,A^^' '^>. -^ .^^ <%.. •x* 1> ^-^^ A'^^ 'J- >0 c PIEDMONT AIR LINE RAILWAY. THE POPULAR ROUTE TO ALL POINTS IN FLORIDA, Passenc^ers will find this line, via Ricliniond, Greensboro and Charlotte^ the best route. The cars are comfortable; eating houses good ; scenery diversified and entertaining. It passes through an upland country the entire distance, and through more of the principal cities, and is 45 miles shorter than any other route via Columbia to Aiken, Augusta, Savannah, Jacksonville and all points in Florida. Tickets are on sale via Charlotte, Atlanta, Macon and Jesup to Jacksonville, at same price of via Columbia, Charleston and Savannah. Excursion, Tickets have been put on sale on this Line via Washington, [.rnchburg, Danville, Charlotte and Atlanta, and via Baltimore, Richmond, Charlotte and Atlanta. Pi-ice— New York to Jacksonville and return, $G0.00. SLEEPING CARS ON ALL NIGHT TRAINS. This line is now making tiie quickest time ever made to southern and soutlmestern points. New York to Atlanta only 42 hours; Montgomery, 50 ; Mobile, 59 : New Orleans, 06 ; Galveston, 90 hours : having the advantage (»f from 64 to 235 miles in distance Connections are easilv made and are always sure. Tickets good until used, and always as cheap as by any other ^^ll-i'^^^^^J't^.^^l^.^^^,^ CAUTION.— Be sure and soo that your tickets read MA KlCHxMUJN^, GREENSl'.ORO and, CHARLOTTE. . . , . ^ c n „f «n For full iuformatiou see small lime tables and circulars to be found at all ticket offices. ^ ^ MACMURDO, Oen'l Pass Agent, C. TINGLING, Richmond, ^■a. Gen'l Eastern Pa?seuspv Agent, 9 Astor House, N. \ . /^ Txa:^] km To MB TflEOM Floim, "T+f£ tAI^B Of rtOWE^S/' CONTAINIXG A HISTORICAL SKETCH, GEOGRAPHICAL. AGRICULTURAL AND CLIMATIC STATISTICS, ROUTES OF TRAVEL BY LAND AND SEA, AND GENERAL INFORMATION INVALUABI-E TO TUK iuDaUb, (liourist or (Jrmioiraut. Enlerc-l according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by C n AS. D. OWENS, / ^ in tho Offlce of the Librarian of Congress, at Wasmngton. PUBLISHED BY CHAS. D. OWENS. NEW YORK. 1875. B.R THE TO Florida and the South, OFFEKS NOW FIVE nOUTES TO JACKSONVILLE, Either one of them better than can be offered by any other Line. Route 1. Via Washington, Lynchburg, Knoxville, Dalton, Atlanta, Macon and Jesup, has only one change of cars between Baltimore and Jacksonville, and makes the trip from New York to Jacksonville in 72 hours. Route 2. Via Washington, Lynchburg, Danville, Charlotte, Columbia, Augusta and Savannah is the shortest in miles and avoids all transfers except one in Savannah. Route 3. Via V/ashington, Lynchburg, Danville, Chai-lotte, Columbia, Charleston and Savannah gives an opportunity to visit Charleston, and is a very popular route. Route 4* Via Washington, Lynchburg, Danville, Columbia, Augusta, Yemassee and Savannah. Route 5» Via Washington, Lynchburg, Danville, Augusta, Macon and Jesup. PULLMAN PALACE DAY AND NIGHT CARS ON ALL THESE ROUTES. Baggage checked through, and every comfort of any first-class Line offered. Tickets for sale at all oflBices where BMthnore & Ohio and Pennsylvania R. K. Tickets are sold. ■ > Further information may be obtained of G. M. HUNTINGTON, rj Q { General Eastern Agent, X' \ 349 Broadway, N. Y. 0?s ^/ c/ /^ GUIDE TO AHD THROUGH FLOpA, Five years after Christopher Cohimbus first saw land in the New World, another navigator, Sebastian Cabot, sailing under the English flag, discovered the coast of Florida. This v/as in 1497. It was not until the spring of 1512 that the Europeans, made a permanent landing. A veteran cavalier of Spain, Juan Ponce de Leon, impelled by a romantic fancy that in the West there existed a fountain whose waters restored the aged to perpetual youth, raised an expedition of enthusiasts like himself and set sail on this wondrous voyage. of discovery. He saw the coast for the first time on Easter Sunday, in April, 15 12, which day the Spaniards call Pasqua Florida, and because the charming country spread before him was fairly radiant with wild flowers, he gave it the beautiful name of Florida. This landing was made near the site of the present city of St. Augustine The cavalier's search for the immortal spring was fruitless. The Indians harassed and picked off his ban^ with poisoned arrows, and he was finally forced to quit the country. He carried with him to Cuba a mortal wound which caused his death soon after his arrival there. A dozen years later Spain again attempted to colonize the peninsula. Narvaez was appointed Governor and landed 4 GUIDF TO FLORIDA. with three hundred men. He made no attempt at settle- ment however, but wandered off on an exploring expedi- tion, and after many hardships, finally reached the far off country of the Mexicans. The illustrious Ferdinand de Soto, the discoverer of the Mississippi river, followed him to Florida. He landed in Tampa Bay with a thousand followers, in the spring of 1539. His march through the interior was disputed at every step by the aborigines, and his little army was so decimated by war, fatigue and sick- ness, that when his own body was committed to the bosom of the ' ' Father of Waters ' ' two years later, but a third of them survived. The first actual settlement of Florida was made oy the French Huguenots who, under Jean Ribault, attempted to plant a colony at the mouth of the St. Johns River in 1564. This roused the ire of the Spaniards, who claimed the country as their own, and an expedition was sent out under the command of Don Pedro Menendez to extermi- nate the Frenchmen. The Don did his bloody work effectually. The little French city was taken by surprise, and all of its inhabitants were massacred. Above their bodies, v/hich he had suspended from the trees, Menendez left this inscription : '' Not because they are Frenchmen, but because they are heretics and enemies of God."* But vengeance on the cruel Castilians was swift. Three years later an expedition under De Gourgues, a Huguenot gen- tleman, set sail from France, and landing at St. Augustine, which the Spaniards had just built, attacked and took it after a severe battle. A portion of the garrison were taken to the site of the ruined French settlement on the St. Johns, and there hung to the same trees, with this inscription over their heads: ''Not because they are Spaniards, but because they are traitors, robbers and mur- derers. ' ' GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 5 It was in 1565 that Menendez founded the city of St. Augustine, the oldest within the present limits of the United States. From this foothold colonies were sent out along the coast and into the interior of the province, and for an hundred years or more Florida was a growing and thriving Spanish colony. The Indians were almost uniformly hostile, but the superior civilization prevailed over them. Many vestiges of the early Spanish settle- ments in the State remain to show what the country was at this flourishing era of its history. The period of its deca- dence was at the conclusion of the great Continental war of 1753-60, when it passed from Spain into the possession of Great Britain. In the meantime it had been the scene of many conflicts. The English, under Sir Francis Drake, attacked and plundered St. Augustine in 1586. It was pillaged by the Indians in 161 1, and sacked by the Buc- caneers in 1665. Governor Moore, of South Carolina, raided into the colony in 1702, and unsuccessful attempts were made by the Georgians in 1725, 1740 and 1743 to capture and* destroy St. Augustine. In 1763 Spain ceded the whole territory of Florida to Great Britain. So greatly had its prosperity declined that its population did not exceed 600. In 1781, the Spaniards captured Pensacola, and three years later, by virtue of the treaty of 1784, they resumed jurisdiction over the country. During the last war with Great Britain the English troops under Col. Nichols occupied Pensacola, but General Jack- son appearing before the town, they decamped to their fleet. Jackson, while fighting the Indians in 181 8, was so affronted by the conduct of the Spanish governor that he took possession of Pensacola and sent the Spanish prison- ers to Havana. The Spanish government recognized ''manifest destiny" in 1 819, and consented to the cession of the entire terri- 6 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. tory of Florida to the United States. The exchange of flags took place in 1821, a territorial government was established in 1822, and Florida was admitted as a State into the Union in 1845. From the time of the cession down almost to our own day, there have raged those desolating Indian wars which reddened the border settlements with the blood of white men, women and children, and made the Everglades re- sound with the dying whoop of the hunted Seminole. The story of the valor of Coa-cou-chee, of Osceola, and of Little Cloud, fighting the last battles of their race for the hunting grounds of their ancestors, has passed into poetry and romance. > Florida, like her sister Southern States, was a battle- ground between North and South in the late civil war. After the passage of the ordinance of secession in 1861, Fort Pickens in Pensacola harbor, was invested by the Con- federate troops, and the Navy Yard was occupied.^. < Fer- nandina and St. Augustine were captured by Admiral Dupont's fleet in 1862. The following month the United States forces occupied Jacksonville, and the Confederate authorities abandoned nearly the whole of Northern and Western Florida, including Pensacola, and withdrew their army into Georgia. The year 1864 was characterized by raids on both sides. General Birney penetrated to Trent Creek, and the Confederate salt v/orks at Ocala were de- stroyed. In February of this year General Trueman Sey- mour marched westward with a large body of United States troops, and at Olustee was disastrously defeated by the Confederate army under General Joseph Finegan. He retreated with a loss of 1200 men, leaving his dead and wounded on the field ; and during the remaining months of the war the Federals were on the defensive. .After the surrender of General Tee, at Appomattox, GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 7 Virginia, the people of Florida abandoned further re- sistance, and the State was duly reconstructed by Con- gress. The State of Florida extends from the parallel of 31° North latitude to 25° North latitude, and lies within 80° and 88° West longitude from Greenwich. It is in the same latitude with the Desert of Sahara, Southern China and Northern Mexico, but its comparative degree of heat is not accurately indicated by its latitude, for it is isother- mal with the Bermudas, Egypt, Northern Hindostan, Southern California and Louisiana. Moreover, lying between the Gulf of Mexico and the Gulf Stream, its main portion is fanned by ocean breezes which materially modify the temperature. The shape of the State has been likened to that of a boot; the foot part being Northern Florida, and the leg being the peninsula. The first extends about 350 miles from East to West, and the peninsula 400 miles from North to South, and ninety miles, on the average, from East to West. The Gulf Stream skirts the Eastern coast about 300 miles. The State contains 59,868 square miles, or 37,931,520 acres, and is therefore a little larger than Georgia, Illinois or Michigan, and almost as large as the New England States or the ignited kingdoms of Portugal, Belgium and the Netherlands. The extent of her coast line is rather extraordinary. It is not less than 1,100 miles ; a distance nearly equal to that from Portland, Maine, to Jacksonville, Florida, in a straight line. The surface of the eastern section of the State is gener- ally level. In Western Florida it is rolling or hilly. The 8 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. extreme southern part is covered with swamps. The coast is indented with thousands of bays and inlets formed by the jutting of the land, and by innumerable islands. The principal rivers are the Apalachicola, which has its source in the mountains of Upper Georgia ; the beautiful Suwanee, in Middle Florida ; the Withlacoochee, the Ocklawha and the Indian River, in Southern Florida. The great stream of the State, however, is the magnificent St. Johns, which rises in the Everglades, and winds northward a distance of four hundred miles until it empties into the Atlantic Ocean below Jacksonville. The peninsula ig filled with beautiful lakes, some of them being navigable for large steamers, and one of them, Lake Okeechobee, in the Everglades, being fully forty miles long and thirty miles wide. The lake scenery, in the neighborhood of the upper waters of the St. John, is un- surpassed in loveliness. Several of the larger bays on the coast deserve notice. Tampa Bay, Apalachee Bay and Pen- sacola Bay, are broad and deep enough to float navies. The State abounds in remarkable mineral springs. The Wakulla River rises about ten miles northwest of St. Marks from one of them. < ^The water is moderately cold and highly impregnated with lime. From the big spring of Chipola bursts a furious river ; Silver Spring, in Marion County, is a basin of surpassingly clear and deep water. The Sulphur Springs of- the Suwanee are a curiosity, and enjoy a local reputation for cm-ing rheumatism, dyspepsia and other kindred diseases. Springs of salt water are not uncommon in the interior. Scientists say that the geological formation of Florida is of comparatively recent origin. The opinion of one of them, relative to the peninsula, is expressed in this lan- guage : '^The whole peninsula has been formed by the successive growth of coral reefs added concentrically from GUIDE TO FLORIDA. North to South to the first deposits, while the accumula- tion between these reefs has been a mixture of coral and fragments of shells, the coral prevailing in some parts, as in the regions of the Everglades, and in other portions, especially the Northern and Eastern, the shell." Agassiz assumes, of the lower half of the peninsula, " that if the growth be one foot in a century from a depth of seventy- five feet, and that each successive reef has added ten miles of extent southward, it would have required, on this com- putation, 135,000 years to have formed the southern half uf the peninsula." The upper part of Florida is, of course, much older. Bupei Brok Palmetto Tree, lo GUIDE TO FLORIDA. Florida undoubtedly possesses the most equable and salubrious climate, all the year round, of any State in the Union. The thermometer seldom rises above 90° in the summer, nor falls below 30° in the winter. The summer may be said to be seven months long, but the heat is not intense. This is attributable in a great degree to the circumstance that the peninsula is fanned on the East by the Atlantic breezes, and on the West by those of the Gulf of Mexico, both of which can be sensibly felt in the middle of the State. The winter in Florida resembles very much the season known in more northern latitudes as the '^ Indian Summer. ' ' The climate of Florida, however, has the additional ad- vantage of being more dry and elastic. Rain falls rarely during the winter months. Five out of six days are bright and cloudless, and of the most agreeable temperature. In Southern Florida frost very rarely appears. Even as far north as the Suwanee River there are generally but two or three nights in a whole winter when ice as thick as a half dollar is found. A consequence of the evenness of the temperature is the very delightful salubrity of the nights in the sultriest season of the year, by which the body is refreshed, the sleep rendered sound, and the natural facul- ties are restored to vigor. The following tables show the range of the thermometer throughout the year in Florida, and the evenness of the temperature as compared with that of given points in the Northern States. GUIDE TO FLORIDA. ii Observations made at Jacksonville during the six months ending April 30th, 1874; showing the highest and lowest ranges of the barometer and thermometer during each month, the total rainfall, the number of rainy days, and the prevailing wind. (Furnished by Richard McLaughlin, Esq. ) Month. BAROMETER. 1 THERMOMETER. Highest Lowest jHighest Lowest. Mean. r«5^«« l^ November, 1873 30.437 29.374 1 83 30 59 i 2.88 j 8 sw December, " 30.480 29.643 1 79 32 56 i 3.38 7 N January, 1874 30.653 29.810 1 77 35 55 ! .82 7 N February, " 30.362 29.845 i 81 37 58 i 7.33 12 NE March, 30.335 29.761 1 87 37 66 2.13 j 7 SW April, " 30.370 . 29.708 1 91 42 70 , 1.60 6 SW It is proper to observe that there is a marked difference in the theometric range at Enterprise, two hundred miles south of Jacksonville, the temperature being much more even. The following is a comparative table, showi^ig the monthly and yearly mean of twenty years at St. Augustine, of thi7'ty-one years at West Point, aiid of thirty five years at Fort Snelling, Mijin. : Jan. Feb. Mar. Apl.JMay Jun. July Aug Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. YBAB. St. Augustine, Fla , . . 57.03 .59.94 63.34 68.78 73.50 79.36 80.90 80.5r, 78.00 71.88 64.12 57.26 69.61 West Point, N. Y. . 28.28 23.80 37.63 48.70 59.82 68.41 73.75 71.83 64.31 53.04 42.23 31.98 50.73 Ft. Snelling, Minn. . 