Glass ( L, Quality of Water, 21 Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 198 Series { M, General Hydrographic Investigations, 23 I N, Water Power, 13 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES D. WALCOTT, Director It WATER RESOURCES OF THE KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN, MAINE BY H. K. BARROWS WITH A SECTION ON THE QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER BY GEORGE C. WHIPPLE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1907 FEB 24 19G3 D. or 0. K CONTENTS. Page. Introduction 1 General description of basin 2 Physical characteristics 2 Geology, by George Otis Smith 4 Drainage 9 Forest conditions 15 Population and industries 15 Transportation facilities 16 Precipitation 16 Snow storage and water equivalent 23 Stream flow 24 Sources of information 24 Field methods 25 Office methods , 27 Definitions 28 Explanation of tables 29 Accuracy of determinations 30 Use of data 32 Location of stations 33 Kennebec River at The Forks 33 Kennebec River near .North Anson 41 Kennebec River at Waterville -__ 48 Moose River near Rockwood 59 Miscellaneous measurements in Moose River basin 64 Roach River at Roach River '. 64 Moosehead Lake 1 70 Dead River near The Forks 76 Carrabassett River at North Anson 81 Sandy River near Madison 86 Messalonskee Stream at Waterville . 90 Cobbosseecontee Stream at Gardiner 93 Relation of run-off to precipitation 106 Kennebec River at Waterville 106 Cobbosseecontee Stream at Gardiner 110 Evaporation '. 113 Floods on Kennebec River 115 Flood of 1832 115 Flood of December, 1901 116 Weather conditions _. >_ 116 Run-off 117 Maximum discharge 118 Comparative heights of fioods____ . =—,,—. 119 in IV CONTENTS. Page. Low-water conditions 120 Kennebec River 120 Tributaries of Kennebec River 121 Water power 121 Developed water powers 121 Kennebec River 122 Dead River 123 Carrabassett River 123 Sandy River 124 Sebasticook River 124 Messalonskee Stream 125 Cobbosseecontee Stream 126 Undeveloped water powers 126 General considerations .. 126 Kennebec River 127 Moose River 128 Roach River •_ 128 Moxie Stream 128 Dead River 128 Pleasant Pond Stream 129 Pierce Pond outlet 129 Carrabassett River 130 Sandy River __ 130 Sebasticook River 130 Messalonskee Stream 130 Weber Pond outlet 130 Cobbosseecontee Stream 130 Water storage 131. General considerations 131 Storage in Kennebec headwaters__: 132 Moosebead Lake 132 Moose River Basin ._ 133 Brassua Lake 133 Long Pond 134 Wood and Attean ponds * 135 Holeb Pond 136 Roach River Basin 137 Lower Roach Pond 137 Middle Roach Pond 137 Summary 138 Storage below Moosebead Lake . 138 Moxie Pond 138 Pierce Pond 1 139 Dead River basin 139 Flagstaff Lake _■_'____ 139 West Carry Pond _* 140 Spring Lake 140 Dead River dam 140 Spencer ponds 141 Spencer Stream dam 141 Upper Dead River _, 141 Summary 141 Effect of present storage on flow, „__„__,_, „ ,______,_,_, 145 CONTENTS. V Page. Water storage — Continued. Water available in Kennebec headwaters 148 General discussion 148 Discussion of mass curves 153 Application of results of "mass curve" computation 158 Conclusions : 161 Log driving and lumbering 162 General statement 162 Time of driving 163 Water used in driving 163 Quantities of logs driven, and cost of driving 164 Improvements in log-driving facilities 166 Quality of Kennebec River Water, by George C. Whipple 167 Introduction : 167 Water examinations 168 Turbidity 168 Color 170 Odor 172 Results of examinations 172 Chemical constituents 181 Microscopic organisms 184 Bacteria 186 Effect of tides on quality of water below Augusta 186 Pollution 188 Source and character 188 Effects of pollution 195 Turbidity 196 Color 196 Odor 196 Chemical constituents 197 Bacteria 197 Typhoid-fever epidemic of 1902-3 198 Introduction 198 General account 200 Typhoid fever in Waterville 201 General account 201 Origin of epidemic in Waterville 205 Typhoid fever in Augusta 207 Previous history of typhoid fever in Augusta 1 207 Typhoid fever at Richmond 211 Deaths from typhoid, 1892-1903___ 211 Gazetteer of rivers, lakes, and ponds, by B. D. Wood 212 Index 229 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Plate I. Map of Kennebec drainage basin, showing gaging and rainfall stations and river and lake surveys 2 II. A, Cable gaging station on Moose River at Rockwood, Me.; B, Raft, pan, etc., for measuring evaporation on Androscoggin River at Lewiston, Me 2(5 III. A, B, "Freshet oak" during and after the Kennebec River flood of December, 1901 120 IV. Profile of Kennebec River 126 Vr A, Head-gates at east outlet of Moosehead Lake; B, Long Pond dam on Moose River 128 VI. Storage mass curve for Moosehead Lake, based on a minimum flow of 3,500 second-feet at Waterville and a flow of 3,000 second-feet from Moosehead Lake during log-driving period (May, June, and July) _:_ 152 VIL A, Log jam in Kennebec River above Madison, Me. ; B, Kenne- bec River below Madison, Me 162 Fig. 1. Map of Kennebec basin, showing area mapped by United States Geological Survey . 3 2. Mean annual precipitation at Gardiner, Me., 1839-1905 17 3. Mean annual precipitation on Kennebec basin above Waterville, Me., 1891-1905 22 4. Water equivalent of snow on the ground at The Forks, Me 24 5. Rating, area, and mean-velocity curves for Kennebec River at The Forks, Me 27 6. Storage mass curves for Moosehead Lake, based on various min- imum flows at Waterville and a flow of 3,000 second-feet from Moosehead Lake during log-driving period (May, June, and July) 154 7. Storage mass curves for Moosehead Lake, based on a minimum flow of 3,500 second-feet at Waterville and various flows from Moosehead Lake during log-driving period (May, June, and July) - 155 8. Diagram showing storage required in Moosehead Lake for various minimum flows at Waterville and for various quantities used during log-driving period (May, June, and July) 157 9. Diagram showing flow of Kennebec River at Waterville and esti- mated flow with and without storage in Moosehead Lake 160 10. Diagram showing estimated flow from Moosehead Lake with and without storage - 161 11. Diagram showing use of normal-chlorine isochlors 181 12. Diagram showing fluctuations in chlorine in Kenebec River water at Richmond, December 9, 1903 187 13. Diagram showing drainage area and population above various points on Kennebec River 190 14. Map showing principal sources of pollution in Kennebec River basin and normal isochlors 191 15. Diagram showing chronological distribution of typhoid-fever cases in Waterville and Augusta from October, 1902, to April, 1903__ 202 16. Map of Waterville, showing location of typhoid-fever cases 204 17. Map of Augusta, showing location of typhoid-fever case« 208 VI WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. By H. K. Barrows. INTRODUCTION. Kennebec River with its important tributaries furnishes some of the best water power in the country, besides affording many excellent sites for further development. In extending in the best manner the use of this river and its branches for water power, for log driving and lumbering, and for municipal and other purposes, the welfare of the whole State of Maine is vitally concerned. A large amount of infor- mation of value in the study of this drainage basin has been gathered at various times, but much of it is scattered through various manu- scripts and reports and is not readily accessible. This paper has been prepared in response to the constant demand for this information from both engineers and the public. Especial attention has been given to the subject of water storage, as this is of the utmost impor- tance to present and future users of the water and the natural oppor- tunities for regulating and improving flow in this basin are excep- tionally good. As a result of cooperation between the Maine State Survey Com- mission and the United States Geological Survey, the main river from Skowhegan to The Forks was surveyed during 1904, and sur- veys of various lakes and ponds in the headwater region were made during 1905-6 by the National Survey. The following plans and profiles will be furnished to persons especially interested in the sub- ject on application to the Director, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C: Plan and profile of Kennebec River from Skowhegan to The Forks. Plan of Brassua Lake. Plan of Brassua Lake Outlet. Plan and profile of Moose River between Moosehead and Brassua lakes. Plan of Wood and Attean ponds. Plan of Wood Pond Outlet. Reconnaissance plan of Holeb Pond, Long Pond, Lower Roach Pond, Middle Roach Pond, Flagstaff Lake, West Carry Pond, Spring Lake, and Spencer Ponds. Topographic maps of a large portion of the Kennebec basin have a These maps may be obtained for 5 cents each by addressing the Director of the United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C, 1 2 WATER RESOURCES OF KENKEBEC RIVER BASIN. been published by the United States Geological Survey. The unit of survey adopted is a rectangular area bounded by meridians and par- allels. Such an area is known as a quadrangle and in Maine is 15 minutes in extent each way and has an area of one-sixteenth of a square degree. The quadrangles disregard political boundaries such as those of States, counties, and townships. To each is given the name of some well-known place or feature within its limits. The areas surveyed in the Kennebec basin and the names of the quad- rangles are shown in fig. 1. The present report has been compiled chiefly from the records, reports, and maps of the United States Geological Survey, although much valuable information has been furnished by private parties. Primarily this report is made possible at this time by the cooperation of the State of Maine, through its State Survey Commission, Messrs. Leslie A. Lee, chairman; Charles S. Hichborn, secretary and treasurer; and William Engel. Special acknowledgment is also due to the Hollings- worth & Whitney Company, of Waterville, through F. E. Boston, agent, and James L. Dean, engineer, for data on flow at Waterville, on Moose- head Lake, and on floods in Kennebec River; to the Kennebec Water Power Company, through W. H. K. Abbott, secretary and treasurer, and Fred T. Dow, engineer, for much information regarding Moose- head Lake and Kennebec River; to the Kennebec, Moose, and Dead River Log-Driving Companies, through S. W. Philbrick, secretary and treasurer, for information regarding log driving, improvements of river, etc.; and to Prof. A. D. Butterfleld, of the University of Vermont, who gathered much of the new matter for this report. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF BASIN. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. Kennebec River rises in Moosehead Lake, in the west central part of Maine, the headwaters being collected by Moose River, Roach River, and a number of smaller streams rising in the hilly, forested areas east and west of the lake. The drainage basin (PI. I) extends from the Canada line to the ocean, measures about 150 miles in length, varies in width from 50 to 80 miles in the main portion, and embraces a total area of 5,970 square miles (about one-fifth the total area of the State), of which 1,240 square miles are tributary to Moosehead Lake. The length of the river from the lake to the entrance of Merrymeet- ing Bay, including the more considerable windings, is about 140 miles. The northern part of the drainage basin is broken by offsets from the White Mountains, and nearly the whole upper portion is forest covered and in its original wild state. Near Moosehead Lake the hills and highlands lie well back from the lake, leaving a great open U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY a O River gaging stations ? ^ '? • Precipitation stations 30 miles ____ Drainage boundary - *— River and Lake surveys MAP OF KENNEBEC DRAINAGE BASIN. Showing gaging and rainfall stations and river and lake surveys. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. plain ; below the outlet of the lake into the Kennebec the hills close in on the river, forming a narrow, rocky chasm, with steep, precipitous Fig. 1.— Map of Kennebec basin, showing area mapped by United States Geological Survey. sides. From Mooseliead Lake to the upper end cf Indian Pond, a distance of about 4.5 miles, there is a fall of about 90 feet" this being a 4 WATER* RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. very rough, rocky, and turbulent part of the river. Indian Pond varies in width from a few hundred feet to about three-fourths of a mile, and has a total length of about 5 miles. It has two levels, sepa- rated by a short stretch of rapids at the " narrows," about a mile from the upper end of the pond, where there is ordinarily a fall of about 5 feet. From Indian Pond to The Forks the river is a torrent, falling over a rough and rocky bed more than 350 feet in a distance of about 15 miles. Below the Forks, where it is joined by the waters of Dead River, the Kennebec flows through a broader valley whose gentler slopes are still covered to some extent with forest growth. About 60 miles from the coast the hills again rise, though not to any consider- able height. The general elevation of the basin is less than that of the Androscoggin, which adjoins it on the west, though near the center of the area Saddleback, Abraham, and Bigelow mountains rise as isolated peaks to an elevation higher than any mountains in the State except Katahdin. The fall of the river from Moosehead Lake to the head of tide water at Augusta is 1,026 feet, the distance being 120 miles and the average descent 8.55 feet per mile. GEOLOGY. By George Otis Smith. The water resources of a drainage basin are to a large extent depend- ent on the geology of the area. The geologic factors that are of prime importance in influencing the present drainage conditions of the Ken- nebec basin are the rock structure and the processes of land erosion that have produced .the present configuration of the surface, which represents one stage in the topographic development as shown by the amount of relief and its details. All of these details are the products of past geologic processes and constitute the record of geologic history. Most, if not all, of these conditions directly affect the character of the drainage system and largely control the availability and permanence of its water resources, thus showing the intimate relation between the geologic work of the past and the industrial activity of the present. The Kennebec basin presents considerable variety in its rock forma- tions. In the northern part of the basin the rocks are of later Paleo- zoic age and include sandstones, conglomerates, shales, slates, and impure limestones, these sedimentary rocks in several localities being fossiliferous. Within this area there are also some masses of volcanic rocks, of which the porphyritic rhyolite of Mount Kineo furnishes the most conspicuous exposure. The sedimentary rocks of this portion of the Kennebec basin have a general northeast-southwest trend, but it is not known that the geologic structure has any marked influence on the topography except where certain more massive and resistant strata may control the position of minor ridges. To the northwest tho divide between the Kennebec waters and the drainage of the Chaudiere is probably determined in part by the presence of some GEOLOGY. 5 older schists which have withstood erosion more effectively than the sediments of the Moosehead region. South of The Forks the rocks of the Kennebec basin include roofing slates similar to those quarried in Piscataquis County, other argilla- ceous rocks, impure limestones, and calcareous sandstones. Associ- ated with these sedimentary rocks are several areas of intrusive granite, the largest of which is on the headwaters of Dead, Carrabas- sett, and Sandy rivers. The general trend of the formations in this part of the basin is also northeast and southwest, and the river gorge cuts across several ridges whose position appears to be determined by rock structure. South of Augusta the rocks are sedimentary in origin ana were once similar to those just described, but have been altered into slates, schists, and gneisses, which are thoroughly impregnated with peg- matitic and granitic material. So complex is the character of this widespread intrusion that in many places it is difficult to distinguish between the schist or gneiss and the granite. The quarries at Hallo- well are located on one of the larger masses of pure granite. A noticeable characteristic of all the rocks mentioned above is their compactness and hardness. Not only is this due to their age, but more especially to the degree of their alteration. During the ages that have elapsed since their deposition they have undergone impor- tant changes by which soft mud rock or shale has been metamorphosed into crumpled schist, and loose-textured sandstone into flintlike quart zite. This has been effected both by the intrusion of large masses of molten granite and by the folding of beds that were origi- nally horizontal but are now steeply inclined. Similar rock folds characterize deeply eroded mountain masses, and here the rocks may have been elevated into ridges. Of these ridges the lower portions alone remain, and any suggestion of their existence is furnished only by the closely folded beds of rock that line the stream bank in so many localities. These hard and compact rocks give to the present channels of the Kennebec and its principal tributaries a permanence which they might not possess if the rocks were softer. The complicated structure of the rocks and the consequent alternation of relatively hard and soft beds control to a large extent the abrupt changes in the grade of the streams where rips and falls succeed quiet reaches. The topography of the region drained by Kennebec River is the resultant of a long-continued process of erosion or land wear in which normal weathering and stream work have been the most important elements. The agency that has been most active in the production of the present land forms is running water, and the topography of the basin is to be considered as largely the product of the activity of Ken- nebec River and its many tributary streams. Glacial erosion and deposition have also contributed to the production of the present 6 WATER RESOURCES OE KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. land surface, with the result that in certain areas the relief in its details is due largely to glacial processes rather than to river work. The differences between the topography of this region at the begin- ning of the Pleistocene or glacial epoch and that at its close are doubtless great and are of special interest in the present connection. It is probable that before the first invasion of the ice the hills and mountains of this basin rose more abruptly above the valleys, and that the Kennebec and its principal tributaries meandered over rela- tively wide valley floors instead of being confined between terraces as at present. In the valleys firm rocks were exposed in few places, probabty, and residual soils and clays formed a deep cover where to- day there are ledges of solid rock or benches of gravels, sands, and clays. The first effect of the occupation of the basin by the ice sheet from the north was the planing away of the decomposed rock, and the smoothing down of the outlines of the hills and mountains. A con- sequence of this planing action of the ice is the presence to-day of. firm rock foundations that afford opportunity for the erection of mill structures and dams whose safety is insured against destruction by freshets. The detritus produced by this glacial erosion furnished in turn the material transported in the ice and the mass of gravel, sand, and finer material transported by the streams flowing on the surface of the glacier, beneath it, or over the land surfaces beyond its margin. All this material was deposited at various points within this area or in the submarine extension of this- basin. The subsidence of the land during the later stages of the glacial epoch caused an advance of the sea northward along the Kennebec Valley to a distance of 100 miles or more from the present coast line. In the quiet waters of" the estuary thus produced the glacial streams deposited their loads, and from these deposits have resulted many of the present topographic forms, such as the terraces, sand plains, and kettle basins, which are familiar to those who traverse the Kennebec Valley. The glacial deposits, however, affect more than the scenery. The preglacial Kennebec drainage system was greatly altered, and not only were old channels filled with bowlder clay and with glacial gravel and sand, but the streams, thus diverted at a time when their volume and load were greatly increased by the contribution from the melting glacier, were compelled to cut new channels, which in many cases followed courses quite different from the old. This resulted in the transfer of drainage from one river system to another and, what is more impor- tant, the creation of waterfalls. The stream, thus forced to abandon a valley that probably was relatively wide and possessed a moderate grade, now cuts across a rock divide, where it develops a waterfall. When the drainage history of the Kennebec basin is thoroughly worked out it will be found that there have been many such stream GEOLOGY. 7 diversions, which have resulted in the development of water powers that now constitute one of the most valuable assets of the State. One of the more conspicuous cases of probable stream diversion that can be cited is that of Sandy River. This stream flows almost due north where it enters the southward-flowing Kennebec a short distance below Madison. This abnormal relation between the two rivers points to the existence of diversion, and it seems probable that in preglacial time the drainage from the Sandy River basin flowed in a different direction and entered Androscoggin River in the vicinity of Jay. Through obstruction of the lower course of the Sandy by glacial deposits the channel south of the present site of Farmington seems to have been abandoned and the stream forced to seek an out- let to the east. The position of the abandoned portion of the Sandy River Valley is indicated in the present topography, and like many other such abandoned valleys this one has been utilized by the railroad engineer, being followed approximately by the Farmington branch of the Maine Central. The water powers at Farmington end Farming- ton Mills may be regarded as owing their origin to this stream diver- sion. It is also possible that a part of the present drainage basin of Dead River was once tributary to the Sandy, but was likewise diverted by glacial deposits during the retreat of the ice. This supposition is based principally on the abnormal course of the lower part of Dead River and the presence there of rapid water and falls, in strong con- trast with the upper reaches which give the name to the river. Not only are there in the Kennebec basin such cases of diversion of former tributaries of other river systems as that just cited, but the Kennebec itself seems to possess a somewhat complex character. It now occupies portions of the valleys of streams that were formerly tributaries. There is reason to believe that the portion of the Ken- nebec north of Norridgewock formerly flowed more nearly southward from that point and united with the drainage of Wesserunsett and Carrabassett streams and Sebasticook River at some point south of Waterville. If this is true, then that portion of the Kennebec between Norridgewock and Skowhegan, with its abnormal north- easterly course, represents the diversion of the upper Kennebec east- ward to the point where it joined the valley of the Wesserunsett below Skowhegan. This change in the river's course can doubtless be attributed to the thick deposits of glacial gravels and sands in the western part of the town of Norridgewock, where in fact the low divide between the streams flowing directly into the Kennebec and those tributary to the Smithfield ponds and Messalonskee Stream is relatively close to the main river at Norridgewock. In a similar way the Messalonskee drainage seems to have been itself diverted from its original course, so that this stream is turned northward nearly to the point of its junction with the Kennebec. Another stream whose 8 WATEK RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. present abnormal course suggests similar diversion is the Cobbossee- contee. The result of all these diversions has been to create valuable water powers. These drainage changes, examples of which are not peculiar to the Kennebec basin but are common throughout western Maine, might be described with greater detail had fuller study been made of this interesting subject. The statements made above are, however, sufficient to indicate to what a large degree the present wealth of available water powers in the Kennebec basin is the result of the glacial history of the region. A hardly less important result of the glaciation has been the forma- tion of the numerous lakes and ponds that are so characteristic of almost the whole of the Kennebec basin. As has been pointed out, the original system of drainage was so modified by the distribution of glacial deposits as hardly to be recognizable in the present stream arrangement, and with this stream adjustment is connected the origin of these ponds and lakes, the total area of whose water surface is very great, as is shown in other portions of this report. These con- ditions are extremely important in their economic bearing, for the ponds and lakes, together with extensive swamps, constitute a vast storage system by which the water supply is held in reserve, the rather indirect communication which many of these natural reser- voirs have with the main river serving to hold back the water some- what in times of freshets. So it is that the glacial occupation of this drainage basin is responsible not only for the creation of most of the Kennebec water powers, but also for the constancy of the flow. The existing topography, as has been shown above, is the result of modification of an earlier topography by the different geologic proc- esses. Although the present seems to the casual observer to be a period of equilibrium and quiet so far as these geologic processes are concerned, in reality this may not be the case, so silent and slow moving are these natural forces. It is therefore of interest to suggest the stage in topographic development which has been reached at the present time. As might be expected, different portions of the Ken- nebec Valley exhibit quite different characters ; thus the broad valley along the lower courses of the river is in marked contrast with the canyon occupied by the stream north of Bingham. The canyon-like character of the valley of the upper Kennebec is all the more notice- able because of the type of upland topography to be seen a few miles east of the river. This upland is suggestive of a topography which is much older than that represented by the gorge through which the river runs. Thus it may be said that this part of the Kennebec basin exhibits both the mature topography of the upland and the youthful topography of the canyon. This suggests that the region had reached the stage of maturity in one cycle of its history and has now entered on the first stage in a later cycle. DRAINAGE. 9 The amount of relief within the Kennebec basin is considerable, although the highest mountains in the State are not included within this basin. Its highest peaks are those about the headwaters of Dead and Sandy rivers, the more prominent being Mount Bigelow, Mount Abraham, and Saddleback, and the peaks along the divide between the Kennebec and Piscataquis waters, as well as Mount Kineo. South of Moosehead Lake the upland has a general elevation between 1,000 and 1,400 feet, above which rise peaks to elevations of 2,000 to 3,000 feet. In this area the elevation of the river in the gorge is between 500 and 900 feet. Farther south the contrasts of relief are much less. The presence of the extensive elevated regions in the northern part of the basin directly affects the amount of precipitation and of forest cover within this region. In short, in the Kennebec basin the geologic structure, the geologic processes that have controlled the evolution of the present topog- raphy, the amount of relief, and the details in the land forms all con- tribute to the permanence and value of the water resources described on the following pages. DRAINAGE. There are, according to Wells, a 1,084 streams in the Kennebec basin. The most important of these tributary streams are listed in the following table : b Principal tributaries of Kennebec River. Squaw Brook. Roach River — Lazy Tom Brook. Norcross Brook. Carry Brook. Williams Stream. Moose Brook. Socatean River. Tomhegan Stream. Baker Brook. Barrett Brook. Beaver Brook. Moose Brook. Wood Stream. Gander Brook. Henson Brook. Moose River ( Upper Churchill Stream. Lower Churchill Stream. Parlin Stream. Stony Brook. Tom Fletcher Stream. Brassua Stream. Miseree Stream. a Wells, Walter, The Water Power of Maine, 1869, p. 91. *>For descriptions of streams, ponds, and lakes in the following lists see Gazetteer at end of this paper. Moosehead Lake Horse Brook 10 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. Dead River North Branch West Outlet Moosehead Lake — Churchill Stream. Indian Stream. Chase Stream. Cold Stream — Alder Stream. f Sandy Stream. Moxie Stream-j Mosquito Stream. L Baker Stream. Bear Brook. Clearwater Brook. Indian Stream. Cold Brook. Alder Stream— Little Alder Stream. .Tim Brook. rRedington Brook. South Branch - ! Black Brook. IStratton Brook. Reed Brook. Bog Brook. Spencer Stream/ Kibb y Stream - I Little Spencer Stream. Enchanted Stream— Bitter Brook. Gulf Stream. k Salmon Stream. Mink Brook. Bean Brook. Kelly Brook. Hoi way Brook. Pleasant Pond Stream. Carney Brook. Decker Brook. Whitcomb Brook. Houston Brook — Little Houston Brook. South Branch — Ritt Brook. Gulf Stream. Heald Stream — Little Heald Brook. Chase Stream — Bassett Brook. Mink Brook. Austin Stream Jackson Brook. Martin Stream — Mill Stream. Fall Brook. Michael Stream. Carrabassett River Houston Brook. Poplar Brook. Hammond Brook. Rapid Stream. East Brook. Sandy Stream< Mill Stream- Rowe Pond Stream. West Brook. Stony Brook. Michael Stream. Alder Stream. Witham Brook. DRAINAGE. 11 Sandy River Beaver Dam Brook. Wilson Stream. Bog Stream. Lemon Stream. Bombazee Brook. Mill Stream. Turner Brook. Wesserunsett Stream. Oarrabassett Stream — Black Stream. Sebasticook River — Fifteen-mile Brook. Messalonskee Stream — Belgrade Stream. Bond Brook. Oobbosseecontee Stream. Togus River. Rolling Dam Brook. Eastern River. Abagadassett River. Cathance River. Muddy River. Nequasset Brook. Wells states that there are 311 lakes and ponds in the basin/ The largest and most important are listed below: Principal lakes and ponds in the Kennebec basin. CONNECTED WITH MOOSEHEAD LAKE. Fitzgerald Pond. Prong Pond. Roach Ponds (3). Trout Pond. Spencer Pond. Tomhegan Pond. CONNECTED WITH MOOSE RIVER. Indian Pond. McKinney Pond. Holeb Pond. Turner Ponds (2). Toby Ponds (3). Attean Pond. Moores Pond. Wood Pond. Little Big Wood Pond. Benjamin Ponds (3). Sally Pond. Ponco Ponds (2). Heald Pond. 3697— irr 198—07- Long Pond (Jackman and Long Pond townships). Fish Pond. Muskrat Pond. Mud Pond. Ironbound Pond. Pari in Pond. Long Pond (Parlin Pond Township). Smith Pond. Brassua Lake. Luther Pond. Miseree Pond. Op. cit., p. 93. 12 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. CONNECTED WITH DEAD RIVER. North Branch of Dead River: South Boundary Pond. Northwest Boundary Pond. North Boundary Pond. Horseshoe Pond. Otter Pond. Round Pond. Natanis Pond. Little Pocket Pond. Long Pond. Bog Pond. Lower Pond. Viles Pond. Chase Pond. Blanchard Pond. Bear Pond. Round Mountain Lake. Snow Pond. Greenbush Pond. Shallow Pond. Jim Pond. Little Jim Pond. Tim Pond. Barnard Pond. Welhern Pond. Tee Pond. South Branch of Dead River: Saddleback Ponds (2). Dead River Pond. Redington Ponds (3). Long Pond. Spencer Stream: Rock Pond. Iron Pond. Baker Pond. Spectacle Pond. Long Pond. Bartlett Pond. Horseshoe Pond. Parker Pond. Spencer Ponds (3). •Whipple Pond. Hall Pond. Dead River proper: Flagstaff Lake. Butler Ponds. Deer Pond. Spring Lake. ' Carrying Place Ponds. Alder Pond. Austin Ponds. Little Austin Pond. Withee Pond. Heald Ponds (3). CONNECTED WITIJ AUSTIN STREAM. Chase Pond. Chase Bog Pond. Mink Ponds (2). CONNECTED WITH CARRABASSETT RIVER. Dutton Pond. Tufts Pond. Grindstone Pond. Indian Pond. Lily Pond. Middle Carrying Place Pond. Rowe Ponds. Beans Pond. Brandy Pond. Gilman Pond. Judkins Pond. Butler Pond. Embden Pond. Hancock Pond. Spruce Pond. Fahi Pond. Sandy Pond. Mud Pond. Boynton Pond. CONNECTED WITH SANDY RIVER. Sandy River Ponds (4). Locks Pond. Sand Pond. Chesterville Ponda. Norcross Pond. Wilton Pond. North Pond. McGurdy Pond. Clear Water Pond. DRAINAGE. 13 CONNECTED WITH WESSE 111' NS KTT STKKAM. Weeks Pond. Wyman Pond. Wentworth Pond. Moose Pond. Barker Pond. Starbird Pond. Stafford Pond. Mill Pond. Indian Pond. Little Indian Pond. Rogers Pond. Weymouth Pond. Palmyra Ponds (2). Whites Pond. Sebasticook Lake. Messalonskee Lake. Ward Pond. Moose Pond. Long Pond. Beaver Pond. Kidder Pond. Savage Pond. Hayden Lake. CONNECTED WITH SEBASTICOOK RIVER. Hicks Pond. Nokomis Pond. Corinna Ponds (2V Dexter Pond. Stetson Pond. Plymouth Ponds (2). Skinner Pond. Unity (Twenty-five Mile) Pond. Sandy Pond. Lovejoy Pond. Pattee Pond. China Lake. CONNECTED WITH MESSALONSKEE STREAM. Great Pond. Ellis Pond. McGrath Pond. North Pond. Little Pond. East Pond. CONNECTED WITH COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM. Pleasant Pond. Loon Pond. Horseshoe Pond. Purgatory Pond. Sand Pond. Buker Pond. Jimmy Pond. Sanborn Pond. Jamies Pond. Cobbosseecontee Pond . Richard Pond. Shed Pond. Lake Annabessacook. Wilsons Pond. Cochne wagon Pond. Dexter Pond. Berry Pond. Narrows Pond. Carlton Pond. Lake Maranacook. Greeley Pond. CONNECTFD WITH KENNEBEC RIVER. Moosehead Lake. West Outlet Ponds (3). Indian Pond. Burnham Pond. Big Indian Pond . Little Indian Pond. Ten Thousand Acre Ponds. Island Pond. Ellis Pond. Dead River Pond. Long Pond (T. 1, R. 6). Wilsons Pond. Knights Pond. Black Brook Pond. Fish Pond. Cold Stream Pond. Moxie Pond. Mosquito Pond. Baker Pond. Mountain Pond. Dimmick Ponds (2). Pierce Pond. Otter Ponds (2). Pleasant Pond. Robinson Pond. Doughnut Pond. Carrying Place Pond. Decker Ponds. 14 WATER RESOURCES OE KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. Youngs Pond. Emerton Ponds. Turner Pond. Mill Pond. Merrill Pond. Jackson Pond. Sebleys Pond. Long Pond (Hartland Township). Lake George. Oak Pond. Weber Pond. Threemile Pond. Spectacle Pond. Dam Pond. Tolman Pond. Togus Pond. Threecornered Pond. Greeley Pond. Nehumkeag Pond. Bradley Pond. Nequasset Pond. The following table, compiled from the Tenth Census, vol. 16, from publications of the United States Geological Survey, and from the best maps obtainable, shows the drainage area at different points on the Kennebec River and its tributaries: Drainage areas of Kennebec River and its tributaries. Stream. Point of measurement. Drainage area. Kennebec River . Do Do Do Do Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do Do Do Do Do Do Do Moose River. Do Do Do Do Do Roach River. Do Do Do Moxie Stream Do North Branch of Dead River. South Branch oi Dead River. Dead River Do Do Carrabassett River Do Do Do Sandy River Do Do Do Do Sebasticoofc River Do Do Do Messalonskee Stream Do Cobbosseecontee Stream Outlet Moosehead Lake The Forks gaging station above mouth of Dead River Below and including Dead River Solon dam North Anson gaging station above mouth of Carrabassett River. Below and including Carrabassett River Madison dam Above mouth of Sandy River Below and including Sandy River Skowhegan dam Somerset Mills. Fairfield Waterville, HolLingsworth & Whitney Co.'s dam' above mouth of Sebasticook River. • Below and including Sebasticook River Above mouth of Messalonskee Stream Below and including Messalonskee Stream Augusta Above mouth of Cobbosseecontee Stream Below and including Cobbosseecontee Stream Head of Merrymeeting Bay Outlet of Holeb Pond Outlet of Atteau Pond Outlet of Wood Pond Outlet of Long Pond Outlet of Brassua Lake Gaging station at mouth Outlet of Upper Roach Pond Outlet of Middle Roach Pond , Gaging station near Roach River at outlet of Lower Roach Pond. Mouth Outlet of Moxie Pond Mouth Above junction with South Branch Above junction with North Branch Above mouth of Spencer Stream Below and including Spencer Stream Gaging station at mouth Above mouth of Rapid Stream Below and including Rapid Stream Gaging station at North Anson Mouth Phillips Farmington Falls above Wilson Stream. Below and including Wilson Stream Gaging station near Madison Mouth Outlet Moose Pond Near Pittsfield above East Branch Below and including East Branch Mouth Gaging station at Waterville Mouth Gaging station at mouth Sq. miles. 1,240 1,570 2,440 2,700 2,790 3,180 3,200 3,220 3,890 3,950 4,260 4,270 5,240 5,240 5,450 5,580 5,600 5,840 5,970 170 270 320 520 675 680 20 35 85 120 80 90 200 380 570 760 870 90 160 340 395 160 370 490 650 670 220 320 560 970 205 210 240 POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 15 FOREST CONDITIONS. a The upper portion of the Kennebec River drainage basin is heavily timbered, although extensive cutting has been going on for many years. Spruce is the most abundant, but large quantities of poplar, valuable in the production of the best grades of paper, are found. There are approximately 2,350 square miles of timber land in the basin, and about 3,883,000,000 feet of spruce standing (1902) suitable for lumber and pulp. About one-third of all the lumber used in the State for pulp and paper comes from the Kennebec basin, the remain- der being almost wholly supplied by the forests of the Androscoggin and Penobscot basins. POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. The population of the northern half of the basin is in general con- centrated in lumber camps and a few small towns, which exist for the purpose of distributing men and supplies for lumbering, but there is a sparse farming population that caters to the needs of the lumbermen. In addition a considerable number of sportsmen live within the basin during the season for fishing and hunting. The lower half of the basin is very generally in farming lands, but several towns are engaged in the collection of produce and distribution of supplies and in manu- facturing. Notable among the manufacturing towns are Solon, Madi- son, Skowhegan, Waterville, Augusta, and Gardiner. The principal products are pulp, paper, lumber, and cotton and woolen goods. The following table gives the population of some of the principal towns and cities, based on the census of 1900: Population of principal cities and towns in Kennebec basin. Augusta , 11, 683 Gardiner 5, 501 Hallowell : : . . 2, 714 Waterville 9,477 Fairfield 2, 238 Skowhegan 4, 266 Madison 2, 764 Solon 996 Greenville 1, 117 Farmington 3, 288 Pittsfield 2, 891 Newport .■ 1, 533 Norridgewock 1, 495 Winslow 2, 227 Richmond 2, 049 Winthrop. 2, 088 Oakland 1, 913 The river is one of the best streams in the United States for the development of water power, and the upper section is used largely for log driving. The river is open during eight months of the year and is navigable as far as Augusta to vessels drawing 10 feet. Several cities and towns obtain their water supplies from the river. The ice- cutting industry is also of considerable importance. From the a Fourth Rept. Forest Commissioner of Maine, 1902. 16 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 20-mile stretch between Augusta and Richmond, all within the navi- gable portion, many thousands of tons of ice are cut yearly and shipped for use in southern cities. TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES. Water transportation is available below Augusta. Rail transpor- tation is provided by the Maine Central Railroad to points along the river south of Skowhegan; by the Somerset Railway, through its connection with the Maine Central at Oakland, to the middle and northern parts of the basin as far north as Bingham ; and by the Cana- dian Pacific and Bangor and Aroostook railways, through their numer- ous connections with the Maine Central, to the northern part of the basin. An extension of the Somerset Railway, now being con- structed, will when completed extend to Birch Point, on the shore of Moosehead Lake, opposite Kineo, forming a junction with the Cana- dian Pacific Railway near the west outlet of Moosehead Lake. PRECIPITATION. Precipitation stations have been maintained at the following places in the Kennebec River drainage area and its immediate vicinity. With the exception of those at Chesuncook, Grant Farm, and The Forks, which were established by the United States Geological Survey, these stations have been maintained by the United States Weather Bureau. Rainfall stations in Kennebec basin. Approximate elevation above sea level (feet). Chesuncook 950 Fairfield 90 Farmington 368 Flagstaff 1, 400 Gardiner 100 Grant Farm 1, 000 Greenville 1, 040 Jackman 1, 220 Approximate • elevation above sea level (feet). Kents Hill 300 Kineo 1, 050 Madison 250 Mayfield. . ■ 1, 300 Roach River 1, 150 Solon 350 The Forks 590 Winslow 80 In the northern and more remote parts of the basin considerable difficulty has been experienced in obtaining continuous records. The station at Gardiner (fig. 2), however, furnishes an unbroken record for more than fifty years (from 1839 to 1889). In computing the mean monthly and yearly precipitation, where data are lacking for a few months only, they have been supplied from adjacent stations, as noted. It appears that the mean annual rainfall for selected stations is as follows: PRECIPITATION. 17 Mean annual ■precipitation, in inches, in Kennebec basin. Station. Fairfield.... Farmington. Flagstaff Gardiner Kineo Mayfield . . . The Forks. Winslow. . Average. Period of record. 1891-1905 1891-1905 1896-1901 1839-1888 11895-18971 11901-1902/ 1899-1905 1902-1905 1896-1905 For period. 34.46 42. 90 38.48 44.73 35.72 43.31 37.90 38.87 39. 55 1899-1905, 1902-1905, inclusive, inclusive. 36.82 43.00 35. 39 39. 45 42. 59 40. 16 43.31 42. 63 39.31 37.29 41.01 38. 98 The third column of the foregoing table gives a good idea of the amount of and variation in annual precipitation, although the stations are, of course, not very evenly placed and should not be weighted alike. Apparently the precipitation in the Kennebec basin Fig. 2.— Mean annualprecipitationat Gardiner, Me., 1839-1905. Records from ISSOto 1892 are mostly from Lewiston. Dotted lines show means for five-year intervals. reaches a maximum of about 45 inches near the coast, as shown by the Gardiner records. There is a slight falling off farther inland, in the vicinity of Winslow and Fairfield, and then an increase (see Farmington and Mayfield records) to almost the same amount as near the coast. Probably there is a gradual decrease from these points northward, a minimum of between 30 and 35 inches being reached in the extreme northern part of the basin. The mean annual precipitation over the whole basin above Gardiner is about 39 to 40 inches. Monthly and annual precipitation in Kennebec basin. CHESUNCOOK.a Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1904 1.78 2.67 1.94 0.80 .69 1.61 2.11 1.32 4.22 2.52 .71 2.33 3.49 2.42 2.74 2.75 1.65 3.10 4.23 1.52 5.44 .92 5.44 1.18 1.70 .77 0.91 3.15 0.59 2.22 31.76 1905 19.22 1906 a In basin of Penobscot River. 18 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. Monthly and annual precipitation in Kennebec basin — Continued. FAIRFIELD. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1891 6.12 3.38 1.62 2.43 2.23 .31 3.31 5.07 2.76 5.89 2.74 2.25 3.94 3.21 3.78 2.59 2.23 2.28 2.77 1.03 .34 2.95 1.00 6.48 2.73 7.00 1.95 1.54 3.39 1.65 .99 2.52 4.75 1.82 2.49 .86 1.58 5.62 2.63 1.45 3.66 4.75 5.22 7.76 6.35 3.78 .88 a3.33 1.97 .80 2.13 .72 3.50 1.28 2.40 2.31 1.05 1.63 3.96 2.41 1.95 5.75 2.15 3.09 2.26 2.67 3.42 3.78 1.83 2.33 4.47 1.55 2.05 5.18 2.35 2.54 .37 4.75 2.22 3.55 2.03 5.79 .99 2.97 1.96 1.91 3.39 3.32 1.39 4.08 1.64 4.04 3.56 2.32 3.49 3.29 4.63 1.78 2.27 2.56 3.08 3.21 3.52 1.13 5.13 3.40 2.99 2.22 a4.53 2.69 3.65 4.00 5.58 2.90 3. 50 2.59 3.83 2.82 3.71 .46 1.76 3.39 '4. 06 «3. 37 4.39 1.43 2.06 3.23 2.12 3.82 1.11 5.10 2.54 2.37 3.58 2.55 3.79 1.86 al.01 '5.58 2.45 1.38 1.37 4.89 2.41 1.58 2.00 .53 4.33 1.11 4.05 2.77 4.01 a3. 31 2.05 .38 2.14 3.17 .86 2.02 5.47 2.35 3.98 3.71 2.32 4.55 2.19 1.03 1.06 1.61 3.80 4.56 1.10 2.36 1.82 3.77 1.17 3.06 1.42 1.93 2.19 7.98 4.68 2.70 1.44 3.19 38. 13 1892 32.97 1893 28.82 1894... 27.92 1895... 29.04 1896 32.06 1897... 33.65 1898.. 36. 85 1899.. 28. 17 1900 47.03 1901. 40.97 1902 . 38. 40 1903 35 54 1904... 39.22 1905.. 28.41 1906... Mean, 1891-1905. 3.27 2.55 3.57 2.27 2.78 2.86 3.12 3.19 2.87 2.41 2.68 2.89 34.46 FARMINGTON. 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Mean, 1891-1905. 3.86 3.13 6.54 5.45 2.66 1.64 4.05 .80 5.45 65.54 2.57 6.19 3.27 3.06 3.61 3.52 3.79 2.29 2.13 2.33 3.81 2.22 .95 5.58 62.13 6.85 2.60 10.76 1.04 2.32 2.81 .72 .70 1.89 8.28 2.33 2.69 2.20 1.88 10.83 4.85 .55 5.79 7.04 4.54 8.43 5.67 3.13 1.41 4.30 4.64 1.97 .85 2.34 1.43 5.67 2.66 3.19 2.71 .92 1.74 6.88 3.67 2.47 6.36 2.12 2.06 1.94 3.75 6.95 5.14 3.06 62.80 3.75 1.79 1.97 5.12 3.95 5.16 .59 5.72 2.65 3.67 3.00 I 3.62 3.85 3.93 6.26 2.78 3.20 3.38 2.49 4.32 4.34 2.41 5.51 3.47 5.28 5.70 1.03 3.60 5.41 3.42 3.29 1.60 1.92 1.05 3.75 8.11 2.80 5.07 4.88 4.22 1.93 4.27 4.97 4.07 3.69 4.03 5.09 3.76 2.61 5.93 3.97 3.93 3.27 1.91 2.30 3.45 3.34 2.67 4.58 3.10 3.60 1.45 4.16 3.02 5.73 1.92 4.62 2.98 2.82 3.26 4.82 2.25 3.60 1.17 4.44 5.27 3.43 1.68 1.49 5.72 5.02 1.99 3.88 .95 4.63 1.43 4.23 3.03 4.68 3.08 2.09 1.24 3.01 2.69 4.44 2.99 2.97 5.76 4.22 5.01 4.40 2.60 8.50 2.10 1.19 1.24 1.83 2.58 3.50 5.64 1.39 3.39 2.76 6.25 1.15 4.98 1.44 2.71 1.77 8.97 4.31 4.19 1.76 2.69 3.58 FLAGSTAFF. 1895 3.54 3.14 5.01 3.60 .33 2.17 4.95 1.49 4.53 3.72 3.21 1.73 2.35 1.65 1.06 3.44 .72 2.65 1.65 2.47 2.40 4.18 2.80 a4.96 3.25 2.35 5.66 2.20 3.62 1.05 2.53 1.05 2.15 2.45 4.88 1896... 1.20 2.90 4.80 1.85 4.30 2.20 3.92 2.60 6.90 3.83 5.40 1.50 6.97 3.07 al.05 4.05 3.90 2.75 1.45 3.02 1.76 .67 .35 7.83 2.75 7.33 1.20 1.95 3.55 2.34 2.40 4.27 2.45 1.19 3.43 4.58 4.85 7.77 1.05 a6.81 4.80 5.01 38.50 1S97 47.90 1898 32.97 1899 28.56 1900 40.83 1901 . . . 42.29 Mean, 1896-1901. 2.88 4.02 3.63 2.51 3.19 3.05 5.05 3.20 2.86 2.22 3.52 2.35 38. 48 GARDINER. 1839 2.45 1.77 5.72 2.88 2.54 3.95 5.85 2.66 5. 11 2.10 2.29 1.12 4.49 5.67 1.68 2.25 1.29 3.67 2. 53 2.66 4.14 3.24 3.26 5.50 4.82 2.96 6.27 1.62 2.84 3.87 4.14 5.29 2.51 5.52 .65 2.59 1.59 2.90 1.22 5.04 4.22 3.58 1.83 3.50 3.01 2.68 4.83 2.69 8.64 4.45 4.20 3.17 3.05 3.96 1.79 1.95 2.77 6.32 1.88 5.26 1.72 1.58 3.08 1.76 1.47 6.55 2.62 3.34 6.29 5.21 3.72 1.08 2.35 4.80 3.03 2.40 3.83 3.95 4.32 2.27 1.54 3.83 3.06 1.17 2.36 3.20 1.00 3.32 5. 76 0.41 6.02 1.46 1.61 5.28 5.72 2.89 2.09 4.06 4.59 4.22 3.88 3.37 3.33 3.58 3.93 10. 56 3.42 3.64 2.38 3.10 3.52 5.09 5.67 2.71 5.91 4.82 2.95 4.28 4.50 41 04 1840 . 41. 16 1841... 38.53 1842 37. 12 1843 45.99 1844 38.32 1845 48 70 1846... 35.32 1847. 44 90 1848 3.84 48.85 Moan, 1839-1848. 3. 68 2.71 3.73 3. 03 4.00 3.35 3.37 3.47 2.75 3.41 4.23 4.26 41.99 a No record; figures supplied from Winslow record. 6 No record; figures supplied from Gardiner record. PRECIPITATION. 19 Monthly and annual precipitation in Kennebec basin — Continued. GARDINER— Continued. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1849 0.92 3.09 4.66 2.36 1.49 2.78 7.17 2.25 4.22 3.11 1.50 2.96 4.45 3.89 9.47 435 1.80 1.95 2.46 2.33 2.80 2.29 1.88 2.22 1.94 4.73 1.10 .90 4.03 3.16 3.47 2.98 3.74 6.13 1.14 5.62 4 57 2.46 5.30 4 44 5.18 11.76 3.16 .36 7.16 5.28 1.93 4.52 4.74 3.02 2.59 5.44 3.42 3.89 .95 5.05 5.98 2.06 3.59 2.51 1.69 3.04 5.56 2.80 4.10 4 95 2.42 2.49 2.33 6.43 6.11 4 31 2. 36 5.87 3.34 1.41 3.09 7.49 5.51 7.26 2.81 3.70 2.76 3.51 5.17 5.03 1.76 3.82 1.24 3.74 5.85 5.29 8.43 4.38 4.45 3.25 13. 15 3.20 4 97 5.06 2.67 2.41 6.30 6.33 6.47 8.12 3.18 2.14 3.63 2.91 3.97 4.10 4 05 4.92 4.46 3.16 5.01 4 70 419 2.87 39.56 1850 51.37 1851 50. 77 1852 46 66 1853 50. 14 1854 53. 73 1855 51. 16 1856 1857 37.98 46.22 1858 46. 84 Mean, 1849-1858. 3.20 3.52 2.50 10.06 2.14 5.47 3.49 4.23 4 58 5.39 5.47 5.76 2.38 3.98 2.51 1.32 4.35 2.75 3.98 2.46 4 43 1.91 4 96 2.28 4.71 3.00 .87 440 1.92 2 56 3.94 5.05 4 97 5.27 9.59 3.55 6.35 2.36 1.27 3.81 1.73 .90 2.68 3.50 1.96 3.20 3.58 1.77 1.97 4.14 2.41 6.46 .59 4 61 3.01 3.94 1.87 4.68 3.35 2.48 3.63 1.85 3.18 4.34 4 32 .84 5.66 .98 8.24 5.80 4 42 4 14 47. 43 1859 4.42 1.04 2.94 4.20 4.42 3.51 3.10 1.63 2.62 2.86 2.15 3.30 3.26 3. 60 3.75 2.07 2.85 5.24 4.36 1.87 2.79 4.70 1.37 1.94 4 39 6.12 1.46 5.50 8.49 1.06 1.08 3.81 5.47 5.21 4.74 2.76 4.75 2.59 4 60 .98 4.75 1 6.54 5. 36 a 26 47.90 I860 33.76 1861 3.16 4.33 7.30 5.77 3.24 3.18 2.85 6.76 2.17 2.56 4 35 4.03 3.23 3.00 2. 04 39.85 39.40 1863 52.26 1864 41.05 1865 41.63 1866 45.66 1867 47.68 1868 43. 13 Mean, 1859-1868. 3.07 3.24 4.90 3.10 4 16 2.78 3.08 3.78 3.55 3.60 4.67 3.31 43.24 1.96 6.12 2.11 1.86 4.63 4.39 2.94 3.03 a 57 6.75 5.93 1.56 1.84 2.09 3.33 3.72 5.88 .55 2.73 4.00 3.22 5.37 3.03 3.94 1.96 3.70 7.96 7.91 3.13 3.05 4 78 3.38 1.85 2.97 4 63 3.92 2.69 3.01 5.84 4.50 1.90 3.92 2.58 2.38 3.14 2.90 3.62 1.61 1.49 5.50 1.94 1.58 3.88 1.26 3.86 5.87 2.95 1.16 3.69 1.51 2.43 4 58 3.10 3.56 5.57 2.22 6,16 2.22 1.08 1.17 1.99 4.93 6.98 1.59 6.21 6.66 .20 5.28 4.43 3.37 1.33 1.84 4 73 3.88 2.76 4 89 4.63 1.42 2.39 12.07 6.39 7.58 3.42 6.01 1.72 5.06 2.59 5.27 7.82 3.10 4.19 4 90 5.82 3.63 2.99 3.67 413 8.24 4.60 4 74 2.82 3.28 3.57 2.03 1.54 .83 3.45 1.24 7.55 52.32 1870 43.04 1871 45. 03 1872 42.64 1873 37.97 1874 42.10 1875 46.35 1876 47.29 1877 39.60 1878 48.32 Mean, 1869-1878. 3.23 3.44 4 42 3.61 2.80 3.17 3.24 3.94 3.12 5.85 4.53 3.10 44 45 1879 2.88 4.10 3.73 3.56 2.50 5.40 5.26 6.61 7.32 5.13 3.08 3.61 5.84 4.96 2.89 7.29 6.44 7.25 5.62 5.90 4.21 2.68 5.31 5.04 2.24 5.40 2.18 3.90 7.27 5.09 3.39 3.29 1.56 2.65 3.46 6.53 2.50 1.43 6.81 2.27 1.50 2.39 5.89 4.74 5.02 4.00 3.41 3.76 1.08 2.48 5.83 1.53 3.09 4.25 4.86 1.22 6.50 1.85 3.42 2.59 5.27 3.94 3.76 2.60 3.49 5.17 1.73 1.93 6.96 2.20 5.21 2.18 2.36 .34 .32 4.22 3.21 2.82 3.42 4.33 4.05 4.06 3.00 7.00 3.11 2.11 1.98 3.68 1.05 7.12 2.05 4,39 2.65 2.02 4.48 3.14 3.94 3.67 2.44 6.71 4.70 4.86 3.26 1.14 2.84 3.29 2.86 6.06 3.64 5.98 4.19 2.96 6.56 3.53 3.67 5.05 2.60 4.68 5.61 4.20 46. 37 1880 39.99 1881 47.02 1882 41.83 1883 : 38.88 52.82 1885 42.61 47.64 1887 54.65 1888 54.00 Mean 1879-1888 . Mean 1839-1888 . 4.65 3.57 5.29 3.64 4.33 3.98 3.39 3.42 3.43 3.82 3.51 3.27 3.70 3.39 2.84 3.74 3.72 3.30 3.55 4.44 3.86 4.34 4.30 3.82 46.57 44.73 1889 5.20 3.18 1.84 3.78 2.76 4.52 2.38 1.51 2.54 7.84 4.18 3.61 2.96 (a) 1.60 2.56 4.59 5.44 5.51 41. 56 1 1893 2.70 3.30 2.50 .87 4.51 5.54 3.41 7.19 3.78 2.67 4.54 4.12 4.85 2.95 4.79 1.99 1.64 5.25 2.13 5.45 3.10 8.96 1.76 1.70 3. 63 2.24 1.32 1.98 3.18 1.44 2.48 7.19 4.30 1.76 5.56 7.23 6.25 10.33 6.65 3.71 .94 4.80 2.52 1.86 4.83 2.02 2.86 3.44 1.19 2.50 6.43 3.71 1.42 7.10 2.10 3.74 4.66 5.84 1.50 2.80 5.94 1.60 1.87 5.42 3.97 2.01 .45 3.95 2.17 4.52 2.56 1.18 2.01 1.94 4.32 3.56 2.43 1.34 1.36 4.52 5.12 1.29 4.83 4.89 1.12 2.30 4.55 3.18 3.15 .98 5.48 1.87 4.26 2.07 4.77 1.25 4.52 3.27 3.08 3.28 2.88 2.66 3.73 1.08 2.77 5.54 4.46 2.90 4.53 2.03 3.23 3.81 1.21 7.60 3.11 2.90 3.90 2.45 2.08 3.22 1.34 5.09 4.09 5.90 4.25 1.82 2.64 .92 6.23 1.85 4.47 4.18 4.90 3.82 2.02 .78 1.83 2.21 6.85 4.12 5.99 4.57 2.42 5.28 2.41 1.21 1.63 2.39 3.95 5.13 2.80 4.40 1.52 3.83 2.74 2.61 1.64 9.43 5.35 3.56 2.28 3.12 40.89 1894 34. 06 1895 37.07 1896 42.01 1897 43. 72 1898 42.50 1899 1900 1901 34. 90 51. 12 51.45 1902 46.15 1903 ■ 39. 83 1904 39. 97 1905 1906 3-1.70 Mean, 1893-1905 Mean 1839 1903 b 3.84 3.38 4.69 3.23 3.24 2.80 3.04 3.25 3.39 3. 37 3. 45 3. 72 41.40 44.41 a No record at Gardiner from July, 1890, to December, 1892, inclusive. b Missing records, 1890-1892, supplied from Lewiston records. 20 WATER KESOUKCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. Monthly and annual precipitation in Kennebec basin — Continued. GRANT FARM. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June July. Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1904 0.38 1.70 1.30 4.01 4.05 2.91 2.66 3.96 2.70 2.55 .79 7.85 1.15 2.72 .48 1.31 1.62 1905 GREENVILLE. 1904 5.27 3.22 4.72 3.60 3.99 3.43 6.85 2.52 6.28 4.09 1.43 7.63 2.82 2.44 .86 0.47 2.51 1905 1.91 2.20 1.22 190G 1.20 1.23 JACKMAN. 1894 2.25 1.48 2.20 4.65 1.79 2.55 3.30 1897 0.95 1.51 1.91 .84 1.85 5.00 4.00 6.23 2.45 4.20 1.68 1903 2.32 1904 1.52 1.91 1.82 2.10 1905 2.42 1.57 .94 1.57 1.28 3.15 1906 4.33 3.72 KENTS ITILL. 1891 6.28 4.88 2.41 3.41 1.60 4.53 1.32 5.37 1.79 2.95 1.85 1.05 2.85 2^79 6.76 3.05 5.75 4.50 2.48 4.00 6.30 1.50 4.98 2.12 1.25 1.79 3.98 5.57 1.37 41.42 38.22 18i*2. 1893 1894 KINEO. 1895 2.11 .37 2.82 4.24 1.35 2.51 1.95 6.90 3.50 3.47 1.80 3.60 1.22 4.49 2.43 .82 2.03 2.24 3.27 2.22 2.58 2.46 3.96 3.26 2.47 4.07 4.02 8.37 .90 7.37 5.21 1.95 4.03 4.90 2.00 3.11 3.30 1.45 3.27 2.62 4.50 0.87 3.61 1.52 5.47 1.95 2.69 2.99 .90 2.25 32 30 1896 30 29 1897 37 58 1898 1899 3.20 3.94 3.24 6.55 6.15 1900 5.17 2.65 2.15 2.36 3.90 1.45 4.73 4.99 '4*85' 2.65 "i.54" 3.49 .75 4.67 2.79 2.71 1.51 2.55 3.01 2.55 .94 5.46 1901 2.26 a3.40 2.70 .81 7.40 2.01 2.01 35. 85 1902 1903 42.67 1904 i Mean, 1895-1897 1901-2 2.02 2.24 2.86 3.01 2.88 4.20 4.49 3.11 2.75 2.33 2.72 3.11 35.72 MADISON. 1894 3.23 2.25 3.88 3.98 1.71 1.61 2.99 1.70 11.04 6.32 2.79 2.13 4.83 1.45 3.62 1.94 7.63 2.59 4.27 4.75 5.49 .23 6.63 3.73 5.12 6.00 7.45 3.72 3.36 4.65 5.72 2.12 2.29 5.37 6.10 5.75 3.28 5.93 2.30 7.38 2.23 4.81 3.70 .76 6.34 5.61 5.30 6.61 2.40 2.98 1.13 1902 - 1903 3.91 4.34 2.28 4.08 4.04 1.42 1.17 1.23 4.60 4.63 1.43 1.55 3.45 59.97 33.96 1904 49.98 1905 41.56 1906 Mean, 1902-1905. 3. 65 2.80 5.57 3.94 4.02 4.80 4,88 4. 46 ' 4.10 3.28 2.10 2.76 46.36 a No record; figures supplied from The Forks record. PRECIPITATION. 21 Monthly and annual precipitation in Kennebec basin — Continued. MAYFIELD. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1891 3.75 2.37 3.34 8.36 2.69 6.45 3.03 3.13 3.41 2.94 2.04 3.31 2.94 7.39 6.54 3.17 3.39 4.61 5.11 2.73 3.27 2.65 4.44 6.07 8.04 1.52 4.79 4.48 5.40 2.95 5.27 4.41 4.39 4.78 9.19 5.20 2.05 3.86 4.90 4.07 4.43 1. 05 1.25 5.25 6.36 3.03 5.32 1.86 1.58 5. 63 4.21 5.71 2.09 5.31 3.01 3.57 3.3^ 3.26 2.63 4.33 .85 5.73 4.40 1.56 1.60 7.37 6.41 2.25 4.77 1.43 L71 2.99 3.43 5.83 3.12 2.42 .90 2.91 5.14 3.49 2.48 7.63 5.11 5.12 6.02 2.19 7.43 2.24 1.65 1.61 1.58 2.87 1892 1893 1.86 1.17 6.21 2.34 4.56 2.26 .99 1.57 6.33 4.16 1.56 3.42 2.17 2.70 5.65 4.83 3.83 3.02 5.04 1.88 3.02 5.84 2.26 3.40 .58 6.86 3.29 3.90 1894 1895 5. 84 1.24 3.43 1.14 3.05 1.10 8. 63 4.12 3.06 1.47 2.69 1896 0.94 1897 1898 1899 2.50 6.27 2.60 3.21 5.48 3.07 4.25 2.69 4.00 7.39 1.20 3.60 3.27 1.81 01.11 2.01 4.87 5.65 5.55 9.50 5.33 2.76 1.00 5.24 33. 54 1900 50.54 1901.. 48. 46 1902 56. 50 1903 39. 70 1904 42.02 1905 1906 32.32 Mean, 1899-1905. 3.91 3.20 4.95 2.89 3.61 4.11 4.53 3.45 3.50 2.91 2.80 3.45 43.31 ROACH RIVER. 1901 2.95 1.16 6.„5 2.70 1902... 3.25 2.05 . 3.82 4.90 3.37 5.76 1.21 2.23 3.56 9.29 4.30 5.32 3.21 1903..- , SOLON. 1902 3.20 4.62 2.92 3.43 5.39 3.43 2.30 3.10 1903 3.78 2.81 4.90 THE FORKS. 1901 3.31 3.40 1.60 2.23 1.24 2.60 2.30 1.73 1.34 2.90 8.80 3.10 2.97 1.58 2.40 1902 3.50 2.30 2.95 3.39 2.24 3.35 3.63 1.40 1.11 2.05 5.69 4.42 1.95 1.30 4.20 3.20 1.35 3.70 1.68 2.18 4.62 .61 5.08 3.58 3.13 6.42 4.36 4.64 4.33 3.07 2.92 4.58 7.53 3.37 3.43 3.24 2.69 1.86 5.39 .91 6.82 3.47 47.32 1903... 31. 70 1904 . , 41.91 1905 30.63 1906. Mean, 1902-1905. 3.04 2.37 3.34 2.48 3.47 4.94 4. 60 2.81 4.15 2.12 2.07 2.51 37.90 WINSLOW. 1895 1.56 5.86 3.02 2.77 4.03 3.26 3.92 2.29 1.01 5.84 3.20 2.04 2.66 .68 5.38 1.34 4.86 3.28 5.54 3.31 2.64 .62 6.52 2.89 4.96 3.86 1.76 5.00 1.38 1.17 1.34 1.62 4.00 1896 0.40 &4.51 4.67 3.40 1.39 4.91 2.45 6.27 .65 1.49 3.01 1.51 .93 1.33 6.24 3.06 1.05 4.10 5.21 5.15 8.90 7.15 3.41 .83 3.33 1.74 2.44 2.44 1.00 1.95 4.50 2.51 2.21 5.38 2.20 2.78 2.52 5.30 1.51 2.32 6.32 b3. 97 2.24 .31 4.91 2.53 1.64 2.33 3.34 3.42 1.13 4.09 2.51 4.61 4.47 1.47 3.39 3. 28 3.46 5.50 1.95 6.81 4.17 3.31 2.62 4.53 2.52 4.26 3.59 3.42 3.09 .25 2.55 4.54 64.46 3.37 4.94 2.03 1.29 2.71 1.59 1.90 61.64 8.23 4.25 2.98 1.65 2.82 36.38 1897 40. 33 1898. 36.64 1899 2.88 6.35 2.91 2.31 4.14 2.58 3.66 2.78 29.97 1900 51.67 1901 44. 35 1902. 42.39 1903 37.83 1904 38.47 1905. 30.47 1906 Mean, 1896-1905. 3.44 2.60 4,51 2.64 3.19 3.08 3.91 3.22 | 3.54 3.03 2.80 2.91 38. 87 a No record; figures supplied from The Forks record. &No record; figures supplied from Gardiner record. The table of average precipitation and fig. 3 have been prepared from the foregoing data, for the purpose of computing the ratio of run-off to rainfall at Waterville. They represent fairly well the average precipitation on the basin above Waterville after and includ- ing 1895. Probably the figures for the years previous to 1895 are 22 WATEK KESOUKCES OF KENNEBEC EIVEK BASIN. slightly too great, as in those years no stations were maintained in the northern part of the basin, where the precipitation is considerably less than it is farther south. The values given in the table are based on the following records: Fairfield, 1891-1906; Farmington, 1891-1906; Kineo, 1895-1898, 1900-1902; Madison, 1894, 1902-1906; Mayfield, 1891-1906; The Forks, 1903-1906. 1 Hig nest= ■49.0 45 40 Mea n f o rl5> rs.= 39.82 35 ^n Lowest - 30.9 1 I 1 1890 1895 1900 1905 Fig. 3.— Mean annual precipitation on Kennebec basin above Wateiville, Me., 1891-1905. Average precipitation in Kennebec drainage basin above Watervillc, 1891-1906. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec" Annual. 1891 6.3 4.4 2.1 2.4 2.8 .7 3.6 4.9 2.4 5.6 2.7 2.9 3. 9- 3.0 3.9 .2-8 2.1 2.3 3.3 1.8 .9 3.7 1.9 6.8 3.3 6.8 1.5 3.0 3.4 1.5 1.1 2.3 6.5 2.1 2.6 1.6 1.6 7.0 3.2 1.0 4.6 5.0 3.9 8.3 5.6 2.9 1.3 4.6 2.6 0.8 2.1 1.2 4.4 2.0 3.3 2.2 .9 1.3 6.0 3.3 1.9 5.4 2.1 2.9 li 5.3 4.6 2.8 2.7 4.9 1.6 2.2 4.6 2.3 4.3 .5 5.8 3.1 3.9 3.1 6.8 2.2 4.6 2.9 2.5 3.6 3.3 1.8 3.9 3.8 6.1 4.8 2.9 3.9 4.4 4.4 2.6 2.4 2.3 3.2 4.4 7.2 1.5 5.4 4.6 3.9 2.7 4.8 5.1 4.2 4.3 6.6 4.0 2.9 4.3 3.6 3.8 3.7 .9 1.8 3.9 4.5 2.9 4.9 2.1 1.7 4.3 3.1 5.0 1.6 4.6 3.0 3.3 3.0 3.1 2.2 3.8 .9 5.8 4.2 1.5 1.5 6.0 4.8 1.7 3.5 1.0 4.4 1.5 3.4 2.8 4.9 2.7 2.4 1.0 2.6 4.2 2.4 2.5 6.1 3.3 4.4 4.3 2.4 6.5 2.3 1.2 1.4 1.5 3.4 5.1 1.2 2.9 2.3 4.7 1.1 3.2 1.3 2.5 1.9 7.6 4.0 2.9 1,6 2.9 42.4 1892 40.0 1893 38. 4 1894 36.0 1895 37 1890 39.1 1897 43.1 1898 38.3 1899.. . 30.9 1900 48.5 1901 42.9 1902 . . . 49.0 1903 35.7 1904 42.8 1905... 33.2 1900 Mean, 1891-1905. 39.82 1 1 l WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 23 SNOW STORAGE AND WATER EQUIVALENT. The measurement of snowfall by catching it in the ordinary rain gage, as rain is caught in the summer season, is liable to considerable error, owing to the deflection of air currents by the gage. The snow- flakes being light, tend to be carried over or diverted from the mouth of the gage, especially when considerable wind is blowing. It is there- fore desirable to supplement winter precipitation records, obtained by the use of the rain gage with measurements of the actual depth of snow upon the ground from time to time, taken at some level place where an average depth prevails, and with determinations of the water equivalent of the snow, obtained by melting a prism of it. Records of this nature have been kept since the winter of 1903-4 at several of the precipitation stations in the Kennebec basin, and the data thus obtained are presented in the following table: Water equivalent of snow in Kennebec basin. Station. Date. Depth of snow. Water equiva- lent. Ratio: Water to Snow Grant farm: February 11, 1904 April 21, 1904 Inches. 20 Inches. 5.92 5.88 1.55 7.78 2.4 8.25 4.03 1.20 1.32 1.44 4.3 4.0 1.56 2.75 4.10 2.97 5.96 1.89 1.85 2.5 2.05 2.22 3.58 11.85 6.20 3.2 5.2 4.16 4.33 6.20 5.30 3.54 5.4 5.3 7.0 5.5 5.4 1.5 3.6 5 6.5 5.6 4.6Q 4.83 5 46 4.27 8 ,5 0.296 Do Do December 31, 1904 March 1, 1905 15 33 11 40 27 12 14 16.5 25 10 12 15 10.33 17 22 12 10 12 11 9 13 48 ' 28 23 23 * 20 18 24 18 9 27 27 35 28 23 12 a 14 22 34 16 10 32 26 17 32 27 103 Do 236 Do December 31, 1905 January 28, 1906 February 7, 1904 March 11, 1904 .do... 218 Do .206 149 Do Do .100 094 Do ...do... .087 Do February 22, 1905....: March 27, 1905 November 12, 1905.... January 1, 1906 February 1, 1906 February 16, 1906 March 15, 1906 December 16, 1905 December 30, 1905 January 17, 1906 February 17, 1906..... March 6, 1906 .172 Do .400 Do .130 Do . 183 Do .397 Do .175 Do .271 .158 Do .185 Do .208 Do .186 Do .247 Do.. March 19, 1906 March 28, 1906 February 2, 1904 January — , 1905 March 22, 1905 February 4, 1904 February 29, 1904 ' March 8, 1904 do . .275 Do .247 .221 Do .139 Do .226 The Forks .208 Do .240 Do .258 Do... .294 Do April 20, 1904 .395 Do January 17, 1905 February 1, 1905 February 15, 1905 March 2, 1905 .200 Do .196 Do .200 Do. .196 Do : March 16, 1905 December 15, 1905 January 15, 1906 February 17. 1906 March 15, 1906. April 15. 1906 . 234 Do .125 Do .257 Do .227 Do .191 Do .350 Madison Do Do Winslow Do March 19, 1903 February 26, 1904 February 3, 1905 January 15, 1905 March i. 1905 .460 .151 .210 .251 .250 Do March 15, 1905 .278 Heavy; one-half inch ice on ground. 24 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. Fig. 4 shows graphically the water equivalent of snow on the ground at The Forks, determined at different times during the last three seasons. A comparison of all the stations in the previous table indi- cates that The Forks is fairly representative of the whole Kennebec basin, as regards depth of snow and its water equivalent, so that this diagram may be said to show approximately the snow storage cf water in the basin during the last three winters. INCHES DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR APR. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. Fig. 4.— Water equivalent of snow on the ground at The Forks, Me. STREAM FLOW. SOURCES OF INFORMATION. The water flowing in surface streams forms one of the most valuable natural assets of any country and is an important factor in the devel- opment of its. commercial and agricultural resources. Data in regard to the regimen and total flow of streams and of the conditions which affect this flow are of primary importance to their economic use. MEASUREMENTS OF STREAM FLOW. 25 Users of surface waters have for a long time recognized the value of data in regard to flow, and have collected much information rela- tive to the streams in which they are interested. The general demand for information on this subject led to the organization cf the hydro- graphic work of the United States Geological Survey, and as a result records' of discharge for the more important streams in the United States are now generally available. In the Kennebec basin the water users have been active for many years in keeping records of gage height and discharge; in fact, it was chiefly owing to the interest shown here and the urgent requests from this part of the State for more extended information that hydro- graphic work was begun by the United States Geological Survey in Maine in 1901. Since that time systematic measurements of flow have been carried on by the Survey, not only in the Kennebec basin but on most of the important rivers of the State. The combined records from these two sources furnish a most valuable collection of facts relative to the water resources of this area. The following pages contain a compilation of these data, which have been carefully revised and adjusted in accordance with the best information available to date. FIELD METHODS. Data collected by private parties have generally been obtained at power plants where the discharge is divided, part going over a dam, part through the wheels, and part through by-channels. The flow over the dam is obtained from the measured head by the use of a weir formula, that through the wheels by the use of each wheel as a meter, and that through the by-channels by means of weirs or by current-meter measurements. The sum of these components is the total discharge of the river at the section. The general methods used at stations of this character are fully described in Water-Supply Paper No. 150 a (Weir experiments, coefficients, and formulas, by R. E. Horton), and the use cf turbines for measurement purposes is explained in detail in Water-Supply Paper No. 180 (Turbine water-wheel tests and power tables, by R. E. Horton). The Geological Survey has generally collected its data at current- meter gaging stations located at points at which it is considered that the information will be of special value. At these stations observa- tions of stage, or gage height, of discharge, and of general conditions form the base data for computing the daily and total flow of the stream. The methods used in selecting current-meter stations and in collecting data are fully described in Water-Supply Papers Nos. 94 and 95. Thev may be briefly stated as follows: a The first edition of the paper has been exhausted. The second edition, including revisions and some additional data, has been published as Water-Supply Paper No. 200. 