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A HISTORY 
 
 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT 
 
 UNIYERSITY OF PENNSYLYANIA 
 
 FOIJA"DATION IN 1165. 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE LIVES OF DECEASED PROFESSORS. 
 
 BY 
 
 JOSEPH CARSON, M. D., 
 
 PROFESSOR OF MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, ETC. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON 
 
 1869. 
 

 Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1869, by 
 
 JOSEPH CARSON, M.D., 
 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States in and for the Eastern 
 District of the State of Pennsylvania. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA : 
 COLLINS, PRINTER, 105 JAYNE STREET. 
 
TO THE ALUMXI 
 
 OF THE 
 
 :VIEDICAL DEPARTMENT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UXIYEESITT OF PEXNSTLYAl^IA, 
 
 fbis M0rk 
 
 IS 
 
 RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED 
 
 BY 
 
 THEIR OBEDIENT SERVANT 
 
 THE AUTHOR 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The author of this History of the Medical Department of 
 the University of Pennsylvania was appointed to deliver the 
 opening lecture of the course of 1865, on the occasion of the 
 centenary anniversary. That lecture, delivered at the request 
 of the Faculty, consisted of a succinct statement of events 
 preceding, and of the circumstances connected with, the 
 foundation of the Medical School, with an exposition of the 
 character and labors of the individuals who were prominent 
 in the enterprise of transferring medical education from the 
 Old World to the New, and who by their learning, talents, 
 and energy contributed to its success. It was written for 
 public delivery, and was by no means a complete history of 
 the Medical Department of the University. 
 
 Although urged to the publication of that lecture, the 
 author conceived that a more extended account should be 
 given of the origin and progress of the School, and that a 
 fuller notice should be presented of the lives of the emi- 
 nent men who, by establishing its reputation and extending 
 its usefulness, were identified with its history. A consider- 
 able amount of materials had been collected to accomplish 
 this object, but the entire field of research had not been 
 exhausted, and many sources of information still remained 
 available. In the intervals of leisure since the period re- 
 ferred to, the author has been steadily employed in collecting 
 
 1* 
 
VI PEEFACE. 
 
 all tlie materials necessary for the extended history that is 
 now placed before the medical public. 
 
 It is proper to state that a brief account of the Medical 
 School has been in print for many years, prepared originally 
 by Professor Wood as a valedictory discourse to the class of 
 1836. This was subsequently printed in connection with the 
 catalogue of the graduates. Another notice of the Medical 
 Department, by the same author, is contained in a General 
 History of the College and University published in the third 
 volume of the " Transactions of the Historical Society of 
 Pennsylvania;" these have been employed for comparison 
 and verification of impressions derived from original au- 
 thorities. 
 
 The main sources from which the author has derived his 
 materials are the Minutes of the Board of Trustees and those 
 of the Medical Faculty. The former are entire from the 
 foundation of the Academy and College; while the latter date 
 from 1800. He has also consulted the Minutes of the Penn- 
 sylvania Hospital, and of the Philosophical Society, and the 
 manuscript documents preserved in the Historical Society, 
 as well as the public papers, more particularly the " Pennsyl- 
 vania Gazette" and the " Pennsylvania Journal." To these 
 may be added numerous original letters in his own posses- 
 sion. He is largely indebted to biographies — many of them 
 extremely rare — of the Professors who, at different epochs, 
 have been connected with the University, and to the pam- 
 phlets and documents contained in the Philadelphia Library, 
 as well as in the libraries of the Philosophical and the His- 
 torical Societies, and more especially in that of the Penn- 
 sylvania Hospital, which is rich not only in medical science, 
 but in medical history. 
 
 Eeference has been made to every source from which in- 
 formation is derived. There are, moreover, several mooted 
 points discussed in the progress of the history which the 
 
PEEFACE. Vll 
 
 author lias endeavored to place in their correct light; in 
 doing which it seemed just that the authority upon which 
 statements are made should be open for examination. 
 
 In the publication of the work, great pleasure is taken in 
 acknowledging the obligation the author is under to his 
 friend, Dr. La Eoche, for assistance with the revision, and for 
 many valuable suggestions that have been adopted. 
 
 The work has occupied much time in its preparation, and 
 entailed a large amount of labor, ample recompense for which 
 will be received should it subserve the design for which it 
 has been written — namely, to communicate to his fellow- 
 alumni all the information he has been able to gather with 
 respect to the history of their Alma Mater. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introduction 17 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 The first physicians of Pennsylvania — Their education abroad — Their 
 professional and public influence — The succeeding generation of 
 medical men, and their education at home and abroad — Their cha- 
 racter and labors — The institution of the American Philosophical 
 Society, and of the Pennsylvania Hospital . . . . .26 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Commencement of medical teaching in America — Dr. Cadwalader's 
 lectures on anatomy in Philadelphia — Dr. Hunter's lectures at New- 
 port — Dr. Shippen, Jr., opens an anatomical school — Dr. Fother- 
 giirs contributions for teaching anatomy — Dr. John Morgan, his 
 education and early labors — Dr. Shippen' s education and studies — 
 Dr. Morgan submits his plan of a medical school to the trustees of 
 the college 39 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Foundation of the College of Philadelphia — Application of Dr. Morgan 
 — His appointment to the professorship of theory and practice of 
 physic — His public discourse — Dr. Shippen appointed Professor of 
 Anatomy and Surgery — Organization of the medical department — 
 Dr. Bond delivers clinical lectures in the Pennsylvania Hospital — 
 Rules for the government of the medical department of the College — 
 Dr. Wm. Smith's lectures on natural and experimental philosophy . 52 
 
 CHAPTER Y. 
 
 Dr. Adam Kuhn ; education and appointment to the professorship of 
 botany and materia medica — Fees of the college — Degree of Br.che- 
 lor of Medicine conferred in 1768 — Degree of Doctor of Medicine 
 
: CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 conferred in New York in 1769 — Commencement exercises of tlie 
 college on the occasion of conferring the degree of M. B. — Dr. Ben- 
 jamin Rush ; his education and correspondence while in Europe ; 
 appointment to the professorship of chemistry — First faculty of 
 medicine organized — Commencement of 1771 64 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Connection between the medical department of the College of Phila- 
 delphia and that of the University of Edinburgh — Sketch of the 
 origin of the Edinburgh school and of its position in 1768 — Dr. 
 Cullen 77 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Effect of the American Revolution upon the College of Philadelphia — 
 Abrogation of its charter and the establishment of the University of 
 the State of Pennsylvania — Restoration of the charter and privileges 
 to the college — Union of the two institutions under the name of 
 University of Pennsylvania 86 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Death of Dr. Hutchinson — Sketch of his life — Election of Dr. Wood- 
 house to the professorship of chemistry — Resignation of Dr. Griffitts 
 — Sketch of his life — Election of Dr. Barton to the chair of materia 
 medica — Resignation of Dr. Kuhn and election of Dr. Rush to the 
 chair of practice — Creation of the chair of surgery and election of 
 Dr. Physick, professor — First recognition of the ad eundem footing. 
 Petition to the legislature with respect to irregular practitioners — 
 Death of Dr. Shippen and election of Dr. Wistar — Death of Dr. 
 Woodhouse and sketch of his life — Election of Dr. Coxe to the chair 
 of chemistry — Opinion of the faculty with respect to chemistry 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Separation of Obstetrics from the Chair of Anatomy — Estimation of 
 this branch in Europe, and its elevation to an equal position with 
 other branches of the Medical Schools— Dr. Shippen's endeavors to 
 improve its condition in America — Election of Dr. James to the 
 Chair of Obstetrics in the University of Pennsylvania — The tardy 
 admission of the subject to an equality with others — Mode of exam- 
 ining for degrees — New By-Laws for the regulation of the Medical 
 Department — Rules for graduation 110 
 
CONTEXTS. XI 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Death of Dr. Rush — His services to the Medical School and his doc- 
 trines — Election of Dr. Barton to the Chair of Practice, and of Dr. 
 Chapman to that of Materia Medica — Death of Dr. Barton — Sketch 
 of his life and labors as a teacher and naturalist — Election of Dr. 
 Chapman to the Professorship of Practice, and of Dr. Dorsey to 
 that of Materia Medica 120 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 A Faculty of Natural Sciences organized by the Board of Trustees. 
 Death of Dr. Wistar — Sketch of his life and services to the Univer- 
 sity — Anatomical Museum — Dr. Dorsey succeeds Dr. Wistar — Death 
 of Dr. Dorsey — Sketch of his life — Transfer of Dr. Physick to the 
 Chair of Anatomy — Election of Dr. Gibson to the Chair of Surgery 
 — Dr. Horner appointed Adjunct Professor of Anatomy . . . 134 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Degrees in Pharmacy — Foundation of six studentships in the Medical 
 Department — Appointment of Dr. Dewees Adjunct Professor of Ob- 
 stetrics and the Diseases of Women and Children — Settlement of the 
 ad eundem footing of other Schools of Medicine — Application for the 
 transfer of the Botanical Professorship to the Medical Faculty — Ap- 
 pointment of Dr. Samuel Jackson as an Assistant to the Professor of 
 Practice, &c., to teach the Institutes of Medicine — Resignation of 
 Dr. Physick ; sketch of his life and services — Election of Dr. Horner 
 to the Chair of Anatomy 145 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Resignation of Dr. James — Sketch of his life — Dr. Dewees elected Pro- 
 fessor of Obstetrics — Retirement of Dr. Coxe from the Chair of 
 Materia Medica — Sketch of his life — Restitution of the Chair of In- 
 stitutes — Election of Dr. .Jackson to it — Election of Dr. Wood to the 
 Professorship of Materia Medica and Pharmacy — Resignation of Dr. 
 Dewees and election of Dr. Hodge — Sketch of the life of Dr. Dewees 
 — Faculty as organized in 1835 ' 154 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Resignation of Dr. Hare — Sketch of his life — Election of Dr. James B. 
 Rogers to the Chair of Chemistry — Change in the lecture term — Resig- 
 nation of Dr. Chapman — Sketch of his life — Election of Dr. Wood to the 
 Chair of Practice, and of Dr. Carson to that of Materia Medica and Phar- 
 macy 165 
 
Xll CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTEE XV. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Death of Dr. James B. Kogers — Sketch of his life — Election of Dr. 
 Eobert E. Rogers to the Chair of Chemistry — Death of Dr. Horner — 
 Sketch of his life — Election of Dr. Leidy to the Chair of Anatomy — • 
 Resignation of Dr. Gibson, Sketch of his Life — Election of Dr. 
 Henry H. Smith to the Professorship of Surgery — Resignation of 
 Dr. Wood — Election of Dr. Pepper to the Chair of Practice — Re- 
 signation of Dr. Jackson and of Dr. Hodge — Election of Dr. F. Q. 
 Smith to the Chair of Institutes, and of Dr. Penrose to that of 
 Obstetrics — Resignation of Dr. Pepper and his decease — Sketch of 
 his life — Election of Dr. A. Stille to the Chair of Practice — Supple- 
 mentary Course of Lectures 180 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 Clinical instruction 192 
 
 f 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 University Buildings and accommodations for the delivery of the 
 lectures 305 
 
 Appendix . . . 213 
 
 Index . . . . . . .223 
 
HISTORY 
 
 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE UNIYERSITY 
 OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 INTEODUCTION. 
 
 The most enlightened nations of all periods have per- 
 ceived the advantages, and zealously promoted the forma- 
 tion of colonial settlements. Accordingly those nations who 
 most figure in the records of history were more or less 
 engaged, at the acme of their prosperity, in thus extending 
 the sphere of their inflaence and authority. In the language 
 of William Penn, " Colonies are the seeds of nations, begun 
 and nourished by the care of wise and populous countries, as 
 conceiving them best for the increase of human stock, and 
 beneficial for commerce."^ 
 
 Without detailing the numerous instances of enterprise in 
 this direction, or the circumstances attending their varied 
 fortune, it will be pertinent to the subject of present interest 
 to state prominently the fact, that of all the races who have 
 been thus distinguished, not one has been more successful 
 than that branch of the Teutonic stock from which we are 
 lineally descended. Conqueror of the Eoman Empire, and 
 the legitimate inheritor of its glory, the race of Teutons has 
 sent its sons broadcast over the earth, and has its offshoots, 
 
 ' Penn, in issuing his proposals, entered into an elaborate argument to 
 show the advantages of colonization. — Penn's Works, fol. Annals of 
 Pennsylvania, by Samuel Hazard, pp. 305. 
 
 2 
 
18 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 as fJourisliing communities, on every continent. Deriving 
 our descent from this redoubtable people through Anglo- 
 Saxon ancestry, we are in this land to-day the representa- 
 tives of a civilization which has never lost a foot of soil to 
 which it has been transplanted, nor yielded, by force of arms, 
 to any rival or competitor for supremacy; for wherever 
 Anglo-Saxon domination has been carried, there has it been 
 permanently established. 
 
 The colonists of North America had all the qualities to 
 secure a permanent foothold, and to extend territorial domin- 
 ion. They seem to have counted the cost of relinquishing 
 the attractions and advantages of European civilization, and 
 having determined to cast their lot in a distant land, and 
 settle in a wilderness, were ready to undergo the privations, 
 hardships, and frequent perils incident to so bold an under-, 
 taking. With stout hearts, vigorous frames, firm and un- 
 wavering faith, and confidence in an unconquerable will to 
 surmount obstacles necessarily to be encountered, they perse- 
 vered tenaciously in their efforts, and, slowly emerging from 
 their difficulties, were eminently successful in converting the 
 primeval forest into a dwelling-place of abundance and 
 luxury. The country they were preordained to subjugate, 
 and to transmit as an inheritance to their children, was no 
 El Dorado. To obtain gold or silver, or precious stones, 
 from its streams or mountains, entered into the imagination 
 only of the wildest dreamers ; but it possessed a virgin soil 
 of untold richness, and bays and rivers of vast proportions ; 
 and it had every requisite for the support of an industrious, 
 ^enterprising, self-reliant people, who would bestow their 
 labor without stint, and by the sweat of their brow render 
 nature herself conducive to the acquisition of independence, 
 prosperity, and wealth. The settlers soon discovered that 
 their land of promise was a cereal producing countr}?", by the 
 cultivation of which bread could be produced in abundance 
 for domestic demand, and to spare; that the plough and the 
 sickle were the engines of present and prospective affluence, 
 and that upon the use of these must depend everything that 
 contributes to the erection of a flourishing community, of a 
 first-class power among the nations, with its commerce, manu- 
 
THE UXIVERSITY OF FENXSYLVAXIA. 19 
 
 factures, and arts.^ In 1680 Malilon Stacy wrote thus to a 
 friend in England, from New Jersey: "We have wanted 
 nothing since we came hither but the company of our good 
 friends and acquaintances; all our people are very well, and 
 in a hopeful way to live much better than they ever did, and 
 not only so, but to provide well for their posterity. I live 
 as well to my content, and in as great plenty as ever I did, 
 and in a far more likely way to make an estate."^ 
 
 Writers upon political economy, when estimating the 
 sources of the wealth and prosperity of nations, have given 
 comparatively too little attention to the importance of one 
 natural family of the vegetable kingdom, the Graminede; yet 
 with reference to ourselves, its cultivation was the foundation 
 of our first successes, of our prodigious growth and augmen- 
 tation, of our moral and intellectual elevation, and of our 
 influence upon mankind. Food, then, has been made a 
 dominant power, and all creation virtually recognizes the 
 truth of the assertion. 
 
 WitJ^ the relief from^ anxiety and concern for immediate 
 and temporary requirements, and an improvement in material 
 sources of prosperity, came new wants, spontaneously arising, 
 to a thriving, active, and reasoning people. The need of 
 literary and scientific cultivation was fully understood, and 
 incited to practical endeavors to meet its suggestions. The 
 school and the schoolmaster were early introduced as an 
 institution, and we may advert with interest, not unmingled 
 with pleasure and pride, to the former days when the rustic 
 school-house and the "Log College" were the seats of educa- 
 
 ' That enthusiastic writer, Gabriel Thomas, when speaking of the crops 
 of the settlers, informs us that " Their sorts of grain are Wheat, Rye, Pease, 
 Oats, Barley, Buckwheat, Rice, Indian Corn, Indian Pease, and Beans, 
 with great quantities of Hemp and Flax, as also several sorts of eating Roots 
 and Turnips, Potatoes, Carrots, Parsnips, etc., all of which are produced 
 yearly in greater quantities than in England. There are several Husband- 
 men who sow yearly between seventy and eighty acres of Wheat, each, 
 besides Barley, Gates, Pease, and Beans/' — An Historical and Geographi- 
 cal Account of the Province and Country of Pennsylvania and of West 
 Jersey in America, etc., by Gabriel Thomas, who resided there about 
 fifteen years: London, 1698, p. 10. 
 
 ^ Smith's New Jersey, p. 114. ^ 
 
20 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 tion and learning of tlie country, when, witli spelling and 
 reading, with writing and arithmetic, the classics and philo- 
 sophy constituted the daily round of teaching imposed on 
 one professor. From such humble beginnings have pro- 
 ceeded the most successful and elaborately-organized educa- 
 tional establishments, which having acquired a world-wide 
 reputation, and in the full tide of usefulness, are evidences 
 of the intelligence and refinement of the nation. 
 
 Besides the necessity of systematic instruction for the pro- 
 secution of the increasing business of the people, and for the 
 extension of their relations at home and abroad, there was 
 soon felt that of providing for the future successful perform- 
 ance of professional duties. As population multiplied, this 
 need was thoroughly appreciated. The educated men had 
 become, from the earliest period of the settlements, the lead- 
 ing characters, whether occupied in administering the laws, 
 and governing the State, in expounding the doctrines of 
 religious belief, or in administering to the sick ; and hence 
 a respect for the higher orders of learning which were re- 
 garded as conducive to efficiency and usefalness became 
 fixed in the minds of the community. The first practi- 
 tioners of the healing art had been educated in the parent 
 country; when following the fortunes of their less gifted 
 countrymen they had become participants of their struggles 
 and trials. Such were the few medical men who first landed 
 on our shores, and who encountered all the difficulties of 
 administering to the ailments incident to a new climate, 
 aggravated by deficient facilities of protection from the ele- 
 ments and exposure. They were, in many instances, pos- 
 sessed of a thorough education and of classical accomplish- 
 ments, and nobly sustained their part in the untried scenes 
 through which they passed. 
 
 In some cases the theological and medical professions were 
 united in the same individual, medicine being studied as an 
 accessory science, with the especial view — as is now fre- 
 quently done by our missionaries — to meet the exigencies of 
 administering, if required, not only in spiritual concerns, but 
 in bodily derangements. This union of the clerical and 
 medical professions has been adverted to by Dr. Thatcher, 
 
THE UXIVER3ITY OF PEXXSYLYAXIA. 21 
 
 who thus explains it: ''The inducements to emigrate, with 
 the large proportion of the colonists, was of a religious 
 nature. They were restive and unhappy under the restric- 
 tions and even persecutions which emanated from the bigotry 
 of the Church Establishment of England." "The Puritan 
 clergy of England were, for more than twenty years prior to 
 the emigration of the first settlers, subjected to the sharpest 
 persecution. Hence, as a precautionary measure in case of 
 an ejectment, a considerable number of clergymen of that 
 period were educated to the medical profession, and not a 
 few were eminent practitioners before they crossed the At- 
 lantic. When these professional men came to form connec- 
 tions in the Colonies, it was found that the small congrega- 
 tions were unable to afford them a comfortable support; 
 hence the necessity and convenience of their resorting to 
 secular avocations." 
 
 Dr. Sewell remarks, in this connection, that " so far were 
 the professions of Divinity and Medicine united that the 
 clergy not only prescribed for the sick, but entered into 
 medical controversies, and wrote practical works on the dis- 
 eases of the country." There were several medical works 
 published in America at an early date by divines. A physi- 
 cian as well as a learned clergyman of Boston, Thomas 
 Thatcher, in 1677, published a work entitled, "A Brief Guide 
 in the Smallpox and Measles." This was soon followed by 
 the work of another clergyman, which bore the title of 
 " A Good Management under the Distemper of the Measles."^ 
 The Rev. Benjamin Colman, also of Boston, printed a small 
 pamphlet entitled, "Some Account of the New Method of 
 Eeceiving the Smallpox, by Grafting or Inoculating." Ka- 
 thaniel Williams wrote a pamphlet on the " Method of the 
 Practice in the Smallpox," published in 1730. And Thomas 
 Howard, in 1732, put forth a treatise upon Pharmacy.-^ Even 
 
 ^ A Lecture delivered at the opening of the Medical Department of 
 Columbia College, in the District of Columbia, March 30, 1825, by Thomas 
 Sewell, M. D., Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, Washington City, 
 (p. 8.) 
 
 2 An Historical Sketch of the state of Medicine in the American Colonies 
 from their first settlement to the period of the Revolution, by John B. 
 Beck, M. D. — Transactions of the New York State Medical Society, 1850. 
 
22 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 as late as 1775, we find, in the "Pennsylvania Magazine" for 
 April, tlie history of a malignant fever, attended with some 
 new symptoms, in Sussex County, Delaware, by the Kev. Mr. 
 Matthew Wilson, of Lewestown.^ 
 
 The two avocations, however, occasionally interfered with 
 each other, as is illustrated by the following incident : In a 
 neighboring State, a theological physician was in the midst 
 of his usual Sunday services when a message was conveyed 
 to him that a negro girl was dangerously ill and needed his 
 medical attention. Having no other means in the pulpit of 
 giving his directions, he seized a hymn-book and wrote upon 
 the fly-leaf, "Let the wench be blooded, and wait until I 
 come." The book is now in the possession of the clerical 
 grandson of the clerical doctor, who in his day was an influ- 
 ential personage. 
 
 It must not be supposed that from the very commencement 
 of the settlements there was the highest degree of skill, or 
 consummate learning. The colonists, in the infancy of their 
 establishments, were apparently satisfied with a moderate 
 amount of professional competency. It is recorded that 
 "Jan Petersen, from Alfendolft, was employed as barber 
 (as surgeons were then denominated) on South Eiver (Dela- 
 ware) at ten guilders per month from the 1st of July, 1638."^ 
 At a little later period, we are told by Gordon that the 
 salary of a secretary in New Sweden was eight dollars a 
 month, of a barber ten, and of a provost six. He adds : " We 
 must not infer from comparison of the wages of the secretary 
 and barber, that the latter was most valued, though most 
 appreciated. The first had doubtless the most honor, though 
 the second had a greater compensation in base lucre."^ 
 
 When the Swedish possessions had passed into the hands 
 of the Dutch, the Director of the colony at New Arnstel 
 (afterwards New Castle), Aldricks, writes "that our actual 
 situation is certainly very distressing by an ardent prevailing 
 fever, and other diseases, by which the large majority of the 
 inhabitants are oppressed and broken down; besides that, our 
 
 ' The letter giving this account is dated March 22, 1775. 
 
 2 Annals of Pennsylvania, p. 49, from Albany Papers. 
 
 3 The History of New Jersey, by Thomas F. Gordon, p. 13. 
 
THE UXIYERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 23 
 
 barber died, and another, well acquainted with his profession, 
 is very sick."^ The practice of the times was probably con- 
 fined to bleeding, and the administration of salts and simples. 
 These did not always succeed, however, for in some of the 
 references in connection with epidemic disorders, it is stated 
 that this mode of treatment was unsuccessful. A low type of 
 disease may have been prevalent. 
 
 There are other allusions made to the Dutch-Swedish 
 Colony on the Delaware. In a letter from Aldricks to the 
 Director-General, Stuyvesant, March, 1659, the "causes" 
 then operating against it are stated; among others, "that 
 prevailing violent sickness which wasted a vast deal of goods 
 and blood from one year to another, and which not only 
 raged here, but everywhere throughout this province, and 
 Avhich consequently retarded, not only our progress in agri- 
 culture, but threw a damp over other undertakings." In 1660, 
 Beekman, the Collector, speaks of "Peter Tenneman to be 
 employed as a surgeon by the Company," and adds: "We are 
 in want of a good surgeon, as it happened already more than 
 once ; thereto we wanted very much Mr. Williams, the barber 
 (surgeon) in this city; but having then some patients there 
 (probably New York) he could not come hither, and when he 
 came he often had not by him such medicaments as the 
 patients required, wherefore the sick are suffering."^ 
 
 These extracts furnish an .interesting view of the posture 
 of affairs, and of the difS.culties encountered at the period. 
 
 The profession has always been burdened with charlatans, 
 and the early history of it in this country presents no excep- 
 tion. Smith, who wrote in 1758, when speaking of the pro- 
 fession of ]^ew York, says: "A few physicians among us are 
 eminent for their skill. Quacks abound like locusts in Egypt, 
 and too many have been recommended to a full practice and 
 profitable subsistence; this is less to be wondered at, as the 
 
 ' This picture differs from a somewhat spiteful one of affairs by Gabriel 
 Thomas: " Of Lawyers and Physicians I shall say nothing, because this 
 Countrey is very Peaceable and Healty {sic) ; long may it so continue, and 
 never have occasion for the Tongue of the one, nor the Pen of the other — 
 both equally destructive to Men's Estates and Lives ; besides, forsooth, 
 they, Hangman like, have a License to Murder and make Mischief."— Op. 
 cit., p. 32. 
 
 * Annals of Pennsylvania, p. 308. 
 
24 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 profession is under no kind of regulation. Loud as ttie call 
 is, to our shame be it remembered, we have no law to protect 
 the lives of the king's subjects from the malpractice ^ of pre- 
 tenders. Any man, at his pleasure, sets up for physician, 
 apothecary, and chirurgeon. No candidates are either exam- 
 ined, licensed, or were sworn to fair practice."^ This condi- 
 tion of things was also exhibited by Dr. Peter Middleton in 
 his introductory lecture in 1768, upon the opening of the 
 Medical School, who stigmatized a class of practitioners as 
 the "needy outcasts of other places in the character of 
 doctors."^ 
 
 There is an instinctive tendency among scientific men, 
 when transplanted to new and unexplored localities, to inves- 
 tigate the objects of natural interest to which they are intro- 
 duced, and none could have been better calculated to arouse 
 curiosity, or lead to exploration, than the surroundings of 
 the colonial physicians. The natural science with which they 
 were best acquainted 'was botany. It had necessarily entered 
 into their studies as an element of medic^^l education, and was 
 so closely associated with the therapeutical methods of the 
 time, that the transition was an easy and attractive one from 
 the study of the plants to which they had been accustomed 
 to unknown productions everywhere thrust upon their obser- 
 vation. 
 
 The rich and resplendent Flora of North America was a 
 subject for wonder and contemplation to the true votary of 
 nature, well calculated to awaken his enthusiasm, irrespective 
 of the practical application that might be made of its study 
 and investigation to the interests of humanity. When Pro- 
 fessor Kalm, of Obo, a distinguished naturalist, was sent by the 
 Universities of Sweden and the Government to this country in 
 1748, he landed in Philadelphia, and thus narrates his impres- 
 sions: "I found that I was now come into a new world. Wher- 
 ever I looked to the ground I everywhere found such plants 
 as I had never seen before. When I saw a tree, I was forced 
 to stop and ask those who accompanied me, how it was called. 
 The first plant which struck my eyes was an andropogon^ or 
 
 ' History of New York, by William Smith, A. M., p. 336. 
 2 See Beck's Historical -Sketch, before quoted. 
 
THE UXIYERSITY OF PEXXSYLVAXIA. 25 
 
 kind of grass — and grass is a part of botany I always de- 
 lighted in, I was seized with terror at the thought of 
 ranging through so man}^ new and unknown parts of natural 
 history/'^ This was an instinctive expression of feeling on 
 the part of one of the most accomplished naturalists of the 
 age. The colonial physicians were not neglectful of resources 
 that lay within their reach. Stimulated by a desire to render 
 themselves independent in the supply of their remedial 
 agents, they made important discoveries in regard to the_ 
 value of indigenous plants, which have stood the test of expe- 
 rience. By them standard additions were made to the Mate- 
 ria Medica list, not only of this country, but of Europe. 
 Some of the medicinal productions of the continent of 
 America were known to the aborigines.^ The names of 
 Clayton, Tennant, Lining, Chalmers, Garden, Shoeff, Colden, 
 and Mitchell, may be honorably mentioned in association 
 with the botanical productions of North America; and in 
 compliment to several of them Linn^us named such genera 
 as emanated from their researches. It is stated that Dr. Ten- 
 nant received one hundred pounds from the Virginia legis- 
 lature, in 1739, in consequence of the discovery of the efiicacy 
 of senega in pleuris}^. Dr. Garden's name is closely con- 
 nected with the recognition of the anthelmintic properties of 
 Spigelia Marilandica.^ 
 
 * Kalm's Travels in North. America, vol. i. p. 31. 
 
 ^ The way in which the resources of the country were viewed by certain 
 persons who wrote upon the subject at an early date, may be judged of 
 from the following extract of Gabriel Thomas's account of Pennsylvania, 
 published in 1698 : "There are also many curious and excellent 'physical 
 wild herbs, roots, and drugs, of great virtue and very sanative, as the 
 sassafras and sarsaparilla, so much used in diet drinks, for the cure of the 
 venereal disease, which makes the Indians, by a right application of 
 them, as able doctors and surgeons as any in Europe, performing celebrated 
 cures therewith, and by the use of some particular pZcm^.s only, find remedy 
 in all swellings, burnings, cuts, etc. There grows also in great plenty 
 the black snakeroot (famed for its sometimes preserving from, but often 
 curing the plague, being infused only in whine, brandy, or rumm), rattle- 
 snake root, pokeroot — called, in England, jallop — with several other bene- 
 ficial herbs, plants, roots, which physicians have approved of, far exceed- 
 ing in nature and virtue those of other countries." — Op. cit., p. 18. 
 
 ^ An interesting lecture upon this subject was published by Professor 
 Wood, introductory to his course of 1840, University of Pennsylvania. 
 See, also, Thatcher's Medical Biography. 
 
26 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 CHAPTEK II. 
 
 The first physicians of Pennsylvania — Their education abroad — Their 
 professional and public influence — The succeeding generation of medical 
 men, and their education at home and abroad — Their character and 
 labors — The institution of the American Philosophical Society, and of 
 the Pennsylvania Hospital. 
 
 When Penn made up his company of emigrants, which, 
 under his own guidance, landed on the shores of the Dela- 
 ware in 1682, he was not unmindful of the medical wants of 
 his incipient colony. Several well-educated members of the 
 profession united their destiny with that of the party who 
 arrived that year. It is known that one at least of these 
 physicians was on board the Proprietary's own vessel, the 
 Welcome, where his services were called into requisition on the 
 voyage from England, as smallpox broke out among the crew 
 and passengers shortly after their embarkation. The attention 
 of a practitioner of the healing art must have been beneficial 
 to those who were attacked by the disease, and, under such ap- 
 palling circumstances, his presence must have been a source of 
 encouragement and comfort to all who constituted the adven- 
 turous company. The individual referred to as having been 
 on board the Welcome was Thomas Wynne} Another skilful 
 
 ' Mr. Edward Armstrong, the editor of the reprinted vol. i. of the 
 Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, has taken pains to 
 ascertain who were the individuals accompanying William Penn in the 
 Welcome. The name of Thomas Wynne has been determined to be upon 
 the list. We have reason to suppose that there were many, not enume- 
 rated, with respect to whom the direct proof is lost that they were in the 
 same vessel as the Proprietary. With the scanty data that are now acces- 
 sible, it is impossible to specify with accuracy of whom the entire company 
 was composed. Several vessels arrived during the autumn and winter of 
 the same year, and other individuals of the medical profession may have 
 been passengers in them. — Appendix to vol. i. Mem. of Hist. Soc. of Pa., 
 p. 33, and note. 
 
THE UNIYEKSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 27 
 
 physician who arrived at this period was Dr. Griffith Oiven. 
 It appears from the records that the sphere of operation in 
 the immediate line of medical practice was too limited for all 
 of the gentlemen who had arrived, and as they were men of 
 the highest order of intelligence and acquirement, their talents 
 were turned to account in organizing the settlement. Dr. 
 Wynne was a Welsh gentleman, and is said to have practised 
 previously with reputation in London. After serving as 
 Speaker of the first Provincial Assembly of Pennsylvania, 
 and being much employed in political business, he died in 
 ten years from his arrival. From his public position he 
 appears to have paid but little attention to medicine. Dr. 
 Wynne left a son-in-law, Dr. Edward Jones, also one of the 
 emigrants of 1682.^ He settled in Merion Township, near 
 Philadelphia, and enjoyed considerable repute as a physician. 
 
 Dr. Griffith Owen, whose merit and ability raised him to 
 several offices of trust, continued his vocation as physician, 
 ''in which he was very knowing and eminent," as we are 
 informed by Proud.^ This gentleman, indeed, appears to have 
 been the chief medical practitioner of Philadelphia, and was 
 highly respected for his professional talents, integrity, and 
 spirit. He left no record of a medical sort, and dying in 
 1717, at about the age of seventy, was succeeded by a son, 
 who practised some time after his father's death.^ Dr. Owen, 
 besides his medical employment, was a preacher among 
 Friends. The individuals of whom mention has been made 
 were in the prime of life when they identified themselves 
 with the success of the newly-created Province. 
 
 A narrative has been given by Thomas Story, of the first 
 recorded surgical operation in Pennsylvania, as. follows: 
 " The next day, being the 1st of the 10th month (December, 
 1699, old style), we went over Chester Creek on a boat to the 
 town, and as the Governor landed (William Penn's second 
 
 ' Prior to 1700, Dr. John Gooclson is spoken of as a surgeon of tlie city, as 
 also Dr. Hodgson ; of these gentlemen nothing has been transmitted to us. 
 
 ^ Proud's History of Pennsylvania. 
 
 ' Eulogium upon Dr. William Shippen, Jr., by Dr. Caspar Wistar. 
 Reference is made to these early physicians by Dr. Caspar Morris, in 
 "Contributions to the Medical History of Pennsylvania." — Trans. Hist. 
 Soc. of Pa., vol. i. 
 
28 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 visit), some young men, officiously, and contrary to express 
 command of some of tlie magistrates, fired two small sea pieces 
 of cannon, and being ambitious of making three out of two, 
 by firing one twice, one of tbe young men, darting in a 
 cartridge of powder before the piece was sponged, had his left 
 hand and arm shot to pieces; upon which a surgeon being 
 sent for from on board a ship then riding, an amputation of 
 the member was quickly resolved on by Dr. Griffith Owen 
 (a Friend), the surgeon, and some other skilful persons pre- 
 sent. But as the arm was cut off, some spirits in a basin 
 happened to take fire, and being spilt on the surgeon's apron, 
 set his clothes on fire, and there being a great crowd of spec- 
 tators, some of them were in the way, and in danger of being 
 scalded, as the surgeon himself was upon his hands and face, 
 but running into the street, the fire was quenched, and so 
 quick was he that the patient lost not very much blood, 
 though left in that open, bleeding condition."^ 
 
 In the progress of time, the inhabitants of the thriving and 
 extended colony of Pennsylvania became so numerous as to 
 require a greater number of medical attendants. In the year 
 1711, Dr. John Kearsley arrived; and in 1717, Dr. Thomas 
 Graeme. Both of these medical men were well educated, 
 and became distinguished citizens. Dr. Kearsley, although 
 throughout his career extensively engaged in the practice of 
 medicine and surgery, was not inattentive to the public inte- 
 rests of the province. He was a favorite of the people, and 
 as a member of the House of Assembly, after advocating their 
 interests in debate, was carried to his home upon their 
 shoulders. From the Eev. Dr. Dorr we learn that "he was 
 for fifty-three years a member of the vestry of Christ Church, 
 and always took an active interest in all its concerns. To 
 him, more than to any other individual, we are indebted for 
 the present beautiful edifice, he having superintended the 
 building from the commencement to its completion, and often 
 was in advance large sums of money to defray the expense 
 
 ^ Journal of the Life of Thomas Story : printed at New Castle-npon- 
 Tyne ; foL, 1747, p. 245. Dr. Owen could not have been the surgeon of 
 the vessel ; he probably had gone to Chester to pay his respects to the 
 Proprietary, William Penn, on his arrival. 
 
THE UXIYERSITY OF PEXXSYLVANIA. 29 
 
 of materials and the bills of workmen." When the church 
 was completed, "on May 11, 1747, the vestry passed a vote 
 of thanks, and ordered a piece of plate of the value of forty 
 pounds, to be given to Dr. John Kearsley, for his care and 
 trouble in rebuilding nad ornamenting the church, and as a 
 lasting testimonial and acknowledgment of his services done 
 for this church and congregation."^ 
 
 Dr. Kearsley died in January, 1772, at the advanced age 
 of eighty years, and " left by his will a large part of his estate 
 both real and personal, in trust to the corporation of the 
 united churches of Christ Church and St. Peter's, to found the 
 institution which he named ' Christ Church Hospital^'' the 
 design of which is to afibrd a comfortable home for respecta- 
 ble, aged, indigent females."^ By judicious management this 
 benefaction has proved a munificent one. 
 
 Dr. Thomas Graeme, after a long career in medicine, in 
 which pursuit he from time to time performed the duty of 
 health officer, became an officer of the customs, and a justice 
 of the Supreme Court. ^ He finally retired to his country 
 seat in Bucks County, where he spent the remainder of his 
 life. This country seat has been known by the name of 
 Graeme Park. 
 
 The influence of the intelligent and educated men whose 
 names have been mentioned, was of incalculable advantage 
 in all the ways where science and learning could be brought 
 into requisition, but especially were their services important 
 as teachers of their art and preceptors of the rising genera- 
 tion. The physicians who succeeded them were natives 
 of the country. Of their number may be named Lloyd 
 Zachary, Thomas Cadwalader, William Shippen, Sr., Thomas 
 Bond, Phineas Bond, Cadwalader Evans, John Eedman, John 
 Bard, and John Kearsley, Jr. Several of these, as Zachary, 
 Eedman, and Kearsley, Jr., were the pupils — or, in the lan- 
 guage. then in vogue, the apprentices of the elder Kearsley, 
 who, if the account speaks truly, was no lenient master. 
 
 ' Historical Account of Christ Church, of Philadelphia, etc., by the Rev. 
 Benjamin Dorr, D. D., 1841, p. 335. 
 2 Ibid. 
 » Pa. Archives, 1728 to 1759. 
 
30 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 " He treated his pupils with great rigor, and subjected them 
 to the most menial employments." An apprenticeship at 
 that time was no sinecure; it was a period of probation 
 attended with toil and exactions. The pupil lived, for the 
 most part, with his master — was constantly subject to his 
 orders, whether in the task of preparing medicines to be used 
 in his daily rounds, in carrying them to the patients, or in 
 making fires, keeping the office clean, and other household 
 duties now devolving upon domestics. " To these. Dr. Bard 
 has been often heard to say, he would never have submitted 
 but from apprehension of giving pain to his excellent mother, 
 and the encouragement he received from the kindness of her 
 particular friend, Mrs. Kearsley, of whom he always spoke 
 in terms of the warmest gratitude, affection, and respect. 
 Under such circumstances he persevered to the end of seven 
 tedious years, stealing his hours of study from sleep, after the 
 family had retired to rest, and before they arose from their 
 beds."^ 
 
 The desire for medical knowledge was not satisfied, on the 
 part of these American pupils, with the limited means of 
 education at the command of their preceptors, who, as far as 
 they were able, bestowed a training in the handicraft of the 
 profession; and it was regarded as important that a visit 
 should be made to Europe to complete the course of acquire- 
 ment. We therefore find that most of the individuals alluded 
 to pursued this plan, and returned to the field of their duty 
 with all the accomplishments that a residence at the schools 
 of the old world could afford to zealous aspirants for useful- 
 ness and distinction. The facilities for improvement which 
 were presented in Edinburgh, in London, or in Paris, attracted 
 thither these neophytes in the healing art; and to good 
 account, as was shown in their subsequent career, did they 
 apply the fund of information there acquired. Another seat 
 of medical improvement was Leyden, which possessed attrac- 
 tions from the distinguished reputation of Boerhaave, of 
 
 ' Memoir of the late Dr. John Bard (American Medical Register, New 
 York, vol. i. p. 61). Dr. Bard subsequently settled in New York, and 
 both he and his son, Dr. Samuel Bard, one of the founders of the New 
 York Medical School, were distinguished practitioners of that city. 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENXSYLVANIA. 31 
 
 Albinus, and of Ganbius. Not a few of the earlier plij- 
 sicians of our country g:i;aduated at that famous University. 
 
 The fruits of the assiduity of these earnest inquirers into 
 the nature and cure of disease are manifest in the valuable 
 contributions made by them to the literature and practice of 
 tlie profession. Their observations in so novel and unde- 
 scribed a field as the maladies of a recently-settled country, 
 whose geographical position was so remote from the ancient 
 haunts of men, could hardly fail to elicit materials for publi- 
 cation which would be received with interest and thankful- 
 ness by contemporaries and colaborers, as well as be calculated 
 to excite attention in foreign lands.^ The endeavors of the 
 early physicians to contribute a share to the advancement of 
 medical science are proofs of a thoughtful cultivation of it, 
 and of a laudable desire to render the experience acquired 
 available to others. They may be referred to with interest 
 as the only means at our command of ascertaining the spirit 
 which actuated and the principles which guided the pioneer 
 fathers of the profession.^ 
 
 But not solely from the achievements of medical men within 
 the limited circle of their professional occupations must we 
 judge of their character and worth. As liberally instructed 
 individuals and as citizens, from the very nature of their 
 
 ' Dr. Cadwalader published an "Essay on the West India Dry Gripes, 
 with the Method of Curing that Cruel Distemper. To which is added an 
 Extraordinary Case in Physic. Printed and sold by B. Franklin, 1745." 
 In the "Gentleman's Magazine" of 1769 appeared an account of Angina 
 mahgna, which prevailed in Philadelphia in 1746 and 1760, by John 
 Kearsley, Jr. 
 
 2 The subject of inoculation as a protection from smallpox was a promi- 
 nent one among the physicians of Philadelphia. It was discussed pub- 
 licly, and had its advocates and opponents. In 1736 the success of the 
 practice was published. Drs. Kearsley, Zachary, Hooper, Cadwalader, 
 Shippen, Bond, and Somers, advocated and practised it. (Watson, vol. ii. 
 p. 373.) See also a valuable exposition of inoculation in the Transactions 
 of the State Medical Society of Pennsylvania, 1865, by J. M. Ton- 
 ner, M. D. A number of papers by American physicians may be found in 
 the "Medical Observations and Inquiries by a Society of Phy.sicians of 
 London." Among them is a relation of a cure performed by electricity, 
 by Dr. Cadwalader Evans, at Philadelphia, dated October 31, 1754. This 
 cure was effected by the apparatus of Dr. Franklin, applied by himself in 
 September, 1752. 
 
32 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 position, there are duties and obligations imposed upon them 
 ■vyhich must. be responded to in th« readiest spirit. To act 
 up to the demand of their noble avocation, they must either 
 be leaders or associates in enterprises that are calculated to 
 expand the domain of true learning and information, or that, 
 originating in benevolence, will conduce to an amelioration 
 of the social, moral, or physical condition of the community. 
 It can, without fear of contradiction, be asserted that such a 
 course has been pursued by the medical profession from the 
 very foundation of the Colonies to the present time of their 
 development into wealthy and prosperous commonwealths. 
 It does not enter into the design of this history to trace out 
 all the manifold channels of exertion into which intelligence 
 and philanthropy were directed in connection with the medi- 
 cal profession; yet, when adverting to occurrences which 
 preceded the establishment of the School of Medicine, it 
 would be an omission if we were to take no notice of some 
 of them which have had an influence upon its rise and pro- 
 gress. We may, then, pertinently refer to the origin of 
 two institutions in which medical men took part, and to 
 whose success they have largely contributed their share of 
 labor. The first of these was founded with the design of 
 reciprocal culture and the advancement of science and philo- 
 sophy ; the second was a benevolent and philanthropic under- 
 taking. 
 
 The history of the American Philosophical Society has 
 been particularly detailed in an interesting and elaborately 
 prepared discourse by the Yice- President, Dr. Eobert M. 
 Patterson, delivered on the occasion of celebrating the Hun- 
 dredth Anniversary, May 25, 1843. It is our purpose now 
 to exhibit the part taken in its concerns by the members of 
 the medical profession. 
 
 The originator of this Society was Franklin, who, finding 
 that the time had come for a more extensive combination 
 than that which for many years had borne the name of the 
 Junto, on May 14, 1743, corresponding in the Gregorian 
 Calendar to May 25, issued a "Proposal for promoting useful 
 knowledge among the British Plantations in America." The 
 enumeration of the subjects on which it was designed that the 
 
THE UXIYEESITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 33 
 
 society should be occupied, included botany, medicine, mine- 
 ralogy and mining, chemistry, mechanics, the arts, trades and 
 manufactures, geography, topography, agriculture, "and all 
 philosophical experiments that let light into the nature of 
 things, tend to increase the power of man over matter, and 
 multiply the conveniences and pleasures of life." Upon its 
 going into operation Dr. Franklin himself acted as secretary. 
 In the life of Dr. Cadwallader Golden, given in Eees' Ency- 
 clopaedia, it is stated, in a letter to a friend, that Dr. Franklin 
 acknowledges that the idea of founding a Philosophical So- 
 ciety was suggested to him by Dr. Golden, and this has been 
 repeated in every account of the life and of the labors of that 
 distinguished physician in the cause of science and general 
 knowledo-e. The name of the individual to whom this com- 
 munication was made is not mentioned. From the following 
 letter it is very clear that Dr. Golden must have been deeply 
 interested in the success of the Society, or Franklin would 
 not have been so explicit in his exposition of its prospects. 
 
 New York, April 5th, 1744. 
 
 Sir : Happening to be in this city about some particular 
 Affairs, I have the pleasure of receiving yours of the 28th 
 past, here. And can now acquaint you that the Society, as far 
 as relates to Philadelphia, is actually formed, and has had 
 several Meetings to mutual Satisfaction. As soon as I get 
 home I shall send you a short account of what has been done 
 and proposed at those Meetings. The members are — 
 
 Dr. Thomas Bond, as Physician. 
 
 Mr. John Bartram, as Botanist. 
 
 Mr. Thomas Godfrey, as Mathematician. 
 
 Mr. William Parsons, as Geographer. 
 
 Mr. Samuel Khodes, as Mechanician. 
 
 Dr. Phineas Bond, as Gen. Nat. Philosopher. 
 
 Mr. Thomas Hopkinson, President. 
 
 Mr. William Goleman, Treasurer. 
 B. F., Secret. 
 
 To whom the following Members have since been added, 
 viz : Mr. Alexander,' of New York, Mr. Morris (Gh. Justice of 
 the Jerseys), Mr. Home, Secretary of do., Mr. Jno. Coxe, of 
 3 
 
34 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 Trenton, and Mr. Marty n, of the same place. Mr. ISTicliolls 
 tells me of several other gentlemen of this city that incline to 
 encourage the thing. And there are a Number of others in 
 Virginia, Maryland, Carolina, and the New England Colonies 
 who we expect to join us as soon as they are acquainted that 
 the Society has begun to form itself. 
 
 I am, sir, with much Eespect, 
 
 your most humble Servant, 
 
 B. FRANKLIN. 
 
 The Hon. Cadwallader Colclen, Esq. 
 
 It will thus be seen that in the organization of the Philo- 
 sophical Society our profession occupied a prominent . place. 
 The subjects of inquiry pertaining to it stood at the head 
 of the list, and of the nine original founders two were medi- 
 cal men. 
 
 Another society came into existence about the year 1750, 
 which in a considerable measure took precedence of its elder 
 sister. This association had its origin very much in the same 
 way as the first, and was likewise, in its infancy, called the 
 Junto. In April, 1766, it assumed the name, and went into 
 operation as the "American Society for Promoting and Pro- 
 pagating Useful Knowledge." It was likewise supported b}^ 
 the medical men of the day, and the names of Morgan, Evans, 
 Cadwalader, Bard, Kedman, Kuhn, Moore, Graeme, and Ship- 
 pen may be enumerated as contributing to give weight and 
 dignity to its proceedings.^ 
 
 In the year 1768, greater activity was infused into the 
 " American Society ;" large additions were made to the list 
 of fellows and correspondents, and among them were Dr. 
 Franklin himself, then in England, and other men of great 
 distinction. " The proceedings were no longer those of a de- 
 bating club, bat of a learned Society." At the same time the 
 Philosophical Society appears to have acquired additional 
 vitality, as it were, from emulation infused into it by the 
 activity of its younger sister. ISTevertheless, " the necessity for 
 the existence of two societies devoted to the same extended 
 field of research and inquiry did not exist, and it is an evi- 
 
 ' Minutes of the American Society. 
 
THE UXIVERSITY OF PENXSYLYANIA. 35 
 
 deDce of the good sense and kindly feeling of both parties 
 interested that the proposition of union prevailed when the 
 proper influence was brought to bear upon them."^ From 
 the minntes of the American Society, January 28th, 1768, it 
 appears that the overture came from the younger association, 
 and in the negotiation that ensued the medical members were 
 influential in securing the result, as the following letter from 
 Dr. Bond to Dr. John Morgan will show : — 
 
 Dear Sir : I have considered the proposals you made me 
 yesterday of our taking some further steps towards your 
 uniting Avith us in a Philosophical Society, and as it was 
 always my desire, and I think may yet be readily effected, I 
 should be pleased to confer with you about it, and will do 
 everything in my power to cultivate that harmony which 
 should subsist among the lovers of science. 
 
 I will confer with such of our members as I can meet with 
 this morning, and I shall be glad to meet you, with such' of 
 your members as you think proper, at my house, or any other 
 place, at half-after twelve o'clock this day, that no time may 
 be lost. I am, yours respectfully, 
 
 THO. BOND. 
 
 January 28tli, 1768. 
 
 At the end of the year (December 30th, 1768), the two 
 societies were united under a title which was derived from 
 both, " The American Philosophical Society for Promoting 
 Useful Knowledge." 
 
 Throughout the entire subsequent career of the Philosophi- 
 cal Society the medical profession has had its full share of 
 honor in the bestowal of ofl&ces upon its members. This dis- 
 tinction has been fully earned by the deep interest taken by 
 them in its welfare, and by their contributing to its trans- 
 actions scientific investigations and papers which have pro- 
 moted its reputation. Of the thirteen presidents elected by 
 ballot five have been medical men.^ 
 
 * Discourse of Dr. Patterson. 
 
 2 The names of the physicians elected to the Presidency of the Society 
 are, Caspar Wistar, M. D., Nathaniel Chapman, M. D., Robert Patterson, 
 M. D., Franklin Bache, M. D., and George B. Wood, M. D. 
 
36 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 Intlie " Transactions of the American Philosophical Society," 
 printed in 1769, which contain the joint contributions of the 
 two societies for the previous year, of twenty papers upon 
 various interesting subjects eight pertain to medical science.^ 
 
 The subsequent volumes contain many important and inter- 
 esting medical communications, as well as others upon general 
 science from members of the medical profession. 
 
 The other institution to which we must now allude, as fill- 
 ing a large space in the affections of the public, and quite as 
 much dependent for its successful operation upon the medical 
 profession as upon legislative or private aid, and whose 
 annals in connection with the medical administration are 
 blended with those of the University, is the Pennsylvania 
 Hospital. It is not necessary to detail minutely the circum- 
 stances under which this noble charity sprung into existence. 
 A professor of the University has accomplished the task of 
 writing its history, and it may be said of this, as of all his 
 literary labors, " nihil tetiget quod non ornavit."^ The fact 
 on which we desire to dwell is that the instigation to meet 
 the requirements of the sick and wounded indigent citizens of 
 the increasing colony emanated from its most natural source, 
 the medical profession, in the person of Thomas Bond, who, 
 although most ably seconded by the suggestive mind of Ben- 
 jamin Franklin, may be regarded, without disparagement to 
 the benevolence and efficiency of the great philosopher, as the 
 originator of the undertaking. 
 
 The physicians of the hospital first appointed were Lloyd 
 Zachary, Thomas and Phineas Bond. To these were soon 
 added Thomas Grraeme, Thomas Cadwalader, Samuel Preston 
 
 1 The small volume of Transactions to which reference is here made was 
 the first published by the Society. It is of the small octavo size. A copy 
 is not in the possession of the Society, whose first series of Transactions is 
 a reprint in quarto form, not following the order of the original. We met 
 with this original publication in the Philadelphia Library in connection 
 with the "Pennsylvania Magazine" for 1769, edited by Lewis Nichola, and 
 bound with it. The number in the catalogue is 1504 O. Apparently 
 this early volume of Transactions had been lost sight of and forgotten. 
 
 2 An address on the occasion of the Centennial Celebration of the Found- 
 ing of the Pennsylvania Hospital, delivered June 10, 1851, by George B. 
 Wood, M. D., published by the Board of Managers. 
 
THE UXIYERSITY OF PEXXSYLYANIA. 37 
 
 Moore, and John Eedman. It is worthy of notice that at the 
 time of the incorporation of this charitable institution, when, 
 on an appeal for assistance being made to the Provincial 
 Assembly, one of the objections offered to the measure was 
 that the cost of medical attendance would alone be sufficient to 
 consume all the money that could be raised, it was met by the 
 offer on the part of Drs. Zachary and the Bonds to attend the 
 patients gratuitously for three years. This became the settled 
 understanding with the Board of Physicians and Surgeons ; 
 nor have we learned that the compact has ever been annulled 
 or abrogated during the period of "one hundred and seventeen 
 years (from 1751 to the present date), an instance of disin- 
 terested philanthropy which has been generally followed in 
 the charitable institutions depending on medical attendance, 
 not onlv of this city, but throughout the length and breadth 
 of the land.^ 
 
 In this institution was the first clinical instruction given by 
 Dr. Thomas Bond in connection with the collegiate course, 
 and it may be stated, so close has been the association between 
 the hospital and the medical school, that of the twenty-nine 
 professors, who have occupied collegiate chairs, eighteen have 
 been attending phj^sicians or surgeons of the hospital, and 
 five of the seven medical men first elected to these positions 
 in the hospital were trustees of the college. 
 
 The foundation of the medical library of the hospital dates 
 as far back as 1763. The first medical book possessed by it 
 appears to have been a gift from that warm friend and gene- 
 rous benefactor of the institution, Dr. John Fothergill. It 
 was the Materia Medica of Dr. WilHam Lewis, Loiidon, 1761. 
 " When the managers resolved to demand a fee for the privi- 
 lege of attending the wards of the hospital, and consulted 
 with the physicians in regard to the destination of the sum 
 raised, these gentlemen, Thomas Bond, Phineas Bond, Cad- 
 walader Evans, and Thomas Cadwalader, although having 
 claims upon such gratuities, according to the custom of the 
 
 1 In bis "Travels in the United States" in 1788, this fact was thought 
 by Brissot de Warville of sufficient importance to be particularly noted and 
 published. 
 
38 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 British hospitals, full of scientific zeal, proposed to apply the 
 money to the foundation of a medical library for the advantage 
 of the pupils of the institution."^ In 1767, Hugh Eoberts and 
 Samuel ISi eave presented as executors of Dr. Zachary, forty- 
 three volumes from his library. The Library of the Penn- 
 sylvania Hospital contains by donation and purchase between 
 ten and eleven thousand volumes. 
 
 1 Preface to Catalogue of the Medical Library of the Pennsylyauia Hos- 
 pital, hy Emil Fischer, M. D. 
 
THE UXIVERSITY OF PEXXSYLVANIA. 39 
 
 CHAPTEE III. 
 
 Commencement of medical teaching in America — Dr. Cadwalader''s lec- 
 tures on anatomy in Pliiladelpliia — Dr. Hunter's lectures at Newport — 
 Dr. Sliippen, Jr., opens an anatomical school — Dr. Fothergill's contri- 
 butions for teaching anatomy — Dr. John Morgan, his education and 
 early labors — Dr. Sliippen' s education and studies — Dr. Morgan submits 
 his plan of a medical school to the trustees of the college. 
 
 It has been stated that the medical men who first settled in 
 the Province of Pennsylvania came with their countrymen 
 from Europe, and that into their offices or shops apprentices 
 Avere received, to be trained in a knowledge of the healing 
 art. It was well understood, however, that the highest grade 
 of medical acquirement could not be derived from the re- 
 sources alone of private practitioners, no matter how well 
 informed they might be, or versed in the every-day applica- 
 tion of science to the demands that were made upon their 
 skill; and hence the resort, on the part of the rising genera- 
 tion, to prominent seats of instruction abroad. 
 
 The return of these youthful travelled aspirants was hailed 
 with pleasure by their friends and fellow-citizens. The acquire - 
 ments additionally gained by them from a visit to Europe 
 afforded promise of a life of usefulness and distinction. They 
 Avere believed to be conversant with the latest discoveries and 
 improvements, and the exponents of the progressive attainment 
 of the age. To their preceptors they returned with interest 
 the debt of gratitude for early instruction, becoming in turn 
 the teachers whose field of enterprise and labor lay in dif- 
 fusing the results of their studies and inquiries. In exempli- 
 fication it may be stated, that Dr. Cadwalader, who had studied 
 anatomy in London under the guidance of the celebrated 
 Cheselden, gave demonstrations to the physicians of Phila- 
 delphia, when he settled himself among them. It is interest- 
 ing to know, that the place of delivery of these lectures was 
 
40 MEDICAL DEPAKTMENT OF 
 
 in Second Street above "Walnut, on the back part of the lot 
 which faces Dock Street. The Bank of Pennsylvania subse- 
 quently occupied the site. With respect to these lectures. 
 Dr. Wistar remarks: " I suppose that the anatomy of that day, 
 as well as of the present, enjoyed the honorable protection of 
 literature, and that the dissections were made under the aus- 
 pices of the most profound scholar of Pennsylvania, the Presi- 
 dent, James Logan, founder of the Loganian Library." " This 
 probably was the first business of the kind ever done in 
 Philadelphia."! 
 