13.76 17.57 31.41 56.34 58.97 68.46 73.40 70.05 58.86 47.15 31.67 16.89 46.54 12 GUIDE TO FLORIDA V In Florida an extraordinary variety of valuable produc- tions are successfully cultivated. Lying as it does partly within the temperate zone and partly within the semi- tropical regions, within its limits may be seen flourishing most of the vegetation familiar to the soil of the Middle and Western States, together with the fruits of the West Indies. At least one-fourth of the entire area of the State is south of the line of frost, and will grow successfully the orange, the lemon, the citron, the grape fruit, the banana, the pine-apple, and the cocoa-nut. Most of the tropical trees and shrubs grow spontaneously. ' Tobacco, sugar and hemp have been cultivated to some extent, and can be made very valuable productions if systematically treated. The yield of sugar is much more to the acre than in Louis- iana. Cotton has hitherto been the leading staple. In- dian corn has been largely raised, but not in sufficient quantities to supply the home demand. Within a few years the raising of early vegetables for the Northern trade has been commenced, with great success, on the St. Johns River, and along the railroads. Among the vegetables which are readily grown and bring remunerative prices, are tomatoes, cucumbers, melons, green peas, beans, cab- bages, turnips, beets, squashes, onions, asparagus, and sweet and Irish potatoes. Wheat has been partially culti- vated in the northern part of the State. The Ramie plant has just been introduced, and it is believed will become an important staple. Arrowroot, indigo, the castor bean, can be raised without difficulty. The large growth of the Mulberry renders the conditions favorable to the produc- tion of the silk worm. There is no reason why tea and coffee cannot be cultivated, as the climate and soil are especially adapted to the purpose. Of the fruits other than tropical, the peach, grape, fig, pomegranate and plum ape produced. Berries grow profusely. GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 13 Florida is tlie best timbered State in tlie Union. Over 30,000,000 of acres are covered with heavy forests. The business of cutting and shipping hmiber is large and in- creasing. Florida also exports naval stores, and at Key West there are extensive salt works. Further remarks on the soil and productiveness of the State will be found in the paragraphs devoted to the advantages of Florida for immitrrants. According to the census of 1870 the population of Flor^ ida aggregates 187,748; of which 96,057 are whites and 91,689 blacks. This shows a proportion of a fraction ovei three inhabitants to the square mile; a density about equal to that of the States of Kansas and Texas. The population of the State in i860 was 140,123, so that in spite of the ravages caused by the civil war, the increase in ten years has been 47,625, or thirty-four per cent. vThe leading cities and towns in the State are Jackson- ville with a population of 13,000, Fernandina with 2,500, Tallahassee with 2,500, St. Augustine with 2,000 Lake City with 2,000, Pensacola with 2.000, Gainesville with 1,500, Key West with 3,000 ; Palatka with 1,000, Quincy with 800, and Apalachicola with 1,000. The seat of government is at Tallahassee. The new constitution, adopted by the people and approved by Congress in 1868, vests the executive power in a Cover- . nor, who is elected for four years. He is assisted in his deliberations by a Cabinet, composed of the principal officers in the State, viz : the Secretary of State, the Attorney-General, tlie Comptroller, the State Treasurer, the Surveyor - General, the Superintendent of Instruc- 14- GUIDE TO FLORIDA. tion and the Commissioner of Immigration. This is a novel feature in the framework of a State government, but was suggested by the success of the arrangement in the Federal system. The legislative power is vested in a Senate and Assembly. The former consists of twenty- four members, elected for four years ; the latter of fifty- three members, elected for two years. The judicial pow- er is vested in a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, County Courts and Justices of the Peace. The Judges of the Su- preme Court are appointed for life, of the Circuit Courts for eight years, and of the County Courts for four years. The election for State and County Officers and Members of the Legislature takes place the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Annual Sessions of the Legis- lature are held, beginning on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January. i The present State government (1875-6) is as follows : Governor, - - - M. L. Stearns. Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, - - S. B. McLin. Comptroller. - - - C. A. Cowgill. Treasurer, - . _ c. H. Foster. Attorney- General, - - Wm. A. Cocke. Commissioner of Immigra- ) -t) -p ^ ^sj tion. Superintendent of Public ) j q Qjpgg Instruction, At the last Presidential election in the State (1872) the vote was as follows : Grant, 17,765 ; Greeley, 15,428; Re- publican majority, 2,337. The Republicans elected two majority in the State Senate, and three majority in the House of Representatives. Florida, though one of the first-settled countries on this continent, has really all the characteristics of a new State. GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 15 Its scanty population has been scattered over a territory of nearly 60,000 square miles, and has heretofore been en- gaged almost wholly in agriculture. The social conveni- ences and advantages enjoyed in the thickly-settled States further North must not, therefore, be expected here. But immigration is pouring in and the State is rapidly im- proving. Schools and churches are to be found in all the towns and villages throughout the State, and a new sys- tem of public education has been provided for in the new constitution. In reference to the feeling of the old inhab- itants towards new comers, the State Commissioner of Im- migration, Mr. Adams, (himself a Nortjiern man) writes : ''In our correspondence the question is often asked: ' Is it safe for a Northern man to come to Florida ? ' The answer is : That there is no sort of danger whatever. The immigrant of good character and habits will be readily received by all. . Southern men and women are not su- per-human, and cannot be expected suddenly to absolve themselves from the domination of those trains of political thought and those prevalent social notions that have ruled them for years, or to sympathize at once with the political ideas of a triumphant radicalism, j But the whole popula- tion of the State is becoming rapidly convinced that 'men, money and labor,' are to be watch-words in the success of the future of Florida. * * * Indeed, any good citizen that proposes to pay special attention to his own affairs, will be welcomed by all, and this without any sacrifice of principle or any abridgment of his rights of free thought and free speech. Northern men and women, who may come and persist in associating exclusively with each other, and sequester themselves diligently from all social intercourse with old residents, will be allowed thus to indulge their social predilections without let or hin- drance. ' ' 6 GUIDE TO FLORIDA The All-Rail Routes. Visitors to Florida, going thither by rail, make Savannah the first objective point. From N. Y. by the N. Y. and Phila. R. R., running through trains — to which are attached cars having all modern improvements — to Baltimore, Wash- ington and Richmond. From Baltimore, via Bay Line of Stea??iers to Portsmouth, Va., and thence by Rail, or from Washington, via All Rail and Va. Midland to Lynchburg, Danville and the South; or, via Potomac River and R. F. & P. R. R. to Richmond, and thence via Piedmont Air Line to Charlotte, Augusta and the South. There is also the "Atlantic Coast Line," via Petersburg, Wilmington and Charleston. Travelers from points North and West of the Ohio River will find at the Railroad Ticket Offices in all of the principal cities schedules, giving the distances and time to Charleston, Savannah and Florida. From Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Toledo, Detroit, places on Lake Erie and Michigan, and points North and East of Louisville, the ^' Short Line " is via Louisville and Nashville R. R. From St. Louis, and points North and West, the most direct routes are via the St. Louis and Iron .Mountain R. R., and St. Louis & S. E. R. Excursion Tickets at reduced rates can be purchased at all the principal cities of the Union. Drawing Room and Palace Sleeping Cars are attached to all Through Trains. Schedules of the different routes will be found on advertise- ment pages elsewhere, i6» Directory of Eoutes of Travel, Hotels, Etc. RAILROADS. Atlantic Coast Line I02 Atlantic & Gulf. 105 and 4th page cover, Baltimore & Ohio 109 Erie Railway 87 Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile Railroad 3d page cover. Magnolia Passenger Route 104 Piedmont Air Line 2d page cover. Savannah & Charleston 103 Virginia Midland 2 STEAMSHIPS. New York & Savannah Line 21 New York& Charleston Line 106 New York & Fernandina Line 100 New York, Savannah & Nassau loi Boston & Savannah Line 22 New Orleans, Florida & Havana 107 St. Marks, Pensacola & New Orleans 98 HOTELS. Pavilion, Charleston 99 Charleston, '* (A. Butterfield, Ticket Agent) 93 Pavilion, Savannah 98 Royal Victoria, Nassau, N. P 92 Highland Park, Aiken, N. C 113 St. James, Jacksonville 112 St. Augustine 88 St. John's, Palatka 97 YACHTS and SAILING VESSELS. Eleanor, Charleston 94 Evans, Ball & Co no WINTER RESORTS. Aiken, S. C i6b Onoro 96 EXCURSION TOURS. Cook, Son & Jenkins ,.,., 108 PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEWS. Wilson & Havens 95 FLORIDA CURIOSITIES. A, Desbouillons, Savannah 96 MISCELLANEOUS. . . Mrs. J. Neubeck, Palatka ...,. '...■.•.'J.'X..' 95 John Thompson, Palatka ...; 95" P. Lindenstruth, Savannah '. 97 A. C. Hughey, Mellonvllle 6i: Orange Bitters iii Milit?ry Academy U4 i6^ AlKES is a thriving village o/ 2,000 inhabitajits, situ- ated oil the South Carolina Railroad, 120 miles north-west of Charleston, and 17 miles south-east of Augusta. It loas incorporDted before the war, and is governed hy an Intendant and six wardens. Occupying one of the most commanding positions in the State, being 600 feet above tide water, and 400 feet above {the Savannah River at) Augusta, it has been aptly called the " Village ofHdJs.^^ Immense forests of pine surround it on all sides, and these yield an aroma, which, with the dry invigorating air, and the equable climate, have rendered Aiken a very favor- ably Jcnoion winter resort for i7ivalids. The main thoroughfare, ccdled Park Avenue, extends, with an even ^oidth of IbO feet, for over one mile, and from this at right angls branch the streets, all laid out with a width of \bO feet. Tiiere are seven churches: Episcopal, Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, Roman Catholic, and two colored denominations. A hall known as the Lyceum, seating 400 people, is much used during winter for prio ate theatri'ial entertainments. The chief hotel of Aiken is the Highland Park Hotel, situated one-hcdf mile from depot, at the 'west etid of Park Aveiiue, on an elevated plateau. From this point, beyond the encircling forests of pine, may be seen the cotton factories of Graniteville and Langley, and the paper mills and kaolin quarries of Bath. This hotel offers every comfort and luxury to be desired with a winter home. Beside this, are the Aiken Hotel, opposite the depot, and many first-class boarding houses. Four trains are run daily between Augusta and Charleston, and accom- modation trains are run between Aiken and Augusta. Through trains cofinect at Graniteville with traifis on the Smith Carolina Railroad. GUIDE TO FLORIDA. Through Tickets For Sale at JBOSTOW— 205, 222, 228, 232, 219 Washington St.; 3 Old State House; 15 United States Hotel Block, opposite B. & A. R. R. Depot ; at offices of all New York Lines, and at all the Principal Railroad Ticket Offices in the East. NEW YORK— 229, 261, 315,526 Broadway; Nos. 1 and 9 Aster House; at the offices of the New York Transfer Co., 944 Broadway, and at offices of Pennsylvania R. R. Co., foot of Cortlandt and Desbrosses Sts.; Dodd's Ex- press, No. 4 Court St., Brooklyn, and at Jersey City Depot. PHILADELiFmA— No. 700, 732 and 838 Chestnut Street; S. E. cor. Broad and Chestnut Sts., and at I'hiladelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore R. R. Depot, cor. Broad and Prime Streets. BAIiTIMOitE— S. E. comer West Baltimore and Calvert Sts. ; 9 German St. ; N. E. corner West Baltimore and Calvert Sts. ; 157 Baltimore Street ; at Camden Station, Baltimore & Ohio R. R. ; Baltimore & Potomac R. R.; also, at Niagara Falls, Canandaigua, Elmira, Syracuse, Buffalo, and all in- termediate points on Northern Central R. R. WASHIJVGTON— 603 Pennsylvania Avenue ; corner of Sixth Street and Pennsylvania Avenue ; corner of Thirteenth Street and Pennsylvania Ave- nue; Depot Alexandria and Fredericksburg Railway; on Board Potomac Steamers, foot of Seventh Street. By Sea to Florida. From New York, Boston, Philadelphia and Baltimore. By Steamship to Savannah, and thence to Florida. Also from New York by Steamship direct to Fernandina. The Sea Routes from New York, via Savannah, consist of three lines of commodious and well appointed Steamers. The Zeo and Cleopatra^ of Murray, Ferris & Go's Line, sail from Pier i6 East River, alternately on Tuesdays. The Steamships Herman Livingston, Genl. Barnes, Sa7i Jacinto and San Salvador, of the Empire Line, from Pier 43 North River, on Thursdays and Saturdays, W. R. Garrison, Agent, No. 5 Bowling Green ; and the Steamships Tybee and Ash- land, of the Black Star Line, also leave Pier 12 North River, every Saturday. Robt. Lowden, Agent, 93 West Street. i8 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. The New York and Charleston Line of Steamships, composed of staunch and favorite vessels, thoroughly sea- worthy and well appointed in every respect, consisting of the City of Atlanta^ Manhattan^ South Cai^olina, Champion^ Georgia and Charleston^ sell Through Tickets to all points in Florida. Their sailing days are Wednesdays and Satur- days, from Pier 29 North River. Jas. W. Quintard & Co., Agents. The Florida Line of Steamships for Fernandina, Fla., and Port Royal, S. C, comprises the superior Steamers Himtsville and Montgouiery. Sailing every Thursday from Pier 3 North River. Herm. Gelpcke, Agent, No. 5 Wil- liam Street, N. Y. By this route passengers stop over for a day at Port Royal, visit Beaufort and other points, reach- ing Fernandina next morning. By Sea, from Boston. The Boston and Savannah S. S. Co. dispatch the new and elegant Steamers Seminole and Oriental as advertised in daily papers of Boston and Savannah. Through Tickets to all points in Florida sold by F. Nickerson & Co., Agents, 205 State Street, Boston. By Sea, from Philadelphia. The Philadelphia and Southern Mail Steamship Co. have a weekly line to Savannah, leaving every Saturday, from Queen Street Wharf The Wyoming and Juniata are noted as first-class vessels. Through Tickets sold to all points in Florida and the interior of Georgia and Alabama. W. L. James, Agent, 416 South Delaware Street, Philadelphia. GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 19 By Sea, from Baltimore. • The Baltimore and Savannah Steamship Company dis- patch, at intervals of five days, one of their thoroughly sea- worthy and commodious Steamers to Savannah. The Line is extremely well managed, and the America, Falcon and Saragossa are commanded by experienced and able officers. Through Tickets to all points in Florida and the interior are sold by the Agent, John R. Gould, Union Dock, Baltimore. From Charleston and Savannah to Florida. The traveler has choice of routes from Charleston. First, via All Rail by way of the Savannah and Charleston Rail- road to Savannah, and thence, without change of cars, via the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, to Live Oak, Florida, at which point he connects with the Florida network of rail- roads, and is thus brought in close railway or steamboat communication with all the principal points in the State. The Express trains of the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad leave Savannah daily at 8.30 a.m. and 3.30 p.m., on the arrival of trains from Charleston. The conductors on the route are courteous and attentive, and to the night train Pullman Palace and Sleeping Coaches are attached. Drawing Room Cars, especially adapted for invalids, accompany the day trains. Connection is made with all Northern in- ward trains, and with M. & B. trains at Jesup. A good meal can be obtained en route at the Yemassee eating-house. Passengers reach Jacksonville at 10.15 p.m. and 8.00 a.m. Or, Second, by Steamers, making a short stop at Savan- nah, thence running to Jacksonville. 20 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. F&Qmum wMQm Mmw &mMM^M&. Florida can also be reached from New Orleans by Steamers of the New Orleans, Florida and Havana S. S. Co., which touch at Cedar Keys, en route to Key West and Havana. Northern visitors to Florida, who wish to return home either by the v.'ay cf Ilavana or tl.e Missis- sippi River can avail themselves of lh".i convenient route, embarking at Cedar Keys. I. K. Robert;-, Ageut New Orleans, Florida and Havana S. G Co.; New Orleans, La. It has been well said that no part of the United States can furnish a more exciting and agreeable winter hunting- ground than Indian River and the Gulf Coast. Turkeys, Ducks, Squirrels, Deer and Bear are to be found through- out the State. The hunter in the Indian river region " may comfortably camp out, month after month, with a single blanket, taking as he needs his sweet potatoes from the ground, and the orange, lemon and banana from the plantations along the route, and in the continuous sunshine of an unending spring surfeit himself with the pursuit of game." In the rivers and bays of Florida the lover of angling will fiiid his real paradise. They literally swarm with valuable fish. Mullet, Bass, Sheepshead, Trout, Perch — salt water and fresh — and innumerable other varieties abound. The fish caught in the Lower St. Johns will run from one to forty pounds in weight. Lakes Harney and Jessup are abundantly stocked with fish of excellent quality, which are easily caught with nets, hooks or spears. s@^ Excursion Tickets to Florida. ,^9 New York and Savannali StGamship Line Making close connections ^^^th the Atlantic an-l Gulf L Florida, and via Central R. R. and Atlantic and Gulf R. K., to poinf- in points in GEORGIA, ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, TENNESSEE and LOUISIANA. The i)assenger accommodations of these Steamers are not surpassed by those of any Line out of New Yorlv. FOUR STEAMERS PER WEEK. TUESDAYS. THURSDAYS and SATURDAYS PASSAGE KATES, including Meals and Staterooms on Steamers, between New York and Savannah. SAVANNAH. $20.00. Jacksonville, Fla,. $2T 75 Fernandina, Fla 27 75 Picolata, Fla 29 25 Green Cove Springs. .... 