^ D 510 >cf AN OUTLINE OF THE WARTIME ACTIVITIES OF THE PENNSYLVANIA COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE V Glass. Book. T AN OUTLINE OF THE OF THE OF ;ii n, of D. JAN 30 1919 PENNSYLVANI A COMMISSION OF PUBLIC SAFETY AND DEFENSE Hon. William C. Sproul, Chairman Hon. Edward E. Beidleman Hon. Harmon M. Kephart Hon. Charles A. Snyder Adjutant-General Frank D. Beary Hon. Frank B. McClain, Treasurer PENNSYLVANIA COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE Headquarters Seventh Floor, Finance Building Philadelphia, Pa. January 22, 1919. ROSTER George Wharton Pepper, Chairman Lewis E. Beitler, Secretary Effingham B. Morris, Treasurer Lewis S. Sadler, Executive Manager EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE E. M. C. Africa A. W. Mellon W. W. Atterbury E. B. Morris Captain C. W. Brown Arthur E. Newbold A. C. Dinkey Allen P. Perley Spencer C. Gilbert A. C. Robinson H. T. Hayden James Scarlet J. R. McAllister A. W. Sewall Dr. S. B. McCormick E. T. Stotesbury Mrs. J. Willis Martin Col. L. A. Watres DEPARTMENTAL HEADS General Committee Finance Arthur E. Newbold, Director Publicity and Education Dr. William McClellan, Director Herman L. Collins, Chief of Bureau of Publicity Benjamin H. Ludlow, Chief of Speakers' Bureau (Four Minute Men) John F. Braun, Chief of Liberty Sing Bureau E. E. Bach, Chief of Bureau of Americanization Sydney L. Wright, Chief of Bureau of War Charities Legislation Hon. Frank Gunnison, Director Legal Advisory Department John Hampton Barnes, Director Medicine, Sanitation and Hospitals Dr. Hobart a. Hare, Director Charlton Yarnall, Vice-Director Civic Relief Col. Louis J. Kolb, Director Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Vice-Director Food Supply Howard Heinz, Director J. S. Crutchfield, Vice-Director Construction and Materials B. Dawson Coleman, Director Plants George S. Davison, Director Highways Transport Committee David S. Ludlum, Director Gideon M. Stull, Vice-Director J. Howard Reber, Vice-Director J. M. MuRDOCK, Vice-Director Civilian Service and Labor Edgar C. Felton, Director Military Service T. DeWitt Cuyler, Director Naval Service E. Walter Clark, Director David Newhall, Vice-Director Volunteer Home Defense Police LiEUT.-CoL. John C. Groome, U. S. A., Director William S. Ellis, Acting Director Railroads, Electric Raiki'ays, Highzvays and Waterways Samuel Rea, Director Agnew T. Dice, Vice-Director Thomas E. Mitten, Vice-Director Moorhead C. Kennedy, Vice-Director WOMAN'S COMMITTEE Mrs. J. Willis Martin, Chairtnan Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook Miss Helen Fleisher Mrs. Ronald P. Gleason Mrs. Walter King Sharpe Mrs. John C. Groome Mrs. Charles M. Lea Mrs. Edward S. Lindsey Mrs. Edith Ellicott Smith Miss Anne McCormick Miss Katharine Tucker Mrs. John O. Miller Mrs. Herbert Lincoln Clark Mrs. Louis Piolett Mrs. Hutton Kennedy Mrs. Thomas Robins Mrs. John Gribbel Mrs. Edward T. Stotesbury Mrs. John Meigs Mrs. Helen Glenn Tyson Miss Roberta M. West Mrs. H. S. Prentiss Nichols War History Commission Hon. William C. Sproul, Chairman John Bach McMaster, Vice-Chairman Wartime Activities OF THE Pennsylvania Council of National Defense When a history is written of Pennsylvania's part in winning the war, the chapters devoted to civilian activities will of necessity be largely a recital of the work of the Pennsylvania Council of National Defense. This war-emergency body, originally known as the Committee of Public Safety for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, was created in March, 1917, by appointment of the Governor, to mobilize and con- serve the civil resources of the State for the benefit of the Federal war program. Some 300 prominent citizens were named to inaugurate the work. But successive appointments soon increased the member- ship until the Council became the largest public organization ever created in Pennsylvania, with a roster of 15,000 representative, influ- ential civilians whose services were given voluntarily as required to help the nation win the war. Federal authority was early vested in the Council, through which it became the medium for the conduct of practically all of the national war policies, so far as they applied to Pennsylvania. The State Legis- lature promptly provided a war-work fund of $2,000,000, control of which was assigned to the Pennsylvania Commission of Public Safety and Defense, composed of the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Auditor-General, Adjutant-General and State Treasurer. The Council (at that time the Committee of Public Safety) became the functioning arm of this Commission, and its numerous war-emergency under- takings were approved and financed to present total appropriations of more than $1,000,000. To review the comprehensive work of the Council would be to enumerate almost all of the noteworthy war-time achievements of the State. Its far-reaching program gradually led to an assimilation of all of the important civilian service essential to successful prosecution of the war. The conduct of its work represented a concentration of effort not paralleled at any other time in Pennsylvania's history and probably unexcelled by any other State mobilization of potential resources. But, splendid as have been its physical accomplishments, perhaps the greatest service rendered by the Council was its fusing of the patriotic endeavor of all creeds and classes into singleness and unanimity of purpose, and that purpose a fixed and unselfish resolve to spare no effort and to shirk no duty that would help to win the war. Never before in Pennsylvania has this unanimity of public aim been achieved. The Council was able to bring about this result because of its State-wide organization and its solitary objective — success of the national war program. Its absorption of all special war activities and of the efforts of all classes of war workers naturally permitted the introduction and secured the ready acceptance everywhere of a har- monious spirit of patriotic service. Much of the work undertaken was of a constructive character, and its value has been so apparent that permanent retention of some features has been recommended by State officials and will be brought before the incoming Legislature. This applies especially to Ameri- canization of the foreign-born, food supply and food conservation work, employment service and child welfare activities. Detailed mention is made in the appended outline of the broad general work of the Council. This work was conducted under a plan which concentrated all activities in five divisions, and their appropriate separate departments, of the Council, all under compact, central execu- tive control. Major divisions directing activities were Administration, which included Departments of Finance, Publicity, Legislation and Legal Advisory Department; Relief, including Departments of Medicine, Sanitation and Hospitals, and Civic Relief; Equipment and Supplies, with Departments of Food Supply, Construction and Materials, and Highways Transport Committee ; Service, with Departments of Civilian Service and Labor, Military Service, Naval Service, and Volunteer Home Defense Police ; and Division of Transportation, with Departments of Railroads, Electric Railways and Motors, and Highways and Waterways. The Council, therefore, had a working scope covering practically every field of useful endeavor. Being the only body which had delegated State authority to mo- bilize and conserve all resources essential to the prosecution of the war, it obtained the willingly granted right to assimilate operations of many useful established organizations and institutions. As neces- sity demanded, their functions were incorporated almost wholly or in part into the general work, as hereafter described. Activities of official State departments essential to the efficiency of the Council's program were at its command. The Council thus stood as the one body in Pennsylvania with organization and authority for carrying out its great and vital w^ork. There were 70 sub-divisions of the Council in the 67 counties of the State. These sub-committees were duplicates, in organization and working scope, of the main Council. Each sub-Council had one salaried officer — an executive secretary — who was responsible for stimulation of effort in his county, for keeping his Council fully informed of the State-wide work in hand, and also for keeping head- quarters fully acquainted with the activities of his particular Council. A word of appreciation is due those loyal and untiring citizens who so promptly accepted membership in the Council and so devotedly fulfilled the patriotic obligations which they assumed with that mem- bership. Their services were vital as reinforcement of the country's military effort and will be held in grateful remembrance as havmg enabled Pennsylvania to maintain her service back of the line equal to the unsurpassed standard of her service on the battle front. Department of Finance The duties of the Department of Finance are referred to in the report of Effingham B. Morris, Treasurer. The accounts of the Pennsylvania Council, as an agent of the Commission of Public Safety and Defense created by the Legislature, are audited by the Auditor-General of Pennsylvania, as required by the organic law of the Commonwealth. It has been the fixed policy of the Pennsylvania Council of National Defense to safeguard the amount appropriated by the Legislature in every way to meet the demands arising in the course of the arduous task of the country, as allotted by the Commis- sion to the Council as its agent for the purpose. The strictest econ- omy has, therefore, been observed by the Pennsylvania Council in confining expenditures to general purposes of public safety and de- fense. Up to December 31, 1918, the date of the Treasurer's report submitted herewith, $882,129.16, which is less than one-half of the $2,000,000 appropriated by the Legislature, had been spent for all the work accomplished by the Pennsylvania Council of National Defense, as outlined in the activities of its various departments herein set forth and detailed in the Treasurer's report. The first annual report of the Treasurer was issued on June 27, 1918, and is now brought down to date. A supplement will also be filed in the near future, covering the final expenditures of the closing period of the Council's activities from and after December 31, 1918. Allotments already made by the Commission will, the Council believes, prove more than suffi- cient to cover outstanding and closing expenses, unless unforeseen war contingencies arise. The balance of the cash in hand will then, of course, be returned to the control and disposition of the proper State authorities. Department of Publicity and Education Among the first divisions of the Council to function was the Department of Publicity, which closely adhered to its designated work of interpreting to the public the Council's plans and activities and of conducting an educational propaganda. This work called for a sub-division of activities and the employ- ment of various agencies through which very effective service was made possible. There was, of course, the news division and corre- lated publicity service. This was fully maintained. A second division, and by far the largest in the Department, was in charge of speaking activities. This was the Speakers' Bureau (Four Minute Men Divi- sion), including some 6000 speakers, splendidly organized, their efforts directed by a State chairman in immediate touch with the inspirational source, at Washington, of all patriotic propaganda conducted by means of the spoken word. The Four Minute Men were a picturesque feature of the country's war effort. Pennsylvania had the largest Four Minute organization of any State, and Philadelphia, with more than 300 Four Minute Men, had the largest single unit. These organized speakers were a big factor in the success of the Liberty Loan, Red Cross, War Savings and other patriotic drives. They accepted all speaking engagements necessary to the promotion of every phase of patriotic effort. In a year of service in Pennsylvania they addressed more than 35,000 meetings, with a total attendance of more than 23,000,000 per- sons. During the Fourth Liberty Loan drive, alone, despite the handicap of a prevailing influenza epidemic, they spoke at 21,164 meetings to more than 11,000,000 people. Incorporation of the Four Minute Division into the Pennsylvania Council of National Defense was one of the numerous illustrations of how the Federal war activities functioned through the State body. Another division, which effectively supported the speaking activities was the Liberty Sing Army. This singing organization was extended to 55 counties of the State and included 100 choruses, under the guidance of a State Director and 100 local directors. More than 1,000,000 patriotic song sheets were distributed to members of the "Sing" Army who were regularly enrolled and pledged to dedicate voice and service to the national cause, a pledge which was loyally fulfilled during the war period. A fourth, and a most important division of the Department, took up a work of far-reaching and permanent value — the Americanization of the foreign-born population of the State. Organization for this work, by a recognized expert, was begun only after a very exhaustive study of the State problem. The Chief of the bureau spent many years in similar work among the foreign-born employes, of one of the great steel corporations of Pennsylvania. In preparing to inaugurate the work, a survey, by questionnaire, was made, which disclosed that of the 67 counties of the State, only 12 did not show a perceptible foreign population. The other 55 counties included foreign-born residents — many completely foreign in the sense of unfamiliarity with American ideals and standards — to the number of 1,500,000. A personal visitation was made by the Chief of the bureau to about 40 of the counties for the purpose of setting up a permanent organization, and as rapidly as Community Councils were formed, representatives for carrying on Americanization were appointed. A registration is under way throughout the State to determine the number, nationality and citizenship status of the foreign-born. Reg- istration is being especially pushed in the large industrial sections of the State. Afternoon clavSses, evening classes and factory classes to teach the language, standards of living, and other features of Americaniza- tion to the foreign-Jborn have been organized, and this work has been encouraged through correspondence, personal visitation and general instruction. County and city superintendents of schools readily acceded to having Americanization placed on their Institute programs for discussion. A member of the faculty of Columbia University and of the Carnegie Foundation was engaged to write plans for instructing foreigners in English covering a course of three years. This work has been completed and is being distributed throughout the State. The Superintendent of Schools for the Ford plant, of Detroit, was secured to instruct teachers, through the courtesy of Mr. Ford. He gave a course of instruction consisting of six and one-half hours each at Erie, Scranton, Sharon, Pittsburgh and other industrial centres in the State. Through the efforts of this Bureau, an Americanization course is being given in the University of Pittsburgh covering two semesters with University credit. It is free, with a class of 176 teachers, and those interested in Americanization taking the work at this time. A free information, complaint and advice service is planned, and one bureau is established in Pittsburgh to which foreigners can go for ofiicial information regarding any matters of vital interest to them. Publicity was given Americanization through addresses made by members of this department, at chambers of commerce, teachers' institutes, business meetings, plant meetings, congresses of foreign- born persons, clubs and church organizations, and through English and foreign-language newspapers. One foreign speakers' bureau has been organized to assist in Liberty Loan, Red Cross and other drives. This organization will be maintained and used in furthering Americanization work. An Americanization conference was held in Philadelphia which was attended by delegates from every county of the State. The following Americanization folios were published in the interest of the work : 1. Americanization in Pennsylvania. 