 Credit is likewise to be awarded to Dr. William Hunter, of 
 Newport, Ehode Island, a native of Scotland, and a relative 
 of the celebrated LIunters, who, upon settling in America, gave 
 lectures upon anatomy in 1754, '55, '56. As Dr. Cadwalader 
 had been established in Philadelphia some time before the 
 year 1751, at which date he Avas appointed one of the physi- 
 cians of the hospital, and gave his lectures upon his return 
 from Europe, the probability is in favor of his having first 
 entered upon this branch of teaching. 
 
 Dr. William Shippen, Jr., the son of Dr. Shippen already 
 mentioned, who had recently returned from Europe, com- 
 menced a course of anatomy in 1762. In the "Pennsylvania 
 Gazette," November 25, 1762, is the following announcement: 
 " Dr. Shippen's Anatomical Lectures will begin to-morrow 
 evening, at six o'clock, at his father's house in Fourth Street. 
 Tickets for the course to be had of the Doctor, at five Pistoles 
 each, and any gentlemen who incline to see the subject pre- 
 pared for the lectures and learn the art of Dissecting, Injec- 
 tions, &c., are to pay five Pistoles more." 
 
 The Introductory to this course of lectures was delivered 
 in one of the large apartments of the State House, and many 
 of the gentlemen of Philadelphia heard it with pleasure. 
 The number of students who attended his lectures was twelve. 
 Dr. Wistar, in his Eulogium upon Dr. Shippen, after the pre- 
 ceding statement, adds, " Such was the origin of our medical 
 school." Three courses of this private character were de- 
 livered. 
 
 * Wistar' s Eulogy upon Dr. Shippen, Jr. 
 
THE UXIVEESITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 41 
 
 Dr. John Fotliergill appears uniformly to have evinced an 
 interest in Pennsylvania, at first in relation to medical affairs, 
 and subsequently in a more extended way by his anxiety to 
 avert the calamity of war between the colonies and the mother 
 country.' He Avas of the same religious persuasion as Wil- 
 liam Penn, and hence his concern for the welfare and pros- 
 perity of the Province. Dr. Wistar tells us "that the people 
 of Pennsylvania seem always to have been regarded with 
 affection by this gentleman, but at the present period he was 
 more interested in them than usual. The Pennsylvania 
 Hospital had lately been erected; he took it for granted that 
 students would resort to it, and supposed that they would 
 experience great dif&culty in acquiring a knowledge of anato- 
 my. To remedy this defect in the medical education of Penn- 
 sylvania, he employed Eimsdyck, one of the first artists of 
 Great Britain, to execute the crayon paintings, now at our 
 Hospital, which exhibit the whole structure of the body, at 
 two-thirds the natural size, and the gravid uterus, with many 
 of the varied cirumstances of natural or preternatural partu- 
 rition, of full size. Jentry, an anatomist of London, is said 
 to have made the dissections from which these paintings were 
 made, and Dr. William Hunter sometimes examined the work. 
 They are supposed to have cost two hundred guineas, which, 
 in addition to one hundred and fifty guineas which he con- 
 tributed to the institution, constitute a most substantial proof 
 of his regard as well as of his liberality." 
 
 The account of the arrival and reception by the Hospital 
 of the donation of Dr. Fothergill is given in the Minutes of 
 the Board of Managers, to wit — "At a Meeting of the Mana- 
 gers and Treasurer, in the Warden's Eoom at the Court 
 House, Philada., the 8th, 11 month (Nov.), 1762. 
 
 " The Board being called at the request of Dr. William 
 Shippen, Jr., lately arrived from London, he attended and 
 informed the Board that per the Caroline, Capt. Friend, are 
 
 1 Life of Dr. Fotliergill by John Coakley Lettsom, M. D., see the "Works 
 of Dr. Fothergill," London, vol. 3d, 1784, Oct., also in Quarto ed. Tlie ac- 
 count of Dr. Fothergill's association with Dr. Franklin is most interesting, 
 in an effort to prevent the American war. His political papers on this sub- 
 ject are worthy of perusal. 
 
42 ]\[EDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 arrived from Dr. John Fotliergill seven cases, wlaicli contain 
 a parcel of Anatomical drawings, whicli the Dr. informed him, 
 when in London, he intended as a present to the Pennsylvania 
 Hospital, bnt that he has not received any letter or invoice 
 of them, nor any further directions but what the Doctor 
 verbally gave him, and that he concludes his constant en- 
 gagements prevented his writing per the ship. But by a 
 letter from him to James Pemberton, dated 4th mo. (April) 
 last, he therein signifies in general his intentions of sending 
 this Present to the Hospital, and the uses he proposes thereby. 
 Of it the following is an abstract : — 
 
 " I distributed the books thou wast pleased to send me as 
 desired, but they came perhaps at an unlucky juncture. 
 Money is much wanted here for numerous purposes, and men 
 part with fifty pounds with reluctance, when they know that 
 a little more would purchase them a hundred; the Hospital, 
 however, must subsist itself as well as possible till better 
 times. I propose to send, by Dr. Shippen, a present to it of 
 some intrinsic value, tho' not probably of immediate benefit. 
 I need not tell thee that the knowledge of Anatomy is of ex- 
 ceeding great use to practitioners in Physic and Surgery, and 
 that the means of procuring subjects with you are not easy ; 
 some pretty accurate anatomical drawings, about half as big 
 as the life, have fallen into my hands, which I propose to 
 send to your Hospital to be under the care of the Physicians, 
 and to be by some of them explained to the students and 
 pupils who may attend the Hospital. In the want of real 
 subjects these will have their use, and I have recommended 
 it to Dr. Shippen to give a Course of Anatomical Lectures to 
 such as may attend. He is very well qualified for the subject, 
 and will soon \)Q followed hy an able assistant^ Dr. Morgan^ hoth 
 of whom^ I apprehend^ will not only he useful to the Province in 
 their employments^ hut if suitahly countenanced hy the Legislature^ 
 ivill he ahle to erect a School of Physic amongst you^ that may 
 draw students from various parts of America and the West 
 Indies, and at least furnish them with a better idea of the 
 rudiments of their Profession, than they have at present the 
 means of acquiring on your side of the water. 
 
 " Should the Managers of the Hospital think proper, I could 
 
THE U^'IVERSITY OF PEXXSYLVANIA. ' 43 
 
 wisli that, if the drawings and casts I shall send per the next 
 convoy come safe, thev might be lodged in some low apart- 
 ment of the Hospital, not to be seen by every person, but 
 with the permission of a Trustee, or for some small gratuity 
 for the benefit of the House." 
 
 The Minutes, moreover, express: "And Dr. Shippen pro- 
 posing to exhibit a Course of Lectures on Anatomy this 
 winter, requested he might have recourse to the said drawings 
 and casts ; and the Managers being desirous of countenancing 
 him in his undertaking agree he may have the use of them, 
 in such manner and place, as after consulting with the physi- 
 cians may be thought most convenient, and not prejudicial to 
 the drawings, as they require to be handled with the greatest 
 delicacy and care ; and after consulting with the Physicians, 
 who, on notice being sent them, attended on the occasion, viz., 
 Thomas Bond, Phineas Bond, William Shippen, Jr., John 
 Eedman, and Cadwalader Evans, to A¥hom the proposal of 
 Dr. Shippen, Jr. of his exhibiting a Course of Lectures, &c., 
 being communicated, they unanimously expressed their ap- 
 probation thereof, and it was concluded that the several cases 
 should be conveyed to the Hospital and that the physicians 
 and managers will attend at 3 o'clock P. M. to view the 
 contents." 
 
 With reference to these drawings, &c., the subjoined notice 
 will be found in the " Pennsylvania Gazette," May, 1763 : " The 
 generous donation of Dr. Fothergill, of London, to the Penn- 
 sylvania Hospital of a set of anatomical paintings and casts 
 in plaster of Paris, representing different views of the several 
 parts of the human body, being now deposited in a convenient 
 chamber of the Hospital, and as there may be many persons 
 besides students of Physic desirous to gain some general 
 knowledge of the structure of the human body. Dr. William 
 Shippen, Jr., proposes to attend there on the seventh day of 
 the week, the 21st inst., at 5 o'clock P. M., and once a fort- 
 night during the summer season, on the same day of the week 
 and same hour, to explain and demonstrate them to such 
 persons who are willing to give a dollar each for the benefit 
 of the Hospital," At a subsequent period the drawings were 
 deposited in the Museum of the University, where they re- 
 
44 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 mained until 1866, when they were retransferred to the Hos- 
 pital to be placed in its Pathological Museum. 
 
 The lectures upon Anatomy by Dr. William Shippen, Jr., 
 were thus in full operation when, in 1765, Dr. Morgan arrived 
 from Europe. As he and Dr. Shippen, Jr., must be regarded 
 as the fathers of systematic medical teaching in this country, 
 it will be proper to give an account of their previous training 
 and qualifications to assume so important a duty. 
 
 Dr. John Morgan was born in Philadelphia, in 1736, and 
 acquired his literary education at the college of this city, 
 from which he received the degree of A. B. in 1757, with the 
 first class which was graduated. He studied medicine with 
 Dr. Redman, and upon the expiration of his indentures entered 
 the Provincial army as a surgeon. This was at the conclusion 
 of the French war, which terminated by the expulsion of that 
 nation from Canada. In 1760, having resigned his commis- 
 sion in the arm}^, he sailed for Europe with the view of per- 
 fecting his medical knowledge. 
 
 When speaking of himself with reference to this period, he 
 states : " It is now more than fifteen years since I began the 
 study of medicine in this city, which I have prosecuted ever 
 since without interruption. During the first years I served 
 an apprenticeship with Dr. Redman, who then did, and still 
 continues to enjoy a most justly acquired reputation in this 
 city for superior knowledge and extensive practice in physic. 
 At the same time I had an opportunity of being acquainted 
 with the practice of other eminent physicians in this place, 
 particularly of all the physicians to the hospital, whose pre- 
 scriptions I put up there above the space of one year. The term 
 of my apprenticeship being expired, I devoted myself for four 
 years to a military life, principally with a view to become . 
 more skilful in my profession, being engaged the whole of 
 that time in a very extensive practice in the army amongst 
 diseases of every kind. The last five years I have spent in 
 Europe, under the most celebrated masters 'in every branch 
 of medicine, and spared no labor or expense to store my mind 
 with an extensive acquaintance in every science that related 
 in any way to the duty of a physician ; having in that time ex- 
 pended in this pursuit a sum of money of which the very in- 
 
THE U^'IYEESITY OF PEXXSYLVANIA. 45 
 
 terest would prove no contemptible income. With what suc- 
 cess this has been done, others are to judge, and not myself."^ 
 
 During Dr. Morgan's residence in London he experienced 
 the benefit of the instruction of the Hunters and of Hewson. 
 With the latter, as appears from his correspondence, he was 
 on intimate terms. He graduated as M. D. at Edinburgh in 
 1763, his thesis being written upon the formation of pus. It 
 is entitled "nvonotfotj, sive Tentamen Medicum de Puris Con- 
 fectione." This thesis, when published, was dedicated to the 
 Medical Society of Edinburgh, in the following terms : " So- 
 cietati Medicinos Studiosorum in Academia EdinburgcDa du- 
 dum institutge." 
 
 In this essay the doctrine is maintained that pus is a secre- 
 tion from the vessels, and in this he anticipated Mr. Hunter. 
 Dr. James Curry, Lecturer at Guy's Hospital, gives the credit 
 of priority in this statement to him, and says: ''I could not 
 avoid giving that merit to Dr. Morgan, who discussed the 
 question with great ingenuity in his Inaugural Dissertation 
 on taking his degree at Edinburgh in 1763 ; whilst I could 
 find no proof that Mr, Hunter had taught or even adopted 
 such an opinion until a considerably later period."^ 
 
 While in England Dr. Morgan became a proficient in the 
 art of injecting organs with wax, and preparing them by sub- 
 sequent corrosion.^ Carrying with him to the continent the 
 evidences of his skill, he acquired such a reputation as to pro- 
 cure his admission as a member to the Academy of Surgery 
 of Paris. While there residing, and attending the lectures of 
 the distinguished anatomist M. Sue, he prepared a kidney by 
 
 * Preface to the Discourse, etc. 
 
 * London Medical and Physical Journal, 1817. New England Journal 
 of Medicine and Surgery, vol. vi. p. 404. Beck's Historical Sketch. 
 
 * The method of making preparations by this process was communicated 
 to the American Philosophical Society. It is published in the second volume 
 of Transactions, and is entitled the "Art of making Anatomical Prepara- 
 tions by Corrosion, by John Morgan, M. D., Professor of the Theory and 
 Practice of Physic in the University of Pennsylvania, Member of the Royal 
 College of Physicians, Ed., F. R. S., London." It must have been com- 
 municated some years prior to 1786, when the volume was printed. Dr. 
 Morgan was an active member of the American Society, which he joined 
 in 1766, and became a member of the Philosophical Society on its union 
 with the former in 1768. 
 
46 MEDICAL DEPAETMEXT OF 
 
 this process, which led to the distinction specified. Besides 
 this honor, he was elected a member of the Eoj^al Society 
 of London, admitted as a Licentiate of the College of Physi- 
 cians of London, and as a member of the College of Physicians 
 of Edinburgh. He was also admitted to membership of t^e 
 Society of Belles Lettres of Eome. 
 
 When in Italy Dr. Morgan visited Morgagni, at Padua. 
 Dr. Rush says, in his notice of Morgan, that " this venerable 
 physician, who was the light and ornament of two or three 
 successive generations of physicians, was so pleased with the 
 doctor that he claimed kindred with him from the resemblance 
 of their names, and on the blank leaf of a copy of his works, 
 which he presented to him, he inscribed with his own hand 
 the following words: Afiini suo, medico prseclarissimo Johanni 
 Morgan, donat auctor." These volumes were placed by Dr. 
 Morgan in the library of the College of Physicians of Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Dr. Morgan, while in Europe, appears to have constantly 
 revolved in his mind the course he would pursue. In writing 
 from London, November 10th, 1764, to Dr. Cullen, he re- 
 marks : " I am now preparing for America, to see whether, 
 after fourteen years' devotion to medicine, I can get my living 
 without turning apothecary or practitioner of surgery. My 
 scheme of instituting lectures you will hereafter know more 
 of. It is not prudent to broach designs prematurely, and 
 mine are not yet fully ripe for execution."^ 
 
 It has been shown that the practice of medicine in the 
 Colonies embraced every branch of the profession, including 
 pharmacy. This arose from the necessity of the case, and the 
 difS.culty of division of labor in a restricted community. 
 
 The plan pursued in Europe of a separation of practice into 
 several departments was regarded as inexpedient, and had not 
 been adopted. "When Dr. Morgan returned from Europe, he 
 determined to take a different course from that in operation, 
 and was the first physician who restricted himself to simply 
 prescribing for the sick.^ In the Preface to his Discourse he 
 
 ' Thompson's Life of Cullen, vol. i. 
 
 2 Prior to 1754, the profession of medicine in Edinburgh was not exclu- 
 sive. In that year the College of Physicians passed an act prohibiting 
 
THE UXIYERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 47 
 
 published his views with respect to the mode of practice which 
 he thought shoukl be pursued by the physician, enforcing 
 them with arguments derived from the advantages whicli he 
 believed would be secured by such procedure. 
 
 Having been appoiuted professor in the college, there was 
 another reason, having reference to this position, which must 
 be admitted as valid. It is thus given: "As far as I can 
 learn everybody approves of my plan for instituting medical 
 schools, and I have the honor of being appointed a public 
 professor for teaching physic in the college here. Can any 
 man, the least acquainted with the nature of that arduous task, 
 once imagine it possible for me to acquit myself in that station 
 in an honorable or useful manner, and yet be engaged in one 
 continued round of practice in surgery and pharmacy as well 
 as physic?" 
 
 " To prepare for a course of lectures every year requires 
 some leisure, and a mind undisturbed with too great variety 
 of pursuits. So that my usefulness as a professor makes it 
 absolutely necessary for me to follow that method of practice 
 w^hich alone appears to be calculated to answer that end."^ 
 
 Although the opinions of Dr. Morgan were not at the time 
 adopted, nor was his example immediately followed, still, in 
 connection with the history of the profession they are import- 
 ant, from the fact that he was the first practitioner in the city 
 of Philadelphia who placed himself upon the highest ground, 
 by separating himself from the handicraft which requires dis- 
 tinct skill, and so long a training, as to constitute in itself an 
 occupation. He insisted upon the distinction being made 
 
 their Fellows and Licentiates from taking upon themselves to use the em- 
 ployment of an apothecary, or to have or keep an apothecary shop. In 
 1765, in order, as they conceived, "to support that character and esteem 
 which they had all along maintained, and to keep up that distinction which 
 ought to be made between the members of the College and the practitioners 
 of those branches of the healing art which have always been esteemed the 
 least reputable," they resolved "that for the future they would admit no 
 person to be one of their Fellows whose common business it was either to 
 practise Surgery in general, or Midwifery, Lithotomy, Inoculation, or any 
 other branch of it in particular." — Life of Cullen, vol. ii. p. 87, by Dr. 
 Craigie. A continuation of Thompson's Life. 
 ' Preface to his Discourse. 
 
48 MEDICAL DEPAKTMENT OF 
 
 between medicine proper and pbarmacj, whicli ultimately 
 became a recognized necessity, affording relief to the physi- 
 cian, while, by improving pharmacy, he was provided with 
 greater resources for the application of his skill. The course 
 pursued by Dr. Morgan may be said to have given the origi- 
 nal impulse to the cultivation of the profession of pharmacy, 
 and sanctioned its independent existence.^ 
 
 Dr. William Shippen, Jr., was born in Philadelphia in 1736, 
 and received his elementary training from the Eev. Dr. Fin- 
 lay, of Nottingham, in Maryland. He entered the College of 
 New Jersey, then established at Newark under the direction 
 of President Barr. He graduated in 1754, and, being dis- 
 tinguished for oratorical talent, was advised by Whitfield to 
 devote himself to the clerical profession. He entered the 
 office of his father. Dr. William Shippen, Sen., a respectable 
 practitioner of Philadelphia, and a public-spirited citizen, by 
 whom he is said to have been trained with reference to his 
 future course as a lecturer. "The old gentleman must have 
 been made sensible by his own personal experience of the 
 value of an European medical education," and his son was 
 sent to Europe in the year 1757, soon after he was twenty-one 
 years of age.^ 
 
 In London he studied Anatomy Avith and .resided in the 
 family of Mr. John Hunter, bat was also associated with Dr. 
 William Hunter and Mr. Hewson.^ While in the British 
 Metropolis, in addition to Anatomy and Surgery, he devoted 
 a share of attention to the rising department of Obstetrics, 
 
 ' There was an independence of thought and action in the character of 
 Dr. Morgan. In further illustration, it is worthy of record that he was 
 one of the first to use a silk umbrella, to the wonderment of the citizens. 
 
 2 Wistar's Eulogium. 
 
 3 From the Life of Mr. Hewson it will be seen that in the autumn of 
 1759 that gentleman came to London, lived with Mr. John Hunter, and 
 attended Dr. William Hunter's Anatomical Lectures at a house in Covent 
 Garden. Hewson' s diligence and skill soon recommended him to the 
 favorable notice of the brothers, and when Mr. John Hunter went abroad 
 with the army in 1761, he left to Mr. Hewson the charge of instructing the 
 other pupils in the dissecting-room. — " Works of William Hewson, F. B. 8., 
 edited by George Gulli'cer, F. R. >S'." It was through this Association that 
 Dr. Shippen became intimately acquainted with Mr. Hewson. In 1762 Mr. 
 Hewson was in attendance upon the Lectures at Edinburgh. 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 49 
 
 attending in the summer season the lectures of a celebrated 
 accoucheur, Dr. McKenzie, which were delivered near St. 
 Thomas's Hospital. As he removed to this neighborhood, we 
 may suppose it was in consequence of the practical advantages 
 afforded by proximity to the poor, as Dr. William Hunter 
 was then at the height of his reputation as a teacher and prac- 
 titioner of Midwifery.^ He next proceeded to Edinburgh, 
 where he graduated in the spring of 1761. His thesis was 
 entitled "i)e Placentse cum utero nexu^ This production 
 evinces a continued interest in obstetrical studies. He after- 
 wards travelled in France, where he formed an intimate ac- 
 quaintance with Senac and other physicians of Paris. 
 
 Dr. Shippen, as has been stated, went to Europe in 1757, 
 where he remained until 1762, while Dr. Morgan arrived 
 there in 1760, and returned to this country in 1765. They 
 were therefore together between one and two years in Europe. 
 As these two zealous and enthusiastic young men, natives of 
 the same city and imbued with the -same aspirations, were 
 treading abroad the same ground of preparation for their 
 calling, it is natural to conceive that they should have pos- 
 sessed similar sentiments with respect to the urgent wants of 
 their common country — that they should have conferred 
 with those interested in the subject, and that the scheme of 
 establishing, on this side of the Atlantic, systematic medical 
 education, which was subsequently put into operation, was 
 there entertained by both of them. In support of this opinion, 
 Dr. Kush may be quoted, who, in his account of Dr. John 
 Morgan, states "that it was during his absence from home 
 that he concerted with Dr. Shippen the plan of establishing 
 a Medical School in this city," meaning Philadelphia.^ From 
 the testimony hereafter presented it is clear that Dr. Push 
 was perfectly conversant with all the transactions connected 
 with the origin of the medical school. Dr. Shippen paved the 
 
 ' In August, 1762, Dr. Hunter was the professional attendant upon the 
 Queen of England in her confinement. 
 
 ^ An Account of the late Dr. John Morgan. Deli,vered before the 
 Trustees and Students of Medicine in tlie College of Philadelphia on the 
 28th of November, 1789, by Benjamin Rush, M. D. 
 
 4 
 
50 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 way for the enterprise, by the course which has been detailed, 
 on his arrival in Philadelphia. 
 
 Dr. Morgan, at the time of his return from Europe, was 
 freighted with great intents and exalted purposes. His views 
 had been kept no secret, he had enlisted in behalf of his 
 projects the Hon. Thomas Penn, a patron of the College of 
 Philadelphia, and laying before the Board of Trustees of the 
 College "a plan for establishing a medical school under their 
 auspices," he presented to them a letter from that gentleman 
 recommending it to their patronage. This letter was read 
 at a meeting of the Board of Trustees, May 3d, 1765, as 
 follows : — 
 
 "Gentlemen : Dr. Morgan has laid before me a proposal for 
 introducing new professorships into the Academy for the in- 
 struction of all such as shall incline to go into the study and 
 practice of Physic and Surgery, as well as the several occu- 
 pations attending upon these useful and necessary arts. He 
 thinks his scheme, if patronized by the Trustees, will at 
 present give reputation and strength to the Institution, and 
 though it may for some time occasion a small expense, yet 
 after a little while it will gradually support itself, and even 
 make considerable additions to the Academy's funds. 
 
 "Dr. Morgan has employed his time in an assiduous search 
 after knowledge in all the branches necessary for the practice 
 of his profession, and has gained such an esteem and love 
 from persons of the first rank in it, that as they very much 
 approve his system, they will from time to time, as he assures 
 us, give him their countenance and assistance in the execu- 
 tion of it. 
 
 "We are made acquainted with what is proposed to be taught, 
 and how the lectures may be adopted by yoii, and since the 
 like systems have brought much advantage to every place 
 where they have been received ; and such learned and eminent 
 men speak favorably of the doctor's plan, I could not but in 
 the most kind manner recommend Dr. Morgan to you, and 
 desire that he may be well received, and what he has to offer 
 be taken with all becoming respect and expedition into your 
 most serious consideration, and if it shall be thought necea- 
 
THE UXIVERSITY OF PEXXSYLVAXIA. 51 
 
 sarj to go into it, and thereupon to open Professorships, that 
 he may be taken into your service. 
 
 "When you have heard him, and duly considered what he 
 has to lay before you, you will be best able to judge in what 
 manner you can serve the public, the Institution, 'and the 
 particular design now recommended to joii. 
 
 " I am. Gentlemen, your very affectionate friend, 
 
 THOMAS PENN. 
 "London, February lotli, 1765." 
 
 In addition to this letter Dr. Morgan presented others he 
 had received from Mr. Hamilton and Richard Peters, former 
 members of the Board, but then residing in England. His 
 scheme was also approved by Dr. Fothergill, Dr. Hunter, Dr. 
 Watson, and Dr. Cullen, " men distinguished for their supe- 
 rior knowledge in literature, and particularly eminent in 
 everything which relates to medical science."^ 
 
 f Moriran's Discourse. 
 
52 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 CHAPTEE lY. 
 
 Foundation of the College of Philadelphia — Application of Dr. Morgan — 
 His appointment to*the professorship of theory and practice of physic 
 — His public discourse — Dr. Shippen appointed Professor of Anatomy 
 and Surgery — Organization of the medical department — Dr. Bond de- 
 livers clinical lectures in the Pennsylvania Hospital — Rules for the 
 government of the medical department of the College — Dr. Wm. Smith's 
 lectures on natural and experimental philosophy. 
 
 The College of Philadelpliia was founded in 1749, sixteen 
 years before the medical school was engrafted upon it. This 
 institution was intended to meet the demands of the popula- 
 tion for education of a more extended nature than was afforded 
 by the private schools in existence. As liberal pursuits en- 
 gaged the attention of a greater number of individuals in the 
 Province, and as preparation for the professions, as well as a 
 diffusion of knowledge in arts and letters, became necessary, 
 the importance of employing all the facilities at command 
 was made apparent. " Franklin drew up the plan of an 
 Academy to be erected in the city of Philadelphia, suited 
 to the state of an infant country; but in this, as in all his 
 plans, he confined not his views to the present time only. 
 He looked forward to the period when an institution on an 
 enlarged plan would become necessary. "With this view he 
 considered his academy as a foundation for posterity to erect 
 a seminary of learning more extensive and suitable for future 
 circumstances."^ Dr. Franklin, himself, was no classically 
 educated scholar, but one of nature's own perfecting, who 
 probably derived his inspiration from his native Province, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 ' Life of Benjamin Franklin, by himself, and continued by Dr. Henry 
 Stuber, New York, 1825, p. 99. The college obtained a charter from the 
 proprietaries, Thomas and Richard Penn, in 1753. This was amended 
 and enlarged in 1755. In organizing the college, credit is awarded to Dr. 
 Phineas Bond, Thomas Hopkinson, Tench Francis, and Rev. Richard 
 Peters. 
 
THE UXIVERSITY OF PEXXSYLVANIA. 53 
 
 The gentlemen who were called upon to give their aid and 
 counsel to this enterprise were among the most respectable 
 in the community.^ Five prominent physicians were mem- 
 bers of the Board of Trustees in 1765, viz : Thomas Bond, 
 Phineas Bond, Thomas Cadwalader, William Shippen, Sen., 
 and John Eedman. To such an organization was the pro- 
 posal of Dr. Morgan submitted.^ 
 
 Upon examining the records of the College and of the Uni- 
 versity, it will be found that for more than half a century 
 medical men were admitted to participate in their government. 
 No jealousy or suspicion appears to have been entertained 
 towards them, and certainly it may be affirmed that medical 
 men have as deep a stake in the prosperity of the schools as 
 the representatives of other professions or occupations. 
 Although the custom of electing members of the medical 
 profession was for a time suspended, the return to it may be 
 regarded as a happy omen, and the present honorable body 
 may be congratulated upon the accession to its deliberations 
 of such discreet and proper members as the medical gentle- 
 men who now constitute a portion of its number.^ 
 
 The impression which the arguments in his communication 
 and his earnestness made upon the Board of Trustees, sus- 
 tained by the letters from abroad which were submitted, pre- 
 vailed with them to accede to Dr. Morgan's propositions. 
 The Trustees approved the scheme, and, as the minutes ex- 
 press it, "entertaining a high sense of Dr. Morgan's abilities, 
 and the high honors paid to him by different learned bodies, 
 and societies in Europe, they unanimously elected him 
 Professor of the Theory and Practice of Physic." The first 
 medical professorship in America was thus created. The date- 
 of this event is May 3d, 1765. 
 
 ' The Board has consisted since its commencement of twenty-four mem- 
 bers. 
 
 2 The liistory of the College of Philadelphia and of the University of 
 Pennsylvania has been written by Dr. George B. Wood. It was published 
 in vol. iii. Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. In addition 
 to the trustees mentioned, Dr. Lloyd Zachary had been in the Board in 1749.. 
 
 * The present (1868) medical gentlemen in the Board of Trustees are 
 Drs. Rene La Ptoche, George W. Norris, and George B. Wood. 
 
54 aAIEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 At tlie public Commencement of the College, whicli took 
 place on the 30th and 31st of May following, Dr. Morgan 
 delivered his famous Inaugural Address, entitled "A Dis- 
 course UPON THE Institution of Medical Schools in 
 America." It had been prepared in Paris. This discourse 
 constituted a part of the Commencement exercises on both 
 days of their continuance. 
 
 In noticing this performance, the '^ Pennsylvania Gazette" 
 thus comments upon it : " We would not wish to anticipate 
 the judgment of the public, and shall only say that the per- 
 spicuity with which it was written and spoke drew the close 
 attention of the audience, particularly of the gentlemen of 
 the Faculty of Physic." 
 
 In this address will be found an exposition of the nature 
 and scope of medical science ; a sketch of the departments of 
 which it is composed, with the reasons for their special culti- 
 vation ; an advocacy of classical, literary, and general scien- 
 tific attainments on the part of the student of medicine, and, 
 what is pertinent to the purpose, the demonstration that to 
 be effectively taught "a coalition is required of able men, who 
 would undertake to give complete and regular courses of 
 lectures on the different branches of medicine." In connec- 
 tion with his statements, the author insists especially upon 
 the advantages presented by the city of Philadelphia, to 
 which even then students resorted, attracted as well by the 
 reputation of it3 practitioners, as by the facilities for clinical 
 instruction afforded thena in the hospital. 
 
 In this literary and scientific performance, a prognostica- 
 tion was uttered which has been fully realized, viz : " Per- 
 haps this Medical Institution, the first of its kind in America, 
 though small in its beginning, may receive a constant increase 
 of strength and annually exert new vigor. It may collect a 
 number of young persons of more than ordinary abilities, and 
 so improve their knowledge as to spread its reputation to dis- 
 tant parts. By sending these abroad duly qualified, or by 
 exciting an emulation amongst men of parts and literature, it 
 may give birth to other useful institutions of a similar na- 
 ture, or occasional rise, by its example, to numerous societies 
 
THE UXIYERSITY OF PENNSYLYANIA. 55 
 
 of different kinds calculated to spread the light of know- 
 ledge through the whole American continent wherever inha- 
 bited.'" 
 
 It is worthy of note that at the time this was uttered the 
 population of the city of Philadelphia was about twenty -five 
 thousand, and of the colonies in the aggregate less than three 
 millions.^ 
 
 In September following the appointment of Dr. Morgan, Dr. 
 Shippen was, on application to the Board, unauimously elected 
 the Professor of Anatomy and Surgerj^^ The application for 
 this position was thus expressed : — 
 
 "To the Trustees of the College, etc.: 
 
 " The institution of Medical Schools in this country has been 
 a favorite object of my attention for seven years past, and it 
 is three years since I proposed the expediency and practica- 
 bility of teaching medicine in all its branches in this city in 
 a public oration read at the State House, introductory to my 
 first course of Anatomy. 
 
 "I should long since have sought the patronage of the 
 Trustees of the College, but waited to be joined by Dr. Mor- 
 gan, to whom I first communicated my plan in England, and 
 who promised to unite with me in every scheme we might 
 think necessary for the execution of so important a point. I 
 
 ' A Discourse upon the Institution of Medical Schools in America, 
 delivered at a Public Anniversary Commencement, held in the College of 
 Philadelphia, May 30 and 31, 1765, with a Preface, containing, amongst 
 other things, the Author's Apology for Introducing the Eegular Mode of 
 Practising Physic in Philadelphia. By John Morgan, M. D., &c., and Pro- 
 fessor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine in the College of Philadel- 
 phia. Printed and sold by William Bradford: 1765. A review of this 
 Discourse will be found in the North American Medical and Surgical 
 Journal, vol. iv. p. 362, written by Prof. Charles D. Meigs, M. D. 
 
 2 In his work upon Yellow Fever, Dr. La Roche has given the data from 
 which this conclusion is drawn. Mr. Thomas Smedley makes the same 
 statement. The population of the city of Philadelphia, in 1760, was 18,756 ; 
 and in 1769 it was 28,042. The rate of increase was then about one thou- 
 sand annually. — A Complete Atlas of the City of Philadelphia^ 1862. 
 
 ^ At a meeting (special) of the Board of Trustees, held September 23d, 
 1765, the following minute was made : " Dr. William Shippen, Jr., applied 
 by letter as follows," &c. 
 
56 MEDICAL DEPAETMEXT OF 
 
 am pleased, however, to hear that you, gentlemen, on being 
 applied to by Dr. Morgan, have appointed that gentleman 
 Professor of Medicine. A Professorship of Anatomy and 
 Surgery will be accepted by, gent., 
 
 " Your most obedient and very humble servant, 
 
 WILLIAM SHIPPEN, Jr. 
 "Philadelphia, 17th September, 1765." 
 
 The reputation of Dr. Shippen as a private teacher had 
 directed attention to him, and secured his election as particu- 
 larly qualified for the post. During his active career of over 
 thirty years he well sustained the prestige he had previously 
 acquired. 
 
 The Medical School of the College of Philadelphia having 
 been founded by the action of the Board of Trustees that has 
 been detailed, the announcement was given to the public in 
 the "Pennsylvania Gazette," September 26, 1765, as follows : — 
 
 "As the necessity of cultivating medical knowledge in 
 America is allowed by all, it is with pleasure we inform the 
 public that a Course of Lectures on two of the most import- 
 ant branches of that useful science, viz.. Anatomy and Materia 
 Medica, will be delivered this winter in Philadelphia. We 
 have great reason, therefore, to hope that gentlemen of the 
 Faculty will encourage the design by recommending it to 
 their pupils, that pupils themselves will be glad of such an 
 opportunity of improvement, and that the public will think 
 it an object worthy their attention and patronage. 
 
 "In order to render these courses the more extensively 
 useful, we intend to introduce into them as much of the 
 Theory and Practice of Physic, of Pharmacy, Chemistry, and 
 Surgery as can be conveniently admitted. 
 
 " From all this, together with an attendance on the practice 
 of the physicians and surgeons of the Pennsylvania Hospital, 
 the students will be able to prosecute their studies with such 
 advantage as will qualify them to practise hereafter with more 
 satisfaction to themselves and benefit to the community. 
 
 "The particular advertisements inserted below specify the 
 time when these lectures are to commence, and contain the 
 
THE UXIYERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 57 
 
 various subjects to be treated of in eacli course, and the terms 
 on wbicb pupils are to be admitted. 
 
 WILLIAM SHIPPEN, Jr., M.D., 
 " Professor of Anatomy and Surgery in the College of Philadelpliia. 
 
 JOHN MORGAN, M. D., F. R. S., etc., 
 
 " Professor of Medicine in the College of Philadelphia." 
 
 In addition to this general announcement, eacb professor 
 advertised his lectures.^ 
 
 For two years lectures were delivered by these two profes- 
 sors under the sanction of the College. 
 
 In connection with their labors, Dr. Thomas Bond, one of 
 the physicians of the Pennsylvania Hospital, commenced a 
 course of Clinical Lectures in that institution. He submitted 
 a lecture that he had prepared, introductory to his course, to 
 the Board of Managers and his medical colleagues, which was 
 directed to be inserted on the minutes of the Board. This 
 lecture was publicly delivered on the third of December, 
 1766. It is a clear exposition of the advantages of clinical 
 instruction in connection with medical education, at the same 
 time evincing a deep interest in the medical school recently 
 established, to which, as a trustee of the College, Dr. Bond 
 had most zealously given his influence. In proof of this, the 
 following passages may be quoted : — 
 
 " Therefore, from principles of patriotism and humanity, 
 the Physic School here should meet all the protection and 
 encouragement the friends of their country and well-wishers of 
 mankind can possibly give it. Though it is yet in its infancy, 
 from the judicious treatment of its guardians it is already 
 become a forward child, and has the promising appearance of 
 soon arriving at a vigorous and healthy maturity. The pro- 
 fessors in it at present are few, but their departments include 
 the most essential parts of education. Another teacher whose 
 distinguished abilities will do honor to his country and the 
 Institution, is expected to join them in the spring; and I 
 think he has little faith, who can doubt that so good an 
 undertaking will ever fail of additional strength and provi- 
 
 ' See Appendix A. 
 
58 MEDICAL DEPAKTMENT OF 
 
 dential blessing ; and I am certain nothing would give me so 
 much pleasure as to have it in my power to contribute the 
 least mite towards its perfect establishment. 
 
 " The Professor of Anatomy and Physiology is well quali- 
 fied for his task, his dissections are accurate and elegant, and 
 his lectures learned, judicious and clear. 
 
 '• The Professor of the Theory and Practice or Physic has 
 had'the best opportunities of improvement, joined to genius 
 and application, and cannot fail of giving necessary and in- 
 structive lessons to the pupils."^ 
 
 In 1766, Dr. Shippen's course was announced publicly on 
 the 18th of September. That of Dr. Morgan was also an- 
 nounced on the 25th of the same month in these terms: 
 " A Course of Lectures on the Theory and Practice of Physic 
 will be delivered for the benefit of medical students, with a 
 preparatory course on Botany, Chemistry, and the Materia 
 Medica, being the substance of a set of lectures, delivered to 
 his pupils last winter." This, then, in reality was the first 
 course of lectures on the practice of medicine. 
 
 The year 1766 was further memorable in the annals of the 
 College for the award of a gold medal to Dr. Morgan for a 
 prize essay. The following advertisement explains the nature 
 of the transaction: — 
 
 "College of Philadelphia, March 6t]i, 1866. 
 
 " "Whereas, John Sargent, Esq., Merchant of London and 
 Member of Parliament, hath presented to this College a Gold 
 Medal for the best English Essay on the reciprocal advantages 
 of a perpetual union between Great Britain and her American 
 Colonies, notice is hereby given by order of the Trustees, 
 that the said Medal will be disposed of at the ensuing Com- 
 mencement in May, for the best Essay that shall be produced 
 on the subject proposed, by any one of those who have 
 received any degree or part of their education in this College; 
 and, as the said subject is one of the most important which 
 can at this time employ the pen of the patriot or scholar, and 
 is thus left open to all those who have had any connection 
 with this College, either as students or graduates, it is hoped 
 
 ' This lecture was published in the " North American Medical and 
 Surgical Journal," Ucl. 1827, page 266. 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PEXXSYLVAXIA. 59 
 
 for the honor of the Seminary, as well' as their own, they will 
 nobh^ exert themselves on a subject so truly animating, which 
 may be treated in a manner alike interesting to good men, 
 both here and in the Mother countr}^" 
 
 From nine performances which were presented, the Com- 
 mittee of Trustees selected that of Dr. Morgan, and at the 
 Commencement held May 20th, 1766, immediately after the 
 valedictory oration, "the Hon. John Penn, Esq., Governor of 
 the Province, as President of the Trustees of the College, 
 delivered the medal to the Provost, ordering him to confer it 
 in public agreeably to their previous determination. The 
 Provost accordingly acquainted the, audience that the same 
 had been decreed to John Morgan, M. D., F. K. S., &c.. Pro- 
 fessor of the Theory and Practice of Physic in the College of 
 Philadelphia, and then requested Dr. Morgan to dehver his 
 dissertation in public, which being finished, the eulogium 
 accompanied the conferring of the medal. "^ 
 
 In 1767, a further movement was made towards a more tho- 
 rough organization of the medical department, and placing it 
 upon a proper footing in connection with collegiate privileges. 
 
 The medical gentlemen of the Board of Trustees, with the 
 two Professors and the Provost, William Smith, D.D., united 
 in framing a code of rules for the new department. These 
 were submitted to the Board of Trustees at the meeting of 
 May 12th, 1767, when they were approved and adopted. 
 The announcement given to the public press indicates the 
 action taken as being supposed to promote the interests of the 
 school and of the profession.^ 
 
 " College of Philadelphia, July 27th, 1767. 
 "At a meeting of the Trustees, held the 12th of May last, 
 it being moved to the Board that conferring the usual degrees 
 
 ' The essay was published, with others, under the title, " Four Disserta- 
 tions on the reciprocal advantages of a perpetual union between Great 
 Britain and her American Colonies, written for Mr. Sargent's Prize Medal, 
 to whicli by desire is prefixed an Eulogium, spoken on the delivery of the 
 medal at the public Commencement of the College of Philadelphia, May 
 20th, 1166. Philadelphia : Printed by William and Thomas Bradford, at 
 the London Coffee House, 1766." 
 
 * I'ennsylvania Gazette. / 
 
60 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 in Physic on deserving students will tend to put the Practice 
 ' of Physic on a more respectable footing in America ; the mo- 
 tion was unanimously agreed to ; and the following Course 
 of Studies and Qualifications, after mature deliberation, was 
 fixed on and enacted as requisite to entitle physical students 
 to their different degrees. 
 
 " For a Bachelor's Degree in Physic : — 
 " 1. It is required that such students as have not taken a 
 Degree in any College shall, before admission to a degree in 
 Physic, satisfy the Trustees and Professors of the College 
 concerning their knowledge in the Latin tongue, and in such 
 branches of Mathematics, Natural and Experimental Philoso- 
 phy as shall be judged requisite to a medical education. 
 
 "2. Each student shall attend at least one course of lectures 
 in Anatomy, Materia Medica, Chemistry, the Theory and 
 Practice of Phj^sic, and one course of Clynical (sic) Lectures, 
 and shall attend the Practice of the Pennsylvania Hospital for 
 one year, and may then be admitted to a Public Examination 
 for a Bachelor's Degree, provided that on previous examina- 
 tion by the Medical Trustees and Professors, and such other 
 Trustees and Professors as choose to attend, such Students 
 shall be judged fit to undergo a public examination without 
 attending any more courses in the Medical School. 
 
 "3. It is further required that each student, previous to the 
 Bachelor's Degree, shall have served a sufficient apprentice- 
 ship to some reputable Practitioner in Physic, and be able 
 to make it appear that he has a general knowledge in Phar- 
 macy. 
 
 " Qualifications for a Doctor's Degree in Physic : — 
 " It is required for this Degree that at least three years have 
 intervened from the time of taking the Bachelor's Degree, and 
 that the Candidate be full 24 years of age, and that he shall 
 write and defend a Thesis publicly in the College, unless he 
 should be beyond seas, or so remote on the continent of 
 America as not to be able to attend without manifest incon- 
 venience ; in which case, on sending a written thesis, such as 
 shall be approved of by the College, the candidate may re- 
 ceive the Doctor's Degree, but his thesis shall be printed and 
 published at his own expense. 
 
THE UXIVERSITY OF PEXNSYLVAXIA. 61 
 
 "This scheme of a medical education is proposed to be on 
 as extensive and liberal a plan as in the most respectable 
 European Seminaries, and the utmost provision is made for 
 rendering a Degree a real mark of Honor, the reward only of 
 distinguished learning and abilities. As it is calculated to 
 promote the Benefit of Mankind by the improvement of the 
 beneficent Art of Healing and to afford an opportunity to 
 students of acquiring a regular medical education in America, 
 it is hoped it will meet with public encouragement, more 
 especially as the central situation of this city, the established 
 character of the Medical Professors, the advantages of the 
 College and of the public Hospital, all conspire to promise 
 success to the Design. 
 
 " For the further advantage of medical students, a course of 
 Lectures will be given by the Professor of Natural and Ex- 
 perimental Philosophy each winter in the College, where there 
 is an elegant and compleat {sic) apparatus provided for that 
 purpose, and where medical students may have an opportunity 
 of completing themselves in the Languages and any parts of 
 the Mathematics at their leisure hours." 
 
 The lectures were further advertised to commence on the 
 first Monday of ISTovember, and "to consist of a complete 
 course of lectures on Anatomy, to which will be added all 
 the operations in Surgery, and the mode of applying all the 
 necessary bandages, &c." 
 
 "A course of Lectures on the Theory and Practice of Medi- 
 cine, which will be preceded by a general explanation of the 
 Theory of Chemistry, accompanied with some necessary ope- 
 rations to render a knowledge of this science easy and familiar 
 to the inquisitive student." 
 
 "A course of Clynical Lectures, to be delivered in the Penn- 
 sylvania Hospital wherein the Treatment of both Acute and 
 Chroxic Diseases will be exemplified in the cases of a great 
 number of Patients. 
 
 " Each course of Lectures will be finished by the beginning 
 of May, in time for those who intend to offer as candidates 
 for a Degree in Physic to prepare themselves for the Exami- 
 nation before the Commencement of the ensuing year." 
 
 Appended to this general advertisement were those of each 
 
62 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 professor with his own signature, and additionally that of Dr. 
 Bond, in the following terms : " Dr. Bond's Course of Clynical 
 Lectures, exemplifying the Theory and Practice of Physic, in 
 the variety of Cases which present in the Pennsylvania Hos- 
 pital, will be opened early in November, by a Introductory 
 Lecture on the usefulness of a Medical School in America, and 
 the necessity of a general Scientific Education to the students 
 of Physic. To which will be added a Plan of the Course." 
 
 The lecture of Dr. Bond, of which no further record has 
 been left, was apparently supplemental to the one already 
 referred to, and shows how deeply interested he was in the 
 success of the great experiment then in operation. A just 
 appreciation of the efforts of Dr. Bond to aid the collegiate 
 instruction, was entertained by the Board of Trustees. On 
 their minutes of May, 1768, we find this entry : " Dr. Bond is 
 requested by the Trustees and Professors to continue his 
 Clynical Lectures at the Hospital, as a Branch of Medical 
 Education judged to be of great importance and benefit to the 
 students." We cannot find, however, that he was formally 
 appointed professor. He continued to execute the duty of 
 clinical instructor until his death in 1784, when clinical medi- 
 cine had no especial representative until it was united with 
 the Institutes in 1792. 
 
 The lectures upon Natural and Experimental Philosophy, 
 were delivered by the Rev. Dr. William Smith, D. D., LL. D., 
 the Provost of the- College.^ The announcement issued at 
 the time explains their nature. 
 
 "College op Philadelphia, December 17tli, 1767. 
 
 *' At the request of the Medical Trustees and Professors, the 
 subscriber having last winter opened a course of Lectures on 
 Natural and Experimental Philosophy, for the benefit of the 
 Medical Students, which he hath engaged to continue this 
 winter on an extensive plan, notice is hereby given that on 
 Monday, the 28th iust., at 12 oc, it is proposed to deliver the 
 Introductory Lecture at the College. As these lectures are 
 
 • The Rev. William Smith, D. D., LL. D., was Provost of the College 
 from 17r)3 to 1779, when the charter was abrogated and the University 
 instituted. 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PEXXSYLVANIA. 63 
 
 instituted and given gratis, with the view to encourage the 
 
 medical schools lately opened, and to extend the usefulness 
 
 and reputation of the College, any gentlemen who have 
 
 formerly been educated in this Seminary, and are desirous 
 
 of renewing their acquaintance with the above mentioned 
 
 branches of knowledge, will be welcome 'to attend the course. 
 
 " To the standing use of the large apparatus belonging to 
 
 the College, Mr. Kinnersley' has engaged to add the use of 
 
 his electrical apparatus which is fixed there, and to deliver 
 
 the lectures on electricity himself, as well as to give his 
 
 occasional assistance in other branches; so that with these 
 
 advantages, and the many years' experience of the subscriber 
 
 in conducting lectures of this kind, it is hoped the present 
 
 course will answer the design of its institution and do credit 
 
 to the Seminary. 
 
 W. SMITH. 
 
 "N. B. — An evening lecture in some branches of Mathe- 
 matics, preparatory to the philosophical course, is opened at 
 the College." 
 
 ' Ebenezer Kinnerslej-, A. M., was Professor of Oratory and English 
 Literature in the College from 1753 to 1773. He was interested in elec- 
 tricity, and aided Dr. Franklin in his experiments. See Life of Franklin 
 by Dr. Stuber, and Lectures on Natural Philosophy by Rev. Dr. Ewing. 
 
G'i MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 CHAPTEB Y. 
 
 • 
 
 Dr. Adam Knlin ; education and appointment to the professorship of 
 botany and materia medica — Fees of the college — Degree of Bachelor of 
 Medicine conferred in 1768 — Degree of Doctor of Medicine conferred in 
 New York in 1769 — Commencement exercises of the college on the occa- 
 sion of conferring the degree of M. B. — Dr. Benjamin Rush ; his educa- 
 tion and correspondence while in Europe ; appointment to the professor- 
 ship of chemistry — First faculty of medicine organized — Commencement 
 of 1771. 
 
 The next addition to the faculty was in the person of Dr. 
 Adam Kuhn. He was born at Germantown, Philadelphia 
 County, in 1741. His father was a native of Swabia, a physi- 
 cian by profession, and a man of bright parts and liberal edu- 
 cation. Having removed to Lancaster-in Pennsjdvania, where 
 he became a magistrate, " he was deeply interested in the pro- 
 motion of classical learning amongst the youth of that place, 
 and for this end procured the erection of a school-house, in 
 which the Greek and Latin languages were taught by the best 
 qualified masters." Under such auspices Dr. Kuhn received 
 his elementary education, and commenced his medical studies 
 with the advantage of parental direction. 
 
 In 1761, Dr. Kuhn went to Europe, and, deviating thus far 
 from the course pursued by his colleagues, resorted to Sweden 
 for instruction in botany and materia medica, at the hands of 
 Linnaeus, then at the height of his renown. He subsequently 
 went to Edinburgh, and received the degree of Doctor of 
 Medicine from that University in 1767. The thesis, published 
 by him on that occasion, "i>e Lavatione Frigida^''^ was dedi- 
 cated to his friend and instructor Linnseus. The letters of 
 that eminent naturalist to the father of Dr. Kuhn evince the 
 deep interest he took in the son, and the particular estimation 
 he had conceived of his abilities.' 
 
 ' A sketch of the life of Dr. Kuhn was communicated anonymously to 
 the 8th vol. Eclectic Repository. It was written by Dr. S. Powell Griffiths. 
 
THE UXIVERSITY OF PEXXSYLVAXIA, . 65 
 
 In January, 1768, Dr. Kiihn returned from Europe, when 
 he was at once appointed the Professor of Materia Medica and 
 Botany in the College. These subjects had been taught by 
 Dr. Moro-an in connection with his course on the Theory and 
 Practice of Physic; but the necessity of creating a distinct 
 Professorship, appropriated to their consideration, was. im- 
 pressed upon the Board of Trustees, and Dr. Kuhn, from his 
 training in the natural sciences, was regarded as its most 
 fitting incumbent. The record thus refers to his election : — 
 
 " Dr. Kuhn having made application to be appointed Pro- 
 fessor of Botany and Materia Medica in this College, declar- 
 ing that he would do the utmost in his power to merit the 
 honor, and the Trustees having ample assurance of his abili- 
 ties to fill that Professorship, for which he is likewise parti- 
 cularly recommended by the Medical Trustees and Professors 
 belonging to the College itself, did therefore unanimously 
 appoint him, the said Dr. Kuhn, Professor of Botany and 
 Materia Medica in this College, agreeably to his request." 
 
 His first course was on Botany, in May, 1768, three months 
 after his arrival from Europe. In the following year, on May 
 1st, we find that Dr. Kuhn's course on the same branch was 
 announced, but it appears in subsequent years to have been 
 dropped. 
 
 Dr. Kuhn held the Chair of Materia Medica during twenty- 
 one years, under the auspices of the College and University, 
 until he assumed the Chair of Practice, as will be seen by the 
 account hereafter given of the changes in the Medical Faculty.. 
 
 The subject of fees in the College is one of some interest.. 
 With respect to the particular compensation for instruction 
 we cannot find that there was any legislative action when 
 the lectures were first inaugurated, and can only judge of 
 the amount from the advertisements of the professors. The 
 first regulation with respect to fees, more especially having 
 reference to graduation, is found on the Minutes of the Board 
 of Trustees of May 17, 1768, to wit:— 
 
 " The following Eules brought forward by the Medical 
 Committee of Trustees and Professors were agreed to, viz : — 
 
 " 1. Such Medical Students as propose to be Candidates for 
 Degrees, and likewise such other Medical Students as shall 
 
Q6 MEDICAL* DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 attend the Natural Philosophy Lectures now given by the 
 Provost, and whose names have never been entered in the 
 College, shall enter the same, and pay the usual sum of Twenty 
 Shillings Mah'iculation Money. 
 
 " 2. Every student on taking the Degree of Bachelor of 
 Physic shall pay not less than one Guinea to each Professor 
 he has studied under in the College, from the time of his en- 
 tering the Medical Classes ; and likewise the usual Fees for 
 the seal to his Diploma, and for the increase of the Library. 
 
 " 3. Each Medical Student who shall pay one Dollar for the 
 use of the Library (exclusive of the Fee of Commencements) 
 shall have his name entered, and have the free use of the 
 Books belonging to the Medical Library of the College during 
 his continuance of the same and attendance of lectures under 
 the Medical Professors." 
 
 The price of tickets for a single course, ^.e., to each professor, 
 was determined not to exceed six pistoles ($20), and after two 
 courses the students had the privilege of attending gratis. 
 
 The next event in the order of time is an important one in 
 the history of the medical school. The bestowal of the first 
 medical honors by the institution, and the first in America, 
 in itself constitutes an epoch. Under the regulations that had 
 been adopted this event took place on June 21st, 1768. 
 
 The question as to which medical school, that of Philadel- 
 phia or that of New York, the honor of priority is to be 
 awarded in the bestowal of degrees has been a mooted one. Dr. 
 Hosack claims the distinction for New York, and comments 
 in the following language with reference to it: "Dr. Sewall, 
 in his excellent Introductory Lecture, delivered at the open- 
 ing of the Medical School of Columbian College, District of 
 Columbia, also^ is in error in his statement relative to the 
 first medical degrees conferred in the colonies, now the United 
 States. In the discourse referred to he dates the first medical 
 degrees as conferred at the Commencement held in Philadel- 
 phia on June, 1771, whereas the doctorate had been previously 
 conferred in the month of May of the preceding year in the 
 
 ' The word " also" has reference to a mistake of Dr. Miller in his Retro- 
 spect of the Eighteenth Century, who stated that no degrees in medicine 
 were conferred by King's College, New York, previously to the Revolution. 
 
THE UXIVERSITY OF PEXNSYLVAXIA. 67 
 
 city of ISTew York. The same error has been committed by 
 Dr. Thatcher, in the new edition of his Modern Practice re- 
 cently published."^ 
 
 Dr. Beck reiterates this statement when referring to the 
 schools. He informs his readers that the schools thus started 
 in New York and Philadelphia were the only ones attempted 
 before the Eevolution. " The first medical degrees were given 
 by the College of New York. In 1769, the degree of Bache- 
 lor in Medicine was conferred upon Samuel Kissam and 
 Eobert Tucker. In 1770 the degree of Doctor of Medicine 
 was conferred on the last of these gentlemen, and in May of 
 the following year upon the former. In June, 1771, the 
 degree of Doctor in Medicine was conferred on four students 
 of the Philadelphia College, being the first given in the insti- 
 tution."^ 
 
 The truth is that Dr. Sewall, in his lecture, correctly pre- 
 sented the fact, overlooked by Dr. Hosack, that in June, 
 1768, the first Commencement of the College of Philadelphia 
 was held, at which the degree of Bachelor of Medicine was 
 conferred, and further stated that "at the Commencement 
 in 1771, the degree of M. B. was conferred on seven, and 
 the degree of M. D. on four students."^ This latter statement 
 is made by Dr. Thatcher in his History of American Medi- 
 cine, prefixed to his Medical Biography, without reference to 
 any previous Commencement. With respect to the pros- 
 pective conferring of degrees Dr. Morgan, in writing to Mr. 
 William Hewson, of London, November 20th, 1767, thus 
 expresses himself: — 
 
 "I have twenty pupils this year at about five guineas each. 
 Next year we shall confer the degree of Bachelor in Physic 
 
 ' An Inaugural Discourse delivered at the opening of Rutgers Medical 
 College in the City of New York, on Monday the 6th day of November, 
 182G, by David Hosack, M. D., F. R. S. 
 
 2 An Historical Sketch of the State of Medicine in the American Colonies, 
 etc., ante citat. 
 
 ' A Lecture delivered at the opening of the Medical Department of the 
 Columbian College, in the District of Columbia, March 30th, 1825, by 
 Thomas Sewall, M. D., Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, Washing- 
 ton City, 1825. Note to page 26 at p. 67. This note w^as furnished by 
 Prof. J. R. Coxe, M. D., in a letter to Dr. Sewall, and is correct in all 
 particulars. 
 