29 25 Hibernia, Fla 29 25 Orange Mills, Fla 30 25 Monticello, Fla 3U 50 Quinc#% Fla 31 50 Atlanta, Ga 27 50 Albany, Ga 31 50 Selma,Ala 35 00 Mobile, Ala 41 00 N ew Orleans, La 47 50 St. Aueustine, Fla $31 25 Palatka, Fla 30 25 Enterprise, Fla 36 25 Gainesville, Fla 30 25 Lake City, Fla BO 25 Madison, Fla 30 25 Tallahassee, Fla 30 75 Macon, Ga 28 75 Eufaula, Ala 32 00 Montgomery, Ala 35 00 Chattanooga, Tenn 30 00 Rome,Ga 32 25 Eveiy TUESDAY, from Pier 16, E.R. foot of Wall St. MURRAY'S LINE. L El O ! Cleopatra Murray, Fer is & Co., Agents, 61 «fc 62 South St." Every THURSDAY, Pier 8, N. R. EMPIRE LINE. H. Livingston | Gen. Barnes Wm. R. Garrison, Agent, No. 5 Bowling Green. Every SATURDAY, from Pier 8, North River. EMPIRE LINE. San Salvador ] San Jacinto Wm. R. Garrison, Agent, No. 5 Bowling Green. Every SATURDAY, Pier 12, N. R. BLACK STAR LINE. TYBEE I ASHLAND R. Lowden, Agent, No. 93 West Street. CEO. YONGE, Agent, Centi R.R, of Georgia, 409 Broadway. C. D. OWENS, Agent, Atlantic & Gulf R.R., 229 Broadway. Florida Excursion Tickets. hk ad Smmli liiwia Liie. CONNECTING WITH THE CENTRAL RAILROAD OF GEORGIA, ATLANTIC & GULF RAILROAD, FLORIDA STEAMERS. Sailing from BOSTON and SAVANNAH as advertised in Boston and Savannah papers. For further information, apply to WM. H. RING, 18 T Wharf, Boston. p. NICKERSON & CO, Agents. RICHARDSON & BARNARD, Savannah, Ga. GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 23 Alligator hunting is a sport peculiar to these southern latitudes and can be enjoyed to perfection along the rivers, lakes and lagoons of Florida. It takes a practiced eye to detect an alligator, for it closely resembles a rotten log, half-submerged and motionless. Shooting the alliga- tor from the decks of the river steamers is a common enough custom, but the real alligator hunt is to be had on the upper lakes where they swarm in almost countless numbers. Hunting parties for Lake Harney are made up at Enterprise, on the Upper St. Johns. The expense is not much and the amusement prodigious. *?; V r^'^fM'^^H^y^^^^^^c:':}^^^ St. Augustine, The antiquarian and enthusiast in historical research will find abundant material of interest in the visible traces of the Spanish occupation of two and three centuries ago. Remains of ancient cities, forts, breastworks, churches, and roads may be found, sometimes when least expected, in the midst of dense forests which have grown up and covered the vestiges of the early civilization. St. Augustine 24 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. the oldest city on the North American continent, is unsur- passed in interest to the antiquarian. The battle fields of the later Indian wars also have a peculiar attractive- ness. Here the tourist may study the historic spots illus- trated by the valor and genius of Jackson, Taylor and Worth. )The State of Florida offers rare opportunities for study to the students in Geology and Botany. The former have an interesting and important subject for in- vestigation in the extraordinary coral formation of the peninsula; the latter in the wonderful and varied growth of floral and other vegetation. Several professors of Natural History from Northern institutions of learning were in Florida last year, collecting specimens of insects, birds, fishes and beasts. There are several excellent tax- idermists in Savannah who make a business of preparing specimens for naturalists. There are those to whom field and water sports are un- interesting. They travel for a love of change merely, or to behold the beautiful and novel in nature or to enjoy idleness — as a relaxation from severe and unremitting labor. The soft, balmy air, the clear, blue sky, the genial, though never enervating warmth, the tropical richness of the verdure, the bright-plumaged birds filling the forests with their music, the placid, transparent lakes and river scenery of unsurpassed loveliness, fulfil all the conditions required by this class of tourists. No American need seek an Italy across the waters when one lies here, almost within a day's travel. ^^^ GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 25 For more than a century Florida has been a resort for invalids from all parts of the world and particularly for those afflicted with pulmonary complaints. The dryness, evenness and salubrity of the climate are a most delightful and health-restoring change from the piercing winds and frigid temperature of the Northern, Middle and Western States in the winter. That many consumptives who have come to Florida die of the disease is true, but it is equally certain that they had postponed their visit until it was beyond the power of any climatic change to effect a cure. But there are thousands of persons threatened with the consumptive's death who have recovered their health in Florida, or at least have lengthened their days not un- pleasantly. It is estimated that at least forty thousand people visited Florida last winter, of whom about a fourth were invalids. The many beautiful villages and landings on the St. Johns River, as far up as Enterprise, were crowded with these seekers for renewed life and health. St. Augustine and the Indian river country, on the Atlantic coast, were also filled with visitors of the same character. Among these were not only people troubled with lung diseases, but those who were suffering from nervous complaints and from physical and mental prostration. Many were over- worked business men from the great cities of the North and West, who sought this delicious and invigorating mode of recuperation. ^The mildness of the atmosphere in winter permits much exercise in the open air. It is not uncommon for the native ladies to walk late in the moonlight evenings covered, as to the head, only with a lace veil. Some nights are damp and chilly, particularly in the Northern 20 GUIDE TO FLORIDA, parts of the State, and a little fire is comfortable ; but usually, throughout the winter, the inhabitants sit without a fire and with open doors and windows. These remarks are not intended to convey the idea that caution as to clothing can be neglected by the invalid. A writer on this point saj^s : ''As a rule, invalids should not expose themselves to the night air nor be tempted on warm, bright days to lay aside thick shoes and comfortable clothing. The invalid should always be clad in woolen clothing, and the robust do not require a linen suit except in the summer months." Statistics testify to the healthfulness of Florida. Not- withstanding the fact that so many thousands of consump- tives resort to the State for relief, the proportion of deaths from pulmonary complaints in it is less than in any other State in the Union. The census of 1870 showed that these deaths were as follows : Massachusetts, _ . - one in 283 Maine, - - - - " 315 Vermont, - . _ . " 463 New York, . . - - " 379 Pennsylvania, - - . - *' 470 Ohio, '^507 California, - - - " 450 Virginia, -----'' 5^5 Indiana, - - - - " 599 Illinois, - - - - '' 698 Florida, . - . . '^ 1,433 There is a wide-sprcud misapprehension respecting the malarial character of the interior of Florida. It is sup- posed that in some parts the air is charged with the most poisonous and noxious vapors arising from the swamp lands, and that fevers are common in consequence of it. GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 27 It is true that there is much swampy land in the State, and that wherever there is a dense vegetable growth accom- panied by decomposition, malarious diseases arise, but in this case, the magnificent breezes, which sweep across the country, clear the atmosphere and purge it of its evil humors. All fevers in Florida assume a much milder type than in other sections where they are prevalent. Surgeon-General Lawson, of the United States Army, in his report explicitly asserts this. He says that statistics show *' that the ratio of deaths to the number of cases of remittent fever has been much less among the troops serv- ing there than in any other portion of the United States. In the Middle Division the proportion is i death to 36 cases of remittent fever ; in the Northern Division, i to 52 j in the Southern Division, i to 54 ; in Texas, i in 78 ; in California, i in 122 ; in New Mexico, i in 148^ while in Florida it is i in 287. The remedial character of the springs, which abound in every part of the State, must not be overlooked. Some are known to be highly beneficial to rheumatic and dys- peptic patients. A reference to the index of this work will give inquirers the location of several of the best esteemed spas in the State. 28 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. The Legislature of Florida has taken active measures-: to induce immigrants, from the North and West and fromi Europe, to settle in the State. A Department of Immigra- tion has been established in connection with the State Government ; the officer is styled Commissioner of Immi- gration, and he is a member of the Governor's Cabinet. The Bureau furnishes, upon application, all the informa- tion an intending settler may desire about the price, character and situation of lands and the means of getting to them It may be succinctly said that the inducements to immi- gration to Florida consist in the cheapness of the lands, ease of tillage, wide scope of crops, heavy profits and healthfulness of climate. The lands of the State are classified as swamp lands, high and low hummock and pine. The first are the most durably rich lands in the Union. Ditching is indispensable in preparing them for profitable cultivation ; then they produce a succession of luxuriant crops with the most wonderful vigor. They are especially adapted for sugar, and have been known to yield four hogsheads to the acre, which is more than twice the average of Louisiana productiveness. There is at least a million of acres of this land vacant in Florida, most of which can be bought of the State for less than two dollars per acre. The characteristic of the hammock, as distinguished from the pine land, is, that it is covered with a growth of underbrush, while the latter is open. Whenever the land is not so low as to be called a swamp and produces an undergrowth of shrubbery, it is called hammock. These lands stud the pine forests every few miles and vary in extent from twenty acres to forty thousand acres. The GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 29 low hummocks require a little ditching, and are adapted to the growth of the cane. The high hummocks are composed of very rich soil and produce, with very little cultivation, all the crops of the country. They require no other preparation than clearing and ploughing, and are the lands most sought after by new settlers ; the price varies from 25 cents to $25.00 per acre, according to location. The pine lands are generally cleared by girdling the trees and cutting away the underbrush. The following year nothing remains but the trunks and dry branches which offer no further impediment to the rays of the sun. The fertility of what is denominated " first-rate pine " is remarkable. Some districts have yielded during fourteen years of successive cultivation, without the aid of manure, 400 pounds of Sea Island Cotton to the acre. The poorer classes of pine lands are valuable for the raising of Sisal hemp. They afford an excellent range for cattle, and are worth still more for their timber and naval stores. Prices of '' first-rate pine" land varies from 25 cents to ^"10 per acre, according to location. ^Unimproved lands on the St. Johns River can be had at from ^5 to ;^i5 ; and improved lands in the same locality at from $20 to $;^o. Plantations in other parts of the'State, partially cleared and having some improve- ments, such as buildings and fences, are worth from $;^ to $10 per acre. Lands, having orange groves in bearing, are from ;^5o to ^250 per acre. On account of the genial climate, the finished, compactly-built dwelling-houses of the more rigorous North are not required. Less expen- sive buildings, the cost being not more than from ^200 to $500, will answer every purpose of health and comfort. The extraordinary variety of crops suitable to the soil of Florida is alluded to on another page. Many of 30 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. them, with much less of the cost and hard labor expended in other farming sections of th^ Union, can be made exceedingly profitable. For settlers of small means the early vegetable cultivation and the raising of fruit make handsome returns, and for large capitalists there are fortunes in the production of cotton, sugar, fine Cuban tobacco and naval stores. There are also similar induce- ments in stock raising, the cutting of timber and lumber, salt making and the fisheries. Enterprising men and women, who know " how to keep a hotel," can settle any- where along the railroad lines or on the St. Johns, and depend on constant and remunerative business. ^Visitors to Florida, for the first time, are usually appre- hensive about snakes. Notwithstanding its tropical situ- ation there are few poisonous reptiles in Florida. In some localities the rattlesnake may be found, if sought for diligently, but generally the only snake visible is a species of harmless, water snake. The alligators are not aggres- sive towards strangers. They are rather disposed to run thaii fight when attacked. The mosquitoes flourish in the summer season, as they do everywhere else, but are less voracious than the Jersey breed. The other bugbear to the stranger in Florida — the malarial fever, is spoken of elsewhere. When it does occur, it is of the very mildest type, is not necessarily dangerous and yields easily to simple reijedies. GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 3* Charleston, the principal city of South Carolina, and the largest on the Atlantic coast of the United States south of Baltimore, is situated on a tongue of land between the rivers Ashley and Cooper. Its population in 1870 was 48,956, of which 26,173 were negroes and mulattoes. It is a large cotton and rice mart, and is connected with the interior of the country by extensive lines of railway. History — Charleston was originally settled by the English in 1679. It was one of the most important and opulent of the old colonial cities. In 1776 the British fleet, under Sir Peter Parker, was beaten off by the fort on Sullivan's Island. The city was captured by the British in 1780. The great civil war of 1860-65 began herewith the passage of the ordinance of secession in December, i860. Harbor — The harbor is one of the largest and hanti somest on the coast of America. The ruins of Fort Sum- ter, situated at its entrance, constitutes the spot of most interest to strangers visiting Charleston. Castle Pinckney, a short distance from the city, and Fort Moultrie, on Sulli- van's Island, are also fortresses of historic renown. A packet yacht conveys visitors to these points every after- noon, ilnformation of the hour of sailing, etc., may be obtained at the hotels. Remiiiisceisces. — Charleston possesses an unusual interest for visitors, as having been the birthplace of the Southern Confederacy, and the scene of some of its most stirring incidents. Its streets to this day abound with re- minders of the momentous events which characterized its existence during that memorable four year s struggle. 32 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. Streets — Meeting street is the longest and most ele- gant avenue. King street is the fashionable shopping thoroughfare. They run parallel the entire length of the city. St. inichaers Clltirch— This venerable edifice on the corner of Broad and Meeting streets, is worth seeing. The chime of bells in its belfry were first imported from England about the middle of the last century; during the Confederacy were removed to Columbia for safety ; at the close of the war were sent to England for re- casting, and in 1866 were returned, and once more rang out from the spire their merry peal to the air of *' Home Again." From this steeple the Colonial troops kept watch upon the movements of the British, and later, the Confederate lookouts upon the Federal blockading squadron. The view which it affords of the city, the harbor and the back country is one which no tourist should miss. Public Buildings— The Post Office building at the lower end of Broad street, is an ante- revolutionary struc- ture. In its cellars American prisoners were cruelly in- carcerated during the war for independence. The new Custom House is an imposing marble building. The Orphan House on Calhoun street is one of the architectural ornaments of the city. On its grounds is a marble statue of William Pitt; erected by the citizens of Charleston pre- vious to tha Revolution. The Charleston College, the Medical College, Roper's Hospital, the City Hall, the Citadel, and the Arsenal, are large and handsome buildings. There is an interesting museum connected with the Charles- ton College. Hotels— ^Those tourists who include a stop a Charles- ton in their Florida trip, either going or returning, will find GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 33 the Charleston Hotel still deserving its well-earned popu- larity. During the sutr>mer of 1874 this famous house underwent a complete and expensive renovation. The proprietors have added to its many comfortable appointments the luxury of hot and cold water baths on each floor of the building, these baths being supplied at great expense with the celebrated Artesian water, famous for its many curative . qualities. ! One of the great attractions of the hotel is its superb j double colonnade. During the past season the Post Band discoursed fine music from the balcony twice a week in the ( evenings. ' Families desiring rooms can write or telegraph their re- I quirements to the proprietors in advance, and so avoid dis- ; appointment. 1 The Pavilion Hotel, too, under the experienced pro- prietorship of Messrs. G. T. Alford & Co., deservedly receives a large share of tourists' patronage. Recently I refitted and decorated throughout, and, offering in addition I to the comforts of a home, the attractions of an unsurpassed \c21isi71e and delightful verandahs, it ranks among thie first I hotels on the Atlantic Southern seaboard, and will be I found everything that either the transient or permanent I visitor could desire. Tourists can telegraph and secure 1 rooms in advance. j Places worth Visiting:— Pleasant trips may be made by the ferry-boats to Aloultrieville and Mount Pleas- ant, the summer resorts of the Charlestonians. Those who prefer to sail or row around the historic waters of Charles- jton Harbor, will find a fine collection of boats for hire, on reasonable terms, at Capt. Young's wharf Magnolia Cemetery, a short distance beyond the city lines, is a beau- 34 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. tiful spot and has many fine monuments. The Battery, at the lower end of Meeting street, is a magnificent promenade and affords an excellent view of the harbor. The Burnt District, which extends from river to river across the middle of the city, marks the track of the great fire of 1864. The Markets should be visited on a Saturday night, and some of the large Rice Mills are interesting. A trip to the won- derful Phosphate Grounds should not be omitted. At the Academy of Music, one of the most elegant theatres in the Union, operatic and dramatic performances are given dur- ing the winter. The Suburbs of Charleston— There are many points of beauty and historic interest within easy distance of the city, and which no tourist should omit to visit. Prominent among these are the Drayton House, a splendid old baronial mansion of brick, redolent with traditions of the grandeur and hospitality it has witnessed in its past. It fronts upon the Ashley River, and is surrounded by a wealth of shrubbery and foliage. Magnolia Plantation and Schievelin, both also upon the same stream, are well worth visiting. A small steamer pUes up the Ashley from Charles- ton for the accommodation of tourists. GUIDE TO FLORIDA, 35 The commercial emporium of the Empire State of the South, is beautifully situated on the Savannah River, about 18 miles from its mouth. Savannah, next to New Orleans, is the largest port of shipment of cotton in the Southern States, and one of the largest in the from the station, and in ante bellum days was the summer residence of the wealthy planters of Lib- erty County. It was the birth-place of a number of the most eminent men of the State, and was noted for the intelligence and refinement of its society. Present popu- lation, 300. The place is a resort for invalids. There are good boarding houses kept by Messrs. Brown and Miller. Rates from ^^1.50 to $2.00 per day for transient visitors. The neighborhood abounds with deer and partridge. There are two churches in Walthourville, one Presbyterian and one Baptist. «follIl!!!