2. Organization of schools for the foreign-born. 3. Americanization in industry. 4. Suggestions on Americanization for various co-operative agencies. 5. Methods of teaching English to foreigners, first, second and third years. The approved plan of organization has been fully carried out in seven counties and is rapidly being extended. The plan requires an Americanization committee and an executive committee of six in each district. 9 The work as a whole has been basic and fundamental. The under- lying idea has been to mold public opinion in the State towards the establishment of a permanent Americanization bureau under State control. A fifth division was the Bureau of War Charities, which was organized at the request of the National Council for the purpose of protecting the public, and was active in approving the solicitation of war-relief funds only by worthy, necessary organizations. The news service of the Publicity Department was fully devel- oped and comprehensive. The plan was adopted of making the serv- ice, so far as possible, the clearing house for all news relating to general activities. There are, of course, well-known established ave- nues through which publicity is usually disseminated and these were regularly employed. Other methods of keeping the public informed were also devised and utilized with good effect. Posters and general literature were issued and the "Pennsylvania Bulletin" was published at intervals to exploit the more important work of the Council. The most complete co-operation was given by the press in furthering the work of the Council. Practically unlimited newspaper space was devoted by the patriotic publishers of the State to the promotion of the Council's local and State-wide activities. Department of Legislation Duties defined for the Department of Legislation included, inter- alia, the framing of appropriate statutes to give effective force to policies or measures adopted by the Executive Committee ; also, their introduction into and support before the Legislature. One of the bills which enlisted the Department's attention was the Act of Assembly passed at the 1917 session of the Legislature, authorizing the creation of the Pennsylvania Home Defense Police. A number of problems, such, for example, as anti-loafing measures, which had been given local attention in various counties, would have required special legislation for their elimination had the war con- tinued, and were being considered by the Department. Legal Advisory Department Upon the creation of the Legal Advisory Department, a Legal Advisory Board consisting of seven members was appointed which organized legal committees in each of the 67 counties of the State, representing a total membership of 1020 attorneys, who, upon request and without charge, advised men called into military service as to their legal rights and the care of their financial affairs while in camp and at the front. Posters containing names and addresses of members of com- mittees of each county were placed in all draft board headquarters and post offices throughout the State. A legal handbook was published which contains a brief digest of the Federal and State legislation 10 affecting men in military and naval service. Copies of this book were distributed to the members of legal committees and to the judicial authorities in the State, as a guide for local legal committees in giving advice to drafted men. It must be realized that many men called into the military service left their affairs in a chaotic condition, and it was to the members of these committees that the members of the family of the soldier or sailor came for advice. In fact, any information or help that the drafted or enlisted man or his family needed was obtained from mem- bers of these committees. They not only protected the rights of the enlisted man in court proceedings, but also prepared for him wills, powers of attorney, arranged his affairs in building associations and insurance companies, and, when occasion required it, directed the Red Cross in the care of dependent wives and children and in matters pertaining to allotments, insurance and the care of their property. Now that demobilization has taken place, it is imperative that the discharged soldier and sailor should resume his industrial activi- ties as speedily as possible, and be assisted in placing in order his business affairs. For this purpose the Legal Advisory Department has retained its organization of legal committees in each of the coun- ties throughout the State. It is most gratifying to report that mem- bers of the committees have volunteered to continue to help, in legal matters, the enlisted man, so that he may make a good start in civil life upon his return from camp or from the front. Department of Medicine, Sanitation and Hospitals This Department was organized with a view to co-operating in its particular field with State and Federal activities, supplementing such co-operation by original eft'ort where necessary. The Department's first effort was the compilation and indexing of data relating to every organization, institution and profession coming within its scope whose capacity, operation and personnel could in any way be applied to the service of the State and nation in war-time. Among its special activities which attracted national attention was a campaign which the Department inaugurated for the conserva- tion of drugs, pharmaceutical supplies and biological products. The 6000 druggists of the State, also doctors, veterinarians and dentists, were solicited by the Department to pledge themselves to prevent waste of these products. Overstocking by stores of perishable sup- plies, such as antitoxins and serums, was discouraged. Druggists were requested to educate the public in home conservation of drugs and remedies. The Department's campaign was endorsed by the American Manufacturers of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products at their 1917 convention in New York, who urged that similar action be taken in all States. 11 Considerable effort was devoted to listing professional men for various branches of service. A particularly valuable roster was com- piled of dentists, veterinarians and pharmacists willing to give special service in emergency. The information included the character and amount of service proffered, the equipment possessed and how much of it was available for Government use. Complete information was obtained relating to hospitals, homes and other institutions. Essential facts, such as the location, owner- ship, character and equipment of these institutions, and whether at ths disposal of the Government, were included. Institutions and buildings which might be used in emergencies as convalescent hospitals are indexed, and the facts are still available to inform the Government of the best location for reclamation or hospital camps. This information includes such details as approxi- mate size, topography, present condition of the sites, transportation and light and power facilities in each case. Realizing that it was essential to insure a constant supply of medical officers for the army and navy, as well as for the civilian population in case the war lasted a number of years, a State-wide campaign was made to discourage medical and pre-medical students from enlisting prior to the draft. Similar action was taken in behalf of dental and veterinary students. All of these, except the pre-medi- cal students, were ultimately permitted to enrol in the Enlisted Medi- cal Reserve Corps, and thus were enabled to finish their courses in the institutions in which they registered. Sanitary camp sites were secured for a number of Pennsylvania military units prior to their departure for the permanent camps. The military camps throughout the State were inspected in the interest of improved policing and general sanitary conditions, cleanliness of the' men, etc., the State Board of Health inspecting the water supply, sew- age disposal and other sanitary installation. All hospitals in the State possessing sufficient clinical material to give competent instruction were encouraged to increase their facili- ties for enlarging the number of pupils taking the regular three-year course for the thorough training of nurses. Young women were encouraged to enter the regular hospital training courses. The Department took an active part in promoting the creation of auxiliary forces of nurses to supplement trained staffs depleted by the war. This was accomplished largely by requesting hospitals throughout the State to offer special three months' courses in hospital work to women. These courses were given as an elementary training to provide a valuable auxiliary nursing force in case of emergency, those finishing such courses not to be considered as fully trained nurses. The value of this and similar preparatory effort was empha- sized during the recent devastating influenza epidemic which swept the State. 12 Through the Department, the services of the entire State-wide organization of the Pennsylvania Council were marshalled in support of the preventive, sanitary and relief work of the State Department of Health. Spencer C. Gilbert, Esq., a member of the Executive Committee, was appointed to represent the Pennsylvania Council at Harrisburg in order to establish direct contact with the Acting Commissioner of Health for prompt and intelligent direction and control of the County Councils' work. Mr. Gilbert opened at once headquarters adjacent to the Health Commissioner's Office, and his facilities included direct telephone service to all sections of the State for the transmission of instructions to and receipt of reports from county officers of the Council and other administrative duties. The thorough organization maintained by the County Councils made it possible to place in each county at the com- mand of the Acting Commissioner of Health a large and efficient force of workers equipped for rendering prompt services of varied nature. Registration records of the Department had been prepared for just such a crisis. Using the registration as a basis, it was possible with the aid of State and local health authorities, to control and direct demands for medical services, and also to conserve the work of over- burdened physicians. The menace of a drug shortage was avoided in some places by a county-wide inventory of supplies, which record was centrally kept and used in maintaining a proper distribution. In a few places the exaction of high prices was reported, but this practice was in most instances quickly and quietly suppressed by the Department or other representatives of the local Councils of Defense. In the creation of emergency hospitals the Department and the County Councils generally bore a most important part. In some in- stances they obtained, opened and equipped these hospitals. In others they co-operated with the authorities and with associated bodies. Again, meetings were called by our initiative, and the desired results obtained. Prompt despatch of doctors, nurses, drugs, food and supplies, as well as the removal of patients to and from the hospitals, was made possible by the thorough organization of the Highways Transport Committee of the Pennsylvania Council, which co-operated to the fullest extent. Necessary quarantine service was obtained through the co-opera- tion of the State Council's Volunteer Home Defense Police. Wide publicity for preventive and treatment measures was secured on behalf of the Department and the State authorities by the County Councils' publicity organizations, generously supported by the press. In securing material, assistance, beds and bedding, cots, chairs, tables, cooking utensils, foodstuffs, drugs and fuel, the central organi- zation of our Council, with representatives in all parts of the counties, 13 enabled the whole to be directed with speed and efficiency, and did much not only to prevent wasted effort, but to assemble adequate supplies at remote points. A complete report of all services rendered to the State and to the public during the epidemic has been separately issued and official appreciation of the work is therein expressed. Department of Civic Relief Soon after its inception this Department formulated a comprehen- sive program for broad supervision and direction of war-time civilian relief. The application, however, of Federal, county and municipal measures to the solution of this problem rendered it unnecessary for the Department to undertake the active conduct of much of the service originally contemplated, but it was able by co-ordinating the efforts of existing agencies and through co-operative aid to do much to pro- mote war relief work. The Department gave valuable assistance to humanitarian socie- ties and associations through a special appeal made to the charitable public, urging them not to overlook their customary contributions in the stress of war-time conditions. More than 20,000 contributors were reached by this appeal, and the response was much appreciated by various institutions which otherwise might have been seriously handi- capped by the withdrawal of subscriptions. A notable work was undertaken through the creation of a Child Welfare Division, whose function has been to survey that problem in the State and begin the conservation of the health of children as a permanent measure. Co- operation of the State Department of Health was invited and the program was so favorably viewed that the State Commissioner of Health created in his Department a new Division of Child Hygiene, with which was merged the activities of the Pennsylvania Council's Child Welfare Division, whose director was placed in charge of the State-wide work. At the present time there are Child Welfare organizations in 59 counties of the State, and 33 of them have done effective work and have co-operated so satisfactorily with the Division of Child Hygiene of the Department of Health that there has been made possible a per- manent working basis between the Department and their county com- mittees. In organizing local committees the plan has been adopted of adhering to school district boundaries in the rural districts and voting precincts in the cities. Small towns in themselves constitute single units. The committees include local representatives of the State Health Department, local health officers, physicians, members of nursing agencies and of women's clubs and civilians prominent in sociological work. Effort has been concentrated principally upon the insuring of proper care for mothers and for infants at recognized critical periods, and in protecting the health and maintaining the nutrition of children 14 of pre-school age (2 to 6 years). Advice is given and qualified experts are at call to aid in stimulating interest and planning pro- cedure for all communities taking up the subject of protection of child health. In the Philadelphia unit of the Civic Relief Department a Sub- Committee on Recreation devised social activities, amusements and as much of the spirit of home life as possible for enlisted men sta- tioned in or about the city. A weekly bulletin was published through which army and navy men were kept in touch with recreations and amusements regularly organized for their diversion. This bulletin at times listed as many as 100 sources of entertainment, absolutely free to service men. Various organizations, clubs and fraternities co-operated in providing these entertainments. The Recreation Com- mittee had booths located at central points as information bureaus for men in the service. In many other ways it made itself of great use to the large military and naval force here mobilized. Department of Food Supply Organized before the creation of the United States Food Admini- stration, with which it eventually merged, the Department of Food Supply early assumed its assigned task of awakening the people of the State to the seriousness of the world food situation, and the institution of such measures as would enable Pennsylvania to contribute its share ' to the general relief. The appointment, later, of Howard Heinz, its Director, as U. S. Food Administrator for Pennsylvania, and the conduct of both or- ganizations under his management, was a concrete example of the functioning of the National war program in this State through the Pennsylvania Council of National Defense. Local Food Supply Committees were appointed in all counties, an executive secretarial force was installed and work was immedi- ately started along the following clearly defined lines : To increase the productiveness of the State in all food materials. To conserve the food supply of the State and reduce food waste. To facilitate food distribution and marketing. While, from the beginning of operations, the Department of Food Supply, and later the Food Administration, relied mainly upon the county organizations for the extension of their services and propaganda, early recognition was given to the potential value and usefulness of many permanent State institutions and private agencies, which were called upon to assist in working out the food problems. A close co-operation was constantly maintained with the State De- partments of Agriculture and Labor, the Farm Extension Bureau, State College, State Agricultural Commission, the Grange, and with churches, schools and the public press, all of which rendered valuable services. 