68 MEDICAL DEPAETMEXT OF 
 
 on several of them, and that of Doctor in three j^ears after. 
 New York Las copied us, and has six Professors, three of 
 whom you know, to wit. Bard, Professor of Physic; Teniiant, 
 of Midwifery; and Smith, in Chemistry; besides whom are 
 Dr. Jones, Professor of Surgery; Middleton, of Physiology; 
 and Glossy, of Anatomy. Time will show in what light we 
 are to consider the rivalship ; for my part, I do not seem to 
 be ander great apprehensions.'" 
 
 The degree of Bachelor of Medicine was conferred, in 1769, 
 by King's College, New York, and the degree of Doctor of 
 Medicine in 1770. From this it appears that the claim of 
 priority in conferring degrees in medicine must be awarded to 
 the Philadelphia School, while the precedence in conferring 
 the Doctorate must be given to New York. 
 
 As all the points connected with the mode of proceeding in 
 the infancy of the school are worthy of notice, the resolutions 
 with regard to the examination of applicants have been 
 transcribed from the Minutes of the College of May 17, 1768. 
 
 ' In July, 1767, the first measures were taken in New York; and in 
 1768, a Medical Bcliool was organized under the direction and government 
 of the College, which was then called King's College. A Board of Pro- 
 fessors was then appointed to teach the several branches of Medical Science. 
 The instructors in this early school were Samuel Clossy, M. D., Professor 
 of Anatomy ; John Jones, M. D., Professor of Surgery ; Peter Middleton, 
 M. D., Professor of Physiology and Pathology ; James Smith, M. D., Pro- 
 fessor of Chemistry and Materia Medica; John V. B. Tennant, M. D., 
 Professor of Midwifery ; and Samuel Bard, M. D., Professor of the Theory 
 and Practice of Physic. 
 
 The occupation of the city of New York by the British army for so long 
 a period of the war prevented the continuance of the operations of this 
 school. After the peace of 1783, the former medical professors, being 
 separated by death or accident, never as a body were reinstated in their 
 former situation in the College. An effort was made to resuscitate the Medi- 
 cal School, but was unsuccessful. In 1792, Columbia College, which had 
 superseded King's College, instituted a Medical Faculty at the head of 
 which was Dr. Samuel Bard. But the effort had not much success, as "it 
 appears from the records of Columbia College since 1792, the time when 
 the Medical Faculty of that School was organized, to the year 1811, thirty- 
 four students have completed their courses of study, and received the medi- 
 cal honors of that institution." The College of Physicians and Surgeons 
 of New York was established in 1807. — Hosack''s Introductory. Beckys 
 Sketch ; also Historical Sketch of the Origin, Progress, and Present State of 
 the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Jlnroersity of New York. 
 American Medical and Philosophical Register, vol. iv. 1814. 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PEXXSYLVANIA. 69 
 
 "It Avas agreed that in pursuance of a Proposal given in by 
 the Medical Trustees and Professors, the examination of the 
 Medical Students for the degree of Bachelor of Physic shall 
 be made in the following mode, according to the Kule origi- 
 nally laid down for the Medical Schools, which requires a 
 full private examination before admission to the public one. 
 
 '•Wherefore the private examination shall begin in the 
 College, on the 9th of May, being Monday next, and shall be 
 finished on Monda}^, the 16th. Such of the Medical Students 
 as may appear fit, after such private examination, shall be 
 admitted to a public examination in the College on Wednes- 
 day, the 18th of May." 
 
 The ceremonies attending the Commencement of June 21, 
 1768, are minutely detailed upon the Minutes of the Board 
 of -Trustees, and are full of interest in connection with the 
 customs of the time. They are thus set forth : — 
 
 " This "day may be considered as the Birth-day of Medical 
 Honors in America. The Trustees being met at half an hour 
 past nine in the forenoon, and the several Professors and 
 Medical Candidates, in their proper Habits, proceeded from the 
 Apparatus Room to the Public Hall, where a polite assembly 
 of their fellow-citizens were convened to honor the Solemnity. 
 
 " The Provost having there received the Mandate for the 
 Commencement from his Honor the Governor, as President 
 of the Trustees, introduced the business of the day with 
 Prayers and a short Latin Oration, suited to the occasion. 
 The part alluding to the School of Medicine is in the follow- 
 ing language : — 
 
 " ' Oh ! Factum bene ! Yos quoque Professores Medici, 
 qui magno nummi, temporis et laboris sumptu, longa quoque 
 peregrinatione per varias regiones, et populos, domum re- 
 duxistis et peritiam, et nobile consilium servandi, et rationali 
 praxi, docendi alios servare valetudinem vestrum civium. 
 Gratum fecistis omnibus, sed pergratum certe peritis illis 
 medicis, qui artis suae dignitatis conscii, praxin rationalem, 
 et juventutis institutionem in re medica liberalem, hisce re- 
 gionibus, ante vos longe desideraverunt.' 
 
 " To this succeeded — 
 
 "1. A Latin oration, delivered by Mr. John Lawrence, 
 
70 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 'De Honoribus qui in omni sevo in veros Medicinse cultores 
 collati fuerint.' 
 
 " 2. A dispute, whether the Eetina or Tunica Choroides be the 
 immediate seat of vision ? The argument for the retina was 
 ingeniously maintained by Mr. Cowell ; the opposite side of 
 the question was supported with great acuteness by Mr. Ful- 
 lerton, who contended that the Eetina is incapable of the office 
 ascribed to it, on account of its being easily permeable to the 
 rays of light, and that the choroid coat, by its being opaque, 
 is the proper part for stopping the rays, and receiving the 
 picture of the object. 
 
 "3. Questio, num detur Fluidum Nervosum? Mr.Duffield 
 held the affirmative, and Mr. Way the negative, both with 
 great learning. 
 
 "4. Mr. Tilton delivered an essa}^ ' On Eespiration,' and 
 the manner in which it was performed did credit to his 
 abilities. 
 
 " 5. The Provost then conferred the degree of Bachelor 
 of Medicine on the following gentlemen, viz : Messrs. John 
 Archer, of New Castle County ; Benjamin Cowell, of Bucks ; 
 Samuel Duffield and Jonathan Potts, of Philadelphia ; Jona- 
 than Elmer, of New Jersey ; Humphrey Fullerton, of Lan- 
 caster County ; David Jackson, of Chester County; John Law- 
 rence, of East Jersey; James Tilton, of Kent County, Dela- 
 ware ; and Nicholas Way, of Wilmington. 
 
 "6. An elegant valedictory oration was spoken by Mr. 
 Potts, ' On the Advantages derived in the Study of Physic, 
 from a previous liberal education in the other sciences.' 
 
 " The Provost then addressed the Graduates in a brief Ac- 
 count of the present state of the College, and of the quick 
 progress in the various extensive establishments it hath 
 already made. He pointed out the general causes of the 
 advancement as well as decline of literature in different Nations 
 of the World, and observed to the Graduates, that as they 
 were the first who had received medical honors in America, 
 on a regular Collegiate plan, it depended much on them, by 
 their future conduct and eminence, to place such honors in 
 estimation among their countrymen; concluding with an 
 earnest appeal that they would never neglect the opportuni- 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENTXSYLVAXIA. 71 
 
 ties wliich their profession would give them, when their art 
 could be of no further service to the bod}^, of making serious 
 impressions on their patients, and showing themselves men 
 of consolation and piety, especially at the awful approach of 
 death, which could not fail to have singular weight from a 
 lay character. 
 
 " Dr. Shippen, Professor of Anatomy and Surgery, then 
 gave the remainder of the charge, further inviting the Grra- 
 duates to support the dignity of their Profession by a lauda- 
 ble perseverance in their studies, and by a Practice becoming 
 the character of gentlemen ; adding many useful precepts 
 respecting their conduct towards their patients, charity 
 towards the poor, humanity towards all ; and with reference 
 to the opportunities they might have of gaining the confi- 
 dence of the sick, and esteem of every one who by theiir 
 vio-ilance and skill mio-ht be relieved from sufferino- and 
 restored to health. 
 
 "The Yice-Provost concluded the whole with Prayer and 
 Thanksgiving."^ 
 
 At a public Commencement held June 30, 1769, the degree 
 of Bachelor of Medicine was conferred on eight candidates, 
 viz: James Armstrong, John Hodge, John Houston, Josias 
 Carroll Hall, Thomas Pratt, Alexander Skinner, Myndert 
 Yeeder, and John Winder. The exercises were of a charac- 
 ter similar to the preceding, the charge being given by Dr. 
 Bond.2 
 
 In the year 1769, Dr. Benjamin Rush, on his return from 
 Europe, was elected Professor of Chemistry. He was born 
 in Pennsylvania, in 17tto. His classical education was com- 
 menced at the celebrated school of Rev. Dr. Finley, at ISTot- 
 tingham, in Mar3dand ; and so well trained was he that he 
 entered the Senior Class at Princeton College, and graduated 
 at the expiration of the term in 1760, when hardly sixteen 
 years of age. President Davies was then at the head of the 
 Institution. The next six years of his life were spent in the 
 study of medicine with Dr. Redman, and he was one of the 
 
 ' The account is published in the Pennsylvania Gazette, Jul}', 17G8. 
 2 See Appendix B. 
 
72 MEDICAL DEPAKTMENT OF 
 
 first pupils in attendance upon the lectures of Dr. Shippen. 
 In 1766 he went to Edinburgh, where, in 1768, he took his 
 degree of Doctor of Medicine; the same year in which the 
 first medical honors were conferred in America. The subject 
 of his thesis was " De coctione ciborum in ventriculo." 
 
 It is stated by Dr. Eamsay, in his eulogium, "that the 
 Writings of Hippocrates were among the first books Benjamin 
 Rush read in Medicine, and, while he was an apprentice, 
 translated his Aphorisms from Greek into English. He also 
 began to keep a note-book of remarkable occurrences, the 
 plan of which he afterwards improved and continued through 
 life. J'rom a part of this record, written in the seventeenth 
 year of his age, we derive the only account of the yellow 
 fever of 1762, which has descended to posterity." An account 
 of this same epidemic has recently been published by the 
 College of Physicians of Philadelphia, from a manuscript of 
 Dr. Redman, found among its Archives.^ 
 
 The desire of Dr. Rush to become the incumbent of the 
 Chair of Chemistry in the Medical School of Philadelphia,' 
 Avas formed while he was still a student at Edinburgh, and in 
 this he was evidently supported by the friendly suggestions 
 of Dr. Morgan. In a letter to this gentleman, dated Jan. 20, 
 1768, he thus expresses himself: " I exult in the happy pros- 
 pects, which now open upon yon, of the success of the Medi- 
 cal Schools you have established in Philadelphia. The scheme 
 you have published for conferring degrees in Physic has met 
 with the approbation of Dr. Cullen himself, who interests 
 himself warmly in everything that relates to your reputation 
 or success in life; he thinks himself happy, he says, in edu- 
 cating those young men to whom so important a Medical 
 College as that in Philadelphia will owe its foundation and 
 future credit." 
 
 " I thank you for the pains you have taken to secure me 
 the Professorship of Chemistry. I think I am now master of 
 
 ' An Account of the Yellow Fever, as it prevailed in Philadelphia in 
 the Autumn of 1762, by John Redman, M. D., First President of the Col- 
 lege. A paper presented to the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, at 
 its stated meeting, September 7, 1793, now for the first time published by 
 order of the College, 1865. 
 
THE UXIVERSITY OF PEXNSYLVAXIA. 73 
 
 the science, and could teacTi it with confidence and ease. I 
 have attended Dr. Black for two years diligently, and have, I 
 think, received from him a comprehensive and accurate vieAV 
 of the science, together with all his late improvements in 
 chemistry, which are of so important a nature that no man, 
 in my opinion, can understand or teach chemistry as a 
 science without being acquainted with them." "As to the 
 experiments you speak of, there is scarcely one of them but 
 what I have seen twice performed, either publickly or pri- 
 vately, by Dr. Black." Again: " I would not, however, urge 
 your interest too warmly in this affair; perhaps I may dis- 
 appoint the expectations of the Trustees, and prevent a 
 person better qualified from filling the chair. I should like 
 to teach Chemistry as a Professor, because I think I could 
 show its application to medicine and philosophy." " I should 
 likewise be able more fully, from having a seat in the Col- 
 lege, to co-operate with you in advancing the Medical Sciences 
 generally." 
 
 Of the certainty of his election Dr. Eush must have re- 
 ceived an intimation, as in October, 1768, he thus wrote from 
 London to Dr. Morgan: " I am much obliged to you for con- 
 tinuing to read lectures upon Chemistry. I hope to be in 
 Philadelphia in May or June next, so that I shall relieve 
 you from the task the ensuing winter. Is it necessary for 
 me to deliver publickly an Inaugural Oration ? Something 
 must be said in favor of the advantages of Chemistry to 
 Medicine, and its usefulness to medical philosophy, as the 
 people of our country in general are strangers to the nature 
 and objects of the science." 
 
 The language of Dr. Eash, in the extracts from his corres- 
 pondence which have been presented, indicates that although 
 conscious of his own acquirements, ambitious of advance- 
 ment in connection with usefulness, animated almost by a 
 prescience of the distinction to which he ultimately attained, 
 and relying on a will and industry to secure success in the 
 position he desired, he was still diffident in the expression of 
 his fitness for the office. 
 
 The wishes of Dr. Eush were fully realized. At a meet- 
 ing of the Board of Trustees, July 23, 1769, a letter was read 
 
74 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 from Thomas Penn, Esq., dated May, 1769, of wliicli tlie fol- 
 lowing is a copy: — 
 
 "Gentlemen: Dr. Eusli having been recommended to me 
 by Dr. Fothergill as a very expert Chymist, and the Doctor 
 liaving further recommended to me to send a Chymical Appa- 
 ratus to the College, as a Thing that will be of great use, 
 particularly in the tryal of ores, I send you such as Dr. 
 Fothergill thought necessary, under the care of Dr. Eush, 
 which I desire your acceptance of. I recommend Dr. Eush 
 to your notice, and humbly wishing success to the College, 
 remain, with great regard, 
 
 "Your very affectionate friend, 
 
 THOS. PENN. 
 "To tlie Trustees of tlie College of Pliiladelpliia." 
 
 The following is a part of an address to the Hon. Thomas 
 Penn, Esq., approved and signed August 1, 1769: — 
 
 " We have likewise the pleasure to acknowledge a fresh 
 instance of your benevolence in sending us a Chemical Appa- 
 ratus under the care of Dr. Eush, who will meet with all the 
 encouragement from us due to your recomraendation and his 
 own good character." 
 
 At the same meeting, a letter was submitted by Dr. Eush, 
 applying for the Professorship of Chemistry. 
 
 " Gentlemen : As the Professorship of Chemistry, which 
 Dr. Morgan hath some time supplied, is vacant, I beg to 
 offer myself as a Candidate for it. Should you think proper 
 to honor me with the Chair, you may depend upon my doing 
 anj^thing that lies in my power to discharge the duties of a 
 Professor, and to promote the reputation and interest of your 
 College. 
 
 " I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect. 
 
 Your most obedient, humble servant, 
 
 BENJ. RUSH. 
 
 " PniLADELPHiA, July 31, 1769." 
 
 " In consequence of the above application, and in con- 
 sideration of Dr. Eush's character as an able Chemist, he was 
 
THE UNIYEESITY OF PEXXSYLVANIA. 75 
 
 unanimously appointed Professor of Chemistry in the Col- 
 lege." 
 
 From the more complete organization of the Medical 
 Facult}^, effected in the manner now detailed, the session of 
 1769-70 may be regarded as the commencement of greater 
 vigor in the School. The Announcement stood as follows: — 
 
 Theory and Practice of Medicine, JoHX Mokgan, M. D. 
 Anatomy, Surgery, and Midwifery, Wm. Shippen, Jk., M.D. 
 Materia Medica and Botany, Adam Kuhn, M. D. 
 
 Chemistr}^, Benjamin Eush, M. D. 
 
 Clinical Medicine, Thomas Bond, M. D. 
 
 Additionally to the strictlj^ medical courses, the Eev. Dr. 
 Smith, Provost, delivered lectures on Natural Philosophy to 
 the Class.i 
 
 It may be of interest to know the ages of the above-named 
 members of the Faculty of Medicine at the period of its exist- 
 ence in 1769. Like the School itself, the Professors Avould, 
 in these days, be considered juvenile ; but in the vigor of 
 their youth, they were capable of accomplishing great things, 
 and failed not in their endeavor. Eush was but twenty-four 
 years old ; Kuhn but twenty-eight ; Shippen thirty -three ; 
 and Morgan thirty-four. Bond only had arrived at that age 
 when experience is supposed to bring the greatest wisdojn ; 
 he was over fifty years. 
 
 At the Commencement before referred to in June, 1771, 
 the degree of Bachelor of Physic was conferred on Benjamin 
 Allison, Jonathan Easton, John Kuhn, Frederick Kuhn, Bodo 
 Otto, Eobert Pottinger, and William Smith. 
 
 Four graduates who had received the primary degree in 
 1768, now received that of Doctor of Medicine, viz : Jonathan 
 Potts, Avhose thesis was " De Febribus Intermittentibus Po- 
 tissimum Tertianis ;" James Tilton, " De Ilydrope ;" Nicholas 
 Way, " De Yariolarum Insitione;" Jonathan Elmer, " De 
 Causis et Eemediis sitis in Febribus."'' 
 
 The theses of these gentlenien were written in the Latin 
 
 ' Appendix C. 2 Appendix D. 
 
76 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 language, and, according to tlie rule heretofore given, as 
 enacted in 1767, were published. 
 
 Professor Beck has fallen "pariially into error in his inte- 
 resting historical sketch, when he states that no medical 
 journal of any description appears to have been published until 
 after the war of our Independence ; and that " the only inau- 
 gural dissertation that was published was from the New York 
 College in 1771, by Samuel Kissam, M.D., 'On the Anthel- 
 mintic Virtue of the Phasceolus Zuratensis;' 'Siliqua Hir- 
 suta, or Cow-itch,' a copy of which may be seen in the 
 library of the New York Historical Society." In this he is 
 evidently mistaken, for the theses of the graduates of the 
 College of Philadelphia were published in 1771, and are now 
 in existence. 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENXSYLVAXIA. 
 
 CHAPTEE YI. 
 
 Counection between the medical department of the College of Philadelphia 
 and that of the Uniyersity of Edinburgh — Sketch of the origin of the 
 Edinburgh school and of its position in 1768 — Dr. Cullen. 
 
 From a comparison of the course of instruction in the Col- 
 lege of Philadelphia, from the time of its inception to that of 
 its complete organization, ^vith that of the University of 
 Edinburgh, there can be no doubt that ■ this distinguished 
 school was taken as the model for imitation. 
 
 The individuals who composed the medical faculty of the 
 College, the first occupants of the chairs, were graduates of 
 the- Edinburgh school, and had unavoidably acquired an 
 affection and preference for its system of instruction. They 
 were familiar with all its details and methods ; and on 
 assuming their positions the bright days of their student life 
 were vivid in their memories. Eegarding with reverence 
 and enthusiastic admiration the men who had been their 
 preceptors, it was most natural that these zealous colonial 
 students should desire to transfer to their native shores the 
 peculiar doctrines that had been inculcated, as well as the 
 stores of learning of which they had been the recipients. 
 
 But further, between our own school and that of Edinburgh 
 the parallelism is so close as to be worthy of particular atten- 
 tion; indeed, the resemblance can only be explained by the 
 laws of descent which mould the features of the child lilve 
 those of the parent, and impart similar moral and mental cha- 
 racteristics. The medical school of Philadelphia may be said 
 to be the legitimate offspring of that of Edinburgh. The 
 latter had its origin with the Scotch students in attendance 
 upon the lectures of the University of Leyden, who forty 
 years previously were actuated by the same motives which 
 prompted the American students, while abroad, to the projec- 
 tion of their enterprise. 
 
 We are told by Dr. Fothergill that " there had long been 
 
78 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 Professorsliips for Medicine in Edinburgh (connected with 
 the College of Surgeons), and several attempts had been made 
 to introduce a general course of Medical instruction;, but it 
 was not until the year 1720 that this University distinguished 
 itself Several gentlemen who had studied under Boerhaave 
 with the view to revive the study of Medicine in their native 
 country where it had formerly flourished, qualified themselves 
 for the purpose of giving courses of public lectures on every 
 branch of their profession. The celebrated Monro taught 
 Anatomy after having studied it for several years under the 
 ablest masters then in Europe. The Theory of Physic was 
 assigned to the amiable, the humane Dr. Sinclair; Drs. Euther- 
 ford and Innes chose the Practice; Chemistry was allotted to 
 Dr. Plummer ; and the teaching of Materia Medica (of which 
 last he was appointed King's Professor) devolved upon the 
 learned and indefatigable Alston."^ With what success the 
 labors of these enterprising men were crowned, the record of 
 the uniform, unswerving advancement of the Medical School 
 of Edinburgh, and its eminent position now, afford the evi- 
 dence. Has not the institution which was founded by Mor- 
 gan and Shippen, by Kuhn and Eush, and Bond, been found 
 equally worthy of praise and admiration? 
 
 Lectures upon anatomy were given in Edinburgh in 1694, 
 by Mr. Monteith, and subsequently he delivered lectures on 
 chemistry. Mr. Eobert Eliot was appointed, in 1705, the first 
 Professor of Anatomy in the University. To him succeeded, in 
 1714, Mr.Drummond, who had associated with him Mr. Magill, 
 but in consequence of the difficulty of procuring subjects and 
 of numerous drawbacks, which rendered their instruction irre- 
 gular and u.nsatisfactory, they, in 1720, withdrew in favor of 
 Mr. Alexander Monro, who is justly considered as the founder 
 of the Anatomical School of Edinburgh. His first lecture was 
 public, " The Lord Provost, accompanied by his friends in 
 the Magistracy, the President and Fellows of the College of 
 Physicians, and the President, accompanied by the Members 
 of the College of Surgeons, honored him w^ith their presence."^ 
 
 ' Essay on the Character of the late Alexander Russel, M. D., F. R. S. 
 Fotherglirs works, quarto ed., p. 430. 
 
 2 The History of the University of Edinburgh, &c., by Alexander' 
 Bower. Edinburgh, 1817, vol. ii. p. 166. An interesting sketch of the 
 
THE UXIVEESITY OF PEXXSYL.VANIA. 79 
 
 "Towards the end of liis third course, Mr. Monro, encouraged 
 by the success that had attended his exertions, and with the 
 concurrence and urgent recommendations of his friends, which 
 indeed in this instance were only an echo of the opinion of 
 the public, presented a petition to the honorable patrons, in 
 which he set forth the usefulness of the study of anatom}^, and 
 the advantages it might be of to Edinburgh ; and in order 
 thereto, the necessity of putting the commission of a professor 
 on such a footing as might encourage him effectively to follow 
 out the design for which he was appointed." 
 
 The following extract from the response to this petition 
 evinces the ready acquiescence on the part of the Council : 
 "being fully convinced of the fitness and sufficiency of the 
 said Mr. Alexander Monro, in all respects for the said profes- 
 sion, and well acquainted with his diligence and assiduous 
 application in the exercise of it, they therefore for his better 
 encouragement, of anew, again nominate, &c., him sole Pro- 
 fessor of Anatomy within this city and College of Edinburgh, 
 and that, ad vitam aut culjjam, notwithstanding any act of 
 Council formerly made to the contrary."^ 
 
 The success of Mr. Monro's lectures encouraged the magis- 
 trates to extend their liberal patronage in favor of public 
 medical teaching, and induced them, in 172i, to appoint Dr. 
 Potterfield the Professor of the Institutes of Medicine, and 
 two years afterwards (1726) to elect Dr. Andrew Sinclair and 
 John Rutherford Professors of the Practice of Medicine, and 
 Andrew Plummer and John Jones Professors of Medicine 
 and Chemistry. In subsequent arrangements, to these gentle- 
 men Dr. Alston was added, who, although a teacher of Materia 
 Medica and Botany at the Botanic Garden, was not appointed 
 
 "Early History of tlie Medical Profession in Edinburgh," written by Dr. 
 John Gairduer, has been published in the Edinburgh Medical Journal, 
 vol. ix. Part II. 
 
 • Bower's History, vol. di. pp. 181, 182. 
 
 In the No. of the Dublin Medical Press and Circular for May 9tli, 1866, 
 is an interesting lecture, by Prof. Struthers, of Edinburgh, before the 
 Royal College of Surgeons, on the History of the Edinburgh Anatomical 
 School. The details of this lecture, with reference to Mr. Monro, are in 
 accordance with what has been given from the authorities cited. Mr. 
 Monro was in his twenty-third year when he was elected Professor of 
 Anatomy by the Town Council of Edinburgh. 
 
80 MEDICAL DEPAETMEI^T OF 
 
 legally a professor until 1730. As Dr. Potterfield, as far as 
 ascertained, did not lecture, the six other gentlemen who 
 have been named may be regarded as, de facto, founders of 
 the Medical Department of the University of Edinburgh. 
 
 The only degree conferred by this University was that of 
 Doctor of Medicine ; with reference to which we are informed 
 that "the Medical Faculty being now constituted, degrees 
 were conferred after a much more regular manner, and, with 
 some slight variations, the forms adopted at Leyden, where the 
 Professors themselves had heen educated^ were preferred." To 
 exhibit the requirements of the school, the following rule 
 may be cited : — 
 
 " The Candidate must have attended the lectures given hj 
 the Professors of Anatomy and Surgery, Chemistry, Botany, 
 Materia Medica and Pharmacy, the Theory and Practice of 
 Medicine, and Clinical Medicine in the Hospital."^ The re- 
 quisite examinations followed. It appears to have required 
 nearly twenty years to thus far perfect the course of instruction 
 in the school that must be regarded as the parent of our own.^ 
 
 It would seem that difficulties in prosecuting anatomical 
 investigation and teaching beset the efforts of the profession 
 in Scotland as well as in this country. The coincidence in 
 this respect is worthy of notice, evincing the prejudices of 
 the populace in connection with matters deeply involving its 
 own welfare and interests, and the mode of eradicating them 
 by judicious management. By the historian of the University 
 of Edinburgh, the account of Mr. Monro's troubles is thus 
 given: "Mr. Monro never desisted from exerting himself in 
 the line of his profession, with that abilitj^, diligence, and 
 steadiness which secured the approbation of all. In some 
 respects, however, he had a difficult part to perform. The 
 population of the town then amounted to only thirty thou- 
 sand, and he had inspired his pupils with such a taste for 
 anatomy and the opportunities they possessed were so lim- 
 ited that they were uneasy under the restraint. In April, 
 1725, however, some of the more enterprising of the students, 
 
 ' Bowers' History, vol. ii. p. 217. 
 
 2 The first degree of M. D. was conferred by the University of Edin- 
 burgh in 1705. See Catalogue of Graduates. 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PEXXSYLVAXIA. 81 
 
 as was supposed, had attempted to violate the graves of the 
 dead. Mr. Monro's well-known character placed him above 
 suspicion in the eyes of sober-minded men, but the vulgar of 
 all denominations were of a different opinion. The city was 
 in an uproar, and an Edinburgh mob was in those days very 
 formidable. The}^ beset Surgeon's Hall, where Mr. Monro had 
 from the first delivered bis lectures, and had it not been for 
 the spirited and vigorous measures of the magistrates, they 
 would have destroyed and trampled under their feet the 
 Anatomical preparations which he had accumulated with so 
 much labor and expense. The tumult was fortunately quelled, 
 but the magistrates found it necessary or convenient, in order 
 to pacify the multitude, to offer a reward of £20 sterling to 
 those who would discover the persons that were acQessory to 
 stealing dead bodies. The Session of the College rose in the 
 course of a few weeks ; no discovery was made, and the cir- 
 cumstance which occasioned the riot was speedily forgotten." 
 The preceding occurrence led to provision within the build- 
 ings of the University for the accommodation of the Medical 
 School, and the greater security of the Museum belonging to it. 
 
 A similar unfortunate occurrence disturbed the quiet of 
 Dr. Shippen's demonstrations in Philadelphia. On one occa- 
 sion his house was mobbed, and only by exercising great tact, 
 and by the judicious interference of his friends and of the 
 authorities was he saved from the entire destruction of his 
 accumulated materials for teaching. The event was known 
 for years after to the inhabitants as the Sailors' Mob. In 
 one of his early advertisements, Dr. Shippen exculpates 
 himself from the imputation of procuring subjects in an 
 illegal manner, by violating the sanctuary of the dead.' 
 
 In the changeathat had taken place in the Faculty of the 
 University of Edinburgh, at the period when the founders of 
 the American School were educated within its walls, Cullen 
 had come upon the theatre of action, and filled the highest 
 place in their affections. As with the students of the Uni- 
 versity of Leyden, Boerhaave had been the ruling spirit, and 
 had stamped his genius upon their thoughts and opinions, 
 
 ' See Appendix E. 
 
82 MEDICAL DEPAKTMENT OF 
 
 SO, by the pupils who listened to his instructions, CuUen was 
 regarded as the paragon of scientific medical intellectuality. 
 He had succeeded Dr. Plumrner in the Chair of Chemistry in 
 1756, and Dr. Whytt in that of Institutes in 1766, which 
 position he was holding at the time the American students, 
 who were the founders of our School, were in attendance 
 upon his lectures. 
 
 The warmth of commendation on the part of Dr. Rush 
 may be taken as an explicit illustration of the popularity 
 of Dr. Cullen with his pupils. " Dr. Cullen (says he, in 
 writing to Dr. Morgan) continues still to be the idol of 
 his pupils ; he has lately proposed a Theory concerning the 
 offices of the Brain and Neryes that will do him more honour, 
 however,»than anything he has eyer yet found out. I have 
 not room to do it justice in this place; hereafter you shall be 
 welcome to it. His Clinical lectures and his practice in the 
 Infirmary cannot be too highly praised ; in each of them he 
 shows the most extensive reading and the most consummate 
 skill. He intends to publish a ^ Nosologica Methoclicd' next 
 summer, which will contain a complete arrangement of all 
 diseases under proper classes, orders, genera, and species, 
 somewhat in the manner of Sauvages, tho' considerably 
 different from his in the matter of arrangement." 
 
 When Cullen first began to lecture in the Infirmary of 
 Edinburgh upon practical medicine, he deviated from the 
 routine of following Boerhaave implicitly. To this, exception 
 was strongly taken. He tells the story of the difficulties he 
 experienced in thus deviating from so renowned a master, in 
 his Introductory to the Session of 1783-4: "About twenty 
 years after I had left this University as a student, I was again 
 called to it to take a Professor^s Chair, when I still found the 
 system of Boerhaave prevailing as much as ever, and even 
 without any notice taken of what Boerhaave himself and his 
 commentator, Yan Swieten, had in the meantime added. Soon 
 after I came here I was engaged to give Clinical, that is to 
 say, practical lectures, and in these I ventured to give my own 
 opinion of the nature and cure of diseases different in several 
 respects from that of the Boerhaavians. This soon produced 
 an outcry against me. In a public College, as I happened to 
 
THE UXIVEESITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 83 
 
 be Professor of Chemistry, I was called a Paracelsus, a Yau 
 Plelmont, a whimsical innovator, and great pains were taken 
 in private to disparage myself and my doctrines."^ Cullen 
 lived to know that his teachings had as wide a circulation 
 and as much authority as those of Boerhaave, which ulti- 
 mately gave place to them. 
 
 It was determined, as we are informed by Dr. Thomson 
 in his Life of Cullen, that he should deliver a course of Lec- 
 tures on the Practice of Medicine during the summer of 1768. 
 He accordingly delivered his first course on that branch at 
 the time specified, and continued to alternate with Dr. Gre- 
 gory until the death of that professor in 1773, when he suc- 
 ceeded to the Chair: With respect to the above-mentioned 
 arrangement, it appears that an application was made by Dr. 
 Cullen, with the concurrence of Dr. Cregory, for a joint 
 appointment to the Chair of Practice.^ The movement ap- 
 pears to have been instigated by the students of the Univer- 
 sity, who were impressed by Dr. Cullen's teaching at the 
 Infirmary, although Mr. Bower states that "the origin of the 
 whole transaction is involved in obscurity." "The students 
 were divided in their opinions respecting the abilities of 
 these eminent men as public lecturers, and as usual entered 
 ver}^ keenl}^ into the medical theories they severally taught."^ 
 This is clear from the correspondence of Dr. Push, then in 
 Edinburgh, which, although commendatory of Gregory, is 
 enthusiastic with respect to Cullen. In a letter, July 27th, 
 1768, to Dr. Morgan, he says: "Dr. Cullen, the great unri- 
 valed Dr. Cullen, is going on unfolding each day some new 
 secret to us in the Animal economy; his lectures on the Prac- 
 tice of Physic this summer are richly worth my staying for." 
 
 "When we take into consideration the enthusiasm mani- 
 fested by Dr. Push with respect to the prelections of Cullen, 
 
 • An Account of the Life, Lectures, and Writings of William Cullen, 
 M. D., Professor of the Practice of Physic in the University of Edinburgh, 
 by John Thomson, M. D., F. R. S., L. and E., Professor of Medicine and 
 General Pathology in the Universitj' of Edinburgh, vol. i. p. 161. 
 
 2 Bower's History of the University of Edinburgh, vol. ii. p. 385 ; vol. 
 iii. p. 108. 
 
 ^ Bower, loc. cit. 
 
S-1 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 liow worthy of attention is the similarity of their public 
 career. They both occupied successively the same chairs in 
 the respective institutions of which they were conspicuous 
 ornaments and supporters. Cullen commenced his course of 
 teaching in the Professorship of Chemistry, was transferred to 
 that of Institutes, and, finally, to the one of Practice; while 
 Push, in the term of his long life, occupied successively the 
 chairs pertaining to each of these branches of medical science. 
 
 When Cullen became a teacher of medicine, he made an 
 innovation which at the time was considered rash. It was 
 the abandonment of the Latin language and the use of ver- 
 nacular English. The Latin was considered the language of 
 science, and as such was used upon the Continent, as well as in 
 England and Scotland. Lie was accused of not being sufficiently 
 familiar with it to use it readily, but from this charge he is 
 vindicated by the fact of having received his education in that 
 tongue, and moreover of having delivered a course of botany 
 in it. When, about the year 1746, he adopted the new plan 
 of delivering his lectures, he conferred a service which was 
 afterwards acknowledged by its imitation. From this period 
 the use of the Latin language was gradually dropped.^ 
 
 The Lectures on the Materia Medica by Dr. Cullen, w^ere 
 first republished in Philadelphia, by Pobert Bell, in 1775. 
 To exhibit the estimation in which that distinguished teacher 
 was held everywhere, the following advertisernent is singu- 
 larly pertinent. " The American Physicians who wish to 
 arrive at the top of their profession are informed that the 
 great Professor Cullen 's Lectures on the Materia Medica, 
 containing the very cream of Physic, are now selling by the 
 said Bell, on Third Street. Price Five dollars." The expec- 
 tation of a ready sale may be surmised from this extract.'"^ 
 
 Callen's " First Lines of the Practice of Physic" was subse- 
 quently published in this country, in 1781. With reference 
 
 ' See Thomson's Life of Cullen, vol. i. p. 28. 
 
 ^ The work first published was a surreptitious edition of the Lectures on 
 Materia Medica by Dr. Cullen, delivered in 1761. It was issued from the 
 Edinburgh Press in 1771, when an injunction to prohibit its sale was ob- 
 tained from the Court of Chancery. It was republished in London in 1773. 
 Dr. Cullen published his " Treatise of Materia Medica" in 1789. 
 
THE UNIVEKSITY OF PEXXSYLVAXIA. 85 
 
 to this work, an interestins; extract of a letter from Dr. Rush 
 to Dr. Cullen may be given. " One of the severest taxes paid 
 by our profession during the war was occasioned by the want 
 of a regular supply of books from Europe, by which means 
 we are eight years behind you in everything. Yonr First 
 Lines was almost the only new work that was smuggled into 
 the country. Fortunately it fell into my hands. I took the 
 liberty of writing a Preface to it, and published it during the 
 war. The American Edition had a rapid sale and a general 
 circulation through the United States. It was read with pecu- 
 liar attention by the physicians and surgeons of our arm}^, and 
 in a few years regulated in many things the practice in our 
 hospitals. Thus, Sir, you see you have had a hand in the 
 Ee volution, by contributing indirectly to save the lives of the 
 officers and soldiers of the American Army." 16th Sept., 1783. 
 At the time mentioned, the first volume only of the work was 
 republished; it had been issued in Edinburgh in 1777. 
 Cullen had able coadjutors in the University of Edinburgh. 
 Monro (secundus) had great distinction as an anatomist and 
 surgeon ; the name of Gregory was regarded with respect ; 
 Home, Hope, and Young were filling their parts with credit 
 to. themselves and usefulness to the institution ; while Black 
 had inscribed his name upon the roll of fame, by his doctrine 
 of latent heat and his discovery of carbonic acid. Of such lumi- 
 naries was formed that cynosure in the northern firmament of 
 medical science, Avhich attracted the attention of the intellec- 
 tual world, and directed the steps of those who sought for 
 lights to guide them in preparation for professional duties.^ 
 
 1 An Eulogiiiin upon Dr. Cullen was read before the College of Physi- 
 cians of Philadelphia, by Dr. Rush, July 9, 1790. 
 
 2 In 1768 the Faculty of the Medical Department of the University of 
 Edinburgh was thus constituted : — 
 
 Alexander Monro, M. D., Professor of Anatomy and Surgery. 
 William Cullen, M. D,, " Institutes of Medicine. 
 
 John Gregory, ]\[. D., " Practice of Medicine. 
 
 Joseph Black, M. D., " Chemistry. 
 
 Thomas Young, M. D., " ^lidwifery. 
 
 ' Francis Home, ^[. D., " Materia Medica. 
 
 John Hope, M. D.. " Botany. 
 
 John Rae, M. D., Lecturer on Surgery in the Infirmary. 
 
S6 MEDICAL DEPAKTMEXT OF 
 
 CHAPTEE YII. 
 
 Effect of the American Revolution upon the College of Philadelphia — Abro- 
 gation of its charter and the establishment of the University of the State 
 of Pennsylvania — Restoration of the charter and privileges to the college 
 — Union of the two institutions under the name of University of Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 The fortunes of our medical school, for twenty years after 
 the organization of the faculty in 1769, were checkered 
 and unequal. An intermission of Dr. Morgan's lectures 
 took place in the winter of 1772-73, in consequence of his 
 absence in the West Indies, whither he had been sent by 
 the Board of Trustees to collect funds for the College. At 
 this time the medical class had increased to between thirty 
 and forty students. But soon the disordered condition of 
 society, attendant upon the Ee volution, disturbed the quiet 
 flow of scientific pursuits, and led to the suspension or to the 
 serious embarrassment of academic establishments on the 
 American Continent. In illustration it may be stated that 
 the Professors of the College of Philadelphia applied to the 
 " Council of Safety" for relief from their annoyances, inform- 
 ing it " that the Schools were interfered with and inconveni- 
 enced by the occupation of the grounds and buildings by 
 soldiers, who did much injury to the property."^ 
 
 In the years 1776 and 1777, the lectures upon anatomy 
 were wholly suspended in the College, and afterwards neces- 
 sarily shorter than usual, and, as far as can be ascertained, the 
 lectures on the other branches were either interrupted or but 
 partially given.^ The occupation of the city by the British 
 in the autumn of 1777 was the occasion of the removal of the 
 effects of the College, which, as far as possible, were secured 
 privately by the professors.^- 
 
 ' June 23, 1777, Pa. Archives, vol. v. p. 198. 
 
 2 Eulogium on Dr. Shippen by Dr. Caspar Wistar, p. 29. 
 
 3 It is a tradition in the family of the Provost, the Rev. Dr. Smith, that 
 
THE UXIYEBSITY OF PENG'S YLVANI A. 87 
 
 Several of the medical profe?;sors took their place as medical 
 officers of the arinj^ Morgan and Shippen successively acted 
 in the capacity of Medical Director-Greneral during the Eevo- 
 lution, and Knsh as Medical Director of the Middle Department. 
 The latter was also a member of the Congress which signed 
 the Declaration of Independence.' The account of the services 
 rendered by the Medical Professors as well as by the members 
 of the Profession generally, may be gathered from the biogra- 
 phies which have been given us of the most eminent physicians 
 and surgeons of the period. Two of the graduates, of the Class 
 of 1768 and 1771, of the College were useful and distinguished 
 phj^sicians of the Hospital Department of the American Army, 
 viz., Jonathan Potts and James Tilton. An estimate may be 
 formed of the difficulties encountered by the army physicians 
 and surgeons from the transcript of part of a letter written by 
 the former of these gentlemen, Dr. Potts, who was Director 
 for the N'orthern Department. 
 
 " Fort George, August lOtli, 1776. 
 " The distressing situation of the sick here is not to be 
 described ; without clothing, without bedding, or a shelter 
 sufficient to screen them from the weather, I am sure your 
 known humanity will be affected when I tell you we have at 
 present upwards of one thousand sick, crowded into sheds, 
 and laboring under the various and cruel disorders of Dysen- 
 tery, Bilious, Putrid Fevers, and the effects of a Confluent 
 Small Pox. To attend this large number we have four sur- 
 geons and four mates, exclusive of myself, and our little shop 
 doth not afford a grain of Jalap, Ipecacuanha, Bark, Salts, 
 Opium, and sundry other capital articles, and nothing of the 
 kind to be had in this quarter. In this dilemma our inven- 
 tions are exhausted for succedaneums ; but we shall go on 
 doing the best we can in hopes of speedy supply." 
 This letter was addressed to the Director-General.^ 
 The spirit which actuated these gentlemen in the cause of 
 
 he thus saved the archives from which we have been enabled to compile 
 much of our information. 
 
 ' Dr. Rush was elected to Congress after the Declaration of Independ- 
 ence, for the express purpose of signing it. 
 
 2 It is among the papers of Dr. Potts, in the collection of the Historica 
 Society of Pennsylvania. 
 
88 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 their country may be learned from the following passage of a 
 letter of Dr. Thomas Bond, Sen., to the Council of Safety, 
 December 4th, 1776, giving his views in relation to the or- 
 ganization of military hospitals : — 
 
 " When I see so many of my friends and valuable fellow- 
 citizens exposing themselves to the horrors of war, I think 
 it my indispensable duty to make them a tender of the best 
 services in my power, upon the condition that I can have the 
 joint assistance of my son in the great undertaking, who I 
 am certain you will find on enquiry has already distinguished 
 himself in this Department. As I am told many of the sick 
 are near the City, the sooner this matter is concluded the 
 better."! 
 
 Dr. Bond at that time was over sixty years of age. 
 
 The privations and hardships wliich were suffered, the 
 difficulties and vexations which were encountered, and the 
 sacrifices submitted to by the medical officers during the War 
 of Independence have been graphically depicted in his Mili- 
 tary Journal by that venerable sharer of them, the late Dr. 
 Thatcher. When, on the conclusion of the contest, the 
 services of these medical patriots were no further needed, 
 they returned to their civil posts, imbued with knowledge 
 and experience, from which in after life they derived the 
 benefit. 
 
 So far as the concerns of the College were affected, it re- 
 quired time before they assumed their former tranquillity and 
 regularity. The account of the next ten years is an eventful 
 one in the history of the Medical School, until the University 
 was placed on its present secure foundation. 
 
 The Institution, being of colonial origin and patronage, 
 needed, as was thought, thorough reorganization to place it 
 upon a basis harmonizing with the regime of Independence. 
 The removal of constraint by a hostile force permitted it to be 
 re-established under different auspices. It was alleged further 
 that disaffection existed on the part of some^of the members 
 of the Board of Trustees to the new Government. By an 
 Act of the Legislature, November 27th, 1779, the charter 
 
 ' Pa. Archives, vol. v. p. 89. Dr. Thomas Bond, Jr., here referred to, 
 was Purveyor of the General Hospital. 
 
THE UXIYERSITY OF PEXX3YLVANIA. 89 
 
 of the College was abrogated, its officers removed, and its pro- 
 perty transferred to a new institution. Tins decree of the Legis- 
 lature had been anticipated by authoritative interposition.^ 
 
 From the Minutes of June 1st, 1779, we learn that Mr. 
 John Foulke was examined for the Bachelor's Degree, but 
 after the mandamus was issued, the Commencement was inter- 
 dicted by the President of the Executive Council of the State. 
 This was the beginning of the difficulty which eventuated in 
 the action of the Legislature above referred to. Still, the move- 
 ment must have been more sudden than was expected, inas- 
 much as we find the following notice in the " Pennsylvania 
 Gazette" :— 
 
 " College of Philadelphia, October 24, 1779. . The Lectures 
 on the different branches of Medicine will begin on the first 
 Monday of December." 
 
 The institution which superseded the College of Philadel- 
 phia was entitled the "Uxiversity of the State of Penn- 
 SYLYAXIA," to which were given more extended educational 
 privileges and larger endowment.^ The Trustees at once 
 directed attention to the Medical Department in common with 
 others, and it appears from the Minutes of the Board that on 
 December 8th, 1779, it was — ■ 
 
 "Resolved, that Dr. Shippen, sen.. Dr. Bond, and Dr. Hutch- 
 inson be a Committee to inquire into the state of the late 
 Medical School, as it stood in the late College, and what is the 
 establishment thereof in Foreign Universities ; and to digest 
 a plan, for the consideration of the Board, for establishing the 
 school on the most respectable footing. That the said Com- 
 
 • For an exposition of the circumstances which led to this act on the part 
 of the Legislature, and for the full discussion of the merits of the transac- 
 tion, we must refer to the History of the University of Pennsylvania by 
 George. B. Wood, M. D., in the 3d vol. of Memoirs of the Historical So- 
 ciety of Pa. Also to the Pa. Gazette, March and April, 1788, for a Remon- 
 strance against the Act of Assembly of 1779 and an exposition of the origin 
 of the College. In the same paper are "Reasons for abrogating the Charter 
 of the College from Minutes of the Council of Censors," August and Sep- 
 tember, 1784. Also an Exposition of the Controversy between the College 
 and the University, March, 1789. 
 
 2 We have seen a diploma of Bachelor of Medicine of 178-"), in which the 
 title University of Philadelphia is used. The title stated in the text is 
 given in the Book of Charters and Statutes. 
 
90 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 mittee do request tlie several Medical Professors in the mean 
 time to proceed in their lectures as heretofore." 
 
 When the University was organized upon the basis men- 
 tioned, the Eev. John Ewing, D.D., was appointed Provost. 
 In this office he remained until his death in 1802. Dr. Ewing 
 continued the practice of delivering Lectures upon Natural 
 Philosophy. These were published, in 1809, in a volume 
 edited by Prof. Eobert Patterson, who appended to them a 
 Life of the author. 
 
 On May 11th, 1780, it was resolved, by the Board of Trus- 
 tees of the University, "that the former Medical Professors be 
 requested to examine such candidates as shall apply to them ;" 
 and on Jane 27th it was "agreed that on the present occasion 
 the late Medical Professors take their seats." This occasion 
 was in connection with the preliminaries for the graduation of 
 the classes. The Commencement was held, and the Degree 
 of Bachelor of Medicine conferred on William W. Smith and 
 Ebenezer Crossby, and that of Doctor of Medicine on David 
 Eamsay.^ 
 
 Dr. Shippen was the only one of the Professors who at 
 once accepted the position he had held in the Faculty of the 
 College ; and an agreement not being effected with the others, 
 the Chair of Practice was offered to Dr. Hutchinson, June 
 25th, 1781, and then, April 22d, 1782, to Dr. James McClurg, 
 of Virginia. The Chair of Chemistry was, Nov. 7th, 1781, 
 offered to Dr. Hutchinson, and on April 2d, 1782, the Chair 
 of Materia Medica was offered to Dr. James Tilton, of Dela- 
 ware. In each case the honor was respectfully declined. 
 On April 22d, 1782, Mr. William Bartram was appointed 
 Professor of Botany. 
 
 The Trustees evidently labored under embarrassment and 
 difficulties which had to be met by temporary expedients, as 
 is shown by the following public advertisement: — 
 
 "At a Meeting of the Trustees of the University of Penn- 
 sylvania, on Wednesday, 31st of October, 1781, Resolved 
 
 1 The Historian of the United States. He wrote a Life of Dr. Eush, 
 which has heen quoted. The words in wliich the mandamus is expressed 
 are the following : "And the Degree of Doctor of Medicine on David 
 Ramsay, now prisoner with the enemy." 
 
THE UXIVEESITY OF FEXXSYLYAXIA. 91 
 
 unanimously that Dr. Bond be requested to unite Lectures 
 on the Theory' and Practice of Pliysic with his course of 
 Clinical Lectures, the ensuing season, until such time as a 
 Professor in that Branch of Medicine be appointed and un^ 
 dertake the business." Dr. Bond, who was present at the 
 meeting, expressed his readiness to do so. 
 
 It was further " Eesolved, that Wednesday next be ap- 
 pointed for the election of Professors of Materia Medica, the 
 Theory and Practice of Physic, Chemistry, and Botany." 
 This attempt to fill the Chairs did not succeed, and in this 
 state of irregularity medical instruction continued for three 
 years. In the " Pennsylvania Gazette" of Nov. 14th, 1781, Dr. 
 Rush announced a course of Lectures upon Chemistry and the 
 Practice of Physic, " to begin on Monday next, at three o'clock 
 in the afternoon." There was no interruption, however, to the 
 graduation of candidates each 3^ear. At the Commencement of 
 1782, eight students were graduated M.B., and the Honorary 
 Degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred upon Joannes 
 Franciscus De Coste, Physician-General of the French Army 
 in America, and also upon Maria Bernardus Borgetta, an 
 eminent physician of the same army ; and Fiacer Robillard, a 
 Senior Surgeon in the French Army, received the Degree of 
 Master-^of Arts. 
 
 In November, 1783, an election anew took place, and the 
 former status of the Professors was accepted by them. The . 
 lectures then appear to have been conducted with some 
 uniformity. 
 
 Although the University continued to perform its part 
 successfully for ten years from the time of its foundation, 
 the dissatisfaction on the part of the friends of the former 
 College had only slumbered. The Act of the Legislature 
 was regarded by them as unjust and unconstitutional, and 
 their efforts in procuring its repeal, and in the restoration 
 to the College of the powers and property possessed by it 
 originally, were finally crowned with success. The new in- 
 stitution retained its position as a University, with its endow- 
 ment from confiscated estates. The Act of repeal is dated 
 March 6th, 1789.^ 
 
 > Charters and Statutes of the University of Pennsylvania. 
 
92 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 It is a circumstance worthy of record that, in consequence 
 of bis absence abroad for so many years in the service of the 
 Colonies, Dr. Franklin, after the foundation of the College, 
 " had but few opportunities of taking any further active part 
 in the affairs of the Seminary, until his final return in the 
 year 1785, when he found its charters violated, and his ancient 
 colleagues, the original founders, deprived of their trust by 
 an act of the Legislature; and although his own name had 
 been inserted amongst the new Trustees, yet he declined to 
 take his seat among them, or any concern in the management 
 of their affairs, till the institution was restored by law to its 
 original owners. He then assembled his old colleagues at his 
 own house, and, being chosen their President, all their future 
 meetings were at his request held there till within a few 
 months of his death, April 17th, 1790, when, with reluctance, 
 and at their desire, lest he might be too much injured by his 
 attention to their business, he suffered them to meet at the 
 College."^ 
 
 When the restitution of its rights was made to the College, 
 the Trustees proceeded to the organization of the Schools. 
 The Eev. Dr. Smith was restored to the of&ce of Provost; 
 and with respect to the Medical Professors, the Minutes of the 
 Board inform us, dated March 13th, 1789, that 
 
 " The Committee who were appointed to wait upon the Pro 
 fessors and Masters formerly deprived, but now restored, made 
 report that they had waited upon the following Professors in 
 the Medical Schools, formerly instituted under the College, 
 viz: — 
 
 Dr. William Shippen, Jr., Professor of Anatomy, &c. 
 '' Adam Kuhn, Professor of Botany and Materia Medica. 
 " Benjamin Rush, Professor of Chemistry. 
 
 " Who severally expressed their satisfaction upon the re- 
 newal of their connection with the Trustees of the College, 
 and their restoration to their Professorships under them, in 
 discharging the duties of which as heretofore it was their wish 
 and intention to continue. 
 
 ' Life of Dr. Franklin by Dr. Stuber, Dno. ecL, N. Y. 1825. See also 
 remonstrance referred to, "Pennsylvania Gazette.". 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PEXXSYLVAXIA. 93 
 
 "Dr. John Morgan, Professor of the Theory and Practice 
 of Physic, not being at present within the State, the Trustees 
 consider him reinstated and entitled to continue in his office 
 until his return home, when he is to be waited on by the Com- 
 mittee in like manner as the other Professors have been, in 
 order to know whether it is his intention to resume the exer- 
 cise of his Professorship as heretofore." 
 
 In October, 1789, Dr. Morgan died at the age of fifty-four 
 years. It is stated that he had retired very much from active 
 life, actuated by chagrin at his treatment by Congress, in re- 
 moving him from the post of Director General, upon charges 
 from which he was ultimately exonerated. That Dr. Morgan 
 had lost his interest in the duties of his Professorship, would 
 appear from a communication from the Professors to the 
 Trustees of the University in December, 1788, in these terms : 
 " that the Faculty are of opinion that the Medical School 
 sufters for want of a course of lectures being delivered annu- 
 ally on the Theory and Practice of Physic." 
 
 On the 21th of October, 1789, Dr. Push Avas elected to the 
 Chair of Theory and Practice in the College ; and on the 29th 
 of October, Dr. Kuhn resigned his Professorship and took 
 that of Practice in the University, to Avhich he was elected 
 November 1th, 1789. "At the same time a letter was read 
 from Dr. Wistar recommending lectures on the Institutes of 
 Physic, to be in connection with those of Chemistry by the 
 Professor of the latter branch, which was agreed to." 
 
 On Xovember 17th, 1789, Dr. Caspar Wistar was unani- 
 mously elected Professor of Chemistry (to succeed Dr. Rush) 
 and of the Institutes of Physic. Dr. Samuel Griffitts was 
 unanimously elected Professor of Materia Medica and Phar- 
 macy ; and Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton was unanimously 
 elected Professor of Natural History and Botany. 
 
 The Medical School of the College having been thus reor- 
 ganized, and that of the University continuing in full opera- 
 tion, a rivalship naturally sprung up between the two insti- 
 tutions, or rather it may be called an antagonism, which was 
 singular from the fact of an inosculation existing in the per- 
 son of Dr. Shippen, who held his Professorship in both. 
 
 It has been seen that Dr. Kuhn had joined the University, 
 
94: MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 as Professor of the Theory and Practice, and on the 19th of 
 December, 1789, Dr. James Hutchinson, an active member of 
 the Board of Trustees, was elected Professor of Chemistry 
 and Materia Medica in that institution. 
 
 When, in 1789, the College was restored to its former posi- 
 tion, with possession of its functions and privileges, it was 
 determined no longer to confer the degree of Bachelor of 
 Medicine. The reason for this course is thus stated : " It 
 having been considered that it would not be for the honor of 
 the College or the advancement of sound literature to con- 
 tinue the degree of Bachelor of Medicine, lest young and in- 
 experienced men under the sanction of that degree and of 
 their Collegiate education, assuming the name of Doctor, 
 might be tempted to impose upon the public, by a too early 
 Practice, it has, therefore, been determined that the Degree 
 of Doctor in Medicine shall be the only medical degree con- 
 ferred in this Seminary."^ 
 
 In point of fact it would appear from the early records 
 that, as was anticipated, comparatively fev/ of the primary 
 graduates ever applied for the doctor's degree, and even these 
 bore no proportion to the whole class of students in attend- 
 ance, most of them going into active service' without the 
 evidence of qualification. "With regard to the system of 
 degrees established, Dr. Push, in his correspondence with Dr. 
 Morgan, as early as 1768, makes this comment: "I have read 
 the laws you have established with regard to the conferring 
 degrees in Ph3^sic, and have shown them to several gentle- 
 men in this place (Edinburgh) who, upon the whole, approve 
 of them. Some of them have thought that conferring Bache- 
 lors' Degrees in Physic would tend to depreciate their value, 
 as few young men would ever have leisure enough after they 
 began to practise, to return a second time to the College in 
 order to write a Thesis or go through the other necessary 
 forms, previous to being admitted Doctors of Physic. Upon 
 this account they have proposed that no one should be ad- 
 mitted to the phj^sical honors, until he had studied there two 
 or three years, and afterwards published a Thesis. But you 
 who are upon the spot can best judge of the propriety of the 
 
 ' Pennsylyania Gazette. - • 
 
THE UNIVEESITY OF PEXXSYLVAXIA. 95 
 
 regulation." The correctness of the prognostication con- 
 tained in the foregoing extract was shown by the result, and 
 led to the abandonment of the first degree. 
 
 On November 17th, 1789, the following rules respecting 
 a medical education having been passed by the Trustees of 
 the College, and ordered to be made public for the informa- 
 tion of those students who desired the degree of Doctor of 
 •Physic, were published in the "Pennsylvania Gazette": — 
 
 "1. 1^0 person shall be received as a Candidate for the 
 degree of Doctor of Medicine until he has arrived at the age 
 of twenty-one years, and has applied himself to the study 
 of Medicine in the College for at least two years. Those 
 students, candidates who reside in the City of Philadelphia, 
 or within five miles thereof, must have been the pupils of 
 some respectable practitioner for the space of three years, and 
 those who may come from the country, and from any greater 
 distance than five miles, must have studied with some repu- 
 table physician there for at least two years. 
 
