, becoming jealous of the company, because of its republican sentiments, took away the charter and made Virginia a Royal Province. Henceforth the king appointed the governor and the twelve councillors, though the colony still retained the assembly and to the colonists themselves the change of authorities was scarcely perceptible. King James died in 1025; and his son Charles I, a stubborn prince, succeeded to the throne. He was beheaded in 1049 and the Commonwealth was established. This came to an end in 1060 and Charles II, son of Charles I, was placed on the throne of England. These were times full of trouble, there being mar.y drawbacks to the prosperity of Virginia. The affairs of Vir-ginia, for the next fifty years are of little interest. But. at the outbreak of the French and Indian War Virginia showed to the world that the work of her noble founders was not all in vain. III. Principal Governors. Yeardley, West, Harvey, Wyatt, Berkeley, Mathews, Culpepper and Nicholson. IV. Governments. 1. Commercial association 1607-1024 2. Royal Province 1024-1073 3. Proprietary 167'M684 4. Royal Province 1084-1776 V. Events. 1. Adventures of John Smith 1 007-8 a. He was the best and truest mxn in th3 colony. But the stories related of him are somewhat apocryphal. 22 Afialysts of American History. 2. Starving time 1609-10 a. Colony reduced from 600 to almoyt 60 persons. 3. Marriage of Pocahontas 1613 She married J. Rolfe. Went to England. Baptized as "Lady Rebecca". Died of smallpox in 1617, leaving one son, Thomas Rolfe, who in after years removed to "Virginia. 4. House of Burgesses .... , 1619 Established by Yeardley. He divided the James River country into eleven boroughs. Each borough having two representatives. Only one great benefit was gained — the freedom of debate. Wherever that is reccgnized liberty must soon follow. It is sometimes called also the first law- making body ever convened in America. 5. Arrival of a cargo of young women 1619. They served as wives for the settlers. To pay the cost of transportation the settler gave from 120 to 150 lbs. of tobacco or about $90. 6. Slavery introduced 1619. Dutch man-of-war offered by auction tweniy Africans. 7. Sir Edwyn Sandys made treasurer of the colony 1620 8. A written constitution given by Ihe London Com- pany 1621. 9. Indian massacre 1622. Three hundred and forty-seven settlers perished. Out of eighty settlements only eight vemained. Jamestown and other leading settlements were saved by the revelation of the plot by a converted red man, who had a friend h? wished to save. 10. Second Indian massacre 1644 By surprise on the ISth of Apn!, the Indians attacked the frontier settlements and murde^-ed 300 settlers. Opechan- canough was captured and dieci a prisoner. The tribes purchased peace by the cession of larga tracts of land. 11. Navigation laws passed 1651 Law ))rovided that the foreign commerce of Virginia now grown into importance, should be carriad wholly in Eng- ish vessels, and directed exclusively to English ports. 12. Bacon's Rebellion, 1676. 13. Lord Berkeley recalled 1677. Analysis of American History. 23 14. Founding of William and Mary's college 1693. Founded at Williamsburg, Virginia. It was of great im- portance during colonial times. Jefferson, Monroe, and Marshal studied there. James li'tiir, M. A., D. D., was the first president. BACON'S REBELLION. I. Time 1676. II. Leader Nathaniel Bacon. III. Place. Virginia. IV. Causes. 1. Principal. a. Ill feeling which had arisen between the patriotic and the court pariies. 2. Subordinate. a. Inefficiency in stopping the Indians from coming down the James River, b. Restrictions of franchise. c. Institution of high tax rates, d. Assembly continued to sit without change, and their terms were extended in- definately. e. The exclusive ria,ht given in 1673 ,to Lords Arlington and Culpepper to go'^-orr. all the "land and water called Virginia," for a period o<" ihlrty-one years. V. Events. The people were worn out vMli, the governor's exactions, and availed themselves of the Qrst pretext t^ assert their rights by force of arms. Berkeley refused to grant them a commission to fight against the Indians. Bacon placed himself at the head of five hundred men. The old assem- bly was '•roken up, and a nev/ one elected on a basis of universal suffrage. Bacon chosen commander-in-chief of the Virginia army. Berkeley was compelled to yield Berkeley fled to Accomac; here he organized fresh troops and threatened the popular pa-.-ty with the English fleet. The new assembly now ordered the burning of Jamestown. Bacon, seized with fever and died. VI. Results. 1. Property was confiscated; heavy fines and im- prisonments inflicted. 24 Analysis of American History. 2. Twenty-two rebels hung; three starved to death. The most important Hansford, Drummoiid, Cheesman and Wilford. 3. Berkeley recalled. 4. The cause of the people and the leader were buried together. 5. Indian depredations practically cam? to an end — Hansford was the fiiiat man to give his life f )r freedom. MASSACHUSETTS. Derived from an Indian word meaning "Great Hills." I. Early Settlen'ents. The first settlement was made on the Elizabeth Islands by Gosnold and thirty English colonists, 1602; but it was soon abandoned. In 1614 Capt. J. Smith visited and drew maps of the coast. U. First Permanent Settlement. Plymouth. :il. Date: December 21, 1620. (N. S.) IV. Colonists. 1 Number, 102 English Independents, called "The Pilgrim Fathers." 2. Leaders — Carver, Bradford, Alden, Brewster, Cush- man and Standish. 3. Character — Devoted, sell, reliant, industrious and rol'gious. V. Motive — Entirely Religious. VI. Authority. Charter received from .James I, through the influence of the London Company, with the intention of landing in north- ern Virginia, but they were compelled to laud father north. On landing they signed the famc;us "Mayflower Compact," thus forming the American Constitution. VII. Events. 1. Treaty Avith the Wampanoags, — never broken . .1621. 2. Weymouth founded, — Thos. Weston, 1622. 3. Cape Ann settlement founded, — Jno. White 1624. Analysis of Ai/ierican History. 25 4. Proprietary right transferred the Plymouth set- tlers,— $9,000 1627. 5. Massachusetts Bay colony formed 1628. a. Statement: A company of 60 persons reached Naumkeag to reinforce the Conant settlement, made two years before. The name was changed to Salem. In 1629 a number of rich English Puritans formed the "Company of Massachusetts Bay," and having received a charter from Charles I, began to send out Puritan emigrants. By this charter Massachusetts was ruled for fifty-five years. b. Extent of Territory: From 3 miles south of the Charles River to 3 miles north of the Merrimac, and extending east and west from ocean to ocean. c. Leaders — Endicott, Higginson and Humphrey. 6. Arrival of new emigrants — 1,500, Puritans 1630. a. Leaders — Winthrop, Vane, Cotton, Hooker, Stone and Williams. b. Motives and character, — about the same as the Pilgrims . c. Faith — Puritan and Pilgrim churches. 7. Right of suffrage restricted to church members 1631. 8. Roger Williams expelled, 1635. 9. Representative government established 1634. 10. Harvard college founded 1638. 11. Printing p r ess e stablished — Daye 1639 12. New England synod meets — A. Hutchinson banished, 1637. 12. Growth and development 1620-1640. a. Nearly 50 towns. Population over 10,000. Money expended nearly $1,000,000. Enterprises — varied. Manufac- ture, commerce, arts introduced, ship-building began — Wm. Stephens. 13. "League of 1643" formed, 1643. 14. Body of Liberties drawn, — N. Ward, 1641. 15. Public schools established, 1647. 16. Charter of Liberties abolished by King James II. — 26 Analysis of American History. Andros governor, 1686 . 17. Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay unite 1692. VIII. Government: 1. Plymouth Association, — under "May llower com- pact," 1620-1628 2. Massachusetts association, 162S-1686 3. Provincial, 1686-1689. 4. Modified Charter, 1692-1776 MAINE, Maine formed a part of the grant made by James I, to the Plymouth Company; and a permanent settlement was made by the English in 1622, near the mouth of the Piscata- qua River, at Pemaquid. In 1635 the Plymouth Company having resolved to give up its charter to the government, divided the territory among its proprietors. Sir Ferdinand Gorges taking the whole region between the Piscataqua and the Kennebec, of which he subsequently (1639) received a formal grant from Charles I, under the title of "the Province of Maine." After Gorges died (1647) Maine became (1651) a part of Massachusetts and the jurisdiction of that colony was confirmed by the provincial charter of 1691, and again by the Treaty of 1783. The "District of Maine" as the region was then called, continued to hold its political re- lations with Massachusetts till 1820; when it was admitted. Ever since the treaty of 1783 a dispute has existed between the government of the United States and Great Britain as to the boundary line between Maine and the British posses- sions. The controversy was finally settled in 1842 by the famous Webster-Ashburton Treaty. THE NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION. I. Date: Ceased at Hartford Sept. 5, 1684. II. Purposes: 1. For protection against the Indians and the Dutch, who were secretly aiming to control the land between the Hudson and Conn. Rivers. Analysts of American History. 27 2. To act in accordance with the Puritan party in England . 3. For a more rigid enforcement of slavery. III. Colonies: a. Massachusetts. b. Plymouth. c. New Haven, d. Connecticut — Comprised 39 towns, representing a population of 24,000. IV. Government: 1. General Assembly — composed of two delegates from each colony — elective. 2. Minor legislation left to the respective colonies — liO executive. 0. Provision for the admission of new colonies — none {iccepted. 4. Only main questions submitted to the General As- sembly. 5. Each colony retained its self-government. V. Leaders: Winthrop, Dudley, Fenwick, Greyson, Eaton and Hopkins. VI. Results: 1. A closer union of these colonies was for a timn se- cured . THE SALEM HALLUCINATION. (First Colonial Delusion.) T. Time from 1671-1693. II. Place. Chiefly at Salem, Mass. III. Causes: The early New Englanders believed that human boings could, by compact with Satanic spirits, obtain power to suspend the laws of nature and thus injure others. Those so possessed were known as witches. And it soon 1 ecame a means of striking a private enemy by perjury. It also became evident, that the accused were to be put to death, not for being witches or wizarls. but for denying the reality of witchcraft. 28 Ayialy sis of American History. IV. Events: A daughter and a niece of Sam Parris, the minister, were attaclved with a nervous disorder which rendered them partially insane, and old Indian woman was accused of be- Avitching them and was whipped until she confessed and was afterwards used as a v/itness against others. Nine- teen were put to death and about two hundred Imprisoned. V. Supporters. Phipps, The Mathers, Parris, Sewall, Willard and Sloughton. Vf. Protestants. Thomas Brattle, Robt. Caleb, Rev. Burroughs and Mr. Bishop. VII. Convicts: Knapp, Giles Cory, Mr. and Mrs. Bishop, M. Cory, Cloyce, Jlurse, etc. VIII. Tribunals Established by Gov. Phipps. Court was composed of Tituba, her half-witted Indian husband and A. Williams, niece of Gov. Phipps as wltnesse.9; Stoughton presiding judge; Parris the prosecutor and C Mather a kind of bishop to decide evidence. IX. Results. It showed the existence of superstition and its re- action served to decrease the spirit of intolerance that ex- isted. May it ever be hoped that the pages of our history will never again be blotted with so dark a stain. Have we any such superstition now? NOTE — This delusion was not confined to America only, but was spread throughout Germany, England, France, Switzerland and Scotland. Many thousands were put to death during the seventeenth century. Analysis of American History. 29 PUNISHMENT OF THE FRIENDS.. . (Quakers.) I. Time: 1656-1660. II. Places: Mass. Bay., New Haven, Plymouth, Conn., and Virginia, colonies. III. Causes: 1. Refusal to take oath in giving testimony in court. 2. Refusal to give oath to support the government. 3. Refusal to keep up any form of worship by taxation. 4. Refusal to do military service or bear arms even In self defence. 5. Peculiarity of dress and manners. 6. Refusal to give or bear titles. IV. Faith. May be summed up in one sentence — To obey con- science, and, dispensing with forms, to follow literally what they understand to be the demands of Christ V. Character: (May be found in the above sentence.) VI. Modes of Punishment: Depended upon the number and nature of offences. Whipping, loss of one ear; loss of both ears, tongue pierc- ed with red-hot irons; banishment, hanging, etc., etc. Those that were hanged were— Mary Dyar, Nicholas Davis, M. Stephenson, and W. Robinson. They were buried at the foot of the scaffold. Those banished were: M. Fisher, A- Burden, W. Leddra, A. Austin and W. Christison. VII. Results: 1. The procriptions only served to multiply their num- ber and converts. 2. Showed the spirit of intolerance NOTE — History of all times is full of evil scenes. It could not be expected that an American colony, founded br exiles, pursued by malice and beset with dangers, should be wholly exempt from shameful deeds. From that day to this Massachusetts has found no better citizens than the Quakers . 30 Afialysis of American History. METACOM'S WAR. (King Philip's.) I. Time: 1675-76. II. Places: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut Valley and frontier settlements from Maine to the mouth of thd Conn, a distance of nearly three hundred miles. III. Tribes: . Wampanoags — allied tribes — Nipmucks, Narragansetts, Mohegans and Conn, tribes. IV". Causes: 1. The encroachments on their lands by the whites. 2. Failure of new generation to understand the valid- ity of the old titles. 3. Trial and imprisonment of Alexander and other chieftains . 4. Murder of Indian witnesses. V. Events: Philip was betrayed and shot by a treacherous Indian. Cononchet was slain. Swansey, Brookfield, Deerfield, Had- ley, Springfield, Lancaster, Medfield, Groton, Marborough, Weymouth and other towns were destroyed. The Naria- gansetts were almost exterminated. VI. Results: 1. Cost was fully five hundred thousand dollars. 2. Thirteen towns and six hundred dwellings lay mould- ering in ashes. 3. The sacrifice of the lives of nearly six hundred brave settlers. 4. Indian race was swept out of New England and pleaded for their lives. 5. Colonists returned to their desolated farms to build new homes. NOTE — Last struggle for homes by the New England tribes. Analysis of American Histoiy. 31 KING WILLIAM'S WAR. (Known as the "Grand Alliance" or War of the Palatinate) I. Date: 1689-1697. IT. Causes: This war grew out of the English Revolution of 1688. When King James II, abdicated his throne, he found re- fuge at the court of Louis XIV, of France. These two monarchs were both Catholic and their ideas concerning despotic rule were the same. An alliance between them was formed by which, Louis XIV agreed to help James II in his efforts to recover the English throne. Parliament, mean- while, had settled the Crown on William and Mary, his wife, thus we see that William was brought into conllict with the exiled James II and Louis XIV his confederate. England and France immediately went to war. The news of the trouble was soon carried across the Atlantic and involved their res- pective colonies in the struggle. NOTE — The Indians aided the French in this war — ex- cept Iroquois. III. Events: 1. Arrival of Count Frontinac — French soldier 1689 He was made Governor of Canada. 2. Inhabitants of Dover massacred June 27, 1689 The Indians in alliance with the French captured Dover, murdered R. Waldon, Ivilled twenty- three and dragged twenty-nine away captives. 3. Pemaquid (Bremen) captured August, 1669. It was captured by 100 Abnekis Indians after a twj days siege. A few escaped — many murdered in the harvest field. 4. Attack on Schenectady, N. Y.,.. .. February 9, 16'JO. Attacked by the French, 60 people were killed and scalped. A few escaped to Albany. The town was burned. 5. Salmon Falls, N. H., ruined by French, Hertel, leader 1690 6. Fort Loyal (Porland, Me.,) captured by French 1690. 7. Exter captured by French 1G90. 8. Casco Colony (Me.) taken by French, 1690. 32 Afialysis of Americati History. The French were led by Herlel and Portneuf-settlement demolished. y. Colonial Congress convened at New York May, 1690. Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut and New York, were represented — Purpose, to devise some plan of attack on the French. The three strongholds — Montreal and Quebec in Canada and Port Royal, Nova Scotia. Thirty-four vessels carrying 2,000 troops were placed under the command of Gov. Phipps. He first captured Port Royal and Nova Scotia, but the expedition against Quebec failed. Massa- chusetts was compelled to issue paper money to cover the expense of the expedition — first of its kind in America. jO. Villieu captures Durham — 94 prisoners, 1694. 11. Castin captures Pemaquid, 1696 12. Castine taken — 100 prisoners, 1694. 13. Groton captured, 1696 14. Harverhill massacre, 1697 About 40 persons scalped and the rest captured among them was Mrs. Dustin, her nurse and a boy, named Leonardson. In return they murdered their captors. IV Results: a. Ireaty signed at Ryswick, Holland, Sept. 10, 1797. b. William was acknowledged as the rightful sovereign of England. c. Boundary lines remained the same. d. Massachusetts issues paper money. QUEEN ANNE'S WAR. or (War of Spanish Succession.) I. Date: 1702-1713. II. Causes: In 1700, the King of Spain, Charles II, died, leaving his crown to Philip of Anjou, a grandson of Louis XIV. "There are no longer any Pryenees," was Louis's exultant epigram, meaning of course, that France and Spain were now practically one. England and Holland became alai'm- ed at this virtual consolidation of these two powerful king- Analysis of A))ier ican JIisto>y. 3 3 doms and began to form a second, "Grand Alliance" against France, the object of wnlch was to dethrone Philip of Aujoii and place upon the Spanish throne Charles, Archduke of Austria. The news of this dispute, also, spread to theii" res- pective colonies. III. Events: 1. The Five Nations form a treaty with both French and English, 1701 They formed a great barrier between New York and Canada. The Abenekis also, made a treaty but were over persuaded bj' P'rench Jesuits. 2. English e.xpedition against St. Augustine, — failure. 1702. 3. Deerfield captured by 300 French and Indians 1704. Thirty-seven inhabitants killed and 100 made captives 4. French and Spanish expedition against Charleston — failure, 1706 . 5. Reduction of Port Royal attempted — English. .1707. Baron Castin defended it. English withdrew. 6. Second attempt 10 capture Port Royal — successful, 1710. The English had 36 vessels and 4 regiments of troops. Subercase had control of the French. By this conquest France lost all of Nova Scotia and Port Royal was named Annapolis in honor of Queen Anne. 7. English Gen. Nicholson marches against Montreal — failure, « 1711 8. English Gen. Walker prepares to take Quebec — failure, 1711 There were 15 men-of-war and 40 transports placed under his command. Eight of his best vessels and S84 of his men were lost. By his dallying cowardice the campaign of 1711 came to a shameful end IV. Results: a. Treaty of peace signed, April 11, 1713, at Utrecht, Holland. b. French cessions — New Found land and the adjacent islands. Labrador, Hudson Bay and Straits and the whole of Acadia (Nova Scotia.) 34 Analysis of American History. ^ 3. Spanish Cessions — England received riglit to supply Spanish America with negroes for thirty years. (About 300,- 000 were brought between 1713 and 1776). Spain agreed not to transfer any land or loardship in America. KING GEORGE'S WAR. or (War of Austrian Succession. ) I. Date: 1744-1748. II. Causes: 1. After the death of Charles VI, of Austria, 1740, the balance of power was again imperiled. There were two great claimants to the crown of the empire — Marie Theresa daughter of the late emperor, and Charles Albert of Bavaria. Each had their friends; war followed. Most European nations were at war, as usual. England and France were arrayed against each other. The trouble soon spread to their respective colonies across the Atlantic. 2. Disputed boundary lines. 3. Salic law. III. Events: 1. Capture of Louisburg June 17, 1745 Siege lasted from May 1 to .lune 17. The English land force numbering 3,250 was commanded by Peperell, Johnson, Gridley and Vahn and the fleet numbering about 100 vessels by Commodor Warren. The French became mutinous. After five attempts the city fell into the hands of fhe p]nglish. Louisburg had previously been called, "The Gib- ralter of America." This battle had two important results, a. It freed the New England fisheries from the piratical ex- peditions of the French, b. Inspired the English to a more united action. 2. Tne French attempts to recapture Louisburg — fail- ure, 174G The French leader, Duke d'Anville died. His successor committed suicide. 3. Second attempt to capture Louisburg — failure 1747. Their squadron was captured by Warren and Anson. Analysis of American History. 3 5 IV. Results: a. Treaty signed at Aix-la-Chapelle, western Germany 1748. b. The boundaries between the two belligerent nations were left undetermined. c. Louisburg and Cape Breton restored to the French this gave great offense to the New Englanders — mutual re- storation of conquests — nothing gained. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. I. Date: 1754-1763. II. Causes: 1. Remote — a. The conflicting territorial claims. b. The long-standing animosity of France and England. 2. Immediate — a. The conflct between the frontiersmen of the rival nations. III. Acts (Influencing.) a. Erection of French Forts in the interior. b. Organization of the Ohio company. c. Exploration of the Ohio Basin. IV. Events: 1. Washington and St. Pierre conference at Ft. Le Boeuf— failure, 1753 2. Trent's erection of a fort on th9 sight of Pittsburg 1754. 0. Fort Duquesne built — French, 1754. 4 For; Necessity built — Col. Washington, 1754. 5. Battle of Gt. Meadows — first blood shed of the war 1754. Jumonville and ten of his party were killed. Twenty-one prisoners. G. Fort NecessUy attacked July 4, 1751. Washington commanded 400 men. Loss 30. The French General De Villiers commanded 600. Washington defeated. 7. Albany convention — "Join or Die,".... July 10, 1754. 1. Purposes: ^6 Analysts of American History. a. To renew the ti-eaty with the Iroquiois confederacy. b. To bring about a closer union of the colonies — concerted action. 2. Prominent Members: a. Franklin, Hutchinson, Hopkins, Delancey, etc. 3. Representation — Colonies. a. N. H.; R. I.; Conn.; Penn. ; and Md. 4. Results: a. The Iroquois renewed their treaty. b. The plan of union was rejected by the colonies on the ground that it was too aristocratic; by England, because it was too democratic. c. It formed a step toward the final constitution. 8. Braddock convention, — Alexandria,.. April 14, 1755. 9. .T'ive great points in view by the British generals: a. Capture of Ft. Duquesme — thus saving Virginia, and Pennsylvania. 1. Braddock. 2. Washington. 3. Forbes. b. Gain Louisburg and Acadia — thus securing New Foundland fisheries. 1. Monchton. 2. Loudon. 3. Amherst c. Gain Ticonderogo and C. Point — thus leaving their route unguarded. 1. Abercombie. 2. Johnson. d. Capture Niagara — thus breaking up the lake fur trade. 1. Shirley. 2. Johnson. e. Capture of Quebec — thus gaining control of the St. Laurence River. 1. Wolfe. 10. First expedition against Ft. Duquesne — failure 1755. Braddock led 1,200 men. Loss, 777. He was mortally wounded. The French and Indians numbering about 867 "were led by Beaupeu and Dumas. Loss, almost 75. 11. Second expedition against Ft. Duquesne, — success- ful, 1758 Forbes led, but the success was wholly due to Washington. 12. War in Acadia, — Laurence 1755 13. Louden's attempt to capture Louisburg — failure, 1757. 14. Second attempt to capture Louisburg, — success- ful, .Tuly 28, 1758. 15. Battle of Lake George, 1755 Anvlysis of Aviencan H 'siory. 3 7 16. Ticonderogo attacked — failure 1758 17. Fort Frontenac (Kiugston) captured — Col. Brad- street, 1758 18. Fort Ticonderoga^ and Crown Point evacuated, July, 1759. 19. The capture of Niagara attempted — Shirley, 1755. 20. Niagara captured, — Prideaux, July 25, 1759 21. Point Levi taken, — Monckton, June 29, 1759 22. Capture of Quebec, Sept. 18, 1759 The English General Wolfe commanded 8,000 men; to this was added a fleet of 44 vessels. Montcalm, the French commanded 10,000 men. Both generals were killed. Quote the last words of each. 23. Montreal taken, — Amherst, Sept. 8, ]7G0. VI. Commanders-in-chief: a. French: Baron Dieskau, Marquis de Montcalm, St. Pierre. Vaurdeuil. b. English: Braddock, Shirley, Loudon, Abercomble, Amherst. c. Provincial Leaders: AVashington, Gates, Putman, Morgan, Arnold, Stark, Montgomery. VII. Treaty: Signed, Feb. 10, 1763; at Paris, France. Provisions. — Principal — 1. France ceded to England Canada, Cape Breton and all the islands, except (Miquelon and St. Pierre) around the Gulf of St. Lawrwence together with the river. 2. All the lands east of the Mississippi from its source to the Iberville River, and thence through Lake Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the Gulf of Mexico; were ceded to England, (Except N. O.) 3. Spain ceded East and West Florida to Great Britain in return for Havana. England renounced her pre- tensions to Cuba in favor of Spain. 4. France ceded to England all her possesions west of Mississippi River including the city of New Orleans. 38 Analysis of American llisiory. VIII. General Results of Inter-Colonial Wars: a. Inspired the colonies with new strength and united their powers, b. Trained many resolute men for the Revo- lutionary War. c. By removing the dangers of France; they depended more on themselves and cared less for the aid of the mother country, d. Gave rise to western settle- ments by clearing the west of rival and hostile forces, e. Her vast territory proved to much for her to control to an advantage, f. Allowed the colonies freedom of trade during the war and later upon passing, obnoxious laws tbey were more strongly persisted. IX. Evil Results: a. Cost the colonists 30,000 men and $11,000,000. b. Gave England a greater chance for expansion. c. Colonists had borne the greater part of the expenses. d. Suffered untold borrows of Indian barbarity. e. Caused England to attempt to tax the colonies and con^-o! the trade. PONTIAC CONSPIRACY. I. Time: May 7, 1763-1764. II. Place: Southern and Western Sides of Lake Erie. III. Leader: Pontiac. — Ottaway Chief. IV. Tribes: Ottawas, Pottawatomies, Objibevvas, Wyandotts, Dela- wares, Hurons, Senacas, Algonquins and Chippeways, numb- ering about 2,000 warriors. V. English Leaders: Rogers, Dalzell, Gladwyn, Gordon and Boquet and Bradstreet. VI. Causes: 1. Incited by French fur-traders and missionaries. 2. AVrong treatment after the battle of Ft. Duquesne. 3. Failure to understand that the territory had really passed into the hands of the English. Analysis of American History. 39 VII. Results: Forts Michelimackinac, Sandusky, St. Joseph, Quatanoir Prasquie and three others were burned. Pitt, Niagara and Detroit were saved. Battle of blood ridge fought. Con- quered by Boquet. British lost in all about 2,000 men. Indians becoming alarmed at their own airocities, sued for peace. Signed 1764. Pontiac was killed by a Kaskaskia Indian on the present site of St. Louis 1769. NEW YORK, NAMED IN HONOR OF THE DUKE OF YORK. I. Date: 1623. II. Place: New Amsterdam. (New York.) ♦ III. Authority: Dutch West India Company. IV. Colonists: They were refugees from Belgium, called Wallonos. Leader — May. Numbers — about 30 families. Religion — same as the Huguenots. Name of vessel — New Netherland. Character — Industrious and religious. V. Purposes: « 1. To enlarge the area of Holland. 2. To establish religious freedom in the New World. VI. Events: 1. Albany founded (Ft. Orange)— Jarris— 18 families 1623. 2. Civil Government established — May and Verhulst, directors, 1624. 3. Peter Minuit appointed governor, 1626 to 1633 He purchased Manhattan Island for $24. Area 14,000 acres. 4. Charter of Privileges created — West India Company, 1629. 1. Statement: a. New Netherland was divided into five estates. Each estate was to be governed by a Patroon (Proprietor.) If he settled on one side of the river only, he was to have sixteen miles of water front; if on both sides eight miles. 40 Analysis of American History. 2. Requirements of the Patroon: a. Estate to be held in strict obeyance to Holland; after being honorably purchased from the Indians. b. To establish at least fifty persons on the estate within four years and pay the cost of their passage. c. Provide all necessaries for running the estate — a small rent was allowed but free from taxation. 3. Requirements of the Emigrant: a. To cultivate the land for ten years and not to leave it without permission. b. To give the Patroon the first chance to buy what- ever he had to sell. c. All questions of dispute concerning property and rightj was to be settled by the Patroon. 5. Indian troubles, 1631-32 6. New York under Wouter Van Twiller,. .1633 to 1637 7. Conn. River troubles — Dutch and English ..1633-35 8. New York under William Kiefl, 1638-1647 9. Trouble with the Swedes — Delaware, 1638-1640. 10. Indian Troubles, '. 1640-45 Cause — Unjust treatment by Kieft — Drunkeness and fraud. The Dutch with the aid of the Mohawks caused al- most a complete massacre of the imwarlike Algoquins around New Amsterdam. Defenseless women wer^^ ' without pity — children drowned. Mrs. Anne Hutchinson' burned alive. Capt. J. Underbill assumed command of the Dutch forces, 1643 — Delaware reduced. Treaty made at New Amsterdam August 30, 1645. 11. Rebellion of De Uries, 1636-37 The authority of Kieft resisted. Kieft removed by the Dutch West India Company. Lost at sea, off the coast of Wales, during his voyage. 12. New York under Peter Stuyvesant 1647-1664. 13. Indians conciliated 1647 14. Boundary line betweeen N. Netherland and N. England established 1650 15. Conquest of New Sweden -.1651-1655 16. Indian Troubles, 1663-64 17. New Amsterdam captured by the English and Analysis of American History. 4 1 name changed to New York in honor of the Duke of York, 3 664. 18. R. Nicolls appointed governor, (superseded by Lovelace 1667) 1664 10. Recouquest of New York by the Dutch — held 15 months, 1673 20. Sir Edmund Andros appointed governor, 1674 21. T. Dongon appointed governor — Andros deposed 1683. 22. Treaty with the Iroquois, — Albany, 1684. 23. Charter of Liberties abrogated, 1685 24. Andros becomes governor of New Eiigland, ..1686. 25. Leisler insurrection, 1688-90. 26. Ingoldsby and Leisler trouble — Sloughter governor, 1691. 27. Leisler and Milbourne executed — Dudley's decis- ion, May 16, 1691. 28. Sloughter's death — Fletcher succeeds 1692 29. Episcopal church established, 1693. 30. BoUomont succeeds Fletcher, 1696 31. Piracy of Capt. Wm. (or Robert) Kidd, 1690-99. While in command of the vessel "Adventure" he turned pirate. He was arrested in Boston, sent to Lon- don and executed. The distribution of his vast amount of ill-gotten wealth remains a mystery. 32. Lord Cornbury succeeds Fletcher, 1702. 33. Civil dissentions in the colony 1702-08 34. Cornbury removed — Lovelace succeeds — Burnett, 1708. 35. Burnett succeeded by Crosby, 1732. 36. Dispte between the democratic and aristocratic parties, 1832-35 The main question of dispute was the freedom of the press. The aristocratic party held that nothing of a distasteful character concerning the government should be published. Zenger, an editor who had been guilty of such was impris- oned. Great excitement prevailed. Zenger was defended by Andrew Hamilton a noted Philadelphia lawyer. The case was argued at New York. Zenger was acQuitted and the 42 Analysis of American History. freedom of the press established. This was the nrst trial of libel in America. 