15 Although organized rather late in 1917 to proffer a large degree of assistance to farmers in the way of additional supplies of fertilizers, implements, etc., the Department was yet able to help, directly and through its local committees, in obtaining and distributing seed, labor, and, in some instances, increased bank credits ; also in promoting the cultivation of many large areas of vacant lands and of the town and city war garden plan. Informative posters and bulletins covering the needs of the situation and suggesting the substitution of staple crops for less essentials were issued and widely distributed. Meetings of farmers were addressed extensively and much educational propa- ganda was put forth through the columns of the local and agricul- tural press, and by various other means, the excellent results of which were generally evident in the 1917 State crop return. Educational work v/as undertaken in many directions from the beginning to teach the vital necessity of avoiding food waste and for the substitution for foods less abundant and those needed abroad, of those in plentiful suppl3^ The Federal Food Administration Conser- vation Pledge plan for housewives was given strong support by the Penn- sylvania Food Department in a State-wide campaign for the signa- tures, which resulted in the registration under the food-saving banner of upwards of 1,000,000 Pennsylvania women. Another early activity, instituted with the first maturing crops of perishable fruits and vegetables, was the creation ot a corps ot expert women demonstrators of canning, preserving and drying, by which large classes were taught modern methods in many districts. Early surveys were instituted preparatory to an effort to equalize distribution as far as possible. Definite plans were formulated for the establishment of coinmunity markets, l30th in towns and at rural roadsides, as a means of bringing the producer and consumer into direct contact. Many such markets were established in various sec- tions of the State and were productive of much good, through the elimination of spoilage waste and the reduction of food cost to the consumer without the usual relative disadvantage to the producer. As a result, three months after the war began, of the adoption of the Food Administration plan, it became necessary, as a means of avoiding duplication of effort and overlapping of subordinate author- ity, to merge the State and Federal activities into one general organi- zation that closely co-ordinated all the elements engaged and all functions, both administrative and educational. Thus, while many fea- tures of the food work in Pennsylvania in the latter half of 1917 had their inception in the State Food Department, their execution, after mid-August, was jointly conducted by an enlarged State and Federal organization working in the common interest. To insure the complete and safe harvesting of Pennsylvana 1917 crops, movements were set on foot, in co-operation with the Civilian Service and Labor Department, to enlist schoolboy labor, the volun- teer labor of city vacationists having practical farm experience, and to close small town stores one or two days of each week to permit 16 proprietors and clerks to engage in harvesting work. While the farm labor supply of the State was at no time in the season equal to the demand, it is an undoubted fact that by one means and another the actual requirements were met and the crops saved. Every possible encouragement was extended to farmers through- out the season to raise additional supplies of quick meat, including poultry, hogs and sheep, with especially favorable results as to the two first mentioned and a general improvement in the sheep-raising industry. As the 1917 season advanced a State-wide movement was begun to obtain as material an increase in the normal acreage of winter wheat and rye as possible without undue disturbance of the crop rotation balance ; to secure better yields per acre through seed selection, the distribution of fertilizer at reasonable cost and its more economical use, and by educational work in better farming methods in general. A volunteer corps of practical speakers on farm topics was engaged over a considerable period in addressing grange meetings, Farmers' Institutes and neighborhood meetings in rural communities. A Farmers' Potato Association was organized, with a large membership throughout the State, which concerns itself in matters of seed selection, cultivation methods and crop marketing, and it is expected that the influence of this organized movement for the better- ment of existing conditions will have a permanent material good effect upon this important Pennsylvania crop. The food conservation propaganda was enlarged by a special campaign of intensive character in the Sunday Schools of the State, in which a day was set apart as Food Conservation Day. The whole movement, vigorously supported by county organizations and the press, constituted perhaps the largest single intensive educational undertaking made in connection with the nation's food interests. This was followed by a similar campaign among the secular schools of the State, public and private, under support of the State educational authorities, and in full co-operation with superintendents^ principals and teachers. Many public meetings were held for the purpose of promoting conservation, and thousands of addresses made before regular assem- blies, including church congregations. Personal canvass among homes was undertaken on a large scale, especially in districts popu- lated by foreigners. Much literature, including kitchen and window cards, was effectively placed. War kitchens were established in co-operation with the Woman's Committee for regular operation over considerable periods in larger cities, in which courses of demonstration work were carried on. Many demonstration exhibits were conducted at county fairs and other miscellaneous gatherings. The chief food conservation demonstration and exhibit of Penn- sylvania, however, and one regarded as particularly unique and effec- 17 tive, was a Food Train, consisting of three cars especially fitted and operated for this purpose. In one of these cars was a collection of graphic exhibits illus- trating the principle of food conservation, the reasons for its neces- sity, and what it could be made to accomplish by individual effort combined. Another taught war bread making and methods of con- serving wheat, sugar, meats and fats by the use of substitutes. A third demonstrated canning, preserving and drying by the use of such implements and devices as are readily accessible to the ordinary household. The demonstration work on this train was conducted by com- petent instructors in home economics supplied by State College. The train was operated over a period of six weeks in the autumn of 1917. Beginning June, 1918, it covered practically every railroad station in the State, outside of the larger cities. Its operation was largely by courtesy of the Pennsylvania Railroad, which contributed cars suitably fitted and decorated, exterior and interior, also their hauling and shared the outfitting expense with the State, which oherwise did all the actual financing. Hotel and restaurant men were induced to contribute voluntary aid to the conservation cause by reducing menus, the partial elimina- tion of foods required in the prosecution of the war, and the more extensive service of substitute cereals for wheat and of seafoods and vegetables. A conservative estimate of the conservation by hotels and restaurants in Pennsylvania, based upon a questionnaire, placed the saving from November, 1917, to May, 1918, inclusive, of meat over 8,000,000 pounds and of flour over 9,000,000 pounds ; from February to May, 1918, inclusive, of sugar at approximately 3,000,000 pounds. Through co-operating with the Food Administration, the Depart- ment shared in the credit of a stupendous cash saving. This, applied to Pennsylvania, meant on a normal consumption of approximately 9,000,000 barrels of wheat flour, a saving in price by regulation of from ten to twelve dollars per barrel ; because, left to the action of the law of supply and demand, flour might have speedily reached a price of $25. On flour alone it meant a benefit of at least $90,000,000 to Pennsylvania pockets, while in sugar, just as surely to have soared to a price of 25 cents per pound, uncontrolled, with a normal State consumption of 720,000,000 pounds, there was roughlv a saving of $100,000,000 more. The women's organization in Pennsylvania rendered untiring and invaluable service in its contact with large and small groups of women, with the homes of the people direct, and with both the native and foreign elements. With the last named, its influence for good was most potent and of the highest importance. The work of the Department was given the highest Federal commendation at a Food Conference of committee representatives held in Philadelphia. It was attended by Federal Food Administrator 18 Hoover, who acknowledged that Pennsylvania's food conservation, food producing efforts, and general committee efficiency were unsur- passed elsewhere. The department had, at that time, registered more housekeepers in the food saving campaign than all of the other States of the Union combined. Departments of Materials and Plants It was originally planned that the Department of Materials should undertake, as part of its work, to determine with exactness the avail- able resources of the State in minerals and materials which enter into industrial processes. A survey of the industrial capacity of the State's manufacturing establishments and co-ordination of their productive effort were intended to be within the working scope of the Department of Plants. Both departments were organized, county directors were ap- pointed and preparations were made for active service. It was, how- ever, decided by the Council of National Defense, Washington, D. C, to undertake the work falling within the scope of these Departments on a national basis through Federal committees and boards. At the request of the National Council, the Departments, therefore, discon- tinued their work, in which no expense to the State had been incurred up to'that time. Thereafter, the functioning of Federal bodies made it unnecessary for either Department to resume. Department of Construction and Materials The Department of Construction and Materials was created in September, 1918, when the War Industries Board, through the Council of National Defense, called upon the Pennsylvania Council to act as their representative in passing upon all proposed construction projects, in order that all building construction which was not absolutely necessary might be stopped. B. Dawson Coleman was appointed Di- rector. He immediately proceeded to create an organization in every county of the State and issued a bulletin outlining the work and defining the duties of the Department. At that time, there was no doubt of the urgent necessity on the part of the Government to preserve all labor, materials and transpor- tation for war essential work. Through the broadly organized ma- chinery of the Pennsylvania State Council, this Department was able to act promptly, not only in establishing its own organization, but also in accomplishing effective work throughout the State. The Director addressed personal letters to the Mayors of most of the prominent cities throughout the Commonwealth, and local com- mittees of the Department held meetings with various building and trade organizations. General publicity was given to this work through the local directors in the several counties ; posters were printed and distributed through every county and appeals of various kinds were made calling upon all patriotic citizens to defer all unnecessary build- ing projects until after the war had been won. 19 The people of Pennsylvania responded most heartily to these appeals, and the amount of work deferred in this manner no doubt greatly exceeded the figures obtained through formal applications. During the period from September 14 to November 13, when the War Industries Board removed all restrictions on building construc- tion, the following results were obtained : Six hundred and ninety-one applications were acted upon and were either approved or disapproved. Applications received and disapproved $1,766,646.00 Projects deferred by persuasion through the Local Committees, etc 2,873,701.00 Total amount of work deferred $4,640,347.00 Applications approved by this Department and the War Industries Board, mostly projects already under construction $1,431,786.00 Restricting power was not exercised in any arbitrary way, and results were accomplished without undue criticism. Highways Transport Committee The Highways Transport Committee, originally organized and long operated as the Department of Motors and Motor Trucks, began its work with an exhaustive inventory of the motor resources of the State, the object being to arrange a comprehensive motor service' ready at instant call for any emergency situation. Activities following the organization of this department included not only important duties therein originating, but also a great amount of co-operative service of value to other departments. Following the development and extension of the Pennsylvania Council's work during the progress of the war, demands for trans- portation and the uses to which motor service could be applied became even greater than had been anticipated. The wisdom of securing registration for emergency service of 25 per cent, of the 300,000 passenger cars of the State was amply justified. Ten per cent, of these cars constituted a reserve for immedi- ate emergency use night or day. This emergency service was given in practically all counties of the State. Hardly any war activity was conducted without at one time or other utilizing the ample anc* ready resources )f the motors division. One of the greatest services rendered by the various units of the Committee was the splendid work during the recent State-wide influenza epidemic. In this crisis the county divisions of the Committee furnished cars for the transportation of doctors and nurses, the removal of stricken persons, and the conveying of meals, drugs and supplies. It even became necessary to use trucks as hearses and ambulances. For a period of three weeks, emergency transportation units, the smallest consisting of 20 cars and the largest of 400 cars, were constantly employed. In Phila- delphia, 3000 cars had been under requisition for the Fourth Liberty 20 Loan Drive, and 400 were diverted to epidemic service. Apart from the epidemic crisis, emergency motor ambulance service was furnished to various hospitals in many sections when required. The several Liberty Loan campaigns created a tremendous de- mand for motor service, which was fully met. Four Minute Speakers, Community Choruses, War Exhibits and other essentials to the work of stirring