 "2. Every candidate shall have regularly attended the 
 lectures of the following Professors, viz., of Anatomy and 
 Surgery; of Chymistry and the Institutes of Medicine; of 
 Materia Medica and Pharmacy; of the Theory and Practice of 
 Medicine; the Botanical lectures of the Professor of Natural 
 History and Botany ; and a course of lectures on Natural and 
 Experimental Philosophy. 
 
 "3. Each Candidate shall signify his intention of gradu- 
 ating to the Dean of the Medical Faculty, at least two months 
 before the time of graduation, after which he shall be exam- 
 ined privately by the Professors of the different branches of 
 medicine. If remitted to his studies, the Professors shall 
 hold themselves bound not to divulge the same; but if he is 
 judged to be properly qualified, a medical question and a case 
 shall then be proposed to him, the answer and treatment of 
 which he shall submit to the Medical Professors. If these 
 performances are approved, the Candidate shall then be ad- 
 mitted to a public examination before the Trustees, the Pro- 
 vost, Vice Provost, Professors and Students of the College ; 
 after w>iich he shall offer to the inspection of each of the 
 Medical Professors a Thesis, written in the Latin. or English 
 
90 MEDICAL DEPAETMEXT OF 
 
 Language (at his own option) on a medical subject. This 
 Thesis, approved of, is to be printed at the expense of the 
 Candidate, and defended from such objections as may be made 
 to it by the Medical Professors, at a Commencement to be 
 held for the purpose of conferring degrees, on the first Wed- 
 nesday of June every year-. 
 
 "Bachelors in Medicine who wish to be admitted to the 
 Degree of Doctor in Medicine, shall publish and defend a- 
 Thesis agreeably to the rules above mentioned. 
 
 " The different Medical Lectures shall commence annually 
 on the first Monday in November, the lectures in Natural and 
 Experimental Philosophy about the same time, and the lec- 
 tures on Botany on the first Monday in April. 
 
 "BENJAMIN FEANKLIN,' 
 
 President of the Board of Trustees. 
 
 WILLIAM SMITH, 
 
 Provost of the College and Secretary of Board of Trustees." 
 
 The University continued the practice of conferring two 
 degrees ; in other respects its rules and requirements were 
 very analogous to those of the College. 
 
 The state of things exhibited with respect to medical teach- 
 ing by two institutions, in so contracted a sphere as the city 
 of Philadelphia then offered, could not be otherwise than 
 unsatisfactory. This appears clearly from a statement made 
 upon the Minutes of the University, April 6, 1791, being part 
 of a report on the condition of the Schools, to wit : " Of the 
 Medical students who have attended the lectures of the 
 different Professors, since the separation of the College, it 
 cannot be accurately ascertained how many are attached to 
 this Seminary, with a view to graduation in it. 
 
 " The Professor of Anatomy, who is also Professor of 
 Anatomy under the College, has been attended in his last 
 course of lectures, which commenced in November, 1790, by 
 one liundre.d and four. About twenty of these have not at- 
 tended the lectures of any other of the Professors of either 
 Seminary. Fifty -five^ however, have attended the lectures of 
 the other Medical Professors of the University with a view 
 to graduation in it." 
 
THE UXIYEESITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 97 
 
 The field for two establishments was proved to be too re- 
 stricted, and after party spirit bad subsided, and faction had 
 been lulled to rest, a calm appreciation of the circumstances 
 then existing led to the conclnsion, that in union there would 
 be additional strength and prosperity. In speaking of the 
 condition of affairs that existed, the late Chief Justice Tilgh- 
 man refers to the part that was taken by Dr. Wistar in 
 bringing about the union of conflicting interests. " Philadel- 
 phia had then the misfortune to be divided between two rival 
 schools, the Faculty of Medicine of the College and that of 
 the University of Pennsylvania. He saw and lamented the 
 consequences of this division. It was his wish to unite in 
 one great institution the talents of the city. But finding that 
 the period of union had not yet arrived, he accepted the Pro- 
 fessorship offered to him by the College, in order to preserve 
 an influence to be exerted at the proper season, and in this 
 purpose he was not disappointed, for he had the satisfaction 
 of contributing largely to the much desired union which was 
 afterwards effected."^ 
 
 An amicable adjustment was brought about, followed by 
 an Act of the Legislature, September 30th, 1791, passed in 
 accordance with petitions from the two schools, setting forth 
 the terms of the agreement upon which they had decided 
 to unite. It was agreed that the name of the Institution should 
 be " The Univeksity of Pennsylvania," and that it should 
 be located in the city of Philadelphia. Of this name her 
 graduates have sufficient reason to be proud. 
 
 In the Introductory Lecture delivered by Dr. Push in the 
 month of Kovember, 1791, he thus expresses himself upon 
 the subject of the union: "I should do violence to my feel- 
 ings should I proceed to the subjects of the ensuing course 
 of lectures, without first congratulating you upon the union 
 of the two Medical Schools of Philadelphia, under a Charter 
 founded upon the most liberal concessions by the gentlemen 
 who projected it, and upon the purest principles of patriotism 
 
 ' An Eulogium in commemoration of Dr. Caspar Wistar, late President 
 of the American Pliilosophical Society, (fee, delivered before the Society, 
 March 11th, 1818, by the Hon. William Tilghman, Chief Justice of the 
 Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, <fec., Philadelphia, 1818, p. 20. 
 
 7 
 
98 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 in the Legislature of our State. By means of tliis event, the 
 ancient harmony of the diiferent'professors of mediciDe will 
 be restored, and their united efforts will be devoted, with 
 accumulated force, towards the advancement of our Science." 
 
 By the arrangement entered into, provision was made for 
 the employment of all tKe Professors of the two previously 
 existing Faculties, according to the especial predilections 
 and fitness of each incumbent, although no doubt in the spirit 
 of compromise some sacrifices of t'astes and wishes were made 
 highly honorable to the parties interested. 
 
 With this new era the Announcement of the Professors 
 and their subjects was as follows : — 
 
 Anatomy, Surgery, and ) William Shippen, M. D. 
 
 Midwifery, j Caspar Wistar, M.D., Adjunct. 
 
 Theory and Practice of Medicine, Adam Kuhn, M.D. 
 Institntes of Medicine and ) ^^^^^^^^ j^ ^^ 
 
 Chnical Medicine, ) 
 
 Chemistry, James Hutchinson, M. D. 
 
 Materia Medica and Pharmacy, Samuel P. Griffitts, M.D. 
 Botany and Natural History, Benj. Smith Barton, M.D. 
 
 The elections according to the order given were made on 
 the 23d of January, 1792. Dr. John Ewing was elected on 
 April 3d, 1792, Professor of Natural and Experimental Phi- 
 losophy, and on the 26th was again chosen Provost. 
 
 At the time the Medical Professors were elected, it was 
 " Resolved, that it shall not be essential to the obtaining a 
 Degree in Medicine for the student to attend the Professor of 
 Natural History and Botany." With this exception the 
 "Rules respecting a medical education and the conferring of 
 Degrees in Medicine" were similar to those which have been 
 given as adopted by the College. The Degree of Bachelor of 
 Medicine was dropped by the University when thus reor- 
 ganized, and the Doctorate alone conferred. In this particu- 
 lar the practice of the University of Edinburgh was followed. 
 
THE UXIYERSITY OF PEXXSYLYAXIA. 
 
 CHAPTEE YIII. 
 
 Death of Dr. Hntchinson— Sketch of his life— Election of Dr. Woodhonse 
 to the professorship of chemistry — Resignation of Dr. Griffitts — Sketch 
 of his life — Election of Dr. Barton to tJie chair of materia medica — Resig- 
 nation of Dr. Kuhn and election of Dr. Rush to the chair of practice — 
 Creation of the chair of surgery and election of Dr. Physick Professor — 
 First recognition of the ad eundem footing — Petition to the legislature 
 with respect to irregular practitioners — Death of Dr. Shippen and elec- 
 tion of Dr. Wistar — Death of Dr. Woodhouse and sketch of his life — 
 Election of Dr. Coxe to the chair of chemistry — Opinion of the facult}^ 
 Avith respect to chemistry. 
 
 XoT long after the coalition of the medical schools and the 
 arrangement of the Faculties under the auspices of the Uni- 
 versity, a change occurred in the chair of chemistry. Its in- 
 cumbent, Dr. Hutchinson, died in the autumn of 1793, of the 
 epidemic yellow fever. 
 
 Dr. James Hutchinson was born in 1752, in Bucks County, 
 Pa. He was educated at the College of Philadelphia, and 
 graduated with the first honors of his class. He commenced 
 the study of medicine w^ith Dr. Cadwalader Evans, and 
 attended the medical lectures of the college.^ In the year 
 177-1, at the time he graduated Bachelor of Medicine, the 
 trustees presented him with a gold medal for his superior 
 knowledge in chemistry. On one side of this medal was repre- 
 sented a circle of laurel, with the inscription on the exergue, 
 " Jacobus Hutchinson 1771." On the reverse a retort ; on the 
 exergue, "jSTaturse artisque arcana retexi. Col. Phil." 
 
 Dr. Hutchinson subsequently went to London and con- 
 tinued his medical education under the protection and guid- 
 ance of Dr. Fothergill. It is stated by his biographer that 
 " while pursuing his studies in Europe the disputes between 
 
 » The tickets of admission to the lectures of the professors are in posses- 
 sion of his grandson, Dr. James Hutchinson. They are written on the 
 back of " Playing Cards." 
 
100 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 England and the American Colonies were approaching a crisis, 
 which he saw must end in an open rupture. The prospect of 
 this event hastened his return to his native country, the cause 
 of Avhich he warmly espoused. He returned home by way of 
 France, and was entrusted with important despatches from Dr. 
 Franklin, the American Minister there, to the Congress of the 
 United States. When near the American coast, the ship in 
 which he was a passenger was chased by a British armed ves- 
 sel, and being anxious to save the despatches, he left the vessel 
 in an open boat under a heavy fire from the enemy and landed 
 safely. A short time after he left the vessel, she was captured 
 by the enemy in sight, and he lost everything he had, includ- 
 ing a fine medical library collected in England and France." 
 Dr. Hutchinson served in the army during the Eevolution, and 
 was especially interested in public affairs. In a vindication 
 of himself ^om the charge of receiving pay to which he was 
 not entitled, published in the " Pennsylvania Journal," Feb. 
 6, 1782, Dr. Hutchinson gave an account of the services ren- 
 dered by him during the war. In this he states that he was in 
 the employment of the United States for upwards of one year, 
 and of the State of Pennsylvania from the latter part of 1778 
 till the beginning of February 1781. A¥hile in the Continental 
 service, he had a commission as the Senior Surgeon to the 
 Flying Hospital in the Middle Department, and with only six 
 assistants inoculated 3496 men, while the army lay at Yalley 
 Forge. When the army moved across the North Eiver, after 
 the battle of Monmouth, having no duty to perform in his own 
 department, and desirous of being useful to his country, he 
 went to Rhode Island as a volunteer in the expedition against 
 that place under General Sullivan. Soon afterwards he resign- 
 ed his commission. On his return to Philadelphia he was 
 appointed Surgeon to the State Navy. The emoluments de- 
 rived for medical services may be learned from the following 
 statement : " The pay annexed to this station (state navy) was 
 three continental dollars and five rations per day. The duty 
 consisted in taking care of the ofiicers and men belonging to 
 the gallies, and of the Militia v\^ho were occasionally at Fort 
 Mifflin. This, though considerable, was performed without 
 an assistant." The first pay he received from the State was in 
 March, 1779, when it was equal to three shillings specie per 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PEXXSYLYAXIA. 101 
 
 dav, and thus graduall}^ decreasing as continental money de- 
 preciated till it was reduced to about three j^ence or four pence. 
 In Feb. 1781, there being no longer need of his services, he 
 was discharged.^ 
 
 In 1779, when the UniYcrsitj superseded the College, Dr. 
 Hutchinson was appointed one of the Trustees by the Legisla- 
 ture, and took great interest in its prosperity. In 1781 he 
 refused the chair of practice, and in 1783 that of chemistry, in- 
 fluenced doubtless by the wish to see them filled by the pre- 
 vious incumbents of the College ; and further, not to embar- 
 rass the organization of the medical faculty, in the existing 
 unpleasant state of affairs occasioned by the abrogation of 
 the College charter. 
 
 In 1789, when the restitution of the rights of the Col- 
 lege was effected, he accepted the Chair of Materia Medica 
 and Chemistry in the University; and on the union of the 
 schools, in 1791, was chosen the Professor of Chemistry. The 
 further arrangement of the Professorships concentrated the 
 medical talents of the city. In this result he heartily co- 
 operated. 
 
 At the time of his death he was one of the Secretaries of 
 the Philosophical Society, and for fifteen years had been one 
 of the Physicians of the Pennsylvania Hospital. 
 
 The Chair of Chemistry, left vacant by the death of Dr. 
 Hutchinson, was conferred, January 7th, 1791, on Dr. John 
 Carson, a member of the Board of Trustees, but this gentle- 
 man dying before entering upon the duties, the position Avas 
 offered to Dr. Priestley, by whom it was declined. 
 
 The reasons assigned by Dr. Priestley for the non-accept- 
 ance of the appointment for which he was so eminently 
 qualified, were that his views were directed to a country life 
 as best calculated to permit indulgence in his tastes, and to 
 aid him, by its seclusion, in his pursuits, and that this course 
 would be of further advantage to himself and wife in conse- 
 quence of a weak state of health. He therefore left the city, 
 and settled at Korthumberland, Pa.^ 
 
 ' Pa. Journal, Feb. 6, 1782. 
 
 2 Memoirs of Dr. Joseph Priestley, to the year 1795, Avritten by himself, 
 with a continuation to the time of his decease, b}' his son Joseph Priestley. 
 Northumberland, 1806. Vol. i. p. 1G3. 
 
102 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OP 
 
 On July Tth, 1795, the vacant Chair of Chemistry was filled 
 by the appointment of Dr. James Woodhoase, who in the 
 following session commenced his course of lectures. 
 
 In 1796 Dr. Griffitts resigned the Chair of Materia Medica. 
 
 Dr. Samuel Powell GrrifS.tts was a prominent member of 
 the Society of Friends. He was born in Philadelphia in 1759. 
 Having been classically educated at the College of Phila- 
 delphia, he studied medicine with Dr. Kuhn. He attended 
 lectures during the troubled times of the Eevolution, and 
 graduated Bachelor of Medicine in the University, July 4th, 
 1781. He then proceeded to Europe, but, on account of the 
 war existing between Great Britain and the United Colonies, 
 went first to France. After spending some time in attend- 
 ance upon the lectures and hospitals of Paris, he went to 
 Montpellier, where, in the winter of 1782-83, he attended a 
 course of lectures. An attraction of this celebrated school at 
 that time was the distinguished medical philosopher Barthez. 
 The following year was spent in London and at the Medical 
 School of Edinburgh, when, after an absence of three years, 
 he established himself in his native cit}s 
 
 The first public enterprise in which he was engaged was the 
 foundation of the Charity which has operated so beneficially 
 in relieving the miseries of the poor, known as the " Phila- 
 delphia Dispensary." This institution went into operation in 
 1786 ; and, either as one of its Physicians or in the capacity 
 of Secretary of the Board of Managers, his services were 
 given to it till the close of his useful life.^ 
 
 ' The Attending Physicians and Surgeons were Dr. Samuel Powell 
 Griffitts, Dr. James Hall, Dr. William Clarkson, Dr. John Morris, Dr. 
 John Carson, and Dr. Caspar Wistar. 
 
 The Consulting Physicians were Dr. Jones, Dr. Wm. Shippen, Jr., Dr. 
 Adam Kuhn, and Dr. Benjamin Rush. 
 
 To promote the aims of this institution, various means were adopted. 
 From the "Pennsylvania Gazette" of Feb. 8th, 1786, we obtain the fol- 
 lowing notice . — 
 
 '• We ai^ happy to inform the Public that Dr. Moyes has kindly offered 
 to deliver Lectures in the Hall of the University, upon the most interesting 
 and useful parts of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy, after he has finished 
 the present course, at half a dollar a ticket for each lecture, for the benefit 
 of this charity.'''' 
 
 The Dispensary was opened in Strawberry Alley. 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENXSYLVAXIA. 103 
 
 Dr. Griffitts' connection with the College and University 
 continued during six sessions, and throughout this period his 
 lectures are said to have "evinced great industry in the acqui- 
 sition of useful materials, method and perspicuity in their 
 arrangement, and zeal for the advancement of his class in 
 solid information. But the situation of a public lecturer was 
 not altoo-ether con2:enial to his feelings, which were most 
 gratified by an active discharge of the less conspicuous duties 
 of life. Perhaps, too, the disinclination which he always 
 manifested to hold any place of emolument may have exer- 
 cised some influence in producing his resignation of a chair 
 which was every year becoming more profitable, and even at 
 that period conferred one of the highest honors within the 
 reach of the profession."^ 
 
 In consequence of his early studies in connection with Ma- 
 teria Medica and Pharmacy, Dr. Grif&tts was deeply interested 
 in the formation of a National Pharmacopoeia. In June, 1788, 
 he was placed on a Committee of the College of Physicians 
 to form a Pharmacopoeia for the use of the College, but this 
 undertaking was permitted to slumber until 1820, when the 
 College united with other societies for the formation of our 
 present national work. Dr. Grif&tts served upon the Com- 
 mittee then appointed, and for this duty his former experience 
 well qualified him.^ He died in 1826. 
 
 Upon the resignation of Dr. Griffitts, Dr. Benjamin Smith 
 Barton succeeded to the Professorship of Materia Medica, still 
 retaining that of Natural History. 
 
 After twenty nine years of active service in the School of 
 Medicine, Dr. Kuhn retired from the Chair of Practice in 
 
 ^ Memoir of Dr. Samuel Powell Griffitts, by Governeur Emerson, M. D. 
 North American Medical and Surgical Journal, vol. iii. p. 151, 1827. 
 
 2 In 1782 a small collection of receipts was published by Dr. William 
 Brown, more particularly intended for the use of the Army. In 1788 the 
 following action was taken by the College of Phj^sicians : "On Motion, 
 ordered that a Committee of eight, viz., Drs. Redman, Jones, Kuhn, 
 Shippen, Rush, Griffitts, Wistar, and Hutchinson, be appointed to form a 
 Pharmacopoeia for the use of the College." The U. S. PharmacopoRia was 
 first issued in 1820. In the Life of Dr. Thos. T. Hewson by Dr. Franklin 
 Bache, and in the Life of Dr. Bache by Dr. G. B. Wood, will be found an 
 interesting account of this work. 
 
104 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 1797. He continued to practise medicine, "however, until 
 within a few years of his death, which occurred in 1819. In 
 his person, movements, and manners, as well as in his mental 
 constitution, Dr. Kuhn was rigid, stately, and punctilious, and 
 has been represented as a " true type of the Old School of 
 Society." 
 
 Upon the resignation of Dr. Kuhn, the duties of his place 
 were performed by Dr. Eush until the year 1805, when the 
 two Chairs — of the Theory and Practice of Medicine, and of 
 Institutes and Clinical Medicine — being united, he was elected 
 unanimously to the Professorship. 
 
 At the same time a change was deemed to be expedient in 
 the Chair which had been held so long by Dr. Shippen. Sur- 
 gery, during this period, had remained in association witb 
 Anatomy and Obstetrics, when Dr. Physick presented himself, 
 the vindicator of its just claims, and the representative man 
 of its dignity and importance. He was unanimously elected 
 Professor of that branch in the University of Pennsylvania 
 on June 4th, 1805. It may be stated that the Chair of Surgery 
 was created for him and by him.^ 
 
 In 1805 the first action was taken with respect to the posi- 
 tion of the University relative to other schools that had 
 arisen in the United States. It appears from the Minutes of 
 the Faculty, December 12th, that the subject was considered 
 as a special one. It is the first time that any action was 
 taken upon the question of the footing upon which students 
 from other schools should be admitted, as follows: — 
 
 ' On Dr. Physick's election, it was Resolved by the Board of Trustees 
 "That it shall be essential to obtaining a Degree in Medicine for the stu- 
 dents to attend the Lectures of the Professor of Surgery." Minutes of the 
 Board. 
 
 In the University of Edinburgh Surgery was not early taught as a dis- 
 tinct subject; "and even so late as 1777, when the College of Surgeons 
 petitioned the patrons to institute a separate Professorship of Surgery in 
 the University, they were opposed by Monro, then Professor of Anatomy, 
 as interfering with his subject ; and he succeeded in getting his commission 
 altered, so as to include Surgery, which was thus made a mere adjunct of 
 the anatomical course, and continued to be so taught (if it could be said to 
 be taught) until the institution of the chair of Surgery in 1831." — (The 
 Edinl)urgh School of Surgery ; an Introductory Lecture by James Spence, 
 F. Pt. C. S. E., Professor in the University of Edinburgh. Ed. Med. Journ. , 
 vol. X. Part I. p. 482.) 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PEX^^SYLVANIA. 105 
 
 ''It was agreed that Daniel Newcomb, who had attended 
 one course of Medical Lectures in the University of Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., and another course of ten weeks in the Univer- 
 sity of Dartmouth, IST. H., and had also studied medicine under 
 the care of a respectable practitioner two years, should be 
 admitted to an examination as a candidate for the Degree of 
 M. D., after the expiration of the present session, during which 
 he has attended each of the Professors." 
 
 In 1806, the subject of irregular practitioners was taken up 
 by the Medical Faculty, and a petition laid before the Legis- 
 lature in the following terms : — 
 
 " That many lives of the citizens of Pennsylvania are yearly 
 lost by their being committed to the care of men, not quali- 
 fied by education or talents to practise medicine. 
 
 '• That this calamity has been very much lessened in several 
 of our sister states by Laws to prevent any one exercising 
 the profession of a Physician or Surgeon, who is not a gra- 
 duate in some University or College, in which the branches 
 of Medicine are taught by different professors, in an exten- 
 sive manner, or who has not been approved after a previous 
 examination by persons qualified for that purpose and ap- 
 pointed by the Government. Your memorialists therefore 
 humbly solicit that a similar law be passed in Pennsylvania. 
 They do not wish it to have a retrospective operation, but 
 request that its obligations and penalties take place from the 
 date of the law." 
 
 This, like every subsequent effort on the part of the Pro- 
 fession to regulate its practice in accordance with enlightened 
 legislation, had no influence with our political rulers. In- 
 deed, the time has not 3^et arrived when restrictions upon 
 assumptive claims to skill or wisdom can be tolerated by the 
 community, the members of which must either suffer, or pro- 
 tect themselves by their own intelligence and discrimination 
 between true and false claimants for public patronage. 
 
 The year 1808 was marked by the death of Dr. Shippen, 
 whose career had been a distinguished one. Nature had been 
 uncommonly lavish in his form and endowments. "His person 
 \vas graceful, his manners polished, his conversation various, 
 and the tones of his voice singularly sweet and conciliatory. 
 
106 ]\[EDICAL DEPAKTMENT OF 
 
 In his intercoiirse with society he was gay without levity, 
 and dignified without harshness or austerity." With respect 
 to his powers of teaching, it is stated that those pupils who 
 went abroad ''declared that they had met with no man who 
 Avas superior to Dr. Shippen as a demonstrator of anatomy, 
 and very few, indeed, who were equal to him." " In explain- 
 ing the success of Dr. Shippen in teaching anatomy, we may 
 take into view another faculty which he also exerted with 
 great effect. He went through the subject of each preceding 
 lecture by interrogation instead of recapitulation — thus fixing 
 the attention of the students; and his manner was so happy 
 that this grave process proceeded like a piece of amusement. 
 His irony was of a delicate kind, and so blended with humor 
 that he could repress forwardness and take notice of negli- 
 gence so as to admonish his class without too much exposing 
 the defaulter."^ 
 
 In speaking of Dr. William Hunter, it was remarked by 
 Dr. James that " it was under the tuition of this truly inge- 
 nious anatomist and physician that the late amiable and saga- 
 cious Professor of Anatomy and Midwifery in this Univer- 
 sity laid the foundation of that celebrity which many years 
 of extensive professional employment nurtured and matured. 
 It was by forming himself after this model that, in the de- 
 livery of his interesting lectures, he at once delighted the gay 
 and instructed the grave by the amenity of his manner and 
 the utility of his practical precepts. 
 
 'Metliinks I hear him now, his plausive words 
 He scattered not in ears, but grafted them. 
 To grow there and to bear.' "^ 
 
 The merits and reputation of Dr. Shippen were recognized 
 abroad as well as at home. From the "Pennsylvania Chroni- 
 cle" of May 2, 1768, the subjoined notice has been taken : " Dr. 
 William Shippen, Jr. of this City, was on the third of Feb- 
 ruary last unanimously elected a Fellow of the Eoyal College 
 
 ' Wistar's Eulogium. 
 
 ^ MS. Lecture, Introductory to his Course on Obstetrics, 1810, by Thomas 
 C. James, M. D., etc. 
 
THE UXIYEESITY OF PEXXSYLVANIA. 107 
 
 of Physicians of Edinburgli." In 1805 he was chosen Presi- 
 dent of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, succeeding, 
 as the second President, the venerable Dr. John Redman. 
 This ofiice he held until his death. 
 
 On the decease of Dr. Shippen, the full duties of the Pro- 
 fessorship were assumed by Dr. Wistar, by whom for some 
 time previous they had been performed, teaching during the 
 succeeding years both anatomy and midwifery. 
 
 In 1809, a change was brought about in the Chair of 
 Chemistry by the death of Dr. Woodhouse. This gentleman 
 was born in Philadelphia in 1770, and was educated at the 
 University, from which, in 1787, he received the degree of 
 A. B. He studied medicine with Dr. Rush, and graduated 
 in 1792, as Doctor of Medicine, at the first Commencement 
 after the union of the Schools. His Inaugural Essa}^ was 
 upon the " Persimmon." Before his graduation he had served 
 in the army as a medical assistant, and took part in the un- 
 fortunate campaign of General St. Clair against the Indians, 
 during which he was exposed to the risk of massacre which 
 befell the army of that- commander. 
 
 The attention of Dr. Woodhouse had been especiall}^ di- 
 rected to chemical pursuits, in which he had acquired some 
 reputation, and hence his election in 1795, under the circum- 
 stances that have been detailed, although he had as his com- 
 petitor so able a chemist as Dr. Adam Seybert. Immediately 
 upon his appointment, it is stated, " he went to work with 
 zeal, and delivered a course of lectures with great applause ; 
 and as almost the whole of his time was devoted to the study 
 of his favorite science, he added to the number, variety, and 
 brilliancy of his experiments."^ Dr. Caldwell, who was an 
 attendant upon his lectures, informs us that he became in a 
 short time so expert and successful an experimenter as to 
 receive from Dr. Priestley, who had just arrived in the 
 United States, and had declined the appointment, very flat- 
 tering compliments upon his dexterity and skill. That dis- 
 tinguished gentleman, on seeing him engaged in the business 
 of his laboratory, did not hesitate to pronounce him equal, as 
 
 ' Thatcher's Lives, p. 223. 
 
108 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 an experimenter, to an}^ one lie had seen either in England 
 or France.' His enthusiasm was nnbounded, and his style of 
 speaking of his subject sentimcDtally impressive. He intro- 
 duced to his juvenile auditors the science by the term of 
 " Miss Chemistry," and strenuously urged fidelity and devo- 
 tion to her as a chaste and eminently attractive mistress. 
 Dr. Woodhouse adhered to the doctrine of Priestley, and may 
 be said to have been the last of the American chemical 
 philosophers entertaining the belief in Phlogiston. His pub- 
 lished contributions to chemical science were numerous. 
 
 Dr. Woodhouse was succeeded by Dr. John Eedman Coxe, 
 who for two years previously had been a member of the 
 Board of Trustees. The date of his election was July 10, 
 1809. 
 
 While the election of a successor to Dr. Woodhouse was 
 pending, the Medical Faculty took decided ground with 
 reference to the qualifications needed in the Professor of 
 Chemistry of a Medical School. Their views are thus pre- 
 sented in a letter to Chief Justice McKeen, one of the Trus- 
 tees, at his request. 
 
 "It is particularly expedient that the Professor of Chemis- 
 try should have a full and extensive knowledge of Medicine, 
 because very many valuable articles of the Materia Medica 
 are derived from Chemistry; and the nature of these articles 
 can only be understood by a person who has a competent 
 knowledge both of Chemistry and Medicine. The students 
 of Medicine, who almost exclusively support the Professor- 
 ship of Chemistry, are induced to do so in consequence of its 
 application to Pharmacy and the different branches of Medi- 
 cine, viz.. Physiology, Pathology, Therapeutics, Materia 
 Medica, and the Practice of Physic. No man can teach 
 Pharmacy unless he has had some knowledge of the Practice 
 of Medicine, and the application of Chemistry to Physiology ; 
 and the other branches of medical science above mentioned 
 can only be taught by a chemist who understands them. 
 
 " The teaching of Chemistry in this University has hitherto 
 been confined to the Professors of Medicine ; and the success 
 
 ' Autobiography of Dr. Charles Caldwell. 
 
THE UXIYERSITY OF PENIN-SYLVAjSTIA. 109 
 
 attending this arrangement appears to us good reason for 
 continuing it. 
 
 "In addition to this it may be observed, that Ave believe 
 Chemistry is taught by Medical Professors in all the Univer- 
 sities of Europe, that of Upsal excepted, where the late Sir T. 
 Bergman was Chemical Professor. But in Sweden Chemistry 
 is cultivated principally on account of its application to 
 Mineralogy, and the Chemical Professors are not members of 
 the Medical Faculty. 
 
 " We beg leave again to suggest that our Professor of 
 Chemistry has always taken an active part in the business of 
 the Medical Faculty, judging of the qualifications of the 
 respective candidates in everj branch of their profession, 
 and examining Inaugural Theses on subjects relating to 
 Medicine." 
 
 The letter was signed by Drs. Eush, Wistar, Barton, and 
 Physick. 
 
 This expression of opinion was called for by a resolution 
 pending before the Board of Trustees, that the Professorships 
 of Natural History, Botany, and Chemistry, " should not 
 hereafter be considered as pertaining to the Medical Depart- 
 ment of the Faculty, although gentlemen of the medical pro- 
 fession are and shall continue eligible to those professorships." 
 The proposition was not entertained. 
 
110 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 CHAPTEE IX. 
 
 Separation of Obstetrics from the Chair of Anatomy — Estimation of this 
 branch in Europe, and its elevation to an equal position with other 
 branches in the Medical Schools — Dr. Shippen's endeavors to improve 
 its condition in America — Election of Dr. James to the Chair of Obstet- 
 rics in the University of Pennsylvania — The tardy admission of the 
 subject to an equality with others — Mode of examining for degrees — 
 New By-Laws for the regulation of the Medical Department — Rules for 
 graduation. 
 
 In 1810 a separation was effected between the two branches 
 of Anatomy and Obstetrics, which had continued in the hands 
 of a single Professor from the origin of the School of Medicine 
 — a long period of forty-five years. This was owing more to 
 the ignorance of the community at large with respect to the 
 utility of Obstetrics than to the want of appreciation of its 
 importance on the part of the profession. "Indeed, the 
 public had to be educated to the opinion that science and 
 extensive medical knowledge were required to conduct ' labor' 
 with safety and success, as much as surgical operations or the 
 treatment of disease." 
 
 In Europe, Obstetrics, as an art and science, was forced to 
 disenthral itself from prejudice and disesteem. In consequence 
 of the fastidiousness existing among women, it was little ap- 
 pealed to in aid of their sufferings. Delivery was assigned 
 to, or rather permitted to be exercised by those entirely igno- 
 rant* of its principles. Midwifery was in the hands of elderly 
 women, who were usually conceited in proportion to their 
 ignorance. To show that in the middle of the eighteenth 
 century, midwifery was hardly regarded as belonging to the 
 regular duties of the medical practitioner, it may be stated 
 that Dr. Smellie, who afterwards contributed so much to 
 improve and jDerfect it, at the commencement of his career 
 
THE UNIYEKSITY OF PEXXSYLVANIA. Ill 
 
 " united the occupatiou of cloth merchant and practitioner of 
 midwifery at Lanark."^ 
 
 Instruction in midAvifery was first commenced in Edin- 
 burgh in 1726. The patrons of the University then founded 
 a Professorship of this branch, to which was appointed Mr. 
 Joseph Gibson. With respect to this the following statement 
 is made by Mr. Bower: "At the time Mr. Gibson made his 
 proposals to the Town Council, the practice of Midwifery in 
 Scotland was completely engrossed by females. The pro- 
 fession of Accoucheur, little more than thirty years ago (from 
 1817), was esteemed very unbecoming a gentleman, and so 
 strong was the current of vulgar prejudice against those who 
 practised it, that it was only in the most extreme cases, and, 
 in general, when they could be of little or no service, that 
 modest women would permit them to be called in for advice 
 or assistance. Mr. Gibson solely instructed the midwives, 
 and he was not a member of the Senatus Academicus. On his 
 death in 1737, Mr. Eobert Smith was appointed his successor, 
 and was the first who had the status of a member of the 
 Senatus."^ 
 
 " Dr. Thomas Young, who in 1756 succeeded Mr. Smith, 
 may truly be considered as the founder of this branch in the 
 University of Edinburgh. He opened a class for students, 
 instead of confining his attention to the education of females, 
 and thus was the means of preventing midwifery from being 
 engrossed by a very ignorant and credulous set of practi- 
 tioners. He furthermore applied to the Managers of the 
 Eoyal Infirmary for permission to fit up award for 'Lying-in 
 Women,' and was successful."^ 
 
 "Even among medical men, for a long time after the 
 branch had been introduced into the studies of the Univer- 
 sity, the prejudice against it continued. In 1769 an act was 
 passed by the College of Physicians of Edinburgh, declaring 
 those who practised Surgery, or an}^ of its branches, including 
 Obstetrics, disqualified from being admitted Licentiates of the 
 College ; and this having been carried by the majority, a 
 
 ' Life of Cullen, by Dr. J. Thomson, vol. i. p. 10. 
 
 2 Bower's History of the University of Edinburgh, vol. ii. p. 2o4. 
 
 ^ Ibid., vol. iii. p. 516. 
 
112 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 dissent from the determination was entered by Dr. Thomas 
 Young. In this dissent he was supported by his Colleagues 
 Drs. Cullen, Monro, Eamsay, Gregory, and Black, and by 
 Dr. James Hay. In the progress of the discussion, which 
 lasted until May, 1772, when the College reverted to their 
 original resolution of prohibiting the practice of Surgery and 
 its several departments, by Fellows of their own body, Dr. 
 Cullen took, in a great measure, the lead at the meetings of 
 the College. The following reasons were given in opposition 
 to this act with reference to Obstetrics." 
 
 " If the separation of Midwifery from Physic was the prin- 
 cipal intention for passing this new act, it is certainly one of 
 the most improper. Midwifery is a part of Surgery the most 
 diversified that we know of, and the most requiring the 
 general principles of physic. A judgment in physic is often 
 inseparable from the practice of Midwifery, when it is not 
 possible to have either the physician always at hand, or to 
 render him useful unless he is exercised in the practice of it ; 
 therefore it is to the interest of mankind to have the two con- 
 joined, if possible, in one person." 
 
 "We are persuaded that the public will think it for their 
 interest, in cases which are attended sometimes with so great 
 and sudden danger that physicians of the first rank should 
 undertake the profession of Midwifery, and that the Legisla- 
 ture will not suffer the College of Edinburgh to put a mark 
 of contempt upon such physicians by excluding them from 
 their Society." 
 
 Before Dr. Cullen died this act was repealed, and practi- 
 tioners of midwifery admitted as Fellows of the College.^ 
 
 The elevation of Midwifery to its true position in England 
 is due mainly to the writings of Dr. Smellie, Dr. William 
 Hunter, and his pupil Dr. Denman ; while Mauriceau and 
 Baudelocque were, by their clear and philosophical exposi. 
 tion of its principles, mainly instrumental in establishing its 
 importance on the Continent."'' 
 
 1 Life of Cullen, vol. ii. pp. 89-697. Continued by Dr. Craigie. 
 
 2 Dr. John Maubray is considered by Dr. Denman as the first public 
 teacher of Midwifery in England, and in 1724 published a syllabus of his 
 
THE UNIYEESITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 113 
 
 It has been seen tliat Dr. Sliippeu, while in Europe, 
 cultivated obstetrical science. Upon establishing himself in 
 business, he endeavored, by teaching its principles, to ame- 
 liorate the evils which came from the assumption of its 
 duties by persons destitute of competent skill or knowledge. 
 In the " Pennsylvania Gazette," Jan. 1, 1765, we find this 
 curious advertisement : — 
 
 " Dr. Shippen, Jr., having been lately called to the assist- 
 ance of a number of women in the country, in difficult labors, 
 most of Avhich were made so by the unskilful old women 
 about them ; the poor women having suffered extremely, and 
 their innocent little ones being entirely destroyed, whose lives 
 might have been easily saved by proper management; and 
 being informed of several desperate cases in the different 
 neighborhoods which had proved fatal to the mothers as well 
 as to their infants, and were attended with the most painful 
 circumstances, too dismal to be related ! He thought it his 
 duty immediately to begin his intended courses in Midwifery, 
 and has prepared a proper apparatus for that purpose, in 
 order to instruct those women who have virtue enough to 
 own their ignorance and apply for instruction, as Avell as 
 those young gentlemen now engaged in the stud}^ of that 
 useful and necessary branch of surgery, who are taking pains 
 to qualify themselves to practise in different parts of the 
 country, with safety and advantage to their fellow citizens." 
 
 After giving an outline of the contemplated course, the 
 advertisement goes on to state that, "in order to make the 
 course more perfect, a convenient lodging is provided for the 
 accommodation of a few poor women, who otherwise might 
 suffer for want of the common necessaries on these occasions, 
 
 lectures. His course consisted of twenty lectures, twelve of which were 
 anatomical and physiological, and eigM practical. 
 
 Dr. Edmond Chapman was the second piihlic teacher of this branch in 
 London about the year 1730. " He was a practitioner in the country, and 
 came to the metropolis once a year to deliver his lectures ; but his pupils 
 were only instructed in the theory, as he had no machine ; nor were they 
 allowed to attend labors, for Smellie first introduced these two great im- 
 provements. Dr. Chapman first described the forceps," This instrument 
 had been invented by Paul Chamberlain. — Sketch of Medicine and Mid- 
 wifery in Demuans Treatise on Midwifery. 
 8 
 
114 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 to be under tlie care of a sober, honest matron, well acquainted 
 with lying-in women, employed by the Doctor for that pur- 
 pose." This is the first attempt in this country to establish a 
 practical school or hospital for lying-in women. By his 
 exertions in this direction, Dr. Shippen succeeded in popu- 
 larizing " Man Midwifery," and acquired a respectable share 
 of practice. We are informed by Dr. Wistar, that prior to 
 the Eevoliition, Dr. Shippen "seems to have had a distinct 
 class of students in the branch of Obstetrics; after that he 
 delivered a short course to his general class," and adds : " I 
 believe there was no lecture in which he shone so much as 
 in his Introductory one to Midwifery, upon the subject of 
 dress and deportment." 
 
 The union of Anatomy and Midwifery, after Dr. Shippen's 
 death, did not continue without remonstrance upon the part 
 of the Professor, Dr. Wistar. From the Minutes of the Board 
 of Trustees, Jan. 9, 1809, immediately after his election, we 
 find that he directed a letter to that body, " requesting, for 
 reasons therein stated, that the Professorship of Anatomy and 
 Midwifery be abolished, and that two distinct Professorships 
 be established in this Seminary." The movement which 
 ensued from this proposition led to the passage of the follow- 
 ing resolution, April 11, 1810: — 
 
 " That the present establishment of a Professor of Anatomy 
 and Midwifery be divided, and that hereafter there shall be a 
 Professorship of Anatomy, and a Professorship of Midwifery, 
 but that it shall not be necessary in order to obtain the De- 
 gree of Doctor of Medicine, that the student shall attend the 
 Professor of Midwifery." 
 
 On the 29th of June, 1810, Dr. Thomas Chalkley James 
 was elected Professor of Midwifery. To no one could the 
 duties of this chair have been more appropriately committed 
 than to this amiable, gentle, and accomplished gentleman. 
 
 But with the act of calling Dr. James to the newly-created 
 chair of Obstetrics, it must not be concealed that a grudging 
 assent was given to the propriety of elevating the subject to 
 a condition of independence, and that its equality with others 
 as a branch of medical science was denied, from the fact that 
 attendance upon the lectures of the Professor was not made 
 
THE UXIVERSITY OF rENNSYLYA^IA. 115 
 
 obligatory for a degree. For three successive years it 
 modestly remained subordinate. In 1813 it assumed its 
 legitimate footing, when attendance upon the lectures and an 
 examination upon it became requisite for graduation. 
 
 The followino" is the Resolution on the Minutes of the 
 Board of Trustees, Oct. 11, 1813 : " Resolved, that hereafter 
 the Professor of Midwifery shall be a member of the Medical 
 Faculty, and that no person shall be admitted as a Candidate 
 for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine in this University, 
 unless he shall have regularly attended the lectures of said 
 Professor for two years, provided, &c." On this event. Dr. 
 Hodge, in the Life of Dr. James, thus forcibly comments : — 
 
 " This triumph of Truth and humanity over ignorance and 
 prejudice may be considered as complete. Obstetrics was 
 confessedly equal to the other branches of medical science, 
 and its practitioners and teacher? were authoritatively pro- 
 nounced on a par with Surgery and the Practice of Medicine. 
 The battle had been fairly fought and won, and Dr. James, 
 who contributed so much to the happy issue, received now 
 the reward so eminently due to modest worth, superior talents 
 and attainments united with persevering industry." 
 
 At the time of his election in 1810, Dr. James had Dr. 
 Chapman associated with him, which connection continued 
 until the bestowal upon the Chair of its full dignity and 
 privileges, when the latter gentleman assumed new functions 
 in the School. , 
 
 The mode of examination for Degrees, from the foundation 
 of the Medical Department, had been to subject the student, 
 in the first instance, to a private investigation of his qualifi- 
 cations by the Professors, and then, by public demonstration 
 before the Trustees, to exhibit his fitness for the honor of 
 the Doctorate. The latter process was technically termed 
 " defending his Thesis." The first ordeal was the most import- 
 ant. It in reality determined the fate of the applicant, as the 
 Professors took care not to expose incompetent persons to 
 the mortification of failure in the public exercises, and were, 
 moreover, well informed by it of the preparation of the candi- 
 date for a second examination. At the examination of 1810, 
 a modification of the first step in the proceedings was adopted^ 
 
116 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 which has given rise to the conventional term for examination, 
 even still employed, " The Green Box." With respect to its 
 origin, we quote the Minutes of March 20: "This day, from 
 certain difficulties having arisen, the Professors commenced 
 the practice of examining the candidates leliind a screen. Mr. 
 Naudain was the first candidate examined in this manner."^ 
 In this way the individual was only known to the Dean. 
 The custom of examining in the " Green Box" was formally 
 abolished by the Faculty in 1821. The examination upon 
 the Thesis was not always satisfactory, as cases are on record 
 of failure in this part of the exercises. 
 
 On the 1st of January, 1811, the Trustees appointed a com- 
 mittee of their body to " revise the Bye-Laws and Ordinances 
 that have been made in this Institution, and to report such a 
 set of Bye-Laws and Ordinances as to them shall appear 
 proper and consistent with the Constitution of the Seminary 
 for the regulation thereof." 
 
 On the 21st of January the following rules were enacted 
 with reference to the Medical Department : — • 
 
 "In the Medical Department there shall be a Professorship 
 of Anatomy; of Surgery; of the Institutes and Practice and 
 Clinical Medicine; of Materia Medica; of Chemistry; of Na- 
 tural Plistory and Botany; of Midwifery; of Natural Phi- 
 losophy. 
 
 "The Medical Schools shall be under the immediate govern- 
 ment of the Medical Professors, subject to the Kules and 
 Statutes of the Board of Trustees. 
 
 " The Medical Professors shall hold meetings from time to 
 tiniefor the purpose of arranging and conducting the business 
 of this department, and establishing rules and regulations for 
 the preservation of order and decorum among the medical 
 students, and they shall keep regular minutes of their pro- 
 ceedings. 
 
 "All questions (those excepted which relate to the passing 
 of a Candidate for a Medical Degree) shall be decided by a 
 majority. 
 
 " Each student, and ever}^ other person attending a course 
 
 ' Dr. Arnold Naudain, of Delaware, afterwards a distinguished citifen 
 of that State, and Senator of the United States. 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PEXXSYLVA:N"IA. 117 
 
 of medical lectures, shall pay to the Treasurer of the Univer- 
 sity four dollars at the beginning of every session, and no 
 Professor shall deliver a Ticket of admission to his lectures, 
 unless at the time of application thereof, the treasurer's cer- 
 tificate of the payment of that sum be produced by the appli- 
 cant. 
 
 "The Medical Professors shall, each in rotation, act as 
 Dean for one year, and it shall be the duty of the Dean to 
 arrange and conduct the business of examining the candidates 
 for medical degrees. 
 
 " The Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Medical De- 
 partment shall not be considered as a member of the Faculty, 
 nor entitled to a vote at the meetings of the Medical Pro- 
 fessors ; nor shall he comprehend within the plan of his lec- 
 tures any branch of natural knowledge for which there is a 
 professorship especially appointed in the Medical department. 
 He shall provide apparatus for his own use, and he shall have 
 authority to make regulations for the government of his 
 school, subject to the Eules and Statutes of the University.^ 
 
 Rules for Graduation. 
 
 " 1. Xo person shall be admitted as a Candidate for the De- 
 gree of Doctor of Medicine until he shall have attained the 
 age of twenty-one years, nor unless he shall have applied 
 himself to the study of Medicine three years, two of which 
 shall have been in this University; nor unless he shall have 
 attended the Pennsylvania Hospital during one session at 
 least, and also have attended the practice and been the pri- 
 vate pupil of some respectable practitioner. 
 
 "2. No person shall be admitted as a candidate for said 
 Degree unless he shall have regularly attended the lectures 
 of the following Professors: of Anatomy, Surgery, Institutes, 
 
 1 This Professorship was instituted at the same time as the Cliair of 
 Midwifery, as a part of the organization of the Medical Faculty. It was 
 filled June 29, 1810, by the election of Mr. Robert Hare, wlio does not 
 appear to have performed any duty, and resigned October, 1812. It was 
 subsequently filled by the appointment of Dr. Robert M. Pattfrson, until 
 the transfer of that gentleman to the Clialr of Natural Philosophy and 
 Mathematics in the Department of Arts, in 1814. 
 
118 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 Practice and Clinical Medicine, Materia Medica, and of 
 Chemistry.' 
 
 "3. Each person intending to offer himself as a Candidate 
 for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine, shall, on or before the 
 10th day of March of the year in which he offers himself as a 
 Candidate, signify such intention in writing to the Dean, and 
 shall, one week at least before the time appointed for his 
 examination, deliver to the Dean a Thesis on some Medical 
 Subject, which subject shall have been approved by the Pro- 
 fessors. The Candidate shall then be examined privately by 
 the Professors npon the various branches of Medicine, and 
 upon his Thesis in the presence of such of the Trustees as 
 may choose to attend, notice of the time of examination 
 having previously been given to them. If he be found quali- 
 fied for the Degree, he shall be so reported by the Dean to 
 the Provost, who shall communicate such report to the 
 Trustees, in order that if approved by them, their Mandamus 
 may be issued for conferring the Degree, at snch time as they 
 may judge expedient. 
 
 " 4. The Thesis may be published, if the Candidate desire 
 it; the permission of the Professor by whom he was examined 
 thereon having been first obtained, but no alteration shall be 
 made therein after such permission shall have been given ; 
 and a copy of the Thesis shall be deposited in every case in 
 the University Library before the degree be conferred.^ 
 
 " 5. Each graduate in Medicine shall pay to the Provost 
 three dollars as an honorarium, and to the Yice- Provost two 
 dollars as an honorarium, at the time of placing their signa- 
 tures to the Diploma." 
 
 The fee for graduation had been regulated in 1809, by 
 requiring of the graduate the sum of five dollars to each Pro- 
 
 ' Midwifery was omitted as a branch necessary for graduation, and did 
 not rank on an equality with the other branches until 1813. See ante. 
 
 2 It had been enacted in 1802, " That the Dean inform each Candidate 
 upon his application, that if it should appear upon inspection of his Thesis 
 tliat he was not well acquainted with Orthography he will not be regarded 
 as qualified for a Degree." In 1806 the candidate was reheved of the 
 necessity of publishing his Thesis, and it was made optional with him to 
 print it or not, as in the regulation above. 
 
THE UNIVEESITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 119 
 
 fessor. In the arrangements subsequently made between the 
 Trustees and the Professors, the specific fees of the Provost 
 and Yice-Provost have been commuted for an addition to 
 their salaries. The pecuniary understanding between the 
 Board and the Faculty has undergone many modifications, 
 arising from an outlay of capital in providing accommoda- 
 tions for teaching. The whole fee for graduation was fixed 
 at forty dollars, which continued to be the regulation until 
 1837, when the matriculation fee was fixed at five dollars, to 
 be paid but once, and the fee for the diploma reduced to 
 thirty dollars. 
 
120 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Death of Dr. Rush — His services to the Medical School and his doctrines — 
 Election of Dr. Barton to the Chair of Practice, and of Dr. Chapman to 
 that of Materia Medica — Death of Dr. Barton — Sketch of his life and 
 labors as a teacher and naturalist — Election of Dr. Chapman to the Pro- 
 fessorship of Practice, and Dr. Dorsey to that of Materia Medica. 
 
 The University sustained a loss in the death of Dr. Eush, 
 which happened on the 13th of April, 1813. It is a difficult 
 task, after the lapse of more than half a century, to enter 
 fully into an estimate of the qualities of this brilliant teacher 
 of the medical sciences. We receive the impression of his 
 ardor and enthusiasm from his early letters, when he first 
 entered the portals of the temple of science, and we must 
 appeal to the records of his life for the character he bore and 
 the influence he exercised, when, in the position of priest, he 
 ministered at its altar. For forty-four years he continued 
 to expound the science of Medicine to admiring listeners, 
 attracted by the polish of his language, the smoothness of his 
 diction, and the clearness of his expositions. As age ad- 
 vanced, he truly became the "old man eloquent," and had 
 the satisfaction of witnessing the progressive increase of the 
 class in attendance upon his lectures, from the small number 
 with which he began his career to over four hundred at its 
 close.^ He died with the satisfaction of knowing that the 
 popularity that had been attendant upon his labors, and 
 which had contributed so much to the success of the Univer- 
 sity, had not ceased nor waned, for his eye was not dimmed, 
 nor was his mental energy abated. 
 
 On the death of Dr. Eush the following Eesolutions were 
 passed by the Faculty, April 28, 1813 : — 
 
 " The Medical Professors having convened for the purpose 
 
 ' See Appendix F. 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 121 
 
 of uniting in a testimonial of respect to the memory of their 
 late colleague, Dr. Benjamin Eush, Prof, of the Institutes 
 and Practice of Medicine, and feeling sensibly the afflictive 
 dispensation of Providence, which has removed from the 
 Medical School one of its earliest and ablest supporters, 
 Eesolved, that the Secretary be directed to record their high 
 estimation of the talents, learning, and eloquence of their late 
 colleague, and of his unwearied diligence and zeal in the dis- 
 charge of every official duty. 
 
 " That the Professors cherish a lively recollection of his 
 laborious exertions in the promotion of medical science, 
 exertions which have conduced greatly to the reputation and 
 interests of the University, and have conferred important 
 benefits upon mankind." 
 
 To trace the course of medical science through its phases 
 of doctrines and opinions, from the commencement of the 
 eighteenth century, when a remarkable impulse was given to it, 
 to the time when Dr. Eush terminated his labors, would be an 
 agreeable and instructive task. It would present the account 
 of the contest between the lingering power of scholasticism, 
 monkish credulity, bigotry, and dogmatism, and the teachings • 
 of experiment, observation, and reason.^ In Medicine, as in 
 other sciences, the victory declared itself upon the side of 
 humanity. There had previously been a fearful struggle, 
 when death and the dungeon were the awards for the temerity 
 of proclaiming God's own natural revelations, and of reading, 
 .by means he had bestowed, the truths of science; yet, through 
 such a terrible ordeal had science passed, and placed its heel on 
 superstition. 
 
 The difficulty is great of being entirely freed from illusive 
 dogmas and long-continued prejudices, which have become a 
 part of the mind itself, and tinctured its mode of operation 
 and expression. This has been the case with Medicine. 
 The metaphysical connection between the soul and body 
 
 ' The reader may be referred to two interesting and instructive works 
 for information upon this subject : the "Life of Cullen," by Dr. Thomson, 
 previously referred to, and the " Brief Retrospect of the Eighteenth Cen- 
 tury," by S. 3riller, D. D., vol. i. The article, '-Medicine," in it, was 
 written by the late Edward Miller, M. D., of New York. 
 
122 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 hung like an incubus upon all endeavors to ascertain the 
 nature of the vital processes, and gave a bias to every effort 
 to determine the secret of their production. For centuries 
 the agency of the rational soul was the phantom of medical 
 philosophers, who deviated from the natural history arrange- 
 ment of the vital actions devised by Aristotle, and, not con- 
 tent to study them in their manifestations to the senses, 
 plunged headlong into the pit of blind, conjectural subtleties 
 connected with causation. The idea that a vital principle 
 existed, and modified the structural operations of the body, 
 was obscurely seen by Yan lielmont and Paracelsus, and to 
 their imagination became a presiding deity, or demon. The 
 rational soul, the anima of Stahl, was but another form of the 
 same fancy, which figured, even in the middle of the 
 eighteenth century, in the explanation of the vital processes 
 by so accurate and meritorious an observer as Prof. Whytt.* 
 That Stahl himself had little faith in his own enunciation, 
 and that he made it in deference to the authority of the school- 
 men, he admits, when he informs us that the " introduction 
 of the rational soul into his medical theory was not at all 
 • necessary to its vitality, and assigns as a reason for having 
 recourse to that principle, his fear of being suspected to 
 maintain that certain corporeal actions could be performed 
 without an agent. "^ To this ancient delusion Des Cartes 
 administered the coup de grace by denying the existence and 
 co-operation of a sentient soul in the production of the animal 
 functions, and showing that the vital processes may be exe- 
 cuted independently of mental co-operation. The teachings 
 of Hoffman and Boerhaave were in accordance with the Car- 
 tesian philosophy; when the last shadow of pagan theism 
 and clerical superstition vanished from sight forever. 
 
 We have alluded to the foreign origin of the physicians 
 who first settled in the colonies, and to the education of those 
 who, at an early period, went abroad to the University of 
 Leyden, where Boerhaave was the presiding genius. He was 
 the dictator of medical opinions, not only on the Continent, 
 
 ' The Works of Kobert Whytt, M. D., Professor of Medicine in the 
 University of Edinburgh. 1768. Quarto, pp. 140 and seq. 
 2 Thomson's Life of Cullen, vol. i 
 
THE UXIVERSITY OF PEXXSYLVA^^IA. 123 
 
 but in England, and hence their transfer across tlie Atlantic. 
 We have the authority of Dr. Eusli for stating that, until the 
 period of the institution of the Medical School, the system of 
 Boerhaave governed the practice of every physician in Phila- 
 delphia.^ 
 
 Boerhaave was a vigorous reformer, and did yeoman's ser- 
 vice in exploding the fallacies of dogmas. He was versed 
 in the mathematical sciences and natural philosophy, and 
 although too strongly mechanical in his notions, saw clearly 
 the importance of bringing to bear upon medical inquiry a 
 correlation of the sciences. The whole system which he in- 
 culcated may be judged of from the creed which he uttered — 
 "Let anatomy faithfully describe the parts and structure of 
 the body ; let the mathematician apply his particular science 
 to the solids ; let hydrostatics explain the laws of fluids in 
 general, and hydraulics their actions as they move through 
 given channels ; and lastly, let the chemist 'add to all this 
 whatever his art, when fairly and carefully applied, has been 
 able to discover; and then, if I am not mistaken, we shall 
 have a complete account of medical physiology." But Boer- 
 haave had not disabused himself of the belief in the animal 
 spirits as a motor force, and although inferring that each 
 motor nerve had a separate origin, and hence an office, he did 
 not, in his physiological system, take very enlarged or correct 
 views of the vital properties of organized beings, or of the 
 dependence of their properties on the state of the nerves. 
 
 When Cullen came into estimation as a teacher, he reigned 
 supreme both in Great Britain and America. His views and 
 opinions superseded those of Boerhaave, and were without 
 challenge until the rise of the Brunonian system, a compe- 
 titor for credence. From his immediate connection with 
 Cullen as a pupil. Dr. Eush, as we have seen, returned to 
 America imbued with his doctrines, and warm in admira- 
 tion of his mental qualities. But extensive observation, 
 reading, and reflection, had taught, in subsequent years, the 
 enthusiastic student that the line of speculation was not ex- 
 hausted; and from a vast experience in the maladies of a new 
 
 ' Rush's "Works, vol. iv. p. 375. 
 
124 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 world, materials for thought were presented to him which 
 were not dreamed of in CuUen's philosophy. 
 