26 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. The selection of a site for a gaging station depends primarily on the facilities for making the measurements of discharge, and these stations . have accordingly been classified as bridge, cable, boat, or wading stations. PL II, A, shows a typical cable station. The length of time a station is maintained depends largely on the needs of each locality and the facilities fcr making the measurements. If the water is to be used for power, special effort is made to obtain information concerning the minimum flow; if water is to be stored, the maximum flow also receives special attention. In all sections of the country permanent gaging stations are maintained for general statistical purposes, to show the conditions existing through long periods. They are also used as primary stations, and in connection with short series of measurements serve as a basis for estimating the flow at other points in the drainage basin. The gage heights are observed daily on the vertical staff or some other type of gage, by some person living near by. The average of the gage readings, if more than one is taken in any day, is used as the mean gage height for that day. The measurements of discharge, which determine the quantity of water flowing past the gaging station at a given stage and time, are made by hydrographers of the Survey, who visit the stations at inter- vals. This discharge is the product of the area, which is obtained by soundings, and the velocity of the current, which is usually measured by some type of current meter. The current meter is primarily an instrument for measuring the velocity of moving water, and consists essentially of a wheel with vanes, which may be shaped like those of a windmill or of a screw, or with cups like those of an anemometer, the necessary qualification being that moving water shall readily cause the wheel of the meter to turn. Each meter is rated before use. The rating is done by moving the meter through still water at various observed speeds to determine the relation between the velocity with which the meter moves through the water and the revolutions of the wheel. This relation having been determined, the meter is used in running water, the revolutions per unit of time noted, and the velocity of the water computed. In making the measurements an arbitrary number of points are laid off on a line perpendicular to the thread of the stream. At. these points the velocity and depth are observed. They are known as measuring points, being usually fixed at regular intervals, varying from 2 to 20 feet, depending on the size and conditions of the stream. Perpendiculars dropped from the measuring points divide the gaging section into strips. For each strip or pair of strips the mean velocity, area, and discharge are determined independently, so that conditions in one part of the stream may not be extended to parts where they do not apply. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 198 PL. II A. CABLE STATION ON MOOSE RIVER AT ROCKWOOD, ME. B. EVAPORATION AND RAINFALL STATION ON ANDROSCOGGIN RIVER AT LEWISTON, ME. MEASUREMENTS OF STREAM FLOW. 27 OFFICE METHODS. For obtaining the daily discharge at current-meter gaging stations it is necessary that sufficient measurements be taken to cover the range of stage as indicated by the gage heights. With these and the other information in regard to the station, it is possible to construct a rating table which will give the discharge corresponding to any stage of the stream. The construction of the rating table depends on the following laws of flow for open permanent channels: (1) The discharge will remain constant so long as the conditions at or near the gaging station remain constant; (2) the change of slope due to the rise and fall of the stream being neglected, the discharge will be the same whenever the stream is at a given stage; (3) the discharge is a function of the stage and increases gradually with it. S / /£ ./ A / f^S / P ?S / :-/ w C f f to 4 / ••/ '/ 9 / ■V i i y / t i i i / i MEA N v'E LOCI , ii FE :t p p -,F : ' A REA QUA S ,F F "FT ( ■ 2 3 4 3 5 J 6 J 7 8 o 3 3 D SCH kPGE EC'"' -JQ - FEE T 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 o Year 1901 o Year 1902 n Year 1903 + Year 1904. * Year 1905 Fig. 5.— Rating, area, and mean velocity curves for Kennebec River at The Forks, Me. The plotting of results of the various discharge measurements, gage heights being used as ordinates, and discharge, mean velocity, and area as abscissas, will define curves which show the discharge, mean velocity, and area corresponding to any gage height. Fig. 5 shows a typical rating curve, that for the gaging station on Kennebec River at The Forks, with its corresponding mean velocity and area curves. As the discharge is the product of two factors, the area and the mean velocity, any change in either factor will produce a correspond- ing change in the discharge. Their curves are therefore constructed in order to study each independently of the other. The area curve can be definitely determined from accurate sound- ings extending to the limits of high water. It is invariably either concave toward the horizontal axis or a straight line, unless the banks of the stream are overhanging. 3697— irr 198^-07 3 28 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.' The form of the mean velocity curve depends chiefly on the surface slope, the roughness of the bed, and the cross section of the stream. Of these the slope is the principal factor. In accordance with the relative change of these factors the curve may be either a straight line, convex or concave toward either axis, or a combination of the three. From a careful study of the conditions at any gaging station the form which the velocity curve will take can be predicted, and it may be extended with reasonable certainty to stages beyond the limits of actual measurements. Its principal use is in connection with the area curve in locating errors in discharge measurements and in construct- ing the rating table. The discharge curve is defined primarily by the measurements of discharge, which are studied and weighted in accordance with the local conditions existing at the time of each measurement. Between and beyond the measurements the curve may, however, best be located by means of curves of area and mean velocity. This curve under normal conditions is concave toward the horizontal axis and is generally parabolic in form. In the preparation of the rating table the discharge for each tenth or half-tenth on the gage is taken from the curve. The differences between successive discharges are then taken and adjusted according to the law that they shall be either constant or increasing. The determination of flow of an ice-covered stream is much more difficult and expensive than that for the open season, on account' of frequent unstable conditions of ice cover and general lack of informa- tion in regard to the laws of flow of water under ice. This subject has been taken up in a preliminary way in Water-Supply Paper No. 187 (Determination of stream flow during the frozen season, by H. K. Barrows and R. E. H or ton), which also contains a large amount of data regarding the flow of Kennebec River at North Anson during the frozen season and a description of methods used. DEFINITIONS. The volume of water flowing in a stream — the "run-off" or " dis- charge" — is expressed in various terms, each of which has become associated with a certain class of work. These terms may be divided into two groups: (1) Those which represent a rate of flow, as second- feet, gallons per minute, miner's inch, and run-off in second-feet per square mile, and (2) those which represent the actual quantity of water, as run-off in depth in inches and acre-feet. Those used in this report may be defined as follows: "Second-feet" is an abbreviation for cubic feet per second and is the rate of discharge of water flowing in a stream 1 foot wide and 1 foot deep at a rate of 1 foot per second. It is generally used as a fundamental unit from which others are computed. MEASUREMENTS OF STREAM FLOW. 29 " Second-feet per square mile" is the average number of cubic feet of water flowing per second from each square mile of area drained, on the assumption that the run-off is distributed uniformly, both as regards time and area. 11 Run-off in inches" is the depth to which the drainage area would be covered if all the water flowing from it in a given period were con- served and uniformly distributed on the surface. It is used for comparing run-off with rainfall, which is usually expressed in depth in inches. EXPLANATION OF TABLES. As far as available the following data are given for each regular gaging station : 1. Description of station. 2. List of discharge measurements. 3. Gage-height table. 4. Rating table. 5. Tables of daily flow for stations located at dams. 6. Table of monthly and yearly discharges and run-off. The descriptions of stations give such general information about the locality and equipment as would enable the reader to find and use the station; also, as far as possible, a complete history of all the changes that have occurred since the establishment of the station that would be factors in using the data collected. The discharge-measurement table gives the results of the discharge measurements made during the year, including the date, the gage height, and the discharge in second-feet. The table of daily gage heights gives the daily fluctuations of the surface of the river as found from the mean of the gage readings taken each day. The gage height given in the table represents the elevation of the surface of the water above the zero of the gage. At most stations the gage is read in the morning and in the evening. The rating table gives discharges in second-feet corresponding to each stage of the river as given by the gage heights. The table of daily flow gives the mean discharge for the day. In the table of monthly discharges the column headed " Maximum" gives the mean flow for the day when the mean gage height was highest. This is the flow as given in the rating table for that mean gage height. As the gage height is the mean for the day, there might have been short periods when the water was higher and the corre- sponding discharge larger than given in this column. Likewise in the " Minimum" column the quantity given is the mean flow for the day when the mean gage height was lowest. The column headed "Mean" is the average flow for each second during the month. On this the computations for the remaining columns, which are denned above, are based. 30 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.' ACCURACY OF DETERMINATIONS. After the description of each gaging station a statement is made of the probable percentage of error in the figures for mean monthly flow. No refinement has been attempted in the determination of this percentage, which is only approximate, . and which is based principally on the error of the discharge measurements with refer- ence to the rating curve and the known conditions of flow in the vicinity of the gaging section. It is impossible to determine closely all errors caused by temporary or gradual changes in the conditions of flow, unreliability or ignorance of the observers, changes in chain length, or ice conditions. Errors due to changes in conditions of flow are relatively small for large streams, except at very low stages. On small streams, how- ever, a temporary obstruction at or below the gaging section, causing a change in area of cross section or in velocity of the current, may produce large errors in the computed daily discharge. As a rule, these changes do not occur frequently and are of a temporary char- acter. For example, the lodging of logs on the controlling point below the gage reduces the velocity and hence the discharge for a given gage height. A few days later a sudden rise in the stream may clear the channel and restore normal flow. Unless the hydrographer has chanced to make a measurement of discharge during the period of abnormal conditions an error has been introduced into the com- puted daily and monthly flow. Owing to the limited appropriation for stream gaging and the large number and wide separation of the gaging stations, it is impossible for the hydrographers to make meas- urements frequently enough to eliminate all errors arising from these abnormal conditions. It has further been fourd impracticable, as a rule, so to instruct the observers that they will correctly report unusual conditions. Gradual changes in the conditions which affect the flow can be esti- mated and corrected more readily than - temporary changes. Here, again, the hydrographer is often handicapped by inability to make sufficient measurements to show properly the varying rate of change in channel conditions. In such cases the daily discharges are obtained either by an indirect method based on the assumption of a constant rate of change from day to day between measurements or by a series of rating curves. Observers are, as a rule, conscientious in reading the gages, but with few exceptions they are wholly unfamiliar with engineering work of any description. The observers' records, however, are exam- ined and checked by hydrographers and large errors are thus elimi- nated. The observers are usually instructed to read the gage to the nearest tenth or half tenth twice each day, and at times of floods several times a day. In high and medium stages the errors in reading MEASUREMENTS OF STREAM FLOW. 31 the gage are thus negligible, but in low stages, when a difference of one or two hundredths in the stage of the river or slight fluctuations during the day cause errors of several per cent, it is evident that the regular method of observation is inadequate. Hence monthly minimums may be considerably in error, but it is believed that in general the monthly means for months of low flow are good owing to the tendency of positive and negative errors to offset each other. All gages maintained by the Survey are checked with a level at least once each season, and oftener where conditions are such that the gage tends to settle or change position. Gage readings are corrected, where necessary, en the basis of these levels, and it is believed that.no errors of any consequence in gage heights have occurred from this source. Beginning with the winter of 1903-4, facts regarding ice cover and extent of frozen conditions have been noted at several of the gaging stations by the observers. No attempt has been made to give winter records of flow, except for Kennebec River at North Anson. These are based on numerous current-meter measurements and are for the most part probably correct within 10 to 15 per cent. The Hollings- worth & Whitney records of flow at Waterville are probably not in serious error during the winter season, as at this time most of the water is used through the wheels, which are not affected by ice conditions. The errors described in the foregoing paragraphs are not to be con- sidered as applying to ever}^ station. They have been fully treated here in order to call to the attention of the reader the possible sources of error and the limitations of engineering work of this kind. Although the resulting probable error may seem large, it should be remembered that stream-gaging data and records of flow are used mainly as a basis for predicting the maximum, minimum, and mean discharge of a stream to be expected in future years. Since the mean annual flow of a stream may be several times larger one year than it is the next, it is seen that for records of short duration an estimate which involves an error even as great as 50 per cent is not without value. On the other hand, it is a waste of money and needless refinement — indeed, virtually impossible — to obtain values much closer than 3 per cent in ordinary current-meter work. Special emphasis is laid on the fact that the value of stream-gaging data is determined mainly by the number of years during which the record has been maintained, and not so much by the degree of accu- racy of the mean discharge for each year; that is, the longer the record the more nearly does it give the maximum, minimum, and mean flow which may be expected in the future. Monthly means which are stated in the descriptions to be within 5 per cent of the true flow are considered to be very good, and those 32 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. ■ within 10 per cent are considered close enough for all practical pur- poses. Errors in monthly means which are greater than 15 per cent are due either to an insufficiency in the number of measurements , or to poor natural conditions which could not be avoided, or to changes at the gaging station which could not be foreseen at the time of its establishment. It should further be noticed that the larger errors occur in daily discharges at the highest stages, which continue only for a few days, and hence the effect on the accuracy of the monthly mean is not so great as might at first appear. Also by far the greater number of gage heights are for medium stages, where the error of the rating curve is rarely as great as 10 per cent and is usually much less than 5 per cent. The errors of the daily discharges are often consid- able, owing to fluctuation of the river height. The maximum and minimum flow for the month may also have an additional error, due to the fact that they are based on the extreme low or high part of the rating curve, which is usually not so well defined as the intermediate portion. In the mean monthly flow, however, for which the esti- mates of accuracy are made, the error is reduced to a very small amount, owing to the compensation of variable negative and positive errors. USE OF DATA ON STREAM FLOW. In the consideration of the development of enterprises which depend largely on the use of water, it is essential to have detailed and accurate information in regard to flow. This information should include data for the total flow of the year and its distribution by days, months, and seasons. The total flow is given in the table headed " Maximum, minimum, and mean discharge/ 7 which also gives the maximum and mean for the months stated, and shows in a general way the conditions that may be expected at the station. The daily distribution and duration of flow may be found either from the tables of daily discharge or by the use of gage height and rating tables. For determining the duration, the discharges or gage heights should be tabulated according to their size, and under each should be entered the number of days on which it occurs during the year. By adding these figures for successive years and averaging the totals a result may be obtained showing the average number of days during the year when the stage and discharge are above or below a given amount. These values may also be plotted in a curve. When estimates of flow are desired at points on a stream other than those where continuous measurements have been made, great care must be taken in applying these published data. Very frequently it is found that different portions of the same drainage area will differ greatly in run-off and the general regimen of flow. Hence serious error FLOW OF KENNEBEC KIVER AT THE FORKS. 33 may arise in applying these data on flow by simply comparing drain- age areas at the two points, and such an application should never be made unless it is based also on a knowledge of the conditions affecting flow, the relative amount of lake or pond surface, the geologic, topo- graphic, and forest conditions, etc. It is always best to make a few actual measurements of flow at the desired point and compare these with the flow at the same time at the regular station; or, better still, to erect a temporary gage and carry observations over several weeks or more. In this way the long-time records of the Survey can be used at various places along the river and made of general value. LOCATION OF STATIONS. The location of the various gaging stations for which data regarding flow are here given, is indicated on PL I, by letters, and in the following table : Gaging stations in Kennebec basin. Letter on PL I. River. Location. Date established. Established by— A Kennebec The Forks September 28, 1901 . . . October 18, 1901 January 12, 1893 September 7, 1902 November 10, 1901 September 29, 1901.... October 19, 1901 March 23, 1904 .'. June 18, 1903 U. S. Geological Sur- B . .do vey. do. c ..do Hollingsworth & Whitney Co. U. S. Geological Sur- D E Roach vey, do. F Dead The Forks.. do. G do. H do. I do. J Cobbosseecontee June 16, 1890 er Co. KENNEBEC RIVER AT THE FORKS. This station was established September 28, 1901, by N. C. Grover, at the wooden highway bridge across Kennebec River at The Forks, about 2,000 feet above the mouth of Dead River. Of the drainage area at this station, 1,240 square miles are tributary to Moosehead Lake and the remaining 330 square miles drain into the Kennebec by small streams with steep slopes and no storage. Practically all land surfaces above this point are in forest. The channel is straight for 200 feet above and 500 feet below the station, is unbroken by piers, and is about 125 feet wide at ordinary stages of the river. The current is swift at high and medium at low stages. The banks are high and rocky, and the bed is rocky and per- manent. Discharge measurements are made from the bridge. The initial point for soundings is on the left bank, marked by a rod across the bridge, just above the abutment and below the bridge floor. 34 WATEK RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. From about May 1 to July 31 considerable fluctuations in gage height, ranging in amount from 2 to over 5 feet, occur daily, owing to the regulation of the flow at Indian Pond dam, for the purpose of log driving. The morning and evening records obtained by the observer represent the maximum and minimum heights of each day during this period, as well as can be determined. The mean daily discharge dur- ing this period for the years 1903 to 1.905, as given on page 39, is com- puted by averaging the discharges as applied to the morning and evening gage heights, account being taken also of the relative length of the high and low water periods. From April 23 to August 9, 1906, four daily gage readings were made and used in computing the daily flow. There are two gages — one, a vertical rod, is attached to the timber retaining wall on the left bank, about 75 feet above the bridge; the other is a standard chain gage attached to the bridge floor. The length of the chain is 17.08 feet. Gage-height observations are made twice each day by William W. Young. The datum of the two gages is the same and is referred to bench marks as follows: (1) The top of a bolt on the east abutment, on the north side of the bridge; elevation, 12.85 feet; (2) a marked point on the floor of the bridge near the east end of the gage box; elevation, 15.42 feet. Elevations are above gage datum, which is 565.44 feet above mean sea level, as determined by the Kennebec River survey of 1904 and readjusted in 1906. All estimates previously published for years prior to 1905 have been revised on the basis of the 1905 rating curve. Values for monthly means as given herewith are considered to be well within 5 per cent of the true flow. Daily discharges are subject to much larger errors, particularly above gage height 6.0 feet and during the log-driving season. Discharge measurements of Kennebec, River at The Forks. Date. 1901. September 28 October 20 1902. April 25 June 16 J une 25 September 29 1903. August 18 November 4 Do Gage height. Dis- charge. Feet. 2.60 ..90 Sec.-ft. 1,860 473 3. 70 5.60 4.75 2.10 3,500 8,860 5. 900 1,480 3. 95 1.26 1.26 4,180 757 759 Date. 1904. July 27 August 29 1905. April 21 July 18 September 4 1906. September 5 Gage height. Feet. 1.70 3.12 1.90 1.53 2.30 Dis- charge. Sec.-ft. 1,060 2,720 1,200 950 1,600 FLOW OF KENNEBEC RIVER AT THE FORKS. 35 Daily gage height, in feet, of Kennebec River at The Forks. Day. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dee. Day. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1901.« 1 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 2.0 2.0 1901." 17 1.4 1.1 1.2 .9 1.9 1.7 2.0 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.05 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 N 2 18 2.0 7 :j 19 2.0 fin 4 20 2.0 21 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 6 22 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.4 23 8 2.5 24 9 25 10 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.4 4.0 9.0 8.0 26 11 27 12 2.55 2.55 2:65 2.95 2.0 28..'. ..'. . 13 . 29 2.6 2.5 14 30 31 16. Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1902.6 1 1 8.6 8.4 8.1 7.95 7.55 7.15 6.4 6.6 6.5 6.45 6.3 5.35 5.5 5.3 5.25 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.9 ■ 5.85 6.1 6.25 5.8 5.05 4.4 3.75 4.8 6.05 6.1 • 6.0 6.85 8.05 8.2 8.2 6.4 6.05 6.25 6.25 6.7 6.35 6.7 6.8 6.7 7.1 6.9 5.5 5.75 5.3 5.5 4.5 4.9 4.9 4.8 5.0 5.6 6.5 6.5 4.5 4.0 3.75 4.6 3.45 4.1 5.75 6.35 6.5 7.55 7.8 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 6.7 6.4 6.1 5.8 7.3 5.7 5.55 5.45 5.9 5.9 4.7 5.5 5.15 5.2 6.1 5.3 5.55 4.45 4.3 4.8 6.0 6.15 6.1 6.0 5.8 5.8 5.4 4.8 4.75 4.5 4.55 4.5 5.8 4.95 f.65 4.75 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.5 5.2 3.8 2.7 2.9 3.15 4.25 4.15 4.15 4.3 4.5 4.5 5.65 4.05 4.05 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.35 3.15 3.0 3.05 3.0 2.95 2.75 2.85 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.95 1.95 1.95 2.4 2.35 2.6 2.55 2.65 2.7 2.65 2.6 2.55 2.5 2.45 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.8 2.5 2.05 2.45 2.0 2.25 2.15 2.1 2.15 2.05 1.8 1.6 2.0 2.05 2.0 2.05 2.05 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.95 2.0 2.05 2.2 2.2 1.6 2.0 2.1 2.5 2.35 2.55 2.45 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.55 2.55 2.5 1.8 2.4 1.1 :.:: 2.55 2.9 3.1 3.0 2.95 2.7 2.85 2.7 2.6 1.1 '< 3. 1.1 4 1.45 L. 5 1.3 6 1.45 L. 7 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 8 9 10 11 2.6 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.45 2.0 2.55 2.9 3.8 4.0 4.3 4.4 4.3 3.85 3.5 3 6 12 2.1 13 2.05 I 14 2. 1 15 2.0 16 17 18 19 20 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 21 22. . 23 24 25 26 27 28 . 4 3R 29 4 30 6.0 7.8 3.y 3.8 31... ]... 2.55 2.45 4.45 6.15 6.45 7.05 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.9 5.95 3.2 3.65 5.65 2.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 2 3.5 2. 55 2. 35 1.0 3 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.75 3.1 2.9 3.3 3.1 3. 65 4.3 3.55 3.55 3.9 3.85 4.15 3.45 2.65 2.7 2.65 2.75 2.3 2.25 2.2 2.2 1.0 4 1.0 5 3.7 3 65 o.6 3.55 3.6 3.65 39 2.75 2.75 3.0 3.05 1.0 6 3.0 3.0 3.05 3.3 3.3 3.35 3.45 3.35 3.3 3.25 1.0 7 3. ! 2. 2 1.0 8 2.9 2.9 2.75 2.65 2.6 2.6 2.1 1.65 1.5 1.5 1.65 1.6 1.0 y 1.0 10... 1.0 11 1.05 12 1.0 13 1.05 14 2. 6 1. 6 2.5 1 1.1 1.3 15 ' 1.25 a Ice conditions December 90 to 31, 1901. b River frozen January 1 to March 1 and December 28 to 31, 1902. c River frozen January 1 to February 2, 1903. 36 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. . Daily gage height, in feet, of Kennebec River at The Forks — Continued. Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec., 1903. 16 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.25 4.2 4.2 3.05 3.0 2.9 2.75 3.15 3.75 3.85 4.05 4.1 4.45 4.05 3.7 3.35 3.05 2.7 2.75 c2.4 6.4 6.95 7.05 6.85 6.75 6.55 6.45 6.3 6.05 5.6 3.1 3.0 3.7 3.85 3.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.45 2.35 2.25 2.2 2.6 2.6 2.55 2.45 2.4 2.45 2.4 2.4 3.05 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.05 3.85 3.3 3.05 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.65 2.95 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.75 2.0 2.6 2.6 2.55 2.7 2.55 2.7 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.85 1.8 1.7 1.65 1.5 1.5 1.55 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 2.6 2.35 2.05 1.85 1.95 1.5 1.35 1.3 1.3 1.6 2.3 2.85 3.05 3.1 3.1 3.05 3.0 2.65 2.4 2.3 2.25 2.55 2.3 2.05 2.4 2.25 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.55 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.45 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.55 1,7 2.5 2.65 2.15 2.1 1.95 2.0 2.15 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.2 2 15 2.1 2.15 2.1 2.05 2.05 2.0 2 2.05 2.0 2.0 (a) 17 18 19... . 1 6 20 1 45 21 2 4 22 ' 1 8 23 3.45 2.9 2.85 2.6 2.6 - 2.5 2.6 2.55 2.5 1.6 24 1.6 25 1.7 26 1.6 27 1.5 28 1 5 29. 1 4 30. 2.0 31. 2.0 190O 1. . 1.9 dl.9 2.3 2.0 4.85 4.25 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.7 5.3 4.8 4.0 2. 1 9 2.1 3 1.5 .8 .8 .9 1.1 1.2 06.8 2.6 3.2 3.7 2.8 2.8 3.1 3.1 2.9 1.8 2.1 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.65 3.35 3.2 3.25 3.3 3.4 3.95 2.1 4 e2.3 /2. 5 5 /2. 4 6 ; f2. 4 7 c2.0 c2.2 2.4 2.5 c2.5 c'2.3"' 12. 6 8 (2. 7 9 cl.9 f2. 8 10. . . /3. 1 11. e2.6 ft 2. 6 h 2. 6 fS. 2 12. el. 9 1.9 2.1 3.3 13... 3.3 14... 3. 5 15 2. 6' c2.1 3.5 16 e2.0 3.8 17 3.8 18 • 2.4 2.4 "2.3" h 2. 4 2.4 4.0 19. . e2.0 4. 1 20 4. 1 2] «2.0 e2.0 4.2 4.4 23. 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.25 2 55 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 4.2 24. 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.2 4.4 25. . «2.3 j 4.6 26 4.6 27 «2. 4 4.6 28 e2.3 c2.4 4.8 29. 4.5 30... 4.8 31 1 4.7 a Readings December 16 to 31, 1903. through ice. During frozen season 1904 gage readings are to surface of water in hole cut in ice. c Ice 2.2 feet thick. d Ice 1.4 feet thick. « Ice 2 feet thick. /Anchor ice caused backwater effect on gage; estimated as follows: December 4, 0.4 foot; December 5, 6, 0.3 foot; December 7, 0.5 foot; December 8, 10, 0.6 foot; December 9, 11, 0.7 foot. 9 Ice from Dead River formed a jam a short distance below gage and caused backwater, ft Ice 2.1 feet thick. FLOW OF KENNEBEC RIVER AT THE FORKS. 37 Daily gage height, in feet, of Kennebec River at The Forks Continued. Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. .Inly. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1905." 1 4.8 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.2 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.0 4.5 4.5 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 4. 9 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.8 4.8 "4.5" 4.0 "■6.8" 2.95 2.85 2.6 2.05 1.75 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.1 2. 25 2.5 2.75 2.8 2.8- 2.75 2.55 2.3 2.05 2.15 1.9 2.3 2.4 2.0 2.0 2.15 2.55 2.65 2.65 2.55 4. 25 j 2.55 2.35 3.25 3.3 2.55 1 4 2.7 2.7 2.4 2. 3 2.3 2.0 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.1; L.6 1 6 1.6 1.6 1. 55 1.45 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1. 35 1.3 1.25 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.45 1.55 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.:, 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.35 1.3 1.3 i 1.15 1 1.1 ' 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.:; 1.3 1.3 1.3 2 3.3 2.9 2. 65 2.55 2.5 2.55 2.75 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.75 2.65 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.85 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.7 2.7 3 4 s 6 7 8. 1. 15 1. 1 l.l 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 IS 3.7 19 20 4.9 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 2. 55 2.3 2.35 2.25 2.0 2.3 ; 21 22 23 4.6 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.0 1 5.0 5.0 ----y 24 25 3 4 26. 27 28 29 30 31 a Ice conditions January 1 to March 26 and December 16-31, 1905. January 24, gage reader estimates backwater effect of 0.2 foot due to ice; channel open 80 feet wide at the gage. January 29, channel open about 10 feet wide at the gage. February 1, river frozen over at the gage. Most of the ice went out during the week of March 20-26. December 18, rise in river due to anchor ice; estimated gage height, 2.1 feet. During frozen period gage heights are to the surface of the water in a hole cut in the ice. The following comparative readings were taken: Date. Water surface. Top of ice. Thickness of ice. February 21 1905. Feet. 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.4 Feet. 4.9 4.7 4.1 4.2 3.8 3.7 3.4 Feet. 0.2 February 24 .8 .9 March 11... 1.0 March 18 1.0 December 18 .25 December 25 .3 38 WATER RESOURCES OP KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. . Daily gage height, in feet, of Kennebec River at Th.e Forks — Continued. Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1906.« 1 3.45 4.25 4.45 4.45 4.65 4.75 4.55 3.8 3.85 5.1 6.0 4.0 4.05 4.5 4.4 4.8 5.95 6.9 6.5 6.4 6.4 ■6.7 5.9 6.75 6.4 5.6 6.05 6.2 5.95 4.95 5.35 4.8 5.4 5.2 3.9 5.0 6.05 6.2 5.85 4.9 4.95 5.0 5.1 4.7 4.35 4.7 4.25 3.95 4.35 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.7 4.65 3.8 1.9 2.15 4.95 4.6 4.5 3.75 4.3 5.0 - 4 8 4.6 4.9 4.7 4.65 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.75 4.8 4.65 4.15 4.1 3.95 3.65 3.4 3.15 2.85 2.75 2.75 2.7 2.55 3.1 3.8 3.4 3.4 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.95 3.25 3.6 3.7 3.3 3.1 3.75 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.75 2.7 3.4 3.15 3.0 2.95 2.8 2.75 2.7 2.7 2.85 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.35 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.15 3.0 2.75 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 1.8 2.6 2.5 2.65 2.6 2.6 2.55 2.5 2.35 2.3 1.65 1.4 1.35 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 2.25 2.9 3.35 2.65 1.75 .9 1.1 .1.2 1.2 1.45. 1.75 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.55 2.85 2.25 2.0 1.9 1.5 1.25 1.05 .75 1.0 1.45 1.3 1.3 1 25 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.55 1.6 1.6 1.1 1.0 .7 .6 .6 .95 .75 1.0 1.4 1.45 1.4 .85 .7 .7 .7 .8 .8 0.8 .8 1.0 1.45 1.8 1.85 2 3 4.7 4 5 6 2.9 7 2.4 8 9 4.3 10. 4.7 11 12. . 3.5 13... 1.8 14 2.2 2.3 3.9 5.15 5.95 4.75 3.35 3.25 3.4 b 3. 45 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.75 2.7 2.7 3.15 15 16 4.5 17. 5.5 18. 19. . 20 2.7 21 3 22 23 24 "... 4.6 4.5 25. 26 27 28 4.6 29 2.8 30 31 2.9 a Ice conditions January 1 to April 20, 1908, when ice went out. January 28 to February 17, ice jam 1 mile long extended above and below the station. River also frozen over December 7 to 31, 1906. Gage heights affected by backwater December 4 to, 6. During frozen period gage heights are to sur- face of water in a hole cut in the ice. The following comparative readings were taken: Date. Water Top of surface. ice. Feet. Feet. 2.9 2.9 1.8 1.6 2.7 2.6 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 5.5 5.5 4.6 4.6 4.28 4.30 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.4 2.4 1.8 2.2 3.5 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.8 of ice. 1906. January 6 January 13 January 20 January 28 February 3 February 10 February 17 February 24 February 28 March 9 March 24 April 7 April 14 December 12 December 21 December 29 Feet. 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.5 .4 .9 1.0 i Ice not safe. t> Gage heights April 23 to August 9, 1906, are the mean of four observed gage heights FLOW OF KENNEBEC RIVER AT THE FORKS. 39 Rating table for Kennebec River at The Forks from September 29, 1901, to December 31, 1906/1 . Gage Dis- Gage Dis- Gage Dis- Gage Dis- height. charge. height. charge. height. charge. height. charge. Feet. Sec.-ft. Feet. Sec.-ft. Feet. Sec.-ft. Feet. Sec.-ft. 0.60 340 1.90 1,220 3.20 2,775 5.00 6,525 0.70 390 2.00 1,305 3.30 2,935 5.20 7,050 0.80 445 2.10 1,395 3.40 3,100 5.40 1, 590 0.90 505 2.20 1,490 3.50 3,270 5.60 8,140 1.00 565 2.30 1,590 3.60 3,450 5.80 8,720 1.10 630 2.40 1,700 3.70 3, 635 6.00 9,315 1.20 695 2.50 1,815 3.80 3,825 6.50 10, 870 1.30 765 2.60 1,935 3.90 4,020 7.00 12, 520 1.40 835 2.70 2,060 4 00 4,220 7.50 14, 250 1.50 910 2.80 2,190 4 20 4,635 8.00 16, 070 1.60 985 2.90 2,325 4 40 5,070 8.50 17,950 1.70 1,060 3.00 2,470 4 00 5,535 9.00 19, 890 1.80 1,140 3.10 2,620 4 80 6,020 a This table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on 14 discharge measurements made during 1901-1906. It is well defined between gage heights 0.9 foot and 5 feet. The extension above 5 feet is based on the extension of the area and velocity curves, the latter being determined by means of tables based on Kutter's formula. Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kennebec River at The Forks. Day. May. June. July. Aug. Day. May. June. July. Aug. 1903. 1 5,050 4,960 4,630 4,790 4,820 3,810 4,650 4,710 4,780 4,820 4,670 4,960 1,880 2,060 1,600 1,260 1,060 990 5,150 1,140 4,930 4,930 4,970 5,120 6,000 5,680 5,620 7,070 6,090 6,050 6,120 5,450 8,330 6,460 7,940 6, 460 8,930 4,840 5,780 5,210 6,340 7,180 8,050 8,240 6,700 6,410 6,090 5,010 4,730 4,310 4,450 5,600 4,230 5,010 5,010 5,010 5,080 4,850 5,190 5,080 4,970 4,640 4,790 5,160 4,850 4,430 4,150 4,120 4,120 4,120 4,120 4,120 4,150 4,060 3,760 3,720 3,470 5,730 5,820 .6,860 6,560 -6,340 5,510 5, 560 5,500 5,540 5,690 5,720 6, 670 7,340 i 7, 170 1 6,500 j 6,500 3,470 3,350 3,000 3,070 2,990 3,110 3,140 2,880 2,950 2,950 3,110 2,990 2,840 2,740 2,530 ! 2,570 j 3,770 1 2,920 | 2,920 ; 2,990 i 3,470 3,580 ::.::::: 1,690 1,970 3,810 3,810 3,940 3,810 3,550 3,430 3, 550 4,210 3,980 4,820 4,530 5,110 3,850 1,460 1904. 17 5,530 5,890 8,220 7,100 6,110 2,570 7,000 4,630 8,100 ■5,180 5,400 5,140 6,460 6,460 6,460 7,340 5,630 5,630 8,860 8,030 7,200 5,600 4,970 5,010 5,460 6,070 5,920 5,730 5,420 5,310 5,080 4,930 4,930 4,930 4,930 4,930 4,930 4,780 5,250 5,440 5,360 5,320 5,490 5,530 5,320 5,450 5,330 5,330 5,330 4,900 5,580 5,230 5,400 5,150 8,330 5,930 6,580 5,620 5,620 5,570 6,130 5,660 5,620 5,210 6,580 5,310 5, 650 5,190 4,570 4,290 4,120 4,960 4,020 3,310 5,310 5,310 5,010 4,870 4,870 4,500 4,460 4,460 3,720 4,390 3,810 4,040 4,040 4,040 4,040 4,040 3,810 3,690 3,860 4,060 4,300 4,300 4,420 3 490 4,060 2 18 19 20 21 22 3,290 3 3,290 3,130 4 5 1,670 6 1,620 7 23 8 24 9 25 . 10 26 .. 11 27 12 28 13 29 14 30 15 31. 16 6,830 5,310 5,310 3,920 6,290 3,660 2,960 ■2,200 1,750 2,760 2,760 3,440 4,590 3,560 2,330 2,220 1905. 1 17 18 19 2 20 3 21 :.... 4 . 22 5 23 6 24 7 2,990 2,415 3,570 4,520 4,520 4,830 5,930 4,900 4,040 3,170 3,770 4,390 3,590 6,700 2,760 5,620 5,620 5,770 5,770 5,3x0 6,0y0 6,0y0 5,3,0 5,3i0 5,310 25 8 26 9 27 10 28 11 29 12 30 13 31 14 15 1904. 16 1 17 ' 2 18 3 19 4 20 5 21 6 22 7 23 8 24 9 25 3^280 \. .'.'.'.'.'.'. 3,070 3,590 3 590 10 26 11 27 12 28 13 29 14 3,490 4,330 4,010 30 3,380 2 980 15 31 16 40 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.' Monthly discharge of Kennebec River at The Forks. [Drainage area, 1,570 square miles.] Month. 1901. October November December 8-19 1902.O March April May June b Julyb August b September October November 1-15 December 19-27 1903. c February 3-28 March April May June July August September October November December 1-15 1904.^ April 10-30 May June July August September October November 1905. e March 26-31 April May June July August September October November December 1-15 1906./" April 20-30 May June July August September October November Maximum. 2,470 1,935 19,890 15,330 18,330 16,810 15, 330 9,775 8,287 2,190 1,935 1,395 2,470 4,635 5,185 12,690 6,830 7,070 6,090 3,770 2,470 1,700 765 765 4,120 8,220 8,930 7,340 5,110 4,425 2,620 1,997 1,875 2.400 6,700 8,330 5,310 2,935 2,060 1,060 985 765 3,185 12, 180 9,930 6,525 4, 120 2,935 3,018 985 ?e in second-feet. Minimum. Mean. 505 1,588 1,060 1,401 1,815 7,711 872 3,277 3,730 9,999 3,730 9,503 4,425 9,598 2,060 6,059 1,305 2,931 1,262 1,634 985 1,428 630 1,039 2,470 2,470 2,470 2,910 2,060 3,259 1,757 8,349 1,750 3,545 990 4,275 3,470 4,5y3 1,820 - 2,789 1,490 1,895 630 1,112 565 684 565 594 1,060 2,291 2,570 5,059 4,840 6,510 3,310 5,652 910 2,966 910 2,118 765 1,564 835 1,334 1,305 1,591 985 1,666 1,645 4,330 4,780 5,408 2.980 4,065 835 2,067 835 1,248 695 864 630 838 630 717 2.060 2,635 3,185 7,442 1,220 5,721 1,875 4.297 2,060 2,742 800 1,614 505 1,269 340 633 Run-off. Sec.-ft. per sq. mile. 1.01 0.892 4.91 2.09 6.37 6.05 6.11 3.86 1.87 1.04 0.910 0.662 1.57 1.85 2.08 5.32 2.26 2.72 2.93 1.78 1.21 .708 .436 .378 1.46 3.22 4.15 3.60 1.89 1.35 .996 .850 1.01 1.06 2.76 3.44 2.59 1.32 .795 .550 .534 .457 1.68 4.74 3.64 2.74 1.75 1.03 .808 .403 a River frozen January 1 to March 1 and December 28-31, 1902. b More or less error is probably caused in the values of June to August, 1902, by great fluctuations of river stage. See description of station (p. 34) c River frozen January 1 to February 2 and December 16-31, 1903. (i River frozen January 1 to April 9, and December 4-31, 1904. e Ice conditions January 1 to March 26 and December 16-31, 1905. /Ice conditions January 1 to April 19 and December 4-31, 1906. MEASUREMENTS OF STREAM FLOW. 41 KENNEBEC RIVER NEAR NORTH ANSON. This station was established October 18, 1901, by N. C. Grover. It is located 1^ miles east of North Anson and about 1 mile above the mouth of Carrabassett River. The channel is straight for 500 feet above and 1,000 feet below the station and has a width of about 350 feet, broken by one pier. The current is swift at high stages and moderately rapid at low stages, except near the left bank. The right bank is high and rocky. The left bank is comparatively low and subject to overflow at the time of highest water. The bed of the stream is rocky, with sand over a por- tion of the section, and is permanent. Discharge measurements are made from the wooden highway bridge across the Kennebec, known locally as Patterson Bridge. The initial point for soundings is on the left bank, at the outside of the end post of the center truss of the bridge. Low-water measurements are made from a boat about 1,000 feet below the station at a section where there is a better distribution of current. Numerous measurements under ice cover have been made at this station at a section about 500 feet below the bridge, and a rating curve has been constructed for such conditions. Further details of winter measurements at this point and of rating curve used are given in Water-Supply Paper No. 187. Considerable fluctuations in the gage heights at this station occur from about May 1 to July 31, owing to the regulation of the flow at Indian Pond dam for log-driving purposes. These fluctuations are, however, less marked than those at The Forks. The daily discharge during this period for the years 1904 and 1905, as given below, is a mean of the discharges corresponding to gage heights of the high and low daily periods, each period being considered as lasting twelve hours. All estimates previously published have been revised. Gage readings are made twice each day by Mrs. C. S. Benjamin, the toll collector at the bridge. There are three gages — one, for ordinary stages, is a vertical rod fastened to the bridge pier; another, for high- water observations, is a vertical rod attached to the right abutment; the third, for low-water stages, is a standard chain gage attached to the wooden truss on the upstream side of the bridge. The length of the chain January 9, 1906, was 30.13 feet. The gage datum is 243.83 feet above mean sea level, as determined by the Kennebec River sur- vey of 1904 and readjusted in 1906. The datum of the three gages is the same and is referred to bench marks as follows : ( 1) A copper bolt in a bowlder on the right bank, about 100 feet above the bridge, ele- vation 10.66 feet; (2) a marked point on the bottom chord of the bridge near the chain gage, elevation January 9, 1906, 24.81 feet. 42 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. Elevations refer to the datum of the gage. The bridge at bench mark 2, and hence the bench mark, has settled about 0.3 foot in eighteen months. The gage has been corrected several times by level during this period, however, and it is believed that no error of consequence in the gage readings has resulted. The monthly means as given herewith for open-channel conditions for discharges greater than 1,600 and less than 10,000 second-feet are considered to be within 5 per cent of the true flow. Outside of these limits the error may be somewhat greater. Monthly means of flow under ice cover are considered to be correct within 10 per cent, except where unsatisfactory conditions are noted. Daily discharges are sub- ject to much larger errors, particularly above gage height 8.0 feet and below 2.0 feet and during the log-driving period. Discharge measurements of Kennebec River near North Anson. Gage height. Dis- charge. Date. Gage height. Date. To wa- ter sur- face. To bot- tom of ice. To wa- ter sur- face. To bot- tom of ice. Dis- charge. 1901. Feet. 3.20 3.00 4.55 6.50 3.25 6.80 4.90 4.38 3.25 3.78 2.85 2.00 3.40 3.40 3.55 3.65 Feet. Sec.-ft. 3,120 2,460 6,220 11,400 3, 130 11,100 6,740 5,580 1904. June 10 Feet. 6.00 2.94 3.43 5.27 5.32 4.26 3.72 2.30 3.58 • o.40 Feet. Sec.-ft. 8,56p 2,400 3,210 October 18 July 26 August 30 1905. 1902. July 29 . . 3.27 3.32 2,080 2,140 1903. March 28 April 19 5,000 3,770 1,320 May 27 July 20 October 27 1906. 2.38 2.22 2.38 2.43 2.27 2.67 2.70 2.80 2.80 July 17 2,960 4,000 2,500 1,290 August 15 1,120 September 24 January 10 3.56 1,180 November 6 1,200 749 786 529 572 March 2 4.26 4.08 4.77 4.80 4.70 4.70 7.06 1,590 1.55 1.55 1.45 1.55 . 1,380 1,600 1904. March 30 March 30 1,660 April 11 1,660 March 2 '.. April 11 May 10.. . 1,710 11,700 Daily gage height, in feet, of Kennebec River near North Anson. Day. Oct. Nov. Dec. Day. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1901. a 1 3.0 3.0 2.85 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.55 2.55 2.35 2.5 2.55 2.85 2.75 2.75 4.9 5.0 5.3 1901. 17 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2 18 3. 19 4... 20 2.45 2.3 2.25 2.2 2.55 2.85 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.75 2.9 5 21 6 22 2.85 j 7 23 .. 2.75 8 24 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.8 4.55 5.15 5.0 9 25 10 26 .. . 11.. 27 12 28 13 29 . . . 14 30... 15 31 16 « a River frozen November 28 to December 31, 1901. FLOW OP KENNEBEC RIVER NEAR NORTH ANSON. 43 Daily gage height, in feet, of Kennebec River near North Anson — Continued. Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1902.a 1 12.65 11.7 10.75 9.0 7.9 7.0 7.15 7.2 7.45 7.0 6.9 6.85 6.75 6.3 6.5 6.85 6.75. 6.05 6.8 6.55 7.35 7.15 7.55 7.3 6.3 6.55 6.55 6.85 7.1 7.65 4.85 4.9 5.25 6.2 8.2 8.05 7.8 7.55 7.7 8.35 8.05 7.95 6.25 6.4 6.6 7.75 7.65 7.3 6.95 7.1 6.7 6.7 7.0 6.7 6.15 5.6 4.4 4.3 5.1 4.95 9.25 10.45 11.3 9.4 7.55 7.25 7.55 8.6 8.15 7.9 6.45 7.45 6.95 6.95 5.95 5.8 5.75 5.75 5.35 5.15 5.35 5.55 5.8 5.9 5.8 6.65 7.65 8.25 9.25 7.55 7.3 5.8 5.55 4.8 4.9 5.2 6.35 5.7 6.2 6.3 5.0 5.65 6.0 5.45 5.1 5.25 4.55 5.55 4.95 4.7 4.4 5.0 4.65 5.2 4.35 4.6 4.45 5.25 4.95 4.05 3.7 4.0 6.95 6.7 6.1 7.4 8.75 8.9 8.95 8.6 9.9 . 9.25 8.3 7.65 6.7 6.45 6.3 6.1 6.2 6.25 5.65 5.55 5.2 5.65 5.55 6.1 5.65 6.75 7.45 6.6 5.95 5.7 3.9 3.5 3.1 3.6 3.5 3.45 3.25 2.95 3.1 3.95 4.25 4.25 8.55 8.55 6.5 4.65 4.0 3.55 ,4.5 4.9 4.65 4.45 4.3 3.95 .4.35 4.5 4.25 4.25 4.35 4.15 6.1 5.85 5.85 5.6 5.45 5.35 5.05 5.0 4.8 4.85 5.0 5.0 5.05 4.9 4.9 5.55 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.55 5.55 5.25 5.25 5.05 5.05 5.0 4.65 4.4 4.45 4.25 4.55 3.4 4.2 4.0 3.85 3.8 3.75 3.4 3.25 3.6 3.65 3.65 3.55 3.45 3.2 3.55 3.5 3.2 3.95 3.35 3.25 3.6 3.95 4.4 4.35 4.3 4.2 3.1 3.4 3.8 4.4 4.1 4.5 5.3 4.85 4.5 4.15 4.2 4.15 4.25 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.15 3.7 3.6 3. 65 3.2 3.0 2.55 2.7 3.2 3.15 3.8 4.15 .4.15 3.65 3.25 3.15 3.0 2.85 2.95 4.25 3.9 3.85 3.65 3.75 3.85 3.65 3.5 - 3.6 3.6 3.45 3.75 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.4 3.0 3.2 3.05 3.75 4.15 4.25 3.7 3.25 3.35 3.35 3.3 3.3 3.15 3.2 3.25 3.35 3.15 3.0 3.45 3.35 3.2 3.45 3.35 3.75 3.95 3.65 3.4 3.8 4.1 3.95 3.5 3.1 3.05 3.25 4.0 4.25 4.0 3.9 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.05 3.2 3.15 3.2 3.1 3.05- 3.05 3.05 3.0 3.35 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.15 3.2 3.1 2.95 3.05 3.15 3.1 3.05 3.0 2.9 3.05 3.15 3.1 3.0 3.25 3.25 3.2 3.2 2.95 2.95 3.15 3.25 3.0 2.95 2.9 3.1 3.25 3.45 3.3 2.9 2.8 2.65 2.9 3.05 3.15 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.05 3.7 3.65 3.95 3.9 3.65 3.5 3.0 2.95 3.65 5.95 5.85 5.8 2.9 3.05 3.05 2.95 3.05 2.95 3.05 3.1 3.1 2.95 2.35 2.4 2.55 2.45 2.25 1.95 2.3 2.35 2.5 2.95 2.95 2.9 2.4 2.15 ' 1.7 2.15 2.4 2.3 2.2 1.95 1.9 5.1 3.95 3.5 3.25 3.1 3.15 3.1 3.05 3.05 3.2 3.05 2.95 3.2 3.35 3.6 3.85 4.05 4.1 4.0 3.85 3.85 3.85 3.7 3.8 3.65 3. 45 3.4 3.15 3.15 3.15 3.25 2 3.4 3 3.5 4 3.45 3.35 7 8 9 1 2 3 . . 4 5 6 7 8. 9 !0 2 »3 11.3 8.75 7.75 6.65 6.05 5.75 7.55 11.6 11.35 54 >5 ■ .:. >7 58 9 1 1903. f> 1 1.55 1.9 1.85 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.25 2.45 2.3 2.25 2.05 2.25 2.1 2.05 2.15 2.0 1.95 2.05 2.05 2.0 1.95 2.05 1.95 1.9 2.7 2.85 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.9 2 3 4. 5 6 7. 8 1.8 9 0. 1 L2 3 4 5 1.9 7 13.0 12.5 13.25 14.5 14.95 13.0 12.5 12.0 11.0 10.0- 9.05 7.25 5.75 5.1 4.65 8 L9 1.6 20.... 21 22 23 24 25.... 26 2.1 27 28 29 30 31 a River frozen January 1 to March 22, and December 6-31, 1902. *> River frozen January 1 to March 16 and December 2-31, 1903. Gage readings during the latter period are given to the bottom of the ice. Thickness of ice during December was estimated as follows: December 8, 0.5 foot; December 16, 1 foot; December 19, 1.3 feet; December 26, 1.4 feet. 3697— irr 198—07 4 44 WATEE RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.^ Daily gage height, in feet, of Kennebec River near North Anson — Continued. Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1904. a 1 6 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.5 3.8 h 6. 85 8.45 10.1 8.6 •6.8 5.0 4.9 4.4 4.0 3.65 4.25 4.1 3.8 4.15 4.8 5.6 5.9 6.0 6.15 7.05 8.95 9.65 8.65 . 8.7 7.75 7-25 -7.4 7.15 6.05. 6 7 9.1 5.0 4.5 4.2 4.4 4.7 4.8 4.1 4.5 3.6 3.45 3.25 3.3 3.9 3.5 3.4 3.95 4.9 4.5 3.65 3.85 4.2 3.7 3.8 3.0 3.0 2.85 2.95 3.25 3.5 3.4 3.4 2.95 3.45 4.15 3.45 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.35 3.4 3.35 3.35 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.45 3.4 3.4 3.65 4.2 4.65 4.25 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.45 3.15 3.2 3.15 3.15 3.45 3.95 3.9 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.9 3.05 3.0 3.05 3.3 3.8 3.8 3.8 4.0 5.1 3.25 3.2 2.95 2.95 3.1 3.05 2.95 2.9 2.75 2.75 2.65 2.55 2.6 2.5 2.55 5.7 5.05 4.55 3.95 3.8 3.4 3.15 3.0 2.95 * 2.95 3.15 3.35 3.7 3.8 3.75 3.75 3.9 3.75 3.3 3.25 3.2 4.7 4.8 4.55 4.2 3.75 4.15 4.2 3.5 3.3 3.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.25 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.05 2.0 2.0 3.05 2.95 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.8 3.15 3.45 3.35 3. 15 3.2 3.2 3.15 3.3 3.15 3.15 3.15 3.15 3.05 2.95 3.0 3.4 3.2 3.25 3.15 3.2 3.2 3.55 5.1 5.75 2.2 2.25 2.15 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.35 2.25 2.2 2.2 2.25 2.2 c6.0 2 1.9 rfl. 4 3 4 .. dl.6 5... 6... .1.8 /4.6 7... 8 9 1.7 10 11 12 i 2. 13 gl.A " " " 14 15 16 01.6 PM 17 18 19 fcl.5 20 gl.l 21 22 23... 6 1.4 24... 12. 9 25 1 26 w2.2 27 m 1.6 ml. 6 9 1.9 28 29 30 6 1.4 31 «3.2 1905. o 1 9.45 8.55 8.95 9.4 8.4 8.1 8.9 9.25 8.5 7.0 5.35 5.5 5.5 4.9 5.05 3.6 2 3 4 P3.3 *3.1 5 6 7 e3.9 8 m 3. 4 3.3 9 7 3. 1 10 11 P3.0 12 13 14... m 4. 5 15 a During frozen season, 1904, gage readings are to the bottom of the ice. 6 Ice 2 feet thick. c River frozen over. d Ice 2.5 feet thick. clce 1.9 feet thick. / Ice 0.35 foot thick. 9 Ice 1.85 feet thick. h River clear of ice. i Ice 2. 4 feet thick. j Ice 0.6 foot thick. k Ice 2.7 feet thick. l Ice 0.9 foot thick. m Ice 2.2 feet thick. nice 1.8 feet thick o River frozen January 1 to about March 27, 1905, when river was probably clear of ice. Also ice condi- tions December 1-31; the river being frozen with the exception of channels in each span, which were probably open during the whole month. Gage heights December 18, 22, and 28 probably affected by back water from anchor ice. During frozen period gage heights are to the bottom of the ice. V Ice 2.3 feet thick. glee 0.4 foot thick. FLOW OF KENNEBEC RIVER NEAR NORTH ANSON. 45 Daily gage height, in feet, of Kennebec River near North Anson- Continued. Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1905. 16 4.9 4.65 4.5 4.3 4.3 4.35 4.95 4.65 4 7 4 75 4 4 4 95 4 7 4 9 4 95 3.45 3.35 3.55 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.05 3.05 2.95 2.95 3.15 2.7 2.4 2.7 3.35 3.2 3.75 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.4 3.35 3.3 3.3 ' 4.0 3.6 3.55 3.6 3.55 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.65 3.6 3.55 3.55 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.7 4.05 4.3 4.3 4.1 2.65 2.4 2.7 2.75 2.75 2.85 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.35 2.35 2.3 2.3 2.3 4.05 3.95 3.8 3.85 3.75 3.65 3.65 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.55 3.3 3.5 3.45 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.85 3.0 2.95 2.9 2.85 2.85 2.85 2.8 2.1 2.05 2.1 1.95 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.95 2.0 2.05 2.25 2.2 2.25 2.3 2.2 2.9 2.85 2.75 2.7 2.65 2.7 2.8 2.85 2.85 4.8 4.85 4.6 3.9 3.45 3.05 3.0 2.7 2.85 2.85 2.95 3.45 3.65 3.7 4.0 4.15 5.25 5.1 4.75 4.45 4.1 3.6 2.15 2.4 2.8 2.1 1.95 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.15 2.3 2.45 2.7 2.95 a 2 8 17 1 18 6 3.0 c2. 4 1 <12. 7 19... 20 21 c3.6 22 ''49 23 24 25 6 32 /2.8 26 27 6.8 6.9 7.9 8.45 8.95 28 e3.4 29 30 31 1906. A 1... 2.5 6.3 7.1 7.75 8.25 7.4 8.0 7.5 6.8 6.4 7.25 9.2 7.7 6.75 6.8 7.0 6.5 6.8 7.7 8.05 7.35 7.55 7.35 6.35 6.9 6.2 6.5 6.05 7.8 6.95 7.35 6.95 5.9 5.85 6.8 51 50 5.25 6.75 7.45 7.1 6.2 6.15 5.75 5.15 5.15 4.75 5.0 4.35 4.45 4.5 4.85 4.35 4.4 4.4 4.75 3.6 3.75 4.95 4.95 4.65 4.65 4.45 4.65 4.85 4.7 4.55 4.3 4.55 4.7 4.75 4.5 3.8 5.05 5.05 4.9 4.6 4.25 4.0 4.25 4.15 4.2 4.15 ' 4.5 4.65 4.65 5.05 4.6 4.5 3.75 3.65 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.35 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.25 3.2 3.25 3.35 3.05 2.95 2.75 2.75 2.4 2.55 2.8 3.05 3.2 3.2 3.15 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.75 2.6 2.65 2.7 4 3 2 2.4 2.3 "2.T" 3 4 2.3 5 4 2 6 4.15 7 2.7 4.05 8 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.2 4 9 3 8 io ,:. 2.2 11 2.8 12 3.6 13 2.2 "2"8" 14 2.5 15 16 3. 1 17 18 2.5 2.1 2.3 "io.'o" 9.5 8.05 6.85 7.2 7.85 7.2 6.15 5.85 4.5 5.25 5.35 5.55 19 20. 1.9 2.0 21 22 23 3.3 24 2.5 2.2 25 26 27 28 3.9 2.2 29 2.6 2.7 30 3.2 31 dice 0.7 foot thick. e Ice 2.3 feet thick. /Ice 2.5 feet thick. g Ice 1 foot thick. a Ice 0.6 foot thick. b Ice 2.4 feet thick, c Ice 2.7 feet thick. Note.— An error in gage heights June 17 to December 31, 1906, was discovered after the manuscript for this paper was sent to the printer. Gage heights as published above for this period are 0. 35 foot too high. The monthly discharge, however, as given on p. 28 2,006 6,977 22,380 14,710 8,122 3,326 3,848 o,645 2,068 2,244 17,180 22,020 12,920 7,218 2,993 2,939 3,873 2,024 1,795 39,390 18,650 11,260 6,267 3,036 1,195 2,710 2,029 1,714 37,080 19,060 10,810 5,285 3,350 2,688 2,402 609 906 33,120 21,240 5,326 6,080 3,069 2,299 1,988 2,589 2,565 33,010 24,480 6,479 5,928 2,386 2,114. 1,863 2,656 2,296 32,910 23,670 8,127 5,355 3,761 2,393 2,257 2,352 1,975 28,860 20,980 7.337 5,303 3,081 2,421 1,815 2,569 2,288 31,370 19,980 7,378 4,357 2,783 2,131 3,959 2,368 1,988 32,930 18,410 8,803 5,515 3,010 901 3,672 2,236 1,952 28,910 17,090 12,630 5,533 3,o47 2,088 3,609 1,505 9c<8 22,690 14,430 11,280 5,805 3,280 1,788 3,916 2,887 2,056 21,210 16,890 8,161 5,286 2,291 2,081 8,360 2,851 1,923 18,240 20,720 5,374 4,851 3,401 1,812 8,608 2.865 2,465 17,160 25,210 9,272 4,666 3,445 2,071 8,068 3,714 19,200 25,890 8,504 3,668 5,220 1,758 7,321 4,208 20,340 20,980 7,967 3,815 4,909 588 5,678 5,016 19,080 5,113 4,648 5,049 1905. 1906. 2,116 2,256 3,421 2,847 2,737 2,545 2,872 2.094 3,699 3,912 3,659 4,182 3,915 3,623 2,317 3,642 3,108 3,425 3,103 3,099 3,324 2,296 3,654 2,766 2,825 2,849 3,145 3,430 1.831 3,700 3,150 2,450 2,339 2,694 1,992 1,981 1,809 633 2,908 2,297 1,346 1,571 2,112 1,932 902 1,612 2,214 1,643 3,073 2,55.1 2,779 1,487 2,805 2,804 8.171 7,833 6,94:; 5,899 5,917 5,091 3,560 2,113 2,252 1,965 1,952 100 1,960 2,807 2,830 3,067 3,113 2,843 1,825 3,059 2,514 2,810 1,957 2,011 2,840 1,838 2,840 2,243 2,390 1,913 1,983 1,450 1,216 3,452 2,843 2,547 2,378 3,863 3.541 2, 702 2,711 3,858 3,278 2.673 2,662 2,989 3,032 2,118 3,804 3,613 3,809 3,272 3,587 3,261 2,091 3,278 4,066 4,490 4,490 4,734 4,482 3,055 3,800 3,837 3,827 2,375 3.543 FLOW OF KENNEBEC RIVER AT WATERVILLE. Monthly discharge of Kennebec River at IVaterville. [Drainage area 4.270 square miles.] 57 Month. January 12-31. February March April May June July August September October November December 1893. Discharge in second-feet. The year. January. . . February . . March April May June July August September. October... November. December . 1894. The year. January — February.. March April May June July August September. October November. December . 1895. The year . January . . . February . . March April May June July August September. October.. . November. December. 1890. The vear . January . . . February . . March April May June July August September. October November. December. 1897 The year. Maximum. Minimum. Mean. Sec.-ft. per sq. mile. Depth in inches. 5,000 1,900 2,650 0.621 0.46 3,000 2,100 2,350 .550 .57 11,300 2,300 4,180 .980 1.13 19, 800 3,600 11,660 2.73 3.05 83,500 13,600 30, 520 7.14 8.23 23,500 11,000 15,290 3.58 3.99 11.230 2,240 5,770 1.35 1.56 2,430 1,940 2,270 .531 .61 2,680 1,710 2,040 .478 .53 4,000 1,440 2,330 .545 .63 3,980 1,980 2,230 .522 .58 2,780 1,440 1,580 .370 .43 83,500 1,440 6,906 1.62 21.78 1,910 1,470 1,640 .384 .44 1,910 1,740 1,780 .417 .43 6,660 1,740 4,020 .940 1.08 35, 280 4,370 14, 680 3.43 3.83 15, 650 5,840 9,570 2.24 2.58 12,930 3,710 7,790 1.82 2.03 10,020 3,345 5,720 1.34 1.54 3,305 2,294 2,970 .696 .80 12, 100 467 •2,740 .641 .72 9,040 1,655 3,750 .878 1.01 10,510 1,440 3,760 .881 .98 .2,600 904 1,930 .452 .52 35,280 467 5,030 1.18 15.97 2,510 1,135 2,040 .477 .55 2,440 579 1,800 .421 .44 2,770 1,252 2,000 .467 .54 86, 200 2,176 23,930 5.60 6.25 16, 170 4,868 9,580 2.24 2.58 9,820 4,497 6, 430 1.50 1.67 5,040 2,096 3,520 .824 .95 5,090 857 2,690 ..630 .73 2,870 1,104 1,780 .417 .47 1,590 1,081 1,250 .292 .34 15, 900 1,081 5,610 1.31 1.46 26, 670 1,105 6,030 1.41 1.62 86, 200 579 5,555 1.30 17.53 21,880 1,568 4,300 1.01 1.16 4,630 1,292 2,830 .663 .72 111,250 3,239 13,140 3.07 3.54 74,470 4,998 27,400 6.42 7.16 30,880 3,192 17,050 3.99 4.60 11,000 3,855 5,520 1.29 1.44 11,680 3,335 5,330 1.25 1.44 4,740 1,625 3,150 .738 .85 7,980 1,733 3,410 .799 .89 8,960 2,016 3,060 .857 .99 29,860 3,238 9,060 2.12 2.36 8,050 1,489 2,750 .643 .74 111,250 1,292 8,130 1.90 25. 89 18,504 1,650 3,587 .839 .97 6,225 2,302 3,705 .868 .90 6,345 2,007 3,970 .929 1.07 66,907 6,334 25,385 5.94 6.63 41,284 10,818 26,942 6.30 7.26 18,204 7,399 12,970 3.04 3.39 55,634 5,218 13,115 3.07 3.54 13,656 4,000 7,298 1.71 1.97 9,689 2,801 4,595 1.07 1.19 6,323 967 2,635 .617 .71 13,399 1,889 5,702 1.33 1.48 14,005 2,541 5,331 1.25 1.44 66,907 967 9,588 2.25 30. 55 Run-off. 58 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. Monthly discharge of Kennebec River at Waterville — Continued. Month. January . . . Februa ry . . March April...... May June July August September. October... November. December . The year . 1899. January . . . February.. March April May June July August September . October... November . December. The year. 1900. January... February.. March April May June.. July August September. October November . December . . The year. 1901. January... February.. March April May June July August September. October... November. December. The year. 1902. January. . . February . . March April May Jun3 July August September . October. . . November. December. Discharge in second-feet. Maximum. Minimum. The year. 5,434 4,387 27,432 52,119 39,372 14,341 5,464 4,432 5,443 15,319 10,037 3,752 52,119 2,757 3,362 6,820 45,795 41,756 .13,044 6,509 5,195 2,635 1,969 4,109 5,223 45,724 8,851 23,971 20,538 62,291 52,268 25,091 12,281 5,601 4,238 4,190 17,580 6,540 (•2,291 4,040 3,000 13,340 76,590 30,570 15,250 9,080 6,480 4,760 6,680 3,710 151,000 151,000 10,510 4.840 57; 970 47,870 34,410 33, 940 13,200 12,670 7,570 24,980 8,020 6,930 57,970 1,738 2,133 4,094 6,563 14,611 4,326 1,745 913 1,437 961 2,758 1,723 913 1,245 1,420 1,960 6,017 11,480 5,673 2,500 1,089 246 406 1.390 747 246 656 1,615 4,373 8,381 14,113 5,015 2,344 1,016 1,635 859 1,502 1,895 0 1,880 1,430 700 11,600 5,140 5,140 2,810 1,840 750 670 480 170 170 900 2,100 11,790 13,430 5,560 8,400 4,500 1,860 1,580 1,750 3,040 1,020 900 Mean. 3,213 3,402 11,287 29,833 25,120 9,983 3,908 3,133 2,618 4,047 5,178 2,620 8,695 2,357 2,363 3,218 24,006 21,303 8,821 5,077 3,302 1,854 1,274 2,252 2,741 6,547 2,384 9,050 9,153 28,473 28,272 10,033 5,791 4,173 2,807 3,065 6,376 4,096 9,473 3,176 2,489 4,805 41,130 15,169 8,235 5,122 4,178 2,821 2,925 2,405 11,910 8,697 3,856 3,800 28,768 22,191 16,873 15,260 7,840 5,057 4,218 5,255 4,517 4,«346 10,105 Run-off. Sec. -ft. per sq. mile. 0. 752 .797 2.64 6.98 5.88 2.34 .917 .733 .613 .947 1.21 .613 2.03 .552 .553 .754 5.62 4.98 2.06 1.19 .773 .434 .298 .527 .641 1.53 .557 2.12 2.14 6.66 6.62 2.35 1.35 .977 .657 .718 1.49 .959 2.22 .743 .583 1. 13 9.63 3.55 1.93 1.20 .979 .660 .685 .563 2.79 Depth in inches. 2.04 .903 .889 6.73 5.19 3.95 3.57 1.83 1.18 .988 1.23 1.06 1.02 2.38 32.40 FLOW OF MOOSE RIVER NEAR ROCKWOOD. 59 Monthly discharge of Kennebec River at Waterville — Continued. Month. 1903. January February March April May June July August September October November December The year 1904. January February March April May June July •- August September October November December The year 1905. January February March April May June July August September October November December The year 1906. January February March April May June July August September October November December The vear Discharge in second-feet. Run-off. Maximum. Minimum 6,o77 4.486 35, 732 23,662 12,725 30,050 9,018 5,624 3,697 3,984 2,845 3,825 35.732 1,909 1,891 11,380 36,110 37,840 14,460 8,263 6,720 8,111 10,460 4,365 3,462 5,110 4,182 3,422 26,230 32,120 18,320 9,251 8,591 5,114 4,603 2,478 3,452 3,932 32,120 3,792 5,016 39,390 34,370 21,450 8,801 5,240 4,089 9,178 4,734 4,105 ,390 2,061 2,003 6,069 5,531 2,098 2,397 2,445 672 115 100 115 100 100 100 100 100 6,770 8,277 4,670 2,941 2,950 2,610 2,768 658 100 100 1,831 1,200 714 6,291 7,113 5,109 1,491 100 100 100 100 914 100 633 609 906 3,965 14,430 5,326 3,668 2,159 588 873 2,091 1,075 588 Mean. 4,011 3,980 19,395 16,465 7,255 6,691 5,227 3,875 2,503 1,922 1,468 1,389 6,182 975 921 3,786 14,960 20,716 8,286 5,360 4,705 4,283 4,704 3,371 2,756 6,235 3,082 2,630 5,249 13,500 10,520 6,699 4,668 3,198 2,974 1,767 2,306 2,063 4,J 3,212 2,279 2,290 17, 200 22,290 12,790 6,309 3,665 2,530 3,797 3,428 2,550 6,862 Sec.-ft. per Depth in sq. mile. inches. 0.938 .932 4.54 3.85 1.70 1.57 1.22 .907 .586 .450 .344 .325 1.45 .228 .216 .886 3.50 4.85 1.94 1.25 1.10 1.00 1.10 .789 .645 1.46 .721 .615 1.23 3.16 2.46 1.57 1.09 .748 .696 .413 .540 .483 .752 .534 .536 4.03 5.22 3.00 1.48 .858 .803 1.61 MOOSE RIVER NEAR ROCKWOOD. This station was established September 7, 1902, by N. C. Grover. It is located 4 miles west of Kineo, near the village of Rockwood and 2 miles from the mouth of the river. It is reached by steamer or row- boat from Kineo. Water is stored by dams at the outlets of several of the lakes and ponds in the basin above, but all of such stored water is used for log driving. The stage of tfre river changes very slowly 3697— irr 198—07 5 60 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. after the end of the log-driving season. Practically all of the land areas in this basin are in forest. The channel is straight above and below the station and is about 220 feet wide at ordinary stages. The banks are high and rocky; the bed of the stream is rocky and permanent; the current is swift at high and medium at low stages. Discharge measurements are made from a car suspended from a steel cable or by wading at low stages a short distance downstream. The initial point for soundings is on the right bank 1 foot from a birch tree, to which the cable and tag line are fastened. Gage readings are made twice each day by Peter Callaghan. A standard chain gage is attached to trees on the bank, and at different times temporary staff gages have been placed in the vicinity of the chain gage for use during low water and in winter. All gages are referred to the following bench mark: A copper bolt in a bowlder 8 feet from the corner of the house of Peter Callaghan; elevation, 14.58 feet above the datum of the gages. Values of monthly means, as given below, for this station are con- sidered to be within 5 per cent of the true flow. Daily discharges are liable to somewhat larger errors, particularly below gage height 1.7 feet. A view of this station and gage is shown in PI. II, A (p. 26). Discharge measurements of Moose River near Rockwood. Date. September 7 . November 23. 1902. June 7 September 15. November 21. 1903. Gage Dis- height. ! charge. Feet. 2.40 3.90 2.73 1.85 1.69 Sec.-ft. • 385 1, 168 198 176 Gage height. 1905. Feet. May 21 6.41 July 10 3.58 August 14a 2.02 November 2 6 1 . 56 November 10 b 1.72 November 13. 1906. 3.25 Dis- charge. Sec.-ft. 3,460 950 280 111 161 765 Day. a By wading 200 feet below cable. b By wading 150 feet below cable. Daily gage height, in feet, of Moose River near Rockwood. Sept. Oct. 1902.". 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.75 2.85 2.9 3.6 3,6 3.5 3.45 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.45 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 Nov. Dec. 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.35 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.05 4.0 3.9 3.85 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.35 3.25 3.15 3.1 3.0 2.95 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 Day. Sept. 17.. 1902. 