up popular support for the Loans could not have been so efficiently employed had it not been for the mobility obtained through the Highways Transport Committee. Motor facilities provided by the Committee were also largely used in the War Savings and Thrift Stamp drives. Red Cross and Y. M. C. A. campaigns. In many counties cars were furnished to haul Red Cross supplies, comforts, etc., which were being shipped to the war zone. The Committee also moved baggage of drafted men, provided transportation for units of the Student Army Training Corps, hauled emergency farm workers to and from the farming districts, helped in the crop move- ment and assisted in the fuel conservation campaign by conveying firewood from woodlands to cities. Volunteer workers who cut this wood were also transported. That the Committee had an organization capable of coping with big emergency work was illustrated when the Second Field Artillery — a Philadelphia big-gun regiment — received orders to mobilize early in the war. At short notice, through its Philadelphia Division, the Department supplied 60 motor trucks and transported 1300 artillery- men, batteries of heavy howitzers and a vast amount of stores and equipment from the armory in the center of the city to a mobilization camp ten miles distant. The work was accomplished in a few hours, despite very unfavorable weather conditions, and without a single mishap, breakdown or delay. High appreciation was expressed by Colonel H. D. Turner, commanding the regiment. Another notable illustration of capacity to dispose of emergency calls was the work of the Chester Division during disturbances in that city. In response to a hurry call from the Mayor, the division put into service 24 motor vehicles, which were used to transport guards, police and State police. The service was so effective in assisting the authorities to keep disorder in check that its continuance was requested and granted until the trouble had been suppressed. Many cars and trucks remained in service all night during the most violent periods of the outbreak. The great value of the service ren- dered was publicly acknowledged by Mayor McDowell. Motorists throughout the State were also enlisted in an important war-time service. At the call of the Committee the county units undertook to keep Pennsylvania's main highways open to traffic throughout the winter. Freeing of the highways from snow blockades was of great value to the War Department. The first test run of a war truck convoy from Detroit to an Atlantic port was successful, principally because of the Committee's work in providing an unob- structed route. More than half of the journey lay through Pennsyl- vania. Very heavy snows preceded the arrival of the convoy and 21 caused delays elsewhere, but Pennsylvania's roads were kept passable. In some places drifts 8 feet high were cleared away. The route lay through 8 Pennsylvania counties, in each one of which the local com- mittees made every provision for the speeding of the convoy to its destination. The crews were housed and fed and the trucks were overhauled in accordance with a program prearranged by the Com- mittee. Patriotic demonstrations were also a feature. The convoy maintained schedule time throughout its trip in the State, which was in strong contrast with the delays it encountered on other portions of its journey. The War Department, in appreciation of the service rendered, warmly commended the Committee's work in press an- nouncements issued at Washington, D. C. In various sections of the State pilots were provided for succeed- ing convoys and they insured against delays through missing the route. In one county alone, volunteer pilots guided more than 1500 trucks during the period of shipment. Route guides were also fur- nished to chauffeurs when the convoys passed through Philadelphia. When the landing of large American Armies in the war zone had introduced new and complicated problems of army motor transporta- tion, the War Department availed itself of the services of the Chair- man of the Pennsylvania Highways Transport Committee, who went to France and assisted in adjusting the motor service to General Pershing's needs. A vice-chairman of the Committee also accepted and rendered similar service for Y. M. C. A. transportation in France. The Committee was active in encouraging the establishment of motor express service and promoting the "return loads" plan advo- cated by the National Highways Transport Committee. Department of Civilian Service and Labor The Department of Civilian Service and Labor was created for the study and solution of the many labor problems which have arisen in connection with the war emergency. Its duties have included the ascertaining of labor needs in the various war industries and the supplying of these needs so far as possible. In carrying out this program, the efforts of the Department have been directed not only to the redistribution of labor in such a manner as to serve the best interests of a nation at war, but the mobilizing of a new force of workers from the ranks of young men of high school age, women and girls and persons heretofore unemployed. The main feature in the program of the Department was the supplying of labor to war industries through a State-wide system of employment bureaus. Using as a nucleus the offfces already established by the State Department of Labor and Industry, the activities of these offices were extended and new bureaus opened in all of the larger industrial centers. In May, 1918, the Director of the Department of Civilian Service and Labor was appointed Federal Director for Pennsylvania of the United States Employment Service, and an agreement was made with the Department of Labor whereby the offices already established, then 17 in number, should become 22 part of the Federal Service in Pennsylvania. Funds were appro.- priated by the United States Government for extensive additions to the service, and a comprehensive system was developed, operating under the supervision and control of the State Director. The head- quarters offices of the Federal Employment Service were supplied by the Department of Civilian Service and Labor, which combined its offices with theirs. Under this system a total of 70 offices were estab- lished to supply the needs of war industries in practically every indus- trial community in the State. By proclamation of the President, the United States Employment Service maintained, since August 1, 1918, exclusive control of the handling of unskilled labor to war industries. The recruiting of all forms of labor has been controlled and directed by the service. A carefully evolved plan of clearance placed the resources of the entire State at the disposal of the essential industries in any particular dis- trict, and at the same time a system of operation by zones made it possible to supply the needs of these industries with as little geo- graphical redistribution as possible. Over 200,000 workers were sup- plied to war industries between August 1, 1918, when the enlarged system was put into operation, and the date of the signing of the armistice. An equally important task now faces the Service, in the transference of these workers back to peace-time industries and the finding of jobs for the thousands of men about to be released from military and naval service The urgent need of supplying agricultural labor was recognized by the creation of a special section of the Department known as the Committee on Agricultural Labor Service. Through this section local agricultural committees were organized and an agent, designated the County Manager for Farm Labor, was appointed in practically every county in the State. These managers acted as local representatives in obtaining information in regard to the needs of the farmers in their respective districts and in handling the placement of such labor as was available. In a number of communities Farm Emergency Corps were organized, and through these corps hundreds of business men in various parts of the State volunteered their services for one or more days each week during the peak season in order that the crops might all be harvested. The agents of the Agricultural Labor Service Com- mittee worked in co-operation with the Farm Bureau Agents in each county, and with the United States Department of Agriculture, whose representative made his headquarters with the Department of Civilian Service and Labor, and maintained a close contact with the Depart- ment in devising methods of supplying farmers with adequate labor. The recruiting of workers for war industries was carried on by the scouts of the United States Employment Service and by the de- velopment of three labor reserves initiated by the Federal Govern- ment and organized in this State under the Department of Civilian Service and Labor. Through these three reserves, namely, the Public Service Reserve, the Boys' Working Reserve and the Departments of Registration and Women in Industry of the Woman's Committee 23 of the Council of National Defense, the mobilization of an industrial army of men, boys and women, respectively, was effected, to supple- ment the ranks of persons seeking entrance into war work through the regular channels. The Public Service Reserve is a national organization founded by the United States Department of Labor for the purpose of enroling men who might wish to offer their services in a non-military capacity. While a general enrolment was at first contemplated, this was abandoned as plans developed, and the Reserve became the recruiting arm of the United States Employment Service, with the function of conducting a series of drives for workers who were needed for particular forms of Government or war work. Valuable serv- ice was rendered in enlisting men for civilian duty overseas, for shipyard work in this country, for clerical positions in Washington and for many other kinds of service. During the past few months the Reserve was active in organizing local support for the employ- ment offices throughout the State. The Boys' Working Reserve, which is affiliated with the section of Agricultural Labor Service, supervises the enlistment and place- ment of boys from 16 to 21 years of age in non-military service, par- ticularly along agricultural lines. Under the auspices of this reserve, approximately 5000 young men were placed in agricultural service during the season of 1918. About three-fourths of this number lived with the farmers for whom they were working, and the remainder in camps which were established and conducted by the Department. Early in 1918 the sum of $75,000 was appropriated by the State for equipment of camps and supervision of boys in agricultural serv- ice. The individual farms upon which members of the Reserve were placed were chosen with great care, and boys were visited by a corps of trained inspectors, to make sure that their environment was favor- able and their work satisfactory. In this manner adjustment of any difficulties arising between the boys and their employers was assured, and the danger of boys being placed in unsuitable positions or re- ceiving unfair treatment from the farmers averted. An important factor in the Farm Camp program was the main- tenance of a mobilization and training camp at State College. This institution generously loaned not only its entire equipment, but its force of agricultural instructors, for a period of eight weeks, and a force of 1000 boys received a training course of two weeks each, during which time they were instructed in the common farm prac- tices and operations. As a result, the city lad reported to his first job not only with a practical knowledge of the fundamental principles of harnessing, milking, planting and harvesting, but also with a body developed and hardened to meet the demands made by the strenuous activities of farm labor. An additional advantage was served in the fact that the boys who were physically or temperamentally unfitted for agricultural life were weeded out in the mobilization camp and the farmers were relieved of the trouble and expense of additional training. 24 The Supply Camps to which the boys were detailed after leaving the College were conducted under the direction of trained leaders, who assigned the boys to their daily tasks on the farms in the neigh- borhood and supervised their off-duty hours. The pleasures of camp- ing, with the social and recreational opportunities which it afforded, made the life exceedingly attractive, and it is notable that about 75 per cent, of the young men entering this service remained until the end of the season, or until released by the completion of their work. It is believed that the utilization of boy-power contributed largely to the solution of the farm labor problem during the past season, and that the agricultural experience will prove a valuable factor in its effect on the boys both from a physical and disciplinary standpoint. A special section of the Department of Civilian Service and Labor was established to deal exclusively with problems relative to women in industry. This section was developed in connection with the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense, and main- tained close co-operation with that organization in enroling women for war service, and in the study of the substitution of women for men and their placement and protection in war work. The Division of Women in Industry kept in constant touch with the women's offices of the United States Employment Service and rendered valuable service in the investigation of conditions surrounding the women workers in the various plants engaged in war work. In several of the crowded industrial centers housing surveys were made and remedial measures taken toward securing better quarters for women workers. Women employes in large numbers have sought the advice and assist- ance of this Department in the many and varied problems which have arisen in connection with their entrance into new and unusual occu- pations. The program of the Council of National Defense to increase the number of skilled workers by the establishment of intensive training courses in industrial establishments was worked out in Pennsylvania under the auspices of the Department of Civilian Service and Labor, and a special committee was formed under this Department to aid firms having Government contracts in developing courses of training in accordance with the plan outlined by the Committee on Industrial Training for War Emergency of the National Council. This Committee had conferences with a number of large employers of labor and rendered them material aid in devising methods of training suited to the needs of their respective plants. From its inception, the Department of Civilian Service and Labor endeavored to arouse the citizens of the State to a sense of the importance of the labor program and the necessity of the hearty and loyal support of the public in bringing the war to a successful issue. To secure the co-operation of labor and capital, the Department assisted the Emplo)^ment Service in establishing Community Labor Boards in 84 districts in the State, and placed the facilities of the county offices of the Pennsylvania Council of National Defense at the disposal of these boards. Through the local units of the Council, 25 contact with industrial conditions in various localities throughout the State was maintained, and surveys of labor conditions made from time to time for the information of the Department. Advice and help were given in the establishment and conduct of the Employment Service offices. Department of Military Service The primary duty outlined for this Department, co-operation with the Federal Government in the creation of the National Army, was actively prosecuted so long as the military authorities required the aid of civilian agencies in this particular field. Participation in recruiting activities, of course, ended with the full enforcement of the Selective Draft, but the Department later gave much assistance in draft registration as the various classes were called, and promoted preliminary military training for drafted men. It was a practical advocate of preliminary training up to the signing of the armistice. Registration of eligibles for the selective draft brought