37. Negro Plot — Second colonial delusion, 1740. In New York several destructive fires haOJ occurred, which led the people to think that they were of an incendiary- nature. Slaves were at once suspected as they constituted a large part of the population. Mary Burton, a servant and others furnished some contradictory evidence about thirty of the accused slaves were either hanged or burned to death and about fifty were sent to the West Indies. It was after- wards believed that no plot ever existed. VII. Government: 1. Dutch West India Company, 1623-1664. 2. Proprietary under the English, 1664-1685. 3. Royal Province under the English 1685-1776. NEW .HAMPSHIRE, .NAMED IN HONOR. OF HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND. I. Territorial Grant: In 1622 '"The Council for New England" made a grant of land between the Merrimac, the Kennebec, the ocean and the river of Canada to Sir Ferdinand Grorges and John Mason, who then called their territory Laconia. II. Early Settlements: Portsmouth, 1623; Dover, 1623; Exeter, 1638. III. Division and Further Settlement of Territory 1629 By the new grants made 1629; the territory given to Gorges was to extend from the Piscataqua River to the Kennebec, and from the ocean to a line drawn between the two rivers at a distance of one hundred and twenty-five miles from their mouths and known as Maine (mainland) all the territory west belonged to Mason. IV. Events: 1. Conflicting grants — Wheelright and Mason, ....1629 2. Union of New Hampshire and Mass., 1642 3. Mason's claims investigated 1677 4. New Hampshire becomes a royal province, 1679 Analysts oj American 1 hslov] . 43 5. Portsmouth Convention — CransfieJd's despotism 1682 0. Trouble at Exeter and Hampton — tax IGSIL 7. Andros appointed governor, 1686 8. Portsmoutli Convention — New Hampshire re-an- nexed 1690 9. Annexation annulled, 1692 10. Bellomont appointed governor, 1698 The two provinces remained under a single executive for nearly forty-two years, yet their legislative assemblies were held separate. 11. Final separation of Merrimac colonies, 1741 12. Mason's patent transferred, — Allen and Usher. 1691 13. Londonberry founded — 700 Irish — Linen manufac- ture, 1719 V. Religion; Church of England. VI. Colonists: Mass and Scotch-Irish emigrants. Note — New Hampshire suffered more from Indian rava- ges than any other New England colony. This was proba- bly due to its feeble settlement and the exposure of the ter- ritory. It IS especially true of King Philip's war and the wars of ^\'illiam, Anne and George. VERMONT. The first white settlement in what is now Vermont was made in 1724 at Ft. Dummer, near the present site of Battle- boro, though more than a century previously 1609 the re- gion had been visited by Champlain, a French officer whose name was given to the lake. The fertile lands along the upper Connecticut, Winooski and Otter Creek began to at- tract attention about the middle of the eighteenth century and in 1768 one hundred and thirty-eight townships had been granted by the British governor, Wentwor^n of New Hamp- shire, who claimed the soil. At this time the region west of Connecticut River that is Vermont was known as the "New Hampshire Grants." In 176.3 a claim to the territory was set up by the royal governor of New York, and the 44 Analysis of American History. king decided in favor of New York. Acts of hosility toward the New York outhorities followed in consequence of their at- tempting to eject the settlers from their lands; and in 1777 the people of Vermont declared themselves independent, drew up a state constitution, elected a governor and state officers and applied for admission into the confederacy, but were refused. Though not recognized as an independent commonwealth during the war of the revolution, Vermont maintained an independent government, and took an earn- est part in the struggle for freedom. In the actions at Ticonderogo and Crown Point, and at Bennington, Stillwater and Hubbardstown, the "Green Mountain Boys" won an illustrious name. The troubles with New York were settled in 1790 and on March 4, 1791 after maintaining an indepedent state for thirteen years, Vermont was admitted into the union. STATE HISTORY — Vermont was the first state received into the union in addition to the original thirteen. She at once began a career of prosperity beyond that of other states. In the war of 1812 the "Vermont Volunteers" took an active part in the battle of Plattsburg and the naval conflict on Lake Champlain. In the war of Secession, 1861- 1865, the state also took a prominent part sending to the field many thousands of admirable troops. The state con- stitution was amended in 1828, 1836, 1850, 1870 and 1888. .CONNECTICUT. Indian Name for Long River. I. Date: 1633. II. Place: Windsor. III. Territorial Grant. Bounded on the east by the Narrangansett River; on the north, by a straight line drawn from that line westerly; on the south by the seashore for 120 miles, and on the west, by the South Sea. (Pacific Ocean.) IV. Colonists: Massachusetts Puritans. Leaders — Holmes, Hooker, Winthrop, Eaton, Davenport and Haynes. Analysis of American History. 45 Events: 1. Hartford founded — 60 Puritans, leader, Hooker 1635. 2. Saybrook founded, — Winthrop, leader 1635. 3. New Haven founded — Leaders, Davenport and Eaton 1638. 4. Pequod War, 1637 5. Constitution adopted. Colonies — Windsor, Wethers field and Hartford, 1639 1. Object: a. "To maintain the peace and union" of the colonial settlements. 2. Chief Clauses: a. Legislative powers vested in the assembly; repre- sentation according to population, b. All religious creeds respected, c. Officers elected by the people and chosen annually, d. No foreign authority recognized, e. Settlers to become citizens by taking the oath of allegiance. — First v.'ritteii constitution in America by which a union was form- ed. 6. League of 1643 — "United Colonies of New England," 1643. 7. Conn, and N. Haven united, 1644 8. Western boundary line established — peace,. .. .1650 9. New charter granted — Winthrop, (continued in force until 1818) 1663 10. Conflicting grants — Andros and Bull, 1675. 11. Andros appointed governor of N. England. .. .1686 12. The charter of Conn, demanded— Andros, 1687 Gov. Treat resisted. Charter Oak — The historical tree in which the Conn. Charter was hidden by Wadsworth, stood on the land Samuel Wallys. It was blown down in 1856. A marble tablet marks the spot. Th^ story of the hidden treasure may be doubted. 13. The subversion of Conn, attempted — Fletcher and Wadsworth 1693 14. Yale college founded. A. Pearson, first president 1701. 46 Analysis of American History. VI. Government: By the people 1639-1663 Charter— Liberal 1663-1818 PEQUOD WAR. I. Date: 1636-37. , If Place: Conn. Hi. Cause: The threat of the Indians to destroy the white intrud- ers, led the legislative assembly, which met at Hartford to Oeclaro wai against them. IV Comparative Numbers: Inoiaus '."GO; Whites, 180. V Statement. The white forces numbering about eighty men were placed under the command of Capt. John Mason and Capt. Underbill. They were joined by about seventy Mohegans. who hostile to the Pequods starting from Hartford they marched to Saybrook and then sailed up the Sound to AVickford (R. I.) where they landed. Marching from there down through the Narragansett country they met the Pe- quods in their strong-hold near Groton, on Mystic River. VI. Battle: Fought May 25, 1637. The victory for the w'aites was complete; nearly 600 Indians perished, many of whom were burned to death, only seven escaped. Sassacus, escaped but was afterward murdered. The whites lost two killed and twenty wounded. The remnant of their tribe was near ly all annihilated in the battle of Fairfield Swamp (L. I.) find the confederacy was completely broken. Analysis of /hncncan History. 47 RHODE ISLAND. Named After the Isle of Rhodes in Mediterranean Sea. I. Date: 1536. II. Place: F'rovidence. III. Leader: Roger Williams and five companions. IV. Territory : I'urchased by Williams from Canonicus and Miantono- moh. V. Motive: To secure a safe retreat for all the distressed and per- secuted, beyond the limits of Plymouth. VI. Events: 1. Pequod Conspiracy — Williams, 1637 2. Portsmouth founded, island of Aquidneck 1638 Founded by exiles from Mass. Leaders — Anne Hutchinson, Coddington, Clarke, Wheelwright, Aspinwall and others. 3. Rise of the Antinomians — Anne Hutchinson, . .1638 4. Newport founded, — Coddington and others 1638 5. Coddington's new government — "Democracie," 1641 6. "League of 1643" founded, 1643 Rhode Island applied for admission, but was rejected by the older and stronger colonies on the grounds that they were already under the jurisdiction of Plymouth. 7. New Charter secured — Williams, 1644 Williams secui'ed from Parliament a patent under which al the colonies of R. I. were united under the name of, "The Corporation of Providence Plantations in the Narra- g.ansett Bay New England." 8. First general assembly — Portsmouth, 1647 9. Coddington attempts a division — failure 1651 10. Charles II grants a new charter — Geo. Baxter 1663 By the provisions, the government was placed entirely in the hands of the people — "Democracie." It remained in force until 1843. 11. Andros assumes control — discontent, 1686 12. Andros deposed. — Henry Bull becomes governor 1689. 48 Analysis of American Hisiory. VII. Government: Charter. VIII. Religion: Perfect religious liberty was allowed in this colony In which all wave to be protected alike. — First instance of per- fect religious freedom in America MARYLAND. Named in Honor of Henrietta Maria. I. Date: 1634. II. Place: St. Marys — ten miles from the mouth of the St. Mary's river. III. Colonists: Roman Catholics 200 in number. Leonard Calvert, leader. IV. Motives: 1. To found an asylum of rest for the persecuted Catholics. 2. To establish- religious toleration and popular liberty. V Trrritcy: Toiinded by a line drawn due south from the 40th para- lell to the most western source of the Potomac; and then along this river to its mouth and then due east to the Atlantic Ocean. Including now the present states of Md. and Del., and a large portion of Penn., and N. J. VI. Growth: Very rapid. VII. Events: 1. Colonial legislation begun 1635 2. Claiborne's Rebellion, 1635-1645 3. Representative Government established, 1639 4. Indian troubles, 1642-1644 5. Toleration act passed, 1649 It declared that no person professing belief in Jesus Christ, "shall in any way be troubled, or molest3d, for or in respect of their religion, nor in the fi'ee exercise thereof." Ana/j'sis of American History. 49 C. Legi&lative body divided into two braches, . . . . 16i.'>0 7. Patiiamentai-y commissioners appointed — Stone re- D oved, IG51 8. The Protestant and Catliolic difficulty — Patuxent Convention," 1654 1. Causes: a. Protestants abused their right of power. b. They ignored the hereditary rights of the proprietor. c. Assailed his religion. d. Excluded Catholics from the assembly. e. Declared them outside the protection of the law. 2. Result: Civil war followed with alternate victories. Two yovern- loents were exercising authority. Protestants at Lejia'l- town; Catholics at St. Mary's. Battle near Amapoiis robult- ec' in a Catholic defeat. Fifty Catholics killed, ihrce court- martialed and Gov. Stone himself captured. Finally in March, 1658 a compromise was affected. Fendall made gov- enor. 9. Death of Sir Cecil Calvert, succeeded by his son, Charles, 1675 10. Protestant and Catholic difficulty 1689 Protestants triumphed and for two years the civil authority was exercised by the Convention of Associates. 11. Government changed by King William — uopiey ap- pointed 1691 12. Restoration of the Catholics, — Queen Anne, ...1715 VIII. Government: 1. Pure Democracy, 1634-1639 2. Proprietary, 1639-1691 3. Royal Province 1691-1715 4. Proprietary, 1715-1770 50 Analysts of American Histoiy. CLAIBORNE'S REBELLION. L Date: First, 1635-6 Second 1645. II. Place: Maryland — Kent Island. HI. Cause: 1. QiO\. Harvey of Va., had given Wm. Claiborno a com- mission to explore Chesapealve Bay with a view of establish- ing a trade with the Indians, thus, conflicting with the grant made by King James to Lord Baltimore, (Sir. Geo. Cal- vert.) 2. Lord Baltimore's demand for Claiborne's allegiance. IV. Events. A bloody conflict took place in 1637 on the banks of the Wemico River in which several were killed. Claibome was defeated and fled into Virginia. He returned in 1644 and in 1645 the rebellion broke out anew and the government of Calvert was overthrown; but in the follow.n^ yeir (Aug. 1646) he succeded in restoring his authority. Later (1651 trouule broke out between Clairborne and Gov. Stone in which Clairborne finally succeeded in establishing his power Clairborne has been well styled, '"The Scourge of Maryland." DELAWARE. (New Sweden.) Named in Honor of L. Delaware. )^ I. Date: 1638. II. Place: Christiana, situated on a small tributary of the Dela- ware, about six miles from the bay and named in honor of the maiden queen of Sweden. III. Authority: King Adolphus of Sweden in 1626, organized the Swed- ish West India Company and placed Willem Usselinx at its head. But at the battle of Lutzen, 1632 the Swedish king was killed. Oxenstiern, the great Swedish minister, took up the work that King Adolphus left uniinished anin 1637 formed a new company and entrusted it5 management to Analysts of American History. 51 Peter Miiiuit, who haa recently entered the service of Swe- den. The colony was very prosperous. IV. Motives: 1. To form an asylum for persecuted Protestants. 2. To extend the Swedish commerce. V. Territorial Grant: All the land along the Delaware River and Bay from Cape Henlopen (Point of Paradise) to the falls at Trenton, was honorably purchased from the Indians. This territory is sometimes styled, "The three lower counties on the Delaware." VI. Events. 1. Dutch attempt a settlement, (temporary) 1629 2. Tinicum Island fortified — Gov. Printz 164j» 3. Dutch Fort, Casimer, taken by Swedes 1652 4. Subjugated by the Dutch 1655 Governor Stuyvesant with a force of about 600 men — a number equal to about the entire population of New Swe- den — landed at New Castle and resistance was hopeless. Gov. Rising was captured and the entire colony was forced to capitulate. Submission was almost universal and honor- able terms were granted to all. 5. Granted to Duke of York by Charles II 1664 6. Taken by the English under Nicolls — Nicolls, first governor 1664 7. Duke of York disposes of it to VVm. Penn 1681 8. Legislative powers granted to the people 1703 It remained a part of Pennsylvania until 1776, when war broke out against Great Britain, the people declared themselves free and independent. Though the second small- est state in the Union, Delaware was the first to accept the National Constitution in 1787. $2 Analyst's of A))ierican History. NEW JERSEY (ISLAND OF JERSEY.) I. Date 1664. II. Place: First at Elizabethtown; Second, Newark 1666; Third, Burlington 1667. III.. .Territory — Divided 1676. In 1664 the Duke of York granted all of what is now New Jersey to Lord John Berkley and Sir George Cartaret. In the patent the name New Caesaria. or New Jersey was. given. Philip Cartaret first governor. The territory was divided into East and West Jersey, Berkley owningWest Jersey, he sold it in 1674 to two Quakers Edward Byllinge and John Fenwick for $5,000. Penn and other Quakers purchased Byllinge's share and founded Burlington. Alter Cartaret's death East Jersey was offered at auction. It was purchased by Wm. Penn and eleven others, probably all Quakers. Rob- ert Barcley, first governor, (ruled by deputj > 1681 IV. Religion: In this colony there was a strong mixture of beliefs, among which were; Baptist dissenters, Quakers, Royalists andPuritans. V. Capitals: 1. West Jersey— Burlington. 2. East Jersey — a. Elizabethtown, b. Perth Amboy. YI. Punishments: 1. East Jersey — The laws were very severe owing to Puritan influence — 13 crimes punishable by death. 2. West Jersey — capital punishment prohibited. VII. Boundaries Between the Provinces: A line drawn from Little Egg Harbor northeast to the Delaware 41 degrees 40 minutes north latitude. VIII. Government: The proprietors resigned all rights to the crown and the provinces united, 1702. It was under the governors of New Analysis of American History. 5 5 York. But retained a separate legislature until 1738, after whicli it was given a government of its own. 1. Proprietary 1664 to 1685 2. Ruled, by New York governors 168.} to 1702 3. Royal province 1702 to 177G- THE CAROLINAS. Named in Honor of Charles II. I. Territorial Grant: Charles II. issued in 1663-65, a patent to Lord Clarendon. Lord High Chancellor of England; General Monk, Duke of Albemarle; Ashley Cooper, Lord Shaftesbury; Lord Craven; Sir John Colleton; Sir George Carteret; Lord Berkeley and Sir Wm. Berkeley for all the land between the thirty-sixth parallel and the river St. Johns, Florida, and extending west- ward to the Pacific Ocean, now occupied by the Carolinas and Georgia. This conflicted both with the Spanish and French claims. The territory was divided into North and South Carolina in 1729. NORTH CAROLINA. I. Date: 1663. II. Place: Albemarle Sound. III. Colony: Albemarle County Colony — Wm. Drummond. governor. IV. Events: 1. Clarendon Colony founded 1664 It was made up of planters from the Barbadoes, Claren- don county was laid out. Sir John Yeamans, governor. Growth, rapid. Eight hundred emigrants the first year. 2. "Grand Model" — Fundamental Constitution 1669 a. It divided the Carolinas into districts of 480,000 acres each. b. Political rights depended upon hereditary wealth. c. The people could not hold ofllce. d. It provided for two grand orders of nobility. 54 Analysis of American History. e. Could not leave their homes without permission. f. The control of settlers was purchased with the soil. g. It also provided for dukes, earls, marqiuses, knights, lords, esquires, baronial courts and heraldic ceremonies. Note — This form of government was very complex, the colonists could not even understand it. Its only effect was to destroy what little government already existed. It con- tained 120 distinct clauses. Never went Into actual operation and was given up in 1693. It was drawn up by Jno. Locks. 3. Arrival of emigrants — Virginia patriots 1676 4. Revenue Insurrection — Jno. Culpepper, Ieader.l676-Y9 5. Seth Sothel appointed governor— dissensions. .1683-89 6. Gary Rebellion— Test Act difficulty 1705 7. Arrival of Huguenots 1707 8. Tuscarora War 1711-13 9. The Carolinas divided 1729 SOUTH CAROLINA. I. Date: 1670. II. Place: .Charleston. III. Colony: Carteret Colony — Leaders, Joseph West and Wm. Sayle. IV. Events: 1. Port Royal Settled — Scotch Presbyterians, Leader, Lord Cardross 1684 Great Huguenot Immigration 1684-97 Quit Rents 1695 Church of England Established 1704 Siege of Charleston by French and Spanish troops, failure 1706 Yamassees War 1715 Revolution in government affairs 1719 Proprietary rights transferred to the Crown. .. .1729 V. Prineipal Governors (North Carolina): Drummond, Yeamans, Miller, Sothel, Ludwell and Walker. Anvlysis of Avicrtcan U 'siovy. 5 5 VI. Principal Governors (South Carolina): Sayle, West, Yeamans, Colleton, Ludwcll, Smith, Arch- dale, Moore, Johnson, Craven and Nicholson. VII. Education. Schools very few, poulation sparse. Printing begun 1754. Religion — little attention given. Episcopalianism pre- vailed. First minister appointed, 1703. Church erected, 1705. VIII. Products. (South Carolina) — Rice introduced 1G9G: indiga, 1741, (North Carolina) — Tar, pitch, turpentine and lumber. IX. Colonists: Independents, Quakers, Peasants and French Protest- ants. X. Governments: 1. North Carolina — Royal Province 1663-1776 2. South Carolina— Roy^ Province 1670-1776 PENNSYLVANIA. Latin for Penn's Wood. I. Date: First near Philadelphia, 1643, conquered by the Dutch, 1654, granted Wm. Penn, 1681, March 5th. II. Authority: .Charles II. III. Territorial Grant: Extended north and south over three degrees of latitude, and westward from the Delaware River five degrees of longi- tude, comprising about 48,000 square miles. IV. Motives: . (Penn). 1. Establish a free commonwealth, without respect to color, race or religion. 2. Subdue the natives with love and justice. 3. To found an asylum for people of his own faith. 4. Enlarge British areas. V. Motive: .(Charles II.) To satisfy a debt of £16,000 which Charles II. owed Sir Wm. Penn, father of Wm. Penn. 5 6 Analysis of American Histoy. VI. Events: 1. Penn becomes governor; Wm. Markham, deputy. 1681 2. Delaware purchased by Penn from Duke of York.1682 3. Treaty with the Lenni Lenapes and other tribes — Shaclvamaxon 1682 4. Chester Convention — territorial legislation 1682 5. Penn's Great Law 1683 Provisions: (a) Freedom of religion, (b) Freedom of suffrage without regard to religion and any member of the Christian church was given the right to hold office, (c) All children over twelve years of age should be taught some use- ful trade or occupation, (d) Murder and treason only, pvm- ishable by death. 6. Philadelphia founded 1683 7. Return of Penn to England 1684 8. Separation of Delajvare from Penn (took effect 1703) 1691 9. Government placed under thai of New York; Fletch- er, governor 1692 10. Trouble between Penn. and the English crown 1692-1699 11. Penn re-instated, groundless claims 1699 12. Final departure of Penn 1701 13. Penn-Ford difficulty 1713 14. Death of Penn 1718 His vast estates, though encumbered heavily, fell into the hands of his sons, Thomas, Richard and John, and con- trolled by them or their deputies until the outbreak of the Revolution. Through the rascality of Ford, Penn died almost penniless. 15. Mason and Dixon line drawn 1763 to 1767 It marks the boundary between Pennsylvania and Mary- land, about 250 miles long; all but about 22 miles was sur- veyed by them. At every fifth mile a stone was set up, hav- ing the coat- of-arms of Penn cut on the north side and that of Calvert on the south. It afterwards marked the boundary between slavery and freedom. Analysis of Atnencan History. 57 16. Penn's heirs cede Pennsylvania 1779 The state of Pennsylvania gave Penn's heirs £130,000 for their claims. VII. Principal Governors: Penn, 1681-1692; Fletcher, 1692-1C90; Penn, 1699-1701; Evans, 1701-1708; Gookin commissioned, 1709. VIII. Government: Proprietary 168.3-177D GEORGIA. "I. Date: .1733.. Grant issued on the 9th of June , 1732, by George II. Named in Honor of George II. II. Place: Savannah. ' '':^ ', III. Leader: James Oglethorpe. IV. Territorial Grant: All that now comprises the states of Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi — known then as all the land between the Savannah and Altamaha rivers, and westward from their northern sources to the Pacific Ocean. V. Colonists: Number, 120; mostly English, Scotch Highlanders, Ger- mans, Jews and Moravians. VI. Motives of Oglethorpe: 1. To found a home for "The poo;- debtor" — spirit of pure benevolence. 2. To found a refuge for the persecuted Protestants. 3. To form a military barrier against the encroach- ments of the Spaniards from Florida, who laid claim to all South Carolina. 4. Manufacture of silk and thus savo the English from the expense of exporting it from Italy. 5. Prohibit slavery and forbid the importation of rum — thus striking a blow at idleness and intemperance. Note — The House of Commons voted £10,000 to estab- lish these motives. A private subscription of £26,000 was raised. Whole amount equal to about $500,000. 58 Analysis of Aviericaii Histoty. VII. Government: 1. As Oglethorpe held the exclusive right for twenty- one years; it remained proprietary up to 1752. 2. No man was allowed to own more than fifty acres of land, unless he brought his white servants — this he could not rent, sell nor divide among his children. 3. At the proprietor's death it fell to his oldest son — if none, it went back to the colonial trustees. 4. Forbade laud to descend to women — object, to keep it in the hands of those that could do military duty. 5. Catholics were not allowed to settle or hold land in tke colony. Note — Georgia became a Royal Province in 1752, and was governed by the crown until the Revolution. VIII. Events: 1. "Covenant of Friendship" with the natives. .. .1733 Tomo-chichi, chief of the Yamacraws, and Long King, chief ©f the Oconas, met Oglethorpe at Savannah and formed friendly relations. 2. Oglethorpe visits England 1734 Tomo-chichi accompanied him. Oglethorpe returned in 1737 with 300 new colonists. Chief among them were John and Charles Wesley. 3. Spangenburg and a company of n ne Moravians arrive 1735 4. Rev. George Whitefleld arrives 1738 5. Arrival of 600 soldiers under Oglethorpe 1737 Oglethorpe's anticipation of a Spanish war. 6. Siege of St. Augustine by Oglethorpe 1740 Oglethrope with 1,000 men begun the siege which lasted five weeks. The place was strongly fortified by Monteano, the Spanish commandant. The British withdrew. Ogle thorpe's plan was the conquest ot St. Augustine and the entire extinction of Spanish authority north of the Gulf of Mexico. 7. Battle of Bloody Marsh, Spanish ioss, 200, English victorious 1742 8. Attack on Fort William 1742 Analysis of American History. 59 Captain Stuart succeded by a masterly defense in saving the fort. He had 50 men. 9. The return of Oglethorpe to England 1743 10. Reynolds made first governor of the Royal Province 1752 11. Division of the colony into eight parishes. .. .1758 12. Church of England established by law 1758 Anayltic Review of Immigrants. 1. Pilgrims or Separatists from England by way of Hol- land to Plymouth colony. 2. Puritans from England to Massachusetts. 3. Dissenting Puritans from Massachusetts to Rhode Island. 4. Roman Catholics from England to Maryland. 5. Huguenots from France to New York, South Carolina and other places. 6. Presbyterians from Scotland and Ireland to Pennsyl- vania and New Jersey, the northern colonies and other places . 7. Lutheran and other sects, from Grfermany and Switz- erland to Pennsylvania, and thence southward. Colonial Forms of Government. 1. Provincial or Royal Province — One in which the gov- ernor and council were appointed by the Crown, and a legis- lature whose upper house was the council, and whose lower house was elective. The governor was given power to pro- rogue or dissolve the legislature at will and with the consent of the council could establish courts. 2. Propretary — One in which the proprietors appoint- ed the governors and convened the legislature. The colonial power was somewhat greater in the government, yet the sovereignty, of the mother country could not be denied. 3. Charter — One in which the charter was given direct- ly to the colonists, carrying witn it the power to elect their governor and other officers, also, the power to establish courts. 4. Modified Charter — A form of government in which the sovereign reserved the right to select the governor. 6o Analysis of Avierican History. 5. Commercial association was that form of govern- ment by which a colony was under the direct control of a company whose purpose was financial gain. 6. Voluntary Association — Was that form in which the colonists, without authority, made their own laws and executed them. ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. Plantagenet Era — 331 Yrs. Henry II. 1154-1189. Richard I. 1189-1199. John 1199-1216. Henry III. 121G-1272. Edward I. 1272-1307. Edward II. 1307-1327. Edward III. 1327-1377. Riciard II. 1377-1399. House of Lancaster. henry IV. 1399-1413. Henry V. 1413-1422. Henry VI. 1422-1461. House of York. Edward IV. 1461-1483. Edward V. 1483. Richard III. 1483-1485. Tudor Period — 118 Years. Henry VII. 1485-1509. Henry VIII. 1509-1547. Edward VI. 1547-1553. Mary 1553-1558. Elizabeth 1558-1603. NOTE — From the reign of Queen Elizabeth to the reign of William and Mary is regarded by some authors as First Colonial Period, ana the time between the reign of William and Mary and that of George IV, as the Second Colonial Period. Stuart Line — 100 Years. James I. 1603-1625. Charles I. 1625-1649. The Commonwealth. 1649-1660. The Restored Stuarts. Charles II. 1660-1685. Jam€B II. 1685-1688. The Orange Stuarts. William and Mary. 1689-1702. Queen Anne. 1702-1714. House of Hanover. George I. 1714-1727. George II. 1727-1760. George HI. 1760-1820. George IV. 1820-1830. William IV. 1830-1837. Victoria 1837-1900. Edward VII. 1900. Analysis of Auuricaii Histoiy. 6i _ Q P Q Q Q Q p Q d Q '$ J ^- J h4 J J P J h5 p c ^ ^* I" § g fe" . P P .e : : : ^ 8 : ^ ^- a " : : : :| • ^- ^ I tf ; : ; : • ^^s : : : : : : ,^ :< : C3 'U5iXit-t-t-t-t^t-C-t- rt &c> 5.S S CS hC c z: ^-. 2. a. ?^ ><, S^ i;^ cz P ffi " b; a i: ? hi « 2 >> M Oi 3 irf 62 Analysis of American History. GENERAL STATEMENrS .REGARDING THE COLONIES AT THE CLOSE OF THE INTER-COLONIAL WARS, (1763) 1. Estimated Populations,. 1,695,000 whites; 310,000 blacks. Most populous were — Virginia 284,000; Massachusetts, more than 200,000; Penn. nearly 200,000; Conn. 130,000; Md., 104,- 000; New York 85,000. Georgia having the least nearly 5,000. 2. Education: New England took the lead. Middle Colonies — not so general — except Penn., through the efforts of the illustrious Franklin. Very irregular south of the Potomac. In the Southern Colonies, Virginia, took the lead. Maryland the Carolinas, and Georgia followed. At the close of the Re- volutionary War only ten colleges had been established. 4. Language: All English except a few — Germans, Dutch, Scotch, Irish and Hugenots. 5. Literature: (Newspapers.) First periodicals: "The Boston News Letter," 1704 (weekly) issued by Campbell. "The New England Courant," 1721 — issued by James Franklin. "Boston Gazette" 1719 — Issued by A. Bradford. "The American Daily Advertiser" (first daily) appeared at Philadelphia, 1784. "New York Weekly Journal," 1733 — issued by" Zenger, this may be re- garded as a prototype of the modern newspaper. Between 1704 and 1775, 78 different newspapers had been printed with varied success in the colonies. Of these; 39 were in actual process of publication at the outbreak of the Revolu- tion. Books were mainly — History, Theology and Politick. 6. Religion: Protestant. Most Catholics were in Maryland, they probably constituted about one-fiftfeenth of the population. Social rank — no caste. 7. Cities: Most important — Philadelphia. New York, Boston and Charleston. Anvlysis of Avicrican H'siory. 63 S. Trade: Exports mainly — Tobacco, rice, indigo, tar, turpentine, fish, lumber, furs, iron and sailing vessels. 9. Government and Living: Approaching self-government. Living — very simple. 10. Punishments: Severe — stocks, pillory, whipping, ducking-pools, heavy fines, etc. 11. Literature: 1. Historians: Smith's — "True Relation of Virginia," 1G08. Bradford's — "The Plymouth Plantation," printed in 1856. J. Winthrop, Jr., — "History of New England," about 1640. Edward Winslow's — "Good Newes from New England," 1645. 2. Philosophers and Scientists: Franklin's— "Almanac" and "Way to Wealth," 1733 to 1786. William Pierce's — "An Almanac calculated for New England," 1629 — first booK printed in America; second, Bay Psalm book, 1640. .John Bartram, Quaker gardner, geologist 3. Classic Writers: Translation of "Ovid" by George Sandys. Translation of Cicero's essay on "01?! Age," with notes. 1742 by James I,ogan. \. Theologians Thos. Hoolcer's— "Survey of the Sumrae of Church Dis- cipline." Jno. Cotton's- -"Milk for Babes '; -'Meat for Strong Men." Roger Williams's— "The Bloody Tenet of Persecution." John Eliot's— "The Indian Bible." 1664. Cotton Mather's— "History of the War with the Indians.' Richard Mather's— "Cambridge Platform." Increase Mather's — "Magnalia Christi Americana." Micheal Wigglesworth's— "The Day of Doom." Peter Folger's— "A Looking glass for the Times." 64 Analysis 0/ American Histoiy. 5. Metaphysician: Jonathan Edwards — "On the P'reedom of the Will; "Doctrine of Original Sin." 6. Miscellaneous Writers: Church, Shepherd, Stone, Anne Brad street, Calfe, Clapp, Dickinson, Thompson, Burr, Woolman, Golden, Chauncey, etc. 12. Forms of Governments — Principal. 1. Provincial — New Hampshire, N. York., i\ew Jersey, Va., N. S., S. C, ana Georgia. 2. Proprietary — Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland. 3. Charter — Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island. CONSTITUTIONAL GROWTH OF THE COLONIES. Puritan Influence: .1 The Mayflower Compact, 1620. Plymouth, Mass. 2. Connecticut Constitution, 1639, Hartford, Conn. 0. The New England Confederation, 1643. Dutch Influence, — None — in written form. Catholic Influence, — None — in written form. Quaker Influence, and German — 1. Pennsylvania's plan, 1697, Philadelphia, Pa. 2. Anti-Slavery, paper, 1688, Philadelphia. Pa. Gener.5l Action: 1. First Congress of the Colonies, 1690, N. Y. 2. Franklin's plan, 1754— Albany, N. Y. 3. First Colonial Congress— 1765, N. Y. 4. Mecklenburg Resolution — 1774. Charlotte, N. C. 5. F'irst Continental Congress — 1774 Philadelphia, Pa. 6. Secord Continental Congress — 1775 Philadelphia, Pa. 7 Declaration of Independence — 1776 Philadelphia, Pa. 8. .Articles of Confederation- -1781 Philadelphia, Pa. 9. Conference at Alexandria — 1785 Alexandria, Va. 10. Virginia Resolution — 1786. 