.V ^^^ lb- ■^ .0 ^0-^. 'V ^^ * . ; ^^ ^k^- .^^'. 0^ , . *^SS! /^ /'■'*'., ->„rN ,'^^^.*^^^;^■f>,^^'^/ T'^^^^^^^mmm^^ ^^h i^-.^-' ^'^'^^^'^'^^:^^:;^^^'^^,^,A^ ■^,■^!^^^AA/ ^^^,fc^^,^<^ <=\«. - *s•.^/^„ ^^^M %ivcQ of tbe CHAFINS Lives of the Presidents United States of America. ' WAY 271096- J^fS^fi EUGENE W. CHAFIN, LL. B., COUN8ELOE-AT-LAW, WAUKKSHA, WISCONSIN, $ AVaukesha, Wis. : Waukesha Publishing Company. 1896. ^/7^ ■J L\ Copyright, 189G, BY EUGENE AV. CHAFIN. PRESS OF THE EVENING WISCONSIN Cr. MILWAUKEE, WIS. PREFACE. This book contains over 2,000 dates and 750 names. Its value consists in these being absolutely correct. In each instance the best authorities have been consulted, and so absolutely certain are we that there is not a mistake in it that we will give the first person who finds a mistake five copies of the book for each mistake. Our object has been to make it a handy and reliable reference book for voters and students. E. W. C. Waukesha, Wis., May, 1896. CONTENTS. LIVES OK THK PRESIDENTS. 1. George Washington 5 2. John Adams 7 3. Thomas .Jefferson 9 4. James Madison 10 5. James Monroe 12 0. John Quiney Adams 14 7. Andrew Jackson 15 8. Martin Van Buren 17 9. William Henry Harrison 19 10. John Tyler 20 11. James Knox Polk 21 12. Zachary Taylor 23 13. Millard Fillmore 23 14. Franklin Pierce 25 15. James Buchanan 26 16. Abraham Lincoln 28 17. Andrew Johnson 31 18. Ulysses Simpson Grant 33 19. Kutherford Birchard Hayes 35 20. James .\bram Garfield 38 21. Chester Allan Arthur 40 22. Grover Cleveland 42 23. Benjamin Harrison 44 24. Grover Cleveland 46 ELECTORAL VOTE FOE VICE-PRESIDENTS. 1. John Adams 53 2. Thomas Jefferson 53 3. Aaron Burr 54 4. (ieorge Clinton 54 5. Elbridge Gerry 55 6. Daniel D. Tompkins 55 7. John Caldwell Calhoun 56 8. Martin Van Buren 57 9. Kichard Mentor Johnson 57 10. John Tyler 57 11. George Mifflin Dallas 58 12. Millard Fillmore 58 13. William Kufus King 58 14. John Ciibell Breckenridge 59 15. Hannibal Hamlin 59 16. Andrew Johnson 59 17. Schuyler Colfax 59 18. Henry Wilson 60 19. William Almon Wheeler 60 20. Chester Allan Arthur 61 21. Thomas Andrews Hendricks 61 22. Levi Parsons Morton 62 23. Adlai Ewing Stevenson 62 Duties of Cabinet Officers 48 Speakers of the House of Representatives 51 The Electoral College 53 LI V KS The Presidents of the United States. GEORGE WASHINGTON, First President of the United States, was born in the County of Westmoreland, Virginia, February 22, 1732. His father, Augustine Washington, and his mother, Mary Ball, had six children — four sons and two daughters — George being the eldest. He re- ceived a common English education, and at the age of nineteen was appointed one of the adjutant-gen- erals of his state, with the rank of major. He was soon after appointed colonel, which position he held until 1758. At the age of twenty-seven he married Mrs. Martha Custis, a wealthy widow about three months his junior, and the mother of two children. In 1759 he was elected to the House of Burgesses, and continued to be returned to that body for fifteen years, with the exception of short intervals, and officiating as justice of the peace. In 1774 Washington Avas elected one of the delegates to represent Virginia in the First Continental C'ongress, at Philadelphia, and held the office until June 15, 1775, when he was appointed by that body com- mander-in-chief of the American army. He held that position until he brought the Revolutionary War to a successful termination; then he returned to Annapolis, where Congress was in session, and resigned his commission December 23, 1783. In May, 1787, he was elected to the convention which met in Philadelphia for the purpose of framing a 8 CHA FIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 1779, he was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to treat Avith Great Britain for peace and com- merce. He was soon after appointed Minister to Holland, and re-called in July, 1781, to Paris. In January, 1785, he was appointed Minister to England, and occupied that post until 1788, when he resigned and returned home. He was elected first Vice-President of the United States, and took the oath of office April 21, 1789, which office he held, by re-election, until March 4, 1797. He was elected President in 1796, and took the oath of office March 4, 1797, at Philadelphia. He was defeated for a re- election, and, at the close of his official term, he re- tired to his farm at Quincy, where he died July 4, 1826. John Adams held office over twenty-five years. He died moderately well off". Adams* Cabinet. SECRETARIES OF STATE. Timothy Pickering, MasBachusettP, . . . March, 1797 John Marshall, Virginia, May 13, 1800 SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. Oliver Wolcott, Connecticut, IVfarch, 1797 Samuel Dexter, Massachusetts, .... Dec. 31, 1800 SECRETARIES OF WAR. James McIIenry, Maryland, March, 1797 Samuel Dexter. MassachusettB, .... May 13, 1800 Roger Griswold, Connecticut, .... Feb. 3, 1801 ^SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. Benjamin Stoddart, Maryland, .... May 21, 1798 ATTORNEY-GENERAL. Charles Lee.-^'^irginia, March, 1797 POSTMASTER- GENERAL. Jacob Habersham, Georgia, March, 1797 * See page 49. THOMAS JEFFERSON. THOMAS JEFFERSON, Third President of the United States, was born at Shadvvell, Albemarle County, Virginia, April 13, 1743. He was educated at William and Mary Col- lege, Virginia, and graduated in 1762. After leaving college he studied law, and in 1769 he was elected a member of the House of Burgesses of Virginia. In 1772 he was married to Mrs. Martha Skelton, a wealthy widow, twenty-three years of age. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1775, and in 1776 he was chosen chairman of the committee which drafted the Declaration of Independence, and was the author of that glorious instrument which was the foundation of American liberty. He was elected to a seat in the Virginia Assembly during the summer of 1776, and resigned his seat in Congress. He continued in the Assembly in 1777 and 1778. In June, 1779, Jeflerson succeedeil Patrick Henry as Governor of Virginia, and held tlie office two years. He was elected to Congress in 1783, and was chair- man of the committee to whom the treaty of peace with England was referred. In May, 1784, he was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to Europe, to assist Adams and Franklin in negotiating treaties of commerce. In 1785 Congress appointed him Minis- ter Plenipotentiary to France, and he remained there until 1789. On his return home Washington offered him a seat in his cabinet, as Secretary of State, which he accepted and held until December 31, 1793. In 1796 Jefferson was elected Vice-President of the United States, and took his seat March 4, 1797. On the 17th of February, 1801, he was elected President by the House of Representatives, the electors having failed to make a choice, and took the oath of office March 4, 1801, at Washington, D. C. In 1804 he was re-elected, and took the oath of office March 4, 1805. After completing his second term he retired 10 CH A FIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. to " Monticello," where, in the language of Daniel Webster, " he lived as became a wise man," and died July 4, 1826. Jefferson held office about thirty years. He died so poor that, if Congress had not given $20,000 for his library, he would have been bankrupt. Jefferson's Cabinet. SECRETARY OF STATE. James Madison, Virginia, March 5, 1801 SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. Samuel Dexter, Massachusetts, .... March, 1801 Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania, .... Jan. 26, 1802 SECRETARY' OF WAR. Henry Dearborn, Massachusetts, . . . March 4, 1801 SECRETARIES OF THE XA\ Y. Benjamin Stoddart, Maryland, .... March, 1801 Robert Smith, Maryland", Jan. 20, 1802 Jacob Crowninshield, Massachusetts, . . March 2, 1805 ATtORNEYS-(iEXERAL. Levi Lincoln, Massachusetts, .... March 5, 1801 Robert Smith, Maryland, March 2, 1805 John Breckenridge. Kentucky, .... Dec. 25, 1805 Csesar A. Rodney, Delaware, .... Jan. 20, 1807 POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. Jacob Habersham, Georgia, March, 1801 Gideon Granger, Connecticut, .... Jan. 26, 1802 JAMES MADISON, Fourth President of the United States, was born in Orange County, Virginia, March 16, 1751. At the age of seventeen years he entered Princeton College, N. J., where he graduated in 1771, and commenced the study of the law. In 1776 he was elected a member of the General Assembly of Virginia, and in 1778 was elected to the Executive Council of the JAMES MADISON. 11 state. He was elected to the Continental Congress in 1779; was a member of that body three years, and a member of the Legislature of Virginia from 1784 to 1786. He was a member of the convention Avhich formed the Constitution of the United States in 1787. He was elected a member of the House of Represent- atives in 1789, ;ind held the office eight years, during which time (1794) he married Mrs. Dolly Paine Todd, a young Avidow, twenty-three years of age. He was elected a member of the Virginia Assembly in 1797. In 1801 Jefferson appointed him Secretary of State, which office he held eight years. He was the successful candidate for the presidency in 1808, and was inaugurated March 4, 1809. He was re- elected in 1812, and took the oath of office March 4, 1813. At the close of his second term he retired to his home at Montpelier, and died June 28, 1836. Madison held office about thirty-two years. He was economical, and died rich. Madison's Cabinet. SECRETARIES OF STATE. Robert Smith, Maryland, March 6, 1809 James Monroe, Virginia, Nov. 25, 1811 SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania, .... March, 1809 George AV. Campbell, Tennessee, . . . Feb. 9, 1814 Alexander .Tames Dallas, Pennsylvania, . Oct. 6, 1814 SECRETARIES OF WAR. William Eustis, Massachusetts, .... March 7, 1809 John Armstrong, New York, .... Jan. 19, 181.3 James Monroe, Virginia, Sept. 26, 1814 William Harris Crawford, Georgia, . . . March 2*, 1815 SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY. Paul Hamilton, South Carolina, . . . March 7, 1809 William Jones, Pennsylvania, .... Jan. 12, 1813 Benjamin W.Crowninshield, Massachusetts, Dec. 17, 1814 12 CHAFIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. Ctesar A. Rodney, Delaware, .... March, 1809 William Pinkney, Maryland, .... Dec. 11, 1811 Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, .... Feb. 10, 1814 POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. Gideon Granger, Connecticut, .... March, 1809 Return J. Meigs, Jr., Ohio, March 17, 1814 JAMES MONROE, Fifth Presideiit of the United States, was born on the 2Sth of April, 1758, in the County of Westmore- land, Virginia, and graduated at William and Mary College in 1776. He then joined the Continental Army, where he remained three years, and was pro- moted to the rank of captain. He then commenced the study of law under Thomas Jeflferson, and in 1782 he was elected to the Virginia Legislature. The next year he was chosen one of the Executive Council, in which he continued until 1783, when he was elected a member of the Continental Congress, and held that office three years. During his attendance at New York (in 1785), as a member of Congress, he married a daughter of Mr. L. Kortright. In 1787 he was elected to the State Legislature, and in 1788 he was a member of the convention to decide upon the adoption of the new Constitution. He was elected United States Senator in 1788, and at the expiration of his term, in 1794, he was appointed Envoy Extra- ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of Versailles, and was re-called in 1796. In 1799 he was elected Governor of Virginia, and served the constitutional term of three years. In 1803 he was appointed Envoy Extraordinary to France, to nego- tiate for the purchase of Louisiana. In 1810 he was elected to the Legislature, and the same year was commissioned Minister Plenipotentiary to England. In 1811 Mr. Monroe was again elected Governor of JAMES MONROE. 