into play the services of the Department soon after it was organized. Recruit- ing efforts to bring the Regular Army and the National Guard up to full strength followed. In both instances the Department's work is conceded to have contributed very largely to the remarkable registra- tion and recruiting standards set by Pennsylvania. An analysis of the national recruiting figures discloses that Pennsylvania led all States in the number of men enlisting in the Regular Army. In registration for selective service the State practically made a 100 per cent, return of eligibles. Registration work was conducted along these lines : Directors of registration were named in the various counties and were placed in charge of the preliminary campaign to insure registration of all eligibles. Daily instructions issued from headquarters were carried out effectively by the county units. Thousands of posters, handbills, warning bulletins and other forms of publicity were employed to keep the day of registration before the public. It was at the request of this Department that the Postmaster General permitted free delivery of registration literature by rural mail carriers, a concession which was of immense benefit to registra- tion work throughout the United States. In some counties advance lists of known eligibles were prepared and other precautionary measures were taken to prevent registration delinquency. In many districts the registration workers either directly provided motor transportation or induced firms and organizations to provide such transportation as a means to speed up the enrolment of men within the prescribed age limit for military service. Recruiting of the Guard and Regular Army was aided by a care- fully planned campaign. Every form of publicity was employed, including the issuance of 70,000 recruiting posters and 200,000 leaflets adapted to the particular recruiting use of various Guard regiments. The newspapers loyally supported the effort by the publication of 26 daily news stories. A special two-column Guard recruiting story, pre- pared by the Department, appeared in a great majority of the 700 newspapers of the State. Philadelphia regiments in need of special assistance were aided by the posting throughout the city of 24-sheet posters, and by the placing of correspondingly large signs on the armories. Motor service was also supplied for their recruiting forces. The assistance given to the Guard was highly praised by the various regimental commanders in letters to the Director of the Department. The call to the colors took from the Department its first Director, Avery D. Andrews, who entered the service in France as Colonel of Engineers, U. S. A., was subsequently promoted to the rank of Briga- dier General, and is at present Deputy Chief of Staff at General Headquarters in France. The present Director, who was appointed in the spring of 1918, in addition to continuing the original program of activities, rendered services of the Department to general patriotic propaganda. At his direction the Executive Secretary of the Department organized and arranged many mass meetings in Philadelphia and vicinity in aid of the Liberty Loan, War Chest and similar drives. The attendance of many hundreds of sailors, marines and soldiers and their bands was secured. Similar aid was given to the celebrations on Bastile Day and Britain Day. Assistance was given to the 18 to 45 draft registration, and to special military training units for draftees and others at such institu- tions as State College. Wide publicity was given to induce civilians possessing high school education to attend officers' training schools at such Government camps as Lee, Gordon, Pike, Taylor and Hancock. The Department aided in organizing boards of instruction for draft boards throughout the State. The district committees on mili- tary service assisted very materially. At the same time meas- ures were taken to establish preliminary military training units in various sections. By the time the armistice was declared so many of these preliminary training units had been established, and so effective was their work, that the majority of draftees in the State had the opportunity of going to camp as trained men, and very many accepted the opportunity. This work was noted with approval by the War Department. Major General Carter, U. S. A., expressed official appreciation to the Director. The Department issued literature which was widely distributed among selective service men, informing them of the advantages to be derived from preliminary training, and the list of places in each district where such training could be had. It also kept in circulation in theatres of the State six films of successful military training units to sustain interest in the work. Through the recommendation of the Department interest was inspired in the recognition by the various communities of heroism on the part of the men in the service, also in the erection of honor 27 rolls and temporary memorials carrying the record of those in the service. In many districts, in response to the Department's recom- mendation, the first Sunday of each month was set aside for a com- munity gathering or memorial service, at w^hich new names were added to the Honor Rolls. When, in the fall of 1918, the Government decided to establish the Student Army Training Corps and Student Naval Training Units in the various colleges throughout the State, the Department did much to bring these special advantages to the attention of eligibles. Pennsylvania's quota of 9243 was more than filled when the college and university sessions opened on October 1. Provision was made to have others attend vocational schools. Considerable literature and information was issued from time to time upon important questions relating to the Student Army Training Corps. Assistance in filling out questionnaires was given to thousands of men. A bureau of information and translations was organized in Philadelphia from among the members of the Student Army Training Corps, and was very useful in matters relating to the affairs of foreign- born draftees. The Department co-operated in furnishing transportation for officers and men in the service, and members of special commissions. Department of Naval Service Recruiting for the Navy, the Naval Militia and the Naval Coast Defense Reserve, and the creation of auxiliary defense fleets were the principal lines along which the activities of this Department were concentrated. A naval recruiting campaign was undertaken soon after the or- ganization of the Department, which resulted in fully 5000 men being enrolled in a few weeks. This by no means represents the extent to which recruiting efforts could have been carried, as owing to lack of naval housing facilities in this district, the Department was practically forced temporarily to suspend its recruiting work. Indications were that 25,000 men would have been enrolled by a continuance of the campaign. At one time there were seventy enrolment stations open for the distribution of recruiting literature and information. Recruiting trips were made up and down the Delaware River, securing a large number of men. Ten thousand window cards, 60,000 booklets and many thou- sand leaflets were used in the publicity effort. After several thousand men had been enrolled in the reserve the need of a camp for housing and training the recruits became apparent, and the Department secured a desirable site near Cape May, at a nominal rental of $1 for the duration of the war, which was equipped to accommodate 2000 men. The work of arranging for all the neces- sary camp facilities was handled by the Department. Through its efforts an expensive railroad siding was constructed by the Reading without cost to the Government. 28 Among the other achievements was the listing of boats in the district available for coast defense work, some of which were subse- quently taken over by the navy as mine sweepers. The co-operation of tugboat owners and the profifer of a number of these boats for naval service were also obtained. Assistance was given to naval training classes of the University of Pennsylvania in drill work. Largely as a result of the Department's activities, the city made a generous appropriation to improve sanitary conditions in and around League Island Navy Yard by the abatement of the fly and mosquito nuisance. Also, as a result of its work, additional barracks at the Navy Yard to house 5000 men were provided. Department of Volunteer Home Defense Police An auxiliary police service to supplement existing forces during war-time was provided through the creation of this Department. The Governor's signature, on July 18, 1917, to an Act of Assembly author- izing the commissioning of Volunteer Home Defense Police permxitted enrolment to begin under a plan which had been formulated some months previously. At the present time, 12,217 Volunteer Home De- fense Police are actually commissioned, drilled and in service, under direction of county superintendents. This service extends to 46 counties of the State, but the more active operations of the police have been in 34 counties. Members of the force have the powers of policemen of first-class cities. The county plan of organization follows the headquarters and platoon system, headquarters being centrally located and platoons strategically placed to cover the designated territory and for rapid concentration in case the entire county forces are needed for service in any particular section. Enrolment includes owners of motor vehicles, who provide emergency transportation. In enrolling members, fitness was first passed upon in the local units, subject to approval of the Director of the Department. Mem- bers were separately commissioned by the Governor and invested with this specific authority : To prevent injury and destruction to the various industries of the Commonwealth by enemies' acts ; to suppress riots and tumults ; to preserve public peace and safety ; and to arrest upon view, without warrant, any person apprehended in the commission of any oflfense against the laws of the State or of the United States. The official insignia are an arm band and a badge. The arm band is worn only when its owner is on active duty, and the badge is worn visibly at such times. Members, however, keep their badges with them at all times as evidence of their authority to make arrests should they witness violation of the statutes when off duty. The arm band bears the coat-of-arms of Pennsylvania. Police equipment includes a "billy" and whistle. Insignia and equipment are furnished without cost to the police by the Pennsylvania Council of National Defense. 29 In a number of the counties the Volunteer Police have been uni- formed and equipped with rifles by the local Councils of National Defense. This is in addition to the regulation police equipment pro- vided by the State Council. Under the plan of organization, county forces are separate from those of the larger cities. Philadelphia and Pittsburgh have control of their own Defense Police, independent of the general State system, but all other Defense Police come under authority of this Department. Chiefs of police command in cities, township officers in first-class townships and authorized county officials control elsewhere. Men of military, naval or police experience were given preference in the ap- pointment of officers. Members were, of course, officially enrolled for local service only, but as the force is on a volunteer basis, they may volunteer for tem- porary service in any part of the State, should occasion require the mobilization of special forces to handle an extraordinary situation. Many units have received military instruction and drill in riot, fire and other police duties. County headquarters report direct to the Philadelphia headqviarters of the Department, thus keeping the Di- rector informed of local operations and enabling him to supervise mobilization movement and direct efforts in case of necessity. The police, in addition to performing routine police duty, have enforced regulations of the United States Food Administration, have investigated seditious activities, and made arrests at the instance of the United States Department of Justice. They have been active in locating and arresting deserters from the army camps ; have stopped the "underground" serving of liquor to service men ; aided in procur- ing a full registration of men of military age, and in many other ways have made themselves useful auxiliaries of the Government. Some of the police units have organized Secret Service divisions, which have been helpful to the Military Intelligence Department, U. S. A. When the War Department was advocating the preliminary training of drafted men, so that they would arrive in camp with some knowledge of military tactics, the Volunteer Police actively engaged in this work. They have also been of service in naturalization work. The aid rendered to the Government was recently made the subject of praise by Major General Carter, U. S. A., who, on behalf of the War Department, commended the volunteer policing as having been of notable military value in relieving the department of the necessity of taking many protective measures. During the recent influenza epidemic the police gave assistance in quarantine work, which was considered necessary in many sections. They also manned ambulances and assisted at hospitals where or- derly service was inadequate to meet the epidemic crisis. The organizer of the force, Lieutenant-Colonel John C. Groome, Signal Corps, U. S. A., is at present in charge of the United States MilitaryPolice service in France. Lieutenant-Colonel Groome was 30 also the organizer of the famous Pennsylvania State Constabulary, and at the War Department's request was given leave-of-abence from his command of that organization to direct the army police service abroad. The Volunteer Home Defense Police are generally recognized to have had a potent moral influence which prevented disorder from coming to a head in sections where sedition probably would have been open had there been no preparation made to keep it in check. The State authorities- have requested that the organization be kept intact and in service until the final peace settlement. Department of Railroads In the creation of the Department of Railroads it was recognized that the railroad problem during war-time was primarily of national concern, and that State activity should be merged with Federal effort. Naturally, the Department formulated plans and proceeded with its work as an integral unit of the greater national system of railroads. The action of the Government in assuming entire control and direction of the roads, of course, supplanted all other operating activities and relieved all State committees of the necessity of giving special atten- tion to the subject of railroad service. It may not be inappropriate to state that the Director of this Department was one of the group of railroad presidents into whose control was submitted the management for war purposes of the entire railroad mileage of the country before a Federal Director was named. Department of Electric Railways and Motors The importance of electric railways as war auxiliaries of the steam roads is obvious, hence the organization of a separate department to co-ordinate the operations of the State-wide electric systems and to arrange for service contact between the steam and electric roads in case of necessity. Electric railways were confronted with many problems of opera- tion and extension incidental to the state of war, also the imposition of restrictions by the Fuel Administration. In meeting local demands and delivering the utmost service they placed a strain upon their facilities much beyond the normal requirements. In this way they contributed more or less directly to the success of the larger trans- portation program of the Federal Director of Railroads. Had greater efforts been required in meeting the national transportation emer- gency, they were ready at all times to assume specially assigned service. Department of Highways and Waterways The Department of Highways and Waterways was created to inquire into the availability of rivers, canals and highways of Penn- sylvania as transportation