11. Trade Convention — 1786 Annapolis, Md. 12. Constitutional Convention 1787 Philadelphia. Pa. NOTE — For further discussion of these steps. Fee sep- arate topics. Analysis of American Iljs/oiy. C5 CONVENTION OF THE COLONIES. ALBANY CONVENTION. (See French and Indian War.) *"Stanip Act Congress" (First Colonial.) I. Date: October 7, 1765— October 25, 1765. II. Place: New York. III. Cause: Immediate — Passage of the Stamp Act. IV. Representation: Nine colonies — Mass., S. C, Peun., N. J., Md., R. I., Conn. N. Y. and Delaware, Twenty-eight delegates. Timothy Ruggles of Massachusetts president. V. Measures: 1. An address to the Kir.g. 2 A declaration of rights and grievances. 3. A petition to Parliment. 4. Claimed that the stamp act subverted their liberties. 5. Demanded the right of trial by jury. *This congress is sometimes called the "Day Star of the American Union." FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS (Second Colonial.) I. Date: Met Sept. 5, 177'1 — Adjourned October 14, 1774. II. Place: Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia. III. Cause — Immediate — Boston Port Bill. IV. Purpose: To devise some plan of stopping the oppressions of England. V. Representation: All the colonies except Georgia — fifty-five delegates. Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, was chosen president. Othe'- distinguished members were: Washington, Henry, R. H Lee, J. Dickinson, Jay, .\dams, Sherman, Livingston and the Rutledges of S. C. VI. Measures: 1. Declaration of Colonial Rights. 2. Petition to the King. ;j. Suspension of all intercourse with England. 4. ^^ Analysis of American liiswry. An address to the English nation and to the people of Can- ada. SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. I. Date: Met May 10, 1775 — Continued with short adjournments until March, 1781. II. Place: Independence Hall, Philadelphia. III. Cause: The opening conflicts of the war. IV. Representation: All the colonies. Most distinguished delegates werfe: Washington, John and Sam'i Adams, Franklin, Jefferson and Patrick Henry. V. Acts and Measures: 1. Second Petition to the king. 2. Earnestly expressed a desire for peaceful settlement with Great Britain. 3. Authorized the issue of $2,000,000 in paper money. 4. Equip an army of 20,000 men. 5. Appointed George Wash- ington, commander-in-chief; Gates, adjutant-general; Ward, Lee, Schuyler and Putnam major-generals. 6. Declaration of Independence proposed by R. H. Lee, June 7, 1775, adopt- ed July 4, 177C; signed by the delegates, August 2, 1776. John Hancock, president and Charles Thomson, secretary. Drafting committee: J. Adams, Thos. Jefferson, B FranMiu, Roger Sherman and R. R. Livingston. The Declaration was mainly the work of Jefferson but its adoption was secured thcugl the efforts of Jno. Adams — fifty-six signor's. IS('TP3 — After the adjournment, March 17S1 ; '~'^Tress hell iTDual sessions until October 10, 1788, wh-jn the rolj was called for the last time WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. I. Time: April 19, 1775 to Sept. 3, 1783. II. Causes: General: 1. Right of Arbitrary Government — most general cause 2. Influence over the colonies, exerted by France, and Holland. Analysis of American History. Gj 3. The conflict between republican and monarchical principles. 4. Growth of public opinion tended to independence. 5. The despotic character of George III and his ministry. .6 The effort at last made to enforce the navigation laws. 7. Organization of the Board of Trade and Plantations. 9. The general results of the Inter-colonial wars. 2. Special — Series of acts destructive of colonial liberty. 1. Importation act, 173o — enforced, 1761. 2. Sugar act, 1733— expired 1763. 3. Iron act 1750. 4. Writs of assistance, 1761. T' Declaration act 1764. (.; Stamp act, 1765 — repealed 1766. 7. Dependency act, 1766. 8. Restriction on Internal Trade, 1673. Townshend or Revenue Acts. (1) Quartering acts. (2) Taxation act. (3) Declara- tory act. (4) Trade enforcement act. — 1767 — repealed 1770. 10. Intolerable or "Coercive Acts." 1. Boston Port Bill. 2. Transportation Bill. 3.. Massachusetts Bill. 4. Quartering Act. 5. Quebec Act — 1774. III. Events: (Both influencing and introductory.) 1. Resolutions of Patrick Henry, 1765 2. Organization of the Sons of Liberty, 1765 3. Organization of the Daughters of Liberty, 1765 4. First Colonial Congress 1765 5. Repeal of the Stamp Act, 1766 6. "Letters of a Farmer" — Dickinson, 1767 7. Troops from Halifax land at Boston— 700, 1768 8. New York and Boston riots, 1770 9. Burning of the Gaspee, 1112 10. Committees of correspondence — Dabney Carr 1772 11. Boston Tea Party Dec. 16, 1773 68 Analysis of American History. Three hundred and forty chests were thrown into the har- bor by 50 masked men — $100,000 worth. Name of the English vessel was Dartmouth. 12 First Continental Congress 1774 13. The organization of the "Minute Men," 1771 14. Boston Neck fortified. Gen. Gage — 10,000 men 1774. 15. Military stores conveyed to Boston — Gen. Gage 1774 16. Colonial stores moved to Concord 1774 IV. Conditions of the Colonists: Finance — no coin — continental money. Population — abouc 2,000,000, including nearly 500,000 slaves. Army — Continental, about 12,000 men— strong Tory element. Y. Party Leaders: 1. Leading Tories, — Hutchinson, Oliver, Tryon, Butler, The Johnsons and Ruggles. 2. Opposers of the Colonial policy. (English.) George III; Wedderburn, Lords North, Townshend, Strahan, Camden Grenville, Percy, Van, etc. 3. Friends of the Colonial policy (English) Pitt, Burke. Fox, Barre, Rockingham, Efhngham, Conway, Earl of Sherburne (Fitz Maurice) etc. VI. Colonial Leaders: The Adamses, Washington, Otis, Franklin, Henry, Henry Lee, Morris, Hancock, Paine, Hamilton and others. Commanders-in-chief. 1. English (a) Gage, (b) Sir William Howe (c) Sir Henry Clinton, e. Sir Guy Carleton. Other generals — Burgoyne, Cornwallis, Tarleton and Richard Howe. 2. Colonial — Geo. AVashington, — June 16, 1775. Took command at Cambridge, July 2. Other generals — Gates, Greene, Lee, Lincoln, Putnam a:nd Schuyler. Fore- ign aid — La Fayette, De Kalb, Stuben, D'Estaing, Pulaski, Kosciusko, De Grasse and Rochambeau. VII. Engagements. (See Outline of Battles.) Analysts of America n History. 69 VIII. Events: i. Second Continental Congress, INIay 10, 1770 2. Mecklenburg Declaration 1775 3. Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776 4. llickey Plot — Hickey hanged — D. Mathews impris- oned, 1776 L. Stars and Stripes adopted, 1777 6. Campaign of Burgoyne — Surrender at Saratoga, 1777 Turning point of the war — One of the world's decisive bat- tles. 7. Articles of Confederation adopted, 1777 8. British capture Philadelphia — then capital 1777 9. Conway Cabal 1777 Plot to remove Washington from command and place Gates in his stead. Formed by Gates, Lee, Miffliu Wilkinson, Sam Adams, and others — Failed — The next year Conway was wounded in a duel; he then confessed his wrong. The word Cabal is formed from the first letter of each of the names of five Englishmen viz.: — Clifford, Ashley, Bucking- ham, Arlington and Lauderdale. 10. Treaty of alliance with France. (First treaty) 1778 1. Date: Concluded Feb. 6, 1778; Ratified by the Continental Congress May 4, L78S. Ratifications exchanged at Paris, July 17, 1778. 2. Commissioners: 1. American — B. Franklin, Silas Deane, Arthur Lee. 2. French — C. A. Gerard. 11. Wyoming and Cherry Velley massacres 1778 12. Battle betweeen the Bon Homme Richard and Sera- pis, Dec. 22, 177 t Yorkshire coast England, Jones commander of the Richard of 40 guns and had two consorts to aid him, the Alliance and the Paulus. Pearson commanded the Serapis of 44 guns; he had one vessel to aid him th-- Scnrborough. His loss was 150 men. .Jones was successful, but lost 300 men out of the 375 that, he had on board. This was the last naval battle of note of the war. Jon^s hTd previously taken 467 prizes in this war. 70 Amz/ysis of American History. 13. Paul Jones raised the first naval flag (yellow silk; 1779. 14. Arnold's treason and Andre's execution, 1780 15. Peun. troops becomes mutijious, 1781 16. Full ratification of the Art. of Confederation — Md. last state, 178 1 iX. General Results of the Revolution. — 1. Treaties: 1. Provisional — Concluded at Paris Nov. 30, 1782. Proclamation ordered by the continental congress, April 11 1783. 2. Commissioners: — American — J. Adams, E. Franlvlin, J. Jay, Henry Laurens. English — Richar Oswald. 1. Definitive — Concluded at Paris, Sept. 3, 1783; rati fied by the Continental Congress Jan. 14, 1784; Proclaimed Jan. 14, 1784. 2. Commissioners: American — J. Adams, B. Franklin, John Jay. English — David Hartley. 2. Chief Provisions. 1. Absolute independence of the I'. S. was recognized by England. 2. Free navigation of the Miss. River and lakes. 3. New Foundland and St. Laurence fisheries given up to United States. 4. Surrender of all territory east of Mississippi river and south of the Great Lakes to Ihe United States. 5. England receded Florida to Spain. 6. England retained Canada and Nova Scotia and the exclusive control of the river, St. Laurence. 7. Loyalists and Tories to be protected in America. 8. The withdrawal of English troops without the des- truction of property. 9. No molestation of negro slaves held by America. 3. Cost. England— 50,000 men— $61 0,000.000. America — 40,000 men — $135,000,000 Washington's ex- penses alone during the war $74,485. Tliere were ultimately 309,781 men enlisted. Analysis of American History. 7 1 BOUNDS OF THE UNITED STATES— 1783. From the mouth of the St. Croix river, Maine, along about the present northern boundary of the United States, to Lalte Erie, thence through the middle of Lalves, Erie, Huron and Superior to the Lake of the Woods and then westward to the Mississippi river (impossible, for the Missis- sippi river does not rise in Canada) theuco down the mid- dle of the river to 31 deg. north latitude; thence due east on that parallel to the Appalachicola river, and then by what is now the present boundary line of Florida to the Atlantic ocean. 72 Afialysis of American Histojy. •J ^ E E E f 3 r £ £ oa -00 «OOL<-:000"-:0'*- •n = -n E '"^ "^ " *^ _ _ E E • n -n ca cc ® IB I- Z o 3 -J o > u q: u z H U. O < m ui I- < m o '-^ O w w 11 f<)>-i-<^Onio-H«>-CO'-'C» 000000000 _ooooooooo__ OOCOnOOOOOvOOvD 000000 00000 o o - _ o o OrOOOCOOOOO OCOOOOOOCOO tt \00^^0\0 0_^0 O O O O Tt^ r^ O \^ ^ ^r ^ ^^ ^ ^ '-^ ^~j ■" 4J O - ^ 2 1) ^ " 3- t. 2 o'^ °^ c. E^~ E5' ° ° ^ M •-'''*^ «^ B-~-^ " ~ "£ o 2 r I X as CS :S^ ---u, Oh-, U^ u^u, c i^ E t- (L) i- -a 2 o "o, *^ c c C u- ". ^ hr be bD^ r r r u hr rt c j: a ^ ^ *■* ? rt S CO rt u: = ^ ^ ^ >. F rt ^ > rt TO O O 3 QJ t- *J ^ • i- c «J bcN ca S I:?' = A ■- (U rt •- ^ ^ s- j:: -= u — "' bO c o ^^•3 ^^S' bu ? > J- -Q .E 3 CT O t^ • CO " « „ ^ „ D bx)^- u y _• b£-i O, . . 4) ;^ be t-, >-> ^ C C ^ 3 rt CS a.=«'C45C3yb5C3p-g-UutjOC^'31;CC:c_-3nre < s a.Q ^,< o z c ^< c^ X o c o ii ^A< c .i j;xA< s :s lA ir. trj \^.\c \C vcTvo' vo' J^ I-i t^ 1^ 1-^ ri »~>- r^oo' CO' Co' Co' d- C^ C-^ C^ Q-' O O - t*— C O ~ O 1- 3-1 Z .i; 3 ^ *-> >- bo .£Z : : > >- H-l^ rt "^^ D- ^ Z 'Z ,0i 4J ^ to U< U3 C ^ ^- .. CS n t^ :> ^ fcihi c £ T Q o -^ " bc ? « C u u _'(/) be iL. 0- . = _ .r ^ r' if 3 > -J= (u 'o -" >* !i fZ - - c bDO ^- . ^ O u =,-= 3 rt i; :; - X jj: Analysis of American History. n 4> .S OJ — 4J D U u — ; OJ <; ca < CQ -i •-< CO f^-O • o o »-< M O OCO vC o O VD ■^ X^ 8 • ooo (S "^ O O »o rO i-t ^n »^< n • oooooooooo OOOOOOi^vOOO oooocooo oooooooo oj ^ *. rt c OJ U 1) ^^o^= « fcc bio bi) • . 4) u "C -t; ^< < < O ►^.^,'« < --0 o' 6 6 6 6 -' - -' - -" coccojcyococzjooajcocz) t^ t^ t^ t^ i^ i^ 1^ r^ r^ t--. Ml < ■o •o. ^O^.ISt^ ; 1* : J-Z' u E b£ ^7) o ^ 1- - ^ u «) a. o o ;n ^ - br, > -_- i: -S rt , W o O te ^ ^4 Analysis of American History. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND PERPETUAL UNION. I. Date: Committee appointed, June 12, 1776; adopted, Nov. 15, 1777; signed by the delegates of eight states July 9, 1778; and went into effect March 1, 17Si. II. Place of Convention: Philadelphia. III. Authority: Continental Congress. IV. Drafting Committee. Messrs Bartlett, Hopkins, Sherman, Stone, Dickinson, Howes, Gwinnett, S. Adams, McKean, R. R. Livingston, Nel- son and E. Rutledge. Dickinson penned them. V. Peculiarities — Principal — 1. Representation — not less than two nor more than seven from each state. 2. Sovereignty was reserved to the states. 3. No other than delegated powers could be exercised by congress. 4. In voting each state cast a single ballot. 5. "League of States" instead of the people. 6. Each state shall maintain its own delegates, with power to withdraw. V). Defects — Principal. 1. Left Congress entirely dependent upon the states. 2. No power to regulate trade. No taxing power. .3. Could not be amended save by the conseat of every state. 4. To carry any important measure, the votes of nine states were necessary. 5. They did not provide for any oilxecutive or Judiciary 6. No power over treaties, commerce, or war. The first great duty of the new government was to pro- vide for the payment of the debt that had been incurred by the war. The debt had by this time reached the sum of $38,000,000. Congress could only recommend to the states the levying of a sufficient tax to pay this. Some paid H and some did not. In the very beginning the government was thwarted. The trouble that attended the disbanding of the army was due to the inability rather than to the indispo- Analysis of Anicricmi History. 7 5 sition of Congress toward the soldiers. Robert Morris had given $1,400,000; Franklin had given $15,000; France had given $2,000,000 and loaned $3,000,000 more, all had been spent in a vain attempt to sustain the credit of the govern- ment. For three years after peace had been declared the public affairs were in a state bordering on chaos. The sagacious patriots who had won their liberty looked upon the country in this imperiled state with alarm. They saw if the Articles of Confederation could not be amended or a new system of government planned the nation would soon go to ruin. The project of remodelling the government originated with Washington after the Conference at Alex- adria, May 20-25, 1785. Washington invited the commis- sioners;*— Mason, Henderson, Jenifer, Stone and Chase, to come to his home, Mt. Vernon, Va. While there, Washing- ton proposed the calling of a new convention to meet at Annapolis; in this they all concurred and separated on the twenty-eight of the m.onth. TRADE CONVENTION. I. Date: Sept. 1786. II. Place: Annapolis, Md. III. Purpose: To regulate trade and commerce. IV. Representation: Five States — Virginia, New York, Pennslyvania and Delaware. — Twelve delegates. V. Questions Duscussed: 1. States to regulate the trade and commerce. 2. Revision of the Articles of Confederation. 3. The question of a tariff on imports. 4. The question of framing a new Constitution. VI. Result: The calling of the Constitutional Convention. 76 Analysis of American History. SHAY'S REBELLION. I. Date: December 6, 1786. II. Place: Massachusetts — throughout, to some exteni, Nejv England. III. Leader: Daniel Shays — 2,000 Men. IV. Causes: Refusal to issue paper money. 2. Taxes to the amount of $1,000,000 annually. 3. High salary of the governor. 4. Specific taxes to pay interest on the state debt. V. Results: 1. He took possession of Worcester and stopped the proceedings of the Supreme Court. Springfield mobbed. The rioters were put down by Gov. Lincoln, with 4,000 mili- tia — 150 of them were captured; but were all pardoned by Gov. Bowdoin. 2. Confirmed the theory that a stronger government must be formed. LAND CLAIMS OF THE STATES AND THEIR CESSIONS. 1. New York ceded her claims February, 1780. They comprised her present state limits westward to about the seventy-seventh meridian, "Line of 1786." Based upon an Indian title. 2. Virginia ceded her claims March 1, 1784. Besides her present state limits they comprised W. Virginia, Ken- tucky, and nearly all of the territory embracing the states of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois — According to the charter or 1609. She also claimed an interest in the lands of the Connecticut Grant. 3. Massachusetts ceded her lands April 19, 1785. Be- sides her own state limits she claimed Maine, western portion of New York, portion of southern Michigan and a portion of southern Wisconsin. These claims were based upon the charter 1628. 4. Connecticut ceded her claims Sept. 14, 1786. They comprised northern Ohio, northern Indiana, northern Illi- Afialysis of Avierican H'siory. JJ nois and a small portion of the southern peninsula of Michi- gan. Claimed by the charter of 16C2. 5. South Carolina ceded her claims August 8, 1787. They comprised her present state limits and a narrow strip of land between North Carolina's claim and Georgia's. They were based upon the "Survey of 1670." 6. North Carolina ceded her claims Feb. 25, 1790. They comprised her present state limits and the territory known now as the state of Tennessee. Based upon the charter of 1665. 7. Georgia ceded her claims April 24, 1802. They com- prised her present state limits and practically all of the territory known now as the states of Alabama and Missis- sippi. Claimed by the charter of 1732. ORDINANCE OF 1787*. I. Date: Adopted July 13 1787— First Suggested by Jefferscn 1784 II. Place: New York. III. Authority: Continental Congress. IV. Purposes: 1. The necessity of a government for the territory ex- tending from Pennsylvania to the Mississippi river and from the Ohio to the Great Lakes that had been previously ceded by Great Britain and seven of the original states. — North-west Territory. 2. A company of Revolutionary soldiers had proposed buying a tract of this land and wished protection from the general government. V. Delegates: Jefferson, Cutler, Sargent, Gushing. Putnam. Brooks, Dane and others. The draft was drawn by Cutler. YI. Provisions of Ordinance: (1) No man was to be deprived of his liberty, excepting *This ordinance was th^ greatest act under the Articles of Confederation. 78 Analysis of American History. as a punishment for crime; life, property, and religious freedom was to be protected. (.2) Religion, morality, aud knowledge being neces- sary to good government, schools and means of education shall forever be encouraged. (3) Slavery to be prohibited. (4). Not less than three nor more than five states should be formed from the territory. (5) States to be admitted as fast as they should asquire a population of 60,000. VII. Acts and Events: 1. Arthur St. Clair appointed first governor, Oct. 5, 1787 2. First territorial legislature met at Cincinnati, Sept. 16, 1799. 3. First settlement established at Marrietta by Rufus Putnam, April 7, 1788. 4. In May, 1800 the territory was divided and W. H. Harrison made governor of the western part called "Terri- tory of Indiana." 5. Ohio became a state Feb. 19, 1803. Other states formed from this territory are Indiana, Illinais, Michigan, Wisconsin, and a part of Minnesota. GENERAL NOTE— Jefferson suggested that Cherron- esus, Metropotamia, Asseniesippa, Polypctamia and Pelisi- pia be adopted as names for these states. CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION— CONSTITUTION FORMED I. Date: May 25 to Sept. 17, 1787... Went into effect, June 21, 1788. II. Place: Philadelphia. III. Delegates: Number that attended was fifty-five, but only thirty- nine signed the constitution. All the states were represen- ted except Rhode Island and New Hampshire. Leaders — Madison, Hamilton, Washington, Franklin, Rob't Morris, King, G. Morris, Rutledge, Sherman and Randolph. Wash- ington was chosen president and William Jackson secretary. Ajialysis of American Histoty. jg IV. Causes: 1. Weakness of the Articles of Confederation. 2. Shay's rebellion. 3. Failure of the proposed amendments. V. Committee of Style: Hamilton, King, Johnson, Madison, G. Morris VI. Committee of Detail: Rutledge, Wilson, Gorham, Ellsworth, Randolph. Gouv- erneur Morris wrote the final draft. VII. Events: 1. Virginia Plan. a. Drawn up by Madison and presented by Randolph, May 29. Clauses : a. Representation by population, b. Two branches of congress — the first chosen by the people the second by the state legislatures, c. Congress should choose the Execu- tive, who should have veto power, d. Congress should make laws governing commerce, taxes, and power to veto state laws and other clauses. d. Supporters — Hamilton, Madison, King, Wilson and Morris. 2. South Carolina Plan: a. Drawn up by C. Pinckney and presented. May 29. It resembled the above plan. 3. New Jersey Plan: a. Drawn up by Wm. Patterson and presented June 15. It was in nearly every respect incompatible with Randolph's plan leaving far more to the states, that the smaller states might be protected. b. Supporters — Patterson, Yates, Martin and Lansing. IX. Compromises of the Constitution: 1. As to Representation or Connecticut Compromise: Offered by Ellsworth of the Connecticut Delegation — It gave the states equal representation in the senate and a repre- sentation according to their population in the House. 8o Ajialysis of American Histoiy. 2. As to Slavery — called the Threee-fifths compromise: Provided in apportioning the representation, that three- fifths of all slaves should be counted. 3. As to Commerce: Provided that the importation of slaves should not bs for- bidden before 1808, and that exports should never be taxed. X. Sources of the Constitution: 1. From Franklin in the Albany Convention. 2. English Bill of Rights. 3. Drawn from the experiences of the state under the Articles of Confederation. 4. Borrowed from various state Constitutions and the laws then in force. XL Articles of tlie Constitution: 1. Legislative. 2. Executive. 3. Judicial. 4. General Provisions: 1. State Records. 2. Privilege of citizens, 3. United States. 5. Power of Amendment. 6. Miscellaneous Provisions. 7. Ratification of Constitution. XII. Results: 1. It gave the nation an executive. 2. It gave Congress power to raise money by taxation. — Congress was no longer simply an advisory body. 3. Formation of two political parties Federlist and Anti-Federlist. Federlist — loose construction view of the Constitution. Anti-Federalist — strict construction view of the Constitution. 4. It gave every citizen equal rights in all the states. 5. It divided the country on the slave question. 6. It established the supreme court — the balance wheel of our government. RATIFICATION OF THE. CONSTITUTION. BY THE STATES. 1. Delaware, Dec. 7, 1787, unaminous. 2. Pennsylvania, Dec. 12, 1787, 46 to 23. 3. New Jersey, Dec. 18, 1787, unaminous. 4. Georgia, Jan. 2, 1788, unaminous, 5. Connecticut, Jan. 9, 1788, 128 to 40. Analysis of American History. 8i ^6. Massachusetts, Feb. 6, 1788, 187 to 168. 7. Maryland, April 28, 1788, 63 to 11. 8. South Carolina, May 23, 1788. 149 to 73. 9. New Hampshire, June 21, 1788, 57 to 46. 10. Virginia, June 26, 1788, 89 to 79. 11. New York, July 26, 1788, 30 to 2S. 12. North Carolina, Nov. 21, 1789, 193 to 75. 13. Rhode Island, May 29, 1790, 34 to 32, Presidents of the Continental Congress and of the Congress of of the Confederation. 1775-178S. 1775 Peyton Randolph, Va. 177o John Hancock, Mass. 1777 Henry Laurens, S. C. 1778 John Jay, N. Y. 1779 Samuel Huntington, Conn. 1781 Thomas McKeau, Delaware. 1781 John Hanson, Md. 1782 Elias Boudinot, N. J. 1783 Thomas Mifi:iin, Pa. 1784 Richard H. Lee, Va. 1786 Nathaniel Gorham, Mass. 17S7 Arthur St. Clair, Pennsylvania. THE DEPARTMENTS OF OUR GOVERNIVIENT AND WHEN CREATED: 1. The Department of State was established July 27, 1789. This department had its origin in the Continental Congress of Jan. 1781. It was then styled the "Department of Foreign Affairs." R. R. Livingston was its first secretary. 2. The War Department was established Aug. 7, 1789. This department was first created Feb. 1781. Its chief officer was styled the "Secretary of War and Marine." Benjamin Lincoln was its first secretary. 3. The Treasury Department was established Sept. 2, 1789. This department was first created by the Continental Congress in 1781. The chief officer was styled the "Super- intendent of Finance." Robert Morris was the first super- intendent. 4. The office of Attorney General was established Sept. 24, 1789. It was organized as the Department of Justice, June 22, 1870. Analysis of American History. 5. The Post Office Department was established May 8, 1794. The second Continental Congress provided for this office in July, 1775. Dr. Benjamin Franklin was appointed to fill it and was styled "Postmaster-General of the United Colonies." G. The IDepartment of the Isavy was established by act of Congress, .April 30, 1798. 7. The Department of the Interior was established, March 3, 1849. 8. The Department of Agriculture was established, Feb. 12, 1889. 9. The Department of Commerce and Labor was established Feb. 11, 1903. Geo. B. Cortelyou took the oath of office as Secretary of the Department, Feb. 18. The object of the new department is declared to foster, promote and develop the foreign and domestic commerce, the mining manufacturing, shipping and fishery industries, the labor interests and the transportation facilities of the United States. Analyst's oj American Histo>y. 83 j: Si •- 3 •- :5 2 m -£ •- 3 ^ S I 4 C 3 r e 5 c >•= = = 3 2 3 n D j:'cuw 2 *j islfesii^lliltolsigss-c a c iSs^xS'. i'. ^Q-<£S'^£x. ^5^D.oi55a _J~ M paia m S c-> ?: r^ - -f b -* -i T- 1 r 1- .r e - 1- X ~; /: >: 2 s 1- X -30 :C X X X OC X X ac GO X cc X cr y X X X '-C a a ^c^ii^ CO r-» ^ 1- t- c-1 « ;:: ic -t c -* r- a; X c^ -4 ," — 1^ m CO oc luoa m rtj -). 10 to ;d cc r- m a; CO - a; = = i D c c c 3. _rt __io5-_„c; ^— S^*j*».j — sa a 3 J3 1 C.O a 0.0.0 t; -' o.cfc 0.0,0.^- Ow!r oox;— -^ooi:oooi: .2 !x— .2 .2 ic^o c -2 .2 ^ .2 .2 .2 £ tn « 00 TO a §■2 2 "S .2.2 J 5 •c -c TS *a c 0000 — •a a o.,=^jao.ooi-*o^ot-o-i> -£U .■ 'c J &: c C 2: a • C c !5 T3 r- c5 c a r B S ^ B a c l| K2 :H|| a •a a a 09 F- ^ c ^ H c ■ Q M -^ ^ J ^ c oj • 5 c - > » S to a < 'i i c < K f 1 ^1 t- 1 ■ c c ji a = ,•: • 2 — .5 < C 'u : c oc 84 Afialysis of A)nerican History. PERIOD OF NATIONALITY 1789— The Administration of Geo. Washington, of Virginia, and Jno. Jno. Adams of Massachusetts. I. Date: 178£-1797. JI. Party: Federalist. III. Cabinet: 1. Secretary of State, Thos. Jefferson of Va. 2. Secretary of Treasury, Alex. Hamilton, of N. Y. 3. Secretary of War and Navy, Henry Knox, of Mass. 4. Postmasters General, S. Osgood and T. Pickering, of Massachusetts. 5. Attorney General, Edmund Randolph, of Va. IV. Policy: 1. Favored national sovereignity. 2. Favored national bank and Internal taxation. 3. Favored the loose construction view of the constitu tion. 4. Opposed France and favored England. 5. Advocated the payments of all debts in full. V. Events: 1. Inauguration, (votes counted, April 6) April 30, 1789 Oath administered by the Hon. R. R. Livingston, Esq. chan- cellor of the state of New York. 2. Judiciary organized, 1789 3. First Tarift Act passed — about eight per cent adval- orem July 4, 1789 4. North Carulina and Rhode Island ratify constitution, 1789-90. 5. First ten amendments adopted, Dec. 15, 1790 C Hamilton's Financial Plan. a. As.sumplion of Foreign debts $21,500,000 Due to France, Holland and Spain. b. Assumption of Domestic debts, $11,700,000 c. Assumption of State debts, $42,000,000 Total $75,200,000 Analysis of Ainerican History. 85 d. Protective tariff, 1791-2 e. Excise Tax 1791 f. Establish National bank and mint, 1791-2 7. First Census— 3,928,037, 1790 8. Vermont. Kentuclvy and Tenn. admitted 1791-92-96 9. Antliracite coal discovered, Summit Hill, Pa. ..1791 10. Death of Benjamin Franldin, 179U 11. War with North-west Indians, Little Turtle, chief, 1790-95 Mingoes, Miamis, Wyandottes, Delawares, Pottawatomies, Shawnees, Chippewas and Ottawas, Sept. 1700 to Aug| 1795. Included are Harmar's and St. Clair's bloody defeats and Wayne's victory at Fallen Timbers, which compelled peace. 12. Orders in Council, 1793 13. Cotton Gin invented,— Whitney, 1793 Effects (a) stimulated the cotton production, (b) Greatly increased our exports, (c) Stimulated manufactures, (d) Increased slave labor. 14. The "Centinel of the North-west," established Cin- cinnati 1793 15. Arrival of Citizen Genet, 1793 Presidential campaign, 1792 1. Political parties and candidates: (a) Federal, Washington and Adams. (b) Republican, Clinton, .lefferson and Burr. 2. Result — vote: Basis of Representation, 33,000. Number of electors. 65. Electoral — Washington, 132; Adams, 77; Jefferson, 4, Clinton, 50; Eurr, 1. Cabinet — (Second term.) 1. Secretaries of State — E. Randolph of Va., T. Picker- ing, of Mass. 2. Secretary of Treasury — Oliver Walcott, of Conn. 3. Secretaries of War — T. Pickering of Mass. ; James McHenry, of Md. 4. Attorneys General — William Bradford, of Pa.; Charles Lee, of Va. Postmaster General — Joseph Habersham, of Ga. 86 Analysis of American History. V. Events; 1. Orders in Council issued —England, ll^Z 2. Neutrality proclaimed by Washington, 1798 3. Whisky Rebellion, 179^ 4. Jay Treaty with England, ratified — London, Oct. 28, 1795, (a) Commissioners: American — John Jay English — Lord Grenville, (b) Chief Clauses: 1. Great Britain was to evacuate tLe northern forts. 2. Commercial intercourse free on American soil. 3. Navigation of the Mississippi secured, 4. Indemnity from England for unlawful seizures. 5. Indemnity from United States due to the captures of Genet, 6. Limited amount of trade betweeen United States and the British West Indies 5. Treaty with Algiers, 1795 (a) Commissioners: American — J, Donaldson. Algerian — Vizer H. Bashaw, (b) Chief Clauses: 1, United States to pay to the Dey, $800,000 cash, 2, United States to pay him an annual tribute of $23,000 and present him with a vessel worth $100,000. C, Treaty with Spain, Oct. 27, 1795 (a) Commissioners: American — T. Pinckney, ^ Spanish — El Principe De La Paz, (b) Chief Clauses: 1, Made the olst Paralell the southern boundary of the United States, 2, Navigation of the Mississippi river secured. 3, New Orleans was to be used by the United States as a place of deposit for ten years. 7. Mazzei Letter, 179« 8. Washington's farewell address, Sept. 17, 179() Presidential Campaign, 179C Analysis of American History. 87 1. Political parties and candidates. a. Federal — Adams, Pinckney, Jay, Iredell, Washington, Heury and Johnson. b. Republican — Jefferson, Burr, S. Adams, Clinton. c. Independent — Ellsworth. 2. Result— Vote: Electoral — Adams, 71; Pickney, 59; Jay, 5; Irdell, 3; Washington, Henry and Johnson, 2 votes each. Jefferson, 68; Burr, 30; S. Adams, 15; Clinton, 7; Ellsworth, 11. Congresses First — *Met April 0, 1789 adjourned September 29, 1789. Met Jan. 4, 1790 adjourned Aug| 12, U90. xMet Dec. G, 1790, adjourned March 3, 1791. F. A. Muh- lenberg, of Pennslyvania speaker. — Federalist. Congresses Second — Met Oct. 24, 1791, adjourned May S, 1792. Met Nov. 5, 1792, adjourned March 2, 1793. J. Trumbull, of Conn., speaker. — Federalist. Congresses Third — Met Dec. 2, 1793, adjourned June 9, 1794. Met Nov. 3, 1794, adjourned March 3, 1795. F. A. Mulel- enberg, of Penn., speaker. — Federalist. Congresses Fourtli — Met Dec. 7, 1795, adjourned June 1, 179(j. Met Dec. 5, 1796, adjourned IMarch 3, 1797. J. Dayton, of N. J., speaker. — Federalist. ='^Extra session called to count the electoral votes. The most important acts of this session was the adoption of the first ten amendments, regulations of commerce, settlement of the Tariff and a preparation of a plan for the settlement of the public debt. 88 Analysis of American History, WHISKY REBELLION. I. Date: 1794. II. Places: (a) Pennsylvania; (b) North Carolina; (c) Virginia. III. Cause: Through the efforts of Alex. Hamilton to restore com- mercial confidence and to place the new government on a firmer financial basis the passage of the Excise Tariff Bill was secured, March 3, 1791, which increased the duty on imported liquors from twenty to forty cents a gallon and also placed a tax on distillation. This proved very distaste- ful to distillers, through scarcity of money, had been using whisky as a medium of exchange. IV. Events: 1. Tax Collectors tarred and feathered, whipped, house.