 That Dr. Kush aspired to be the founder of a system of 
 medicine we are informed upon the undoubted authority of 
 his biographer, Dr. Ramsay, who says: "In the autumn of 
 1789 I visited Dr. Rush, and was received by him in his 
 study. He observed that he was preparing for his next 
 course of lectures in self-defence; that the system of Cullen 
 was tottering ; that Dr. John Brown had brought forward 
 some new and luminous principles of medicine, but they were 
 mixed with others which were extravagant ; that he saw a 
 gleam of light before him, leading to a more simple and con- 
 sistent system' of medicine than the world had yet seen, and 
 pointed out some of its leading features."^ 
 
 The system to which reference is made in the preceding 
 statement is that which has been familiarly known as the 
 "Unity of Disease." With reference to this we may perti- 
 nently quote the comments of one who, of late years, has 
 written the Life of Dr. Rush, with the spirit of an ardent 
 admirer, but whose medical intelligence led him to criticize 
 the doctrine of the master. " This wonderful vision may be 
 thus explained. Excitement or Life is a unit, and this can 
 be accurately divided into healthy and morbid only; hence 
 there can be but one disease, that is, morbid excitement. 
 This position involves a huge universality, which very few 
 minds, who have seen diseases, can at all comprehend; nor 
 have we ever been persuaded that Dr. Rush himself had well- 
 defined ideas thereof. We have always thought him most 
 wonderfully entangled in the web of his honest sophistry."^ 
 
 Attractive and plausible as have been the systems of medi- 
 cal philosophy presented to the world, as generalizations 
 they all partake of the deductive method of investigation, 
 w^hich assumes first principles of too limited a scope to admit 
 
 ' An Eulogium upon Benjamin Eush, M. D., Professor, &c., University 
 of Pennsylvania, by David Ramsay, M. D., Member of the South Carolina 
 Medical Society, 1813. In this book is an admirable summary of the doc- 
 trines of Rush. 
 
 2 Life of Benjamin Rush, M. D., by Samuel Jackson, M. D., late of 
 Nortliumberland. — American Medical Biography, edited by Dr. Gross. 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENXSYLVAXIA. 125 
 
 SO wide an application as has been made of them. The ani- 
 mal economy cannot be regarded as obedient to one single 
 law of government, by which the vital operations of its parts 
 and organs can be all accounted for; and the day has passed 
 when even brilliant discovery in one track of research can 
 carry captive the entire mind of the profession. The mine 
 to be explored of obscnre organic operations admits of more 
 than one approach, and to detect and make apparent latent 
 trutlis requires access by numerous avenues. Modern re- 
 search, by employing every available means and vastly 
 improved appliances, has demonstrated that the forces that 
 are active in controlling and regulating the animal organism 
 are numerous and wide-spread. Haller, Hunter, and Bichat 
 led the way in basing pathology upon phj^siological know- 
 ledge, by which alone practical medicine can be successfully 
 directed; and exhibited clearly that observation, expeiience, 
 and inductive reasoning are the sure methods of obtaining 
 right principles. Without these, as has been remarked by 
 Dr. Rush, "medicine is an humble art, and a degrading occu- 
 pation." 
 
 From his valuable labors as an observer and the historian 
 of disease, Dr. Eush must pass to posterity with honor and 
 admiration irrespective of his theoretical opinions. The 
 account of the Yellow Fever of 1793, and of the succeeding 
 years, would perpetuate his name, had he written none of 
 his other numerous communications, literary and scientific.^ 
 
 Upon the death of Dr. Eush, the Chair of Practice was 
 filled by the appointment of Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton, 
 July 1-1, 1813. By this transfer, the Chair of Materia Medica 
 becoming vacant, was filled August 3d following, by Dr. Chap- 
 man, who had previously assisted Dr. James in the ofiice of 
 Lecturer on Obstetrics. 
 
 Dr. Barton carried into his new position in the Faculty the 
 prestige of an extended reputation as a teacher of Materia 
 Medica and the Natural Sciences, as well as the advantage of 
 
 ' For a list of the papers written by Dr. Rush, consult the Life of Dr. 
 Rush by Dr. Ramsay ; also Jackson's Life of Rush. 
 
126 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 having been a private practitioner, and one of the physicians 
 of the Pennsylvania Hospital. He did not live to determine 
 to what eminence he might have attained in the Chair of 
 Practice, as, after one course of lectures had been delivered, 
 and as the other was about to commence, death terminated 
 his career on the 19th of December, 1815. 
 
 It has always been a matter of question whether Dr. Bar- 
 ton would have distinguished himself as a teacher of purely 
 practical medicine, as he had done in the chair which afforded 
 the opportunity of indulging in the especial bent of his genius. 
 His reputation rests upon his success as a naturalist, and cul- 
 tivator of the branches of knowledge depending upon the 
 natural sciences for their elucidation. 
 
 He was born in the city of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 
 1766, the son of an Episcopal clergyman there settled. His 
 mother was the sister of the celebrated David Eittenhouse. 
 Upon the death of his father he was transferred to the charge 
 of the Eev. Dr. Andrews, afterwards Provost of the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania, who then resided at York. lie studied 
 medicine under the direction of Dr. Shippen, at the period 
 when the University had superseded the College, and in 1786 
 embarked for Europe to continue his studies. He was a stu- 
 dent of the University of Edinburgh for two years, but did 
 not graduate at that Institution, determining, from personal 
 reasons, to obtain his diploma at the University of Cottingen. 
 
 The predilection of Dr. Barton for Natural History, and 
 more especially for Botany, evinced itself very early. He 
 manifested very soon in life a taste for drawing, and "in the 
 execution of his designs with the pencil, at an immature age, 
 he discovered that taste and genius in the art which he after- 
 wards cultivated with much success." It is said that his 
 knowledge of drawing was acquired from the instruction of 
 Major Andre, who was a prisoner of war at Lancaster. " This 
 talent was often rendered subservient to his pursuits in Natu- 
 ral History and Botany, branches of science which are greatly 
 assisted in their acquisition by the investigator having him- 
 self a facility in copying the subjects appertaining to them." 
 It was Dr. Barton's opinion that " no man could become a 
 wise, discriminating, and eminent botanist without possessing 
 
THE UXIYERSITY OF PEXXSYLYAXIA. 127 
 
 that acumen in perception of proportion, color, Larmonv of 
 design, and of obscnre differences in the objects of the vege- 
 table world, which alone belong to the eye of the painter." 
 That his bias towards Botany took a practical turn, we are 
 assured by the fact that " young as he was at the time, he 
 obtained from the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh an 
 honorary premium for his dissertation on Hyoscyamus Niger , 
 of Linnieus. It was the Harveian prize." 
 • In London, during the summer of 1787, when at the age 
 of twenty-two years, he published a little tract, entitled, 
 " Observations on some parts of Natural History," to which 
 is prefixed an account of remarkable vestiges of an ancient 
 date, which had been discovered in Is'orth America. 
 
 TVhile residing in the metropolis of England, he was 
 treated with distinguished consideration by Dr. Hunter and 
 Dr. Letsom, having attracted attention by his general scien- 
 tific proclivities. He was at this time elected a member of 
 the American Philosophical Society. The minute of his 
 election reads thus: "Jan. 16, 1789, Benjamin Smith Bar- 
 ton, M. D., at present in Edinburgh, corresponding member of 
 the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, late of the University 
 of Pa., was elected a member." 
 
 When the College resumed its functions in 1789, Dr. Bar- 
 ton, then twenty-four years of age, was chosen the Professor 
 of Natural History and Botany. As has been shown. Botany 
 had been taught by Dr. Kuhn in 1768, and the subject had 
 been considered of sufiicient importance to be appended to 
 the Chair of Materia Medica. When, in the new order of 
 things, the two institutions were exercising separately their 
 functions, and Dr. Kuhn had assumed the duties of Practice 
 in the University, the professorship mentioned was created 
 in the College, apparently for the purpose of securing the 
 talents of Dr. Bartou. This he retained under the union of 
 the two Faculties, and accordingly we find his name thus 
 appended in the list of Professors of the University in 1792. 
 
 The opinion that the natural sciences were important in a 
 scheme of medical instruction may be observed to have con- 
 stantly influenced the actions of the Board of Trustees, whether 
 of the College or of the University ; for we find that although 
 
128 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 witlioat practical results, Mr. William Bartram was elected 
 Professor of Botany in 1782. Altliougli Dr. Barton was not 
 the first Professor of Botany, he was the first of Natural His- 
 tory, and, so far as can be discovered, the "first teacher of 
 Natural Science in this Cis- Atlantic World." During Dr. Bar- 
 ton's pupilage, however, it would appear that no instruction 
 in Natural History, not even in Botany, was given. He was 
 essentially self-taught, as he expressly declares in a preface 
 to a " Discourse on some of the Principal Desiderata in Natu-- 
 ral History, &c." " I have never attended any lectures, how- 
 ever imperfect, on Natural Science or Botany." It is inferred 
 from this that Dr. Kuhn, at the time of Dr. Barton's pupilage, 
 must have discontinued his lectures on Botany. 
 
 Preparation in the natural sciences did not constitute a 
 requisite for graduation, and was therefore voluntary on the 
 part of the student, and yet no complaint has been handed 
 down, or recorded, of want of encouragement; indeed, the 
 zeal and enthusiasm of the incumbent of the chair, with his 
 skill in making attractive his then novel and curious subjects 
 of information, were sufS.cient to awaken attention and secure 
 satisfactory patronage. He, in fact, created a taste for these 
 pursuits, that has never been lost in this community, and 
 which has ultimately developed itself in permanent establish- 
 ments for the cultivation of the natural sciences. 
 
 Dr. Barton was eminently a pioneer in exploring the 
 treasures of the Western Continent. Pie employed compe- 
 tent persons to collect the botanical productions of various 
 sections of the country, who, while thus engaged in the ser- 
 vice of a patron, laid the foundation of their own reputa- 
 tion. The researches of Pursh were encouraged by him. 
 In the preface to the "Flora Americana Septentrionalis, by 
 Frederick Pursh," who was curator of the garden of William 
 Hamilton, Esq. (Woodlands), he states that at this period, 
 between the years 1802 and 1805, he " had also formed a 
 connection with Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton, Professor of 
 Botany in the University of Pennsylvania, whose industrious 
 researches in all the branches of Natural History are so well 
 known to the literary world. He likewise, for some time 
 previously, had been collecting materials for an American 
 
THE UXIYER3ITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 129 
 
 Flora. As I was now very anxious to explore the remote 
 parts of the country, particularly in the interesting ranges of 
 the Alleghany Mountains, I was enabled, by the kind assist- 
 ance of this gentleman, to take a more extensive range for 
 my botanical excursions. The collections and observations 
 made in the course of these journeys, all of which I commu- 
 nicated to Dr. Barton, were considerable in respect to the 
 discovery of many new and interesting subjects of Natural 
 History in general."' Under his auspices, likewise, the late 
 Mr. Thomas Wuttall laid the foundation of that extensive 
 knowledge of our native plants which was embodied in his 
 Genera of North American PlantsT^^ 
 
 If the subjects of the Theses enumerated on the Cata- 
 logue of Graduates during the connection of Dr. Barton 
 with the Medical School be examined, one cannot but be 
 forcibly impressed with the number which treat of the YegQ- 
 table Materia Medica of the United States. It was a depart- 
 ment which he fostered, writing not only upon it himself, but 
 instigating his pupils to its cultivation.^ Nor are these essays 
 jejune, for under the conducting hand of the master, they took 
 the form of experimental and practical utility, and the pre- 
 sent generation is under obligation for valuable researches, in 
 the field of home productions, to many aspirants for medical 
 
 ' Pnrsh's Flora was printed in London in 1814, and dedicated to the 
 eminent botanist Lambert. A journal of Pnrsh's has recently come to 
 light in the collection of MS. of the Philosophical Society. It contains 
 references to his communications to Dr. Barton. 
 
 2 Mr. Xuttall came to Philadelphia in the spring of 1808. To solve a 
 doubt in Botany he called upon Prof. Barton, who received him with 
 politeness, and, "struck with the intellectual countenance of the young 
 man, invited him to take a seat, and entered into conversation with him, 
 pointing out the difference between the two genera, Smilax and Passiflora, 
 and giving a dissertation upon the principles of Botany, and the infinite 
 pleasure this science afforded its votaries." Mr. Nuttall was so deeply 
 impressed by what he heard that he determined to pursue the study of 
 Botany as an occupation. For an interesting memoir of Thomas Nuttall, 
 we are indebted to Mr. EUas Durand. It will be found in the Proceed- 
 ings of the Philosophical Society, vol. vi. 
 
 3 Among the publications of Dr. Barton may be mentioned his " Collec- 
 tions for an Essaj" towards a Materia Medica of the United States," and 
 his "Elements of Botany," both issued at the commencement of the pre- 
 sent century. 
 
 9 
 
130 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 honors. Under liis training skilful botanists were formed, 
 whose contributions have been creditable to their native 
 country. 
 
 The works of Dr. William P. C. Barton, the nephew of the 
 Professor, are evidences of zeal and ability in the endeavor 
 to render available a knowledge of the medical and general 
 botany of the United States ; while of equal merit are the 
 contributions to the same department of Dr. Jacob Bigelow, 
 of Massachusetts.^ To the same source of instruction and 
 encouragement may be traced the long life labors of Dr. Wil- 
 liam Darlington, who thus most feelingly speaks of his pre- 
 ceptor: " In November, 1802, I repaired to Philadelphia to 
 attend the lectures in the University of Pennsylvania, where 
 I was favored to become familiarly acquainted with Prof. 
 B. S. Barton, who discovered in me a considerable fondness 
 for the study of plants, took me under his special patronage, 
 and, by his kind attention and instruction, gave a decided 
 bias to my future pursuits. A Society w^as formed, called 
 the American Linnsean Society, of which Prof. Barton was 
 President, and it did me the unexpected honor of enrolling 
 me among the members." Dr. Barton was in the habit, in con- 
 nection with his botanical lectures, of taking his pupils to the 
 Bartram Botanic Glarden. This was situated on the west bank 
 of the Schuylkill, about four miles below Philadelphia. " It 
 was established as early as 1720, by that great vegetable 
 naturalist, John Bartram, the elder, at a time when nothing 
 of the kind existed in the Colonies, except Dr. Clayton's, in 
 Virginia. Here were concentrated very many of the indige- 
 nous plants and trees of North America, and in a greater 
 profusion, perhaps, than can be found elsewhere. Mr. Bar- 
 tram and his descendants were industriously employed in 
 making this garden for one hundred and ten years."^ Dr. 
 
 ' Dr. William P. C. Barton is the author of " Vegetable Materia Medica 
 of the United States," publishe'd in 1818, in 2 vols, quarto ; "A Flora of 
 North America," illustrated by colored figures, 3 vols, quarto, 1823 ; " A 
 Flora of Pliiladelphia, " and other contributions to this branch of science. 
 Dr. Jacob Bigelow is the author of the " American Medical Botany," pub- 
 lished in 1817, and "Florula Bostoniensis," in 1824. 
 
 2 Report of the Committee of the Horticultural Society, 1833. 
 
THE U^^VERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 131 
 
 Darlington states that "William Bartram and Jolin Bar- 
 tram, Jr., were then living there in 1804; and distinctly do 
 I recollect the venerable men, though I little dreamt I 
 should one day have to do with the history of the family."^ 
 
 Dr. Barton himself erected the first Green-House in the 
 city. It was in the rear of his residence on Chestnut Street, 
 below Eigfhth.2 
 
 Dr. William Baldwin was indebted for his early introduc- 
 tion to the study of the science of Botany to the instruction 
 received at the University. This, in after years, bore fruit 
 in the exploration of the Flora of the Southern States, and 
 that of South America.^ 
 
 Another distinguished botanist. Dr. Thomas Horsfield, 
 was a pupil of Dr. Barton. Before adventure led him 
 abroad, he graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, in 
 1798. His thesis was '' An Experimental Dissertation on the 
 Ehus vernix, Ehus radicans, and Ehus glabrum." He was a 
 native of Bethlehem, Pa., and went upon a trading voyage 
 to the East Indies, where he was induced to settle, his talents 
 and accomplishments finding occupation as naturalist and 
 civil agent at the hands of the enlightened British statesman 
 at the head of the Government of Java, Sir Stamford Eaffles.'' 
 Dr. Horsfield, among his other communications with respect 
 
 ' Dr. Darlington wrote interesting Biographical Notices of John Bar- . 
 tram and Humphrey Marshall, and edited their correspondence. A por- 
 tion of Dr. Darlington's journal, from which the above references have 
 been taken, is given in the life of that learned botanist by Thomas P. 
 James, Esq., read before the American Philosophical Society, 1864. Dr. 
 Darlington is the author of the " Flora of Chester County," an admirable 
 work, and a model of the kind. 
 
 2 This Green-House afterwards became celebrated in the hands of Mr. 
 George Pepper, the father of Prof. William Pepper, of the University of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 3 Reliquiae Baldwinianse, by Dr. William Darlington. 
 
 * The " New American Encyclopaedia" notices Dr. Horsfield as an Eng- 
 lish traveller and naturalist. From what source this error came we are not 
 informed. In the Philadelphia Medical Museum, edited by Dr. J. Redman 
 Coxe, vol. i., is an account of a voyage to Batavia in the year 1800, by 
 Dr. Horsfield. In 1802 Dr. Horsfield fixed his residence in Java, where 
 he was found by the English when the island was taken possession of by 
 them in 1811. 
 
132 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 to the botany of Java, wrote upon the Upas Tree, and dis 
 pelled the fabulous traditions with reference to that plant, 
 thus placing it in its right position among vegetable produc- 
 tions.^ 
 
 As has been stated previously, upon the Chair of Ma- 
 teria Medica becoming vacant by the resignation of Dr. 
 Griffitts in 1796, Dr. Barton was placed in it; and, for the 
 first time, enjoyed the full privileges and distinction of a 
 Professor. He was then thirty years of age. With this 
 promotion "begins and rests the high professional reputation 
 of Dr. Barton in Medicine." During the twenty-six years 
 that he was connected with the Medical School, he occupied 
 a position of prominence, and was greatly instrumental in 
 promoting its rising reputation. Twenty-four courses of lec- 
 tures on Botany were delivered by him.^ We are informed 
 that, as a medical teacher, he was eloquent, instructive, and, 
 w^hen occasion required, quite pathetic. In temperament he 
 was irritable, and even choleric, though in his gentle moods 
 he was kind, tender, and indulgent. 
 
 In 1804 Dr. Barton commenced a semi-annual periodical, 
 entitled " The Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal." 
 This work was announced to be devoted to original com- 
 munications relative to all the branches of medicine, natural 
 history, and physical geography, biographical sketches, re- 
 views, extracts, and miscellaneous tracts. It was carried 
 on irregularly until 1809, and, as might be supposed from 
 the Natural History tastes of Professor Barton, was mostly 
 devoted to that branch of science. Indeed, to be a punctual 
 recorder of the progress of medicine and the sciences, and to 
 endure the uniform periodical labor of an editor, were not in 
 
 ' See Magendie's "Journal de Pliysiologie, " vol. vii., from the Annals 
 of the Batavian Society, vol. vii. Dr. Horsfield published, in 1821-24, his 
 "Zoological Kesearches in Java and the Neighboring Islands." His col- 
 lection of plants afforded the materials of Robert Brown's "Plantae Ja- 
 vanicse." 
 
 2 The Botanical Lectures were supplemental, and delivered in the sum- 
 mer season. From an advertisement of the University lectures in Dr. 
 Barton's publication, the " Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal," 
 we learn that the lectures on Natural History were delivered in Peale's 
 Museum. 
 
THE UXIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 133 
 
 accordance with tlie diffusiveness of his genius; and we are 
 not surprised, therefore, to find that his efforts in this line 
 were fitful. The work, however, is interesting, as being one 
 of the pioneers of periodical scientific literature in this city. 
 
 The tributes to Dr. Barton's scientific zeal and information 
 were not withheld from him by the community in which he 
 lived. In 1802 he was chosen one of the Vice-Presidents of 
 the Philosophical Society. In 1809 he was chosen President 
 of the Philadelphia Medical Society.^ Numerous foreign 
 honors were conferred upon him. 
 
 Dr. ISTathaniel Chapman succeeded Dr. Barton in the Chair 
 of Practice, March 5, 1816, and Dr. John Syng Dorsey was 
 placed in the Chair of Materia Medica, April 5, of the same 
 year. 
 
 ' Dr. Barton succeeded Dr. Eush in the Presidency of tliis Society, who 
 had resigned in consequence of the idea that a Professor should not occupy 
 the position. An address from the Society led to a change of views in the 
 Faculty, and Dr. Barton consented to serve. See Appendix H. 
 
134: MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 • CHAPTER XI. 
 
 A Faculty of Natural Sciences organized by the Board of Trustees — Death 
 of Dr. Wistar — Sketch of his life and services to the University — Ana- 
 tomical Museum — Dr. Dorsey succeeds Dr. Wistar — Death of Dr. Dor- 
 sey — Sketch of his life — Transfer of Dr. Physick to the Chair of Anatomy 
 —Election of Dr. Gibson to the Chair of Surgery — Dr. Horner ap- 
 pointed Adjunct Professor of Anatomy. 
 
 "When Dr. Barton left the Chair of Materia Medica in 1813, 
 the associated branches of Botany and Natural History were 
 without an exponent. This was not without attention on the 
 part of the Board of Trustees, and on October 4, 1816, we 
 are informed by the Minutes that the Board proceeded to the 
 consideration of the plan for establishing a Faculty of Natural 
 Sciences, and passed the following resolutions : — 
 
 " That a Faculty, denominated the Faculty of Natural 
 Science, be instituted in this University. The said Faculty 
 shall at present consist of the following Professorships, reserv- 
 ing to the Trustees the power to combine or subdivide the 
 Professorships as may hereafter be found expedient, provided 
 no such alteration take place during a course of lectures: — 
 
 " 1. A Professorship of Botany. 
 
 "2.- A Professorship of Natural History, including Greology 
 and Zoology. 
 
 " 3. A Professorship of Mineralogy and Chemistry, applied to 
 Agriculture and the Arts. 
 
 " That the Professorship of Natural Philosophy be detached 
 from the Medical Department, and be connected with, and form 
 a part of, the Faculty of Natural Science. 
 
 "That the Professorship of Botany and Natural History, as 
 part of the Medical Faculty, shall be and is hereby abolished." 
 
 At a subsequent meeting it was resolved that a Professor- 
 ship of Comparative Anatomy be added to those already 
 established in the Faculty of Natural Science. 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 135 
 
 On Dec. 29tli the following elections took place : — 
 
 Dr. William P. C. Barton was appointed Professor of 
 Botany ; Dr. Charles Caldwell, Professor" of Natural His- 
 tory ; Dr. Thomas Cooper, Professor of Mineralogy and 
 Chemistry ; and Dr. Thomas T. Hewson, Professor of Com- 
 parative Anatomy. 
 
 At the same time that this movement was made in behalf 
 of the Natural Sciences, the subject of a Botanical Garden was 
 taken up by the University. In 1815 it was brought before 
 the Trustees in connection with a successful effort to interest 
 the Legislature. The following action was taken Nov. 17: — 
 
 " On Motion, the Board agreed to the following : Whereas, 
 the Legislature of Pennsylvania, by their act passed the 19th 
 of March, 1807, granted the Trustees of the Institution, out of 
 the monies due to the State, the sura of Three Thousand Dol- 
 lars for the purpose of enabling them to establish a Garden for 
 the improvement of the Science of Botany ; Resolved, that a 
 Committee be appointed to consider and report the best method 
 of carrying the said intention of the Legislature into effect." 
 
 In 1816 this Committee reported, that in aid of the fund in 
 possession of the University, "they have prepared subscription 
 papers for circulation under direction of the Board." To this 
 the Medical Faculty liberally responded.^ The enterprise ap- 
 pears to have so far succeeded as to induce the Trustees, in 
 1817, to purchase forty-two acres of ground in Penn Township, 
 near the canal road, for the sum of eight thousand dollars. 
 
 In the spring of 1818, the Professor of Botany, Dr. W. P. C. 
 Barton, was permitted to use the yard attached to the Univer- 
 sity building in Ninth Street, for the purposes of a Botanic 
 Garden. Upon the resignation of Dr. Barton no further idea 
 was entertained of maintaining a Botanic Garden, and the land 
 near the city was soon after sold by the University. 
 
 The year 1818 was marked by the death of Dr. Wistar. Dr. 
 Caspar Wistar was of German origin. His paternal grandfather 
 came from Hilsbach, near Heidelberg, in the Lower Palatinate, 
 and at an early period settled in Pennsylvania. His parents 
 
 ' From a subscription paper which has turned up in the Philosophical 
 Society, it appears the Medical Faculty subscribed six hundred dollars. 
 
136 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 belonged to the Society of Friends. He was born in the city 
 of Philadelphia, Sept. 13, 1761, and received a classical educa- 
 tion — indeed, he acquired so much familiarity with the Latin 
 language as to be able readily to express himself in it. We 
 are told by his biographer. Chief Justice Tilghman, that his 
 determinatioQ to study medicine was settled by an event which 
 aroused his benevolent impulses. " This event was the battle 
 of Germantown, in 1777. His religious principles kept him 
 out of the battle, but his humanity led him to seek the wounded 
 soldier, and he was active in assisting those who were adminis- 
 tering relief. His benevolent heart was affected by their suf- 
 ferings, and so deeply was he struck with the happy effects of 
 the medical art, that he determined to devote his life to a pro- 
 fession formed to alleviate the miseries of mankind." 
 
 He studied medicine with Dr. Eedman, and, while a student, 
 was further benefited by the instruction of Dr. John Jones, 
 then practising surgery in Philadelphia.' He graduated as 
 Bachelor of Medicine in 1782, at the University. As it is 
 stated that he commenced his studies in 1777, he must have 
 been one of the last pupils of the College, and among the first 
 of the University; and it is not to be wondered at, therefore, 
 that he should so ardently desire, and so actively exert himself 
 to bring about their union in after times. 
 
 The statement has been made by Judge Tilghman, and re- 
 peated by other biographers, that the Faculty of Medicine, as 
 then constituted, " were not all of one theory, and each Profes- 
 sor examined with an eye to his own system ; of this Wistar was 
 aware, and had the address to answer each to his entire satis- 
 
 ' Dr. John Jones was the grandson of Dr. Edward Jones, and great 
 grandson of Dr. Wynne. To both of these physicians allusion has been 
 made when speaking of those who emigrated to Pennsylvania with William 
 Penn in 1682. Dr. John Jones was by birth a citizen of New York, and 
 there attained to such eminence as to be appointed to the Professorship of 
 Surgery in King's College in 1768. About the year 1780 he removed to 
 Philadelphia, and became one of the Physicians of the Pennsylvania Hos- 
 pital. His regard for Dr. Wistar induced him to exert his influence in 
 bringing the Doctor prominently before the public when yet a young man, 
 and it is reported that when prepared to perform an operation, he insisted 
 on Dr. Wistar taking the knife from him and executing it. Dr. Jones 
 performed the first operation of lithotomy in New York. The Life of Dr. 
 Jones was written by Dr. James Mease, and appended to an edition of 
 the surgical works of that author printed in 1795. 
 
THE UXIYEESITY OF PEXXSYLVANIA. 137 
 
 faction, in his own way." The inference from this is that he 
 had especially comprehended the teaching of the several pro- 
 fessors, and had mastered their modes of thought and expres- 
 sion. At the time referred to, the doctrines of Boerhaave and 
 of Cullen had each their advocates in the Faculty. 
 
 In 1783 Dr. Wistar went to Europe, and in June, 1786, was 
 graduated Doctor of Medicine in the University of Edinburgh; 
 ms inaugural essay, "De Animo Demisso," being dedicated to 
 Franklin and Dr. Cullen. While pursuing his studies in Edin- 
 burgh, he was elected President of the Eoyal Medical Society, 
 a tribute justly to be appreciated, if it be recollected that the 
 honor was conferred on an American student when the feelings 
 incident to the Revolutionary struggle had hardly had time 
 to be obliterated. Of the origin of this Society we have the 
 account by Dr. Fothergill. "Several students at that time 
 (1734), the foremost in application and knowledge, fired by 
 the example of their masters, who had nothing more at heart 
 than the improvement of those who committed themselves to 
 their tuition, formed a Society, for their mutual instruction 
 and advancement in their studies. Every student of a certain 
 standing, who distinguished himself by his diligence, capacity, 
 and conduct was initiated in this little assembly. Here the 
 opinions of the ancients, of their contemporaries — nay, the doc- 
 trines of their masters — were frequently discussed, and two of 
 the members were always charged with the task of providing 
 instruction and entertainment for the next meeting of the So- 
 ciety."^ When Dr. Wistar was an active member he had, as 
 associates, men who afterwards became prominent. In speak- 
 ing of the elevation of Dr. Wistar to the dignity of President, 
 Dr. Chapman informs us that " it was in this Society that he 
 acquired great reputation as a public speaker, so much so that 
 even in my time, nearly twenty years afterwards, the debates 
 conducted by Wistar, Sir James Mcintosh, Beddoes, and 
 Emmet, of ISTew York, were frequently spoken of by older 
 members as very uncommon specimens of eloquence and 
 ability."^ 
 
 ' Essay on the character of the late Alexander Russell, M.D., Fother- 
 gill' s Works. 
 
 2 MS. letter to .Judge Tilghman, among the papers collected by him for 
 the Life of AVistar, in possession of the author. 
 
138 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 The year following his graduation Dr. Wistar returned to 
 Philadelphia, a candidate for public confidence. In 1789, he 
 became a trustee of the College of Philadelphia, which had 
 just been resuscitated by the Legislature, and very soon ac- 
 cepted the chair of Chemistry, as is stated by his biographer, 
 Judge Tilghman, in "order to preserve an influence, to be ex- 
 erted at the proper season, in effecting that arrangement which 
 concentrated the talents of the city upon a single object, and 
 gave just eclat to the labors of the distinguished men who con- 
 stituted the Medical Faculty of the University." 
 
 From the time that Dr. Wistar assumed the duties of Ad- 
 junct Professor of Anatomy, in 1792, he devoted his whole 
 energy and the resources of his well-instructed mind to main- 
 tain that important branch — the foundation of all medical 
 knowledge — on the highest level of efficiency; and not only 
 did he sustain himself without detriment to his reputation in 
 contrast with the fair fame of Shippen, but from year to year 
 surpassed himself. To quote the language of a biographer, 
 "as his class increased in numbers, as was annually the case, 
 and he perceived that he was operating on a wider scale, Dr. 
 Wistar felt the responsibilities of his station augmented. He 
 did not, as many are known to do, hold himself privileged to 
 relax into indolence and the enjoyment of comparative ease, 
 because his fame was established and his fortune made. He 
 recognized in that fame, which drew yearly around him a 
 greater crowd of pupils, nothing but an obligation to maintain 
 and augment it by higher exertions and a more efficient dis- 
 charge of duty." 
 
 "To the elevation, as a teacher, he ultimately attained, his 
 ascent was gradual, not rapid. It was the result of a lifetime 
 of persevering labor, his achievements in the last surpassing 
 those of the preceding year. Had he lived to complete the 
 course of lectures, in the midst of which it was the pleasure of 
 Heaven to terminate his career, it would have been decidedly 
 the most excellent he ever delivered."^ 
 
 With respect to the mode of instruction adopted by Dr. 
 
 1 Eulogium on Caspar Wistar, M.D., Professor of Anatomy, by Charles 
 Caldwell, M.D., before the Philadelphia Medical Society, 1818. 
 
THE UKIYEESITY OF PEN-NSYLVANIA. 139 
 
 Wistar at tlie time he was in full occupation of the chair of 
 Anatomy, the statement of Dr. Horner, in a letter to Judge 
 Tilghman, dated Feb. 1st, 1818, is valuable, in consequence of 
 having come from one so intimately associated with him. It is 
 in the following words: "In reviewing the several particulars 
 of his course of instruction, it is difficult to say in what part his 
 cjfiief merit consisted ; he undertook everything with so much 
 zeal, and such a conscientious desire to benefit those who came 
 to be instructed by him, that he seldom failed of giving the 
 most complete satisfaction. There were, however some parts 
 of his course peculiar to himself. These were the addition of 
 models on a very large scale to illustrate small parts of the 
 human structure; and the division of the general class into a 
 number of sub -classes, each of which he supplied with a box of 
 bones, in order that they might become thoroughly acquainted 
 with the human skeleton, a subject which is acknowledged by 
 all to be at the very foundation of Anatomical Knowledge. The 
 idea of the former mode of instruction was acted on for the 
 first time about fifteen years ago. It commenced with a model 
 of wax, representing the bones of the Human Ear. This was 
 followed by a wax model of the Temporal Bone, about eighteen 
 inches in diameter; and one of the External Ear. The benefit 
 attending this mode of instruction became now so obvious that 
 a regular system of modelling was undertaken, and no year 
 since has been passed over without the addition of some such 
 article to his Anatomical Museum." 
 
 The large-sized wooden models of the sphenoid, palate, and 
 ethmoidal bones, the temporal bone, and the labyrinth of the 
 ear, as well as of the brain in sections, from which the successive 
 classes of students to the present day, in connection with the 
 demonstrations of subsequent professors, have benefited, were 
 most carefully prepared under the direction of Professor Wis- 
 tar by Mr. Kush, the most celebrated carver of his time in 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 In speaking of this mode of instruction. Dr. Dorsey, in a 
 letter to Judge Tilghman, says, "that, finding it impossible to 
 demonstrate to several hundred pupils at once the minute 
 structure of the various organs, he contrived models on a very 
 large scale, to illustrate these difficult subjects, and though not 
 
140 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 the first who had resorted to this method in teaching anatomy, 
 he has more than the honor of invention by carrying the plan 
 very completely into effect. Others had used it in one or two 
 instances; Wistar applied it to every difficult piece of anato- 
 mical structure, and in his Museum of Models he has bequeathed 
 a rich treasure to his successors in the Anatomical chair. No 
 one could fail to become an anatomist who diligently attended 
 his lectures." 
 
 The preparations made to illustrate the several portions of 
 the body, including injections of the several organs, corroded 
 specimens and wet preparations constituted the anatomical 
 museum of Dr. Wistar, which, upon his decease, was presented 
 to the University by his relict.^ It was for years styled the 
 WiSTAK Museum; but, vastly augmented as it became by the 
 indefatigable exertions of Dr. Horner, and further enriched 
 by the skill and industry of the present Professor of Anatomy, 
 Dr. Leidy, as well as by other contributors, it may safely be 
 regarded as unsurpassed in this country as a collection for 
 teaching purposes.^ 
 
 Dr. Wistar published a work on Anatomy in 1811 f and 
 there is no doubt, from the description therein given, "of his 
 having first observed and described the posterior portion of 
 the Ethmoid Bone in its most perfect state, viz., with the tri- 
 angular bones attached to it." Of this discovery the distin- 
 guished anatomist Yon Soemmering, of Munich, wrote thus to 
 Dr. Wistar, Jan. 17, 1819: " The neat specimens of Ossa Sphe- 
 noideum and Ethnoideum are invaluable additions to my 
 Anatomical Collection, having never seen them myself in so 
 
 ' On the reception of this gift the following resolution was passed : 
 " That the Anatomical Museum presented to the Trustees for the use of 
 the Medical School by the family of the late Professor of Anatomy, Dr. 
 Caspar Wistar, be styled the Wistar Museum.''^ 
 
 2 The Museum at present contains, in addition to what has been stated, a 
 large collection of materials for illustrating the Chair of Practice, procured 
 by Dr. "Wood in Europe, when first assuming its duties, and subsequently 
 augmented by him ; also the Materia Medica collection, and the materials 
 pertaining to all the demonstrative branches. There are also in it some 
 curious wax models by Dr. Chovet, donated by the Pennsylvania Hospital. 
 Dr. Chovet was a French physician, who taught Anatomy to private 
 classes as early as 1775. 
 
 ^ System of Anatomy. 
 
THE UXIYEESITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 141 
 
 perfect a state. I sliall now be very attentive to examine these 
 processes of the Ethmoid Bone in children of two years of age, 
 being fully persuaded M. Bertin had never met with them of 
 so considerable size, nor of such a peculiar structure."^ 
 
 As a teacher Dr. Wistar " brought to the Anatomical Theatre 
 his deep and various learning, his habitual feelings, and even 
 something of his colloquial vivacity. Although he was 
 strikingly fluent and truly learned, still, there was something 
 in his eloquence peculiarly his own. His was the eloquence 
 of sentiment rather than of manner; and his persuasiveness 
 owed almost as much to his disposition as to the great import- 
 ance of the truths that he unfolded." 
 
 " He seemed to have identified Anatomy with his common 
 thoughts, and the language in which he expressed himself 
 seemed like the appropriate expressions of his familiar conver- 
 sation."* 
 
 The specialty which Dr. Wistar cultivated with so much 
 success did not preclude attention to other branches of science. 
 His reputation rests doubtless upon his success as a writer and 
 teacher of Anatomy, but, as has been stated, he commenced his 
 professional career as a teacher of Chemistry, with which branch 
 he had acquired considerable familiarity when pursuing his 
 studies abroad. He was also versed in Botany and Mineralogy, 
 and was so much interested in the discovery of organic remains 
 on this continent, then first attracting the attention of the 
 scientific world, as to institute steps to secure their preserva- 
 tion. The prosecution of this most laudable enterprise, in 
 which so much reputation has been gained of late years, was 
 arrested by his death. 
 
 The scientific reputation of Dr. Wistar, as well as the ex- 
 tended information possessed by him, induced his associates in 
 the Philosophical Society to elect him its President in 1815, as 
 the successor of Jefferson. Prior to this he had served the 
 Society in the capacity of Vice-President, to which position he 
 had been chosen in 1795. He was in the habit of receiving 
 his friends and scientific strangers at his house on Sunday 
 
 ' Letter in Tilghman's papers for the Life of Dr. Wistar. 
 ^ Dr. CaldwelFs Eulo'dum. 
 
142 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 evenings. Upon his death a social circle was formed among 
 the members of the Philosophical Society, to which was given 
 the name of Wistar Parties. The meetings were held on 
 Saturday evenings, and continued until within a few years. 
 
 Dr. Wistar died on the 22d of January, 1818, before the 
 conclusion of his course, at the age of fifty-eight years, in the 
 maturity of his intellectual force, and at the highest point in 
 his profession to which earthly ambition can aspire. " Beloved, 
 respected, honored by all who knew him, his virtue had secured 
 him the affections of his friends, his talents and industry the 
 respect and esteem of the community in which he lived."^ 
 
 The Chair of Anatomy, thus suddenly vacated, was filled 
 May 5, 1818, by the election of Dr. John Syng Dorsey, who 
 had supplied the void in the session occasioned by the un- 
 toward event of Dr. Wistar's death. 
 
 On July 7, 1818, Dr. Coxe was transferred from the Professor- 
 ship of Chemistry to that of Materia Medica. At this time the 
 title of the Chair was changed in accordance with the action of 
 the Board of Trustees, to wit: " Resolved, that the Professor of 
 Materia Medica be henceforth styled Professor of Materia 
 Medica and Pharmacy, and that teaching the Principles of the 
 Pharmaceutic Art shall be a part of his duties."^ 
 
 The Professorship of Chemistry, vacated by the transfer of 
 Dr. Coxe, was conferred, Sept. 18, 1818, on Dr. Robert Hare. 
 
 At the commencement of the course in 1818, another heavy 
 misfortune befell the University in the death of Dr. Dorsey. 
 This event occurred on the 10th of November. 
 
 Dr. John Syng Dorsey was a native of Philadelphia, and was 
 born in 1783. He was educated at the Friends' Academy, and 
 at the early age of fifteen years commenced the study of Medi- 
 cine with his uncle. Dr. Physick. At the age of nineteen he 
 
 ' Memoir of Dr. Caspar Wistar by Caspar Morris, M. D.; Lives of Emi- 
 nent Physicians and Surgeons, &c., edited by Samuel D. Gross, M. D., &c. 
 We would refer to this excellent memoir for a true portraiture of the cha- 
 racter and moral qualities of this distinguished Professor. 
 
 2 The change of title was published at the time of the annunciation of 
 the lectures of 1819, It was probably made with reference to the granting 
 of Degrees in Pharmacy, although it was only the recurrence to the old 
 title of the Chair. See ante, p. 93. 
 
THE U^'IVERSITY OF PEX^'SYLVAXIA. 14:3 
 
 was admitted to the Doctorate at the Commencement of 1802; 
 the Trustees, upon application to them, having dispensed with 
 the rule which prohibited the conferring of the degree of M. D. 
 on any one who had not attained the age of twenty-one years. 
 His/;hesis was upon "The Powers of the Gastric Juice as a 
 Solvent for Urinary Calculi." It was published in the series 
 of Theses edited by Dr. Caldwell. 
 
 In 1803 Dr. Dorsey went to Europe, and after spending a 
 year improving himself in medicine, and especially in surgery, 
 returned to his native city in 1801:. In 1807 he was chosen 
 Adjunct to his uncle in the Chair of Surgery, and in that posi- 
 tion continued until the decease of Dr. Barton, in 1815^ when 
 he was elected to the Professorship of Materia Medica. In this 
 position he remained until the spring of 1818, when, by the death 
 of Dr. Wistar, the Chair of Anatomy was left without an occu- 
 pant. For this position he was well adapted by education and 
 experience, and was elected to it with universal approbation. 
 
 At the time this new mark of confidence of the honorable 
 Board of Trustees was conferred, sanctioned by the medical 
 public, Dr. Dorsey was thirty-five years of age, and exhibited all 
 the enthusiasm of a zealous, rightly inspired, ambitious candi- 
 date for reputation in the field of enterprise before him. The 
 course was opened, ai;id on the 2d of November he delivered 
 his Introductory Lecture, which, from the portions published, 
 was full of correct sentiments and elevated thought. It was 
 the last delivered by him. In its preparation the seeds of 
 disease were laid which soon terminated his mortal career.^ 
 "On the evening of the same day that he pronounced his In- 
 troductory Lecture, and while the praises of it still resounded, 
 he was attacked with a fever of such vehemence that in one 
 short week it closed his existence, leaving us only his enviable 
 name and his inestimable example."^ 
 
 While performing the duties of the Chair of Materia Medica, 
 
 ' It is stated that while engaged in the preparation of this lecture, late at 
 night, towards the close of October, his fire went out, and without heeding 
 the circumstance he continued his occupation, retiring thoroughly chilled. 
 To this he attributed his sickness. 
 
 2 Professor Chapman's Eulogium, delivered before the Medical Class of 
 
144 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 Dr. Dorsey published a syllabus of his lectures; but previously 
 to this he had given to the public his "Elements of Surgery," 
 which appeared in 1813. This work may be regarded as a 
 faithful exponent of the surgery of the day, as it was taught 
 by Dr. Physick, of whose opinions and mode of practice it 
 Avas the record; and as it was practised by the author him- 
 ' self, whose position as a surgeon of the Pennsylvania Hos- 
 pital gave him great opportunities for the acquisition of skill 
 and experience. In that institution he tied the internal iliac 
 artery, the first time the operation was performed in this 
 country. Dr. Dorsey was well versed in the literature of 
 European Surgery, and familiar with its condition from per- 
 sonal observation. 
 
 The Chair of Anatomy being a second time within the year 
 deprived suddenly of its incumbent, its duties were temporarily 
 performed by Dr. Physick, who was assisted in meeting the 
 additional responsibilities thus thrown upon him by the ana- 
 tomical skill and dexterity of Dr. Horner. In the following 
 year Dr. Physick was prevailed upon to resign the Professor- 
 ship of Surgery and accept that of Anatomy, to which he was 
 elected, July 13th, 1819. 
 
 The Chair of Surgery was filled, Sept. 7th, 1819, by the 
 election of Dr. William Gibson, of Baltimore, who at the time 
 was Professor of Surgery in the University of Maryland, and 
 enjoyed a high reputation as a practitioner and teacher; and 
 in 1820, Dr. William E. Horner was appointed Adjunct Pro- 
 fessor of Anatomy. 
 
 the University, 1st of Marcli, 1819. Pliiladelpliia Journal of Medical and 
 Physical Sciences, vol. 1st. 
 
 A very interesting Memoir of Dr. Dorsey has been written by Dr. 
 Samnel D. Gross, Professor of Snrgery in Jefferson Medical College, and 
 published in his "Lives of Eminent American Physicians and Surgeons 
 of the Nineteenth Century." Another memoir was published by the Rev. 
 Dr. Janeway. 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PEXNSYLYAXIA. 145 
 
 CHAPTEE XII. 
 
 Degrees in Pharmacy — Foundation of six studentships in the Medical De- 
 partment — Appointment of Dr. Dewees Adjunct Professor of Obstetrics 
 and the Diseases of Women and Cliiklren — Settlement of the ad eundem 
 footing of other Schools of Medicine — Application for the transfer of the 
 Botanical Professorship to the Medical Faculty — Appointment of Dr. 
 Samuel Jackson as an Assistant to the Professor of Practice, &c., to 
 teach the Institutes of Medicine — Resignation of Dr. Physick, sketch of 
 his life and services — Election of Dr. Horner to the Chair of Anatomy. 
 
 Prior to 1821 no public facilities were afforded to apothe- 
 caries in the way of regular scientific instruction, nor were in- 
 ducements held out for the encouragement of their apprentices 
 to qualify themselves thoroughly in the practice of the Phar- 
 maceutic art, which is subordinate to medicine, and indispens- 
 able to the success of the physician. 
 
 It will be found recorded on the Minutes of the University 
 that, in 1816 and 1817, Dr. James Mease applied for permis- 
 sion (which was granted) to deliver the Introductory to his 
 Lectures on Pharmacy in the College building. This was the 
 first attempt, by private lectures upon the branch, to improve 
 its condition. Upon the recommendation of the Professors of 
 the Medical Faculty steps were taken by the Board to meet 
 the urgent want presented, and on the 21st of February, 1821^ 
 the following resolutions were adopted: — 
 
 "1. That the degree of Master of Pharmacy be, and is hereby 
 instituted, to be conferred hereafter by the Trustees of this 
 University on such persons exercising or intending to exercise 
 the profession of an apothecary as are and shall be duly quali- 
 fied to receive the same. 
 
 "2. That the Faculty of Medicine be requested to report to 
 this Board at their next meeting a proper form of diploma, 
 and also a list of such apothecaries in the City and Liberties of 
 Philadelphia as are desirous, and, in their opinion, deserving of 
 the degree of Master of Pharmacy, and unless subsequent 
 10 
 
146 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 reason to the contrary shall appear, the degree of Master of 
 Pharmacy shall be conferred on such individuals respectively. 
 
 "3. That every person who shall have served a regular ap- 
 prenticeship, of at least three years, with a respectable Apothe- 
 cary, or a Master of Pharmacy, and who shall exercise or 
 intend to exercise the profession of an Apothecary, in this 
 State or elsewhere, may, on application to the Board, obtain 
 the degree of Master of Pharmacy : Provided he shall produce 
 a certificate of the Faculty of Medicine, signed by the Dean 
 thereof, of his being qualified to receive the same, which certi- 
 ficate the Faculty may grant on the attestation of the Professors 
 of Chemistry and Materia Medica and Pharmacy, who shall 
 have examined the candidate. He must also produce a certi- 
 ficate of his good moral character. 
 
 "4. That in future it shall be requisite for obtaining such 
 degree that the candidate shall have attended at least two 
 courses of Lectures on Chemistry and Materia Medica and 
 Pharm^acy in this University." 
 
 At the ensuing Commencement in April, 1821, sixteen gen- 
 tlemen of Philadelphia engaged in the practice of pharmacy 
 received the degree of Master of Pharmacy. 
 
 This procedure on the part of the University, in the matter 
 of improving and elevating the practice of pharmacy, aroused 
 the enterprising spirit of the druggists and apothecaries of 
 Philadelphia, and incited them to found a "College of Phar- 
 macy," an independent institution, which, through the instru- 
 mentality of its school and of its journal, and by its vigilance 
 with reference to the conduct of its members, has been of 
 incalculable service to the profession of pharmacy, not only in 
 the city of Philadelphia, but throughout the United States. 
 
 Another step taken by the Medical School in 1821 is not 
 without interest. In IN'ovember the Medical Faculty addressed 
 a communication to the Board of Trustees relative to the gra- 
 tuitous admission of students. The terms of the proposition 
 and the action of the Board sanctioning them are thus pre- 
 sented on the Minutes of April 2d, 1822 : — 
 
 "The Committee to whom was referred the letter of the Dean 
 of the Medical Faculty, of the 5th of November last, on the 
 subject of admitting six students to gratuitous admission, 
 
THE UXIYERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 147 
 
 report the following preamble and resolutions. The Board, 
 taking into consideration the letter of the Medical Faculty 
 communicating that the Faculty, desirous of extending the 
 advantages of a medical education to deserving characters 
 who may be unable to pay the fees of attendance, had resolved 
 to establish, under the directions of the Trustees, a foundation 
 of six studentships, for the gratuitous reception to these lec- 
 tures of six students annually, to be recommended to the Board 
 of Trustees in any manner they may please to adopt. 
 
 "Eesolved, that a Committee of three in number be ap- 
 pointed by the Board, to be denominated a Committee on the 
 foundation of six studentships, whose duty it shall be to give 
 public notice, in due season, before the commencement of each 
 course of Medical Lectures in this University, that applications 
 will be received for the gratuitous admission to the Medical 
 Lectures of six students, whose circumstances may not enable 
 them to pay the expense of admission to said lectures. 
 
 " That the said Committee shall, on the first Monday in Sep- 
 tember of each year, examine and determine upon such appli- 
 cations as shall be made to them, and shall, as soon thereafter 
 as convenience will permit, distribute the proper tickets to 
 such applicants as they may approve, and give notice thereof 
 to the Dean of the Medical Faculty. 
 
 " It will be expected that the applications made to the said 
 Committee shall be accompanied by testimonials of the follow- 
 ing qualifications : 1st, that the applicant is of good moral cha- 
 racter; 2d, that he is in such restricted circumstances as to be 
 a proper object of this foundation; 3d, that he shall have 
 attained the age of eighteen years; 4:th, that he is possessed of 
 sufficient literary acquirements, and of studious habits. 
 
 "Eesolved, that the said Committee have authority to pre- 
 scribe such regulations for the form and manner of the trans- 
 mission of application to be made to them as they may judge 
 expedient." 
 
 Under this benefaction twelve gratuitous students, at least, 
 are annually upon the books of the Medical Faculty. 
 
 In 1824, the growing infirmities of age, in addition to the 
 toil of a laborious life, prevailed with Dr. James to seek assist- 
 ance in the performance of the duties of the*Chair of " 01)stetrics 
 
148 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 and the Diseases of Women and Children." This was acceded 
 to on the part of the Board of Trustees. The resolution of the 
 Board is as follows: — 
 
 "Be it ordained that an Adjunct Professor of Midwifery shall 
 be appointed, who shall hold his appointment so long as Dr. 
 James continues to be Professor of Midwifery; Provided that 
 the expenses of the students shall in no manner be increased 
 by such appointment, and that such Adjunct Professor shall 
 not have any vote in the Faculty of Medicine, except in the 
 absence of the Professor of Midwifery to whom he is Adjunct." 
 
 In accordance with this resolution, Dr. William P. Dewees 
 was, on November 15th, 1825, elected Adjunct Professor. 
 
 In 1825, the subject of an "ad eundem" footing was settled 
 on more liberal principles than had previously prevailed. It 
 has been shown that the question of admission of students of 
 other schools was considered in 1805, and then placed upon 
 the individual merits of each case. In 1811, a general rule 
 was adopted by the Faculty which imposed the necessity of 
 attendance upon two courses of lectures in other institutions 
 and one in the University as a qualification for graduation. 
 On the 20th of August, 1825, the Trustees passed the subjoined 
 resolution, which indicates the footing on which students of 
 other schools shall be received^ and which has always been 
 adhered to since that time: — 
 
 "Be it ordained and enacted, that students who produce satis- 
 factory testimonials of their having attended one or more 
 courses of lectures in any respectable Medical School in the 
 United States, organized on the plan of the School of this 
 University, and having attended one full course in this School, 
 and having in all other respects complied with the statutes, 
 and being found on examination to be duly qualified, may be 
 admitted to the degree of Doctor of Medicine, it being under- 
 stood that nothing is hereby intended to be dispensed with 
 which requires an attendance on two courses of lectures in 
 this Institution." 
 
 During the same year (1825) Dr. William P. C. Barton ad- 
 dressed a communication to the Trustees, desiring to have his 
 Professorship of Botany again attached to the Medical Depart- 
 ment; whereupon a report was made by the Committee to 
 
THE UXIVERSITY OF PEXXSYLVAXIA. 149 
 
 wliom the communicatiou was referred, to wit: "That it is of 
 great importance to keep the Departments of Medicine and 
 Katural Science under their present distinct arrangement, and 
 tliat if at this or any other time it should be thought proper to 
 make Botany a part of the necessary medical instruction, it 
 will be most expedient to do so by the establishment of a new 
 Professorship in the Medical Faculty, and not by the transfer 
 of a Chair from one Department to another." ^ 
 
 In 1827, it was deemed expedient to aid the Chair of the 
 Theory and Practice of Medicine and Institutes of Medicine, in 
 consequence of the wide range embraced by it. To effect this 
 Dr. Samuel Jackson was chosen Assistant to the Professor, 
 whose duties consisted in giving lectures upon the Institutes 
 of Medicine. This he continued to do twice weekly, until the 
 re-establishment of the Chair of Institutes in 1835. 
 
 At the termination of the session 1830-31, Dr. Physick 
 resigned his active connection with the school, and was ap- 
 pointed Emeritus Professor of Surgery and Anatomy. The 
 Chair of Anatomy was conferred on Dr. Horner. 
 
 Philip Syng Physick was born in Philadelphia in 1768, the 
 year of the first Medical Commencement. After the requisite 
 preparation in classical studies by Kobert Proud, teacher of 
 Friends' Academy, and the historian of Pennsylvania, he was 
 admitted to the Department of Arts of the University of Penn- 
 sylvania, where he graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1785. The 
 same year he commenced his medical studies under the direc- 
 tion of Dr. Kuhn, and attended the lectures delivered in the 
 University. 
 
 In 1788 he embarked for Europe, and for two years resided 
 in London, as a pupil of John Hunter and part of the time as 
 House Surgeon of St. George's Hospital. In proof of the esti- 
 mation in which Dr. Physick was held while occupying this 
 position, reference may be made to the laudatory testimonials 
 of his medical qualifications and correct deportment from the 
 governing authorities of that hospital. At the expiration of 
 his services in the hospital, he received a license from the 
 
 ' Soon afterwards Dr. Barton resigned his Professorship of Botany in 
 the University to take that of Materia Medica in the Jefferson Medical 
 College. 
 
150 MEDICAL DEPARTMEXT OF 
 
 Koyal College of Surgeons of London. It is stated that, at 
 the conclusion of his studies in England, Mr. Hunter invited 
 him to settle in London and to take a share in his profes- 
 sional business. In his Treatise upon the Blood, Mr. Hunter 
 awards to Dr. Physick the credit of many of the experiments 
 therein described. 
 
 The winter of 1791-92 was passed by him in Edinburgh, in 
 attendance upon the lectures of the University, from which, at 
 the conclusion of the course, he received the degree of M.D. 
 His thesis, written in Latin, was entitled " De Apoplexia," and 
 dedicated to John Hunter. 
 
 There are two interesting facts in connection with his gradua- 
 tion as Doctor of Medicine, which may be noticed ; the one, that 
 it occurred at the time of the coalition between the two Facul- 
 ties in Philadelphia, and the permanent establishment of the 
 University of Pennsylvania, of which he was destined to become 
 so conspicuous an ornament ; the other, that he was placed upon 
 an ad eundem standing with the University of Edinburgh, and 
 permitted to graduate with attendance upon one course. We are 
 told " that the Professors of the University of Edinburgh were 
 very careful upon whom they conferred its honors, and have 
 never deviated from the resolution they had taken that none 
 should be promoted to the honorable degree of Doctor of Medi- 
 cine without having studied medicine at least three years at this 
 or some other University ; at the same time producing certificates 
 of having attended regularly the public lectures prescribed by 
 the statute and submitted to be examined in the most solemn 
 manner by the Faculty.'" We are not aware of an instance of a 
 similar nature having previously occurred at Edinburgh in the 
 case of an American student. 
 
 Upon his return home, Dr. Physick was soon called upon to 
 exercise his knowledge and his skill in aid of his terror-stricken 
 and afflicted fellow-citizens, during the fearful epidemics of 
 yellow fever that prevailed from 1793 to 1798. In the latter 
 year he filled the post of Resident Physician in the City Hospital 
 (Bush Hill), where his post-mortem examinations still further 
 confirmed him in the opinion he had previously entertained 
 
 • Bower, History of the University of Edinburgh. 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENXSYLVAXIA. 151 
 
 with Aspect to tlie gastric origin and character of the disease. 
 In 1794 he became one of the surgeons of the Pennsylvania 
 Hospital, where he not only attracted notice by his great ex- 
 pertness and skill, but by his lectures. His regular private 
 course was commenced in 1800, and gave the promise of that 
 reputation and authority he possessed in after years, which 
 have truly warranted the appellation applied to him, "Father 
 of American Surgery." 
 