resources; to give consideration to their 31 utilization and to the solution of problems arising therefrom, and, in particular, to give careful study to the conditions of roads throughout the State. As official State organizations and departments are charged with direct responsibility for the construction, maintenance and control of these arteries of traffic, many phases of the Department's work were limited to co-operative effort. In this connection it found oppor- tunity to render road development service of immediate benefit to several districts and also of general benefit in the State-wide plan of improved transportation facilities. Other activities of the Department included consideration of legislation for general road improvement. The Department main- tained close working contact with the State Highways Transport Committee to prevent overlapping of effort where activities of both Departments related to highway matters. Woman's Committee The Woman's Committee of the Pennsylvania Council of National Defense has a complete organization, with 75 chairman in the 67 counties of the State. This division was organized with Departments of Registration and Organization, Food Conservation and Production, Women in Industry, Child Welfare, Education, including Speakers' Bureau and Americanization ; Liberty Loan, Foreign Relief, Health and Recreation and Bureau of Information. There was also a stand- ing Committee on Nursing. What the division accomplished in Pennsylvania represents not only an army of women interested in the work of the various depart- ments, but a splendid mobile force that may be swung into action to meet any emergency. The registration of women for war service to fill places in industry left vacant by men called to the colors was an important work, very efficiently handled by the Department of Regis- tration, co-operating with the Director of Women in Industry. This registration was conducted in 56 counties, and 315,000 women were enrolled. The Department furnished 6000 women as volunteer regis- trars to make the enrolment. In addition to leading to many actual placements of workers in paid and volunteer positions through this service, large numbers of women were located, subject to call for special emergency service. The registration was of particular value when the epidemic of influ- enza swept over the State in October, 1918. It was the means of securing great forces of women for the nursing of the sick, more de- tailed mention of which is made in a special report of the Woman's Division covering epidemic work. Many volunteers were obtained to manage diet kitchens, seamstresses to provide clothing and house- keepers to care for the homes of stricken families. The Department of Food Conservation and Production worked in complete co-operation with the United States Food Administration in Pennsylvania. Through this Department community kitchens and 32 canning centers were organized in every county of the State. Demon- strators were supplied to instruct housewives in the use of cereal sub- stitutes, woman speakers were supplied at county food meetings, teachers' institutes and county fairs, and great assistance was given in the feeding of stricken families and convalescents during the epi- demic. Especial attention was paid to personal instruction of foreign- born residents in following the program of the Food Administration. Important duties were assigned to the Department of Women in Industry. It was recognized that every facility must be given to the Government in meeting the industrial needs of the war, but, on the other hand, the Department em.phasized that the employment of women to fill these needs in Government plants be accompanied by the establishing of such standards as would fully protect women workers. It strenuously urged the right of the woman worker to a fair wage, legal working hours and proper environment, and in return asked from the working woman a spirit of co-operation and patriotic service. A definite policy of recruiting for war work was followed and placements were made only where working conditions were good. At the same time a campaign was conducted for improvement of working and wage conditions in all essential industries. More than 160 vocations were listed in which women might be usefully employed, and the necessary organization perfected to bring prospective workers and employers into contact. The Department was very active in the recruiting of women for service in the Land Army of America, and assisted in establishing units in many counties. These units were of particular service in agriculture in the southeastern section of the State. The placing of women in large numbers in industrial plants cre- ated a need for women employment managers, and many of the largest firms in the State applied to the Department, and through it were furnished with such managers. Other special workers were also sup- plied upon request. After the appointment of a Federal Director of Employment for Pennsylvania, the Director of Women in Industry gave co-operation in an advisory capacity, and the Department also co-operated in every way with the Civilian Service Department of the Pennsylvania Council. The Department on Child Welfare was affiliated with the Child Welfare Division of the Pennsylvania Council, and they jointly con- ducted the work. This work related to various phases of health and sanitation affecting infant and child welfare, and is referred to in the report of the Civic Relief Department of the Pennsylvania Council. The joint effort was under the direction of the Division of Child Hygiene of the State Department of Health. Fifty-one counties possessed Departments of Education organ- ized by the Woman's Committee. Enrolled in this Department were more than 500 women throughout the State, who served as speakers upon assigned topics. This Department gave special attention to the 33 subject of Americanization, and its speaking organization is still enrolled for service in behalf of that work. The Department in many districts has secured the co-operation of social welfare agencies, teachers' associations, religious societies and other agencies, to carry out an Americanization program along lines that may be suggested in future. The Department of Foreign Relief acted as a co-ordinating agency in bringing together war relief organizations, securing unity of ac- tivity and reducing duplication of effort to a minimum. It was of special service to the Emergency Aid and the Fatherless Children of France, the Belgian and the French Committees. Another Department, the Liberty Loan Department, was of great assistance in the various Loan drives. This Department was responsible for securing subscriptions of $225,000,000 during the Fourth Loan Campaign, thus enabling Pennsylvania to go "Over the Top" in the Fourth, as well as the Third, Loan drive. The Depart- ment of Flealth and Recreation concerned itself with co-ordinating all agencies and organizations doing work for women and girls. Through questionnaires it collated information relative to necessary welfare work which should be undertaken in various sections of the State, and it made this information available to agencies which could be of service in that work. Publicity and correlated effort were in charge of the Bureau of Information, which aimed to give women the benefit of such experi- ences as radically transformed life for the women abroad. Foreign pamphlets on women's war work were obtained and placed at the disposal of women engaged in war activities. Research work was conducted for their benefit, and much original publicity material was issued. This included the "News Letter," a monthly publication de- voted to the activities of the Woman's Division. A directory of training courses, both professional and vocational, for women in the State of Pennsylvania, was compiled, and will be of value during the present reconstruction period. A registration of graduate and pupil nurses, and a complete index- ing of this enrolment' were accomplished by the Standing Committee on Nursing, with the assistance of the Department on Registration. This index included 11,606 graduate nurses and 4842 pupil nurses, enrolled in 186 training schools. It was a survey of value to the Sur- geon-General of the Army, as showing a nursing strength sufficient to permit of a heavy draft for military purposes. The committee encouraged young women to take up the profession of nursing and assisted in securing the entrance of hundreds of young women into the United States Student Nurse Reserve. Its lists of nurses enabled it to place the State Department of Health in touch with 11,098 women, who were called upon for service during the disastrous influenza epidemic. The Woman's Division, confronted by the most distressing needs, arising from the ravages of the epidemic in all parts of the State, promptly concentrated its activities upon relief work. A temporary 34 Department, the Emergency Nursing Service, was organized, with headquarters in the building of the Emergency Aid, 1428 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. All calls for assistance were answered and nurses were circuited. A list of assignments made in Philadelphia alone totaled 1135 epidemic workers, including 628 hospital volun- teers, aides and helpers, 153 volunteers on private cases, and 82 practi- cal nurses on private cases. Directors of the various departments went directly to hospitals, where they worked in the wards, assisted in the kitchens, and in other ways gave much-needed service. In- cluded in this service was the establishment, in other sections, of emergency hospitals. As the counties fell under the scourge the several County Chair- men found themselves besieged with calls for assistance. By calling upon the County Director of Registration, each County Chairman was able to get in touch with hundreds of volunteers eager to serve as nurses' assistants or general helpers in hospitals, private homes and institutions. In many instances the Directors of Registration in those counties which were not seriously in need of assistance answered the calls of their neighboring counties and supplied many volunteer workers. A detailed report of the entire work of the Woman's Committee, with special mention of the State-wide service rendered during the epidemic, is being issued separately. War History Commission Steps were taken, by the appointment of a War History Commis- sion of the Pennsylvania Council of National Defense, to make a permanent record of the military, economic and civic participation of Pennsylvania in the great war. Eminent historians, experts in research work and prominent citizens constitute this Commission, which has divided its work into two principal divisions, one of which is making a record of all Pennsylvanians who have entered into the military or naval service of the United States or any of the Allies. The other division is recording the commercial, industrial and civic activities of the State during the war period. The Commission is co-operating in the collection and preservation of war records with local historical societies. Chambers of Commerce, trade organizations, educational authorities, and other agencies, for the purpose of making the permanent record of Pennsylvania's war participation full, com- plete and authentic. 35 APPENDIX PENNSYLVANIA COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE AND COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY TREASURER'S REPORT Headquarters Seventh Floor, Finance Building To Philadelphia, January 7, 1919. George Wharton Pepper, Esq., Chairman. Sir: I herewith submit my report as Treasurer of the Pennsyl- vania Council of National Defense and Committee of Public Safety covering a period from the inauguration of the work, April 14, 1917, to December 31, 1918, inclusive, with data relating to the various departmental activities to give an understanding of the scope and progress of the work, so far as the same is shown upon the books of the Treasurer's Office. This report embraces the information and statistics in my First Annual Report, dated June 7, 1918, covering a period from April 14, 1917, to May 31, 1918, inclusive (the end of the fiscal year of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania). For the sake of convenient record, a brief outline is again inserted of the system adopted by the Committee relative to the funds placed in its custody. All funds at the disposal of the Committee come out of the $2,000,000 appropriated by the Legislature in 1917, and by it placed in charge of the Commission of Public Safety and Defense, consisting of the Governor, the Lieutenant-Governor, the State Treasurer, the Auditor General and the Adjutant General. This Commission in turn allots such sums to the Council and Committee as the members of that Commission think proper, after due consideration and action upon requisitions made. The Lieutenant-Governor, Honorable Frank B. McClain, has spent much time at the Committee's Headquarters in Philadelphia, and has attended its meetings in order to familiarize himself with the scope of the work. Requisitions, when made by the Committee, are formally pre- sented to the Commission for their consideration at their meetings in Harrisburg by the Executive Manager of the Committee, Mr. Lewis S. Sadler, and its Executive Secretary, Colonel Lewis E. Beitler. Funds thus received by the Treasurer are immediately deposited at Drexel & Co. to the credit of the Pennsylvania Council of National Defense and Committee of Public Safety, and can be disbursed from this account only by action of the Executive Committee authorizing and directing the Treasurer to make payments for the purposes as 37 exhibited by the minutes of the proceedings of the Committee. In order properly to supervise receipts and expenditures, the system adopted has been as follows : An accountant for the Treasurer was appointed by him and con- firmed by the Committee, who is under salary, and devotes his entire time to the work. Mr. John Radcliffe, for many years in the Account- ing Department of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, was granted a leave of absence by that company for this purpose, and has been in service every day since April, 1917. At the beginning, arrangements v/ere made by the Treasurer for monthly audits of the accounts by Messrs. Lybrand, Ross Bros. & Montgomery, Certified Public Account- ants, who volunteered their services without compensation as a public duty, and began their work. It became unnecessary to continue this audit, however, because by the courtesy of Honorable Charles A. Snyder, Auditor General of Pennsylvania, a representative of his office, Mr. H. R. Purple, was specially assigned to this duty, and has spent practically his entire time at the Committee's headquarters engaged in daily audits. Reports in detail have been regularly made by the Treasurer fortnightly to the Executive Committee and presented at each of their regular meetings. Duplicates of these reports have been also sent regularly the same day to the Auditor General. Purchases of supplies of all sorts for the various departments have been made from the lowest responsible bidders by the Treasurer's Accountant, acting in conference with the Executive Manager, Mr. Lewis S. Sadler, and the Executive Secretary, Colonel Lewis E, Beit- ler. Office furniture and equipment for the central headquarters in Philadelphia have been bought under an arrangement for return after the work of the Committee has ceased, and an allowance made on the cost thereof. All other furniture and equipment for various county offices throughout the State according to complete inventories thereof in the Treasurer's office will be disposed of as directed by the Board of Commissioners of Public Grounds and Buildings at Harrisburg, according to law. All bills over $25.00 are approved before payment by the signa- ture of the Director of the Department incurring same ; under that amount by the Executive Secretary of the Department and, after approval by the Treasurer's Accountant, are identified by the signature of the Executive Secretary of the Committee as applicable for payment in accordance with action taken in regard to the matter to which they are