13 Virginia, but was soon after appointed Secretary of State by President Madison, and in 1814 he was ap- pointed to the War Department, which he took with- out relinquishing the former post. He was elected President of the United States in 1816, and was in- augurated March 4, 1817; he was re-elected in 1820, and took the oath of office March 5, 1821, the 4th being Sunday. His term of office expired March 4, 182-5, and he retired "to his residence in Loudon County, Virginia, where he resided until 1831, when he removed to New York City, and took up his resi- dence with his son-in-law. He died on the 4th of July, 1831. Monroe held office twenty-six years. He died so poor that he was buried at the expense of his rela- tives. Monroe's Cabinet. SECRETARY OP STATE. John Quincy Adams, MassachuBetts, . . March 5, 1817 SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY". William Harris Crawford, Georgia, . . March 5, 1817 SECRETARIES OF WAR. Isaac Shelby, Kentucky, March 5, 1817 John Caldwell Calhoun, Seuth Carolina, . Dec. 16, 1817 SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY. Benjamin W. Crowninshield, Massachusetts, March, 1817 Smith Thompson, New York Nov. 30, 1818 Samuel L. Southard, New Jersey, . . . Dec. 9, 1823 ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, .... March, 1817 William Wirt, Virginia, . .• . . . . Dec. 15, 1817 POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. Return J. Meigs, Jr., Ohio, March, 1817 John McLean, Ohio, Dec. 9, 1823 14 CH A FIN'S LIVES OF THE PEESIDENTS. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, Sixth President of the United States, was born at Braintree (now Quincy), Massachusetts, July 11, 1767, and at the age of eleven years he accompanied his father, John Adams, to France. He attended school in Paris, and 1781 Accompanied the Ameri- can Ambassador, Francis Dana, to Russia as his private secretary. He returned home in 1785, and entered Harvard College, where he graduated in 1788. He then began the study of law with Hon. Theophi- lus Parsons. In 1794 he was appointed Resident Minister to the Netherlands, and afterwards to Portu- gal; but, while on his way to Lisbon, he received a new commission from his father, then President, which changed him to Prussia. In 1797 he was married to Miss Louisa Catherine Johnson. He re- turned to America in 1801, and in 1802 he was elected to the Senate of Massachusetts. In ]803 he was elected to the United States Senate, and resigned his seat in 1806. In 1809 he was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to Russia, and in 1814 he was placed at the head of the American commissioners who ne- gotiated the treaty of peace with Great Britain at Ghent. Mr. Adams was appointed Minister to the Court of St. James in 1815; was appointed Secretary of State in 1817, and held the office eight years. February 9, 1825, he was elected President of the . United States by the House of Represent atives, the Electoral College having failed to make a choice, and was inaugurated March 4. He was defeated for a re-election, and on the 4th of March, 1829, he left the executive chair and retired to private life. In 1830 he was elected to tlie House of Representatives, and held the office by re-elections until his death, February 23, 1848, which occurred in the Capitol at Washington. A NDJRE W J A CKSON. 15 John Quincv Adums held office about fifty vears. He left about $50,000. Tohn Quincy Adams' Cabinet. SKCRETARY OF STATE. Henry Clay. Kentucky, March 8, 1825 SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, .... March 7, 1825 SECRETARIES OP WAR. James Barbour, Virginia, March 7, 1825 Peter D. Porter, New York, May 2(j, 1828 SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. Samuel L. Southard, New Jersey, . . . March, 182.'i ATTORNEY-GENERAL. William Wirt, Virginia, March, 1825 POSTMASTER-GENERAL. John McLean, Ohio, '. . March, 1825 ANDREW JACKSON, Seventh President of the United States, was born March 15, 1767, at Washaw, Lancaster Count}", South Carolina, and received a common English edu- cation. Andrew, like George Washington, fought in the Revolutionary War, joining a company of volun- teers at the age of fourteen. In 1784 he began the study of law at Salisbury, N. C, and w^as soon after appointed solicitor for that portion of the state now known as Tennessee. In 1791 he married Mrs. Rachel Robarts, a woman who had been divorced from her husband. In 1795 he was a member of the convention that formed the State Constitution of Tennessee, and was elected the first Representative of that state in Congress. He was soon after elected United States Senator, and took his seat in Novem- ber, 1797. He resigned his seat as Senator in 1798, 16 CH A FIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. and was elected Judge of the Supreme Court of Ten- nessee, which position he held until 1804. When the United States declared war against Great Britain in 1812 Jackson entered the army, and in 1814 he re- ceived the appointment of major-general. He con- tinued in the army, fighting tlie British and Indians, until 1818, and then resigned his commission. In 1821 President Monroe appointed him Governor of the Territory of Florida, and in 1823 he was elected to the United States Senate. In 1824 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency, but suc- cessful in 1828, and was inaugurated March 4, 1829. He was re-elected in 1832, and took the oath of office a second time March 4, 1833. At the close of his administration, March 4, 1837, he retired to the "Hermitage," in Tennessee, and died on the 8th day of June, 1845. Jackson held office— judicial, political and mili- tary — in all about twenty-live years. He died toler- ably well off. Jackson's Cabinet. SECRETARIES OF STATE. Martin Van Buren, New York, . . . March 6, 1829 Edward Livingston, Louisiana, . . . May 24, 1831 Louis McLane, Delaware, May 29, 1833 John Forsyth, Georgia, June 27, 1834 SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. Samuel D. Ingham, Pennsylvania, . . March 6, 1829 Louis McLane, Delaware, Aug. 8, 1831 William J. Duane, Pennsvlvania, . . . May 29, 1833 * Roger Brooke Taney, Maryland, . . Sept. 23, 1833 Levi Woodbury, New Hampshire, . . June 27, 1834 SECRETARIES OF WAR. John H. Eaton, Tennessee, .... March 9, 1829 Lewis Cass, Ohio, Aug. 1, 1831 Rejected by the Senate. MA R TIN VA N B VEEN. 17 SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY. John Branch, North Carolina, .... March 9, 1829 Levi Woodbury, New Hampshire, . . May 23, 1831 Mahlon Dickinson, New Jersey, . . . June 30, 1834 ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. John M. Berrien, Georgia, March 19, 1829 Roger Brooke Taney, Maryland, . . . Dec. 27, 1831 Benjamin F. Butler, New York, . . . June 24, 1833 POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. William T. Barry, Kentuckv, .... March 9, 1829 Amos Kendall, Kentucky, " May 1, 1835 MARTIN VAN BUREN, Eighth President of the United States, was born in the Town of Kinderhook, Columbia County, New York, December 5, 1782. He received a common English education, and at the age of fourteen years began the study of law, and, according to the ** New York rule," after studying seven years, he was ad- mitted to the bar. In 1806 he married Miss Hannah Hoes, who was a distant relative. In 1808 he was appointed Surrogate of Columbia County, and in 1812 was elected to the State Senate, and re-elected in 1816. In 1821 he was elected United States Sen- ator, and re-elected in 1827. In 1828 he was elected Governor of New York, and entered upon the duties of that office the 1st of January, 1829, having re- signed his seat in the Senate. He filled the guber- natorial chair but little over two months, being appointed Secretary of State by Mr. Jackson in March. At the expiration of two years he resigned his seat in the Cabinet,' and was appointed Minister to England. The appointment was not confirmed by the Senate, and he was re-called. He was elected Vice-President of the United States in 1832. Mr. Van Buren was nominated for President by the Na- tional Democratic Convention held. at Baltimore in 18 CH A FIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. February, 1836. Being duly elected, he took the oath of office March 4, 1837. He was the first Presi- dent ever nominated by a regular ' ' National Con- vention." Prior to this time it had been the custom of Congress and the State Legislatures to nominate the candidates for President and Vice-President. He was defeated for a re-election in 1840, and at the close of his term, March 4, 1841, he returned to his estate at Kinderhook. He was nominated by the Free Soil party for the Pi-esidency in 1848, but did not receive an electoral vote. He died July 24, 1862. Van Buren held office thirty 3'ears. He was the only man who ever held the four highest political offices in the United States — President, Vice-Presi- dent, Secretary of State and United States Senator. He died worth some $300,000. It is said that during his entire administration he never drew any portion of his salary, but on leaving took the whole $100,000 in a lump. Van Buren's Cabinet. , SECRETARY OF STATE. Jolin Forsyth, Georgia, March, 1837 SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. Levi Woodbury, New Hampshire, . . . March, 1837 SECRETARY OF WAR. Joel R. Poinsett, South Carolina, . . . March 7, 1837 SECRET.