 Haviug been elected Professor of Surgery in the University of 
 Pennsylvania in 1805, Dr. Physick was from that time in the 
 possession of the widest field for the exercise of his talents, 
 " and was listened to by the large classes in the University, 
 through the members of which he could disseminate the prin- 
 ciples of surgery imbibed from his celebrated preceptor, John 
 Hunter — strengthened and enforced by his own meditation and 
 personal experience obtained in hospital and private practice."^ 
 
 The lectures were carefully written out, and delivered with 
 the manuscript before him or in his hand ; for it was an axiom 
 with him that, on so important an occasion as the instruction 
 of youth in an art so necessary to the well-being and happiness 
 of mankind, every care should be taken to render the inculca- 
 tion of principles and practice clear to the comprehension of 
 students. To be ready with these lectures, his habit was to 
 rise early in the morning and carefully study them before he 
 breakfasted, so that in the delivery nothing would be trusted 
 to the mere effort of memory or the impulses of the moment. 
 To be enabled to do this he retired early, his feeble health 
 entailing upon him the necessity of more than the usual 
 
 ' Life of Dr. Physick, by Jolin Bell, M.D. Lives of Eminent Physicians 
 and Snrgeons. Edited by S. D. Gross, M.D. 
 
 The Life of Dr. Physick was written by his son-in-law, and entitled 
 "A Memoir of the Life and Character of Philip Syng Physick, by Jacob 
 Randolph, M. D., Lecturer on Surgery. Read before the Philadelphia 
 Medical Society, 1839. 
 
 Another Memoir, entitled " Necrological Notice," &c., was written by 
 "William E. Homer, M.D., Professor of Anatomy, University of Pennsyl- 
 vania. Read before the Philosophical Society, May 4th, 1838. 
 
 Dr. Caldwell, of Louisville, Ky., also published a notice of the Life of 
 Dr, Physick in the Louisville Journal. 
 
152 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 amount of rest to sustain him under the labors performed for 
 many years of his busy life. 
 
 Dr. Bell remarks that "Dr. Physick's impressiveness as a 
 lecturer arose from his entire mastery of his subject, which he 
 was careful never to magnify beyond its due proportions, and 
 hence he always kept it within his grasp. The same thoughts 
 and inculcations might have been uttered in a more masculine, 
 certainly in a more ornamental style, compatibly with good 
 taste, but it is not certain that the essence itself would have 
 been productive of a stronger sensation, or been longer remem- 
 bered by its being blended with these pleasant adjuvants." 
 
 Much comment has been indulged in with respect to the 
 expediency of the step taken by Dr. Physick in acceding to 
 the transfer of himself from the Chair of Surgery to that of 
 Anatomy in 1819. The feeling at the time, and subsequently, 
 was that a descent had been made from a position in which he 
 W3.S facile princejjs to one where his eminent knowledge and skill 
 were lost, and which might have been filled with equal, if not 
 even greater efficiency by another individual. In any position. 
 Dr. Physick was capable of commanding respect ; his dignified 
 bearing and imposing presence, his emphatic manner and pains- 
 taking execution of his duties, deeply impressed his pupils, and 
 commanded the profoundest deference. We know from personal 
 experience that the portions of the course of anatomy delivered 
 by him were listened to with earnest attention; and the writer 
 well recollects the last lecture delivered by this eminent man, at 
 the conclusion of the course of 1830. It was upon the blood ; a 
 subject upon which he had experimented with Hunter. With 
 the manuscript before him he descanted minutely upon all the 
 points connected with the subject, and, with the interest almost 
 of an enthusiast, performed the experiments. In this lecture 
 he digressed to comment, in terms and with gestures eloquent 
 from their force alone, upon the practice of vivisections, which 
 to his sensitive feelings had always been repugnant, and earn- 
 estly to discourage their performance. It was the honest out- 
 break of his soul in public, accompanied by a flash of emotion 
 which vividly afiected the minds of all who heard him. 
 
 The. health of Dr. Physick did not permit him to assume the 
 entire labor and fatigue of instruction, and during the period 
 
THE UXIVEHSITY OF PEXXSYLVAXIA. 153 
 
 of his connection with Anatomy, embracing twelve sessions, a 
 large share of the work devolved upon his adjunct, Professor 
 Horner. 
 
 Although having withdrawn himself from his public occupa- 
 tion as a teacher, and in a great measure as a practitioner. 
 Dr. Phj^sick took part in important cases whenever his health 
 permitted, until a short time before his death. In the autumn 
 of 1831, he performed the operation of lithotomy successfully 
 upon Chief Justice Marshall, then in the seventy-fifth year of 
 his age; an operation remarkable in view of the professional 
 position of both the individuals concerned in it, as well as of 
 the advanced age of the patient. The oldest and the first 
 of the legal profession in the United States had sought relief 
 from the most painful of maladies at the hands of the oldest 
 and first of American surs^eons, whose effort to relieve him was 
 blessed by Providence.^ This was not, however, the last ope- 
 ration of Dr. Physick, as he performed one on the eye four 
 months before his decease. He died on the 15th of ISTovember, 
 1837, at the age of sixty-nine years. 
 
 Dr. Physick himself published little. Some papers, hardly 
 more than half a dozen, referring to cases, or the description 
 of instruments and surgical appliances, are to be met with in 
 contemporaneous journals. For the account of the improve- 
 ments in Surgery made by him, the world is indebted to 
 others. To the Treatise on Surgery by Dr. Dorsey, and to the 
 Memoirs, more particularly those of Drs. Randolph and Bell, 
 must reference be made for an enumeration of the contribu- 
 tions to the especial department of this eminent Professor.^ 
 
 • For the interesting details of this operation, see Life of Dr. Physick by 
 Dr. Randolph. 
 
 2 In the Xorth American Medical and Surgical Journal, vol. ii. p. 209, 
 is an account of Dr. Physick' s operation for artificial anus, by Benjamin 
 H. Coates, M. D. In the same volume, p. 192, is a vindication of Dr. 
 Physick' s claim to originality in its performance. 
 
15.1: MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Eesignation of Dr. James — Sketch of his life — Dr. Dewees elected Pro- 
 fessor of Obstetrics — Eetirement of Dr. Coxe from the Chair of Materia 
 Medica — Sketch of his life — Restitution of the Chair of Institutes — Elec- 
 tion of Dr. Jackson to it — Election of Dr. Wood to the Professorship of 
 Materia Medica and Pharmacy — Resignation of Dr. Dewees and election 
 of Dr. Hodge— Sketch of the life of Dr. Dewees— Faculty as organized 
 in 1835. 
 
 In 1834: Dr. James resigned the Chair of Obstetrics. 
 
 Thomas Chalklej James was of a family attached to the 
 Society of Friends. He was born in the city of Philadelphia 
 in the year 1766, and was educated under the superintendence 
 of Eobert Proud. His medical studies were conducted under 
 the direction of Dr. Kuhn, and in 1787 he took the degree of 
 Bachelor of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. The 
 following year he accepted the position of Surgeon of an East 
 Indiaman/ and made a voyage to China, with the view of 
 acquiring funds for a contemplated visit to Europe, to finish 
 there his medical education. In this adventure he was suc- 
 cessful, as the trade with the East was at that time very lucra- 
 tive, and the situation of surgeon on board a trading vessel 
 afforded greater opportunities of material profit than have 
 subsequently been presented. 
 
 In the year 1790, that of his return from China, he embarked 
 for England, where he found his compatriot. Dr. Physick, pur- 
 suing his studies at St. George's Hospital. By this gentleman's 
 advice he entered, in May, 1791, as house pupil of the Story 
 Street Lying-in Hospital, under the care of Drs. Osborne and 
 John Clarke, two leading obstetrical teachers and practitioners of 
 London. While in the capital of England, he received courteous 
 attentions from Dr. Letsom, who belonged to the same religious 
 society as the family of Dr. James. He attended the lectures 
 
 I The father of Prof. Stille was supercargo of the Indiaman. 
 
THE UXIYERSITY OF PEXXSYLYAXIA. 155 
 
 during the session of 1792-8 at the Uuiversitj of Edinburgh, to 
 "which, however, he did not apply for a diploma.^ In the summer 
 of 1793 he returned to PbiLadelphia, and witnessed, as an active 
 participant, the scourge which that season devastated the city. 
 Dr. James was not prevented by his religious scruples from 
 taking part in the patriotic movements of the day, or from 
 serving the cause of his country in upholding its government and 
 laws. When the young men of Philadelphia were called upon 
 by General Washington, in 1794, to lend their aid in the suppres- 
 sion of the rebellion which first threatened the stability of the 
 newly-formed Eepublic, Dr. James proffered his services, and 
 joined the army, which marched from Philadelphia to suppress 
 the disturbance in the western counties of Pennsylvania, w^hich 
 is known as the "Whiskey Insurrection." He joined the ex- 
 pedition in the capacity of Surgeon of "McPherson's Blues," a 
 corj^s cVelite of young gentlemen, who had promptly tendered 
 their services at the request of their President.^ 
 
 The expedition was a bloodless one, from the force employed, 
 which overawed the insurgents; but it tried the spirits and 
 endurance of these delicately educated youths, and sometimes 
 subjected them to depression. To dispel this, in a measure, 
 fell to the lot of Dr. James, who, upon a drum-head, wrote an 
 inspiring song, which was set to music, and sounded through 
 the camp with renovating accents. 
 
 Upon settling himself, again, a candidate for practice, Dr^ 
 James chose the branch of Obstetrics as the vocation of his 
 life ; and, from that time to the termination of his career, gave 
 
 ' Dr. James did not receive the degree of M. D. until his election to the 
 Professorship of Midwifery in the University, when, at the Commencement 
 of 1811, the Honorary Degree was conferred upon him. 
 
 2 For an account of the body of troops mentioned reference may be made 
 to Watson's "Annals of Philadelphia," vol. i. p. 331, 2d ed.; and for the his- 
 tory of the political troubles of the time, to Marshall's "Life of Washington," 
 vol. v., and the papers of the day. With reference to the readiness with 
 which the military of the city responded to the call of their chief, and the 
 gratification this evidence of their patriotism afforded him, the following 
 statement was given me by a member of my family long since deceased. 
 As a boy he made his way to near the stand of Washington, on his own 
 door-step in Market Street, below Sixth, from which the troops were re- 
 viewed, and heard him distinctly say, with emotion, as the Blues marched 
 by him, " God bless you ! — God bless you, young gentlemen !" 
 
156 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 to it his undivided attention and tlie exercise of his cultivated 
 intellect. Preparatory to the position he assumed in the Uni- 
 versity, as has been detailed, he commenced, in 1802, a regular 
 course of lectures upon Obstetrics, in conjunction with Dr. 
 Church.^ With respect to these lectures, we are told that, " to 
 render his teaching useful. Dr. James, assisted by Dr. Church, 
 not only employed the usual modes of illustration, but zealously 
 endeavored to instruct practically, as well as theoretically. 
 For this purpose his influence and exertions prevailed in 
 having a Lying-in Ward, the first in the city, established at 
 the Almshouse, over which he presided as attending Accou- 
 cheur."^ This was not, however, the first movement made to 
 open a ward in that institution; he had been anticipated in 
 that respect by Drs. Bond and Evans as early as 1770. To 
 Drs. James and Church is due the credit of reviving the 
 enterprise, and of having founded the present Obstetrical de- 
 partment of the Almshouse.^ The association with Dr. Church 
 did not long continue, terminating by the death of that gen- 
 tleman, soon after which a new alliance was entered into be- 
 tween Dr. James and Dr. Chapman, which, as an ultimate 
 result, led to the introduction of both of them to the halls of 
 the University. 
 
 In 1807 the Obstetrical department of the Pennsylvania 
 Hospital went into operation, intended for the accommodation 
 
 ' These gentlemen, in 1803, requested permission to give a course of lec- 
 tures on Midwifery, in one of the rooms of the University, which was 
 granted. In 1804 a similar request was made by Drs. Dewees and Chap- 
 man. It was, however, deemed inexpedient to introduce private lectures, 
 and this request was declined, with that of Drs. James and Church, to 
 repeat their course. 
 
 ^ A Memoir of Thomas C. James, M. D., read before the College of 
 Physicians of Philadelphia, by Hugh L. Hodge, M. D., Professor of Ob- 
 stetrics in the University of Pennsylvania, 1843. 
 
 ^ A similar origin of Hospitals for Lying-in "Women may be referred to 
 in England. Dr. Ei chard Manningham, in the year 1737, established a 
 ward, or small hospital, in the Parochial Infirmary of St. James, West- 
 minster, for the reception of parturient women only, which was the first 
 thing of the kind effected in the British dominions. In this ward, which 
 was supported by public subscription, he gave lectures, and the students 
 had opportunities of being qualified for practice. He published a "Com- 
 pendium Artis Obstetricae," and other works. (8ee Denman's Historical 
 Introduction to his " Treatise on Midwifery.") 
 
THE UNIVEKSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 157 
 
 of poor respectable married women. Singular as it may ap- 
 pear, it was founded by the gallant and patriotic young gentle- 
 men of Philadelphia, who formed the "Fwst Troop of City 
 Cavalry^ Their pay for services due them by the Government 
 at the end of the Kevolutionary war was generously donated 
 for this especial purpose. The interest of the sum thus appro- 
 priated amounted annually to between five and six hundred 
 dollars.^ At the time of opening these wards, Dr. James was 
 elected Accoucheur of the Hospital, and continued in of&ce 
 until 1832. 
 
 Dr. James did little as a writer; he read papers occasionally 
 upon obstetrical cases, or kindred subjects, before the College 
 of Physicians, of which he was elected the fourth President in 
 1835. As one of the editors of the " Eclectic Eepertory," he 
 contributed to its success by his industry in selecting materials 
 for publication, as well as by his pen as a -journalist;"^ but no 
 elaborate work upon his especial branch was attempted by 
 him, and he contented himself most modestly with editing 
 "Burns' Principles of Midwifery," and "Merriman's Synopsis," 
 which were published as text-books for the students attending 
 his lectures. He died in 1835.^ 
 
 In 1835 the Chair of Materia Medica and Pharmacy be- 
 came vacant by resolution of the Board of Trustees. From 
 the year 1819 this professorship had been held by Dr. Coxe. 
 
 Dr. John Eedman Coxe was born in New Jersey, in 1773, and 
 was educated in Philadelphia under the charge of his grand- 
 father, Dr. Eedman, until his tenth year, when he went to 
 England and remained until his seventeenth year. In Edin- 
 burgh he completed his classical education, and attended a 
 course of medical lectures at the University of that city. In 
 1790 he returned to America, and after studying medicine 
 
 1 The first intention of the Trustees of this fund was to establish a 
 Foundling Institution. From this they were diverted by the arguments of 
 the Managers of the Hospital, and determined, in the application of the 
 money, to found an Obstetrical Ward. (See Records of the First Troop 
 Philadelphia City Cavalry, and Minutes of Pennsylvania Hospital.) 
 
 ^ The " Eclectic Repertory," conducted by an Association of Physicians, 
 was begun in 1811, and terminated in 1820. 
 
 ^ In the "Lives of Eminent American Physicians and Surgeons," is 
 cue of Dr. James, by Caspar INIorris, M. D. 
 
158 MEDICAL DEPAETME.NT OF 
 
 regularly with Dr. Eash, graduated at the University of Penn- 
 sylvania in 1794. The subject of his Thesis was Inflammation. 
 He witnessed the epidemic yellow fever of 1793, while a student 
 of medicine. After graduation, Dr. Coxe again visited Europe, 
 and remained a pupil of the London Hospital for one year; he 
 subsequently studied in Edinburgh and Paris, and returned to 
 Philadelphia in 1796. 
 
 In 1797 Dr. Coxe served as one of the resident physicians of 
 Bush Hill Hospital, under the charge of Drs. Physick and 
 Cathrall, when, as Dr. Bell informs us, there were only twenty- 
 three or twenty-four physicians who remained at their posts in 
 this epidemic, and eight of their number died.^ 
 
 Dr. Coxe was appointed, by the Board of Health, Physician 
 of the Port in 1798, the period of another great visitation of 
 yellow fever. He was likewise, for several years, Physician of 
 the Philadelphia Dispensary, and of the Pennsylvania Hospi- 
 tal. He v^ras, at the commencement of the present century, an 
 earnest, enthusiastic advocate of vaccination. After vaccinating 
 his oldest child, then an infant, at the time the full efficacy of 
 the practice was still in suspense in the public mind, he fully 
 tested it by exposing him to the influence of smallpox. The 
 result of this, then bold experiment, contributed in no small 
 degree to establish reliance on the protective power of vaccina- 
 tion,^ 
 
 It has been stated above that Dr. Coxe succeeded Dr. Wood- 
 house in the Chair of Chemistry in 1809, and that he was trans- 
 ferred to that of Materia Medica and Pharmacy in 1819. He 
 was possessed of considerable classical attainments, and was 
 well versed in the ancient literature of Medicine. The doctrines 
 and opinions of the earlier fathers of Physic had so superior 
 a value in his estimation as to lead to too exclusive an exposi- 
 tion of them in his lectures. This was more particularly the 
 case when occupying the Chair of Materia Medica and Phar- 
 macy; but the merit is due him of opposing the extended 
 assumption of the doctrines of solidism that prevailed, and of 
 giving proper significance to the facts of the humoral physio- 
 logy and pathology, which were gaining ground from the com- 
 
 * Life of Dr. Physick, by Dr. Bell, in Gross's "Lives," &c. 
 2 Dr. Edward Jenner Coxe, tlie eldest sou of Dr. Coxe, underwent this 
 experiment in 1801. 
 
THE UXIVEESITY OF PEXXSYLVANIA. 159 
 
 mencement of the present centur}?-, and are now fully admitted. 
 He insisted upon the correctness of the doctrine of the absorp- 
 tion of medicinal substances, and upon the explanation, by it, 
 of their mochis operandi. 
 
 Dr. Coxe at one time was the editor of the "Medical Museum." 
 This periodical was commenced in 1804; the same year as the 
 publication of Dr. Barton, and was continued regularly until 
 1811. It may be said to be the first uniformly issued periodi- 
 cal in the city of Philadelphia, but not in the United States, as, 
 in this respect, the city of New York takes precedence.' 
 
 He published, as editor, the "American Dispensatory," a 
 work largely derived from Duncan's "Edinburgh Dispen- 
 sator\^" In 1808 he published a Medical Dictionary. Late 
 in life he issued an " Exposition of the Works of Hippocrates," 
 and an " Essay on the Orgin of the Discovery of the Circulation 
 of the Blood." In 1829 he introduced, and succeeded in culti- 
 vating, the true Jalap plant, thus enabling Mr. Nuttall to deter- 
 mine its real character and position. Dr. Coxe died at the 
 advanced age of ninety years, March 22, 1864. 
 
 The vacation of the Chair of Materia Medica and Phar- 
 macy having taken place in 1835, an opportunity was "offered 
 to the Trustees to extend the organization and augment the 
 ef&ciency of the Faculty, without interfering with the rights of 
 the existing Professors, or increasing the expense of the pupils. 
 That the subjects of Practice and Institutes of Medicine, which 
 had for many years been combined, were together too copious 
 for the time and powers of one Professor, was obvious to all 
 who were acquainted with their great importance, and with the 
 
 ' The " Medical Repository" of I^ew York was projected by Dr. Eliliu 
 Smith, assisted by Drs. Samuel L. Mitchell and Edward Miller, and issued 
 in 1797. With reference to this periodical, the biographer of Dr. Miller, 
 his brother, the Rev. Dr. Miller, remarks : "From this work, as a parent 
 stock, have sprung a number of works of a similar kind in Europe and 
 America. It is not recollected by the writer of these sheets that any 
 periodical publication devoted to medicine and medical philosophy, that 
 could be said to be of the same nature with the 'Medical Repository,' had 
 ever before appeared," " The ' Medical and Physical Journal of London' 
 was commenced soon after the appearance of the ' Medical Repository,' with 
 the avowal of the Editor that he took the hint from New York." The 
 extent to which medical journalism has been carried in subsequent years 
 is known to every reader. 
 
160 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 vast extension recently given to the single science of Pathology. 
 The necessity of their separation had indeed been recognized 
 in the appointment of an assistant to the Professor who occu- 
 pied the united Chairs. This appointment, however, was 
 merely provisional. To give their due relative weight to the 
 two branches, and to secure permanently adequate instruction 
 in each, it was necessary to establish a new professorship. The 
 Trustees accordingly decided that the Institutes of Medicine 
 should form the ground of a new Chair."^ No new creation 
 took place in this arrangement, for it will be recollected that 
 the Chair of Institutes and Clinical Medicine existed when a 
 union of the Faculties of the two schools took place in 1791. 
 With the election of Dr. Kush to the Chair of Practice in 1805, 
 the subjects of both chairs were apportioned to one, and thus 
 continued for thirty years, when a separation became expe- 
 dient. The necessity of separation of the two branches, and of 
 the revival of the original professorships, had been urged upon 
 the Trustees in 1823, and again in 1826, by the Medical 
 Faculty. Ai the beginning of the session of 1827, Dr. Jackson, 
 with the sanction of the Board, had received the appointment 
 of Assistant, and on Dec. 2, 1828, had been elected by the 
 Trustees the Assistant Professor to that position. 
 
 On the 6th of October, 1835, Dr. Greorge B. Wood was elected 
 to the vacant Professorship of Materia Medica and Pharmacy, 
 and, at the same time. Dr. Samuel Jackson was elected Pro- 
 fessor of the Institutes of Medicine. 
 
 In November, 1835, the health of Dr. Dewees, which had 
 been much impaired by age and laborious occupation, com- 
 pletely failed, and after the course of lectures had commenced, 
 he was forced to resign, and was succeeded by Dr. Hugh L. 
 Hodge, on whom the duty devolved of completing the course, 
 and who was on the 14th of the same month elected to the 
 Chair of Obstetrics. 
 
 The connection of Dr. Dewees with Obstetrics constitutes an 
 epoch in the history of American Medicine. He was the first 
 authoritative writer on this branch whom the country has pro- 
 duced, and wielded, at the time when his personal influence 
 
 ' Sketch of the History of the Medical Department of the University, 
 issued in 1841, in connection with tlie Catalogue. 
 
THE UXIYERSITY OF PEXXSYLVANIA. 161 
 
 was unbounded, a sway over the opinions of his contemporaries 
 and pupils which directed their practice and controlled their 
 actions. He may truly be regarded as the Father of American 
 Obstetrics. 
 
 TVilliam Potts Dewees was a native of Pennsylvania; his 
 family being of Scottish origin. He was born in the year 
 1768. As his family were not in affluent circumstances, in his 
 youth he had to contend with difficulties in obtaining an edu- 
 cation, and to make amends for the want of extensive means of 
 intellectual training by industry and perseverance in the use 
 of such as were within his reach. 
 
 He determined early to study medicine, and was for this 
 purpose placed by his father in the establishment of Dr. Phyle, 
 a practising apothecary. Under the superintendence of this 
 gentleman he acquired a knowledge of pharmacy and its col- 
 lateral sciences. He subsequently entered the office of Dr. 
 William Smith, and during his continuance in this position 
 and residence in Philadelphia attended lectures in the Univer- 
 sity. In 1789, at the age of twenty-one years, he took the 
 degree of Bachelor of Medicine. 
 
 The early professional life of Dr. Dewees was spent in the 
 country, at Abington, a settlement to the north of the city. 
 The appearance of the yellow fever, in 1793, having thinned 
 the ranks of the profession in Philadelphia, Dr. Dewees was 
 induced to remove thither in December of that year. He 
 entered upon his new field of duty with the confidence, and, it 
 may be stated, under the patronage of Dr. Push. His asso- 
 ciates and competitors for medical practice at the time were 
 Drs. Physick and James, who had just returned from their 
 sojourn abroad. It was at a period of need in the important 
 branch of obstetrics that Dr. Dewees located himself as a 
 practitioner among the citizens of Philadelphia. Its condi- 
 tion was not flattering, as has already been mentioned. Dr. 
 Hodge informs us that "at that period the science was 
 hardly known in America. The physicians who occasion- 
 ally engaged in its practice had received no instruction, with 
 the exception of a few, who, having visited Europe, brought 
 home a general knowledge of the subject, but who, from the 
 prejudices existing against the employment of male practi- 
 11 
 
162 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 tioners, had few opportunities and fewer inducements to per- 
 fect their knowledge. Hence midwifery existed almost uni- 
 versally as an art; the aged and imbecile nurse was preferred 
 to the physician." It has been seen that only so far as taught 
 by Dr. Shippen, and as a mere appendage to the Chair of Ana- 
 tomy and Surgery, from which it received necessarily but little 
 attention, it was comparatively ignored in the medical school 
 as a branch of scientific education. Medical men, therefore, 
 who desired to become adepts in it were under the necessity 
 of visiting Europe, or of relying upon their own resources. To 
 supply the demand for skilful and intelligent assistance in the 
 conduct of labor. Dr. Dewees, with James, Church, and others, 
 directed their attention to this branch, and by rendering them- 
 selves especially masters of it, were enabled to communicate 
 their knowledge and experience to others. 
 
 JSTo one could realize more fully than Dr. Dewees the want 
 of more extensive and ef&cient instruction on the subject of 
 practical midwifery, and, to use the words of Dr. Hodge, " we 
 find that he has the high honor of first attempting a /w?? course 
 of Lectures on Obstetrics in America.^ 
 
 "In a small office he collected a few pupils, and in a familiar 
 manner indoctrinated them with the principles of our science^ 
 toiling year after year, in opposition to the prejudices not only 
 of the community but even of the profession, who could not 
 perceive that so much effort was necessary for facilitating the 
 natural process of parturition."^ In 1806, Dr. Dewees took the 
 
 ' An Eulogium on William P. Dewees, M. D., delivered before the medi- 
 cal students of the University of Pennsylvania, Nov. 5, 1842, by Hugh L. 
 Hodge, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics, &c. 
 
 2 Keference has been made to the efforts of Dr. Shippen in the early part 
 of his career. Dr. Bond advertised instruction in obstetrics at the Penn- 
 sylvania Hospital, under date of October 25, 1781, in connection with his 
 Clinical Lectures. We find in the American Daily Advertiser the an- 
 nouncement of a course, entitled "Anatomical, Chirurgical, and Obstetri- 
 cal Lectures," by Dr. John Foulke, October 25, 1790. 
 
 A course of private lectures was delivered by Dr. Benjamin Duffleld. 
 The advertisement of the commencement of this undertaking is as follows : 
 " Dr. B. Duffield's Introduction to his summer Course of Midwifery Lec- 
 tures will be delivered this day, at Mr. Charles Little's School House, at 6 
 o'clock in the evening. April 6th, 1793." Dr. Church was a relative of 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 163 
 
 degree of Doctor of Medicine, his thesis on this occasion was 
 on "The Means of Moderating or Believing Pain during Par- 
 turition." This essay was afterwards expanded and published 
 as a book, which added to the reputation of the author.^ 
 
 When, in 1810, it was determined to erect Midwifery to an 
 independent position in the University, Dr. Dewees became a 
 candidate for the Chair. The struggle, we are told, was "a 
 warm one, and the claims of opposing candidates and the influ- 
 ence of their respective friends rendered the event doubtful. 
 The strong claims of Dr. Dewees, his talents, his industry, his 
 attainments, his dexterity, boldness, decision, and judgment as 
 a practitioner; his great success in the practice of his art; his 
 popularity, supported by the strongest testimonials from many 
 of the distinguished men in the profession, including Drs. Push 
 and Physick, were met by aualogons claims of Drs. James and 
 Chapman,"^ The result has been already stated. 
 
 In 1812, Dr. Dewees, under the apprehension of a pulmonary 
 affection, retired from the profession and became a farmer. 
 This change did not result to his pecuniary advantage, and he 
 returned to Philadelphia in 1817. In 1825 he was elected to 
 the position of Adjunct Professor of Obstetrics. He had then 
 passed the meridian of life, he was fifty-seven years of age, but 
 his constitution was firm and his energy untiring. In this 
 secondary post he remained until 1834, when he was elected to 
 the Professorship. He delivered but one course of lectures in 
 this position. On the commencement of the second course his 
 health broke down from paralysis, and his retirement became 
 expedient, both for himself and the school. 
 
 Dr. Dewees was a voluminous writer; but his best book is 
 his first, his " Compendious System of Midwifery." Although 
 
 Dr. Duffield, and became liis successor, to be assisted by Dr. James, as 
 has been stated. 
 
 Dr. Hodge does not state the year that Dr. Dewees commenced to teach 
 Midwifery. He settled in Philadelphia in 1793, and hence the probability 
 is that his lectures were after those of Dr. Duffield, and contemporary with 
 those of Church and James. 
 
 1 It is stated that when Dr. Shippen read this Essay, he remarked "that 
 had he previously been acquainted with the information contained in it, 
 how much suffering would have been spared to his patients." 
 
 2 Hodge's Eulogium. 
 
16-4 MEDICAL DEPAETMEKT OF 
 
 not the m\st original treatise upon the subject in this country^ 
 it attracted the attention of European writers to American au- 
 thorship.^ lit deviated from the principles of the English 
 authorities, land, while resting upon those of Baudelocque, who 
 was the exponent of the French school of obstetrics, presented 
 so much of original thought and observation as to bestow a 
 high reputation upon the author. ''To an American, there- 
 fore, the appearance of Dr. Dewees's work on Midwifery is an 
 important epoch in the history of our science, as being the 
 first regular attempt to think for ourselves on Tokology, and 
 to contribute to the onward progress of this important division 
 of Medical Science."^ 
 
 After spending a few years in the Southern States, with a 
 view to the restoration of his health, Dr. Dewees returned to 
 Philadelphia, where he died on May 20th, 1841. 
 
 When Dr. Dewees resigned in 1835, the Faculty stood as 
 
 follows: — 
 
 Practice of Medicine and Clini- ) ^^ ^ , ^ ^ 
 
 . Tyr -.. . V Nathaniel Chapman, M.D. 
 
 Chemistry ... Eobert Haee, M.D. 
 
 Surgery .... William Gibson, M.D. 
 
 Anatomy .... William E. Horner, M.D. 
 
 Institutes of Medicine . Samuel Jackson, M.D. 
 
 Materia Medica and Pharmacy George B. Wood, M.D. 
 
 Obstetrics and Diseases of Wo- ] ^^^^ j^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 men and Children, . ) 
 
 ' Pnblislied in 1826. In 1828, three editions had already been issued. A 
 Compendium of Midwifery was published by Dr. John Bard, of New York, 
 about the beginning of the present century. A second edition appeared in 
 1811. In speaking of this work Dr. James remarks : " It contains a large 
 mass of practical knowledge compressed into a small space, and to me it 
 appears as one of the best introductory books that can be placed in the 
 hands of the student." (MS. Introductory Lecture, 1810.) 
 
 2 Hodge's Eulogium. 
 
 The other works of Dr. Dewees were a "Treatise on the Diseases of 
 Females," one on the "Diseases of Children," and his "Practice of 
 Medicine." His papers on various subjects may be found in the journals. 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PEXN"SYLyAXIA. 165 
 
 CHAPTER XIY. 
 
 Ecsignation of Dr. Hare — Sketch of Ms life — Election of Dr. James B. 
 Rogers to the Chair of Chemistry — Change in the lecture term — Resig- 
 nation of Dr. Chapman — Sketch of his life — Election of Dr. Wood to the 
 Chair of Practice, and of Dr. Carson to that of Materia Medica and Phar- 
 macy. 
 
 Feo:\[ the period last mentioned until tlie year 1847, no change 
 took place in the Faculty. Dr. Hare then resigned the Profes- 
 sorship of Chemistry, to which he had been appointed in 1819. 
 He had been in possession of the Chair twenty-seven years. 
 
 Dr. Robert Hare was born in the city of Philadelphia in 
 1731. After finishing his academic education, he devoted 
 some time to the occupation of a brewer, in the establishment 
 of his father, in which his active mind was engaged upon the 
 chemistry of the manufacture of malt liquors, and of their pre- 
 servation. While engaged in this business, a barrel was in- 
 vented by him, partly of iron, for the purpose of resisting the 
 pressure from an extra accumulation of carbonic acid gas. At 
 the age of twenty he entered the Chemical School of the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania, where, in association with Dr. Benja- 
 min Silliman, he pursued his studies under the direction of 
 Woodhouse. 
 
 With reference to that period, Dr. Silliman writes thus in 
 1809: "When I was appointed to the Chymical Chair of this 
 College (Yale) I was allowed time and opportunities to qualify 
 myself for a station, for which those who appointed me knew I 
 was not at the time prepared. I went to Philadelphia, and 
 was so fortunate as to board in the same house with Mr. Hare. 
 My pursuits and his tastes led us to form a small laboratory, 
 where we pursued Chymistry with much ardour. It is with 
 pleasure that I say that I am greatly indebted to the able 
 assistance and instruction which I received from Mr. Hare at 
 that time, for any progress I made in the Science. 
 
 "He had already become, from a great deal of private re- 
 
166 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 searcli, an experienced and able experimenter, and it is no 
 disrespect to the memory of Dr. Woodhouse (whose opinion of 
 Mr. Hare as a chymist and a man of science I know to have 
 been extremely favourable) for me to add that I often derived 
 from the conversation of Mr. Hare, at home, views of chymical 
 science and explanations of chymical phenomena, which greatly 
 aided my comprehension of the lectures, and even supplied 
 deficiencies which may occur occasionally in the public philo- 
 sophical discourses of the ablest men."^ 
 
 In 1801 Dr. Hare contrived the Oxy-hydrogen Blowpipe, 
 and was awarded the Eumford Medal of the " American Aca- 
 demy of Arts and Sciences." "With respect to the discovery 
 of the " Compound Blowpipe," it is well known that a claim 
 has been set up in England, and upon this point the following 
 testimony of Prof. Silliman is conclusive in placing the credit 
 where it is deserved: "In December of the year 1801, Mr. 
 Hare communicated to the Chymical Society of Philadelphia 
 his discovery of a method of burning oxygen and hydrogen 
 gases in a united stream, so as to produce a very intense heat. 
 
 "In 1802 he published a memoir upon the subject, with an 
 engraving of his apparatus, and he recited the effects of his 
 instrument, some of which, in the degree of heat produced, 
 surpassed anything before known. In 1802 and 1803 I was 
 occupied with him in Philadelphia in prosecuting similar 
 experiments on a more extended scale, and a communication 
 was made to the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia. The 
 Memoir was printed in the 'Transactions,'^ and Mr. Hare's 
 original Memoir was reprinted in the 'Annals of Chymistry' of 
 Paris, and in the 'Philosophical Magazine' of London. Mr. 
 Murray, in his 'System of Chemistry,' has mentioned Mr. Hare's 
 results in the fusion of the several earths, &c., and has given 
 him credit for his discovery.^ 
 
 "In one instance, while in Europe in 1806, at a public lec- 
 
 ' Letter from Professor Silliman to E. Bronson, Esq., Kew Hayen, 
 
 June 15, 1809. 
 2 Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. vi. p. 99, 
 ' Dr. Hare repeated his experiments in the presence of Dr. Priestley (the 
 
 discoverer of oxygen), and of Woodhouse, Silliman, and others. — SilU- 
 
 man's Journal^ July, 1858. 
 
THE UNIVEESITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 167 
 
 ture I saw some of them exhibited by a celebrated Professor' 
 who mentioned Mr. Hare as the reputed author of the inven- 
 tion. 
 
 "In December, 1811, I instituted a course of experiments 
 with Mr. Hare's Blowpipe, in which I melted lime and magne- 
 sia, and a long list of the most refractory minerals, gems, and 
 others, the greater part of which had never been melted before; 
 and I supposed that I had decomposed lime, barytes, strontites, 
 and magnesia, evolving their metallic bases, which burn in the 
 air as fast as produced. I communicated a detailed account of 
 my experiments to the Connecticut Academy of Arts and 
 Sciences, who published it in their 'Transactions' in 1812. 
 With their leave it was communicated to Dr. Bruce's 'Mineralo- 
 gical Journal,' and was printed in the 4th number of that work. 
 Hundreds of my pupils can testify that Mr. Hare's splendid 
 experiments, and many others performed by his Blowpipe, fed 
 by oxygen and hydrogen gases, have been for years past 
 annually exhibited in my public courses of Chymistry in Yale 
 College, and that the fusion of the earths, of rock crystals, gun 
 flint, of the corundum gems, and many other very refractory 
 substances, and the production of light beyond the brightness 
 of the sun, have been familiar experiments in my laboratory. 
 I have uniformly given Mr. Hare the credit of his invention, 
 although my researches with his instrument had been pushed 
 further than his own, and a good many new results added. 
 
 "It is therefore with no small surprise that, in the ' Annales 
 de Chimie et de Physique' for September, 1816, I found a trans- 
 lation of a very elaborate Memoir from a scientific journal 
 published at the Eoyal Institution in London, in which a full 
 account is given of a very interesting series of experiments 
 performed by means of Mr. Hare's instrument, or one on the 
 same principle, but without any notice being taken of Mr. 
 Hare's invention, or experiments, or mine ; and that the whole 
 is exhibited as original. On a comparison of the Memoir in 
 question with Mr. Hare's and my own, I find that very many 
 of the results are identical, and all the new ones are derived 
 from Mr. Hare's instrument with the following difference : In 
 !Mr. Hare's the two gases were in distinct reservoirs, to prevent 
 explosion. They were propelled by the pressure of a column 
 
168 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 of water, and were made to mingle just before the exit at a 
 common orifice. In the English apparatus, the gases are both 
 in one reservoir, and thej are propelled by their own elasticity, 
 after a condensation by a syringe. Professor Clarke, of Cam- 
 bridge University, the celebrated traveller, is the author of the 
 Memoir in question, and we must presume that he was igno- 
 rant of what had been done by Mr. Hare and myself, or he 
 would candidly have adverted to the facts. 
 
 " Measures have been taken to set the matter right in Eu- 
 rope, but in the mean time whatever treatment the subject m-ay 
 receive there, it is proper that the American public should 
 know that Mr. Hare was the inventor of the instrument with 
 which in Europe the}'- are now performing the most brilliant 
 experiments, and that there are very few of the results hitherto 
 obtained there by the use of it (and the publication of which 
 has there excited great interest) which were not several years 
 ago anticipated here, either by Mr. Hare or myself."^ 
 
 It appears that, in consequence of no recognition being 
 made of Dr. Hare's claims by Dr. Clarke, although a spirited 
 protest was communicated to him. Dr. Hare entered into a full 
 exposition of his discovery and a complete vindication of his 
 rights before the scientific world, in "Silliman's Journal," vol. 2, 
 1820. 
 
 The injustice above referred to was not, however, universal 
 in Europe. On the part of many gentlemen of high scientific 
 character, the merit of the discovery was given to its rightful 
 possessor. In 1813 the merit of the discovery was acknowledged 
 by Dr. Hope, of Edinburgh, in the following language: "For 
 the invention of this very ingenious machine we are indebted 
 to Dr. Eobert Hare, of Philadelphia, a gentleman whose merits 
 claim a distinguished rank among the most successful pro- 
 moters of Chemistry in the United States of America."^ 
 When it is recollected that this was spoken at a time that a 
 bitter war existed between Great Britain and this country, we 
 cannot but admire the spirit of scientific candor manifested, 
 
 ' Eclectic Repertory, vol. vi., July, 1819. 
 
 2 A letter from Henry Brevoort, Esq., to John Hare Powell, Esq., dated 
 New York, 1816. Mr. Brevoort was present at the lecture in which the 
 above statement was made by Dr. Hope. 
 
THE UXIVEESITY OF PENXSYLYAXIA. 169 
 
 elevated as it was above party feeling, or the causes of national 
 animosity. 
 
 The account of this great discovery from the pen of Dr. 
 Chapman may not be superfluous in this connection: "Means 
 of producing a sufficient degree of temperature to melt some of 
 the metals and other refractory substances had long been de- 
 sired by artists, and hitherto had fruitlessly engaged the atten- 
 tion of chymists. At the suggestion of Mr. Hare, the Chymical 
 Society selected this subject as worthy of examination, and he 
 was appointed to manage the investigation of it. The result 
 of his labors was a discovery which has emphatically been pro- 
 nounced by a great chjaiiist of Europe to be one of the most 
 important of the eighteenth century."^ 
 
 From the foregoing exposition of the discoveries of Dr. Hare 
 and Professor Silliman, made with the instrument of the former, 
 we may judge of the originality of the "Drummond Light," 
 which is only an application of lime to the flame of the com- 
 pound blowpipe, the intensity of the light under these circum- 
 stances being perfectly familiar to these distinguished chemists, 
 and annually shown to their classes before any practical appli- 
 cation was made of it. 
 
 On the death of Dr. TVoodhouse in 1809, Dr. Hare pre- 
 sented himself as a candidate for the Chair of Chemistry, but 
 was unsuccessful in his application. Soon after he was chosen 
 "Professor of Natural Philosophy for the Medical Depart- 
 ment ;" but as that position gave no status in the Faculty, he 
 soon accepted the appointment of Chemical Professor in Wil- 
 liam and Mary College, at Williamsburgh, Virginia, where he 
 continued until his election to the University of Pennsylvania. 
 In 1816 the honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine was con- 
 ferred upon him by Harvard University. 
 
 As a lecturer Dr. Hare was remarkable for the scale of his 
 experiments, which were uniformly successful, and impressed 
 the mind by their grandeur. His apparatus was elaborate, and 
 perfect so far as mechanical skill and ingenuity could accom- 
 plish its completion. In galvanism and electricity he invented 
 
 ' Letter from Dr. Cbapman to Joseph Hopkinson, Esq. Testimonials 
 submitted to the Trustees of the University, in 1809, by Dr. Hare. 
 
170 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 instruments wTiich far exceeded those familiar to tbe scientific 
 world, and produced results before unknown. His Calorimotor, 
 so named from the facility of generating an immense amount 
 of heat, was described in "Silliman's Journal" in 1820.^ 
 
 Two years later he promulgated, through the medium of 
 the "Philadelphia Journal of Medical and Physical Sciences," 
 a new theory of galvanism, accompanied by descriptions of 
 some new modifications of galvanic apparatus. A modifica- 
 tion of his apparatus was termed Dr. Hare's Deflagrator.^ 
 With respect to it we quote the statement of Dr. Silliman: 
 "It is not less a proof of the merits of Dr. Hare's apparatus 
 that Professor Faraday, in 1835, after having exhausted his 
 ingenuity and experience in perfecting the voltaic battery, 
 found that Dr. Hare had already, nearly twenty years before, 
 accomplished all that he had attempted, and with a noble 
 frankness, worthy of all praise, he at once adopted Dr. Hare's 
 instrument, as embodying the best results then possible." Its 
 power was sufficient to fuse platinum, with the production of 
 a brilliant light. 
 
 He also contrived an improved Gasometer, a Eudiometer, a 
 Litrometer, a Hydrostatic Blowpipe, an apparatus for freezing 
 water by the use of sulphuric acid, a single leaf Electroscope, 
 and numerous smaller improvements in chemical instruments. 
 The description of his working apparatus, employed in his lec- 
 tures, was given in his "Compendium," a book which, originat- 
 ing in a mere outline or syllabus, was, at the time he left the Uni- 
 versity, enlarged to a bulky volume. 
 
 Dr. Hare was exceedingly fond of discussing the philoso- 
 phical bearings of the branch of science which occupied the 
 attention of his lifetime, and occasionally promulgated his 
 views in a controversial way in the journals. He thought for 
 himself, and was not unfrequently in disagreement with Ber- 
 zelius and other prominent chemists of Europe of the time. 
 One subject which much occupied his attention, and gave rise 
 
 • Vol. 1, pp. 274. 
 
 2 The voltaic pile of numerous pairs produces electrical and but little or 
 no calorific effect. Large surfaces in one to four pairs produce great calo- 
 rific and but little electrical efi'ect. 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 171 
 
 to discussion on his part, was the "Salt Radical Theory T A 
 number of his papers were contributed to the pages of the 
 "American Journal of Pharmacy." Some of these refer to the 
 especial subjects to which that journal is devoted, and others 
 were upon nomenclature and more general topics. Although 
 Dr. Hare was not regularly bred to the medical profession, and 
 belonged more especially to that class which may be termed 
 philosophical chemists, yet his mind was directed by his asso- 
 ciations to improvements in medicine and its several branches ; 
 hence it will be found that he endeavored by his experiments 
 to promote the advance of medical science. The preparations 
 of opium, the ethers, and other medicinal articles, were the 
 subjects of investigation and of suggestions in their formation 
 which were eminently useful. Pharmacy is indebted to him 
 for the method of denarcotizing laudanum ; and to Toxicology 
 he gave the method of determining minute quantities of opium 
 in solution. In the latter years of his life Meteorology occu- 
 pied much of his attention. 
 
 The apparatus w^hich Dr. Hare had collected, the greater 
 part of which had been invented by himself, was given to the 
 Smithsonian Institution, at Washington, when he resigned his 
 professorship, and it is deeply to be regretted that the entire 
 collection was destroyed by the fire which laid a portion of 
 that noble structure in ruins. 
 
 Dr. Hare died on May 15, 1858, at the age of seventy-seven 
 years. He was succeeded by Dr. James B. Kogers. 
 
 The session of 1847-48 was marked by an alteration in the 
 lecture term. Until 1836, it had for a long period in the annals 
 of the school been limited to four months; from that time it 
 was gradually lengthened by the voluntary labors of a portion 
 of the professors. The University is entitled to the credit of 
 having taken the initiative step in this matter. At a meeting of 
 the Faculty, December 31, 1835, it was "resolved that it was 
 expedient to add another month to the Lectures of the Medical 
 Department." In 1836, at the commencement of the session, 
 the proposition of the Faculty was acceded to by the class, and 
 the lectures for a time were continued into March. At a sub- 
 sequent date preliminary lectures were delivered in October. 
 At the meeting of the National Medical Association in May, 
 
\ 
 
 172 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 1847, a strong and decided recommendation to lengthen the 
 term of lectures in the schools was adopted by that body. To 
 this the University heartily responded by an extension of the 
 term to six months, and this was maintained for a number of 
 years, when the modifications subsequently made were rendered 
 necessary by the refusal of concurrence on the part of other 
 leading schools. In 1853, the College term was fixed by com- 
 mencing the course on the second Monday of October, and 
 continuing it to the first of March. The recent introduction 
 of a Supplementary Faculty supplies the defect, which was 
 legislated upon by the Association, and extends the teaching 
 period in the Medical Department to nearly eight months, 
 without additional expense to the student. This provision for 
 additional instruction will again be presented in its appro- 
 priate place. 
 
 In 1850, Dr. Chapman resigned the Chair of Practice, which 
 he had so eminently filled during the long period of thirty-four 
 years. 
 
 He was born in Fairfax County, Yirginia, in • 1778. His 
 father was George Chapman, of English ancestry, while his 
 mother's descent was Scotch. He was educated at the Classical 
 Academy of Alexandria, and commenced the study of medi- 
 cine with Dr. Weems, of Georgetown, from whom he was 
 transferred to Dr. Dick, of Alexandria, whose name has been 
 handed down in connection with the last hours of Washington. 
 In 1797 he came to Philadelphia to attend the lectures in the 
 University, and entered the office of Dr. Eush.^ He gradu- 
 ated in 1800 ; his thesis was upon Hydrophobia. 
 
 Upon the completion of his studies at the University Dr. 
 Chapman went abroad, and in London attended the teachings, 
 among others, of the celebrated surgeon, Mr. Abernethy. He 
 afterwards spent some time in Edinburgh, and returning to the 
 United States settled himself in Philadelphia, in 1804. Yery 
 •soon after his return from Europe he gave a private course on 
 
 ' A Memoir of Nathaniel Chapman, M. D., by John Biddle, M. D. 
 Lives of Eminent American Physicians and Surgeons. This Memoir con- 
 tains fvTller details of Dr. Chapman's career than any that has been pub- 
 lished. It is partly based upon an autograph account of himself by Dr. 
 Chapman, furnished to his relative, Dr. Biddle. 
 
THE UXIYERSITY OF PEXXSYLVANIA. 173 
 
 Obstetrics, and his success in this line led to tlie association 
 with Dr. James, which ultimately brought them under the/ 
 winoj of the medical school. ', 
 
 Having succeeded Dr. Barton in the<Jhair of Materia Medica, 
 in 1813, Dr. Chapman was fortunate in maintaining the interest 
 that had attached to that important branch; not by Natural His- 
 tory, or even strictly pharmacological expositions, but by lumi- 
 nous explanations of the scope and purposes of the Materia 
 Medica — of its proper application to the cure of disease. In his 
 prelections upon this subject he was especially happy, pointing 
 out in detail the appropriate use qf each particular article, and 
 illustrating his remarks by sound appeals to his abundant ex- 
 perience; indeed, his instruction partook so much of a clinical 
 nature, and placed so much valuable practical information at the 
 command of the student, that it could not but fix the attention 
 of the latter, if solicitous to prepare himself for the responsible 
 duties of his profession. In this Chair he laid the foundation of 
 that eminence he attained when called upon again to succeed Dr. 
 Barton, and assume the responsibilities of the Chair of Practical 
 Medicine. His ''Elements of the Materia Medica," published 
 in 1817, contain the exemplification of his manner of communi- 
 cating useful suggestions and practical directions for the employ- 
 ment of medicinal articles. With reference to this work we may 
 appropriately quote the comment of one qualified to express an 
 opinion. In the account of the contributions to this branch of 
 medicine by American phj^siciaus, Dr. Wood uses the following 
 language: "Hitherto we had done little more than add to the 
 products of the European press our peculiar knowledge in rela- 
 tion to indigenous medicines. Dr. Chapman took a bolder flight, 
 and by the publication of a systematic and original treatise, 
 containing elaborate doctrine, interesting practical views, and 
 highly important therapeutical facts of a general character 
 placed us at once upon a footing with English authorship in 
 this department of medicine.'" 
 
 In 1816 Dr. Chapman received his appointment as Professor 
 of the Theory and Practice of Medicine, of Institutes, and Clini- 
 
 1 Introductory Lecture to the Course of ^lateria Medica, iu the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania, by George B. Wood, M. D., 1840. 
 
174 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 cal Medicine in the University. A part of the course of 1815-16 
 had devolved upon him. His first efforts to teach the Practice 
 of Medicine were decidedly successful; to this, testimony is 
 given by Dr. Coxe, in a letter to Dr. Norcum, of North Carolina, 
 dated May 29, 1818, wherein he says, referring to Dr. Chap- 
 man : " His lectures now for three successive courses have 
 been well received, and have each year been improved by his 
 more immediate interest in their perfection." With respect to 
 the performance of the duties of this Chair as it reflected upon 
 his position in the profession, we must agree with the language 
 of one of his biographers, "that he filled it for more than the 
 third of a century with distinguished success, and left it with 
 a national reputation."^ 
 
 At the time of his accession to the Professorship, Dr. Chap- 
 man had not attained his thirty-seventh year, and had not 
 been settled in Philadelphia as a practitioner more than twelve 
 years. In allusion to the transfer to the " highest position of 
 honor and trust then known to the medical profession," Dr. 
 Jackson remarks: "In undertaking the duties of this Chair, 
 difl&culties were to be encountered that do not beset it in ordi- 
 nary circumstances. His abilities as a teacher, his knowledge 
 and acquirements as a sound and practical physician, were now 
 to be severely tested." 
 
 " The first duty devolving on Dr. Chapman on assuming his 
 new Chair was to settle the plan of his course. A large body 
 of our physicians had been educated in the doctrines of Kush, 
 and they were popular. The old fabric of methodic medicine 
 had been razed to the ground by the assaults of Brown and 
 Eush, while the views and doctrines they had attempted to 
 establish Dr. Chapman had been compelled to abandon as- 
 unreal, from the results of his own experience and researches. 
 Medicine, at that time, was at a halt. All the facts that could 
 be known, by the then available mearus of research and inves- 
 tigation, were exhausted. Nothing new could be expected 
 from them, and all the attempts to work them into a consistent 
 theory had proved miserable abortions." 
 
 " Dr. Chapman had no pretensions to be a reformer, that he 
 
 * Life of Dr. Chapman, by Dr. Biddle, sup. cit. 
 
THE UXIVEESITY OF PEXNSYLVANIA. 175 
 
 could change the character of Medicine, or that, by the means 
 at his command as a practising physician, he could elevate it 
 from its position as a highly cultivated art, to a lofty science. 
 At this time General Anatomy was unknown. Pathological 
 Anatomy had revealed only the grosser alterations of the 
 organs. Physiology shed no illuminating ray on Pathology 
 and Practice. Pathology was almost entirel}'- conjectural; 
 Chemistry was incapable of solving the actions of living 
 beings, and the attempts made were deceptions; while the 
 microscope had not poured forth its revelations of minute and 
 elementary structure. What could be done, under these cir- 
 cumstances, but to collect together the most perfect portions of 
 the wreck of the methodical system, Avhich, in reality, were the 
 embodied experience and tested facts of centuries of practical 
 observation, and to rearrange and reconstruct them into sys- 
 tematic order. By this plan he could, in the most effective 
 manner, accomplish the main object of his Chair, the teaching 
 of the best practical methods of treating and curing diseases, 
 and of educating for society sound medical practitioners."^ 
 
 There were two prominent features in the medical teaching 
 of Dr. Chapman, who was a thorough solidist and vitalist. 
 The first was his advocacy of the doctrine of association be- 
 tween the organs and systems of the body in health and dis- 
 ease; the agency of their associated actions being due to "sym- 
 pathy" or consent of parts. This doctrine will be found to be 
 recognized in some form or other through the writings of the 
 most celebrated physicians of all time ; but the details of its 
 expression were indefinite and vague, and it was not even 
 admitted that the nervous system was necessary for the harmo- 
 nious operations of the organs and tissues, for the performance 
 of uniform functional acts; and hence sympathies were spoken 
 of, for want of a more appropriate term, beyond the limits of 
 those now admitted. 
 
 Cullen, in his speculations with respect to the agency of the 
 nervous system, had recognized the controlling influence of it 
 
 ' A Discourse commemorative of Nathaniel Chapman, M. D., &c., de- 
 livered before the Trustees, Medical Faculty, and Students of the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania, by Samuel Jackson, M. D., Professor of the 
 Institutes of Medicine, Oct. 13, 1854. 
 
176 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 upon tlie operations of the several organs of the body, and was 
 disposed to attribute the effects of medicines to the operation 
 of sympathy. In the elaborate exposition of his doctrines 
 by his biographer, Dr. Thomson, we are informed that he 
 was aware of the consensual operation of organs through the 
 medium of the nervous system. It was known that sensation 
 and motor power belonged to the nerves, and through them 
 the brain issued its mandates. It was supposed that the gan- 
 glionic system controlled the functions of organs, and presided 
 over nutrition ; but with all the exercise of ingenuity of Robert 
 Whytt, of Unzer and of Prochaska, of John Hunter and Bichat, 
 nothing had been accomplished towards the development of the 
 true doctrine of sympathy, the determination of the specific 
 functions of the individual nerves, and the agency which 
 special portions of the brain and spinal system exert over 
 them. 
 
 The advocacy of pure vitalism, and of the predominance of 
 sympathetic association in the vital operations of the economy, 
 with a dependence for their activity upon the nervous system, 
 characterized the school of Montpellier, first in the teachings 
 of Bordeu, and more particularly in the writings of Barthez. 
 The latter author separated the sympathies into general and 
 particular. To the general were referred associations which 
 exist between the organs to maintain their functions (synergies), 
 as well as mechanical and functional relations.^ A particidar 
 sympathy, he conceived, is shown to exist between two organs 
 "whenever an affection of one occasions sensibly and frequently 
 a corresponding affection of the other, without its being possi- 
 ble to refer the succession of affections to casual coincidence, to 
 the mechanical action of one organ upon another, or to the 
 synergy or co-operation of several organs in the performance of 
 some particular function, or in the production of some disturb- 
 ance of the living body. Such sympathy ought not less to be 
 recognized, although it cannot be submitted to constant and 
 general laws; and we are unable to state in what way the 
 modification of an organ primarily affected is necessary for the 
 production of such sympathetic effect ; why the sympathy of two 
 
 ^ Nouveanx Elemens de la Science de rHomme. Paris, 1806. Seconde 
 edition, torn. ii. p. 2. 
 
THE UXIVEKSITY OF PEXXSYLVAXIA. 177 
 
 organs is not always reciprocal; why the sympathetic effect is 
 not perpetual, as it ought to be, if the causes of sympathy were 
 mechanical; and why an organ is not affected directly by an 
 irritant cause, in the same way that it is by sympathy from 
 the impression made by this cause upon another organ." ^ 
 
 At the commencement of the present century, when the pre- 
 ceding indefinite propositions were written, the functions of 
 particular nerves and of the different portions of the nervous 
 centres were unknown. The discovery of the motor and sen- 
 sitive columns of the spinal marrow first lifted the veil which 
 concealed the secret machinery of nervous action, and led to 
 the only philosophical method of experimenting — the study of 
 the nerves separately in their functional relations. 
 
 It is to be inferred that Dr. Chapman derived his ideas of 
 S}' mpathy from the writings of Cullen, and of the professors of 
 the French school who have been mentioned, and he adhered to 
 them to the termination of his career, during which revelation 
 upon revelation was made in this line of research. By the 
 investigations of Sir Charles Bell, Magendie, Flourens, Miiller, 
 Hall, Bernard, Brown-Sequard, and others, sympathy from a 
 mythical condition has assumed a tangible form for the enlight- 
 enment and guidance of practitioners of medicine and surgery. 
 The error committed by Dr. Chapman was the rejection of the 
 proof of an introduction into the circulation of medicinal or 
 noxious substances, which has now become irrefragable, and 
 constitutes, in great measure, the foundation of modern medicine. 
 