2.95 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.4 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.75 3.7 3.7 3.65 3.6 18 19 20 .. 21 22 23 24. .. 25 26 27 28 29... 30 . 31 Oct. Nov 3.3 3.25 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.45 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.45 3.4 3.5 4.05 4.45 4.6 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.85 3.8 3.75 3.7 3.65 3.6 Dec 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.85 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 a A number of 1902 gage heights, as previously published, were slightly in error and have been corrected in the above table to agree with observer's original record. FLOW OF MOOSE RIVER NEAR ROCKWOOD. 61 Daily gage height, infect, of Moose River near Rockwaod — Continued. Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1903.O 62.8 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.6 6.95 6.65 6.55 6.4 6.55 6.5 6.55 6.25 6.3 5.65 5.7 5.55 2.95 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.85 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.55 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.55 2.65 2.85 2.75 2.75 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.45 2.25 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.05 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.35 2.4 2.55 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.35 2.3 2.2 2.05 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.05 1.9 2.0 1.85 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.65 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.45 2.2 2.25 2.3 2.45 2.75 2.95 3.0 3.0 2.95 2.9 2.9 2.85 2.8 2.8 2.85 3.1 3.35 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.65 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.85 3.95 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.55 1.4 1.5 4.6 4 95 5.0 5.0 4.95 4 9 4.8 4.7 4.55 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4. 25 4.15 4 05 3.95 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.65 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.6 •> ;. 1.5 3 1.6 4 1.5 1.6 6 1.5 2.7- 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.55 2.65 2.6 2.65 2.5 2.55 2.4 2.5 2.45 2.7 3.9 3.85 4 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.75 3.65 3.5 3.4 3.35 3.25 3.3 3.25 3.2 3.1 3.05 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.35 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 1.6 g 1.5 9 1.6 10 6.1 6.25 6.15 6.25 6.1 6.2 6.15 6.2 5.85 5.85 5.7 5.7 5.45 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.4 5.5 5.45 5.5 5.5 1.55 11 1.7 12 1.6 13 1.7 14 1.6 15 1.55 1.3 17 i .. . 18 1 19 I 20 21 • 22 5.65 23 6.1 6.4 6.9 7.15 7.45 7.4 7.4 7.15 7.15 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1904.<* 1 6.45 6.8 7.05 7.0 7.2 7.45 7.3 7.2 7.15 7.25 7.9 8.95 9.0 8.6 8.0 7.8 7.8 7.55 7.15 6.95 6.75 6.5 6.4 6.2 5.9 5.55 5.35 5.2 4.95 4 95 4 85 4.55 4.5 4 45 4.15 4 15 4.45 4.6 4.85 4.95 4.9 4.95 5.15 4.95 4.7 455 4.35 4.15 4.0 4.0 "4 55" 4.55 4.6 4.5 4.45 4.45 4.5 4.1 3.65 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.05 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2. 7 •> - 2 7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2 2.5 3 2.4 4 2.4 5 2 4 2.4 7 2.4 8 2.3 9 2.25 10 1.7 3.05 3.35 3.6 3.75 3.9 2 2 11 12 13 14 15 16 I 4.0 4 05 4.1 4.1 4.1 4 2 4.2 17 18 19 20 21 1 22 23 1 4.2 4.4 4 65 4.95 5.2 5.45 '5.75 24 .............. 25 26 27 28 29 30 6.1 31 «1903 and 1904 gage heights corrected in the above table on account of an error in gago datum found May 20, 1905. Hence the above gage heights do not agree with those previously published. *> River frozen January 11 to March 20 and December 17-31, 1903. 62 WATER RESOURCES 0¥ KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. " Daily gage height, in feet, of Moose River near Rockwood — Continued. Day. Jan. 1905.a Feb. Mar. 1906. <= 1 1.8 2 1.8 3 1.8 4 1.9 1.9 6 1.9 7 1.9 8 1 9 9 1.9 10 1.8 11 1.7 12 1.7 13 1.7 14 1.7 15 1 7 16 1.7 17 1.7 18 1.7 19. 1.7 20 1.7 21. ... 1.7 22 1.7 23 24 25 26 1.9 27 2.0 28.... 2.0 29 2.1 30 2.2 31 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 Apr. ; May. 42 4.45 4.7 4.95 5.0 5.15 5.25 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.65 5.8 5.85 5.8 5.45 5.2 5.15 5.15 5.25 5.3 5.35 5.35 5.35 5.45 5.6 5.8 5.9 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.25 2.45 2.65 3.05 3.9 4.8 5.3 5. 5 5. 75 5.85 6.0 6.35 6.55 6.6 5.95 5.95 6.05 6.2 6.3 6.45 6.6 6.7. 6.85 6.85 6.9 6.85 6.7 6.6 6.35 6.1 5.8 5.7 6.0 6.5 6.5 6.35 6.15 5.9 5.75 5.45 5.55 5.45 5.3 5.4 5.05 6.7 6.65 6.85 7.2 7.55 7.85 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.2 8.55 8.6 8.5 8.4 8.3 8.2 8.2 8.3 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.1 7.6 7.15 6.85 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.45 6.25 ■6. 05 June, i July. 4.6 4.4 4.55 4.55 4.75 4.6 4.5 4.65 4.9 5.15 5.0 5.2 5.1 5.1 4.7 4.65 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.55 4.45 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.25 4.2 5.85 5.5 5.2 5.25 5.35 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.35 5.5 5.65 5.6 5.55 5.35 5.2 5.35 5.25 5.05 4.75 4.5 4.4 4.45 4.5 4.5 4.45 4.25 4.2 4.05 3.9 3.8 4.05 4 05 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.85 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.35 3.25 3.2 3.1 3.05 3.0 3.0 2.95 2.85 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 3.75 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.25 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.35 3.45 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.25 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3. 05 3.0 2.95 2.9 2.85 2.75 2.7 2.7 Aug. 2.55 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.15 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.05 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 Sept. 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.15 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.95 1.9 1.9 1.85 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.05 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.05 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.85 1.95 2.0 1.9 1.95 2.0 2.05 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 - Oct. Nov. 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.55 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.7 1..65 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 w 1.7 1.7 2.0 1.6 1.8 2.0 1.6 1.8 2.0 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.65 1.7 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.9 2.1 3.9 3.0 2.1 3.9 3.0 2.1 3.9 3.0 2.1 3.9 3.0 2.1 3.8 3.0 2.1 3.7 2.9 2.1 3.7 2.9 2.1 3.6 2.9 2.1 3.55 2.9 2.1 3.4 3.0 2,45 3.4 3.0 2.6 3.4 2.9 2.6 3.3 2.9 2.9 3.3 2.9 3.0 3.3 2.9 3'.0 3.2 2.8 3.0 3.2 2.8 3.0 3.2 2.8 3.0 3.1 2.8 3.0 3.1 2.7 3.0 3.0 2.6 3.0 3.0 2.6 3.0 3.2 2.6 3.1 3.2 2.6 3.2 2. 5 2.6 3.45 2.2 2.7 3. 65 3.3 ■ 2.7 3.8 3.35 4.0 3.3 4.0 3.25 4.0 a River frozen January 1 to April 2, 1905. b November 14-16, 1905, gage heights omitted, owing to backwater, due to ice. c Gage reader reported no ice near the gage during the winter season 1905-6, with the exception of some along the banks of the river, 5 or 6 feet from the gage. Discharge affected by anchor ice December, 1906. River frozen over at the gage December 7; ice 0. 4 foot thick December 9, 1906. FLOW OF MOOSE RIVER KEAR ROCKWOOD. G3 Rating table for Moose River near Rockwood from September 4, 1902, to December 31, 190G. a Gage height. Dis- Gage Dis- Gage height. Dis- Gage height. Dis- charge. height. charge. charge. charge. Feet. Sec. -ft. Feet. Sec.-ft. Feet. Sec.-ft. 1,166 ! Feet. Sec.-ft. 1.30 70 2.60 454 3.90 5.40 2,432 1.40 88 2.70 496 4.00 1,236 | 5.60 2,629 1.50 108 2.80 539 4.10 1,308 5.80 2,830 1.60 130 2.90 584 4.20 1,382 6.00 3,035 1.70 154 3.00 631 4.30 1,459 6.20 3,245 1.80 180 3.10 681 4.40 1,538 6.40 3, 455 1.90 208 3.20 733 4.50 1,620 6.60 3,670 2.00 238 3.30 788 4.60 1,703 6.80 3, 890 2.10 270 3.40 846 4.70 1,788 7.00 4,110 2.20 303 3.50 906 4.80 1.875 7.50 4,685 2.30 338 3.60 968 4.90 1,964 8.00 5, 275 2.40 375 3.70 1,032 5.00 2,055 8.50 5,875 2. 50 414 3.80 1,098 5.20 2,240 9.00 6,500 a This table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on 11 discharge measurements made during 1902-1906. It. is well defined between gage heights 1.5 feet and 6.5 feet. Monthly discharge of Moose River near Rockwood. [Drainage area, 680 square miles.] Discharge in second-fee c. Maximum. Minimum. Mean. Sec.-ft. per sq. mile. Depth in inches. 1,098 375 682 1.00 1.00 1,703 733 919 1.35 1.56 1,703 968 1,237 1.82 2.03 906 539 652 .959 1.11 539 454 513 .754 .28 4,628 2,679 3,874 5.70 2.33 4,055 2,432 3,061 4.50 5.02 496 375 454 .668 .62 631- 270 462 .679 .78 303 98 184 .271 .30 130 88 101 .149 .17 180 88 131 .193 .22 154 88 124 .182 .11 3,140 154 1,492 2.19 1.71 6,500 1,920 4,026 5.92 6.82 2,194 1,236 1,646 2.42 2.43 1,308 338 704 1.04 1.20 454 254 358 .526 .61 1,538 303 801 1.18 1.32 2,055 1,032 1,420 2.09 2.41 1,000 454 649 .954 1.06 454 303 370 .544 .20 2,932 1,382 2,353 3.46 3.60 4,000 2,102 3,189 4.69 5.41 2,240 1,382 1,742 2.56 2.86 1,308 454 795 1.17 1.35 434 238 287 .422 .49 270 180 220 .324 .36 180 108 147 .216 .25 180 108 158 .232 .23 238 180 214 .315 .36 ■ 1902. September 4-30 October November December 1903.1 January 1-10 March 21-31 April July 7-31 August September October November December 1-16 1904.6 April 10-30 May June (27 days) July August September October November December 1-10 1905. c April 3-30 May June July August September October November 1-13, 17-30 December a River frozen January 11 to March 20 and December 17-31, 1903. b River frozen January 1 to April 9 and December 11-31, 1904. c River frozen January 1 to April 2, 1905. Discharge interpolated on days when gage heights were not read, except November 14-16. Run-off. 64 WATEE RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. Monthly discharge of Moose River near Rockwood — Continued. Month. January a . . February & . March April May June July August September. October November. December c 1906. Discharge in second-feet. Maximum. Minimum. Mean. The year . 454 270 3,670 6,000 2,881 1,065 454 270 1,236 1,166 631 6,000 154 270 108 496 180 180 270 303 454 SS 191 370 155 1,040 4,786 2,052 744 264 255 592 826 548 '.IK.-, Run-off. Sec.-ft. per Depth in sq. mile. inches. 0.281 .544 .228 1.53 7.04 3.02 1.09 .388 .375 .871 1.21 .806 1.45 0.32 .57 .26 1.71 8.12 3.37 1.26 .45 .42 1.00 1.35 .93 19.76 a Discharge interpolated January 23-25, 1906. b Discharge interpolated February 12-15, 1906. c Discharge extrapolated December 28-31, 1906. Discharge values for December, 1900, slightly in excess of their true value owing to ice conditions. MISCELLANEOUS DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS IN MOOSE RIVER BASIN. The following miscellaneous discharge measurements were made in Moose River basin in 1905: Miscellaneous discharge measurements made in Moose River drainage basin in 1905. 4 T3 o ri a> . Date. Hydrographer. . Stream. Locality. So <3 'o «3 WW * ■5^ "S 03 2£ 0-3 fl-S Ft. per Ft. Sq.ft. sec. Feet. Sec.-ft. Aug. 11 II. K. Barrows. Miseree Stream . . . \ mile above Bras- sua Lake. 15 4.64 0.92 a 2. 12 4.25 Aug. 12 do Brassua Stream. . 1J miles above Brassua Lake. 6 4.06 1. 23 a 2. 12 5.02 Aug. 12 do Moose. River Just above Little Brassua Lake and about 4 mile s above Brassua Lake. 90 126 1.91 "2.12 241 Oct. 30 F. E. Pressey.. do At outlet of Wood Pond. 82 57 1.12 61,157.24 64 Oct. 31 do Gander Brook Near entrance to Wood Pond. 2 .26 .35 61,157.24 .09 Oct. 31 do Little Wood Pond Stream. do 11 3.1 1.23 61, 157. 24 3.8 Nov. 1 do Moose River Just above Attean 55 49 1.51 61,157.28 74 Pond, c a Probable gage height at Rockwood gage. b Altitude above sea level. c Measurement made in rapids; bed very rough, and measurement considered not good; 0.42 inch rain fell at Jackman during night of Ocober 31. ROACH RIVER AT ROACH RIVER. Roach River, which has a total drainage area of 120 square miles, enters Moosehead Lake from the east. Its basin is completely for- ested. Dams at the outlets of several ponds control the flow of the river. The gage is located about 100 feet downstream from the lowest of these dams, at which point the river is so completely under FLOW OF ROACH RIVER AT ROACH RIVER. 65 control that the stage does not vary perceptibly for weeks at a time. Impounded water is used for log driving. This station was established November 10, 1901, by N. C. Grover. It is located near the village of Roach River, and is reached from Greenville Junction by stage or steamer, or from Kineo by steamer. The channel is straight and about 60 feet wide. Both banks are high and rocky. The bed of the stream is rocky and permanent. The current is moderate. Discharge measurements are made by wading or from a canoe at a section 140 feet downstream from the gage. The gage, which is read twice each day by C. H. Sawyer, is a ver- tical rod spiked to the timber retaining wall on the right bank of the stream. It is referred to bench marks as follows: (1) A cross cut in the highest timber of the crib to which the gage is spiked; elevation, 8.84 feet. (2) A circular chisel draft marked "B. M." on the highest point of a bowlder near a cottage on the left bank about opposite the dam; elevation, 12.57 feet. Elevations refer to the datum of the gage. Estimates 1901 to 1903 have been revised, the computations being based on the 1904-5 rating table; 1904 and 1905 estimates remain as previously published. Values for monthly means as given below are considered to be within 5 per cent of the true flow, except for November, 1905, which may be more than 20 per cent in error. Daily discharges may be in error considerably more than 5 per cent, particularly below gage height 2.5 feet, since the gage heights were read to tenths only and the discharge is very small. Discharge measurements of Roach River at Roach River. Date. 1902 September 2 Do Do September 3 Do Gage Dis- height. charge. Feet. Sec.-ft. 2.50 112 2.70 200 2.90 286 2.30 72 2.11 32 Date. May 22«... Do May 23 o... November Do.... 19(K. Gage height. Feet. 4.07 4.45 3.59 1.95 1.90 Dis- charge. Sec.-ft. 718 1,000 524 5.4 3.4 a From canoe about 100 feet below gage. b By wading about 200 feet below gage. 66 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. Daily gage height, in feet, of Roach River at Roach River. Day 1901. Nov. Dec. ! 10 2.2 11 2.2 12 2.2 13. 2.2 14. :. 2.35 15 2.3 10 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.65 3.1 Daw 17 1901. 2.3 18 2.3 19 2.2 20. 2.2 21. . . 2.2 22. •. . 2.2 23 2.2 24 2.2 25 2.2 26 2.2 27 2.2 28. 2.2 29. 2.3 30... 2.3 31 Nov. Dec. 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.25 3.0 3.35 3.65 3.4 2.95 2.8 2.8 2.8 Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1902. i::::::-::::::::: 3 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.6 2.6 2.85 3.0 3.15 3.2 3.2 3.15 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.4 3.5 4.5 5.35 4.0 4.9 3.95 4.2 3.9 2.7 2.2 2.25 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.9 3.9 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 3. 75 5.15 5.1 2.3 5.1 ■ 3.75 5.2 3.75 3. 75 5.2 3.75 3.75 5.2 5.2 2.3 3.75 3.75 4.9 4.9 5.3 5.25 5.1 2.3 2.3 4.6 4.9 5.2 5.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 4.0 5.8 5. 6 5.6 3.8 5.4 3.8 5.4 3.8 3.8 2.2 5.6 . 3.85 2.2 5.5 3.85 3.85 2.2 5.5 3.85 2.2 2.2 2.2 3.85 3.85 2.2 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 3.5 3.05 2.6 2.6 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 • 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.25 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2,2 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.5 2.5 2 5 4 5 6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 8 2.5 9 . .. 2.5 10 2.5 11 . .. 2.5 12 . 2.5 13. . 2.5 14 2.5 15 2.5 16 2.5 17 2.5 18 2.5 19. 2.5 20... 2.5 21 2.5 22 2.5 23. 2.5 24.. 2.5 25... 2.2 26 2.2 27 2.2 28.. 2.2 29... 2.2 30 2.2 31. 2.2 1903. a 1 2.1 2 2.1 3 2.1 4... 2.1 2.1 6 2.1 7 2.1 8 2.1 9.. 2.1 10... 2.1 11 2.1 12 2.1 13 2.1 14 2.1 15 2.1 a River frozen February 8-27, 1903. FLOW OF ROACH RIVER AT ROACH RIVER. 67 Daily gage height, in feet, of Roach River at Roach River — Continued. Day. Jan. Feb. ; Mar. Apr. May. Juno. July. Aug. 1903. 16 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 "2.2" 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 4.6 4.2 4.2 4.2 5.2 5.2 5.4 2.2 3.8 3.8 3.8 2.° 3.8 2.15 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 3.3 4.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 5.1 5.15 5.0 5.0 5.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 4.8 5.3 5.55 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 5.4 5.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 5.5 5.5 2.3 2.3 5.5 5.5 2.3 3.9 3.9 5.5 2.3 5.5 2.3 5.5 5.5 3.0 4.2 2.2 4.8 2.2 2.2 5.6 3.9 3.9 5.6 3.9 2.2 5.6 2.2 3.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 5.0 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 3.8 3.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 3.0 3.4 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 3.0 2.6 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 2.2 17 2.2 is 2.2 19 2.2 20 21 2.2 2.2 22 2.3 23 2.2 24 2.2 2,"> 2.2 26 2 2 27 2.2 28 2.2 29 2.2 30 31 1904. a 1 2.2 2.2 9 2 2 2.2 3 2.2 4 2.2 5.. 2.2 4.0 7 3.8 8 3.0 9 3.0 10 3.0 11...: 2.6 12 2.6 13 3.4 3.4 15 3.4 16 2.85 2.3 18 2 3 .... 2.3 20 2.3 21 2.3 22 2.3 23 2.7 21 2.7 2.5 2 2 26 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 99 27 2.2 28 2.6 29. . . . 2.2 30 2.2 31 2.2 1905. b 1 2.9 2 2.9 3.... 2.9 4 2.8 5 9 7 6 2.65 7 2.2 8 2.2 9... 2. 2 10 2.2 11 2.2 2.2 13 2.2 14.... 2.2 15 ! 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.6 2.25 2.3 2.55 2.8 2.8 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 Oct. Nov. Dec. 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.55 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.65 2.1 3.0 2.1 3.0 2.1 3.0 2.1 3.4 2.1 3.4 2.1 3.4 2.1 3.0 2.1 3.0 2.2 1.8 2.2 1.8 2.2 1.8 2.2 1.8 2.2 1.8 2.2 1.8 2.2 1.8 2.2 1.8 2.2 1.8 o River frozen January 1 to March 25 and December 4-31, 1904. b River frozen January 1 to March 20 and November 19 to December 31, 1905. 68 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN". Daily gage height, in feet, of Roach River at Roach River — Continued. Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1905. 16 ■ 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 5.6 5.6 2.2 5.6 5.6 5.0 5.05 3.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 3.6 3.6 4.2 4.7 5.6 5.2 5.4 5.4 4.15 2.9 2.9 6.3 4.2 2.9 2.9 2.9 6.2 2.9 6.2 2.9 2.9 3.25 3.25 3.25 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 '2.4 2.9 4.55 6.3 5.8 3.65 2.9 2.9 . 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.85 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.2 2. 2 2. 2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.-2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 ■ 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2 2 2 2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 17 18. 1 19. J . ...1 i 20. i . J --- . J . ... 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.2 a 1.7 22. ... ; 23. 24. . 25. . 26 27. 28. . 29 -.. 30 31 1906. b 1 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2 . 2.3 3. . 2.3 4. . 2.3 5... 2.3 6 2.3 7 '. ---""-- 2.3 8 2.3 9 i 2.3 10 .......|. ...... 2.3 11 2.3 12 2.3 13 2.3 14 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.35 2.35 2.35 2.35 2.35 2.3 16 2.3 17. 2.3 18. 2.3 19 2.3 20 2.3 21 2.3 22 2.3 23 2.3 24. 2.3 25 2.3 26 2.3 27 2.3 28 2.3 29 2.3 30. 2.3 31 . 2.3 1 1 a November 21, 1905; gage height to top of ice, 1.8 feet; thickness of ice, 0. 1 foot. b River frozen January 1 to April 15, 1906, except a small portion of the chamiel which was open oppo- site the gage for the greater part of the winter season. The thickness of the ice varied from 0.2 to 0.7 foot. Flow probably somewhat affected by ice conditions December, 1906. PLOW OP EOACH RIVER AT ROACH RIVER. 69 Rating table for Roach River at Roach River, from November 10, 1901, to December SI, 1906.<* Gage Dis- Gage Dis- Gage Dis- Gage Dis- height. charge. height. charge. height. Feet. charge. height. charge. Feet. Sec.-ft. Feet. Sec.-ft. Sec.-ft. Feet. Sec.-ft. 1.80 2.70 186 3.80 640 4.90 1, 170 1.85 1.5 2.80 221 3.90 685 5.00 1,225 1.90 3.4 2.90 258 4.00 730 5.20 1,335 1.95 6.5 3.00 298 4.10 775 5. 40 1,445 2.00 12 3.10 338 4.20 820 5. 60 1,555 2.10 27 3.20 379 4.30 865 5.80 1,070 2.20 46 3.30 421 4.40 915 6.00 1,790 2.30 68 3.40 463 4.50 965 6.20 1,910 2.40 94 3.50 506 4.60 1,015 2.50 122 3.60 550 4.70 1,065 2.00 153 3.70 595 4.80 I, IB a This table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on 10 discharge measurements made during 1902-1905. It is fairly well defined. Monthly discharge of Roach River at Roach River. [Drainage area, 85 square miles.] Discharge in second-feet. Run-off. Month. Maximum. Minimum. Mean. Sec.-ft. per sq. mile. Depth in inches. 1901. November 10-30. .. 81 572 46 68 54.0 246 0.635 2.89 50 3 33 1902. 338 258 1,418 1,390 1,555 298 221 122 122 68 122 122 153 153 46 68 46 122 46 57 68 68 68 46 248 188 417 775 740 194 207 120 90.3 68.0 119 105 2.92 2.21 4.91 9.12 8.71 2.28 2.44 1.41 1.06 .80 1.40 1.24 3.37 February 2.30 5 66 10. 18 10. 04 June 2.54 July 2.81 August 1. 63 September 1. 18 October .92 1. 56 1. 43 The year 1,555 46 273 3.21 43.62 1903.a 46 46 1,335 1,670 1,445 1,225 46 46 94 27 27 27 68 820 1,528 1,500 298 730 221 463 68 46 46 46 27 12 12 46 46 27 27 27 27 68 46 68 68 46 46 46 68 27 46.0 46.0 468 • 479 408 340 46.0 46.0 56.3 27.0 27.0 27.0 68.0 96.0 912 456 83.4 182 80.8 149 29.0 .541 .541 5.51 5.64 4.80 4.00 .541 .541 .662 .318 .318 .318 .800 1.13 10.73 5.36 .981 2.14 .952 1.75 .341 .62 February (8 days) . 16 March 6. 35 April May 6.29 June 4 46 July : :.. .62 August .62 .74 .37 November .35 December .37 1904.& March 26-31 .18 April 1.26 May _• 12.37 June 5.98 July. .. :.... 1.13 2.47 1.06 October , 2.02 .38 a River frozen February 8-27, 1903. b River frozen January 1 to March 25 and December 4-31, 1904. 70 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.- Monthly discharge of Roach River at Roach River — Continued. Discharge in second-feet. Month. March 21-31.... April May June July August September October November 1-18. April 15-30 . May June July August September . October November . December c 1906.6 Maximum. Minimum, i Mean. 94 298 ,555 640 506 258 46 46 81 1,970 1,970 550 221 46 153 122 46 122 122 46 46 46 46 68 68 Run-off. Sec.-ft.per Depth in sq. mile. inches. 96.4 668 182 376 71.5 31.4 27.4 59. 596 293 232 101 .952 1.13 7,86 2.14 4.42 .841 .369 .322 .0094 .702 7.01 3.45 2.73 .946 .541 1.19 .948 1.26 9.06 39 10 97 41 37 0069 .42 8.08 3.85 3.15 1.09 .60 1.37 1.06 .92 a River frozen January 1 to March 20 and November 19 to December 31, 1905. b River frozen January 1 to April 15, 1906. c Flow probably affected by ice conditions during December, 1906. MOOSEHEAD LAKE. A record of gage heights of Moosehead Lake level at Moosehead Lake East Outlet (see description of Moosehead Lake, p. 132) has been kept since April, 1895, by the Hollingsworth & Whitney Company. This record, supplemented by gage readings at Greenville for a por- tion of the time, has been furnished for publication by the company. The gages are cast-iron staff gages set to the same datum, and that at Moosehead Lake East Outlet is referred to the following bench mark: A copper bolt set in a large rock near the left end of the dam; elevation 18.428 feet above gage datum, zero of which is approxi- mately 10 feet below the gate sills and 1,011.30 feet above mean sea level. The gage readings in the following table are referred to a datum 10 feet higher — that is, with zero at the sill of the gates. Gage heights, in feet, of Moosehead Lake. Date. 1895 April 1 April 6 April 12 April 19 April 22 April 26 May 3 May 6 May 10 May 13 May 17 May 22 May 24 May 31 June 7 June 14 Gage height. Feet. 1.6 1.62 1.8 2.75 3.35 4.15 5.15 5. 55 5.9 6.12 6.7 6.92 6.5 6.0 5. 5 5.05 Date. 1895 June 21 June 28 July 5 July9 July 13 July 19 July 26 August 3 August 9 August 17 . . . August 20... August 23 . . . August 27 . . . August 30... September 6. September 13 Gage height. Feet. 4.2 3.55 3.55 3.45 3.3 3.08 2.75 2.65 2.45 2.25 1.9 1.8 1.85 1.8 1 . 55 1.3 Date. September 21 September 28 October 11. . October 15 . . October 22 . . October 24.. November 1 . November 8 . November 15 November 22 November 29 December 6 . . December 13 . December 20 . December 27 . Gage height. Feet. 1.2 .1 .9 .85 .72 .7 .65 .65 .95 1.7 2.45 • 3.05 3.5 3.65 4.04 GAGE HEIGHTS OF MOOSEHEAD LAKE. 71 Gage heights, in feet, of Moosehead Lake— Continued. Date. January 3 . . . January 10 . . January 17. . January 24 . . January 31 . . February 7 . . February 14 . February 21 . February 28. March 6 March 13 March 20 March 27 April 3 April 10 April 17 April 22 April 24 April 26 May! Mav 5 May 8 May 10 Mav 12 May 15 May 22 May 29 June 5 June 13 June 20 June 26 July 3 Julvll July 17 July 24 July 31 August 7 August 14 . . . August 21 . . . August 28 . . . September 4. September 11 September 18 September 25 October 2 . . . October 9.. . October 16.. October 23 . . October 30.. November 6 . November 13 November 20 November 27 December 5 . . December 11 . December 18 . December 25 . December 30 . 1897 January 1 . . . January 6 . . . January 8 . . . January 11. . January 15. . January 23 . . January 27 . . January 29 . . February 5.. February 12. February 19 . February 23. February 26. March 5 March 9 March 12 March 15 March 19 March 26 April 2 April 9 Feet. 4.7 5.5 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.1 4.9 4.75 5.0 5.05 5.3 5.25 5.45 5.4 5.6 6.75 6.8 6.9 7.35 7.3 7.35 7.4 7.45 7.4 6.85 6.25 6.02 5.8 5.45 5.15 4.64 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.5 3.15 2.8 2.5 2.1 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.75 1.75 1.8 1.95 2.25 2.7 3.3 3.7 4.8 4.45 4.5 4.65 4.65 4.6 4.55 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.6 4.6 4.45 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.75 3.8 3.8 3.75 3.8 3.85 3.9 1897. April 16 April 23 April 30 May 7 May 14 May 21 May 28 June 4 June 11 June 18 June 25 July 2 July 9 July 16 July 23 July 30 August 6 August 13 August 20 August 27 September 3.. September 10. September 17. September 24. October 1 . . . . October 8 October 15 . . . October 22... October 29 . . . November 5. . November 12 . November 20 . November 26 . December 3 . . December 10. December 17 . December 24 . December 31 . January 2 January 7 January 14 January 21 January 28 February 4 February 11 February 18 February 25 February 28 March 2 March 4 ! March 8 ! March 10 March 11 March 18 ....'' March 20 March 25 April 1 j April 4 April 6 April 8 i April 15 April 22 April 29 May 6 May 13 May 20 May 27 June 10 June 17 June 24...: July 1 July 8 July 16 July 22 July 29 August 5 August 12 August 19 August 26 Feet. 4.0 4.7 6.8 7.55 7.6 7.55 7.6 7.6 7.45 7.15 6.6 ; 6.15 5.75 | 6.02 | 5.95 I 5.8 5.7 5.35 1 5.15 4.75 4.35 3.8 I 3.25 3.2 3.05 2.95 ! 2.97 i 2.95 ! 2.85 j 2.95 i 3.2 3.25 3.25 3.55 3.85 4.25 4.6 4.75 4.7 4.75 4.65 4.65 4.7 4.C5 4.45 4.35 4.5 4.35 4.35 4.3 4.0 3.85 3.75 3.45 3.35 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.1 3.75 4.4 5.7 6.9 7.2 7.6 7.55 7.2 6.6 6.3 5.75 5.25 4.75 4.05 3.75 3.35 3.2 2.9 2.5 2.2 Gage height. 1898. September 2.. September 9 . . September 16. September 23. September 30 . October 6 October 7 October 10... October 14. . . October 17. . . October 21... October 24... October 28... November 4. . November 11. November 18. November 25 . December 2. . December 9. . December 16. . December 23.. December 30. . December 31. . 1899. January 6 January 13 January 20 January 27 January 28 February 3 February 5 February 10. .. February 12... February 19. .. February 24... February 25. .. March 3 March 10 March 15 March 17 March 24 March 31 April 4 April 7 April 9 April 14 April 21 April 27 April 28 May 5 May 12 May 19 Mav 26 June 2 J une 9 June 16 June 23 June o0 July 7 July 14 July 21 July 28 August 4 August 11 August 18 August 25 September 1... September 8... September 15 . . September 22.. September 29.. October 6 October 13 October 20 October 27 November 3... November 10.. November 17. . November 24. . December 1 Feet. 1.85 1.95 1.75 1.6 1.7 1.75 1.75 1.65 1.35 1.7 1.85 1.95 2.15 2.5 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.55 3.8 3.85 3.9 3.95 3.95 3.85 3.8 3.8 3. 75 3. 75 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.45 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.0 2.85 2.75 2.7 2.9 2.95 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.95 3.5 5.0 5.05 7.4 7.45 7.15 6.65 6.5 6.25 5.8 5.35 4.75 4.45 4.4 4.5 1.45 4.2 3.9 3. 75 3. 5 3. 2 2.8 2. 25 l.ys 1.9 1.75 1.65 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.4 72 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. Gage heights, in feet, of Moosehead Lake- — Continued. Date. Gage height. 1899. December 4 . . . December8... December 12. . December 15.. December 22. . December 29 . . 1900. January 2 January 5 January 12... January 19. .. January 26 . . . February 2... February 9. .. February 16 . . February 23 . . March 2 March 9 March 16 March 23 March CO April 6 April 13 April 20 April 27 May 4 May 11 May 20 June 1 June 22 June 29 July 6 July 13 July 20 July 27 August 3 August 10 August 17 August 24 August 31 September 7. . . September 14.. September 21.. September 28.. October 5 October 12 October 19 October 26 November 2. . . November 9.. . November 16.. November 23 . . November 30. . December 7. . . Feet. 1.5 1.6 1.35 1.55 1.7 1.8 Date. 1900. December 14. December 21 . December 28. 1901. January 4 January 11... January 18... January 25.. . February 1 . . . February 8 . . . February 15.. February 22.. March 1 March 8 March 15 March 22 March 29 April 5 April 12 April 19 April 26 May3 May 10 Mavl7 May 24 May 31 June 7 June 14 June 21 June 30 July 14 Julvl9 July 26 August 2 August 9 August 16 August 23 August 30 September 6 . . September 13 . September 20. September 27 . October 4 October 11 October 18.... October 25.... November 1 . . November 8. . November 15 . November 22. November 29. . December 6 . . . December 13 . . December 20. . Gage height. Feet. 3.9 3.85 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.25 3.25 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.6. 2.0 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.5 3.5 6.1 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.45 7.1 6.6 6.4 6.05 5.7 5.25 4.85 4.4 4.0 4.0 4.4 4.4 4.25 4.1 3.75 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.1 1.85 1.85 1.7 1.55 1.45 1.25 i. | Date. 1901. December 27 . December 30 . 1902. January 3 January 10... January 17.. . January 24 . . . January 31... February 3... February 7. .. February 14 . . February 21 . . February 28. . March 7 May 4 May 9 ... Mav 16 May 23 May 27 May 29 May 30 June 6 June 13 June 15 June 20 June 27 July 4 Julvll July 19 July 25 August 1 August 8 August 15 August 22 August 29 September 6 . . September 12 . September 19. September 26 . October 4 October 10 October 17 October 24 October 30 November 14.. November 17.. November 21 . . November 28.. December 5... December 12. . December 19. . December 26.. Gage height. Feet. 3.4 3.7 3.9 4.05 4.15 4.25 4.3 4.5 4.3 4.1 3.95 3.8 4.0 7.9 8.0 7.9 7.55 7.8 7.95 8.0 7.8 7.8 7.65 7.5 7.65 7.7 7.3 6.75 6.3 5.85 5.65 5.4 5.15 5.0 4.85 4.8 4.7 4.85 4.95 4.95 4.85 4.75 4.9 5.7 5.5 5.8 5.75 5.7 5.3 5.1 5.5 Date. 1903. January 2 January 8 January 9 January 14 January 16 January 23 January 30 February 6 February 13... February 22... March 1 March 6 March 13 March 20 March 23 March 27 Gage height. i Out- let. Green- ville. Feet. 4.95 5.65 4.8 5.65 4.6 4.55 4.45 4.25 4.5 3.8 3.45 3.0 3.1 3.9 4.5 5.4 Feet. Gage height. Date. Out- Green- let, ville. 1903. April 1... April 3... April 10.. April 12.. April 14. . April 17.. April 21 . . April 24.. April 27. Feet. 6.36 6.5 6.2 6.5 6.65 6.6 6.2 6.0 April 28 1 a 35 April 30 ' 6.4 May 2 ' May 3 J 6.75 May 5 May6 j 6.95 May 8 1 Feet. 6.5 Gage height. Date. Out- let. 1903. May 9 May 11... May 12... May 13... May 15... May 16... May 19... May 22... May 27... May 29... June 2... June 4. .. June 6.. . June 10.. June 12... June 17.., Feet. 6.91 6.75 6.7 6.45 6.3 6.05 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.55 5.8 Green- ville. Feet. 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.6 GAGE HEIGHTS OF MOOSEHEAD LAKE. Gage heights, in feet, of Moosehead Lake — Continued. 73 Date. 5.55 5.15 1903. June 19... June 20... June 21... June 22... June 23. . . June 24... June 25. .- June 20... June 27... June 28... June 29... June 30... Julyl.... July2 July 3.... July 6 July9 4.8 July 10 Gage height. Out- Green- let, ville. Feet. 5.75 5.4 5.05 5.2 5.4 4.9 4.7 4.35 4.45 4.35 4.2 4.15 4.05 3.87 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.25 3.4 I 3.15 3.3 3.25 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.75 4.7 4.65 4.6 4.55 4.55 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.25 4.2 4.25 4.15 4.3 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.95 3.9 3.85 3.8 3.7 3.65 3.6 July 11 July 12 July 13 July 14 July 15 July 16 July 17 July 18 July 19 July 20 July 21 July 22 July 23 July 24 July 25 July 26 July 27 July 28 July 29 July 30 July 31 August 1 August 3 August 4 August 5 August 6 August 7 August 8 August 9 August 10 August 11 . August 12 August 13 August 14 August 15 August 17 August 18 August 19 August 20 August 21 August 22 August 24 August 25 August 26.... August 27 August 28 August 29 August 31.... September 1 . . September 3 . . September 4 . . September 5 . . September 7 . . September 8 . . September 9 . . September 10 . September 11 . September 12 . "From about December 4, 1903, below the bottom of the gage. Feet. 5.8 5.75 5.7 5.65 5.6 5.55 5.55 5.55 5.45 5.3 5.25 5.15 5.2 4.8 4.75 4.75 3.45 3.45 3.4 3.45 3.35 3.35 3.25 3.25 3.15 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.25 3.25 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.55 Date. 1903. September 13 . . September 14 . . September 15 . . September 16 . . September 17 . . September 18 . . September 19 . . September 21 . . September 22 . . September 23 . . September 24 . . September 25 . . September 26 . . September 28 . . September 29 . . September 30 . . October 1 October 2 October 3 October 5 October 6 October 9 October 11 October 12 October 13 October 14 October 15 October 16 October 17 October 19 October 20 October 21 October 23 October 26 October 29 October 30 October 31 November 2 November 3 November 4 November 6 November 7 November 9 November 10. . . November 11. . . November 13. . . November 20. . . November 27. . . December 4 1904. April 29.. April 30 May 2 May 3 May 4 May 5 May 6 May 7 May 9 May 11 May 12 May 13 May 14 May 16 May 17 May 18 May 19 May 20 May 21 ".. May 22 May23 May 24 May 25 May 26 May 27 May 28 Gage height. Out- let. Feet. 2.5 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.05 .5 .45 .2 .15 3.0 5.0 6.5 6.6 Green- ville. Feet. 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.35 2.35 2.3 2.15 2.15 2.0 1.95 1.95 1.85 1.7 1.75 1.7 1.6 1.55 1.45 1.45 1.25 1.25 1.2 1.15 1.05 1.0 1.0 .9 .95 .85 (a) 1.85 1.95 2.25 2.45 2.6 2.95 3.15 3.5 3.9 4.45 4.9 5.2 5.45 5.9 6.1 6.25 6.45 6.6 6.65 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.1 Date Gage height. Out- lot. G reen- villc. Feet. 7.1 7.0 6.95 7.5 7.2 3.75 6.5 6.45 [ 6.3 5.95 ... 6.1 6.05 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.9 1904 May 30.. May 31 . . June 1... June 2. . . June 3... June 4. . . June 6. . . June 8... June 9. . . June 10.. June 13.. June 14.. June 15.. June 16.. June 17. . June 18. June 20. June 21 June 22. June 23 June 24, June 25. June 27 June 28. June 29 June 30 Julyl.... July 2.... July 4.... July 6.... July7.... July 8.... July 9.... July 11... July 12... July 13... July 14... July 15... July 16... July 18... July 19... July 20... July 21... July 22... July 23... July 25... July 26... July 27... July 28... July 29... July 30... August 1. August 2. August 3. August 4. August 5. August 8. August 10 August 11 August 12 August 13 August 15 August 16 August 17 August 18 August 19 August 20 August 22 | 4.05 August 24 4.5 August 25 August 26 j 3.95 August 27 August 29 3.85 August 30 August 31 3.7 September 1 September 2 . . . 3. 55 Feet. 7.0 7.1 7.0 6.95 6. 95 7.0 7.0 "i'.bh "6.95 6.85 6.7 6.75 6.7 6.65 6.6 6.4 6.35 6.4 "6.3" 6.25 6.15 5.9 5.55 5.3 5.2 5.15 5.0 4.75 4.7 4.3 4.2 11 4.05 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.05 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.9 6.0 5.95 5.9 5.85 5.8 5.75 5.7 5.65 5.6 5.5 5. 45 5.4 5.25 5.2 5.2 4.95 4.9 4.85 4.75 4.5 4.45 4.35 4.4 4.3 4.25 4.25 4 15 4.15 4.1 4.0 4.05 4.05 4.0 40 3.8 3.65 3.55 to April 29, 1904, no gage readings were obtained, as water was 74 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. Gage heights, in feet, of Moosehead Lake — Continued. Date 1904. September 3 . . . September 5 . . . September 6 . . . September 7 . . . September 8 . . . September 9 . . . September 10 . . September 12 . . September 13 . . September 14. . September 15 . . September 16 . . September 17 . . September 19 . . September 26 . . September 28 . . September 30 . . October 1 October 3 October 4 October 5 October 6 October 7 October 8 October 9 October 10 October 12 October 14 October 17 October 19 October 21 October 24 October 25 October 26 October 27 October 28 October 31 November 2 November 4 November 7 November 9 November 11... November 14... November 18. . . November 23. . . November 25. . . November 28. . November 30. . . December 2 December 5 December 7 December 9 December 12. .. December 14. .. December 16. .. December 19 . . . December 21 . . . December 23 . . . December 25 . . . December 28 . . . 1905. .January 3 January 4 January 6 January 10.. January 11.. January 13.. January 16. . January 18. . January 21 . . January 28. . January 30. . February 2.. February 3. . February 6. . February 8. . February 10. February 15. Gage height. Out- let. Feet. "3." 6~ 3.55 3." 5" 3.4 '3.35' 3.'i" 3.65 3.8 3.85 4.35 4.' 45 4.55 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.85 4.95 5.05 5.5 4.9 4.85 5.0 5.5 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.95 4.9 4.85 4.8 4.75 4.8 4.75 4.75 4.7 4.6 4.55 4.3 4.2 4.15 4.0 3.9 3.85 3.7 3.55 3.5 3.4 3.0 2.9 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.85 1.75 1.85 1.8 1.7 Green- ville. Feet. 3.55 "3.Y 3.55 3.5 3.5 3.45 3.35 3.4 3.3 3.35 3.35 3.45 3.9 4.1 4.25 4.35 4.35 4.45 4.55 5.1 4.5 4.65 4.7 4.65 4.6 4.8 4.95 ! 5.05 5.05 5.15 5.15 5.1 Date. 1905. February 17. . . February 20... February 23. . . February 24. . . February 28. . . March 10 : March 13 ■'. March 15 March 17 March 28 March 22 March 24 March 31...... April 1 April 3 April 4 April 5 April 6 April 7 April 8 April 10 April 11 April 12........ April 13 April 14 April 15 April 17 April 18 April 19 April 20 April 21 April 22 April 24 April 25 April 26 April 27 April 28 April 29 May 1 May 2 May 3 May 4 May 5 May 6 May 8 May 9 May 10 May 11 May 12 May 13 May 15 May 16 May 17 May 18 May 19 May 20 May 22 , May 23 May 24 May 25 May 26 May 27 May 29 May 30 May 31 June 1 June 2 June 3 June 5 June 6 June 7 June 8 J une 9 June 13 June 19 June 21 June 23 June 24 June 26 Gage height. Out- let. Feet. 1.5 1,35 1.2 1.2 1.1 .6 .6 .45 .4 .4 .4 .3 1.0 "% 05 "2. 45 2.7" "2. 9" .3.35 3.55 3." 85 4.' 05 "4.3 "4.6 "4. 95 '5.25 5.' 6" '5." 85 '6.'6' ai" '6."2 _ 6.' 45 '6.Y '6.Y 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.3 6.2 Green- ville. Feet. 1.6 1.65 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.15 2.25 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.75 2.9 3.0 3.25 3.35 3.35 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.95 4.0 4.1 4.25 4.45 4.7 4.75 4.8 5.05 5.1 5.25 5.6 5.6 5.9 5.9 5.95 5.9 6.1 6.1 6.15 6.2 6.3 6.5 3.75 6.8 6.75 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.75 6.8 6.75 6.75 6.6 6.8 6.6 6.65 6.5 6.45 6.4 6. 35 6.25 6.1 Date. 1905. June 27 June 28 June 29 June 30 Julyl July3 July 4 July 5 July 6 July7 July 8 July 10 July 11 July 12 July 13 July 14 July 15 July 17 July 18 July 19 July 20 July 21 July 22 July 24 July 25 July 26 July 27 July 28 July 31 August 1 August 2 August 3 August 4 August 5 August 7 August 8 August 9 August 10 August 11 August 12 August 14 August 15 August 16 August 18 , August 19 August 21 August 22 August 23 August 25 August 26 August 28 August 30 August 31 September 1 . . . September 2 . . . September 4 . . . September 5 . . . September 6 . . . September 7 . . . September 8 . . . September 9 . . . September 11.. September 12.. September 13. . September 14.. September 15.. September 18.. September 19.. September 20.. September 21 . . September 22. . September 23.. September 25.. September 26. . September 27.. September 28.. September 29.. September 30.. October 2 Gage height. Out- let. Feet. 6.5 5.95 '5*95 "5.' 7" "5.' 65 '5." 65 *5.'55 "5.'5~ "5.' 33 *5."25 '5" 06 "is" 4.7 4.65 4.6 4.55 4.3 4.2 4.T 4.T 3." 85 3.8 3.55 3.45 3.35 3.25 3.05 2.95 2.9 "2. 85 "2." 8" '2. 75 2.65 2.5 2.45 "2.'47' 2.35 "2. 25 2.2' "afifi" . GAGE HEIGHTS OF MOOSEHEAD LAKE. Gage heights, in feet, of Moosehead Lake -Continued. 75 Gage height. Date. Gage height. Date. Gage height. Date. Out- let. Green- ville. Out- let. Green- ville. Out- let. Green- ville. • 1905. Feet. Feet. 2.15 2.25 2.15 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.85 1.9 1.8 1.75 1.75 1.7 1.75 1.7 1.65 1.7 1.6 1.55 1.5 ----- 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.35 1.3 1.3 ""i."35 1.35 1.15 1.25 1.15 1.15 1.0 1.0 ""To" "."To" ------ ------ ......... ...... .. 1906. February 1 . ... February 9 . . . . February 12 . . . February 14. .. February 16 . . . February 19 . . . February 21 . . . February 27 . . . February 28 . . . March 3 March 5 March 7 March 9 March 12 March 13 March 16 March 20 March 21 March 24 March 26 March 28 March 30 April 2 Feet. 04 .35 .3 . 5 .6 .7 .7 .8 .8 .8 .7 .7 . 7 .7 .75 .8 .86 .9 .9 .9 .8 .8 .9 .95 .95 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.8 2.05 2.4 2.88 Feet. "'To' 3.15 4.4 3.85 ""i'e" 49 5.35 5.75 6.0 6.55 6.85 7.1 7.2 7.35 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.55 "7." 55 7.6 7.5 7.45 7.45 7.4 7.45 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.35 7.3 7.25 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.0 1906. June 25 Feet. 7.1 Feet. 7 October 5 7. 15 October 6 October 7 2.15 June 27 June 28 7.05 7.15 7. 1 October 9 October 10 2.05 June 29 June 30 6.95 7.0 7 October 11 July 1 6.85 6./ October 12 1.8 July 2 October 13 July 3 6.7 October 16 1.8 July 4 6.55 6.55 October 18 July 5. . 6.6 October 19 1.7 July 6 6.35 6. 5 October 20 July 7 6.35 October 21 1.7 1.7 July 9 6.15 October 23 July 10 6. 1 July 11 6.0 6 1 October 25 1.7 ' July 12 6.0 October 26 July 13. 5.9 5 95 October 27 1.5 1.55 July 14 5.9 October 28 July 16 5.7 5.75 October 30 July 17 5.6 October 31 July 18 5.6 5 7 1.5 July 19. 5. 6 July 20 5.5 5 55 November 3 . . . 1.35 April 6 July 21... . 5.5 April 9 July 23 5.4 5. 4 November 6 . . . 1.3 April 11 April 17 April 18 April 23 April 25 April 27 April 30 July 24 5.4 July 25. . . 5.33 5. 4 November 8 . . . 1.25 July 26 5.35 November 9 . . . July 27 5.2 November 10 . . 1.3 1.3 1.27 1.25 "Ti8' "To" ""."95" "T65" ------ .8 July 28 5.2 November 13 . . July 30 5.0 4 45 November 15 . . July 31 5.05 August 1 August 2 49 4.95 November 18 . . May 2 3.3 3.75 4.95 May 4 August 3 48 4.9 May 5 4.8 May 7.. 4 58 August 6 4 65 4 65 May 8. . . 4.65 May 9 5.05 August 8 45 4.65 May 10 45 May 11 5.9 August 10 4.35 May 12 4 25 May 14 5.95 August 13 4.1 4.25 May 15 42 May 16. . 7.15 August 15 b.95 4. 15 .78 May 17 4.0 May 18 7.32 August 17 August 18 3.85 3.9 .78 May 19 3.85 May 21. . . August 20 3.75 3.75 .95 May 23 7.5 3.7 May 24 August 22 3.65 December 14 . . . .9 .8 .7 .75 .7 .6 .6 .5 .5 .5 .45 . .4 .35 .4 .3 .3 .25 .25 .5 .45 .5 .5 .45 May 25 August 23 3.65 May 28 . 7.5 August 24 3.6 3.7 December 18 . . . May 29 3.6 December 20 . . . May 30 7.45 August 27 August 29 August 30 3.4 3.3 3.45 May 31 . . . December 25 . . . 7.46 3.2 December 27 . . . June 2 August 31 3.15 3.2 December 29 . . 7.45 3.2 September 3 . . . September 4. . . September 5 . . . 3.1 "'2."95' 3.1 1906.a 7.42 3.1 January 2 January 4 January 5 January 10 January 13 3.1 7.4 3.0 September 7 . . . 2.85 3.0 June 11 June 12 7.4 3.0 September 10 . . September 11 . . September 12 . . September 13 . . September 14 . . September 15 . . September 17 . . September 18 . . September 19 . . September 20 . . September 21 . . 2.75 "2.'75" '"% 5" "2.45" "T 4" "2 a" 2.9 January 15 January 17 June 13 7.4 2.8 2.8 January 19 January 22 June 15 7.35 2.8 2.8 January 24 Januarv 26 June 18 June 19 7.25 2.8 2.5 January 29 January 31 June 20 June 21 . . 7.1 2.5 2.5 February 2. ... February 5. ... June 22 June 23 7.0 2.5 2.4 a Lake frozen over January 1 to May 13 and December 2-31, 1906. 3697— irr 198—07- 76 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. Gage heights, in feet, of Moosehead Lake — Continued. Date. 1906. September 22 . September 24 . September 26 . September 27 . September 28 . September 29 . September 30 . October 1 October 2 October 3 October 4 October 5 October 6 October 8 October 9 October 10... October 11... October 12 . . . October 13... October 15... October 16... October 17 . . . October 18-. . . October 19... Gage height. Out- let.- Feet. 2.3 2.2 2.15 '2.T 2.05 '2.'6' 1.9 '2.T "i'is "¥.2 "2V2* '2.' 15 Green- ville. Feet. 2.2 ""2.T 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 Gage height. , Date. Out- let. Green- ville. 1906. October 20 Feet. Feet. 2.2 2.2 2.2 October 22 October 23 2.1 October 24..... 2.2 October 25 2.2 October 26 2.5 October 27 .... . 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.'5 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 October 29..... October 30 2.6 October 31 2.8 November 2 . . . 2.8 November 5 . - . 2.85 November 7 . .. 2.9 November 9 . . . November 10 . . November 12 . . November-13 . . November 14 . . November 15 . . November 16 . . 3.0 "3.'6"" "."2.9" ""ao"- Date. 1906. November 17 , November 19 November 20 November 21 , November 22 , November 23 November 24 November 26 . November 27 . November 28 , November 2$ . November 30 December 3.. December 6. . December 7 . . December 12 . December 14 . December 17 . December 19 . December 21 . December 24 . December 26 . December 28 . Gage height. Out- Green- let, ville. Feet. 3.05 3.0 3.2 "3."3" '3.3' 3.3 3.25 3.3 3.3 3.25 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.15 3.3 3.35 Feet. 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.2 4. 3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 4.3 DEAD RIVER NEAR THE FORKS. Dead River has its headwaters in the mountains between Maine and Canada and flows in a general easterly direction, entering the Kennebec at The Forks. Its basin is 40 miles in extreme length by 30 miles in width and is almost entirely covered with forests. For a large portion of its length the river flows through swamps; in its lower course it has considerable fall. The only dams on the stream are owned by the log-driving companies, and the gates are kept open after the drives are out of the river. This gaging station was established September 29, 1901, by N. C. Grover. It is located 1| miles west of The Forks. The channel is straight for 500 feet above and below the station and is about 225 feet wide at ordinary stages. The banks are rocky and are subject to overflow in extreme freshets. The bed is rocky and permanent. The current is rapid. The gage, which is read twice each day by Jeremiah Durgin, jr., is a vertical rod attached to a large bowlder on the left bank about 700 feet below the cable. It is referred to a bench mark, a copper bolt set in a bowlder 9.5 feet from the gage; elevation, 7.97 feet above the zero of the gage. No revision has been made in estimates previously published for this station. Values for monthly means as given below are considered to be within 5 per cent of the true flow for discharge greater than 500 second-feet. Below this point the probable error increases gradually, FLOW OF DEAD RIVER NEAR THE FORKS. being about 10 to 15 per cent for a discharge of 170 second-feet, daily discharges are subject to much larger errors. Discharge measurements of Dead River near The Forks. 77 The Date. Gage height. Dis- charge. Date. Gage height. Dis- charge. September 29 1901. a 1903. Feet. 0.40 .90 .90 1.10 .89 .69 .69 3.00 6.35 1.05 Sec.-ft. 255 399 40-1 737 452 211 214 3,470 15,300 655 June 21 1904. Feet. 1.05 .72 .78 1.82 1.75 1.75 1.09 4.35 4.28 .85 Sec.-ft. '676 July 27 -.- 279 370 April 21.... June 1 Do July 18..... May 8 Do September 5 1905. 1906. July 15 1,810 1,520 1,510 Do 690 1904. 7,700 7,490 June 21 385 a By wading. Daily gage height, in feet, of Dead River near The Forks. Day. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Day. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1.. 1901.« 0.35 .4 .4 .4 0.5 .4 .5 :l\ .45 .4 1 .4 .4 .4 .4 1 •4 | .45 ' .5 .5 .5 | 0.8 .8 .7 .7 .7 .8 .8 .7 17.. 18.. 19.. 20.. 21.. 1901. 1.6 1.3 .95 .85 .8 .65 .7 .8 .8 .8 .7 .7 .6 .55 . 5 0.5 .4 .4 .5 .5 .5 .6 .6 .6 .0 .7 .7 .7 .8 2 3 4 5 .4 .35 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 6 22 23!. 24.. 25.. 26.. 27.. 28.. 29.. 30.. 31.. 7 8 9 10 U 12.. .3 .4 13 0.4 .4 14 .5 .8 1.5 15 16 « Ice conditions November 20 to December 31, 1901. Day. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1902 .« 1 2.57 2.1 1.85 1.55 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.0 .8 1.2 1.15 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.1 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.75 1.55 1.35 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 .9 0.8 .9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 .9 1.0 1.1 1.45 1.75 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.75 1.05 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9 1.3 1.55 1.45 1.3 1.2 1.25 1.45 1.6 1.6 1.6 2.0 1.75 1.0 1.0 2.8 2.65 2.0 1.75 1.6 1.55 1.45 1.35 1.25 1.1 1.1 1.0 .9 .75 1.1 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.65 1.0 2 1.0 3 1.0 4 1.2 5 1.2 6 1.1 7.... 1.1 8 1.0 9 1.0 10 1.0 11 1.1 12 1.2 13 1.1 14 1.1 15 1.1 16 1.1 17 1.1 18 1.15 19 1.2 20 1.3 a 1902 gage heights have been revised to agree with observer's original record, ably existed during December, 1902. Ice conditions prob- 78 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.- Daily gage height, in feet, of Dead River near The Forks — Continued. Day. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1902. 21 0.75 .6 .8 .7 1.0 1.25 1.05 1.2 1.45 1.65 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9 .9 .9 1.0 .95 .9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9 1.1 1.35 1.5 1.25 1.15 H 1.2 1.05 1.2 1.45 1.7 1.55 1.4 1.25 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.15 1.0 1.05 .95 .95 0.8 .8 .7 .7 1.8 1.45 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 .1 1.35 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.15 1.05 1.0 1.0 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 1.0 1.0 .9 .9 .9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.35 1.2 1.1 1.05 1.0 1.0 .9 .9 .95 .95 .85 .85 .8 .75 .75 .65 .65 .65 .75 .75 .85 .95 .95 .85 .85 .85 .85 .75 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.45 1.25 1.1 1.1 1.1 .9 .8 .8 .7 .7 .8 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .5 .5 .5 .5 .6 .75 .75 .75 .85 1.25 1.45 1.3 1.2 1.05 1.05 .95 .95 1.05 1.25 1.0 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.35 1.45 0.95 .9 .8 .8 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.35 2.8 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .7 .7 .7 .7 2.15 3.05 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.55 2.25 1.7 1.4 1.35 1.25 1.25 1.15 1.25 1.15 1.15 1.25 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.55 1.5 1.45 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.4 22 1.4 23 1.5 24 1.5 25 1.6 4.55 3.05 3.3 4.15 3.2 1.5 26 1.45 27. 28. . 29. . 30 31 1903." 1 .7 .7 .7 .7 .8 .8 .8 .8 .7 .7 .8 .8 .8 .7 .7 .7 .75 .8 .7 .7 .8 .8 .8 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 1.0 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.25 1.2 1.15 1.15 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.2 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.05 1.05 1.15 1.15 1.05 1.05 1.0 2 1.1 3 1.1 4 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9 .9 .9 .9 1.85 2.8 4.8 3.8 2.9- 2.2 1.95 1.8 2.0 2.15 2.05 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 5 1.1 ft. 1.0 7. . 1.0 8... 1.0 9... 1.0 10 1.0 11 1.0 12 1.0 13 .9 14 .9 15 1.0 16 1.0 17 1.0 18 1.0 19 1.0 20 1.1 21 1.25 22 1.35 23. 1.4 24.. 1.5 25 1.6 26 1.6 27 : 1.7 28 1.85 29. 2.0 30... 2.1 31 2.1 1904.6 1 4.15 4.9 5.35 5.9 6.85 5.25 4.55 4.45 4.15 4.75 5.15 4.55 4.25 4.05 5.6 4.3 4.6 4.15 6.15 5.55 2.25 2.45 4.15 3.45 2.45 4.65 3.45 4.65 4.75 4.5 3.75 3.45 2.6 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.05 1.05 .95 2 .95 3 .95 4... 1.05 5 4.95 1.05 6 1.15 7. 1.15 8 1.15 9.... 1.25 10 2.85 2.05 3.25 3.35 3.35 2.35 2.2 1.95 1.8 1.85 1.85 1.4 11. (o) 12... 13,... 14. 15 16 17. 18... 19.... 20 a Gage carried awav during the. winter by ice; replaced June 4, 1903. Ice conditions during December, 1903. b River frozen over January 1 to April 5 and December 11-31, 1904; clear of ice April 9. No readings during frozen period. c Anchor ice affects gage readings. FLOW OF DEAD RIVER NEAR THE FORKS. 79 Daily gage height, in feet, of Dead River near The Forks — Continued. Day. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1904. 21 ' 1.85 1.95 2.05 2.35 2.5 3.3 3.0 3.85 6.05 4.45 5.65 5.45 4.8 4.65 2.85 3.05 5.4 2.9 4.85 2.75 1.95 3.9 4.15 3.55 5.85 4.25 4.05 4.2 4.25 4.15' 4.3 4.55 4.15 4.1 3.8 3.5 5.7 5.05 4.05 3.8 5.2 5.1 4.85 4.65 4.75 4.6 5.15 4.35 4.45 4.55 4.15 2.85 3.85 4.4 4.1 4.2 3.7 4.35 4.35 3.65 3.85 3.9 4/25 4.75 3.95 4.05 3.8 3.85 3.85 4.35 3.9 3. .65 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.35 1.45 1.45 1.35 1.2 1.1 2.6 2.55 1.9 1.7 1.65 1.65 1.75 1.65 1.6 • 1.55 1.55 1.8 2.3 2.2 1.95 1.85 1.85 1.75 2.0 2.3 2.65 2.65 2.4 2.2 2.05 2.05 1.95 1.95 1.85 1.75 3.55 2.35 2.15 1.95 2.95 3.05 3.7 3.95 3.7 2.7 3.6 3.95 2.5 2.0 1.95 1.6 1.7 1.55 1.45 1.4 0.95 .95 .85 .85 .75 .75 .65 .65 .75 .85 .95 1.75 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.45 1.35 1.45 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.05 1.0 1.05 1.25 1.65 1.95 1.35 1.1 1.1 1.15 1.15 1.05 .95 .95 .95 1.5 1.25 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.2 1.3 1.65 1.8 1.65 1.6 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.25 1.15 1.65 1.7 1.5 1.05 .9 .8 .75 .75 .75 .75 1.85 1.85 1.55 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 .95 .95 1.05 1.05 1.15 1.3 1.45 1.3 1.15 1.15 1.05 1.05 1.05 .95 .95 .85 .85 .85 .75 .75 .85 .85 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .65 .65 .65 .65 .65 .65 .65 .65 .65 .6 .55 .65 .65 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.25 1.25 1.4 1.6 1.65 1.75 1.85 .75 .75 .75 .85 .95 1.05 1.2 1.25 1.1 .95 .95 .85 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .9 1.1 1.15 1.05 .95 .95 .95 .9 .8 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .85 .85 .8 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .85 .85 .8 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 1.7 2.15 2.55 2.75 2.6 2.4 1.85 1.65 1.5 1.4 1.35 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .65 .65 .65 .65 .65 .65 .65 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .65 .65 .65 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .65 .65 .65 1.15 1.4 1.65 1.55 1.65 1.3 1.25 1.15 .95 .95 .9 .85 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 .95 1.0 1.0 .95 22 j 23 24 ! 25 » g 1 28 ! 29 1 30 1 31 1905.a 1 3.6 3.35 3.4 2.9 2.6 2.45 2.35 2.35 2.35 2.45 2.45 2.65 2.5 2.3 2.35 2.35 2.95 2.85 2.2 1.9 2.4 3.25 4.95 2.35 2.3 2.15 2.3 3.2 3.4 3.15 .75 .85 .85 .85 .85 .85 .85 .95 .95 .95 .85 .75 .75 .85 .85 .85 .85 .95 .95 .95 .95 .85 .85 .85 .85 .95 .95 1.05 1.15 1.15 1.15 2 1.1 1.05 4 1.05 1.15 1.15 7 1.15 1.15 9 1.15 10. 1.15 11 1. 15 12 1.05 1.05 14. 1.05 1.05 1.05 17 18 : 19 20 22 23 24 25 27 28 4.85 3.85 2.8 3.5 29 30 31 1906.6 1 1.4 1.3 1.25 1.15 1.05 1.05 .95 .95 .95 .95 1.05 1.05 .95 .95 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 .95 2 .95 3 1.05 4 1.05 5 1.05 6. . . * 1.15 7 1.25 8 1.25 9 1.25 10 2.65 2.65 2.55 2.45 2.45 2.35 2.6 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 1. 15 1.25 12 1.25 13 1.25 14 • 15 16 17 18 19 20 o River frozen January 1 to March 27, 1905; ice went out March 28 and river clear. December 16-31, 1905. & River frozen January 1 to April 10, and December 14-31, 1906. River frozen 80 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.' Daily gage height, in feet, of Dead River near The Forks — Continued. Day. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. . 1906. 21 : 3.85 4.55 4.65 4.15 3.8 3.4 3.0 3.25 3.55 3.45 3.85 3.4 4.0 3.4 3.55 2.6 3.0 3.05 3.95 3.25 3.15 1.35 1.25 1.5 1.65 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.35 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.15 1.15 1.05 .95 .95 .85 .85 ,75 .75 .75 .85 .85 .85 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .75 .85 .85 .75 .75 .75 .75 .65 . .85 1.25 1.5 1.8 1.85 1.95 2.05 1.9 1.85 1.7 1.55 1.15 1.25 1.35 1.25 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.05 1.05 1.05 22 23. 24. . 25... 26 27 28 29 30. 31. Rating table for Dead River near The' Forks from June 25, 1902, to December 31, 1906. a Gage Dis- Gage Dis- Gage Dis- Gage Dis- height. charge. height. charge. height. charge. height. charge. Feet. Sec.-ft. Feet. Sec.-ft. Feet. Sec.-ft. Feet. Sec.-ft. 0.40 45 1.50 1,225 2.60 2,970 4.40 7,730 0.50 110 1.60 1,365 2.70 3,160 4.60 8,420 0.60 185 1.70 1,505 2.80 3,360 4.80 9,140 0.70 270 1.80 1,650 2.90 3,570 5.00 9,890 0.80 365 1.90 1,795 3.00 3,790 5.50 11,920 0.90 470 2.00 1,945 3.20 4,240 6.00 14,080 1.00 580 2.10 2, 100 3.40 4,730 6.50 16, 370 1.10 700 2.20 2,260 3.60 5,260 7.00 18,780 1.20 825 2.30 2,430 3.80 5,830 1.30 955 2.40 2,600 4.00 6,430 1.40 1,090 2.50 2,780 4.20 7,060 a This table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on 19 discharge measurements made during 1903-1906. It is well denned between gage heights 0.7 foot and 2 feet. Monthly discharge of Dead River near The Forks. [Drainage area, 870 square miles.] Discharge in second-feet. Run-off. Month. Maximum. Minimum. Mean. Sec.-ft. per sq. mile. Depth in inches. 1902.a June 25-30 8,245 2,913 2, 600 1,795 3, 360 3,360 9,140 1,225 1,090 470 270 580 14, 300 18,040 8,960 1,505 1,505 1,722 3,900 1,022 1,090 1,365 185 270 365 . 365 318 470 470 470 110 110 270 1,650 1,870 640 228 228 318 762 525 525 4,855 954 991 1,022 942 1,226 1,748 646 648 222 172 357 3,722 8,892 2,969 705 495 967 1,770 741 712 5.58 1.09 1.14 1.17 1.08 1.41 2.01 .743 .745 .255 .198 .410 4.28 10.22 3.41 .810 .569 1.11 2.03 .852 .818 1.22 July 1.26 August 1.31 September 1.30 1.24 1.57 1903. June 4-30 2.02 July .86 August .86 .28 October .23 November .46 1904.?' April 10-30 3.34 11.78 June 3.80 July .93 August .66 September 1.24 2.34 .95 December 1-10 .30 a Estimates for December, 1902, and December, 1903, omitted on account of ice conditions. b River frozen January 1 to April 9 and December 11-31, 1904. PLOW OP CARRABASSETT RIVER AT NORTH ANSON. 81 Monthly discharge of Dead River near The Forks — Continued. Month. 1905.O April May June July August September October November December 1-16 1906.b April 10-30 May June :. July August September October November December 1-13 Discharge in second-feet. Maximum. Minimum. Mean 9,700 13, 420 3,065 ,600 ,722 890 318 762 762 8,600 8,960 6,280 1,650 418 417 2,022 1,090 1,795 3,465 1,295 525 318 318 228 318 640 2,515 2,970 890 418 148 227 227 525 525 3,352 7,821 1,955 1,180 739 475 289 470 705 4,586 5,936 2,593 867 292 337 934 701 756 Run-off. Sec.-ft. per Depth in sq.mile. inches. 3.85 8.99 2.25 1.36 .849 .546 .332 .540 .810 5.27 6.82 2.98 .997 .336 .387 1.07 .806 .869 4.30 10.36 2.51 1.57 .98 .61 .38 4.12 7.86 3.32 1.15 .39 .43 1.23 .90 .42 a River frozen January 1 to March 28 and December 16-31, 1905. b Ice conditions January 1 to April 10 and December 14-31, 1906. CARRABASSETT RIVER AT NORTH ANSON. Carrabassett River enters the Kennebec from the west at North Anson. Its basin has steep slopes, partly in farm lands, with no large natural reservoirs. Dams have been constructed and power used at New Portland, East New Portland, and North Anson. The gaging station was established October 19, 1901, by N. C. Grover. It is located above Embden Brook and below Anson Brook, about 4 miles from North Anson. The channel is straight for 500 feet above and 300 feet below the station and is about 150 feet wide, divided into two parts at low stages of the river b}^ a gravelly bar. The bed is of coarse gravel and is per- manent, and the current is moderately rapid. Discharge measurements are made by wading at low stages and from a boat at high stages. Gage readings are taken once each day by N. Q. Hilton. There are two gages. One is a vertical rod attached to a tree; the other is a standard chain gage attached to trees on the bank. The length of the chain is 36.73 feet. The datum of the two gages is the same and is referred to a bench mark, a copper bolt set in a large bowlder at the outlet of Anson Brook; elevation, 11.40 feet above the zero of the gage. Estimates as previously published for 1902 to 1904, inclusive, have been revised and are now based on the 1905 rating curve. Values for monthly means, as given below, are considered to be within 5 per cent of the true flow for discharges greater than 600 82 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. second-feet. Below this point the error may range between 5 and 30 per cent. This is due to changing conditions of flow and the larger errors in general occur only over relatively short periods of time. The probable error of a given low monthly flow can be esti- mated somewhat closely by comparing the percentage error of the nearest low-water measurement, in point of time, with the rating table for the gage height of the measurement. Discharge measurements of Carrabassett River at North Anson. Date. 1902. June 27 July 30 October 30 October 30 October 31 November 1 November 1 November 2 November 3 1903. May 26 July 17 Gage height. Feet. 4.30 .60 2.47 2.67 1.99 1.69 1.60 1.42 1.35 Dis- charge. Sec.-ft. -4,170 192 1,810 2,120 1,370 1,130 1,080 882 851 348 Date. 1903 August 15 September 23... November 6 1904. August 30 1905 July 20 a October 266 1906. September 7 Gage height. Feet. 0.71 .15 1.18 .40 06 Dis- charge. Sec.-ft. 300 76 165 154 436 146 107 a Log jam in left channel 500 feet below gage. *> Measurement made by wading near gage. Daily gage height, in feet, of Carrabassett River at North Anson. Day. Nov. Dec. Day. Nov. Dec. 1 ... 0.6 .6 .6 .5 .5 .5 (a) 16 0.2 .2 .2 .5 .4 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 2 .. . 17 3 0.4 .4 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 • 2 18... 4.. . ... 19... 5 . . 20 6. 21 7 . . 22 8 23 9 24 10 25 U 26 12 27 13 28 14 29... 15 30 a River frozen December 7 to 31, 1901. Day. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1 1902. a 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.0 .9 .8 .8 .9 .7 .7 .6 .6 0.4 .4 1.5 1.2 1.0 .9 .8 .8 .8 .8 .7 .9 .9 .7 .6 0.7 .8 .7 .7 .9 .8 .7 .9 .8 2.8 1.9 1.4 1.2 2.8 2.1 0.9 1.1 1.0 .9 .8 1.2 1.7 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 .9 .9 .9 1.0 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.0 2 1.0 3 .. .9 4... 1.0 5 1.1 6 • 1.1 7 1.2 8. . 1.2 9... 1.1 10... 1.1 11. 1.1 12 .9 13... 14... 15 a River frozen December 13-31, 1902. FLOW OF CARRABASSETT RIVER AT NORTH ANSON. 83 Daily gage height, in feet, of Carrabassett River at North Anson — Continued. Day. 1902. 1903." 1904. Mar. Apr. 2,1 2.4 M.9 2.9 2.5 2.2 3.7 4.0 2.7 2.3 2.2 3.5 3.6 3.3 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9 4.7 5.2 4.1 3.3 2.7 2.2 May. 1.9 1.9 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 7.3 4.9 4.0 4.2 4.4 3.7 3.8 2.6 2.4 9.5 5.8 4.6 3.5 2.9 2.4 June. 4.8 4.9 3.1 2.2 1.7 0.2 .1 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 11,1 8.3 4.1 2.8 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.1 2.3 1.8 1.5 1.3 July. 0.6 .6 .6 .5 .6 .6 1.0 1.0 .6 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .6 .5 .6 .6 .6 .4 1.2 .9 .7 .5 .7 .7 1.4 1.2 2.9 2.0 1.5 1.1 .9 .8 1.0 1.7 .4 .8 1.0 .9 .6 .6 .7 .5 .4 .3 .3 2.3 1.5 1.9 1.4 Aug. | Sept 0.5 .5 .5 .5 .3 .3 .3 6.4 3.0 2.3 1.6 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.6 1.1 . .9 .7 .6 .6 .6 .6 .5 .4 .4 1.3 1.2 .9 .9 Oct. Nov. 0.9 .8 .8 .8 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 .9 1.5 4.3 2.5 2.0 .4 .4 .7 1.3 2.1 l.S 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 Dec. 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 a River frozen January 1 to March 29 and December 31, 1903. b Qage reading to water surface in hole cut in ice at gage; otherwise no readings during frozen season, 1004. 84 WATEB RESOURCES OP KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. ~ Daily gage height, in feet, of Carrabassett River at North Anson — Continued. Day. - Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1904. 16. 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.5 3.2 3.9 3.4 3.7 3.4 4.7 7.1 11.3 6.6 4.1 3.3 4.4 3.1 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4. 