^RIES OF THE NAVY. Mahlon Dickinson, New Jersey, . . . March, 1837 James K. Paulding, New York, .... June 20, 1838 ATTORNEYS-GEI>}ERAL. Benjamin F. Butler, New York, . . . March, 1837 Felix Grundy, Tennessee, Sept. 1, 1838 Henry D. Gilpin, Pennsylvania, . . . Jan. 10, 1840 POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. Amos Kendall, Kentucky, March, 1837 John M. Nilee, Connecticut, . . . . . May 25, 1840 WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 19 WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, Ninth President of the United States, was born in Charles City County, Virginia, February 9, 1773, and was educated for the medical profession at Hampden Sidney College. He soon after joined the army, and departed for the Western wilderness to engage in the Indian wars, and was promoted to the rank of cap- tain. In 1791 he married the daughter _of_ Judge Symmes, and resigned his military commission for the purpose of accepting the office of Secretary of the Northwestern Territory, comprising the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon- sin. In 1799 he was elected the first delegate to Congress from the Northwestern Territory, and in 1801, when Indiana was erected into a territory, he was appointed its first Governor. In 1812 he was made commander of the Northwestern army, with the commission of brigadier-general, and in 181H he was elected a Representative to Congress from Ohio, and held the office three years. In 1819 he was elected State Senator, and in 1824 United States Senator. In 1828 he was sent to the Republic of Colombia as Minister Plenipotentiary. On his re- turn he retired to his farm at North Bend, Ohio, where he lived until 1836, when he became a candi- date for the Presidency, and was defeated. On the 4th of December, 1839, the Whig National Conven- tion met at Harrisburg. James Barbour, of Vir- ginia, was chosen president of the convention. On -the third day (December 6) the nominations were made. Of the 254 votes, William Henry Harrison received 148; Henry Clay, 90; Winfield Scott, 16. Harrison, having received a majority, was declared the nominee. John Tyler was nominated for Vice- President. They were elected in 1840, and took the 20 CHAFIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. oath of office March 4, 1841. Harrison died the 4th of April, 1841. Harrison held office about twenty years. JOHN TYLER, Tenth President of the United States, Avas born at Williamsburg, Virginia, March 29, 1790, and at the age of seventeen he graduated at William and Mary College. At the age of nineteen he was admitted to the bar, and at the age of twenty-one (1811) he was elected to the Virginia Legislature, and held the office five successive years. In 1813 he married Miss Lucretia Christian. She died in 1842, and in 1844 he married Miss Julia Gardiner. In 1816 he was elected a Representative in Congress, and served two terms. In 1823 he was elected a member of the State Legislature, and in 1825 was elected Governor of Virginia. He was elected United States Senator in 1827, and re-elected in 1833, but resigned his seat in 1836. In 1838 he was again elected to the State Legislature, and in 1840 was elected Vice-President of the United States. Upon the death of President Harrison, in accordance with Article III. of the Con- stitution, he became President of the United States. Mr. Tyler was at his residence in Virginia when Mr. Harrison died (April 4), but reached Washington and took the oath of office April 6, 1841. At the close of his official term (March 4, 1845) he retired to his estate near Williamsburg, and died January 17, 1862. He was a member of the secession Con- gress at thctime of his death. Tyler held office twenty-seven years. He died rich. Harrison and Tyler's Cabinets. SECKETARIES OK STATE. Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, . . March 5, 1841 Hugh S. Legare, South Carolina, . . . May 0, 1843 Abel P. Upshur, Virginia June 24, 1843 John Caldwell Calhoun, South Carolina, . March 6, 1844 JAMES KNOX POLK. 21 SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. Thomas Ewing, Ohio, March 5, 1841 Walter Forward, Pennej'lvauia, . . . Sept. 13, 1841 John Canfield Spencer, New York, . . March 8, 1843 George M. Bibb, Kentucky , .... June 15, 1844 SECRETARIES OF WAR. John Bell, Tennessee March 5, 1841 John Canfield Spencer, New York, . . Oct. 12, 1841 James M. Porter, Pennsylvania, . . . March 8, 1843 AVilliam Wilkins, Pennsylvania, . . . Feb. 15, 1844 SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY. George E. Badger, North Carolina, Abel P Upshur, Virginia, . David Henshaw, Massachusetts, . Thomas W. Gilmer, Virginia, . John Y. Mason, Virginia, ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. John J. Crittenden, Kentucky, Hugh S. Legare, South Carolina, . John Nelson, Maryland, POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. Francis Granger, New York, . Charles A. AVicklifFe, Kentucky, . March 5, 1841 Sept. 13, 1841 Julv 24, 1843 Fett. 15, 1844 March 14, 1844 March 5, 1841 Sept. 13, 1841 Jan. 2, 1844 March 6, 1841 Sept. 13, 1841 JAMES KNOX POLK, Eleventh President of the United States, was born in Mecklenberg County, North Carolina, November 2, 1795. (His ancestors' name was Pollock.) In 1806 his father and family moved to Nashville, Tennes- see. James graduated at the University of North Carolina in 1818, and was admitted to the bar in 1820. In 1823 he was elected to the Tennes- see Legislature, and was a member of that body two years. In 1825 he was elected to the Na- tional House of Representatives. He held the office by re-elections for fourteen 3'^ears, and was chosen Speaker of the House two terms. He was elected Governor of Tennessee in 1839, and was a candi- 22 CHA FIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. date for re-election in 1841, but was defeated. He was again a candidate for the same office in 1843, and was again defeated. On the 27th of May, 1844, the National Democratic Convention assembled at Baltimore. On the first ballot Martin Van Buren received 146 votes; Lewis Cass, 83; Richard Mentor Johnson, 24; John Caldwell Calhoun, 6, and 7 scat- tering. Mr. Van Buren received a majority, but a rule of the convention required a two-thirds vote to nominate. On the eighth ballot Van Buren received 104; Cass, 114; James Knox Polk, 44. On the ninth ballot the vote was unanimous for Mr. Polk. George Mifflin Dallas was nominated for Vice-President. They were elected the coming autumn, and took the oath of office March 4, 1845. On the 3d of ]\Iarch, 1849, Mr. Polk's administration closed. He returned to his home in Nashville, and died June 15, 1849. Polk held office twenty-two years. He left about $150,000. Polk's Cabinet. SECRETARY OF STATE. James Bucbanan, Pennsylvania, . . . March 5, 1845 SECRETARY OP THE TREASURY. Robert J. Walker, Mississippi, . . . March 5, 1845 SECRETARY" OF WAR. William L. Marcy, New York, .... March 5, 1845 SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY. George Bancroft, Massachusetts, . . . March 10, 1845 John Y. Masfon, Virginia, Sept. 9, 1846 ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. John Y. Mason, Virginia, March 5, 1845 Nathan Clifford, Maine, Dec 23, 1846 Isaac Toucey, Connecticut, Tune 21, 1848 POSTMASTKR-GENERAL. Cave Johnson, Tennessee, March 5, 1845 ZA CIIA RY TA YL OR. 23 ZACHARY TAYLOR, Twelfth President of the United States, was born in Orange County, Virginia, September 24, 1784. He received a very limited common school education. In 1808 he was appointed lieutenant in the United States infantry. Mr. Taylor was married in 1810. He was promoted from time to time, and in 1840 attained the rank of brigadier-general. About this time he purchased a large estate in Louisiana. In 1845 he was ordered to Mexico, and commanded at the battles of Palo Alto, Matamoras, Monterey and Beuna Vista. June 7, 1848, the Whig National Convention met at Philadelphia. June 8th the bal- loting commenced. On the first ballot Zachary Tay- lor received 111 votes; Henry Clay, 97; Winfield Scott, 46; Daniel Webster, 21, and John McLean, 2. After another unsuccessful ballot the convention ad- journed. On the first ballot, June 9th, Taylor re- ceived 133 votes; Clay, 74; Scott, 53; Webster, 16, and John M. Clayton, 1. The second ballot resulted in a choice, Taylor having received 171 votes; Scott. 63; Clay, 30; Webster, 12. Millard Fillmore was nominated for Vice-President. Messrs. Taylor and Fillmore were elected the coming fall, and took the oath of office March 5, 1849, the 4th of March occur- ring on Sunday (Inauguration Day) the second time, and occurred again in 1877. Mr. Taylor died July 9, 1850. Taylor never held a political office or cast a vote until he was elected to the Presidency. He left an estate worth about $150,000. MILLARD FILLMORE, Thirteenth President of the United States, was born in Cayuga County, New York, January 7, 1800, and received a common school education. He studied 24 CHA FIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. law, and was admitted to practice as an attorney in 1827. In 1829 he was elected to the New York Assembly, and held the office three years. He was married to Abigail Powers in 1826. In 1832 he was elected to the National House of Representatives. He was again elected in 1836, and re-elected in 1838-40. He was defeated for Governor of New York in 1844. In 1847 he was elected Comptroller of the state, and in 1848 was elected Vice-President of the United States. Upon the death of President Taylor he became President, and took the oath of office July 10, 1850. At the expiration of his term, March 4, 1853, lie returned to his home in Buffalo, and in 1856 was a candidate for the Presidency, but was beaten. He died March 8, 1874. Fillmore held office sixteen years. He was eco- nomical, and died rich. Taylor and Fillmore's Cabinets. SECRETARIES OP STATE. John Middleton Clayton, Delaware, . . March 7, 1849 Daniel Webster, MaBsacliusetts, . . . July 20, 1850 Edward Everett, Massachusetts, . . . Dec. 9, 1852 SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. William M. Meredith, Pennsylvania, . . March 7, 1849 Thomas Corwiu, Ohio, July 20, 1850 SECRETARIES OF WAR. George W. Crawford, Georgia, .... March 7, 1849 Charles M. Conrad, Louisiana, .... Aug. 15, 1850 SECRETARIES OF THE XAVY. William Ballard Preston, Virginia, . . . March 7, 1849 William A. Graham, North Carolina, . . July 30, 1850 John P. Kennedy, Maryland, .... July 22, 1852 * SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR. Thomas Ewing, Ohio March 7, 1849 Alexander H. H. Stewart, Virginia, . . Sept. 12, 1850 See page 49. FR A NKL IN PIER CE. 25 ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. Reverdy JohnBon, Maryland, .... March 7, 1849 John J. Crittenden, Kentucky, .... July 20, 1850 POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. Jacob Collamer, Vermont, March 7, 1849 Nathan K. Hall, New York, July 20, 1850 Samuel D. Hubbard, Connecticut, . . . Aug. 31, 1852 FRANKLIN PIERCE, Fourteenth President of the United States, was born at Hillsborough, New Hampshire, November 23, 1804. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1824, and then entered the law school at Northampton, Massachusetts, where he remained two years. In 1829 he was elected to the New Hampshire Legisla- ture, where he served four years, and the last two years was Speaker of the House. In 1833 he was elected a Representative in Congress, and held the office four years. He married Miss Jane M. Apple- ton in 1834. In 1837 he was elected to the United States Senate, and in 1842 resigned his seat. When the Mexican War broke out he accepted the commission of brigadier-general, and distinguished himself at the battles of Cerro-Gordo and Chapulte- pec. In 1850 he presided over the Constitutional Convention of New Hampshire. June 1, 1852, the National Democratic Convention met at Baltimore. The two-thirds rule was adopted. The balloting be- gan June 3d, and on the first ballot Lewis Cass received 114 votes; James Buchanan, 93; William L. Marcy, 27; Stephen Arnold Douglas, 20. The seventeenth ballot that day stood: For Cass, 99; Buchanan, 87; Douglas, 50; Marcy, 26. The second day's balloting closed with the thirty-third trial, as follows: Cass, 123; Buchanan, 72; Douglas, 60; Marcy, 25. On the thirty-sixth ballot the Virginia delegation cast their votes for Franklin Pierce, and 26 CHAFIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. on the forty-ninth he received the unanimous vote of the convention. William Rufus King was nominated for Vice-President. Being duly elected, they were inaugurated March 4, 1853. There was not a change made in his Cabinet officers during his administra- tion, a thing that has never before or since happened. He left the Presidential chair March 4, 1857, and returned to his home in New Hampshire, where he died October 8, 1869. Pierce held office about sev^enteen years. He left about $50,000. Pierce's Cabinet, SFX'RETARY OF STATE. William L. Marcy, New York, .... March 7, 1853 SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. James Giitbrie, Kentucky, March 7, 1853 SECRETARY OF AVAR. Jefferson Davis, Mississippi, .... March 5, 1853 SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. James C. Dobbin, North Carolina, . . . March 7, 1853 SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. Robert McClelland, Michigan, .... March 7, 1853 ATTORNEY-GENERAL. Caleb Cushing, Massachusetts, .... March 7, 1853 POSTMASTER-GENERAL. James Campbell, Pennsylvania, . . . March 5, 1853 JAMES BUCHANAN, Fifteenth President of the United States, was born in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, April 22, 1791. He graduated at Dickinson College in 1809, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1812. He was elected to the State Legislature in 1814. In 1820 he was elected Representative to Congress, and held the office by JAMES B UCHA NA N. 27 re-elections for ten years. In 1831 he was appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Russia, and elected United States Senator in 1834. He was re-elected in 1840, and continued a member of that body until 1845, when he was appointed Sec- retary of State, which office he held four years. Mr. Buchanan was appointed Minister to England in 1853, and returned in April, 1856. June 2, 1856, the National Democratic Convention met at Cincin- nati to nominate a candidate for the Presidency. On the first ballot James Buchanan received 135 votes Franklin Pierce, 122; Stephen Arnold Douglas, 33 Lewis Cass, 5. On the ninth ballot the vote stood Buchanan, 141; Pierce, 87; Douglas, 56; Cass, 7. On the sixteenth ballot Buchanan had 168; Douglas, 121. On the seventeenth Buchanan was unanimously nominated. John Cabell Breckenridge was nomi- nated for Vice-President, and they were elected the following autumn. They were inaugurated March 4, 1857. At the close of his Presidential term he re- tired to his home at liancaster, Pennsylvania, and died June 1, 1868. Buchanan held office nearly thirty-eight years. He died worth about $200.000. " Buchanan's Cabinet. SECRETARIES OF STATE. Lewis Cass, Michigan, March G, 1857 Jeremiah S. Black, Pennsylvania, . . . Dec. 17, 1860 SECRETARIES OF THE TREASL'RV. Howell Cobb, Georjiia, March 5, 1857 Philip F. Thomas, Maryland, .... Dec. 12, 1860 John Adams Dix, New York, .... Jan. 11, 1861 SECRETARIES OF WAR. John B. Floyd, Virginia, March 6, 1857 Joseph Holt, Kentucky, Jan. 18, 1860 SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. Isaac Toucey, Connecticut, March 6, 1857 28 CHA FIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. Jacob Thompson, MissisBippi,. . . . March 6, 1857 ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. Jeremiah S. Black, Pennsylvania, . . March 6, 1857 Edward McMasters Stanton, Washington, D. C, Dec. 16, 1860 POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. Aaron V. Brown, Tennessee, .... March 6, 1857 Joseph Holt, Kentucky, Marcli 14, 1859 Horatio King, Maine, Jan. 18, 1860 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, Sixteenth President of the United States, was born in Hardin (now Larne) County, Kentucky, February 12, 1809. In 1816 his father and family removed to what is now Spencer County, Indiana. Here he at- tended school about one year, which was all the schooling he ever had. In 1830 the family removed to Macon County, Illinois. When the Black Hawk war broke out, in 1832, Abraham Lincoln joined a volunteer company, and was at once chosen captain. At the close of the war they were disbanded at Whitewater, Wisconsin, and he made his way home on loot and on a raft down the Illinois River. In the fall of 1832 he became a candidate for the State Legislature, and was beaten. He was postmaster at New Salem from 1833 to 1836. In 1834 he was elected to the Legislature as a Whig, and re-elected in 1836-38-40. He was one of the five Whig Presi- dential electors for Illinois in 1840. He was admit- ted to the bar in 1836, and commenced the practice of law at Springfield in 1837. Up to this time he had never seen the inside of a college or academy. He married Miss Mary Todd, November 4, 1842. He was elected a Representative to Congress in 1846, and declined to be a candidate for re-election in 1848. May 16, 1860, the Republican National Con- ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 29 vention met at Chicago to nominate candidates for President and Vice-President of the United States. May 18th the balloting commenced. On the first ballot William Henry Seward received 173 votes; Abraham Lincoln, 102; Simon Cameron, 50; Salmon Portland Chase, 49; Edward Bates, 48; William L. Dayton, 14; John McLean, 12; scattering, 16. On the second iDallot Seward received 184 votes; Lincoln, 181; Chase, 42; Bates, 35; Dayton, 10; McLean, 8; scattering, 4. The third ballot was as follows: Lin- coln, 231; Seward, 180; Chase, 24; Bates, 22; scat- tering, 7. Before the result was announced four Ohio delegates changed their votes, giving him a majority. It was then made unanimous. Hannibal Hamlin was nominated for Vice-President. Being duly elected, they were inaugurated March 4, 1861. Prior to this time several of the Southern States had passed ordinances of secession. The various calls made by Lincoln for troops to suppress the rebellion were : The call of April, 1861, for 7o,(X)0. The call of May, 1861, for 82,748. The call of JulV, 1861, for 500,000. The call of July, 1862, for 300,000. The call of August, 1862, for 300,000. The call of June, 1863, for 100,000. The call of October, 1863, for 300,000. The call of February, 1864, for 200,000. The call of March, 1864, for 200,000. The call of April, 1864, for 85,000. The call of July, 1864, for 500,000. The call of Decemljer, 1864, for 300,000. The total number of troops called for was 2,942,- 748. The total number obtained was 2,690,401. In 1864-5 the expenditures of the government amounted to over S3, 500, 000 per day. The national debt at the close of the war was over $2,749,000,000. The best speech that ever fell from human lips was delivered by Abraham Lincoln on the battle- 30 CH A FIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. field of Gettysburg, November 19, 1863. We give it in full, as follows: " Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in lib- erty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave up their lives that that nation might live. It isaltogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot con- secrate, we cannot hallow this ground. ^ The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract. The world will lit- tle note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us, that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly re- solve that these dead shall not have died in vain"; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of free- dom, and that the government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth." These few appropriate words seem to have been " Conceived in the ventricle of the imagination, Nourished in the bosom of the Pia Mater, And delivered on the mellowing of the occasion." June 8, 1864, the National Republican Conven- tion met at Baltimore, and re-nominated President Lincoln, with Andrew Johnson for Vice-President. They were inaugurated March 4, 1865. He was assassinated in Ford's Theater, at Washington, by John Wilkes Booth, on the 14th of April, and died on the 15th. The whole nation, like one great fam- ily, mourned his loss. ANDREW JOHNSON. 31 Lincoln held office fourteen years. He left about $75,000. ANDREW JOHNSON, Seventeenth President of the United States, was born at Raleigh, North Carolina, December 29, 1808. At the age of ten years he was apprenticed to a tailor, with whom he remained seven years. He never at- tended school, but in 1827 he"^ married Miss Eliza McCardle, who taught him to Avrite and cipher. In 1826 he removed to Granville, Tennessee, and was elected alderman of that village in 1828-9. ^ In 1830 he was elected mayor, and held the office three years. In 1835 he was elected to the State Legisla- ture, was defeated in 1837, and elected again in 1839. In 1841 he was elected to the State Senate, and in 1843 to the National House of Representatives, which office he held, by successive re-elections, for ten years. In 1853 he was elected Governor of Tennes- see, and re-elected in 1855. At the expiration of his gubernatorial term, in 1857, he was elected United States Senator by the Tennessee Legislature. In 1862 he was appointed Military Governor of Ten- nessee. He was nominated for Vice-President at the Baltimore Convention, June 8, 1864. Being a suc- cessful candidate, he took the oath of office March 4, 1865. Upon the death of President Lincoln he be- came President, and took the oath of office April 15, 1865. He was impeached by the House of Repre- sentatives February 24, 1868, by a vote of 125 ayes to 40 nays. The following Representatives were chosen as managers, on the part of the House, to conduct the bill of impeachment before the Senate: Messrs. John A. Bingham, of Ohio; George S. Bout- well, of Massachusetts; Benjamin Franklin Butler, of Massachusetts; Thaddeus Stevens, of Pennsyl- vania; Thomas Williams, of Pennsylvania; John A. Logan, of Illinois, and James F. Wilson, of Iowa. 32 CHA FIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. The counsel for the President were Messrs. Benjamin R. Curtis, of Massachusetts; William M. Evarts, of New York; William S. Grosebeck, of Ohio; Thomas A. R. Nelson, of Tennessee, and Henry Stanbery, of Ohio. The trial was begun March 30, 1868, before the United States Senate, sitting as a court of im- peachment, presided over by Chief Justice Chase. President Johnson was acquitted by the Senate May 26th, by a vote of 19 to 35, the Constitution requiring a vote of two-thirds to convict. President Johnson and Secretary Stanton quarreled over reconstruction questions, and on August 5, 1867, the President re- quested him to resign, which the Secretary refused to do. He gave way, under protest, August 12th, to General U. S. Grant as Secretary of War ad interim. The Senate reinstated Secretary Stanton January 13, 1868. On February 21, 1868, General Lorenzo Thomas was appointed Secretary of War ad interim, but Secretary Stanton still refused to vacate. John- son's impeachment followed, and on his acquittal Stanton resigned. On the 4th of March, 1869, he retired from the Presidency to his home in Granville, Tennessee. In 1870 he was a candidate before the Tennessee Legislature for LTnited States Senator, but was defeated by two votes. In 1872 he was a candi- date for Representative in Congress, and was de- feated. In 1875 he was elected to the United States Senate, and took his seat March 4th, and died July 31, 1875. Johnson held office thirty-six years. He was probably worth $50,000. Lincoln and Johnson's Cabinets. SECRETARY OF STATE. William Henry Seward, New York, . . March 5, 1861 SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. Salmon Portland Chase, Ohio, .... March 5, 1861 William Pitt Fessenden, Maine, . . . July 1, 1864 Hugh McCulloch, Indiana, March 7, 1865 ULYSSES SniPSON GRANT. 