 The second peculiarity of Dr. Chapman's teaching was the 
 prominent part attributed to the stomach in connection with 
 numerous diseases; indeed, the "fons et origo" of a large num- 
 ber of them. He, however, was not a maintainer of the opinion 
 that gastric derangement was uniformly inflammatory; and in 
 this he differed from Broussais, but he fully recognized the 
 stomach as a ruling power in the maintenance of disease, and 
 in directing the means for its removal.^ In this particular he 
 
 ' Op. citat., vol. ii. p. 3. 
 
 2 The gastric origin of fevnr was csppcially insisted on by Dr. Chapman, 
 
 the fever itself being sympathetic. This doctrine is an old one. In the 
 
 ■work of Dr. Carrie reference is made to Henry Screta, who early in the 
 
 eighteenth century revived the opinion of Diodes, attributing all fevers to 
 
 12 
 
178 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 most probably, while in London, was seriously impressed by 
 the opinions and practice of Abernethy, which are as worthy 
 of commendation at the present time as they were when first 
 urged upon the profession by that wise and skilful surgeon. 
 Therapeutics were essentially Dr. Chapman's forte, and in this 
 line, from his ready and abundant resources, he was a master. 
 
 In 1820 Dr. Chapman became the proprietor and editor of the 
 "Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences." 
 In 1825 he was assisted in conducting it by Dr. Dewees and Dr. 
 John D. Godman. This periodical, in 1827, became the "Ameri- 
 can Journal of the Medical Sciences," and has been continued to 
 the present time under the able editorship of Dr. Isaac Hays. 
 
 During his lifetime Dr. Chapman furnished some lectures to 
 the "Medical Examiner," and a few others were printed in book 
 form. 
 
 The truth of the following character of Dr. Chapman, as a 
 lecturer, in the eulogy of his colleague, Dr. Jackson, must be 
 accepted by all who have listened to his public efforts : " He 
 was self-possessed, deliberate, and emphatic. Whenever warmed 
 with his subject, his animation became oratorical. Often the 
 tedium of dry matter would be enlivened by some stroke of 
 wit, or happy pun, an anecdote, or quotation.^ He was fur- 
 nished with stores of facts and cases, drawn from his own large 
 experience and observation, illustrating principles, diseases, or 
 treatment under discussion. His bearing was dignified, man- 
 inflammation of the viscera. In 1789 it was taught by Dr. Francis Eiollay, 
 in his " Critical Introduction to the Study of Fevers." Dr. Edward Mil- 
 ler, who in 1807 was elected the Professor of Practice in the University 
 of New York, embraced the doctrine of the sympathetic nature of febrile 
 disease. It forms a prominent peculiarity of his works, which were pub- 
 lished in 1814, and has been referred to by Broussais with commendation. 
 See Medical Works of Edward Miller, M.D,, and North American Medi- 
 cal and Surgical Journal, vol. v. p. 128. 
 
 ' The readiness of Dr. Chapman in repartee may be illustrated by the 
 following, in connection with the election of a colleague : When Dr. Dor- 
 sey was chosen to succeed Dr. Wistar, he was much gratified and elated at 
 the prospect presented him of distinction in the Chair of Anatomy. Ex- 
 pressing himself enthusiastically with reference to his hope of acquiring 
 reputation in that branch, Dr. Chapman remarked that this had already 
 been accomplished, as a muscle had been named after him, the '■'■ Latissi- 
 mu3 Dom." 
 
THE UXIVERSITY OF PENXSYLVANIA. 179 
 
 ners eas}', and gestures graceful. He had a thorougli command 
 over the attention of his chass, with whom he always possessed 
 unbounded popularity. His voice had a peculiar intonation, 
 depending upon some defect in the conformation of the palate, 
 and rendered the articulation of some words an effort. The 
 first time he was heard the ear experienced some difficulty in 
 distinguishing his words. This was of short duration; for one 
 accustomed to the tone, his enunciation was remarkable for its 
 distinctness. Students would often take notes of his lectures 
 nearly verbatim." 
 
 Dr. Chapman died July 1st, 1853, and was buried on the 
 4th, the birth day of American Independence. 
 
 The resignation of the Professorship of Practice by Dr. Chap- 
 man, in 1850, was followed in May by the transfer to it of Dr. 
 Wood. His election to the Chair of Materia Medica, in 1835, 
 had been productive of new interest in that branch, in conse- 
 quence of its being made, as it should be, a demonstrative one 
 in each science pertaining to it.^ In his hands the Chair of 
 Practice became as eminently demonstrative ; he richly endowed 
 it with the materials for teaching, and into every department 
 of this varied subject introduced appropriate illustrations in 
 the form of drawings of pathological lesions of the organs, 
 casts and models of disease, apparatus, and an extensive range 
 of pathological preparations. 
 
 In June, 1850, the vacant Professorship of Materia ^Fedica 
 and Pharmacy was filled hy the appointment of Dr. Joseph 
 Carson. 
 
 ' In afldition to the creation of an admirable cabinet of drawings and 
 specimens illustrative of the Materia Medica, Dr. Wood erected a spacious 
 greenhouse, in connection with a garden, for the preservation and collec- 
 tion of medicinal plants. The lectures were thus rendered more interest- 
 ing from the exhibition of living plants. 
 
 The works of Dr. Wood are, the "United States Dispensatory," in con- 
 junction with Dr. Franklin Bache ; "A Treatise on the Practice of Medi- 
 cine ;" ''A Treatise on Therapeutics and Pharmacology," and a volume 
 of Essays. 
 
180 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 CHAPTEE XY. 
 
 Death of Dr. James B. Rogers — Sketch of his life — Election of Dr. Robert 
 E. Rogers to the Chair of Chemistry — Death of Dr. Horner — Sketch of 
 his life — Election of Dr. Leidy to the Chair of Anatomy — Resignation of 
 Dr. Gibson — Sketch of his Life — Election of Dr. Henry H. Smith to 
 the Professorship of Surgery — Resignation of Dr. Wood — Election of 
 Dr. Pepper to the Chair of Practice — Resignation of Dr. Jackson and of 
 Dr. Hodge — Election of Dr. F. G. Smith to the Chair of Institutes, and 
 of Dr. Penrose to that of Obstetrics — Resignation of Dr. Pepper and 
 his decease — Sketch of his life— Election of Dr. A. Stille to Chair of 
 Practice — Supplementary Course of Lectures. 
 
 During the summer of 1852 the University sustained the 
 loss by death of Dr. Kogers. 
 
 James B. Eogers was born in 1803, in the city of Philadel- 
 phia; but as his father, Dr. Patrick Kerr Eogers, had been 
 appointed to succeed Dr. Hare as Professor of Chemistry and 
 Natural Philosophy in William and Mary College, Virginia, 
 he received his collegiate education in that institution. He 
 studied medicine in Baltimore, and graduated, in 1822, at the 
 University of Maryland, at the time the reputation of that 
 school was sustained by the names of Potter, Davidge, Baker, 
 and De Butts. He wrote a thesis upon Epilepsy. 
 
 After graduation. Dr. Eogers commenced the practice of 
 medicine in Harford County, Maryland, but he soon abandoned 
 the occupation of a country practitioner, and became the super- 
 intendent of the chemical works of Messrs. Tyson & Ellicott, in 
 Baltimore. While engaged in this business he accepted the 
 Chair of Chemistry in the Washington Medical College, of that 
 city, and at the same time lectured in the Mechanics' Institute. 
 In 1835 he accepted the position of Professor of Chemistry in 
 the Medical Department of the Cincinnati College, where he 
 was associated with Drs. Drake, Gross, Parker, Cobb, and Har- 
 rison. During the four years of labor in that field, he devoted 
 the summer season to the assistance of his brother, Professor 
 
THE UXIVERSITY OF FENNSYLVAN-IA. 18 i 
 
 "William B. Rogers, in the geological survey of the State of 
 Virginia. He had at this time the honor of being appointed 
 by the Government melter and refiner of the Mint at New Or- 
 leans, a post which he, however, declined. 
 
 In 18-iO Dr. Rogers settled himself in his native city, and was 
 engaged with his brother, Henry D. Rogers, upon the geological 
 survey of the State of Pennsylvania. The following year he 
 succeeded Professor John K. Mitchell in the Medical Institute of 
 Philadelphia. This institution was a summer school for teach- 
 ing the branches of medicine, and having been founded by Dr. 
 Chapman was closely associated with the University. When 
 Dr. Hare resigned the Professorship of Chemistry, Dr. Rogers 
 became an applicant for this important position. The canvass 
 was a spirited one; the candidates were numerous and promi- 
 nent; Rogers had secured to himself the earnest wishes in 
 his behalf and the partialities of the profession of Philadelphia, 
 who best knew the qualifications desirable for a medical 
 teacher, and he became the successor of the same individual 
 to whom his father had succeeded twenty -eight years previ- 
 ously, at William and Mary College. From this sole incident 
 how gratifying a result! 
 
 Dr. Rogers was a popular teacher; the full store-house of his 
 mind was drawn upon to instruct his pupils, and no pains or 
 labor did he spare to make easy to their comprehension the 
 important truths he taught. In one portion of his course he 
 was especially interesting ; this was organic chemistry. Of 
 late years it has become a prominent departnient of medical 
 science, and, from the success with which it has been culti- 
 vated, will become ultimately so interwoven with medicine 
 as to require a large share of attention :^om medical stu- 
 dents. Physiology and pathology are not the only branches 
 to which organic chemistry is essential ; therapeutics is gra- 
 dually becoming amenable to its disclosures. The develop- 
 ment of the mode of action of medicines to which organic 
 chemistry has led has dissipated much uncertainty, and ex- 
 plained many phenomena which, although seen, were not un- 
 derstood. By demonstrating the importance of researches upon 
 the subject, and creating an interest in them, Dr. Rogers be- 
 stowed important -service, and it was apparent that, in its 
 
182 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 reaction upon other branches; his mode of teaching materially 
 aided the exertions of his associates. His career was of short 
 duration; after his fourth course of lectures it was closed, with 
 the regrets of all who had been connected with him.^ 
 
 He was succeeded by his brother. Dr. Eobert E. Eogers, 
 August, 1852. 
 
 By the decease of Dr. Horner, in the spring of 1853, the 
 Chair of Anatomy became vacant. 
 
 Dr. William Edmonds Horner was a native of Yir ovinia, and 
 Avas educated first at the academy of Mr. Charles 0'!N"eill, at 
 Warrenton, and afterwards at Dumfries. Upon the comple- 
 tion of his academic studies, in 1809, he commenced to study 
 medicine under the direction of Dr. John Spence, a Scotch 
 physician, educated at Edinburgh. He continued the pupil of 
 Dr. Spence nntil 1812, and during this period attended two 
 sessions of the University of Pennsylvania. Anaton>y was the 
 branch that more particularly interested him, and for which 
 he manifested the most decided partiality. 
 
 In July, 1813, while an under-graduate, he entered the Uni- 
 ted States army as a surgeon's-mate, and performed his first 
 military duty upon the northern frontier. In this suborbinate 
 capacity he continued to serve until the conclusion of peace 
 with Great Britain, in 1815, when he resigned. Of his adven- 
 tures during this campaign he kept an interesting record, and 
 published a series of papers, detailing his observations and 
 experience, in the Medical Examiner of Philadelphia, as late 
 as 1852, the year before his death. During the winter of 
 1813-14, having obtained a furlough, he attended the lectures 
 in the University preparatory to his graduation, which took 
 place in April, 1814. The thesis written by him was on 
 " Gunshot Wounds^ 
 
 Upon resigning from the Army in 1815, after a brief sojourn 
 in the village of Warrenton, his native place. Dr. Horner set- 
 tled in Philadelphia; and here located, as we are informed by 
 his biographer, " his enthusiasm for anatomy, his earnest appli- 
 
 ' Memoir of the Life and Cliaracter of James B. Rogers, M. D., Profes- 
 sor of Chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania, by Joseph Carson, 
 M. D., Professor of Materia Meclica and Pharmacy ; delivered at the request 
 of the Faculty, on October 11th, 1853. Published by the Class. 
 
THE UXIVERSITY OF FEXXSYLVAXIA. 1S3 
 
 cation to dissection, bis quiet demeanor, bis steadiness of cba- 
 racter, tbe neatness and elegance of bis preparations, bad 
 attracted tbe notice of Prof. AYistar, and gained Ins friendsbip, 
 confidence, and esteem."^ In tbe spring of 1816 an arrange- 
 ment was made witb Dr. Wistar, by wbicb Dr. Ilorner became 
 bis assistant in tbe anatomical course, preparing tbe subject for 
 demonstration. By tbis association " tbe demonstrations of tbe 
 anatomical course were fuller and more complete tban tbey 
 had been previously, and tbe Anatomical Museum was rapidly 
 increased by numerous specimens and preparations, particu- 
 larly of fine injections, as well as important patbological illus- 
 trations. He worked most assiduously, for it was a work of 
 love." 
 
 Upon tbe deatb of Dr. Wistar in 1818, be engaged witb Dr. 
 Dorsey as bis assistant, and wben tbat Professor was stricken 
 down, at tbe very opening of bis course, tbe engagement was 
 renewed witb Dr. Pbysick, wbo undertook tbe labor of deliver- 
 ing the anatomical lectures in addition to bis own on Surgery. 
 "The course of 1818-19 was completed in a manner bigbly 
 satisfactory to Dr. Pbysick and tbe class. Tbe assiduity and 
 zeal of Dr. Horner, and tbe excellence of bis demonstrations, 
 by lightening tbe labor of tbe course, and facilitating its pro- 
 gress, contributed in no small degree to tbe result."^ In 1820, 
 Dr. Horner was elected, as has been stated. Adjunct Professor 
 of Anatomy, and upon tbe resignation of Dr. Pbysick, in 1831, 
 became tbe Professor. 
 
 "As a lecturer. Dr. Horner was not fluent or copious in lan- 
 guage, nor bad any pretensions to elocution. His plan, to a 
 certain extent, was novel. He composed a text-book, bis 
 ^Special Anatomy,' wbicb was a complete but concise treatise 
 on Anatomy. It was written in strict reference to tbe course 
 of study in the University of Pennsylvania, and was kept in 
 as compendious a state as possible, so that there sbould be no 
 unnecessary loss of time in reading it. This book was, in fact, 
 
 ' A Discourse commemorative of the late William E. Horner, M. D., 
 Professor of Anatomy, delivered before the Faculty and Students of the 
 University of Pennsylvania, October 10, 18o3, b}- Samuel Jackson, M.D., 
 Professor of the Institutes of Medicine. 
 
 ' Ibid. 
 
184 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OP 
 
 his lectures. In the lecture-room he confined himself chiefly 
 to the demonstrations of the text of his work, by dissections, 
 preparations, drawings, and models."^ Dr. Jackson further 
 remarks, wdth respect to this plan : " On the value of the 
 method there will be different opinions, but it is certain that 
 he made good anatomists. I have frequently heard students 
 declare, that plain, simple, and unadorned as were the lectures 
 of Dr. Horner, that they had learned anatomy better from him 
 than from any others they had heard lecture on that branch." 
 
 "The Anatomical Museum of the University, founded,. as 
 has been narrated, by Dr. Wistar, is an evidence of the great 
 anatomical skill and untiring application of Dr. Horner. A 
 very large portion of it, upwards of two-thirds at the time of 
 his death, and containing most of its finest preparations, rival- 
 ling those of the best anatomical museums of Europe, was the 
 result of his labors. Dr. Horner, from time to time, presented 
 the preparations he had made to the University, which was 
 acknowledged by the Board of Trustees, but on his death he 
 bequeathed an extensive collection, together will all his instru- 
 ments and apparatus connected with dissections, to the Medical 
 Department." The Trustees have, in consequence of this libe- 
 ral bequest, bestowed on the collection thus constituted, the 
 name of the " Wistar and Horner Museum." 
 
 Dr. Horner is entitled to credit as an original observer. He 
 determined the existence of a special muscle, situated on the 
 posterior surface of the lachrymal duct and sac, which solved 
 the difficulty of explanation as to the mode by which the tears 
 were conveyed into the nose. He named the muscle tensor 
 tarsi. Its existence has been verified by anatomists in this 
 country and in Europe, where it has been called "Musculus 
 Horneri." 
 
 He also first detected the fact that in cholera the whole of 
 the epithelium was stripped from the small intestines, and 
 hence the turbid rice-water dejections in that disease." This he 
 did by making a minute injection of the mucous membrane, 
 and then examining it by the microscope under water. The 
 paper announcing this discovery was published in the " Ameri- 
 
 ' Dr. Jackson's Discourse, &c., p. 35. 
 
THE UXIVERSITY OF PEXXSYLVAXIA. 185 
 
 can Journal of the Medical Sciences" in 1835. Two years sub- 
 sequently the same was published in the "Presse ^ledicale" 
 of Paris, but without allusion to the American anatomist. 
 
 In 1852 Dr. Horner resigned the Deanship of the ^ledical 
 Department, which is worthy of notice from the fact that he 
 had held that important executive office for thirty 3'ears, and, 
 in addition to his professorial labors, faithfully fulfilled its 
 requirements. Prior to the assumption of the duties of this 
 office by Dr. Horner, they were performed in rotation by the 
 Professors. With him it became a permanent position, and 
 has thus continued with advantasfe to the interests of the 
 
 o 
 
 ^ledical Department. Dr. Horner twice visited Europe, first 
 in the early part of his career, and again in 1848, when he 
 journeyed for the sake of recuperation from his labors; but 
 his health from this period rapidly declined. He died on the 
 18th of ^larch, 1853, of extensive disease of the heart. 
 
 To the vacant Professorship Dr. Joseph Leidy was elected 
 in May, 1853. 
 
 In 1855, Dr. Gibson resigned his Professorship of Surgery. 
 This Chair he had held for thirty-six years. He was appointed 
 Emeritus Professor of Surgery by the Trustees. 
 
 Dr. William Gibson was born in Baltimore, Maryland, 
 March 14, 1788, and received his early education in that city, 
 and at St. John's College, Annapolis. He subsequently went 
 to Princeton College, and remained during the session of 1803-4, 
 leaving the Institution before the time that his class graduated. 
 He commenced the study of medicine with. Dr. John Owen, of 
 Baltimore, and in 1806 attended a course of lectures in the 
 University of Pennsylvania. He himself tells us that upon his 
 arrival in Philadelphia he heard the first public lecture he 
 ever listened to. "It was from my distinguished predecessor, 
 the late Dr. Physick. Struck with the peculiar appearance of 
 that extraordinary man, and with the precepts he poured forth, 
 my attention was riveted to every action he displayed, and 
 every word that fell from his lips."^ 
 
 ' Lecture Introductory to the Course on tlie Principles and Practice of 
 Surgery in the University of Pennsylvania. Delivered Nov. 1, 18U, by 
 AVilliam Gibson, M. D. 
 
186 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 At the close of the lectures he sailed for Europe, and first 
 repaired to Edinburgh, where he spent the summer in witness- 
 ing the private practice and operations of the celebrated John 
 Bell, then in the zenith of his fame — in attending botanical and 
 natural history lectures, and in devoting particular attention 
 to hospital practice.^ 
 
 He graduated at the University of Edinburgh in 1809, hav- 
 ing written a thesis, entitled, " De Forma Ossium Grentillium." 
 The materials for this inaugural Latin dissertation were ob- 
 tained from the museum of Monro. It was descriptive of the 
 different forms of the bones pertaining to the races of mankind, 
 and has been quoted by Pritchard and other writers in connec- 
 tion with their ethnological researches. The science of ethno- 
 logy was at that time almost in its infancy. 
 
 On a journey from Edinburgh to London, he formed an 
 acquaintance with a brother of Sir John Moore, commander of 
 the British army in Spain, who was killed at the battle of 
 Corunna, and received from this gentleman such testimonials as 
 enabled him to procure the means of witnessing, " in an unoflQ.- 
 cial capacity," after the arrival of the wounded in England, 
 the important cases of gunshot wounds, and other similar inju- 
 ries, which occurred at that battle. It is probable that Dr. 
 Gibson was thus first brought into close association with Sir 
 Charles Bell, who was at the time a practitioner of surgery in 
 London, and who had been detailed to assist in the care of the 
 wounded soldiers. He entered, as a private pupil, the family 
 of Sir Charles Bell, and with his taste for artistic delineations, 
 had ample opportunities for improvement under the direction 
 of so consummate a teacher.^ In 1809 there was a galaxy of 
 distinguished medical men, at the height of their reputation, in 
 London, of whom Dr. Gibson has mentioned Mr. Abernethy 
 and Sir Astley Cooper as conducing to his improvement by 
 their interesting lectures.^ 
 
 1 Ibid. 
 
 2 See Life of Sir Charles Bell, in Chambers' Dictionary of the Lives of 
 Celebrated Scotchmen. 
 
 The system of " Operative Surgery" of Sir Charles Bell was published 
 in 1807. The results of his experience in gunshot wounds was published 
 as an appendix. 
 
 ^ Litroduct. Lect., cit. 
 
THE UXIYEESITY OF PEXXSYLYAXIA, 187 
 
 After his return home in 1810, after three years' absence, 
 Dr. Gibson entered upon the practice of his profession in Bal- 
 timore, and two years afterwards was appointed to the Chair 
 of Surgery in the University of Maryland. This Institution 
 had recently been established, and in it he was associated with 
 Drs. David^e. Potter, Baker, De Butts, and Hall. In 1814 he 
 served as a medical officer in the militia of Maryland, at the 
 time of the attack of the British on Baltimore. Upon the 
 death of Dr. Dorsey, when Dr. Physick was transferred to the 
 Chair of Anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania, Dr. Gib- 
 son was elected to fill the vacant Chair of Surgery. The elec- 
 tion took place in September, 1819. 
 
 It would be no small praise to state that Dr. Gibson fully 
 sustained the reputation he'brought with him from the Univer- 
 sity of Maryland, in the new position to which he had been 
 called as the successor of Dr. Phj^sick, the founder and illus- 
 trator of the Chair of Surgery in the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania. As a lecturer he was clear and emphatic; his voice 
 was distinct and melodious; his language was well chosen, and 
 his style of enunciation was attractive. His demonstrations of 
 surgical anatomy were readily comprehended by the student ; 
 some of them especially, as those in connection with the neck, 
 with hernia, and with lithotomy, could not be surpassed in 
 lucid exposition. For purposes of demonstration, Dr. Gibson 
 had himself prepared, and procured by purchase, an ample 
 collection of morbid structures, diseased and fractured bones, 
 models and casts, as well as pictures of large size, illustrative 
 of disease, or of the anatomical parts of the body involved in 
 operations.^ To these were added the approved mechanical 
 appliances of the day. In thus teaching he set the example 
 that has been followed extensively by other surgeons. 
 
 As an operator Dr. Gibson was undoubtedly dexterous; of 
 his operations and cases, a number were from time to time 
 communicated to the Journals. In the treatment of fracture 
 of the thigh, he placed before the notice of practitioners of 
 this country a modification of the apparatus known as Hage- 
 
 ' Some of these illustrations were painted bj^ himself, and others by Mr. 
 Sull}' and other artists. 
 
188 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 dorn's; and published a case that had been treated by it in the 
 " Journal of Medical and Physical Sciences."^ A remarkable cir- 
 cumstance in the surgical practice of Dr. Gibson was the per- 
 formance of the operation of Csesarean section twice successfully 
 on the same individual. The details of the two operations 
 have been published separately by Dr. Joseph G. Nancrede 
 and Dr. George Fox, in the "American Journal of the Medical 
 Sciences."^ 
 
 Dr. Gibson published, in 1824, his lastitutes and Practice of 
 Surgery, being " Outlines of a Course of Lectures." This work 
 was intended as a guide to the students attending his lectures, 
 and is marked for its accuracy of style and language. It 
 passed through six editions, having been amended and im- 
 proved; the last edition of 1811 being so enlarged as to con- 
 stitute a respectable treatise on Surgery. He published, in 
 1836, a paper entitled, "A Sketch of Lithotripsy, with Cases ;"^ 
 and in 1841 was published his "Eambles in Europe in 1839, 
 with Sketches of Prominent Surgeons and Physicians, Medical 
 Schools, Hospitals, Literary Personages, Scenery, &c." The 
 sketches it contains are graphic and spirited. In 1847 Dr. 
 Gibson again visited Europe, and for several successive years 
 delivered occasionally to the class a lecture devoted especially 
 to his observations and inquiries. 
 
 He died at Savannah, Georgia, on the 2d of March, 1868, 
 aged eighty years. 
 
 Dr. Henry H. Smith was elected to the Professorship of Sur- 
 gery, May, 1855. 
 
 In 1860 Dr. Wood resigned the Professorship of the Theory 
 and Practice of Medicine, and was appointed Emeritus Pro- 
 fessor ; he was succeeded by Dr. William Pepper. In 1863 
 Dr. Wood was chosen a Trustee of the Universitj^ 
 
 ' No. VL, page 231. 
 
 2 Observations on the C^esarean Operation, accompanied by tlie Eelation 
 of a Case in -wliicli both Mother and Child were preserved. By Joseph G. 
 Nancrede, M. D. — Amer. Journ. of the Medical Sciences, Aug. 1835, vol. 
 xvi. 
 
 Account of a Case in which the Csesarean Section, performed by Prof. 
 Gibson, was a second time successful in saving both Mother and Child. 
 By George Fox, M. D. — Amer. Journ. of the Medical Sciences, May, 1838, 
 vol. xxii. 
 
 ^ American Journal of the Medical Sciences, Aug. 1836. 
 
THE UXIVEESITY OF PEXXSYLVAXIA. 189 
 
 The next changes that occurred in the School resulted from 
 the resignation of Drs. Jackson and Hodge in 1863. Dr. Jack- 
 son had been thirty-six years in connection with the Medical 
 Department of the University, and to the last day of his public 
 career was an eminently distinguished and useful teacher of his 
 branch.' Dr. Hodge had occupied his position twenty-seven 
 years, with the reputation of an admirably practical lecturer.^ 
 The Chair of Institutes was filled by the election of Dr. Francis 
 Gurney Smith, and that of Obstetrics by the election of Dr. R. 
 A. F. Penrose. The dignity of Emeritus Professors of these 
 several branches was bestowed on Drs. Jackson and Hodge on 
 their resignations being accepted by the Trustees. 
 
 In the spring of 1861:, Dr. Pepper resigned his professorship 
 in consequence of ill health. 
 
 He was a native of Philadelphia, having been born in 1810. 
 After his collegiate studies at Princeton College, where he 
 graduated with the first honors of his class in 1828, he entered 
 the of&ce of Dr. Thomas T. Hewson, who, in his capacity of 
 private preceptor, was excelled by none of his contemporaries.^ 
 Dr. Pepper graduated at the University in 1832, the subject of 
 his thesis being Apoplexy. After receiving his medical edu- 
 cation, he spent two years in Europe, more especially engaged 
 in studying disease in the great hospitals of Paris. Upon his 
 return to ^iladelphia he ardently devoted himself to the prac- 
 tice of his profession ; for three years was one of the physicians 
 of the Dispensary, and in 181:1 was chosen one of the physi- 
 cians of the Pennsylvania Hospital. He soon acquired the 
 reputation of a sound medical practitioner. 
 
 The strong feature of Dr. Pepper's medical character was the 
 possession of analytical acumen and decided ideas of diagnosis. 
 This he carried into his of&ce of a teacher. " As a didactic 
 lecturer he was clear, concise, and complete. Thirty years of 
 
 ' Dr. Jackson publislied, in 1832, his "Principles of Medicine," He was 
 a liberal contributor to the Journals. 
 
 2 Dr. Hodge published, in 1860, a ^ork "On Diseases Peculiar to 
 Women, including Displacements of the Uterus," and in 1864, his trea- 
 tise, entitled, "The Principles and Practice of Obstetrics." 
 
 ^ Dr. Hewson, for a number of years, held the position of Professor of 
 Comparative Anatomy in the University. See ante. 
 
190 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 active practice had made liim familiar with disease in its varied 
 forms, and had led him to reject as useless that which was 
 merely speculative in medicine, while it enabled him to speak 
 with authority of all that was valuable in our science. 
 Thoroughly familiar with medical literature, he had also stu- 
 died disease in the great book of nature, at the bedside in 
 private practice, and in the wards of hospitals. Thus, to him, 
 nearly every disease treated of presented itself in the form of 
 individual cases which had come under his notice, or been 
 under his immediate care. From this great treasury of know- 
 ledge he continually drew in illustration of the subject matter 
 of his lecture. Catching at the typical features of the disease, 
 its pathological history and phenomena, its diagnosis, general 
 and differential, were given with such clearness and force, that 
 the student saw before him, as at the bedside, all that was dis- 
 tinctive and important in the case; while the principles of 
 treatment and its results followed with almost mathematical 
 accuracy and precision." 
 
 " Dr. Pepper made no effort at oratorical display. The main 
 object of his teaching was apparent — to give a thoroughly 
 practical course, one which, as far as possible, would prepare 
 his pupils for the intelligent treatment of disease. His enuncia- 
 tion was distinct, and his delivery rather a rapid than a slow 
 one, No one could visit his lecture-room without 3bticing the 
 marked attention of the class, nor be associated with the stu- 
 dents without perceiving with what affectionate respect they 
 regarded their preceptor." 
 
 " It is a remarkable fact, and in keeping with what has 
 already been noticed, that during the four years of his profes- 
 sorship, a period the most exciting and important in our 
 national history, notwithstanding the cares of a very large 
 practice, and the infirmities of declining health, he was never 
 absent from a lecture, and never failed to meet his class punc- 
 tually at the time appointed for its delivery."^ 
 
 The career of Dr. Pepper was short in connection with the 
 
 ' We have taken largely, in tliis notice, from tlie statements contained 
 in the Biographical Memoir of the late Dr. William Pepper, M. D., by 
 Thomas Kirkbricle, M, D., prepared by request of the College of Physicians 
 of Philadelphia, 1866. 
 
THE UXIVEESITY OF PENNSYLVAXIA. 191 
 
 University, but was so marked as to give promise of eminence 
 and usefulness. Some papers were contributed by him to the 
 periodical journals; they were few in number, but marked 
 by excellent reflection and the spirit of inquiry, his long expe- 
 rience in the Pennsylvania Hospital having placed ample 
 material at his command. He died October 16, 1864. 
 
 Upon the resignation of Dr. Pepper, Dr. Alfred Stille was 
 elected, June 7, 1864, to the Professorship of the Theory and 
 Practice of Medicine, and Clinical Medicine. 
 
 In 1864: it was determined by the Board of Trustees of the 
 University to institute an Accessory Course of Lectures to 
 those delivered during the winter season, and on April 4, 1865, 
 the subjoined report and resolutions were adopted : — 
 
 "The Standing Committee on the Medical Department to 
 whom was referred the subject of instituting additional lecture- 
 ships in connection with that department, and the mode in 
 which the lecturers should be compensated, respectfully report 
 as follows: — 
 
 "Whereas, the instruction as at present given in the Medical 
 Department of the University, though as comprehensive as is 
 consistent with self-support, does not embrace all the branches 
 of knowledge specially subservient to Medicine, or closely con- 
 nected with it ; and, 
 
 " Whereas experience has shown that systematic instruction 
 in these subordinate branches can be secured only through 
 endowed lectureships, and 
 
 "Whereas, finally, in our Institution, holding the rank of a 
 University, the very name of which implies universality of 
 instruction, it is highly desirable that provision should be 
 made for teaching all the sciences an acquaintance with which 
 is in a greater or less degree essential to a complete and tho- 
 rough medical education; therefore 
 
 "Eesolved, That a Faculty is hereby instituted in connec- 
 tion with the Medical Department of the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania, to be denominated the Auxiliary Faculty of Medicine, 
 of which the several Professors shall receive a fixed salary, 
 sufficient to serve as an inducement for competent persons to 
 accept the position, yet insufficient to preclude exertion for its 
 increase through the attendance of pupils. 
 
192 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 "The Faculty shall comprise five Professorships, of — 1, 
 Zoology and Comparative Anatomy; 2, Botany; 8, Mineralogy 
 and Greology; 4, Hygiene; 5, MedicalJurisprudence, including 
 Toxicology. The occupants of these Chairs shall constitute 
 the Members of the Auxiliary Faculty. It must be understood 
 as essential in the fulfilment of the duties of these Chairs that 
 the three branches of Natural History, forming the subjects of 
 the three Professorships first mentioned, shall be taught mainly 
 in reference to their medical relations, and in other respects 
 only so far as may serve to give a general view of the subject 
 whereby the several facts may be duly connected and arranged. 
 
 " The Faculty shall appoint a Dean from among its mem- 
 bers, whose duty it shall be to preside over and keep minutes 
 of the meetings, and to perform all the executive functions that 
 may be entrusted to him. 
 
 "It shall have power to determine the time of lecturing of 
 the several Professors, to fix the terms of admission to the lec- 
 tures, which, however, shall be uniform for all, and shall not 
 exceed ten dollars from each pupil for each Professor; to make 
 rules for its own government; to regulate the common ex- 
 penses; and to do whatever els6 is incidental to its constitu- 
 tion^ every question being decided by a majority of the mem- 
 bers present, provided they form a quorum. 
 
 "The several courses shall consist of at least thirty-four 
 lectures, to be delivered at hours fixed by the Faculty, three 
 times a week, during the months of April, May, and June, 
 com.mencing on the first Monday of April, and ending on the 
 last Saturday of June. 
 
 "They shall be given with the assent of the Medical Faculty 
 in the Lecture Eooms of the building occupied by that Faculty, 
 and it will be the duty of the Auxiliary Faculty to take care 
 that the apartments appropriated to their use are kept in due 
 order while occupied by them, and properly cleansed at the 
 end of each course; and should this requisition be disregarded, 
 the cost of supplying the deficiency shall be defrayed by a pro 
 rata deduction from the salaries of the Professors. 
 
 " At the end of the courses the Faculty shall hold an exami- 
 nation, under such regulations as they may deem best, of the 
 pupils who may have attended at least one full course of all 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVAXIA. 193 
 
 the lectures and may apply for such examination, in order to 
 decide on the proficiency of the pupils ; and should the deci- 
 sion be favorable, a certificate to that effect shall be given to 
 every successful candidate, for which the sum of two dollars 
 and fifty cents may be demanded from each person receiv- 
 ing it. 
 
 '' The certificate shall be in such form as the Faculty may 
 determine, to be approved by the Trustees ; and each certificate 
 to a medical graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, or 
 any other medical school on the ad eundem list, shall, under 
 the sanction of the Board, receive the seal of the University 
 and the signature of the Provost. 
 
 " The Professors shall be appointed for one year, after public 
 notice of at least three months, at the regular meeting of the 
 Board in November next, nominations having been made at a 
 preceding meeting, and shall be reappointed annually there- 
 after during satisfactory service, at the regular meeting of the 
 Board in the same month, so long as the plan for the establish- 
 ment of the Auxiliary Faculty of Medicine now adopted shall 
 continue in operation." 
 
 In accordance with the above resolutions, on November 7th, 
 1865, the following gentlemen were elected by the Board of 
 Trustees to fill the several Chairs that had been created : — 
 
 Harrison Allen, M. D., Professor of Zoology and Compara- 
 tive Anatomy. 
 Horatio C. Wood, M. D., Professor of Botany. 
 F. Y. Haydex, M. D., Professor of Geology and Mineralogy. 
 Henry Hartshorne, M. D., Professor of Hygiene. 
 John J. Keese, M. D., Professor of Medical JurisjDrudence. 
 
 AYith the addition above stated, the Medical Faculty of the 
 University of Pennsylvania, as constituted January 1, 1869, is 
 as follows : — 
 George B. "Wood, M. D., LL.D., Emeritus Professor of Theory 
 
 and Practice of Medicine. 
 Samuel Jackson, M. D., Emeritus Professor of Institutes of 
 
 Medicine. 
 Hugh L. Hodge, M. D., Emeritus Professor of Obstetrics and 
 
 the Diseases of Women and Children. 
 
 la 
 
194 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 Joseph Carson, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Phar- 
 macy. 
 
 EoBERT B. EoGERS, M. D., Professor of Chemistry. 
 
 Joseph Leidy, M. D., Professor of Anatomy. 
 
 Henry H. Smith, M. D., Professor of Surgery. 
 
 Francis G. Smith, M.D., Professor of Institutes of Medicine. 
 
 E. A. F. Penrose, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and the Dis- 
 eases of Women and Children. 
 
 Alfred Stille, M.D., Professor of Theory and Practice of 
 Medicine. 
 
 D. Hayes Agnew, M. D,, Demonstrator of Anatomy, and As- 
 sistant Lecturer on Chnical Surgery. 
 
 Dr. Eobert E. Eogers holds the office of Dean. 
 
 The first course of lectures by the Auxiliary Faculty was 
 
 given in the spring of 1866, and was highly successful, there 
 
 being about one hundred gentlemen in attendance. As a por- 
 tion of the uniform regular instruction of the Medical School, 
 
 the accessory course is now in full operation. 
 
THE UXIVEESITY OF PEXXSYLYAXIA. 195 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 CLIXICAL IXSTRUCTIOX. 
 
 It has been shown that clinical instruction was inaugurated 
 in the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1766, by Dr. Bond, in connection 
 with the establishment of the medical lectures of the College, 
 At the time of the organization of the Medical Department, five 
 of the physicians of the Hospital were Trustees of the College, 
 and, well aware of the advantages of clinical teaching, they 
 regarded the association of the two institutions as of the highest 
 consequence to the success of the enterprise of establishing sys- 
 tematic medical teaching in the city of Philadelphia. Anterior 
 to 1800, eight of the professors engaged in conducting courses 
 of lectures on the several branches of medicine taught in the 
 College or University had successively been elected physicians 
 or surgeons of the Hospital.^ The instruction in this institu- 
 tion has been continued under the direction of medical pro- 
 fessors, or of the physicians attached to it, to the present time, 
 and has always been regarded as one of the privileges of 
 students visiting Philadelphia.^ 
 
 As far as we have been able to ascertain, the mode of con- 
 ducting the instruction in the Pennsylvania Hospital in early 
 times was at the bed-side of the patient; the physician, in 
 making his stated rounds of the wards, selecting such cases as 
 he deemed most interesting or instructive, and especially dwell- 
 ing upon their nature and treatment. For a large class this 
 plan of procedure was attended with its disadvantages; the 
 confusion of a crowded apartment; the possibility of only a 
 
 • See Appendix, G. 
 
 2 Dr. Cakhvell, in his Autoljiograpliy, states that "Dr. Rush prescribed 
 and lectured to his pupils in the Pennsylvania Hospital twice every week 
 during the season of the medical school, which extended from the begin- 
 ning of November to the close of February. This was in 1796-97." p. 264. 
 
196 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 limited number of students approaching the patient; the mani- 
 fest danger of injury to those seriously ill who were the sub- 
 ject of remarks, or in close proximity at the time of their 
 delivery; and the inability on the part of the teacher to discuss 
 and illustrate particular diseases in detail for want of classifi- 
 cation, were reasons for the abandonment of this method, and 
 of substituting for it that of presenting the proper subjects of 
 disease before the class in the amphitheatre, which had been 
 arranged for this purpose, and more especially for the peform- 
 ance of surgical operations in public. 
 
 To Dr. Benjamin H. Coates is the credit due of putting this 
 method of demonstrating and of lecturing into operation in the 
 Pennsylvania Hospital. He introduced it about the year 1884, 
 and continued it afterwards during his connection with the in- 
 stitution. Dr. Wood, who succeeded to the winter term, as 
 senior physician, on the resignation of Dr. Coates, in 1841, 
 pursued the same method, in which he was joined by the sur- 
 geon. Dr. Eandolph. It has been continued ever since, and 
 has been extended during the terms of service, throughout 
 the year, of all the medical attendants. 
 
 To another establishment must attention be directed as hav- 
 ing conduced to the important purpose of training the younger 
 members of the profession for their duties, and of affording 
 facilities for instruction in clinical medicine. The Philadelphia 
 Almshouse went into operation before the erection of the 
 Pennsylvania Hospital, and the first physicians, of whose ap- 
 pointment to minister to the relief of its inmates we have a 
 record, were Drs. Thomas Bond and Oadwalader Evans. 
 
 It is stated by Dr. Agnew, in his lecture on the Medical His- 
 tory of the Almshouse,^ that we may claim for that Institution 
 the establishment of the first obstetrical clinic. "Students of 
 good character were allowed to attend cases of labor, and the 
 various stages of the process were explained to them by Drs. 
 
 ' Lecture on the Medical History of the Philadelphia Almshouse ; de- 
 livered at the opening of the Clinical Lectures, October 15, 1862, by Dr. 
 D. Hayes Agnew, M. D. Published by request of the Board of Guardians. 
 To this interesting and full account of that institution we are indebted 
 for much of the information herein presented, where the Almshouse is 
 alluded to. 
 
THE UXIVEESITY OF PEXXSYLYAXIA. 197 
 
 Bond and Evans, under whose personal directions these instruc- 
 tions were conducted as early as 1770, and, in all probability, 
 much earlier, as may be inferred from the phraseology of the 
 minutes touching this subject.^ 
 
 "In 1772 a proposition was made to the managers to extend 
 the usefulness of the house b}^ the admission of students, and 
 an increase in the number of medical attendants. This propo- 
 sition included an offer of gratuitous service, the institution 
 being only at the expense of purchasing the medicines required 
 for the sick." In March, 1774, an addition to the medical 
 corps was effected by the election of Dr. Adam Kuhn, Dr. 
 Benjamin Eush, Dr. Samuel Duffield (one of the first graduates 
 of the College), Dr. Gerardus Clarkson, and Dr. Thomas Parke. 
 
 It must not be supposed that a uniform course of clinical 
 instruction has been conducted in the Almshouse from the 
 period alluded to. On the contrary, it appears from the 
 records that the instruction was fitful and irregular, depend- 
 ing on a variety of circumstances, and much upon the opinions 
 controlling the management with respect to its expediency, 
 and hence we find that from time to time the admission of 
 students was suspended. 
 
 When, after the evacuation of Philadelphia by the British, 
 who had forcibly occupied the buildings of the Almshouse, affairs 
 assumed a more settled condition, the desire for clinical instruc- 
 tion was rekindled. "In ISTovember, 1778, the subject was 
 revived by the students present in the city. They presented a 
 formal application to the physicians of the Almshouse for per- 
 mission to witness the practice of the institution. Drs. Eogers 
 and Leib waited on the Board of Managers in their behalf, and 
 presented the importance of such a measure with much earnest- 
 ness." The application was at first refused, and then granted, 
 but either from hostility on the part of the direction, or from 
 other causes, it was of little avail 
 
 In 1788, Dr. Samuel P. Griflfitts and Dr. Caspar AYistar be- 
 came physicians to the House, and, in 1789, Dr. William 
 Shippen, Jr., was elected. At this time the proposition for 
 
 ' It is to be understood that this clinic was in a public institution. The 
 private clinic of Dr. Shippen has been referred to in a previous chapter. 
 
198 MEDICAL DEPAKTMENT OF 
 
 facilities of clinical teaching was renewed, but was not received 
 with favor, and, in a short time afterwards, all of the physicians 
 resigned. 
 
 In 1795 Dr. Cummings again brought this vexed question 
 to the notice of the managers, but ''the proposition was 
 promptly rejected upon the ground of such publicity being 
 calculated to do harm to the sick." 
 
 In 1797 Dr. John Church and Thomas C.James were chosen 
 medical officers. These gentlemen were subsequently asso- 
 ciated in teaching Midwifery. " In 1803 Drs. James and 
 Church proposed to attend the Lying-in Ward, on condition 
 they should be allowed to have one private pupil present at 
 each case of labor. The application was granted, and much 
 valuable instruction was communicated in this responsible 
 department of medicine." " The same year, on the 23d of 
 March, Dr. Caldwell was allowed to introduce and instruct 
 twenty, and afterwards forty students, during his stated visits 
 to the medical wards, on the condition of his becoming respon- 
 sible for their good deportment."^ 
 
 "In November, 1805, through the efforts of Drs. James and 
 Church, the Managers conceded the privilege to deliver clini- 
 cal lectures to a class of students twice a week in the 'Green,' 
 or 'Dead House,' during the winter season. Shortly after, 
 Dr. Barton was permitted to give instruction to his class on the 
 days of his regular attendance at the House. Every successive 
 year now removed more and more the prejudices which had 
 so long operated against the admission of medical students. 
 The Managers were seized with an active desire to promote 
 and foster a system which contributed so largely toward laying 
 a solid foundation of medical usefulness." 
 
 " Until October 25, 1805, no fee was demanded from those 
 attending the instruction of the Institution, but, at the above 
 date, a ticket was directed to be issued, signed by the Presi- 
 
 1 Dr. Caldwell, in alluding to this in his autobiography, states : " The 
 first course of clinical lectures in the Philadelphia Almshouse was delivered 
 by myself, not long after the commencement of the present century, the 
 precise year not being remembered (1803). I was then a member of the 
 Faculty of that Institution, and continued my lectures annually for Several 
 years, until deprived of my appointment in it on political grounds." 
 p. 264. 
 
THE UXIVER3ITY OF PE^^NSYLVANIA. 199 
 
 dent and Secretary of the Board of Guardians, at the price of 
 eight dollars — two purchasing a perpetual privilege. The 
 office pupils of the medical officers were free to attend without 
 charge. In Kovember, 1807, Dr. James was delivering lec- 
 tures still in the Green Room, and there the physicians con- 
 tinued to give clinical instruction until 1811, when the sur- 
 geons connected with the Almshouse asked for more suitable 
 apartments in which operations could be performed, and thus 
 remove from the ward a source of mischief to the other sick. 
 To correct this evil, the Board had the building called the 
 ' Dye and Wash-House,' carried up an additional story, fitted 
 up as a lecture-room, with two adjoining wards capable of 
 holding each twenty or thirty patients ; and here were next 
 delivered clinical lectures."^ 
 
 "During 1813 the Managers, anxious to advance the reputa- 
 tion and popularity of the house, were induced to tender to 
 every student taking its ticket the privilege of attending a 
 case of labor ; and to give the proposal greater publicity, it 
 was by their authority announced in the public papers. 
 This scheme of indiscriminate admission to the ward of the 
 lying-in department brought out a minority protest." 
 
 It appears that, by a rule of the house, a physician or sur- 
 geon holding a position of a similar kind in the Pennsylvania 
 Hospital was not eligible to office in it. To this reference was 
 made in the same report, and the wisdom was urged of select- 
 ing the " very best talent wherever found, and especially the 
 propriety of seeking as many lecturers from the Medical School 
 as possible." The views thus presented were received with 
 favor, the discriminating rule was rescinded, and a cordial 
 
 ' The Almshouse building was located on the square bounded by Spruce 
 and Pine and Tenth and Eleventh Streets. Across the centre of the lot, 
 from east to west, was the addition made which served for the purposes 
 specified. It made the south side of a quadrilateral ; the main building 
 facing on Spruce Street, and on the sides extending back to the new erec- 
 tion. In the centre was a hollow square, consisting of spacious courtyards 
 on the sides, and a small garden between them. To the south of the entire 
 building, as thus arranged, between it and Pine Street, was a vegetable 
 garden. At one time the small garden was used by Dr. Wm. P. C. Barton 
 for botanical purposes. In its centre was a summer-house that had been 
 carried in the Federal Procession. 
 
200 MEDICAL DEPAETMEXT OF 
 
 understanding entered into with tbe Hospital. On the part of 
 the University, the spirit exhibited by the Board of Guardians 
 was reciprocated, and on Nov. 15, 1815, the following modifi- 
 cation of the rules was enacted by the Faculty, with the sanc- 
 tion of the Trustees : — ■ 
 
 " Eesolved, that so much of the Bye-Laws as requires the 
 students of medicine to attend the Pennsylvania Hospital, 
 during one session at least, be altered by inserting after the 
 word Hospital, the words, 'or the City Almshouse.'" 
 
 In 1822 we find three of the Professors of the University in 
 connection with the clinic of the Almshouse, having as their 
 associates some of the most promiaent members of the profes- 
 sion, among whom was Dr. Jackson.^ It appears that upon the 
 reorganization, at this period, of the Board of Physicians and 
 Surgeons of that institution, the system was introduced of 
 delivering the clinical lectures regularly on Wednesdays and 
 Saturdays in the lecture-room. To this the patients could be 
 conveniently taken, either from the adjacent wards, or, when 
 proper, from those at a distance. Systematic instruction in 
 clinical medicine in the institution, indeed, dates from that 
 period. 
 
 The importance of the Clinical School of the Almshouse to 
 the interests of medicine, and the appreciation on the part of 
 the students of the practical knowledge afibrded by it, may be 
 inferred from the fact that in ten years, between 1815 and 
 1825, eleven thousand one hundred and sixty dollars, in the 
 form of fees of admission, had been received by the institu- 
 tion.^ 
 
 ' In 1822 the Board of Physicians and Surgeons consisted of Drs. Chap- 
 man, Gibson, Horner, Jackson, Joseph Klapp, J. K. Mitchell, Richard 
 Harlan,'' J. V. O. Lawrence, and John Rhea Barton. Dr. Lawrence died 
 that year, and was succeeded by Dr. Hugh L. Hodge. 
 
 2 Report of the Clerk of the Almshouse to the Dean of the University — 
 Minutes of the Faculty, May 14, 1823. This would give an average of 
 139 students annually. In 1830 the number was 185, and in 1834 it was 
 220. The pupils of both Schools, the University and Jefferson Medical 
 College, were then in attendance. In 1835, Dr. Joseph Pan coast and Dr. 
 Robley Dunglison, were members of the Medical Board of the Almshouse. 
 It is to be recollected that the medical students in the city were divided 
 between the two hospitals. 
 
THE UNIVEESITY OF PEXXSYLVAXIA. 201 
 
 In 1826 the Faculty applied to the Board of Trustees of the 
 University for authority to employ an assistant to the Pro- 
 fessor of Practice in the delivery of his clinical lectures, on the 
 ground that the duties of the Chair were too onerous for a 
 single individual.^ Whereupon it was resolved, "That the 
 Professor of the Institutes and the Practice of Medicine have 
 permission to employ an assistant in the performance of his 
 duties at the Almshouse, in giving clinical lectures there 
 during the present course, and no longer."^ 
 
 In 1827, Dr. Jackson was chosen the Assistant to the Pro- 
 fessor of Practice, Institutes, and Clinical Medicine, and from 
 that time took an active part in conducting the clinics of the 
 winter season, as well as in performing the duties devolving 
 upon him during his own especial term. In 1832, Dr. Chap- 
 man resigned his position as Physician of the Almshouse. 
 
 The Legislature having passed the necessary law to enable 
 the Board of Guardians of the Poor to erect new buildings for 
 the accommodation of the indigent, this was carried into effect 
 in 1830, and the Hospital Department, the first portion of the 
 pile of buildings, afterwards completed on the west bank of the 
 Schuylkill River, was in sufficient readiness upon the first 
 visitation of the cholera, in 1832, to receive patients. The 
 locality selected was at the time outside of the limits of the 
 city, and in the district which was called Blockley; hence the 
 title that was soon acquired of Blockley Hospital. Since the 
 act of consolidation, as it has been technically called, by which 
 the districts were united under the city government, the name 
 of Philadelphia Hospital has been used to designate the estab- 
 lishment. 
 
 After the removal west of the Schuylkill, the nunibers of 
 the students attending the clinical lectures fell off. In 1834 
 measures were taken to secure their attendance and render it 
 easy. Negotiations were entered into between the University 
 and the Board of Guardians, and at a meeting of the Medical 
 Faculty, held October 29th, it was 
 
 ' The duties performed by Dr. Chapman were daily lectures in the Uni- 
 versity upon the Practice of Medicine, and two lectures additional a week 
 in the Almshouse. He consequently lectured twice in succession on two 
 days of the week. 
 
 2 Minutes, Dec. 5, 1826. 
 
202 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 " Eesolved, That if tlie Guardians of the Poor will make ar- 
 rangements to transport twice a week, for the four months 
 directly ensuing, two hundred and twenty students to and from 
 the Alms House to a convenient site in the city; should the 
 number of students be less than that number, the Medical Fa- 
 culty will pay to the Board the sum of three dollars upon each 
 case of the deficiency." 
 
 The proposition was accepted by the Board, and the students 
 were conveyed in omnibuses. 
 
 In 1838, Dr. William Grerhard was appointed an Assistant 
 to Dr. Jackson. The services of Dr. Gerhard were so highly 
 appreciated by the class attending the clinic of the Blockley 
 Hospital in the winter of 1840 as to lead to a- series of resolu- 
 tions expressive of approbation. 
 
 In 1840 Dr. Gibson withdrew from the service of the Hos- 
 pital, and was followed, in 1845, by Drs. Jackson and Horner.^ 
 
 In 1841, the system of Dispensary Clinics was adopted by 
 the University. The first that was instituted under its auspices 
 was conducted by Dr. Gerhard and Dr. William P. Johnston, 
 in the building of the Medical Institute, in Locust Street above 
 Eleventh. It was there carried on until the commencement of 
 the course of 1843, when it was transferred to the University 
 building, under the immediate superintendence of the profes- 
 sors, with the assistance of those gentlemen. From that time 
 to the present this mode of practical instruction has constituted 
 a part of the regular course of medical teaching conducted by 
 the University.^ 
 
 ' For an account of tlie clianges wliicli subsequently occurred, and the 
 policy pursued, we must refer to the pages of Dr. Agnew's Lecture ; it is 
 sufficient here to remark, that, after a trial of various schemes for the man- 
 agement of the institution, with the appointment of a chief resident physi- 
 cian, and, in 1855, of special lecturers on medicine and surgery, there was 
 a return, in 1859, to the original plan of a Board of Physicians and Sur- 
 geons, upon whom devolved the care of the sick as well as the instruction 
 of pupils. Attendance has been made free to all medical students, who, 
 aided by the facilities of attendance afforded by the street cars, now freely 
 avail themselves of the excellent clinical teaching conducted in the estab- 
 lishment. See Appendix G. for list of the Professors who have served in 
 the Almshouse. 
 
 This method of clinical instruction was first adopted on the organiza- 
 tion of the .Tefi'erson Medical College, in 1824, at its building in Prune 
 Street. The history of that School has been written by Dr. J. F. Gayley. 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PEXXSYLVAXIA. 203 
 
 In connection with the clinical service two rooms within the 
 building were appropriated for the accommodation of patients 
 requiring operations, who could not be immediately renaoved. 
 By this arrangement the same attention, nursing, and care can 
 be bestowed upon the subjects of capital operations as in a 
 hospital. 
 
 . With a view of completing the plan for clinical instruction, 
 so as to give to it the greatest efficiency compatible with the 
 progress of medical education, on October 4, 1845, it was 
 
 "Eesolved, by the Facult}^ that a surgeon connected with 
 the Pennsylvania Hospital, and whose duties there were per- 
 formed during the session of the University, be requested to 
 officiate as Clinical Lecturer on Surgery." 
 
 This led to the creation of the Chair of Clinical Surgery in 
 the University by the Trustees, and the appointment by the 
 Board, in 1847, of Dr. Jacob Randolph to perform the duties 
 of the office in the Hospital.^ 
 
 In 1848 Dr. Randolph died,^ and Dr. Greorge W. Norris, who 
 had delivered the course of clinical lectures under the auspices 
 of the University during Dr. Randolph's illness, was elected 
 his successor in the professorship. Dr. Norris continued to 
 perform his duties as Clinical Professor until 1857, when, upon 
 being elected a Trustee of the University, he resigned. 
 
 The. instruction in the Pennsylvania Hospital having now 
 been fully organized, with regular lectures delivered through- 
 out the year by the physicians and surgeons in attendance, 
 and a similar system introduced into the Philadelphia Hospital, 
 the office of Clinical Professor to the University has been 
 abolished. Students have now the advantages afforded in the 
 way of instruction by both these Institutions, which have occu- 
 pied so important a position in connection with medical 
 teaching; and also those afforded by the clinics in the Univer 
 sity building. 
 
 The establishment of numerous hospitals of late years, both 
 of a general character or devoted to special diseases, has greatly 
 
 ' Dr. Randolph had previously accepted the invitation of the Faculty to 
 deliver the lectures on Clinical Surgery. 
 
 2 An interesting Memoir of Dr. Jacob Randolph was read before the Col- 
 lege of Physicians of Philadelphia by Dr. George W. Xorris. 
 
204 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 increased the sources of medical information, and opened a 
 more extensive field for tlie cultivation of medical science to 
 the young and zealous aspirants whose talents and energies 
 are each year called into requisition to minister to the maladies 
 of the inmates of these charitable institutions. 
 
 The hospitals of Philadelphia, besides the two large ones 
 mentioned, are the Wills Hospital, for diseases of the eye and 
 ear ; St. Joseph's Hospital, the Episcopal Hospital, the Preston 
 Ketreat for Lying-in Women, the Children's Hospital, Howard 
 Hospital, and some others lately organized. 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF PEXXSYLVANIA. 205 
 
 CHAPTER XYII. 
 
 Uniyersity Buildings and accommodations for the delivery of the medical 
 
 lectm-es. 
 