1.3 1.2 1.0 2.3 2.0 1.4 3.6 3.1 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.0 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.6 .1.5 1.6 2.0 2.2 3.0 2.5 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1 3.0 4.0 3.5 3.8 3.5 3.1 3.2 2.8 2.3 4.1 3.6 2.7 2.3 2.6 1.9 0.5 .5 .5 , 4 .4 .3 .3 .5 .5 .4 .6 .4 .3 .1 .2 1.0 .9 .9 1.0 .8 .8 1.0 .8 .7 ' .7 '.7 3.8 2.4 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.0 .9 1.8 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.3 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.1 .8 1.1 .8 .7 .5 .4 .4 .3 .3 .2 .3 .3 .2 .9 1.8 1.4 .9 .9 .9 2.7 1.9 1.5 1.2 1.0 .9 .8 .8 .8 .7 .6 .5 .5 .5 .5 .6 1.2 1.2 .9 .7 .6 .5 .7 .5 .4 .7 .4 .3 1.3 .5 .5 .6 .6 .7 .7 .9 .7 .6 .9 .8 1.6 1.2 1.0 .8 0.8 .7 .6 .5 .4 2.7 1.6 1.3 1.0 .8 .7 ;5 .5 .5 .4 .4 2.9 1.5 1.2 .9 .7 .7 .6 .9 .8 .7 .6 .5 .5 .7 .5 .6 .9 .7 .6 .5 .5 .4 .4 .3 .2 .3 .3 .5 .4 .3 .3 1.1 1.0 .7 .5 .4 .4 .3 .2 .1 .2 .1 .1 .1 .2 1.9 1.3 1.0 .9 .9 .9 .9 .8 .7 .5 .4 .4 .4 .7 2.8 .3 .3 .3 2.2 1.4 1.9 1.4 1.2 1.0 ,8 . .7 .6 .7 .8 .7 .6 . .6 .8 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.0 .7 .6 .7 .5 .5 .5 .3 .2 !3 .6 .5 .3 .1 .1 .1. .2 .4 .2 .1 .1 0.8 .7 .7 .7 .6 .6 .4 2.5 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.2 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4/ .3 .4 .4 .3 .3 1.0 .9 .7 .6 .5 .4 .4 .4 .5 .6 .6 .6 .5 .6 .6 .4 .4 .4 .4 .1 .2 .2 .3 .4 .2 .5 4.0 3.1 2.2 1.5 1.1 .9 0.8 .7 .8 .9 .9 .7 1.2 .9 .8 .9 1.0 .9 .7 .8 .8 .4 .6 .6 .6 .7 .7 .8 1.0 .8 .8 .6 .7 .8 .8 .8 .7 .8 1.0 .7 .7 .8 .7 .5 .6 .6 1.1 1.0 1.0 .7 1.0 .9 .8 .8 .8 .7 .7- .6 .7 .•5 .6 .6 .6 .6 .5 0.7 17. .7 18. . .6 19 .7 20. . . .7 21 .7 22 .7 23 .8 24 .8 25 .8 26 .7 27. .8 28. .9 29. . .9 30.. .9 31 .9 1905. a 1 3.0 .2.8 2.3 2.1 1.9 4.0 3.6 2.7 2.2 2.2 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 3.4 2.6 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.2 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.0 2 1.1 3 .7 4. 1.1 1.4 6 1.2 7. .9 8... 1.0 9... .8 10 .8 11 .8 12 .6 13 .6 14 , .7 15 .8 16 .8 17... .8 18 1.0 19... .7 20 .6 21 .6 22 .8 23 .7 24 .7 25... 1.0 26 .8 27 .8 28 .7 29... 4.0 .7 30... .7 31 .8 1906.6 1 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.5 3.0 3.3 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.3 3.0 .9 2 .4 3 .9 4 1.1 1.3 6 1.4 7 1.4 8 1.5 9 1.3 10 •. 1.1 11 1.0 12 .9 13 1.0 14 .9 15 .9 a River frozen .lanuarv 1 to March 26, 1905; ice broke up March 26 and went out March 28. t> ftiver frozen January 1 to April 16, 1906, when the ice broke up; ice went out April 18, 1906. FLOW OF CARRABASSETT RTVER AT NORTH ANSON. 85 Daily gage height, in feet, of Carrabassett River at North Anson — Continued. Day. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1906. 26. 5.1 5.5 5.1 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.9 5.1 3.4 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.8 3.3 1.8 1.8 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.5 1.4 1.3 .1.3 1.3 1.8 1.8 3.2 3.0 2.3 1.8 0.7 .6 .6 .7 .6 .6 .3 .4 2.3 1.8 1.3 1.2 .7 .6 .6 0.6 .5 .5 .7- .4 .9 .7 1.3 1.0 .7 .6 .4 .4 .3 1.7 .5 .3 .3 .3 .2 .1 1.7 .9 .5 .4 -0.1 - .1 0.8 .7 1.1 0.6 .7 .6 .7 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 .6 Rating tables for Carrabassett River at North Anson. NOVEMBER 3, 1901, TO DECEMBER 31, 1905.O Gage Dis- Gage Dis- Gage Dis- • Gage Dis- height. charge. height. charge. height. charge. height. charge. Feet. Sec.-ft. Feet. Sec.-ft. Feet. Sec.-ft. Feet. Sec.-ft. 0.10 55 1.30 755 2.50 1,900 3.70 3,345 0.20 85 1.40 840 2.60 2,010 3.80 3,480 0.30 120 1.50 925 2.70 2,120 3.90 3,615 0.40 160 1.60 1,015 2.80 2,235 4.00 3,750 0.50 205 1.70 1,105 2.90 2,350 5.00 5,100 0.60 256 1.80 1,195 3.00 2,470 6.00 6,450 0.70 313 1.90 1,290 3.10 2,590 7.00 7,800 0.80 376 2.00 1,385 3.20 2,710 8.00 9,150 0.90 445 2.10 1,485 3.30 2,830 9.00 10,500 1.00 520 2.20 1,585 3.40 2,955 10.00 11,850 1.10 595 2.30 1,690 3.50 3,080 11.00 13,200 1.20 675 2.40 1,795 3.60 C,210 JANUARY 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 1906.& -.10 77 0.20 133 0.50 233 0.80 395 0.00 92 0.30 160 0.60 280 0.90 455 0.10 110 0.40 193 0.70 335 1.00 520 a This table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on 14 discharge measurements made during 1902-1905. It is well defined below gage height 5.0 feet. Above gage height 3.6 feet the rating curve is a tangent, the difference being 135 per tenth. b This table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. The rating is the same as the 1905 rating above gage height 1 foot. Below 1 foot it is based primarily on the measurement made in 1906, and prob- ably represents closely the conditions of flow as they existed during that year. 86 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. Monthly discharge of Carrabassett River at North Anson. [Drainage area, 340 square miles.] Month . 1902.a June 26-30 July Auguct September October November December 1-12 1903. b April May June July August September October November December c 1904.<* April 10-30 May June July August September October November December 1905. e April May June July August September October November December 1906./ April May June July August , September October November. December Discharge in second-feet. Maximum. Minimum. Mean 4,965 1,295 6,990 2,235 4,155 1,105 675 3,750 1,290 13,340 2,350 1,105 205 755 595 2,010 7,935 13,670 1,690 1,690 2,120 2,235 1,900 675 595 3,750 3,210 3,480 2,120 2,350 1,585 520 595 840 5,775 3,885 1,690 1,105 1.105 280 3,750 840 1,485 1,105 205 120 313 376 520 445 840 85 55 160 160 55 55 85 120 ,015 520 55 85 160 120 160 256 256 755 595 256 120 120 120 120 160 256 755 160 160 92 77 92 233 193 ,015 435 738 694 762 668 565 1,693 492 1,332 483 360 110 200 161 764 2,911 3,556 395 425 386 362 652 419 367 1,814 1,316 789 459 343 205 354 404 2,-976 1,962 708 389 215 119 774 408 759 Run-off. Sec.-ft. per Depth in sq. mile. inches. 8.87 1.28 2.17 2.04 2.24 1.96 1.66 4.98 1.45 3.92 1.42 1.06 .324 .588 .474 2.25 8.56 10.46 1.16 1.25 1.14 1.06 1.92 1.23 1.08 5.34 3.87 2.32 1.35 1.01 1.44 .602 1.04 1.19 8.75 5.77 2.08 1.14 .632 .350 2.28 1.20 2.23 65 1. 1.48 2.50 2.28 2.58 2.19 .74 5.56 1.67 4.37 1.64 1.22 .36 .68 .53 12.06 1.29 1.44 1.31 1.18 2.21 1.37 1.24 5.96 4.46 2.59 1.56 1.16 1.61 1.16 1.37 9.76 6.65 2.32 1.31 .73 .39 2.63 1.34 2.57 a River frozen December 13-31, 1902. b River frozen January 1 to March 29 and December 31, 1903. c No correction made for ice conditions December 31, 1903. d River frozen January 1 to April 9, 1904. e River frozen January 1 to March 26, 1905. / River frozen January 1 to April 16, 1906; open-channel rating applied for first half of April which gives excessive values for that month. SANDY RIVER NEAR MADISON. Sandy River rises near Rangeley Lake, flowing at first southeast- ward, then in the last third of its course northeastward into Kennebec River, which it joins about 2 miles below Madison. It has a total length of about 50 miles, and while there are a few small ponds in its basin its storage capacity is small and the flow is variable. It resem- bles very much in this way Carrabassett River, the slopes being in FLOW OF SANDY KIVER NEAR MADISON. 87 the main steep and the fall very rapid throughout the greater part of its course, amounting in all to as much as 1,400 feet. Comparatively few water-power developments have been made; namely, at New Sharon, Farmington, and at the point near Madison described below. This station was established March 23, 1904, by F. E. Pressey. It is located at the dam of the Madison Electric Works, just over the town line in Stark, but is nearer the Madison post-office. The dam rests on ledge rock and has a fairly level crest, 341.4 feet in length between vertical abutments. The crest is 1 foot wide on top, sloping from the upstream edge. 4.75 horizontal to 1.25 vertical, while the downstream face of the dam is vertical. The level top is of dressed stone (6-cut) ; the remainder is quarry faced, but care has been taken to leave no considerable projection on the approach to the crest. Provision has been made for the installation of flashboards when necessary. The head developed by the dam is about 15 feet, which is used in a power development on the right bank, consisting of a head bay nearly 100 feet long, decreasing in width from 40 to 20 feet at the racks, and one pair of 38-inch McCormick turbines (rated at Holyoke), with complete arrangements for a second pair if found necessary. This plant is owned by the Madison village corporation and is used for furnishing light and power. The pondage extends back about 2 miles, but there is no side flowage. When water is more than 3 feet deep on the dam, the crest is increased in length about 87.5 feet by flowing over the wall of the fore bay. The wheels and gen- erators are in operation only during the night, so that the discharge has been .based on a gage height read late in the afternoon just before starting up ; and it is believed that the pondage effect has been wholly eliminated in this way. A plain vertical staff gage was first fastened to the retaining wall of the dam, the elevation of the 100-foot mark at the gage being equal to the elevation of the crest of the dam. This has been superseded, however, by a float gage referred to the same datum and installed through the courtesy and assistance of C. S. Humphreys, C. E., of Madison, engineer in charge. At the same time another float gage was placed to record the height of water in the tailrace, so that in case it becomes necessary to use turbines in estimating flow records of the head on the wheels may be obtained. The gages are referred to the following bench mark : A point inclosed by a circle on the north side of the wing wall, about 22.8 feet from its end at the dam, marked "B. M."; elevation 102.98 feet above gage datum. The gages are read twice daily by Marcus W. Moore, electrician at the station. Where the discharge is under about 500 second-feet, values may be in error from 10 to 25 per cent; above 500 second-feet discharge, error is probably under 10 per cent, 88 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Sandy River near Madison. Day. 1904. 1905. Jan. Feb. 224 224 256 323 403 502 502 525 645 675 766 766 645 720 570 570 570 556 542 514 502 525 403 379 357 379 323 256 224 874 379 525 570 570 645 502 502 502 379 278 300 224 256 323 323 256 224 278 278 a 139 a 162 a 128 «150 a 139 a 146 a 112 a 162 Mar. 1,250 1,871 3,659 5,335 3,792 2,677 2,331 2,331 a 150 6 253 6 253 6 200 6 215 6 185 6 253 6 149 a H2 cl28 c208 c242 c302 c284 c242 c208 cl68 192 357 440 .956 956 797 874 2,940 5,665 5,545 7,479 6, 694 7,908 Apr. 2,677 2,216 2,216 1,986 2,216 3,792 4,199 3,531 8,875 11,265 8.126 5,936 4,199 3,056- 2,446 2,101 1,757 2,331 2,677 4,609 3,792 3,926 4,609 5,485 7,411 6,402 6,725 6,090 10,850 10,237 7.026 4,036 3,012 2,653 2,308 4,581 4,775 3,155 2.423 2,469 3,031 2.892 2,940 2,538 2,653 2,078 1,734 1,325 1,137 1,046 1,175 4,718 2,377 1,734 1,518 1,421 1,561 1 , 561 1,561 1,287 May. 9,255 5,785 4,336 4,063 3,280 2,331 1,441 2,331 2, 101 8,687 5,485 3,056 2,331 1,986 10,325 5,785 3,280 4,609 6,402 3.531 2,446 1,871 1,648 1,441 974 974 812 812 585 516 1,364 1,325 874 2,538 2,607 1,691 1,734 1,848 1,561 1,757 1,364 1,137 992 956 956 1,137 1,848 2,078 2,892 1,917 1,479 1,137 956 797 645 675 645 874 615 477 525 June. July. Aug. Sept. 516 334 235 126 452 289 357 126 452 516 334 92 452 452 312 106 391 334 135 126 452 235 135 152 1,064 235 213 106 974 181 135 79 735 235 135 92 585 235 135 92 452 181 135 60 334 235 391 60 391 235' 213 42 391 235 256 79 452 289 312 379 334 289 '235 1,101 289 235 181 645 289 235 181 379 235 235 181 306 135 235 135 323 135 181 1,871 323 135 181 923 379 135 181 615 300 135 181 477 256 66 181 357 256 135 135 357 357 135 66 289 300 135 135 135 300 135 135 256 300 135 152 152 956 289 192 477 323 2,078 136 440 379 645 42 502 2,653 502 51 502 956 323 362 403 645 224 929 403 570 170 1,308 615 403 170 836 477 300 170 428 379 256 192 285 323 224 170 109 224 170 92 145 403 170 106 119 3,330 170 106 163 1,734 152 79 229 956 152 126 166 675 126 192 106 477 126 300 76 403 126 357 318 357 106 170 1,601 357 106 106 806 403 126 106 563 525 79 106 502 477 79 79 417 403 79 79 166 278 79 60 156 323 79 60 115 1,691 79 00 103 1,046 60 42 92 675 79 42 94 477 60 42 82 126 42 Oct. 1,137 720 502 502 379 306 256 278 403 224 278 224 256 300 323 323 224 224 224 224 300 4,309 1,561 923 720 720 1,518 1,137 675 615 502 Nov. 477 440 440 403 379 357 322 323 323 300 300 278 256 379 379 477 570 440 403 379 403 675 645 615 502 570 440 379 224 224 57 49 79 60 47 88 51 94 59 . 134 43 144 47 235 41 307 41 284 42 264 37 242 48 212 253 241 339 328 153 209 150 263 131 352 92 221 92 114 87 183 94 165 135 158 116 129 93 131 92 318 80 388 69 362 62 183 51 241 47 339 45 o Water flowing over one-half of dam on account of obstruction by ice. 6 Water flowing over one-third of dam on account of obstruction by ice. c Water flowing over three-fourths of dam on account of obstruction by ice. FLOW OF SANDY K1VER NEAR MADISON. 89 Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Sandy River near Madison — Continued. Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1906. 1 231 231 200 229 263 286 236 286 373 429 304 351 339 294 229 317 491 555 530 469 418 406 715 2,655 2,540 1,736 1,505 1,000 732 627 567 539 467 374 372 361 407 491 595 555 564 478 565 698 582 442 373 296 208 274 273 274 294 327 419 423 361 442 504 593 595 517 363 444 360 339 326 303 321 182 294 229 406 453 384 320 222 252 262 192 183 159 166 144 191 252 443 1,070 1,388 1,406 1,223 1,292 1,050 1,141 1,711 2,882 2,985 2,243 2,371 2,280 1,727 1,748 1,862 2,813 6,018 8,844 8,497 7,304 6,312 5,972 4,954 5,791 4,840 3,319 2,620 2,574 2,274 2,021 2,503 2,504 2,458 2,761 2,252 2,252 1,609 2,974 2,901 2,741 2. 607 4,050 3,584 2,780 2,576 2,830 2,124 1,757 1,629 1,902 2,246 1,720 1,502 1,174 974 868 944 565 4,280 4,787 5,082 3,611 2,607 2,478 2,353 3.747 3,203 2,312 2,166 3,219 2,994 3,331 2,788 2,520 2.067 1,536 1,202 906 688 656 601 601 594 497 638 1,556 4,212 3,089 2, 355 1,338 890 677 608 244 266 312 397 322 243 206 213 213 256 329 295 311 334 300 300 369 381 492 983 919 743 871 635 4/7 479 667 583 428 303 396 9 194 3 246 4. 339 5. . 304 6 279 7. 359 8. 373 9... 393 10. 346 933 516 310 216 140 127 113 99 91 108 204 264 169 154 368 1,614 806 804 711 516 335 270 11. 304 12... 304 13... ::;::::::::::: 339 14 304 15. 281 16. 324 ]7... i 259 18 282 19. i 271 20. i 222 21 r i 260 22 489 23 1 591 24 482 25 544 26. 459 27 435 28 405 29 353 30 ............. 1 350 31 i 306 i Note.— July 1 to October 9, 190.6, repairs of dam and construction of a log way were in progress and no records of flow are available. Monthly discharge of Sandy River near Madison. [Drainage area, 650 square miles.] Discharge in second-feet. Run-off. Month. Maximum. Minimum. Mean. Sec .-ft. per sq. mile. Depth in inches. 1904. March 23-31 5,335 11,265 10. 325 1,064 516 1,871 1,101 4,309 675 440 874 645 7,908 7,026 2,892 3,330 2,653 2,078 1,601 339 388 898 890 1,757 516 66 66 135 42 224 224 170 224 112 112 1,046 477 224 60 42 37 49 165 2,682 4,858 3,580 355 234 322 273 654 410 299 492 31'3 1,436 2,558 1,336 658 292 224 350 89 215 327 4.12 7.47 5.51 .546 .360 .495 .420 1.01 .631 .460 .757 .482 2.21 3.94 2.06 1.01 .449 .345 .538 .137 .331 .503 1.38 April 8.33 May 6.35 June .61 July .42 August .57 September .47 October 1.16 November .70 December .53 1905.a o anuarv .87 February .50 March 2.55 April 440 May 2.37 June 1.13 July .52 August .40 September .60 October .16 November .37 December .58 The year 7,908 691 1.06 14.45 a After August 31, 1905, wheels were run both day and night, and values are based on both the flow over the dam and through the wheels. Gage readings and gate openings read five times daily until April 8, 1906, since when four daily readings have been made, 90 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. Monthly discharge of Sandy River near Madison — Continued. Month. 1906, January Februarys March o April May b June b October 10-31 November December Discharge in second-feet. Maximum. Minimum. 2,655 200 698 208 1,406 144 8,844 1,050 5,082 565 4,212 497 1,614 91 983 206 591 194 Mean. 630 427 412 3,466 2,456 1,863 407 429 346 Run-off. Sec.-ft.per Depth in sq. mile. inches. 0.969 .657 .634 5.33 3.78 2.87 .532 1.12 .68 .73 5.95 4.36 3.20 .51 .74 .61 a During February and March, 1906, values of flow may be as much as 25 per cent too large, owing to accumulations of ice on the crest of the dam. b From May 5 to July 1, 1906, 1.33 foot flas-hboards were used for two-thirds the length of the dam. MESSALONSKEE STREAM AT WATERVILLE. Messalonskee Stream enters the Kennebec from the west at Water- ville. It has a total drainage area of 208 square miles, of which 30 square miles are lake surface, which renders its flow very constant and gives it considerable value for power. Of this system Messalonskee Lake is nearest to the mouth of the river. In this lower portion of the river, about 10 miles in length, there is a fall of about 210 feet, which is practically all utilized. The United States Geological Survey maintained a gage at the dam of the Chase Manufacturing Company, in Waterville, from June 18, 1903, to January 1, 1906. A vertical staff gage is fastened to the wall of the wheel pit just above the dam. The zero of the gage corresponds to the level of the crest of the dam and is referred to a bench mark as follows: A copper bolt in a ledge on the opposite side of the river from the gage and about 20 feet from the end of the dam; elevation, 11.51 feet above the crest of the dam. The dam is a new crib without leakage and with a good crest. Generally the water is not used for power purposes at night, and the gage is read while the wheels are not running. At other times the amount of water used through the wheels is added to that which flows over the dam. Flashboards are main- tained during low stages of the river. For medium and high stages values of flow are probably not in error more than 10 to 15 per cent. For low stages they may be 25 per cent or more in error. Conditions at this station have been poor for records, owing to frequent change of gage readers and effect of pond- age during low water. FLOW OF MESSALONSKEE STREAM AT WATERVILLE. 91 Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Messalonskee Stream at Waterville. Day. Jan.. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1903. 1 183 220 205 148 159 169 169 176 127 159 142 127 169 142 142 148 243 231 159 194 194 194 293 314 194 169 159 176 176 209 176 273 314 273 251 229 251 273 273 284 212 149 244 177 251 251 a 64 105 134 157 134 200 185 157 134 118 157 149 167 185 157 * 105 148 112 176 212 231 205 205 183 127 212 205 194 183 194 176 112 138 176 182 182 199 159 183 118 138 138 129 119 89 106 124 126 149 134 144 149 157 • 85 118 126 126 134 126 134 113 85 118 126 134 126 134 200 126 144 126 126 126 134 90 126 126 96 119 129 119 119 89 112 138 111 111 104 104 84 89 89 111 111 111 99 84 48 112 212 220 19 26 41 66 94 73 59 105 113 118 96 90 105 113 118 118 126 77 77 96 96 118 218 149 118 105 118 105 90 85 90 90 96 64 69 105 90 59 59 70 61 81 54 59 51 66 36 94 94 81 70 81 75 73 60 41 73 73 73 73 70 47 81 73 73 73 66 41 149 118 105 90 96 105 90 90 77 85 90 90 96 90 90 64 64 69 64 85 64 134 200 134 118 105 118 134 118 118 118 60 49 59 57 66 70 73 61 66 59 66 73 59 19 41 73 59 59 59 59 66 61 59 59 59 59 59 73 54 76 118 118 113 118 126 105 113 85 77 85 64 69 85 105 105 90 90 85 85 90 90 96 105 105 118 126 113 90 77 85 59 2 59 3 59 4 59 5 61 6 33 7 19 8 51 9 59 10 59 11 59 12 145 13 100 14 51 15 54 16 51 59 18 212 194 169 136 169 183 183 169 176 118 142 176 54 17 20» 157 21 306 22 291 23 167 ' 252 25 72 26 72 72 28 53 45 30 59 112 1904. 1 408 292 432 533 533 615 899 840 840 870 724 642 615 642 642 118 118 3 126 77 5 64 6 69 64 8 408 383 314 292 336 212 292 251 205 251 212 183 193 205 193 177 273 251 299 244 244 251 251 59 77 10 90 11 64 77 13 205 336 301 351 230 260 587 724 724 697 507 383 360 408 432 90 64 15 64 16 77 54 18 64 54 20 64 21 41 22 54 23 41 24 41 25 105 1 .90 27 77 46 29 . 54 64 31 ...1... 64 a Twelve-inch flashboards on from July 16 to December 31, 1904. 3697— irr 198—07 7 92 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Messalonshee Stream at Waterville — Continued. Day 1905. Jan. 11.. 12... 13.. 14.. 15.. 432 408 432 434 432 383 395 642 482 432 432 408 '383 408 408 383 408 422 482 472 432 432 422 434 482 472 482 482 422 434 395 Feb. 395 360 251 314 360 292 292 273 301 336 348 432 360 314 336 336 360 336 432 360 336 348 360 383 336 383 360 336 Mar. 383 360 336 336 472 457 533 507 577 587 559 615 482 507 432 383 432 383 587 587 533 482 507 472 482 995 870 753 811 753 Apr. 587 507 533 587 533 543 577 432 472 482 457 408 383 383 408 383 422 383 432 507 408 383 395 336 336 360 May, 336 314 292 336 251 314 212 230 251 301 260 336 336 360 383 383 432 408 432 533 314 273 251 212 212 251 212 432 383 251 314 June. 212 251 273 212 193 230 177 212 177 159 111 144 144 149 111 144 177 212 177 212 193 183 177 193 177 177 a 64 54 54 26 July, 64 90 90 90 105 90 90 118 118 90 90 118 118 149 Aug. 90 90 118 118 118 118 118 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 118 118 Sept. 118 90 90 118 64 04 90 90 118 118 118 90 90 105 fi4 90 118 118 105 118 118 Oct. 118 118 118 118 118 118 149 118 149 149 118 134 149 134 118 149 149 149 149 Nov. 118 134 149 Dec. a Twelve-inch flashboards on from June 27 to November 4, 1905. Figures for discharge are probably unreliable after about June 1, owing to insufficient data. Monthly discharge of Messalonskee Stream at Waterville. [Drainage area, 205 square miles.] Discharge in second-feet. Run-off. Month. Maximum. Minimum. Mean. Sec. -ft. per sq. mile. Depth in inches. 1903. June 18-30 212 314 231 220 94 76 306 724 899 408 314 200 218 200 126 126 642 432 995 697 533 273 118 127 89 19 36 19 17 205 292 177 64 " 85 64 64 64 41 383 251 336 336 212 26 167 183 163 100 67.1 60.4 89.2 400 609 254 194 128 105 102 97.7 71.3 438 344 544 458 316 166 0.815 .893 .795 .488 .327 .295 .435 1.95 2.97 1.24 .946 .624 .512 .498 .477 .348 2.14 1.68 2.65 2.23 1.54 .810 0.39 July 1.03 .92 September .54 .38 .33 December .50 1904. March 13-31 1.38 April 1-21.. . 2.32 June 8-30 1.06 July 1.09 August .72 September .57 .57 .53 .40 1905. 2.47 February 1.75 3.06 2.49 1.78 .90 MEASUREMENTS OF STREAM FLOW. 93 COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM AT GARDINER. Cobbosseecontee Stream drains a group of lakes lying from 5 to 15 miles west from Augusta. The largest of these, Cobbosseecontee Pond, has an area of 8.4 square miles, and the aggregate area of all the ponds is about 19 square miles. The Cobbosseecontee emp- ties into the Kennebec at Gardiner, about 6 miles below Augusta, and has a total drainage area of about 240 square miles. From the ordinary surface of Lake Maranacook, one of the upper lakes, to mean tide level at the mouth of the river the fall is 206 feet. In the lower three-fourths of a mile of the river there are seven dams, affording a total fall of about 128 feet. The uppermost of these dams is controlled by the Gardiner Water Power Company, the power being used to pump the Gardiner municipal water supply directly from the river. Records of the flow at this plant have been kept since 1890. The dam is of stone masonry, with a timber apron at the toe. The downstream face has an approximate slope of 1 horizontal to 4 verti- cal. The crest is horizontal and is about 6 feet wide. The upstream slope is about 1 vertical to 8 horizontal. The total length of the dam is about 100 feet, and flashboards 4.5 feet high are maintained con- tinuously. The total head obtained is about 10 feet. The head-bay entrance is on the right bank, and from this runs a wooden penstock in which is placed a 39-inch Hercules wheel. In the head bay there is also a gatehouse with two gates which are kept partially open most of the time to regulate the proper flow down the river. The records of flow are made up by considering (1) the flow over the dam, which is nothing except usually for a short time in the spring; (2) the flow through the sluice gates, which is regulated by means of tables drawn up for the company by Hiram F. Mills, C. E., showing the discharge through the two gates for different pond levels, the prac- tical application of this method being to obtain a given flow at any time by setting these gates at the required gate opening, the flow through the wheel being taken into account; (3) the amount of water flowing through the 39-inch wheel, which is ascertained from this gate opening and pond level by means of a table also provided for this pur- pose by Mr. Mills. The water that is pumped for the Gardiner supply is neglected in computations, being but a small percentage of the flow. It is also assumed that the tail water level remains constant. The leakage by the dam was measured during 1905 and found to be 10 sec- ond-feet, and correction made accordingly. No correction for leakage has been made previous to 1905. On Sundays and legal holidays gates are closed and no water is allowed to run unless the lake is full. The flow during low-water periods of certain years before 1899 has not been previously estimated, although a record of pond level and of flow through the wheel was kept for these times. In the accompa- nying revised estimates the flow during these periods has been com- 94 WATEK RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN-. puted. Under such conditions the pond level was below the top of the sluice gates and the discharge has been based on the formula 3 (2 = 2.70 b IP ,b being corrected for four end contractions by sub- tracting 0.4 H. It is considered that the values of flow at this point are ordinarily correct within 5 per cent. The very low water values may be in error as much as 10 per cent or more. These records have been furnished the Survey by S. D. Warren & Co., through their engineer, A. H. Twombley, up to 1905, and since that time through Joseph A. Warren. The Cobbosseecontee is a most remarkable example of the regu- larity* of flow that can be obtained with proper storage. Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner. Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1890. 1 300 300 300 306 326 356 374 374 340 314 306 156 300 300 300 300 "290" 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 34 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 285 285 285 285 290 290 285 285 285 285 285 285 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 285 285 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 270 270 270 290 290 290 290 290 290 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 337 337 337 345 345 349 379 393 260 260 260 260 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 393 379 379 379 368 357 347 347 333 333 326 300 300 300 300 300 379 445 431 418 405 393 379 308 357 347 337 337 300 98 108 108 112 112 97 107 86 76 80 80 80 300 2 300 3 300 4 300 300 6 300 7 i 8 300 9. 300 10. 300 11. . 300 12.. 300 13 300 14 15 300 16 340 356 356 356 340 326 300 300 306 314 314 306 300 300 17. 300 18... 300 19... 300 20 300 21 22 300 23. 300 24... 300 25 20 290 27 290 28 29 290 30 290 31 290 1891. 1 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 300 850 780 713 713 082 020 590 "'373' 435 458 458 839 774 713 653 594 507 540 540 515 540 743 807 807 1,801 1,753 2,169 2,114 2,059 2,059 2,059 1,940 1,836 1,782 1,598 1,567 1,495 1,514 1,514 1,365 1,223 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 177 2 210 3 138 4 123 5 138 6 7 220 8 220 9 220 10. . 172 11 172 12. . 166 13 300 1 458 300 548 300 1 529 14 189 15 250 1 166 FLOW OF COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM AT GARDINER. 95 Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner- Continued. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. 270 250 270 250 270 270 220 220 270 220 270 220 270 220 260 220 260 260 220 166 260 139 260 134 260 134 108 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 68 63 250 250 270 250 199 220 205 192 201 183 205 270 220 220 270 220 270 220 270 174 270 170 199 188 220 220 270 220 270 185 270 165 Nov. 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 503 1,120 1,100 1,063 1,063 1,063 1,063 1,079 1,001 220 220 220 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 270 270 270 270 276 276 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 280 2S0 2S0 280 2S0 2S0 280 280 280 2S0 280 280 280 280 280 602 574 516 516 483 483 363 363 393 620 942 907 270 270 270 2S0 280 2S0 280 280 280 280 2S0 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 1,573 1,364 1,286 1,241 1,204 1,167 1,531 2,199 2,365 2,365 2,585 2,531 2,344 2,344 2,344 2,295 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 509 620 620 535 509 458 435 1,270 1,318 1,318 1,318 1,318 1,273 1,050 1,013 300 300 314 306 306 300 300 280 280 280 280 294 294 294 306 294 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 2S0 280 535 314 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 314 481 682 650 650 1,040 1.079 1,001 962 925 300 300 300 306 314 316 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 2S0 280 280 280 435 458 509 596 1,079 1,295 1,179 985 713 620 590 562 562 887 1,262 1,354 1,552 2,680 2,481 2,002 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 280 280 280 280 280 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 290 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 285 285 285 285 285 285 285 285 285 285 285 285 285 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 2S0 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 107 99 90 90 92 157 146 201 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 250 250 250 250 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 96 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner- Continued. Day. 1893. 1894. 1895. Jan. 280 280 280 280 280 280 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 Feb. 280 280 280 280 280 280 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 Mar. 250 250 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 393 393 356 356 356 458 590 620 562 780 620 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 276 483 483 426 426 410 405 405 630 900 887 692 306 14 314 314 314 300 300 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 Apr. 887 962 962 925 780 713 620 650 020 393 314 314 306 306 306 306 26 326 314 314 314 314 314 430 430 430 314 314 314 26 326 314 314 300 300 300 3(J0 May. 250 250 250 250 250 250 14 343 753 2,619 1,301 1,384 300 74 2,603 2,461 1,698 1,609 1,400 1,271 480 664 358 385 385 1,900 1,752 1,660 1,428 1,052 562 326 326 326 326 307 300 300 300 280 280 June. 280 2S0 280 280 280 280 280 925 889 674 326 326 326 280 326 280 326 280 326 280 200 280 326 280 314 300 280 ■ 300 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 326 280 523 280 499 280 370 280 523 280 862 385 280 318 300 280 290 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 July. 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 2S0 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 2NO 280 280 280 280 Aug. 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 Sept. 270 195 195 250 250 250 250 250 250 280 280 280 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 Oct. 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 161 155 220 220 220 144 174 149 250 250 250 250 250 250 270 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 Nov. 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 220 113 220 144 220 177 146 128 220 113 164 102 131 93 110 106 161 95 152 137 150 127 118 112 108 181 108 103 220 97 220 220 130 220 99 220 99 220 94 90 220 1 FLOW OF COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM AT GARDINER. 97 Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner- Continued. Apr. May. 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 zou 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 280 280 280 280 300 300 300 300 300 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 '280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 308 024 630 June. 650 320 650 320 650- 320 620 74 620 373 650 393 590 393 421 393 310 . 356 489 522 244 497 509 497 833 473 769 453 739 320 ' 709 294 391 286 6 280 280 14 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 ■280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 July 600 477- 573 523 477 262 336 336 320 320 512 559 679 679 436 354 320 294 286 286 436 654 365 294 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 260 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 100 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 Aug. 270 270 270 270 270 270 280 280 280 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 250 280 280 280 280 2S0 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 Sept. Oct. Nov. 220 85 220 220 220 220 112 88 220 220 88 88 220 250 250 250 250 220 250 250 220 250 220 250 250 220 250 220 250 250 220 250 250 250 250 220 250 250 220 250 220 250 250 220 250 220 250 220 220 270 220 270 220 220 270 220 220 250 250 250 220 250 220 250 250 220 250 250 220 250 220 250 250 220 250 250 250 250 220 220 250 250 220 250 250 220 250 220 220 250 280 280 270 280 280 270 280 270 280 280 270 280 270 280 280 270 280 280 280 280 270 280 280 270 280 270 280 280 270 280 • 270 280 280 270 280 270 280 157 270 280 121 270 280 270 280 174 270 163 270 280 152 270 280 136 280 174 270 280 185 270 280 270 280 270 270 98 WATEK RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner- Continued. Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec 1897. 26... 250 250 250 250 250 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 270 270 . 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 250 250 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 300 300 300 300 300 328 328 333 445 504 477 435 433 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 250 250 250 250 306 413 394 443 408 408 387 466 529 503 474 456 559 597 821 1,148 1,111 1,039 969 969 1,016 1,222 1,184 1,147 1,222 1,261 1,222 1,125 1,147 1,184 1,147 1,147 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 280 280 280 286 280 286 286 280 "i,'6i6" 1,038 1,038 1,038 1,038 1,038 1,038 1,003 584 531 326 326 334 376 413 433 433 433 433 433 433 433 555 732 682 478 478 620 300 306 306 306 359 373 395 502 842 1,198 1,262 984 772 809 809 787 947 1,243 1,387 1,427 1,403 1,331 1,145 1,130 870 669 635 470 324 280 280 320 19 914 772 478 478 478 455 455 433 433 273 333 333 314 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 280 280 280 280 280 280 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 290 290 290 290 290 290 280 20 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 286 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 19 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 19 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 280 280 280 280 270 270 270 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 184 183 188 250 250 250 250 250 270 270 270 250 250 250 250 186 250 250 250 168 157 146 250 135 134 134 139 134 220 150 135 125 105 109 270 270 270 270 270 166 237 166 149 138 133 119 135 126 116 110 106 106 188 130 110 110 110 114 220 220 220 220 250 250 250 146 136 125 110 102 83 110 99 110 110 110 110 120 105 94 101 96 87 64 65 65 65 65 74 160 160 270 270 270 270 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 160 180 180 170 180 175 170 170 150 150 150 150 140 130 130 130 160 170 180 180 180 180 170 165 150 o 27... 280 28... 280 29.... 280 30 280 31.... 280 1898. 1. 250 2. . 250 3 250 4 5. 270 6 270 7 270 8 270 9 270 10 270 11 12 270 13 270 14 270 15 270 16 270 17 270 18 19 270 20 270 21 270 22.. 270 23 270 24 270 25 26 270 27 270 28 270 29 270 30.. 270 31 270 1899. 1 160 2 160 3... . 4. ... 180 5 180 6 180 7 170 8 150 9 135 10 11 120 12 , 13 120 120 14 120 15 120 16 140 17 18 140 19 135 20 135 21 135 22 135 23 135 24. .. 25 26 150 27 28 29. 150 140 140 30 31 140 PLOW OF COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM AT GARDINER. 99 Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner- Continued. Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. 260 260 230 180 280 260 220 165 280 260 260 190 140 260 260 175 280 240 175 130 280 260 240 150 130 280 260 240 130 260 240 160 130 280 260 175 200 280 260 240 180 220 280 260 240 190 280 240 220 220 280 260 235 220 220 280 260 230 220 260 230 220 220 280 260 220 220 280 260 250 220 220 280 260 250 220 280 250 220 220 280 260 250 220 220 280 275 245 220 275 250 220 220 280 275 220 220 280 275 250 220 220 270 275 250 220 260 250 220 220 260 275 250 220 220 260 275 245 220 275 230 220 220 260 260 220 220 260 260 200 280 280 270 250 280 280 280 270 250 280 280 280 250 280 250 250 280 280 280 250 250 280 280 280 250 280 280 250- 250 280 280 250 250 280 280 280 250 250 280 280 280 250 280 280 250 250 280 280 280 250 250 280 280 280 250 280 270 250 250 280 280 250 250 280 280 270 250 250 280 280 270 250 280 270 250 250 280 280 270 250 250 280 280 270 250 280 270 250 250 280 280 250 250 280 280 270 250 250 280 . 280 270 250 280 270 250 250 280 280 270 250 250 280 280 270 220 280 270 250 280 280 250 220 280 280 270 250 220 280 280 250 280 280 280 280 270 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 270 20 280 280 280 270 21 280 280 270 1900. 1901. 1902. 130 130 130 125 125 125 130 110 100 90 90 90 100 95 90 90 SO 90 140 160 200 200 200 200 220 220 220 240 240 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 240 240 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 500 348 294 280 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 2,194 1,573 1,283 856 562 425 294 270 270 270 270 564 662 776 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 200 200 200 200 ISO 180 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 120 120 815 1,463 2,316 2,055 1,911 1,622 1,481 1,295 1,155 1, 155 1,153 1,116 1,037 999 999 1,615 1,611 1,473 1,518 1,334 1,289 1,206 1,206 1,105 1,015 925 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 130 170 200 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 250 250 276 524 919 1,404 1,262 824 569 2,400 2,400 2,222 1,702 1,583 776 495 417 656 977 907 1,087 1,379 1,380 1.342 1,297 1,297 1,297 1,297 1,297 1,213 1,105 1,072 1,260 1,380 1,338 1,260 1,223 1,223 1,182 570 377 300 535 439 646 1,439 2,118 2,343 2,089 3,111 3,205 3,050 2,872 2,649 2,580 2,534 2,339 2,213 2,089 2,034 1,921 1,756 1,143 999 1,194 1,296 1,194 1,046 907 1,109 985 260 300 300 300 413 803 934 831 606 456 413 348 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 585 704 998 1,325 1,422 1,301 1,016 456 357 300 300 300 260 260 260 260 260 260 280 280 280 1,803 1,748 1,593 1,540 1,390 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 26 354 393 483 713 713 650 566 514 300 300 300 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 510 483 439 303 303 304 300 300 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 100 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. - Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner — Continued. Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1902. 6 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 1,642 1,446 1,097 924 752 776 719 479 479 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 270 270 270 270 270 270 200 200 o 200 200 200 200 200 200 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 280 280 280 14 367 450 519 776 515 489 ...... 180 180 180 180 180 180 160 160 160 1,370 1,165 1,017 878 878 1,065 1,114 1,214 1,267 1,017 746 833 1,423 1,267 1,531 1,765 1,702 1,583 1,478 1,370 1,267 1,165 1,017 789 1,531 1,531 1,011 1,011 768 663 637 564 587 848 1,259 1,815 3,243 3,275 3,235 3,216 2,585 2,497 2,231 1,976 1,779 1,479 1,479 1,479 1,499 1,722 1,623 1,066 1,110 1,136 1,111 886 906 100 160 160 200 200 220 250 250 280 1,071 848 280 280 354 705 819 927 900 705 584 531 465" 438- 438 415 369 369 345 313 313 94 367 367 350 1,085 1,054 803 846 735 735 750 645 712 712 687 300 300 300 300 300 300 26 326 314 306 306 300 300 300 3 300 300 280 280 280 280 286 306 286 320 532 465 415 393 373 306 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 . 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 2,747 2,497 1,859 725 351 283 280 393 500 956 . 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280" 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 30 29 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 f80 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 " 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 250 250 250 250 250 250 • 250 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 220 220 220 220 220 210 210 190 125 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 250 250 250 250 250 220 220 220 220 270 7 8... 270 9 270 10 250 11 250 12: 250 13 250 14 15 250 16 250 17 250 18 250 19 250 20 250 21 22. 250 23... 256 24... 276 25.... 40 26 290 27... 264 28.... 264 29. . . . 256 30 250 31 250 1903. 1 130 2 140 3 140 4 140 5 140 6 7 140 8 120 9.'... 115 10 125 11 115 12 115 13 14 150 15 150 16 140 17.... 145 18 145 19 145 20 21 220 22 200 23 200 24 200 25 26 200 27 28 200 29 200 30. . . . 200 31 200 1904. 1 220 2 220 3 220 4... 5 320 6 220 7 220 8 220 9 220 10 220 FLOW OF COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM AT GARDINER. 101 Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner- Continued. Jan. Feb 10 115 115 115 115 115 115 10 160 160 160 160 160 160 10 160 160 160 160 160 160 10 160 160 160 160 160 160 20 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 130 125 125 120 135 150 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 30 160 160 160 160 160 160 20 160 160 160 160 160 160 25 160 160 160 160 160 160 20 160 160 Mar. 290 280 186 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 337 494 649 564 529 329 160 150 140 140 60 130 130 125 115 120 125 35 125 115 110 105 105 100 20 160 170 200 210 210 210 10 260 260 2S6 4S4 591 260 260 260 10 270 265 270 270 270 270 Apr. 618 497 399 270 276 276 270 270 270 250 372 462 421 250 331 331 405 565 2,652 2,747 565 605 453 330 340 568 882 703 530 400 290 290 290 290 290 113 290 290 290 290 290 290 10 290 290 290 290 280 280 10 10 270 270 270 270 270 270 10 270 270 May 1,406 2,129 1,699 1,105 362 537 670 699 699 634 415 300 280 280 2S0 280 280 280 280 285 285 10 285 285 285 285 285 285 10 285 285 285 285 285 285 10 285 285 285 285 285 285 10 285 10 285 795 722 724 724 592 294 300 592 567 545 June. 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 2S5 2S5 2S5 10 2S5 285 280 280 280 2S0 10 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 1,100 1,080 1,020 510 630 645 620 610 July. Aug 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 280 10 280 145 135 260 260 260 10 260 260 260 260 260 260 10 260 260 260 260 260 260 10 260 260 260 260 260 260 10 260 440 600 670 660 360 300 285 10 2S0 275 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 265 260 260 260 260 260 10 260 260 260 260 260 260 10 260 260 260 260 260 260 10 260 260 260 260 260 260 10 220 220 220 220 735 780 380 300 10 290 290 290 285 2s5 Sept. Oct. Nov. 250 220 265 250 220 265 250 265 250 220 265 250 220 265 220 265 250 220 250 220 265 250 220 265 250 265 250 220 265 250 220 265 220 265 250 250 220 265 250 220 265 250 265 250 220 265 250 220 200 250 220 220 10 115 220 220 115 10 220 115 220 220 115 220 220 10 220 220 180 ! 220 220 180 220 10 180 220 220 180 ! 10 220 180 220 220 180 220 220 10 220 220 180 ! 220 220 180 i 220 10 iso ; 220 220 180 ! 10 220 180 220 220 180 220 220 10 220 220 ISO 220 220 180 220 10 180 220 220 180 10 220 ISO 220 210 ISO 220 190 10 220 170 ISO 220 160 180 | 220 10 180 220 115 115 10 285 280 280 10 280 280 285 280 280 | 285 280 10 285 280 280 285 280 2S0 285 10 280 285 2S0 280 10 280 280 290 280 280 « Leakage of dam during 1905 taken at 10 second-feet, as determined by measurements during 1905. & Leakage of dam during 1906 taken at 10 second-feet as determined by measurements during 1905. 102 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN; Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner — Continued. Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 195 10 10 610 535 585 275 285 290 280 10 195 265 270 625 381 460 275 10 290 280 280 195 265 270 625 320 350 275 285 290 280 280 10 265 270 625 290 346 275 285 290 10 280 210 265 270 625 290 310 10 285 290 280 280 210 265 270 1,010 290 290 275 285 10 280 280 210 280 270 1,049 285 16 275 285 290 280 280 210 10 10 757 280 290 275 285 290 280 10 210 280 270 516 280 290 275 10 290 280 280 210 280 270 547 10 280 275 285 290 280 280 10 280 270 677 280 280 275 290 290 10 280 210 280 270 800 280 280 10 290 290 280 280 210 280 270 800 280 280 275 290 10 280 280 303 270 270 800 280 260 720 290 280 280 280 303 10 10 1,040 275 985 910 290 280 280 10 284 260 270 1,026 275 1,280 880 10 280 280 280 284 260 270 1,051 10 1,160 760 290 280 280 275 250 260 270 1,061 310 980 450 290 280 10 275 236 270 1,000 717 310 15 285 280 280 160 216 270 867 970 324 400 285 10 280 275 210 270 1,110 640 285 280 Dec. 1906 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 275 275 275 270 270 10 270 270 270 270 270 270 10 270 10 270 270 270 270 10 270 Monthly discharge of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam. at Gardiner. [Drainage area, 240 square miles]. Discharge in second-feet. Run-off. Month. Maximum. Minimum. Mean. Sec. -ft. per sq. mile. Depth in inches. 1890. June 16-30 356 374 290 290 393 445 300 281 281 244 261 283 345 250 1.17 1.17 1.02 1.09 1.18 1.44 1.04 0.65 July (29 days) a 1.35 August 1.18 September 1.22 October 1.36 November 1.61 December 1.20 1891. January 1,120 942 2,585 2,169 316 300 300 290 285 260 201 220 515 300 483 556 1,385 1,277 253 260 246 240 236 194 80.3 147 2.01 2.32 5.77 5.32 1.05 1.08 1.02 1.00 .983 .808 .335 .612 2.32 February 2.42 March 6.65 April 5.94 May 1.21 June 1.20 July 1.18 1.15 1.10 October .93 November .37 December .71 The year 2,585 446 1.86 25.18 1892. 276 280 280 306 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 216 240 244 246 253 233 181 244 243 235 233 244 .900 1.00 1.0? 1.02 1.05 .971 .754 1.02 1.01 .979 .971 1.02 1.04 1.08 March 1.18 1.14 1.21 1.08 July .87 1.18 1.13 October 1.13 1.08 December 1.18 .98 13.30 » For thirty-one days. FLOW OP COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM AT GARDINER. 103 Monthly discharge of Cobbosseccontee Stream, at reservoir dam at Gardiner— Continued. Month. 1S93. January.. . February . . March April May June July August September. October November. December. The year. 1894. January . . . February.. March April May June July August September. October... November. December. The year. 1895. January . . . February . . March April May June July August September. October... November. December. The year. January... February.. March April May June July August September. October November. December. The vear. January February March April May (30 days) June July August September October November December 1897. The year. Discharge in second-feet. Maximum. Minimum. Mean 280 ' 280 780 1,079 2,680 300 280 280 • 270 250 250 220 220 220 900 430 862 925 280 280 280 270 250 250 250 •250 220 2,619 385 280 280 280 270 220 220 343 451 280 2,698 1.236 300 280 280 280 270 250 250 250 2,698 250 550 306 650 914 679 2S0 2S0 2S0 280 270 2S0 235 250 395 608 1,025 249 226 237 197 179 187 177 330 192 189 341 273 304 327 226 244 217 218 208 202 218 183 163 773 240 233 235 238 200 101 144 232 235 1,101 812 229 243 235 227 219 202 186 210 34 1 210 225 220 438 411 384 238 235 243 201 234 231 Runoff. Sec.-ft. per Depth in sq. mile. inches. 0.979 1.04 1.65 2.53 4.27 1.04 .912 .988 .821 .746 .779 .738 1.38 .788 1.42 1.14 1.27 1.36 .942 1.02 .904 .908 .867 .842 1.02 .762 .679 .322 1.00 .971 .979 .992 .833 .421 .600 .775 .967 .979 4.59 3.38 .954 1.01 .979 .946 .912 .842 .775 .875 1.43 .875 .938 .917 1.82 1.71 1.60 .992 .979 1.01 .838 .975 .962 1.15 a For 30 days 104 WATEE RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN, Monthly discharge of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner — Continued. Month. Discharge in second-feet. Maximum. Minimum. Mean Run-off. Sec.-ft.per Depth in sq. miie. inches. 1S98. January February March April (28 days) May June July August September October November December The year . January... February.. March April May June July August September. October... November. December. The year. January... February.. March April May June July August September. October... November. December. The year . January... February. . March April May June July August September . October . . . November. December. 1900. The year. 1902. January . . . February.. March April May. . June July , August September. October... November. December. The year. 280 504 1,261 1,038 478 280 280 280 270 250 250 270 270 270 280 1,427 300 280 270 160 180 1,427 220 2,194 2,316 1,380 1,422 300 280 275 260 230 220 240 2,316 250 220 1,404 3.205 483 510 280 . 280 280 270 250 2,700 3,205 1,6*2 463 2/00 1,803 713 280 280 280 270 290 2,400 387 235 301 843 590 305 243 226 239 219 200 208 233 226 231 235 776 245 243 226 239 166 86.2 131 116 243 815 119 453 1,365 964 544 245 222 230 204 180 172 187 407 260 201 149 299 l,^ 254 2 7 5 235 2*4 229 219 205 441 374 450 280 287 746 1,364 94 691 336 233 227 235 2 3 239 2°5 228 396 0.979 1.25 3.51 2.46 27 01 942 996 913 833 867 971 1.33 .942 .962 .979 3.23 1.02 1.01 .942 .996 .692 .359 .546 .483 1.01 .496 1.89 5.69 4.02 2.27 1.02 .925 .958 .850 .750 .717 .779 1.70 .621 1.25 7.23 1.06 1.15 .979 1.02 .954 .912 .854 1.84 1.56 1.20 5.68 2.88 1.40 .9 7 1 .9*6 .979 1.01 .996 .938 .950 1.65 a For 30 days. FLOW OF COBBOSSEECOSTTEE STREAM AT GARDINER. 105 Monthly discharge of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner — Continued. Discharge in second-feet. Run-off. Month. Maximum. Minimum. Mean. Sec.-ft. per sq. mile. Depth in inches. 1903. 270 776 3,275 1,085 280 280 280 270 270 250 220 220 564 222 286 1,571 455 235 243 235 232 220 205 126 133 0.925 1.19 6.55 1.90 .979 1.01 .979 .967 .917 .854 .525 .554 1 07 1.24 7 55 2 12 1.13 1.13 July 1.13 1.11 1.02 .98 .59 .64 3,275 347 1.45 19.71 1904. 200 180 649 2,747 2,747 280 280 265 265 265 250 220 157 136 278 493 778 243 223 231 221 220 188 136 .654 .567 1.16 2.05 3.24 1.01 .929 .962 .921 .917 .783 .567 .75 .61 1.34 2.29 3.74 1.13 July 1.07 1.11 1.03 1.06 .87 .65 2,747 275 1.15 15.66 1905. 160 160 591 882 285 285 280 260 220 220 180 195 10 20 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 127 141 166 347 240 245 213 223 192 175 143 158 .529 .588 .692 1.45 1.00 1.02 .888 .929 .800 .729 .596 .658 .61 .61 .80 1.62 1.15 1.14 July 1.02 1.07 .89 -.84 .66 .76 882 10 198 .823 11.18 1906. 303 280 270 1,061 1,110 1,280 910 780 290 280 280 275 10 10 10 10 10 16 10 10 10 10 10 10 198 236 235 .610 436 569 377 285 240 245 240 221 .825 .983 .979 2.54 1.82 2.37 1.57 1.19 1.00 1.02 1.00 .921 .95 1.02 1.13 2.83 2.10 2.64 July 1.81 1.37 1.12 1.18 1.12 1.06 1,280 10 1 324 1.35 18.33 106 WATEE RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN,. RELATION OF EUN-OFF TO PRECIPITATION. KENNEBEC RIVER AT WATERVILLE. From the table of average precipitation on the Kennebec drainage basin (p. 22), and that of mean monthly mn-ofT (pp. 57-59), the following table has been prepared, covering the run-off and precipita- tion for the period 1893 to 1905, inclusive. The gage heights kept of Moosehead Lake level enable a correction to be made for the amount of water stored in the lake since May, 1895, and, as explained on page 49, the run-off at Waterville has been computed as if water had not been stored, the effect of evaporation of water while in storage, how- ever, being neglected. The ratios of run-off to rainfall thus corrected for storage are also given in this table. Run-off and 'precipitation in Kennebec River basin above Waterville,- Me., 1893-1905, inclusive, by months. [Drainage area, 4,270 square miles.] Precipita- tion in inches. Run-off in inches on drainage area. Ratio of run-off to precipitation. Month. Observed run-off. Estimated run-off without storage. For observed run-off. For esti- mated run- off without storage. 1893. 2.1 3.3 2.6 2.1 5.3 2.2 2.4 4.0 3.1 6.0 2.4 2.9 0.46 .57 1.13 3.05 8.23 3.99 1.56 .61 .53 .63 .58 .43 0.22 .17 .43 1.45 1.55 1.81 .65 .15 .17 .10 .24 .15 July 38.4 21.78 .57 1894. 2.4 1.8 1.6 1.2 4.6 4.6 2.3 2.9 5.0 4.8 2.5 2.3 .44 .43 1.08 3.83 ■ 2.58 2.03 1.54 .80 .72 1.01 .98 .52 .18 .24 .68 3.19 .56 .44 .67 .28 .14 .21 .39 .23 July 36.0 15.97 .44 1895. 2.8 .9 1.6 4.4 2.8 2.9 3.2 4.3 1.6 1.7 6.1 4.7 .55 .44 .54 6.25 2.58 1.67 .95 .73 .46 .34 1.46 1.62 .20 .49 .34 1.42 .92 .58 .30 .17 .29 .20 .24 .34 3.02 .89 .68 .44 — .05 .47 2.05 2.23 1.08 .31 July .21 .10 - .03 .28 .34 .48 37.0 17.58 .47 RELATION OF RUN-OFF TO PRECIPITATION. 107 Run-off and precijntation in Kennebec River basin above Waterville, Me., 1893-1905, inclusive, by months — Continued. Month. January . . February . March April May June July. August September. October... November . December . The year. January. . . February.. March April May June July August September. October November. December.. The year. January. .. February . . March April May June July August September. October November. December. The year. January . . . February. . March April May June July , August September. October... November. December. The year. Run-off in inches on Ratio of run-off to drainage area. precipitation. Precipita- tion in Estimated For observed run-off. For esti- inches. Observed run-off mated run- run-off. without off without storage. storage. 0.7 1.16 1.42 1.66 2.03 3.7 .72 .57 .19 .15 7.0 3.54 3.73 .51 .53 2.0 7.16 7.80 3.58 3.90 2.7 4.60 4.24 1.70 1.57 2.5 1.44 1.00 .58 .40 4.4 1.44 1.01 .33 .23 3.6 .85 .38 .24 .11 4.6 .89 .81 .19 .18 3.5 .99 1.16 .28 .33 3.3 2.36 3.11 .72 .94 i.i .74 .73 .67 .66 39.1 25.89 25.96 .66 .66 3.6 .97 .95 .27 .26 1.9 .90 .74 .48 .39 3.2 1.07 1.03 .33 ..32 3.3 6.63 7.58 2.01 2.30 4.9 7.26 7.53 1.48 1.54 3.6 3.39 2.96 .94 .82 7.2 3.54 3.39 .49 .47 3.8 1.97 1.56 .52 .41 3.0 1.19 .75 .40 .25 1.0 .71 .65 .71 .65 4.4 1.48 1.64 .34 .37 3.2 1.44 1.87 .45 .59 43.1 30.55 30.65 .71 .71 4.9 .87 .85 .18 .17 6.8 .83 .72 .12 .11 1.0 3.04 2.71 3.04 2.71 2.2 7.79 8.95 3.54 4.07 1.6 6.78 6.82 4.24 4.26 3.3 2.61 2.04 .79 .62 1.5 1.06 .42 .71 .28 3.7 .84 .42 .23 .11 3.3 .68 .60 .21 .18 4.4 1.09 1.28 .25 .29 4.3 1.35 1.72 .31 .40 1.3 .71 .86 .54 .66 38.3 27.65 27.39 .72 .72 2.4 .64 .55 .27 .23 3.3 .58 .39 .17 .12 4.6 .87 .82 .19 .18 .9 6.27 7.15 6.96 7.95 2.2 5.74 6 02 2.61 2.74 1.8 2.30 1.72 1.28 .96 5.4 1.37 1.25 .25 .23 .9 .89 54 .99 .60 3.0 .48 .07 .16 .02 1.5 .34 .17 .23 .11 2.4 .59 .60 .24 .25 2.5 .74 .85 .30 .34 30.9 20.81 20.13 .67 .65 3697— irr 198—07- 108 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN: Run-off and precipitation in Kennebec River basin above Waterville, Me., 1893-1905, inclusive, by months — Continued. Month. 1900. January February March April May June July August September October November December The year 1901 January February March April May June ' July August September October November December The year 1902. January February March April May June... July August September October November December The year 1903. January February March April May June July August September October November December The year Precipita- tion in inches. 5.6 6:8 5.0 1.3 4.6 3.9 4.6 1.8 3.1 3.4 6.5 1.9 Run-off in inches on drainage area. Ratio of run-off to precipitation. Observed run-off. 2.7 1.5 3.9 6.0 2.3 3.8 3.9 3.9 2.2 2.8 2.3 7.6 42.9 2.9 3.0 8.3 3.3 4.3 6.1 2.7 4.5 3.8 4.9 1.2 4.0 49.0 35.7 0.64 2.21 2.47 7.43 7.63 2.64 1.55 1.13 .74 .83 1.66 1.11 30. 04 .61 1.30 10.7 4.09 2.15 1.38 1.13 .74 .79 .63 3.21 27.59 1.04 .92 7.76 5.79 4.55 3.98 2.11 1.36 1.10 1.42 1.18 1.18 32. 1.08 .97 5.23 4.30 1.96 19.66 Estimated run-off without storage. For observed run-off. 0.66 2.60 2.63 8.37 7.92 2.19 1 38 61 .29 .75 2.09 1.11 30.60 .71 .44 1.04 12.55 3.94 1.70 .86 1.17 2.71 26.42 1.23 .77 8 08 6.79 4.59 3.87 1 54 1.07 1.07 1.42 1.46 .76 32.65 1.08 .70 6 05 4.33 1.91 1.41 .21 .21 .22 a. 37 a 18.: 0.11 .33 .49 5.72 1.66 .68 .34 .63 .24 .24 .26 .58 .32 .40 .33 1.79 1.78 .57 .35 .29 .33 .28 .27 .27 64 1.75 1.06 .65 .78 .30 .29 .29 .29 .93 2.26 3.92 .36 .29 .36 .73 .19 .27 .13 55 For esti- mated run- off without storage. o From December, 1903, to April, 1904, inclusive, no correction made for storage. RELATION OF RUN -OFF TO PRECIPITATION. 109 Run-off and precipitation in Kennebec River basin above Waterville, Me., 1893-1905, inclusive, by months — Continued. Month. January... February . . March April May June July August September . October . . . November . December . 1904. The year . Precipita- tion in inches. 3.0 1.5 2.9 5.4 5.8 2.9 5.1 4.9 5.8 2.4 1.5 1.6 42.8 1905. January . . February . March April May June July. August September. October... November . December . 3.9 1.1 1.3 2.1 3.1 3.9 4.2 2.1 4.2 1.0 3.4 2.9 The year. 33.2 Run-off in inches on drainage area. Ratio of run-off to precipitation. Observed run-off. 0.26 .23 1.02 3.90 Estimated run-off i wifhout j storage. For observed run-off. For esti- mated run- off without storage. a 0.26 a. 23 a 1.02 a 3. S*0 7.24 1.81 1.15 .82 1.18 1.63 a 20. 56 -.64 1.42 3.52 2.83 1.75 1.26 .86 .78 56 .16 .35 1.58 4.45 3.53 1.50 .82 .37 .52 .21 14.37 0.09 .16 .35 .72 .97 .74 .28 .26 .19 .53 .59 .47 0.09 .16 .35 ■ .72 1.25 .62 .23 .17 .20 .68 .56 .30 .48 .04. .31 1.22 2.12 1.14 .39 .20 .18 .12 .21 .14 .14 43 a From December, 1903, to April, 1904, inclusive, no correction made for storage. The subjoined table shows the observed average monthly discharge at Waterville from 1893 to 1905 and from 1896 to 1905; the estimated average monthly discharge at Waterville from 1896 to 1905 if no water had been stored; the average monthly precipitation from 1893 to 1905 and from 1896 to 1905; and the ratio of the run-ofT to precipi- tation. The effect of storage on the distribution of seasonal run-off is clearly shown by a comparison of the last two columns in the table. During April and May water is being stored ; from June to September inclusive this stored water is being let out ; and during the remainder of the year there is little effect from storage. 110 WATER .RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN; Summary of run-off and precipitation in Kennebec River basin above Waterville, Me. 1893-1905, inclusive. [Drainage area, 4,270 square miles.] Month. January February . . March April May June July August September. October... November. December. . Total Monthly average. . Run - off in second- feet per square mile. Observed run-off. 1893- 1905. 0.67 .74 2.03 5.29 4.30 2.19 1.63 .90 .70 ,81 1.74 1896- 1905. 0.72 .82 2.40 5.70 4.43 2.17 1.44 .98 .75 .73 1.00 .93 1.84 Esti- mated run-off with- out stor- 1896- 1905. 0.68 .'72 2.49 6.44 4.67 1.82 1.11 .67 .53 .69 1.13 1.01 1.83 Run-off in inches on drainage area. Observed run-off. 1896- 1905. 1905. 0.77 .77 2.34 5.90 4.96 2.44 1.88 1.04 .78 .80 1.09 .93 23.70 1.98 0.83 .85 2.77 6.36 5.11 2.42 1.66 1.13 .84 .84 1.12 1.07 25.00 2.08 Esti- mated run-off with- out stor- age. 1905. 0.78 .75 2.87 7.18 5.38 2.03 1.28 .77 .59 .80 1.26 1.16 24.85 2.07 Precipita- tion in inches. 1893- 1896- 1905. 1905. 3.15 3.00 3.74 2.78 3.44 3.56 3.98 3.33 3.35 3.09 3.21 3.00 39. 63 3.30 3.36 3.30 4.28 2.84 3.20 3.66 4.38 3.21 3.39 2.76 3.07 2.90 40.35 3.36 Ratio of run-off precipitation. For ob- served run- off. 1893- 1896- 1905. 1905. 0.24 .26 .63 2.12 1.44 .69 .47 .31 .23 .26 .34 .31 For esti- mated run-off with- out stor- age. 1905. 0.23 .23 .67 2.53 1.68 .55 .29 .24 .17 .29 .41 .40 .62 RUN-OFF AND PRECIPITATION ON COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM AT GARDINER. The following table has been prepared for precipitation and run-off on Cobbosseecontee Stream at Gardiner, covering the period 1891 to 1905, inclusive, precipitation being taken from the records at Gardiner, except for a few Lewiston records during 1891-92. It must be kept in mind that the run-off from this drainage basin is controlled to a very large extent by lake storage, and for that reason the monthly ratios are not in general the actual run-off ratios. The mean results for the year are, however, probably not greatly affected in this way, although the general effect of storage is to reduce the amount of these ratios. RELATION OF RUN-OFF TO PRECIPITATION. Ill Run-off and precipitation in basin of Cobbosseecontee Stream above Gardiner, Me. 1905, inclusive. IS'.) j [Drainage area, 240 square miles.] Month. 1801. January February March April May June July August September.. . .. October November December Tbe year. 1892. January February March April May June July August September October November December The year 1893. January February March April May June July August September October November December Precipi- tation in inches. 1894. January February.. March April May June July August September. October November. December . . The year . 8.10 3.89 7.03 2.89 2.60 3.64 5.27 2.97 1.00 2.40 2.66 5.27 47.72 5.52 2.21 2.43 1.05 4.62 7.22 3.18 8.11 4.48 1.81 4.54 1.49 2.70 4.79 3.18 2.52 4.66 2.56 1.12 3.27 3.23 5.90 1.83 5.13 The year I 40.89 3.30 1.99 1.44 1.86 5.84 1.18 2.30 3.08 3.81 4.25 .2.21 2.80 34. ( Run-off in inches on drain- age area. 2.32 2.42 6.65 5.94 1.21 1.20 1.18 1.15 1.10 .932 .374 .706 25.18 13.30 1.13 1.08 1.90 2.82 4.92 1.16 1.09 1.14 .916 .851 18.74 .922 .821 1.64 1.27 1.46 1.52 1.09 1.18 1.01 1.05 .967 .971 13,90 Ratio of run- oflto precipi- tation. 0.29 .62 .95 2.06 .47 .33 .22 .39 1.10 .39 .14 .13 .19 .49 .49 L.09 .26 .15 .27 .15 .25 .63 .24 .79 28 .42 .23 .60 1.12 1.05 .45 .98 .35 .28 .15 .47 .17 ,40 .28 .41 1.14 .68 .25 1.29 .47 .38 .27 .25 .44 .35 41 Month. 1895. January February March April May June July August September October November December The year 1896. January February March April May June July August September October November December The year January February March April May June July August September October November December The year 1898. January February March April May June July August September October November December Precipi- tation in inches. 2.50 1.64 2.48 4.83 1.50 2.01 4.55 3.28 1.21 1.82 6.85 4.40 37.07 Run-off in inches on drain- age area. 5.25 7.19 2.02 2.80 1.94 3.18 2.88 7.60 2.64 4.12 1.52 42.01 19.55 4.51 2.13 4.30 2.86 5.94 4.32 3.15 2.66 3.11 .92 5.99 3.83 43.72 5.54 5.45 1.76 3.44 1.60 3.56 .98 3.73 2.90 6.23 4.57 2.74 1.05 .794 .783 .359 1.15 1.08 1.13 1.14 .929 .485 Ratio of run- off to precipi- tation. 10.47 1.11 1.00 5.29 3.77 1.10 1.13 1.13 1.09 1.02 .971 .865 1.01 1.01 .977 1.06 2.03 1.97 1.78 1.14 1.13 1.13 .96C 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.30 4.05 2.75 1.46 1.13 1.09 1.15 1.02 .960 .697 1.12 The year . . 42.50 18.13 43 112 WATER RESOURCES OE KENNEBEC EIVEE BASIN.- Run-off and precipitation in basin of Cobbosseecontee Stream above Gardiner, Me., 1891- 1905, inclusive — Continued. Month. 1899. January February.. March April , May, June July August September . October November.. December . . The year . 1900. January February. . . March April May June July August September . . October November.. December.. Precipi- tation in inches The year . 1901. January February.. . March April May June July August September.. October November. . December. . The year . 1902. January February.. March April May June July August September. October November.. December. . The year , 3.41 3.10 5.56 1.19 1.87 2.43 5.48 1.08 3.90 1.85 2.42 2.61 34. 90 7.19 8.96 7.23 2.50 5.42 1.34 1.87 2.77 2.45 4.47 5.28 1.64 51.12 3.78 1.76 6.25 6.43 3.97 1.36 4.26 5.54 2.08 4.18 2.41 9.43 51.45 2.67 1.70 10.33 3.71 2.01 4.52 2.07 4.46 3.22 4.90 1.21 5.35 46. 15 Run-off in inches on drain- age area. 1.09 1.00 1.13 3.60 1.18 1.13 1.09 1.15 .772 .414 .609 .557 13.72 1.97 6.56 .48 .62 .14 .07 .10 .948 .865 23.02 .647 1.44 8.07 1.22 1.28 1.13 1.18 1.06 1.05 .953 2.12 21.12 2.17 1.25 6.55 3.21 1.61 1.08 1.09 1.13 1.13 1.15 .1.05 1.10 22.52 Ratio of run- off to precipi- tation. 0.32 .32 .20 3.02 .63 .47 .20 1.06 .20 .22 .25 .21 ,39 .19 .15 .55 .26 .37 .23 L.25 .31 .94 .27 .21 .51 .25 .39 .22 Month. 1903. January February.. March April May June July August September. October.. . November. December. . The year 1904. January February... March April May June July August September. . October November.. December.. The year . 1905. January February . . March April May June July August September. October November.. December.. The year . Precipi- tation in inches 4.54 3.63 6.65 1.42 .45 5.12 4.77 2.90 1.34 3.82 1.63 3.56 39.83 4.12 2.24 3.71 7.10 3.95 1.29 1.25 4.53 5.09 2.02 2.39 2.28 39.97 4.85 1.32 .94 2.10 2.17 4.83 4.52 2.03 4.09 .78 3.95 3.12 34.70 Run-off in inches on drain- age area. 1.07 1.24 7.55 2.12 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.11 1.02 .985 .586 .639 19.71 .754 .612 1.34 2.29 3.74 1.13 1.07 1.11 1.03 1.06 .874 .654 15. .61 .612 .798 1.62 1.15 1.14 1.02 1.07 .893 .84 .665 .759 11.18 EVAPORATION. 113 The following table shows for the whole period the run-off and pre- cipitation, and the ratio of these two factors, by calendar months, just as was done for Waterville. It will be noted that the mean yearly ratio of run-off to precipitation at Gardiner is 0.41, whereas at Water- ville for the period 1896 to 1905 it is 0.62, both for observed run-off and for that corrected for storage. The average yearly discharge at Gardiner is 1.28 second-feet per square mile of drainage area; at Waterville (1896-1905) it is 1.84 second-feet. For the longer period, 1893 to 1905, at Waterville- the ratio of run-off to precipitation and the average yearly discharge are slightly less, being respectively 0.60 and 1.74 second-feet. Summary of run-off and precipitation in basin of Cobbosseecontee Stream above Gardiner, Me., 1891-1905, inclusive. [Drainage area, 240 square miles.] January... February.. March April May June July August September. October... November. December.. Month. Total Monthly average . Average run-off in second-feet Run-off in inches on Precipita- Ratio of run-off to per square mile of drainage tion in inches. precipita- drainage area. tion. area. 0.98 1.13 4.24 0.27 1.07 1.11 3.34 .33 2.77 3.19 4.70 .68 2.72 3.03 3.06 .99 1.57 1.81 3.29 .55 1.08 1.20 3.15 .38 .94 1.08 3.20 .34 .98 1.13 3.55 .32 .90 1.00 3.30 .30 .79 .91 3.20 .28 .74 .83 3.47 .24 .84 .97 3.68 .26 17.39 1.45 42.18 3.52 1.28 .41 EVAPORATION. No measurements of evaporation from the water surface have been made in the Kennebec drainage basin, but from data obtained by the United States Geological Survey at several points in Maine during the past year, an approximate idea may be obtained as to its amount. Stations for the measurement of evaporation from the water sur- face are in operation as follows : Evaporation stations in Maine. Station. Location. Date established. Soldier Pond July 1, 1905. Do. Millinocket Ferguson Pond Lewiston Do. Upper Dam August 19, 1905. 