33 SECRETARIES OP WAR. Simeon Cameron, Pennsylvania, . . . March 5, 1861 Edwin McMasters Stanton, Washington, D. C, Jan. 11, 1862 John M. Schofield, Missouri, .... May 29, 1868 SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. Gideon Welles, Connecticut, .... March 5, 1861 SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR. Caleb B. Smith, Indiana, March 5, 1861 John P. Usher, Indiana, Jan. 8, 1863 James Harlan, Iowa, Mav 15, 1865 Orville H. Browning, Illinois, .... July 27, 1866 ATTORNEYS GENERAL. Edward Bates, Missouri, March 5, 1861 James Speed, Kentucky, Dec. 2, 1864 Henry Stanbery, Ohio, Julv 23, 1866 William Maxwell Evarts, New York, . . July 15, 1868 POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. Montgomerv Blair, Maryland, .... March 5, 1861 William Deiinison, Ohio, Sept. 24, 1864 Alexander W. Randall, Wisconsin, . . July 25, 1866 ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT, Eighteenth President of the United States, was born in Clermont County, Ohio, April 27, 1822. He graduated at the military Academy at West Point in 1843, and entered the United States regular army as a brevet second lieutenant. He Avas afterwards promoted to captain, and served in the Mexican War under Generals Scott and Taylor. He participated in the battles of Palo Alto, Monterey, Vera Cruz and Molino del Rey. At tlie close of the war Grant's company was sent to Oregon. In 1848 he married Miss Julia T. Dent. In 1854 he resigned his connec- tion with the army, and settled near St. Louis. In 1859 he moved to Galena, Illinois, and engaged in the leather trade until the breaking out of the Re- 34 CHA FIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. bellion. He then entered tlie [Jnion army as colonel, and distinguished himself at the battles of Fort Don- elson, Shiloh, Vicksburg, Richmond and others. He was promoted from time to time, until P^'ebruary, 1864, when he received the commission of lieutenant- general from President Lincoln's own hand, and continued in the field until he received the sword which General Robert Edward Lee surrendered at Appomatox Court-House, April 9, 1865. The Re- publican National (Convention met at Chicago, May 21, 1868. On the first ballot (irant was unanimously nominated for President, with Schuyler Colfax for Vice-President. Being duly elected, the}^ were in- augurated March 4, 1869. At the Republican Na- tional Convention held in Philadelphia June -5, 1872, President Grant was re-nominated by acclaniation. Henry Wilson was nominated for Vice-President. Being elected, they took the oath of office March 4, 1873. He completed his term of eight years as President March 4, 1877. On May 17th' he left Philadelphia for a tour around the world, and landed in San Francisco September 20, 1879. In the Re- publican National Convention in 1880 his name was presented as a candidate for President, and he re- ceived from 302 to 313 votes during the thirty-six ballots taken. He removed to New York City in 1881. Just previous to his death he wrote his me- moirs, which were published in two volumes, and brought a large fortune to his widow. He completed this last work of his life but four days before his death, whic^h occurred on Mount McGregor, near Saratoga, New York, July 23, 1885. Grant's Cabinet. Sl'X'KKTARIES OF STATE. Elilm Beiijaniin Wafiliburne, ninioip, . IMarch 5, 1869 Ilaniilton Fish, Kew York, .... March 11, 18()9 RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD HAYES. 35 SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. George SewallEoutwell, MaseacliuBetts, . March 11, 1869 William A. Richardson, Massachusetts, . March 17, 1873 Benjamin H. Bristow, Kentucky, . . . June 1, 1874 Lot M. INIorrill, Maine, June 21, 187«) SECRETARIES OF WAR. John M. Schofield, Missouri, .... March 5, 1869 John A. Rawlins, Illinois March II, 1859 William W. Belknap, Iowa, .... Dec. 6, 1869 Alphonso Taft, Ohio, March 7, 1876 J. Donald Cameron, Pennsylvania, . . May 22, 1876 SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY. Adolph E. Borie, Pennsylvania, . . . March 5, 1869 George M. Robeson, New Jersey, . . Dec. 6, 1869 SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR. Jacob Dolson Cox, Ohio, March 5, 1869 Columbus Delano, Ohio, Nov. 1, 1870 Zachariah Chandler, Michigan, . . . Oct. 19, 1875 ATTORN EYS-OE N ERA L . Ebenezer Rock wood Hoar, Massachusetts, March 5, 1869 Amos Tappaii Akerman, Georgia, . . June 23, 1870 George H. Williams, Oregon, .... Dec. 14, 1871 Edwards Pierrepont, New York, . . . Dec. 8, 1875 Alphonso Taft, Ohio, May 22, 1876 POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. John A. J. Creswell, Maryland, . . . March 5, 1869 Marshall Jewell, Connecticut, .... Aug. 24, 1874 James N. Tyner, Indiana, July 12, 1876 RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD HAYES, Nineteenth President of th-e United States, was born at Delaware, Ohio, October 4, 1822. Graduated at Kenyon College in 1842; studied law at Harvard University, and was admitted to the -.jar in 1845. In 1852 he married Miss Lucy W. Webb. He was de- feated for judge in 1856; in 1859 was elected City 30 CH A FIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. Solicitor, to fill a vacancy, by the Cincinnati City Council, and in 1860 was elected by the people for one year, but defeated in 1861. He was appointed major of the Twent^'-third Ohio Infantry June 7, 1861,. and continued in the service, being promoted for distinguished services, having been wounded four times, until he attained the rank of brigadier-general. While in the field, in 1864, he was elected a Repre- sentative in Congress, and re-elected in 1866. In 1867 he was elected Governor of Ohio over Allen G. Thur- man and was inaugurated January 13, 1868, having resigned his seat in Congress. He was re-elected Governor over George H. Pendleton in 1869. 'In 1872 he was defeated for Congress, and in 1875 was again elected Governor of Ohio, this time defeating Governor William Allen. The Republican National Convention met at Cincinnati June 14, 1876, to nom- inate candidates for President and Vice-President. June 16th the first ballot stood: James G. Blaine, 285; Oliver P. Morton, 124; Benjamin H. Bristow, llo; Roscoe Conkling, 91); Rutherford B. Hayes, 61; John F. Hartranft, 58; Marshall Jewell, 11, and ^^^illiam A. Wheeler, 3. There was no material change until the seventh ballot, which gave Hayes 384; Blaine, 351, and Bristow, 21. Hayes receiving a majority, the vote was made unanimous. William Almon Wheeler, of New York, was nominated for Vice-President. At the November election the pop- ular vote stood: For Hayes, 4,033,295; for Tilden, 4,284,265. Tilden's majority, 250,970. The can- vassing boards of Florida, Louisiana and South Carolina having returned the Republican Presidential Electors, their right to do so being questioned by the Democratic House of Representatives (the Senate be- ing Republican), Congress on January 29, 1877, passed a bill creating an Electoral Commission to count the electoral vote in all disputed cases. The commission was composed of five Justices of the Supreme Court, five Senators and five Representa- RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD HAYES. 37 tives, as follows: Justices — Nathan ClifFord, Maine; Samuel F. Miller, Iowa; Stephen Johnson Field, California; William Strong, Pennsylvania; Joseph P. Bradley, New Jersey. Senators — George F. Ed- munds, Vermont; Oliver P. Morton, Indiana; Fred- erick T. Frelinghuysen, New Jersey: Allen G. Thur- man, Ohio; Thomas Francis Bayard, Delaware. Representatives — Henry B. Payne, Ohio; Eppa Hunton, Virginia; Josiah G.. Abbott, Massachusetts; George F. Hoar, Massachusetts; James Abram Gar- field, Ohio. The commission decided by a vote of 8 to 7 that the Republican electoral vote of Florida, Louisiana and South Carolina should be counted for Hayes and Wheeler, which gave them 185 and Tilden and Hendricks 184 electoral votes. The result was reported to Congress, and at four o'clock on the morning of March 2, 1877, Hayes was declared elected President. He at once resigned the office of Governor of Ohio and proceeded to Washington and took the oath of office Saturday night, March 8d. He was inaugurated on Monday, March 5th, and again took the oath of office. At the close of his term, March 4, 1881, he retired to his home at Fre- mont, Ohio, where he died January 17, 1893. Hayes held office about fourteen years, and was the wealthiest of all the Presidents. Hayes' Cabinet. SECRETARY OF STATE. William Maxwell Evarts, New York, . . March 6, 1877 SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY'. John Sherman, Ohio, March 0, 1877 SECRETARIES OF WAR. George W. McCrary, Iowa, ..... March 6, 1877 Alexander Eamsey, Minnesota, . . . Dec. 10, 1879 38 CHAFIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY. Richard W. Thompson, Indiana, . . . March 6, 1877 Nathan Goff, Jr., West Virginia, . . . Jan. 6, 1881 SECRETARY OP THE INTERIOR. Carl Schnrz, Missouri, March 6, 1877 ATTORNEY-GENERAL. Charles Devens, Massachusetts, . . . March 6, 1877 POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. David McKendree Key, Tennessee, . . March 6, 1877 Horace Maynard, Tennessee, .... June 2, 1880 JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. Twentieth President of the United States, was born November 19, 1831, in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. He learned the carpenter's trade at the age of fourteen. Attended Geauga Seminary, Hiram College, and graduated at Williams College, Massachusetts, in 1856, and earned the necessary money at his trade and teaching school. He then became jjrofessor in Hiram College, and in 1857 was made its president. He married Miss Lucretia Rudolpli in 1858. In 1859 he was elected State Senator. Studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1861. Enlisted August 16, 1861, and September 5th was commissioned colonel of the Forty-second Ohio Infantry. On Jan- uary 10, 1862, he was promoted to the rank of Brig- adier-general, and afterward to that of major-general. Having been elected to Congress in 1862, while ab- sent in the field, he resigned his commission in the army upon taking his seat in Congress in December, LS63. He was re-elected eight times in succea- JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 39 sion, and was finishing his eighteenth year when elected President. In January, 1880, the Ohio Legislature elected him United States Senator for six years from March 4, 1881. The Repuhlican National Convention met at Chicago June 2, 1880. General Garfield headed the Ohio delegation, and presented the name of John Sherman as a candidate for President. The first ballot was taken June 7th, and stood: U. S. Grant, 304; James G. Blaine, 284; John Sherman, 93; George F. Edmunds, 34; Elihu B. Washburne, 30, and William Windom, 10 votes. On the third ballot Garfield received one vote, and from one to two on each succeeding ballot up to the thirty-third, except five ballots, when he received none. The balloting continued until June 8th. On the thirty-fourth ballot Garfield got 17 votes. The thirty-fifth stood: Grant, 213; Blaine, 257; Sher- man, 99; Edmunds, 11; Washburne, 23; Windom, 3, and Garfield, 50. The thirty-sixth and last vote gave Garfield, 399; Grant, 307; Blaine, 42; Wash- burne, 5, and Sherman, 3. After an adjourninent, Chester A. Arthur, Avho was also a delegate to the convention, was nominated for Vice-President. They were elected November 4th. Garfield was then Rep- resentative in Congress, United States Senator-elect and President-elect. November 8th he resigned his seat in Congress, declined the office of Senator, and remained at his home at Mentor, Ohio, until his in- auguration, March 4, 1881. On July 2d he Avas shot by Charles J. Guiteau in a railroad depot in Wash- ington. He was removed to Long Branch, New Jer- sey, September 6th, where he died from the eff'ects of the wound September 19, 1881. He held political offices about twenty-one years, and died poor. 40 CH A FIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. CHESTER ALLAN ARTHUR. Twenty-first President of the United States, was horn Octol^er 5, 1830, at