>toil — 46 miles from Savannah, 190 miles from Bainbridge. Population, 150. The village con- tains a boarding-house, kept by Mrs. Johnston, two saw mills and a shingle mill near by. Plenty of game will be found in the vicinity. Upon leaving this station, the road descends into the GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 41. valley of the Altamaha River. This river is one of the largest in the State and is formed by the junction of the Oconee and Ocmulgee Rivers ; the former, navigable for steamboats to Dublin, and the latter to Macon. Darien, where a large trade is carried on in lumber and timber, lies near the mouth of the Altamaha. The Atlantic and Gulf Railroad crosses this stream upon a substantial lattice bridge of four spans, formed upon brick pieces of suffi- cient height for steamers to pass below. The swamp abounds in cypress and oak. The cypress is manufactured into shingles, and shipped to Macon, Savannah and North- ern ports, and quantities of oak staves are exported to France and Spain. Doctortoirn — 53 miles from Savannah, 183 miles from Bainbridge. This station is near the site of an old Indian town, which was the abode of a famous "medicine man," v/henc5 the name of the station. JTeiSUp — 57 miles from Savannah, 179 miles from Bainbridge. Telegraph office. Junction of the Macon and Brunswick Railroad. Passengers take cars here for Macon, Atlanta, and all points in Middle and Northern Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee. Connection is also made here with the growing and prosperous city of Bruns- wick, forty miles distant on the Atlantic coast. Population of Jesup, 600. The new hotel — the Metropolitan — will ac- commodate 100 guests, has been fitted up with every comfort, and is well kept. It is the eating-house for both roads. The Wayne Triumph (weekly) is published here. Screven — 68 miles from Savannah, 168 miles from Bainbridge. Wood station. Upon the line of the road for the thirty miles west of this station, in the finest lumber region of the State, are situated eight or ten large circular saw mills. The 4.2 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. lumber interest is annually increasing in importance, and adds largely to the revenues of tiiis road. Tiie shipments of lumber over the road have increased from 8,000,000 feet in 1866, to 32,000,000 feet in 1871. Short lateral branches are being constructed into the virgin forests on either side of the line, and it is probable that the annual shipments will continue to increase for many years to come. Patterson — 77 miles from Savannah, 159 miles from Bainbridge. There are three churches in the vicinity. Mlackshear — S6 miles from Savannah, 150 miles from Bainbridge. Population, 800. County seat of Pierce County. There are in the village and vicinity four saw mills and a grist mill. The Knoles House (Mrs. Way) accommodates travelers at $2.50 per day or $7.00 per week, The country hereabouJ:s is heavily timbered, and large quantities of round and square timber are cut and shipped. There is a Methodist Church in the village. Way Cross — 96 miles from Savannah, 140 miles from Bainbridge — Junction of the Brunswick and Albany R. R. — 57 miles from Brunswick. Population 600. County seat of Ware County. The tov/n, which was laid out in 1 87 2, stands on a sandy ridge, with a clay sub-soil, and a clear, bold stream 'of running water on the south. There is a commodious hotel (board $2.00 per day or $30.00 per month), a fine Church (Methodist), a neat Academy and a number of beautiful residences. Tebeauville — 97 miles from Savannah, 139 milts from Bainbridge. Telegraph office. Population about 100. Situated near the head of the great Okafono- kee Swamp, which abounds with game and fish, and is a famous resort of ihe sportsman. The Railroad House at this station, kept by J. W. Remshart, will accommodate about thirty guests at $2.00 per day. '^' J GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 4-3 Hoiliersville — 122 miles from Savannah, 114 miles from Bainbridge. Population, 200. County seat of Clinch County. The Okafonokee Swamp is near by. Cowart's Hotel and Hodge's boarding house afford good accommodations to visitors and sportsmen. Sugar cane is raised to some extent on the neighboring plan- tations. J>11 Pont — 131 miles from Savannah, 105 miles from Bainbridge. Te-Legraph oftice. Junction with the Florida branch of the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, (which see, at the end of this article.) The Railroad House accommodates travelers at ^2.00 per day. In the village the Primitive Baptists have a small meeting- house. The climate here is agreeable and the water excel- lent. The country is heavily covered with yellow pine. Stockton — 139 miles from Savannah, 105 miles from Bainbridge. Wood station. ]¥ayIor — 144 miles from Savannah, 97 miles from Bainbridge. Population, about 75. There are two saw mills and a wool-carding establishment near here. Valdosta — 157 miles from Savannah, 79 miles from Bainbridge. Telegraph office. Population, 2000. County seat of Lowndes County. The largest town on the rail- road between Savannah and Thomasville, It ships about 5000 bales of cotton per season, and contains several mills, five white and two negro Churches, and two good hotels, Stuart's Railroad Hotel and Tranquil Hall, where accom- modations may be had at ;^5.oo per week for permanent guests. The South Georgia Times is published here. In the neighborhood are many natural curiosities; one of the small rivers enters a cave and disappears. Ocean Pond and Long Pond, from three to five miles in extent, afford the best fresh-water fishing in Georgia. From this station westward to Thomasville, the road 44 GUIDE TO FLORIDA passes thvoagh a region which, perhaps, offers more inducements to emigration than any other part of Southern Georgia or Florida. It is a rolling country, well watered, and' thickly wooded with yellow pine and other timber, There are many thrifty farmers engaged in planting cotton, corn and sugar cane, and in raising stock for the Savannah market. In summer the southerly winds are cooled in passing over the Gulf of Mexico, and the nights are always pleasant. Cases of malarial disease are rare, and mosquitoes are almost unknown. In short, there is no other part of the Southern country possessing the same advantages of climate, soil and productions, of health, proximity to schools, churches and centres of trade, where land can be purchased at as small a price as in this vicin- ity. The Atlantic and Gulf Railroad was only extended to Thomasville at the beginning of the late war, and as it is not on any of the great Southern Through Lines, it has in a great measure escaped the attention of persons gomg South in pursuit of health or seeking a home. > Ousiey — 1 66 miles from Savannah, 70 miles from Bainbridge. Population, 150. Travelers are accommo- dated by J. A. and W. H. Ousley. In the vicinity are several pretty lakes. Two miles west of this station the road crosses the Withiacoochee River, an affluent of the Suwanee. Upon its banks and near the road are two springs (one of them a sulphur spring), which enjoy quite a local reputation. Q^uitllian — 174 miles from Savannah, 62 miles from Bainbridge. Telegraph office. One of the most flourishing towns in Southern Georgia. Population, 1500. County seat of the fertile county of Brooks, which contains ten water and six steam mills. In Quitman are two carriage manufactories, a cotton and wool factory with a capital of 175,000; five churches, belonging to the Methodists, GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 45 Baptists and Presbyterians ; thirty business houses, mostly built of brick, and three educational institutions ; the Lovick Pierce College with 60 students, Quitman Academy with TOO students, and the Howard Institute (colored) with 60 students. This young town was planned and the streets blazed out of the pine forests ia i860. Two weekly papers, Gallaher's Indepe?idenf and the Quitman Reporter^ both well conducted sheets, are published here. In the county is a partially explored cave, called the Devil's Hop- per, which is a great natural curiosity. The sulphur springs are four miles distant from the town. Travelers are ac- commodated at the City Hotel (D. U. McNeil), and Mc- intosh House (J. R. Edmonson). Rates $2.00 per day. Dixie — ^181 miles from Savannah, 55 miles from P>ainbridge. Bryan's Hotel has good accommodations at $1.50 per day. Near by is Dry Lake, a large and beauti- ful sheet of water, and a sink hole into which three rivers empty and show no outlet again. Boston — 188 miles from Savannah, 48 miles from Bainbridge. Population, 400. Ships 1800 bales of cotton. Several steam saw mills here, and Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian churches. Boston is the proposed terminus of two new railroads ; one to St. Marys, Georgia, and the other to Greenfield, Georgia, and is growing rapidly. Cj 'ThOMiaSTilie — 200 miles from Savannah, 7,(i miles from Bainbridge. Telegraph office. Junction with Albanv branch of the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad; (which see, at the end of this article.) Population, 4000. County seat of Thomas County. The town is situated on the highest land between Savannah and the Flint River, and is 97 feet higher than Albany. It is the centre of a thriving trade and bids fair to become the most important town in Southern Georgia. Its location is dry and healthv, and 46 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. ic is tnerefore a favorite resort for Northern invalids. The streets are broad and beautifully shaded with evergreens. The town has Episcopal, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian and Roman Catholic churches; five saw mills, a foundry and a tannery, and two newspapers, the Southern Enter- prise and Thomasville Times. The South Georgia Agri- cultural and Mechanical Association holds its annual fairs here, generally continuing five days. The country around is cultivated with cotton and sugar, and is well settled. Travelers and invalids will find accommodations at the Gulf Railroad House, kept by G. W. Parnell, and Young's Hotel, by John McKinnon ; charges $3.00 per day or $12.00 per weefe At the boarding houses rates are from $20.00 to $25.00 per month. A Swiss Colony is success- fully engaged in the grape culture near Thomasville. Thomasville shipped about 1 2,000 bales of cotton last year. Cairo — 214 miles from Savannah, 22 miles from Bain- bridge. Population 66. Boarding houses kept by W. ']'. Rigsby, William Powell and Wily Pearce. Rates ^i.oo per day. Whlgliaill — 221 miles from Savannah, 15 miles from Bainbridge. A considerable trade done here with the surrounding country. CSisiiax — 228 miles from Savannah, 8 miles from Bainbridge. Wood station. At this station the road descends westward into the valley of the Flint River. Bain R>rid§^e— 236 miles from Savannah. The Western terminus of the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad. Telegrap]i office, and the head of navigation on the Flint River, which is navigable all the year. Steamboats make semi-weekly trips to Colwmbus, Georgia, on the Chattahoochee and Apalachicola, Florida, on the Gulf of Mexico. The population of Bainbridge is 2000. It con- tains a corton factory, two steam saw mills, and three GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 47 churches. Two newspapers, the Southern Sun and the Argus are printed here. The neighboring lakes abound with fresh-water fish. The Sharon House, kept by John Sharon, is a first-class country house. Board $3.00 per day, 1^15.00 per week. Bainbridge is the county scat of Decatur County. The local shipments of cotton are 11,000 bales. The steamers landing here bring about 16,000 bales per annum for ship- ment by rail to Savannah. The town is rapidly improving. It is also the terminus of the Bainbridge, Cuthbert and Columbus Railroad, (narrow gauge) now under construc- tion. F&Q&i'B^ ®m^.w€M QF wmm Mw^.^^tiq ^e¥@ From 1)u Pont, Georgia, to Live Oak, Florida. Dll Pont — 131 miles from Savannah, 132 miles from Jacksonville. 'i'he junction of the main trunk of the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad and the Florida Branch. Forrest — 143 miles from Savannah, 121 miles from Jacksonville. Wood station. Statenville — 151 miles from Savannah, iii miles from Jacksonville. Population, about 50. The place con- tains Baptist and Methodist churches. Jasper — 163 miles from Savannah, 99 miles from Jacksonville. Population, 150. County seat of Jasper County. Invalids take conveyances here for the Upper White Sulphur Springs, 18 miles distant. The country here- about is pleasant and healthy. Visitors to Jasper can* be accommodated at the Stewart House, kept by Judge H. J. Stewart, and tlie Hately House, by Mrs. Z. Hatcly. Charges, $15.00 to $20.00 per month, $2.00 per day. 48 GUIDE TO FLORIDA Suwanee — 171 miles from Savannah, 90 miles from Jacksonville. Wood station. About one mile from his station is a most remarkable Sulphur spring, upon the rocky shore of the widely-sung '^Suwanee Ribber," and embowered in the live-oak and magnolia trees which shade its placid surface. The spring is about fifteen feet deep and as many feet in diameter ; its crystal-pure waters, as they pour into the river, are so clearly separate from the dark current flowing down from the Okafonokee Swamp, that the line of demarkation may be observed for some distance below the spring. This spring is well known for its efficiency in cases of rheumatism and dyspepsia, as is also the Upper White Sulphur, some miles farther up the river. liive Oak — 179 miles from Savannah, 8^ miles from Jacksonville. Telegraph office. Junction with the Jack- sonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railroad. From Thomasville to Albany, Georgia. ThoinasTille — 200 miles from Savannah, 60 miles from Albany. Junction of the main trunk and the Albany Division of the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad. Okloknee — 211 miles from Savannah, 49 miles from Albany. PelliaBBl — 224 miles from Savannah, 2>^ miles from Albany. >CaiIifllla — 232 miles from Savannah, 28 miles from Albany. Telegraph office. Anew town, laid out in 1S57, and growing rapidly. Population, 500. Ships 5000 bales GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 49 of cotton. It is situated in the midst of a flourishing cot- ton region. The town contains several steam saw mills, two corn mills, Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian churches, two good hotels and a uumber of boarding houses. Prices at the former, per day ^2.00 to ;^2.5o; per week, ^5. 00 to $6.00. County seat of Mitchell County. From this station to Albany the road runs near the east bank of the Flint P^iver, and through an almost continuous belt of extensive and fertile cotton plantations. Bacoitton — 242 miles from Savannah, 18 miles from Albany. Hardaway — 252 miles from Savannah, 8 miles from Albany. Albany — Telegraph Office, 258 miles from Savannah and on the Flint River. The terminus of three railroads, the Albany Branch of the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, the Brunswick and Albany Railroad to the Atlantic coast, and the South-western Railroad to IMacon. Population, 3500. County seat of Dougherty County. This is also a new place and has risen to the dignity of an incorporated city. It contains a number of mills and foundries, seven churches, two newspapers, the News and Central City, and two ho- tels : the Town House, kept by Collier & Co., and the Albany House by M. Burnes. Rates $3.00 per day and $30.00 per month. Upland cotton is the staple product of the surrounding country. Blue Spring, three miles from Albany, is a bold stream, gushing from the earth, and abounding with fish. The many ponds in the county are supposed to have an underground connection with this spring. 50 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. From Quincy, via Live Oak, to Jacksonville, by the Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railroad. The Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railroad con- nects the Apalachicola River in Western Florida with the Atlantic Ocean at Jacksonville, and therefore traverses the entire Northern section of the State, east of the Apalachi- cola. It also connects at Live Oak with the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, and all stations in Georgia ; at Tallahassee with St. Marks and the Gulf of Mexico, and at Baldwin with Fernandina in the North ai.d Cedar Keys in the South. At present the road is in running condition from Quincy east to Jacksonville, a distance of 189 miles. The road will be completed this winter to Chattahoochee, and the work of making the connection with Pensacola and Mobile will be pushed forward rapidly. The following are the stations on this road, going east : ^Quincy — 189 miles from Jacksonville. Telegraph ofhce. Population, 800. County seat of Gadsden County. The Wiliard House, kept by Mrs. Willard, is recommended. Board, $3 00 pe. day. There is a board- ing-house kept by Mrs. Innes. Quincy has three churches : Methodist, Episcopal and Presbyterian. A weekly news- paper, the Quincy Journal, is published here. The village is situated in Gadsden County, which before the war cultivated fine Cuba tobacco on a large and remu- nerative scale. The early vegetable business is flourishing. The neighborhood of Mount Pleasant, 12 miles from Quincy, is engaged in the cultivation of the Scuppernong grape, and produces a wine equal to the best of the Cali- GUIDE TO FLORIDA, 5^ fornia and Ohio vintages. A number of Swedish immi- grants have settled in Gadsden County, and have done so well that a large party has been induced to join them. Quincy is 22 miles from Bainbridge.. Georgia, and with it has daily stage communication. Tallahassee — 24 miles from Quincy, 165 from Jack- sonville (Telegraph office). Population 2,500. "State capi- tal and Leon county seat. The city is healthfully located upon the summit of a short ridge in the centre of a fine farming country, containing some of the best rolling lands in the State. Leon county raises about 1 2,000 bales of cotton annually. The climate is delightful, the summer heat being tempered by Gulf breezes. In the neighbor- hood of the city are Lakes Bradford, Jackson and Lafayette, all picturesque and beautiful bodies of water, and only six- teen miles distant are the celebrated Wakulla Springs, through the crystal waters of which one can plainly discern objects on the bottom, 130 feet below. Tallahassee boasts two newspapers, the Floridian and the Sentinel, a well kept hotel (the City) accommodating 150 guests, and kept by Mr. W. P. Slusser (board ^3 per day), and in addition to the State House, numerous neat and tasteful edifices, pub- lic and private. During the past year, too, a grand impetus has been given to its manufacturing industries. A cotton mill, established by the Tallahassee Manf g Co., is in active and prosperous operation, and the car shops of the J. P. & M. R. R. employ numerous hands in the construction of ^^ggage, mail and express cars, containing all modern im- provements. Under the energetic exertions of Major Wal- ker, Receiver, and Col. F. B. Papy, G. P. A. of the J. P. & M. Road, emigration from the North to this section of Florida has of late begun to assume surprising dimensions, several large colonies having already settled or purchased in the immediate vicinity. For Northern Florida in gene- 52 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. ral, and Tallahassee in particular, a new era of prosperity seems now to be dawning. JUonticello Junction — 51 miles from Q.uincy, 138 miles from Jacksonville. Connection is had here with the town of Monticello, county seat of Jefferson County, which is the terminus of a branch road, four and a quarter miles distant.. The population of Monticello is about 2000. Telegraph office. The Monticello Advertiser is published here, and there are Episcopalian, Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian churches. The principal hotel is the Monti- cello, with good accommodations, and kept by Mrs. M. A. Madden. Board and lodging may be had for ^25.00 per month. Lake Miccosukie is in this vicinity. Its banks are famous in the ancient history of Florida, as the camping ground of De Soto ; and in modern history, as the field of a sanguinary battle between General Jackson and the Miccosukie tribe of Indians. Monticello is twenty miles distant from Dixie, on the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad. Aucilla — 58 miles from Quincy and 131 miles from Jacksonville. Goodman — 65 miles from Quincy and 124 miles from Jacksonville. These two stations are shipping points for a fine planting country. Ifladi^on — 79 miles from Quincy and no miles from Jacksonville. Telegraph office. Population between 700 and 800. County seat of Madison County. The village contains Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian churches. The lands hereabouts are good, and there is considerable early garden truck raised for the Northern markets. The Phoenix Mills in the village are of large capacity. Trav- elers can be accommodated at the house of Mr. W. E. Howells, at $2.50 per day. In the County of Madison the beautiful Lakes Rachel and Mary Frances, and Cherry Lake are situated. They abound with fish. GUIDE TO F-LORIDA. 