114 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. The method used for the measurement of evaporation has been that of the floating raft and dish, commonly used for this purpose. PL II, B (p. 26), shows the evaporation raft, etc., on Androscoggin River at Lewiston, Me., in the mill pond of the Union Water Power Company. A skeleton log raft about 15 feet square is arranged to float with its surface just out of the water. A clear opening 6 feet square is left in the center and in this opening the evaporation pan floats, its top being kept perhaps 2 or 3 inches above the water surface by means of gal- vanized-iron pontoons, which are cylindrical in shape and air-tight. The evaporation pan is 3 feet square and 18 inches deep, and is con- structed of galvanized iron, properly braced with iron straps. A spin- dle with sharp point is fixed vertically in the .middle of the pan, with its point 1 or 2 inches below the top. In measuring the amount of evaporation the water surface is made of exactly the same height as the point of the spindle, and then at the next time of observation the process is repeated, the amount of water required to restore the water surface to the level of the spindle point being noted. The spindle is surrounded by a thin iron cylinder about 3 inches in diameter, with its axis parallel to the spindle and closed with the exception of some small holes near the bottom. This pre- vents rapid movement of the water surface and enables very close determinations to be made of its height. A small cup of such capacity that it represents 0.01 inch depth of water in the pan is used for pour- ing in the water (or dipping it out in case it has rained and the rainfall has exceeded the evaporation), so that the number of cupfuls repre- sents the change in depth in hundredths of inches — the evaporation if there has been no rainfall. A rain gage is maintained on the raft so that correction can be made for any rainfall. The temperature of the air and of the water in the pan and outside of the pan are noted, and at the Millinocket and Lewiston stations relative humidity and velocity of wind are also observed. The results obtained have been in general very satisfactory, and it has been found that with the spindle point surrounded by a cylinder, as just described, the water surface moves but little, even when the pan is being considerably shaken about by wave motion. A differ- ence of half a cupful (0.005 inch) can readily be detected. The figures given in the subjoined table for evaporation during the frozen season are from the Lewiston station. They were obtained by filling an iron dish, allowing it to freeze solidly, and then exposing it. The weight was observed from time to time and the loss by evapora- tion thus determined. Continuous observations could not be made owing to interruptions by rain and sleet. In all probability the amounts observed in this way are considerably larger than the actual amount of evaporation on lakes and reservoirs, as usually some snow is on hand to protect the lake ice cover. FLOODS ON KENNEBEC RIVER. 115 About one year's records of evaporation are now available, and the monthly amounts as observed are given below. For the purpose of comparison the evaporation from the water surface in the vicinity of Boston, as determined by FitzGerald, are also given. Evaporation from water surface, in inches, in Maine and Massachusetts. Period. July August September October November 1-15 December (24 days) . 1905. January (22 days) February (24 " March (26 days) April (25 days) June 1906. The period . Soldier Pond, Me. 4.30 5.25 2.65 1.51 .16 1.67 2.88 Milli- nocket; Me. 5.56 5.80 3.32 2.94 Lewis- ton, Me. 5.99 4 32 3.02 2.54 .38 Average evapora- tion at three stations in Maine for full months. 5.28 5.12 3.00 2.33 .68 .77 .90 .71 1.87 2. SO 2.14 2.86 1.27 .83 2.23 3.48 1.90 2.87 29.76 Average evapora- tion near Boston, 6.21 5.97 4.80 3.47 2.24 1.38 1.01 1.45 2.39 3.82 5.34 39.12 It is evident from the foregoing table that evaporation from the water surface is, as would be expected, considerably less in Maine than near Boston. Of course but one year's records are at hand for Maine, and more data may show a considerable change from the present results, but as evaporation is a factor which does not vary greatly for a given month from year to year it is believed that these figures — especially those for the summer months — afford a fair idea of what may be expected. Probably the average annual evaporation from the water surface in Maine is about 30 inches, as compared with 39.12 inches at Boston. For the period from May to September, inclusive, evaporation in Maine is 18.17 inches, as compared with 26.14 inches near Boston. FLOODS ON KENNEBEC RIVER. Valuable records regarding floods on Kennebec River during the past century have been gathered by the Hollingsworth & Whitney Company, and through its courtesy have been furnished for use in the preparation of this report. FLOOD OF 1832. The greatest freshet of early times, and the one with which all later ones have been compared, was that of May 22, 1832. At that time there was probably no dam at Moosehead Lake outlet, and the freshet a FitzGerald, Desmond.. Evaporation: Trans. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., vol. 15, 1886, p. 581. 116 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN, is said to have resulted from a northeasterly storm of about two weeks' duration, with a strong wind, which probably tended to increase the discharge from the lake. FLOOD OF DECEMBER, igoi. In December, 1901, occurred a freshet which was of probably greater magnitude than that of 1832 and regarding which fairly com- plete data are at hand. WEATHER CONDITIONS. During November, 1901, the precipitation in the Kennebec basin was considerably below the average, the deficiency for the month being nearly 0.9 inch. (See table, p. 22.) December was, however, remarkable in the amount of precipitation, the excess above the nor- mal for the month being about 4.5 inches, and a little over half of this occurring before December 16. Probably most of the precipitation during November remained as snow storage at the end of the month. Good-sized storms occurred about December 3 and 10, the precipita- tion from which was practically all held as snow storage. During December 13 to 15 there was a warm rain, which melted the greater part of the snow on the ground and caused the flood conditions. The following tables give the precipitation and temperature in the Ken- nebec basin during the period mentioned: Precipitation, in inches, in Kennebec basin, November and December, 1901. Fairfield. Mayfield. The Forks. Kineo. Water equivalent of snow on ground December 1 2.19 2.99 2.63 2.20 2.15 3.00 2.60 3.20 3.50 2.70 2.90 December 14-15 (storm) 1.70 7.81 7.35 8.30 7.30 Maximum and minimum daily temperatures in Kennebec basin, December 1-20, 1901. Fairfield. Kineo. Day. Fairfield. Kineo. Day. Maxi- mum. Mini- mum. Maxi- mum. Mini- mum. Maxi- mum. Mini- mum. Maxi- mum. Mini- mum. 1 °F. 30 43 42 24 26 24 22 28 38 46 °F. 7 14 20 15 - 7 -15 -13 4 25 26 °F. 39 41 20 18 15 15 14 12 31 35 °F. 26 10 15 12 9 - 3 10 15 28 11 °F. 40 35 34 53 54 51 23 23 19 21 °F. 26 9 16 33 44 6 6 7 5 8 °F. 33 28 34 43 43 33 5 9 10 15 °F. 20 2 12 15 3... 13 17 4... 14 33 5 15 33 6... 16 .... - 3 1 ... 17 - 5 8 18 2 9... 19 5 10 20 8 FLOODS ON KENNEBEC RIVER. 117 The rain of December 13 began in the evening, but most of the rain- fall occurred during the day of December 15 (Sunday), the weather clearing on the evening of that day. During most of these three days, and extending to the evening of the 16th, the temperature was abnor- mally high (see table, p. 1 1 6) , so that the combined effect of rain and high temperature was sufficient to release the greater part of the precipi- tation that had been stored on the ground since about November 1. It is probably safe to assume that an average of 6 inches depth of water on the entire Kennebec drainage basin was released at this time. RUN-OFF DURING FLOOD OF DECEMBER, 1901.. The following table gives the conditions of gage height and run-off at Waterville during December 15-23: Discharge of Kennebec River at Waterville, Me., during flood of December, 1901. Date. Hour. Gage height. (Referred to Hollings- worth & Whitney- datum.) Depth of flow over dam. Discharge. 7 a.m. 12m 6p.m 12 a.m.... la.m 2 a. m 3 a.m. 4 a.m. 5a.m 6a.m 7 a. m 8 a. m 9 a. m 10 a. m 11 a. m 12m lp.m 2p.m 3p.m 4p.m 5p.m 6p.m 12a.m 7 a. m 12m 5p.m 12m 12m Feet. 125.00 126. 10 129. 10 132. 80 133. 64 133. 94 134 33 134 45 134.70 135. 05 135. 15 135. 15 135. 15 135. 05 135. 00 134 80 134 00 133. 50 133. 30 132. 60 132. 20 131. 80 129. 10 127.40 126. 70 126. 10 124 40 Feet. 1.30 2.40 5.40 13.30 14 14 14 44 14 83 14 95 15.20 15. 55 15.65 15. 65 15. 65 15. 55 15. 50 15.30 14 50 14 00 13.80 13.10 12.70 12.30 9.60 7.90 7.20 6.60 4.90 Sec-feet. 3,540 8,910 Do Do 30, 500 December 16 121,300 Do 133, 500 Do ...v... 138, 100 Do 144, 100 Do 145, 900 Do 149,800 Do... 155, 200 Do 156, 800 Do 156, 800 156, 800 Do Do 155, 200 Do 154 500 Do 151,300 Do 139,000 Do 131,600 Do 128, 600 Do 118, 400 Do 112. 700 Do 107,200 December 17 72,400 Do 53, 400 46, 200 40,400 Do Do December 18 25, 600 December 19 19,900 December 20 12m 11,800 December 21 12m 6,380 5,230 December 22 12 m December 23 12 m 3,980 It is assumed in the above table that the nashboards were off entirely between 6 p. m. and midnight of December 15. Up to this latter time the depth of flow on the dam is obtained by subtracting 124.7 feet (elevation of top of nashboards) from the gage height. After and including midnight of December 15 the elevation of the crest of the dam (119.5 feet) is used. 118 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.- The mean daily flow, December 15-18, was as follows (that for December 16 is based on hourly observations) : Mean flow of Kennebec River at Waterville, Me., December 15-18, 1901. a Second-feet. December 15 27, 300 December 16 127, 000 December 17 v 46, 600 December 18 . 29, 300 The maximum discharge at Madison was computed by H. S. Fer- guson and found to be 105,000 second-feet. The length of the dam is 550 feet." At 8 a. m. December 15 the water was just flowing over the crest; at midnight that day it reached the maximum height of 14.5 feet, and by 10 a. m. December 16 it had dropped to about 9 feet on the crest. At The Forks the maximum gage height reached was 9.0 feet December 15, corresponding to a discharge of about 22,400 second- feet. MAXIMUM DISCHARGE DURING FLOOD OF DECEMBER, 1901. Only a few gates were open at the Moosehead Lake outlet during this flood, and practically all of the excess inflow was held in the lake, so that about 1,240 square miles of drainage area should be disregarded, in part, at least, in computing the probable yield per square mile below Moosehead. The rise in the level of the lake occasioned by this freshet (see table, p. 72) was from gage height 1.25 feet December 13 to the maximum of 4.5 feet February 3, 1902, a total amount of 3.25 feet. The following table gives the maximum flow at several points and the corresponding unit flow per square mile, with and without the drainage area above the Moosehead Lake outlet: Maximum discharge of Kennebec River during the freshet of December, 1901. Maximum discharge, in second-feet Maximum run-off, in second-feet per square mile: Including drainage area above Moosehead outlet Not including drainage area above Moosehead outlet. Waterville. 156, 1 36.7 51.6 Madison. 105,000 32.8 53.6 The Forks. 14.3 68.0 A portion at least of the drainage area at the Moosehead outlet should be considered in the foregoing computations, so that the probable maximum yield at Waterville and Madison was perhaps 45 second-feet per square mile of drainage area tributary during the flood. " These figures vary slightly from those given on p. 54, which are based on a single reading of the gage. FLOODS ON KENNEBEC RIVER. 119 COMPARATIVE HEIGHTS OF FLOODS. Several landmarks along Kennebec River in the vicinity of Water- ville and Winslow have, existed for such a length of time as to fur- nish data on comparative heights of water in freshets since and including that of 1832. Perhaps the most interesting and valuable of these is the " freshet oak/' as it is called, situated in Winslow, on the east side of Ticonic Bay, about 1,000 feet below the highway bridge, near the Lockwood Company's dam. PL III, B, shows the u freshet oak" at about the time of highest water, December 16, and PI. Ill, A (looking in the opposite direction), shows it a few days later, when the river was at about normal height. Marks made by logs at various times of high water for many years are plainly dis- cernible in the second view, also the height reached in this December flood, as shown by ice adhering to the tree. These photographs were taken by James L. Dean, engineer of the Hollingsworth & Whitney Company, and furnished through his courtesy. Dates of important freshets on Kennebec River and heights on the " freshet oak" are given in the following table: Approximate height of water at "freshet oak" during floods. Feet, a May 22, 1832 104. 8 October, 1854 , 102. 8 October, 1869 102. 7 April 30, 1887 _ 102. 2 December 16, 1901 105. 14 As the flow of Kennebec River in the vicinity of the " freshet oak" is comparatively free, the nearest dam downstream, that at Augusta, being about 17 miles distant, these gage heights probably give a very good index of the relative magnitude of" these freshets. The flood of December, 1901, is, so far as known, by far the great- est flood of the past century. As it came at a time of the year when the ice was not very thick and when few logs were in the river, there was little obstruction to flow. The height of water in the 1832 freshet, and, in fact, that in many other periods of abnormally high water since, was due to log jams and collected debris holding back the water, probably at Fairfield, until the whole mass gave way, producing the flood wave. The water held back at Moosehead Lake in December, 1901, would have probably increased the maximum flow at Waterville by one- sixth, and unquestionably a large amount of additional damage would have resulted to property along the river if the discharge from this portion of the drainage basin had not been mostly shut off. a Hollingsworth & Whitney datum. 120 WATEE KESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. LOW-WATER CO^DITIOXS. KENNEBEC RIVER. The most severe and long-continued drought in the period covered by this report, viz, from .1895 to 1906, occurred during the last part of 1903 and the early part of 1904. During this time the Moosehead Lake level was below the bottom or zero of the gage at the outlet, and no data on change in lake level between December, 1903, and April, 1904, are at hand. It is probable, however, that the flow during most of this time was little affected by lake storage, so that the run-off was approximately normal. The following table gives the run-off during this low-water period at Waterville, North Anson, and The Forks for various lengths of time: Run-off of Kennebec River during low-water conditions of 1903-4. Waterville (drainage area, North Anson (drainage area, The Forks (drainage area, 1,570 square miles) . 4,270 square miles) . 2,790 square miles) . a ^2 g t3 u -rt S Lowest or low- . y§ Pi g O 3 est success- 8 5T u O ^ aj ?p» 3* ^1 3«2S §11 3 rt a rt tf Six week days . December 14-19, 1903. 727 0.17 Januarv 25-30, 1904. ' a 617 0.22 November 30 to December 5, 1903. 0.36 One month February, 1904. . . 921 .22 February, 1904... 680 .24 November, 1903. .44 Three months.. December, 1903, to Februarv, 1904. 1,095 .26 January to March, 1904. 763 .27 October to De- cember, 1903. 6.51 Six months September, 1903, 1, 530 .36 October 13, 1903, 1,119 .40 to Februarv, to March, 1904. 1904. April, 1903, to Marcb, 1904. 4,373 1.02 April. 1903, to March, 1904. 3,506 1.26 ' a Average of three days during this week. 6 Fifteen days in December. The following table shows very clearly the effect of storage in increasing flow during the period from September to November, inclusive, which would probably have been the time of lowest water under natural conditions of flow: Low-water discharge, in second-feet per square mile, of Kennebec River at Waterville, Me., with and without storage. Lowest or lowest successive — Period. Estimated flow without storage. Observed flow with storage. September, 1903 ... 0.16 .19 .22 0.59 Three months September to November, 1903 September, 1903, to February, 1904... .46 .36 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 198 PL 5PS "FRESHET OAK," KENNEBEC RIVER AT WINSLOW, ME. .1, During flood of December, 1901; B, After flood of December, 1901, DEVELOPED WATER POWER. 121 LOW-WATER CONDITIONS ON TRIBUTARIES OF KENNEBEC RIVER. The following table gives the lowest observed flow for various lengths of time during the period since gaging stations were estab- lished on the Moose, Roach, Dead, Carrabassett, Sandy, Messa- lonskee, and Cobbosseecontee. It must be kept in mind that winter records are not in general available for these stations, and conse- quently the figures given may not represent the true minima for the given lengths of time during this period, which for the first four sta- tions began in 1902 and for the other three as noted in the table. In the latter part of 1903 very low water conditions existed. Low-water discharge, in second-feet per square mile, of tributaries of Kennebec River. Moose River at Rockwood (drain- age area 680 square miles). Roach River at Roach River (drainage area 85 square miles.) Dead River at The Forks (drainage area 870 square miles). Carrabassett River at North Anson (drainage area 340 square miles) . est success- ive — Period. eg o GO 8 Period. 03 A o s Period. 05 - A o A Period. 03 Si 03 .a o 03 s Six week days. . One month Three months . March 26-31, 1906. October, 1903 October to December, 1903. * 0.13 .15 a. 17 November 13- 18, 1905. October, 1905 October to December, 1903. 0.01 .32 .32 October 12-17, 1903. October, 1903 . September to November, 1903. 0.15 .20 .29 September 23- 28, 1903. September, 1903. September to November, 1903. 0.19 .32 .46 Lowest or low- est success- Sandy River at Madison & (drainage area 650 square miles). Messalonskee Stream at Waterville c (drainage area 205 square miles). Cobbosseecontee Stream at Gardiner d (drainage area 240 square miles) . Period. Dis- charge. Period. Dis- charge. Period. Dis- charge. Six week days. . One month Three months . October 2-7, 1905. . October, 1905 October tp De- cember, 1905. 0.08 .14 .32 December 14-19,1903 November, 1903 October to Decem- ber, 1903. 0.23 .29 .35 October 23-28, 1899. November, 1891.... October to Decem- ber, 1899. 0.27 .34 .46 a Sixteen days in December. b Sandy River station established in 1904. c Messalonskee Stream station established in 1903. d Cobbosseecontee Stream station established in 1890. WATER POWER. DEVELOPED WATER POWERS. The following brief descriptions of developed water powers in the Kennebec basin are based for the most part on data furnished by letters from the mill owners and users of power. This is supple- mented where possible by the information obtained from time to time by the hydrographers of the United States Geological Survey, in connection with their regular trips to gaging stations. Every error t has been made to avoid errors, but it must be realized that these 122 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASING descriptions have to be based largely on reports made up by persons who are not in general experienced in reporting such data, and some inaccuracies, are bound to exist. KENNEBEC RIVER. The uppermost of the developed water powers on the Kennebec is that of the International Paper Company at Carritunk Falls, near Solon. There is a natural fall at this point of about 28 feet through a narrow gorge, above which the river widens out. The dam was built in 1891 and affords an average head of about 29 feet. Turbines aggregating about 3,000 horsepower are installed, and the power is used in the manufacture of ground wood pulp. This dam ponds the water for about 2 miles upstream. The next utilized power downstream is that at Madison, which is used by the Great Northern Paper Company for manufacturing paper, ground wood pulp, and sulphite fiber; by the Indian Spring Woolen Company and the Madison Woolen Company for manufac- turing woolen goods, and by the Madison pumping station for pump- ing the town water supply. The two woolen companies use about 400 horsepower each, the pumping station a small amount, and the balance is taken by the paper company, which uses about 1,200 elec- trical horsepower at all times, and has in addition grinder units that require a maximum of about 200 horsepower. The electric plant is run throughout the year at full capacity and the grinders perhaps average half power throughout the year. The dam at Madison ponds water nearly up to the mouth of Carrabassett River, a distance of about 5 J miles. The next dam is at Skowhegan, where the power is controlled by the Skowhegan Water Power Company. A head of 18 to 20 feet is obtained, and 28 wheels aggregating a capacity of 5,100 horsepower are in use. Of this amount, 2,900 horsepower is employed in the manufacture of pulp, 750 horsepower for electric lights and power, and the remainder by grist, saw, planing, and woolen mills and a sash and blind factory. Some of the wheels operate factories by day and electric lights by night. The dam ponds water to about 1 mile above Norridgewock, a total distance of about 6 miles. At the village of Shawmut, in the town of Fairfield, is a -dam afford- ing a fall of about 12 feet, owned by the Shawmut Manufacturing Company. The power is utilized by pulp mills, an electric-light plant, a furniture factory, and a woolen mill. This dam ponds water 7 or 8 miles upstream, or considerably more than halfway to Skow- hegan. At Fairfield is a log dam about 1,300 feet long, with a total fall of 11 feet. This dam is owned by the Fairfield Junction Mills and DEVELOPED WATEB POWER. I 2o Water Power Company, and furnishes power for two sawmills and a planing mill. There are eight or ten wheels, developing about 1,000 horsepower. This dam ponds water to the foot of the Shawmut dam, a distance of about 3 miles. At Winslow are the dam and mills of the Hollingsworth & Whit- ney Company (privilege formerly known as the College Rapids) . This company manufactures manila paper and ground wood and sulphite pulp. A fall is obtained of about 23 feet. There are 46 turbines with an aggregate capacity of about 8,500 horsepower, in addition to 2,000 horsepower of auxiliary steam. This dam ponds water to the foot of the Fairfield dam, a distance of about 2% miles. At Ticonic Falls, between Waterville and Winslow, are the cotton mills of the Lockwood Company, about 2,400 horsepower being used. A dam 750 feet long raises the river surface 7 feet, and a further natural fall of about 13 feet on a slate ledge gives a total fall of 20 feet. This dam ponds water to the foot of the Hollingsworth & Whitney dam, a distance of about 1 mile upstream. At Augusta, at the head of tide water, is a timber-crib dam afford- ing ordinarily a head of 17 feet. On the west bank the Edwards Manufacturing Company uses about 2,500 horsepower for its cotton mills; on the east bank 1,500 horsepower is used by the Cushnoc Paper Company and the Kennebec Light and Heat Company, the latter furnishing the municipal lights of Augusta, Hallowell, Gardiner, and Togus. The fall at this dam is affected somewhat by the rise of tide. At ordinary stages the water is ponded by the dam for about 12 miles upstream, or about three-fourths of the way to Winslow and Waterville. DEAD RIVER. There are no water powers of importance on Dead River; on North Branch at Eustis is a dam affording a head of 8 feet, used for a lum- ber and grist mill; on South Branch at Stratton is also a small devel- oped power. CARR ABAS SETT RIVER. At Kingfield is a dam affording a head of 10 to 12 feet, used for lumber and planing mills and the manufacture of rakes, cant dogs, cotton-mill rolls, etc. Wheels aggregating about 170 horsepower are installed, about half of which can be run during the low-water season. At East New Portland the Carrabassett Stock Farm Company owns a privilege affording a head of 15 to 26 feet, used for a sawmill and electric-light plant, with three wheels rated at a total of 465 horsepower. Auxiliary steam (75-horsepower boiler) is also used. At North Anson just above the Somerset Railway bridge a dam 3697— irr 198—07 9 124 . WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN., affording a head of about 9 feet is used by the North Anson Lumber Company for a sawmill. One wheel is installed, rated at 110 horse- power, 70 per cent of which is available at low water. A short dis- tance downstream, near the entrance of Mill Stream, a dam is being constructed (1906) to utilize the flow of both Carrabassett River and Mill Stream. A paper and pulp mill of the American Pulp, Paper and Lumber Company will be placed on the right bank and utilize practically all of the undeveloped fall at North Anson, amounting to about 40 feet. On the tributaries of Carrabassett River are a few small develop- ments, principally at North and West New Portland. SANDY RIVER. At Phillips is a dam affording a head of 20 feet, used for a sawmill and electric-light plant; two wheels are installed, rated at 125 horse- power; the low-water flow, lasting usually about a month, is good for 40 or 50 horsepower. At Fairbanks is a developed privilege. At Farmington is a dam affording a fall of about 7 feet, used for a lumber mill. At Farmington Falls a dam gives a head of 8 or 9 feet, used in manufacturing carriages, sleighs, etc. At New Sharon a fall of 10 feet is utilized for the manufacture of shoes and shoe boxes. Near Madison, a few miles from the mouth of the river, is a masonry dam, affording a fall of 15 feet, used for electric light and power. (See p. 87 for additional details of this plant.) SEBASTICOOK RIVER. At Hartland, on West Branch, are two dams, the upper affording a head of about 6 feet and operating two wheels for a lumber and planing mill, which uses half the flow. The remaining water is car- ried farther downstream, and discharged under a head of 16 feet, with a second dam providing a fall of about 11 feet, used by the Linn Woolen Company for the manufacture of shawls, rugs, dress goods, etc. This company has about 180 horsepower of wheels and 150 horsepower of auxiliary steam. At Pittsfield, on West Branch, is a dam affording a head of about 11 feet, utilized by the Waverley Woolen Company, which has three wheels aggregating 300 horsepower and 250 horsepower of auxiliar}^ steam (used only in times of very low water). About half a mile farther downstream is a privilege affording a fall of about 10 feet; one- third of the flow at this point is utilized by the Smith Woolen Company (one wheel of 60 horsepower and auxiliary steam of 85 horsepower), and DEVELOPED WATER POWER. 125 the remainder by Robert Dobson & Co., manufacturers of woolen goods, who have 150 horsepower of wheels and 215 horsepower trans- mitted electrically from the Sebasticook Power Company's plant near Burnham. At Corinna, on East Branch, is a dam affording a head of 10 feet, used for a flour and grist mill, with wheels of about 90 horsepower installed. At Newport, on East Branch, is the plant of the Newport Woolen Company, which utilizes a fall of about 10 feet, with 135 horsepower of wheels and 75 horsepower of auxiliary steam. At Detroit, on East Branch, is a dam with head of about 12 feet, used for a lumber mill, with turbines of 250 horsepower. Near Burnham Junction, on the main river, is a timber-crib dam with masonry abutments, built in 1903, giving a head of about 27.5 feet. This is owned by the Sebasticook Power Company and used for generating light and power to be transmitted, mostly to Pittsneld at present. The plant is not yet fully developed; three pairs of wheels are installed, rated in the aggregate at about 800 horsepower, and the company has 400 horsepower of auxiliary steam. The mini- mum flow at this point is considered to be good for 1,200 horsepower. At Clinton is a dam affording a head of about 6 or 8 feet, used for flour and grist and lumber mills. Wheels of about 200 horsepower are installed. At Benton Falls a fall of 25 feet is utilized by the United Box Board and Paper Company, which has wheels of about 800 horse- power installed and manufactures wood-pulp board. MESSALONSKEE STREAM. There are several dams affording slight falls between the various lakes in the headwaters of Messalonskee River — at Smithfield, be- tween East and North ponds (7-foot fall) ; at Belgrade Mills, betv^een Great and Long ponds (9-foot fall) , etc. At Oakland the following powers have been developed: (1) A dam at the foot of Messalonskee Lake, with 8-foot fall, utilized for woolen mill, pumping station, and ax factory; (2) a dam with 12-foot fall, used for scythe and ax factory, machine shop, and shoddy mill; (3) a dam with 14-foot fall, two 48-inch Hercules wheels, used for ax, scythe, and tool factory; (4) a. dam with 40-foot fall, 600 horsepower of wheels used by Messalonskee Electric Company and about 100 horse- power for scythe forge shop; (5) a dam with 18-foot fall, ISO-horse- power wheel used by Cascade Woolen Mill, the balance unused. The last three privileges are owned by the Dunn Edge Tool Company. A dam with a fall of about 14 feet is used for pumping the Water- ville municipal water supply, which comes by gravity flow from China Lake, Just below is the dam of the Chase Manufacturing Company, 126 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.- with a fall of about 8 feet. (See p. 90 for further description of this plant.) About a mile farther downstream, a short distance from the mouth of the river, is a masonry dam affording a fall of about 40 feet, owned by the Waterville Gas and Electric Company and used for electric light and power. COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM. There are developed privileges at Readfield, Winthrop, and Mon- mouth. Between Cobbosseecontee Pond and Gardiner are two developed privileges, which, however, are not of much value for power because at times all the water is shut back for storage purposes in the ponds. At Gardiner there are seven dams controlled by the Gardiner Water Power Company. They afford a total fall of 128 feet, used as indi- cated in the following table: Developed water powers at Gardiner, Me. Owner. Use. Pumping station . Paper mill do Gardiner waterworks S. D. Warren & Co Hollingsworth & Whitney Co Do do Do do Joshua Gray & Son I Lumber mill Gardiner estate I Various small industries . . . Fall. Feet. 9 37 17 16 16* 12J 15-20 Horse- power. («) & 1,050 a See p. 93 for further description of this plant. & 2 wheels. UNDEVELOPED WATER POWERS. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. In 1882 Swain a called attention to the large amount of excellent undeveloped power on the Kennebec River and its tributaries. Since that time many important plants have been constructed — notably those at Waterville, Fairfield, Madison, and Solon on the main river and numerous smaller developments on the tributary streams. There is still, however, especially in the more northerly portions of the basin, an immense amount of unutilized power. Of the 1,026 feet fall on the main river between Moosehead Lake and tide water only about 153 feet are developed. A condensed profile of Kennebec River is shown on PI. IV; a plan and a more detailed profile can be obtained by addressing the Director of the United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. Brief descriptions follow of some of the more important unutilized water privileges. For the main stream and for Moose, Roach, and Dead rivers these are based on surveys and reconnaissances of the " Swain, G. F., Report on water powers; Tenth Census, vol. 16, pt. 1, 1885, pp 83-89. o o o o \0V3H3S00W J.VWVO J 3QOIV9WhcfO \ '1\ QNOd NVIONI a o o"o c o -a c 450,000 460,000 470,000 1 _ § i T i _ Crest of Solon d 1 5 66§ tI i 75 " IS 78 1 1 j—i ' "1 || i i i i I 1 I I 1 II 1 I ! 1 i , I -* is i ir i ll i V T Till ! »Sl»r* li |Bil4-I, i i . M . l T, TIT, T yl ^^^ PROFILE OF KENNEBEC RIVER. Corrected according to revised datum of 1906, by adding 2.6 feet to all elevation UNDEVELOPED WATER POWER. 127 United States Geological Survey from 1904 to 1906; for the principal tributaries such topographic atlas sheets as are available were con- sulted, and the facts they furnished were supplemented by informa- tion obtained chiefly through correspondence. KENNEBEC RIVER. Between Moosehead Lake and Indian Pond there is a drop of nearly 100 feet distributed rather evenly over a distance of about 3| miles. For about 7 miles below Indian Pond the river is very precipitous, falling approximately 250 feet. Much power could be developed here. The banks are high with rocky walls and there are many excellent dam sites. In the remaining 8 miles to the mouth of Dead River at The Forks, the fall is a little less steep, amounting to about 120 feet. The conditions in general are good, however, for power development. From The Forks to Bingham the fall is in general fairly uniform, amounting to 230 feet in a "distance of about 22 miles. At only a few places in this stretch are there rapids other than those produced by the general slope of the river. The most promising place for power development is perhaps near Carrying Place Rips, about 10 miles above Bingham, where there is a fall of about 9 feet in half a mile; but this location is not especially favorable for a dam. This entire section of the river, however, will be in time of great value for power purposes. From Bingham down to the Solon dam the fall is considerably less than in the stretch of the river just described, amounting to only about 30 feet in a distance of 5 miles to the Solon mill pond. Between the foot of the Solon dam and Solon Ferry, a distance of H miles, is a fall of about 8 i feet. The total fall between the foot of the Solon dam and the mouth of Carrabassett River, which marks the practical extent of pondage from the Madison dam, is about 36 feet in a distance of 9 miles. At Madison, between the present dam and the mouth of Sandy River, a distance of a little less than 3 miles, there is a fall of about 68 feet in pitches and rapids where some excellent undeveloped pow T er exists. (See PI. VII, B, p. 162.) The Great Northern Paper Company has prepared plans for the development of practically all of this fall by the use of two dams — one developing 43 feet and the other 20 feet. At Bombazee Rips, about 2J miles above Norridgewock, there is a fall of 1\ feet in one-fourth of a mile. Near the head of the rips is a good ledge foundation for a dam, and probably a 10 or 12 foot head could be obtained here without difficulty. Just below Skowhegan there are 18 or 20 feet of undeveloped fall in a distance of about 2\ miles. The remainder of the river is entire!}" developed. 128 WATER RESOURCES OE KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. MOOSE RIVER. Holeb Falls, about 16 miles by river below the outlet from Holeb Pond, give a fall of 20 to 30 feet. Upstream for about 8 miles the fall is slight, so that good pondage could be had here. Mosquito Rips (4 feet fall), Spencer Rips (5 feet fall), and Attean Falls (10 feet fall) occur in the remaining stretch of river to the head of Attean Pond. The total distance from Holeb Outlet to Attean Pond is about 29 miles. Between Attean, Wood, and Long ponds there is but little fall. Below Long Pond the fall is very steep, being about 110 feet in a distance of 4 miles to Little Brassua Lake, which is practically at the level of Brassua Lake. This stretch flows over a very rough and rocky bed and there are several good sites for dams. (See PI. V, B.) Between Brassua and Moosehead lakes is a drop of about 20 feet at ordinary stages. By placing a dam near the Rockwood gaging station of the United States Geological Survey this fall could be practically all util- ized and in addition any further amount resulting from the raising of the Brassua Lake level to procure additional storage. (See p. 134.) ROACH RIVER. There is a little fall on Roach River above Lower Roach Pond — perhaps 30 feet to Middle Roach Pond. Between Lower Roach Pond and Moosehead Lake, a distance of some 5 miles, the fall is about 75 feet. MOXIE STREAM. There is a total fall of 370 feet between Moxie Pond and Kennebec River, a distance of about 4 miles, and this occurs practically all in the lower 2 miles. At Moxie Falls there is a nearly vertical drop of 95 feet near the main river. DEAD RIVER. At Arnolds Falls about 5 miles below Flagstaff there is a fall of about 12 feet in one-fourth of a mile. At Hurricane Falls, 4 miles above Dead River, there is a fall of 8 feet in one-eighth of a mile. From 10 to 12 feet- fall could be developed, but the pondage would be small, unless the intervale land was flooded. Long Falls, 6 miles below Dead River Plantation, extends over a distance of about a mile, with a total fall of about 72 feet, the main part being made up of a series of precipitous falls occurring in a short distance. Excellent sites exist for a dam, as the river banks are of ledge, and a 40-foot head could be easily developed. At Grand Falls, one-fourth mile below the Dead River dam and about 1 2 miles from The Forks, is a precipitous drop of 28 feet. The banks are high and of ledge, affording an excellent opportunity for a dam ; a 40-foot head could U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 198 PL. V A. HEAD-GATES AT EAST OUTLET OF MOOSEHEAD LAKE. B. LONG POND DAM ON MOOSE RIVER. UNDEVELOPED WATEB POWER. 129 be easily developed. Dead River Rapids extend from Grand Kails to The Forks, with a total fall of about 400 feet in the L2 miles. No precipitous falls occur, but for the most part a gradual descent is maintained, there being a succession of very rocky rapids with short stretches of connecting quick water. The river banks are for the most part high and ledges are numerous affording opportunities for dams at nearly all of the rapids. • The following table gives an approximate profile of Dead River, based on a barometric reconnaissance during 1906. Elevations along Bead Hirer. [Datum is mean tide.] Place. Flagstaff Dead River Outlet of West Carrv Pond Head of Long Falls.".. Foot of Long Falls at Black Brook Outlet of Spring Lake Dead River dam (present water surface) Dead River dam (top gates) Dead River dam (foot of Grand Falls) Mouth of Spencer Stream Junction of Spencer and Little Spencer stream Mouth of Enchanted Stream Junction with Kennebec Elevation Approxi- above mate dis- mean sea tance from level. Flagstaff. Feet. Miles 1,082 1,072 10 1,072 14i 1,072 16 LOCO 17 1,000 18? 1,0C0 23 1,011 23 963 23i 957 23.i 984 760 29 565 36 PLEASANT POND STREAM. Pleasant Pond Stream falls about 780 feet between Pleasant Pond and Kennebec River, a distance of 3 1 miles, but the tributary drainage area is only a few square miles. PIERCE POND OUTLET. Pierce Pond Outlet falls about 640 feet in a distance of 3 miles from Pierce Pond to Kennebec River. The drainage area at the out- let of the pond is small, being only about 18 square miles. The pos- sibility of bringing Dead River water to Pierce Pond and thus utiliz- ing the large drop to Kennebec River in one fall has been investigated. Pierce Pond lies at about 1,125 feet above tide (by aneroid from Carritunk), and a comparison of this elevation with those given for Dead River in the foregoing table indicates the impossibility of carry- ing out this scheme without great expense, as to reach the Pierce Pond elevation it would be necessary to pond the water in Dead River to a point above Flagstaff. 130 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC EIVER BASIN. CARRABASSETT RIVER. There is considerable undeveloped fall in the upper part of Carra- bassett River and on its tributaries, but the supply of water is in general too small to warrant developments. At Cleveland Rips, 3 or 4 miles above North Anson, is an undeveloped fall said to be about 12 feet. SANDY RIVER, Considerable undeveloped fall exists on Sandy River. There is said to be a good privilege just below New Sharon that will afford a fall of about 30 feet. At Davis Ferry, in the town of Stark, is a power site with perhaps a 15-foot fall. At Strong, and farther up the river, there is considerable unutilized fall, but the volume of water available in low-water seasons is small. SEBASTICOOK RIVER. Sebasticook River is one of the most fully developed for power of all the tributaries of the Kennebec. Of the 170-feet fall between Moose Pond and Kennebec River about 100 feet are developed. It is said that at Fifteenmile Rips, about 3 miles above Clinton, a good site exists to obtain a fall of about 12 feet. At Winslow, about half a mile below the entrance of China Lake Outlet, near the mouth of the river, is an undeveloped privilege owned by the Fort Halifax Paper Company, of Waterville, that is reported to be capable of affording a 24-foot head and " a mean low run of 450 to 550 cubic feet per second." MESSALONSKEE STREAM. Of the 210-feet fall between Messalonskee Lake and Kennebec River about 135 feet are developed. A good unutilized site remains just below Oakland, where a head of about 47 feet can be obtained. This is owned by the Messalonskee Electric Company. The large amount of lake area in this drainage basin is of great value in render- ing the flow uniform, but the storage capacity of the lakes should be increased and more care given toward regulation of flow. WEBER POND OUTLET. Weber Pond Outlet falls about 115 feet in 3 \ miles — mostly in the last 2 miles — from Weber Pond to Kennebec River. COBBOSSEECONTtttt STREAM. Cobbosseecontee Stream is rather fully developed, but a few unutil- ized sites remain above Cobbosseecontee Pond. This is a stream of very even flow, owing to its excellent storage reservoirs. WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASi -. 131 WATER ST< )RA( HE. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. No other tract of country of the same extent on the continent i well watered — that is, supplied with well-distributed lakes and streams — as is the State of Maine. Of the three largest drainage basins in the State — the Kennebec, Penobscot, and Androscoggin — the Kennebec is first as regards the proportion of lake and pond sur- face to total drainage area, which for this river is about 1 to 14. (See p. 144.) Moreover, Moosehead Lake furnishes one- third of this water-surface area in the Kennebec basin and constitutes one of the most valuable reservoirs for water storage and control in the country. The drainage area tributary to Moosehead Lake is large — about 1,240 square miles — so that even the great storage capacity afforded by a depth of 7.5 feet (the present head) on this lake is not nearly sufficient to prevent considerable losses of water at times. The importance of storing and regulating the flow of Kennebec Biver has long been realized by the water power and lumbering inter- ests along the river. To a certain extent these interests of necessity conflict in regard to the manner of use of stored water. The log- driving season begins in the early spring, the small streams in the headwaters being first driven and the logs temporarily held in various lakes and ponds. Eventually the main drive leaves Moosehead Lake, and it is usually well into the summer before the last of the logs reach their destination on the lower river. To drive the logs, especially in the portion of the river between Moosehead Lake and Bingham, a cer- tain amount of flow is required to prevent the rapid formation of jams, and the practice is to let out each daj from Indian Pond dam (this pond being used as a regulating reservoir for flow from Moose- head Lake) a head, or " hoist," as it is called, of water to help sluice along the drive. Formerly little or no care was taken to prevent the waste of water during log driving, with the result that frequently by the end of the log-driving season little water would be left stored in Moosehead Lake, and consequently the water-power users on the river suffered from a scarcity of water in the fall and early winter, receiving almost no benefit from the use of Moosehead Lake for storage. In late years, however, the log-driving and water-power interests on the river have become more, harmonious, and the two associations repre- senting them — the Kennebec Log Driving Association and the Ken- nebec Water Power Company — are to a large extent made up of the same persons. Efforts are being made not only to prevent the need- less waste of water in log driving, but to improve the river channel and facilities for driving, s > as to require less water for this purpose. The necessity of providing additional storage capacity over that now utilized at Moosehead Lake has been apparent for severed years, and 132 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN., surveys of the lake have been made by the water-power company to ascertain the feasibility of further raising the lake level. As a result of the cooperation between the Maine State Survey Commission and the United States Geological Survey, surveys of various lakes and ponds in the Kennebec headwaters were made dur- ing 1905-6 by the National Survey. Sufficient information has been thus obtained, in addition to that relating to Moosehead Lake fur- nished by the Kennebec Water Power Company, to serve as a basis for a fairly comprehensive study of the problem of additional storage, and in the succeeding pages the various possibilities will be discussed. The following plans and profiles will be furnished to persons especially interested in the subject on application to the Director, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C: Plan of Brassua Lake. Plan of Brassua Lake Outlet. Plan and profile of Moose River between Moosehead and Brassua lakes. Plan of Wood and Attean ponds. Plan of Wood Pond Outlet. Reconnaissance plan of Holeb Pond, Long Pond, Lower Roach Pond, Middle Roach Pond, Flagstaff Lake, West Carry Pond, Spring Lake, and Spencer Ponds. STORAGE IN KENNEBEC HEADWATERS. MOOSEHEAD LAKE. Moosehead Lake, with an area of about 115 square miles, is the largest lake in New England. It is about 35 miles in extreme length, 12 miles in maximum width, and of such depth that it is crossed by steamboats from end to end. It has long been used as a veservoir to store the spring now for use in log driving and for power, and is commanded by substantial log-crib dams at its two outlets. ' That at the east or principal outlet, shown in PI. V, A, was com- pleted in 1901, replacing an old dam. The west-outlet dam was rebuilt in 1904. Most of the regulation of flow, however, is carried on at the east-outlet dam, and in general little water flows by way of the west outlet. The west-outlet stream joins the main river at the upper end of Indian Pond. The present head of water obtainable on Moosehead Lake is about 7.5 feet. (See list of gage heights of Moosehead Lake, pp. 70-76.) The Kennebec Water Power Company has made surveys of the pres- ent lake shores with the view of obtaining additional storage capacity corresponding to an increased depth of 2 feet, and has spent about .$16,000 for these surveys and mapping. The results indicate that an increase in water surface of about 1.6 square miles would result from this proposed rise in level. The shores are in general high and rocky, but in several places rather low, so that the estimated damages are on the whole considerable. It is probable that Moosehead Lake could WATER STORAGE. 133 be drawn down considerably below the present limit, if dredging were done at the outlet, but this would of course have an objectionable effect on the navigability of the lake. The data furnished by the Kennebec Water Power Company have been used in compiling the following table, which shows the present storage capacity and that obtainable by raising the lake level 2 feet. Area and capacity of Moosehead Lake at different elevations. [Drainage area at outlet, 1,240 square miles.] Gage height. Area of water surface. Capacity of section. Total capacity above gage height 0.0 foot.. Feet. 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 7.5 8.5 9.5 Sq. miles. 111.3 111.9 112.4 113.0 113.6 114.3 114.9 115.6 116.0 116.8 Cubic feet Cubic feet. 3,110,000,000 3,127,000,000 3,142,000,000 3,158,000,000 3,176,000,000 3,195,000,000 3,213,000,000 1,614,000,000 3,245,000,000 3,267,000,000 3,110,000,000 6,237,000,000 9,379,000,000 j 12,537,000,000 15,713,000,000 ! 18,908,000,000 j 22,121,000,000 23,735,000,000 26,980,000,000 30,247,000,000 a Gage heights refer to lake datum, the zero of which is approximately at the elevation of the gate sills, or 1,021.30 feet above mean sea level. MOOSE RIVER BASIN. Moose River and its series of lakes, comprising Brassua Lake and Long, Wood, Attean, and Holeb ponds, afford some excellent oppor- tunities for storage of water. The natural and artificial conditions in the vicinity of these ponds are in general favorable for their utiliza- tion for storage without great cost, but at present only one of them (Long Pond) is controlled by a dam, and this is utilized solely for log-driving purposes. (See PL V, B p. 128.) The following descrip- tions of the Moose River lakes and ponds are based on data obtained by the United States Geological Survey during 1905-6. as previously explained. BRASSUA LAKE. Brassua Lake is approximately rectangular in shape, running north- west to southeast, about 5.5 miles long and 1.4 miles in maximum width. Its greatest depth is about 35 feet, in the extreme north- western part of the lake; the more shallow portions lie at the south- eastern extremity along Miseree Sands. It has an area of 5.55 square miles at an elevation of 1,043.0 feet above mean tide. The .shores are wooded and as a rule are high, the low areas being around the entering streams — Miseree Stream at the southeast, Moose River at the south, and Brassua Stream at the northern extremity. No dam now exists at the outlet of the lake. 134 WATEE RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. This lake could readily be raised 10 or 15 feet, or even more, above the present low-water level, without doing any damage except to tim- ber standing on the flooded area, but as this is mostly young growth the total damage would be small. There are several good sites for a dam at the outlet of the lake. As a rule the river bed here is rocky or of gravel and in places rather rough. A dam with crest at elevation 1,056 feet, placed near the outlet, with a total length of about 850 feet and a maximum height of 20 to 25 feet would afford about 18 feet head of water. About 1.3 miles below the outlet, just below the United States Geological Survey gaging station, is a site for a dam which would not only afford lake storage but would develop a. fall of about 25 feet and fktod. out the rough section of the river intervening, which causes considerable trouble in log driving. A dam here would be about 1,000 feet in total length and about 35 feet in maximum height, if its crest were set at elevation 1,056 feet. The following table gives the area and approximate storage capac- ity of Brassua Lake at various elevations: Area and rapacity of Brassua Lake at. different elevations. [Drainage area at outlet, 675 square miles.] Eleva- tion above Area of water Capacity of sec- tion. Total capacity above elevation mean se<< surface. 1,038 feet. level. Feet. Sq. miles. Cubic feet. Cubic feet. 1,038 4.45 1,039 4. 66 "127 ,"666," 666" '"'127,' 666^666" 1,040 4.87 133,000,000 260,000,000 1,041 5.08 139,000,000 399,000,000 1,042 5.30 145,000,000 544, 000, 000 1,043 5.55 151,500,000 695,500,000 1,044 5.80 158, 500, 000 854, 000, 000 1,045 (i. 05 165,000,000 1,019,000,000 1,046 6,35 173,000,000 1,192,000,000 1,047 6. 65 181,000,000 1,373,000,000 1,048 7.00 190,500,000 1,563,500,000 1,049 7 37 200,000,000 1,763,500,000 1,050 7. 85 212,000,000 1,975,500,000 1,051 8. 37 236, 000, 000 2,211,500,000 1,052 8. 85 240,500,000 2,452.000,000 1,053 0.20 252,000,000 2,704,000,000 1,054 9.50 261,000,000 2,965,000,000 1 , 055 9.80 2!i9,000,000 3,234,000,000 1,056 10.12 278,000,000 3,512,000,000 ] , 057 10. 45 287,000,000 3,799,000,000 1,058 10. 70 295, 500, 000 5,094,500,000 LONG POND. Long Pond runs approximately from northwest to southeast and is long, narrow, and irregular in shape. Its extreme length is about 10 miles, 8 miles being the pond proper and the remainder the former river channel, in which water is held by the dam. During low water there is a fall of perhaps 2 or 3 feet between these two portions. The width of the pond varies from 300 feet at the Lower Narrows to WATER STORAGE. 135 1 \ miles opposite the mouth of Parlin Stream. Its maximum depth is about 35 feet, and it has a pond surface 1 of 4.S square miles at an elevation of 1,159 feet. The shores are wooded, as a rule, with some bordering farm land toward the northern extremity. Around the upper end the ground is low and marshy; the remainder of the shore rises gradually. The Canadian Pacific Railway runs along the entire southern shore, being but little above the pond in elevation. The lowest portion of the track is just west of Parlin Stream, where the elevation is about 1,165 feet; at several other places the elevation is from 1,166 to 1,170 feet. The existing dam is an old timber-crib structure, 385 feet in total length. It has two wing walls, one 43 feet and the other 170 feet long, and the dam proper is 172 feet long, with 14 sluices and gates. (See PI. V, B, p. 128.) The elevation of the bottom of six sluices is about 1,157 feet; of the log sluice, 1,152.2 feet; and of the remaining sluices, about 1,151.2 feet. The elevation of the wing wall on the south, at which water will go to waste, is about 1,160 feet. The dam is now used for holding back water in the spring for a short time during the log-driving season; after that the gates are open and free flow takes place. On account of the proximity of the Canadian Pacific Railway, per- haps no increase in the height of the dam is warranted, but to utilize the storage a higher summer level could be maintained. The present low-water level is about 1,152 feet at the dam, or probably about 1,154 or 1,155 in the pond proper. In the spring the water is main- tained for a short time in the pond at an elevation of over 1,160 feet, and an elevation of 1,160 feet could probably be maintained without doing much damage. If the present average low-water level is con- sidered as elevation 1,155 feet, and the average area 4.5 square miles, the capacity at elevation 1,160 feet would be about 625,000,000 cubic feet. It is probable that this quantity could be considerably increased by dredging at the narrows and lowering the gate sills at the dam. The drainage area at the outlet of the pond is 520 square miles. WOOD AND ATTEAN PONDS. Wood Pond is situated in the town of Jackman at an elevation at low-water level of about 1,157 feet. It is connected with Long Pond by about 7 miles of very crooked river, in winch the fall is about 2 feet under average conditions. The pond is irregular in shape, 3.8 miles in extreme length and If miles in maximum width. A con- siderable portion of it is more than .30 feet in depth. The shores are wooded and steep, with practically no bordering flat land. Attean Pond is connected with Wood Pond by about three-fourths of a mile of river and under normal conditions is at the same level as Wood Pond. It will thus be noted that Long, Wood, and Attean 136 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. ponds are all at about the same elevation. Attean Pond is very irregular in shape, 5 miles long, 2 miles in maximum width, and about 30 feet in maximum depth. It contains many islands. The shores are wooded and high for the most part, the lowest land, which is under cultivation, being along the river connecting Wood and Attean ponds. The Canadian Pacific Railway runs along a portion of the eastern shore of Wood Pond, crosses Moose River at its entrance into that pond, and then follows the northern shore of Attean Pond. Its lowest elevation is about 1,174 feet, just south of the bridge on Moose River. A dam can be placed at the outlet of Wood Pond. Here the banks are high and of gravel, and the two ponds could be easily raised 10 feet by a dam 550 feet long. It is probable that water could not be drawn lower than about elevation 1,057 feet, owing to backwater influence from the river below; this would make a high- water elevation of 1,067 feet. Damage would be done to timber on the flooded land, and also to some farm land at the head of Wood Pond. The drainage area of Wood Pond at its outlet is 320 square miles, and of Attean Pond 270 square miles. The following table gives the areas and capacity of Wood and Attean ponds at different elevations: Area and capacity of Attean and Wood ponds at different elevations. Eleva- tion mean sea level. Area of water sur- Rapacity of face. section. Total capacity above elevation 1,157 feet. Feet. 1,153 1,154 1,155 1,156 1,157 1,158 1,159 1,160 l.lftl 1,162 1,163 1,164 1,165 1,166 1,167 1,168 Sq. miles. 6.0 6.6 7.1 7.3 7.5 7.7 7.9 8.0 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 9.0 9.4 10.0 11.1 Cubic feet. Cubic feet. 211,900,000 217.500,000 223,000,000 223,000,000 225,800,000 231, 400, 000 237,000,000 245,300,000 256, 400, 000 270, 400, 000 295,500,000 211,900,000 429,400,000 652,400,000 875,400,000 1,101,200,000 1,322,600,000 1,569,600,000 1,814,900,000 2,071,300,000 2,341,700,000 637,200,000 HOLEB POND. Holeb Pond, in the town of Holeb, is about 1 mile from Moose River, to which it is connected by Holeb Stream. It is irregular in shape, 3f miles long and 1J miles in maximum width. The shores are wooded and high, except around the brooks and inlets entering the pond. The elevation of the low-water summer level is about 1,231 feet, and the area of the pond at this elevation is about 1.70 square miles; at elevation 1,241 feet the area of the water surface WATER STORAGE. 137 would be about 2.8 square miles. The Canadian Pacific Railway runs along' the southern shore and crosses Hole!) Stream just below the point where it leaves the pond, at an elevation of about 1 ,246 feet. During the spring freshets, when Moose River is high, the back- water due to a ledge about 8 miles below Holeb Stream sets back to Holeb Pond, and at times has flooded the railroad tracks. This backwater causes the pond to act as a natural storage basin for a short time in the spring. The only suitable place for a dam would be at the Canadian Pacific bridge, and could one be built here and an elevation of the lake surface of 1,241 feet maintained, the capacity of the lake above elevation 1,231 feet would be about 627,000,000 cubic feet. The drainage area of Holeb Pond at its outlet is about 24 square miles. ROACH RIVER BASIN. Roach River, with its three connected ponds, affords some oppor- tunity for storage, although not as good as Moose River on account of its much smaller drainage area. LOWER ROACH POND. The present dam at Lower Roach Pond is as high as the surface of the surrounding ground will admit, and could not be raised with- out considerable expense because of the lowland. This dam con- trols about an 8-foot head, and, with an average area of 4.9 square miles, the present capacity is about 1,093,000,000 cubic feet. At present the summer pond level is but little above minimum low water, and a higher level could be maintained without doing any damage. It is probable, too, that this pond could be drawn down considerably lower by dredging and lowering the outlet. The drain- age area at the outlet of the pond is about 85 square miles. MIDDLE ROACH POND. On Middle Roach Pond is a dam now controlling 6 feet of head. The average area of the pond is 1 square mile, and with the present dam the capacity is 167,000,000 cubic feet of water. The land is low around the dam, but with nashboards an increase in height of about 2 feet could be obtained without doing any material damage. This increase would add 67,000,000 cubic feet to the capacity. 138 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. - SUMMARY OF STORAGE IN KENNEBEC HEADWATERS. In the following table is a summary of the present and available storage in the upper portion of the Kennebec basin: Summary oj principal storage in Kennebec headwaters. Present stor- Available stor- age, age. Cubic feci. [ Cubic feet. Moosehcad Lake -. 23. 735, 000, 000 30, 247, 000, 000 Brassua Lake •. 3, 512, 000, 000 Long Pond 025, 000, 000 025, 000. 000 Wood and Attean ponds 2,341,700,000 Holeb Pond ' 027, 000, 000 Lower Roach Pond 1, 093, 000, 000 1, 093, 000, 000 Middle Roach Pond .- 107, 000, 000 i 234. 000, 000 25, 620, 000, 000 38, 079, 700, 000 STORAGE BELOW MOOSEHEAD LAKE. MOXIE POND. Moxie Pond, situated in The Forks and East Moxie townships, is about 4 miles from Kennebec River, to which it is tributary b} r Moxie Stream. It is long and narrow, about 8 miles in extreme length and three-fourths in maximum width, running approximately north and south. It has an area at low water of about 2.6 square miles. The shores are in general fairly high and steep, except near each end of the pond where there is considerable low ground. The shores are wooded, but mostly with small growth. A timber-crib dam about 450 feet long controls a head of about 9 feet, at which level (about 969 feet above tide) the area of the water surface is about 3.0 square miles. This dam is used at present solely for log-driving purposes. The storage capacity of the pond is about 705,000,000 cubic feet. The outlet can be cut down about 2 feet and the dam raised 3 feet without great expense, and a total head of 14 feet obtained, corresponding to about 1 , 100,000,000 cubic feet capacity. To more nearly control the run-off from this drainage basin (80 square miles at the mouth of the pond) a dam 18 or 20 feet high would be required, furnishing a storage capacity of about 1,600,000,000 cubic feet. The most serious obstacle to raising the level of Moxie Pond any considerable amount is the proximity of the Somerset Railway extension, and the necessary changes involved in grading, etc., would add largely to the expense. On the other hand, the large amount of available water power on Moxie Stream, which has a fall of about 370 feet in practically 2 miles, makes any increase in the storage capacity of Moxie Pond of twofold value. WATER STORAGE. 139 PIERCE POND. Pierce Pond is located principally in Pierce Pond Township, about 3.5 miles west of Kennebec River, to which it is tributary by Pierce Pond Stream. It is very irregular in shape, being practically two ponds connected by a thoroughfare. It runs approximately north and south, and is 5 miles in extreme length, a little over a mile in maximum width, and in places rather deep. It has an area of about 2.3 square miles and the surface is approximately 1,125 feet above mean tide. The shores of the pond are wooded, mostly with young growth, and in the main are high with steep banks, but there are a few low places of small area. A timber-crib dam, in rather poor condition, about 385 feet in total length, affords a head of 10 feet and a storage capacity of approxi- mately 620,000,000 cubic feet. The drainage area tributary to Pierce Pond is only about 18 square miles and any additional storage over the present amount is of doubt- ful value, although it could be obtained without great outlay. The thoroughfare between the two sections of the pond could be cut down with little expense, so that the northern part, in which at present there is a height of about 3.5 feet not utilized, would drain down within a foot of the outlet level. Pierce Pond would make an excellent storage reservoir if a greater area were tributary to it. The relative position of Pierce Pond with reference to Dead River is discussed on page 129. DEAD RIVER BASIN. Some very good opportunities exist for storage of water in the Dead River drainage basin, although as a rule the lakes and ponds do not have a large tributary area. FLAGSTAFF LAKE. Flagstaff Lake is in the town of Flagstaff, about half a mile north of Dead River, to which it is tributary. It is approximately rectangular in shape, running southeast and northwest, 2.5 miles in extreme length and 0.9 mile in maximum width, with an area of water surface of about 1.4 square miles, at an elevation of 1,100 feet above mean tide. It is a shallow lake, being not over 10 feet in maximum depth at medium stages. The shores are in general rather low. A rough timber and bowlder-filled dam, situated about 2,300 feet down the outlet stream, controls a head of 12 feet, although consider- ably less than this amount is actually obtained, owing to the position of the gates. Power is used at this dam for running a sawmill. The storage capacity of Flagstaff Lake, with a depth of 12 feet and a water- surface area of 1.4 square miles, is about 470,000,000 cubic feet. This dam could not be raised more than 3 feet without flooding a part 3697— irr 198—07 10 140 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. - of the village of Flagstaff. A dam could, however, be placed 500 feet below the lake, or 1,800 feet upstream from the present dam, where the channel is about 100 feet wide and the stream has a rocky bed. With an increase in level of 10 feet a large storage capac- ity could be obtained, probably as much as 2,000,000,000 cubic feet. The drainage area at the outlet of Flagstaff Lake is about 50 square miles. The possibility of utilizing this lake as a storage basin for flow from the main river should be further investigated. WEST CARRY POND West Carry Pond is in the town of Carrying Place, about 4 miles east of Dead River, to which it is tributary. It is regular in shape, about 2 miles in extreme length and 0.8 mile in maximum width. In places it is more than 80 feet deep. It has a water-surface area of approximately 1.3 square miles, at an elevation of 1,250 feet above mean tide, or about 180 feet above Dead River. The shores are high and wooded. A timber-crib dam at the outlet, 600 feet in total length, controls a head of about 10 feet, which would correspond to a storage capacity of about 360,000,000 cubic feet. This level could be easily raised 10 feet or more, but the tributary drainage area is only 15 square miles, and it is stated that water has never flowed over the present dam, so that no changes seem warranted. SPRING LAKE. Spring Lake, in T. 3, R. 4, lies about 1 mile west of Dead River, to which it is tributary. It is long and narrow, with two deep bays, 2.6 miles in total length, 0.75 mile in maximum width, and about 60 feet in maximum depth. The water-surface area is about 1 . 