Fairfield, Vermont. Graduated at Union College, Schenactady, N. Y., 1849. Taught school and was principal of the Pownal Academy, Vermont. Studied law and was admitted to the bar. Was married to Miss Herndon. He was a delegate to the Saratoga Convention when the Republican party of New York was formed. Was Judge- Advo- cate of the Second Brigade of state militia before the war. In 1860 Governor Edwin D. Morgan appointed him engineer-in-chief on his staff' and afterwards in- spector-general and quartermaster-general, holding tlie latter oftice until the close of 1863. He practiced law in New York City until November 20, 1871, when he was appointed Collector of Customs at that port, and reappointed in 1875. In 1877 he was Chairman of the Republican Central Committee of New York City, when President Hayes issued his order forbid- ding officers in the civil service from acting as polit- ical managers. Mr. Arthur neglected to comply with this order and was removed by the President in July, 1878. He was a delegate to the Chicago Convention in 1880, and a strong supporter of General Grant. He was nominated for Vice-President on the first ballot, which stood for Chester A. Arthur, 468; E. B. Washburne, 111., 193; Marshall Jewell, Connecticut, 44; Horace Maynard, Tennessee, 30; B. K. Bruce, Mississippi, 8; J. L. Alcorn, Mississippi, 4; E. J. Davis, Texas, 2; Thomas Settle, North Carolina, 1; Stewart L. Woodford, N. Y., 1. Being elected he took the oath of oftice and became Vice-President March 4, 1881. On being notified by the Cabinet of the death of President Garfield, he took the oath of oftice as President at his own house in New York City, on September 20, 1881, at two o'clock in the morning. On reaching Washington, September 22d, CHESTER ALLAN AETHVR. 41 he again took the oath of office before Chief Justice Waite. The RepubHcan National Convention met at Chicago June 3, 1884. Those receiving the highest number of votes on tbe first ballot were James G. Blaine, 384^ and Chester A. Arthur, 278. On the fourth ballot Mr. Blaine was nominated. C4eneral Arthur retired from the Presidency March 4, 1885, and died at his home in New York City November 18, 1886. Garfield and Arthur's Cabinets. SECRETARIES OF STATE. James Gillespie Blaine, Maine, . . . March 5, 1881 Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, New Jersey, Dec. 15, 1881 SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. William Windom, Minnesota, .... March 5, 1881 Charles J. Folger, New York, .... Nov. 15, 1881 Walter Q. Gresham, Indiana, .... Sept. 25, 1884 Hugh McCulloch, Indiana Oct. 28, 1884 SECRETARY OF WAR. Robert Todd Lincoln, Illinois, .... March 5, 1881 SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY. William H. Hunt, Louisiana March 5, 1881 William E. Chandler, New Hampshire, . April 2, 1882 SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR. Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa, March 5, 1881 Henry M. Teller, Colorado, April (i, 1882 POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. Thomas L. James, New York, .... March 5, 1881 Timothy Otis Howe, Wisconsin, . . . Jan. 5, 1882 Walter Q. Gresham, Indiana, .... April 11, 1883 Frank Hatton, Iowa, Oct. 14. 1884 ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. Wayne McYeagh, Pennsylvania, . . . March 5, 1881 Benjamin Harris Brewster, Pennsylvania, Dec. 19, 1881 42 CHAFIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. GROVER CLEVELAND, Twenty-second President of the United States, was born at Caldwell, New Jersey, March 18, 1887. In 1855 he entered a law office in Buffalo as clerk at four dollars a week, and was admitted to the bar in 1859. He was assistant district attorney of Erie County for three years, beginning January 1, 1863. In 1865 he was a candidate for district attorney, and was beaten. Was elected sheriff of Erie County in 1870 for three years. He was elected mayor of Buf- falo in 1881 for the term beginning January 1, 1882. In November, 1882, lie was elected Governor of New York by 192,854 plurality over Charles J. Folger, and took the oath of office January 1, 1883. July 8, 1884, the Democratic National Convention met at Chicago. . The rules required a two-thirds vote to nominate. On the first ballot Grover Cleveland re- ceived 892 votes; Thomas F. Bayard, Delaware, 170; Allen G. Thurman, Ohio, 88; Samuel J. Randall, Pennsylvania, 78; Joseph McDonald, Indiana, 56; John G. Carlisle, Kentucky, 27; Roswell P. Flower, New York, 4; George Hoadly, Ohio, 3; Samuel J. Tilden, New York, 1, and Thomas A. Hendricks, Indiana, 1 vote. The second vote stood: Cleveland, 683; Bayard, 8U; Hendricks, 45 J; Thurman, 4; Randall, 4, and McDonald, 2. Cleveland's nomina- tion was made unanimous by Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana, Avho was then nominated for Vice-Presi- dent by acclamation. The election in November was very close, the popular vote being 4,911,017 for C eveland and 4,848,334 for Blaine, giving Cleveland 62,683 plurality. In the State of New York the Cleveland electors carried the state by 1,047 plural- ity, giving him the 36 electoral votes of that state and a majority of 37 in the Electoral College. He resigned as Governor of New York January 6th, and was inaugurated President March 4, 1885. The GROVER CLEVELAND. 43 Democratic National Convention met at St. Louis June 5, 1888, and unanimously re-nominated Cleve- land for President. Allen G. Thurman was nomi- nated for Vice-President. They were beaten at the November election. ^^ Cleveland's First Cabinet. SECRETARY OF STATE. Thomas Francis Bayard, Delaware, . . March 5, 1885 SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. Daniel Manning, New York, .... March 5, 1885 Charles Stebbins Fairchild, New York, . April 1, 1887 SECRETARY OF WAR. William Crowninshield Kndicott, INIassa- chusetts, March 5, 1885 SECRETARY OF THE NAYY. William C. Whitney, New York, . . . March 5, 1885 SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR. Lucius Quintus Cnrtins Lamar, Mississippi, March 5, 1885 William Freeman Vilas, Wisconsin, . . .Tan. 17, 1888 rOSTM ASTERS-GENERAL. William Freeman Vilas, Wisconsin, . . March 5, 1885 Donald McDonald Dickinson, Michigan, . Jan. 17, 1888 ATTORNEY-GENERAL. Augustus H. Garland, Arkansas, . . . March 5, 1885 * SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. Norman .T. Colman, Missouri, .... Feb. 2^, 1889 * See page 50. 44 CHAFIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. BENJAMIN HARRISON, Twenty-third President of the United States, was born at Nor h Bend, Ohio, August 20, 1833. He is a grandson of William Henry Harrison. Graduated at Miami University, Ohio, in 1852 and studied law in Cincinnati. Married Caroline Lavina Scott; was admitted to the bar and removed to Indianapolis, Avhere he began the practice of law. He was ap- pointed crier of the Federal Court, and in 1860 was elected Supreme Court Reporter. In 1861 he raised a regiment and Governor INIorton commissioned him as its colonel. He remained in the army until the close of the war, having Ijeen promoted to the rank of brigadier-general. In 1880 he was elected United States Senator, took the office March 4, 1881, and served six years. The Republican National Con- vention met at Chicago June 19, 1888. On the first ballot the vote cast gave John Sherman, Ohio, 229; Walter Q. Gresham, Illinois, 111; Chauncey M. Depew, New Yo k, 99; Russel A. Alger, Michigan, 84; Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, 80; William B. Allison, Iowa, 72; James G. Blaine, Maine, 35; John J. Ingalls, Kansas, 28; Jeremiah M. Rusk, Wiscon- sin, 25; William Walter Phelps, New Jersey, 25; Ed- win H. Fitler, Pennsylvania, 24; Joseph R. HaAvley, Connecticut, 13; Robert T. Lincoln, Illinois, 3, and William McKinley, Ohio, 2. General Harrison was nominated on the eighth ballot, receiving 554 votes to 118 for Sherman, 100 for Alger, 59 for Gresham, 5 for Blaine and 4 for McKinley. It was made unan- imous. Levi Parsons Morton, of New York, was nominated for Vice-President on the first ballot, which stood: Morton, 561; William Walter Phelps, 119; William 0. Bradley, Kentucky, 93, and Blanche K. Bruce, Mississippi, 11. Harrison and Morton were elected in November and inaugurated March 4, 1889. The tenth Republican National Convention BENJAMIN HARRISON. 45 met at Minneapolis June 7, 1892. President Harri- son was renominated on the first ballot by the follow- ing vote: Harrison, 585; James G. Blaine, 182; William McKinley, 182; Thomas Brackett Reed, 4, and Robert T. Lincoln, 1. Whitelaw Reid, of New York, was unanimously nominated for Vice-Presi- dent. They were beaten at the ensuing election. At the close of his term, March 4, 1893, Mr. Harrison returned to the practice of law at his home in Indian- apolis. Harrison's Cabinet. SECRETARIES OP STATE. James Gillespie Blaine, Maine, .... March 5, 1889 John AVatsou Foster, Indiana, .... Jnne 29, 1892 SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. William Windom, Minnesota, .... March 5, 1889 Charles Foster, Ohio, Feb. 24, 1891 SECRETARIES OF WAR. Redfield Proctor, Vermont, March 5, 18S9 Stephen B. Elkins, New York, .... Dec. 24, 1891 SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. Benjamin Franklin Tracy, New York, . March 5, 1889 SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. John Willock Noble, Missouri, .... March 5, 1889 POSTMASTER-GENERAL. John Wanamaker, Pennsylvania, . . . March 5, 1889 ATTORNEY-GENERAL. William Henry Harrison Miller, Indiana, March 5, 1889 SECRETARY OP AGRICULTURE. Jeremiah McLain Rusk, Wisconsin, . . March 5, 1889 46 CHAFIN'S LIVES OF THE PEESIDENTS. GROVER CLEVELAND Removed to New ^'ork City and entered upon the practice of law at the close of his first term as Presi- dent. Although he failed to secure a majority of the electoral votes in 188S, he had a majority of 100,476 on the popular vote over General Harrison. This made him popular with the people, and he was again brought forward as a candidate at the Democratic National Convention which met at Chicago June 21, 1892. He was nominated on the first ballot, receiv- ing ten votes more than the necessary two-thirds. The vote stood: Cleveland, 617; David Bennett Hill, New York, 114; Horace Boies, Iowa, lOo; Arthur P. Gorman, Maryland, 36; Adlai E. Stevenson, Illinois, 16; John G. Carlisle, Kentucky, 14; William R. Morrison, Illinois, 3; James E. Campbell, Ohio, 2; Robert E. Pattison, Pennsylvania, 1; William E. Russell, Massachusetts, 1, and William C. Whitney, New York, 1. The vote for Vice-President was given as follows: Adlai E. Stevenson, Illinois, 402; Isaac P. Gray, Indiana, 343; Allen B. Morse, 86; John L. Mitchell, Wisconsin, 45; Henry Watterson, Ken- tucky, 26; Burke Cockran, New York, 5; Lambert Tree, Illinois, 1, and Horace Boies, of Iowa, 1. Adlai E. Stevenson was then unanimously nomi- nated by acclamation. Cleveland and Stevenson were elected by a plurality of 132 in the Electoral College and 382, 95() on the popular vote. They were inaugurated March 4,- 1893. Mr. Cleveland was married to Miss Frances Folsom June 2, 1886. Cleveland's Second Cabinet. SECRETARIES OF STATE. AValter Quintin Gresham, Illinois, . . . March 5, 1893 Richard Olney, MaBsachusettB, .... June 8, 1895 SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. John Griffin Carlisle, Kentucky, . . . March 5, 1893 GROVER CLEVELAND. ' 47 SECRETARY OF WAR. Dauiel Scott Lamout, New York, . . . March 5, 1893 SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. Hilary A. Herbert, Alabama, .... March 5, 1893 SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. Hoke Smith, Georgia, March 5, 1893 ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. Richard Olney, Massachusetts, .... Marcli 5, 1893 Judson Harmon, Ohio, June 8, 1895 POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. Wilson Spannon Bissell, New York, . . March 5, 1893 William L. Wilson, West Virginia, . . . April 3, 1895 SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. Julius Sterling Morton, Nebraska, . . . March 5, 1893 48 CHAFIiV'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. DUTIES OF CABINET OFFICERS. The President Is assisted in the administration of the general gov- ernment by eight officers, heads of departments, called his Cabinet, whom he may consult on all matters. They are nominated by him, but must be confirmed by the Senate. State Department. Created by an act of Congress, September 15, 1789. The Secretary of State is the leading member of the Cabinet and has charge of the foreign relations of the United States, including all matters relative to Diplomacy, Foreign Ministers, Consuls, etc., and the reception of all communications from foreign powers. Treasury Department. Created by an act of Congress, September 2, 1879. The Secretary of the Treasury has charge of the fiscal affairs of the government, the collecting of the revenue, together with the oversight of the various custom houses and the numerous officers therein employed. War Department. Created by an act of Congress, September 15, 1789. The Secretary of War has charge of the army and national defense on land; the superintendence of all DUTIES OF CABINET OFFICERS. 