^ burned. 2. First militia dispersed — Insurrectionary leaders. — Bradford and John Holcraft, sometimes called "Tom the Tinker." — mail robbed. 3. Seven thousand militia gathered upon the old field of Braddock's defeat, Aug. 1, 1794 — dispersed when told to capture Fort Pitt. 4. Fifteen thosuand men led by the Governors of Vir- ginia, New Jersey and Pennsylvania were placed by Wash- ington under the immediate command of Gen. Henry Lee. and the rioters quickly iled upon the appearance of these troops. • 5. Only two of the rioters were convicted of treason and these received pardon at the hands of the President. V. Result: On account of its being the first rebellion, of any con- sequence after the formation of the Constitution it showed the power of the new government m protecting its interests — 15,000 militia. Quote the language of the Constitution, which provides for the calling forth of the militia. How many times and on what dates has this been done? Anaij'sis of American History. 89 The Administration of Jno. Adams of Massachusetts and Thos. Jefferson of Virginia. I. Date: 1797-1801. II. Party: Federalist. III. Cabinet: 1. Secretaries of State, T. Pickering, of Mass; J. Mar- shall of Virgiuia. 2. Secretaries of Treasury, O. Walcott of Conn.; S. Dexter of Mass. 3. Secretaries of War, J. McHenry of Md.; S. Dexter, of Mass.; R. Griswold, of Conn. 4. Secretaries of Navy, Geo. Cabot of Mass.; Benjamin Stoddert of Md. .5. Postmaster General, Joseph Habersham, of Ga. 6. Attorneys General, Charles Lee, of Va. ; T. Parsons, of Mass. IV. Folicy, — Same as His Predecessor. V. Events: 1. Extra Session of Congress, 1797 2. Embassy to France. — X. Y. Z. mission, 1797 (a) American Agents — Pinckney (our minister) Marsh- all, Gerry. (b) French agents, — Hottinguer, Bellamy, Hauteval. (c) Talleyrand (Prime minister — France refused to receive our agents unless the following conditions were met: 1. Apoligize for the actions of President Adams. 2. Pay each member of the Directory $50,000. 3. Pay tribute to the French Government. Result — failure — New Embassy formed, 1799 American Agents — Ellsworth, (chief justice), Davis, Vans Murray — meets the approval of France, — Napoleon had de- clared, "the reign of the lawyers to be at an end" overthrew the Directory and made himself ' First Consul" and hastily signed the Treaty of Morfontaine, Sept. 30, 1800— This treaty was also called the, "Convention of 1800." 3. Quasi War (see above) 1798-1700 War with France— July 30, 1798 to Sept. 30, 1800. There 90 Analysts of American History. were several desperate maritime combats with varying fortune, but no land fighting. France being to busy on the European theater and we being to weak. Geo. Washington was made liieut. General and commander-Jn-chief and our regular army was raised from 3,000 or 4,000 to over 50,000. 4. Alien and Sedition Laws passed, 1798 (a) Alien Law — Empowered the president to send out of the country, at short notice, any alien whom he mighc consider dangerous and lengthening the lime requisite for becoming a citizen of the United Statese to fourteen years — Matthew Lyon, prosecuted. Law expired, ISOO. (b) Sedition Law — Limited the freedom of the press t^ criticises the government — Holt and Callendar prosecuted. Law expired 1801. Penal offences under the sedition law: 1. Defaming Congress or the President. 2. Exciting the hatred of the people against them. 3. Stirring up sedition in the United States. 4. Raising unlawful combinations for resisting laws. .5. Aiding foreign nations against the United States. Purpose — To save the Federal party from the Republi- can press. They were largely the cause of the Federal downfall.— 1816. 5. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions adopted 1798-1799 (a) Kentucky Resolutions, — nine in number — Formed by Jefferson but introduced into the legislature of Kentucky by Jno. Breckinridge. They declared the Constitation to be a Compact, in which each state was a party and asserted that the state itself has the right to decide whether or not it will abide by a Federal law. (b) Virginia Resolutions — Framed by Madison about the same as the Kentucky Resolutions, except that the Virginia Resolutions declared that the states may judge and apply the remedy in case of Federal usurpation. Both laws were framed in direct opposition to the broad con- struction view of the Constiution and declared the Alien and Sedition Laws uncorstitutinal. Upon these resolutions the later doctrines of nullification and secession were bas- ed. Analysis of American History. 91 6. The Eleventh Amendment proclaimed to bein force, January S, ITl'S. 7. National Quarantine act passed (first) 1799 S. John Fries's Rebellion — Direct Tax — Paries pardon- ed, 1798 9. Miranda plot — failure, 179& 10. Department of navy created 1798 11. Lieut. Genera] created, 179S — abolished, 1799 12. Death of Washington, 1799 13. Publication of the National song "Hail Columbia" 1798. 14. Seat of Government moved to Washington, ..1800 15. John Marshall appointed as Chief Justice, 1800 16. Gabriel's Insurrection — failure, 1800 17. Second Census,— 5,308,937, ISOO 18. Ti-eeaty of Ildefonso — France and Spain — La.,. 1800 19. Pre-Emption law passed — (first), 1801 20. Midnight appointments ISOl Sixteen Circut Judges and many other inferior officers were appointed by Adams during the last twenty days of his term most of the papers were signed just before midnight, March 3, 1801. They were all members of his party. He probably thought that this would be a blow at Jefferson's success. Presidential Campaign, 1800 1. Political parties and candidates. (a) Federalist — Adams, Pinckney, Jay. (b) Republican — Jefferson, Burr. 2. Issue: Unwise legislation — Alien and sedition laws. 3. Result— Vote. Basis, 33,000; number of electors, 105 Electoral — Adams, 65; Pinckney 64; Jay, 1; Jefferson, 73; Burr, 73. NOTE — The house decided after six days, on the 35th ballot by a vote of ten to 'four in favor of Jefferson, two vot- ing blank. Congresses. Fifth — *Met May 15, 1797 adjourned .Tuly 10, 1797. Met Nov. 13, 1797 adjourned July IG, 1798. 92 Analysis of American History. Met Dec. 3, 1798 adjourned March 3, 1799. J. Daytoii; ol N. J., Speaker — Federalist. Congresses. Sixth — Met Dec. 2, 1789 adjourned May 14, 1800. Met Nov. 17, ISOO adjourned March 3, 1801. Theo Sedg- wick, of Mass., speaker — Federalist. ♦Extra session called to consider complicated relations with France. The Administration of Thos.. Jefferson, of Virginia, and Aaron Burr of New York. I. Date: 1801-1809. 11. Party Republican. III. Cabinet: 1. Secretary of State, James Madison of Va. 2. Secretary of Treasury, S- Dexter, of Mass. 3. Secretary of War, Henry Dearborn of Mass. 4. Secretaries of Navy, Benj. Stoddert and Robert Smith of Maryland. D. Postmaster General, Joseph Habersham, of Ga. G. Attorney General, Levi Lincoln of Mass. IV. Policy: 1. Strict construction view of the Constitution. 2. Advocated simplicity and economy. 3. Favored France rather than England. 4. Opposed the assumption of the state and domestic debts. 5. Opposed internal taxation and national bank. 6. Favored the doctrine of state sovereignity. V. Events: i. First written message to Congress — Jefferson ..1801 2. Republican reforms: (a) Abolished the Internal Revenue system. Pre-emp- tion law passed. (b) Reduced the Navy to thirteen vessels; the army to 2,500 men. A/ia/j'sis 0/ American H 'story. 93 (c) Reduced the expenses of the government to $3,700,- 000. .(d) Reduced the public debt from $83,000,0000 to $45,- 000,000. (c) Changed the style, manners and customs of the times. 3. Military Academy established. West Point,. .. .1802 4. Purchase of La. Territory,\ 1803 5. Ohio admitted, Feb. 19, 1803 6. Rotation in office — 39 officers removed, 1803 7. Judge Chase impeached, 1804 8. Lewis and Clarke's expedition 1804-6 9. Hamilton and Burr duel, 1804 10. Twelvth Amendment proclaimed to be in force, Sept. 24, 1804. 11. Tripolitan War, 1801-05 War with Tripoli June 10, 1801 to June 4, 1805. Our mili- tary and naval forces brought the north African Arabian pirates to terms, something that several European powers had beeen unable to do. Commodore Preble commanded the American naval forces. Young Stephen Decatur distinguish- ed himself in this war. Preble made several attacks upon the town of Tripoli and the shipping in the harbor, destroy- ing several of the Tripolitan gunboat.s and capturing others. Commodore S. Barron relieved Preble Sept. 10, 1804. Bar- ron was subsequently relieved by Capt. John Rodgers. Preble did the most effective work. Treaty of peace an u ts. n. From Whom: France — Napoleon Bonaparte. III. Causes of Sale (France.) 1. To keep it from falling into England's possession. 2. The money would aid him in the creation of new armies. IV. Causes of Purchase (United States.) 1. The control over the Mississippi river by a foreign power; was a natural danger to our government 2. England owned Canada, and in case of war, France and England would make north-western United States their battle ground. 3. The best interests of our government were imperil- ed by the presence on our soil of any foreign power. V. Commissioners: French — (a) M. Laussat. (bj Francois de Barbe. (c) Talleyrand. ( P minister). American — (a) R. R. Livingston, (b) James Monroe. VI. Terms: Mr. Livingstone s first offer was 20,000,000 francos. Napo- leon thought this to low, and offered to take 125,000.000 frances. It was finally bought for 80,000,000 of (ranees which was 30.000,000 frances more than we would have paid had our commissioners insisted on that sum. The actual cost in United States money was $27,267,621.98, of which g6 Analyst's o/ American History, $15,00,000 was purchase money, $8,529,353 representea the interest upon that amount to the redemption of the bonds that were issued to cover it, and $3,738,628.98 the French spoliation claims which were paid by the United States under the treaty. Napoleon promised not to sell the bonds at such a price as to injure the credit of the United States, Area 1,182,755 square miles. Comprismg the states of Louisiana, Arkansas, Missiouri, Iowa, North and South Da- kota, Nebraska and Indian Territory. Portions of Montana Wyoming, Colorado, Minnesota, Kansas and Oklahoma Ter- ritory. Population, 80,000. VIII. Results: 1. Prevented foreign nations from getting it. 2. Gave us control of the great west — more than doubled our area. 3. Prevented disputes with France about it. ■}. Great commercial advantages together with New Orleans. 5. Gave rise to the Missouri Compromise. 6. Furnished a precedent for later purchases. ACTS PASSED BY THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT. 1. Non-Importation Act. Passed April IS, 1806. It prohibited trade with Great Britain and her colonies. Went into effect December 4, 1806. 2. Embargo Act. Passed Dec. 22, 1807. It provided that all American vessels were detained in the ports of the United States. Repealed Feb. 28, 1809. 3. Non-lntercouse Act. Passed March 1, 1809. It forbade the entrance to Ameri- can porta of public or private British or French vessels, all commercial intercourse with France or Great Britain, and the importation after May 20, 1809, of goods grown or manu- factured in France or Great Britain or their colonies. Analysis oj American History. gy Macon Bill No. 2. Passed May 1, 1810. Author, N. Macon, of North Caro- lina. It restored trade with France and England, but de- clarea that if either would withdraw its decress or orders, the Tnited States would stop all trade with the other. DECREES PASSED BY THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT. 1. Berlin Decree. Issued by Napoleon, Nov. 21, 1806. So-called because he was at Berlin when he issued it. It declared the British Islands in a state of blockade and forbade commerce with them and declared all merchandise belonging to English- men or transported from England lawful prize. Ruinous to our carrying trade. 2. Milan Decree. Issued by Napoleon, Dec. 7, 1807. So-called because he was at Milan when he issued it. Thenceforth any ship that submitted to be searched by British cruisers or took out British licence or entered any port from which French ships were excluded, were subject to capture wherever found. 3. Bayonne Decree. Issued by Napoleon, April 17, 1808. It ordered that all American ships which should enter the ports of France, Italy or the Hanse towns should be captured. He held the belief that the American vessels could not do this with out violating the laws of said states. 4. Rambouilet Recree. Issued by Napoleon, March 23, 1810. It ordered the im- mediate seizure and sale of American vessels, whether in French ports or those of territories occupied by French armies. Issued in retaliation for the repeal of our non-im- portation act. It was not made known to the United States until the following July. 5.. , Trianon Decree. Issued by Napoleon August 5, 1810. Issued at the palace of the Trianon, France. It ordered the immedate confisca- 98 Analysis of American History. tion of all American vessels and cargoes brought in prior to May 1, 1810 and ordering that until Nov. 1 American vessels were to be allowed to enter French harbors, but not to un- load without his permission. Napoleon promised to revoke his Berlin and Milan Decrees, and trade was resumed with France Nov. 1, ISIO. But the villainy of Napoleon was soon revealed; for on Dec. 25, 1810 all the ships in French ports were seized and $10,000,000 worth of property was confiis- cated. ORDERS ISSUED BY THE ENGLISH GOVERNMENT. 1. Orders in Council. Issued, June 8, 1793. Prohibited trade with France and directed the seizure of neutral ships engaged in the traffic. 2. Orders in Council. Issued, May, 1806. Declared the whole coast of Europe, from Bresc to the mouth of the Elbe, to be blockaded, called "paper blockade." 3. Orders in Council. Issued Jan, 1807. It forbade neutrals to trade from one European port to another, if both were in the possession of France and her allies. 4. Orders in Council. Issued Nov. 1807. It declared every port on the face of the earth from which British ships were excluded, was shut to neutrals, unless they first stopped at some British ports and obtained license. THE ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MADISON OF VA., AND GEO. CLINTON, OF NEW YORK. {...Date: 1803-1817. II. P^rty: Republican. III. Cabinet: 1. Secretaries of State, Robert Smith, of Md.; James Monroe, of Va. Analysis 0/ American History. 99 2. Secretary ol" Treasury, Albert Gallatin of Peiin. 3. Secrearies of War, Wm. Eustis, of Mass.; John Armstrong of New York. 4. Secretary of Navy, Paul Hamilton, of S. C. 5. Postmaster General, Gideon Granger, of Conn. 0. Attorneys General, C. A. Rodney of Del.; Wm. Pinck- ney, of Md. NOTE— W. H. Crawford filled the unexpired term of Clinton. iV. Policy: 1. Payment of the national debt. 2. State Rights, doctrine maintained. 3. Reduction of taxes, duties and navy. 4. Strict opposition to all money except gold and silver. 5. National government curtailed — Democracy develop- ed. V. Events: 1. Macon Bill, 1809 2. Rambouillet and Trianon Decreees passed — France,. 1810. 3. Naval battle — Presideni and Little Belt. (See out- line,) 1811 4. Third census— 7,239,814, 1810 5. Bill for rechartering the Nat'l bank vetoed — Clinton's deciding vote, 1811 G. Henry Letters — Madison paid $50,000 — fraud, 1811 7. Fjattle of Tippecanoe, 1811 8. American antiquarian so. formed — I. Thomas 1812 9. Death of Vice President Clinton, April 20, 1812 jO. War declared. (See outline of engagments) June 19, 1812. 11. Rockingham convention, 1812" 12. Gerrymandering, 1812 Presidential campaign, 1812' 1. Political Parties" (a) Republican — Madison and Gerry. (b) Federalist — De Witt Clinton and J. Ingersoll. 2. Result— Vote: L.ofC. 100 Analysts of Ajnerican History. Electoral — Madison, J 28; Clinton, 89; Gerry. 131; Inger- soll, 86. Cabinet (Second Term.) 1. Secretary of State, James Monroe, of Va. 2. Secretaries of Treasury, G. W. Campbell of Tenn.; A. I. Dallas of Penu. 3. Secretaries of War, Jno. Armstrong of New York; W. H. Crawford of Ga. 4. Secretaries of Navy, B. W. Crowinshield, of Mass.; Wm. Jones, of Penn. Jones, of Penn. 5. Postmaster General, R. J. Meigs, of O. 6. Attorney general, Richard Rush, of Penn, NOTE — John Galliard through the death of Gerry, acted as Vice President. E\ ents: 1. Peoria Indian War, 111., 1813 2. Hartford Convention, 1814 3. Dartmour massacre, '. 1815 4. Trouble with Algiers, 1815 5. Second national bank chartered 1816 6. Tarift Act of 1816, 1816 7. Death of Vice President Gerry Nov. 23, 1814 8. La. and Ind. admitted, 1812-16 Presidential Campaign 1816 1. Political Parties; (a) Republican — Monroe and Tompkins. (b) Federalist — King and Howard. 2. Issue — None. 3. Result— Vote. Basis 35,000. Number of electors 181. Electoral — Monroe and Tompkins. 183; King 34; Howard 22. Congresses. Eleventh — *Met May 22, 1809 adjourned June 28, 1809. Met Nov. 27, 1809 adjourned May 1, 1810. Met Dec. S, 1810 adjourned March 3, 1811 J. B. Varum, of Massachusetts, speaker. Republican. Analysis of American Histoiy. loi Congresses. Twelvth — xMet Nov. 4, 1811 adjourned July 6, 1812 Met Nov. 2, 1S12 adjourned March 3, 1813. H. Clay of Kentucky, speaker, Republican. Congresses. Thirteenth — *Met May 24, 1813 adjourned A\ig. 2, 1813. Met Dec. 6, 1813 adjourned April IS, 1814. Met Sept. 19, 1814 adjourned March 3, 1815. H. Clay, Ky. and L. Cleves of S. C, speakers. Congresses. Fourteenth — Met Dec. 4, 1815 adjourned April 30, 1816. Met Dec. 2, 1S16 adjourned March 3, 1817. H. Clay, speaker. Republican. *Extra session, called to suspend the Non-Intercourse Act but England disavowed the offer of their minister (Mr. Ers- kine) and the act was immediately restored. *Extra session called to consider the plans of raising money for the war and the proifered mediation of the Czar of Russia. WAR OF 1812. I. Date: June 19, 1812 to Dec. 24, 1314. II. Causes: 1. Remote: (a) Tecumseh's war on the frontier. (.b) Henry Letters, (c) Right of search. (d) Love of France and hatred toward England. 2. Immediate: (a) Violation of American Commercial Laws. III. Acts and Events Influencing. 1. British Orders in Council 2. Six thousand American seamen had been forced inta the Britsh Navy. 3. Nine hundred vessels had been confiscated. 4. Chesapeake and Leopard affair. (-1807) 5. President and Little Belt affair. (1811.) I02 Analysis of American History. IV. Forces Compared: (a) England-army well equipped — Navy 1200 vessels. (b) American — undisciplined and poorly equipped — Navy 16 vessels. NOTE — Chief reasons for the success of the American navy was the experience it had gained in the Quasi and Tri- politan wars. V. Commanders-in-chief: American — (a) Dearborn; (b) Brown; (c) Wilkinson. British — (a) Sir Isaac Brook; (b) Sir Geo. Prevost. VI. Engagements — Land and Naval (See outline.) VII. Treaty: 1. Signed, Dec. 2-1, J 814. Place: Ghent, Belgium. 2. Commissioners: (a) British — (a) Lord Gambler; (b) Henry Goulburn; (c) \Vm. Adams. (b) American — (a) J. Q. Adams; (b) J. A. Bayard; (c) H. Clay; (dj J. Russell; (e) Albert Gallatin. 3. Provisions: (a) Universal peace between the belligerent nations, (b) Restoration of all territory, (c) Complete cessation of hos- tilities, (d) Freedom of all captured soldiers, (e) Settle- ment of the north-estern boundary line by some friendly power, (f) Promotion of the abolition of the slave trade. VIII. Evil Effects: 1. Cost about $80,000,000, 1683 vessels and 18,000 sailors lost. Gt. Britain lost 1750 vessels. 2. Ruinous to our commerce and general depression. 3. Increased the national debt to about $127,000,000. The number of men enlisted in this was were 576,622. IX. Good Effects: 1. Secured the respect of European nations. 2. By being severed commercially from Great Britain caused extensive manufactures to be established and encour- aged. 3. Showed the impossibility of gaining a permanent foothold on our territory. Analysts of American History. 103 4. Aroused the national sentiment and helped to con- solidate the union. 5. The failure to invade Canada, though attempted by brave men proved that our strength lay in defensive warfare. 6. While the treaty was a failure in some respects it did much to soften the partisan asperities in America, thus paving the way for the "era of good feeling." 104 Analysis of American History. > o (8 H ci « o < UL O CO H Z 111 S 111 o < o Z 111 Q CCCC C T3C ccccc •M .n .^ O O flj (U '^ OJ -^ •« J!l (U '^ 4J CJ Q^ (U W .t; .ti .ti c q c p .tl c .t; .t:; ^ c .- p p c c c O M >^.Q0 r-t^OOO -O-I-OO vO M C) LT.CO LT. ooo -oooo >-i lo -< OOO vc • O \0 ^vO ;_M N • ONOOooi-icooooo -^o 00 o a> o ■"■ • OvO O f^ O ro >-c O "" "-jCO i^ ri ""O -^ r< • I/-, r< ro\0 — M •-• CO Mr) o o o o o o o ooooooo -o o o o O 00 o O O O _ _ _ -00.0000 OOOOOXO-LT. o (StSl^. LOW-. BSfSMMtS OOOOOOO OOOOOOO ic (N K) l-~«3 O « N -- « « OOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOGO ^^OteO«ov-oS5;!*-'° - ■ OJ=OaJOcflOi.CPP-^ pqca. C/3 <; "^ CQ ,., 5 in ^ cz)ooco u rt U( rt — ^ .y c c p O M % £ u - ri^ oo'^ JCJ bi) i; c c r, jn oj 'S -g ^ ^ 5 C-J ^ W -o S ^ .S-i^ S ;,5:-^^-^5i u>z Analysts 0/ American H 'story. 105 c c c c c c u u u u u u o o u u u (n ■4—' r* L- -, ^' «\ •'^ — .« h >>T^ ^"i-^ ,- I— 1_ .' SS o a?'bJD'?E - ~ ^ ^ _ ' " C 3 c o >. ?0 c 15 < c 5 -2 c E c ■ -(UK o 1) !U Ij .h ^ ^ ^ = ^ n vO ro CnX) -1- -H tT "-. O CO OVD - " n (N r< "I >- n n D I-. to Cn tJ- LO ! r^ tx tX -J *J O ^ J; 3 3 u 'J u (u .2 < < O O O fc. 1) 4J -^^ ■" -w ,< (/) X, p< < — ao CA) C/} c/5 ;/} 1-1 >ii ooa5ccoo(X)cocoooooocoooo!>ooococooocooocooooocx) , LO u-j ly-) CO CO CO i2 i; rt o ^ T 'J r-CJ U i! i^ :^z Z >:0 5 — aj 3 ZO ^ = rt 2 .^ fcxz ^ Z c iJ w Z 5 "^ N — >'— ' c3 . , V ■- z D.CQ -AW _2 jf -u c i"'^ ^ > 2„Du-!J^ 1^ Di ■^ -^ !i -a _ -^ •_ -^ -^ (U 5 H o o io6 Analysis of Atnerican Histoty. FIRST SEMINOLE WAR. 1812. Seminole Warin Florida and Georgia, August 15, to October, 1812. Spanish Florida invaded by Georgia militia under General Newman, and the Seminoles under King Payne defeated. These disturbances never ceased until Florida was ceded by Spain to the United States. In fact oue band of the Seminoles were never conquered and reside in Florida to this day. CREEK WAR. 1813-1814. Creek Indian War in Alabama. It was in this war that General Andrew Jackson first attracted attention as a commander. He defeated the Creeeks in a bloody en- gagement at Talledega, Nov. 9, 1813, at Emuckfau Jan. 22, 1814, at Enotochopco, Jan. 24, and finally at the Horseshoe Bend of the Tallapoosa River March 27, 1814, which humbled the Creek pride completely. At this battle 750 Creeks were killed or drowned and 201 whites were either killed or wounded. In this war the brave Creeks lost 2,000 warriors. But 10 years afterward the trible still numbered 22,000. Wm. Weatherford was the Indian leader. HARTFORD CONVENTION. I. Date:.. Dec. 15, 1314 to Jan. 5, 1815. II. Place: Hartford, Conn. III. Representation: Delegates from Mass., Conn., and Rhode Island. IV. President: Geo. Cabot. Secretary, Theodore Dwight. V. Causes: 1. Opposition to the War of 1812. 2. General policy of the administration. VI. Resolutions — Principal. 1. In declaring war and admitting states a two-thirds vote should be necessary. Ajialysis of American History. 107 2. Foreigners not allowed to hold office. 0. President only allowed to serve one term, and should not be chosen from the same state two consecutive terms. 4. Congress should not have full power over commer- cial relations. 5. Representatives apportioned according to the num- ber of free inhabitants. VII. Results: 1. Caused the finnl disruption of the Federal party. 2. Caused great excitement in the administration. 3. Little hope of political preferment remained for' its participants. NOTE — Secreetary Dwight published in 1833 a history of this convention in which he succeeded, in the estimation of most people in exonerating ihe convention from the charge of treason. THE ADiVIINiSTRATION OF JAMES MONROE OF VA., AND D. D. TOMPKINS OF NEW YIRK. I. Oate; 1817-1825. il. Party: Republican. III. Cabinet: 1. Secretary of State, J. Q. Adams, of Mass. 2. Secretary of Treasury, W. H. Crawford, of Ga. J. Secretaries of War, Geo. Graham, of Va. ; J. C. Cal houn of S. C. 4. Secretaries of Navy, B W. Crowinshield, of Mass.; Smith Thompson, of New York. r\ Postmaster General, R. J. Meigs, og Ohio. 6. Attorney General, William Wirt, of Va. IV. Policy: Ke reprsi^nted substantially the same principles as Jef- ferson and M.adis-on. V^ Events: 1. Seminole War, 1S17-18 2. President's tour of the East 1S17 io8 Analysis of American History, 3. Trouble with the buccaneers on Amelia and Galves- ton Islands, 1817 4. Mips.; Hi., Ala., JN'aine and Mo., admitted. .1817-18-19- 20-21. 5. Erie Canal constructed 1817-26 6. Agreeement relative to the Great Lakees 1817 7. American society for the encouragement of American manufactures formed, 1817 8. Purchase of Florida — Treaty with Spain, 1819 9. Financial Crisis, 1819 10. First steamer crossed the Atlantic from Savannah to Liverpool, 1819 Name ot ship — Savannah, owned and commanded by M. Rodgers of New London, Conn. 11. Columbian institute founded — Barlow, 1819 12. Fourth Census— 9,638,191, 1820 13. Missouri compromise, 1818-20 Pre&ideni-il campaign 1820 1. Political parties and candidates: Republican (really only one party) Monroe, J. Q. Adams, Tompkins, Stockton, Rodney, Harper and Rush. 2. Result— Vote : Morroe, 231; Adams, 1; (cast by Mr. Plummer of N. H.) Tompkins, 218; Stockton, S; Uoduey, 4; Harper and Rush 1 vote each. Cabinet (Second term.) 1. Secretary of State, J. Q. Adams of Mass. 2. Secretary of Treasury, W. H. Crawford of Ga. 3. Secretary of War, .J. C. Calhoun, of S. C. 4. Secretaries of Navy, (a) Smith Thompson, of N. Y. ; (b) S. L. Southard of N. J. 5. Postmasters General (a) R. J. Meigs of O. ; -Tohn Mc Lear, of Ohio. 6. .Attorney General. William Wirt, of Va. V. Events: 1 Monroe inauguarated March 5, 1821 2. Florida divided into East and West Florida 1822 3. Holy Alliance — Prussia, Russia, and Austria 1822 4. Independence of Mexico recognized by IT. S. ..1822 Analysis of American History. 109 5. Monroe doctrine, 1823 0. Campaign against BJackteeot and Ariclvaree Indians — Uljper Mo., River 1823 7. La Fayette's visit, 1824 Congress voted him $200,000 and a township of laud in Fla. — 24,000 acres. 8. New national issues, 1824 0. Tariff Bill of 1824, 1824 Presidential Campaign, 1824 1. Candidates — really only one parly. Republican— "Scrub Race." (a) J. Q. Adams — Northern section. ())) V^ H Crawford (caucus candidate) — Soutliern sec- tion. (c) H. Clay and Andrew Jackson — Western section. Vice Presidentr- — J. C. Calhoun, N. Sanford. N. Macon. A. Jackson, M. Va nBuren, H. Clay. 2. Issues : Tariff and Internal Improvements had not been long enough before the country to be distinctly party issues. So it was simply a choice of men — personal contest. o. Result — Vote: Basis 40,000. Number of electors 212 Electoral — Adams 84; Jackson 99; Clay 39; Crawford 41; Vice— Calhoun, 182; Sanford, ZO; Macon, 24; Jackson 13; Van Biu'er. 9; Clay 2. Adams was chosen by the H. of R. Presdeut and Calhoun Vice President Congresses. Fifteenth — Met Dec. 1, 1817 adjourned April 20, 1818. Met Nov. 16, 1818 adjourned March 3, 1819. H. C:ay of Ken., speaker. Republican. Congresses. Sixteenth — Met Lcc. 6. 1819 adjourned May 15, 1820. Met Nov. 13 1820 adjourned March 3, 1821. Speakers •H. Clay, republican, J. W. Taylor of New York (Loose con- stiuotoinst.) ♦Resigned. 1 1 o Analyst's of American History. Congresses. Seventeenth — Dec 3 1821 adjourned May 8, 18:?2. Met Dec. 2. 1822 adjourned March 3, 1823. P. P. Barbour of Va., spealior (Strict constructionist.) Congresses. Eighteenth — Met Dec. 1. 1823 adjourned May 27, 1824. Met Dec. 6, 1824 adjourned March 3, 1825. H. Clay, speakei' (Loose Constructoinist.) SECOND SEMINOLE WAR 1&17-1818 Serainole War in Florida and Georgia, Nov. 20, 1817 to Oct 31, 18JS. During ]81i', there were constant collisions and massacres of the whites. Gen. E. P. Gaines was sent against them; he accomplished little. Gen. A. Jackson, was next sent. Vith a A'olunteer force of 1,000 riflemen from western Tovinessee, he marched into the Spanish territory, built Ft. Gadsden, and captured StMark's and Peiii^'acola, hanged R. C. Ambrister, an Englishman and A. Asbuthnot a Scotshmau, for secretly aiding the Indians and said he regretted that he di([ not bans the Spanish governor. U was in this campaign that lie had six of his militiamen shot because they claimed that iheir terra of enlistnieni had expired. They were inno- cent. He tried afterwards to shift all of these aggressions upon the shoulders of Pres. Monroe, but it is not right'y ki own where the greater pait oi the blame should be placed. Pie succeeded in bringing the Indians to terms thus, shaping the way for the final cession of the territory whch took place the following year. ERIE CANAL. Commenced. 1817. Completed 182^. Cost $52,540,800. Leugth, 383 miles. Number of locks 72. Navigable depth, 7 feet. It extends from Troy, New York, to Albany New York. Other important cities through which it passes are: Cohoes, Schenectady, Utica, Syracuse and Rochester. Analysis of American Histojy. 1 1 1 PURCHASE OF FLORIDA. I. Date: 1319. II. Of Whom: Spain. III. Cause of Sale: 1. Two acts made Spam's future possession of Florida doubtful — (a) Through English inducements a great many Americans sortleil Jn the territory west of the Appalachicola river (\\'^est Florida) while it was under tte contro. of Eng- land, 1763 to 1783, thus; nfluencing the United States to an- nex, at different limes, portinos of these lands to the territory of Orleans. (b) To prevent England from making Pensacola a base of supplies with Spain as her aid. Gen. A. Jackson seized the city (1814) and other encroa."hments were made by the United States in 1810 and 1818. 2. It was during this period that Spam was striving to cnntrol her South American and Mexican colonies and could use the money better than she could use this doubtful pos- session. . . IV. Causes of Purchase: 1. To rid ourselves of troublesome neighbors — securing protection of our people. 2 To stop the expense of returning fugitive slaves to the southern states. 3 To secu'-e peace and quietness in the southern states. i To remove from our people all temptation to future invasion. V. Territory: Area 59,2C8 square miles. Cost $6,489,768. Population (1819) nearly 4,000. States— The present state of Florida and slight portions of Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. Vj. Commissioners: 1. (American) — S. Q. Adams. 2. (Spanish) — Senor Onis. VII. Treaty: Signel at Washington, Feb. 22, 1819, out Spain did not ratify the treaty and demove her forces until 1821. 112 Analysis of American History. VIII. Results: L Spain released all claim to the Pacific coast north of 42 degrees 2. Placed the estern boundary of Mexico at the Sabine River. 3. Gave us control of the territory on the Gulf of Mexico 4. Added more power to the slave holding states. CLAY'S PLAN— MISSOURI COMPROMISE, I. Time: March 3, 1820 JI. Author: Sen. J. B. Thomas, of 111. — carried through congress by the persistent efforts of Henry Clay of Ky., bills of a similar na- lute had previously been introduced into Congress by Tall- madge and Taylor of New York. III. Conditions of Plan: Missouri to be admitted as a slave state. 2. Remainder of Louisana to be divided by the paralell of 36 degrees 30 degrees north latitude. 3. in admitting statees south of this line, the people might determne the question. 4. Slavery prohibitei". \v all states formed from the ter- ritory north of this line. IV. Results: 1. The slavery agitation was allayed until 1849. 2. During the next session of congress a bill was pass- ed preventing free negroes and mulattoes from settling in Missouri under any pretext. Thus, negroes in that state were to have no right — under no circustances citizens. So, it seems plain that the Federal governmen not nly made itself responsible for slavery; but aided in its establishment where it had not previously existed. 3. Made an open fight between freedom and slavery ever afterwards Analysis of American History. 