1 square miles, at an elevation of about 1,260 feet above mean tide, or 260 feet above Dead River. The shores are high and wooded. No dam is situated at the outlet of this pond, although a head of 10 feet could be readily controlled. The drainage area is only about 10 square miles, and probably this lake will be of little value for storage unless the topography is such that adjacent streams can be readily turned into it. DEAD RIVER DAM. The Dead River dam was built in the autumn of 1905 by the Dead River Log Driving Company. It is situated about 1,400 feet above Grand Falls and half a mile above the entrance of Spencer Stream. It is a timber-crib structure having a total length of about 320 feet, with two log sluices and twenty gates. It is used solely for log driving and affords a head of 13 feet, flooding the river back to the foot of Long Falls. This, however, is only for a short time in the spring. WATER STOBAGE. 141 SPENCER PONDS. The Spencer ponds are situated mainly in Hobbstown, about 5 miles north of Dead River, with which they are connected by Little Spencer and Spencer streams. They are known as Lower Basin, Upper Pond, and Fish Pond, and are connected by narrow thorough- fares. They are long and narrow, running approximately north and south. The total length is 6 miles and the maximum width, in the lower basin, 0.8 mile. The area of water surface is about 2.6 square miles, at an elevation of about 1,150 feet above tide, or 190 feet above Dead River at Spencer Stream. The shores are wooded and generally steep and high, except at the north end. A timber-crib dam approximately 105 feet long at the outlet of Lower Basin controls a head of about 12 feet, although a bar in the stream above the dam prevents the utilization of the last foot of stor- age. This could be easily removed and would result in a storage capacity with the present dam of approximately 870,000,000 cubic feet. It is practicable to raise the level of these ponds 5 feet or more, depending on the quantity of water available. A total head of 16 feet would afford a storage capacity of about 1,500,000,000 cubic feet. The drainage area at the outlet of Lower Basin is about 46 square miles. SPENCER STREAM DAM. The Spencer Stream dam is a log-roll dam affording a head of about 9 feet, situated about 4 miles up Spencer Stream from the entrance of Little Spencer Stream. It makes several small ponds that are very quickly filled, affording frequently three or four heads per day during the log-driving season. UPPER DEAD RIVER. No additional data for Dead River above Flagstaff are available other than those given in the summary table on page 142. It is prob- able that considerable opportunity exists for storing water in this part of the river, and Chain of Ponds, Jim Pond, and Tim Pond appear to be worthy of investigation in this respect. SUMMARY OF STORAGE. The following table, summarizing the storage in the Kennebec basin, is taken mainly from Wells's report a and such corrections and addi- tions have been made as are possible with the data at hand. In gen- eral, the areas of water surface in the lower part of the basin, as given by Wells, are approximately correct, but those in the middle and upper parts are too large. Corrections of Wells's figures are based on the topographic sheets or the results of surveys by the United States Geological Survey. a Wells, Walter, The Water Power of Maine, 1869, pp. 94-97. 142 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. Summary of storage in Kennebec basin. CONNECTED WITH MOOSE RIVER. Approxi- mate area. Present storage. Additional available storage. Brassua Lake : Sq. miles. 5.55 1.5 2. 75 ■■' 5 3.3 1.35 4.5 2 1 Feet. None Fret. 10-15. Miseree Pond Parlin Pond 2 or more 5, formerly... 8 Can be raised. 3. Long Pond t Wood Pond 10. Little Big Wood Pond 7 10. 10 by dam at outlet of Wood Pond Can be raised by a dam at Holeb Falls. The other can be raised 6 feet. Holeb Pond. do 6 (one pond).. Thorndike Ponds (2) ' 26.95 CONNECTED WITH DEAD RIVER. Spencer Ponds Pond in T. 5, R. 7 Great Pond a King and Bartlett Pond Spring Lake Flagstaff Lake Carrying P]ace Pond (the largest) Jim Pond, T. 1, R. 5 Tim Pond, T. 2, R. 4 Chain of Ponds (3) CONNECTED WITH CARRABASSETT RIVER. Fahi Pond 0.6 .4 2.4 1 .35 '.5 .75 .4 1 .5 .2 .3 .3 4 4. 4 4 Embden Pond 12. Several. 8. Dam Dam Butler Pond 4. Tufts Pond Several. 8 Dam Do. Do. Carrying Place Pond (middle) do Do. 9.1 CONNECTED WITH SANDY RIVER. Bog Pond Clear Water Pond Norcross Pond Chesterville Ponds (6) Wilton Pondb. North Pond . . . Taylor Pond Sandy River Ponds (4). Lufikill Pond Sylvester Pond 1 1.75 .35 2 1.25 1 .2 1 1.25 .3 10.1 8 Dam. Dam 4 or 5 can be had on four ponds. Can raise 2 feet and lower outlet 3 feet. Can raise dam and lower outlet. Several. « It is uncertain whether this pond exists as given by Wells. b Called Wilson Pond by Wells. WATER STORAGE. 143 Summary of storage in Kennebec basin — Continued. CONNECTED WITH WESSERUNSETT STREAM Approxi- mate area. Present storage. Additional available storage. Harden Lake Wentworth Pond Sq. miles. 3 } » .75 .6 Feet. 7 /None \....do None 6 Feet. 3. 10 Bakers Pond Can be made a good reser- voir. 9. WCeks Pond ; 5. 35 CONNECTED WITH SEBASTICOOK RIVER. China Lake 6.1 .85 .*95 4.25 1.75 3 .7 2.5 7.5 .6 .6 .8 2.5 .35 .4 .9 1.1 9.5 .35 .35 .35 6 Pattee Pond 6 2.... Lovejoy Pond Sandy Pond Twenty-five Mile Pond 2, by lowering outlet 4, on 3.50 square miles. Carlton Bog 10. . Skinner Pond 4 8 . . . . 4. Palmyra Ponds (2) Stuarts Pond Indian Pond, with flowage Little Indian Pond Rogers Pond Mill Pond Can have, a high dam. 4 Stafford Pond Starbird Pond 48.2 CONNECTED WITH MESSALONSKEE STREAM. ,4 4.2 12.7 .9 .7 .35 2.6 3.6 4-5 4, with large flowage. Long Pond 1-2 Ellis Pond... 8 McGrath Pond Little Pond East Pond . 30.45 CONNECTED WITH COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM. Pleasant Pond 1. 1 '.5 .2 .9 8.4 .8 2.2 2.5 .5 1.1 .3 .3 .3 4 3 by higher dams and 3 by Purgatory Pond (first) 3 cutting down the ' Rips" and '' Hazards" ledge. 1 The three Purgatory ponds Purgatory Pond (second) Dam > can be raised 8 feet and Purgatory Pond (third)... . J drawn down 4 feet. Cochnewagon Pond 7 0. 4 . (?) 0. 4 Can draw down and add 6 Narrows Pond 3 feet. 3. Lake Maranacook Carlton Pond Greeley Pond Sanborn Pond Can be flowed. Desert Pond Jamies Pond a 20.9 a Called Jimmy's Pond by Wells. 144 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN, Summary of storage in Kennebec basin — Continued. CONNECTED WITH KENNEBEC RIVER ABOVE AUGUSTA. Approxi- mate area. Present storage. Additional available storage. Weber Pond Sq. miles. 1.9 1.6 2 .95 3.2 . 75 1.6 .5 1 1 2.6 1 ..5 .2 2.3 1 1.25 .6 1.5 115. 5 1.5 1.5 .75 1.5 1.25 Feet. 6 8 Feet. Threemile Pond Sibley and Morrill ponds Long Pond ; 10, on Morrill. Austin Ponds (5) All can have dams. Robinson Pond 4 Pleasant Pond 8. Mores Bog Stream Pond (Carritunk) Otter Ponds (2) Chase Ponds (3) Mosquito Pond 12. Moxie Pond 9 5 or more. 8 . 2. 7 . 2 ■ 10. . High dam. 12. 12 7.5... 2. 8 4. Middle Roach Pond 6 2 Poor dam No dam 4 Tomhegan Pond . . . 6. Spencer Pond . . . West Outlet Ponds (3) Dam feasible. 152. 45 CONNECTED WITH KENNEBEC RIVER BELOW AUGUSTA. Nequasset Pond Togus Pond Small ponds in Augusta Gardiner Ponda "Called Great Swamp in Dresden by Wells. Summary of areas of principal lakes and ponds in Kennebec basin. Square miles. Moose River 26. 95 Dead River : 19. 15 Carrabassett River 9. 10 Sandy River 10. 10 Wesserunsett Stream 5. 35 Sebasticook River 48. 20 Messalonskee Stream -. 30. 45 Cobbosseecontee Stream 20. 90 Kennebec River above Augusta ' 152. 45 Kennebec River below Augusta 4. 00 Total (152 lakes and ponds) 326. 65 Total as given by Wells 357. 15 Wells gives a total lake and pond surface area in the Kennebec basin of about 450 square miles. It is probable, in view of such par- tial corrections as have been made in the foregoing tables, that the total area of lakes and ponds is not over 420 square miles, or 1 square mile to each 14.2 square miles of total drainage area. WATER STORAGE. 145 EFFECT OF PRESENT STORAGE ON FLOW. The measurements of flow in the Kennebec basin by the United States Geological Survey have been carried on since about 1001; records of flow at Waterville since 1892 and records of height of water surface of Moosehead Lake since May, 1895, have been kept by the Hollingsworth & Whitney Company, so that some idea can be derived as to the amount of storage obtained at this lake and its effect on the flow of Kennebec River. The following table gives the monthly mean run-off as observed at Waterville, North Anson, and The Forks and the estimated run-off without storage in Moosehead Lake. The corrections were obtained for any given monthly flow by computing the quantity of water corre- sponding to the change in lake level during the month, reducing this to an equivalent mean flow in second-feet, and dividing this result by the drainage area at the point considered. This correction was added to the observed run-off if the lake level rose during the month and subtracted if the lake level fell. The results thus obtained are not strictly the run-off that would have resulted had there been no storing of water in Moosehead Lake, as during the time of storage some water evaporates that would appear as run-off if no. water were held back. In this form, however, the results obtained are suitable for computa- tions regarding storage, as evaporation is thus taken into account on the present water-surface area, and as the increase in this area due to raising the level for additional storage is not generally of large per- centage value we may consider that for all practical purposes allow- ance has been made for evaporation from the water surface of the present storage reservoirs (mainly Moosehead Lake; see table on p. 133) . From any new reservoirs, such as Brassua Lake and Attean and Wood ponds, there would be an increased amount of evaporation due to the water being held for a longer time than is done at present; but, on the other hand, the ground storage of water in the vicinity of all these lakes and ponds would be greatly increased, and it is probable that these two factors would largely offset each other. In the follow- ing estimates of additional storage capacity it will be considered that evaporation from water surface of the storage reservoirs has been taken into account in the figures used for run-off : 146 WATER RESOURCES OE KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. Effect of storage of water in Moosehead Lake on flow at Waterville, North Anson, and The Forks. Flow in second-feet per square mile of drainage area. Month. Waterville (drainage area 4,270 square miles). North Anson (drain- age area 2,790 square miles). The Forks (drainage area 1,570 square miles). • Observed flow. Estimated flow without storage. Observed flow. Estimated flow without storage. Observed flow. Estimated flow without storage. 1895. 0.48 .42 .47 5.60 2.24 1.50 .82 ..63 .42 .29 1.31 1.41 1.01 .66 3.07 6.42 3.99 1.29 1.25 .74 .80 .86 2.12 .64 .84 .87 .93 5.94 6.30 3.04 3.07 1.71 1.07 .62 1.33 1.25 .75 .80 2.64 6.98 5.88 2.34 .92 .73 .61 .95 1.21 .61 .55 .55 .75 5.62 4.98 2.06 1.19 .77 .43 .30 .53 .64 ■ 2.62 .80 .59 .38 July August -.04 .41 1.84 1.94 1.23 .53 3.24 6.99 3.68 .90 .88 .32 .73 1.01 2.79 .63 .82 .70 .89 6.79 6. 53 2.65 2.94 . 1.35 .67 .56 1.47 1.62 .74 .69 2.35 8.02 5.92 1.83 .36 .36 .54 1.11 1.54 .75 .48 .37 .71 6.41 5.22 1.54 1.08 .47 .06 .15 .54 .74 December 1896. July : December 1897. July 1898. July 1899. January June July... ■ December I WATER ST0EA6E. 147 Effect of storage of water in Moosehead Lake on flow at The Forks Continued. Waterville, North Anson, and Flow in second-feet per square mile of drainage area. Month. Waterville area, 4,27 miles). (drainage squar e North Anson (drain- age area 2,790 square miles). The Fork miles). 3 (drainage 70 sq u a re Observed flow. F. stimated flow without storage. Observed flow. F stimated flow without storage. Observed flow. Estimated flow without storage. 1900. 0.56 2.12 2.14 6.66 6.62 2.35 1.35 .98 .66 .72 1.49 .96 .74 .58 1.13 9.63 3.55 1.93 1.20 .98 .66 .68 .56 2.79 .90 .89 6.73 5.19 3.95 3.57 1.83 1.18 .99 1.23 1.06 1.02 .94 .93 4 54 3.85 1.70 1.57 1.22 .91 .59 .45 .34 .32 .23 .22 ' .89 3.50 4 85 1.94 1.25 •1.10 1.00 1.10 .79 .64 0.57 2.50 2.28 7.50 6.87 1.96 1.20 .53 .26 .65 1.88 .96 .59 .42 .90 11.24 3.42 1.52 .75 1.02 .34 .40 .41 3.38 1.07 .74 7.01 6.09 3.98 3.47 1.39 .93 .96 . 1.23 1.31 .94 .94 .64 5.28 3.*92 1.63 1.32 .82 .69 .16 .19 .22 .... July . \ugust September 1901. January February April May July August September 1.01 .89 0.22 .47 1902. 2.08 6.37 6.05 6.11 3.86 1.87 1.04 .91 2.83 April May June July August September 5.29 4 99 4.58 2.66 1.50 1.25 1.31 1.30 6.67 5.03 442 1.91 1.12 1.21 1.31 1.68 8.82 6.13 5.83 2.52 1.18 .96 .91 1903. February 2.08 5.32 2.26 2.72 2.93 1.78 1.21 .71 .44 4 08 April May June July August September October 4 22 2.62 2. 06 1.45 1.31 1.00 .70 .52 .36 .25 .24 .33 2.67 5.10 2.76 1.88 1.46 1.29 1.46 1.09 .99 4 33 2.51 1.67 .85 .97 .35 .32 .32 5.52 2. 06 2.05 1.85 1.18 .05 .00 .09 1904. February April May June July August September October November December 6.36 1.62 .10 .71 1.12 1.36 .74 .42 7.42 2. 27 1.50 .87 1.46 1.86 1.02 .64 3.22 415 3.60 1.89 1.35 .10 .85 7.34 3.28 2.92 .83 1.66 .72 .73 148 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASTN. Effect of storage of water in Moosehead Lake on flow at Waterville, North Anson, and The Forks — Continued. Month. 1905. January. . . February.. March April May June July August September. October. . . November. December. . Flow in second-feet per square mile of drainage area. Waterville (drainage area 4,270 square miles). Observed flow. January. February March April May June 190G. 0.72 • . 62 1. 23 3.16 2.46 1.57 1.09 .75 . .70 .41 .54 .75 . 53 .54 4.02 5.22 2.99 Estimated flow without storage. 0.14 .34 1.37 3.99 3.07 1.35 .71 .32 .47 .21" .40 .35 .75 .62 .54 4.62 6.50 2.84 North Anson (drain- age area 2,790 square miles). Observed flow. 0.95 .74 1.47 3.74 3.12 2.52 1.97 1.04 .71 .43 .48 .91 .60 .44 .44 2.55 4.75 2.67 Estimated flow without storage. 0.07 .32 1.68 5.01 4.06 2.19 1.39 .38 .36 .12 .27 .70 .60 .58 .44 3.44 6.71 The Forks (drainage .area 1,570 square miles). Observed flow. 1.06 2.76 3.44 2.59 1.32 .80 .55 .54 4.75 3. 65 Estimated flow without storage. 3.32 4 43 2.85 1.57 .16 .18 - .01 .15 8.24 3.25 The effect of present storage in Moosehead Lake is clearly shown by the above table, the maximum spring flow being considerably less than would have been the case if no water had been held back. During the summer and fall months the flow has been very materially helped out by the stored water. From December, 1903,. to February, 1904, inclusive, and again during January, 1906, practically all the lake storage was exhausted and the flow through the lake was probably a natural one. WATER AVAILABLE IN KENNEBEC HEADWATERS. GENERAL DISCUSSION. The figures of run-off in the table last given furnish a fairly satisfac- tory basis for an estimate of the quantity of water available in the Kennebec headwaters. For the ordinary year there is enough run-off from that portion of the Kennebec basin which is tributary to Moose- head Lake to fill the lake and to provide a good flow during the late summer and fall, but there will occasionally be a year — perhaps two or more years in succession — when this will not be true. It is there- fore necessary to consider the run-off over a series of years in order to see what flow may occur during the low-water season and to ascer- tain what quantities of water must be stored to insure any given flow at all times. The following estimates and conclusions are based primarily on the flow at Waterville, as these data comprise the only records available WATER STORAGE. 149 that extend over a considerable term of years. The records of flow at the other gaging stations, however, furnish a means of comparing the Waterville flow with that in other parts of the basin, and enable rea- sonably good estimates of the flow at Moosehead Lake Outlet to be made. A comparison of the flow from different parts of the Kennebec basin will first be made for the months of July to October, inclusive, as records are more generally available for these summer months. The following table gives the run-off from various portions of the basin and the ratio to it of the flow at Waterville : Run-off in second-feet per square mile at various points in Kennebec basin compared with run-off at Waterville." JULY TO OCTOBER, INCLUSIVE, 1903-1905. River and station. Drainage area. Average run-off per square mile. Ratio of run- off at Water- ville to that at given sta- tion. Sq. miles. 680 •85 1,570 1,570 870 2,7£0 340 650 4,270 Second-feet. } ™ 1.01 \ .93 .87 } ■« .65 0.84 .64 Dead at The Forks . 70 .97 1.00 MAY TO OCTOBER, INCLUSIVE, 1902-1905. Kennebec at The Forks Kennebec at North Anson. Kennebec at Waterville. . . 1,570 2.15 2,7£0 1.90 4,270 1.46 0.68 .77 1.00 YEARS i:C4-5. River and station. 1 [ Draime-e < Average run- ^.p? g Year - off per square area " mile. Ratio of run- off at Water- ville to that at given sta- tion. Kennebec at North Anson , Sq. miles. 2,790 4,270 [1904 41905 [Mean . . . (1904 U905 I.Mean . . . Second-feet. 1.71 1.38 1.54 1.52 1.06 1.29 0.89 Kennebec at Waterville .83 1.00 1 00 1.00 a In this table the run-off at The Forks, North Anson, and Waterville on Kennebec River is cor- rected for storage in Moosehead Lake, as previously explained. The above table clearly indicates that the run-off per square mile of drainage area is considerably greater in the upper part of the basin and that on the main river the increase is fairly uniform toward the north. The flow on Kennebec River at The Forks may be taken as fairly representative of that at Moosehead Lake Outlet, as the outlet is 150 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. - only about 23 miles above The Forks and the respective drainage areas are 1,240 and 1,570 square miles. The average flow at Waterville for the four summer months, 1903- 1905, is 0.64 of that at The Forks, and for the six months May to October, inclusive, 1902-1905, it is 0.68 of that at The Forks. Prob- ably for the whole year (see ratios for North Anson) this ratio would be somewhat higher, and it will be assumed that the unit run-off at Waterville is 0.75 of that at Moosehead Lake outlet. The method used for computing the amount of water available on the Kennebec headwaters is that used by W. Rippl a and adopted by Desmond FitzGerald in a report to the city of Boston on the 11 storage capacity of the Sudbury River and Lake Cochituate water- sheds," modified for different conditions by Walter IT. Sawyer, C. E. 6 Rippl's method is adapted for the storage of water for municipal purposes, where water is taken from the reservoir and led to the point of consumption with no further addition to its quantity. On the Kennebec, however, between Moosehead Lake and the points along the river where power is used, there is a large tributary drain- age area that must be taken into account. Another requirement must also be kept in mind on this river, viz, the use of the water to drive logs, so that it must not fall below a certain amount during the driving months anywhere on the river below Moosehead Lake outlet. The amounts of water used for this purpose during 1904- 1906 are given on page 164. The following table shows the water available for storage in Moose- head Lake from 1902 to 1906. The computations are based on a minimum flow of 3,500 second-feet at Waterville and a flow of 3,000 second-feet from Moosehead Lake during the log-driving season (May, June, and July). a Proc Inst. Civil Eng., vol. 71, 1882-83, pp. 270-278. b Storage of Water on Androscoggin River, 1905, unpublished. WATER STORAGE. Water available for storage in Moosehead Lake. 151 Month. Jan. 1, 1893, to Dec. 31,1901... Run- off in sec- ond- feet per square mile at Water- ville. Run- off in sec- ond- feet per square mile at Moose- head Lake. 1902. January . . . February . . March April May June July August September . October November . December. January . . . February. . March April May June July August. — September.. October November . December a . 1904. January . . . February. . March April May June July August September . October November . December . . •1905. January . . . February. . March April May June July August September. October.,.. November . December . . 1906. January . . . February . March April May June 1.07 .74 7.01 6.09 3.98 3.47 1.34 .93 .96 1.23 1.31 .94 .64 5.28 3.92 1.63 1.32 .19 .22 .32 .14 .34 1.37 3.99 3.07 1.35 .71 .32 .47 .21 .40 .35 .62 .54 4.62 6.50 2.84 1.42 .99 9.33 8.10 5.30 4.62 1.78 1.24 1.28 1.64 1.74 1.25 1.25 .85 7.03 5.21 2.17 1.76 1.10 .92 .21 .25 .29 .43 a. 23 .31 a. 22 .29 a. 89 1.18 3. 50 4.66 6.36 8.46 1.62 2.16 1.00 1.33 .71 .94 1.12 1.49 1.36 1.81 .75 1.00 .42 .56 .19 .45 1.82 5.31 4.08 1.79 .94 .43 .62 .28 .53 .47 1.00 .82 .72 6.15 8.64 3.78 Dis- charge at Water- ville, in sec- ond- feet. Dis- charge into Moose- head Lake, in second- feet. 4,570 1,760 3,160 1,230 29,800 11,570 26, 000 ■ 10,050 17,000 6,580 14,820 5,740 5,720 2,210 3,970 1,540 4,100 1,590 5,250 2,040 5,590 2,160 4,010 1,550 4,010 2,740 22,550 16, 730 6,960 5,630 3,540 2,950 680 810 940 1,370 940 3,800 14,950 27, 150 6,920 4,270 3,030 4,780 5,800 3,200 1,790 600 1,450 5,850 17,050 13, 120 5,760 3,030 1,370 2,010 900 1,710 1,490 3,200 2,650 2,310 19, 720 27,800 12,130 1,550 1,050 8,720 6,460 2,690 2,180 1,360 1,140 260 310 360 530 390 360 1,470 5,790 10,500 2,680 1,650 1,160 1,850 2,240 1,240 690 240 550 2,260 6, 590 5,070 2,220 1,160 530 770 350 660 580 1,240 1,020 890 7,020 10, 700 4,690 Dis- charge between Moose- head Lake Outlet and Water- ville, in second- feet. 2,810 1,930 18, 230 15,950 10,420 9,080 3,510 2,430 '2,510 3, 210 3. 430 2,460 2,460 1,690 13,830 10,270 4,270 3,450 2,180 1,810 420 500 580 840 590 580 2,330 9, 160 16,650 4,240 2, 620 1,870 2,930 3,560 1,960 1,100 360 900 3, 590 10, 460 8,050 3,540 1,770 840 1,240 550 1,050 910 1,900 1,630 1,420 12, 100 17, 100 7, 440 Neces- sary dis- charge from Moose- head Lake, in sec- ond-feet. 690 1,570 3,000 3,000 3,000 1,070 990 290 70 1,040 1,040 1,810 3,000 3,000 3,000 1,690 3,080 3,000 2,920 2,660 2,910 2,920 1,170 3,000 3,000 3,000 1,630 570 1,540 2,400 3,140 2,600 3,000 3,000 3,000 2,660 2,260 2,950 2,450 2.5C0 1,540 1,870 2,080 3,000 3,000 10 Surplus (+) or deficit ( — ) at Moosehead Lake. Second- feet. + 1, +11, +10, + 3, + 1, + 2, + 510 - 760 + 8,720 + 6,460 - 310 - 820 - 1,640 - 550 - 2,820 - 2,600 - 2,560 - 2,130 - 2,520 - 2,560 + 300 + 5,790 + 7,500 - 320 - 1,350 - 470 + 1,280 + 2,240 - 300 - 1,710 2,900 2,050 2^260 6,590 2,070 780 1,840 2,130 1,490 2,600 1,790 2,010 300 850 1,190 7, 620 7,700 1,690 Billion cubic feet. + 2.77 - .78 +30 +26.05 + 9.28 + 7.10 - 2.04 + 1.22 + 1.55 + 4.53 + 5.42 + 1.32 + 1.32 - 1.97 +22. 60 +16. 72 - .80 - 2.12 - 4.25 -1.42 - 7.31 - 6.97 - 6.63 - 5.52 - 6.53 - 6.63 + .78 +15. 00 +19.42 - .83 - 3. 50 - 1.22 + 3.32 + 5.80 - .78 - 4.43 - 7.51 - 5.31 + 5.85 +17. 18 + 5.36 - 2.02 - 4.77 - 5.52 - 3.86 - 6.74 - 4.63 - 5.20 - 2.20 - 3.08 +19. 72 +19.94 + 4.38 a No records at Moosehead. Actual run-off figures used. 152 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. - Column 2 contains the mean monthly run-off at Waterville in second-feet per square mile of drainage area. Column 3 shows the run-off at Moosehead Lake in second-feet per square mile of drainage area. It is obtained by multiplying column 2 by 1.33, as the run-off per square mile on the area tributary to Moosehead Lake is 1.33 times that on the entire basin above Water- ville. Column 4 gives the discharge in second-feet at Waterville. It is obtained by multiplying the run-off in second-feet per square mile at Waterville (column 2) by 4,270, the area of the drainage basin at Waterville. Column 5 gives the discharge in second-feet into Moosehead Lake. It is obtained by multiplying the run-off in second-feet per square mile at Moosehead Lake (column 3) by 1,240, the area of the drainage basin of Moosehead Lake. Column 6 gives the discharge in second-feet between Moosehead Lake Outlet and Waterville. It is obtained by subtracting the dis- charge into Moosehead Lake (column 5) from the discharge at Water- ville (column 6.) Column 7 shows the discharge necessary at Moosehead Lake Outlet to give a flow of 3,500 second-feet at Waterville throughout the year and a flow of 3,000 second-feet at Moosehead Lake Outlet during the log-driving season (May, June, and July). When the discharge between the outlet and Waterville is greater than 3,500 second-feet, it will not be necessary to release any water from the lake; when the flow between the lake and Waterville is less than 3,500 second-feet, the amount necessary is determined by subtracting the flow between Moosehead Lake Outlet and Waterville (column 6) from 3,500; dur- ing the log-driving season (May, June, and July) a discharge of 3,000 second-feet is necessary at the outlet. Column 8 shows the surplus ( + ) or deficit ( — ) at Moosehead Lake, a surplus indicating water available for storage and a deficit indicating a withdrawal from Moosehead Lake. The figures are obtained by subtracting the necessary discharge from Moosehead Lake (column 7) from the discharge into Moosehead Lake (column 5) . Column 9 is the equivalent of column 8 expressed in billions of cubic feet. Column 10 shows the total surplus water, in billions of cubic feet, available for storage during any given month under the given assump- tions of minimum flow, etc. The initial value (314.50) represents the total quantity available January 1, 1902, if all the surplus water had been stored since January, 1893. The other values in column 10 are obtained by adding or subtracting respectively the surplus or deficit shown in column 9. The values in this column are used in plotting the "mass curve" (PL VI). fed) %. i o ho «• c o 3 J* ro _J o en ctf 0) _C CD O r\j O o 2 en LU * F A < o T -J Q CD o < ^0) UJ ■o t X UJ CO c o o o u w ^s o o n- CD 2 O 3 o-> + o 01 en u. J° 59 UJ O c > «J~> * ID T3 >; C ctf 03 O «2 CO CO oT w co ~ t < 2 > CD cn HI o CD < .,_, oc ctf t o h 0) C0 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PAPER NO. 198 PL. VI L- IB93 _+_ I894 _4_ I896 _*_ I897 _*_ I898 _*_ 1899 _fc_ 1900 % 1901 ^ 1902 ^ 1903 a 1904 _*_ 1905 _*. 1906 STORAGE-MASS CURVE FOR MOOSEHEAD LAKE. minimum flow of 3,500 second-feet at Waterville, and a flow of 3,000 second.feet from Moosehead Lake during log-driving f (May, June, and July). WATER STORAGE. 153 DISCUSSION OF MASS CURVES. PI. VI is a "mass diagram" for the total period embraced by the Waterville records (1893-1906). It is made up from a table of which the table on page .151 is a portion, by plotting the values given in column 10 as ordinates and the time in months as abscissas. The features of this diagram of especial importance are as follows: (1) For the interval of time between any two dates represented on the axis of abscissas, the surplus or deficiency is obtained by subtract- ing the ordinate corresponding to the earlier date from the ordinate corresponding to the later date; if this difference is positive it repre- sents a surplus; if it is negative it represents a deficienc}^. An ascend- ing part of the curve, therefore, shows a period during which the quan- tity of available water is increasing, and a descending part of the curve indicates a period during which the quantity of available water is decreasing. (2) The crests and hollows of the curve indicate those instants of time when supply and demand are equal. (3) If a horizontal line is drawn from any of the low points of the curve back to a rising line the maximum ordinate scaled from the horizontal line to the curve will show the amount in billions of cubic feet that would have to be stored to provide the assumed flow during the period of drought covered by the horizontal line. (4) The period during which this greatest ordinate occurs is there- fore the critical one, and all the surplus of supply over demand during parts of this period must be stored to meet the deficiency during the remainder of it. PL VI shows that the period which includes the maximum ordinate extends from, about October, 1902, to February, 1904, and that the maximum ordinate falls in April, 1903. This maximum ordinate (A-B, PI. VI) corresponds to 48.2 billion cubic feet, which is the amount of storage required to provide at all times from April, 1903, to February, 1904, a minimum flow of 3,500 second-feet at Waterville, and during May, June, and Jury a minimum flow of 3,000 second-feet at Moosehead Lake Outlet for the purpose of log driving. The effect of modifying the assumed conditions of minimum flow at Waterville is shown by fig. 6. These mass curves start for conven- ience with April, 1903, and represent minimum flows of 3,000, 3,500, and 4,000 second-feet at Waterville and a flow of 3,000 second-feet from Moosehead Lake during the log-driving season (May, June, and July). With the exception of the curve for 3,500 second-feet mini- mum flow, which is the same as PL VI, the quantity of available water as shown by these curves is not correct as a total for the entire period beginning in 1893, because the computations for the different mini- mum flows are not carried back to the beginning of the period. How- 154 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. ever, the amount available between any two dates is correctly shown and the maximum ordinate is found as before. Fig. 6 gives the fol- lowing data: Fig. 6.— Storage mass curves for Moosehead Lake, based on various minimum flows at Waterville and a flow of 3,000 second-feet from Moosehead Lake during log-driving period (May, June, and July). Storage necessary for flow of 3,000 second-feet from Moosehead Lake during log-driving season and for various minimum flows at Waterville. n„ „ ,+ ordinate flow at in fie- 6 Waterville. m nfe " °' Storage required. Second- feet. 3,000 \ D 3,500 A-C 4,000 A-B' 1 Billion cubic feet. 39. l 48.2 69.0 WATER STORAGE. 155 An inspection of Hg. 6 indicates that with an assumed minimum flow of more than about 3,700 second-feet the maximum ordinate is defined by an abscissa drawn through the mass curve at March, 1906, instead of March, 1904 (that is, A-B' instead of A-B), so that above 4,000 second- feet flow from Moosehead Lake during log-driving pen'od • 903 -+— 1904 -slf- «905 -*- 1906 Fig. 7.— Storage mass curves for Moosehead Lake, based on a minimum flow of 3,500 second-feet at Waterville and various flows from Moosehead Lake during log-driving period (May, June, and July). this minimum flow the required storage will increase much more rapidly. The effect of modifying the amount of water used for log driving is shown by fig. 7. These mass curves start with April, 1903, as those in fig. 6, but they represent a minimum flow at Waterville of 3,500 sec- 3697— irr 198—07 11 156 WATEK RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN, ond-feet, and flows of 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, and 4,000 second-feet from Moosehead Lake during the log-driving season (May, June, and July). From this diagram the following data are obtained: Storage necessary for 3,500 second-feet minimum flow at Waterville and for various flows during log-driving season. Assumed quantity for log driving. Maximum ordinate in fig. 7. Storage required. Second* feet. 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 A"-E A'-D A -C A -B' Billion cubic feet. 41.1 42.7 48.2 61.0 If 3,750 second-feet or more are considered for log driving the neces- sary storage period is much increased. If 4,000 instead of 3,000 sec- ond-feet are used, the storage period is about three years instead of less than one year, and the amount of storage is represented by A-B' instead of A-B. The following table is based on the results previously given, as well as on additional mass curves and tables not shown. In all cases the assumptions regarding minimum flow and flow during the log-driving period are such that the shorter period of required storage, ending with February, 1904 (see PL VI, figs. 6, and 7), furnishes the maxi- mum ordinate or amount required. Storage necessary, in billion cubic feet, for various minimum flows at Waterville and at Moosehead Lake Outlet during log-driving season. Flow at Minimum flow at Waterville. Lake Outlet during log- driving sea- son (May, 2,000. 2,500. 3,000. 3,500. 3,750. June, and July). Second-feet. 16.3 24.1 32.0 41.1 46.1 500 16.3 24.1 32.0 41.1 46.1 1,000 16.3 24.1 32.0 41.1 46.1 1,500 16.3 24.1 32.3 41.4 46.1 2,000 16.3 24.5 33.6 42.7 47.3 2,500 17.6 26.7 35.7 44.8 49.4 3,000 21.6 30.1 39.1 48.2 3,500 24.9 34.0 43.0 52.1 4,000 28.8 37.9 The data in the above table have been plotted in fig. 8. Quan- tities of water available in billion cubic feet have been plotted as abscissas and minimum flows at Waterville in second-feet as ordi- nates. The slanting lines indicate the effect of different flows during the log-driving season. They are obtained by connecting points that represent the storage necessary for the various assumed minimum flows at Waterville, where the same flow is used for log driving. It WATER STORAGE. 157 will be noted that the lines representing a flow of 2,500 second-feet and over for log driving are straight and parallel; those representing 2,000 and 1,500 second-feet are straight and intersect the limiting line, marked to 1,000 second-feet. The effect of different flows for log-driving purposes on required storage is clearly shown by this diagram, and, as would be expected for any minimum flow for log driving below, in general, about 1,500 second-feet, there is little or no change in storage required, because (1) either the quantity re- quired for log driving is less than the amount needed to supply the 50 cubic feet Fig. 8. 20 30 4-0 Necessary storage in billion -Diagram showing storage required in Moosehead Lake ior various minimum flows at Water- ville and for various quantities used log-driving period (May, June, and July). deficiency in flow between Moosehead Lake Outlet and Waterville for a given month, as in July, 1903, or (2) there is a surplus flow into Moosehead Lake during the month as regards either the assumed flow for log driving or the quantity required to make up the deficiency in flow between Moosehead Lake Outlet and Waterville, as in May and June, 1903. As these two months are at the beginning of the period when water has to be stored, the effect is simply to raise the point A (fig. 7) and all points after it to February, 1904, inclusive, by the amount of the difference between the assumed minimum flows 158 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. for log driving— hence the maximum ordinate remains the same in value. The running together of the lines representing to 2,000 second- feet (fig. 8) for the lower values of minimum flow at Waterville is occasioned by the relatively high flow into Moosehead Lake in August, 1903, as compared with all later months to February, 1904, inclusive, so that, when less than 1,500 to 2,000 second-feet are used for log driving, a surplus is available at Moosehead Lake in August, the high point A (fig. 7) will occur in August instead of July, and thereafter, for lower values of log-driving flow, the maximum ordinate will remain the same in value. APPLICATION OF RESULTS OF MASS CURVE COMPUTATION. With the present storage of about 25.6 billion cubic feet in Moose- head Lake and Long and Roach ponds (see p. 138), fig. 8 indicates that when different quantities are used for log driving the minimum flows and the corresponding horsepower at Waterville are as follows: Minimum flow and corresponding horsepower at Waterville with storage of 25.6 billion cubic feet and various flows for log driving. Minimum net horse- power (75 Flow at per cent effi- Moosehead ciency) at Lake Outlet Minimum Waterville, for log-driv- flow at correspond- ing (May, Waterville. ing to the June, and 23-foot fall July). at Hollings- worth & Whitney • dam. Second-feet. Second-feet. 1,000 2,600 5,100 2,000 2,560 5,020 3,000 2,250 4,410 The mean monthly flow at Waterville has been as low as 921 second- feet (February, 1904), and has been below 2,250 second-feet (the minimum flow with 3,000 second-feet for log driving) many times. (See table of low-water flow at Waterville during 1903-4, p. 120.) Evi- dently the present storage has not been carefully utilized, and prob- ably the amount of w T ater used for log-driving purposes has exceeded an average of 3,000 second-feet for the three months considered. With a storage of 38 billion cubic feet on Moosehead and Brassua lakes and Attean and Wood ponds (as given on p. 138) the results shown by fig. 8 are as follows: WATER STORAGE. 159 Minimum flow and corresponding horsepower at Waterville with storage of 38 billion cubic feet and various flows for log driving. Minimum net horse- power (75 Flow at per cent effi- Moosehead ciency) at Lake Outlet Minimum Waterville for log driv- flow at correspond- ing (May, Waterville. ing to the 23- June, aiid foot fall at July). Rollings- worth & Whitney dam. " Second-feet. Second-feet. ■• 1,000 3,340 6,530 2,000 3,240 0,350 3,000 2,940 5,760 In order to show the flow at Waterville during the entire period 1902-1906, if present storage and additional storage capacity had been properly utilized, fig. 9 has been prepared. This shows the fol- lowing conditions: (1) Actual flow; (2) estimated flow without stor- age in Moosehead Lake; (3) estimated flow with present storage fully utilized, and a flow of 3,000 second-feet from Moosehead Lake during the log-driving period; and (4) estimated flow 7 with a storage of 38 billion cubic feet and a flow 7 of 1,000 second-feet from Moosehead Lake during the log-driving period. The advisability of carefully regulating the flow from Moosehead Lake and other storage reservoirs and of limiting the quantity let out for log driving to perhaps 1,000 second-feet is clearly shown by fig. 9 and the preceding tables. With a storage of 38 billion cubic feet, not less than about 6,500 net horsepower would be available at Water- ville dam in another such series of dry years, and even with the present storage, 5,100 horsepower should be available at all times. Other water powers along the river w r ould benefit in about the same proportion. The effect of this regulation on the flow at Moosehead Lake Outlet is indicated by fig. 10, which shows (1) the estimated flow at the outlet of Moosehead Lake without storage, and (2) the estimated flow at the outlet with enough storage to give a flow of 1,000 second-feet during the log-driving months and a minimum flow of 3,340 second-feet at Waterville. As indicated on this figure, there would be usually one or two months in the year when no w^ater would be let out of the lake. These w r ould in general, however, be the early spring months, when the run-off all along the river is large; so that even under this assumption the flow in this part of the river w T ould be fully as great as at present. Moreover, the storage possibilities of Moxie and Pierce ponds and the Dead River Lakes have not been considered in these computations. The proper regulation of storage on these ponds will provide enough water to maintain the required 160 WATER RESOURCES 'OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 3- 3 -g ^s» 1 i» > » s d -c> I i o + o «> + i a + ni nation of Messalonskee Stream at pumping station of Maine Water ( \mipany, Waterville — ( V>nt i rmod . SEPTEMBER, 1903. Day. Turbidity (parts per million) . Color (parts per million). Bacteria per cubic centimeter. Bacillus coli. In 0.1c. c. Inl c. c. InlOc.c. 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 3 26 26 24 24 325 555 685 + + + + + +1+1 +++++ 1 ++++ 1 1 + 3 + 4 4- 5 + 130 130 300 470 -415 + 8. 26 26 26 24 + 9. 4- 10. . . + 11 + 12 200 175 400 355 360 385 250 14 1 24 + 16 + 17 + 22. + 26... 30 + Average 2 25 342 Per cent giving positive test 3 7 75 88 — i-O /-— 2 CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, The water of Kennebec River at all points above the Augusta dam is soft. In fact, all of its chemical constituents are extremely low. This is to be expected from the general character of the basin, which contains no beds of limestone and few deposits of clay or minerals readily soluble in water. . The results of the chemical anal- yses of the Kennebec water at Waterville and Augusta are given in the tables on pages 182-183. These results show that at Waterville the total solids in the water seldom exceeded 50 parts per million. Of this amount about 20 parts per million represented hardness made up of carbonates and sulphates in nearly equal proportions. The alka- linity varied from 8 to 12 and the incrustants from 7 to 9 parts per million. The amount of iron was rather small. fig. n.- Above the Edwards Company's dam at Augusta the amount of chlorine in the water is low at all points, but it is less at the upper end than in the lower reaches of the stream. This is chiefly because of the pollution of the river, which increases downstream, but it is also due to the fact that the normal chlorine of the drainage basin becomes greater as the seacoast is approached. . ^±^ — »° -Diagram showing use of nornu chlorine isochlors. 182 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. The studies of the normal distribution of chlorine in the waters of the State made by D. D. Jackson a show that the isochlor of 0.7 part per million passes through the geographic center of the Kennebec basin and that the normal chlorine varies from 0.4 part per million at the upper end of the stream to 6.0 parts per million at the mouth. Between these two points the normal chlorine gradually increases. It must not be assumed, however, that the normal chlorine of the river at any particular point is the same as that shown by the isochlor which passes through that point. It is shown rather by the isochlor which passes through the geographic center of the basin above it. Thus the diagram shown in fig. 11 represents an imaginary drainage basin divided into portions of equivalent area (A, B, C, and. D) and gives the isochlors. The figures which truly represent the normal chlorine of the river water at the points a, b, c, and d are not 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5, as might at first be thought from an inspection of the isochlors, but at a the normal chlorine is 1.0, the result obtained by integrating all the normals for the subdivision A above it; at c the normal is 1.5, the result obtained by integrating the normals for the regions A and B; and so on, until at d, the mouth of the stream, the normal chlorine is found to be 2.5 parts per million instead of 5.0, as would be obtained if the reading were taken directly from the isochlor. Chemical' analyses of Kennebec River water above Waterville, January 19 to August 17, 1903. [ Parts per million, unless otherwise stated.] Date of collec- tion. January 19 . March 12... April 18.... May 23 June 23 August 17 . . 2v. 3v. 3v. 3v. 3v. 3v. 2m. Nitrogen as- Albuminoid ammonia. 0. 092 .118 .104 .104 .142 = .2 3 0.004 .096 .004 .022 .008 0.096 214 LOS 126 150 122 Average..' 14 43 .109 .027 .136 .014 .001 .03 48.5 .7 20.2 9.810.3 I 0.002 .018 .010 .016 .028 .012 0.000 .001 .001 .000 .000 .002 0.05 .05 .10 .00 .00 .00 46.0 66.0 49.0 43.0 39.0 48.0 31.0 12.0 17.0 9.0 17.0 8.0 18. 11. 19.0 9.0 19. 10. 19. 8.0 9.0 7.0 10. 9.0 0.15 . 20 ftft, _ bo- o o o si 300 3,000 800 40 60 65 121 711 a The normal distribution of chlorine in the natural waters of New York and New England: Water- Sup, and Irr. Paper No. 144, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1905. b Scale for odor is given on p. 173. EXAMINATION OF WATER. 183 e r ^ i 2 *• a JL C O 51a fc "S 42 S SO*; OP rj +^ ■ - o »~ >-. c; i~ •- '-. o © © o ■- co SOONO00OriN H « (NON WH =D O -H OM 1 COflrl r-1 H Q © © IO OiCOO'OOO iO O i r - t -h o •*♦< © -* x i- >o 'X -j • + + + : : : : : + + + l I +++ l + l +++ l + + c© « hH © 6 + I I + I I I + + I I I I OOO.U. fc.3- CO o (h© 0000>0"OOCO; : ; - h h a n!M n ; CM eo CM — ■-: m -r i - x : JOOi > CM T-H ooooioioooioico ©©"o CM CM i-i -0CM © HHT-HCil ©©©©©©©©©©© i CO irf CO O T)i CM CM' 00 C i 1C lO lO "O C N ffl lO : £"S OOiOioOOiOiOOiOiO ©0©©©0©00©© ££ I CM CM CM CM t-H !©©©©©©©©© ©©©oooo©o©< sis £Sg 00CM-^0C'©CO©"*i©COO0 ©©©O©©©©©©© ©' ' CO-* CM CM t-H t-H ©o© ©CM0O-*C.0^D-*©CS-*O0 © CD 00 ©CO©CMO!Oi^HtMT-iCM© t-ICMCM 3 c =5 co qj O PI Ph'S OOCD©-^HOCM©CD-*00© 00000000880 OTfC ©t-H CM o©o Bt=- o n t« ■* tj 2 3 10 t 00 t-H CM © ~ t. t-CM eK9t ■* <-< CM 5 H-f 1 CD t-H £ - w CTT ffi o P P 184 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. On this basis the following approximate figures have been obtained for the normal chlorine of the Kennebec River water at various points, and side by side with these is given the normal chlorine for the local water sources at the same points. Normal chlorine in Kennebec River basin. [Parts per million.] Place. Taken from nearest isochlor. Calculated from iso- chlors over whole basin. Solon 0.6 .75 1.0 2.0 3.0 43 Skowhegan .46 Waterville .52 Augusta .63 Richmond .70 The absence of mineral matter makes the Kennebec water excel- lent for use in boilers and in connection with paper making and many other industries where chemicals are used. The low alka- linity, however, is something of a disadvantage in purifying the water by the mechanical system of filtration, in which alum is em- ployed as a coagulant, as it necessitates the occasional use of soda. The suspended matter in the Kennebec water was largely organic, except after heavy rains, when, as already pointed out, it was com- posed chiefly of river silt. The amount of dissolved organic matter corresponds well with that usually found in waters of similar color. No analyses of the water were made at points above all sources of pollution, but the analyses made at Waterville, above which the amount of pollution is comparatively small, represent a near ap- proach to natural conditions. The free ammonia was very low, indi- cating that decomposition of organic matter was inactive ; the amounts of nitrogen as nitrites and nitrates were also very small. MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS. The numbers of microscopic organisms in the river water were found to be very small, although they were higher than in many other streams. These higher numbers may have been due to the fact that the basin contains so many lakes, in which these organisms find favorable conditions for development. The results of the microscopical examinations are given in the accompanying tables. The amorphous matter varied considerably at different times, as described under the heading " Turbidity" (p. 169). It consisted very largely of broken-down organic matter, in which vegetable filaments and fragments of wood fiber were conspicuous. This woody fibrous matter was much more abundant at Augusta than at Waterville, probably on account of the waste products from the Hollingsworth & Whitney paper mill at Winslow. EXAMINATION OF WATER. 185 Microscopic organisms in samples of water from Kennebec River collected at Waterville. 1903. [Standard units per cubic centimeter.] Organism. January 19. March 12. April 18. May 23, June 23. August 17. Synedra 16 10 10 25 15 5 ""4o" "56" 8 15 Tabellaria ' Melosira Cyclotella 15 Closterium 5 5 25 40 10 "55" 1 10 Cladothrix Anthophysa 28 12 34 15 69 "is" 135 25 40 Total organisms Amorphous matter Vegetable fiber 44 300 8 76 3,000 112 800 95 40 235 i 60 ' 170 65 Microscopic organisms in samples of water from Kennebec River collected at intake of Augusta ivaterworks, 1908-4- [Standard units per cubic centimeter.] Organism. August.. 1903. September, 1903. October, 1903. 25. 31. 8. 14. 21. 6'. 13. 19. 26. Diatomacese: 5 5 5 5 10 10 35 1 1 10 10 Cyclotella I 10 15 is" 1 Synedra 15 225 5 1 35 20 40 15 20 20 25 40 "io~ 130 Ghlorophycese: Staurogenia Draparnaldia 10 40 15 25 40 20 40 40 10 25 Cyanophycese: Microcystis 25 "25" 65 25 50 25 25 Ccelosphaerium 25 25 40 Fungi and schizomycetes : Crenothrix 40 35 i 50 165 55 70 105 110 CO Protozoa: 10 25 20 Dinobryon 25 Anthophysa 95 ! 25 20 10 ; 10 1 5 Synura 1 40 .. Rotifera: ■ 25 1 Total organisms a Amorphous matter f> Vegetable and wOody fiber. . 200 | 90 240 615 1 200 375 ! 100 65 625 \ 500 65 ' 55 65 60 145 1 300 185 400 300 240 1,005 675 - a Average, 224. h Average, 346. 186 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. Microscopic organisms in samples of water from Kennebec River collected at intake oj Augusta waterworks, 1903-4 — Continued. Organism. November, 1903. December, 1903. Januai y, 1904. Febru- ary, 1904. 2. 9. 16. 1. 7. 21. 12. 26. 17. Diatomaceae: 10 10 10 10 15 25 5 Navicula 10 5 10 10 250 10 15 10 5 5 Tabellaria 20 5 Meridion 5 Cyanophyceae: Microcystis 40 50 Fungi and schizomycetes : Leptothrix Protozoa: 105 25 40 145 50 30 60 615 40 10 25 10 Cryptomonas i Total organisms a Amorphous matter b 140 415 385 500 85 375 195 270 70 210 50 180 85 120 60 65 635 170 a Average, 224. & Average, 346. BACTERIA. The number of bacteria in the water of Kennebec River at Water- ville varied during the course of the observations from 110 to 15,000 per* cubic centimeter. In general, the high figures were found at times of large stream flow. Not enough analyses were made to give a fair annual average. No attempt was made to determine the prevailing species of bac- teria in the water, but many presumptive tests were made to show the presence of Bacillus coli. Laboratory experiments at Waterville showed that under the local conditions this test gave a very fair indi- cation of the actual presence of this organism, a result which is not everywhere obtained. Positive indications of the presence of B. coli were shown in 94 per cent of the 10 c. c. samples tested at Waterville, 81 per cent in the 1 c. c. samples, and 30 per cent in those of 0.1 c. c. The results of these observations are given in the tables on pages 172- 177. EFFECT OF TIDES ON QUAEITY OF THE WATER BELOW AUGUSTA. The lower part of Kennebec River may be considered a narrow tidal estuary, in which the tide ebbs and flows to the foot of the Edwards Company's dam at Augusta. Under ordinary conditions of stream flow the water is fresh nearly to the mouth of the river, but at times brackish water extends nearly to Augusta. Yet the public water supply of Richmond is obtained from the river. Few analyses of the river water at points below Augusta have been made, but one series of analyses made at Richmond through a course of tides serves well to illustrate the variations which take place in the chlorine content of the water at different stages of the tide. EFFECT OF TIDES ON QUALITY OF WATEE. 187 December 9, 1903, the flow of the river at Winslow was 1,351 second- feet, which is extremely low. Samples were collected at the surface and at the bottom of the river opposite the Richmond steamboat wharf and tested for chlorine. The elevation of the water surface was also read from the gage of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey on the steamboat wharf. The results of these analyses are given in the subjoined table, and are also shown by fig. 12. From this diagram it will be seen that the chlorine in the water varied from 50 800 600 E i- 400 X ^ N ELEVATION OF WATER \ U. S. Coast Survey gage on / \ steamboat wharf / V / Ebb -ti le x F ood tide / / j i i / i / 1 1 / / if / 1 1 1 \ CHLC RINE / ^^^^C __^^ Fig. 12.— Fluctuations of chlorine in Kennebec River water at Richmond, December 9, 1903. to 870 parts per million between low and high tide. As a water tastes brackish when the amount of chlorine exceeds 150 parts per million, it will be seen that the river water and consequently the public water supply of Richmond on the date mentioned was noticeably brackish for about two-thirds of the time. The diagram also shows that the time of minimum saltness occurred just after low tide, and the time of maximum saltness just after high tide. It is interesting to observe further that there was a conspicuous under run of sea water on the 3697— irr 198—07 13 188 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC KIVEK WATER. flood tide; thus when the tide was running in, the water at the bottom of the river was salter that at the surface. This is a phenomenon common to all tidal estuaries. On February 5, 1904, two samples of water were collected from the river at 4.30 p. m., when the tide was running in. The surface water contained 136 parts of chlorine per million, and the water at the bottom contained 194 parts per million. To judge from the stream flow between December 9, 1903, and February 5, 1904, there is good reason to believe that throughout the winter the public water supply at Richmond was more or less brackish. Chlorine in water of Kennebec River, elevation of water surface, and direction of current at Richmond, Me., December 9, 1903. Hour. ChloriiK per m Surface. i (parts iilion) . Bottom. Gage height (feet) .« Direction of current. 6 a. m '. 610 510 450 Downstream. 7 a. m Do. 8 a. m 420 Do. 8.30 a. m 2.15 Do. 9 a. m 240 230 Do. 9.30 a. m 1.15 Do. 10 a. m 110 120 Do. 10.30 a. m ..... —0.10 11 a. m 80 80 No current. 11.30 a. m.. . . —0.05 12m 50 60 12.30 p. m 1.38 Upstream. 1 p. m 1.30 p. m 50 70 Do. 100 95 2.30 p. m. . 3.25 250 280 Do. 3.30 p. m 4.70 4 p. m 480 510 Do. 4.30 p. m 5.60 5 p. m 670 740 Do. 5.30 p. m 5.90 6 p. m 830 870 Do. 6.15 p. m 5.40 a Read on gage of United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. POLLUTION. SOURCE AND CHARACTER. The general pollution of the Kennebec River water at various points is usually measured by the density of population dwelling on the drainage area above those points, because either directly or indi- rectly the waste products of life and industry are washed into the river and carried to the ocean. Although this is true, the greatest effect on the quality of the water is produced by that part of the population which discharges sewage and manufacturing wastes directly into the river or its tributaries. This is more liable to be the case where the population is concentrated in villages and cities than where it is widely scattered, because compact settlements are more likely to be provided with sewers, which discharge, with or without purification, into some watercourse. The division of the total popu- POLLUTION. 189 lation into the classes "rural," "village," and "urban" furnishes a convenient and, on the whole, satisfactory basis for estimating its probable influence on the water. In the present discussion these classes are defined as follows: Rural, communities having fewer than 1,000 inhabitants; village, communities having between 1,000 and 4,000 inhabitants; urban, communities having more than 4,000 inhabitants. On this basis the population per square mile has been determined for the drainage areas of the principal tributary streams of the Ken- nebec and at various points along the main stream. The results are shown in the following table and in fig. 13 : Drainage area and population of Kennebec basin at various points. Dis- tance in miles. Drain- area. Populacion. Population per square mile. Rural. a Vil- lage^ Ur- ban, c Total. Ru- ral.a Vil- lage, b Ur- ban, c To- tal. Moosehead Lake, at outlet Between Moosehead Lake and Sq. m. 1,240 330 1,730 210 1,730 210- 1.6 0.6 1.6 0.6 1,570 1,940 j 1,940 1.2 1.2 24 870 350 1,130 250 1,130 ' 250 1.3 0.7 1.3 Between Dead River and Car- 0.7 Total above Carrabas- 2,790 3,320 o 3,320 1.2 1.2 60 395 35 3,370 610 1,380 3,370 1,990 9.0 18.0 39.0 9.0 Between Carrabassett River and Sandy River 57.0 Total above Sandy River 3,220 7,300 1,380 ■• 8,680 2.2 0.4 2.7 68 670 380 6,820 3,520 6,330 6,760 5,180 13, 150 15, 460 10.0 9.0 9.0 18.0 14 19.0 Between Sandy River and 40.0 Total above Waterville. 98 4,270 17, 640 14, 470 5,180 37,290 40 3.8 1.2 8.7 99 210 970 130 2,450 11,580 950 2,940 13, 760 .2,060 10,480 5,390 25, 340 13, 490 12.0 12.0 7.3 14.0 14 16.0 80.0 26.0 26.0 Between Waterville and Au- 103.0 Total above Augusta. . . 116 5,580 32, 620 33,230 15, 660 81,510 5.8 5.9 2.8 14 4 Cobbosseecontee Stream Between Augusta and Merry- 122 240 150 5,470 1,840 3,070 7,940 10, 690 8,540 20, 470 22.0 12.0 12.0 53.0 71.0 36.0 136.0 Total above mouth of Kennebec River 141 1 5,970 39,930 44,240 26, 350 110,520 6.7 7.5 44 18.5 a Communities with less than 1,000 inhabitants. b Communities with 1,000 to 4,000 inhabitants, c Communities with more than 4,000 inhabitants. d Omitting the Messalonskee and Sebasticook. e Omitting the Cobbosseecontee. For the first 60 miles of its course the river is practically unpolluted. There are no cities or important villages, the population being mainly in lumber camps and a few settlements of summer visitors. The rural population per square mile is very low. Along the middle 190 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. course of the river there are numerous villages, and lower down are the cities of Skowhegan, Waterville, Augusta, and Gardiner. In all ( there are on the Kennebec drainage area 115 cities, towns, ancTvillages, with population as follows : Population %n towns in Kennebec basin. Population. Number of com- munities 0-1, 000 1,000-2.000 2, 000-5, 000 5,000-10.000 10,000-20,000 86 16 9 2 2 115 The distribution of these communities over the drainage area is shown in fig. 14. The greatest amount of pollution is contributed by the cities and Moosehead Lake Dead River Carrabassett River Sandy River Sebasticook River Messalonskee Stream Cobbosseecontee Stream Merry meeting Bay drainage area Jn square miles Popula tion FlG. 13.— Diagram showing drainage area and population above various points on Kennebec Kiver. towns located directly on the river and its main tributaries. These cities are Madison, Skowhegan, Pittsfield, Newport, Waterville, Augusta, Gardiner, and Richmond, and all of them discharge sew- age directly into the stream. At the Augusta waterworks hearing POLLUTION. 191 it was estimated that about 13,000 people discharged sewage into the river above the intake. The ordinary dry-weather flow of the stream at this point was considered as 0.25 second-foot for % each 1,000 Fig. 14. — Map showing principal sources of pollution in Kennebec River basin and normal isochlors. persons contributing sewage. This represents a substantial dilution of sewage — enough to prevent visible nuisance. It does not, how- ever, render the water safe for drinking. 192 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. >> TJ 03 bfl »H si- ft o 03 tZ! 03 03 £ bjO PI r\ p o ce "3 PI c3 03 i 3 ft -P pi cs f-i 03 ft 03 ft 03 . ft|& &0 s © 1 g c c c 8 c . 03 p. g 8 o 8 5) o s s" i 03 ftoj p£ to 8 o 53 o s 8 © o 8 5^ 8 53 8 o © 8 CO" o 8 8 o 8 S 03 1 P- 03 "o o ft M 03 03 =0 8 e . 53 8 o o" CO 88 oo oo CO ■q' O m 8 © o 8 o CO g o lo CO oo ^2 o S3 oS § bo ft ~ to 8 9 53 o 8 «5~ o 8 o o o o io" 8 o cnT +3 . . PI 03 03 >> Pep 8 o e 53 o s © o 'O 8 o "3 88 oo o~c CO i« CO HN 8^ U3U30OU3U3 t- t"^ LO ^H (M H(NN oo oo (M 03 o 8 © c -o Persons using public sewers. CO CO CO ITS CO to |i Dis- tance above Au- gusta intake. - o 00 co CO to CX) ■>Tl ■ c c "c c "i a <3 j 5 5 i 3 1 3 3 3 2 a 1 c c hi P c ,'T P * c c I i2 1 i a t; 1 I 1 p c a 1 a t 2 C > £ c a B c — P c pc PC 'I p c C •1 p 1 r ' f. ct PC 8 P a C a p •= < i 6 SJ p T ! 1 | t 1 a 1 1 : p* c >c f- PC > 0! p: 'c I c c a p t c b P c 3 -p 1 1 c C & s 1 S Pu X "a £ •5 ft a c p c d p sS c ft 1 p C c O c U P P ft P 'o c ft o o p c ft a a bi c c ft 1 o •c Si ft p^ § ft M I c ft p c i s c o p o c PI c '/J 1 o o p 3, o o Si Pi X p X Pi o o u 1 ft 1 i c 0. c o £ CO > I c C Pi a o o p o ■c 03 3 ft P C 1 ft c a a P ft -V P a a c ft c ft -p •3 ft 2 o £] o-j i O u a' O ft -P P 83 ft ■| o S3 ft Ti 1 ft 03 +3 +-> ft POLLUTION, 193 lO T CO • o o o : §g o >>o oo o S « 5 194 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. The manufacturing wastes emptied into the stream at various places are a more important factor in the general pollution of the stream than are the city sewers, if the use of the water for drinking purposes is disregarded. Woolen mills, paper mills, and various other industries are located at the developed water powers and many of them contribute large quantities of spent liquors of a highly objec- tionable character. Some idea as to the quantity of these discharged wastes may be had from the accompanying table, which, however, includes only those above the waterworks intake at Augusta and only those located in the largest cities and towns. These manufac- turing wastes form about 1 per cent of the flow of the stream at low stages. ' . The two most important sources of pollution are the paper mills of the Great Northern Paper Company at Madison and those of the Hol- lingsworth & Whitney Company at Winslow, both of which discharge several million gallons a day of wash water and spent liquors. At Madison the sulphite process is used ; the Winslow mills use both the sulphite and the ground-pulp processes. In the sulphite process the disintegration of the wood fiber is accom- plished by the use of the acid sulphites of calcium and magnesium, which are manufactured by burning sulphur and carrying the fumes into an "acid tower," packed with crushed lime or limestone, water being allowed to trickle down as the fumes ascend. The bisulphite solution runs out at the bottom of the tower and is pumped to the digesters, where the chipped wood to be treated is closely packed. Digestion under high pressure is. continued for several hours, and the contents are then delivered into a pit, from which the waste liquor drains away to the river, leaving the fiber behind. This waste liquor has the appearance of molasses, but is much thinner. It has a sul- phurous, acrid) woody odor. It generally contains from 0.5 to 1 per cent of sulphurous acid and often contains 10 to 15 per cent of solid matter, a part of which is fine wood fiber. The chemical constituents of the soluble portion of this spent sulphite liquor are extremely com- plex and are not well known. No attempt has been made to utilize the liquor or to purify it before letting it run into the river. After it has drained away, the sulphite pulp is carried to washers, when it is washed and sifted and ultimately worked into a " blanket," in which condition it is ready for paper making. The washings from this pulp contain considerable amounts of wood fiber and of course some of the sulphite liquor. The wash water after screening is allowed to run into the river. At Madison between 5 and 6 tons of sulphur are burned a day and at Winslow about 8 tons ; the amounts of lime are about 7 or 8 tons a day at each place. Each plant discharges from 100,000 to 150,000 gallons a day of spent sulphite liquor and from 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 gallons of sulphite wash water. At the Hollingsworth & POLLUTION. 