49 forts and military stations and the various details connected with the land forces of the United States. Navy Department, Created by an act of Congress, April 80, 1798. Originally the Navy Department was included with the War Department. The Secretary of the Navy has charge of the national defenses by sea and control of everything connected with the naval estab- lishment in all its necessary details. Interior Department. Created by an act of Congress, March 3, 1849. This department was established for the relief of the other departments. The Secretary of the Interior has charge of the Patent Office, formerly under the supervision of the State Department; the Land Oftice, from the Treasury Department; Soldiers' pensions and Indian affairs, from the War Department; Naval pensions, from the Navy Department; the care of public buildings; the taking of the census and other matters. Attorney-General's Office. Created by an act of Congress, September 24, 1789. The Attorney-General is the legal adviser of the President and heads of the various departments, and shall prosecute and conduct all suits in the Supreme Court in which the United States shall be concerned. Post-Officc Department. Created by an act of Congress, September 22, 1789. The Postmaster-General, though not originally a Cabinet officer, is now recognized as such. He has 50 CH A FIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. control of all the postal arrangements, contracts for the mail service by land and sea and appointment of postmasters. In offices where the salary of post- master is a thousand dollars a year or over, the ap- pointments are made by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. Department of Agriculture. Created by act of Congress, February 11, 1889. The Secretary of Agriculture has supervision of all public business relating to the industry of agri- culture; advisory supervision over all agricultural experiment stations supported from the national treasury; control of ({uarantine stations for imported live stock, and the inter-state quarantine for contagi- ous diseases among live stock and has charge of the weather bureau. The original act conferred very limited powers upon the Secretary, but it has since grown to be a department of great importance. SPEAKERS. 51 SPEAKERS or The House of Representatives. First Congress— 1789, Frederick Augustus Muhlen- burg, Pa. (1st and 2d session held at New York, the 8d at Philadelphia.) , ,, ^, Second Congress— 1791, Jonathan Trumbull, Connec- ticut. , . , . , T.T 1 1 Third Congress— 1793, Frederick Augustus Muhlen- burg, Pa. Fourth Congress— 1795, Jonathan Dayton, N. J. Fifth Congress— 1797, Jonathan Dayton, N. J.; George Sixth Congress— 1799, Theodore Sedgwick, Mass. (Ist session at Philadelphia, 2d at Washington.) Seventh Congress— 1801, Nathaniel Macon, N. C. Eighth Congress— 1803, Nathaniel Macon, N. C. Ninth Congress— 1805, Nathaniel Macon, N. C. Tenth Congress— 1807, Joseph B. Varnum, Mass. Eleventh Congress— 1809, Joseph B. Varnum, Maps. Twelfth Congress— 1811, Henry Clay, Ky. Thirteenth Congress- 1813, Henry Clay, Ky.; Lang- don Cheves, S. C. Fourteenth Congress— 1815, Henry Clay, Ky. Fifteenth Congress— 1817, Henry Clay, Ky. Sixteenth Congress— 1819, Henry Clay, Ky.; John W. Taylor, N. Y. . ^ , Seventeenth Congress— 1821, Philip P. Barbour, Va. Eighteenth Congress— 1823, Henry Clay, Ky. Nineteenth Congress— 1825, John W. Taylor, N. Y. Twentieth Congress— 1827, Andrew Stevenson, ^ a. Twenty-first Congress— 1829, Andrew Stevenson, Va. Twentv-second Congress— 1831, Andrew Stevenson, Va. Twenty-third Congress— 1833, Andrew Stevenson, V a.; Henrv Hubbard, N. H.; John Bell, Tenn. Twenty-fourth Congress— 1835, James Knox Polk, Tenn. 52 CHAFIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. Twenty-Fifth Congress — 1837, James Knox Polk, Tenn Twentv-Sixth Congress— 1839, Robert M. T. Hunter Va, Twenty-seventh Congress — 1841, John White, Ky. Twenty-eighth Congress — 1843, John W. Jones, Va. Geo. W. Hopkins, Va. Twenty-ninth Congress — 1845, John W. Davis, Ind. Thirtieth Congress— 1847, Robert C. Winthrop, Mass. Armistead Burt, S. C. Thirty-first Congress— 1849, Howell Cobb, Ga. Thirty-second Congress — 185], Linn Boyd, Ky. Thirty-third Congress — 1853, Linn Boyd, Ky. Tliirty-fourth Congress— 1855, Nathaniel -P. Banks Thirty-fifth Congress— 1857, James L. Orr, S. C. Thirty-sixth Congress — 1859, William Pennington N. J. Thirty-seventh Congress — 1861, Galusha A. Grow, Pn Thirty-eighth Congress— 1863, Schuyler Colfax, Ind. Thirty-ninth Congress — 1865, Schuyler Colfax, Ind. Fortieth Congress — 1867, Schuyler Colfax, Ind. Forty-first Congress — 1869, James G. Blaine, Me. Forty-second Congress — 1871, James G. Blaine, Me. Forty-third Congress — 1873, James G. Blaine, Me. Forty-fourth Congress — 1875, Michael C. Kerr, Ind. Samuel J. Randall, Pa. Forty-fifth Congress— 1877, Samuel J. Randall, Pa. Forty-sixth Congress — 1879, Samuel J. Randall, Pa. Forty-seventh Congress — 1881, John W. Kiefer, Ohio Forty-eighth Congress — 1883, John G. Carlisle, Ky. Forty-ninth Congress — 1885, John G. Carlisle, Ky. Fiftieth Congress— 1887, John G. Carlisle, Ky. Fifty-first Congress— 1889, Thomas B. Reed, Me. Fifty-second Congress — 1891, Charles F. Crisp, Ga. Fifty-third Congress — 1893, Charles F. Crisp, Ga. Fifty-fourth Congress— 1895, Thomas B. Reed, Me. THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE. 53 THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE. i: -NUMBER OF ELECTORS, 69. George Washington, Virginia, John Adams, Massachusetts, . John Jay, New York, John Rutledge, South Carolina, R. H. Harrison, Maryland, John Hancock, Massachusetts, George Clinton, New York, John Milton, Georgia, Samuel Huntington, Connecticut, Edward Telfair, Georgia, . Benjamin Lincoln, Massachusetts, James Armstrong, Georgia, 1792 — NUMBER OP ELECTORS, 132 George AVashington, Virginia, , John Adams, ftlassachusetts, George Clinton, New York, Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, Aaron Burr, New York, . 1796 — NUMBER OF ELECTORS, 138 John Adams, Massachusetts, . Thomas Jelferson, Virginia. Thomas Pinckney, South Carolina, . Aaron Burr, New York, . Samuel Adams, Massachusetts, Oliver Ellsworth, Connecticut, George Clinton, New York, John Jay, New York, James Iredell, North Carolina, S. Johnston, North Carolina, . George Washington, Virginia, John Henry, Maryland, . Charles Cotesworth Pickney, South Carolina, 69 34 9 6 6 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 132 77 50 4 1 71 68 59 30 15 11 7 5 3 2 2 2 1 54 CHAFJN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 1800 — NUMBER OP ELECTORS, 138. Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, 73 Aaron Burr, New York, 73 John Adams, Massachusetts, 65 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, South Carolina, . . 64 John Jay, New York, ..... . . 1 STATES. Thomas Jefferson*, 10 Aaron Burr, 4 Divided 2 In the following pages is given the electoral vote received by the successful and defeated candidates for the Presidency and Vice-Presidency from 1804 to 1892. Prior to 1804, the President and Vice-Presi- dent were elected according to Article 11, Section 1, Clause 3, of the Constitution ; now according to the XII. Amendment. 1804 — NUMBER OF ELECTORS, 176. President. Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, .... Republican, 162 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, S. C, . Federal, 14 Vice-President. George Clinton, New York, .... Republican, 162 Rufus King, New York, Federal, 14 1808 — NUMBER OF ELECTORS, 175. President. James Madison, Virginia, Republican, 122 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, S. C, . Federal, 47 George Clinton, New York, 6 Elected by the House of Representatives, Feb. 17, 1801. THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE. 55 Vice-President. George Cliuton, New York, .... Republican, 113 RufuB King, New York, Federal, 47 John Langdon, New Hampshire, 9 James Madison, Virginia, 3 James Monroe, Virginia, 3 1812 — NUMBER OF ELECTORS, 217. President. James Madison, Virginia, Republican, 128 DeWitt Clinton, New York Federal, 89 Vice-President. Elhridge Gerry, Massachusetts, . . . Republican, 131 Jared Ingersoll, Pennsylvania, . . . Federal, 86 1816 — NUMBER OF ELECTORS, '217. President. James Monroe, Virginia, Republican, 183 Rufus King, New York, Federal, 34 ■ Vice-President. Daniel D. Tompkins, New York, . . . Republican, 183 John E. Howard, Maryland, .... Federal, 22 James Ross, Pennsylvania, 5 John Marshall, Virginia, . . . : 4 Robert Goodloe Harper, Maryland, 3 1820 — NUMBER OF ELECTORS, 232. President. James Monroe, Virginia, All Parties, 231 John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts, 1 Vice-President. Daniel D. Tompkins, New York, ... All Parties, 218 Richard Stockton, New Jersey, 8 Daniel Rodney, Delawai'e, 4 Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, 1 Robert Goodloe Harper, Maryland, 1 56 CHAFIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 1824 — NUMBER OF ELECTORS, 261. Previous to this time many of the electors were ap- pointed by state legislatures, so there is no accurate data to be obtained of the popular vote. As several electors are chosen in each state, and do not each receive the same number of votes, we can only give the average estimate of the popular vote received by each candidate. President. Andrew Jackson, Tenn., . . 155,872 Democrat, 99 John Quincy Adams, Mass., . 105,321 Federal, 84 William H. Crawford, Ga., . 44,282 Democrat, 41 Henry Clay, Ky 46,587 Federal, 37 States. *John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts, 13 Andrew Jackson, Tennessee, 7 AVilliam H. Crawford, Georgia, 4 Vice-President. John Caldwell Calhoun, South Carolina, All Parties, 182 Nathan Sanford, New York, 30 Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina, 24 Andrew Jackson, Tennessee, . 