1 1 3 THE MONROE DOCTRINE. I. Time: 1823, Dec. 2. II. Author: Attributed to J. Q. Adams — made known in Monroe mes- sage to Congress^ III. Cause: A congress of delegates ;-epresenting Prussia, Austria, Russia and France while sitting at Verona, Itaiy in Oct. 1822 proposed to the other European nations that they join in as- siting Spain to recover her losf provinces in America. It is sometimes known as the "Holy Alliance" — Object, "divine right of kings" and preservation of the territorial integrity of the continent. IV. Statements: J . To Russia — That the American continents, are hence- forth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power. 2. To the Holy Allies — That the Uniied States would not meddle in the political affairs of the Old World. 0. That the Old World must not seek to control, in any manner, the nations of the New. V. Resnils: 1. Prohibited the Holy Allies from meddling in South .t^;il(.'•■ican iffairs. 2. Russia agreed (1824) to make no settlement south of 54 degrees 40 minutes. 3. Has been a constant safe guard of American liberties. 4. No European nation has gained a permanent foothold on American soil since its adoution. THE ADMINISTRATION OF J. Q. ADAMS OF MASS., AND J. C. CALHOUN OF S. C. I. Date: 1825-1829. II. Party: National Republican. III. CaDinet: 1. Secretary of State, Henry Clay of Ky. 1 1 4 Analysts of Avierican History. 2 Secretary of Trea&ury, Richard Rubh of Pa. Secretaries of War, James Barbour of Va. ; P. B. Porter of New York. 4. Attorney General, William Wirt of Va. 5. Postmaster General, John McLean of Ohio. 6. Secretary of Navy. S. L. Southard of New York IV. Policy: 1. Favored a Protective Tariff — "American system." 2. Favored the making of internal improvements at the expense of the Federal government. 3. Favored the National Bank. 4 Upheld the bread construction view of the Constiu- tion — while Adams was called a National Republican, his views were Federalistic. V. Events. 1. Cornerstone of the Bunker Hill monument laid — 1825 2. Owenite communitiees formed, 1825 3. Panama congress proposed — United States not repre- sented, 1826 4. Erie canal openefl — ("Clinton's big ditch") 1826 5. Deaths of J. Adams and Thos. Jefferson, July 4, 1826 6. Demise of Wm. Morgan, of N. Y. — Anti-Masonic party 1826 7. The "American society for the Promotion of Temper- ance" formed -Boston, 1826 8. Rise of the Mormons — Palmyra, N. Y. — Smith.. 182/ 9. Winnebago expedition (no fighting) June to Sept. — La Fevre Indian War, 1827 10. Baltimore and Ohio R. R. commenced — 1828 11. Nat'l road completed— Time 14 years— Cost $1,700,- 000,— Wheeling to Marj-land 1S2S 12. Woolen Bill defeated, 1827 13. Hoe's printing preps inventionr,, 1828 14. Tariff of 1828- "Bill of Abombinations." 1828 15. Webster's unabridged dictionary published. .. .1828 16. Harrisbnrg Convention 1828 Presidential campaign 1828 1. Political parties and candidates. fa) National Republican (Adams men) Adams and Rush Analysis of American History. 1 1 5 (b) Democrat — (Jackson men) Jackson and Calhoun. (c) AuLi-Masonic — Wirt. ' 1. Issue — Personal choice between J. Q. Adams and Jackson — strife between democracy and tradition. 3. Result — vote: Basis, 40,000. Number of electors 212 Electoral— Jackson 17S; Adams 83; Calhoun 171 Rush 83. Congresses. Nineteenth — Met Dec. T>, 1825 adjourned May 22, 1826. Met Dec. 4. 1S2G adjourned March 3, 1827. J. W. Taylor .of New York, Speaker (L Constructionist.) Congresses. Twentieth — Met Dec. 3, 1827 adjourned May 26, 1828. Met Dec. 1, 1828 adjourned March 3, 1829. A. Steven- son of Va., speaker, Democrat. THE ADMINISTRATION OF A. JACKSON OF TENN., AND J. C. CALHOUN OF S. C. I. Date: 1829-1837. II. Party: Democratic. [II. Cabinet: 1. Secretaries of State, Martin Van Bureu of N. Y. ; Ed. Livingston of La. 2. Secretaries of Tr^^asury, S. D. Ingham of Pa. ; Lewis McLane. of Del. 3. Secretaries of War, J. H. Eaton of Tenn. ; Lewis Cass o? Michigan. 4. Secretaries of Navy, John Branch of N. C. ; Levi Wooabury of N. H. 5. Postmaster General, W. T. Barry of Ky. 6. Attorneys General, J. IVL Berrien of Ga. ; R. B. Taney of Maryland. NOTE— H. L. White filled the unexpired term of J. C. Calhouu. IV. Policy: 1. Opposed the making of Internal Improvements at. the expense of the general government. 1 1 6 Analysis of American Hisiory. 2. Opposed the National Bank and Protective Tariff sj'stem. 3. Strict construction view of the constitution. Events: 1. Message to Congress — attack on tlie bank, 1829 2. The I'ostmaster General gven a seat in the cabinet, . . , 1829 3. Delaware and Hudson Canal completed, 1829 4. Political Revolution — 690 removals, 1829 Before his tenn expired he made nearly 2,000 removals — chiefly for political purposes. Washington had made 9; J. Adams 9; Jefferson 39; Madison 5; Monroe 9; and J. Q. Adams 2. Total 73. 5. Saf ty Fund Act— Van Buren, 1829 6. Urst organized conference of .the Mormons, Fayette, New York 1830 7. Foote Resolutions — Public Lands, 1830 8. Webster-wayne debate — Constitutional supremacy, State Rights , 1830 9. Fifth Census— 12,860,702 1830 10. First number of the "Liberator" published — W. L. Garrison — Anti slavery societies, 1831 11. Nat. Turner insurrection — 55 persons killed — Turn- er hanged, 1S31 12. Sac and Fox troubles. Wis., and 111 1831 13. Clay's infant school — First party platform, Wash- ington, 1832 14. National Bank bill— vetoed 1832 15. Ifulliti cation Act— S. Carolina 1832 16. Asiatic cholera first appeared in America 1832 .17. Force or Bloody bill passed March 2, 1833 j8. Black Hawk War 1832 19. Clay's compromise Tariff Bill passed ..March, 1833 Presidential campaign, 1832 1. Political parties, candidates and conventions. (a) Democratic — Jackson and Van Buren — Baltimore, September, 1831. (b) Naf'Republican — Cla y and Sergeant — Baltimore, October, 1S31. Analysts of American History. i 17 (c) Independent — Floyd and Lee. (d) Anti-Masonic — Wirt and Ellmaker — Baltimore, March, j832. 2. Result — Vote. Jackson 219; Clay 49; Floyd 11; Wirt 7 1. Secretaries of State, Lewis McLane, of Del. ; Joseph Forsyth, of Ga. 2. Secretaries of Treasury, W. Duane, of Pa.; R. B. Taney of Md.; Levi Woodbury, of N H. Secretary of War, Lewis Cass, of Mich. 4. Secretary of Navy, Mahlon DIckerson of N. J. 5. Postmasters General, W. T. Barry, Amos Kendall, of Kentucky. 6. Attorney General, B. F. Butler, of N. Y. Events: 1. Nullification ordinance of S. C. repealed Mar. 16, 1833 2. Deposits removed to state banks $28,000,000 — Pay- ments; Jan. 1; April 1; July 1 and Oct. 1 — 1833-1837 6. The meteoric shower, Nov. 13, 1833 4.- Resolutions of censure passed — Bentcn. . .Dec, 183^ 5. Indian Territory organized, 1834 6. Pawnee Expedition, Indian Ter. June to Sept... 1834 7. Reaper patented — McCormick 1834 8. Toledo War — Ohio and Micnigan boundary dispute, 1835-6 9. Seminole War, Fla., Nov. 1, 1835 to Aug. 14, 1842— Oceola and Micanopy, 1835-1842 10. Dade's massacre — 117 men killed, 1835 11. Now York fire — 529 buildings consumed. Loss $1S,000,(;00 1835 12. Texan "\v ar, 1835-1842 13. Specie Circular, issued, July 11, 1836 14. Difficulties with France settled— Clay 1836 15. Creek disturbances, Ala., May 5, 1836 to Sept. 30, 1837 1836-37 16. Sabine disturbances, south-western frontier, April 1836 to June 1837 (no fighl iug) 1836-37 17. Patent office established, 1836 1 1 8 Analysis of Ajuerican History. 18. Cherokee disturbances and removal to Indian ter- ritory— 15,000, 1836-39 19. Atiieriou and Calhoun Gag ruley — abolished 1844, J. Q. Adams, 1836 20. Osage Indian troubles, JNlo., 1837 21. Ark. and Mich., admitted, 1836-37 22. E. P. Lovejoy, editor of the St. Louis Observer shot Alton, 111., 183." 23. Resolutions of censure expunged — Clay, Webster and Calhoun, Jan. 16, 1837 Deaths— Monroe, July 4, 1831; Carroll, 1832; Freneau, 18.12; Randolph, 1833; Marshall, 1835; Madison 1836. (1) Miscellaneous: Developments — Railroads, canals, express system, use of coal, oil and gas. (2) Educational: Sun, 1833; Herald, 1835; Tribune, 1841; Webster's Dic- tionary, 1828. (3) V/riters: Whittier, Longfellow. Holmes, Lowell, Poe, Hawthorne Audobon, Bancroft, Prescott, Motley, Parkman, etc. (4j Painters: West, Copley, Stuart, Allston and Trumbull. Political campaign, 1836 1. Political parties, candidates and conventions: (a) Democrat, Van Buren and Johnson, Baltimore, May (b) Whig, Harrison and Granger, ic) Whig, White and Tyler. (d) Whig, Magnum and 2. Issues: (a) Bank question, (b) Administrative Policy of Jackson. 3. Result — Vote: Basis, 47,700. Number of electors 240. Electoral— Van Buren 170; Harrison 73,; White 26; Webster 14; Magnum, 11. Congresses. Twentyfirst — Met Dec. 7, 1829 adjourned April 13, 1830. Met Dec. 6, 1830 adjourned March 3, 1831. A. Steven son of Va., speaker. Democrat. Analysis of American History. 1 1 9 Congresses. Twentysecond — Met Dec. 5. 1831 adjourned July 14, 1832. Met Dec. 3, 1832 adjourned March 2, 1833. A. Steven- bon, speaker, Democrat. Ccngresses. Twentythird — Met Dec. 2, 1833 adjourned June 30, 1834. Met Doc. 1, 1834 adjourned March 3, 1835. Speakers A. Stevenson, Democrat; John Bell of Tenn. Congresses. Twentyfourth — Dec. 7, 183,^ adjourned July 4, 1836. Dec. 5. 1836 adjourned March 3. 1837. J. K. Polk, of Tenn., speaker, Denocrat BLACK HAWK. WAR. In accordance with the treaty with the Sacs and Foxeti at Prairie du Chein, July 15, 1831, all the land east of the Mississippi was ceded ; to the whites. But Black Hawk refused to move. Generals Gaines and Scott were sent against him. He finally surrendered, Aug. 27, 1832 to Gen. Atkinson, Kt Prairie du Chein. He was taken to Washing- ton to see the "Great Father," and ever afterwards lived at peace with the ■whites. He was but a chief of a second- ary band. He settled upon the Des Moines River, in Iowa, where he died in 1838. THIRD SEMINOLE WAR Seminole war in Florida began Nov. 1, 1835 and ended Aug. 14, 1842. Oceola and Micanopy were the principal chiefs. Generals Clinch, Scott and Jessup were sent against them. Jlajor Dade and his entire command of 117 men (except one) were killed. General Thompson was killed. A. Lincoln and J. Davis fought in this war. Oceola died in prison at Ft. Moultrie, 1838. Gen Taylor with a force of 1000 men finally brought the Indians to terms and bv the treatj'' of 1845 they reluctantly took their course westward. In 1856 they were assigned lands west of the Creeks. The war cost the United States about $40,000,000; an amount nearly equal to the La Fia., and Alaskan purchase. 120 Analysts of Anierica)i History. SOUTH CAROLINA NULLIFICATION. I. Time: Act passed by the South Carolina Legislature Nov. 19, 1S;^2. Forbade the payment of all duties after Feb 1, 1833. II. Leaders: J. C. CalhouTi, R. Y. Hayne and McDuffie. III. Cause: The Protective Tariff Laws of 1828 and 1832. Calhoun claimed that the states had never given congress the power to pass a law authorizing a protective tariff, and hence the states had a right to pronounce such a law null and void — practically the same theoty as was advanced in the Va., and Ky., resolutions. IV. Acts and Events: 1. Webster and Hayno debate — contest between con- stitutional supremacy of state rights. 2. Hayne resigns the senatorship to accept the gover- norship of South Carolina. ;j. Calhoun resigns the Vice Presidency to accept the senatorship of South Carolina. 4. Medals were cast with the inscription, "John C. Calhoun, first President of the Southern Confederacy." jj. Men devoted themselTes to military drill and the women to the making of palmetto cockade and State sover- eignty ensigns. 6. The palmetto was the symbol chosen for the new nation. V. Results: 1. President Jackson sends troops under Gen. Scott to Charleston — taxes collected. 2. President Jackson issued his Nullification Proclama- tion, Dec. 11, 1832. 3. Passage of the Force or "Bloody Bill," March 2, 1833. 4. Clay's compromise Tariff bill passed March, 1833. This "scaling tariff" provided for a gradual reduction in the rates until 1842, after which only 20 per cent, on all imoprtations should be paid. Analysis of American History. 1 2 i 5. South Carolina repealed her Nullification Ordinance, March 16, 1833. t). Furnished a question of dispute prior to the Civil War THE ADMINISTRATION OF M. VAN BUREN OF N. Y. AND R. M, JOHNSON OF KY. i. Date: 183/-1841. II. Party: Democratic. III. Cabinet: 1. Secretary of State, John Forsyth, of Ga. 2. Secretary of Treasury, Levi Woodbury, of N. H. 3. Secretary of War, J. R. Poinsett, of S. C. 4. Secretaries of Nav}', M. Dickerson of N. J.; J. K. Paulding of N. Y. 5. Postmasters General, Amos Kendall of Ky. ; J. M. Niles of Coun. 6. Attorneys General, Felix Grundy, of Tenn ; H. D. Gilpin of Penn. IV. Policy: Van Buren announced his intention to "carry out the principles of his illustrious predecessor." V Events: 1. New national debt $10,000,000 in Treasury notes istiued, 1837 2. Financial crisis, 1837 Causes: (a) Wild speculation, (b) Unsound banking system (c> Specie circular, (d) Suspension of specie payments. 3. Failures in N. York, and Boston — $150,000,000. .1837 4. Bread riots. New York, 1837 5. Application of Texas for admission, 1837 6. Canadian rebellion — Patriot war 1837 7. Morse's telegraph patented 1837 8. Buckshot war — Pennsylvania Legislature 1838 9. lieathery Indian trouble or Mo., and la. lino 1838 10. Souih sea exploration, 1838 122 Analysts of American History. 11. Arrival of the first two English steamships — Sirrus and Great Western, 1848 12. Smithsonian Institute founded, 1838 13. Mormon disturbances, 1838 14. Goodyear vulcanized India rubber dis'cd — (Pat. 1844; 1839 15. First normal school established, Mann, 1839 16. Broad Seal War — Election contest in N. J 1839 17. Abolition movement, 1834-1848 Leaders — (Harrison, Lovejoy, Lundy, Birney, Tappan, May, Jay, Qulncy, Whittier, Phillips and others. Abolition papers — Lovejoy's Observer. Garrison's Liberator. Bir- ney's Philanthropist. Whittier's Pennsylvania Freeman and others. Object — Abolish slavery forever. 18. Washingtonian Temperance Society founded. . .1840 19. Cunard steamship line established, 1840 20. Sixth census— i7,017,723. 1840 21. Division in Abolition Party, 1840 22. Liberty Party formed, 1840 23. Repeal of Specie Circular — Passage of Sub-Treasury law, 1840 Treasuries of the United States — Cbief treasury at Wash- ington. Sub-Treasuries — New York, Chicago, Baltimore, Cincinnati, Philadalphia. Boston, St. Louis, San Francisco and New Orleans — Nine in number. Presidential campaign 1840 1. Political parties, candidates, and conventions. (a) Democratic — Van Buren and Johnson — Baltimore, May 5, 1840. (b) Whig — Harnison and Tyler — Harrisburg, Dec. ,4, 1839. (c) Liberty — Birney and Earle — Baltimore, May 5, 1840. 2. Issues: (a) Sub-Treasury law. (b) National Bank, (c) Protec- tive Tariff. 3. Result — vote: Basis, 47,700. Numbler oi ejectors 240. Electoral — Harrison 234; Van Buren 60; Popular — Bir- ney 7,059. Analysis of A)nerican Htstofj. 1 2 3 Congresses. Twenty-fifth — *Met Sept. 4, 1837 adjourned Oct. IG 1837. Met Dec. 4, 1S37 adjourned July 9, 1S38. Met Dec. 3, 1838 adjourned March 3, 1839. J. K. Polk, of Tenn., speaker, Democrat. Coi g.'-esses. Twenty-sixth. — Mot Dec. 2, 1839 adjourned July 21, 1840. Met Dec. 7, 1840 adjourned March 3, 1841. R. M. Hunter of Va., speaker, Sub-Treasury Whig. THE ADMINISTRATION OF W. H. HARRISON OF OHIO, AND JOHN TYLER OF VA. I. Date: 1841-1845. II. Party: Whig. III. Cabinet: 1. Secretaries of State, D. Webster of Mass.; H. S. Legare of S. C; A. P. Upshur of Va.; J. Nelson; J. C. Cal- houn, of S. C. 2. Secretaries of Treasury, T. Ewing of O. ; W. Forward of Conn.; G. M. Bibb, of Va. 3. Secretaries of War, J. Bell of Ga. ; J. C. Spencer of N. Y., J. M. Porter of Penn.; W. Wilkens of Penn. 4. Secretaries of Navy, G. E. Badger of N. C. ; A. P. Upshur, of Va. 5. Postmasters General, F. Granger of N. Y.; C. A. Wy- cliffe of Ky. 6. Attorneys General, J. J. Crittenden of Ky.; H. S. Legare of S. C; J. Nelson of Md. NOTE — When Tyler assumed the duties as President his place was filled by Southard and Magnum. IV. Policy: 1. Re-establish the United States bank. 2. Protection of manufactures bj^ a high tariff. 3. Favored internal im- provements at the expense of the goveri.raent. 4. A part of them wished to restrict slavery. *fixtra session to consider and secure the financial in- tersts of the Government. 1 24 Analysis of American Histoty. V. Events: 1. Harrison's death, April 4 — Tyler took oath of oflBce April 6, 1841 2. Baiiknpt law passed 1841 3. Repeal of Independent Treasury Law 1841 4 Attempt to establish "The Fiscal bank of the Unitea States" — A^etoed, 1841 5. Fiscal Corporation Bill vetoed — 'lyler's own bill 1841 6. Resignation of the entire cabinet— except Webster, 1841 7. New York Tribune founded — Greeiy, 1841 5 Dr. Whitman's journey to Washington 1842-3 9 Tariff of 1842, 1842 10. Completion of Bunker Hill monument, 1842 Built of Quincy granite, thirty-one feet square at the base, 221 feet high. Seventeen years in construction. Cost $150,000. 11. Antartic expedition — James Clarke Ross. .. .1841-42 12. Dorr's rebellion, 1842 13. Arrival of Wilkes's exploring expedition — traveled 90,000 miles -n 4 years, 1 842 14. Extradition Treaty with England — first of the kind, 1842 15. Webster and Ashburion treaty completed, Aug. 9 ratified Aug. 20 1843 16. Bimker Hill mojiuraent dedicated — June 17 — Web- ster's address, 1843 17. Constitution of R. 1. goes into operation, 1843 18. Telegraph appropriation— $30,000, 1843 19. Princton disaster. Death ot Upshur and Gilmore 1844 20. Anti-rent difficulties— "Helderberg War" 1844 21. Mormon agitation — commercial 1844 22. Treaty with China, 1844 23. First message by telegraph, 1844 24. Power of Ether disc'd— Dr. T. G. Morton, 1844 25. Gag— Rule prohibited, 1844 26. Texas and Florida admitted 1845 Presidential campaign, 184'l 1. Political parties, candidates and conventions: Analysis of American History. 1 2 5 (a) Whig — Clay and Frelinghuysoii — Baltimore, May, J; 1844. (b) Democratic — Polk and Dallas — Baltimore, May 27 1844. (c) Liberty — Birney and Morris — Euftalo, Aug. 30, 1843 2, Issue. Annexation of Texas and Oregon. 3. Result — Vote. Basis: 70,680. Number of electors 223. Electoral— Polk, 170; Clay 103; Populrr— Birney 62,300. Congresses. Twenty-seventii — Met May 31, 1841 adjourntd Sept. 13, 1841* Met Dec. 6, 1841 adjourned Aug. 31, 1842. Dec. 5, 1842 adjourned March 3, 1843. 1. Senate W., 28; D., 22. 2. House W. 133, D., lOS. J. White of Ken. Speaker, Whig. Ccrcresses. Twenty-eighth — Met Dec. 4, 1843 adjourned June 17, 1844. Met Dec. 2, 1844 adjourned March 3, 184.5. 1. Senate W. 28; D., 24. 2. House W. 81; D. 142. J. W. Jones, of Va., speaker. Democrat. DORR'S REBELLION. I. Date: 1842. II. Place: Rhode Island. III. Leaders: (a) T. W. Dorr of Providence — "Suffrage party." (b) S. W. King, (governor) — "Law and Order Party." TV. Cause: Hhode Island iiad always been governed by the old charter that had been granted by Charles II. Among the many features of the .government that were repugnant to the spirit ol republicanism was restricted suffrage. The char- ter allowed only freeholders and their eldest sons to vote; by this the popular representation became very unequal. *Extra Session — To consider the Panic and Sub-Treas- ury Bill. 126 Analysis of American History. For instance: in the legislature of 1840, 29,000 inhabitants were represented by 70 members and 80,000 by 34 members this the people attempted to change. V. Kesults: 1. The "suffrage party" twice repulsed by militia (no bloodshed) Door arrested, tried and convicted of treason — rardoned in 1845. 2. A new constitution was drawn up and ratified May 1843 — last state to form a constitution. THE ADMINISTRATION OF J. K. POLK OF TENN., AND G. M. DALLAS, OF PA. I. Date: 1845-1849. II. Party: Democratic. III. Cabinet: 1. Secretary of State, James Buchanan, of Pa. 2. Secretary of Treasury, Robert J Walker, of Miss. 3 Secretary of War, W. L. Marcy of N. Y. 4 Secretaries of Navy, Geo. Bancroft of Mass.; John y. Mason of Va. 5. Postmaster General, Cave Johnson of Tenn. 6. Attorneys General, J. Y. Mason of Va.; N. Clifford of Me. ; Isaac Toucey of Conn. IV. Policy; 1. Annexation of Oregon and Texas. 2. Limited power of the It'ederal government. 3. No interference with the domestic institutions of the states. 4. Congress, no power to charter a United Stales bank. 5. Opposed internal im- provement. C. Separation of money from banking institu- tions. 7. United States an asylum for the oppressed. V. Events: 1. Union of U. S. and Texas completed. .. .July 4, 1845 2. Last voyage ol sir John Franklin 1845 3. Almonte, Mexican minister left Washington March 0. 184»5. Analysis of American History. 127 4. Mexican war, 1846 48 5. U. S. Naval academy opened — Bancroft 1846 6. Treaty with England — Boundary drawn to 49 degree N latitude,.. 1846 7. Sewing machine patented— Howe 1846 8. California declared independent July 5, 1846 9. Wilmot Proviso — Brickerhoff, author, 1846 10. Angry debates — Hunkers and Barnburners 1846 11. WorcRster's dictionary published, 1846 12. Smithsonion institution founded — $515,000 bequested 1846. 13. Ether discovered — Morton, Wells and Jackson. . 1846 14. Independent Treasury Law re-enacted, 1846 15 Tariff bill passed, revenue only — all duties ad- valorem, 1846 16. United States recedes Virginia's portion of D. of C. 1846. 17. Mormons move to Utah 1847 18. Cylinder printing press invented — Hoe 1847 19. Liberia becon.es independent 1847 20. Oneida community founded, J. H. iNoyes., Vt. — Per- fectionists, 1848 2L Gold find— California, 1848 22. Free Soil Party organized, 1848 2o Spiritualism made prominent, Fox sisters — Hyde- vJUe, N. y 1848 24. Iowa and Wis., admitted 1846-4a 25. Department of Interior created 1849 Presidential campaign 1848 1. Political parties, candidates and conventions: (a) Democratic — Cass and Butler. — Baltimore, May 22 (h) Whig — Taylor and Filmore, Phila, June 7. (c) Free Soil Dem — Van Buren and Adams, Buffalo, August 9. 2 Issue: Slavery, main issue with the Free Soil Democrats, but the two main parties did not make a positive issue on it. .3. Result— Vote: Basis. 70,680. Number of electors 223. 128 Analysis of Ajuerican History. Electoral — Taylor 163; Cass 127. Popular — VanBuren, 29J,263. Congresses. Twenty-ninth — Mec Dec. 1, 1845 adjourned Aug. 13, 1846. Met Dec. 7, 1846 adjourned March 3, 1847. 1. Senate. D. 30; W. 25 2. House, D. 142; W. 75. J. W. Davis ol Ind., speaker, Democrat. Congresses. Thirtieth — Met Dec. 6, 1847 adjourned Aug. 14, 1848 Met Dec. 5, 1848 adjourneu March 3, 1849. 1. Senate D., 35; W. 21. 2. House, D., 108: W. 117. R. C. Winthrop, of Mass., speaker, Whig. OUR CLAIIVIS TO OREGON TERRITORY. The first claim is by right of Discovery. In 1792 Capt. Rob't Gray of Boston, but a native of Tiverton, Conn., sailing in his vessel, "Columbia Rediviva," entered the river which bears the name of his ship on the 11th of May. On li's "e- turn he met Vancouver who made further explorations. Tpon his return home he gave such a favorable report of the country that th desire to secure it sprang up at once. The second of these claims was that of Exploration. In 1S03 Pres. Jefferson in a confidential manner — asked con- gress to make the necessary appropriations for exploration of the western territory. It met the approval of Congress and accordingly Capt. M. Lewis and Lieut. W. Clark were sent in 1804 to make the exploration. Starting from St. Louis, Mo., they sailed up the Missouri river to the "Gates of the Rocky mountains" and after crossing the mounntains entered the territory of the Columbia. They were gone over two years and their story is full trilling adventures, but their narrations were valuable: thus, adding another step to final possession of Oregon. The third claim is that of Purchase from France. By some -t is claimed the Oregon territory was included in the Louisiana purchase. But, this remains a disputed question. The fourth of the claims is that of Settlement: Through the influence of Jefferson in 1810 the Pacific Fur Company Analysis of American History. 1 29 was formed with J. J. Astor as its leader. Astoria was found- ed by him (JSIJ). But the fur trading enterprise was not a fcucccss financially and the eomiiany was soon absorbed by its English competitor. The North-west Fur company. But tlie failure in the fur trading business and the Astoria settle- ment was not entirely due to the mistakes of their leader but, more directly to the lame support of the government and over reaching partners. In 1S12 a law was passed by Congress foi'bidding the English government from carrying on the trade exclusively and also claimed 54 degrees 40 minutes (southern boundary of Alaska) as our northern boundary line but, the matter was tempoarly settled when in ISIS the two governments began to occupy the territory jointly. This agreement was to last ten years but was renewed, 1827 and was to extend without limit, provided that either nation might after 1S28 cancel it upon twelve month's notice. The fifth of these claims the Treaty with Spain and Russia; In accordance with the treaty with Spain at the time of the purchase of Florida (1819) she gave up all claim the territory on the I acific coast north of 42 degrees (north- en limit of California) and by the treaty of 1824 Russia, who had established trading posts as far south as California, gave up all claim to territory south of 54 degrees 40 minutes. The joint occupation of the territory did very well un- til 1812, when it began to receive public attention at home and abroad. President Tyler in his message to Congress, Dec. 5, 1812, declared; that, "sound policy dictates that every effort should be resorted to by the two governments to settle their respective claims." The cry was "Fifty-four-forty or fight" and became one of the issues upon which Polk was elected, it being understood that if he was elected he would insist upon 54 degrees 40 minutes as the dividing line, but, instead he offered a compromise as Monroe and Tyler had done. England had claimed 42 degrees as the dividing line, but, by the compromise it was finally drawn at 49 degrees thus conforming with the Webster Ashburton treaty (1842.) Treaty concluded .Time 15, 184G; ratifications exchanged at London, July 17, 1846; proclaimed, Aug. 5, 1846. 130 Analysis of American Hisioiy. Commissioners: 1. American — James Buchanan. 2. )3ritish— Richard Pakenham. 1 erritcry : Area, nearly 28!;.00n square miles, comprising the states of Washington, Oregon and Idaho and small portions of Wyom- ii)g and Montana Population when secured (1846) 12,000. WAR WITH MEXICO. I. Date: War declared by the United States May 3 3 IS 16. War declared by Mexico, May 26, 1846. II. Causes: 1. Real: (a) Slavery — Extension. 2. immediate fa) Disputed boundary line between Mexico and Texas. Ill Corritnanders- in-chief : 1. American — Scott. 2. Mexican — Santa Anna. IV. The Four Objects: 1. An attack upon Mexico from the North — Zachary Taylor. 2. An attack upon the City of Mexico — Winfield Scott and Connor. 3. An attack upon New Mexico and Arizona — Kearney and Doniphar. 4. An attack upon California — Fremont and fleet under Stockton and SI oat V. Engagements — Principal — 1. Gen. Taylor's battles — "Army of Occupation," 9,000 men Palo Alto, May 8, 1846; Resaca de la Palma, May 9, 1846; Monterey, Sept. 23, 1846 and Buena Vista, Feb. 23, 1847. 2. Gen Scott's battles— "Army of the Centre." 12,000 men Vera Cruz, March 22-27, 1847; Cerro Gordo, April 18, 1847; Contreras, Cherubusco and San Antonia, Aug. 20, 1847; Molinodel Key, Sept. 8, 1847 and Chapultetpec Sept. 13, 1847. Analysis of Anurican History. i 3 i 3. Gen. Kearney's battles — ''Array of the West." In June, 1S46 Gen. Kearney started from Ft. Leavenworth on the Missouri for the purpose of gaining New Mexico and California for the United Srates. Ke captured Santa Fe, A'ig 18 and then left Colonel Doniphan to hold the conquered territory. Doniphan immediately began his march to Sal- tillo — nearly one thousand miles — gaining the battles of Bracito. El Faso and Sacremento, he entered Chihuhua un- opposed after which he joined Gen. Wool, thus completing the conquest of the territory. The California territory had become practically independent before Gen. Kearney arrived John C. Fremont. Kit Carson and a fleet under Commodore Sloat — afterwards commanded by Com.modore Stockton — greatly aided the people in securiiig their independence. Yet the authority of the United States was not fully established until the decisive battle of San Gabriel was fought, Jan. 8, 1S47. VI. Mexican Leaders: Santa Anna, Arista, La Vega Valencia, Ampudia, Alvarez Morales, Ponce de Leon, Bravo and Trias. VIT. Treaty: Concluded at Guadaloupe Hidalgo, Dec, 2, 1848; ratifica- tions exchanged May 30, 1848; proclaimed July 4, 1848. VIII. Commissioners: American — Nicholas P. Trist. Mexican — (a) Luis G. Cuevas. (b) Bernards Couto. (c) Migl. Atristain. iX. Provisons of Treaty: Principal: 1. Agreed upon the Rio Grande river as the boundary line. 2. The Mexicans were given the right to remain un- molested in the territory. 3. Prisoners of war to be restored and all United States troops withdrawn. 4. Restoration of all castles and forts and blockade to cease. 5. The United States to pay the Mexican government J 3 2 Analysis of American History. $15,000,000, one-fifth cash and the remaining $12,000,000 ia four equal instalments at 6 per cent, interest. 6. Mexican government discharged from all claims of citizens of the United States — $3,250,000. 7. Assumption of the Texan debt by the United States $7,500,000 — making the entire tract cost at least $25,750,000. :X. Results: 1. Cost: The cost in life is not accurately known* 10,000 (both sides) is a safe estimate. Cost in money nearly $150,000,000. Num- ber of enlisted men 112,230. 2. Territory, area — 522,508 square miles comprising the states of Utah, Nevada and California and portiouo of Colo- rado, New Mexico, Arizona and Wyoming. 3. Made the slavery question a political issue. THE ADMINISTRATION OF Z. TAYLOR OF LA., AND M. FILLMORE OF NEW YORK. J. Date: 1849 1853. 11. Party: Whig. Jll. Cabinet: 1. Secretaries of State, J. M. Clayton of Del.; D. Webstei of Mass.; E. Everett, of Mass. 2. Secretaries of Treasury, W. M. Merideth of Pa.; Thos. Corwin of Ohio. 3. Secretaries of War, G. W. Crawford, of Ga. ; J. M. Conrad of La. 4. Secretaries of Navy, W. B. Preston of Va. ; W. A. Graham of N. C; J. P. Kennedy of Md. 5. Secretaries of Interior, T. Ewing. of O. ; T. M. T. McKenuan of Pa.; A. H. H. Stuart of Va. 6. Postmasters General, J. Collamer of Vt. ; N K. Hall of N. Y.; S. S. Hubbard of Conn. 7. Attorneys General, R. Johnson of Md.; J. J. Critten- den of Conn. NOTE — When Fillmore succeded to the presidency his office as vice president was filled by W. R. King. Analysts of American H'siory. 135 IV. Policy: They did not really advance any new policy, but they endorsed the old Whig principles of National bank, protec- tive tariff, internal improvements, abolition of slavery, etc. V Events: 1. Inauguration of Taylor, March 5, 1849 2. Navajo troubles, New Mexico 184f-51 3. Disturbances with Commanches, Cheyenne, Lipan and Kickapoo — Texas, 1849-61 4. Convention of Monterey, Sept.., 1849 5. Government for California formed — P. H. Burnet, governor, Dec. 20, 1849 C. Webster's "Seventh of March speech," 1850 7. Pitt river expedition, April 28 to Sept. 13 1850 8 Nashville convention, 1850 9. Death of Taylor, July 9 — Fillmore succeeded July 10, 1850 10. Omnibus Bill, Sept. 18, 1850 11. Fillilustering expeditions, Cuba 1850 Lopez leader. Commanded 480 men Object sieze Cuba by force — Failure. Lopez and his acconiplices were executed at Havana. 12. Clayton and Bulwer treaty — Monroe Doctrine re- peated 1850 13. Seventh census— 23.151,876, 1850 14. Tripartite treaty — Nations, U. S., France and Eng- land, — failure, 1850 15. Arrival of Jenny Lind — Sweden, 1850 16. Donation law — 320 acres to settlers of Oregon 1850 17. Maine Liquor law passed — Dow, 1851 IS. Erie R. R. opened 1851 19. Cornerstone of the extension of the Capitol laid, — Fillmore, 1851 Cost $1::.00u.000 Webster delivered the oration. 20. Grinnell expedition, E. K. Kane commander. .. .1851 21. Arrival of L. Kossuth, Hungary — search of aid, re- ceived $1,000,000 1851 22. Postage reducetl to three cents — uniform for less than 3,000 miles, 1851 134 Analysts of American History. 23. Yuma expedition, Cal., Dec. to April 1851-2 24. Utah Indian disturbances, 1851-53 25. Rougue river, Yokima, Klikitat, Klamath and Sal- mon river Indian wars, Oregon and Wash., .1851-56 26. Underground R. R. organized 1838 — perfected 1852. Coffin, Pres., 1852 27. 