53 £liaTille — 94 miles from Quincy and 95 miles from Jacksonville. An extensive lumbering place ; situated on the Suvvanee River, which empties into the Gulf of Mex- ico. Population, about 500. There are large saw mills at this place, whose cutting capacity is fifty thousand feet daily, also planing and grist mills. A boarding house in the village is kept by Mrs. Drew. The church is used by all denominations. JLive Oak — 107 miles from Quincy and 82 miles from Jacksonville. The junction with the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad to Savannah, and all railroad points North. Telegraph office. County seat of Suwanee County. Popu'a- tion, 800. The village contains a saw mill, a planing mill, a manufactory and a church, which is used alternately by the Episcopalians, Baptists, Methodists and Presbyterians. The Live Oak Herald \s published here. Conner's Hotel affords good accommodations. Fare, $3.00 per diem. There is a private boarding house kept by Mrs. McLarran. Near the village are many waterfalls, some of them very pretty. The site of Live Oak was once an Indian camping ground. The Live Oak Ti??ies is published here. Wellburil — 119 miles from Quincy and 71 miles I from Jacksonville. Passengers going' to White Sulphur Springs stop here. Population, 350. Wellborn is situated ion the highest point above the level of the Gulf, on this I railroad. It is in a healthy country and a resort for inva- lids. The celebrated White Sulphur Springs on the (Suwanee River, are eight miles distant. They are much I used by sufferers from dyspepsia and rheumatism. Lake I Wellborn and several other inland sheets of water, are in ithis neighborhood, and are well stocked with fish. The village contains two churches, one used by the Baptists, and the other by the Methodists and Presbyterians. Trav- elers and invalids are accommodated at the houses of H. 54 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 1). Rigsb-e, S. L. Williams and others. Rites, $1.50 daily, ^7.00 to ^8.00 weekly, $20.00 to ^^o.oo monthly. JLake City — 130 miles from Quincy and 59 miles from Jacksonville. Telegraph office. A city of 2000 inhabitants. An United States signal service station and the seat of justice of Columbia County. The place con- tains cotton, saw and grist mills ; and seven churches be- longing to the Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Methodist, Episcopalian and Baptist denominations. The Lake City Press, edited by Captain E. W. Davis, is published here. Lakes Isabella, De Soto and Hamburg are within the city limits, and Indian Lake within a quarter of a mile. There is a chalybeate (iron, sulphur and magnesia) spring, about half a mile from the city, and one of the best sulphur springs in the South within 12 miles. The lakes and streams are stocked with trout, bream., perch, (mawmouth, speckled, sand and mud) gar and other varieties of fish : and the surrounding country with deer, bears, wild turkeys, partridges, snipe, (English and gray) and wild ducks. Every planter has from one to two dozen orange trees. The dim remains may be seen, about l.;!f a mile from Lake City, of trenches built by De Soto in his conflicts with the Indians over three hundred years ago. The city has three hotels, the Cathey House by J. \V. Cathey, Hancock House by Mrs. Ashurst, and Thrasher House by T. B. Thrasher, each containing from 25 to 30 rooms. OIll$$tee — 142 miles from Quincy and 47 miles from Jacksonville. Olustee is the site of the most important battle fought in Florida during the late civil war. Major Gei^eral Trueman Seymour, with a large body of United States troops, in February, 1864, marched from Jackson- ville, westward, and at this place encountered the Confed- erate army under Brigadier-General Joseph Finegan. A desperate battle ensued, which lasted all day, and was GUIDE TO HLOKIDA. 55 characterized by great bravery on both sides. General Seymour was beaten, and retreated from the field, aban- doning his dead and wounded to the enemy. His loss was 1 200, including Colonel Fribley, of the negro troops, killed. Finegans's loss was 250. The Confederate cavalry pursued General Seymour as far as Baldwin, picking up many prisoners. Sanderson — 152 miles from Quincy and 37 miles from Jacksonville. Telegraph Office. County seat of Baker County. Baldwin — 170 miles from Quincy and 19 miles from Jacksonville. Telegraph Office. Junction with the Florida Railroad, connecting with Fernandina and the Atlantic Ocean on the north, and Cedar Keys and the Gulf of Mexico, on the south. (See article on the Florida Railroad.) The telegraph line to Cuba branches off at this station. Wllite House — 178 miles from Quincy and 11 miles from Jacksonville. JaeksonYllle — 189 miles from Quincy. Termi- nus of the J. P. & M. Railroad. Telegraph Office. Boats for all points on the St. Johns River, and connecting with the St. Augustine Railroad at Tocoi, are taken here. (See article on the St. Johns River.) From Tallahassee to St. Marks. A branch railroad of 21 miles in length, connects Tal- lahassee with the port of St. Marks, on the Gulf of Mexico. St. JUarks — 21 miles from Tallahassee. Telegraph Office. A small settlement. Connection is made here with steamers for New Orleans, Pensacola, Apalachicola, Cedar Keys, Key West and Havana. (See advertisement, j 56 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. From Fernandina, via Baldwin, to Cedar Keys, BY THE Atlantic, Gulf and West India Transit Go's Railroad. The Florida Railroad stretches across the State, from the city of Fernandina in the extreme north-east, to Gedar Keys on the Gulf of Mexico, 154 miles south-west; thus connecting the waters of the Gulf and the Atlantic with an iron link. The road is vrell built and comfortable, and passes through some of the most picturesque parts of Florida. Through trains leaving daily from either termi- nus make the passage in twelve hours. The follov/inc^ are the stations on this route : Femaildilfia — Telegraph Office. An old but thriving city ; situated on the inner or western shore of Amelia Island, and at the mouth of the Amelia River, which divides it from the main land, and forms, with Cum- berland Sound, one of the best and safest seaports on the Atlantic coast, south of the Virginia capes. The city was built by the Spaniards. For many years it languished, but the completion of the railroad connection with the Gulf of Mexico gave it a new start, and it is now one of the most promising cities in the South. The population is about 2500. The harbor of Fernandina is so capacious, that, during the war of 181 2, v/hen the town was Spanish and neutral, more than three hundred square-rigged vessels were congregated together in its waters at one time. The harbor is land-locked, aud indeed can hold immense fleets in safety from the raging gales of the Atlan- tic outside. Vessels drawing 19 or 20 feet can cross the bar at high tide, while vessels of the deepest draught can unload at the wharves. GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 57 The lumber interest in this city is very considerable and is increasing. There are four large saw mills in operation, and others are contemplated. English capital has lately started a large cotton-ginning establishment, and there is a prospect of the town becoming a large depot for Govern- ment naval stores. It is to the market gardener that the neighborhood of Fernandina offers the greatest induce- ments. Vegetables can be raised, particularly in the win- ter season, so much earlier than at the North, that they are a very profitable article of shipment to New York. Fernandina has seven churches, one Episcopal, one Presbyterian, two Methodist, tw6 Baptist and one Roman Catholic. It is the seat of the Episcopal Bishoprick of Florida. A large and flourishing academy for young ladies is under the charge of the Bishop. There is one newspaper published in the city, entitled the Fernandina Observe}'. A good first-class hotel is greatly needed in Fernandina, and any capitaHst would find the estabHshment of such a hou^e abundantly remunerative. At present the rates charged per day are from $2.00 to $3.50, but there are numerous boarding houses where hberal terms can be made by the week or month. The healthfulness of Fer- nandina cannot be surpassed in the South. The cool sea breeze in summer makes it a delightful residence, while the general mildness of the climate in winter renders it equally attractive. Direct communication is had with all the principal railroad points in Florida and seaports to the northward ; and a new railroad is contemplated from Frrnandina to Jacksonville, which will lessen the traveling distance be- tween that place and Savannah. Besides its pleasant climate, Fernandina has, in its neighborhood, some places of historical interest and natural beauty, which make it 58 GUIDE TO FLORIDA attractive to visitors. The magnificent sea beach affords at low water a drive of eighteen miles on a road as smooth and hard as the bed of a billiard table. An interesting excursion is to Dungeness, — miles distant ; the seat of the illustrious General Nathaniel Greene of Revolutionary memory. The estate was presented to the General by the people of Georgia, in recognition of his services as com- mander of the Southern provincial army during the most critical period of the st'-uggle. It consists of. about 10,000 acres, and has been iaid out with great taste and care. The gardens are superb. The visitor can see here how the olive flourishes in the South, making beautiful groves traversed by avenues ; also avenues of live oaks, those giants of the forest, hanging with the sombre though graceful Spanish moss, which droops in long festoons from every limb. On the beach, about half a mile from the Dungeness mansion, may be seen the grave of General HenryLee, of Virginia, the famous "Light Horse Harry" of the Revolution. He died at this place in March, 1818, aged 63 years. A headstone, erected by his son. General Robert E. Lee, the Commander-in-chief of the Confed- erate armies, marks the spot where the hero is buried. , Hart's Road — 12 miles from Fernandina, 142 miles from Cedar Keys. Wood station. Callalian — 27 miles from Fernandina, 127 miles from Cedar Keys. Junction point of the Great Southern R. R. from Jesup to Jacksonville, nov/ under construction. The village has two churches. The station is situated on an extensive marl bed, and is surrounded by a valuable forest of yellow pine, cypress, live oak, white oak, &c. Travel- ers who have a curiosity to see live rattlesnakes can gratify it in the woods hereabouts. Baldivin — Telegraph Office. 47 miles from Fer- nandina, 107 miles from Cedar Keys- The junction with GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 59 the Jacksonville, Pensacola and Horida Railroad. The City of Jacksonville is only 20 miles distant. Population of this settlement, about 150. It contains two hotels, the Baldwin House and the Florida House, which have accommodations for 100 guests. Charges, ^4.00 per diem. Trail Rid^e — 62 miles from Fernandina, 92 miles from Cedar Keys. / l^tai'ke — 73 miles from Fernandina, 81 miles from Cedar Keys. Population, 250. There is a church in the village, and three within the distance of a mile, all Meth- odist. No hotel, but a good boarding house, kept by Mrs. T; B. Hoyt, who charges ^1.50 per day or $2^ per month. There are a number of lakes from two and a-half to ten miles distant, some of them large with very clear water. Game is scarce, but fresh water fish abound in the lakes. This part of Florida is principally inhabited by small far- mers, who cultivate the sea island cotton, corn, sugar cane, sweet oranges, peaches and a variety of garden pro- ductions. Waldo — 84 miles from Fernandina and 70 miles from Cedar Keys. Junction of the railroad now being con- structed to Tampa Bay. Population, about 125. Has two Baptist and one Methodist churches. No hotel, but board can be obtained in private families, at from ^15,00 to ^20.00 per month. The village has two mills for gin- ning cotton. Santa Fe Lake is about two miles distant. It is about nine miles long and four wide, and affords excellent facilities for boating and fishing. About six miles from Waldo there is a natural sink in the land cover- ing about two acres. A stream runs into it continually, and yet there is no visible outlet. The Santa Fe River disappccirs several miles from the village, and flows uader ground, thus forming a natural bridge. The lakes and 6o GUIDE TO FLORIDA. creeks here about are filled with trout and perch, and the woods with deer, ducks, quails, etc. This neighborhood is remarkable for its healthfulness. The only local dis- ease is the malarial fever, which prevails during the later months of summer, but wliich is in a mild form and easily controlled by remedies. The climate is peculiarly adapted to sufferers from diseases of the lungs, the air being dry and pleasant. GaifilC'^vllIe — 96 miles from Fernandina, 55 miles from Cedar Keys. Telegraph Office. The largest and most important station on the Florida Railroad, and a favorite resort for invalids. County seat of Alachua County. Population, 1500. The town contains Presbyte- rian, Baptist, Methodist and Episcopalian churches, three flourishing academies, two newspapers, the Independent, republican, a- id the New Era, conservative, and three liotels with good accommodations. The latter are : Oak Hall, Colonel Lemuel Wilson, proprietor ; Exchange Hotel, P. Shemwell, proprietor; Beville House, Mrs. S. P. Beville; board, ^2.00 to $3.00 per day, or ^25.00 to ^30.00 per month. .There are two livery stables, affording ample means for conveyance into the interior and to, the natural curiosities with wdiich the vicinity abounds. The Alachua, a body of water, termed in Florida, a ''sink," is the recipient of several streams, with a subterranean passage to the ocean. It is filled with alligators and all kinds offish, and the surrounding scenery is very charm- ing and romantic. In Alachua County there is a large and beautiful prairie, twenty miles long and five miles wide. The county is the largest in the State, with a pop- ulation of 20,000. There are twenty-eight public schools. A tri-weekly mail line starts from Gainesville for Tampa on the Gulf. Passengers are taken. There is plenty of game in the woods. Oranges, lemons, limes, grapesu GUIDE TO FLORIDA, 6i bananas and peaches thrive here. Peach trees sometimes bear at the age of fifteen months, a thing unknown in any other section of the Union. Garden truck is raised in abundance for the Northern markets. Immigrants are welcomed. Land from 75 cents to ^50.00 per acre. New- mansville and Micanopy are important towns in the county, which have stage connections with Gainesville. Archer — 113 miles from Fernandina, and 41 miles from Cedar Keys. The Suwanee River is distant about 25 miles. Population, 200. No hotels, but travelers are accommodated at the houses of Joseph S. McDonell and Mrs. Young. There are three Methodist and one Baptist churches. Hereabouts are magnificent pine forests and beautiful prairie views. Bronsoil — 122 miles from Fernandina, and 32 miles from Cedar Keys. A new place, settled mostly since the war. Population about 100. It is the county seat of Levy County. There is one church (Methodist), and a hotel of limited capacity, the Jackson House, but the fare is excellent. Board can be obtained in private families at about $1.00 per day. Twelve miles from the village is an inexhaustible bed of iron ore, which has not yet been worked. The railroad here passes through some of the finest land in the State, the Gulf hummock, adapted for the culture of sugar cane, cotton, corn, (Sec. In the neighboring creeks, besides many varieties of fish, there are an abundance of soft-shell turtles, which, when prop- erly prepared, make a very savory and delicious dish. Otter Creek — 135 miles from Fernandina, 19 miles from Cedar Keys. , Palmetto — 144 miles from Fernandina, 10 miles from Cedar Keys. Cedar Keys — 154 niiles from Fernandina, 126 miles from Jacksonville. The Gulf of Mexico terminus of the 62 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. Florida Railroad. Regular packet steamers connect here with New Orleans, Key West and Havana. Population, 400. There are two hotels, the Gulf House, fare ^^2.50, and the Exchange, ^3.00 per day. The Suwanee River en- ters the Gulf eighteen miles west of Cedar Keys, and the Withlacooche, eighteen miles south. The former is navigable to Ellaville. Cedar Keys is situated on a fine, large bay, which affords excellent facilities for bathing, boating and fishing. The New Orleans, Florida and Havana Steamship Com- pany dispatch one of the steamers of their line every Saturday morning for Havana, New Orleans and Key West. Passengers desiring to go by these steamers should be in Cedar Keys on Friday night. This grand water-course of Eastern Florida, has \t% source in the springs and swamps of the southern extremity of the peninsula, and flowing northward, for a distance of four hundred mifes, turns abruptly eastward in the neigh- borhood of Jacksonville, and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Its whole course lies through an extremely level region. For one hundred and fifty miles it has an average width of more than one and a-half miles, and is said to carry a volume of water much larger than does the Rio Grande, which is one thousand miles long. In some places it expands to a width of six miles, nor does it con- tract at any point to less than a mile, below Lake George. Many of the tributaries of the St. Johns are navigable to quite a distance by steamboats, and it is believed that GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 63 this river and its navigable branches give one thoiisana miles of water transportation. The river scenery is not only beautiful, but to the stranger's eye, has the additional charm of novelty. The luxuriance of the tropical vegeta- tion, the pretty villages nestling amid magnificent shade trees or orange groves along the banks, and the broad, placid waters through which the steamer ploughs its way, combine to make a picture of surpassing loveliness. The banks of the St. Johns are the principal attraction to the invalids coming to Florida in search of a balmy climate, change of scene and pleasant surroundings. Thousands of visitors from the North are scattered among its towns and villages every winter. The means of access are easy and comfortable. Large steamers ascend as far as Palatka, from which smaller steamers continue the tour- ist's journey on the St. Johns to Lake Monroe, and on the Oclawaha River to S^ilver Springs, and the interior lake country. There are three daily lines from Jacksonville to Palatka and return, the Gen'l Sedgwick, the Hampton, and the Florence (Brock's Line), all leaving at 9.00 a.m. In addition to these the Starlight leaves on Tuesdays and Satur- days, and the Tuskawilla and the Okahumkee on Thursdays, the latter boats running through to Silver Springs and interme- diate points on the Ocklawaha. The David Clark or Hat- tie (Brock's Line) leave on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fri- days at 9.00 A M. for Enterprise, and the Hattie Barker on Tuesdays and Fridays at 9.00 a.m. for Mellon ville. Fares are: to Green Cove Springs and intermediate points $1.00; to Palatka and intermediate points $2.00. Meals $1.00 ex- tra; to Mellonville and Enterprise (including meals and stateroom) $9.00 from Jacksonville and $6.00 from Palat- ka. Time from Jacksonville to Enterprise 36 hours. 