13 Martin Van Buren, New York, 9 Henry Clay, Kentucky, 3 1828 — NUMBER OF ELECTORS, 261. President. Andrew Jackson, Tennessee, John Quincy Adams, Mass., 647,231 Democrat, 178 509,097 Federal, 83 Vice-President. John Caldwell Calhoun, South Carolina, Democrat, 171 Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, .... Federal, 83 William Smith, South Carolina, 7 Elected by the House of Represeutntives, February 9,1825. THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE. 57 1832 — NUMBER OF ELECTORS, 286. President. Andrew Jackeon, Tennessee, . 687,502 Democrat, 219 Henry Clay, Kentucky, . . . 530,189 Whig, 49 John Floyd, Virginia, 11 William Wirt, Virginia, . . . 33,108 Anti-Mason, 7 Vice-President. Martin Van Buren, New York, . . . Democrat, 189 John Sergeant, Pennsylvania, .... Whig, 49 Henry Lee, Massachusetts, 11 Amos P^llmaker, Pennsylvania, . . . Anti-Mason, 7 William Wilkins, Pennsylvania, 30 1836 — NUMBER OF ELECTORS, 294. President. Martin Van Buren, New York, 761,549 Democrat, 170 William Henry Harrison, Ohio, 736,656 Whig, 73 Hugh L. White, Tennessee, 26 Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, 14 Willie P. Maugum, North Carolina, 11 Vice-President ^Richard Mentor Johnson, Kentucky, . Democrat, 147 Francis Granger, New York, .... Whig, 77 John Tyler, Virginia, 47 William Smith, South Carolina, 23 1840 — NUMBER OF ELECTORS, 294. President. William Henry Harrison, O., 1,275,017 Whig, 234 Martin Van Buren, New York, 1,128,702 Democrat, 60 James Gillespie Birney, N. Y., 7,059 Liberty, Vice-President. John Tyler, Virginia, Whig, 234 Eichard Mentor Johnson, Kentucky, . Democrat, 48 Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia, 11 James Knox Polk, Tennessee, 1 Thomas Earle, Pennsylvania, .... Liberty, Elected by Senate. Johnsou 33, Granger 16 votes. 58 CHA FIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 1844 — NUMBER OF ELECTORS, 275. President. James Knox Polk, Tenn., . 1,337,243 Democrat, 170 Henry Clay, Ky., .... 1,299,068 Whig, 105 James Gilleepie Birney, Mich., 02,390 Liberty. Vice-President. George Mifflin Dallas, Pa., Democrat, 170 Theodore Frelinghuysen, N. J., ... Whig, 105 Thomas Morris, Ohio, Liberty. 1848 — NUMBER OF ELECTORS, 290. President. Zacharv Tavlor, La., . . . 1,300,101 Whig, 183 Lewis Cass, Mich., .... 1,220,544 Democrat, 127 Martin Van Biiren, N. Y., . . 291,263 Free .Soil. Vice-President. Millard Fillmore, N. Y., Whig, 163 William Orlando Butler, Ky., .... Democrat, 127 Charles Francis Adams, Mass., . . . Free Soil. 1852 — NUMBER OF ELECTORS, 296. President. Franklin Pierce, N. H., . . 1,601,474 Democrat, 254 Winfield Scott, Va., . . . . 1,386,578 Whig, 42 John Parker Hale, N. H., . 156,149 Free Soil. Vice-President. William Rufus King, Ala., Democrat, 254 William Alexander Graham, N. C, . . Whig, 42 George W. Julian, Ind., Free Soil. 1856 — NUMBER OF ELECTORS, 296. President. James Buchanan, Pa., . . . 1,838,169 Democrat, 174 John Charles Fremont, Cal., . 1,341,264 Republican, 114 Millard Fillmore, N. Y., . . 874,534 American, 8 THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE. . 59 Vice-President. John Cabell Breckenridge, Ky., . . . Democrat, 174 William L. Dayton, N. J., Republican, 114 Andrew Jackson Donelson, Tenn., . . American, 8 1860 — NUMBER OP ELECTORS, 303. President. Abraham Lincoln, III., . . 1,866,352 Republican, 180 John Cabell Breckenridge, Kv., 845,763 Democrat, 72 John Bell, Tenn., . . . . " 589,581 Union, 39 Stephen Arnold Douglas, 111., . 1,375,157 Democrat, 12 Vice-President. Hannibal Hamlin, Me., Republican, 180 Joseph Lane, Oregon, Democrat, 72 Edward Everett, Mass. Union, 39 Herschel V. Johnson, Ga., Democrat, 12 1864 — NUMBER OF ELECTORS, 233. President. Abraham Lincoln, 111., . . . 2,216,067 Republican, 212 Geo. Brintou McClellau, N. J., 1,808,725 Democrat, 21 Vice-President. Andrew Jolinson, Tennessee, .... Republican, 212 George H. Pendleton, Ohio, Democrat, 21 1868 — NUMBER OF ELECTOR.S, 294. President. Ulysses Simpson Grant, 111., . 3,015,071 Republican, 214 Horatio Seymour, New York, 2,709,613 Democrat, 80 Vice-President. Schuyler Colfax, Indiana, Republican, 214 Francis Preston Blair, Jr. , Missouri, . Democrat, 80 1872 — NUMBER OF ELECTORS, 366. President. Ulysses Simpson Grant, 111., . 3,597,070 Republican, 300 Horace Greeley, New York, . 2,834,079 Lib.-Repub., 66 Charles O'Conor, New York, 29,408 Democrat. James Black, Pennsylvania, . 5,608 Prohibition. 60 CHAFIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. Vice-President. Henry Wilson, MassachusettB, .... Republican, 300 Benjamin Gratz Brown, Miseouri, . . Lib.-Repub., 66 John Quincv Adams, Massachusetts, . Democrat. John Russell, Michigan Prohibition. Greeley having died before the meeting of the Elec- toral College, the electors gave their votes for President as follows: Thomas Andrews Hendricks, Indiana, 42 Benjamin Gratz Brown, Missouri, 18 Horace Greeley, New York, 3 Charles J. Jenkins, 2 David Davis, Illinois, 1 The vote for Vice-President stood: Benjamin Gratz Brown, Missouri, 47 George W. Julian, Indiana, 6 A. H. Colquitt, Georgia, 5 J. M. Palmer, Illinois, 3 T. E. Bramlette, 3 W. L. Groesbeck, 1 W. D. Machen, 1 N. P. Banks, Massachusetts, 1 1876 — NUMBER OP ELECTORS, 369. President. Rutherford Birchard Hayes, O., 4,033,295 Republican, 185 Samuel Jones Tilden,N. Y., . 4,284,265 Democrat, 184 Peter Cooper, New York, . . 81,737 Greenback. Green Clay Smith, Kentucky, 9,522 Prohibition. Vice-President. William Almon Wheeler, New York, Republican, 185 Thomas Andrews Hendricks, Indiana, . Democrat, 184 Sanmel F. Cary, Ohio, Greenback. Gideon T. Stewart, Ohio, Prohibition. THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE. 61 1880 — NUMBER OF ELECTORS, 3G9. President. Jamee Abram Garfield, Ohio, 4,450,921 Winfield Scott Hancock, N. Y., 4,447,888 James B. Weaver, Iowa, . . . 307,740 Neal Dow, Maine, 10,305 John W. Phelps, Vermont, . . . 707 Vice-President. Chester Allan Arthur, New York, . . . William H. English, Indiana, . . . . B. J. Chambers, Texas, Henry A. Thompson, Ohio, Samuel C. Pomeroy, Kansas, . . . . Republican, 217 Democrat, 152 Grnbk. -Labor. Prohibition. American. Republican, 217 Democrat, 152 Green'k-Labor Prohibition. American. 1884 — NUMBER OF ELECTORS, 401. President. Grover Cleveland, N. Y., . . 4,911,017 Democrat, 219 James Gillespie Blaine, Maine, 4,848,334 Republican, 182 John P. St. John, Kansas, . *- 151,809 Prohibition. Benj. Franklin Butler, M„B,., 133.825 { ^S,°3o?. Vice-President. Thomas Andrews Hendricks, Indiana, . Democrat, 219 John Alexander Logan, Illinois, . . . Republican, 182 William Daniel, Maryland, Prohibition. Absolom M. West, Mississippi, . . . | Anti-Monopoly ' ^^ ' ( Green k-Labor. 1888— NUMBER OF ELECTORS, 401. President. Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, . 5,439,853 Grover Cleveland, New York, 5,540,329 Clinton B. Fisk, New Jersey, . 249,506 Alson J. Streeter, Illinois, . . 146,935 Robert H. Cowdrey, Illinois, . 2,818 James L. Curtis, New York, . 1,591 Belva Lockwood, Washingion, D. C, Albert E. Redstone, California, . . . Republican, 233 Democrat, 168 Prohibition. Union-Lal>or. United-Labor. American. f National t Equal-Rights. J Industrial- t Reform 62 CBAFIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. Vice-President. Levi Parsons Morton, New York, . . . Republican, 233 Allen G. Thurman, Ohio, Democrat, 168 John A. Brooks, Missouri, Prohibition. Charles E. Cunningham, Arkansas, . . Union-Labor. William H. T. Wakefield, Kansas, . . . United-Labor. James E. Greer, Tennessee, American. Charles Stuart Wells, Pennsylvania, . | IquJl^IlightB. John Colvin, Kansas, { Industrial- t Reform. 1892 — NUMBER OF ELECTORS, 444. President. Grover Cleveland, New York, 5,556,533 Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, 5,176,577 James B. AVeaver, Iowa, . . 1,122,045 John Bidwell, California, . . 279,191 Simon Wing, Massachusetts, . 21,191 Vice-President. Adlai Ewing Stevenson, Uiinois, Whitelaw Reid, New York, . . James G. Field, Virginia, . . . .lames B. Cranfill, Texas, . . . Charles H. Hatchett, New York, Democrat, 277 Republican, 145 Populist, 22 Prohibition. Socialistic-Lab. Democrat, 277 Republican, 145 Populist, 22 Prohibition. Socialistic-Lab. OF THE PRESIDENTS. 63 OF THE PRESIDENTS, Seven were Vice-Presidents; ten were United States Senators, and one, Tyler, was President pro tern.; thirteen were Representatives in Congress, and one, Polk, was Speaker of the House; six were Secre- taries of State, but none ever held any other Cabinet oflfice; two, John Adams and Jefferson, signed the Declaration of Independence, and two, Washington and Madison, the Constitution; six were born in Virginia; fifteen were farmers' sons; eighteen were lawyers; three, John Adams, Jefferson and Monroe, died on the 4th of July, and fifteen were graduates of colleges. Three, Madison, Buchanan and Hayes, were elected notwithstanding New York voted against them. The electoral vote of that state elected John Adams, Jefferson (first time), Van Buren, Polk, Tay- lor, Lincoln (first time), Garfield, Cleveland (first time) and Benjamin Harrison. Polk was the only President ever elected with his own state voting against him. Van Buren held more high offices than any other man under our government, having been President, Vice-President, Secretary of State, Minis- ter to England, United States Senator and Governor of New York. Four Presidents, William Henry Harrison, Taylor, Lincoln and Garfield, and five Vice-Presidents, Clinton, Gerry, King, Wilson and Hendricks, died in office. Pierce was the only Presi- dent who did not make a change in his Cabinet. Calhoun resigned the oflfice of Vice-President shortly before his term expired to become United States Sen- ator. Eight of the Presidents were re-elected, and two, Jackson and Cleveland, were candidates three times in succession, and were each twice elected. Grant was the youngest (47) and William Henry Harrison (68) the oldest. Eight of the Vice-Presi- dents were from New York. «4 CHAFIN'S LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS. OF THE CABINET Officers, Albert Gallatin, of Pennsylvania, served the longest term, having been Secretar}^ of the Treasury from January, 1802, to February, 1814. More dis- tinguished statesmen have held the offices of Secre- tary of State and Secretary of the Treasury than that of President. The most eminently distinguished Cabinet was that of President Monroe during his second term. Massachusetts and New York have been most favored with Cabinet positions, while Rhode Island is the only one of the thirteen original states that has furnished no Cabinet officer. In 1886 Congress passed a law placing the Presi- dential succession in the Cabinet as follows: " In the case of removal by death, resignation or inability of both President and Vice-President a member of the Cabinet shall in the following order act as President until the disability is removed or a President is elected: The Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of War, Attor- ney-General, Postmaster-General, Secretary of the Navy, Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Agriculture; provided. Congress be not then in ses- sion, or within twenty days of its regular session, in which case the acting President shall issue a proc- lamation convening Congress in extraordinary ses- sion, giving twenty days' notice of the time of meet- ing." H 5 '^^:^ ^, w^V> ■V>wV\,'^', tttrrrriiiif ^V^V^^y^^^^v, '^!V^W ^■^.^;^^!i":"^«^^^t^^^,^^^ «i«^l^&^^ ^V^VV\^vW*^^^ >^s»^^^' ^vjv^:^^-.^^^. ^^^. '>^w<^/ ^^ ^^ :^^ •fe. :% '^^ ^o>'^ V\ERT BOOKBINDINC ' mK.lie p,, , " » « *0