'Life among the Lowly' — (Uncle Tom's Cabin) 1852 28. H. Seward's "Higher Law," 1852 29. Pacific R. R. surveyed, 1853 Deaths— Polk 1849, Calhoun 1850; Clay, Webster 1852 Presidential campaign, 1852 J. Political parties and candidates. (a) Democratic — Pierce and King. (b) Whig — Scott and Graham. (c) Free Soil — Hale and Julien. 2. Issue: None distinctly defined — Compromise Act of 1850 dis- cu.osed. 3. Result— Vote : Electoral — Pierce 245; Scott 42. Popular — Hale 156,149. Congresses. Tliirty-first — Met Dec. 2, :I849 adjourned Sept. 30, 1850. Met Dec. 3, 18')0 adjourned March 3, 1851. 1. Senate, D.. 35; W., 25; F. S. 2. 2. House, D., 110; W., 105; F. S. 9. H Cobb of Ga., speaker, Democrat. Congresses. Thirty-second — Met Dec. 1, 1851 adjourned Aug. 31, 1852. Met Dec. 6. 1S52 adjourned March 3, 1853. 1 Senate D. 34 W., 23; F. S., 3. 2. House D., 140; W., 88; F. S., 5. L. Boyd, of Ken., speaker. Democrat. COMPROMISE OF 1850 OR "OMNIBUS BILL." I. Date: Sept. 18, 1850 II. Causes: 1. To settle the slavery agitation. 2. California's aplication for statehood. III. Author: Henry Clay, of Ken. Analysis of American History. 135 IV. Provisions: 1. Priucipal provisicns: • (a) Admitted California as a free state (favored the uorth.) (b) Territorial governmeDt for Utah and New Mexico territories without the provision of slavery — (favored the south.) (c) Slave trade, not slavery, to be stopped in D. of C. — (favored the north.) (d) The fugitive slave law made more vigorous and exacting — (favored the south.) 2. Minor Provisions: (a) That Texas should release her claims to the dis- putetl lands and receive $10.00U,OOU by so doing. (b) No new states to be formed out of Texas until they presented themselves for admission. NOTE — The bill was passed not as whole, but in separate clauses. V. Effects; 1. Temporary settlement of the slavery question. 2. Destroyed the Whig party. 3. More thoroughly cemented the anti-slavery senti ment 4. Claimed afterward to be in opposition to the Mo., compromise. THE ADMINISTRATION OF FRANKLIN PIERCE OF N. H AND W. R. KING OF GA. I. Date: 1853-1857. II. Party: Democratic. 111.. .Cabinet: 1. Secretary of State, W. L. Marcy of N. Y. 2. Secretary of Treasury, James Guthrie of Ky. 3. Secretary of War. Jefferson Davis, of Miss. 4. Secretary of Navy, J. C. Dobbin, of N. C. 5. Secretary of Interior, R. McClelland, of Mich. 1 36 Analysis of American History. G. Postmaster General, James Campbell of Pa. v. Attorney General, Caleb Gushing, of Mass. NOTE— Through the death of King the office of Vice J resident was fijled by .^tchinoon and Bright. IV. Policy: 1. Declared they would "abide by and adhere to" the Omnibus Bill." 2. Resistance of all attempts at renewing, either in Congress or out, the*agitation of the slavery question. V. Events: 1. Crystal Palace opened, New York, July 14, 1853 2. Martin Kosta episode 1853 3. Death of Vice Pres. King, April 18, 1853 4. Gadsden or Messilla Valley purchase, 1853 5. Panama R. R. completed, 1854 G. Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854 7. Mikado's Empire opened — M. C. Perry, son of O. H. Perry 1854 8. Walker's filibustering expedition, C. America. . .1854 9. Ostend Manifesto, (see Cuba) 1854 10. E. K. Kane's noi'then explorations, 1855 11. De Kaven sent by Grinnell — "Opou Polar Sea" 1855 12. Civil War in Kansas — Bleeding Kansas 1850-60 13. Sioux Raid against the Snake Indians. Oregon, May 24 to Sept. S, 1855 14. Brooks — Sumner difficulty 1856 15. Formation of Republican Party, 1854-56 16. Yokima Expedition, Oct 11 to Nov. 24, 1855 Commanded by Major G. J. Rains afterwards a confederate general — Failure — In 1856 Col. Geo. Wright was more succ- essful. Lieut. Sheridan greatly distingushed himself at the Cascades. 17. Cheyenne and Arai)hoe troubles 1855-bG 18. Seminole war. Fla., Dec. 25, 1S55 to May S. 185S. 18.-;S Presidential campaign, IS !. Political parties, candidates and conven';t > -.s: (a) Democratic — Buchanan and Breckinridge, Cincin- Dati. (b) Republican — Fremont and Donelson, Philadelphia, Ana/j'Sts of America n History. 1 3 7 (c) Know-Nothings — Fillmore and Dayton, Baltimore. 2. Issue: Extension of slavery. 3. Result— Vote: Basi.s 9o,500. Number of electors 234. Electoral— Buchanan 174; Fremont Hi; Fillmore 8. Congresses. Thirty-third — Met Dec. 5, 1853 adjourned Ai.g. 7, 1854. Met Dec. 4, 1S"4 adjourned March 3, 1855. 1. Senate D., 3^5; W. 20; F. S. 2. 2. House D. 159; W., 71; F. S., 4. L. Boyd oi; Ky., speaker, Democrat. Conoresses. Thirty-fourth — Met Dec. 3; 1855 adjourned Aug| 18, 1856. Met Aug. IS, 1856 adjourned Aug. 30, IS06*. Met Dec. 1. 1856 adjourned March 3, 1S57. 1 Senate D., 34 ; Opposition 25. 2. House D., 79 ; anti Nebraska men 117. pro-Slavery Whigs 37. ■"Extm, se.ssion-To secure the passage of the "Army Bill." GADSDEN PURCHASE. I. Date; 1353. Jl. Purpose: 1 To settle the boundary line between United States and ?kIexico. The old survey had given the Mesilla Valley to Mexico and had formed a very ii regular boundary. The governor of New Mexico, objected and preceded to take porssession of the territory. Mexico protested. To avoid further trouble with Santa Anna, who was at the head of the Mexican government, a settlement by purchase was effected. 2. To secure certain minerals that were thought to be in the lands. in. Cominissloners: American — .Tames Gadsden. jMexican — fa) Manuel Diez de Bonilla. (b") .lose Sal azar Ylarregui. (c) J. Marians Monterde. 1 3 8 Analysts of American History. IV. Treaty: Concluded Dec. ?.0, 1853; ratifications exchanged at Washington June 30. 1854; proclaimed June 30, 1854. V. Territory: Area 15,535 square miles — southern portions of Arizona and New Mexico. Cost §10,000.000. KANSAS-NEBRASKA BILL. I. Date: Passed, May 30, 1854. II. Author: Stephen A. Douglas, of 111. , III. Causes: 1. The declaration that rhe Mo Conr^promise was un- constitutional and that it conflicted with the Compromise of 1850. 2. To allay the slavery agitation. IV. Territory: The Platte country as it was called, lying between the Mo. Kiver and the foot-hills of the Rocky mountains, was a wilderness and without territorial government. In 1853 it was divided by a line running east ajid west. Beiween 37 degrees and 40 degrees was called Kansas and from 40 de- grees to 4.S degrees Nebraska. To these territories the bill referred. V. Statement: Organize the two territoiies and let the question of slavery be decided by their inhabitants — Popular or Squatter Soverei.gnty. VI. Result: 1. Struggle for the possession of Kansas. 2. Practically repealed the Mo. Compromise. 3 Furnished a question of dispute prior to the Civil War Analysis of American History. 1 39 CIVIL WAR IN KANSAS I. Date: 1854 to 1859. II. Cause: Dispute between the anti and pro-Slavery elements re- garding the possession of the territory. III. Acts and Events. (Influencing.) 1. New England Aid Society founded, Boston, 1854. Thayer, president. Laurence, treasurer. Capital $5,000,000. Number of emigrants 500 2. Kansas Aid Society founded, 1854. o. jNIany slavery societies formed in Mo. — Missourians would cross the line vote and return — Border ruffians. IV. Anti Slavery Towns: Laurence, Topeka, Manhattan, Waubunsee, Hampden and Ossawatomie. V. Pro-Slavery Towns: Atcninson, Leavenworth. Lecompton and Kickapoo. VI. Conflicts: Pro-Slavery constitution at Lecompton. Anti-Slavery one at Topeka. Leaders — Laurence, Hamilton, Law, Montgomery and Brown. Laurence sacked. Murders at Marias des Cygnes. In five years six governors were appointed — Reader, Shannon, Gciary, vValker, Denver and Medai-y. Ossawatomie destroy- ed. Finally Kansas adopted a free consHtution at Wyandotte July 29, 1859 and the agitation subsided. Kansas was ad- mitted January 29, 1861. THE ADMINISTRATION Of J. BUCHANAN OF PA.. AND J. C. BRECKINRIDGE OF KY. \. Date: 1857-1861. ij. Party: Democratic. III. Cabinet: 1. Secretaries of State, Lewis Cass, of Mich.; J. S. Black of Fa. 1 40 Analysis of Aviencan History. 2. Secretaries of Treasury, Howell Cobb of Ga. ; Philip Thomas of Md. ; J. A. Dix of N. Y 3. Secretaries of War, J. B. Floyd, of Va. ; Joseph Holt of Ky. 4. Secretary of Navy, Isaac Toucey of Conn. J». Secretary of Interior, Jacob Thompson of Miss. C. Postmasters General, A. V. Brown, of Tenn. ; Horatio King of Me. 7. Attorneys General. J. S. Black of Pa.; E. M. Stanton of Pennsylvania. iV. Policy: 1. Strict construction view of the constitution. 2. Condemned the principles of the Know-Nothins Party. 3. Approval of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. 4. The substitution of "Popular Sovereignty" for the Compromise of 1820. V. Events: 1. Sioux Indian troubles, Minn., and la., March and April, 1857 2. Dred Scott decision — Taney author, 1857 3. Gila expedition. New Mex., April 16 to Sept. 16. 1857 4. Expedition againft the Mormons, Utah, 1857 5. Mt. Meadovv massacre, 1857 C. Financial Crisis, 1857 Causes : (a) Discovery of gold in California — overstimulated business men. (b) More railroads built than the population demanded. (c) The supply of the manufactures exceeded the de- mand— 7.200 house:? failed for $111,000,000. 7. Trouble with Paraguay 1858 8. Puget sound expedition, Washington, Aug. 10 to Sept. 2:i 1858 9. BMrst Telegraphic Cable laid— C. W. Field, 1858 From Trinity Bay ,New Foundland to Valencia Bay, Ireland — 1,640 miles long. 10. Expedition against northern Indians, Washington, July 17 to Oct. 17 1858 Analysts of American Histoy. 141 11. Crystal Palace destroyed by fire 1858 i:^. Navajo expeditiou, New Mex., Sept 9 to Dec. 25 1858 13. IVlinn., Ore., aiul Kan., admitted, 1858-39-Gl .14. Spokane, Cour d'Alene and Paloos Indian troubles, Waohington, 1^^^ 15. Lincoln-Douglas debates, 1858 16. Wichita expedition, Ind. Ter., Sept. 11, 1858 to Pec. I8rl9 1858-1859 17. Oil Avell sunk, TitusviUe, Pa.,— Drake, 1859 IS. Colorado expedition, Cal., Feb. 11 to April 28.. 1859 19. Pecos expedition, Texas, April 16 to Aug. 17... 1859 20. Antelope Hills expedition, Texas, June 10 to Sept. 23, .1859 21. Deaths— W. H. Prescott, Irving, H. Mann and Choate ^^^^ 22. Bear river expedition, Utah, June 12 to Oct. 18 1859 23. John Brown's raid, * 1859 24. Cortinas troubles, Rio Grande river, 1859-60 25. Eight census,— 31,3"5,120, I860 26. Kiota and Comanche expedition, Ind., Ter., May S to Oct. 11, 1^^^ 27. Carson Valley expedition. Utah, May 14 to July 15, __ 1860 28. Covode investigation, John Covode, chairman- failure— Hickman and Adrain, I860 29. Navajo expedition, N. Mex , Sept. 12, 1860 to Feb. 24,1861 1860-61 30. Secession of S. C, Ga., Ala., Fla., Miss., La., and Texas, 1860-61 331. Crittenden Compromise J. J. Crittenden failure 1861 Clauses — Principal. (a) U. S. to be pernamently divided by the "Line of 36 degrees, 30 minutes"— North free. South slave. (b) V. S. to pay the slaveholder for rescued fugitives. (c) Congress should have no power to exclude slavery from the territories. 32. Peace conference, Washington — failure, 1861 Purpose — To adjust the national difficulties. Tyler presi- dent. Twenty-one states represented. 142 Analysis of American History. r.3. Tariff bill— Morill, author, 1861 34. Organization of the Southern Confederacy ..1860-6-i Legislature of S. C met Nov. 6, 1860 and on Dec. 20, 1860, when Lincoln's election was assured, they passed the "Ord- inance of Secession" r eb. 4, 1861. Delegates from six of the seven seceded states met at Montgomery, Ala., formed a constitution, and established a provisional government call- ed the "Confederate States of America" which was adopted Feb. 8, 1861. J. Davis was chosen president, and A. H. Stephens, vice president. 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U J3 > O H O Analysts of Ainerican History. i 5 7 PURCHASE OF ALASKA.* i Date. 1867. II. Fr.> .1 Vihom: Russia. • III. Causee of Sale: 1. The great difficulty in defending it in case of war, especially with England. 2. The abuse made by the Russian-American Fur com- paiiy of their charter. 3. Russia wanted tho money. 4. The feasibility of constructing a Russian-American telegraph line. Of course, this was blighted by the Atlantic cable. IV. Causes of Purchase: Statement — They should be classed under two heads financial and commercial; as all former purchases had been of contiguous territory offering encouragement to settlers to formation of states. V. Cost: $7^00,000. VI. Commissioners: 1. American — W. H. Seward. 2. Russian — Edward de Stockel. VII. TrMty; Concluded March 30, 1S67; ratifications exchanged at Washington, June 20, 1867; proclaimed June 20, 1867. VIII. Description and Furthor History of the Territory: Area — 577,390 square miles or nearly 370,000,000 acres. Length N. and S.— 1100 miles, width E. and W., 800 miles. Coast line, 4000. Rainfall — 65 to 90 Inches, mean annual temperature, 25 degrees Fahr. Population when purchased 60.000; 1900 nearly 63,000 nearly three-fourths Indians and Esquimaux. Chief divisions of Territory — Arctic, Youkon, Kuskoquim, Aleutian, Kadiak and South-eastern. Chief river, *This purchase was ridiculed as "Seward's Polar Bear Garden" and "The Refrigerator of America" by men who lacked the foresight of its negotiator. Name is derived from Al-ak-shak, first suggested by Charles Sumner. 158 Analysis of American History. Youkon, 1,S00 miles long, first 600 miles average one mile in width, other rivers — Kuskoquim, Copper, Chilkat and Stikine all navigable for small vessels. Chief mountain peaks — McKiniey (20,464 ft.), Fain^eather, St. Elias, Wraugell and Edgecombe. There are at lease ten active volcanoes. Vege- tation slight except in the region ol Sitka. Prevailing reli- gion — Gveek. Government — It was organised as a military and collection district in 1870 the territory remaining unor- ganized. I/. S. established customs, commerce, and naviga- tion by act of Congress, July 27, 1868. A district government providing for a governor and district court was established May 17, 1884. The laws of Oregon are declared to be the governing laws, when not in conflict with those of the U. S. Capital, Sitka situated on the island of Baronov. Other cities — Juneau, Wrangell and Circle City. Russia's titlt — After it was discovered (1728) that Asia and N. America were not connected; Vitus Bering started (1741) under the employ of Russia. He discovered Alaska in the same year July ,1s, but, fur trading posts were not established until 1783 — Other explorations were made by Cook in 1776 and by Ledyard and Vancouver in 1778. Chief products at present, furs, timber, fish and marble, gold was discovered in 1879. RECONSTRUCTION. I. Date: July 24, 1363 to March 30, 1870. II. Senate Committee: AVilliams, Howland, Grines, Fessenden and Harris. 1)1. House Committee: Boutwell, Washburn, Conkling, Morrill, Bingham, Blow, Grider, Rogers and Thaddeus Stevens. IV. Presidential Treory: 1. Only necessary to submit to the Federal authority — never been out. 2. Recognize their :state governments as legal. 3. Appointment of provisional governors — civil auth- ority. Anafysts of American H 'siory. 1 5 9 4. Repudiate the confederate war debt. 5. Abolition of slavery — 13tti amendment. 6. Withdraw all Secessional Ordinances. Congressional Theory: 1. Repeal all Articles of Secession. 2. Repudiate the Confederate debt. 3. Appointment of military governors — divided into five districts. 4. Make the negro a citizen — 14th amendment. 5. Total abolition of slavery — 13th amendment. (j. States were out and deal with them as territories. NOTE — Judging by the proclamations of Lincoln and his Gettysburg address it seems to the author that the The- ory of Reconstruction as held by Lincoln and used in the cases of Missouri and West Virginia and attempted in Louisiana and elsewhere was in a large measure the same as that held by Johnson. The work of Recoustruccion was begun by Lincoln in the latter part of 1863. What points of difference existed between the Presidential and Congress- ional theories? What was the main purpose of Congress in maintaining their theories? Which theory do you think approached nearest the Constitutional view? Would the re- lations of Congress and Lincoln been so antagonistic? Wny? • IMPEACHMENT AND TRIAL OF JOHNSOn- I. Date: March 5, 1868 tc May 16, 1868. II. Articles of Impeachment — Nine in Number — Principal: 1. Dismissal of E. M. Stanton — Viclaiion of Tenure ot Ofhce Bill 2. Denounciation of Congress by President — "No Con- gress.'' in. Prosecutlo... Boutwell, I^gan, Stevens, Bingham, Wilson, Williams and Butler. IV. Defense: Stanberry, Curtis Evarts, Nelson and Groesbeck. Chase (Chief Justice) presided. 1 6o . Analysis of American History. V. Vote: Thirty-five for conviction and nineteen for acquittal — (two-thirda vote required). THE ADMINISTRATION OF U. S. GRANT, OF ILL., AND SCHUYLER COLFAX, OF IND. I. Date: 1869-1873. n. Pirtr': Republican. III. Cabinet; i. Secretaries of State, E. B. Washburne; Hamilton Fish, of New York. 2. Secretaries of Tieasury, A. T. Stewart of N. Y.; (not elgible) ; G. S. Boutwwell of Mass.; AV. A. Ricliardson of Massachusetts. 3. Secretaries of War, J. M Schofield (ad interim) ; J. A. Rawlings, of 111.; W. W. Belknap of la. 4 Secretaries of Navy, A. E. Borie of Pa.; G. M. Robe- son, of Nev." York 5. Secretaries ol Interior, J. D. Cox of O. ; C. Delano of Ohio. G. Postmaster General, J. A. Creswell, of Ind. 7 Attorneys General, E. R. Hoar of Mass.; A. T. Akermau of Ga. ; G. H. Williams, of Ore. IV. Policy — Conscrvativa — Ptace. • 1. Equal suffrage to all loyal men. 2. Honor to soldiers. 3. Improvement of ijatloral credit. 4. Encouragement of immigration. 5. No repudiation of promises to pay. 6. .Tohnsons treachery denounced. 7. Equalization and reduction of taxation. V. Events: 1. Union Pacific R. R. completed, May 10, 1869 2. Indian policy — Quaker policy, 1863 3. Black Friday— Gold exchange Sept. 24, 1869 4. Credit-strengthing Act, 1869 5. Presbyterian schools united 1869 Analysts of American History. lOi C K'; KJux Klan disbanded — Poland committee,. .1860 7. Refunding act passed, 1870 8 Fifteenth amendment proclaimed to be in force. March 30, 1870 9. Weather bureau established, 1870 10 Va., Ga., Miss., Texas re-admitted 18V0 il. Ninth census — .')8,784,597, 1870 12. LegcJity of the Legal Tender Act of 1862 maintained 1871 13. San Domingo annexation scheme — failure 1871 Coinniissioiiers— Sen. Wade, Pres. White and Dr. Howe. 14. Joint High commission 1871 15. Yellow Stone expedition, 1871 16. Tweed ring overthrown, 1871 Composed of— Tweed, Hall, Conolly and Sweeny. 1 7. Hallifax commission, 1871-77 18. Chicago fire — "cow kicked Chicago," 1871 200 persons killed. 100.000 rendered homeless. Loss $200,- 000,000. 17,000,000 contributed. 19. Mich., Wis., and Minn fires— 1,-500 people perished 1871 20. Visit of Grand Duke Alexis, Russia, 1872 21. Boston Fire— 800 buildings. Loss $75,000,000 1872 Brooks, 1872 22. Credit Mobilier — Poland committee, — Ames and 23 A mnestj Bill passed 1872 24. Modoc war 1872 25. Franking privilege abolished 1872 26. Division in the Republican party, 1872 Political campaign, 1872 1. Political parties, candidates and conventions. (a) Republican— U. S. Grant and Wilson, Philadelphia, June 5, 1872. (b) Liberal Republicans — Greely and Brown, Cincin- nati, May 1, 1871. (c) Democrat— Greely and Brown. Baltimore, July 9. 1871. (d) Democrat— O'Conner and Adams, Louisville. September 3, 1872. 1 62 Analysts of American History. (e) Prohibition — Black and Russell, Columbus, Feb. 22 1872. 2. Issues: Congressional Plan of Reconstruction and Elevation of the negro. 3. Result — Vote: Electoral — Grant 286; Brown 47; (Greely having died before the oflicial count was made.) THE ADMINISTRATION OF U. S. GRANT OF ILL., AND H. WILSON OF MASSACHUSETTS. I. Date: 1873-1877. II. Party: Republican. III. Cabinet: 1. Secretary of State, Hamilton Fish, of N. Y. 2. Secretaries of Treasury. W. A. Richardson of Mass.; B. H. Bristow of Ky.; L. M. Morrill of Me. 3. Secretaries of War, W. W. Belknap; A. Tait of O. ; J. D. Cameron of Pa. 4. Secretary of Navy. G. M. Robeson of N. J. 3. Secretaries of Interior, C. Delano of O. ; Z. Chandler of Michigan. 6. Postasters General, J. A. J. Creswell, of Md.; M. Jewell of Conn.; J. H. Tyner of Ind. 7. Attorneys General, G. H. Williams of Ore.; E. Pier- repont of N. Y.; A. Taft of Ohio. NOTE—After the death of Wilson; T. W. Ferry acted as Vice President, 1875-1877. IV. Policy: 1 Favored enforcement of the new constitutional amendments. 2. Civil service reform. 3. Maintenance of the public credit. 4. Demanded complete equality for all men throughout the country. V. Events: 1. Rival governments in La. — McEnnery and Kellogg. 1873-4 Analysis of American History. 163 2 Commercial crisis, 1873-9 3. Silver demonetized, 1873 4. Year of Epidemics, 1873 5. Slaughter House Cases, 1873. G. Virginius difficulty, 1873 7. Salary Grab passed — repealed 1874, 1873 8. Arbor Day inaugurated,. 1874 3. Temperance crusade, Ohio, 1873-4 iO. Sioux expedition, Wy., and Neb., Feb. 13 to Aug. 19, 1874 11. Black Hills expedition, Dakota. June 30 to Aug. 30, 1874 12. Big Horn expedition, Wy., Aug. 13 to Oct. 10, ..1874 13. Specie resumption act passed, Jan. 14, 1875 — Took effect Jan. 1, 1879, 1875 14. Whisky frauds — 23S persons indicted. Loss to the government $1,G50,000 in 10 months, 1875 15. Sumner's Civil Rirghts Bill 1875 16. Death of "Vice President Wilson, Nov. 25, 187 "i 17. Kalakaua's visit — King of Sandwich Is 1S7& 18. Belknap impeached — not convicted, April 17 to August] 1876 19. Centennial exhibition, Phila , May 10 to Nov. 1, — 10,000,000 attended, 1876 20. Colorado admitted 1876 21. Anti-Chinese movement, 1876 22. Don Pedro's visit — Emp. of Brazil, 1876 23. Mulligan letters, 1876 24. Sioux War, 1876-77 25. Northern Cheyenne and Sioux disturbances, Ind. Ter., Kau., Wy., Da., Neb., and Mont 1876-77 26. Telephone invented, A. G. Bell, Mass., 1877 27. Railroad strikes, 100,000 strikers— Loss $10,000,000, < 1877 28. Electoral Commission — returning boards 1877 29. Deaths — Stanton 1869: Lee, Thomas and Farragut 1870, Seward, Morse, Greely and Meade J 872. Chase 1873, Sumner 1SV4; Wilson 1875. Presidential campaign, 187$ 164 Analysis of American Histojy. 1. Political parties, candidates and conventions: (a) Republican — Hayes and Wheeler, Cincinnati, June 14. (b) Democratic — Tilden and Hendricks, St. Louis. June 27. (c) Greenback — Cooper and Gary, Indiar.apolis, May 17. (d) Nat'l Christian association — Walker and Patrick, Pittsburg, June 9. (e) Prohibition — Smith and Stewart, Cleveland, May 17 2. Issues: 1. Currency. 2. Panic. 3. Southern policy. 4. Re form in every branch of public service. 3. Result— Vote: Basis 130,533. Number of electors 292, Electoral — Hayes, 185; Tilden 184 Popular Cooper, 81,740. Smith 9,522. Walker 2,636. Congresses. Fifty-first — Met March 4, 1869 adjourned April 10. 1869. 1. Special session to confirm the new nominations to positions in the cabinet and to consider the question of re- construction. Met Dec. 6, 1869 adjourned July 15, 1870. 1. Senate R., 58; D., 10. Eight vacancies. 2. House, R., 149; D.,64. Twenty-five vacancies. Miss., Tex., Va., and Ga., not represen- ted. Met Dec. 5, 1870 adjourned March 4, 1871. Congress stood as follows: Senate, 61, R., 13, D., House 172 R., 71, D., Jan., 1871, all states were represented for the first time since Dec. 1860. J. G. Blaine, of Me., speaker. Republi- can. Congr*»s«8. Fifty-s*cond — Met March 1, 1871 adjourned April 20, 1871. Extra ses- sion called to appoint a committee of seven Senators and fourteen Representatives to investigate the Ku Klux and to enforce the XIV Amendment — Force Bill. Congresses. Fsurty-second — Met March 1, 1871 adjourned April 20, 1871-5. Met Dec. 4, 1871 adjourned June 10, 1872. Met Dec. 2, 1872 adjourned March 3, 1873. 1. Senate, Analysis of American History. 165 R., 57; D., 17. 2. House. R., 138; D., 103. 1. Senate, R. 51; Land 20, tl. 2. House, R., 133; L| and D., 110. J. G. Blaine, of Me., speaker, Rei'ub.'ican. Congresses. Forty-third — Met Dec. 1, 1873 adjourned June 23, 1S74. 2. Dec. 7, 1874 adjourned March 4, 1875. 1. Senate, R., 50; Lib. and Dem.. 24. 2. House, R., 108; Lib. and Dem., 93. J. G. Blaine, of Me., speaker. Republican. Congresses. Forty-fourth — Met Dec. fi, 1875 adjourned Aug. 15, lS7i;. Met Dec. 5, 1876 adjourned March 3, 1877. 1. Senate, R., 42: D., 29: Ind. 2. 2. House, R., 110; D., 182. M. C. Kerr of Ind., speaker. Democrat. Kerr died. THE ADMINISTRATION OF RUTHFORD B. HAYES, OF OHIO AND W. A. WHEELER OF N .Y. I. Date: 1877-1881. II. Party: Republican. III. Cabinet: 1. Secretary of State W. M. Evarts, of N. Y. 2. Secretary of Treasury, John Sherman of Ohio. 3. Secretaries of War, G. W. McCrary of la.; Alex Ramsey, of Minn. 5. Secetary of Interior, Carl Cchurz, of Mo. G. Postmasters General, D. M. Key; Horance Maynard, of Tenn. 7. Attorney General, Charles Devens of Mass. IV. Policy — Conciliatory to the Distracted South. 1. Redemption of United States notes in coin. 2. Improvement of Civil Service. 3. Sufficient revenue with protection. 4. Opposed land grants to corporations. 5. Favored pension grants to soldiers. 6. Apposed sectarian control of schools. 7. Advocated the suppresion of Poligamy by Congress 1 66 Analysis of American History. V. Events: I. Inaugaurated 5th of March, 187 T 2. Recall of troops from S C. and La.,. .. .April, 1877 3. Civil service reform, July, 1877 4. Rival governments in La. — Packard and NickoUs, 5. Railroad strike— $10,000,000 loss, 1877 G. Rival governments in S. C. — Hampton and Cham- berlain 1877 7. Nez Perces campaign, June 14 to Oct. 5 — Joseph, chief, 1877 8. Explorations of Stanley — Dr. Livingstone found, Sept., 1877 9. Murphy Temperance Movement 1878 10. Remonitization of silver (Bland silver bill),. . .1878 II. Yellow Fever Epidemic — Gulf country chiefly 150,- 000 deaths, 187S 12. Resident Chinese embassy established. Washington — Chen Lan Pin's speech — Chen Lau Pin, minister plenipo- tentiary. Yung Wing, assistant envoy and Yung Tsang Siang. secretary of legation, 1878 13. Life saving service bill — S. S. Cox, 1878 14. Bankrupt Act abrogated, 1878 15. Indian schools at Hampton, Va.. and Cariise, Pa., 1878-1881 16. T:te Indian trouble, Colorado — Ouray chief,.. 1879 17. Grant's tour of the world, 1879 18. Negro Exodus, 1879 19. Chinese Immigration bill vetoed 1879 20. Morey Letter, 1880 21. Tenth census— 50,152,866— F. A. Walker supt..l88C 20. Importation of specie $t;3, 034,310; exportation. ?17,142,199., 1880 Deaths— O. P. Mortoic 1877; W. C. Bryant 1878; B. Tay- lor 1887; Z. Chandler 1879; M. H Carpenter 1881. Presidential campaign, 188^^ 1. Political parties, candidates and conventions: (a) Republican — Garfield and Arthur, Chicago, June 2-3. Analysts of American History. 167 (b) Democratic — Hancock and English, Cincinnati, June 22. (c) Nat'l Greenback — Weaver and Chambers, Chicago, June 9. (d) Prohibition — Dow and Thompson, Cleveland June 17. Congresses. Forty-fifth — 2. Issue: Protective tariff. 3. Result — Vote: Basis 130, 53o. Number of electors 29;: Electoral — Garfield 214; Hancock 155; Popular — Weaver 307,306; Dow, 10,307; Phelps, 707. Congresses. Forty-fifth — Met Oct. 15, 1877 adjourned Ju ne 20, 1878. Met Dec. 2, 1878 adjourned March 4, 1879. 1. Senate, R., 39; D., 36; Ind., 1. 2. House, R., 140; D., 153. S. J. Ran- dall of Penn., speaker Democrat. Congresses. Forty-sixth — *Met March 18, 1879 adjourned July 1, 1879. Met Dec. 1, 1870 adjourned June 16 1880. Met Dec. 6, 1880 adjourned March 3, 1881. 1. Senate, R., 33; D., 42 Ind., 1. 2 House, R., 130; D., 148; N., 15. S. J. Randall, speaker. ♦Extra Session —To consider the Warner Silver Bill and the Appropriation Bills. ELECTORAL COMMISSION, r. Date: Appointed by Act of Congress, Jan.. 29, 1877. Decision given after four o'clock in the morning of March 2, 1877. II. Purpose: To investigate the count that had been given by the returning boards of Florida, Louisiana, Oregon and South Carolina — thirteen doubtful votes. III. Statement: An act was prepared by a committee of seven members from each house — Committee was divided equally politically 1 68 Analysis of American History. — providing tliat tlie two houses should meeet in the Hall of Representatives, and whenever there was more than one re- turn made bj- a state, it should be referred to a Committee of Fifteen for decision. The decision to be final unless over- ruled by both Houses. IV. Members — House: Garfield, Hoar, Hun ton, Abbott and Payne. V. Members — Senate: Frelinghuysen, Thurman, Bayard, Edmunds and Morton. VI. Members — Supreme Court: Field, Strong, Clitford, Miller and Bradley. VII. Result— Electoral Vote; Hayes received 185 electoral votes and Tilden 184 in- stead of 172 for Hayes and 184 for Tilden, thus giving Hayes all of the thirteen doubtful votes. Bradley cast the diciding vote and was a republican. Will such a dispute ever occur again? Why? MODOC OR '^LAVA BED WAR." 1872-1873— Modoc campaign Oregon, Nov. 28, 1872, to June 1, 187.3. The Modoc band of Capt. Jack held out against all efforts for nearly a year. Generals Wheaton and Gillem, with considerable force, were repulsed. In a friend- ly conference, April 11, 1873, Gen. E. R. S. Canby and Dr. Thomas were murdered in cold blood. Mr. Meachem stab- bed and the war was resumed. Gen. J. C. Davis compelled Capt. Jack to surrender after a long and stubborn resistance. Jack and three other Modocs were hanged at Ft. Klamath, Oct. 3, 1873. The rest of the band was moved to the Indian Territory. SIOUX WAR. 1876-1877 — Big Horn and Yellowstone expeditions, Wy., and Mon., Feb. 17, 1876 to June 13, 1877. Three converging expeditions, under Generals Gibbon, Custer and Terry were sent against the hostile Sioux, who had pieviously repulsed Analysis of Aniencan Il'sioiy. 169 Gen Crook iu the Little Big Horu country. Custer divided his command when in the vicinity of the Indians, and he with 250 of his men were surrounded and massacred by at least 3,000 Sioux wariors. The bands of Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse and other hostile Indians afterwards fled into Canada whence they did not return for some years. Eventu- ally all came in the agencies. • HE ADMINISTRATION OF JAME: A, 3A.1FIELD, OF OHiO, AND CHESTER A. ARTHuR OF N. Y. I. Date: 1881-1885. II. Party: Republican. III. Cabinet: 1. Secretaries of State, J. G. Blaine of Me.; T. F. Frel- Inghuysen of New York. 2. Secretaries of Treasury, Wm Windom ot Minn.; C. F. Folger of New York. 3. Secretary of War, Robert L. Lincoln, of 111. 4. Secretaries of Navy, W. H. Hunt, of La.; Nathan Goff of \V. Va. ; W. E. Chandler of N. H. 5. Secretaries of Interior, W. Kirkwood of la. ; H. M. Teller ol Col. 6. Postmasters General, L. L. James of N. Y. ; T. O. Howe of Wis.; W. E. Gresham of Ind.; Frank Hatton of la. 7. Attorneys General, Wayne McVeagh; H. B. Brewstei' of Pa. NOTE — When Arthur succeeded to the Presidency; the office of Vice, President was filled by D. Davis, 1S82-S3; Geo. F. Edmunds, 1883-84. VI. Policy: 1. Public schools to be encouraged. 2. Repression of Poligamy. 3. National banking system maintained. 4. Immigration of Chinese to be regulated by treaty. 5. Laws regulating civil service. 6. Equal rights of the enfranchised blacks. 7. Reduction of Nat'l debt. 1 70 Analysis of American History. 8. Public Improvement. 9. Advocated high tariff favorable to American artisans discriminating between national and state power in favor of the former. NOTE — The administration commenced with a "Dead- lock" in the Senate. V. Events: 1. Star route scandal, ^^81 2. Red Cross society organized— Geneva, Switzerland, Clara Barton, Pres., ^^^•'■ 3 Garfield assassinated, July 2— Died, Elberon, N. J. Sept. 29, 1881 4. Arthur qualified, Washington, Sept. 22, 1S81 5. Atlanta Exposition, l^^l G. Yorktown Centennial, ^^^'^ 7. Christain Endeavor Society formed. Rev. E. E. Clark Portland, Me., ^^^^ 8. Guiteau executed, ^^^^ 9. Tariff Commission appoined, 188i 10. Pond Law ^^^^ 11. Edmunds anti-Poligamay Bill, 1882 12. Mississippi floods, l^^^ 13. Civil Service Act— Pendleton, author 1883 14. Tariff reduced, ■^°°'^ 15. Completion of Northern Pacific R R. 1870 1883 16. Brooklyn bridge completed , 1883 17. Postage reduced and postal notes introduced,. .1883 18. Standard Time adopted, 188^ 19. Cincinnati riots 1884 20. New Orleans Cotton Exposition, 1884 21. Alaska given territorial government, 1884 22. Washington mounment completed, I880 Presidential campaign 1884 1. Political parties, candidtes and conventions: (a) Democratic— Cleveland and Hendricks, Chicago, July 8. (b) Republican— Blaine and Logan, Chicago, June 3. (c) Prohibition— St. John and Daniel, Pittsburg July 23. Analysis of Atncrtcan History. 