 The inquiry will naturally arise with respect to the nature 
 of the accommodations possessed by the Medical Faculty, from 
 the earliest period, for conducting their courses of instruction; 
 and, in connection with this inquiry, the precise locality of 
 such accommodations is not without interest. 
 
 When Dr. Shippen commenced his labors as an instructor 
 in Anatomy, he occupied apartments in the rear of his father's 
 residence in Fourth Street above Market, which had been pre- 
 pared for this especial purpose. There the lectures on 
 Anatomy, Surgery, and Midwifery, were delivered even some 
 years after he was installed Professor of the College. Access 
 to these apartments was by an alley-way from Market Street 
 above Fourth. In speaking of these arrangements, Dr. Wistar 
 remarks : " He had apartments of his own construction every 
 way adequate to the accommodation of his class, with proper 
 arrangements also for teaching practical anatomy." 
 
 The probability is that the other lectures were delivered in 
 the old Academy Building in Fourth Street, near to Arch. 
 This building had been erected for religious purposes at the 
 time of Whitfield's popularity in America, to accommodate 
 those who were attracted by his preaching, and for free reli- 
 gious services. In 1749, upon the establishment of the Aca- 
 demy, it was conveyed to the Trustees, upon the assumption 
 of a debt that existed, and with the condition that it should be 
 used by such ministers as were approved by the Trustees. 
 An attraction which it possessed was a hall, which, at the 
 time, Avas regarded as spacious, and adapted for public gather- 
 ings. From the Minutes of the Board of Trustees we are 
 informed that subsequent improvements and alterations were 
 
206 MEDICAL DEPAETMENT OF 
 
 made witli the view to the accommodation of the several 
 schools connected with the Institution. 
 
 The first building specially erected for the use of the Medical 
 Professors was situated in Fifth Street below Library — the edi- 
 fice to the south of the Philadelphia Dispensary. It is figured 
 in Birch's Yiews of Philadelphia, published about 1800, as "Sur- 
 geons' Hall." The exact time that this building was erected 
 seems to have escaped recollection or record. In reporting 
 upon a claim to title involving some portion of the lot adja- 
 cent, which had been ceded in 1788, the Committee of the 
 Trustees, to whom the question was years afterwards referred, 
 remark that " at the date of this deed, and long before, as the 
 Committee have understood, the building called the Anatomi- 
 cal Hall, was erected, &c."^ As the University superseded the 
 College in 1779, this building must have been erected for the 
 accommodation of a part of the Medical Faculty attached to 
 the former. In the early advertisements of the Lectures, there 
 are no references to the location of their delivery, nor have 
 we any record by which we can be guided in designating 
 exactly where each course was given. 
 
 Upon the resumption of its charter and privileges by the 
 College in 1789, the University was compelled to provide new 
 accommodations, and it leased a portion of the building then 
 recently erected by the Philosophical Society on Fifth Street, 
 for the term of five years. Upon the union of the schools in 
 1791, this lease was not resumed. It is evident, from perusing 
 the documents referring to the subject, that the several schools 
 pertaining to the University were cramped for want of room 
 in which to carry on their operations. In an address to the 
 Legislature, on Jan. 3, 1792, the following language is used by 
 the Trustees: *' We are desirous that additional buildings may 
 be erected, and that our Library and Philosophical Apparatus 
 should be enlarged, but we find that the revenues at present 
 
 1 Upon a close examination of the Minutes of tlie Board of Trustees, we 
 have been unable to find any reference to the erection of Surgeons' Hall. 
 The Committee referred to, Messrs. Binney and Gibson, accurate lawyers, 
 had they been more successful, would not have used the indefinite lan- 
 guage quoted in giving an opinion upon a title. Surgeons' Hall was sub- 
 sequently the Board of Health office. 
 
THE UXIVERSITY OF PEXXSYLVAXIA. 207 
 
 belonging to the Institution will not be sufficient to accomplish 
 these purposes, and the benevolent and liberal views of the 
 Legislature without further aid." 
 
 In July, 1800, the Trustees became possessed, by purchase, 
 of the edifice that had been built by the State of Pennsylvania, 
 on jSTinth Street, between Chestnut and Market, for the accom- 
 modation of the President of the United States.^ The accept- 
 ance of this building on the part of the General Government 
 was declined by Mr. Adams, and as the government was soon 
 afterwards removed to Washington City, the edifice was sold 
 at auction, and purchased, with adjacent property, by the 
 Trustees of the University. The cost of the edifice itself was 
 twenty-four thousand dollars, and the expense was met by the 
 sale of the south end of the old Academy in Fourth Street. 
 
 In 1800, at the time of opening the session, the Medical 
 Faculty applied for accommodation in the building on Ninth 
 Street, and in April, 1802, the Committee on the ''New Build- 
 ing" reported that " they have the pleasure of announcing to 
 the Board that all the schools, except the Charity School, were 
 removed to the new University on Ninth Street. They have 
 fitted up the west Bow Eoom in the second story for the 
 Medical Schools, and if the Chemical Professor should desire 
 a room for his chemical apparatus, he can be accommodated 
 in the lower story." 
 
 That this arrangement w^as not satisfactory is learned from 
 the Minutes of the Medical Faculty, March 17, 180-1. 
 
 "To the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, the 
 petition of the Medical Professors in said University respect- 
 fully showeth : That from the late increase of medical students, 
 amounting last winter to one hundred and fifty, the rooms in 
 
 ' The following is from the "Pa. Gazette," May IG, 1792: " On FricL^v last 
 the GoYcrnor of this State laid the Corner Stone of the President's House 
 in Ninth Street. The inscription on the stone is — 
 
 This Corner Stone was laid 
 
 On the 10th day of May, 1792, 
 
 The State of Pennsylvania out of debt. 
 
 Thomas Mifflin, Governor." 
 
 The edifice was completed in 1797. It was commenced at the time 
 Washington was President, and is said to have cost one hundred thousand 
 dollars. 
 
208 MEDICAL DEPAETMEJSTT OF 
 
 whicli Anatomy and Chemistry are taught, in Fifth Street, are 
 too small to accommodate them:' 
 
 " That the room in the University on Ninth Street, in which 
 the other branches of Medicine are taught, is so remote from 
 the Anatomical and Chemical Eooms as to make it disagreea- 
 ble and inconvenient for the students of medicine to pass suc- 
 cessively from one to the other in the inclement season of the 
 year in which the lectures are usually delivered.^ 
 
 "Under these circumstances your petitioners request the 
 appropriation of four rooms on the first floor of the north end 
 of the building in Fourth Street, formerly the seat of the Uni- 
 versity, exclusively for their use. 
 
 " The advantages of this situation for the delivery of their 
 lectures they conceive to be as follows: — 
 
 " First. It will be the centre of population of the city. 
 
 " Secondly. It is well sequestered from the streets, and un- 
 connected with dwelling-houses, and thus defended from acci- 
 dent, injuries, and inspection. 
 
 " Thirdly. It will readily admit of additions, when they 
 shall become necessary, from the extent of the lot westward 
 on v/hich the building stands. 
 
 "Fourthly. It will enable the students to pass with ease 
 from one teacher to another, without exposing themselves in a 
 long walk in bad weather ; and, lastly, it will establish a rela- 
 tionship and uniformity between the accomm.odations of the 
 medical sciences and those respectable and decent apartments 
 in which other branches of science are taught in the Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 " The building now occupied by the Professors of Anatomy 
 and Chemistry, your petitioners conceive, may be rented for a 
 sum 'nearly equal to that which arises from the rent of the 
 rooms which are the objects of the petition." 
 
 This petition appears not to have met a favorable reception 
 on the part of the Board of Trustees, and in 1806 a new propo- 
 sition was submitted to the Board, by which the medical pro- 
 fessors held themselves responsible for the interest of a sum to 
 
 torj, and sometimes the Anatomical Hall. 
 
 ^ Ninth Street, at the time, was upon the extreme verge of the city. 
 
THE UXIVEBSITY OF PEXXSYLVAXIA. 209 
 
 be expended in their behalf in the erection of apartments suita- 
 ble for the medical lectures. This proposition was acceded to, 
 and an addition was made to the building in Ninth Street, in 
 which the lectures were delivered, while the room which had 
 been occupied by Dr. Eush and Dr. Barton, on the second floor 
 of the main building, was appropriated for the Museum. 
 
 The new apartments were occupied in 1^07, and. here Dr. 
 Shippen took part in the course which was the last in which 
 he was eogaged. Dr. Wistar thus refers to Dr. Shippen in 
 this connection: ''Last winter (1807) he delivered the intro- 
 ductory lecture, though very infirm, and unlike what he had 
 formerly been. Yet he was much roused by the appearance 
 of the class in the new theatre, and feelingly described his emo- 
 tions upon comparing these with his original set of students 
 forty years before." 
 
 In 1817, the Medical Hall was further enlarged, and on Nov. 
 4th, 1828, it was "resolved that the present Medical Hall is, in 
 the -opinion of the Committee (to whom the subject had been re- 
 ferred), inconvenient in several respects, and as it is incapable 
 of being so altered as to afford accommodations suitable to the 
 flourishing condition of the school, it is deemed advisable to 
 erect a new building." In 1829, the Trustees determined to 
 remove all the buildings, and to substitute for them upon the 
 same lot the two buildings now constituting the Medical Hali 
 and that for the other departments of the University. 
 
 The ]\[edical Hall was planned and built under the super- 
 vision of the Faculty. It contains three large lecture rooms, a 
 spacious museum, rooms for anatomical purposes, and small 
 apartments for the use of the professors and for the business of 
 the institution. The corner-stone of this building was laid on 
 the occasion of the commencement of 1829. The following is 
 the account of the ceremonies at the time published: — 
 
 "At a Medical Commencement, held March 21st, 1829, in 
 the saloon of the Masonic Hall, Chestnut Street, the Degree of 
 Doctor of Medicine was conferred on one hundred and seven 
 gentlemen, who had passed the examination by the Medical 
 Faculty. On the same occasion the corner-stone of the new 
 Medical Hall was laid, and an inscription to the following 
 effect, along with the list of graduates, was deposited; a suita- 
 14 
 
210 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 ble address being delivered to the graduates and the public in 
 the Masonic Hall by the Eev. William H. Delancej, D.D., 
 Provost."^ 
 
 1 INSCKIPTIOK. 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 Trustees. 
 The GoYERNOE, OF THE State {ex officio)^ President of the Board. 
 Rt. Rev. William White, D. D,, Kicholas Biddle, 
 
 Edward Burd, Zaccheus Collins, 
 
 William Rawle, LL.D., P. S. Duponceau, LL. D., 
 
 Benjamin R. Morgan, Joseph Hopkinson, LL. D., 
 
 Horace Binnet, LL. D., Jaimes Gibson, 
 
 William Meredith, Joseph R. Ingersoll, 
 
 Benjamin Chew, Rev. Philip F. Mayer, D. D., 
 
 Rev. James Wilson, D. D., Philip H. Nicklin, 
 
 ' Robert Waln, Rt. Rev. Henry U. Onderdonk, D.D., 
 
 John Sergeant, LL. D., John C. Lowber, 
 
 Thomas Cadwalader, Robert Walsh, Jr., LL. D., 
 
 Charles Chatjncey, Rev. Thomas H. Skinner, D. D. 
 
 Joseph Reed, Becretafy. 
 
 Professors of the Collegiate Department. 
 
 The Rev. William H. Delancey, D. D., Provost, Professor of Moral 
 Philosophy. 
 
 Robert Adrian, LL. D., Yice Provost, and Professor of Mathematics. 
 
 The Rev. Samuel B. Wiley, D. D., Professor of Languages. 
 
 Alexander Dallas Bache, A. M., Professor of Natural Philosophy and 
 Chemistry. 
 
 The Rev. Edward Rutledge, A. M., Assistant Professor of Moral Phi- 
 losophy. 
 
 Professors in the Medico2 De'partment. 
 
 Philip Syng Physick, M. D., Professor of Anatomy. 
 
 Nathaniel Chapman, M. D., Professor of the Institutes and Practice of 
 Physic and Clinical Medicine. 
 
 William Gibson, M. D., Professor of Surgery. 
 
 John Redman Coxe, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Pharmacy. 
 
 Robert Hare, M. D., Professor of Chemistry. 
 
 Thomas C. James, M. D., Professor of Midwifery. • 
 
 William E. Horner, M. D., Adjunct Professor of Anatomy. 
 
 William P. Dewees, M. D., Adjunct Professor of Midwifery. 
 
 Samuel Jackson, M. D., Assistant to the Professor of the Institutes an^ 
 Practice of Medicine and Clinical Medicine. 
 
 William E. Horner, Dean. 
 
 Andrew Jackson, President of the United States. 
 
 John C. Calhoun, Vice-President. 
 
 John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States. 
 
THE UXIVEKSITY OF PENXSYLVAXIA. 211 
 
 The medical lectures of tlie session 1829-30 were delivered 
 in the new building, and the first class of medical graduates 
 issued from its walls in 1830. 
 
 The history of the Medical Department of the University of 
 Pennsylvania is here brought to a close. The author has en- 
 deavored to present a clear exposition of the circumstances 
 connected with the rise and progress of this School of Medi- 
 cine, and at the same time to give a succinct account of the 
 lives and labors of the illustrious members of the Profession 
 whose reputation is inseparably connected with it. 
 
 In this narrative, omission has designedly been made of any 
 extended exposition of the character and services of the dis- 
 tinguished men still living, who have so greatly added to the 
 strength and contributed to the prosperity of the school ; who 
 have retired from the scene of their usefulness, and who now 
 enjoy the reward of consciousness that their talents and acquire- 
 ments have been employed honorably and effectively in the 
 cause of science and humanity. They now continue in connec- 
 tion with the University in the honorary position of emeritus 
 professors. Their distinctive qualities and merits will be the 
 theme of the future historian. 
 
 From the uniform success which has attended the career 
 of the medical school of the University, assurance is given 
 that the responsible charge which has been transmitted from 
 generation to generation has been faithfully preserved; that 
 the trust committed to its professors has always been regarded 
 
 John Andrew Shulze, Governor of the Slate of Pennsylvania. 
 
 John B. Gihson, Chief Justice. 
 
 George M. Dallas, Mayor of the City of Philadelphia. 
 
 " TJiis inscription, deposited March 21st, A. D. one thousand eight hun- 
 dred and twenty-nine, commemorates the layingof the corner-stone of the 
 new Medical Hall, sixty-four years after the original organization of the 
 Medical Faculty by Drs. Morgan and Shippen ; the institution having in 
 the meantime conferred the degree of Doctor of Medicine upon upwards of 
 two thousand gentlemen educated within its walls, who, dispersed in dif- 
 ferent quarters of the United States, have thus extended the blessings of 
 sound medical instruction, and in many instances organizing themselves 
 into new schools of medicine, have thus made the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania the parent' of Medical Science in the United States." ) 
 
212 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 as a sacred one, and that as such it has been emulously 
 cherished. Nearly eight thousand pupils have graduated from 
 the halls of the institution, and have diffused the blessings of 
 their calling throughout the length and breadth of these United 
 States. But another mission has been assigned to this ancient 
 school of medicine; it has been the nursery of teachers. De- 
 riving its descent from the University of Edinburgh, and more 
 remotely through that institution from the University of Ley- 
 den, the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania 
 has in turn become the parent of numerous schools of medicine, 
 and has thus been the means of transferring the facilities of 
 acquiring and cultivating medical science from the Old World 
 to the New. To the compeers which have been brought into 
 existence by its own and other instrumentalities and which are 
 engaged in laudable and honorable efforts to disseminate true 
 learning and science, and to improve the efficiency and main- 
 tain the exalted character of the Medical Profession, the Uni- 
 versity should ever extend a cordial sympathy. The reputa- 
 tion acquired by them, is reactive. It is only by mutually 
 sustained energy that the good of mankind can be successfully 
 promoted. 
 
APPE?(DIX. 
 
 A. — page 57. 
 
 "Dr. Shippen's course of An'atomical Lectures will begin on 
 Thnrsday, the 14tli of November, 1765. It will consist of sixty 
 lectures, in which the situation, figure, and structure of all the 
 Parts of the Human Body will be demonstrated on the fresh 
 subject; their respective uses explained, and their Diseases, with 
 the Indications and Methods of Cure, briefly treated of; all the 
 necessary Operations in Surgerj^ will be performed, a Course of 
 Bandages given, and the whole will conclude with a few plain 
 and general directions in the Practice of Midwifery. Each Per- 
 son to pay six Pistoles. 
 
 " Those who incline to attend the Pennsylvania Hospital, and 
 have the Benefit of the curious anatomical Plates and Casts there, 
 to pay six Pistoles to that useful Charity. 
 
 " A Course of Lectures on the Materia Medica, by John 
 3Iorgan, M. i)., F. P. S., and Professor of Medicine in the College 
 of Philadelphia. Price, Four Pistoles. 
 
 "This Course will commence on Monday', the 18th day of Xo- 
 vember, and be given three times a week, at the College, viz., 
 [Mondaj's, Wednesday's, and Frida3^s, at three o'clock in the 
 afternoon, till finished, which will last between three and four 
 months. 
 
 '• To render these lectures as instructive as possible to students 
 of Physic, the Doctor proposes, in the course of them, to give 
 some useful Observations on Medicine in general, and the proper 
 manner of conducting the study of Physic. The authors to be 
 read in the Materia Medica will be pointed out. The various 
 Substances made use of in Medicine will be reduced under Classes 
 suited to the principal Indications in the cure of Diseases. Simi- 
 lar virtues in different Plants, and their comparative powers, will 
 be treated of, and an Enquir}' made into the different Methods 
 
214 APPENDIX. 
 
 which have been used in discovering the Qualities of Medicines ; 
 tlie virtues of the most efficacious will be particularly insisted 
 upon; the Manner of preparing and combining them will be 
 shown by some instructive Lessons upon Pharmaceutic Chemis- 
 try: This will open to students a general Idea both of Chemistr3^ 
 and Pharmacy. To prepare them more effectually for under- 
 standing the art of prescribing with Elegance and Propriety, if 
 time allows, it is proposed to include in this course some critical 
 Lectures upon the chief Preparations contained in the Dispensa- 
 tories of the Royal College of Ph3'sicians at London and Edin- 
 burgh. The whole will be illustrated with many useful Practical 
 Observations on Diseases, Diet, and Medicines. 
 
 "jS^o person will be admitted without a Ticket for the whole 
 course. Those who propose to attend this course are desired to 
 applj^ to the Doctor for Tickets, at least a week before the Lec- 
 tures begin. A Dollar will be required of each student, to 
 matriculate, which will be applied in purchasing Books for a 
 Medical Librar}^ in the College for the Benefit of the Medical 
 Students. John Morgan. 
 
 " P. S. Two convenient lower stores to be let by Dr. Morgan, 
 under his dwelling on Water Street, near Walnut Street, where 
 Mr. Mease lately lived, at a very reasonable rate." 
 
 B. — page 91. 
 
 " Commencement of the College of Philadelphia, June 28, 
 lt69. 
 
 " The Degree of Bachelor of Medicine was conferred on James 
 Armstrong, Josias Carroll Hall, John Hodge, John Houston, 
 Thomas Pratt, Alexander Skinner, Myndert Yeeder, and John 
 Winder. 
 
 " The Medical Exercises were the following: — 
 
 " An oration in honor of Medicine, by Mr. Hall. 
 
 " A Forensic Dispute, w^hether Medicine hath done most good 
 or harm in the world, by Messrs. Alexander Skinner and John 
 Hodge. 
 
 " An oration on the most probable method of obtaining a good 
 old age, by Mr. John Winder. 
 
 " In the composition of these exercises the young gentlemen 
 gave full proofs of learning, as well as a thorough acquaintance 
 with their subjects and the History of Physic, and they were 
 
APPENDIX. 215 
 
 honored with the close atteutiou and warm approbation of the 
 audience. Mr. Skinner's part of the Forensic Dispute, in par- 
 ticular, seemed to afford singular entertainment, from the candid 
 freedom which he took with his own Profession, and the very 
 humorous manner in which he attempted to prove that Medicine 
 had done more harm than good in the world; which Position of 
 his was, however, very seriously and fully replied to by Mr. 
 Hodge. To this succeeded a very solemn and interesting charge, 
 in which the Provost addressed himself chiefly to the graduates 
 in the arts, adding, with respect to the graduates in Ph3^sic, that 
 he had prevailed on a gentleman of their own Profession, whose 
 precepts would receive Dignit}^ from his ^^ears and experience, to 
 la}^ before them what he thought requisite as w^ell for the honour 
 of the College, as for promoting their own future honour and 
 usefulness in life. This part was accordingl}^ performed b}^ Dr. 
 Thomas Bond, in a manner so truly feeling and affectionate that 
 it could not fail to make a serious impression on those for whom 
 it was designed." — Pennsylvania Gazette^ J^^ly 6, 1*769. 
 
 C. — page T5. 
 
 The following is the announcement of the course under the 
 organization of the Faculty at the date specified: — ■ 
 
 "College of Philadelphia, Oct. 13, 1769. 
 
 " Dr. Rush's lutroductoiy Lecture to his course of Chemistry 
 will be delivered publickly at the College on Monda}-, the 30th 
 inst., at 11 o'clock in the Forenoon. 
 
 "Dr. Morgan's Course of Lectures on the Theoiy and Prac- 
 tice of Physic will begin on Monday, the 30th inst., at 3 o'clock 
 in the afternoon. 
 
 '• Dr. Bond's Course of Clinical Lectures will begin on Tuesday, 
 the 31st inst., at 11 o'clock in the forenoon, at the Pennsylvania 
 Hospital. 
 
 " Dr. Kuhn's Course of Materia !Medica will begin on Wednes- 
 da}', the first of November, at 11 o'clock in the forenoon. 
 
 '•Dr. Shippen's Course of Anatoni}^ and Surgery will be given 
 on Wednesday, the first of Xovember, at six o'clock in the 
 evening. 
 
 '• Those gentlemen who propose to attend these lectures are 
 desired to call on the respective Professors for Tickets of Admis- 
 
216 APPENDIX. 
 
 sion, any time before the coarse commences." — Pennsylvania 
 Gazette. 
 
 D. — page 75. 
 
 " Minutes of Board of Trustees, May 20, Ittl. 
 
 " Agreed to the explanation made by the Faculty of the Clause 
 for examining the Candidates for a Doctor's Degree in Physic, 
 which is as follows : — 
 
 " That such Candidates be examined on their Theses before the 
 day of Commencement, and on that day, immediately before re- 
 ceiving their Degrees, they be asked a few Questions in Latin on 
 the subject of their Thesis, which they are to answer in the same 
 language. 
 
 " It is the order of the Trustees that the Fee for the Degree of 
 Doctor in Physic, be to the Provost one Guinea, and one Guinea 
 to each of the Medical Professors, and that the Public Commence- 
 ment be held on Friday, June 28th. 
 
 " It is ordered that all the Fees on Degrees be paid or settled 
 for before the conferring of Degrees. 
 
 " At the Commencement June 28th, Ittl, the Degree of Bache- 
 lor of Physic was conferred on Benjamin Alison, Jonathan 
 Easton, John Kuhn, Frederick Kuhn, Bodo Otto, Robert Pot- 
 tinger, and William Smith. 
 
 ''Messrs. Jonathan Elmer, of ^. J.; Jonathan Potts, of Potts- 
 grove, Pa. ; James Tilton, of Dover ; and Mcholas Way, of Wil- 
 mington, then presented themselves, agreeably to the Rules of 
 the College, to defend, in Latin, the Dissertations printed for 
 the Degree of Doctor in Physic. 
 
 " Mr. Elmer's Piece, ' De Causis et Remediis sitis in Febribus,' 
 was impugned by Dr. Kuhn, Professor of Botany and Materia 
 Medica. 
 
 "Mr. Potts, 'De Febribus intermittentibus, potissimum ter- 
 tianis,' was impugned by Dr. Morgan, Professor of the Theory 
 and Practice of Physic. 
 
 "Mr. Tilton's 'De Hydrope' was impugned by Dr. Shippen, 
 Professor of Anatomy. 
 
 " Mr. Way's ' De Yariolarum Insitione' was impugned by Dr. 
 Rush, Professor of Chemistry, 
 
 "Each of the candidates having judiciously answered the ob- 
 jections made to some parts of their Dissertations, the Provost 
 conferred upon them the Degree of Doctor of Physic, with par- 
 
APPENDIX. 217 
 
 ticular solemnitj^, as the highest mark of literary honour which 
 they could receive in the Profession. 
 
 " Dr. Morgan, who was appointed to that part of the Business, 
 entered into a particular account of those Branches of study 
 which the Medical Gentlemen ought still to prosecute with unre- 
 mitted Diligence, if the}'' w^ished to be eminent in their Profession, 
 lading down some useful rules for an honourable practice in the 
 Discharge of it. He observed that the ' oath' which was pre- 
 scribed by Hippocrates to his Disciples had been generally adopted 
 in Universities and Schools of Physic on like occasions, and that 
 laying aside the form of oaths, the College, which is of a free 
 spirit, wished onl}^ to bind its Sons and Graduates by the ties of 
 Honour and Gratitude, and that therefore he begged leave to 
 impress upon those who had received the distinguished Degree of 
 Doctor, that as they were among the foremost sons of the Insti- 
 tution, and as the Birth Day of Medical Honours had arisen upon 
 them with auspicious lustre, thc}^ would, in their practice, consult 
 the safety of their Patients, the good of the community, and the 
 dignit}^ of their Profession, so that the Seminar}^ from which they 
 derived their Titles in Physic, might never have cause to be 
 ashamed of them." 
 
 E. — page 81. 
 
 *^* " It has given Dr. Shippen much pain to hear that not- 
 withstanding all the caution and care he has taken to preserve 
 the utmost decency in opening and dissecting dead bodies, which 
 he has persevered in chiefly from the motive of being useful to 
 mankind, some evil-minded persons, either w^antonly or mali- 
 ciously, have reported to his disadvantage that he has taken up 
 some persons who are buried in the Church Burying Ground, 
 which has distressed the minds of his worthy Fellow Citizens. 
 The Doctor, with much pleasure, improves this opportunity to 
 declare that the Report is absolutely false, and to assure them 
 that the bodies he dissected were either of persons who had wil- 
 fully murdered themselves, or were publickly executed, except 
 now and then one from Potter's field, whose death was owing to 
 some particular disease, and that he never had one body from the 
 church or an}' private Burial Place." — Pennsylvania Gazette^ 
 Oct. 31, 1705. 
 
218 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 F.— page 120. 
 
 Number of Graduates from 1^68 ^o 1810. 
 
 It is impossible to present a complete list of the students 
 attending lectures in the College and University prior to 1810. 
 'No catalogues are in existence to which to refer for information, 
 and all that can be known of the progressive prosperity of the 
 School is derived from the annual registration of the graduates. 
 For a long time no regular minutes of the Faculty of Medicine 
 appear to have been kept, and our source of knowledge of the 
 affairs of the Medical Department is the record of the Board of 
 Trustees. The system of rotation in the office of Dean was not 
 calculated to secure the methodical transcription of the business 
 operations of the Faculty, which is now desirable in determining 
 points of historical interest, and, until the appointment of Dr. 
 Horner as permanent Dean, perfect regularity in the preservation 
 of all the minutiae connected with attendance and graduation, was 
 not introduced. The following summary may be regarded as 
 correct Avith reference to the graduates within the period specified 
 above ; it was carefully prepared by Drs. Wood and Horner, and 
 introduced into the sketcli of the Medical Department published 
 with the general list of graduates.^ 
 
 A. D. 1768, Graduates 
 
 " 1769, 
 
 " 1770, " 
 
 " 1771, " 
 
 " 1773, " 
 
 " 1780, " 
 
 " 1781, " 
 
 " 1782, " 
 
 . . 10 
 
 A. D 
 
 1783, 
 
 Graduates . 
 
 . 4 
 
 . . 8 
 
 " 
 
 1784, 
 
 
 8 
 
 . . 1 
 
 u 
 
 1785, 
 
 
 9 
 
 . . 7 
 
 
 1786, 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 ;; 
 
 1787, 
 
 
 5 
 
 . . 3 
 
 li 
 
 1788, 
 
 
 6 
 
 . . 2 
 
 a 
 
 1789, 
 
 
 3 
 
 . . 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 It will be perceived that there is a deficiency from HIS to 
 1*180. This was the period of the political troubles, which occu- 
 pied the attention of the country, and of the most stirring events 
 of the Revolution. 
 
 In the College. 
 
 
 In the University. 
 
 
 . D. 1790, Graduates ^ . 
 
 5 
 
 A. D. 1790, Graduates . . 
 
 12 
 
 " 1791, " . . 
 
 5 
 
 " 1791, " . . 
 
 1 
 
 ' The General Catalogue of Graduates was published in 1839, and re- 
 vised in 1845. 
 
APrEXDIX. 
 
 In the TTniversifij from 1T92 to 1810. 
 
 A. D. 1702, Graduates . . 6 
 
 '• 1793, " . . 10 
 
 " 1794, " . . 8 
 
 " 1795, " . . 4 
 
 " 1796, ■ " . . 4 
 
 " 1797, " . . 14 
 
 " 1798, " . . 12 
 
 " 1799, " . . 8 
 
 " 1800, " . . 10 
 
 " 1801, " . . 10 
 
 A. D. 1802, Graduates 
 
 " 1803, '■' 
 
 " 1804, 
 
 " 1805, " 
 
 " 1806, 
 
 " 1807, 
 
 " 1808, " 
 
 " 1809, " 
 
 " 1810, " 
 
 From 1810 to the present date, the lists of students 
 o-raduates have been carefully recorded; the following 
 summary : — 
 
 A. D. 1810-11, Matriculates 
 
 " 1811-12, 
 
 " 1812-13, " 
 
 " 1813-14, " 
 
 " 1814-15, " 
 
 " 1815-16, " 
 
 " 1816-17, 
 
 " 1817-18, " 
 
 " 1818-19, " 
 
 " 1819-20, " 
 
 ." 1820-21, " 
 
 " 1821-22, " 
 
 " 1822-23, " 
 
 " 1823-24, " 
 
 " 1824-25, " 
 
 " 1825-26, " 
 
 '• 1826-27, " 
 
 " 1827-28, " 
 
 " 1828-29, 
 
 " 1829-30, 
 
 " 1830-31, " 
 
 '■ 1831-32, " 
 
 " 1832-33, " 
 
 '^ 1833-34, " 
 
 " 1834-35, 
 
 " 1835-36, 
 
 " 1836-37, 
 
 " 1837-38, 
 
 " 1838-39, 
 
 " 1839-40, 
 
 " 184^-41-, 
 
 " 1841-42, 
 
 406 
 
 387 
 
 349 
 
 345 
 
 319 
 
 388 
 
 436 
 
 465 
 
 422 
 
 330 
 
 325 
 
 357 
 
 455 
 
 424 
 
 487 
 
 440 
 
 441 
 
 409 
 
 362 
 
 421 
 
 410 
 
 386 
 
 367 
 
 432 
 
 390 
 
 398 
 
 405 
 
 380 
 
 403 
 
 444 
 
 412 
 
 363 
 
 Graduates 
 
 219 
 
 . 22 
 . 15 
 . 13 
 . 24 
 . 21 
 . 31 
 . 60 
 . 63 
 . 65 
 
 and of 
 is tlie 
 
 63 
 
 70 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 44 
 
 70 
 
 74 
 
 87 
 
 102 
 
 78 
 
 66 
 
 77 
 
 101 
 
 96 
 
 111 
 
 114 
 
 131 
 
 133 
 
 109 
 
 127 
 
 151 
 
 134 
 
 117 
 
 145 
 
 135 
 
 132 
 
 162 
 
 157 
 
 158 
 
 163 
 
 166 
 
 114 
 
220 
 
 A. D. 
 
 
 APJ 
 
 ^ENDIX. 
 
 
 
 1842-43, 
 
 Matriculates 
 
 . 350 
 
 Graduates . 
 
 . 117 
 
 1843-44, 
 
 u 
 
 . 424 
 
 u 
 
 . 153 
 
 1844-45, 
 
 (( 
 
 . 446 
 
 a 
 
 . 164 
 
 1845-46, 
 
 (( 
 
 . 462 
 
 u 
 
 . 168 
 
 1846-47, 
 
 u 
 
 . 411 
 
 ;( 
 
 . 163 
 
 1847-48, 
 
 (( 
 
 . . 508 
 
 u 
 
 . 174 
 
 1848-49, 
 
 u 
 
 . . 499 
 
 (( 
 
 . . 190 
 
 1849-50, 
 
 ii 
 
 . 439 
 
 " 
 
 . 178 
 
 1850-51, 
 
 u 
 
 . 466 
 
 u 
 
 . 167 
 
 1851-53, 
 
 (( 
 
 . 410 
 
 u 
 
 . 151 
 
 1852-53, 
 
 u 
 
 . 431 
 
 . u 
 
 . . 166 
 
 1853-54, 
 
 (( 
 
 . 463 
 
 ii 
 
 . . 177 
 
 1854-55, 
 
 (( 
 
 . 426 
 
 a 
 
 . 178 
 
 1855-56, 
 
 u 
 
 . 372 
 
 " 
 
 . 142 
 
 1856-57, 
 
 u 
 
 . 454 
 
 u 
 
 . . 154 
 
 1857-58, 
 
 (( 
 
 . 435 
 
 u 
 
 . . 145 
 
 1858-59, 
 
 (( 
 
 . 409 
 
 (( 
 
 . . 142 
 
 1859-60, 
 
 u 
 
 . . 528 
 
 i(. 
 
 . 173 
 
 1860-61, 
 
 a 
 
 . . 465 
 
 u 
 
 . . 176 
 
 1861-62, 
 
 ;( 
 
 . . 309 
 
 u 
 
 . 92 
 
 1862-63, 
 
 ;( 
 
 . 319 
 
 ii 
 
 . 78 
 
 1863-64, 
 
 u 
 
 . 401 
 
 ii 
 
 . . 101 
 
 1864-65, 
 
 a 
 
 . 425 
 
 u 
 
 . 117 
 
 1865-66, 
 
 u 
 
 . . 520 
 
 (( 
 
 . . 164 
 
 1866-67, 
 
 u 
 
 . . 468 
 
 u 
 
 . 156 
 
 1867-68, 
 
 a 
 
 . . 408 
 
 u 
 
 . 153 
 
 Gr. — page 195. 
 
 P?^ofessors of the University connected 
 
 Hospital. 
 
 1. John Morgan, 
 
 with the Pennsylvania 
 
 2. Adam Kuhn, 
 
 3. James Hutchinson, 
 
 4. William Shippen, Jr., 
 
 5. Benjamin Rush, ..." 
 
 6. Caspar Wistar, . . . " 
 
 7. Philip Syng Physick, . " 
 
 8. Benjamin Smith Barton, " 
 
 9. John Redman Coxe, . " 
 10. Thomas C. James, . . " 
 
 from 1773 to 
 
 " 1778 to 
 '• 1774 to 
 " 1782 to 
 . " 1777 to 
 " 1779 to 
 " 1778 to 
 " 1791 to 
 . " 1783 to 
 . " 1793 to 
 . " 1794 to 
 1798 to 
 1802 to 
 1807 to 
 
 1783,1 ^^^'^• 
 
 11 mos 
 
 1798,} 2^^^^- 
 
 6 mos 
 
 1778,| 
 1793,; 
 
 
 
 1802,1 l^y^'^- 
 
 11 mos 
 
 1813, 29 yrs. 
 
 10 mos. 
 
 1810, 16 yrs. 
 
 5 mos 
 
 1816, 22 yrs. 
 
 1 mo. 
 
 1815, 17 yrs. 
 
 6 mos. 
 
 1807, 4 yrs. 
 
 9 mos. 
 
 1832, 25 yrs. 
 
 10 mos. 
 
APPEXDIX. 221 
 
 11. John Syxg Dorset, . from 1810 to 1818, 8 yrs. G mos. 
 
 12. Hugh L. Hodge, 
 
 13. George B. Wood, 
 
 14. Jacob Randolph, 
 
 15. George W. Xorris, 
 
 16. William Pepper, 
 IT. Joseph Carson, 
 
 1832 to 1854, 22 yrs. 
 1835 to 1859, 24 ^ts. 
 1835 to 1848, 12 3'rs. 10 mos. 
 
 1836 to 1863, 21 yrs. 
 1842 to 1859, IT yrs. 
 1849 to 1854, 5 yrs. 
 
 18. Francis Gurney Smith, " 1859 to 1864, 5 3TS. 
 
 Professors of the University connected with the Almshouse. 
 [Philadelphia Hospital.] 
 
 Adam Kuhn, 1TT4-1TT6 
 
 Benjamin Rush 1TT4-1TTT 
 
 Samuel P. Griffitts, .... 1T88-1T89 
 
 Caspar Wistar, 1T88-1T90 
 
 William Shippen, Jr 1T89-1T90 
 
 Thomas C. James, 1T9T-1821 
 
 Philip Stng Physick, .... 1801-1805 
 
 Benjamin Smith Barton, . . . 1804-1805 
 
 T c T^ (1805-1811 
 
 John Syng Dorse y, < 
 
 ' (1814-1818 
 
 Xathaniel Chapman, 
 
 (1805-1815 
 
 '' ' ■ ' *ll822-1832 
 
 William Gibson, 1821-1840 
 
 William E. Horner, .... 1821-1845 
 
 Samuel Jackson, 1822-1845 
 
 Hugh L. Hodge, 1822-1835 
 
 Jacob Randolph, 1 832-1 83T 
 
 Henry H. Smith, 1854-185T 
 
 R. A. F. Penrose, 1854-1868 
 
 Joseph Carson, 1 855-1 85T 
 
 Alfred Stille, 1865 
 
 H. — page 133. 
 
 The first Societ}' established in Philadelphia originated with 
 Dr. Morgan, and a number of other practitioners, including Dr. 
 J. Kearsley, Jr., Gerardus' Clarkson, James A. Baj-ard, Robert 
 Harris, and George Glentworth. It was called the ^'Philadelphia 
 Medical Society.^'' To this Association reference must have been 
 made by Dr. Rush in a letter to Dr. Morgan, in 1 T68, when he says: 
 
222 APPENDIX. 
 
 " B}^ means of Dr. Huck's and Dr. Franklin's friends, I have been 
 introdnced to Sir John Pringle, and have the honour of belong- 
 ing to a Medical Society, which meets every Wednesday evening 
 at his house. The plan of it is not unlike the Medical Society 
 3^ou have established in Philadelphia ; it consists of only eight or 
 ten, who are all Sir John's particular friends." Tlie Society in 
 which Dr. Morgan and the gentlemen mentioned were interested, 
 did not survive the Revolution, when another Association was 
 formed, entitled the ^'-American Medical Society.''^ With respect 
 to this we have met with the following notice : — 
 
 " The American Medical Society will meet at the College on 
 Monday, Nov. 2d (IV 83), at 1 o'clock in the evening. 
 
 Henry Stuber, /Sec." 
 
 Four other Societies subsequently came into existence. The 
 College of Physicians was organized in lt87, and was the third 
 body of medical men associated for medical improvement. Next 
 came the Philadelphia Medical Society, the Academy of Medi- 
 cine, and the Medical Lyceum, which latter, in 1816, was merged 
 into the Medical Society. 
 
 The Philadelphia Medical Society was instituted in 1789, was 
 first incorporated in 1792, and re-chartered in 1827. It was in- 
 tended " for the purpose of mutual improvement in the science 
 of medicine, and for the promoting of medical knowledge." It 
 consisted of Junior and Honorary members ; the first-mentioned 
 pertaining to the class of students. The exercises consisted of 
 papers on medical subjects, and debates upon them, in which all 
 were permitted to participate. This Society, after a spirited 
 career of sixty years, ceased an active existence in 1846. Be- 
 sides Drs. Rush and Barton, two other Professors of the Univer- 
 sity were elected to the oflftce of President. Dr. Physick suc- 
 ceeded Dr. Barton in 1815, and Dr. Chapman succeeded Dr. 
 Physick in 1837. It was the fourth Medical Society organized 
 in this cit}'', and was evidently founded in imitation of the Edin- 
 burgh Medical Society. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Aeernetht, Mr., 178 
 Abrogation of College charter, 89 
 Accessory course of lectures, 191 
 Ad eundem footing, 105, 148 
 Advertisement of Dr. Shippen -with re- 
 gard to midwifery, 113 
 Agnew, Dr. D. Hayes, 196 
 Albinus, 31 
 Aldricks, Director, 22 
 Allen. Dr. Harrison, 193 
 Almshouse, 196 
 Alston. Dr., of Edinburgh, 78 
 American Philosophical Society, His- 
 tory of, 32 
 American Society, 32 
 American Medical Society, 222 
 American Journal of Medical Sciences, 
 
 178 
 Anatomy, Dr. Cadwalader's lectures on, 
 40 
 Dr. Hunter, of Newport, lectures 
 
 on, 40 
 Dr. Shippen's lectures on, 40 
 Announcement of Dr. Shippen's lec- 
 tures in 1862, 40 
 First, of the medical lectures in 
 
 the College, 1765, 56 
 lectures of 1767, 61 
 Auxiliary Faculty, 191 
 
 Bachelor of Medicine, degree of, con 
 ferred by College in 1768. 68 
 conferred in New York in 1769, 68 
 abolition of degree of, 98 
 Baldwin, Dr. William, 131 
 Bird, Dr. John, 29, 30 
 Bard. Dr. Samuel, 68 
 Birthez, doctrines of, 176 
 Barton, Dr. Benjamin Smith, appointed 
 Professor of Natural History and 
 Botany, 93 
 elected Professor of Materia Medi- 
 
 ca, 108 
 elected to the Chair of Practice, 125 
 sketch of his life, 126 
 
 Barton, Dr. William P. C, 130, 135 
 Birtram, John, 33 
 
 William, 90 
 Beck, Dr., on medical honors, 67 
 Bell, Dr. John, of Philadelphia, 157 
 
 John, of Edinburgh, 186 
 
 Sir Charles, 186 
 Bigelow, Dr. Jacob, 130 
 Black, Dr. Joseph, 85 
 Boerhaave, 30 
 Bond, Dr. Thomas, 29, 30, 91 
 
 letter to the Committee of Safety, 
 88 
 
 clinical lectures in the Pennsylva- 
 nia Hospital, 57 
 Bond, Dr. Phineas, 29, 33 
 Borgetta, Dr Maria Bernardus, 91 
 Botany, Dr. Kuhu appointed Professor 
 
 of, 65 
 Botanical Garden, Bartrams, 130 
 of the University, 135 
 
 Cadwalader. Dr. Thomas, 29, 31 
 Caldwell, Dr. Charles, 198 
 Carson, Dr John, elected Professor of 
 Chemistry, 101 
 Dr. Joseph, elected Professor of 
 Matei'ia Medica and Pharmacy, 
 179 
 Caldwell, Dr. Charles, 135 
 Cl'.almers, Dr., 25 
 
 Chapman, Dr. Nathaniel, appointed 
 with Dr. James to teach obste- 
 trics, 115 
 appointed Professor of Materia 
 
 Medica, 125 
 appointed I'rofessor of Practice, 13 
 sketch of ills life, 172 
 Church, Dr. John, 198 
 Clayton, Dr., 25 
 Clossy, Dr. Samuel, 68 
 Clinical instruction, 195 
 in Hospital 196 
 in .Alnishou.se, 196 
 Coldeu, Cadwallader, 25 
 
224 
 
 IXDEX. 
 
 Coleman, Willinra, 33 
 College of Philadelphia, foundation of, 
 52 
 
 revival of, 92 
 
 union of with the University, 97 
 
 of Physicians, 221 
 Colman, Rev. Benjamin, 21 
 Colonists of North America, 18 
 Commencement of 1768, 69 
 
 of 1769, 71 
 
 of 1771, 75 
 Cooper, Dr. Thomas, 135 
 
 Sir Astley, 186 
 Coxe, Dr. John Redman, elected Pro- 
 fessor of Chemistry, 108 
 
 transferred to the Chair of Materia 
 Medica, 142 
 
 sketch of his life, 156 
 Cullen, Dr. William, 82, 128 
 Cummings, Dr., 198 
 Currie, Dr. James, 45 
 
 Darlington, Dr. William, 130 
 De Lancey, Rev. Wm. H., Provost, 210 
 Degree of M. B., College of Philadel- 
 phia, 67 
 of M. D., 71 
 
 of M.D., University of Edinburgh, 
 80 
 Degrees in Pharmacy, 145 
 in Medicine, 66 
 
 rules for 59, 95, 117 
 Des Cartes, 122 
 
 De Costa, Dr, Joannes Franciscus, 91 
 Dewees, Dr. William P., appointed Ad- 
 junct Professor of Obstetrics, 148 
 elected Professor of, 163 
 sketch of his life, 161 
 Difficulties of filling the professorships 
 
 in the University in 1781-82, 90 
 Dispensary, Philadelphia, 102 
 
 Clinics, 202 
 Dorsey, John Syng, elected to the Chair 
 of Materia Medica, 133 
 elected to the Chair of Anatomy, 
 
 142 
 sketch of his life, 142 
 Drummond, Mr., 78 
 
 Early medical teaching, 39 
 
 Edinburgh, foundation of the Univer- 
 sity of, 79 
 
 EfiFects of the American Revolution on 
 the College, 85 
 
 Evans, Dr. Cadwalader, 29 
 
 Ewing. Rev. Dr. John, Provost, 90 
 
 Examinations for degrees, 68 
 mode of, 115 
 
 Faculty, Medical, of College in 1769-70, 
 
 75 
 Faculty of University in 1835, 164 
 1869, 193 
 of University of Edinburgh in 1768, 
 85 
 Fees in College for medical instruction, 
 
 65 
 Fothergill, Dr. John, 37-41 
 Foulke. Dr. John, 89 
 Fox, Dr. George, case of Csesarean sec- 
 tion, 188 
 Franklin, Dr., 33, 52 
 
 Garden, Dr., 25 
 
 Garden, Botanical, 130, 135 
 
 Gastric origin of fever, 178 
 
 Gaubius, 31 
 
 Gerhard, Dr. William, 202 
 
 Gibson, Dr. AVilliam, appointed Pro- 
 fessor of Surgery, 144 
 sketch of his life, 185 
 Mr. Joseph, 111 
 
 Godfrey, Thomas, 33 
 
 Godman, Dr. John D., 178 
 
 Gordon, Thomas F., 22 
 
 Graduates first in Medicine, 69 
 
 Graduation, rules for, 117 
 
 Graeme, Dr. Thomas, 29, 36 
 
 Gratuitous studentships, 146 
 
 Gregory, Dr. John, 83, 85 
 
 Green Box, 116 
 
 Green House, Dr. Barton's, 131 
 
 Green Room, 199 
 
 Grifhtts, Dr. Samuel P., appointed Pro- 
 fessor of Materia Medica and 
 Pharmacy, 93 
 sketch of his life, 1 02 
 
 Hare, Dr. Robert, appointed Professor 
 of Chemistry'', 142 
 sketch of his life, 165 
 
 Hartshorne, Dr. Henry, 193 
 
 Hayden, Dr. F. V., 193 
 
 Hays, Dr Isaac, 178 
 
 Hewson, Mr. William, 48 
 Dr Thomas T., 135 
 
 Hodge, Dr. Hugh L., appointed Pro- 
 fessor of Obstetrics, 160 
 resignation of, 189 
 
 Home, Dr. Francis, 85 
 
 Honors, first medical, QQ 
 
 Hooper, Dr., 31 
 
 Hope, Dr. John, 85 
 
 Hopkinson, Thomas, 33 
 
 Horner, Dr. William E., appointed As- 
 sistant to Dr Physic, 144 
 appointed Adjunct Professor of 
 Anatomy, 144 
 
INDEX. 
 
 225 
 
 Horner, Dr. William E , appointed Pro- 
 fessor of xVuatomy, 149 
 sketch of his life, 182 
 Horstield, Dr. Thomas, 131 
 Hosack, Dr. David, on medical honors, 
 
 67 
 Hospital, Pennsylvania, 36 
 Howard, Thomas, 21 
 Hunter, Dr. William, of Newport, 40 
 Dr. William, of London, 48 
 Mr. John, 48 
 Hutchinson, Dr. James, elected Pro- 
 fessor of Chemistry and Materia 
 Medica in the University, 94 
 sketch of his life, 99 
 
 Instruction, clinical, 195 
 
 Jackson, Dr. Samuel, appointed As- 
 sistant Professor, 149 
 elected Professor of the Institutes, 
 
 160 
 resignation of, 189 
 James, Dr. Thomas Chalkley, elected 
 Professor of Midwifery, 114 
 sketch of his life, 154 
 Johnson, Dr. William P., 202 
 
 Kalm, Professor, 24 
 Kearsley, Dr. John, 28 ' 
 
 Dr. John, Jr., 29 
 Kuhn, Dr. Adam, elected Prof, of Ma- 
 teria Medica and Botany, 64 
 elected Professor of Practice in the 
 
 University, 93 
 sketch of his life, 64 
 
 La Roche, Dr. Rend, 53 
 Lecture term altered, 171 
 Lectures, Dr. Shippen's, 40 
 
 clinical, in Hospital, 57, 194 
 in Almshouse, 196 
 
 of Dr. Smith, Provost, 62 
 
 accessory course, 191 
 Leib, Dr., 197 
 Leidy, Dr. Joseph, elected Professor of 
 
 Anatomy, 185 
 Letsom, Dr., 127 
 Leyden, University of, 30, 80 
 Lining, Dr., of S. C, 25 
 Location of Almshouse, 199 
 
 of College buildings, 205 
 
 of University buildings, 207 
 Logan, James, 40 
 
 Magill, Mr., 78 
 McKenzie, Dr., 49 
 McClung, Dr. James, 00 
 Mease, Dr. James, 145 
 
 15 
 
 Medal awarded to Dr. Morgan, 58 
 Medical teaching in America, first, 39 
 Middleton, Dr. Peter, 24, 68 
 Midwifery, separation from Anatomy, 
 
 144 
 Miller, Dr. Edward, 178 
 Mitchell, Dr., of Virginia, 25 
 Mobs in Edinburgh and Philadelphia, 81 
 Monro, Mr. Alexander, 78 
 Monteith, Dr., 78 
 Moore, Dr. Samuel Preston, 36 
 Morgagni, 46 
 Morgan's, Dr. John, Address, 44 
 
 elected the Professor of Theory 
 and Practice of Physic, 53 
 
 sketch of his life, 44 
 
 death of, 93 
 Moyes', Dr., lectures, 102 
 Museum, Wistar and Horner, 140, 184 
 
 Nancrede, Dr. Joseph, case of Ccesarean 
 section, 188 
 
 National Pharmacopoeia, 103 
 
 Natural History, Dr. Barton appointed 
 Professor of in College, 93 
 
 Natural Science professorships, 135 
 
 Newcomb, Mr. Daniel, permitted to at- 
 tend lectures on ad eundem footing, 
 105 
 
 Norris, Dr. George W., elected Clinical 
 Professor, 203 
 
 North American Medical and Surgical 
 Journal, 178 
 
 Number of professorships in 1811, 116 
 
 Nuttall, Mr. Thomas, 128 
 
 Obstetrics, separation from Anatomy, 
 110 
 
 estimation of in Europe, 110 
 
 instruction on, in Scotland and 
 England, 111 
 
 Dr. Thomas C. James elected Pro- 
 fessor of, 114 
 
 made essential for a degree, 115 
 
 Owen, Dr. Griffith, 27 
 
 Parsons, William, 33 
 
 Patterson, Dr. Robert M., 32 
 
 Penn, William, 26 
 
 Penn, Thomas, Esq., letter to the 
 Trustees of the College of Philadel- 
 phia, 50 
 
 Penrose, Dr. R. A. F., elected Professor 
 of Obstetrics, &c., 189 
 
 Pepper, Dr. William, elected Professor 
 of Practice, 188 
 sketch of his life, 189 
 
 Petersen, Jan, of Alfendolft, 22 
 
226 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Petition to the Legislature with regard 
 
 to irregular practitioners, 105 
 Pharmacopoeia, National, 103 
 Philadelphia Journal of the Medical 
 and Physical Sciences, 198 
 Medical and Physical Journal, 132 
 Physicians, first, of Philadelphia, 26 
 Physic, Professorship of Theory and 
 
 Practice instituted, 53 
 Physick, Dr. Philip Syng, elected Pro- 
 fessor of Surgery, 104 
 resignation, and sketch of his life, 
 149 
 Pictures, anatomical, donation of by 
 Dr. Fothergill to Pennsylvania PIos- 
 pital, 41 
 Plummer, Dr. Andrew, 78 
 Potterfield, Dr., 79 
 Potts, Dr. Jonathan, letter, 87 
 
 graduation, 69-75 
 Priestley, Dr. Joseph, refusal to accept 
 
 the Chair of Chemistry, 101 
 Publication of Dr. Cullen's lectures on 
 Materia Medica, and First Lines, in 
 Philadelphia, 84 
 Pursh, Frederick, Mr., 126 
 
 Qualifications for the Professorship of 
 Chemistry, letter from Faculty, 
 108 
 
 for the Bachelor's degree in medi- 
 cine, 60 
 
 for the degree of Doctor of Medi- 
 cine, 60, 95 
 
 for the degree of M. D. in the Uni- 
 versity of Edinburgh, 80 
 
 Rae, Dr. John, 85 
 
 Ramsay, Dr. David, 72, 90, 124 
 
 Randolph, Dr. Jacob, elected Clinical 
 Professor, 203 
 
 Redman, Dr. John, 29, 36, 53 
 
 Reese, Dr. John J., 193 
 
 Repeal of the act of the Legislature ab- 
 rogating the charter of the College, 
 91 
 
 Revolution, efi'ects of the American, on 
 the College, 86 ' 
 
 Rhodes, Samuel, 33 
 
 Riollay, Dr. Francis, 178 
 
 Rogers, Dr. James B., elected Professor 
 of Chemistry, 181 
 sketch of his life, 182 
 
 Rogers, Dr. Robert E., elected Prof, of 
 Chemistry, 182 
 
 Rules for the government of the Medi- 
 cal School of the College, 59 
 
 Rush, Dr. Benjamin, elected Professor 
 of Chemistry, 71 
 
 Rush, Dr. Benjamin, elected Professor of 
 Theory and Practice in the Col- 
 lege, 93 
 elected Professor of Theory and 
 Practice of Institutes and Clini- 
 cal Medicine in the University, 
 104 
 sketch of his life, 122 
 Rutherford, Dr. John, 78 
 Sargent, John, Esq., medal, 58 
 Services of the Medical Professors and 
 graduates in the American Revolu- 
 tion, 87 
 Sewell, Dr. Thomas, 21 
 
 on piedical honors, 67 
 Shippen, Dr. William, Sr., 29, 53 
 
 Dr. William, Jr., application for 
 
 professorship, and election, 55 
 sketch of his life, 84 I, t\ 
 death of, 105 
 ShoefF, 25 
 Silliman, Dr., 165 
 Sinclair, Dr. Andrew, 78 
 Smellie, Dr., 112 
 Smith, Dr. William, Provost, 62 
 reappointment, 92 
 Dr. James, 68 
 Smith, Dr. Henry H., elected Professor 
 
 of Surgery, 188 
 Smith, Dr. Francis Gurney, elected Pro- 
 fessor of Institutes, 189 
 Mr. Robert, Professor of Obstetrics 
 in Edinburgh, 111 
 Society, American Philosophical, 32 
 American, 34 
 American Medical, 222 
 Philadelphia Medical, 222 
 Somers, Dr., 31 
 Stacy, Mahlon, 19 
 Still^, Dr. Alfred, elected Professor of 
 
 Theory and Practice, etc., 191 
 Story, Thomas, 27 
 Studentships, gratuitous, 146 
 Surgery separated from Anatomy, 104 
 
 Tennent, Dr., of Virginia, 25 
 
 Dr. John V. B., 68 
 Thatcher, Dr. Thomas, 21 
 
 on medical and clerical professions, 
 21 
 Theses, 76, 126 
 Thomas, Gabriel, 19, 23, 25 
 Thomson's, Dr. John, Life of Dr. Cul- 
 
 len, 83 
 Til ton, Dr. James, 87, 90 
 Trustees, Medical, of College in 1765, 
 53 
 in 1868, 53 
 
IXDEX. 
 
 227 
 
 University of Edinburgh, 77 
 
 of the State of Pennsylvania, 89 
 of Pennsylvania. 97 
 of Maryland, 187 
 buildings, 207 
 
 Von Soemmering, 140 
 
 Welcome, Ship, 26 
 
 Whytt, Dr. Robert, 82 
 
 Williams, Rev, Nathaniel, 21 
 
 Wilson, Rev. Matthew, 22 
 
 Wistar, Dr. Caspar, elected Professor 
 
 of Chemistry and Institutes in 
 
 the College, 93 
 
 Wistar, Dr. Casper, elected Professor 
 of Anatomy, 107 
 sketch of his life, 185 
 Wood, Dr. George B., elected Professor 
 of Materia Medica, 1 60 
 elected Professor of Pi'actice, etc , 
 
 179 
 resignation of, 188 
 Dr. Horatio, 193 
 Woodhouse, Dr. James, elected Pro- 
 fessor of Chemistry, 102 
 sketch of his life, 107 
 
 Young, Dr. Thomas, 85, 111 
 
 Zachary, Dr. Lloyd, 29, 36 
 
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