64 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. General Sketch. — County seat of Duval County, situated 25 miles from the mouth of the St. Johns River on its western bank. The commercial emporium of East Florida, and the largest city on the Atlantic coast of the United States south of Savannah; it is the chief objective point of tourists to the Land of Flowers. The city is regu- larly incorporated, has a Mayor and Board of Aldermen, and is the seat of the United States District Court and of the Federal Customs and Internal Revenue Offices. Its streets have been regularly laid out, with fine sidewalks and shade trees, and numerous structures, public and pri- vate, bespeak its wealth and importance. Within its limits are twelve Churches, three being Baptist, three Methodist, two Episcopalian, two Presbyterian, one Roman Catholic and one Second Advent. Originally named in honor of General Andrew Jackson, the place remained a small village, though considerably re- sorted to by invalids for half a century past, until the close of the late war. A census taken by Ex-Senator Osborne, in charge of the Freedmen's Bureau in Florida, in 1866, showed a population of less than 1700, most of them ragged blacks. To-day there is a permanent population of nearly 13.000, and while then there were but five brick buildings in the place, there are now to be seen long rows of stores, rivaling those of the MetropoUs in the variety of the stocks and the richness of display. No such ratio of growth can be shown by any other city of the Union. Topography and Suburbs. The rapid growth of Jacksonville has caused it to extend along the bank of the St. Johns River for more than four miles, calling into existence East Jacksonville, Oakland, Wyoming, on the east, and La Villa, Brooklyn and Riverside on the west. GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 65 Springfield, a locality to the North of Jacksonville, of more recent growth, is expected to be in time the centre of the growth of fashionable residences of northern sojourners. The land here slopes from a considerable height south- ward to Hogan's Creek, the city limit, and commands a fine view of the St. Johns River and surrounding country. The villages of Riverside, Reed's Landing, South Shore and Alexandria are reached by ferryboat. Land at either of the points mentioned can be advantageously purchased, and the attention of Northern capitalists has of late years been largely directed to its value as an investment. Streets — The principal business thoroughfare is Bay street, and from this, at right angles, branch off the other streets of Jacksonville. Bay street, for a distance of three- quarters of a mile, is built up on both sides with solid brick business houses, and is a leading feature of interest to visitors. Hotels — As might be naturally inferred, a winter re- sort so generously patronized as Jacksonville, abounds in the best of hotel accommodations and boarding houses where visitors may find ail the comforts and conveniences of life. Prominent among the hotels may be mentioned the St. James (J. R. Campbell, Manager), accommodating 300 guests, and located within easy distance of the cars and steamboats. This elegant building has a frontage of 210 feet upon the St. James Park, and is provided with every modern convenience. The Grand National Hotel (Geo. McGinley, Prop'r,) and the Metropolitan, are also commo- dious and well kept houses. Educational Establishments— Both the Pro- testant and Roman Catholic portions of the community 66 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. are furnished with the means of careful education. For the former St. Mary's Priory, under the personal supervision of the Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese, and for the latter, the St. Joseph's Academy, under the Lady Superior, as- sisted by the Sisters of the Order of St. Joseph, offer com- plete courses of study and discipline, without sectarian proselytism, to those whose children's health demand a southern climate. Commerce and JlldUSllies, As a trade centre, this city must, as the outlet for the immense lumber busi- ness of the State on the one hand, and its chief port of entry for the merchandise of the world on the other, nec- essarily retain its pre-eminence, and continually attract to its counters the business of dealers from the interior, who, even now, rarely go as they did once to Savannah or Charleston to buy their goods. 'Jacksonville merchants show in this, and many other regards, the enterprise which not only deserves but commands success. There are nine large saw mills in operation, for instance, while many others located along the thousand miles of inland naviga- ble water ship their lumber from this port. This fact alone also serves to show the immense inland wealth of this re- gion awaiting development at the hands of enterprise and capital. Banking facilities are offered at the Banking Houses of D. G. Ambler and Denny & Brown, both on Bay street. There is a Freedman's Saving Bank situated on the corner of Ocean and Bay Streets, and a New National Bank is this year to be started. Among the industrial enterprises may be especially mentioned the manufacture from the palmetto leaf of a fine quality of bank note paper. A shoe factory and a cotton factory are both talked of, and, more important than all, direct steamship communication witli New York is seriously contemplated for the coming season. GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 67 Nor should mention be forgotten of the novel industry of wild orange champagne manufacture, recently entered up- on by Mr. J. H. Paine, a chemist, who has lately made Jacksonville his home. From the refuse of the wine pro- cess he also eHminates a valuable wax, and an essential oil which commands a high price. The Fire Department of Jacksonville is, in its apparatus ?iW(\ personel^ another unmistakable evidence of the city's enterprise, and includes in its equipage two fine Amoskeag engines and several handsome hose carriages and trucks. Points of Interest. A visit to Jacksonville would be incomplete without a drive out by the magnifi- cent shell road, cut one hundred feet wide through the pine forest, a distance of four miles, to the now famous Mon- crief's Springs, the waters of which possess rare medicinal virtues, especially beneficial for sufferers by malarial com- plaints. The place is said to have derived its name from a French Jew who, having married an Indian maiden, was here robbed and slain by her relatives. Recently a com- pany was formed, with the Mayor of Jacksonville at its head, for tlie purpose of improving the grounds about the springs, and rendering them a pleasant resort for Jack- sonville visitors. Two fine baths, or pools, have been es- tablished with dressing rooms attached; a restaurant, pavilion and orchestra stand have been erected, and now there are few, if any, pleasanter springs than Moncrief s to be found anywhere throughout the South. Visitors desiring to carry home mementoes of Jackson- ville, will find at the gallery of Messrs. Wood & Bickle, on Bay street, a fine assortment of stereoscopic views of the many interesting points in and about the city. At B n Greenleaf s Museum of Florida Curiosities, also on Bay street, they may pass, too, an instructive and en- 68 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. tertaining visit in inspecting his valuable collection of liv- ing reptiles, birds and wild animals. This museum, where crowds daily assemble, is among the fashionable resorts of the city during the winter season. Civil Engineer and Surveyor, Mellonviile, Orange Co., Fia, (See page T».) Special attention given to locating lands suit- able for Orange Groves. The St. Johns River — Continued. jflultoerry Grove — The first landing-place after leaving Jacksonville, 12 miles distant, on the west bank. A beautiful grove. illaildarisi — 15 miles from Jacksonville, on the east bank, a village of 200 inhabitants, one of the old- est settlements on the river ; has several stores and two or three fine orange groves. This place is of interest to Northern visitors as being the winter residence of Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe. Her house is near the bank, a few rods to the left of the shore end of the pier. It is a GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 69 moderate-sized cottage of dark brown color. A Catholic Convent has recently been established at this point by the Bishop of Florida, and is now inhabited by the Sisters. Hibernia — 25 miles from Jacksonville, on the west bank. This is quite a resort for invalids. Mrs. Fleming has a large, commodious house, which will accommodate about forty boarders and is one of the lirst to fill up. ili:^g^nolia — zS miles from Tackson\i!le. on the west bank ; a beautiful place, with a fine hotel kept by Mr. Houghton. With the contiguous cottages about eighty guests can be accommodated. Near t)y is Magnolia Point, one of the highest points of land extending into the river between Jacksonville and Palatka. A short distance north of Magnolia Point a navigable stream, called Black Creek, empties into the St. Johns. Small steamers from Jackson- ville make weekly trips up Black Creek as far as Middle- burg. Large quantities of lumber are floated down this stream to a market. The banks abound with alligators. Crrecil Cove ^praisg-^ — 30 miles from Jackson- ville, on the west bank ; one of the most popular reports on the river. The Union House, kept by Remington and Reed, will accommodate comfortably about fifty guests. There are other hotels and several good boarding houses. Rates at the hotels, $3.00 per day ; at the boarding houses, per week, ^10 to $15. One of the attractions at this place is the S[)ring, which is held in high esteem for its health- giving qualities. The water has a temperature of about 75 degrees ; is as clear as crystal and has a slight sulphurous taste, not unpleasant. Facilities are afforded to both sexes for bathing at the Spring. Green Cove promises to be- come in time a flourishing and populous village. Hograrth^N l^Vliarf— 35 miles from Jacksonville, on [he east bank ; a post-office and wood landing. JO GUIDE TO FLORIDA. PiCOlata — 45 miles from Jacksonville, on the east bank. This snrall settlement is the site of an ancient Spanish city, of which scarce one vestige remains. Two centuries ago, it was the main depot of supply for the Spanish plantations of the up country, and through it, we re shipped to St. Augustine and abroad, such products as the settlers raised. The Franciscan monks erected a splendid church here and some religious houses for their order. Opi)Osite Picolata, on the western bank, are the remains of a great earthwork fort belonging to the Spanish era. Tocoi — 53 miles from Jacksonville, on the east bank.- The depot of the .St. Augustine Railroad. The distance to St. Augustine is 15 miles, and trains connecting with the river boats run through in 40 minutes. Before the use of locomotives the time required to make this journey was two hours. I'here are a few objects of interest to be seen in the time allowed here, and the restaurant of Mr. Thomas can be recommended to tourists. Palatka — 75 miles from Jacksonville, west bank. Population 1000 (Telegraph office). It is the largest town on the St. Johns above Jacksonville, and is the head of navigation for ocean steamers, which here transfer their freight and passengers for the upper St. Johns and Ockla- Nvaha rivers. It occupies an elevated site, and extends about half a mile along the bank. The town has numerous stores doing a good business, two hotels, the St. Johns, (a first-class house, conducted by P. & H. Petermann,) and the Putnam House, a weekly pa])er, the Eastern Herald, a ship yard, and several mills and other industries. The business houses are large and attractive in appearance, and the wharves, which are numerous, are lined with commo- dious warehouses, in which is constantly stored merchandise from most of the Atlantic seaports. Palatka is an impor- tant commercial point, and is each year becoming more so. GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 71 Steamers run from Palatka to Dunn's Lake, and also up the Ocklawaha River to Silver Springs, Ocala, and the head of navigation, a distance of 1 80 miles. Opposite to Palat- ka, a distance of a mile and a half, and accessible by boat at all times, is Col. Hart's famous Orange Grove of six acres, said to be the most highly cultivated of any in the South. In different parts of the grove can be seen every variety of tropical fruit, including a fine grove of bananas. From a single orange tree Col. Hart gathered last year 4500 oranges. No visitor staying over a day at Palatka should fail to visit this beautifuL spot. IVelnka — 100 miles from Jacksonville and 20 miles from Palatka, on the east hunk, is the site first, of an old Indian village, and afterwards, of a flourishing Spanish settlement. It is near the entrance to Dunn's Lake, and also to the Ocklawaha River. The scenery along the Ocklawaha is very wild and picturesque, and is much ad- mired by tourists. There are some magnificent planta- tions on the banks, and large quantities of cotton and sugar are raised. Silver Spring is a basin of beautiful, clear and deep water. This the site of a Seminole village of 600 inhabitants. Lake Georg^e — After leaving Welaka, the river widens into Little Lake George, four miles wide and seven miles long, and then into Big Lake George, one of the loveliest sheets of water in the world ; twelve miles wide and eighteen miles long. It is dotted with pretty islands, one of them called Rembert, being seventeen hundred acres in extent, and having one of the largest orange groves on the river. The banks of Lake George are musi- cal with the song and brilliant with the plumage of the Southern birds. Flocks of herons, the white curlew, the crane, the pelican, the loon and the paroquet may be seen. The latter can be bought of the negroes. 72 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. Volusia— 5 §^ miles from Lake George, and 65 miles from Palatka, on the east bank; a wood station, with a considerable settlement back from the river. This is the site of anotlier ancient Spanish city, wiped out by the wars of the past, so that not a trace remains. It was the principal point on the line of travel between St. Augus- tine and theMusquito Inlet country. The modern village was settled in 181 8. - During the Seminole war a fort was built here, and from this post Creneral Eustis, in command of the left wing of the army, composed mostly of regu- lars and drafted three months' men from South Carolina and Georgia, set out to cross the country to the Withla- coochee, to join General Scott. After a brief and fruit- less campaign of three months. General Scott and his army recrossed the river at Volusia on their way to St. Au- gustine. Means can be had at Volusia to get to New Smyrna and Indian River on the coast; a famous country for the hunter. New Smyrna is celebrated as the sjjot settled by Dr. Turnbull and his colony of 1500 Minorcans, ni the year 1767. TurnbiilFs wife being a native of Smyrna, in Asia, the settlement was named New Smyrna.' The crop cultivated by Turnbull was indigo, of which he raised thousands of dollars' worth annually. These col- onists not being dealt with according to contract, all abandoned the settlement and located in and near St. Augustine, where their descendants now reside. The only permanent monument left by Turnbull is a large canal, draining the swamp that bears liis name into t'ne Hillsboro' River at New Smyrna. ©raiig"e Cirl'ove— 10 miles from Lake George. Wood landing. )IIa'U'kill§Ti]le^2o miles from Lake George. Wood landing. GUIDE TO FLORiOA. Blue spring' — 33 miles from Lake George. Wood landing. Near here is o^e of th« largest springs in the State. The water boils up from a bottom eighty feet wick, and forms a considerable river. The spring is several hmi- dred yards from the St. Johns, but the stream flowing from the spring is large enough, at its confluence at the river, for the steamers to float in it. It is a most interesting sight to look over the side of the steamer, into the crystal- clear water, and observe the every-day life of the shoals of fish below, as they flit here and there, seeking a living, making love to and war on each other, quite unconscious of the lookers-on in tiie element over their heads. JTIellonville — 125 miles from Palatka, and 200 miles from Jacksonville, on the west bank of Lake Monroe. One of the most important landings on the Upper St. Johns It was formerly the site of Fort Mellon, built during the Indi- an War. There are two hotels here. The orange groves in the neighborhood are handsome and productive, and have induced the estabHshment at this point of a manufactory of a new and health-giving beverage known as "Orange Bitters," and which as a tonic for invalids are pronounced by physicians as unsurpassed. The advertisement of the proprietor, Mr. J. J. Hite, will be found elsewhere. Lake Monroe, upon which Mellonville is situated, is twelve miles long and five miles wide. It is crowded with fish of many varieties, and the opportunities for rare sport to the angler, are unsurpassed. Wild fowls are likewise abun- dant. ^Enterprise — Almost directly opposite Mellonville, on the east bank of Lake Monroe; is 130 miles from Palatka and 205 miles from Jacksonville, and the head of regular steamboat navigation. Here is one of the best and most popular hotels on the river, the Brock House ; a large comfortable building, capable of entertaining on« 74 • GUIDE TO FLORIDA. hundred guests. It is usually crowded during the winter. Attached to it are a billiard saloon and a ten-pin alley. The rates for board rank from ;^ 15.00 to $20 00 per week, according to rooms. The Green Spring, at Old Enter- prise, about a mile from the Brock House, is worth a visit, as well as the orange groves in the vicinity.