195 Whitney plant there is in addition about 3,000,000 gallons a day of ground- wood wash. Ground-wood pulp is made by pressing short lengths of logs against a rough stone grinder kept wet with water. The pulp thus produced is merely washed and screened and deposited as blankets. The wash water contains a large amount of wood fiber and extractive matter, but, on the whole, it is much less objectionable than the sulphite wash. In addition to the wash water from the pulp manufacture there is a considerable quantity of wash water from the paper machines; this also contains more or less wood fiber. Altogether, about ten per cent of the wood pulp manufactured may be considered as passing off into the stream as waste. At Fairfield the soda process is used. In this process the wood is cut into chips and digested in a liquor, which consists chiefly of caustic soda made by cooking soda ash with limestone. The spent liquor from this process is subjected to a recovery treatment, which con- sists of evaporating the liquor in digesters and adding lime. As a result of this treatment much of the soda can be used over again; the waste produced is chiefly calcium carbonate. During the process, however, about 12 per cent of the soda is lost. The pulp from the digesters is washed, drained, and worked into the usual blanket form. At the cotton mills there is comparatively little waste of an objec- tionable character, although small amounts of the spent bleach liquor are added to the stream. At the gas works more or less tar and oily wastes are discharged. At the woolen mills the waste products are rather 'objectionable. They consist of the spent preparatory liquor, which contains bichromate of potash, lactic acid, spent dyestufTs, such as logwood and various aniline dyes, and large quantities of potash soap. There are in Waterville a few ironworks which discharge acid wastes. Log driving on Kennebec River deserves important mention in con- nection with the subject of pollution. In 1903 the logs driven on the river amounted to nearly 150,000,000 feet B. M. They consist chiefly of spruce, poplar, and pine, cut on the drainage basins of Moosehead Lake and Dead River. The run usually lasts from April to July, and during this time from 100 to 500 men are constantly employed along the stream. EFFECTS OF POLLUTION. The effect of pollution of the river at Waterville on the quality of the water as used at Augusta was studied with some care in connec- tion with the appraisal of the Augusta waterworks. It was a common belief among the water consumers in Augusta that they could taste in the city water the paper-mill waste supposed to be put into the river 196 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. by the mills at Waterville. As there were various sources of pollution at Waterville, no attempt was made to discriminate between them so far as they affected the water at Augusta, but some experiments and calculations were made to show the relative importance of the Water- ville sewage and the wastes from the Hollingsworth & Whitney Com- pany's plant. It will be convenient to consider the effect of some of these sources of pollution on the various characteristics of the water. EFFECT ON TURBIDITY. That the paper-mill discharges at Waterville and at other points on the river influence the turbidity of the water at Augusta was very evident from the microscopic examinations of the sediments in the samples collected at the Edwards Company's dam. These were found to contain an abundance of woody fiber, which evidently came from the fine pulp that had escaped through the screens at the paper mills. Fibers of linen and wool were also discerned, but in much smaller numbers. When it is considered that about 10 per cent of the wood fiber is wasted in the process of paper making, it will readily be under- stood that the quantity of waste material put into the river is very great. Much of this fiber forms deposits in the bottom of the stream and on twigs, waterweeds, etc., along the shore, and these may be seen by an inspection of the river. At times of high water, however, the deposits are washed away and carried downstream to settle again at some lower point, but ultimately to reach the ocean. EFFECT ON COLOR. The effect of the sulphite waste on the color of the river water is probably small. A sample of it taken at the Hollingsworth & Whit- ney Company's plant had a color of 320. At times of average flow this would be diluted by about 272 parts of water. Therefore, under average conditions, the sulphite wash would increase the color of the water by less than 2 on the platinum scale. Under the most severe conditions of minimum, flow, however, when the dilution would be only 1 in 20, this effect on the color would be very noticeable. At such times, however, the works are often shut down on account of lack of power, so that these extreme conditions of pollution would seldom prevail. EFFECT ON ODOR. That the people of Augusta were correct in thinking that the sul- phite wastes from the Hollingsworth & Whitney paper mills at Wins- low affected the taste of their water supply was demonstrated by experiments made in the State hygienic laboratory at Augusta. A POLLUTION. 197 sample of sulphite waste liquor was diluted with distilled water to various degrees to ascertain at what dilution the odor of the waste became unnoticeable. The original liquor had a strong odor suggest- ive of wood and sulphurous acid. Its color was 320; its acidity 1,500 parts per million. This odor was still marked when the sample was diluted 1 to 500 , and it could be detected until the dilution reached 1 to 25,000, which was placed as the limit. A sample of wash water from the grinder lost its woody odor when diluted 1 to 500. The effect of the discharge of sewage in Waterville on the odor of the river water could be detected for several miles down the stream, but after a time the odor became masked by the stronger odor due to the sulphite wastes. EFFECT ON CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. The effect of the stream pollution on the chemical quality of the river water between Augusta and Waterville is noticeable in the analyses, although not conspicuously large. The average amount of chlorine increased from 0.7 to 1.06 parts per million; the alkalinity increased from about 10.0 to 15.0 parts. Comparatively few chem- ical analyses were made of samples collected up and down the river on the same date, so that strict comparisons of the effect of pollution are not available. , EFFECT ON BACTERIA. One effect of the discharge of sewage at Waterville was to increase considerably the numbers of bacteria in the water. This was clearly shown by numerous samples collected up and down the river between Waterville and Augusta. Two series of bacterial counts, made at intervals of 1 mile between Waterville and Augusta on November 23, 1903, and February 26, 1904, were especially interesting. The first series was taken when the river was open; the second when the sur- face was covered with ice. The results obtained are shown in the following table: Bacteria per cubic centimeter in the water of Kennebec River at various points between Waterville and Augusta before and after the river was frozen. Distance below Water- ville sewer. Novem- ber 23-24, 1903 (river open) . Feb- ruary 26- 27, 1904 (river closed) . Distance below Water- ville sewer. Novem- ber 23-24, 1903 (river open) . Feb- ruary 26- 27, 1904 (river closed) . Miles. Just below... 1 30,000 2,300 4,200 3,650 2,520 2,040 1,830 1,650 1,420 22,000 20,000 36,000 40,000 43,000 28,000 30,500 29,000 19,500 Miles. 9 1,475 1,645 1,245 1,130 1,200 910 1,025 875 860 25,000 30,500 20,000 31,000 31,000 32,000 38,000- 34,000 25,000 10 2 11 3 12 4 13... 5 14 6 15 7 16 8 al7 a Augusta intake. 198 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. In November, the river being open, the number of bacteria gradually decreased from 30,000 per cubic centimeter immediately below the outlet of the Waterville sewer to 860 at the intake of the Augusta waterworks. In February, on the contrary, the number of bacteria remained substantially the same throughout the district, being 22,000 per cubic centimeter at a point just below the Waterville sewer and 25,000 at the Augusta intake. From the standpoint of the self-puri- fication of streams these figures offer an interesting comparison and may help to tnrow some light on the fact, often noticed, that stream pollution appears to be most dangerous to water supplies during the winter months. The summary of analyses given in the table on p. 177 shows that with the freezing over of the river there was a rapid dete- rioration in the bacterial condition of the Augusta water supply. The approximate average numbers of bacteria per cubic centimeter during the different months from August, 1903, to March, 1904, were as follows : Average number of bacteria per cubic centimeter in water of Kennebec River, August, 1903, to March, 1904. August : 300 September 450 October 525 November 625 December 7, 900 January 33, 000 February 25, 000 March 21, 000 The effect of the Waterville sewage on the quality of the river water was also convincingly shown by the presence of large numbers of Bacillus coli in the water at Augusta. During the eight months from August, 1903, to March, 1904, 72 per cent of the samples tested with 10 c. c. of water gave positive tests for Bacillus coli, 62 per cent with 1 c. c, and 36 per cent with 0.1 c. c. Evidence more convincing even than these figures that the water of Kennebec River below Waterville is unfit for domestic use without purification is furnished by the typhoid-fever statistics for Augusta, which are given below. TYPHOID FEVER EPIDEMIC OF 1902-3. INTRODUCTION, That the contamination of Messalonskee and Kennebec rivers was the direct cause of the typhoid-fever epidemics which occurred in Waterville and Augusta during the winter of 1902-3 seems to have been established beyond question. The following account of these epidemics is quoted from a paper presented to the New England TYPHOID FEVER IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 199 Waterworks Association in February, 1905, by George C. Whipple and Dr. E. C. Levy: a The recent appraisals of the waterworks of Waterville and Augusta, Me., necessi- tated a careful study of the typhoid-fever epidemic which swept through the Kenne- bec Valley during the winter and spring of 1902-3. At the time when this epidemic occurred the plan of municipal ownership through the agency of "water districts" had been suggested and the law had been pronounced constitutional by the courts. The bad quality of the water supplied to these communities had much to do with this demand for public ownership, and the outbreaks of typhoid fever naturally hastened the actions which had been contemplated. The epidemic itself presented no novel features and its history is much the same as that of many other epidemics of typhoid fever due to public water supplies. Its magnitude, however, makes it deserve a place among the important epidemics of the country. * * * The city of Waterville and the neighboring towns of Fairfield, Winslow, and Ben- ton were, at the time of the epidemic, supplied by the Maine Water Company with water from the Messalonskee Stream. This stream has a watershed of 205 square miles above the pumping station and drains a chain of seven large lakes which have a combined water surface of 27.5 square miles. Upon this watershed there dwells a population of something over 5,000 persons, or about 27 per square mile. The upper portions of the watershed are comparatively unpolluted, but at the outlet of Messa- lonskee Lake is the town of Oakland, which has a population of approximately 2,000. At this place, which is only 7 miles above the pumping station of the Maine Water Company at Waterville, sewage is discharged from several private sewers. Along the stream are a number of mills, the most important of which are the Oakland and Cas- cade woolen mills, the mills of the Dunn Edge Tool Company and the Emerson & Stevens Company. They contribute not only a considerable amount of fecal matter, but wool washings, dyestuffs, and other kinds of manufacturing wastes. The Messa- lonskee River between Oakland and Waterville flows rapidly during the first half of its course and then somewhat more slowly as it feels the effect of the backwater of the waterworks dam. The time required for the water to flow from Oakland to Waterville is often only a few hours. The Maine Water Company had also the right to use the water of the Kennebec River. This water has been seldom used, although just prior to the epidemic it was pumped into the city for a short time because of a fire which occurred at Colby University. During the dry spell of last autumn (1904) it was again used, as the flow of the Messalonskee became insufficient to operate the pumps. As might be naturally expected from the surroundings, the water at the pumping station of the Maine Water Company showed decided indications of pollution. Under ordinary conditions the water was light colored and fairly clear, but after rains it became turbid and heavily laden with bacteria. At all times the intestinal germ, Bacillus coli, was present in large numbers. Prior to 1901 the typhoid-fever death rate in Waterville had not been especially high. During 1901 and 1902, however, the rate increased to more than 80 per 100,000, but it was not until the autumn of 1902 that the typhoid situation became serious. The city of Waterville is fairly well provided with sewers, and at Waterville, Wins- low, and Fairfield there are a number of mills which have privies directly over the stream. About 18 miles below Waterville is the city of Augusta, the capital of the State. Augusta takes its water supply directly from the Kennebec River at a point just above the city, near the Kennebec dam. Until recently the works were owned by the Augusta Water Company. The river water was pumped to a reservoir, but was first passed through an old Warren filter, one of the first of its kind in America. This was a filter only in name and should have been more properly called a strainer. Analyses a J our. New England Waterworks Assoc, vol. 19, No. 2. 200 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. indicated that its bacterial efficiency was practically nil. As would be naturally expected, the river water at Augusta was found to be polluted. This was shown by the analyses which were made daily for several months, but it was even more strongly demonstrated by the typhoid-fever statistics of the city. The water of the Kennebec River just below Waterville showed at all times evi- dences of gross pollution. During its flow of 17 miles to Augusta its bacterial quality appeared to improve somewhat. In the summer this improvement was much more noticeable than during the winter, when the river was covered with ice. Float experiments which were made indicated that the time required for water to flow from one place to the other was about three days at times when the discharge of the stream was small. At times of flood this period is probably not much, if any, more than twenty-four hours. The Augusta Water Company also controlled and used a spring water supply known as the Devine water. In some houses this was used exclusively; in others both this and the river water was used. The quality of this water was poor, but better than that of the river. The sewers of Augusta discharge into the river and there are several mills along the shore which pollute the water. The town of Richmond, 15 miles below Augusta, also takes its water supply from the Kennebec River. The conditions there are such that the main current of the stream flows to the east of Swan Island, while the intake of the waterworks is located in the west channel. The river at Richmond is considerably affected by the tides; in fact, the town water is at times brackish. Thus, while the town uses the water which receives the sewage of Augusta, Waterville, and other cities, the tidal conditions tend somewhat to lessen the effect of this upstream pollution, although they increase the danger from local sources. GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE TYPHOID-FEVER EPIDEMIC. The typhoid-fever epidemic of 1902-3 began about the middle of November, 1902. It was first noticed at Waterville, where for about a month new cases were reported at the rate of one a day. On Christmas day there were five new cases and during the next week the daily number of cases was the same. Thirteen were reported on New Year's day. After the middle of January the number of new cases fell off, but they contin- ued to be reported at intervals until March. In Fairfield, Winslow, and Benton typhoid fever occurred at the same time. The largest number of cases was reported during the first two weeks of January. These four communities had the same water supply, namely, that of the Messalonskee River, and from the first it was evident that this was the cause of the epidemic. As the sewage of these typhoid-fever stricken communities emptied into the Kenne- bec River and as the water of this river furnished the supply of Augusta, it was almost inevitable that the epidemic should extend to that city also, and this is what actually occurred. During the latter part of November and the whole of December new cases of typhoid fever occurred daily in Augusta. It seems probable that these earlier cases were due to the same source of infection that caused the epidemic at Waterville, inas- much as the Messalonskee River, which supplied that city, discharges into the Kenne- bec above Augusta. It was not until about two weeks after the climax of the Water- ville epidemic that the serious period of the Augusta epidemic began. During the latter part of December and throughout the months of January and February the sew- age at Waterville must have been infected with typhoid-fever bacilli; and, making due allowances for the periods of sickness, transmission, and incubation, this time corre- sponded with the duration of the epidemic at Augusta. After the Waterville epidemic had ceased and sufficient time had elapsed for the patients to recover the epidemic at Augusta came to an end. TYPHOID FEVER IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 201 At Richmond, which is only a small village, typhoid fever did not occur until the middle of January, but occasional cases appeared during the next two or three months and were plainly connected with the epidemic of the cities above. The city of Gardiner is situated between Augusta and Richmond. It does not take its water supply from the Kennebec River, but from the Cobbosseecontee River. This city had no epidemic, although a number of cases of typhoid fever occurred there. Most of these were contracted at Augusta. The same was true also of the town of Hal- lowell. Fig. 15 shows chronologically the progress of this epidemic, together with certain factors which affected it. It indicates that the epidemics in the different communi- ties formed a connecting series and may be really considered as one epidemic, inas- much as they started from a common cause. In all there were about 612 cases and 53 deaths. * * * TYPHOID FEVER IN WATERVILLE. GENERAL ACCOUNT. In studying the Waterville epidemic the first step taken was to secure with as much accuracy as possible certain information in regard to each case of typhoid fever. Printed forms were first distributed among the physicians, who were requested to fill them out and furnish any other important facts known to them in regard to each case of typhoid fever which they had attended. * * * While waiting for the return of these blanks from the physicians, the records of the local board of health were consulted. As fast as the returns were received from the physicians, each house where a case of typhoid fever had occurred was visited by an inspector, who examined the surroundings, checked up the data recorded upon the blanks, and obtained as many additional data as possible. He also secured the name of the person furnishing the information, in case it became necessary to call witnesses in court, and finally signed the completed record. Duplicate copies of the blanks were made with carbon paper and one of each placed in a safe to guard against possible loss. The results were then tabulated for study and in some instances expressed graphically. Data were also collected regarding the previous history of typhoid fever in the city. Similar data were obtained from Fairfield, Winslow, and Benton. Cases of typhoid fever in Waterville, Fairfield, Winslow, and Benton, January 1,1902, to August 1, 1903. Month. January February.. March April May June July August September. October November.. December. . January February.. March April May Total 1902. 1903. Waterville. 271 Fairfield. Winslow. 1 Benton. Total. 25 1 1 2 1 ..... 1 2 14 1 10 7 1 1 1 125 38 14 7 2 371 202 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. TYPHOID FEVER IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 203 The first typhoid canvass was followed by a complete house-to-house canvass through- out the four places above mentioned, primarily in order to secure data in regard to the water used, but also to obtain information as to the distribution of typhoid fever among users of different classes of waters. This not only accomplished its immediate object, but brought to light a number of additional cases of typhoid fever which the physicians had failed to report, some of which might be classed as "walking cases." No case, however, was included .in the final compilation until it had the indorsement of the attending physician. Results of a house-to-house canvass in Waterville, Me., with reference to the character of the water supplies and the number of cases of typhoid fever. Water supply at residence. Maine Water Co Maine Water Co. and no other supply Maine Water Co. and well water Maine Water Co. and spring water Maine Water Co. and cistern water Maine Water Co., spring water, and well water Maine Water Co. and well, spring, or cistern water Supplies other than Maine Water Co Well water only Well water and spring water Well water and cistern water Spring water only Spring water and cistern water Cistern water only Total ! Number of persons. Number of typhoid cases. Morbidity rate per 1,000. 6,537. 226 34.57 3,225 132 40.93 866 23 26.57 2,424 71 29.29 2 0.00 20 0.00 3,312 94 28.38 1,459 21 14.41 1,286 19 14.77 25 1 40.00 13 0.00 108 1 9.26 23 0.00 4 0.00 7,996 247 30.89 Summary of a house-to-house canvass in the Kennebec water district with reference to the character of the water supplies and the number of cases of typhoid fever. Supply from Maine Wa- ter Co. No supply from Maine Water Co. Num- ber of per- sons. Num- ber of typhoid cases. Morbid- ity rate per 1,000. Num- Num- ber of ber of per- typhoid sons. cases. 1,459 21 468 2 f 902 19 I a 470 «4 125 1 Morbid- ity rate per 1,000. Total. Num- ber of per- sons. Num- ber of typhoid Morbid- ity rate per 1,000. Waterville . Fairfield . . . Winslow. . Benton Total 6,537 1,614 244 152 226 54 11 2 34.57 33.45 45.08 13.15 ,547 293 34.28 2,954 43 14.41 4.25 21.06 a 8. 29 8.00 2,082 1,146 277 247 56 30.89 26.89 26.18 10.83 14.55 a 8. 74 }u. 501 336 29.21 Omitting users of Kennebec River water. It is not necessary to relate in detail all the steps that were taken. Studying the etiology of the epidemic by the method of elimination, all possible causes other than the public water supply were readily excluded. It could not have been caused by flies, because at the season of the year when the epidemic started there were no flies. Ice was excluded, because during the winter practically no ice was being used. Oys- ters were eliminated, because very few of them were consumed in the city, and because a very large part of the epidemic occurred among the French-Canadian laboring people, who seldom purchased them. Furthermore, the extended territory covered by the epidemic was in itself sufficient to exclude the above agencies. Milk was excluded as a general cause, because the data collected indicated that the cases of typhoid fever were not concentrated among the customers of one or a few milkmen, but were well dis- tributed among the dealers. The distribution was found to be roughly proportional 3697— irr 198—07—14 204 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. to the size of the business and the number of cows kept. It was a singular fact that there was no case of typhoid fever among the customers of J. W. Morrill, in whose family one of the initial cases of the epidemic occurred . Vended spring waters were excluded, because the users of this class of water suffered far less than others, because the spring waters gave excellent analyses, and because the water from no single spring or group of springs was used over the entire territory affected. The local wells were studied by us to some extent and quite extensively by Mr. Caird. Many were found to be polluted, as would be naturally expected from the local conditions, but there was no evidence by which infection could be traced to any one of them. Practically the only cause Left for serious consideration was the public water supply of the city, the cause to which everything had directly pointed from the start. The general distribution of the cases over an extensive territory (the various parts of which had in common no possible causative factor other than the water supply), as shown in fig. 16, the chronological sequence of the cases, the fact that in practically every instance the patients gave a history of Inning regularly or occasionally drunk the TYPHOID FEVER TN KENNEBEC BASIN. 205 water in question, the data obtained as to the relative prevalence of typhoid fever among users and nonusers of this water throughout the district, and, lastly, the dis- covery of the actual means by which the wafer had in all likelihood become infected — all these things indicated with as much positiveness as is possible with circumstantial evidence that it was the public water supply which was the general distributing agent of the infection. For some time prior to the epidemic the character of the water supply of the city had been such as to lead to a quite general use of spring water, which was peddled by several dealers and purchased by most of those who could afford it. Well and cistern waters were used to a considerable extent. The water of the Kennebec River was used at a number of the mills and in some residences, especially in Winslow. * * * The morbidity rate for the epidemic period among those who used Messalonskee water exclusively was 42.00 per 1,000, while among those who used Messalonskee and some other water it was 14.55. If from the latter class there were excluded those who used water from the Kennebec River, which at Waterville is more or less polluted, the morbidity rate was found to be only 8.74. It is not to be expected that even in this group there would not be some who had occasionally used water from the Messalonskee supply, for, as a matter of fact, there were only five of the Waterville typhoid patients who did not remember to have used this water at any time before being taken ill. The figures given show emphatically that the morbidity rate was highest among those who used the Messalonskee water exclusively and lowest among those who did not use it. It must be remembered, of course, that in any epidemic there are always some cases, contracted by direct infection from other cases. In Fairfield many of the houses were supplied by water piped from a spring by a private company. Not a single case developed among the takers of this water. ORIGIN OF THE EPIDEMIC IN WATERVILLE. As soon as it had become evident, not only from the exclusion of other possible causes but from certain well-marked positive features of the situation, that the epi- demic was due to drinking water, a search for the actual origin of the infection of the public water supply was begun. Our attention naturally was first directed to Oak- land, as this was the only settlement of considerable size on the Messalonskee River above Waterville. Inquiry among the Oakland physicians elicited the information that there had been but one case of typhoid fever there during the preceding summer and fall up to the beginning of the Waterville epidemic. This case had been imported from Winslow. An inspection of the premises where the patient resided convinced us that this could not possibly have been the starting point of the Waterville epidemic. Very soon after the returns from the typhoid canvass began to come in, two possible sources of infection of the city water supply suggested themselves, and further inves- tigation of these rendered it reasonably certain that each of them had offered abundant opportunity for the infection of the Messalonskee River. The first of these foci was at the city almshouse, located in the suburbs of Waterville near the Messalonskee Stream, as shown in fig. 16. A typhoid-fever patient, Joe King, was admitted there on September 22, 1902. His attack was a mild one and confined him to bed for only a week. After leaving his bed, however, he remained five days longer at the almshouse, and during this latter period no attempt was made to disinfect either excreta or urine, which were deposited sometimes in a privy in the yard and sometimes in a water-closet which drained into a cesspool on the premises. On November 6, 1902, the privy and cesspool were cleaned and their contents spread upon the almshouse garden, the ground being frozen at the time. This was only a few hundred feet from the Messalonskee River, into which it drained. The slope of the intervening land was quite steep, and there was also a distinct gully which showed every sign of carrying a considerable and rapid flow of water across the garden and into the river after heavy rainfalls 206 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. The second focus of infection was found about a mile outside of Waterville, on the other side of the stream. During 1902 there had been five cases of typhoid feA^er in the families of J. W. Morrill and J. C. Morrill, who lived in farmhouses situated just across the road from each other. In all of these cases except one a prompt diagnosis had been made and the fecal dejecta of the patients had been disinfected and buried daily. In the second case of the series, however, the patient, Mrs. Studley, had been ill several weeks before the diagnosis of typhoid fever was made. During this time — i. e., from September 1 to September 25 — no sufficient disinfection of stools was prac- ticed, but they were emptied directly into a privy vault. Later on, at some time early in November, the contents of the privy were deposited in a field at a point where the land sloped abruptly toward a rivulet, about 200 feet away. After flowing about three-quarters of a mile over a very rapid course this brook emptied into the Messalonskee River almost directly opposite the almshouse above mentioned, about 1 mile upstream from the intake of the waterworks. Thus, early in November, 1902, there were typhoid dejecta deposited upon the sur- face of the frozen ground at two points above and relatively near the pumping station of the Maine Water Company. In each case there was a sharp slope from the point where the dejecta were deposited — to the Messalonskee River in the one case and in the other to a small rill which emptied into the river. If these were the sources of infection, one would expect that from this time on the occurrence of typhoid fever among users of the Messalonskee water would bear an intimate relation to the rainfall. This relation was found to exist. Fig. 15 shows the date of occurrence of the typhoid-fever cases, as determined by the date of physician's first visit — which was found to be in most cases the day when the patient took to bed — in Waterville, Fairfield, Winslow, and Benton, during the months of November, 1902, to February, 1903. The daily rainfall as recorded at Winslow is also shown. From this table it seems that during the early part of Novem- ber there was only what may be considered a normal number of typhoid cases for this season. The first rainfall of considerable extent after infectious material was deposited in the fields was on November 12, when there was 0.30 inch. This was followed by a small group of cases toward the end of the month. The precipitation between Novem- ber 23 and December 16 was snow, and this, gradually melting, probably washed small amounts of infectious matter into the river, which gave rise to the cases which devel- oped up to about December 24. On the 16th day of December there was a precipita- tion of 0.56 inch, rain and snow, and nine days later, December 25, the real epidemic may be said to have begun, with the development of 6 cases of typhoid in Waterville and 1 in Fairfield. From December 25 to the end of the month there were 37 cases in Waterville, 5 in Winslow, 3 in Fairfield, and 1 in Benton, a total of 46 cases in one week. The heaviest rainfall after the infectious material was deposited on the fields at Morrill's and the almshouse occurred on December 22, 1902, when there was a pre- cipitation of 1.73 inches. Ten days after this, or almost exactly the same interval as after the rainfall of December 16, there developed the greatest number of cases of any day during the epidemic— namely, 13 cases in Waterville, 4 in Fairfield, and 1 in Wins- low, a total of 18 cases. Throughout the two months from the last third of November until the correspond- ing time in January, the relation between the rainfall and the typhoid cases was mani- fest, as shown in fig. 15. By the middle of January the typhoid bacilli in the two mentioned fields had either lost their vitality, or, what is more likely, had been pretty thoroughly washed away; for a rainfall of 1.40 inches on January 21 was not followed by any serious consequences. The constant relation between rainfall and the develop- ment of typhoid-fever cases was in itself a strong argument in favor of the agency of the public water supply in causing the epidemic. TYPHOTD FEVER TN KENNEBEC BASTN. 207 h\ attempting to prove the case in court there were produced as witnesses the phy- sician who attended the initial cases, the persons who spread the cesspool and privy contents on the fields, the inspector who had charge of the typhoid canvass, and the writers who collected the data and made the various investigations here referred to. Although it is impossible in a paper of this length to give details of every piece of evidence presented, it may be well to take notice of a plausible objection to the above theory which might have been brought forward. During the early part of the epi- demic Fairfield did not have as many cases in proportion to its population as did Waterville and Win slow, although supplied to a great extent by the same water. This was readily explained by a consideration of certain features of the distributing sys- tem. The reservoir of the system is located between Waterville and Fairfield and is supplied by a single pipe line, which branches off from the main connecting the two cities. From this arrangement it follows that when the consumption in Waterville and Winslow is less than is being pumped, both places receive water directly from the pumps, the excess going to the reservoir. When, on the other hand, the consumption is greater than the amount pumped, Fairfield and Benton receive water which has been stored in the reservoir. This fact was proved experimentally during our inves- tigations by making several series of analyses at various points in the system. The older water in the reservoir, which had received some sedimentation, would be theo- retically less infected with typhoid bacilli than the water pumped directly from the river; and theory, in these cases, certainly agreed with the facts. The facts also indi- cated that the use of the Kennebec River water at the time of the Colby University fire could not have been the cause of the epidemic or have materially contributed to it. From the standpoint of the appraisal, the point to be established was not that the two cases mentioned were or were not the cause of. the epidemic, but that the public water supply was or was not responsible for it. All the studies were incident to this main proposition. TYPHOID FEVER IN AUGUSTA. The methods used in studying the epidemic in Augusta were similar to those employed at Waterville. The house-to-house canvass was perhaps more thorough, but on the other hand it was made several months after the epidemic was over, when the facts were not so fresh in the minds of the people. The studies of the previous history of typhoid fever in Augusta were much more important than in the Water- ville case, and th problem was much more complicated because the city had two sources of public water supply and the number of spring waters sold was greater. PREVIOUS HISTORY OF TYPHOID FEVER IN AUGUSTA. The Kennebec River water was introduced as a source of public water supply in the year 1887. For sixteen years before that time the average typhoid-fever death rate in Augusta had been 36.5 per 100,000; for sixteen years from 1888 to 1903 the average rate was 85.4. In 1898 there were a number of imported cases due to the Spanish war, and in 1903 occurred the great epidemic, which raised the death rate to 259 per 100,000. Excluding these two years, the average death rate during the period cover- ing the use of the Kennebec River water was 66.5, or nearly double what it formerly had been. At various times prior to 1903 typhoid fever had been prevalent in the city. Thus the board of health records for 1890 show that 75 cases of typhoid fever, besides a large amount of winter cholera, occurred that year. During the first thirteen weeks of 1891 69 cases were reported. There were no typhoid-fever records kept at Waterville at this time, so it can not be told whether or not the disease was due to infected sewage from that city. Typhoid fever was also prevalent during the winter and spring of 1892 208 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. and 1893. A report made by Capt. M. W. Wood, assistant surgeon, U. S. Army, on June 2, 1893, states that there were about 100 cases during the early part of that year. Prior to the introduction of the Kennebec River water, typhoid fever in Augusta had been most common in the autumn, this being the normal season for the maximum of the disease, but after the installation of the supply from the Kennebec River the dis- ease became most common during the winter months. This is an abnormal seasonal distribution, and is most easily explained by assuming the maximum of the disease at Augusta to follow and to be caused by the normal autumnal maximum of typhoid fever in Waterville and the other cities which discharge their sewage into the river above Augusta. Both the abundance of typhoid fever and its seasonal distribution since 1888 pointed strongly to the pollution and infection of the river water and would have been sum- TYPHOID FEVER IN KENNEBEC BASIN 209 cient to condemn it as a source of supply even if the epidemic of 1902-3 had not occurred. * * * As in the case of Waterville, all possible agencies of infection other than water were; one by one excluded from consideration. The canvass showed that the morbidity rate for those cases on premises supplied with river water only was 53.7 per 1,000; on those supplied only with Devine water, 12.3; and on those supplied by wells, springs, or cisterns, 23.6. On those premises supplied with river water with or without supple- mentary sources the morbidity rate was 29.2, while on those which had no river water the rate was 20.6. Classifying the cases according to the statements of the patients as to their use of water it was found that of 336 cases 76 per cent admitted that they had used the river water prior to being taken sick, while 24 per cent of them did not remember to have used the water. Of the latter class, however, 65 per cent lived on premises supplied with water from the river. Thus only about 8 per cent of the patients interviewed did not remember of having used the water and were not supplied with water from the river, at their homes. The conclusion that the river water caused the epidemic was inevitable. * * * Population and typhoid fever at Augusta, Me., 1865 to 1903. [From records in the city clerk's office.] Yen r. 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 18yo 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 Estimated popula- tion. ",650 f, 675 ■,700 •,750 •,800 7,925 8,000 8,075 8,150 8,225 8,300 8,425 8,550 8,665 8,825 9,000 9,175 9,400 9,575 9,775 9,975 10,175 10, 350 10, 527 10,675 10,825 10, 950 11,075 11,200 11,325 11,425 11,525 11,625 11,683 11,800 11,875 11,975 Deaths. Death rate per 100,000. Total. Typhoid 90 26 3 1 50 99 90 95 138 80 90 131 125 128 101 115 131 102 127 80 100 143 170 151 139 182 34 315 304 322 322 316 323 257 318 289 312 304 297 Total. , 176. 338.8 39.0 12.9 641.0 ,268 ,143 ,198 ,725 991 ,104 ,584 ,505 ,520 ,182 ,327 ,485 ,134 ,384 851 044 462 704 ,484 ,343 ,729 318 ,910 ,776 906 ,874 790 825 230 734 472 644 560 480 Typhoid. 156. ! 130 38.5 51.2 25.4 75.7 50.0 Typhoid per cent of total deaths. 13.3 3.9 6.0 4.1 2.2 6.3 2.9 73.0 4.6 72.3 4.8 71.2 4.7 11.7 0.99 45.3 3.1 11.1 0.98 21.8 1.6 10.4 1.0 61.4 4.2 80.2 4.7 39.3 2. 7 19.3 1.4 152 8.8 46.9 14.7 64.7 2. 2 82.2 3.0 54.2 1.9 62.5 2 2 97.1 3.5 61.2 2.2 173.5 7.8 . 77.4 2.8 34.2 1.4 93.2 3.5 50.3 2.0 25.9 10.4 210 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. Chronological tabic of typhoid cases and deaths in Augusta, Me., between October, 1902, and May 1, J 903. Day. Oct. • Nov. Dec. .Ian. Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 1 1 1 1 1+1 2+(l) 3 2+1 3 5+1 1 1 1+1+0) 5+2 4+3 3 5+1 4+1 2 2 3+1 1 5+/ 1 3+1 3 6+1 (1) 11 + 1 5+1 2 2 4 3 2 3" 1+1+d) 2+1 2+1 1 2 1 2+1 1 4 1 •) 2+(l) 2+1 3 1 4 1 1 5 1 1 2 1 6 1 8 1 9 ! 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 10 11 1 12 ' 4 3 13 14 '. 1 1 1 3 .3 2 6+3 3 3 2 2 15 1G 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 17 9 18 19 1+1 21 1 1 1 22. 5+1 3 2 + 1 6 2 1 2 2 2 1 3 1 23. 3 2 25. 26. 1 1 2 1 1 27 1 28.. 29 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 31 1+1 14+ 1 32+3 ^ 65+7 89+15 38+5 10+1 Total for epidemic of 1902-3, 280. Numbers in italic indicate deaths. Numbers in parentheses indicate that date of case is uncertain. Seasonal distribution of typhoid fever in Augusta. BEFORE INTRODUCTION OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER, 1865-1887." Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Average typhoid deaths. . . 2 Average typhoid death rate per 100,000 1.06 1 4 2.12 1 0.53 3 1.59 4 2.12 5 2.65 10 5.30 11 5.83 23 12.21 6 3.18 4 2.12 AFTER INTRODUCTION OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER, 1888-1903.0 Average typhoid deaths. . . Average typhoid death rateper 100,000 15 S.32 25 13.80 28 15.50 15 8.87 6 3.33 4 2.20 4 2.20 1 0.55 15 8.32 13 9 20 7.18 4 Q8 1 11 07 « Average population, 8,200. Average population, 11,300. TYPHOID FEVER TN KENNEBEC BASIN. 211 Distribution of typhoid fever in Augusta according l<> water service. JANUARY 1. 1902. TO JANUARY 1, 1904. Water supply used. River only Devine only Wells, springs, and cisterns River and Devine River and wells, springs, and cisterns. Devine and springs or cisterns Unclassified Number oi per- sons. Tvphoid Tvphoid Morbiditv cases. deaths. per 100,000. 2,980 160 16 5,370 408 5 1 1,226 1,441 34 2,359 295 7 2 2,373 ' 3,671 105 6 2,860 39 . 12 o ] o 8,846 311 30 3,516 DURING THE EPIDEMIC, NOVEMBER 1, 1902, TO MAY 1, 1903. River only Devine only Wells, springs, and cisterns River and Devine River and wells, springs, and cisterns . Devine and springs or cisterns Unclassified 134 15 3 1 28 5 7 2 88 6 260 29 4,500 735 1,940 2.373 2,400 2,940 TYPHOID FEVER AT RICHMOND. The typhoid-fever records of Richmond do not extend back of 1892. The city clerk's records for the years 1892 to 1903, however, indicate a death rate of 42 per 100,000 during these twelve years. The typhoid -fever canvass of Richmond was less complete than that of Augusta; but of the 19 cases which occurred between January and April, 1903, all were said to have used the river water, and there is little reason to believe that these cases were due to any other cause. DEATHS FROM TYPHOID IK KENKEBEC YALLET, 1892-1903. The following table gives the population and typhoid statistics of the principal towns in the Kennebec basin from 1892 to 1903, inclusive : Deaths from typhoid fever in principal towns in Kennebec Valley, 1892-1904. Madison . . . Skowhegan Fairfield... Oakland . . . Newport . . Pittsfield.. Waterville . Augusta . . . Hallowell . . Gardiner.. Richmond . Population (U.S. census). Deaths from typhoid fever. 1890. 1.815 5,068 3, 510 2,044 1,188 2,503 7,107 10, 527 3,181 5,491 3,082 2,764 5,180 3,878 1,913 1,533 2,891 9,477 11,683 2,714 5,501 2.049 ! Average i Total, | per 1892-1902. 100,000 1892-1902. 1903. 5 21 7 12 8 19 8 37 4 26 14 48 33 35 81 66 14 45 13 22 8 28 GAZETTEER OF RIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN. By B. D. Wood. This list of rivers, lakes, and ponds in the Kennebec drainage basin is based principally on data in the following reports: Wells, Walter, The Water Power of Maine, 1869. Swain, G. F., Tenth Census, vol. 16, pt. 1, 1885, pp. 83-89. Pressey, H. A., Water Powers of the State of Maine: Water-Sup. and Irr. Paper No. 69, U. S. Geological Survey, 1902. The best maps available have been consulted, including the topo- graphic sheets of the United States Geological Survey, Hubbard's Map of Northern Maine, and Scarborough's Map of Southeastern Maine. (See fig. 1, p. 3.) All areas quoted from Wells are so marked; others are based on either the topographic sheets or sur- veys of the Geological Survey, as explained on page 14.' Elevations above mean sea level are also from these last two sources. Abagadassett River; rises in Gardiner Township. Kennebeg, County; flows southward into Kennebec River at Merrymeeting Bay; tidal in lower part of course. Alder Pond; Tps. 2 and 3, R. 5, west-central Somerset County; outlet into Dead River. Alder Stream; rises in Butler Pond, Lexington Township, Somerset County; flows southeastward into Gilman Pond, which discharges into Carrabassett River. Alder Stream; rises in a small pond in East Moxie Township, eastern Somerset County; flows southwestward into Moxie Pond. Alder Stream; rises in Alder Stream Mountain, in T. 3, R. 4, northern Franklin County; flows northeastward into North Branch of Dead River in the western part of Jim Pond Township. Annabessacook Lake; Winthrop and Monmouth townships, Kennebec County; inlets from Lake Maranacook and Narrows and Wilsons ponds; outlet into Cobbos- seecontee Pond; area 2.2 square miles; elevation, ]74 feet. Called by Wells ''South Pond." Attean Pond; Attean Township, west-central Somerset County; inlet, Moose River; outlet, Moose River; area about 4.5 square miles; eleA^ation. 1,158 feet. See pages 135-136 for further information regarding this pond. Austin Ponds; Bald Mountain and Mayfield townships, Somerset County; outlet, Austin Stream; elevation of largest pond, 1,188 feet; live ponds, with a total water surface of approximately 3.2 square miles (Wells). Austin Stream; rises in Austin Pond, in Bald Mountain Township, eastern Som- erset County; flows southwestward, uniting with Kennebec River at Bingham; flows 212 RIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 213 through Austin Ponds near headwaters; about 3.5 miles from its source it receives South Branch; the stream receives also a number of other brooks draining small ponds. Baker Brook; rises in Tomhegan Township, eastern Somerset County; flows south- eastward into Moosehead Lake. Baker Pond: T. 5. R. 6, western Somerset County; outlet into Spencer Stream. Baker Pond; Spaulding Township, eastern Somerset County: outlet. Baker Stream; receives drainage from Dimmick Ponds; elevation, 1.066 feet. Baker Stream; rises in Baker Pond. Spaulding Township, eastern Somerset County; flows northward into Moxie Pond. Barker Pond; Cornville Township, Somerset County; outlet into Moose Pond (to Sebasticook River); area. 0.35 square mile (Wells). Barnard Pond: Eustis Township, northeastern Franklin County; outlet into Tim Brook . Barrett Brook: rises in a small lake in Holeb Township, western Somerset County; flows northeastward into Moose River. Bartlett Pond; T. 4, R. 5. western Somerset County; outlet into Spencer Stream. Bassett Brook; rises in northern part of Moscow Township, Somerset County; flows southward and southwestward into Chase Stream. Bean Brook; rises in western part of Forks Plantation, Somerset County* flows southwestward into Kennebec River. Beans Pond; eastern Pleasant Ridge Township, Somerset County; outlet into Rowe Pond; elevation, about 1,240 feet. Bear Brook; rises in northern part of Franklin County; flows southward, entering North Branch of Dead River just above Natanis Pond. Bear Pond: Kibby and Alder Stream townships, northern Franklin County: out- let into North Branch of Dead River. Beaver' Brook; rises in Moores Pond. T. 4, R. 7. west -central Somerset County; flows northward into Horse Brook, a tributary of Moose River. Beaverdam Brook;, rises in a small pond in New Sharon Township, Franklin County; flows sputhwestward into Sandy River. Beaver Pond; Rome Township, Kennebec County; inlet from Kidder Pond; out- let to Long Pond (to Messalonskee Lake); elevation, about 440 feet. Belgrade Stream; rises in Long Pond, in western Belgrade Township. Kennebec County; flows southeastward, then northeastward, into Messalonskee Lake. Benjamin Ponds (3); Attean Township, west-central Somerset County; outlet, to Little "Wood Pond (to Moose River). Berry Pond: Wayne Township, Kennebec County: outlet into Dexter Pond (to Wilsons Pond). Big Indian Pond; western Piscataquis County; outlet through Indian Stream to Indian Pond, Kennebec River; area, 0.4 square mile. Bitter Brook; rises in small ponds in T. 3, R. 6, western Somerset County; flows southward into lake at head of Enchanted Stream. Black Brook; rises on Mount Pisgah, central Franklin County; flows northwest- ward into South Branch of Dead River. Black Brook Pond: T. 1, R. 5, eastern Somerset County: outlet to Kennebec River; area, 0.5 square mile. Black Stream; rises in southeastern part of Cornville Township, Somerset County: flows southeastward into Sebleys Pond (to Carra bassett Stream i. Blanchard Pond; Alder Stream Township, northern Franklin County: outlet into North Branch of Dead River. Bog Brook; rises in Jerusalem 'Township, Franklin County; flows northward into Dead River. Bog Pond; T. 2. R. 6. northern Franklin County: inlet from Long Pond (Dead River); outlet to Lower Pond; elevation. 1.260 feet; one of the "Chain of Ponds.'' 214 RIVEKS, LAKES, AND PONDS TN KENNEBEC BASIN. Bog Stream; rises in northwestern part of Rome Township, Kennebec County; flows northward into Sandy River. Bombazee Brook; rises in western part of Norridgewock Township, Somerset County; flows northeastward into Kennebec River. Bond Brook; rises in eastern part of Manchester Township, Kennebec County; flows southeastward into Kennebec River at Augusta. Boynton Pond; Embden Township, Somerset County; outlet into Fahi Pond. Bradley Pond; Topsham Township, Sagadahoc County; outlet into Cathance River; elevation, about 100 feet. Brandy Pond; northern part of Pleasant Ridge Township, Somerset County; out- let into Rowe Ponds (to Carrabassett River). Brassua Lake; eastern Somerset County; inlets, Brassua Stream, Moose .River, and Miseree Stream; outlet, Moose River; area 5.55 square miles; elevation, 1.043 feet. See page 133 for additional information regarding this pond. Brassua Stream; rises in Luther Pond, Thorndike Township, central Somerset County; flows eastward and southward into Brassua Lake (to Moose River). Buker Pond; Litchfield Township, Kennebec County; Inlet from Jimmy Pond; outlet to Sand Pond ('to Cobbosseecontee Stream); elevation, about 175 feet. Burnham Pond; western Piscataquis County; outlet to Indian Pond (to Kennebec River) . Butler Ponds; Flagstaff Township, western Somerset County; outlet into Flagstaff Lake. Butler Pond; Lexington Township, Somerset County; outlet through Alder Stream and Gilman Pond to Carrabassett River; area, 0.4 square mile (Wells). Carlton Pond; Readfield and Winthrop townships, Kennebec County; outlet to Narrows Pond (to Lake Annabessacook); area, 0.5 square mile; elevation, about 320 feet. Carney Brook; rises in Decker Ponds, Carritunk Township, Somerset County; flows southward into Kennebec River. Carrabassett River; rises in Crocker Township, eastern Franklin County; flows northward, eastward, and then southeastward about 45 miles, entering Kennebec River at North Anson; drainage area, 395 square miles; no large tributaries; few lakes and ponds; considerable fall, used to some extent for power. Gaging station near North Anson established in 1901; drainage area at this point, 340 square miles. Carrabassett Stream; rises in Sebleys Pond, Canaan Township, Somerset County; flows south westward into Kennebec River about 10 miles above Waterville. Carry Brook; rises in Plymouth or Boyd Township, eastern Somerset County; flows southeastward into Moosehead Lake. Carrying' Place Ponds; central part of Somerset County; a group of eight ponds, three of which are of considerable size; the easternmost pond — area (Wells) about 1 square mile — has outlet to Kennebec River; the westernmost (area 1.3 square miles) to Dead River, elevation 1,250 feet (barometric); and the middle pond — area (Wells) about 0.3 square mile — through Rowe Ponds to Carrabassett River; three small ponds are connected with the middle pond and one drains to the western pond; one pond, probably the smallest of the group, is connected with the outlet stream of the middle pond. West Carry Pond has a dam giving a head of about 10 feet; used for storage of water for log driving. See page 140 for further information regarding West Carry Pond. Cathance River; rises in northwestern part of Bowdoin Township, Sagadahoc County; flows, with abrupt turns, to the south, east, northeast, and then southeast and south into Kennebec River at Merrymeeting Bay. Chain of Ponds; northern Franklin County; outlet into North Branch of Dead River; includes three large ponds'and several smaller ones; area, three ponds (Natanis, Long, and Lower), approximately b square miles (Wells); elevation, 1,260 feet. RIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 215 Chase Bog Pond; southwestern Spaulding Township, Somerset County; outlet to Chase Pond; elevation, about 1,480 feet. Chase Pond; western part of Jim Pond Township, northeastern Franklin County; outjjgfc into North Branch of Dead River. Chase Ponds; northern part of Moscow Township, Somerset County; outlet into Austin Stream; elevation of largest pond, 1,356 feet. Chase Stream; rises in Chase Pond, Moscow Township, Somerset County; flows southward into Austin Stream. Chase Stream; rises in Chase Stream Pond, on the south boundary of Misery Township, eastern Somerset County; flows southeastward into Kennebec River. Chase Stream Pond; south boundary of Misery Township, eastern Somerset County; outlet through Chase Stream to Kennebec River; area, approximately, 0.6 square mile (Wells). Chesterville Ponds; Chesterville Township, Franklin County; outlet into Sandy River; area, total of six small ponds, 2 square miles (Wells). China Lake; Vassal boro and China townships, Kennebec County; outlet into Sebasticook River; area, 6.1 square miles; elevation, 195 feet; used as source of mu- nicipal water supply for Waterville. Churchill Stream; rises in a small lake in Misery Township, eastern Somerset County; flows northeastward into West Outlet of Moosehead Lake. Clearwater Brook; rises in T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; flows south- westward into Long Pond (to Dead River). Clear Water Pond; Industry and Farmington townships, Franklin County; outlet into Sandy River; area, approximately, 1.75 square miles (Wells). Cobbosseecontee Pond; Winthrop, Monmouth, Manchester, and West Gardiner townships, Kennebec County; inlets from Purgatory Ponds, Lake Annabessacook, and Richard Pond; outlet Cobbosseecontee River; area, 8.4 square miles; elevation, 171 feet; dam at outlet; used for storage of water for power. Cobbosseecontee Stream; drains a group of lakes aggregating 19 square miles in area, lying from 5 to 15 miles west of Augusta; from the largest of the lakes, Cobbossee- contee Pond, which has an area of 8.4 square miles, the river flows southward, eastward, and then northeastward, entering Kennebec River at Gardiner; drainage area, 240 square miles; length from Cobbosseecontee Pond to Gardiner about 16 miles; river is extensively used for power and furnishes the municipal supply for the city of Gardiner; flow is very regular and furnishes one of the best examples of efficient storage in the country. Gaging station near Gardiner, maintained by Gardiner Water Power Com- pany since 1890; drainage area at this point, 240 square miles. Cochnewagon Pond; Monmouth Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Wil- sons Pond (to Lake Annabessacook); area, about 1 square mile (Wells). Cold Stream; rises in Cold Stream Pond, in Misery and Parlin Pond townships, central Somerset County; flows southwestward, then southeastward, into Kennebec River. Cold Stream Pond; Misery and Parlin Pond townships, central Somerset County; outlet through Cold Stream into Kennebec River; area, approximately, 1.25 square miles (Wells). Corinna Pond; Corinna Township, western Penobscot County; inlets from Dexter Pond; outlet into Sebasticook Lake; area, 0.6 square mile (Wells). Dam Pond; Augusta Township, Kennebec County; outlet to Kennebec River through Sevenmile Brook; elevation, about 210 feet. Dead River; formed by junction of North and South branches; North Branch rises in northern part of Franklin County and flows in a general southeasterly direction about 25 miles to Eustis, where it is joined by the South Branch; South Branch rises in mountains east of Rangeley Lakes and flows in a general northeasterly direction about 16 miles; from junction of two branches main stream flows eastward, northward, 216 RIVEKS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN. and then eastward about 40 miles to its junction with Kennebec River at The Forks, 24 miles below Moosehead Lake; total drainage area, 870 square miles; tributaries of North and South branches of no importance; tributaries of main river are Flagstaff Lake outlet, Carry Ponds outlet, and Spencer Stream (the largest); basin mostly wild and forested; many lakes and ponds, the most important being Flagstaff and Spring lakes, Carry and Spencer ponds. Gaging station at The Forks established in 1901; drainage area at this point, 870 square miles. Dead River Pond; southern part of Dallas Township, west-central Franklin County; inlet from Saddleback Ponds; outlet South Branch of Dead River. Dead River Pond; T. 1, R. 5, eastern Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec River. Decker Brook; rises in southeastern part of Carritunk Township, eastern Somer- set County; flows southeastward and eastward into Kennebec River. Decker Ponds; Carritunk Township, Somerset County; outlet through Carney Brook to Kennebec River; elevation, about 1,260 feet. Deer Pond; T. 4, R. 5, northwestern Somerset County; outlet to Flagstaff Lake (to Dead River). Dexter Pond; Wayne Township, Kennebec County; outlet to Wilson Pond (to Lake Annabessacook) ; inlet from Berry Pond. Dexter Ponds; Dexter Township, Penobscot County; outlet into Corinna Pond (to Sebasticook Lake); area, 3 square miles (Wells). Dimmick Ponds (2); Spaulding Township, eastern Somerset County; inlet from Mountain Pond and several small brooks; outlet to Baker Pond; elevation of upper pond, about 1,460 feet; of lower pond, about 1,400 feet. Double Head Pond; northern part of Litchfield Township, Kennebec County; one small inlet; outlet southward into Purgatory Pond; elevation, about 175 feet. Doughnut Pond; eastern Carritunk Township, Somerset County; outlet into Robinson Pond; elevation, about 1,580 feet. Dutton Pond; Kingfield Township, Franklin County; outlet into Carrabassett River. East Brook; rises in Middle Carrying Place Pond, Somerset County ; flows south- ward, uniting with Rowe Pond Stream to form Sandy Stream, a tributary of Carra- bassett River. Eastern River; rises in Pittston Township, southeastern Kennebec County; flows south westward, entering Kennebec River in Dresden Township. East Pond; Smithfield Township, Somerset County; outlet into North Pond (to Messalonskee Lake); area 2.6 square miles; elevation above sea, 260 feet. Ellis Pond; T. 1, R. 6, eastern Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec River. Ellis Pond; Belgrade and Oakland townships, Kennebec County; inlet from McGrath Pond; outlet to Great Pond"; area, 0.9 square mile; elevation, 273 feet. Called by Wells "Richmond Pond." Embden Pond; Embden Township, Somerset County; outlet through Mill Stream to Carrabassett River; area, 2.4 square miles; elevation, 422 feet. Emerton Ponds; western Moscow Township, Somerset County; outlet into Ken- nebec River; elevation, about 500 feet. Enchanted Stream; rises in T. 3, R. 6, western Somerset County; flows south- eastward into Dead River. Fahi Brook; rises in Fahi Pond, Embden Township, Somerset County; flows southward and southwestward into Mill Stream, a tributary of Carrabassett River. Fahi Pond; Embden Township, Somerset County; outlet, Fahi Brook; area, 0.6 square mile (Wells); elevation, 413 feet. Fall Brook; rises in southwestern part of Mayfield Township, Somerset County; flows southwestward and enters Kennebec River at Solon. KIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 217 Fifteenmile Brook; rises in Lovejoy Pond, Albion Township, Kennebec County; flows northward into Sebasticook River. Fish Pond; T. 1, R. 5, eastern Somerset County; outlet to Kennebec River. Fish Pond; Thorndike Township, north-central Somerset County; outlet into Lower Churchill Stream. Fitzgerald Pond; near Squaw Mountain, western Piscataquis County; outlet, Squaw Brook (to Moosehead Lake). Flagstaff Lake; Flagstaff Township, western Somerset County; outlet to Dead River; area, 1.4 square miles; elevation, approximately, 1,100 feet (barometric); dam commands 12 feet head; used for storage of water for log driving. See pages 139-140 for additional information regarding this lake. Gander Brook; rises in Dennes Township, west-central Somerset County; flows southeastward into Wood Pond (to Moose River). Gardiner Pond; northwestern part of Wiscasset Township, Lincoln County; one small inlet; outlet stream flows northeastward through Gardiner Pond Swamp, thence northwestward and westward into Eastern River; elevation, 168 feet; area, 0.9 square mile. Called by Wells '"Great Swamp in Dresden." George Lake; Skowhegan and Canaan townships, Somerset County; outlet to Oak Pond and Carrabassett Stream. Gilman Pond; Lexington and New. Portland townships, Somerset County; outlet into Carrabassett River; inlets from several small ponds; area, 0.5 square mile (Wells). Gold Brook; rises in Kibby Township, northern Franklin County; flows south- westward into North Branch of Dead River. Great Pond; Rome and Belgrade townships. Kennebec County; inlets from North, Ellis, and McGrath ponds; outlet to Long Pond (to Messalonskee Lake); area, 12.7 square miles; elevation, 250 feet. Greeley Pond; Augusta Township, Kennebec County; outlet to Togus River; elevation, about 160 feet. Greeley Pond; Mount Vernon and Readfield townships, Kennebec County; outlet into Lake Maranacook; area, 1.1 square miles; elevation, 293 feet. Greenbush Pond; Jim Pond Township, northern Franklin County; outlet to North Branch oinDead River. Grindstone Pond; Kingfield Township, Franklin County; outlet to Tufts Pond. Gulf Stream: rises in T. 1, R. 5, central Somerset County; flows southeastward into Dead River. Gulf Stream; rises in Withee Pond, Mayfield Township, Somerset County; flows northwestward into Austin Stream. Hall Pond; T. 5, R. 7, western Somerset County; outlet to Spencer Pond. Hammond Brook; rises in Jerusalem Township, Franklin County; flows eastward into Carrabassett River. Hancock Pond; Embden Township, Somerset County; outlet to Embden Pond; area, about 1 square mile (Wells); elevation, 520 feet. Hayden Lake; Madison Township, Somerset County; outlet into Wesserunsett Stream; area, about 3 square miles (Wells). Called by Wells "Madison Pond." Heald Pond; Moose River Plantation, western Somerset County; outlet to Moose River. Heald Ponds (3); Spaulding Township, eastern Somerset County; outlet into Austin Stream; elevation of highest pond, 1,388 feet. Heald Stream; rises in Heald Ponds, Spaulding Township, eastern Somerset County; flows southeastward into Austin Stream. Henson Brook; rises in Jackman Township, western Somerset County; flows northward into Moose River. Hicks Pond; Palmyra Township, Somerset County; outlet into Sebasticook Lake. 218 RIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN. Higgdns Stream; rises in Brighton Township, Somerset County; flows southeast- ward into Moose Pond (to Sebasticook River). Holeb Pond; Holeb Township, western Somerset County; outlet into Moose River; area, approximately 2 square miles; elevation, about 1,133 feet. See pages 136-137 for further information regarding this pond. Holway Brook; rises in southern part of Forks Plantation, Somerset County; flows southwestward into Kennebec River. Horse Brook; rises in T. 3, R. 6, central Somerset County; flows northwestward into Moose River. Horseshoe Pond; West Gardiner Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Cob- bosseecontee River; elevation, 137 feet. Horseshoe Pond; T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; outlet into North Branch of Dead River; elevation, about 1,260 feet. Horseshoe Pond; Tps. 3 and 4, R. 5, western Somerset County; outlet into Spencer Stream. Houston Brook; rises in western part of Pleasant Ridge Township, Somerset County; flows southeastward, then northeastward, into Kennebec River. Huston Brook; rises on southern slope of Mount Bigelow, western Somerset"€ounty; flows southward into Carrabassett River. Indian Pond; Holeb Township, western Somerset County; outlet into Moose River. Indian Pond; Lexington Township, Somerset County; outlet into Carrabassett River. Indian Pond; St. Albans Township, Somerset County; outlet into Sebasticook River; area, approximately, 2.5 square miles (Wells). Indian Pond; eastern Somerset County; inlets, West Outlet Ponds, Kennebec River, Indian Stream, and a number of small streams and ponds; outlet, Kennebec River; about 5 miles long in two levels, the first being about a mile long, and 932 feet above mean tide; a short stretch of "narrows," where a fall of about 5 feet occurs, connects the two levels; greater part of pond is 927 feet above tide; used for regulation of water in log driving; controlled by a dam at lower end; total area, 1.5 square miles. Indian Stream; rises in Big Indian Pond, western Piscataquis County; flows north- westward into Indian Pond, Kennebec River. Indian Stream; rises in the western part of T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; flows eastward into Long Pond (to Dead River). Ironbound Pond; Thorndike Township, north-central Somerset County; outlet into Lower Churchill Stream. Iron Pond; T. 5, R. 6, western Somerset County; outlet into Spencer Stream. Island Pond; T. 1, R. 6, eastern Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec River. Jackson Brook; rises in southern part of Moscow Township, Somerset County; flows southwestward into Kennebec River. Jackson Pond; Concord Township, Somerset County; outlet through Mill Stream to Martin Stream. Jamies Pond; Manchester and Farmingdale townships, Kennebec County; outlet into Sanborn Pond (to Cobbosseecontee River); elevation, about 210 feet. Jim Pond; northwestern Franklin County; outlet into North Branch of Dead River. Jimmy Pond; Litchfield Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Buker Pond; elevation, about 175 feet. \ Johnson Brook; rises in small ponds in northern part of Bingham Township, Som- erset County; flows southward into Fall Brook, which enters the Kennebec. Judkins Pond; Lexington Township, Somerset County; outlet through Gilman Pond to Carrabassett River; area, 0.75 square mile (Wells). Kelly Brook; rises in central part of Forks Plantation, Somerset County; flows west- ward into Kennebec River. AND PONDS [IS! KENNEBEC BASIN. 