171 (d) Nat'l Greenback Labor — Butler and West, Indian- opolis, May 2S. (e) Equal Rights — Belva Lockwood and Alfred Love. 2. Issue: Tariff Question: 3. Result— Vote: Basis 151,911. Number of electors 325. Electoral — Cleveland 219; Harrison 1S2; Popular — St. John 151,809; Butler 133,825. Congresses. Forty-seventh — Met March 4, 1881 adjourned ]\Iay 24. 1881. **Met Sept., 1881 adjourned . Met Dec. 4, 1882 adjourned March 4. 1S83. Met Dec. 5, 1881 adjourned Aug. 8, 1882. 1. Senate, D., S7; R., 37; Ind., 2*. 2. House D., 136; R., 147; G. B., 9 Ind., 1. J. W. Keifer of Ohio, speaker, Republican. Congresses. Forty-eighth — Met Dec. 3, 1883 adjourned July 7. 1S84. Met Dec, 1, 1884 adjourned March 4, 1885. 1. Senate^ R., 40; D., 36. 2. House, R., 116; D.. 200; Ind., D., 4 Re- adjusted (Rep.) 4; G. B., 1. J. G. Carlisle of Kentucky, speaker, Democrat. THE ADMINISTRATION OF GROVER CLEVELAND OF N. V. AND T. A. HENDRICKS, OF IND. I. Date: 1885-1889, II. Party: Democratic: III. Cabinet: 1. Secretary of State, Thos. F. Bayard, of Del. Secretaries of Treasury, D. F. Manning of N. Y. ; C. F. Fairchild, of N. Y. 3. Secretary of War, W. C. Endicott, of Mass. 4. Secretary of Navy, W. C. Whitney of N. Y. **Extra session called to take action the Appropriation Bill. *Divided between the two parties. *Extra session call- ed to confirm nominations. 172 A?ialysis of American Hist.ry, 5. Secretaries of Interior, L. C. Lamar of Mass.; W. F. Viles of Wis. G. Postmasters General, W. M. Vilas of Wis,; D. M. Dickenson of Michigan. 7. Attorney General, A. H. Garland of Ark. NOTE— After the death of Hendricks the office of Vice President was filled by Sherman and Ingalls. IV. Policy: 1. The preservation of Political Rights. 2. Supremacy of Fedral Government wiithin consti,- tutional provisions. 3. Reform in the existing tariff and internal revenue laws. 4. Denounced all sumptuary laws. 5. Advanced position on church and state, silver and civil service. 6. Restoration of Ameriican Commerce. V. Events: 1. Vice President Hendricks died Nov. 25, 1885 2. The Cotton Exposition — New Orleans ISSii 3. PoptofRce Appropriation Bill July 1, 1885 4. Blair School Bill defeated 1881) 5. Knights of Labor, Boycott and Black-List 1886 6. Haymarket riot. Chicago — "Year of Strikes.". . . .1886 7. Bartholdi Statue unveiled Oct. 24, 1886 8. Texas cyclone— 44 lives lost: loss $5,300,000,. . .1886 9. Charleston earthquake; loss $5,000,000. Aug. 31, 1886 10. President's marriage and tour 1886 11. Presidential Succession Bill 1886 12. Electoral College Bill passed 1887 13. Interstate Commerce Law passed — Reagan, author Feb. \, 1887 ] 4. Chatsworth Hon or 1887 15. Dynamite gun invented — Zaiinski 1S87 16. Tenure of Oftice Law repealed 1887 17. Fishery Question settled. Washington. .. .Nov., 1887 18. Murcheson Letter, Sackville— West recalled,. . .1888 1:^. Chinese Exclusion Bill passed 1886 Deaths — Grant, MeClelan, Hendricks. W. H. Vanderbilt, Analysts of . Amerzcan Ihstoiy. 173 and Toombs, 1885. Hancock, D. Davis, Seymour, Tilden, Arthur, C. F. Adams and Logan, 1886 Beecher, Wheeler and Finch 188/. Waite, Sheridan and Conkling 1887. Presidential campaign 1888 1. Political parties, candidates and conventions: (a) Democratic — Cleveland and Thurman, St. Louis. June 5. (b) Republican — Harrison and jNIorton. Chicago June 19 (.c) Prohibition — Fis^k and Brooks, Indianapolis, May 30. (d) United Labor — Cowdrey and Wakefield. (e) Greenback and Labor — Streeter and Cunningham. (f) National Equal Rights — Belva A. Lockwood and A. H. Love, Des Moines, May 15. (g) American — Curtis and Green. 2. Issue: Tariff and Free Trade, between the two main parties. 3. Result— Vote: Basis 151,911. Number of electors 325. Electoral — Harrison 232; Cleveland 1G8. Popular — Fisk, 249,907; Cowrey 2,808; Streeter 118,105; Curtis L591. Congresses. Forty-ninth — Met Dec. 16, 1S85 adjourned Aug. 5, 1886. Met Dec. 6, 1886 adjourned March 3, 1887. 1. Senate, R., 41; D., 35. 2. House, R., 138; D.. 182; P., 2. Vacancies 3. J. G. Carlisle, speaker. *Congresses. Fiftieth — Met Dec. 5, 1887 adjourned Oct. 20. 1888. Met Dec. 3, 1888 adjourned March 4, 1889. 1. Senate, R., 39; D., 37. 2 House, R., 153; D., 168; Ind. 4. J. O. Carlisle, speaker. THE ADMINISTRATION OF BENJ. HARRISON OF IND., AND LEVI P. MORTON OF N. Y. I. Date: 1889-1893. II. Party: Republican. Ill Cabinet: 1. Secretaries of State, J. G. Blaine of Me. ; J. W. Foster of New York. ♦Longest Congress in history — in session 321 days. 174 Analysis of Aineriavi Histoiy. 2. Secretaries of Treasury, William Windom, of Minn.; Charles Foster of Ohio. 3. Secretaries of War, Redfield Proctor of VL. ; S. B. Elkens of West Virginia. 4. Attorney General, W. H. H. Miller of Ind. 5. Postmaster General, Jno. Wanamaker, of Pa. 6. Secretary of Navy, B. F. Tracy, of N, Y. 7. Secretary of Interior, J. W. Noble of Mo. 8. Secretary of Agriculture, Jermiah M. Rush of Wis. IV. Policy: Conservative, clear and comprehensive — strongly favor- ed the Pretective Idea and accepted the issue of Free Trade as advanced by the Democrats. V. Events: 1. Oklahoma opened, April 22. 18S9 2. Washington centennial, N. Y. city . .April 29.-30, 1889 3. Conemaugh distaster, 2,200 lives lost — Loss $10,- 000,000, May 31, 1889 4. N. Dak., S. Dak., Mont, and Wash admitted 1889 5. Epworth League organized, 1889 G. Pan-American congress, 1889 7. Idaho and Wyoming admitted, 1890 8. McKinley Tariff bill passed Oct. 6, 1890 9. Reciprocity measures, 1890 10. Pension bill passed, 1890 11. National Farmer's Alliance and Industrial Union 1890 12. Anti-Lottery Law 1890 13. Pure Food Bill, 1890 14. Naval Bill — navy increased, 1890 15. Interstate Commerce Act modified — Original Pack- age Decision 1890 16. Bland Act modified— Sherman Act 1890 17. International Copyright I-aw, 1890 18. Sioux disturbances in S. Dak., Nov., to Jan., Sitting Bull, chief 1890-91 19. Census taken— 63,622,250, 1890 20. The "Mafia" Episode, 1890 21. The Chilian Embroglio 1891 Analysis of Auicrican History. 175 22. Behring Sea Question, 1891 23. Australian ballot system adopted — F. S. Dutton, author, 1S88-92 24. Labor strikes — Homestead, Pa 1892 25. Pinkerton Law 1892 26. Panama Scandal 1892 27. Chinese Exclusion Bill re-enacted 1893 28. Garcia troubles Mexican border disturbances 1892-93 Deaths— A. T. Rice, D. G. Mitchell, H. W. Grady 1889. Astor, Randall, Fisk, Fremont, Schuyler. Shillaber 1890. Wetherell, Bancroft, Windom, Porter, Sherman, Johnson, Barnum, Lossing, Lowell, Jones 1891. Noah Porter, Walt Whitman, Field, Curtis, Whittier, P. S. Gillmore, Caroline Scott, Harrison, T. Schwatha and Jay Gould 1892. Presidential campaign, 1892 1. Political parties, canoidates and conventions: (a) Republican — Harrison and Ried, Minneapolis, June 7. (b) Democratic — Cleveland and Stevenson, Chicago, June 21. (c) Prohibition — Bidwell and Cranfill, Cincinnati, June 30. (d) Peoples — Weaver and Field, Omaha, July 4. (e) Socialistic Labor — Wing and Matchett. 2. Issue: Tariff and currency. 3. Result — Vote: Electoral— Cleveland 277; Harrisor 14-5; Weaver 22. Popular— Bidwell, 264,133; Wing 21,164. Congresses. Fifty-first — 1. Senate, R., 39; D., 37. 2. House, R, 166; D., 159. T. B. Reed of Me., speaker. Republican. Congresses. Fifty-second — 1. Senate, R., 47: D., 39; Ind., 2. 2. House, R., 88; D.. 236; }nd., 8. C. F. Crisp of Ga.. speaker, Democrat. 176 Analysis of AjJierican History. THE ADMINISTRATION OF GROVER CLEVELAND OF N. Y. AND A. E. STEVENSON OF ILL. I. Date: 1893-1897. II. Party: Democratic. III. Cabinet: i. Secretary of State, Richavd Olney of Mass. 2. Secretary of Treasury, J. G. Carlisle of Ky. 3. Secretary of War, D. S. Lament, of N. Y. 4. Attorney General, Judson Harmon, of Ohio. 5. Postmaster General, W. L. Wilson of W. Va. 6. Secretary of Navy, H. A. Herbert of Ala. 7. Secretaries of Interior, Hoke Smith of Ga. ; D. R. Frances of Mo. 8. Secretary of Agriculture, J. S. Moiton of Neb. IV. Policy: 1. Pledged Jeffersonian principles and opposed the Force Bill. 2. Opposed Trusts and Protective Tariff. 3. Opposed giving away public lands to railroads. 4. Opposed the Coinage of 1S90 and state banks. 5. Opposed pauper immigration. 6. Favored Nicaraguan canal. Popular Education and Mississippi improvements. V. Events: 1. Extra session of Congress — Sherman act repealed 1893 2. Financial crisis, 193-97 3. Behring Sea Case, 1893 4. Columbian Exposition, Chicago May 1. 1893 5. Hawaiian Policy — President 1893 6. Railroad, Pullman and Labor strikes, from 111., to P. Ocean, Tune to Aug 1894 7. Industrial army, Commonwealers, Coxeyites and La- bor disturbances. 1894 S. Force Act repealed, 1894 9. Boston fire 1894 10. Debs imprisoned, 1894 11. Civil Service extended— 90,000 positions, 1894 Analysis of Aniertcan History. 177 12. Venezuelan Boundary dispute — Arbitration,. .. .1894 33. Atlanta Exposition, 1895 14. Cuban Revolt 1895 15. Chinese Exclusion — Geary Law, 1895 16. New Bond Issue— $260,000,0G0, 1895 17. Seniorage Bill defeated, 1895 18. Postal Laws changed, 189c 19. Utah admitted, 1896 20. Arbitary Treaty, It 1896 21. Discovery of X-rays — Roentgen, 1897 Deaths — Butler, Hayes, Lamar and Blaine, 1893 Banks, Holmes, McCosh, Curtain, Winthrop and Childs 1894 Eugene Field, I. P. Gray, Dr. J. _,ord, General Wm. Gibson and Bishop Taylor, 1895. W. E. Russell C. Crisp, R. G. Hoar, Thos Ewing, E. A. Nye, T. Runyon, Kate Field and "Gail Hamilton," 1896. Mrs. H. B. Stowe 1897 Presidential Campaign, 1896 1. Political Parties, Candidates and Conventions: (a) Democrat — Bryan and Sewall, Chicago, July 7. (b) Republican — McKinley and Hobart, St. Louis. June 16. (c) Prohibition — Levering and Johnson, Pittsburg, May 2^ (d) National — Bentley and Southgate, Pittsburg May 29 (e) Socialist-Labor — Matchett and Maguire, iNew York. July 6. (f) Peoples — Bryan and Watson, St. Louis. July 22. (g) National Silver — Bryan and Sewall, St. ; July 22. (h) National Democratic — Palmer and Buckner, Indian- opolis, Sept. 2. 2. Issue: 3. Result — Vote: Basis, 173,901. Number of electors 356. Electoral — McKinley, 271 ; Bryan 176. Popular — Lever- ing, 132,007; Palmer, 133,148; Matchett, 36,274; Bentley, 13,969. ♦Congresses. Fifty-third — Senate, R., 38; D., 44; Ind. 3. 2. House R., 126; D., 220 Ind., 8. C. F. Crisp of Ga., speaker. Democrat. i/S Analysis of American History. Congresses. Fifty-fourth — 1. Senate, R., 42; D., 39; Ind., 5. 2. House, R., 246; D., 104 ; Ind., 7. T. B. Reed of Me., speaker, Republican. *Extra session called to consider the financial crisis. THE ADMINISTRATION OF WM. McKINLEY OF OHIO AND GARRET A. HOBART OF NEW JERSEY. [. Date: 1S97-1901 v. Party: Republican. III. Cabinet: 1. Secretaries of State, J. Sherman of O. ; W. R. Day, of O. ; J. Hay, of 111. 2. Secretary of Treasuiy, L. S. Gage of 111. 3. Secretaries of War, R. A. Alger, of Mich.; Elihu Root •-f New York. 4. Attorneys General, Joseph McKenna of Cal.! J. W. Griggs of New Jersey. 5. Postmasters General, J. A.. Gary of Md.; C. E. Smith. of Pennsylvania. 6. Secretary of Navy, J. D. Long, of Mass. 7. Secretaries of Interior, C. N. Bliss of N. Y. ; E. A. Hitchcock of Mo. 8. Secretary of Agriculture, James Wilson of Iowa. IV. Poiicy: 1. Protective tariff and maintenance of Gold Standard of money. 2. Reciprocity strongly endorsed. 3. Monroe Doctrine and sympathy lor Cuba. 4. Recognized the political rights of women. 5. Educational test of immigrants. 6. Conservative — yet vigorous foreign policy. V. Events: 1. Special Session of Congress — Dingley Bill passed 1897 2. Increase of Exports— $1,200,000,000, 1897 3. Grant's Tomb dedicated 1897 4. Congressional Library building opened 1897 5. Cub2.n Question Agitated 1897 Anaij/sis of Ajnerican History. 1 79 6. Boundaries of N. Y. City changed — "Greater New Yorlv, 1898 7. Destruction of the Maine— Value $4,689,261—266 kill- ed, Feb. 15, 1898 8. Naval Court of Inquiry appointed, 1898 9. Navy Appropriation,— $50,000,000 1898 10. Special Message to C9ngress, 1898 11. Vohmteer force of 200,000 men called— 1,000,000 re- sponded, 1898 12. War with Spain 1898 13. Bond Issue— $200,000,000, 1898 14. "War Revenue Act" about $200,000,000 raised an- nually, 1S98 15. Annexation of Hawaii— vote 42 to 21, ..July 7, 1898 16. Jolo Archipelago Agreement, 1898 17. Trans-Mississippi Exposition, Omaha, ...1898 18. Anglo-Venezuelan Boundary Abitration Commission, Paris, Oct. 31, 1899. Commissioners Chief Justice Fuller, Associate Justice Brewer, Lord Chief Justice Russel, Sir Richard Collins and Professor Martens. 19. Philippine Commission, March, 1900 Commissioners: W. H. Taft, Dean C. Worcester, L. E. Wright, H. C. Ide and Bernard Moses. 20. Universal Peace Conference — The Hague, 1899 21. Death of Vice President Hobart Nov. 21 1899 22. Partition Treaty— Tutu ila, Dec. 2, 1899 23. South Sea Expedition — Borchgrevink, 1899 24. Twelfth Census— 76,295,220 1900 25. Boxer Troubles and "Open Door" with China ..1900 26. Hanna-Payne ship Subsidy Bill, 1900 27. Gold Standard and Porto Rican Acts, 1900 28. Hawaii organized as a territory, 1900 29. Red Shirts and Regents of the White Shield organ- ized, 1900 30. Galveston Disaster — 7,000 lives lost. Loss of prop- erty $30,000,000, Sept. 6-7, 1900 31. Isthmiam Canal Question 1900 32. Apportionment Bill passed, Jan. 16, 1900 i8o Analysis of American liiswry. This act increased the whole number of Representatives from 357 to 386. Ratio of Representation, 193,167. Presidential Campaign, 1900 1. Political Parties, Candidates and Conventions: (a) Republican — McKinley and Roosevelt, Philadelphia, June 19. (b) Democrat — Bryap and Stevenson, Kansas e ;. July 4. (cj Anti-Fusion — Barker and Donelly, Cincinnati, May 9 (d) Prohibition — Woolley and Metcalf. (e) Socialist-Labor — Maloney and Remmel. (t) Social Democrat — Debs and riarriman. (g) United Christian — Leonard and Woolley. (h) Union Reform — Ellis and Nicholas. 2. Issue; 'Between Gold Standard and free coinage of silver. 3. Result — Vote — Electoral— McKinley 292; Bryan 155. Popular— Woolley, 208,833; Barker 5U.373; Debs 86,686; Mal- oney 3.,^759; Leonard 1,059; Ellis 5,688. Congresses. Fifty-fifth — 1. Senate, R., 46; D., 34; Ind., 10. 2. House, R., 206; D., 134; Ind., 16. T. B. Reed of Me., speaker. Republican. Congresses. Fifty-sixth — 1. Senate, R., 53; D., 26; Ind., 11. 2. House, R., 185; D., 163; Ind., 9. D. B. Henderson of la., speaker, Republican. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. I. Date: Declared by Act of Congress, April 25, 1898. The fight- ing covered one hundred and seven days — May 1 to August 15. II. Causes: 1. Real. The continued oppression of the people of Cuba by Spanish rulers. 2. Act. (Influencing.) Destruction of the Maine. Analysis of American History. i8i iJ. Court of Inquiry: Members — Captains Sampson and Chadwick and Lieut. Com- manders Marix and Potter. IV. American Leaders: Dewey, Sciiley, Hobson, Sampson, Otis, Merritt, Funston, Miles, Roosevelt, Wlieeler, Slialter and others. V. Spanish Leaders: Cevera, Blanco, Toral, Montejo, Jandenes and others. V I. Cuban Leaders: Gomez, Ruloff, Sanchez, Cespedes, Diaz, Agramonte, Palma and others. VII. American Vessels (North Atlantic Squadron, commanded by Sampson). Battleships — Iowa and Indiana. Armored cruiser, New York Monitors, Puritan, Terror and Amphitrite. Gunboats, Nash- ville, Castine, Machias, Wilmington and Helena. Cruisers, Detroit, Cincinnati and Marblehead. Torpedo boats, Gush- ing, Ericsson, Dupont, Foote, Winslow, Porter and Mayflower. VIII. American Vessels. (Asiatic Squadron, commanded by Dewey). Boston, Concord, McCullock, Petral, Olympia, Baltimore and Raleigh. IX. Spanish Vessels. (Asiatic Squadron commanded by Montejo) Reina Cristina, Castilla, Don Antonio de Ulloa, Isla de Cuba, Isla de Luzon, Marques del Dureero, Elcano, Velaso Mindanao and Don Juan de Austria. X. Spanish Vessels. (Atlantic Squadron commanded by Cevera) Viscaya, Christobal Colon, Alrairante Oquendo and Infanta Maria Teresa. XI. Principal Battles: Matanzas, April 27: Manila Bay, May 1; Cardenas, May 11; Guantanamo Bay, June 10; Sevilla, June 25; EI Caney and San Juan Hill, July 1-2; Santiago, July 3; Ponce, July 28; Manila, August 13. — Spain lost 58 vessels. XII. Peace Commissioner's. (American.) Geo. Gray. Wm. P. Frye, Cushman K. Davis, Wm. R. Day, Whitelaw Reid. 1 82 Analysis of American History. XIII. Peace Commissioners. (Spanish). W. R. l)e Villa Urrutia, J. De Garnica, Eugenio Montero Rios, B. De Abarzuza, Rafael Cerrero. XIV. Treaty: The Protocol was Signed Aug. 12, 1898 by M. Cambon, the PYench embassador at Washington, acting for Spain. Final draft signed Dec. 10, 18G8. Ratified, Feb. 6, 1899. Vote 57 to 27. XV. Clauses — Principal: 1. Spain relinquished her claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba — Cuban Independence. 2. *Porto Rico, Guam and other islands were ceded to the United States. 3. Philippine Islands ceded to the U. S. in return the U. S. pays Spain— within three months— $20,000,000 for the Manila harbor improvements. 4. Spain given the freedom of trade in Philippine ports for ten years. 5. Full exchange of prisoners and arms. 6. All claiKis for indemnity, both national and individu- al relinquished by both countries, XVI. Results: May be found in the clauses of the treaty. XVII. Effects: 1. Evil. (a) Cost in Life: 1. Killed in action 329; wounded 125; died of disease 5,277. (d) Cost in Money: *At present, there seems to be a difference in opinion among writers regarding the Second Article of the Treaty. Some authorities clai mthat the phrase "Porto Rico and other islands" should be so interperted as to include the Isle of Pinos and all other islands situated in the West India Archipelago, formerly owned by Spain. On this point auth- orities differ. Analysis of American History. 183 1. Whole cost: !?35r.,000,000. Direct cost, $135,000,000 Amount spent in maintaining the navy $69,000,000; army $255,000 2. Good — (a) It developed a heroic type of Americanism, (bi The great uplift of our government in the opinions of other nations. (c) A broad example of Christianity. (d) Conciousness of civilization, advanced and principle maintained. THE ADMINISTRATION OF WM. McKINLEY OF OHIO AND THEODORE ROOSEVELT OF N. Y. I. Date: 1901 — II. Party: Republican. III. Cabinet: 1. Secretary of State, John Hay, of Ohio. 2. Secretaries of Treasury, L. S. Gage, of 111.; L. M. Shaw, of Iowa. ?.. Secretary of War, Elihu Root of N. Y. 4. .'Attorney General, P. C. Knox of Pa. '<. Postmasters General, C. B. Smith of Pa.; H. C. Payne of Wis. 6. Secretaries of Navy, J. D. Long, of Mass.; W. H. Moody of Mass. 7. Secretary of Interior, E. A. Hitchcock of Mo. 8. Secretary of Agriculture, James Wilson of Iowa. IV. Policy: \. A complete indorsement of all the acts of the ad- ministration. 2. Defended the Philippine policy. 3. Opposed the free coinage of silver. 4. -Jpheld the gold standard. V. Events: 1. Death of Ex-Pres. Harrison, March 13, 1901 2. Aguinaldo captured — Funston, ^larch 23, 19ui A short time after his capture he took the oath of allegiance 184 Analysis of American History. and issued a manifesto advising all the Philippinos still re- sisting American rule to lay down their arms and recognize, the authority of the U. S. .o. President's Tour— West and South, Apr. 29 to 30 1901 4. American Army withdrew from Peking, ..May 5 1901 \t. Pan-American Exposition opened — Buffalo May 1, 3901. 6. Baldwin-Ziegler Artic Expedition sailed — Norway, July 17, 1901 7. Miss Ellen M. Stone captured — Bulgarians, Sept. 3, 1901. She and her companion, Mme. Tsiika, were released, Feb. 23, 1902. 8. Assassination of Presidednt McKinley — Czolgotz, September 6, 1901 9. Carnegie Institute incorporated — Wasnington — $J 0,000,000, Jan. 4, 1902 10. Danish West India Treaty ratified by the United States Senate Feb. 17, 1902, This treaty for the cession of the Danish West Indies was signed by Secretary Hay and Minister Brun, but on June 24th the time for the ratification of the treaty between the U. S. and Denmark for the sale of them was extended. This treaty failed by a tie vote in the Danish Landsthing. f Upper House) October 22, 1902. Jl. Philippine Tariff Bill passed March 8, 1902 I?. The visit of Prince Henry — Germany 1902 lo. Tillman McLaurin dimculty — Philippine Tariff Bill, Feb. 22, 1902 M. La Soufriere, Vincent and Martinique disasters, — 32.000 lives lost May 6-7-, 1902 J 5. Oleomargerine Pill — ten cents tax,.... May 9, 1902 J 6. Anthracite Coal Strike began — 147,000 miners, May 12. 1902 17. The Rochambeau statue dedicated — Washington, May 27, 1902 J8. IPthmiam Canal Bill passed, June 28, 1902 19. Bailey-Beveridge difficulty, June 30, 1902 20. "War Revenue Act repealed — Revenue diminished $77,000,000 July 1, 1902 Analysis of Ajiicrican History. 1 8 5 21. The Pittsfield Accident, Sept. 3, 1902 Narrow escape of President Roosevelt. Wm. Craig killed. J 2. Artie Expedition — Lieut. Peary — 84:17, north lati- tude, Sept. 18, 1902 23. Scott's Antartic Expedition, 1902-03 24. The Venzuelan Controversey, 1902-03 25. Alaslcan Boundary Treaty, Jan. 20, 1903 26. Department of Commerce and Labor created, Feb- ruary 11, 1903. 27. The St. Louis World's Fair Dedication, April 30- May 1-2, i;.03. rs. Ohio's Centennial— Chillicothe, May 20, 1903 Deaths — Ex Pres. Harrison, Maurice Thompson, Evarts, J Fiske, Whipple. Pres. McKinley, J. D. Ried and Fitz J. Porter 1901. J. P. Altgeld, Wade Hampton, De .witt Talmadge F. R. Stockton, J. S. Morton, S. S. Russell, Bret Harte, \v . T. Sampson, Barrows, Mackay, Gen. Siegel, E. Eggleston, Eliz. C. Stanton, T. B Reed, Mrs. Julia D. Grant, 1902. A. S. Hewitt, Geo. Belknap, G. F. Swift, Rev. Dr. W. H. Milburn, 1903. Congresses. Fifty seventh — Met V)ec. 2. ll'Ol adjourned July 1. 1902. Met Dec. 1002 adjourned March 4, 1903. 1. House, R., 56; D., 29; Ind. 3. 2. House R., 198, D., 153; Ind. 5. D. B. Henderson of Ta., speaker. Republican. OUTLINE OF FINANCIAL HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 1791 — United States bank charter for twenty years. 1811 — Re-charter defeated by one vote in house and by casting vote in senate 1.S16 — United States bank re-chartered for twenty years. 1834-'3ii — Jackson defeats re-charter i834-'3S — State banks and sub-treasury J834-'6'} — State banking systems in the several states. 1841 — Tyler vetoes bill tor fiscal bank of United States. 1S6'.''6.; — National greenback and national banking laws. 1873 — Demonetization ox silver (coinage of silver dollars stopped). 1 86 Analysis of American History. 1S76 — I. aw for resumption of specie payments in 1879. 187^;— Forceci coinage (Bland- Alii son law coinage of sil- ver dollar resumed). jSno — Forced purchase (Sherman law). 1800 — Repeal of the Sherman law. 1900— Gold Standard Act. Gold Coins of the United States. Double Eagle. Authorized March 3, 1S49: weight, 516 grains; lineness, 9. Total am.ount to June 30, :;89u, $:, 277,093,220. Smallest coinage in any year, 18S6, $22,120; next smallest 1887, $5,- 662,920, third smallest, 1885, $13,875,560. Largept coinage, 1861, $74,989,000. Coinage during the war, 1862, $18,920,120; 1S63, $22,187,- 200; I8;i. S19.9.'.8.900; 18<''>5, $27,874,000. Eagle. Authorized April 2, 1792, weight. 270 grains; fineness. 1'16 2-3. 183-', weight changed to 258 grains, and fineness t(! .8;'9,125. 1837, fiineness changed to .9. Total coinage .Tune 30, 1896, ?266.538,270. Half Eagle. Authorized April 2, 1792; weight 13o grains; fineness .916 2-3. Weight changed 1834 to 129 grains, and fineness t .8!)?,225. In 1^37 fir,oness changed to .9 Total coinage to June 30, 1896. $220,631,035. Quarter Fsgle. Autiiorized A.prll 2, 1792. weight, 67.5 grains; fineness, .916 2-3. 1834, weight made 64.5 grains and fineness, .8^9.225; but in 1837 it was made .9. Total coinage, June 30. 1896, $28,711,015. Three Dollar Piece. Authorized February 21. 1853; dis- continued September 26, 1890. Dollar Piece. Authorized March 3, 1849. and discontin- ued September !'6, 1890. Analysts of A))ierican History. 187 Silver Coins of United States. Dolar. Authorized April 2, 1792; weight, 416 grains*; fineness, .892.4. In 1S?,7 we Wight changed to 412 1-2 grains, and fine- ness to 9. Coiriaffe diseontninued February 12, 1S7J), and reauthor- ized Fehruary 28, 1878. Total coinage from 1("92 to 1873, $8,031,238. Coinage from 1878 to 1896, $-±30,790,041. Trade Dollar. Authorized February 12, 1873; weight 420 grains; fineness, .9. In 1876 (.fuly 22) coinage limited to export demand. Coinage discontinued March 3, 1887. Total coinage, $35,96-5,924. half Dollar, Authorized April 2. 1792; weight, 20r3 grains; fineness, .892.4. In 1837 weight changed to 206 1-4 grains, and fineness to .9. In 1853 it was made 192 grains, and in 1873, 192.9 grains. Total amount, .lune 30, 1896, $132,- 662.308. Columbian Half Dollar. Authorized August 5, 1892, for World's Fair use; weight, 192.9 grains; fineness, .9. Tota' amount, $2,501,052 50. Quarters. Authorized April 2, 1792; weight, 104 grains; fineness, .892,4. In 1873 changed to 103 1-8 grains, and .9 fineness. In 1853 to 96 grains, and in 1873 to 96.45 grains. Total amount, $37,166,166. Columbian Quarters. Authorized March 3, 1893, for World's Fair use: weight, 96.45 grains; fineness, .9. Total amount, $10,005.75. Twenty-cent Piece. Authorized March 3, 1875: weight. 77.16 grains; fineness, .9; discontinued May 2, 1878. Total amount, $271,000. Dime. Authorized 1792; weight, 41.6 grains: fineness, .892.4. In 1837 changed to 41 1-4 grains, and fineness to .9. In 1853 to 38.4 grains, annd in 1873 to 38.58 grains. Total coinage $28,904,300. 1 88 Analysis of American Histoy. Half Dime. Authorized 1792; discontinued 1873. Total amount, $4,880,219. Three-cert Piece. Authorized 1851; discontinue! 1873. iVIinor United Sates Ccins. Nickel (five cents). Authorized May 16, 186C; weight, 77.16 grains; 75 per cent, copper; 25 per cent, nickel. Total amount, $14,292,235. Three-cent Nickel. Authorized March 3, 1865; discon- tinued Septemoer 26, 1890. Total coinage, $941,349. Two-cent Bronze. Authorized April 22, 1864; discontin- ued 1873. Total amount, $912,020. Copper Cent. Authorized 1792; discontinued 1857. Total amount, $1,562,887. Nickel Cent. Authorized 1857; discontinued 1864. Total coinage, $2,007,720. Bronze Cent. Authorized 1864. Total coinage, $8,073,- 910. The Currency. There are ten different kinds of money in circulation in the United States: Greenbacks, Gold certificates, Silver certificates. Treasury notes. National bank notes, Gold coins, Standard silver dol- lars, Subsidiary silver. Nickels, Bronze coins. The gold coins are legal tender for all debts, public and private. The standard silver dollafs are legal tender in payment of all debts, public and private, without regard to amount, except where otherwise expressly stipulated in the contract. Subsidiary silver is legal tender for amounts not exceed- ing $10 in any one payment. Treasury notes (July 14, 1890) are legal tender for all debts, public and private, except where otherwise expressly stipulated in the contract. United States notes are legal tender for all debts, public and pnvate, except duties on imports and interest on the public debt. Analysis of American History. 1 89 Gold certificates, silver certificates, and national bank notes are not legal tender, but both classes of certificates are reveivable for all public dues, while national bank notes are receivaVile lor all public dues, except duties on imports, and luay be paia out by the government for all salaries, and c'her debts and demands owing by the government to indi- \ "duals, corporations, and associations within the U. S. All national banks are required to receive the notes of other national banks. Nickel and bronze coins are legal tender up to 25 cents. PANAMA CANAL. The action taken by the U. S. Senate, March 17, 1903 confirming the treaty that had been signed by Secretary Hay and Dr. Thomas Herran, who represented Columbia promises Ui remove the only serious obstacle lo the early commence- ment of tlie great work of constructing the Isthmiam Canal. The total length of the canal will be 43.03 miles, and of this distance 11 miles will be taken up by the artificial lake Bohio. This reduces the length from shore to shore to 32.03 1? !\^b It will have five locks. The estimated cost of con- struction is $184,233,000 including a payment of $40,000,000 to the New Panama Canal Company for its concession and property. In accordance with the treaty the U. S. agrees to pay Columbia $10,000,000 and an annual payment of $250,000 beginning nine years hence. The lease grants to the U. S. "an exclusive right for the term of 100 years renewable at the sole and absolute option of the U. S. for periods of sim- ilar duration." Width of canal zone 6 1-2 miles. The canal is to be open for trafiic within fourteen years. THE HAGUE TRIBUNAL. May 18, 1809, by the invitation of the Czar of Russia to seek "means of putting a limit to incessant armaments, and to prevent the calamities that menace the entire world" a Universal Peace Conference met at The Hague, Holland. Although the Conference did not devise a way for reducing igp Afialysis of American History. armaments, it did provide (July I'd) for a pernament Court of Arbitration empowered to consider at any time any inter- national dispute which may be presented by the consent of all parties interested. Fifteen nations, embracing all the maratime powers, are represented. These are: Austria- Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Spain. Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Sweden and Norway, and the United States. The adminis- trative council consists of the Minister of Foreign .Affair , <■ the Netherlands (Holland) now Baron Yon Leyden and the diplomatic representatives at the Hague. The United States is represented in the Court of Arbitration by Oscar Strass, l>Ielville W. Fuller, Jonh W. Griggs, and Horace Gray. The first case settled by this Court of Arbitration was a claim £.gainst Mexico presented by the United States in be- half of the Catholic missions of California — a claim resting upon oijJigations entered into by the Mexican government before California was annexed to this country. The Court awarded to the claimants of this, "Pious Fund," as it was called, the sum of $1,420,692, besides an annual allowance of $4o.00C, but they are dissatisfied with the decision be- cause the amount is payable in Mexican currency which is only worth forty cents on the dollar. The Venezuelan Case arising from debts due mainly to Germany. I'^ngland and Italy, having been incurred by Venze- uela through commercial trade with these powers has through the efforts of Minister Bowen, been practically settled in this Court, thus, settlilng one great question of International law and that is, that the employment of force does nont give a nation a right to preferential treatment. Some other re- sults 0° this case are: (1) Venezuela will pay her debts. (2) The prestige of the Hague Court is enhanced. (3) TJie Unit- ei States has learned that the Monroe Doctrine carries with it obligations. (4) England will not again hasten to enter an ,' alliances against American states. Analysis of American History. 