^ The Spring is o( a delicate green color, and at times transparent. Ir is nearly eighty feet in diameter, and fully one hundred feet deep. The waters are sulphurous, and few fish live in them. Enterprise is the great headquarters for the sports- man. Fishing and hunting expeditions are fitted out here for the upper lakes and the Indian River country. Horses and boats are kept on hire, and during the winter a small steamboat makes frequent excursions to Lakes Jessup and Harney, taking parties who wish to enjoy the ravishing scenery and indulge in that novel and exciting sport, alligator shooting. The run up to Lake Harney and back, can be made in a day. Lake Jessup, which is in the neighborhood of Lake Harney, is seventeen miles long by five miles wide, and is so shallow, that it cannot be en- tered by a boat drawing over three feet of water. The St. John's River has its rise in the Everglades, fully 120 miles further south than Enterprise, but tourists do not usually ascend beyond Lake Harney, twelve miles from Enterprise. The climate in this locality is perceptibly milder than below. The winter resembles very much the months of May and June at the North, though without their occasional scorching heat. The Southern Inland Navigation and Improvement Company have contracted to deepen the waters of the St. Johns, from Enterprise, as far as Lake Washington. This much-needed improvement will give inland commu- nication v/ith Indian River, Sand Point, Mosquito Inlet, Indian River Inlet, Susannah, Jupiter Inlet, and the capes, GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 76 and opens up the entire south-east coast of Florida to the extremity of the Pcninsuhi. To the tourist in search oi adventure, this section of the State presents a magnificent field. The Indian River is alive with every variety of fish that inhabit the Southern waters, and the woods abound in game. Since the completion of the railroad from St. Augustine to Tocoi, on the St. Johns River, access to this picturesque and beautiful old Spanish town has been easy, pleasant and rapid. The regular packet steamers up the St. Johns River leave Jacksonville at nine o'clock daily, Sundays ex- cepted; and connect at Tocoi (57 miles from Jacksonville) with the St. Augustine Railroad. The train runs through from Tocoi to St. Augastine in forty minutes, The distance between Tocoi and St. Augustine is fifteen miles. Through fare from Jacksonville, ina steamer and railroad, $3.00. Meals and staterooms $1.00 extra. St. Augustine, the most ancient town in North America, is situated on a peninsula nearly surrounded by the St. Sebastian River and St. Augustine Bay. The population is 2,000 souls, mostly of Spanish and Minorcan descent. Across the Bay is Anastasia Island. Tlie town was founded by Menendez, the Spanish Governor of Florida, in 1565, which was forty-three years before the settlement of Jamestown, in Virginia, and fifty-five years before the landing of the Pilgrims on Plymouth Rock. St. Augus- tine has had an eventful histor}-.,^ First, it was laid waste by the French, under De Oourgues ; in 1580, it was attacked and plundered by the English, under Sir Francis 7^ GUIDE TO FLORIDA. Drake. In i6i i, it was pillaged by the Indians. In 1665, the English buccaneer, Davis, sacked it, after the inhabi- tants had taken refuge in the fort. In 1702, Governor Moore, of the English Colony of South Carolina, invaded Florida, and attacked the city, but was baffled by the fort. In 1 71 2, the inhabitants suffered from a famine in consev quence of the non-arrival of supply ships from Spain. In 1725, the Georgians, under Colonel Palmer, were beaten off. 'In 1740, General Oglethorpe, the Governor of Geor- gia, laid regular siege to the place, planting his batteries on Anastasia Island and bombarding the fort for thirty-eight days. He failed to force the Spaniards to surrender, and retired. ' The city passed into British possession, by treaty, in 1763, and held a British garrison during our Revolutionary war. In 1784, it was re-ceded to Spain, and in 181 9 transferred to the United States. During the late war between the States, it changed masters three limes. HoteBiS — St. Augustine, Hke Jacksonville, is provided with the very best of hotel accommodations, affording the Northern visitor all the comforts and luxuries which modern civiHzation can furnish. The St. Augustine Hotel (E. E. Vain, Proprietor), fronting upon the bay and overlooking the ocean, seals 300 guests, and has been entirely refitted and refurnished thoughout. The Magnolia House (W. W. F aimer, Proprietor,) is also a first class estabfishment, de- servedly popular with winter tourists to St. Augustine. Old Town Wall— Built by the Spaniards two centuries ago. It ])rotected the town on its northern side, and extended across the peninsula from shore to shore. The gateway of the old wall still stands, and is a pictur- f GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 11 esque and imposing ruin, with ornamented lofty towers and loop-holed sentry-boxes. The ditch is clearly marked. Fort marion — The old Spanish fort once called San Juan. It was begun in 1620, and built principally by the forced labor of Indian slaves who toiled on it for one hundred years. It stands on the sea front, at the upper Barper Brof. Interior of Fort Marion. end of the town, and its material is almost wholly the Coquina rock, quarried on Anastasia Island. A ramble through its heavy casements, its crumbling Roman chapel, with elaborate portico and inner altar and holy-water niches, its dark passages, gloomy vaults, and more recently- discovered dungeons, bring you ready credence of its many traditions of inquisitorial tortures. In one of the arched dungeons, discovered by accident, beneath the 7« GUIDE TO FLORIDA. walls of the fort, was found a sealed up stone doorway, which being dug away, gave access to an inner dungeon. In this place were found two cages, in each of which were skeletons, one of them that of a female. One of these is now preserved in the Smithsonian Institute, the other was interred on the north side of the fort. A visit to the fort by moonlight also is recommended. Cathedral. — The old Catholic cathedral, with its quaint Moorish belfry, its chime of four bells in separate niches, and its clock, together forming a cross, and its antique interior, is one of the most interesting objects in St. Augustine. The oldest of the bells is marked 1682. Other Churches.— The Episcopalians have a neat chapel on the Plaza. There are also Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian rhurches in the city. The Plaza. — A fine public square in the centre of the city is called the '' Plaza de la Constitution. On it stand the ancient markets, and it is faced by the cathe- dral, the old palace, the convent, and the Episcopal church. In the middle is a monument erected in honor of the Spanish Liberal Constitution. Effigies of John Hancock and Samuel Adams were burned on this spot by the British troops early in the Revolution. The Plaza is a very pleasant resort for idlers, who will find a firm, green turf for lounging, benches and shade trees. The visit by moonlight is enchanting. The Palace^ or old Government house of the Span- ish era, on the Plaza, is now used as the post-ofiice. Court, St. Aug. Library and Reading Rooms, and Peabody School. Barracks— occupied by United States troops, said to have once been a monastery or convent. GUlDt TO FLORIDA. 79 Convents. — There are three, the old Spanisn con- vent of St. Mary's, the one m the rear of the palace, a taste- ful edifice built of Coquina, and largest of all, the new con- vent on St. George street, near the Barracks. Onieteries. — The old Huguenot burying-ground is a place of much interest In the military burying-ground, under three pyramids of Coquina, stuccoed and whitened, are the ashes of Major Dade and 107 men of his command, who were massacred by Osceola and his band. Sea-"WalI. — A fine sea-wall of nearly a mile in length, built of Coquina, with a coping of granite, pro- tects the entire bay front of the city, and affords a de- lightful promenade on a moonlight evening. In full view of this is the old light-house on Anastasia Island, built more than a century ago, and now surmounted by a fine revolving Ian term A new light-house, 160 feet high, has also been erected here by the Government. The Hay and Anaf<$la;>iia Island.— Boating oa the bay is a favorite amusement on moonlight nights. The sail by day across tiie bay to Anastasia Island is charming. Beautiful shells of all descriptions may be gathered on the beach, and sea-mosses and lichens may be collected for albums. ^tS'Cels. — They are nearly all quite narrow ; one, which is nearly a mile long, being but fifteen feet wide. Many of the houses, with high roof and dormer windows, have banging balconies along their second stories, whicli seem almost to touch each other across the narrow street. Improvements. — Half a million dollars have been expended on improvements, public and private, in St. Augus- tine since 1870. Charlotte, St. Creorge and Bay streets are all interesting thoroughfares. - Among the private resi- dences recently completed may be named those of Henry Ball, of Ball, Black & Co., costing $50,000; of John How- go GUIDE TO FLORIDA. ard, costing $30,000 ; and of Wm. H. Aspinwall, costing $25,000. Speculation in land has been rife for some time, and the natural charms, added to its historic, will probably make St. Augustine soon outstrip in development the younger cities of thu State. The country west of the Apalachicola River has not yet been brought into railroad communication with the other parts of the State. Its comparative isolation was the cause of the recent movement in favor of annexing it to Alabama. The extension of lines of the Jacksonville, Pensacola and the Mobile Railroad, will soon remove any feeling of discontent which may exfst in Western Florida. vipalachicoia. — This city was formerly the seat of a very considerable trade. It was the shipping port for that rich cotton-growing region lying on the Chatta- hoochie and Flint Rivers, which empty into the Apalachi- cola River, and thus into Apalachicola Bay. The Chatta- hoochee is navigable as far up as Columbus, Georgia ; a distance of 367 miles. The building of numerous rail- roads in lower Georgia and Alabama, which tapped the river line, diverted trade from this old city to Mobile and Savannah. "^The population has decreased, but it still can boast about 1000 inhabitants. Owing to its fine site there is no reason v.-hy, with capital and energy, its former pros- perity should not be revived. Maria II iia. — County seat of Jackson County. This town is situated on the Chipola River, an affluent of the Apalachicola, and navigable at certain seasons by small craft to Mari?.nna. The business cf this town is ordina- rily done through Bellevue and Neal's Landing, about 18 miles distant, on the Chattahoochee. GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 8i The extension of the Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railroad will pass through Marianna, and must very much increase its prosperity, already ensured by the fertility of the adjacent country. Peiasacola — The principal city of \Vcstern f lorida. Population, 2,000. It is situated on Pensacola Bay, and is enjoying a lucrative and growing trade. At the entrance of the bay lies Santa Rosa Island, upon which is built Fort Pickens, the scene of one of the most famous sieges of the earlier years of the late war between the States. The city was laid out by the English in 1763. Pensacola may be reached from Jacksonville and Eastern Florida by means of the railroad to St. Marks on the Gulf, and regular packet steamer from St. Marks to Pensacola Bay. The Pensacola and Louisville Railroad connects at Pollard with the Mobile and Montgomery Railroad. •The following observations upon the future of Pensacola are taken from a pamphlet issued by the *' New City Com- pany:"' *-'The City of Pensacola has natural advantages which destine it to become, by rapid strides, the Chicago of the South. It is situated on the north coast of t.he Gulf of Mexico, in latitude 30 deg. 28 m. north, and longitude 87 dcg. 22 m. west of Greenwich, only ten miles from the open sea. Its thoroughly land-locked harbor covers an area of over two hundred square miles, being about thirty miles long, and from five to eight miles in \, idth, having unsurpassed anchorage, and a depth of from thirty to thir- ty-five feet. The entrance to the harbor is about half a mile wide, with an average depth on \\\Q.\i'^x o{ tweflty-four fect. The same depth is readily secured at the wharfage line of the city. A laden ship of largest tonnage can ap- proach the city at any time in the year, or leaving its wharves can be in the open sea in an hour and-a-half. 82 GUIDE TO FLORIDA. "The rapid development of the iron mires of Ala' bama, whose natural outlet to the markets of the world is the port of Pensacola, will not only contribute a consid- erable quota to the commerce of this port, but wili, in connectio i with the Florida forests, furnish superior mate- rial for ship-building, which, at no distant day, must rival in extent the simihir industry of northern ports ; the prox- imity and cheapness of all material required giving br.iid- ers in this locality peculiar advantages." Southern or Tropical Florida is, properly speaking, that part of the State lying south of latitude 28 deg. north. It comprises an area of 20,000 square miles, and has a pop- ulation of about 9,000 inhabitants. About half of this population reside on the Island of Key West and the neighboring Keys and islands extending into the Gulf of Mexico, and are engaged m the busmess of wrecking and fishing. The raising of cattle upon the main-'and is .the all-absorbing business of the inhabitants, who reside from 30 to 40 miles apart, and allow the cattle to graze on the public domain. The herds are immense ; in Manatee County alone, there are 100,000 head of cattle. The main-land is level and divided into hummocks, pine openings and prairies. The hummocks are very rich, and are covered over with a dense growth of timber ; consist- ing of live oak, water oaks, magnolia, bay, etc. The soil is sandy. The pine openings are covered with scattering pines and a grass which affords fine pasturage. The prairie lands occupy the interior portion of the vState, bordering upon the Kissimee River, the head waters of the St. Johns, and the upper Caloosahatchee. They are dotted over with GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 83 small clumps of hummocks, containing from one to five acres each, which give beauty and variety to the scenery, and afford shelter during the heat of the day to innumer- able herds of deer and cattle. There are also numerous small lakes of pure water, filled with fish, some of which are only a few rods in extent, while others are from two to ten miles in length. These prairies are the paradise of the lierdsmen and the hunters. This section of Florida is capable of producing all the different products of the West Indies. There is a constant sea-breeze off the Giulf Stream, commencing about eight o'clock, A. M., and lasting until nearly sundown. The climate is very exhilarating. The thermometer averages, the year round, 73 deg. and the extremes are 57 deg. and 92 deg. A railroad is projected from Jacksonville, along the St. John's River into Southern Florida. At present, the means of getting to the harbors, on the extreme southern coast, are by sailing vessels from Jacksonville, Key West and New Orleans, or overland, by the mail carrier's con- veyances from Gainesville on the Florida Railroad, and Enterprise on the Upper St. John's River. The follov/ing are some of the most notable places in Southern Florida: — Tampa ISay — On the western coast, is a noble har- bor for the largest vessels, and is about 40 miles long. Towards the interior it divides into two branches, called Little Tampa and Hillsborough Bay. It is dotted with small islands, the pleasantest of which is Egmont. In the waters of Tampa Bay enormous quantities of fish and tur- tles may be found. In shoal places the fish are so numer- ous that they impede the passage of boats. Sea fowl are exceedingly numerous; the beautiful flamingoes, in partic- ular, appear in long files drawn up on the beach, like 84 GUIDE TO FLORiDA bands of soldiers in red uniforms. The village of Tampa has regular mail communication with Gainesville, and passengers avail themselves of the mail wagon for transit. A railroad is projected to Waldo, on the Cedar Keys and Fernandina Railroad ; when it is completed, Tampa will become one of the most important ports on the Gulf. -Charlotte Harbor, or Boca Grande, on the west- ern coast, south of Tampa Bay. It is about 25 miles long, and eight to ten miles wide, and is sheltered from the sea by several islands. The entrance between Boca Grande Key and Gasperillo is six fathoms deep and three-quarters of a mile wide. The fisheries in and around Charlotte Harbor are very valuable, and may be made more so. Probably a thousand persons could find profitable employment. The fish are caught with seines. The finest oysters on the coast are gathered here. .. ,Alpativkee J^^vaitip, upon the head waters of the St. Lucie River, is the only swamp of any magnitude in Tropical Florida. Indian liiver is a vast lagoon along the Atlantic coast of Florida, extending a distance of nearly 100 miles. In some places it is four miles wide, and in others, not more than fifty yards wide. The Indian River country is filled with game, and is a celebrated resort of the sportsman. \Iiake Okee-cho-bee— A large, wild, solitary lake, near the everglades. Its length is twenty miles. The Ever§^ lades — Situated almost in the southern extremity of the peninsula, is a vast shallow lake, over- grown with grass, pond lilies and other aquatic plants, in- terspersed with innumerable small islands, of from one to one hundred acres each. These islands are principally hummock lands, covered over with a growth of live and water-oaks and cocoa plums, with an undergrowth of GUIDE TO FLORIDA. 85 morning-glories, grapes and other vines, and are extremely fertile. The water is from four inciics to four feet deep, and is very clear and pure. In many places are channels and sinks where the water is from ten to fifty feet deep ; these holes are well supplied with fish, of which the trout is the most desirable. Alligators and turtle are abundant, and panthers, wild-cats, and bears are quite numerous. ^Flowers of the sweetest fragance, and of every hue and color, greet the eye. The border and outer margin of the Everglades is prairie, of from one-fourth to one mile in breadth, and comprises some of the finest and richest land in America, having -once been a portion of the Everglades, and formed by the receding of the waters. During the Indian war the Everglades were the last retreat of the Semi- noles, and it was with the utmost difficulty that the gov- ernment dislodged them, so well adapted were the almost hidden islands for defence and concealment. Di«iooi[ opyn^ nnssv^ .todf 93^^ IITEL .aiil!s*'i^|,l|i|il3ii|i]i i Ji . J ■ i i Mi Refitted and Repainted Throughout, BATHS ON EACH FLOOR, ARTESIAN WATER. Rooms secured by Lettek or Telegraph in Advance. ADDREStt lE^roprietors. 