chargeable, either by the Executive or Advisory Committee, and have the signature of Mr. Arthur E. Newbold, Chairman of the Finance Committee. Bills are paid by voucher drawn upon Drexel & Co., the deposi- tory of the funds of the Committee received from the Commission. These vouchers bear upon their face proper words of description and explanation to identify the respective accounts with the bills, and are verified from the approved bills by the signature of Colonel Lewis E. Beitler, Executive Secretary of the Committee; of Mr. Arthur E. 38 Newbold, Chairman of the Finance Committee, and of Mr. John Rad- cliffe, Treasurer's Accountant, thus directing their signature and issue by the Treasurer. These vouchers, when paid, are returned to the Committee for its permanent files. The original bills and accompanying documents when paid and receipted go to the Auditor General's Department at Harrisburg, and remain there as required by law. The accounting upon the books of the Committee carries an appropriate number of headings representing the respective departments of the work. Re- ceipts of funds from the Commission and disbursements thereof are credited to and chargeable against these respective ' divisions of accounts. Persons are employed only upon the written request of the Di- rector of each Department, passed upon by the Executive Manager, recommended by the Advisory Committee, and finally ratified by recorded action of the Executive Committee, as shown by the minutes of its meetings, whereon each name and amount of salary appears. County Executive Secretaries, nominated by the various County Committees, are confirmed after consultation with and approval by the Lieutenant-Governor, and their salaries and allowances for ex- penses are passed upon by the Executive Committee with due regard to the local conditions and the scope of the work in the respective counties. The itemized expenses of such County Committees bear the signature of the Chairmen of such Committees in approval of same. This report summarizes the condition of the various activities of the Committee so far as they are shown by the expenditures applicable thereto, without going into more detail than is practicable herein. Tables are also appended showing the number of persons emploved throughout the Counties of the State. These tables do not, of course, uiclude the many persons throughout the Commonwealth who are members of the General Pennsylvania Council of National Defense and Committee of Public Safety and of the County Committees, their number now totaling some 15,000, who serve as volunteers and 'with- out pay. By arrangement with the United States Government, the Depart- ments of Civilian Service and Labor and Food Supply are co-ordinated with the Federal authorities and carry on these branches of the work under a plan of sharing the expenses thereof. These branches of the Committee's work have grown steadily with consequent increased expenditures. The rent of their offices, occupying two entire floors at the Committee's headquarters. Finance Building, Philadelphia, was paid by the Pennsylvania Council and Committee of Public Safety; and salaries of employes and their expenses are also paid as have been agreed upon from time to time by the Committee. Immediately after the signing of the armistice on November 11, 1918, the Executive Committee determined to dispense with the serv- ices of salaried employes and to reduce office expenses throughout the State from and after December 31, 1918. This action of the Execu- 39 live Committee applied to County Executive Secretaries and office expenses in all but four of the seventy local County Committees ; to all managers of Farm Labor Bureaus, Boys' Working Reserves, Woman's Committees, expenses of Bureau of Four Minute Speakers, expenses of Construction and Materials Department, co-operating with the Federal Government, and generally to every department whose activities could be summarily curtailed. At the Headquarters office of the Council reductions were made to as great an extent as was possible, in view of the requirements of bringing all the work of the Council to a final close, and the accounting therefor to the Commission and to the Auditor General. In the four cities of Philadelphia, Pitts- burgh, Erie and Scranton, the office expenses were also cut 50 per cent, from and after December 31, 1918, but it was not possible to terminate absolutely the activities under way there without detri- ment to the interests of the State. A longer closing period was there- fore determined upon as advisable in the places named by the Execu- tive Committee, with the expectation that this might be accomplished within 60 days, as hereinafter mentioned. Leases of space in the Finance Building, Philadelphia, were cancelled, for the front half of the tenth floor, as of January 1, 1919, and the rear half of the tenth floor as of February 1, 1919, and rooms on the fourth and seventeenth floors as of January 1, 1919. The remaining leases for other floors in the Headquarters, Finance Building, Philadelphia, namely, the second, running until August 15, 1919; the seventh, until April 15, 1919, and the eleventh, until Febru- ary 15, 1919, are dependent upon the continuance of the duties of the Departments of Food Supply, Labor, Americanization. Woman's Com- mittee, Civic Relief and Child Welfare, and State Volunteer Police, until they can be transferred to other recognized agencies of the Commonwealth and their work carried on without loss to the public welfare. As soon as this can be accomplished in the near future the ac- counts of the Council and Committee will be brought down from the date of this report, December 31, 1918, by a supplement thereo, cover- ing such closing period ; and filed with the Commission of Public Safety and Defense at Harrisburg, and also with the Auditor General of the Commonwealth. Unless war contingencies arise in the near future, which are at present unforeseen, the Council believes that the appropriations made to it by the Commission, as referred to in this report, will prove more than sufficient to cover the outstanding expenses of the Council, to- gether with those necessary in the closing period of its work during the coming few weeks ; and the balance of cash in its hands will then, of course, be returned to the control and disposition of the proper authorities of the State. Very respectfully, (Signed) EFFINGHAM B. MORRIS, Treasurer. 40 INCOME ACCOUNT Amounts received at Sundry Dates from April 14, 1917, to December 31, 1918, from Appropriations made by the Commission of Public Safety and Defense to the Pennsyl- vania Council of National Defense and Committee of Public Safety For general organization purposes and expenses $129,000.00 For use in co-operating with the Governmental Agencies and carrying out their orders for the conser\-atibn, distribution and marketing of Food Products „ „ 150,000.00 For actual expenditures incurred in assisting with the Federal Registra- tion of male persons in Pennsylvania between the ages of 21 and 31 4,284.33 For use in paying salaries of County Executive Secretaries and office and incidental expenses of Local Committees and Woman's Commit- tees throughout the State _ ._. _ „.... 205,000.00 To assist in recruiting the quota of Pennsylvania's troops required by the National and State Military Forces „ 10,000.00 For use in paying expenses of preliminary organization, office force, etc., and for the prosecution of the work of the following Departments : Allied Bodies _ „ „ 3,000.00 Civic Relief _ _ 14,500.00 Civilian Service and Labor _ _ „ 264,250.00 Construction and Materials _ 1,000.00 Medicine, Sanitation and Hospitals _ „ 4,500.00 Military Service „ _ 5,000.00 Publicity and Education „ _ 66,000.00 Volunteer Home Defense Police _ „ 21,500.00 War History Commission — Hon. Wm. C. Sproul, Chairman 5,000.00 Woman's Committee „ „_ __ „ 8,250.00 For use in paying expenses incurred by Department of Naval Service in its recruiting campaign for the United States Navy an-d Naval Reserves _ 6,000.00 Total „ „ ■,. ■$897,284.33 On September 4, 1917, refund was made to the Secretary-Treasurer of the Commission of Public Safety and Defense of unused portion of appropriation of $10,000, authorized July 3, 1917, for recruiting the quota of Pennsylvania's Troops required for the State and National Military Forces 4,740.86 Net Total . .$892,543.47 EXPENSE ACCOUNT General Administration _ „ $124,219.75 Food Supply _ 149,025.18 Registration „.... 4,284.33 Expenses of Local Committees in 67 Counties of State „. 204,192.07 Recruiting ...„ 5,259.14 Allied Bodies „ _ 2,236.81 Civic Relief _ „ 13,913.51 Civilian Service and Labor _ „ 263,1 78.99 Construction and Materials „ _ L230.81 Medicine, Sanitation and Hospitals „ _ 4,146.87 Military Service , „ _ _ 1,356.71 Publicity and Education 7L682.08 Volunteer Home Defense Police 20^830.81 War History Commission— Hon. Wm. C. Sproul, Chairman „ 3,233.91 Woman's Committee _ „.... 7,901.76 Naval Service 5^436.43 Total $882,129.16 41 SUMMARY Total Net Income $892,543.47 Total Expenses 882,129. 16 Balance on hand December 31, 1918 $10,414.31 Note: On April 14, 1917, Mr. E. T. Stotesbury advanced the Committee $25,000, without interest, to carry on its work until funds were received from the State. It was returned to him on June 1, 1917, with the thanks of the Committee. Of the balance on hand December 31, 1918, there is: In Bank _- - $3,964.31 The Executive Committee authorized the following advances made : To Mr. Benjamin H. Ludlow, Chairman, Pennsylvania Division of Four Minute Men, to pay transportation and hotel expenses of men en- gaged as public speakers to tour the State on behalf of Liberty Loans, Food Conservation and Production and other undertakings ; properly receipted bills to be furnished for all expenditures, unex- pended balance, if any, to be returned to the Treasurer. March 1, 1918 $500 May 13, 1918 1500 2,000.00 To Mr. Henry V. Gummere, Superintendent of Labor Reserves, Depart- ment of Civilian Service and Labor, to pay preliminary expenses incurred in connection with establishing Liberty Camps for Farm Labor throughout the State; properly receipted bills to be furnished for such portion thereof as may be expended; unexpended balance, if any, to be returned to the Treasurer. April 19, 1918 $500 June 17, 1918 3500 4,000.00 To Mr. Robert D. Dripps, Executive Secretary-, Philadelphia Council of National Defense, Liberty Building, Philadelphia, to be used as cash on hand with which to pay petty incidental expenses 100.00 Cash in safe to pay petty expenses 350.00 Total $10,414.31 CLASSIFICATION OF EXPENSE ACCOUNTS Salaries „ $271,753.34 Rents - 50,868.42 Office Expenses 6,531.62 Stationery and printing _ 90,449.37 Furniture and Fixtures 24,019.10 Postage 15,056.97 Advertising _ 6,023.86 Telephone and Telegraph 16,030.44 Expenses of Local Committees _ „ 201,280.06 Camp Supplies and Expenses of Boys' Working Reserve 37,976.49 Photographic Supplies and Expenses _ 3,441 . 14 Home Defense Police Supplies and Expenses 14,547.98 Military Supplies and Expenses 2,190.43 Xaval Supplies and Expenses 2,Z2Z!12 Traveling and Incidental Expenses Thereof 80,928.49 Publicity Expenses _ 4,006.98 42 Miscellaneous _.- — 20,242.19 Food Conservation Train — Expenses of _ _ 1 1,163.05 War Kitchens — Expenses of _..._ 974.23 County Federal Food Administrators — Expenses of _ _ 22,321.28 Total „: $882,129.16 Statement Showing Appropriations Received from the Commission of Public Safety and Defense of the Commonwealth of Pennsyl- vania and Amounts Expended or Refunded, etc., from April 14, 1917, to December 31, 1918. Amount of Amt. Actually Balance of Amt. Departments Appropriation Received 1. Finance (General Administra- tion) _ ...$129,000.00 2. Publicity and Education 66,000.00 3. Legislation _ „ 4. Allied Bodies _ 3,000.00 5. Medicine, Sanitation and Hospi- tals - „ 4,500.00 6. Civic Relief 14.500.00 7. Food Supply 150,000.00 8. Construction and Materials 1,000.00 9 Plants 10. Highways Transport Committee 11. Civilian Service and Labor 196,424.31 Farm Camps 67,825.69 12. Military Service 5,000.00 Registration 4,284.33 Recruiting „ 10,000.00 13. Naval Service 6,000.00 14. Volunteer Home Defense Police 21,500.00 15. Railroads .._ _ Electric Railways and Motors Highways and Waterways _ _ 16. Woman's Committee 8,250.00 7,901.76 348.24 For Salaries of County Execu- tive Secretaries and office and incidental expenses of County Committees ; also County Expenses of Wom- an's Committees throughout the State 205,000.00 204,192.07 807.93 War History Commission 5,000.00 3,233.91 1,766.09 Expended or Refunded $124,219.75 71,682.08 Received Un- expended $4,780.25 5,682.08 def. 2,236.81 4,146.87 13,913.51 149,025.18 1,230.81 763.19 353.13 586.49 974.82 230.81 def. 195,353.30 67,825.69 1,356.71 4,284.33 1,071.01 3,643.29 5,259.14 4,740.86 re 5,436.43 20,830.81 :f. 563.57 669.19 Total $897,284.33 $886,870.02 $10,414.31 Def.— Deficit. Ref. — Refunded. 43 O "I 4-. o 4) Q c e o U •4-* a, a, < c o < C I o C/3 s 00 o O C CO .a Q t^^ •1-1 o C 3 O o d < o C £ 13 W c 3 (L> (0 CO CO (U s o Q < o CO ^ D w 00 ON o _! C5 s < ^ < < CO • — I r /^ . O _ ID W !z; < S 2 ^ < < Q S t 44 PENNSYLVANIA COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE AND COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY IN ACCOUNT WITH COMMISSION OF PUBLIC SAFETY AND DEFENSE Total amount received to December 31, 1918 - $897,284.33 Total amount vouchers filed for credit with Commission $862,791.50 Refund to Secretary-Treasurer of the Commission of Public Safety and Defense unused portion of appropriation of $10,000 authorized for Recruiting 4.740.86 $867,532.36 Balance of current accounting with Commission of Public Safety and Defense represented by outstanding bills in course of examination and approval and sundry cash balances, returnable from appro- priations made or otherwise $29,751 .97 EXPENSES BY MONTHS From April 14, 1917, to December 31, 1918 1917 April 14 to 30, inclusive - $1,1 13.42 May 11,426.58 June „ _ ...- 15,539.97 July _ 17,386.06 August - 17,893.42 September „ _ 22,656.92 October _.. _ ...._ 17,924.51 November _ 20,306.29 December „ 25,359.60 1918 January _ 34,577.63 February _ ..„ _ 43,110.85 March _ 42,513.68 April _ _ 45,326.77 May _„ 53,785.63 June 57,607.70 July _ 68,078.22 August „. 65,998.51 September _ _ _ 83,685.84 October „ _ 86,142.39 November „ 76,796.78 December „ _ 74,898.39 Total : $882,129.16 45 Outline of General and Sub-Departments of the Pennsylvania Council of National Defense and Committee of Public Safety During the Period Covered by this Report, Showing Total Number of Salaried Employes and Total Monthly Salaries. Immediately after the signing of the armistice on November 11, 1918, reductions in force were made and the services of 273 employes were dispensed with between that date and December 31, 1918. From and after December 31, 1918, only persons necessary to close the business entrusted to the Pennsylvania Council of National Defense are retained. Total No. Total of Division of Administration : Employes Monthly Salaries Executive 1 $200.00 Accounting 14 1,650.00 Stenographic 19 1,844.67 Publicity and Education - 10 1,331.67 Department Four Minute Men and Speakers' Bureau... 14 1,847.66 Allied Bodies „ _ _ Legislation County Executive Secretaries in 65 Counties 69 5,917.50 Other County Employes : Assist. Sec'ys., Office Assts., etc 11 1,866.67 Stenographers 53 3,349.67 Clerks 21 1,575.00 Janitors _ _ 2 17.50 Woman's Committee 5 450.00 War History Commission 5 520.00 Administration (Miscellaneous) 6 499.66 Total 230 $21,070.00 Division of Relief : Medicine, Sanitation and Hospitals 1 65.00 Civic Relief 1 95.00 Total 2 $160.00 Division of Equipment and Supply : Food Supply 32 2,475.00 Construction and Materials 1 150.00 Plants Highv^rays Transport Committee _ Total 33 $2,625.00 Division of Service: Military 1 83.33 Naval „ Civilian Service and Labor: General Headquarters (Finance Building) 31 3,775.65 17 Employment Bureaus (15 counties) 50 4,589.32 56 Farm Labor Bureaus (55 counties) 36 3,01 5.