1 9 1 CUBA "THE QUEEN OF THE ANTILLES." Had the U. S. government followed the advice of Pierre Soule nearly 50 years ago, there would have been no Cuban policy, and no Philippine problem. Soule was then (1853) our minister to Spain. He had been a member of the U. S. senate irom 1847 until Pres. Pierce named him a minister to Spain in 1853. It was his avowed intention, that when he reached Madrid to try to effect the purchase of Cuba from Spain. At Ostend, m Belgium, in 1854 he met Mason, the American minister to I'rance, and Buchanan the Ameri can minister to England and there framed the famous "Os- tend Manifesto." The chief points of this manifesto were that, as Spanish oppression in Cuba was such that Cuba would speedily resort to arms to free herself, the U. S. should offer to Spain for Cuba a sum not exceeding $120,- 000,000, and in the event of Spain's refusal to sell, the U. S. would be justified in taking Cuba by force. These views were communicated to our governmennt late in 1854, and while the proposition passed unrebuked in Washington, the government took no action upon the advice. Soule, disgust- ed, resigned and returned home. Soule advocated secession and stood in the foremost rank a:? a Southern orator, often challenging northern orators in debate; but the election caused him to advise another course. FILIBUSTERING ERA. Narcisco Lopez, a Cuban, with ISO men, sailed from New Orleans with the avowed purpose of conquering Cuba. He was defeated and executed and many of his followers im- prisoned In 1Sj5 William Walker, of Tennessee, sailed from the same place to conquer C. America and then to ex- tend his influence and power. He was i^^everal times de- feated, but repeatedly renewed his attempts until 1858, when he was captured by the President of Honduras and shot. This put an end to all attempts at seizure of these lands by force. They were perpetrated with the ultimate design of adding slave territory to the U. S Several attempts have been made by the U. S. to acquire Cuba, but they were rejected by Spain. In 1831 in the "Tripartite Treaty" England and France, jealous of the U. S. proposed whereby each power was to disclaim all intentions o: seizing Cuba, and guarantee 192 Analysis of American History. its possession to Spain. It was rejected by Edward Everett in a masterly reply setting forth the Monroe Doctrine. A trouble that almost severed our relations with Cuba and came near ending in war with Spain was the Virginius — Tornado DiflSculty of 1873. When no less than fifty-three brave sail- ors met death l^y execution among them being General W. A. C Ryan and Capt Fry. Repeated attempts were made to punish Gen. Burriel for his butchery, but without avail and the matter was not fully settled until the following year v/hen a rei.aratiou of $80,000 was given by Spain to heirs of the victims. There have been at least five noted rebellions on the island ol Cuba all due to the tyrannical rulers, oppressive taxation and denial of political rights. The last and most important one beginning in 1895 and ended with the inde- pendence of Cuba in 1898, but not without the loss of nearly 300,000 Cubans. History and Further Description: Cuba lies in Lat. 22 degrees north and Long. 80 degrees west. Length 750 miles; width SO miles. Area, including 1,300 coast islands, 4C,000 square miles. Coastline, 7,000 miles. People — Classes, Creoles, Negroes annd native Span- iards. Population nearly 1,600,000. Education, little devel- oped. — 70 per cent, illiterate. Temperature 77 degrees, sur- face, well watered, mountainous, soil fertile. Products, veg- etable, sus:ar, (151':j) coffee, cotton, tobacco, bannnas and oranges. Mineral — Copper and asphaltum — little developed. Chief cities — Havanna (236,000), Santiago de Cuba, 1 '" ' Matanzas and Peurto Principe. Cuba, first discovered by Co- lumbus, Oct. 28, 1492 and named Juana by him. Diego, his son, established tke first settlement in 1511. Thomas Estra- da Palma was elected president Dec. 31, 1901. He was in- aiisurated May 20, 1902. PORTO RICO— "THE GEM OF THE ANTILLES." Porto Rico* — Lies in Lat. 18 degrees North and Long. 67 degrees East. First discovered by Columbus, Nov. 1492 ^Including the islands Mona, Culebra and Vieques. Anafysis of American History. 193 The city of San Juan Bautista was founded by Ponce de Leon in 1508. At the time of the conquest of the island by the Spanish; it is claimed to have had a native population of nearly 500,000 but during the colonization many of them were killed and the rest reduced to slavery. So, we see that slavery existed from the first set.-ement and was not abol- ished until 1873. By the terms of the treaty at the close of the Spanish-American war the island passed under the control of the U. S. Formal possession of the island took place Oct. IS, 1898. Great dissatisfaction arose on the island regarding the Dingley Tariff Bill of March, lyOO, which placed a duty of 15 per cent on Porto Rican exports' and came nigh dividing the Republican party at home. Civil authority received the assent of the President, April 12, 1900 and was established May 1, 1900. It provided for two bratfch- es an "Upper" and "Lower riouse." "Upper House" com- posed of the Government Secretary, Attorney General, Trea- urer. Auditor, Commisioner of Education and five citizens appointed by the President of the U. S. "Lower House" composed of 35 members— elective. W. H. Hunt, governor, salary $8,000. Physical Features— Average length 96 miles; width 35 miles. Area 3,531 square miles. Surface, rolling. Drainage, about 1200 streams flow north and south to the ocean. Av erage rainfall, 59 inches. Climate more healthful than Cuba Temperate, summer, S3 degrees; winter 7G degrees. Cities principal, Ponce (40,000); San Juan, capital, (32,000); Are cibo, (30,000); Mayaguez, (j.^,000). People, population nearly 1,000,000, of which, over one-third are negroes, decend ants from former slaves, and nearly 500,000 are whites About four-fifths of the entire population are able to read Industries, chiefly agriculture and lumbering. Commerce, R R., 159 miles and 170 miles under construction. Telegraph lines, 500 miles. Leading products, mineral— copper, iron, lead, coal, salt, lignite, and yellow amber— little developed. Vegetable— Coffee (63 per cent.) sugar, (28) tobacco, honey and molasses. 194 Analysis of American History. PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO. Spain's title, — By right of Discovery in 1565 and were named in honor of Philip II. This group lies between longitude 117 degrees and 126 degrees and latitude 5 degrees and 20 degrees. They number about 1,500 scattered over an area of 1,200 miles of latitude and 2,400 of longitude; but, at present there are only 12 worthy of note, chief among these are: Luzon (44,400) square miles) Minandao, 34,000; Samar, 4,800; Panay, 4,700; Mindoro 4,000; Leeyte 3,800; Negros 3,300 Cebu 2,400. The actual land area amounting to nearly 110,000 square miles of which, only one-ninth is under cultivation. The inhabitants numbering about 8,000,0 OOare chiefly Malays ,but about thirty races are represented. Climate is one of the best known in the tropics. Temperature 81 degrees. Rainfall abundant. Chief occupation, agriculture — little developed. Chief vegetable products, rice, corn, hemp, sugar, tobacco, cacao and cocoanuts. Mineral products, lead, gold, petroleum, sulphur, copper and coal — little developed. Foreign trade amounted annually to nearly $30,000,000. Chief cities: Manila, capital (250,000) Iliolo and Cebu. The Philippines became apart of the U. S. by the third provision of the treaty of Dec. 10, 1898. The provision of the treaty regarding the Philippines met with much bitter opposition. Those oppos- ing this clause were called "anti-Imperialists." GUAM, WAKE AND TUTUILA. GUAM — Lies in Lat. 12 degs. north and Long. 148 degs. East. 5,200 miles from San Francisco and 900 miles from Manila. It is the largest of the Lad rone Archipelago and was first discovered by Magellan in 1521, during his cir- cumnavigation of the globe. The island measures about 100 miles in circumference and 30 miles wide. Area 175 square miles. Population nearly 10,000 of which, nine-tenths are able to read and write. Nearly one-half of the population reside in Agana, the capital and chief city. Prevailing lang- uage-Spanish. Guam has good drainage systems, well wood- ed and the chief products are; topical fruits, rice, corn, to- bacco, sugar cane and cacao. It was ceded to the U. S. by Analysis of American History. 195 the provisoiis of the treaty at the close of the Spanish-Amer- ican War and Commander Taussing, of the Bennington, toolc possession of the island on Feb. 1, 1899. WAKE Lies in Lat. 20 degrees North and Long. 168 degrees East. 2,500 miles from Hawaii and 3,000 miles from Hong Kong. Commander Taussing took possession of the island,' Jan. 1899, while on his way to Guam. It is small uninhabited and is of coral formation. TUTUILA— Lies in Lat. 14 degrees south and Long. 170 degrees west. It is about 18 miles long and 6 miles wide. Area 73 square miles. It is one of the largest of the four- teen islands that compose the Samoan group. Population — 5,800 composed chiefly of Polynesians and Christians noted especially for their bravery and intelligence. For several years the island has been imder the joint control of Great Britain, Germany and U. S. but the "Partition Treaty'' of Dec. 2, 1899, it passed under the control of the U. S. The harbor of Pago Pago is one of the most valuable in the S. Pacific and it is said to be large enough to hold the entire naval force of the U. S. The objects of the U. S. in acquir- ing these three islands weretowfold: 1. As naval and launch- ing stations. 2. As coaling stations. HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. HAWAII — Lies in Lat. 22 degrees north and in Long. 160 degrees west. They were discovered by Capt. Cook in 1778, and contained a native population of about 200,000, but has since been reduced to about 30,000. At the time of the dis- covery, they were governed by separte chiefs with varying abilities, but it was not long until one through superior abil- ity conquered all the islands except two, and these yielded their allegiance to his predecessor. They were then all unit- ed under one government. The first dynasty was began by Kamehameha I., and lasted until the death of Kamehamela V. in 1874. He died leaving no succesor. Whereupon, chiefly through American influence, Kalakaua, one of the royal house, was elected. He pursued a different course from that of his predecessors, which hnally led to the revolution of 1887. As a result of this revolution a new constitution, giv- 196 Analysts 0/ American History. ing more power to aliens, was formed. While on a visit to the U. S. in 1891 Kalakaua diea and his sister Liliuokalani was proclaimed queen. Annexation movements was immedi- ately begun by the white residents. The signing of the Opium License Act and the Lottery Act was an unfortunate step for the queen, this she well knew, but was compelled to do so, because she expected something in turn from the new, yet corrupt ministry. The signing of these acts and certain goverment dissentions that arose between the queen and her ministry gave the annexationists an opportunity to effect their purpose. Whereupon they assembled and ap- pointed a Committee of Safety, wno on Jan. 16, 1893 issued a proclamation establishing a provisional government and appointed a protectorate, thus, blotting out the native prin- ciples of the queen. The U. S. immediately recognized the new government through our Minister at Honolulu, Mr. Setvens) and sent a body of marines ostensibly to protect American interfests on the islands. This revolution wap bloodless; but, surely unwise. A treaty of Annexation was soon concluded and was recommended by Pres. Harrison, who presented it to the Senate on Feb. 15, 1893. No action was taken, and it was withdrawn by Pres. Cleveland, who sent a commissioner to Hawaii to investigate. His report was such that Pres. Cleveland condemned the actions of the U. S. troops and ordered the withdrawal of the protectorate April 14,1893, and the provisional government came to an end. Hawaii became a republic July 4, 1894 under the presidency of Sanford B. Dole. He is of American parentage and was at the head of the provisional government. A new treaty of annexation was laid before the Senate by Pres. McKinley, June 16, 1897; but again no action was taken, and it was not until July 7, 1898; when by a joint resolution of Congress and the approval of Pres. McKinley, that they were really annexed. Our reasons for annexation them were fourfold in 1. To protect American interests already established there. 2. A foothold in the mid-Pacific. 3. As a coaling station. 4. As a naval station. These islands are 12 in number; 8 of which are in- habited. They are as follows: Hawaii, 4,210 square miles. Analysis of American H'siory. 197 Maui 760, Oahu, 600; Kauai 590; Molokai* 270; Lanai, lu; Nihau 97; Kahoolawe 63. Total, 6,740. Population, 154,000. Chief cities: Honolulu, (.30,000); Hilo (20,000), Kauhalo and Lahonia. Average rainfall, 50 inches. Temperature, never registers higher than 88 degrees. Climate healthful. Soil fertile, well watered; but no rivers. Principal mountain peaks: Mauna Kea (13,800 feet) and Mauna Loa (13,600 feet) People, population, mixed nearly one-thrid being Hawaiians Japanese and Chinese constitute nearly one-half and the Americans about 3,000. Christianity was introduced by Avamehameha II, and is steadily advancing. They have a good school system. Products, sugar and rice. There are 71 miles of railroad and 250 miles of telegraph in the islands Honolulu is the Capital. *Leprosy is the worst scourge among the natives. The victims are sent'to the Leper iseltlement on this island to prevent the spread of the disease. There are at least 1,200 there at present. THE SUCCESSIVE CAPITALS OF THE UNITED STATES. The first capital of the U. S. was Philadelphia. Other capitals have been located as follows: Baltimore, Md., Dec. 1776 to March, 1777. Philadelphia, Pa., March 1777 to Sept 27, 1777. Lanctser, Pa.. Sept 27, 1777 to Sept 30, 1777. York, Pa., Sept 30, 1777 to July, 1778. Philadelphia, Pa., July 1778 to June 30, 1783. Princton, N. J., June 30, 1783 to Nov. 1783. Annapolis, Md., Nov. 1783 to April 1784. Trenton, N. J., April, 1784 to Jan. 17S5. New York, N. Y., Jan. 1785 to 1790. Philadelphia. Pa.. 1790 to Nov. 1800. Washington, D. of C, Nov. 1800 to NOTED DUELS. Lee and Laurens. Clay and Randolph. Cadwallader and Conway. Decatur and Barron. Gwinnett and Mcintosh. A. Jackson and Dickinson. Hamilton and Burr. Broderick and Terry. De Witt Clinton and Swartwout Clay and Humphrey Marshall. Cilley and Graves. Benton and Lucas. 198 A)ialjsis of America)i History. CHIEF JUSTICES OF THE UNITED STATES. Name. Term of Service By Whom Appointed. Jotin Jay,* N. Y., Sept. 26, 1789 to Apl. 19, 1795 Washington John Rutledge,* S. C, July 1, 1795 to Dec. 15, 1795. .Washington Oliver Ellsworth,* Con., Mar. 4, 1796 to Feb. 27, 1799. Washington John Marshall, I Va., Jan. 31 1801 to July 6. 1835.. John Adams Roger B. Taney,| Md., Mar. 15, 1836 to Oct. 12, 1864 Jackson Salmon P. Chase,! O.. Dec. 6, 1864 to May 7, 1873 Lincoln Morrison R. Waite,i O., Jan 21, 1874 to Mar. 23 1888 Grant Melville W. Fuller, Ind., Apr. 30, 1888 —present Cleveland John Rutledge did not really resign, although he served from July 1, 1795 to Dec. 15, 1795, when he was rejected by the Senate. William Gushing of Massachusetts, was nexf appointed, but declined promotion from his associate justice- ship. When Oliver Ellsworth resigned, in 1799, Jolin Adams appoointed, or nominated, John Jay, but Jay declined to serve. Adams, six weeks later, Jan. 31, 1801, appoinfed John Marshall. When Chase died, 1873, Grant appointed Geo. H. Williams, of Oregon, but he was rejected by th? Senate. Grant next nominated Caleb Gushing, of Mass. but the Senate also rejected him. "WAR GOVERNORS." California, Leland Stanford; Connecticut, William A. Buckingham; Delaware, William Burton; Illinois, Oliver P. Morton; Iowa, Samuel J. Kirkwood; Kentucky, Beriah Mag- offin; Maine, Israel Washburn, Jr.; Maryland, Thomas Hicks, Massachusetts, John A. Andrew; Michigan, Austin Blair; Minnesota, Alexander Ramsey Missouri, Hamilton R. Gamble; New Hampshire, iNathaniel S. Berry; New Jersey, Joel Parker; New York, Edwin D. Morgan; Ohio, David Todd; Pennsylvania. Andrew G. Curtain; Rhode Island, William Sprague; Vermont, Fredrick Holbrook; West Vir- ginia, Francis H. Pierpont; Wisconsin, Alexander W. Randall. ♦Resigned. IDied. Analysis of American Ihstory 199 "^ <£ M c o . If. W2 c .5 ^ •- be ti 1^ fc^ S§ . « S cu clh tJ t: -t3 pLi "" ^ C3 ^cw^^'cJ.cjQj^cntt! o o 2 1— I C^ «0 CO N «£> t- a> O^ <^ O tH rH 7— * t- t- t- 00 00 00 c>6 m 1-5 t^ WhC J^S fo" •^ 10" o '^ crJ" co' 05" 00 CTi of '~' '*' "^ <^' T-T y^ '—I — ',_(i-'C . "S "S _^ O S OJ ~ .ti o o S CO o3 C 1=1 pl Oj cd ci3 cj '^ '►^ g *| a* W) S S 15 ^ ^ tn en 03 03 00 00 oo oo i-i fe 1 I O CO 03 O 00 Oi 05 (3J OO 00 00 00 Cvl 00 <-] M o -*l ■ >■ o q> o >■ P ^ ^ ci3 bJ) Q CI (3 ^ S 3 o be -^ O cj rf >> " eg S ^ 2 ^ P Analysis oj American History. 201 SOBRIQUETS OF EMINENT AMERICANS. 1. Adams, John — Colossug; of Independence, Ihe Firm Fcduralist. Sage of Quincy. 2. Adams, Samuel — American Cato, Father of the Revo- lution, Father of America, Last of the Puritans, Man of the Town-meeting. ;!. Adams, John Q. — Old Man Eloquent. 4. Allen, William — Ohio Gong. 5. AnroR, Edmund — Tyrant of New England. fi. Arthur, Chester A — Appolo Belvedere of Presidents, The Stalwart President. 7. Baron, Steuben — Marshal Fonitz 8. Blaine, Jas. G. — Plumed Knight. 9. Benton, Thos. H— Old Bullion, Father of the Home stead Law. 10. Buchanan, Jas. — Old Public Functionary, Ten-cent Jimmy. 11. Beauregad, P. G. T. — Old Lory, Little Napolean. 12. Butler, Benj. F. — Cockeye, Picayune, Silver Spoon. 1;^. Ballon, Hosea — Father of Universalism. 14. Barnard. Henrj' — Father of Education in America. 15. Bryant, W. C. — Chaucer of America, Father of Am- erican Poetry, Poet of Autumn, Poet of Nature, Wordsworth of America. 16. Burnside, A. E. — Kaiser Wiliam, Rhody. 17. Brice, Calvin S. — Rainbow Chaser. 18. Buritt, Elihu — Learned Blacksmith. 19. Brown, John — Old Ossawatamic. 20. Brownlow, W. G. — The Fighting Parson. 21. Bryan, Wm. J. — Boy Orator of the Platte. 22. Burgoyne, John — El bow-Room. 23. Gary, Alice — Jean Ingelow of America. 24. Columbus, Chr. — Admiral of Mosquito Land, The Great Admiral, The Pauper Pilot. 25. Cotton, .John — Patriarch of New England. 20. Crawford, Jack— Poet-Scout of the Black Hills. 27. Coffin, R. S.— Boston Bard. 28. Gushing, W. B. — Albemarle Gushing. 29. Custer, Geo. A. — Long Hair, Ringlet. 202 Ana/ysis of American History. oO. Cleveland, Grover — Man of Destiny. 31. Clay, Henry — Judas of the West; Great Pacifica- tor; Magnetic Statesman; Millboy of the Slashes; Sage of Ashland. 32. Carleton, Will— Farmers' Poet. 33. Calhoun, John C. — Great NuUifier; The Iron Man 34. Corwin, Thos. — The Wagon Boy. 3.5. Chase, Salmon F. — Father of Greenbacks. 36. Chanfrau — Arkansas Traveler. 37. Cobbett, Wm. — Porcupine Peter. 38. Champlain, Samuel — Father of New France. 39. Clayborne, William — Scourge of Maryland. 40. Cooper, J. Fenimore — Walter Scott of America. 41. Dow, Neal — Father of Prohibition. 42. Dana, Chas. A. — Dean of American Journalism; Nestor of the Press. J3. Davis, Winnie — Daughter of the Confederacy. 44. Devons, 1. C— Old Tommy; Old War Horse. 45. Douglas, S. A. — Little Giant. 4(). Evans, Robley D. — Fighting Boh. 47. Early, Jubal A.— Bad Old Man. 48. Emerson, R. Waldo — Sage of Concord; Yankee Plato. 49. Eliot, John — Apostle to the Indians. 50. Edison, Thos. A. — American Wizard ; Wizard of Electricity; Wizard of Menlo Park. 51. Franklin, Ben j.— Nestor of America; Poor Richard. 52. Fremont, John C. — Pathfinder of the Rockies. 53. Field, Eugene — Hom^r of the Nursery; Shakespeare of the Children. 54. Forbes, Gen. — The Head of Iron. 55. Gilder, Rich. W— Old Cabinet. 56. Gerry, Elbridge — Old Gerrymander. 57. Gates, Horatio — Conqueror of Burgoyne. 58. Grant, U. S.— Silent Man; Silent Sufferer; Old Three Stars; United States; United We Fall; Uncle Sam. Unconditional Surrenderer. 59. Green, A. H. — Father of Greater New York. CO. Garfield, Jas. A. — Canal Boy; Teacher President. Analysis of American History. 203 f)2. Greely, Horace — Sage of Chappaqua. G2. Harnden, Thos. F. — Founder of the American Ex- press Business. 63. Hitchcock, Peter — Father of Ohio's Constitution. 64. Harrison, W. H. — Log-Cabin Candidate; Old Tippe- canoe; Washington of the West. 05. Hamilton, Alex. — The Little Lion; Colossus of the Federalists; The Coppersmith; Publius. 66. Havemeyer, Th. — The Sugar King. 67. Hewet, Dr. Aug. — Newman of America. 68. Humphreys, A. A. — Old Mathematics 69. Harrison, Benj. — Little Ben. 70. Harte, F. Bret — Poet of the Sierras. 7L Hamlin, Hannibal — Old Carthagenian. 72. Hayne, Robt. Y. — Silver-tongued Orator. 73. Hooker, Joseph — Fighting .Toe. 74. Hancock, W. S.— Superb. 75. Howard, O. O. — Havelock of the Rebellion; The Praying Soldier. 76. Henry, Patrick — Natural Orator of the Republic. 77. Hayes, R. B. — Dark-Horse President; Policy Presi- dent, 8 by 7 President. 78. Holmes, O. W. — Our Autocrat; The Learned Doctor; American Laureate. 79. Hooker, Thos.— Light of the Western Churches. SO. Holman, W. S.— The Great Objector; Watchdog of the Treasury. 81. Irving, Washington — American Goldsmith; The Dutch Herodotus ; First Ambassador from the New World of Letters to the Old; Father of American Literature. 82. Jefferson, Thos. — Apostle of Liberty; Apostle o" Democracy; Sage of Monticello ; Long Loin. 83. .Johnson, Andrew — Sir Veto. 84. Jackson, Thos. J. — Stonewall. 85. Jackson, Andrew — Big Knife; Old Hickory; Hero of Three Wars. 86. Kane, Elisha K.— Mad Yankee. 87. Kilpatrick, Gen.— Kill, the Raider. 88. Kearney, Philip — One-armed Phil; One-armed Devil. 204 Analysts of American History. 89. King, Wm. R. — Miss Nancy. 90. Kelly, W. D.— Pig-iron Kelly. 91 — Kimball, Moses — Watch-dog of the Treasury. 92. Lundy, Benj. — Father of Aholitionisni. 93. Longstreth, L. L. — Hiiber of America. 94. Longfellow, H. W. — Lyric Poet; People's Poet. 95. Lincoln, Abraham — Honest Abe; The Railspiitter. 9(j. Lee, Chas. — American Palladium. 97. Lee, Robt. E.— Uncle Rob. 9.S. Lee, Henry — Lightl Horse Harry. 99. Logan, .John A. — Black Jack; Old War Eagle; Jack of Spades; Black Eagle of Illinois. 100. Larcom, Lucy — The Factory Poet. 101. Medary, Sam'l — Old Wheel-horse of the Democracy. 102. Marion, Francis — The Swamp Fox; Bayard of the South. 103. IMarshall, John — Expounder of the Constiutution. 104. Morse, H. — Father of Education in America. 105. Morse, Jed — Father of American Geography. 106. Mackay, J. W.--The Silver King. 1(»7. Milburn, J. H.— Blind Man Eloquent. lOS. McKinley, William — Napoleon of Finance. 109. McClellan, Geo. B. — Little Mac; Petite Napoleon; Modern Belisarius; Young Napoleon. 110. Meade, Geo. G. — Four-eyed George. 111. Mann, Horace — Defender of our Common Schools. 112. McDowell, Irvin — Pope. 113. Monroe, James — The Spo.tless President ; Honest Man. 114. Mitchell, Ormsby— Old Stars. .15. Madison, Jas. — True RepubUlcan ; Farther of the Constitution. IIG. Myer, R. J.— Old Probabilities. 117. Monroe, J. H. — Drummer Boy of Shiloh. 18. Payne, Capt. — Olvlahoma Boomer. 119. Pendleton, Geo. H. — Gentleman George. 120. Pierce. Franklin — Yankee President. 121. Phillips, Philip — Singing Pilgrim. 123. Putnam, Israel— Old Put. Analysts of AmcriccDi Ilistory. 205 124. Polk, Jas. K. — Yoiiiii; Hickory; Najjoleon ol the otump. 125. Pope, .lolin — Saddlebag John. 126. Pocahontas — Lady Rebecca. 127. Pitcher, Mary — Captain Molly. 128. Penn, William— Onas; The Quaker King. 129. Ross, Charlie — Lost Child of America. 100. Randolph, John — Little David; Political Meteor. 101. Rosecrans, W. S. — Rosy; The Dutch General; Old Jack. 132. Reid, J. D.— Father of the Telegraph. i;!3. Rice, Harvey — Father of Ohio's Schools. l;J4. Stranahan, J. S. T. — First Citizen of Brooklyn. 135. Sewall, Samuel — The Puritan Pepys. 136. Sala, Geo. A. — King of Journalists. ' 137. Smith, Samuel — tiero of Ft. Mifflin. 138. Seymour, Horatio — Sage of Deerfield. 139. Sykes, Alfred— Sykesy. 140. Sumter, George — Old Buii of the Woods. 141. Stevens, Thad. — Great American Commoner. 142. Sherman W. T. Uncle Billy; Old Tecumseh. 143. Scott, Winfield— Old Chapultepec; Old Fuss and Feathers. 144. Sigel, Franz — Dutchy. 14.5. Smith, W. F.— Old Baldy. 146. Sheridan, P. H.— Little Phil; Jack of Clubs. 147 Steadman, J. B. — Old Steady; Old Chickamaugua. 148. Smith, John — Father of Virginia. 149. Standish, Myles — Hero of New England. loO. Sherman, John — Father of Resumption. 151. Seward, Wm. H. — Irrepressil)le Conflict. 152. Stratton, Chas. H.— Tom Thumb. 153. Stuyvesant, Peter — Old Silver Leg. 154. Semmes, Raphael — Paul Jones of the Rebellion; Old Beeswax. 155. Tourgee, A. W. — One of the Fools. 156. Tryon, William — Great Wolf of the Carolinas. 157. Thurman, Allan G.— Old Roman. 2o6 Analysis of American History. 158. Thomas, Geo. H.— Slow Trot; Rock of Chicga- maugua ; Sledge of Nashville. 159. Taylor, Zachary — Old Rough and Ready. IGO. Tilden, Samuel J. — Sage of Greystone. 161. Tyler, John— The Corporal. 162. Trumbull, J. — Brother Jonathan. 164. Venable, W. H. — The Teacher Poet. 166. Voorhees, Daniel v* . — Tall Sycamore of the Wa- bash. 165. VauBuren, Martin — Little Magicion; Jackson's Ap- pendix; Sage of Kinderhook. 160. Whittier, John G. — Stuart of America; Foet oi Slavery; Quaker Poet; Poet of Freedom; Bard ot AmesPury. 167. Wayne, Anthony — Mad Anthony. 168. Webster, Daniel — Black Dan; American Demosthe- nes; Lion of the North; Expounder of the Constitution; Monarch of Eloquence, 169. Wilson, Henry — The Natick Cobbler. 170. Webster, Noah — Schoolmaster of the Republic. 171. Washington, George — Father of His Country; American Fabius; Cincinnatus of the West. 172. Wallace, Lewis — Jjouisa. 17.'^. Wood, Reuben — Tall Chief of the Cuyahogas. 173. White, J. DeHaven— Father of Dentistry. 174. Whiitman, Walt— The Good, Gray Poet. 175. Otis, James — The Trumpet of the Revolution. Analysis of American H'siory. 107 Can you converse Intelligently regarding any book you may have been reading— as if you had really sized it up completely? Have you ever wished, on some social occasion, that you had fortified yourself to exchange impressions entertainingly regard- ing some book or books? Well, a novel, a poem, a history, a biography, a drama, an ora- tion, a sermon, or any other literary production, if read or studied as our new book iQ\\3 one how, becomes a subject which one can discuss or write about in a thoroughly intelligei and comprehensiv way. Enables you size a boDk up so as to t.i.'k about it! Just the thing for literary so- cieties, read- ing circles, as well as for the casual reader, and for teach- er and pupil; also for anyonev/ho ^ desires to retain symmetrical im- pression of the books he reads. The list of terms it contains to designate any literary quality or characteristic one may wish to describe, is alone worth having. Hve editions in first five months. How to Study Literature Cloth, 75 cents, postpaid HINDS & NOBLE Publishers 31-33-35 WEST 15th STREET NEW YORK CITY Scboolbooks of all publishers at one store 208 Analysis of American History. CONTENTS. Def. Origin and Periods of History 5 The etory of the Northmen C The Mound Builders 8 The Irdian Nations 9 Pre gram of Recitation — Columbus li Dis^covery of the New World 1.] Sparish Discoveries, Explorations and Conque^^ts i4 — 15 Er glish Discoveries, Explorations and Settlements 16 Dutch Discoveries and Settlements IG Fre; cli Discoveries and Explorations 1 / Mi&ceJlaneous Table 18 Virginia Under First Charter 19 Viis.il i; Under Second Charter 19 ViipiLia Under Third Charter 20 Virginia — The Royal Government 21 Bacon's Rebellion 2:'. Massachusetts 24 Maine 26 The New Enngland Confederation 26 The Salem Hallucination 27 Punishment of the Friends (Quakers) 29 Melacom's War (King Philip's) 30 King Williams War 31 Qu( en Anne's War 32 Kinjr George's War 34 Frerch and Indian War . . 35 A tail y Convention 35 Pontiac Conspiracy 38 New York 39 New Hampshire 42 Vermont 13 Connecticut 44 2IO Analysis of Aviericaii History. Pequod War 46 Rhode Island 47 Maryland 48 Claiborne's Rebellion 50 Delaware (New Sweden) 50 New Jersey 52 The Carolinas 53 North Carolina 53 South Carolina 54 P6) 1 sylvania 55 Geo-gia 57 Ar alytic Review of Immigrants 59 Colonial Forms of Government 5y English Sovereigns 60 Colonial Colleges 61 General Statements Regarding the Colonies at the cl."se or Inter-Colonial Wars 62 Constitutional growth of the Colonies 64 Convention of Colonies — Stamp Act Congress 65 First Continental Congress 65 Second Continental Congress 66 War of the Revolution 6H Be nr ds of the United States— 1783 71 J.and Battles, War of the Revolution 72 — 23 Articles of Confederation and Perpetual 1 nion 74 Trade Convention 75 Shay's Rebellion 76 Land Claims of the States and Their Cessions 76 Ordinance of 1 787 •. 77 Constitutional Convention — Constituti )n Formed (8 Ratification of the Constitution by the States 80 Presidents of the Continental Congress, 1 775-1788 81 Departments of our Government and When Created. . . . 81 — 82 Table of Presidents 83 The Administration of George Washington 84 — 85 — 86 — 87 Congress Under Washington's Administration 87 Whisky Rebellion 88 The Administratioim of John Adams 89 Congresses Under Adam's Administration 91 — 92 Anaij'sts of American H 'story. 2 1 1 The Administration of Thomas Jellerson 92 — 93 — 94 Congresses Under Jefferson's Administration 94 — 95 I.,ouisiana Purchase 5)5 — 9(; Acts Passed by the Americai) Government 9i) Decrees Passed by French Government 97 — 98 Orders Issued by the English Government 9S The Administration of James Madison 98 — 99 — 100 Congresses Under James Madison's Admini.-tcation. . . . 100 — 101 War of 1812 1(»1- 102— lO:', Land Battles of the War of 1812 104 Naval battles of the War of 1812 lOf. First Seminole War 106 Cit ek War iO(i Hartford Convention 106 — 107 The Administration of James Monroe 107 — 108— -109 Congresses Under Monroe's Administration 109 — llo Second Seminole War— 181 7— 181S 110 Erie Canal lin Purchase of Florida • 1 11 — 112 Clay's Plan — Missouri Compromise 112 Monroe Doctrine 11'! The Administration of J. Q. Adams llo — 114 — 115 Congresses Under Adams' Administration .-. 115 The Administration of Andrew Jackson 115 — 116 — 117 — 118 Congresses Under Jackson's Administration 118 — 119 Black Hawk War US Third Seminole War 119 South Carolina Nullification 120 The Administration of Martin Vanl^uren . .121 — 122 Congresses Under Van Buren's Arministration 12:^ The Administration of Harrison and Tyler 123 — 12 — 1^.5 Congresses Under Harrison and Tyler's Administration 125 Dorr's Rebellion 125— 12fj The Administration oof James K. Polk 126—127—128 Congi esses Under Polk's Administration 128 Our Claims to Oregon Territory 128— 129— 130 War With Mexico 130—131—132 The Admininstration of Taylor and Fillmore 132— 133—- 134 Congresses Under Taylor and Fillnior'^'s Administration. 134 2 1 2 Analysis 0/ American llisuuy. L.ii.i,iomibe ui i850 — (Omnibus Bill) 134 — 135 The Administration of Franklin Pierce 135 — 13^ — 137 Corgresses Under Pierce's Administration 137 Gadfcdeu Purchase 137 — ISb Kansas — Nebraska 138 Civil War in Kansas 139 The Administration of .lames Buchanan.. 13^' — l-lo — 141 — 142 — 143 Congresses Under Buchanan's Administration 143 The Administration of Lincoln and Johnson 143—144—145—146—147—148 Coi gresses Under Lincoln and Johnson's Admini.stratiou. 148-149 Lincoln s Monument 149 Civil War 14..'— 1.50— 151— 152— 153 Principal Land Engagements of the Civil War 154 — 155 Battio Diagram 15G Pure hase of Alaska 157 — 158 Reconstruction 158 — 159 In ] eachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson 159 — 160 First Administration of U. S. Grant 160—161—162 Secf nd Administration of U. S. Grannt 162 — 163 — 164 Cc-.i gi esses Under Grant's Administration 164 — 165 The Administration of Rutherford 13. Haye.s 165—166—167 Cc ngrosses Under Hayes' Administration 167 Electoral Commission 167 — 168 Modoc or "Lava Bed War" 168 Sicux War 168—169 The Administration of Garfield and Arthur 169—170—171 Coigiesses Under Garfield and Artiiur's Admiristration. 171 First Administration of Grover Cleveland 171 — 172 — 173 Cci gresses Under Cleveland's First Administr.ition. . . . 173 The Administration of Ben.iamin Harrison 173 — 174 — 175 Co grasses Under Harrison's Administration 175 Seocnd Administration of Grover Cleveland 176 — 17V Cc gresses Under Cleveland's Second Administration. .177 — 178 First Administration of William McKinh'y 178—179—180 C' ngiesses Under McKinley's First Administration 180 Spanish-American War 180—181-182—183 Serena Administration of William McKinley 183 — 184 — 185 C,( : gresses Under McKinley's Second Administration.. 185 Analysis of American History. i i ^ Oi IJine of Financial History of the United States 135— ISG— 187—18.'!— 189 I-anama Canal 189 The Hague Tribunal 189-190 Cuba 191—192 Porte Rico 1 92— 19:j Ph'iii pine Archipelago 194 Guam, Wake and Tutuila 194—195 Hawaiian Islands 195—196—197 The Successive Capitals of the United States 197 Noted Duels 197 Chief Justices of the United States 198 "War Governors" 198 Adnrisfion of the States and Territories From Which They Were Formed 199— 200 fc'( briquets of Eminent Americans 201-202-20:!-204-205-20() JUL 22 I9U3 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 010 546 477 ■ I W r ^^J ^ ?^ f ^?' ' ^jj '*!^' '\ 1 m^m^^' I