219 Kibby Stream; rises in Kibby Township, northern Franklin County; flows south- eastward into Spencer Stream, western Somerset Count)". Kidder Pond; Vienna Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Beaver Pond; eleva- tion, about 840 feel . Knights Pond; Square Town Township, eastern Somerset County; outlet into Ken- nebec River; area, 0.2 square mile. Lazy Tom Brook; rises in western Piscataquis ( !ounty ; Hows southward into Roach River. Lemon Stream; rises in Industry Township, Franklin County; flows southeast- ward into Sandy River. Lily Pond; Freeman and New Portland townships, Franklin and Somerset counties; outlet into Carrabassett River. Little Alder Stream; rises in extreme southern part of T. 2, R. 6, northern Frank- lin County; flows southeastward into Alder Stream, a tributary of North Branch of Dead River; receives drainage from Snow and Round Mountain ponds. Little Austin Pond; Bald Mountain Township, eastern Somerset County; outlet into Austin Pond; elevation, 1,216 feet. Little Big Wood Pond; Dennes Township, west-central Somerset County; inlet, Wood Stream; outlet into Little Wood Pond; area, approximately, 1.35 square miles (Wells). Little Chase Pond; Moscow Township, Somerset County ; outlet into Chase Stream; elevation, about 1,320 feet. Little Heald Brook; rises on south side of Dimmick Mountain, Spaulding Town- ship, eastern Somerset County; flows southeastward into Heald Stream. Little Houston Brook; rises in western part of Concord Township, Somerset County; flows northeastward into Houston Brook. Little Indian Pond; St. Albans Township, Somerset County; outlet into Indian Pond (to Sebasticook River); area, approximately, 0.35 square mile (Wells). Little Indian Pond; Square Town Township, eastern Somerset County; outlet into Indian Stream (to Kennebec River). Little Jim Pond; northeastern Franklin County, Jim Pond Township; outlet into Jim Pond. Little Pocket Pond; T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; outlet to Natanis Pond (to Dead River); elevation, 1,260 feet; one of the "Chain of Ponds." Little Pond; Rome Township, Kennebec County ; outlet to North Pond ; combined area of Little and North ponds, 3.6 square miles; elevation, 253 feet. Little Spencer Stream; rises in ponds in T. 4, R. 5, Somerset County; flows south- ward through Spencer Ponds into Spencer Stream. Little Wood Pond; Attean Township, west-central Somerset County; inlets from, Little Big Wood and Benjamin ponds; outlet to Wood Pond (to Moose River). Locks Pond; Chesterville Township, Franklin County: outlet to Wilson Stream (to Sandy River). Long Pond; T. 2, R. (i, northern Franklin County; inlets from Natanis and Pocket, ponds and small brooks; outlet to Bog Pond (to Dead River); elevation, 1,260 feet; one of the "Chain of Ponds." Long Pond; southwestern part of Hartland Township, Somerset County; outlet to Sebleys Pond (to Carrabassett' Stream) . Long Pond; Jackman and Long Pond townships, north-central Somerset County; inlets, Moose River, Upper and Lower- Churchill streams, and Parlin Stream; outlet, Moose River; area, approximately, 5 square miles; elevation, 1,155 feet; used for stor- age of water for log driving; dam commands a head of about 8 feet. See page 134 for additional information regarding this pond. Long Pond; Parlin Pond Township, central Somerset County; outlet into Parlin Stream (to Moose River). 3697— irr 198—07 15 220 KIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN.- Long Pond; Rangeley and Dallas townships, west-central Franklin County; outlet into South Branch of Dead River. Long Pond; Rome, Belgrade, and Mount Vernon townships, Kennebec County; inlets from Great Pond and several smaller ponds and brooks; outlet through Belgrade Stream to Messalonskee Lake; area, 4.2 square miles; elevation, 241 feet. Long Pond; T. 1, R. 6, eastern Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec River. Long Pond; T. 4, R. 5, western Somerset County; outlet into Spencer Stream. Loon Pond; Litchfield Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Pleasant Pond (to Cobbosseecontee River); elevation, about 180 feet. Lovejoy Pond; Albion Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Sebasticook River through Fifteenmile Brook; area, 0.7 square mile (Wells). Lower Churchill Stream; rises in small ponds in Thorndike Township, north- central Somerset County; flows southeastward into Long Pond (to Moose River). Lower Pond; T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; inlet from Bog Pond, Dead River; outlet, North Branch of Dead River. Luther Pond; Thorndike Township, central Somerset County; outlet, Brassua Stream (to Brassua Lake). Maranacook Lake; Readfield and Winthrop townships, Kennebec County; inlets from Greeley and other small ponds; outlet to Lake Annabessacook; area, 2.5 square miles: elevation, 215 feet. Called by Wells "North Pond." Martin Stream; rises in Concord Township, Somerset County; flows southeast- ward into Kennebec River. McGrath Pond; Oakland and Belgrade townships, Kennebec County; inlets, small brooks; outlet into Ellis Pond; area, 0.7 square mile; elevation, 273 feet. McGurdy Pond; Sharon and Chesterville townships, Franklin County; outlet into Sandy River. McKinney Pond; Holeb Township, western Somerset County; outlet into Moose River. Merrill Pond; Concord Township, Somerset County; outlet to Kennebec River; elevation, 343 feet. Messalonskee Lake; Oakland, Belgrade, and Sidney townships, Kennebec County; principal inlet, Belgrade Stream; outlet, Messalonskee Stream; area, 5.4 square miles; elevation, 235 feet. Called by Wells "Snow Pond." Messalonskee Stream; rises in Messalonskee Lake, Oakland Township, Kennebec County; flows northeastward, then southeastward, and enters the Kennebec at Water- ville; length, about 42 miles; drainage area, 208 square miles; fed by extensive lakes, the aggregate water surface of which is between 25 and 30 square miles; flow very con- stant and fall large; extensively utilized for power. Called by Wells "Emerson Stream." Gaging station at Waterville, established 1903, discontinued 1906; drain- age area at this point, 205 square miles. Michael Stream; rises in southeastern part of Jerusalem township, Franklin County; flows eastward into Sandy Stream, a tributary of Carrabassett River. Michael Stream; rises in Solon Township, Somerset County; flows south westward into Kennebec River about 3 miles below Solon. Mill Pond; Harmony Township, Somerset County; outlet into Moose Pond (to Sebas- ticook River); area, 1.1 square miles (Wells). Mill Pond; Pleasant Ridge Township, Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec River; elevation, 1,149 feet. Mill Stream; rises in Embden Pond, Emden Township, Somerset County; flows southeastward into Carrabassett River. Mill Stream; rises in Jackson Lake, Concord Township, Somerset County; flows southward into Martin Stream, a tributary of the Kennebec. Mill Stream; rises in Norridgewock Township, Somerset County; flows northeast- ward into Kennebec River at Norridgewock, RIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 221 Mink Brook; rises in Mink Ponds; flows southward into Austin Stream. Mink Brook; rises in western part of Forks Plantation, Somerset County; flows southwestward into Kennebec River. Mink Ponds; Moscow Township, Somerset County; outlet to Austin Stream; ele- vation, 1,240 feet. Miseree Pond; Misery Township, east-central Somerset County; outlet, Miseree Stream (to Brassua Lake); area, approximately; area 1.5 square miles (Wells). Miseree Stream; rises in Miseree Pond, Misery Township, east-central Somerset County; flows northeastward into Brassua Lake (to Moose River). Moores Pond; T. 4, R. 7, west-central Somerset County; outlet into Horse Brook, a tributary of Moose River. Moose Brook; rises in eastern Somerset County; flows southeastward into Moose- head lake. Moose Brook; rises in T. 4, R. 7, central Somerset County; flows northwestward into Horse Brook, a tributary of Moose River. Moosehead Lake; eastern Somerset and western Piscataquis counties; inlets, Roach and Moose rivers and a number of small streams; outlet, Kennebec River; area, about 115 square miles; drainage area at mouth, 1,240 square miles; elevation, 1,026 feet; used for storage of water for water power and log driving; dam commands a head of 7.5 feet over entire surface; navigable by steamboats from end to end. See pages 132-133 for information regarding storage capacity, etc. Moose Pond; Harmony and Hartland townships, Somerset County; outlet to Sebas- ticook River; inlets from Mill, Starbird, and Stafford ponds and a number of brooks; area, approximately, 9.50 square miles (Wells). Moose Pond; Mount Vernon Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Belgrade Stream, a tributary of Messalonskee Lake; elevation, about 400 feet. Moose River; rises in the extreme northern part of Franklin County; flows in a general direction a little north of east and enters Moosehead Lake from the west; length, about 70 miles; drainage area, 680 square miles. The stream passes through Attean, Wood, and Long ponds and Brassua Lake, and receives the drainage from a large number of small ponds well scattered over the basin. Gaging station near Rock- wood, established 1902; drainage area at this point, 680 square miles. Mosquito Pond; Forks Plantation, eastern Somerset County; outlet into Moxie Pond. Moxie Pond; East Moxie Township, eastern Somerset County; inlets, Alder, Sandy, and Baker streams and several small ponds and brooks; outlet through Moxie Stream into Kennebec River; area, 2.6 square miles; drainage area at outlet, 80 square miles; elevation, 965 feet; commanded by a dam affording a head of 9 feet; used for water storage for log driving. See page 138 for fuller information. Moxie Stream; rises in Moxie Pond, eastern Somerset County; flows westward into Kennebec River; has a fall of 370 feet in 4 miles, one fall of 95 feet being nearly vertical; total drainage area, 92 square miles. Mountain Pond; central Somerset County; outlet northeastward into Dimmick Ponds; elevation, 2,000 feet. Muddy River; rises in Topsham Township, Sagadahoc County; flows northeast- ward into Kennebec River at Merrymeeting Bay. Mud Pond; Embden Township, Somerset County; outlet into Fahi Pond, Mud Pond; Thorndike Township, north-central Somerset County; outlet into Lower Churchill Stream. Muskrat Pond; Thorndike Township, north-central Somerset County; outlet into Lower Churchill Stream. Narrows Pond: Winthrop Township, Kennebec County; inlet from Carlton Pond ; outlet into Lake Annabessacook; area, 0.8 square mile; elevation, approximately, 180 feet. 222 KIVEBS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN. Natanis Pond; T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; inlet from Round Pond, Dead River; outlet into Long Pond (to Dead River); elevation, 1,260 feet; one of the "Chain of Ponds." Neh.um.keag Pond; Pittston Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Kennebec River. Nequasset Brook; rises in Dresden Township, Lincoln County; flows southward through Nequasset Pond into Kennebec River at Woolwich, opposite Bath. Nequasset Pond; Woolwich Township, Sagadahoc County; inlets from Nequasset and other brooks; outlet into Kennebec River; area, 0.6 square mile; elevation, 18 feet. Nokomis Pond; Palmyra Township, Somerset County, and Newport Township, Penobscot County; outlet into Sebasticook Lake. Norcross Brook; rises in western Piscataquis County; flows northwestward into Moosehead Lake. Norcross Pond; Chesterville Township, Franklin County; outlet into Sandy River; area, 0.35 square mile (Wells). North. Boundary Pond; T. 3, R. 6, northern Franklin County; outlet into North Branch of Dead River; elevation, 2,061+ feet. North. Pond; on boundary between Smithfield and Mercer townships, Somerset County, and Rome Township, Kennebec County; inlets from East and Little ponds; outlet into Great Pond; combined area of North and Little ponds, 3.6 square miles; elevation, 253 feet. North. Pond; Temple and Wilton townships, Franklin County; outlet into Sandy River; area, about 1 square mile (Wells). North Pond; Chesterville Township, Franklin County; outlet into Sandy River; area, about 1 square mile (Wells?). It is not certain to which of the three foregoing ponds Wells referred in his list of ponds connected with Sandy River. As shown on Scarborough's map of southwestern Maine, they differ little in size from Norcross Pond, the area of which is given as 0.35 square mile. Northwest Boundary Pond; T. 3, R. 6, northern Franklin County; outlet into North Branch of Dead River; elevation, 2,061 feet. Oak Pond; Skowhegan Township, Somerset County; inlet from Lake George; out- let into Carrabassett Stream. Otter Pond; T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; outlet into North Branch of Dead River; elevation, 1,360+ feet. Otter Ponds; central Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec River; area, two ponds, 0.5 square mile. Palmyra Ponds; Palmyra Township, Somerset County; outlet into Sebasticook River; combined water surface, two ponds, 0.6 square mile (Wells). Parker Pond; T. 3, R. 5, western Somerset County; outlet to Spencer Stream. Parlin Pond; Parlin Pond Township, central Somerset County; outlet, Parlin Stream to Long Pond (to Moose River); area, approximately, 2.75 square miles (Wells) Parlin Stream; rises in Parlin Pond, Parlin Pond Township, central Somerset County; flows northeastward into Long Pond (to Moose River). Pattee Pond; Winslow Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Sebasticook River; area, 0.85 square mile (Wells); elevation, about 120 feet. Perham Stream; rises in Mount Abraham Township, Franklin County; flows southward and southwestward into Sandy River. Pierce Pond; central Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec River; area, about 2.3 square miles; drainage area at outlet, 18 square miles; elevation, about 1,125 feet (barometric); dam commands a head of about 10 feet; used for storage of water for log driving. See page 139 for additional information regarding this pond. RIVEBS, LAKER, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 223 Pleasant Pond; Litchfield Township, Kennebec County, and Richmond Town- ship. Sagadahoc County; inlets from a number of small brooks; outlel into Cobbossee- contee River; area. 1.1 square miles; elevation, L37 feet. Pleasant Pond; central Somerset County; outlet, Pleasant Pond Stream; area, 1.6 square miles; drainage area at mouth, 5.9 square miles; elevation, 1,265 feet; 780 feet fall to Kennebec River in a distance of about 3.5 miles. Pleasant Pond Stream; rises in Pleasant Pond, central Somerset County; flows Bouthwestward into Kennebec River. Plymouth. Ponds; Plymouth Township, Penobscot County; inlets from Skinner Pond and small brooks; outlet into Sebasticook Lake; area, about 3 square miles (Wells). Pocket Pond; T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; outlel. into Long Pond (to Dead River); elevation, 1,260 feet; one of the "Chain of Ponds." Ponco Ponds; Moose River Plantation, western Somerset County; outlet to Moose River. Poplar Brook; rises in Jerusalem Township, Franklin County; flows southwest- ward into Carrabassett River at Carrabassett. Prong Pond; western part of Piscataquis County; outlet to Moosehead Lake. Purgatory Ponds (3); Litchfield Township, Kennebec County; inlet from Sand Pond; outlet into Cobbosseecontee River; area of largest pond, 0.7 square mile; eleva- tion, 175 feet. Rapid Stream; rises in Jerusalem Township, Franklin County; flows southeast- ward, then northeastward, into Carrabassett River at Kingfield. Redington Brook; rises in Redington Ponds, central Franklin County; flows southwestward, then northwestward, into South Branch of Dead River. Redington Ponds; Redington Township, central Franklin County; outlet into Redington Brook. Reed Brook; rises on Mount Bigelow, Bigelow Township, western Somerset County; flows northward into Dead River. Richard Pond; Winthrop Township, Kennebec County; inlet from Shed Pond; outlet into Cobbosseecontee Pond; elevation, about 180 feet. Ritt Brook; rises in southwestern part of Mayfield Township, Somerset County; flows northward into South Branch of Austin Stream. Roach Ponds; west-central Piscataquis County; outlet through Roach River to Moosehead Lake; three ponds, known as Upper, Middle, and Lower, with areas, respectively, of 1.5, 1.5, and 5 square miles; dam on each pond; used for log driving. See pages 137-138 for further description of these ponds. Roach River; receives headwaters from slopes of Boardman and White Cap moun- tains, west-central Piscataquis County; flows northwestward through a series of three ponds, and empties into Spencer Bay on east side of Moosehead Lake: length, about 20 miles; drainage basin completely forested; total area at mouth, 120 square miles; no large tributary streams; three ponds of importance — Upper, Middle, and Lower Roach ponds; river utilized for log driving; gaging station at Roach River established jn 1901; drainage area at this point, 85 square miles. Robinson Pond; on boundary between Carritunk and Spaulding townships, east- ern Somerset County; inlet from Doughnut Pond; outlet into Pleasant Pond Stream; elevation, 1,478 feet. Robinson Pond Outlet; rises in Robinson Pond; flows northwestward through Deer Bog and Moores Bog to Pleasant Pond Stream. Rock Pond; Tps. 5 and 6, Rs. 6 and 7, western Somerset County; outlet into Spen- cer Stream. Rogers Pond; St. Albans Township, Somerset County; outlet into Little Indian Pond (to Sebasticook River); area, about 0.9 square mile (Wells). 224 RIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN. Rolling Dam Brook; rises in southern part of Gardiner Township, Kennebec County; flows northeastward and eastward into Kennebec River near Gardiner. Round Mountain Lake; Alder Stream Township, northern Franklin County; outlet to Little Alder Stream. Round Pond; T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; inlet, Dead River; outlet to Natanis Pond, Dead River; elevation, about 1,260 feet; one of the "Chain of Ponds.' 5 Rowe Ponds; Pleasant Ridge Township, Somerset County; outlet through Sandy Stream to Carrabassett River; inlets from several small ponds; area of largest pond, 0.7 square mile (Wells); elevation, 1,209 feet. Rowe Pond Stream; rises in Rowe Ponds, Pleasant Ridge Township, Somerset County; flows southwestward, uniting with East Brook to form Sandy Stream, a trib- utary of Carrabassett River. Saddleback Ponds (2); near Saddleback Mountain, in northern part of Sandy River Township, west-central Franklin County; outlet to Dead River Pond (to South Branch of Dead River). Sally Pond; Dennes Township, western Somerset County; outlet into Moose River. Salmon Stream; rises in Johnson Mountain, T. 2, R. 6, central Somerset County; flows southeastward into Dead River. Sanborn Pond; Manchester and Farmingdale townships, Kennebec County; out- let into Cobbosseecontee River; inlet from Jamies Pond; elevation, about 180 feet. Sand Pond; Chesterville Township, Franklin County; outlet into Wilson Stream (to Sandy River). Sand Pond; Litchfield Township, Kennebec County; inlet from Buker Pond; out- let into Purgatory Pond (to Cobbosseecontee River); elevation, about 175 feet. Sandy Pond; Embden Township, Somerset County; outlet to Fahi Pond; area, 0.4 square mile (Wells); elevation, 413 feet. Sandy Pond; Freedom Township, Waldo County; outlet to Sebasticook River; area, about 0.9 square mile (Wells). Sandy River; rises in western part of Franklin County in the hilly region east of Rangeley Lake; flows southeastward about 32 miles, then northeastward 17 miles, entering the Kennebec about 3 miles below Madison; drainage area, 670 square miles; no large tributaries or ponds; total fall about 1,600 feet, mostly in upper part of basin. Gaging station near Madison established in 1904; drainage area at this point, 650 square miles. Sandy River Ponds; Sandy River Township, Franklin County; outlet, Sandy River; area, four ponds, 1 square mile (Wells). Sandy Stream; rises in East Moxie Township, eastern Somerset County; flows southwestward into Moxie Pond. Sandy Stream; rises in Highland Township, Somerset County, being formed by union of East Brook and Rowe Pond, which drain Middle Carrying Place and Rowe ponds; flows southward through Gilman Pond to Carrabassett River. Savage Pond; northwestern Cornville Township, Somerset County; outlet to Wes- serunsett Stream. Sebasticook Lake; Newport Township, Penobscot County; inlets from Stetson and Corinna ponds and several small brooks; outlet to Sebasticook River; area, approximately 7.5 square miles (Wells). Called by Wells "Newport Pond." Sebasticook River; rises in ponds in southeastern Somerset and western Penob- scot counties; flows in general southwestward 45 miles to Kennebec River at Wins- low, opposite Waterville; drainage area, 970 square miles; many tributary ponds, covering in all about 50 square miles: total fall, about 170 feet; extensively used for power. Sebleys Pond; Canaan and Pittsfield townships, Somerset County; outlet to Ken- nebec River through Carrabassett Stream 225 Sevenmile Brook; rises in Spectacle, Tolman, and Dam ponds, Augusta Town- ship, Kennebec County; flows northwestward into Kennebec River aboul 5 miles above Augusta. Shallow Pond; Jim Pond Township, northeastern Franklin County^ outlel into North Branch of Dead River. Shed Pond; Manchester Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Richard Pond (to Cobbosseecontee Pond); elevation, about 320 feet. Skinner Pond; Dixmont Township, Penobscot County; outlet to Plymouth Ponds (to Sebasticpok Lako^); area, approximately 0.7 square mile (Wells). Smith Pond; Parlin Pond and Misery townships, central Somerset County; outlet to Parlin Stream. Snow Pond; Alder Stream Township, northern Franklin County; outlet into Lit- tle Alder Stream. Socatean River; rises in Plymouth or Boyd Township, eastern Somerset County; flows southeastward into Moosehead Lake. South Boundary Pond; T. 3, R. 6, northern Franklin County; outlet into North Branch of Dead River; elevation, 2,061+ feet. Spectacle Pond; T. 4, R. 5, western Somerset County; outlet into Kibby Stream, a branch of Spencer Stream. Spectacle Pond; Vassalboro and Augusta townships, Kennebec County; outlet into Kennebec River through Sevenmile Brook. Spencer Pond; western Piscataquis County; outlet into Moosehead Lake; three small inlets; area, approximately, 1.5 square miles (Wells). Spencer Ponds; Tps. 3 and 4, Rs. 5 and 6, western Somerset County; inlet drains several small ponds; outlet into Spencer Stream; area, approximately, 2.6 square miles; elevation, about 1,150 feet (barometric); dam commands 16-foot head when pond is filled; used for log sluicing. See page 141 for additional information regarding these ponds. Spencer Stream; rises in T. 5, R. 6, western Somerset County; flows southwest- ward, then southeastward, into Dead River; many tributary ponds; largest are Spen- cer Ponds, which reach Spencer Stream by way of Little Spencer Stream. See page — for additional information regarding this stream. Spring' Lake; T. 3, R. 4, western Somerset County; outlet to Dead River; area, approximately, 1.1 square miles; elevation, about 1,260 feet above mean sea level (barometric) and 260 feet above Dead River. Called by Wells "Long Lake." See page 140 for additional information regarding this lake. Spruce Pond; Lexington Township, Somerset County; outlet through Witham Brook to Embden Pond; area, 0.35 square mile (Wells). Squaw Brook; rises in Fitzgerald Pond, near Squaw Mountain, western Piscata- quis County; flows southeastward into Moosehead Lake. Stafford Pond; Hartland Township, Somerset County; outlet to Moose Pond (to Sebasticook River); area, 0.35 square mile (Wells). Starbird Pond; Hartland Township, Somerset County; outlet to Moose Pond (to Sebasticook River); area, 0,35 square mile (Wells). Stetson Pond; Stetson Township, Penobscot County; outlet to Sebasticook Lake; area, about 2.5 square miles. (Wells). Stony Brook; rises in central part of Highland Township, Somerset County; flows southeastward into Sandy Stream, a tributary of Carrabassett River. Stony Brook; rises in Thorndike Township, central Somerset County; flows south- eastward into Moose River. Stratton Brook; rises on Mount Bigelow, T. 4, R. 3, Franklin County; flows west- ward and northwestward into South Branch of Dead River. 226 RIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS TN KENNEBEC BASIN. Tee Pond; Jim Pond Township, northern Franklin County; outlet to Tim Brook (to North Branch of Dead River). Ten Thousand Acre Ponds; southern boundary of Misery township, eastern So niQrset County; outlet to Chase Stream (to Kennebec River). Three-Cornered Pond; Augusta Township, Kennebec County; outlet to Togus Ponds; elevation, 198 feet. Threemile Pond; China and Windsor townships, Kennebec County; outlet to Weber Pond (to Kennebec River); area, 1.6 square miles; elevation, 180 feet. Tim Brook; rises in Tim Pond, northern Franklin County; flows northeastward into North Branch of Dead River. Tim Pond; western Eustis Township, northern Franklin County; outlet, Tim Brook. Tobey Brook; rises about 1J miles southeast of South Norridgewock, Somerset County; flows southward into Martin Stream (into Kennebec River). Toby Ponds; T. 5, R. 7, western Somerset County; outlet to Moose River. Togus Ponds; Augusta Township, Kennebec County; outlet through Togus River to Kennebec River; area, 1 square mile; elevation, 188 feet. Called by W T ells "Wor- romotogus Pond." Togus River; rises in Togus Ponds, Augusta, Township, Kennebec County; flows southwestward into Kennebec River at Randolph, opposite Gardiner. Tolman Pond; Augusta Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Kennebec River through Sevenmile Brook; elevation, about 210 feet. Tom Fletcher Stream; rises in Brassua Township, central Somerset County; flows southeastward into Moose River. Tomhegan Pond; Middlesex Grant Township, eastern Somerset County; outlet into Moosehead Lake through Tomhegan Stream; area, approximately, 0.75 square mile (Wells). Tomhegan Stream; rises in T. 2, R. 3, eastern Somerset County; flows southeast- ward into Moosehead Lake. Trout Pond; west-central Piscataquis County; outlet into Middle Roach Pond. Tufts Pond; Kingfield Township, Franklin County; outlet to Carrabassett River; area, 0.5 square mile (Wells). Turner Brook; rises in southern part of Madison Township, Somerset County; flows southeastward into Kennebec River between Norridgewock and Skowhegan. Turner Pond; Moscow Township, Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec River; elevation, about 500 feet. Turner Pond (2); Forsythe and Holeb townships, western Somerset County; out- let into Holeb Pond. Unity (Twenty-five Mile) Pond; Unity, Burnham, and Troy townships, Waldo County; outlet to Sebasticook River; area, approximately, 4.25 square miles (Wells). Upper Churchill Stream; rises in Bog Pond, Bald Mountains, Moose River Plan- tation, western Somerset County; flows southeastward into Long Pond (to Moose River). Viles Pond; Jim Pond Township, northern Franklin County; outlet into North Branch of Dead River. Ward Pond; Sidney Township, Kennebec County; outlet to Messalonskee Lake; elevation, about 340 feet. Weber Pond; Vassal boro Township, Kennebec County; inlet from Threemile Pond; outlet to Kennebec River; area, 1.9 square miles; elevation, 138 feet. Weeks Pond; Brighton Township, Somerset County; outlet to W T esserunsett Stream. Welhern Pond; Eustis Township, northeastern Franklin County; outlet to Tim Brook. RIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS TN KENNEBEC BASTN. 227 Wentworth Pond; Solon and Athens townships, Somerset County; outlet into Wesserunsett Stream; area, with Bakers Pond (unnamed on available maps), approx- imately 1 square mile (Wells). Wesserunsett Stream; rises in Weeks Pond, Brighton Township, Somerset County; flows southward into Kennebec River in Skowhegan Township; drainage area (Tenth Census), 167 square miles; a rapid stream, affording numerous sites for power, many of which are unimproved; flow not very constant. West Brook; rises in Highland Township, Somerset County; flows eastward into Sandy Stream, a tributary of Carrabassett River. West Outlet Ponds; eastern Somerset County; outlet from Moosehead Lake to Indian Pond (to Kennebec River); area of three ponds, approximately, 1.25 square miles (Wells). Weymouth Pond; Corinna Township, Penobscot County ; outlet to Little Indian Pond (to Sebasticook River); area, 0.4 square mile (Wells). Whipple Pond; T. 5, R. 7, western Somerset County; outlet into Spencer Pond. Whitcomb Brook; rises in western part of Moscow Township, Somerset County; flows south westward into Kennebec River. Whites Pond; Palmyra Township, Somerset County; outlet into Palmyra Ponds (to Sebasticook' River.) Williams Stream; rises in eastern Somerset County; flows southeastward into Moosehead Lake. Wilsons Pond; Wayne and Monmouth townships, Kennebec County; inlets from Dexter and Cochnewagon ponds; outlet into Lake Annabessacook ; area, about 0.9 square mile (Wells). Wilsons Pond; T. 1, R. 5, eastern Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec River. Wilson Stream; rises in Temple Township, Franklin County; flows southeastward, then northeastward into Sandy River. Wilton Pond; Wilton Township, Franklin County; outlet to Sandy River; area, approximately, 1.25 square miles (Wells). This is probably the pond called "Wil- sons" by Wells. Witham Brook; rises in Spruce Pond, Lexington Township, Somerset County; flows southeastward into Embden Pond. Withee Pond; southwestern part of Mayfield Township, Somerset County; outlet through Gulf Stream to Austin Stream; elevation, about 1,360 feet. Wood Pond; Attean Township, west-central Somerset County; inlets, Gander Breok, Wood Stream, and Moose River; receives also drainage from a number of small ponds; outlet, Moose River; area, about 3.3 square miles; elevation, 1,158 feet. See pages 135-136 for further information regarding this pond. Wood Stream; rises in Forsythe Township, western Somerset County; flows south- eastward through Little Big Wood and Little Wood ponds into Wood Pond (to Moose River). Wyman Pond; Brighton Township, Somerset County; outlet into Wesserunsett Stream; area, 0.75 square mile (Wells). Youngs Pond; northeastern Pleasant Ridge Township, Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec River; elevation, about 1,300 feet. INDEX. A. Page. Abagadassett River, data on 212 Accuracy of flow determinations, state- ment on 30-32. Acknowledgments to those aiding 2 Alder Pond, data on 212 Alder Stream, data on 212 Androscoggin River, evaporation station on, plate showing 26 Annabessacook Lake, data on 143, 212 Arnolds Falls, fall at. . . Attean Falls, fall at Attean Pond, data on. . discharge data near. plan of water storage in 128 128 212 64 1 135-136,144 Augusta, map of 208 pollution at 200 ponds in 144 population of 209 typhoid fever at 200-201 , 207-211 diagram showing 202 map illustrating 208 water at, quality of 177 water power at 123 water supply of 167, 199-200, 207 Austin Ponds, data on 144, 212 Austin Stream, data on 212-213 drainage of 10 B. Bacillus coli, occurrence of. . . Bacteria, occurrence of 172-181,186,198,199 .-. 172-181, 182-183,186,197-198 Baker Brook, data on 213 Bakers Pond, data on 143,213 Bakers Stream, data on 213 Barker Pond, data on 143,213 Barnard Pond, data on 213 Barrett Brook, data on 213 Barrows, H. K., on water resources of Ken- nebec River basin 1-166 Bartlett Pond, data on 142,213 Bean Brook, data on 213 Beans Pond, data on ; 213 Bear Brook, data on 213 Bear Pond, data on .' 213 Beaver Brook, data on 213 Beaverdam Brook, data on 213 Beaver Pond, data on 213 Belgrade Stream, data on 213 Page. Benjamin Ponds, data on 213 Benton, typhoid fever at 200, 201 Benton Falls, water power at 125 Berry Pond, data on 213 Big Injun Pond, data on 213 Bingham, water powers near 127 Bitter Brook, data on 213 Black Brook, data on 213 Black Brook Pond, data on 144,213 Black Stream, data on 213 Blanchard Pond, data on 213 Bog Brook, data on 213 Bog Pond, data on 142,213 Bog Stream, data on 214 Bombazee Brook, data on 214 Bombazee Rips, water power at 127 Bond Brook, data on 214 Boston, Mass., evaporation near 115 Boynton Pond, data on 214 Bradley Pond, data on 214 Brandy Pond, data on : 214 Brassua Lake, data on 214 discharge data near 64 outlet of, plan of 1 plan of '. l water storage in 133-134, 142 Brassua Stream, dat.a on 214 discharge data on 64 Burnham Junction, water power near 125 Buker Pond, data on 214 Butler Pond, data on 142,214 C. Cable station, plate showing 26 Carlton Bog, data on 143 Carlton Pond, data on 143, 214 Carney Brook, data on 214 Carrabassett River, basin of, storage in.. 142,144 data on 214 discharge data on 81-86, 121, 149 drainage of 10, 14 low water on 121 population in basin of 189 population and area in basin of, map and diagram showing 190, 191 water powers on 123-124, 130 Carrabassett Stream, data on 214 Carritunk Falls, water power at 122 Carry Brook, data on 214 Carrying Place Ponds, data on 142, 144,214 Carrying Place Rips, water power near 127 For general description of rivers, ponds, and lakes see Gazetteer, pp. 212-227 229 230 INDEX. Page. Cataracts, development of 6 Cathance River, data on 214 Chain of Ponds, data on _ 142,214 Chase Bog Pond, data on 215 Chase Ponds, data on 144,215 Chase Stream, data on 215 Chase Stream Pond, data on 1 44 Chemical constituents of water, data on 181- 184,197 Chesterville Ponds, data on 142, 215 Chesuncook, elevation at . . . 16 rainfall at 17 snow at 23 China Lake, data on 143,215 Chlorine, occurrence of 181-184, 186-188 occurrence of, diagram showing 181, 187 Churchill Stream, data on 215 Clear Water Pond, data on.-. 142,215 Clearwater Brook, data on 215 Cleveland Rips, water power at 130 Clinton, water power at 125 Cobhosseecontee Pond, data on 143, 215 Cobbosseecontee Stream, basin of, water in 143,144 data on ... 215 discharge data on 93-105, 110-113 diversion of 8 drainage of , 14 population in basin of 189 population and area in basin of, diagram and map showing 190, 191 low water on 121 precipitation on 111-113 ratio of, to run-off 111-113 water powers on : 126, 130 Cochnewagon Pond, data on 143, 215 Cold Stream, data on . t 215 Cold Stream Pond, data on 144, 215 Color of water, data on 167-168, 170-171, 172-181, 182-183, 196 Corinna, water power at 125 Corinna Pond, data on 143, 215 Cotton mills, pollution from 195 Current meter, description and use of 26 Curves, rating, area, and mean velocity, de- scription of 27-28 diagram showing 27 D. Dam Pond, data on 215 Davis Ferry, water power at 130 Dead River, basin of, water storage in . . 139-141, 142, 144 data on 215-216 discharge data on 76-81, 121, 149 drainage of 10,14 elevations along 129 low water on 121 population in basin of 189 water powers on 123, 128-129 Dead River dam, use of 140 Dead River Pond, data on 210 Dead River Rapids, water powers on 129 Decker Pond, data on 216 Deer Pond, data on 216 Definitions of terms used 28-29 Page. Description of Kennebec basin 2-16 Desert Pond,.data on 143 Determinations of flow, accuracy of 30-32 methods of 25-28 Detroit, water power at 125 Dexter Ponds, data on 143, 216 Dimmick Ponds, data on 216 Discharge. See Stream flow. Double Head Pond, data on 216 Doughnut Pond, data on 216 Dow, F. T. , on log driving 166 Drainage, description of 3-4, 9-14 skeleton of 9-14 transference of 6-8 water powers due to 7 Dutton Pond, data on 142, 216 E. East New Portland, water powers at 123, 124 East Brook, data on 216 East Pond, data on 143, 216 Eastern River, data on 216 Ellis Pond, data on 143, 216 Embden Pond, data on 142, 216 Emerson Ponds, data on 216 Enchanted Stream, data on 216 Evaporation in Maine, effect of, on stored water 145 records of 113-115 stations for 113 Evaporation raft, description of 114 plate showing 26 F. Fahi Brook, data on 216 Fahi Pond, data on 142, 216 Fairbanks, water power at 124 Fairfield, .elevation at 16 paper mills at, pollution from 195 rainfall at 17, 18 typhoid fever at 200, 201, 205, 207 water power at 122-123 Fall Brook, data on 216 Farmington, elevation at 16 rainfall at 17, 18 water power at 124 Fifteenmile Brook, data on 217 Fifteenmile Rips, water power at 130 Fish Pond, data on 217 Fitzgerald Pond, data on 217 Flagstaff, elevation at 16 rainfall at 17, 18 water power at 128 Flagstaff Lake, data on 142, 217 plan of 1 water storage in 139-140, 142 Floods, on Kennebec River, description of 115-119 plate showing 120 Forest conditions, description of 15 Forks. See The Forks. Freshet oak, gage heights at 119 plate showing 120 G. Caging statioris, locations of 33 operations at 25-26 pla te showing 26 INDEX. 231 Page. Gander Brook, data on 217 Ga rdiner, discharge data 93-105, 110-113, 121 elevation at 16 ra infall at 17, 18-19, 110-113 diagram showing 17 ratio of, to run-off 110-113* typhoid lever at 201 water powers at and near 126 Gardiner Pond, data on 144, 217 Gas works, pollution from 195 Gazetteer of rivers, lakes, and ponds in Ken- nebec basin 212-227 Geologic history, outline of 6-8 Geology, description of. 4-9 drainage affected by 4-5 George Lake, data on 217 Oilman Pond, data on 142, 217 Glaciation, effect of, on Kennebec topog- raphy 6-8 Gold Brook, data on 217 Grand Falls, water power at 128-129 Grant Farm, elevation at 16 ra infall at 20 snow at 23 Great Pond, data on 142, 143, 217 Great Swamp, data on 144 Greeley Pond, data on 143, 217 Greenbush Pond, data on 217 Greenville, elevation at 16 rainfall at 20 snow at 23 Grindstone Pond, data on 217 Gulf Stream, data on . . ., 217 H. Hall Pond, data on 217 Hallowell, typhoid fever at 201 Hammond Brook, data on 217 Hancock Pond, data'on 142, 217 Hartland, water powers at 124 Hayden Lake, data on 143, 217 Heald Ponds, data on 217 Heald Stream, data on 217 Hicks Pond, data on 217 Higgins Stream, data on 218 Holeb Falls, water power at 128 Holeb Pond, data on 144. 218 plan of 1 water storage in 136-137, 144 Hollingsworth, Sumner, on log driving 166 Hoi way Brook, data on 218 Horse Brook, data on 218 Horseshoe Ponds, data on 218 Houston Brook, data on 218 Hurricane Falls, fall at 128 Huston Brook, data on 1 218 I. Ice, effect of, on flow 28, 31 Indian Pond, data on 143, 144, 218 water powers near 127 Indian Stream, data on 218 Iron Pond, data on 218 Ironbound Pond, data on 218 Ironworks, pollution from 195 Page Island Pond, data on 218 Isochlors, normal, occurrence of 181-182 occurrence of, diagram showing 181 J. Jackman, elevation at 16 rainfall at 20 snow at 23 Jackson Brook, data on 218 Jackson Pond, data on 218 Jamies Pond, data on 143,218 Jams, log, occurrence of 162 view of 162 Jerusalem Pond, data on 142 Jim Pond, data on 142, 218 Jimmy Pond, data on 218 Johnson Brook, data on 218 Judkins Pond, data on 142, 218 Kelly Brook, data on 218 Kennebec Log Driving Association, work of. 131 Kennebec River, character of 8 description of 3-4 diversion of 7 discharge data of o3-59, 118, 120, 149 drainage of 14 floods on 115-119 flow of, effect of storage on. . . 145-148, 158-162 effect of storage on, diagrams show- ing 160, 161 regulation of 131 headwaters of, storage on 132-138, 144 water available in 148-162 ice industry on 15-16 improvement of 166 log jam on, plate showing 162 navigation of 15 plan and profile of 1 pollution of 168, 188-198 See also Pollution. population in basin of 189-191 population and area in basin of, map and diagram showing 190, 191 profile of, plate showing 126 survey of ■ 1 topography due to 5-6 valley of, typhoid in 211 view on 162 water of, Bacillus coli in 172-177, 186 bacteiia in. . . . 172-177, 182-183. 186. 197-198 chemical constituents in 181-184, 197 chlorine in 181-184 diagram showing 181 color of 170-171, 172-177. 182-183. 196 hardness of 181 microorganisms in 184-186 odor of 172, 173-176, 182-183, 196-197 quality of 167-211 turbidity of. . . 168-170, 172-177, 182-183, 196 typhoid fever from 205-211 water powers on 122-123, 127 water supply from 167, 199 Kennebec Water Power Co., work of 131-132 Kents Mill, elevation at 16 rainfall at 20 232 INDEX. Page. Kibby Stream, data on 219 Kidder River, data on 219 Kineo, elevation at 16 rainfall at 17, 20 King Pond, data on 142 Kingfleld, water powers at 123 Knights Pond, data on 144, 219 L. Lakes, origin of 8 list of 11-14 relations of 11-14 See also lakes and ponds described in gazetteer 212-227 Lazy Tom Brook, data on 219 Lemon Stream, data on 219 Lewiston, evaporation at 115 evaporation station at, plate showing. . 26 Levy, E. C. , on typhoid fever 199 Lily Pond, data on 219 Little Alder Stream, data on 219 Little Austin Pond, data on 219 Little Big Wood Pond, data on 219 Little Brassua Lake, water powers near 128 Little Chase Pond, data on 219 Little Heald Brook, data on 219 Little Houston Brook, data on 219 Little Indian Pond, data on 143, 219 Little Jim Pond, data on 219 Little Pocket Pond, data on 219 Little Pond, data on 143,219 Little Spencer Stream, data on 219 Little Wood Pond, data on 219 Locks Pond, data on 219 Log driving, cost of 164-166 dates of 163 effect of, on color of water 171 improvements in 166 jams in 162 view of 162 magnitude of 164 methods of 162 pollution from 195 water power and, relations of . 131 water used f or 163-164 Logs, transportation of . * 164-166 Long Falls, fall at 128 Long Pond, dam on, plate showing 128 data on 142, 143, 144, 219, 220 plan of 1 water powers near 128 water storage in 133, 134-135, 142, 143, 144 Loon Pond, data on 220 Lovejoy Pond, data on 143, 219 Low water, description of 120-121 Lower Baker Pond, data on 144 Lower Churchill Pond, data on 220 Lower Pond, data on 220 Lower Roach Pond, plan of 1 water storage in 137, 144 Lufikin Pond, data on 142 Luther Pond, data on 220 M. McGrath Pond, data on 143,220 McGurdy Pond, data on 22q Page. McKinney Pond, data on 220 Madison, discharge data near.. 86-90,118,121,149 elevation at . 16 rainfall at 20 snow at 23 log jam near, plate showing 162 paper mills at, pollution from 194-195 water powers at and near 122, 124, 127 Maine, evaporation in 115 Maine State Survey Commission, coopera- tion of 1,2 Manufacturing, outline of 15 pollution by 192-195 Map, of Kennebec basin 3 Maps, topographic, publication of • 1-2 Maranacook Lake, data on 143, 220 Martin Stream, data on 220 Mass curves, application of 158-161 diagrams showing 152, 154, 155 discussion of 153-158 Mayfield, elevation at 16 rainfall at 17, 20 Merrill Pond, data on 220 Merrymeeting Bay, population and area in basin of, diagram and map showing 190, 191 Messalonskee Lake, data on 143, 220 ■Messalonskee Stream, basin of, storage in. 143, 144 data on 220 discharge data of 90-92, 121 diversion of 7 drainage of 14 low water on 121 pollution of 199 population in basin of 189 population and area in basin of, dia- gram and map showing 190, 191 typhoid fever from 205 water of, Bacillus coli in 177-181 bacteria in 177-181 color of 177-181 quality of 167, 171-181 turbidity of 168, 177-181 water powers on 125-126, 130 water supply from 167, 199, 200 Michael Stream, data on 220 Microorganisms in Kennebec water 184-186 Middle Roach Pond, plan of 1 water storage in : 137, 144 Mill Pond, data on 143, 220 Mill Stream, data on 220 Millinocket, evaporation at 115 Mink Brook, data on 221 Mink Ponds, data on 221 Miseree Pond, data on...- 142,221 Miseree Stream, data on 221 discharge data of 64 Moorcs Pond, data on 221 Moose Brook, data on 221 Moose Pond, data on 143, 221 Moose River, basin of, water storage in. 133, 142, 144 cable station on, plate showing 26 dam on, plate showing 128 data on 221 discharge data on . r ;9-64, 121, 149 drainage of 9, 14 INDEX. 233 Page. Moose River, low water on 121 plan and profile of 1 water powers on 128 Moosehead Lake, data on 221 drainage of .' 9 gage heights on 70-76, 132 outlet of, headgates at, plate showing. . 128 population in basin of 189 population and area in basin of, dia- gram and map showing 190, 191 water of, use of 131 water storage in 132-133, 144 amount available for 150-151 amount required for 156-158 diagram showing 157 effect of, on stream flow . . 145-148, 158-162 diagrams showing 160, 161 mass curves of 153-158 diagrams showing 152, 154, 158 Mores Bog Stream Pond, data on 144 Morrill Pond, data on 144 Mosquito Pond, data on; . ., 144, 221 Mosquito Rips, fall at 128 Moxie Falls, height of 128 Moxie Pond, data on 138,144,221 Moxie Stream, data on 221 drainage of 10, 14 water powers on 128 Mountain Pond, data on 221 Muddy River, data on 221 Mud Pond, data on 221 Muskrat Pond, data on 221 N. Narrows Pond, data on 143, 221 Natanis Pond, data on 222 Nehumkeag Pond, data on 222 Nequasset Brook, data on 222 Nequasset Pond, data on 144, 222 Newport, water power at 125 New Sharon, water power at 124, 130 Nokomis Pond, data on 222 Norcross Brook, data on ; 222 Norcross Pond, data on 142, 222 North Anson, discharge at, effect of storage on 146-148 discharge data at and near 41-48, 81-86,120,121,149 water powers at 123-124 North Boundary Pond, data on 222 North Pond, data on 142, 143, 222 Northwest Boundary Pond, data on 222 O. Oak Pond, data on 222 Oakland, pollution at 199 water powers at ; 125, 130 Odor of water, data on 172, 173-176, 182-183, 196-197 Organisms, microscopic, in Kennebec wa- ter 184-186 Otter ponds, data on 144, 212 P. Palmyra Ponds, data at 143, 222 Paper and pulp mills, pollution by 192-193 Page. Parker Pond, data on 222 Parlin Pond, data on 142, 222 Parlin Stream, data on 222 Pattee Pond, data on 143, 222 Perham Stream, data on 222 Phillips, water power at 124 Pierce Pond, data on 139, 144, 222 outlet of, water power on 129 Pittsfield, water powers at 124-125 Pleasant Pond, data on 143, 144. 223 Pleasant Pond Stream, data on 223 water powers on 129 Pleistocene epoch, effect of, on Kennebec topography 6-8 Plymouth Pond, data on 143, 223 Pocket Pond, data on 223 Pollution, discussion of 188-198 effects of . . ; 195-198 sources of ... 188-195 map showing 191 Ponco Ponds, data on 223 Ponds, formation of 8 list of 11-14 See also Gazetteer. relations of 11-14 See also particular ponds. Poplar Brook, data on 223 Population, data on 15, 189 Porters Pond, data on 142 Precipitation, ratio of run-off to 106-113 records of 16-24, 116 See also Rainfall; Snow. Prong Pond, data on 223 Pulp. See Paper and pulp. Purgatory ponds, data on 143, 223 Q- Quality of water 167-211 R. Rail carriage of logs, cost of 165-166 Rainfall, diagram showing 22 records of 16-22 relation of, to Waterville typhoid epi- demic 206 Rainfall station, plate showing 26 Rapid Stream, data on 223 Rating table, construction and use of 27 Redington Brook, data on 223 Redington Pond, data on 223 Reed Brook, data on 223 Relief, description of 9 Richard Pond, data on 223 Richmond, chlorine at. diagram showing. . . 187 quality of river water at 186-188, 200 typhoid fever at 201, 211 water supply at 200 Rippl, W., method of computing water supply by 150 Rivers, data -concerning 212-227 Ritt Brook, data on 223 Roach Ponds, data on 223 Roach River, basin of, storage in 137 data on 223 discharge data on 64-70, 121, 149 drainage oi r ...... , 14 234 INDEX. Page. Roach River., low water in 121 water powers on 128 Roach River (P. O.), discharge data at 64-70, 121, 149 elevation at 16 rainfall at 20 Robinson Pond , data on 144, 223 outlet of, data on 223 Rock Pond, data on 223 Rockwood, cable station at, plate showing. 26 discharge data near . . % 59-64, 121, 149 water power near .* 128 Rogers Pond, data on 143, 223 Rolling Dam Brook, data on 224 Round Mountain Lake, data on 224 Round Pond, data on 224 Rowe Pond, data on 142, 224 Rowe Pond Stream, data on 224 Run-off, definition of 29 ratio of, to precipitation 106-113 S. Saddlerock Ponds, data on 224 Sally Pond, data on 224 Salmon Stream, data on 224 Sanborn Pond, data on v . . 143, 224 Sand Pond, data on 224 Sandy Pond, data on 142, 143, 224 Sandy River, basin of, storage in 142, 144 data on 224 discharge data of 86-90, 121, 149 drainage of 11 former course of 7 low water on 121 population in basin of 189 population and area in basin of, dia- gram and map showing 190, 191 water powers on 124, 130 Sandy River Ponds, data on 142, 224 Sandy Stream, data on 224 drainage of 10 Savage Pond, data on 224 Sebastian Lake, data on 143, 224 Sebasticook River, basin of, storage in. . . 143, 144 data on 224 drainage of 14 population and area in basin of, dia- gram and map showing 190, 191 water powers on 124-125, 130 Sebleys Pond, data on 224 Second-feet per square mile, definition of. . . 29 Second-foot, definition of 28 Sevenmile Brook, data on 225 Sewage, pollution by 188-195, 197 Shallow Pond, data on 225 Shawmut, water power at 122 Shed Pond, data on 225 Sibley Pond, data on 144 Skinner Pond, data on 143, 225 Skowhegan, water power at 122, 127 Smith, George Otis, on geology of Kennebec basin '. . 4-9 Smith Pond, data on 225 Snow, storage by 23-24 Snow Pond, data on 225 Socatean River, data on 225 Page. Soldier Pond, evaporation at 115 Solon, elevation at 16 rainfall at 20 Solon Ferry, water power near 127 Somerset Railway, log carrying rates of. . . 165-166 South Boundary Pond, data on 225 Spectacle Pond, data on 225 Spencer Ponds, data on 142, 144, 225 plan of _ 1 Spencer Rips, fall at 128 Spencer Stream, dam on, use of 141 data on 225 drainage of 10 Spring Lake, data on 140, 142, 225 pian of 1 Spruce Pond, data on 142, 225 Squaw Brook, data on 225 Stafford Pond, data on 143, 225 Starbird Pond, data on 143, 225 Stetson Pond, data on 143, 225 Stony Brook, data on . . 225 Storage. See Water storage. Stratton Brook, data on 225 Stream flow, data on, collection of. . . 25-26,33-166 data on, collection of, stations for 33 computation of ^ 27-28 sources of 24-25 use of 32-33 definitions of terms used in 28-29 determination of accuracy of 30-32 effect of storage on 145-147, 158-162 diagram showing 160, 161 tables of, explanation of 29 Streams, fall on 3-4 flow of. See Stream flow. list of 9-11 plans and profiles of 1 pollution of. See Pollution. relations of 9-11 Strong, water power at 130 Stuarts Ponds, data on 143 Surveys, plans and profiles of 1 Sylvester Pond, data on 142 T. Tables, explanation of 29 Taylor Pond, data on 142 Tee Pond, data on 226 Ten Thousand Acre Ponds, data on 226 The Forks, discharge at, effect of storage on 146-148 discharge data at and near 33-40, 76-81,118,120,121,149 elevation at 16 rainfall at 17,20 snow at 23 diagram showing 24 water powers near 127 Thorndike Ponds, data on 142 Three-Cornered Pond, data on 226 Threemile Pond, data on 144, 226 Ticonic Falls, water power at 123 Tides, etfect of, on quality of water 186-188 Tim Brook, data on 226 Tim Pond, data on 142, °26 INDEX. 235 Page. Toby Brook, data'on 226 Toby Pond, data on 226 Togus Pond, data on 144, 226 Tolman Pond, data on 226 Tom Fletcher Stream, data on 226 Tomhegan Pond, data on 144, 226 Tomhegan Stream , data on 226 Topography, description of 2-4 Transportation, character of , 16 Trout Pond, data on 226 Tufts Pond, data on 142, 226 Turbidity, data concerning 168-170, 172-181, 182-183, 196 Turner Brook, data on 226 Turner Pond, data on 226 Twenty-five Mile Pond, data on 143, 226 Typhoid fever epidemic, causes of. 198, 203-207, 209 occurrence of . . 198-211 relation of rainfall and 206-207 starting points of 205-206 U. Unity Pond, data on 226 Upper Churchill Stream, data on 226 Upper Roach Pond, data on 144 Viles Pond, data on. V. 226 W. Ward Pond, data on 226 Water, Bacillus coli in . . .. 172-181, 186, 198 bacteria in 172-181, 182-183, 186, 197-198 color of 167-168, 170-171, 172-181, 182-183, 196 chemical constituents in 181-184, 197 chlorine in 181-184 hardness of 168,181-184 microorganisms in 184-186 odor of 172, 173-176, 182-183, 196-197 pollution of 188-198 quality of 167-211 turbidity of 168-170, 172-181, 182-183, 196 typhoid fever from * 198-211 See also Typhoid fever. Waterfalls, production of 6 Water powers, existence of 1 log driving and, relations of 131 Water powers, developed, descriptions of. 121-126 Water powers, undeveloped, descriptions of 126-130 Water resources of Kennebec basin 1-166 Water storage, amount available for 149-162 amount required for . , 161-162 effect of, on flow 145-148, 158-161 diagrams showing 160, 151 effect of evaporation on 145 mass curves of. See Mass curves. purposes of : 131 system of, .- 131-132 description of 131-162 geologic genesis of 8 Waterville, discharge at, effect of storage on 146-148, 158-161 diagram showing 160 Page. Waterville, discharge data at 48-49, 90-92, 106-110, 118, 120, 121, 149-152 iron works at. pollution from 195 map of 204 precipitation in Kennebec basin above. . 22, 106-110 diagram showing 22 ratio of, to run-off 106-110 rainfall at, relation of, to typhoid fever 206-207 sewage pollution at 197-198, 199, 200 typhoid fever at 200-207, 211 diagram showing 202 map illustrating 204 source of , 205-207 water above, quality of 172-177 water powers at and near 125-126 water supply of 167, 199, 203 Weber Pond, data on 144, 226 outlet of, water power at 130 Weeks Pond, data on 143, 226 Welhern Pond, data on 226 Wells, Walter, on water storage in Maine. . 141-144 Wentworth Pond, data on 143, 227 Wesserunsett Stream, basin of, storage in. 143, 144 data on 227 West Brook, data on 227 West Carry Pond, plan of 1 water storage in 140 West New Portland, water power at 124 West Outlet Pond, data on : . . . 144, 227 Weymouth Pond, data on 143, 227 Whipple, G. C, on quality of Kennebec River water 167-211 Whipple Pond, data on 227 Whitcomb Rock, data on 227 Whites Pond, data on 227 Williams Stream, data on 227 Wilsons Pond, data on 143,227 Wilson Stream, data on 227 W ilton Pond, data on 142, 227 W inslow, elevation at 16 paper mills at, pollution from 194-195 rainfall at 17, 20 snow at , 23 typhoid fever at 200, 201 water powers at 123, 130 Witham Brook, data on 227 Withee Pond, data on 227 Wood, B. D., gazetteer by, of rivers, lakes, and ponds in Kennebec River basin. 212-227 Wood Pond, data on 142,227 discharge data of 64 outlet of, plan of 1 plan of 1 water storage in 135-] 36 Wood Pond Stream, discharge data of 64 Wood Stream, data on 227 Woolen mills, pollution by , 192-193, 195 Wyman Pond, data on 143,227 Y. Youngs Pond, data on ' 227 3697— irr 198—07- -16 CLASSIFICATION OF THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Water-Supply Paper No. 198.] The publications of the United States Geological Survey consist of (1) Annual Reports, (2) Monographs, (3) Professional Papers, (4) Bulletins, (5) Mineral Resources, (6) Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers, (7) Topographic Atlas of United States — folios and separate sheets thereof, (8) Geologic Atlas of United States — folios thereof. The classes numbered 2, 7, and 8 are sold at cost of publication; the others are distributed free. A circular giving complete lists can be had on application. Most of the above publications can be obtained or consulted in the following ways: 1. A limited number are delivered to the Director of the Survey, from whom they can be obtained, free of charge (except classes 2, 7, and 8), on application. 2. A certain number are delivered to Senators and Representatives in Congress for distribution. 3. Other copies are deposited with the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, from whom they can be had at prices slightly above cost. 4. Copies of all Government publications are furnished to the principal public libraries in the large cities throughout the United States, where they can be consulted by those interested. The Professional Papers, Bulletins, and Water-Supply Papers treat of a variety of subjects, and the total number issued is large. They have therefore been classified into the following series: A, Economic geology; B, Descriptive geology; C, System- atic geology and paleontology; D, Petrography and mineralogy; E, Chemistry and physics; F, Geography; G, Miscellaneous; H, Forestry; I, Irrigation; J, Water stor- age; K, Pumping water; L, Quality of water; M, General hydrographic investiga- tions; N, Water power; 0, Underground waters; P, Hydrographic progress reports; Q, Fuels; R, Structural materials. This paper is the twenty-first in Series L, the twenty-third in Series M, and the thirteenth in Series N, the complete lists of which follow (WS= Water-Supply Paper): SERIES L, QUALITY OF WATER. WS 3. Sewage irrigation, by G. W. Rafter. 1897. 100 pp., 4 pis. (Out of stock.) WS 22. Sewage irrigation, Pt. II, by G. W. Rafter. 1899. 100 pp., 7 pis. (Out of stock.) WS 72. Sewage pollution near New York City, by M. O. Leighton. 1902. 75 pp., 8 pis. WS 76. Flow of rivers near New York City, by H. A. Pressey. 1903. 108 pp., 13 pis. WS 79. Normal and polluted waters in northeastern United States, by M. O. Leighton. 1903. 192 pp., 15 pis. WS 103. Review of the laws, forbidding pollution of inland waters in the United States, by E. B. Goodell. 1904. 120 pp. WS 108. Quality of water in the Susquehanna River drainage basin, by M. O. Leighton, with an introductory chapter on physiographic features, by G. B. Hollister. 1904. 76 pp., 4 pis. WS 113. The disposal of strawboard and oil-well wastes, by R. L. Sackett and Isaiah Bowman. 1905. 52 pp., 4 pis. WS 121. Preliminary report onthe pollution of Lake Champlain, by M. O. Leighton. 1905. 119 pp. 13 pis. WS 144. The normal distribution of chlorine in the natural waters of New York and New England, by D. D. Jackson. 1905. 31 pp., 5 pis. WS 151. Field assay of water, by M. O. Leighton. 1905. 77 pp., 4 pis. (Out of stock.) WS 152. A review of the laws forbidding pollution of inland waters in the United States, second edition, by E. B. Goodell. 1905. 149 pp. WS 161. Quality of water in upper Ohio River basin and at Erie, Pa., by S. J. Lewis. 1906. 114 pp., 6 pis. (Out of stock. ) I II SERIES LIST. WS 179. Prevention of stream pollution by distillery refuse, based on investigations at Lynchburg, Ohio, by Herman Stabler. 1906. 34 pp., 1 pi. WS 185. Investigations on the purification of Boston sewage, by C. E. A. Winslow and Earle B, Phelps. 1906. ' 163 pp. WS 186. Stream pollution by acid-iron wastes, a report based on investigations made at Shelby, Ohio, by Herman Stabler. 1906. 36 pp., 1 pi. WS 189. The prevention of stream pollution by strawboard waste, by Earle Bernard Phelps. 1906. 29 pp., 2 pis. WS 192. The Potomac River basin: Geographic history — rainfall and stream flow — pollution, typhoid fever, and character of water — relation of soils and forest cover to quality and quantity of surface water— effect of industrial wastes on fishes, by H. N.* Parker, Bailey Willis, R. H. Bolster, W. W. Ashe, and M. C. Marsh. 1907. 364 pp., 10 pis. WS 193. Quality of surface waters in Minnesota, by R. B. Dole and F. F. Wesbrook. 1907. 171 pp. , 7 pis. WS 194. Pollution of Illinois and Mississippi rivers by Chicago sewage; a digest of the testimony taken in the case of the State of Missouri v. the State of Illinois and the Sanitary District of Chicago, by M. O. Leigh ton. 1907. 369 pp., 2 pis. WS. 198. Water resources of the Kennebec River basin, Maine, by H. K. Barrows, with a section on the quality of Kennebec River water, by George C. Whipple. 1907. 235 pp., 7 pis. SERIES M, GENERAL HYDROGRAPHIC INVESTIGATIONS. WS 56. Methods of stream measurement. 1901. 51 pp., 12 pis. WS 64. Accuracy of stream measurements, by E. C. Murphy. 1902. 99 pp., 4 pis. WS 76. Observations on the flow of rivers in the vicinity of New York City, by H. A. Pressey. 1902. 108 pp., 13 pis. WS 80. The relation of rainfall to run-off, by G. W. Rafter. 1903. 104 pp. WS 81. California hydrography, by J. B. Lippincott. 1903. 488 pp., 1 pi. WS 88. The Passaic flood of 1902, by G. B. Hollister and M. O. Leighton. 1903. 56 pp., 15 pis. WS 91. Natural features and economic development of the Sandusky, Maumee, Muskingum, and Miami drainage areas in Ohio, by B. H. Flynn and M. S. Flynn. 1904. 130 pp. WS 92. The Passaic flood of 1903, by M. O. Leighton. 1904. 48 pp., 7 pis. WS 94. Hydrographic manual of the United States Geological Survey, prepared by E. C. Murphy, J. C. Hoyt, and G. B. Hollister. 1904. 76 pp., 3 pis. (Out of stock.) WS 95. Accuracy of stream measurements (second edition), by E. C. Murphy. 1904. 169 pp., 6 pis. WS 96. Destructive floods in the United States in 1903, by E. C. Murphy. 1904. 81 pp., 13 pis. WS 106. Water resources of the Philadelphia district, by Florence Bascom. 1904. 75 pp., 4 pis. WS 109. Hydrography of the Susquehanna River drainage basin, by J. C. Hoyt and R. H.Anderson. 1904. 215 pp., 28 pis. WS 116. Water resources near Santa Barbara, California, by J. B. Lippincott. 1904. 99 pp., 8 pis. WS 147. Destructive floods in the United States in 1904, by E. C. Murphy and others. 1905. 206 pp., 18 pis. WS 150. Weir experiments, coefficients, and formulas, by R. E. Horton. 1906. 189 pp., 38 pis. (Out of stock.) WS 162. Destructive floods in the United States in 1905, by E. C. Murphy and others. 1906. 105 pp., 4 pis. WS 180. Turbine water-wheel tests and power tables, by Robert E. Horton. 1906. 134 pp., 2 pis. (Out of stock. ) WS 187. Determination of stream flow during the frozen season, by H. K. Barrows and Robert E. Horton. 1907. 93 pp., 1 pi. WS 192. The Potomac River basin: Geographic history — rainfall and stream flow — pollution, typhoid fever, and character of water— relation of soils and forest cover to quality and quantity of surface water— effect of industrial wastes on fishes, by H. N. Parker, Bailey Willis, R. H. Bolster, W. W. Ashe, and M. C. March. 1907. 364 pp., 10 pis. WS 196. Water supply of Nome region, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, 1906, by J. C. Hoyt and F. F. Hen- shaw. 1907. 52 pp., 6 pis. (Out of stock.) WS 197. Water resources of Georgia, by B. M. and M. R. Hall. 1907. 342 pp., 1 pi. WS 198. Water resources of the Kennebec River basin, Maine, by H. K. Barrows, with a section on the quality of Kennebec River water, by George C. Whipple. 1907. 235 pp., 7 pis. SERIES N, WATER POWER. WS 24. Water resources of the State of New York, Pt. I, by G. W. Rafter. 1899. 92 pp., 13 pis. WS 25. Water resources of the State of New York, Pt. II, by G. W. Rafter. 1899. 100-200 pp., 12 pis. WS 44. Profiles of rivers, by Henry Gannett. 1901. 100 pp., 11 pis. WS 62. Hydrography of the Southern Appalachian Mountain region, Pt, I, by H. A. Pressey. 1902. 95 pp., 25 pis. WS 63. Hydrography of the Southern Appalachian Mountain region, Pt. II, by H. A. Pressey. 1902." 96-190 pp., 26-44 pis. SERIES LIST. Ill WS 69. Water powers of the State of Maine, by H. A. Pressor. 1902. 124 pp., 14 pis. \VS 105. Water powers of Texas, by T. U. Taylor. 1904. 11G pp., 17 pis. WS 107. Water powers of Alabama with an appendix on stream measurements in Mississippi, by B. M. Hall. 1904. 253 pp., 9 pis. WS 109. Hydrography of Susquehanna River drainage basin, by .1. C. Hoyt and K. II. Anderson. 1905. 215 pp., 29 pis. WS 115. River surveys and profiles made in 1903, by W. C. Hall and J. C. Hoyt, 1905. 115 pp., 4 pis. WS 156. Water powers of northern Wisconsin, by L. S. Smith. 1906. 145 pp., 5 pis. WS 197. Water resources of Georgia, by B. M. and M. R. Hall. 1907. 342 pp., 1 pi. WS 198. Water resources of the Kennebec River basin, Maine, by H. K. Barrows, with a section on the quality of Kennebec River water, by George C. Whipple. 1907. 235 pp., 7 pis. Correspondence should be addressed to The Director, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. August, 1907. o HFe '06 ( L, Quality of Water, 21 \\ M, General Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 198 Series < M, General Hydrographic Investigations, [ N, Water Power, 13 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES D. WALCOTT, Director WATER RESOURCES OF THE KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN, MAINE BY H. K. BARROWS WITH A SECTION ON THE QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER BY GEORGE C. WHIPPLE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1907 Monograph