(X) (20 employes serve v^^ithout salary). Farm Camps (34 Camp Leaders) 27 2,133.33 (7 employes serve without salary). Boys' Working Reserve 6 754.33 Volunteer Home Defense Police „ 1 200.00 Total ..._ 152 $14,550.96 Division of Transportation: Railroads Electric Railvv^ays and Motors _ - - Highways and Waterways Total „ .7417 $38,405.96 46 Classification of Salaried Employes During the Period Covered by This Report. Total No. Total of OccuPATioisr Employes Monthly Salaries Secretary of Committee 1 $200.00 Treasurer's Accountant 1 250.00 Auditor _ 1 250.00 Accountant 1 200.00 Departmental Secretaries _ 20 3,113.33 County Executive Secretaries _ 69 5,917.50 Assistants to Directors _ 6 1,366.66 Superintendent Labor Reserves 1 250.00 Field Agents 6 649.99 Publicity Agents 3 458.32 Office Managers 2 200.00 Office Assts., Asst. Sectys., etc 30 4,316.01 Superintendents of Employment Bureaus 15 1,863.32 Managers of Farm Labor Bureaus 35 2,950.00 (20 Managers serve without salary). Leaders of Farm Camps 27 2,133.33 Departmental Chief Clerks 2 291.67 Stenographers - 110 8,091.33 Clerks „ 59 4,256.00 Typists .- 2 156.00 File Clerks ._ 6 495.00 Mail and Stock Clerks ._ 2 138.00 Telephone Operators _ _ 5 383.00 Doorkeepers ._ 3 188.00 Messengers 2 100.00 Watchman 1 22.00 Janitresses - 2 52.00 Janitors 5 114.50 Total _ „....- - 417 $38,405.96 47 From and after December 31, 1918, only persons necessary to close the business entrusted to the Pennsylvania Council of National Defense are retained. The following classification of expense accounts distributes the amounts paid. The text shows the character of expenses included in the various accounts enumerated below : 1. Salaries: EXPENSE ACCOUNTS Pay of employes in all Departments excepting salaries paid to County Executive Secretaries, employes of their offices, and employes in offices of County Federal Food Administrators. 2. Rents: Charges covering payment of rent of all offices, except County Councils and Committees' expenses for rents. Chargeable to account 9. 3. Office Incidental Expenses: Cost of usual office sundries. 4. Stationery and Printing: Cost of stationery, such as letter paper, envelopes, ink, pens, blotters, books, typewriters, typewriter ribbons, printed circulars, posters or hangers for distribution, etc. 5. Furniture and Fixtures: Cost of desks, chairs, tables, window shades, awnings, etc. 6. Postage: Cost of stamps, parcel post, etc. 7. Advertising: Cost of notices or printed matter in newspapers or periodicals. 8. Telegraph and Telephone: Charges for telegrams, messenger service, rent for telephone and charges for telephone service. 9. Expenses of County Committees: Salaries of County Executive Secretaries, employes of their offices, and allowance for office rent, stationery, etc., of both Men's and Woman's Committees. 10. Camp Supplies and Expenses Boys' Working Reserve: Cost of tents and other materials, expenses of cooks, supplies, etc. 11. Photographic Supplies and Expenses: Cost of photographs, prints, lettering slides, moving pictures and other slides and expenses in connection with moving picture demonstrations. 12. Home Defense Police Supplies and Expenses: Cost of badges, arm bands, whistles, billies, etc. 13. Military Supplies and Expenses: Charges in connection with registration and recruiting, other than printing and postage. 14. Naval Supplies and Expenses: Charges in connection with naval recruiting, other than printing and postage. 15. Traveling and Incidental Expenses Thereof: Railroad fares, lodging, meals, etc., of employes while traveling on official business of the Committee. 16. Publicity Expenses: Cost of metal plates and other methods of furnishing material to news- papers throughout the State. 17. Food Conservation Train — Expenses of: All expenses incurred in connection with Food Conservation Train travel- ing through State for eight months. 18. War Kitchens — Expenses of: All expenses incurred in connection with War Kitchens. 19. County Federal Food Administration — Expenses of: Salaries of employes in offices of County Federal Food Administrators, and allowance for office rent, stationery, traveling, etc. 20. Miscellaneous: Charges not otherwise provided for above. 48 Finance CU (-j Publicity and Education ^^ 3 5- '^ o Legislation ^ ^ ^ Legal Advisory > 2". O o "-^ Medicine, Sanitation and Hospitals en Civic Relief o^ ^ ^ ^ O Food Supply va o H ►> Z H CO n h5 ^ 3 O O O "^ Construction and Materials 00 [!*:?•;_< I^ t^ S ^- B! IS < S 2 i-i h-i n r. Plants o E. ^ H t^ § S: o en t?3 ° Highways Transport Committee o "o "rl O «< OR O Civilian Service and Labor H^ ^ W „ H Military Service J^ ^ b; 25 I-I t/) Naval Service r* " '^ Volunteer Home Defense Police "^ Railroads H Electric Railways and Motors f ^ o -■ o -^ 3 Highways and Waterways 49 'All Orgauication of^Reviarkablc Tlioroness,' Secretary Declares; Defense Delegate Calls It Model for Other States Sptcial Dfspa^ch to Tht S'enli Am^rUan WASHINGTON, Dec. 22— '•Pennsyl- vania's committee ^ of public safety Is doing a tremendous woik In the mobi- lization of the state's resources for the war. It Is an organization of r^marlc- abls thoroness and efficiency. It Is doing bis things in a big way." This WB3 tlie word brought back to Washington by Secretary McAdoo, who •.ttended the conference of the commit- tee of public safety In Philadelphia this week. Other representatives of the gov- ernment at the conferences warmly praised the committee as a war agency. Arthur K. Bestor, who represented the council of national defense, said today: "After a nationwide sur^'ey and first- hand Information that I have obtained by direct contact with many war emerg- ency bodies. 1 am glad to say that there l3 not In tUe United States, In my opinion, a more compact and efficient organization for tlie conduct of the war activities than the Pennsylvania com- mittee of public, safety. "If we could duplicate in every state the organization of the Pennsylvania coalm^ttee for carrying on patriotic edu- cation, we should soon mobilize public opinion, combat traitorous propaganda fuid thereby find much easier the solu- tion of many problems Involving na- tional co-ordination ' and enthusiastic popular suppdrt. "I have just returned from Philadel- phia, where I participated in the con- ferences of public safety committee delegates from the sixty-seven counties of Pennsylvania. It was beyond ques- tion the most Impressive showing of ef- ficient organization for the purpososj for wlilcii the national and state de-'^ fense councils were created that I have" encountered. ' ' _, "The Inauguration at the Union i League of tlie speakers' bureau against- seditious Influences resulte;! in one of the most remarkable sessions it has been my privilege to attend. The re- ception accorded to Secretary McAdoO revealed a'splendftl unanimity of pur- pose In Pennsylvania, Irrespective of. party, creed or social standing. ' • "In speed' and thoroness of_ Its 'ofi< ganizatloo of a speakers' division to co-operate' with our national speakers' bureau, .the Pennsylvania committoo has rhade a ne\v. record. Its speakers* conference demonstrated that the morh- bers of that division have a correct perception of Uie task ahead of them, tliat they have the machinery to under- take it and the guidance to carry It to success. . "The- Pennsylvania organization Im- ' pressed me vylth Its splendid efficiency both In its collective membership and its leadel^s and-liidiyldual members. It has scope and plan- of action, which could profitably be copied by all of tha states." 51 Gpvenini^ut Officials Praise Efficient Work of Penn- sylvania Committed TRIUMPHAL PEOGEESS Br LOCIS AV STRAl-XB, Staff Correspondent Stoeclal Prom Ths Dlstpatch Bureau] , WASHINGTON, D C, Jan 6-Wiih '6nlv a f 3W days elapsing lince Secretary McAdoo' and other high officials of thH •Govei-nmcnt congratulated the Pennsyl- vania.^Coomiittee of Public Safety upon its ability to iiir«*. ISQVlRliR r.rjRBAV. IttO 'T BTftBBT WASUINGTON. D. C, Jan. 27- PCTinsylvania is the fi^st Stati.L Federal Dij-eclor of Employment for) TeJinsyl-stinia from the Department of Labor. Officiuls of the Sute and Safety Committee' concerned wth this amalga- mated service are also beinc; given Feder- al status in. grder that', the unification may be furtjiered. Other Gtatos Will Follow The' example set .in Ponnsyiv{Lniais ex- pected to be followed, by ^very other Stata; a number of which- are already, or- Raniiinx labor exchanges in .which Fed- eral atid State employment officers have joiried ■ forces. T^Iore than L'O^ Federal and State .employment ofTices are al- ready reported by tho Department of Labor as beine in operation, and the early establishment of some fifty addi- tional amalgamated offices is projected. Under th^ national war labor pio- pi^mme, of which Secretary of Labor Wilson ia now. National Labor .Aidminis- trator, the Department of Labor has been giveh complete charge of every phase of the war labor problem. Tlip ^.stribuHon of labor is irt the hands of the United Statps lihnploymcnt Service. Secretary XVilson e.xpicssed Kratilicntion: Jn hie today's statement at the co-opcra- tion_ Riven by employejs and busmess mpii s organizations in Philadelphia,' Pittsburgh and other industrial cities of Pennsylvania to the Federal service and it^ work. S3 10,387 •Gommissioned Men Have -Extended -Service to 46 CouTitle.^ Units Have Aided in" Diilfing Jraftees, and Probed $e- .dition Sptelal to Tfie Inquirer. INQUIREk SniiKAU, 7StB P "STREET WASHINGTON. D. C, Sftpt. 8.— That ^etmsylvania with 10,387 commissJoned men possesses- the largest. SJid piost.effi- dait^ body <5f vplijnteei' police in the cti^intry is. Bhown by a report of the Pennsylvania Council of National jDe- fensG to tjie War, Department, made pub- lic today. The report sho-svs that the po- Ice Service haftbeen exteh3ed to 40 of the C7 counties of the State. Completely or- ganizd, drilled and equipped forces are operating in 33 of- these 40 counties. In- th^ otlier -thirteeri organization is pro- ceeding. Accompanying. the fipires sub- mitted to the War Departmant, is 'ftn "outline of "ihe police activities which^ have "been of acknowledged service to the government.- Major General McCarter recently on behalf of tho War Depart- ment, commenced iPehnsylvania'B . volhn- teer policing as having been of notable military v&Iub in relieving the depart- ment of the necassitty of taking" . majiy protective measures. 'j TJie Penmyrvania volunteer Home De- fense police was organizad by, •^pti, is undty: the control of the Pennsylvania Council of. National Defense, with Wil- /liam S. -Ellis, -acting director, and Charles Carey,' eiecmtive secretiiry. Ir^. addition to performing routine 8ervic«t' it has enfoiced'rejulatlons of the United jStates Food Adminisfeition, has made lnveatig^tions7of additions, activities and arresta at the- "Lastance of the Depart; went of Jusiioo. , According to the re- port it hdi ioctitci and arrested army deserters, (ttopped t'ho ■"unc&rground" eervlnj; of ;li9ucri^ to seMiers, assiatftd in regiiftration of arafteea and ia other ways mad5 itself » useful auxiliary ofi th^ governm'ent^ Additional war service i» aow being performed by the volunteer police* in the drilling of drafte>d men. When pre- liminary military training of draftee* was recently advocaied by the War-De-' partment,"' marryS- of the Pennsylvanin Home Dtfinse^p'olice units alrcipdy Were engaged in that work; They had tinder- -taken it out of TocaJ' ihterestJ in boys 5 called to -the army from their ,home counties. This preliminary training it of v^Iue to the draftcoi m procuring speedy promotion. i'^tin8>"lvania'e raetlioS- 'of creating the volunteer police force is highly -cbmmeaded hy ofticiats of thi^ NVar'Dcpartra< and is cited .by them as i model for other States. , / < ■ _ ( I _ I ii-,i, - ■ ' — - -■ -'-' 54 More Than 6000- Orators .Make "Spoken V7ord In- strument of Victory" No Part df State, However 'Remote, But Has Its Stir- ring. Message Rfieclal (o Tlie Inqutrer. IXQVTRER. BD/iKAU, HOS O Bt. y. W. yVASHINaTON, D. C, Oct. 13 — Pcnnsylvaaia leads the cottntry in mak; Ing the "spoken word an instrmnent of rletory." More than bU thousand fonr- mitmte men are in eerrice in the speak- itg div^Bion of the Pennsylvania Council W National Def«nee, acr-erdin* to h .re- port from that ofcaxd^ation ♦.o W, Mc- Cormick Blair, aationai chalnrtnn of four-minute men. As there axe about- 42*000 four-minute • facn in the entire c6ui)ty, PennBTlTaijlB elone pocfioHses one-«eTebth or the Nation's orfrinized sp«aklag forces. The plaa under -which the PennsylvaBia four-mifinte men are boosting the sale of the Fourth Liberty Loan <*iTies tie appeal to the remotest eectiona ,of the State. Bach of the «iirt7-Beven counties tf Pennsylvania, the report shows, has its compiet«r four-minnte men organization in cfiarje of a chairman, pnd tnerft-Bre 643 lo«»l chairmen. The county chair- men ore ^onped Inifive districts, under district dipectonj, end "the complete or- nmzauotx is under control of 'the Btate director, Benjamin H. Ludlow, at- State headauart^rs, ' Philadelphia. A Inotor car campaigti ie a feature of "carrying the ' message.^ The speakers, reach ev*n the crosa-roads commacitics and hamlets. In' orfler that, no rurtJ Bettleroflnts may be over- looked, rouUnp of the speaking, tours is arranged witb the help of Govern- ment geed«tlc survey msps, wbJ6h are' ■applied to chairmen. These maps shdw the "loontion of every' dwelling in the 'State, ai^d it iq the job of the four- Miuute men to get a Iwod argument to lioiiseholds, no matter how remote, persWag veterenn from the fighting front and soldierji in fuD service equip- . merit; accompany the speakera on toUfs to cOi\v«y the Vsi- atmosphere to places where the Unitsd Statee uniform is 'rarely eeen and a lodk at • real fljfht- faig man ia oomet{\lnf of an Ipapirauon. W»r fiiaa are showp zii6 one of the •troDgeat i!ubr.crit)t;c>£v appeiJa is made ' tfcroujJi reference to ■ each' commvinlty ■ t» the irrdividnftl flc«tiftf ita-TXiJrs er». jd&Ing "Socseifheie,. In Frtoce'.", %■ Has Proved Capable of Meeting Any Transportation Emei'gen- cy Throughout State. iJhila, Prose Ftara, a sloff Orresporident. Washinsrton, D. C, Nov. S.^That Pcniisylvania has a motor sei-vice cap- abj^ of meeting. any transportation emer- gency In the work of tlie war Is Bhown by n. report from the Stato Council of National Defense to the Cou.nall oi National JDetense, mads public today, ■ft hen the Highways Transport Commit- tee of the Council of National DefenBe recently undertook to organize arabordi- nate . committees In each State for a more thorouBh utilization . of the na- tion's I highways transport roGource"9 It obtained tlie most efficient. Immediate co-operation In Penrjsj'lvai-.ia. It was . unnecessai-y to create new machinery there, because the Pennsyl- vania Council of National Defense in Its n«rtor truck department already poh- sesfled a Statewide , organisation which, .tn larS'e measure, v/os carrying- out Uie policies advocated by tha HS&hv/ays Transport Committee. The report presenta a summary of Pennsylvania's motor acUvlUes. One o? the first tteps taken by David 'S. Lud- lum, former State Motors Director, and now chairman of the PennsylvanIai.Hlgh- ways Tran!?i)ort Committee, wa.s a eerv- Ico registry of twenty-five , per cent, of tl)e three hundred thousand pleasure cars of the ^Statc, ten per cent, of the regis- tered cars being held ovaJlable for* emergency service • at all times. .. This service has been rendered In all 'coun- ties for Liberty Loan drives, also in transportation of war and munition workers, and In somo Instances In mffV- Ing military bodies. Particularly vki- uablo eer\i(5e was given in transport- ing nurses, doctors, medical stores and In conveying stricken persons during tho Influenza epldetrUc. Trucks equipped as .ambulances, saved the dajf . In many devastated districts. A truck service supplementing the paspengcr service has done good work In hauling baggage . of Kirattee.i. mov- ing erani and other equipment and mll- tary Ktorcs. also hauling: wood from Jie fore^t^ to cities, to aid the Fuel ^mlnistraUon's conservation vtror^ O. R, M. 65 Deacidified using the Bookkeep Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Treatment Date; ti*y PreservationTechm A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRE! 111 Thomson Partt Drive Cranberry Tnwnchin PA LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 007 690 781 A