94 THE CELEBRATED YACHT "ELBANOB." Champion Yacht of the Charleston Regatta, 1874 THE ABOVE YACHT, Safely, Handsomely and Comfortably Appointed, PCSSESSINC ASTO^ ISHINC SPEED, Will leave Southeru Wharf every diiy at 10 a.m. and 3.30 p. m., Fort Sumter, Battery Wagner, Fort Moultrie, And all tlie othor interesting: i>oints ax'oiind tlie Havt>ox'. For •ngagements apply on board to Capt. THOMAS YOUNG-. CharlMton, Oct. 1875. 95 WILSON & HAVENS, ISio. 14r3 BroTiglitorL Street. Oldest Photoijrraphic Establislimpnt in Snvannafa. Portraits in Ink and Oil, CARTES DE VISITES, &c., &c. Stereoscopic Views of all the Principal Points of Interest in the Southern States, COMPRiSING; Savannah and its Bun-onndings, Bouaveutura, St. Johns and Oclawaha Rivers, Jacksonville, St. AugustlRe, (ireen Cove Springs, Mandarin, the residence of Mrs. H. B. Stowe, with a large number of interesting views delineating negro life. PALATKA, FLA. Millinery and Dress Making, Palmetto Hats and Florida Curiosities. ORDERS FILLED AT SHORTEST NOTICE. JOHN THOMPSON, PALATKA, FLA. TRUNKS REPAIRED, ORDERS PROMPTLY FILLED. FLORIDA CURIOSITIES! Alligator's Teetli, Sea Beans, Oranges^ Ganes, Plumes, Etc. A. DESBOUILLONS, Ho. 21 BULL STPvEET, (Opp. Screven House.) Savannah, Ga- Dr. W. A. SPENCE having purchased " Onoro," the fine residence of Mr. Moses Lyman, in Orange County, Florida, adjoining the beautiful Orange Plantation of Col. B. F. Whitner, and made large additions to it, opened on the 1st of November, a comfortable resort for persons seeking a winter home in that delightful climate. The location has been selected with great care"^ in a refined and highly cultivated neighborhood, entirely free from all malarious influences, and possessing great advan- tages for health, recreation and amusement. It is situated in a high pine forest, three miles inland from Mellonviiie or Sanford, on Lake Monroe, surrounded by extensive Orange and Banana Groves, and bordering on two beautiful lakes, affording facilities for boating and lishin^g. It is accessible by comfortable steamers, which leave Jackson- ville almost daily during the winter for Sanford and Mellonville, whence good conveyance will be furnished. The houses and furniture are new, and the accommodation, fare and attendance will be carefully attended to. Medical attendance will be given when desired, by the propri- etor, who has been actively engaged in the practice of his profes- sion for more than thirty-five years. Reference— The Georgia Medical Society, Savannah, Georgia. \v. A. SPKNOE, m:. I>., Lat8 Of 149 Jones St., SaTannali, Ga. PORT REID.IOEAITGE 00., PLA. 97 PETER LINDENSTRUTH, DEALER IN Watches, Clocks & Jewelry, ALSO, Toys, Violins, Accordions, Confectionery, Florida Cnriosities, Alligators' Teeth, Sea Beans, &c., &c. SAVANNAH, Ga. rit-I>aii'inig: of TTatclies, Oloclcs and JeT^elry. ALL ORDERS FILLED AT SHORTEST NOTICE. »£3 [®tel PALATKA, E. Fla, The proprietors of this well-known house take pleasure in announcing that since the last season it has been greatly enlarged and improved by the addition of thirty new rooms, and that it now offers EVERY COMFORT AND CONVENIENCE usually to be found in A FIRST-CLASS HOTEL, P. & H. PETERMANN PA'OPh'JIs'JOJ^S. 98 WM mm* p. J. HOBART, Proprietor. Oomif Bill; Soitl-Bfoi^d aid Iill Sti iils, SAVilMlTAH, Gil. THE ST. MARKS, PENSACOIA & NEW ORLEANS STEAMSHIP LINE. The new and well- x^^lit fast and popular appointed - SrMxrM ^ Steamship Xj I Z Z I E , Capt. Fletcher. Will sail from St. Marks for the above ports on alternate Saturdays, on arrival of train. And RETURNING Will leave New Orleans on the intermediate Saturdays, calling at Pensacola both ways. 1^^ For freight or passage, having fine accommodations, apply to any of the Agents of the J. P. & M. R. R.,, or to F. B. PAPY, POST «fe HOBBY, Gen'l Freight and Ticket Agent. New Orleans. 99 p AVILION HOTE T CHARLESTON, S. C This long established and favorite House having been thoroughly renovated, painted ajid newly furnished, and having had the celebrated "Artesian Water and Baths" in- troduced, is now open for the reception of the traveling public. The Proprietors have spared neither pains nor expense in making this Hotel equal to any in the South, and trust by strict attention to merit a share of public patronage. Terms, $3,00 per Day. TRANSFER COUPONS TAKEN BY OMNI- BUSES OF THIS HOUSE. G. T. ALFORD & CO. 1110 TONS m:ointoo]vxek^y, 1110 TONS. Sa.il e-^ery Tli."a.rsd.a.3r. C m NO TRANSFER OF BAGGAGE. QUICK PASSAGES. NO DETENTION BY MISSING CONNECTIGNS ! GOOD TABLE 1 SAFE COMMANDERS! to: 'A^^^k-^m^^^^Wff Jmn arm (BAHAMAS.) New York, Savannah and Nassau MAIL STEAMSHIP LINE, Under Gontract loitli the Bahamas Governmerit, and carrying the British and United States Mails. A FIRST-CLASS PASSENGER STEAMSHIP WILL LEAVE SAVANNAH FOR NASSAU, N. P. EVERY TEN DAYS, lualdug close connections at SAVANNAH with FIRST-CLASS STEAMERS, to and from NEW YORK, or by Rail to all parts of the country, thus giving the option of a short sea vovage to or from SAVANNAH, or a longer voyao-e to or from NEW YORK ; also affording FLORIDA AND SOUTHERN TOURISTS every facility for including NASSAU in their trip, without being forced to take passage from a Northern port. seeking a still milder climate than Florida can afford, Nassau is strongly recom- mended, as the temperature never falls below 64"^ Fahrenheit, nor rises above 82°, and where the variatiou never exceeds 5° in 24 hours. Tourists and Bleasnre SeeJcers, will lind the varied scenery of New Provi- dence and the surrounding islands a source of constant enjoyment. N. B.— Tlie steamers always go to the wharf at Nassau. THE EOYAL VICTOEIA HOTEL AT NASSAU, is beautifully situated and well kept. It is favorably known the world over by tourists and travelers. Excursion Tickets issued at reduced rates, fi-om prominent points in tlie United States and Canada?, by Steamer from New York to Savannah, and thence to Nassau, and return ; also inchiding points in Florida. For further information, rates, schedules of departures, etc., apply to the Agents, GUSTAVE LEVE, MURRAY, FERRIS & CO. Gem Passenger Agent, 62 South St., New York. 210 Washington St., Boston. 202 St. James St., Monrreal. HUNTER & GAMMELL, And Opposite St. Louis Hotel, (jH^hec. Savannah, Ga. I mm m m, COMPRISING THE WILMINGTON and WELDON, WILMINGTON, COLUMBIA and AUGUSTA, and CHARLOTTE, COLUMBIA and AUGUSTA ROADS. To all Points South and Southwest. All Travelers should examine the Schedules of this Route before purcLasing Through Tickets. Tickets Good Until Used. Baggage Checked Through. GOOD EATING-HOUSES And Ample Time for Meals. SPECIAL NOTICE. — Attentive Stewardesses accompany all Trains of THE ATLANTIC COAST LINE BOADS, to see that the Ladies and Children are made comfortable. THROUGH TICKETS via this route can be bought at the principal ticket offices in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington and all important points in the Nortli and East. (See list of Ticket Offices on page 17.) ASK FOR TICKETS VIA WIL MINGTON. W. J. TfALKER, R. R. BRIDGER8, General Agent. President. J. H. WHITE, A. POPE, ; SoutJwrn Parn'r Agent Oen'l Paas^r d- lleket Agent. I03 SAVANNAH & CHARLESTON BAILKOAD. Best and Shortest Route to Florida. NO OMNIBUS TRANSFER IN SAVANNAH. IDOXTBI-iE HD-^II-i"^ a?^^-^II^T3- 368 Miles— Time Through to Jacksonville in 24 Hours. AVOII> OXJTSir>E HEA VOYAOE. PULLMAN SLEEPEES ON NIOTT TRAINS. S. C. BOYLSTON, Gen'l Freight and Ticket Agent. C. S. GADSDEN, Eng. and Snpt. DAY. NIGHT. Mis 8.15 A.M. 8.30 P.M. 9.15 " 9.30 " 9 10.33 " 11.10 " 29 11.56 " 1.00 A.M. 53! 12.20 P.M. 2.00 " 12.43 " 2.45 " 61 ! 1.45 •• 4.30 " 83 3.20 " 7.00 " 107 December 5tli, 1875. LEAVE. AKRIVE. Cliarleston John's Island Jacksonboro ;-;}.,..iroo.a«ee. ..{--„• 61 I Cooswhatchie Ilarderville Savannali ARRIVE. LEAVE. NIGHT. 6.30 A.M. 5.35 " 3.50 " 1.40 " 2.10 " 1.10 '♦ 12.00 M. DAT. 4.20 P.M. 3..30 " I 2.12 " 12.18 " 12.40 •' 11.55 A.M. 10.53 " 10.20 P.M. 9.20 " O. ID- OT7v^EIST3, GENERAL AGENT, A. & G. R. R., 315 Broadway? New York. I04 AUGUST A, Ca., AND "JPoxt JE^oye^l XSailroad.. New York, December 6th, 18T5. OFFICIAL CIRCULAR. The completion of the " Junction Branch Railroad" at Savannah, Ga., an- nounced in the New York Herald of 2d inst,, enables us to offer to Tourists, Invalids, and the traveling public generally, an UNBROKEN ALL RAIL LINE TO FLORIDA. Passengers from New York and Eastern points, en route to Savannah and Floridii via the following favorite routes; ATLANTIC COAST LINE, PIEDMONT Am LINE, YIROINIA MIDLAND, are offered the following double daily schedule, now in effect, from Augusta, Ga.: Leave Augusta, via Port Royal R, R., . 7.30 a. m. 9.00 p. M. Arrive Yemassek, . . * . . . 12.00 noon. 2.20 a. M. Leave •' 12.20 p. m, 2.35 a. m. Arrive Savannah, via Sav. & Ch'tn R. R., 3.20 p. m, 7.00 a. m. Leave " f?« A. & G. R. R. . 3.40 p. M. 8.30 a. M. Arrive Jacksonviixe, .... 7.45 a. m. 10.10 p. m. In purchasing tickets passengers should select the "Magnolia Route," for the following reasons : let. It is the o/i^?/ line, via Angusta, conuecting with the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad at Savannah, avoiding the long, tedious and well-knoivn " Omnibus transfer " through that city. 2d. It is the only line, via Augusta, offering close doable daily all rail connec- tions between Augusta, Ga., and Jacksonville, Fla. 3d. It is the only line, via Augusta, running Pullman Palace Sleeping Cars be- tween Augusta and Savannah. 4th. It is the only line, via Augusta, running Through Day Coaches without transfer between Augusta and Savannah. As it is usual for Ticket Agents and the representatives of initial roads to inform the passenger as to schedules, &c., of the different lines by which his destina- tion is reached, and as it is also usual, and to the interest of all parties con- cerned, in instances where the passenger does 7iot select his route, to ticket him by the one offering the greatest comforts and most expeditious schedules, it is respectfully urged that the //7eMYs -and /rtc^o' above stated be carefully compared with those of other hues, and that we receive that recognition which the result of such comparison entitles us to. Tickets rm the "Magnolia Route" are now on. sale in all the offices of the Penn. and Balto. & Ohio Railroads in this city and the East. Further information cheerfully granted upon application to R. H. THAYER, T. S. DAVANT, General Agent Port Royal R. R. Gen'l Pass. Agent Port Royal R. R. 347 Broadway N. T. AUGUSTA. Ga. 105 The Atlantic Co. Atlantic, Gulf and West India Transportation Co. and New Orleans, Florida and Havana S. S. Co. PASSAGE RATES, including tirst-cla?s Stateroom and Meals on Steam- ships to Charleston. SAVANNAH, $20,00. Tampa $41 M) St. Augustine 31 75 Palatka 29 75 Gainesville 30 25 Lake City 30 25 Tallahassee 31 25 Apalachicola 50 00 Peusacola 41 00 Havana 60 00 Jacksonville $27 75 Fernandina 27 75 Picolata 28 75 Green Cove Springs 28 75 Hihernia 28 75 Orange Mills 30 25 MonticeUo 31 25 Quincy 32 50 Baldwin 27 75 Cedar Keys 32 75 N. B.— Passengers have the privilege of taking either Railroad or Steamboat from Charleston to the Florida Ports and St. John's River Landings- Freight received ut all honrs of the day at Pier 29 North River, and Through Bills of Lading and Tickets issued at the office of JAS. W. QLINTABD & CO., A^rts., No. 177 West St., N. T. Excursion Tickets to Florida Ports at Reduced Rates. loy gUI€K DISPATCH, SAFET Y & COMFORT. THE New Orleans, Florida and Havana STJBA>I©11II» CO. Will digpatch one of their first-class U. S. Mail Steamers from New Orleans and Havana EVERY WEDNESDAY, Toucliing at Cedar Keys and Key West, and connecting with Steamers for Apa- lacliicola, St. Mark's, Tampa and the Suwanee River. TJiese Steamers are flrst-class — iiave goodpasseiger accommodations — are kept in good condition, and are commanded by careful and experienced officers, who make every effort for the safety, comfort and pleasure of travelers. The advantages to travelers seeking safety, comfort and pleasure on a steam- Bhip, are apparent in selecting this route, as rough sea is almost unknown in these waters. RATES OF FIRST-CLASS PASSAGE. rROM f New Cedar Tam- Key -TO — Ha- J^ck- Fer- Char- Sa-^ Orl'ns. Keys. pa. West. vana. s'nvllie n'ndi'a leston . van'h. New Orleans $25 $35 $40 $40 $31 $31 $35 $36 Cedar Keys.. $25 10 20 25 Tampa Key West... 35 10 25 35 16 16 25 25 40 20 25 12 26 26 32 32 llavana 40 25 35 12 26 26 35 35 Jacksonville. 31 16 26 26 Femandina . 31 16 26 26 Charleston. . 35 32 35 Savannah .... 36 32 35 For further information apply to Atlantic, Gulf & West India Transit Company Femandina, Fla. Florida Central Railroad Co Jacksonville, " E. J. Lutterloh Cedar Keys, •' Miller k Henderson Tampa, *' Jno. Jay Philbrick Key West, " Ravenel & Co Charleston, S C. Agents Florida Steam Packet Co Savannah, Ga. Lawton Bros,, 13 Mercaderes Street Havana, Cuba. 120 Oommon St., New Orleans, La*. io8 COOK'S COOK, SON & JENKINS, 261 Broadway, N. Y. THOMAS COOK & SON, Fleet Street, London. PIOXEERS, INAUGUUATORS and PROMOTERS of the principal systems of Tours established iu Great Britain and Ireland and the Continenr of Europe, have opened a Branch of their House in America, and are now giving increased atten- tion to ordinary traveling arrangements, With a view to rendering it Easy, Practicable & Eccnomical During the past thirty-five years, over four million traveJert? have visited near and distant points, under their management, safely and pleasantly. Their arrangements are now so extensive, that they cover portions of the four quarters of the Glooe. At their ofiices can be found the Railway and Steamship Tickets used by the traveler for a journey through parts of Europe, Asia, Africa and America. These Tickets allow one or more individuals to travel at any time, by any train, steamer or diligence by the route specified. They are first or second class, and allov\' breaks of journey at all places of interest to the tourist or pleasure seeker. The great advantages derived from their system are the prevention of loss from excJiange or money through the differences of currencies in a European or Oriental Tour, the prevention of imposition, overcharges, &c., <£-c.,andthe fact that most of the tickets are at reductions varying from ten to forty-five 2ier cent, from the ordiuary fares, while all the tickets issued by them give the holder privileges which the ordinary tickets do not Those contemplating a tour to Europe should a{)ply personally or by letter to Mess. COOK, SON & JENKINS, fiving an outline of tour they wish to take ; in reply to which a quotation will e given, showing the total expense, including, if desired, hotel accommodations. BRANCH OFFICES: RONTON— 69 Wasliia-ton Street i MANCHESTER— 48 Piccadilly. WASHINGToKl Fmeenth St^ ^^^l^ESTER-GS^Grajiby^St^^^^^^ cor. (i, opp. Treasury Department. PHlLADELPHIA-614 Chestnut Street. NEW ORLEANS— 35 Carondelet St. PITTSBl KG- 167 Federal St. (Allegheny) SAN FRANCISCO— 3 New Moutgomery St. LIVERPOOL— 19 Cases Street, Opposite Central Station. EDINBl'RGH— 9 Princes Street. GLASGOW— 165 Buchanan Street. DUBLIN— Royal Insurance Building-, 45 I)ame Street. All communications to be addressed to COOK, SON & JENKINS, 261 Broadway, N. Y. BIRMINGHAM— 16 Stephenson Place, New Street. PARIS- 15 Place du Havre. COLOGNE— 40 Domhof. BRUSSELS— 22 Galerie du Rol. GENEVA— 90 Rue de Rhone. VENICE— Grand Hotel Victoria. ROME— 1 B Piazza de Spagna. CAIRO— Cook's Pavilion. BEYROUT— Alexander Howard. JAFFA— Twelve Tribes Hotel. I09 The National Route, RUNNING ITS CARS THROUGH WITHOUT ANY CHANGE BETWEEN --2 BALTIMORE MMATUT^Lks, CHICAGO. WASHINGTON CINClMATUT.loUIS.CHlCA&O, WASHINGTON AND NEW YORK, NEW YORK AND CHSCACO. rullman Hotel Farlor and i*Uepln- c/> S ^ . 3 J- rt " - = « their comforts. ISIew and luxurious Pullman SLEEP- ING CARS are attachedto the night line, and the, conductors and attachees of the Company are specially instructed to bestow every care and attention on in- valids, ladiet- and children, their passengers. Double Daily Tri ains to Savannah and the West. Lcavii i!2: Jacksonville 7.45 a . m. and 5.00 p. m. " Tallaliasj- :CQ 2.15 p. m. '■ LiveOalv June. A. ct G . R. H., 12.55 p. m., 10.40 p. ni. " Albany " s. W. 1 {<. K., 8.40 p. 111. " Jesnp " M. A: B. R. R., G.oOp, . m. and 5.55 a. in. Arrive Savannah, 9.40 p. m., and 0.00 a. m. The r<.m p. m. train connects at Albany with passenger trains both ways on Southwestern Railroad to and from Eufaula, Montgomery, New Orleans, etc. ; and at Jesui) Junction with trains on the Mac(/n and Brunswick R. R., arriving in Macon 4.40 p.m. Both trains connect at Savannah with the Savannah and Charleston R. R., leaving 9.20 a. m., and 10.30 p. m. Trains on the Central Road of Georgia leave at 9.15 a., and 7.30 p.m. New Orleans, Havana & Key West Via CEDAR KEYS. N. B.— Passengers should take train for Cedar Keys on Fridays, in order to guard against unnecessary delays there while awaiting the arrival of ihe steamer. Pas.-enger.-< should telegraph either from Charleston, Savannah, Fer- nandina or Jacksonville to I. K. Roberts, New Orleans, asking if steamer will be on time that week at Cedar Keys, en route for Key West, Havana or New Or- leans. Both message and reply will be at expense of I. K. Robfrls, who will in- form of the proper time of steamer's arrival at Cedar Keys, giving ample time for passengers to make connections. All information relative to passage and freights will be cheerfully furjiished on application at Companies' Offices. F. B. PAPY, R. AVALKER, Gen'l Fr't & Ticket Agt. gen'l sup't. Tallahassee^ Fla, THE PKEIRRED ROUTE TO FLORIDA IS VIA THE Atlantic -d Gulf Railroad. FROM AVOIDING SEASICKNESS, AND THE DETENTION OE STEAMER LINES AT ST. JOHNS RIVER BAR Two Fast Trains Daily between Leave Savannah 8,30 A. M. (Sundays excepted.) Arrive Jacksonville 10.10 P. M. " Leave Savannah 3.40 P. M. Daily. Arrive Jacksonville 7.45 A. M. Daily. The Morniiiar Train from Savannah connects with all Northern inward trains, and with M. & B. R. H. trains at Jesup. Lucas^ T)ra>Ying'-Room Cars, especially arranged for the con- venience of invalids, are attached to the train. Also throijfl^h Pull- man Sleeping" Cars from Louisville to JacksonviHe, via Jesup. The Eyenini^ Train connects with Northern trains via Au.a'usta and Yemas.see, and Charleston and Yemassee only. Pullman Palace Sleeping* Cars run through Savannah to Jacksonville. This train makes close connection with Steamers on St. Johns River. No Omnibns Transfer between the Savannah & C'luarlcston and A. & G. Railroads at Savannah. Good Eating Houses at regular intervals. For further information appU' to C. O. OWENS, JNO. EVANS, ^ Gen'l Agent, 3t5 Broadway, N. Y. Gen'l Ticket Agent, Savannah. ^. v^^ ^^ "^^^ K^ ^.. O '^^' ^/ .•s r.